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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit an un seul cliche, il est filmi A partir de Tangle supArisur gauche, de gauche ^ droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant ie nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. rata 3 lelure. 1 2 3 32X 6 ''Urea RANSAGTI0N8 OF THK CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vol. v. VICTORIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARV THE BLACKFOOT LANGUAGE. By Rev. John Maclean, M.A., Ph.D. [Read iii/i April. iSgo^ The Blackfoot Language is spoken by the Indians belonging to the Blackfoot Confederacy, consisting of the tribes known as Bloods, Piegans and Blackfeet. These tribes are resident in Montana, United States, and Alberta, Canada. They possess no written characters, and consequently have not any native literature. Their knowledge of important events is transmitted by means of oral tradition, and their records of deeds are expressed by picture-writing. The language is a rich deep guttural, difficult at first to be pronounced or understood, owing to the rapid utterances of the Indians. Students of Indian languages are very apt to make mistakes in the early stages of their studies, from the fact that many of the Indians conversing with them use " broken speech." At once they conclude that the language is very easily acquired, but if they will continue their studies faithfully they will soon learn that they have a hard task before them, which can only be mastered by intelligent and enthusiastic labour. Some time will elapse before the sounds peculiar to the language become familiar to the ear, hut gradually these wjll separate themselves and become easily £L vIISSBB^ peculiarity is the dropping of the first and last syllables \~ '<' _ t k- Familiarity with the language will enable the student to -— %' this whenever it is done. Take such an example as nltukskitniy vhich means one. Sometimes it is expressed in full, but I have often- times heard it as fo'lows: nituks, nituk.ska, tukskflm and tuk.ska. The prevalence of the guttural induces this dropping of syllables. The first and last syllables are at times expressed in such a low tone that they become inaudible to our cars. The Blackfoot, like many other Indian languages, pos.scs.ses the property of aggluMnation, and hence assumes the verbal form of expres- sion. Indian languages are languages of verbs, and the Blackfoot is no exception to the general rule. He who would master an Indian language must give his days and nights to the study of the verb. Dialectic changes are rapidl)' taking place amongst the tribes, resulting from separation. Differences of pronunciation and different words / 1895-96.] THE BLACKFOOT LANGUAGB. 12» " coined " for things unknown to them when they lived together as the netsepoye, i.e., the people that speak the same language, are the results of the advent of the white race and their superior civilization. wm OKTHOGRAPHY. A Standard system of orthography is a necessity in reducing any language to writing. Students of Indian languages not being guided by a standard system, generally adopt a phonetic method of spelling, which varies with the mental training or acute perception of the individual. A "key" to the individual systems must then accompany every book writ- ten in the language for the use of others, and oftentimes this is very diffi- cult of application in studying the language. Having used a system of my own for several years, I was ultimately induced to abandon it after an examination of the universal alphabet of the Bureau of Ethnology, Wash- ington, United States. This was in my opinion preferable to the Standard Alphabet of Lepsius, and I therefoie selected the letters with their com- binations which were suitable for expressing the sounds of the Blackfoot Language. Instead of arranging this standard system in different sections, treating of vowels, consonants, diphthongs and double letters, the whole has been placed consecutively, thus becoming a " key " which can be easily memorized and is ready for reference. THE ALPHABET. in far, father : as sinaksin = a book or letter. in law, all : as napikwAn = a white man. in aisle, and as t in pine : as kfinaitfipi = all the people. ou in out and ow in how : as marnyauyekwan = a fish eater. in they, like a in fate : as asetCiqta = a small .stream. in then, met : as nitonoet.si = I am hungry. in ha, he : as hau ! hau = a form of salutation. in pique, machine : as imita = a dog. in pick, pin : as kipitaki = an old woman. in kick : as kaksakin = an axe. in man, money : as manikflpi = a young man. in nun, now : as notas = my horse. in note : as oqkd = water. in pipe : as ponokamita = a horse. ch in \oc\i— guttural : as oqkotoki = a stone. in sauce : as sokasim = an outer garment or coat. in touch : neetflqta = ^ river. in rule, full : puqsiput = come thou here. a as ft as ai as au as e as g as h as i as i as k as m as n as o as P as q as s as t as u as 9 ro MACLiAM 130 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTK. [Vol. V. ft as in but, hut : tnatdpi = a person. w as in wish : awanio = he says. ks as ,r in wax, and ks in books : as akeks = women. maksinflm = cross, y as in you : as moyis = a lodge, tc as cli in church, and tch in match : as tranistapi = what is it. matcapsio = he is foolish, kw as q in quick, quart : as akekwSn = a girl. kainakwSn = a Blood Indian. The following sounds, as expressed by their respective letters in the Engli.sh language, have no equivalent in Blackfoot, namely : b, d, f, g, j, 1, V, z. The sounds belonging to the alphabet never change, so that when once understood and memorized one great difficulty is overcome. There are no silent letters, every vowel and consonant having its own appro- priate sound. When two or more vowels come together they must be pronounced separately, unless forming diphthongs in accordance with the alphabet. I have thought it best to dispense with the use of the hyphen in connecting syllables, as a little more care bestowed upon the grammatical construction of the language will enable anyone to distin- guish the syllables, and thus be saved the trouble arising from the transition to connected reading. ACCENTUATION. Many of the difficulties of pronunciation can only be grasped by a practical acquaintance with the language. The interpretations of some words are changed by the change of accent, and also by a more emphatic pronunciation of the word in full. The acute accent is used to point out the syllable or vowel upon which the stress is to be laid, as : nits^mani = I am speaking the truth, oqke = water. Excessive prolongation of a vowel changes the sense of the word. This strong emphasis or prolongation is designated by a x placed under the emphatic letter, as a, o. Oma = there. Oma X = yonder. X Aqse = good. Kkskaqse = very good. Ekskaqse = very, very good. X There is a half vowel sound which is denoted by a comma below the vowel, as : kia = come on, or, let us go. [Vol. V. 18'J5-96.] THE BLACKFOOT LANGUAGE. 131 t is it. foolish. irs in the b, d, f, g, hat when e. There '^n appro- must be ince with ise of the upon the to distin- from the ped by a > of some emphatic point out s^mani = he word. ?d under elow the EUPHONY. In the combination of letters and the formation of words, strict atten- tion is paid to the agreeableness of .sound. This is one of the pecu!>ar characteristics of the language. In the formation of compound words, when two syllables come together, which in combination will produce a harsh sound, one of the syllables is elided, as : omCiqkimi = big, nina = a chief. When combined, the mt of the simple adjective is rejected and it becomes omdqkinina = a big chief. Niokskiam = three, otasiks = horses (his), niokskotasiks = three horses. When two simple words in combination possess several harsh-sounding consonants, two or more of the syllables are elided, as: siksinCim = b'ack, oqkotoki = stone, sikoqkotoki =^ black stone, t.e., coal. When two or more vowels come together in word-fcming, and the sound resulting from their union is not harmonious, a consonant is inserted to secure the euphony. This is particularly noticeable in the verb, with its article, pronoun or pronominal prefix, as : nistoa = I, avvan — root of verb, i = verbal termination. When combined we have : ni-t-awan-i — I say, ki-t-awan-i = thou sayest, awan-io — he says. 1 he letter / is inserted to secure harmony of sound. Sometimes a vowel is changed in combination, as : omftqkimj = big, kaio = bear. From these we have : omfiqkokaio = big bear. Here the last .syllable of the adjective is elided, and the last vowel remaining, namely i, is changed to o. Sometimes a vowei is rejected in combination, as : ponoka = deer, imita = dog. Combined, we have ponokamita = deer-dog, t.e., a horse. All the parts of speech are found in the language except the article. The numeral adjective nitukskCim = one, and the demonstrative pronouns amo=:this, and oma=that, are used to supply the place of the articles as, nitukskfim ponokamita — one horse, or a horse, amakio — this woman, amakekwftn = this girl, or the girl, omakekw^n = that girl, or the girl. They do not strictly supply the place of the articles, but they are used for that purpose. The Blackfoot, Cree and Ojibway languages belong to the Algonkin family of languages, and in order to show the relation existing between them, there is subjoined a list of words in these three l?nguages. The IJlackfoot, Blood and Piegan tribes speak dialects of the Biackfoot, but as the changes made are slight, except iii the coining of new words, it would not be expedient to spend time in tracing these differences. The lists of the three related languages are as follows : — 132 TRANSACTIONS OP THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vol. V, Knglish. Man. (A human being- person.) Man. (As distininiished from a woman.) Woman. Girl. Boy. My father. His fatiier. .My mother. My .son. My daughter. My child. My elder brother. My younger brother. My elder sister. My younger sister. My brother-in-law. (The brother of my wife.) My brother-in-law (The husband of my . tar— male speaking My sister-in-law. -i (Wife of brother - male } speaking.) ) My wife. My husbnnd. My head. My foot. My tooth. My throat. My brain. Mouth. Tongue. Fire. Water. River. Woxi. Blackfoot. } n-law. -V of my sis- \ leaking.) J MatiipJ. Ninao. Akio. Akekwan. Saqkoniapl. Nii.a. Oni & Unr. Nikslsta. Noqkoa. Nlluna. Nokos. Neesa. Nfskiin. Ninista. Nisisa. NfstQmo. Nistiimoqko. Ninisa. Nitoqkeman. Noma. Notokar.f. Noqkfits. Noqpekin. Noqkiston. NopT. Madye. Matslne. "istci. Oqke. Neelfiqta. MIstcis. Nfstau. Nftlm. Niwa. Ninabem. Nfstlkwan. Nhlt. Niplt. MkutakQn. Niylllp. MIton. MIteyilnl. Iskuteo. Nfpi. Sipi. MistKk. Cree. OjIBWAY. AiyinTo. AnIshlnaW. Napeo. ifnini & Antnl. Fskweo. Ikwe & Akwe. fskwesls. Ikw^sens. Napes & Napesfs. Kwlwlsdiis. Notawi. Nos. Ot.iwia. Osan. Nikawi. Nlngfl. Nikosls. • Ningwis. Nttufils. Nindanis. Nowasls. NInldjanis. Nlstes. Nfsail. Nisim. Nishrmi. Nrmfs. Nrmlsl. Nfsim. NJshimi. NJta. Nfta. Niniin. I' NfnwIdfgJmagan. Nlnablm. NlshtJgwdn. NJsfd. Nfbld. NIngongagan. NJnrndfb. Mindon. DInanIo, Ishkoti. NIbl. SIW. Mrifg. [Vou V, I 1895-96.] THE BLACKFOOT LANOUAGB. 133 English. BLACKFOOT. Cree. OjIBWAY. Blotxl. Lcxlge. Apun. Moyfs. MIko. Miktwap & Apakwasfin. Miskw!. Wiglwam. Xnife. Sun. Fstoan. Natos. Mokuman. I'isim. Mokoman. GJsIs. Earth, land. Dog. Tsaqkom. Irolt.-i. C'skl. UlTm. Aki. Animosh & Onlm. Winter. Stoye. Ptpoii. Bibon. Bow. Netsinamau &. Nnmaii. Atcapl. Miiigwali. Moccasin. Matsikin. Musklsln. Makisin. Stone. Oqkotokl. AsinJ. Asln. Snow. Kontsko. Kona. Gon. Ice. Kokotoyi. Miskwamif. . Mikwam. One. NItukskum. Peyiik. Bijig. Two. NatokCim. Niso. Nij. Three. Niokskuni. Nisto. Niswl. Four. NisoyTm & Niso. Neo. Niwiin. Five. Six. NIsito & NIsitci. Nao. Niynnflm. Nikotwastk. Nanan. Ningotwaswi. Seven. Tkttdka & rkltdkflm. Tepakiip & Nisoaslk. Nijwasi. Eight. Nanlsoylin & Nanlso. Jananeo. Nishwaswi. Nine. IMqseo. Peyftkosteo. JangaswI. Ten. Hd eats. He sits. Kepr & Kepo. Auyeo. Tpeo. MTtat & MitatCit. Mitcisfto. C'pio. Midaswi. Wisino. Namailabl. He sleeps. Aiokao. Nipau. Nilia. He is sick. Aioqtokoslo. Akusio. Okosl. He comes here. Faiuqsapu. Peilflteo & Astam. 1 Hidjija. He goes away. He goes in. AislstQpo. Paiyemae. Matcio. Pitukeo. Madja. Pindigi. He goes out. Sakseo. Wayawio. Sagaam. He loves him. Okomimlo. Sakiheo. Sagia. He loves it. Ukomitcdnae. Sakilao. Saglton. It rains. Aisotao. KTmiwfln. Gimiwan. It snows. Potao. Mispun. Sogipo. 131 TRANSACTIONS OF THK CANADIAN INSTITUTK. [Vol. v. li THE NOUN. In accordance with the agglutinative tendency of Indian languages, the Blackfoot language uses a verbahzed form of speech and the noun occupies an inferior position. Nouns are seldom used separately. They are generally incorporated with the verb. It is Heedful, however, to understand the noun thoroughly, because of its relation to other parts of the language, and the changes that take phce in the construction of flic same. There are three classes of nouns, namely: proper, common and abstract. As examples of proper nouns we have: sotaina = rain chief, from the combination of aisotao and nina, ninastCiko = chief mountain, from nina = chief and mistCiki -= a mountain, namflqta = Bow river, i.e., nama = a bow or gun, and neetuqta = a river. The following are examples of common nouns : mam6 = a fish, iinakikwan — a policeman, sTnaksin ^= a book or letter, painokanats — paper, napyoyis — a house. Many of the abstract nouns end in sin. This, however, is variable : pukasin — childhood, (ikomimisin = love, kimatapsin = poverty, aioqto- kosin = sickness, itamittiksin = happiness. In treating of nouns there is seen to be for certain classes similar terminations which are general. There are many exceptions to this, even when relating to kindred subjects. NajKes of zvaler end in kiint and koml. Stokimi Ksistokomi Motoyimflq-sikimi Moyikimi Omflksikimi Pftksikimi Pistcikimi Apatsikimi Asik.sikimi OtoqkweksikimI Mauqsiksikimi Ksiksikimi — cold water. — warm water. = water everywhere, i.e., the sea. = a grassy lake. =; big water, i.e., a lake. = a swamp. — salt water. — a broad river. = black water, i.e , tea. = ye'' V water. — red water. = white water. Moyis Nitapoyis Napyoyis Matakyoyis Names of buildings end in oyis. — a lodge. = a native house, an Indian house. --- a house, a white man's house. = a potato house, i.e., a root house. [Vol. V. 1 languages, id the noun tely. They however, to her parts of ction of flie ommon and n chief, from untain, from er, i.e., nama fi^ = a fish, nokanats — is variable : erty, aioqto- isses similar to this, even ;a. 1895-96.] THE BLACKFOOT LANGUAGE. 1S5 Ponokamitoyis Oqtokosapyoyis Oqkotoksapyoyis Makapyoyis Akapyoyis Natoapyoyis Omflqkdtoapyoyis a horse's house, i.e., a stable, a sick house, i.e., an hospital, a stone house, a dirty house. many houses, i.e., a village or town, a holy or divine house, i.e., a church, a large holy house, i.e., a cathedral or large church. Names of cloth end in aiptstd. Naipistci Maukaipistci Otskaipistci Istoqkaipistci InAkaipistci a blanket, cloth. red cloth. blue cloth. cotton. a small blanket. Sikaipistci Apaipistci Otoqkaipistci Omiiqkaipistci black cloth, white cloth, yellov/ cloth, a large blanket. Names of earth end in koyt Tsaqkoyi = earth, land. Aikimikoyi = table land. Spfitsikoyi = sand hills (spfttsiko = sand). Pikiskoyi = range of hilis. KawOqkoyi = ravines. Pawflqkoyi = ravines. Moqsokoyi = a road (moqsoko = a footprint). Sikakoyi = black soil. Otoqkoyi = yellow soil. Atsoaskoyi = woodland, forest, bush. Pflqtokskoyi = pine timber land, pine forest. FORMATION OF NOUNS. Diminutive Nouns are formed by adding as a prefix infik, iniiks, infiksa, inOksi. Akekw^n = a girl. Puka = a child. Mataki = a potato. KGkOtos = a star. NapekwSn = a white man. Saqkomapi — a boy. Inftkakekwan TnOksipuka fnOkataki IndkOkutos Tnflksapekvvan Tnflkasaqkomapi = a little girl. = a little child. = a small potato. = a small star. = a small white man, = a small boy. Personal Abstract Nouns are formed from verbs by adding api or Dpi, the termination of matGpi, i.e., a person, as : \ IS6 TRANSACTIONS OP THE CAKADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vol. v. - "''Ill ^1 U Matcapsio Kimatapsio Skunatapsio Moktikio he is foolish, he is poor, he is strong, he is wise, careful. Matcapsetflpi = a foolish one. KimatapsetOpi = a poor one. SkunatapsetC'pi = a strong one. Mokfikiatflpi = a wise person. Nouns are formed from Verbs by 1. Adding sin to the root of the verb, as: aisinakeo = he writes. Sinak js the root of the verb, and by adding sin as a sufifix we have: sinaksin = a writing, letter ; spiksinaksin = a tnick writing, i.e., a book. Sinaksin is now used by the Indians for a letter, newspaper, book or document of any kind. A'sanaki = a clerk, amanuensis. 2. Adding okJn as a suffix to the root of the verb as : akomimio = he loves. Omim is the root of the verb. Akomimok.sin = 3ve. 3. Rejectmg the verbal termination of the third person singular of the imperfect tense, and adding sin as a suffix. Aitamet(ikeo = he is glad, happy. Etametflkeo = he was happy. Etametdksin = happiness. ^. Rejecting the verbal termination of the thira singular present indica- tive .tnd adding in as a suffix, as : aqseo = he is good ; aqsin = goodness. 5. Adding Aqstn to the root of the verb, with the tense particle of the imperfect indicative mood, as : epoyeo = he spoke ; epouqsin = speech. Other examples of the formation of nouns from verbs are shown as follows : NitClsikitsikiqka Atsekin Ustsikitsikiqkae Nitaiamdqki NamOqkimatsis NitaikGoksistflki IqtaikOqksisflkiop Nitalnamauqkao Namaua Itainamauqkapi Apautflkeo Apottiksin = I male shoes. = a shoe, moccasin. — a shoemaker. = I am sweeping. =r a broom. = I am sawing (across). = a hand saw. -- I make a gur. — a gun, bow. = a gunsmith. = he is working. = work. 1895-96.] THE BLACKFOOT LANGUAGE. 137 Aioqtokoqsio = he is sick. Aioqtokoqsin = sickness. Aioqtokoqsapyoyis = an hospital; literally, a sick house. GENDER. There are two genders, the animate and inanimate. As in the English language, the adjective undergoes no change when applied alternately to masculine and feminine, so there is none in the Blackfoot language. Thus, we say : Matomaitupi = the first man. Aqsitiipi = a good man. Matomakio = the first woman. Aqsiakio = a good woman. The pronoun ostoyi has no distinction of sex-sigmfymg he, she, it There being no grammatical change resulting from the distinction of sex, two genders only are used-the animate, relating to things having life, and the inanimate, which refers to things without life. There are some inanimate things, however, that are treated as if they possessed life. Nearly all names of implements are clased as animates, as : Kaksakin = an axe. Kaksakiks = axes. Namayg and Namau = a bow or gun. Namayiks = bows, guns. Apsinamau = an arrow gun, i.e., a bow. Istoan = a knife. Istoeks = knives. Notoan = my krife. Notoaks = my knives. Trees, plants, and various objncts of vegetable nature hrve the termi- nation for the animate gender, as : Mistcis = a tree. Mistceks = trees. Pflqtoki = a pine tree. Pftqtokiks - pine trees. Inanimate objects, which are, related to the native religion of the Indians and are held as sacred, are classed as animates, as : Natos - the sun. Omdqkatos = the great sun. KakOtos = a star. Kokumekesim = the moon. Neetaqta = a river. Natosiks = suns.also moons and months KflkCltosiks = ^-tars. Kokumekesimiks = moons. NeetClqtaks = rivers. 138 TRANSACTIOKS OP TfiE CANADIAN IN8TITUTB. [Vol. V. Ake = a woman. I Ti AkekwAn = a girl. 1 Nikslsta = my mother. I Tl Nitoqkeman = my wife. ■ sing Nitana = my daughter. 1 Modes of denoting Sex. There are different modes of denoting sex. 1st. — By using different ivords. Nina = a man. Saqkomapl = a boy. Nina = my father. AJoma = my husband. Noqkoa = my son. 2nd. — By the use of kwdn for the masculine and ake for the feminine terminations. Napekw^n = a white man, i.e., an English-speaking white man. Napeake = a white man's Indian wife. Nltsapeake = a white woman. KainakwSn = a Blood Indian man. Kainake — a Blood Indian woman. SaiapekwSn = a Cree half-breed. Saiapeake — a Cree half-breed woman. There are some exceptions to this rule, as : akekw&n = a girl, which has a termination similar to the masculine. 3rd. — By adding naptm or stamlk for the masculine and skhn or skento for the feminine. This applies solely to animals. Apotskina stamlk = a bull. Apotskiiia skim = a cow. Ponokamtta stamlk = a stallion. PonokamTta skim = a mare. Awatoylstamlk = a buck, iiwatoylsklm = a doe. NUMBER. I Number is that change in form which denotes whether cr not we are speaking of one object or more. Nouns have two numbers, singular and plural. The Singular number denotes one object, as : Moyls = a lodge. Neetfiqta = a river. Istojiii = a knife. Imlta = a dog. Uqkioqsatsls = a boat. The Plural number denotes more than one object of that for which the noun stands. THE BLACKFOOT LANGUAGK. 139 Tian. lother. 'ife. aughter. :he feminine a girl, which ind sklfm or a mare, a buck, a doe. ■ r not we are for which the Moylsts = lodges. Slnakslsts = letters. Ponokamltaks = horses. [Vol. V. g 1895-96. J Oqkotokists = stones. Tcistcikwists = days. Mat(ipiks = peoples. There are several nouns which have no plural, as : Napinoan = sugar. Unikis = milk. The Ammaie Nouns form the plural by adding ks, Iks or sks to the singular, as : Ponoka = deer. Ponokaks = deer. Nokos = my child. Nokosiks = my children. Mame = a fish. Mameks = fishes, white man. I Inanimate Nouns form the plural by adding ts or sts to the singular, as: Napyoyis = a house. Mataki = a potato. Oqpekin = his tooth. Napyoyists = houses. Matakists = potatoes. Oqpekists =^ his teeth. In the formation of the plural, before adding the terminations, some- times a syllable is dropped, or there is a change or elision of one or two vowels or consonants, as : / Akio NapekwSn Matsikin a woman, a white man. a moccasin. Akeks = women. NapekwSks = white men. Matsikists --^ moccasins. CASE. Case is the form in which a noun is used in order to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. There are three cases in the language, nominative, possessive and accu- sative. The possessive case is formed by adding as a prefix the abbrevi- ated forms of the possessive pronoun, as : N, ni, nit and nits for the first person. K, ki, kit and kits for the second person. O, ot and ots for the third person. Amo nitsapyoyis Oma kotas Saqkomapi otsinaksin this (is) my house, that (is) thy horse, the boy, his book,— the boy's book. N uo ^4 .^1 V i TRANSACTIONS OP THK CANADIAN IN8TITUTK. [VoL. V. Animate Noun in the Possessive Case. BLACKFOOT. CREE. OJIBV/^AY. SINGULAR. I. My father (or chieQ. Nina. Notawl. Nos. 2. Thy father (or chief). Kina. Kotawl. Kos. 3. His, her father (or chief). Onl. Otawla. Osan. PLURAL. . Exclusive. I. Our father. Ninan. Nctawlnan. Noslnan. Inclusive. I. Our father. Kinon. Kotawlnau. Koslnan. 2. Your father. Kinawa. Kotawlwau. Koslwa. 3. Their father. Onlao. Otawlwaua. Oslwan. SINGULAR. I. My fathers. Ninaeks. Notawliik. Nosag. 2. Thy fathers. Kinaeks. KotawTAk. Kosag. 3. His, her fathers. Onleks. Otawla. Osan. PLURAU Exclusive. 1. Our fathers. Ninaneks. Notawlnanftk. Noslnanfg. Inclusive. I. Our fathers. Kinoneks. KotawTnanOk. Koslnanlg. 2. Your fathers. Kinawaeks. KotawIwanAk. Koslwag. 3. Thoir fathers. OnTaoeks. Otawlwaua. Oslwan. Notas — my horse. SINGULAR. PLURAL. My horse = Notas. Thy " = Kotas. His " = Otas. Exclusive. Our horse = Notasinan. My horses = Notasiks. Thy " = Kotasiks. His " = Otasiks. Exclusive. Our horses = Notasinaniks. [Vol. V. ■ 1895-96.] THE BLACKFOOT LANGUAGE. Ul Inclusive. Our horse = Kotasinon. Your " = Kotasiwao. Their " = Otasiawa. Inclusive. Our horses = Kotasinoniks. Your " = Kotasiwawiks. Their " = Otasiavvawiks. There will be noticed in the above comparativd table, the two first [persons plural, which for greater clearness I have designated exclusive land inclusive. The Exclusive Plural embraces the first and second persons only. The Inclusive Plural embraces the first and third persons only. This peculiar construction ensures a greater degree of definiteness [ than is to be found amongst many of the languages of civilized races. It applies to the pronouns and the verbs, and when once intelligently I grasped will ever be easily remembered. Inanimate Noun in the Possessive Case. BLACKFOOT. CREE. OJIBWAY. SINGULAR. I. My book (or letter). NItsTnaksIn. NImasiiiahlgan. Nintnastnatgan. 2. Thy book. Kttsinaksln. KImasinahigan. Kimasinafgan. 3. His, her book. Otsinaksln. Omasfnahigan. OmasfnaTgan. PLURAL. Exclusive, I. Our book. Nitsinaksinan. Niinasinahiganinan. NinmasTnaIganiii.in. Inclusive, I . Our book. Kitsinaksinon. Kimasinahiganinau. Kimnsinnlganlnan. 2. Your book. Kitsinakslnonwa. Kimasinahlgantwau, Klmasinaiganhva. 3. Their book. Otsinaksfna. Omasinahiganlwau. Omasinafganiwa. SINGULAR. 1. My books (or letters). Nrtsfnakrsts. Nimaslnahtgana. NInmasinatganan. 2. Thy books. Krtslnakslsts. Kimaslnahlgana. Ktmaslnalganan. 3. His, her books. Otsinakslsts. Omaslnahlgana. Omaslnalganan. PLURAL. Exclusive, I. Our books. NItsInaksfnanfsts. N{masliiahlgnn]nana. Nfmasfnafganlnanln. I. Inclusive, Our books. KitsTnaksfnonTsts. Kimasinahlganlnaua. KimasInaiganlnanlnL 2. Your books. KTtsfnakstnonwasts. KTmasinahlganlwaua. Klmasfnaigantwan. 3. Their books. Otslnakslnoawasts. Omaslnahlganlwaua. Omaslnalganlwan. 142 TRANSACTIONS OP THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vol. V. Napyoyts = a house. SINGULAR. PLURAL. My house = Nitsapyoyis. My houses — Nitsapyoyists. Thy " = Kitsapyoyis. Thy " = Kitsapyoyists. His « = Otsapyoyis. His " = Otsapyoyists. Exclusive. Exclusive. Our house — Nitsapyoyisinan. Our houses = Nitsapyoyisinanists. Inclusive. Inclusive. Our house = Kitsapyoyisindn. Ojr houses = Kitsapyoyisinonists. Your " = Kitsapyoyisoavva. Your " = Kitsapyoyisowawists. Their " = Otsapyoyisoawa. Their " = Otsapyoyisoawawists ill EXAMPLES OF THE POSSESSIVE CASE. Animate: — Niskfin = My younger brother. N^esa = My elder brother. Nitfina = My daughter. Amoksi mokosiks = These are my children. AkekwSn oksista etCkpoyeo oni = The girl's mother went to her father. Aqsitflpi oliina aioqtokoqseo = The good man's daughter is sick. Nitoqkeman nitCikomimao -= I love my wife. Otas iqkonoyeo = He found his horse. Aisijkfikomeo okosiks = He is kind to his children. Kflqkaiiqsoflqsini kotomitam = You should feed your dog. Inanimate : — = My father's house. = Where is your saddle } — This is my home. --- These are my boots. = Your waggon is old. — She mends her clothes. Nina okoa Tcima kitseetan Amo nokoa Amosts natsikists Kitcinakasem akCksio Otsistotoqsi;;ts awaitcinimae Names of parts of the body beginning with M, when put in the posses sive case, drop the letter M : as, Miwapspi — The eye. Mokoantsi — The abdomen. Moqkinistis = The elbow. Maaye — The mouth. Niwapspi — - My eye. Nokoantsi = My abdomen. Noqkinistis = My elbow. Naftye = My mouth. THE BLACKPOOT LANGUAGE. 143 |l895-96.] Some nouns, when put in the possessive case, take the letter M as their terminal letter : as, MantMpt = A young man. SINGULAR. NitanikOpim = My young man. Kitanikfipim = Thy " Otanikapim = His " Exclusive. Nitanikiipiminan = Our young man. Inclusive. Kitanikftpiminon = Our young man. Kitanikupimiwa = Your " " Otanikflpimiwa = Their " " PLURAL. Nitamkapimiks = My young men. KitanikOpimiks = Thy " Otanikapimiks = His " Exclusive. Nitanikflpiminaniks = Our young men. KitanikCipiminoniks = Our " Kitanikflpimiwaiks = Your " " Otanikflpimiwaiks = Their " " The Double Possessive. The following words declined will show the method adopted in forming ithe double possessive : SINGULAR. Noqkoa otometamae = My son's dog. Koqkoa otometamae = Thy " " Oqkoye otometamae == His " " Exclusive. Noqkunan otometamae = Our son's dog. Inclusive. Koqkunon otometamae = Our son's dog. Koqkoawa otometamae = Your " " Oqkoyewa otpmetamae — Their " " 144 Nisoqkoa Kisoqkoa Osoqkoye Nisoqkunan Kisoqkunon Kisoqkoawa Osoqkoyewa Nisoqkoaks Kisoqkoaks Osoqkoyeaks TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE, = My daughter's son. = Thy = His Exclusive. — Our daughter's son. Inclusive. = Ojr daughter's son. = Your " = Their " PLURAL. = My daughter's sons. = Thy " " . His Exclusive. Nisoqkunanaks = Our daughter's sons. Inclusive. Kisoqkunonaks = Our daughter's sons. Kisoqkoawaks = Your Osoqkoyewaks - Their Anotlur form of the same. SINGULAR. Nitflna oqkoye - My daughter's son. Kitfina oqkoye =- Thy Otfina oqkoye = His Exclusive. NitClninan oqkoye - Our daughter's son. Inclusive. KitClnmon oqkoye = Our daughter's son. KitClnAwa oqkoye -- Your Otdnawa oqkoye -- Their PLURAL. Nitflna oqkoyeks = My daughter's sons. Kitftna oqkoyeks = Thy Otfina oqkoyeks = His [Vol. V. it 1895-06.] THB BLACKFOOT LANGUAGE. 145 Exclusive. Nlt(jiiii.«n oqkoyeks =: Our daughter's sons. Inclusive. Kitilnlnon oqkoyeks = Our daughter's sons. KltClnawa oqkoyeks = Your Otftnawa oqkoyeks = Their " " Decline NisotQna = my daughter's daughter, Nitflna otdna = my daughter's daughter, and NitGna okoa = my daughter's house, in the same manner as an exercise. The Expression " Own." For the expression "own," "my own," etc., there is a particular form used, consisting of the personal pronoun and Neneta, Keneta, Oneta, joined to the noun. A letter is inserted in some words in accordance with the laws of euphony. Animate Noun. Nistoa Nenetakotas = My own horse. = Thy own horse. = His own horse. Kistoa Kenetakotas Ostoye Onetakotas Exclusive. Nistunan Nenetakotasinan = Our own horse. Inclusive. Kistunon Kenetakotasinon = Our own horse. Kistoawa Kenetakotasiwao = Our own horse. Ostoyewa Onetakotasiawa = Their own horse. Nistoa Nenetakotasiks = My own horses. Kistoa Kenetakotasiks = Thy own horses. Ostoye Onetakotasiks = His own horses. Exclusive, Nistunan Nenetakotasinaniks = Our own horses. Inclusive, Kistunon Kenetakotasincniks = Our own horses. Kistoawa Kenetakotasiwawiks = Your own horses. Ostoyewa Onetakotasiawa wiks = Their own horses. HO transactions of the canadian institute. Inanimate Noun. [Vol. V = My own knife. = Thy own knife. = His own knife. Nistoa Ncnetaksistofln Kistoa Kenetaksistofln Ostoye OnctaksistoOn Exclusive. Nistunan Nenetaksistoiunnan = Oiir own knife. Inclusive. Kistunon KcnetaksistoCininon = Our own knife. Kistoawa KenetaksistoCiniwa = Your own knife. Ostoycwa OnetaksistoCiniawa = Their own knife. Nistoa Nenetaksistoaks = My own knives. Kistoa Kenetaksistoaks = Thy own knives. Ostoye Onetaksistoaks = His own knives. Exclusive. Nistunan Nenetaksistonanaks = Our own knives. Inclusive. Kistonon Kenetakslstononaks = Our own knives. Kistoawa Kenetaksistoawaks = Your own knives. Ostoyewa Onetaksistoawaks = Their own knives. Examples. Nistoa Nenetakokoa = My own home. Nistoa Nenetaksinaksin = My own letter. Nistoa Nenetanamau = My own bow, or gun. Nistoa Notofini = My own knife. This is a different form for the same inanimate noun as given above. The accusative case shows the object of the verb. The accusative animate is expressed by adding zva as a suffi.K to the smgular. Nit6komimao pukawa = 1 love a child. Akomimeo pukawa = Hcloves a child. Nitukomimao ponokamltawa = I love a horse. The accusative plural is formed by addi.ig a to the plural as a suffix as ' Nitflkomimaks pukaksa = ] love children. 1895-96.J TUB DLACKFOOT LANOUAGB. H7 The accusative inanimate is expressed by adding aiva as a suffix. Nitasatciqp sinaksinawa ^ I read a lotttM- or book ; literally, I look at a letter. There is no word in the language to express our English phi'asc "to read". Nitapistotsiqp napyoyisa = I built a house. Declension of Noun. Animate Noun. .SINGULAR. Norn. — Imeta ~ A dog. Poss. — Ometa — His dog. Ace. — Imetavva = A dog. Inanimate Noun. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom.— Sinaksin = A letter. Norn.— Sinaksists =- Letters. Poss. — Otsinaksin = His letter. Poss. — Otsinaksists = His letters. Ace. —Sinaksinawa := A letter. Ace. —Sinaksistsa --^^ Letters. PLURAL. Nom. — Imetaks = Dogs. Poss. — Ometaks ^ His dogs. Ace. - -Inietakm = Dogs. Nina Nik.sista Niskftn Neesa Nisisa (Female speaking) Ninista Noqkoa Nitfina and NitClnis Noma Nitoqkeman Nistamo Nistftmoqko Nokos Nisokos Nisoqkoa NisotClna Terms of Relationship. = My father. = My mother. = My younger brother. = My elder brother. = My younger sister — Nitakim. (male speaking). = My elder sister. = My son. = My daughter. = My husband. = My wife. = My brother-in-law, i.e., husband of my sister. = My brother-in-law, i.e., brother of my wife. = My child. = My grandchild. = My grandson. = My grand-daughter. 148 TRANSACTIONS OF THfc CANADIAN IN8TITUTK. [Vol. V. The Pronoun. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. There arc si.\ classes of pronouns — personal, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, and indefinite. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN. Personal pronouns are substitutes for the names of persons or things. They are called personal because they designate the person of the noun which they represent. Inflexion of the Personal Pronoun. BLACKFOOT. CREE.' OJIBWAY. I Nlsto.i Niya Nlii Thou Kistua and Sfstoa Kiya Kfii He, she, ii Ostoye Wiya Will Exclusive. We Nistunan Niyonan antl Niyan NInawIiid Inclusive. We Kistunon Kiyanan KInuwInd You KIstoawa Kiyawa KInawa They Ostoyewa VViyawa Win.iwa There is a peculiarity in the pronoun especially observable in the Ojibway, Cree and Blackfoot languages, namely the double first person plural. This has already been explained under the exclusive first per- son plural and inclusive first person plural. As this is a highly import- ant distinction, which ensures definiteness of expression, I shall repeat the explanation in another form, even at the expense of redundancy. In the exclusive first person plural Nistunan, the persons speaking do not include the second persons, that is the persons addressed. This exclusive plural includes only the first and third persons, viz.: — He and I ; or, They and I. The inclusive first person plural or second first person plural Kistu non, includes the persons addressed, and not the third persons, viz.: — Thou and I ; or, You and I. Great care must be exercised in grasping intelligently and thoroughly this distinction, as it is very extensively used in the language, especially in the verb. The personal pronoun is Msed wi^h yeibs in z, contracted form, THE BLACKFOOT LANOUAOE. 149 1895-96.] In the singular number, the first and second personal pronouns are used as prefixes, and arc called a.ticle pronouns. Nistoa being contracted lo N and Ni, and Kistoa to K and Kl In accordance with the laws of euphony, inducing harmony of sound, the letter / is oftentimes inserted between the pronominal prefix or article pronoun and the tense root 6f the verb, and sometimes before the ro . ^ of the verb itself, as Ni-t-awan-i = I say. Ki-t-awan-i =- Thou sayest. awan-io ^^^^ He says. Ni-t-an-i Ki-t-an-i an io — I said. ^ Thou saidst. — He said. Sometimes the contracted form of the third personal pronoun is at- tached to verbs, with the aid of a euphonic letter, as 0-t-se-kamus-!o - He stole. Generally, however, the third person of the verb has not any article pronoun, the person being fully expressed by the inflexion of the verb. The Expression Self. For the expressions self and selves the particle kauk is added as a suffix to the personal pronouns, as : Nistoakauk = Myself. Kistoakauk = Thyself. Ostoyekauk = Himself, herself, itself. {Exclusive) Nistunanakauk = Ourselves. {Inclusive) Kistunonakauk = Ourselves. Kistoawakauk = Yourselves. Ostoyewakauk = Themselves. The Possessive Pronoun. Possessive pronouns receive their distinctive name from the idea of possession being inherent in them. There are two classes of possessive pronouns : separable and conjunctive. The separable possessive pronouns are not joined to another word, but stand alone, although related to other words in the same sentence. In the plural number they agree with the animate and inanimate nouns which they represent. 150 TRAlfSACTlONS OP THE CANADIAN INSTITUTB. [Vot. T. When representing a noun in the singular number, the animate and inanimate forms are ah'ke. BLACKFOOT. OjniVVAY. Mine — ^ — , Nitsliiaii NIn Thine Krtsinan Kfu His, hers, its O'sman Win Exclusive. Ours Nftslnanan Nlnawind Inclusive. Ours Kitsfnanon Kfiiawind Yours Kitsinanawa Kiiiawa Theirs Otsinanawa 1 Winawa , Animate Form. Mine = Nitsinaniks. Thine = Kitsinaniks. His, ners, its = Otsinaniks. {Exclusive) Ours {Inclusive) Ours Yours Theirs = Nitsinananiks. = Kltslnanoniks. = Kitsinanawaks. — Otsinananlks. Inanimate Form. Mine = Nitsinanisis. Thine ^ Kitsinanists. His, hers, its = Otslrianists. {Exclusive) Ow% = Nitsinananists. {Inclusive) Ours = Kitsinanonists. Yours = KitsinanavHsts. Theirs = Otsinananists. For the expression All these are mine, the pronoun Ntlstnanta is used which IS dech'ned in the same manner as Nitsinan. Conjunctive possessive pronouna are joined to nouns, and thus are formed nouns in the possessive case. Tliese a-e the same as the con- tracted fonns of the personal pronouns, which are used as article pro- nouns. They are thus expressed in conjunction with nouns and verbs : 1st person— N, Ni, Nit, Nits, and other vowels united with N. w . T. and 18&J-96.] ' THE BLACKFOOT LANGUAGE. 151 2nd person — K, Ki, Xit, Kits, also Ko, Kit, etc. 3rd person — O, Ot, Ots. Examples of the conjunctive possessive pronouns will be found in the treatment of the declension of tae noun in the possessive case. The following examples will also show the true meaning : Puqsipipotot nlsokasim = Bring my coat. PuqsTpipes notasa = Bring my horse. Noqkokit nitsopatsis = Give me my chait. The Demonstrative Pkonoun. The demonstrative pronouns point out distinctively the persons or things spoken of. There are two forms, viz.: a.nimate and inanimate. BLACKFOOT. CREE. "JIBWAY. ANIMATE. Tliis. Amo and A.nola. .Awa. A. That. Oma. Ona. A. This or that. Anauk. Okl. Onikt. These. Those. Ainoksl and Aniokslm. Omeksi and Omeksik. Ogaw. Igro. These or those. Amksauk. INANIMATE. This. Anio and Amoia. Onia. A-.V. That. Oniem. Uniina. To. This or that thing. Aniitiauk. These. Amosts and Aiiiostslm. Oiil. Onaw. Tliose Omests and Omeslsim. Unlki. liiio. Tliese or those 'hings. Anistsauk. Examples of the Animate Demonstrative. — This (is) my horse. = These (are) my horses. = These dogs. = This girl. = Those horses. Amo notas Amoks! notaslks Amoksi imetaks AmakekwAn Omeksi ponokamitak; Oma matapi skunataplo = That person is strong. i'l'l^ 152 TRANSACTIONS OP THR CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [VoL. V. Examples of the Inanimate Demonstrative. Amo nitsapyoyis = This (is) my house. Amanakas = This wagon. Amosts matakists = These potatoes. Omests sinaksrsts = Those letters. The Interrogative Pronoun. Interrogative pronouns are those which are used for asking questions. BLACKFOOT, CRKE. ANIMATE. .... (Sini;.) Who Tfika Aweiia Which Tda Keko Who is he Tflkats (Plu.) Who Tflkaks Aweiilkl Which Tciaks Taniinlkl INANIMATE. - (Sing.) Which Tcia and Tcima Keko and 'I'anlma What Uqsa Kckwflt What Tcanlstapl What is it Tcanfstapsfo (Plu.) Which Tclasts Taniwihl What Tcda Kekwaya Examples. Tcakitawani = What dost thou say ? (present tense). Tcakitani = What dost; thou say ? What didst thou say } This latter (imperfect tense) form is used more frequently by the Indians, instead of the present tense, but it has the force of the present. Tcawanio = What does he say ? Tuka kitClqkoka = Who gave you ? Tcanistaoats = What did he say ? The Relative Pronoun. Relative pronouns serve to connect the clause of a sentence with its antecedent, and to describe or modify it. f 1895-96.] THE BLACKFOOT LANOUAOE. 153 Animate. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Who. Anflk. Aiiflksisk. Inanimate. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Which. Anik. Anistsisk. What. The particles oqpl and yiqpi are used as suffixes to express the relative what, as : Anioats nitdqkoyiqpi = Did he say what he gave me ? Nitflsksiniqp kitCiqkotoqpi = I know what I gave you. Tho compound relative pronoun whoever is expressed by the particle IH, as './hen alone Istao'va = Whoever. Istfitomae matsisae = Whoever wants (this house) can have it. Istaowa ilqkitotasin = Whoever wants this horse can have him. The Indefinite Pronoun. Indefinite pronouns represent objects indefinitely. These pronouns have animate and inanimate forms, and are separable and conjunctive. Animate and Separable. Infiqkae — Somebody. Akaiem — Many. Noqketsim = Another, a different one. Istciki - Another, an added one, plural Istcikiks. Inatoqsi = Few. Matoqketse = Still another. Inanimate and Separable. Akauo ~ Many and much. Aietcinika — All. Noqketsim = Another. Istciki ~- Another, plural Istcikists. Nitapi = Another, the other. Matoqketse = Still another. 164 TRANSACTIONS OP THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vol. V. There are conjunctive indefinite pronouns which are used only when joined to a word, as Kfina = All, e.g., Kanaitflpiks = All the people. KClnoanistcisa = Tell everyone to come, Noqketse = Another, e.g., Noqkctsetft'pi — Another person. The Adjective. An adjective is a word used to qualify nouns. There are four classes of adjectives, viz., separable, conjunctive, verbal and numeral. There are also two forms of the adjective, animate and inanimate, agreeing with the nouns which they represent. Aqse Mataqse = Bad (evil). Omfiqkime = Big. Spikt' = Thick. Ksistoy^ = Warm. Separable Adjectives. — Good. Sokape = Perfect. Makape = Dirty — rotten. also applied to wrong-doing. Inakime = Little. Stoy^ = Cold. Soksim^ = Heavy. Inakime= little, becomes when joined to nouns the diminutive indk. Separable adjectives are sometimes contracted in form and united with nouns, as Aqsoskitslpupl — Good heart. OmClqkiapyoyis = A big house. Omfiqsinina = A great chief. Makapoqsokoyi = The dirty road, the evil way. Omftqkokaio = a big bear, from OmOqkimi, big, contracted to OmOqko and Kaio = a bear. Conjunctive Adjectives. Conjunctive adjectives are joined to nouns and verbs. When severed from their proper connection, they lose their meaning and cannot be translated, as : Mane = new or young. Manepuka = a young child, an infant. Mane- puka aikamotao = the infant is better. Kokinan manyoskitsipOpi = give us new hearts. THE BliACKFOOT LANOUAOE. 155 1895-96.]. Nato = Holy. Natoapsinaksin = the holy book, i.e., the sun-book, the Bible. Natoapekwan = the holy man, a missionary. Natoyetci- stcikvvi = the holy day, the Sabbath. This adjective is derived from natos = *hc -vhich is applied to spiritual things in the sense of being holy. Thus Natoap'kwan is composed of naios, the sun, api, the con- tracted form in word formation of mathpi, a person, and kivdr, the singular personal ending. The separable adjectives are capable of being verbalized by the addition of the verbal suffix, and become adjective verbs, as : Aqseo = It is good. Matftqseo = It is bad, i.e., it is not good, ma being the negative particle. Makapeo == It is bad. Aq.se = Good. MatOqse ^ Bad. Makape — Bad. He is wicked (moral badness). Omflqkime = Big. Inakime = Small. Sokape = Perfect. Stoye = Cold. Ksistoye = Hot. Spike = Thick. Akaise = Old. Matcaps = Foolish. Kimataps = Poor. Aioqtokos = Sick. Skunataps = Strong. Akotcaps = Rich. OmCiqkimeo = It is big. Inakimeo = It is little. Sokapeo = It is perfect. Stoyeo = It is cold. Ksistoyeo = It is hot. Spikeo = It is thick. Akaiseo = It is ok . Matcapseo = He is foolish. Kimatapseo = He is poor. Aioqtokoseo = He is sick. Skunatapsio = He is strong. Akotcapseo = He is rich. Comparison of ^<^V