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 ON 
 
 THE COLONIES: 
 
 A PAPER 
 
 READ BEFORE THE STATISTICAL SOCIETY, 
 
 Uth MABOH, 1872. 
 
 BY 
 
 ARCHIBALD HAMILTON, ESQ. 
 
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 U.4,^£ek,iZcL 
 
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 LONDON ! 
 HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE. 
 
 |)rin<«r« lit (L^rbiwara to il«r Pajwtjj. 
 1872. 
 
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ON 
 
 THE COLONIES: 
 
 A PAPER 
 
 READ BEFORE THE STATISTICAL SOCIETY, 
 
 lOth MABCH, 1872. 
 
 BY 
 
 ARCHIBALD IIAMIITOX, ESQ. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 HATIRTSON AND SONS, ST. MAETIN'S LANTi. 
 
 |)nntcrs iit Orbiuiinj to ¥)fr rtlnjestt). 
 
 1872. 
 
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riOIll tilt' JoUllNAL OF THK STATISTICAL SOCIETY OK UoNDON. 
 
 March, 1872. 
 
 0)i the CoLONiKs. Bij Aucuibald IlAMir/ro.v. 
 [Head before the Statistical Society, lUth March, 1872.] 
 
 CONTENTS ; 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1.— Colonial Office Policy 107 
 
 II. — Exports of Home Produce IDS 
 
 III. — Shipping 114 
 
 IV. — Colonists who Hetui'n Ill 
 
 V. — Emigration 115 
 
 VI. — Advantages to the Colonies 116 
 
 VII.— Cost of the Colonies 117 
 
 PAQB 
 
 VIII.— Colonial Tariffs 119 
 
 IX. — In case of War 120 
 
 X. — Arguments of Sentiment 121 
 
 XL— -Conclusion 122 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Tables A to P 123 
 
 OuE Colonial Empire, which not long since was regarded by our- 
 selves with so much pride, and by our rivals with no small envy, 
 has of late yeai-s been viewed with a degree of apathy by the public 
 which is equally undeniable and extraordinary. A small but ener- 
 getic party have even maintained that the colonies are a source of 
 weakness and embarrassment, and openly contend for "retrenching" 
 the empire. The settled opinion of the great majority of politicians 
 and public writers seems to be that separation sooner or later is 
 inevitable. AVhilo successive Cabinets, Liberal as well as Con- 
 servative, resigning themselves to the same fatality, have been 
 content that their colonial policy should have nO higher aim than 
 that separation, when it comes, should take place with peace and 
 good- will. 
 
 I. — Guloiiial Office Policy/. 
 
 Assuredly nothing has been done to ward <jft' separation. So far 
 from any endeavour to strengthen and confirm the ties between the 
 colonies and the home country, the tendency of our policy has been 
 rather to prepare the colonies for separation, if not actually to invite 
 them to declare their independence. I should rather say that such 
 has been the ])olicy of the Colonial Office. In theory, no doubt, our 
 Minister for the Colonies rules the Colonial Office, and is responsible 
 to Parliament and the })ublic ; but in reality, what with frequent 
 changes in tlie Ministry, the pressure of business in the House of 
 Cominons, public attention absorbed by questions nearer home, added 
 to the general ignorance of, and indiffi>rence to colonial matters, it so 
 happens that the permanent staff of the Colonial Office is, for all 
 practicid jmrjKJses, almost fi-ee froni any check or control. 
 
 Tlie waste lands have been handed over, unfortunately with- 
 out any reservation ; full control over their own aftaii's has very 
 properly been conceded to the North American and Australian 
 
108 
 
 HAMir;T(jN — Oil the Co follies. 
 
 [Mar, 
 
 colonies, but with no tlioiiglit as to how tlie inipevial connection is 
 to continue ; and at the present time the Cape colonists ai-e in vain 
 solicited to accept responsible government. At the same time the 
 chief object of the Colonial OfHce, without regard to varying- 
 circumstances in each case, has bet>n to witht^raw British troops 
 from the colonics, and, at all hazards, reduce their cost to the 
 British Exchequer; so that our relations with the colonies have 
 at leuf^h become so attenuated, that a very slight strain with any 
 one of them will suffice to break the tie ; and it is oidy too probable 
 that the separation of one, would be the signal for others to assume 
 independence, or, it may be, to seek some other protection. 
 
 Before resigning ourselves to this, it sui'ely Mould be well that 
 such a vital question should be examincLl to the bottom, and be 
 thoroughly discussed in all its manifold bearings, so that we should 
 deliberately satisfy ourselves whether it is in reality a matter of such 
 little consequenct>, that our connection Avith the colonies should be 
 maintained ; or whether it woidil not be Aviser rather to seek for some 
 means whereby we could draw them closer to us than ever. 
 
 II. — Ej'ports (<f III lull! Frodiicc. 
 
 My object, therefore, in venturing t(j discuss this question will 
 be to confine myself mainly to its economical aspect, and to examine 
 the commercial statistics — though I am far from undervaluing those 
 other considerations Avhicli cannot be overlooked, but to which 1 
 shall only vei-y briefly allude. 
 
 In the first })lace, then, it may be well to bear in mind that the 
 benefit of our foreign and colonial trade is not confined to the 
 mere profit of the merchants ex])t)rting, as is too fretiuently assumed, 
 but consists really in the sum total of the exports of British pi-oduce 
 and manufactures. So that, when we find their total value amounted, 
 for the year 1871, to no less than two iiundred and twenty-two 
 millions sterling (222.000,000/.). we are to consider that sum as, 
 in point of fact, constituting so much of the wages and profits, or 
 aggregate income of the people of this count ly ; the foreign and 
 colonial trade being the source from whence so much of their means 
 of livelihood, or daily bread, is derivi'd. 
 
 Payment is received in tiie commodities im])orted in exchange 
 for our produce ex])orted, and it is on those operations that our 
 merchants rei-eive their profits. 
 
 Of the large total just mentioned, our colonies, possessions, and 
 dependencies of all kinds, conli'liiuled (51.000,000/.) liCty-onu 
 nuUions sterling; and as it is important that this amount shall be 
 shown to be so nuuih added to the aggregate earnings of the people 
 of this country, I shall follow up the subje(!t in some detail. 
 
 This is self-evident as to exjiorts of purely home produce, such 
 
\H72.] 
 
 HAMlI/rON — Oit the Colonies. 
 
 109 
 
 )|)& 
 
 for exjuuplu ns Birmiiigliiim liardware — from the digging out of the 
 ruetal uutil it is smelted, niiiiuiractured, packed, conveyed by rail, 
 and stowed on board a ship; all the prolits, commissions, aud wages 
 arising from those operations are so mnch added to the eai'nings of 
 the manuiactiirers, iigents, artisans, and labourers who did the work ; 
 in short, all (mjsIs and charges, until shipped, are defrayed by the 
 merchant who e.\[)orts the goods. The same thing applies to goods 
 ■which are manufactured from imported raw materials, though at 
 lirst siyiit it mi"-ht be contended that we should deduct the value 
 of the raw material. But, inasmuch as the raw nuiterial can only be 
 imported in exchange lor our exj^orts, it thereby acquires the cha- 
 racter of a British product, the same as though it were bars of 
 English iron. Xevertheless, as this conclusicui niay be open to 
 question, there are other items to be considered in connectiou with 
 tin," colonial trade, which will far outweigh the cost of nnv material 
 in our home manufactures exp(jrted thither. 
 
 1st. Foreign gooils, to the value of uine or ten millions per 
 annum, are sent Ikm'c for transhipment, but the benefit resulting 
 therefrom consists merely in agency, together with dock aud shipping 
 charges. ]\Ioi'eover, t ho pro])ortion 1 o t he colonies is not considerable. 
 
 2nil. The ])orts ol' the [Jnitetl Kingdom are entrepots for foreign 
 and coloniiil ])roduce. of which about lifly millions sterling per 
 tinnuni are re-txpoi'ted, and of this amount the colonies take about 
 four millions. On these operations, in addition to the charges above 
 mentioned, there adheres to this country the merchant's profit or 
 commission, Ijrokerages, &c. 
 
 ordly. There are \ery important indirect operations Avith the 
 colonies. For example: shiinuents of Manchester goods ai-e msule 
 to Chiua, with orders for returns to be sent in tea direct to Canada. 
 Sugar, coilee, and bulky goods in general go, as a rule, from the 
 place of production direct to the colonies, uniler credits furnished by 
 our merchants — or, in other words, are eventually p>aid for by exports 
 from this country. Is'ow, on all such indirect operations, the amounts 
 of our exports in payment, if they could be traced out Avith any 
 degree of accuracy, should be ]ilaced to the credit of the colonies, 
 rather than to the countries supplying the rcmgh gootls. 
 
 ■khiy. The exj)orting merchant's ])rotit or conuuissiou is a benefit 
 acci'uiiiL;- to this countrv which must ntjt be omitted. 
 
 Taking these iii'iiis together, it will be admitted by every (me 
 convei'sant with the siU)ject, that they far (Uitweigh the cost of raw 
 materials In our home manufactures sent to the colonies; and that 
 1 am, tiu-refore, well within, the mark in claiming credit for the 
 colonies to the full extent of our honu; produce exported to them; 
 and thiit the anu)unt shoidd be taken as so much added to the 
 earuiugs ov aggregate income of the United Kingdom, 
 
 M 
 
110 
 
 Hamilton — On the Colonics. 
 
 [Mar. 
 
 I liave stilted that tlie total to our clopendcncifs for 1871 
 amounted to 51,000,000/., but sliall eonhne lujselt' to our colonies 
 proper, viz., North Auiericaii, Australian, and South African, 
 togetlier Avitli our tropical settlements in the West Indies, Mauri- 
 tius, Ceylon, and the Straits; and with these 1 have contrasted our 
 ti-ade with the princi])al tbreigu countries. 1 leave out of consider- 
 atitni our Indian Possessions, since these cannot be regarded as 
 colonies, and because I take for granted that our supremacy in that 
 country Avill be upheld by the strong hand so long as v/e retain the 
 jower ; neither for the present shall I concern myself with our 
 laval and military stations, such as ^lalta, Gibraltar, Bermuda, 
 'long K(mg, &c., which are maintained for inijierial purposes. 
 
 In Appendix, Table A, Avil! be found the exports of British 
 produce for thirty years from 1840 to iKt)',) inclusive, reduced for 
 the sake of convenience to cpiinqueimial averages. 1 commence 
 Avith 1810, so as to include a period of live years prior to our final 
 adoption of free trade, when reciprocity in discriminating duties 
 between the home country and the colonics Avas abolished. An 
 examination of the table will show that, taking averages of ten 
 years, our exports of home produce have increased in the following 
 ratio : — 
 
 Nortli Anicrii-aii Colonics .... 
 Aufiti'iilin and >ii'\v Zealand 
 
 Ci\\)o and Xatal 
 
 Wt'»t. Inches 
 
 Jhiiiritius 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Straits and Singapore 
 
 United States 
 
 Franee 
 
 Spain and I'ortiigid ... 
 Gernmnv and Austria 
 
 Italv ." 
 
 Eiissia 
 
 IFollund 
 
 IJelirium 
 
 .Brazil 
 
 China with lloiig Kong. 
 
 ih-jO to '[mo, 
 
 Inciciist' per (,'tiit. 
 ii|K)ii ItiKl to IhW. 
 
 49 
 509 
 
 '44 
 1 1 deer. 
 
 54 
 90 
 48 
 
 147 
 
 67 
 61 
 56 
 
 37 
 7 deer. 
 
 4- 
 
 25 
 52 
 
 18G() to lH(i9, 
 Iiici-t^iisc per Cent. 
 U|)Oii Ih.'iO to IhaU. 
 
 63 
 39 
 45 
 41 
 22 
 111 
 97 
 
 3 deer. 
 131 
 Gl 
 65 
 
 77 
 105 
 
 r>7 
 
 77 
 
 49 
 
 167 
 
 In A))ptndix. Table !i, 1 have taken out the consumption of 
 Bi-itish ])roiluce by the several colonies and foreign countries above 
 uiuned. For the populiition 1 lake the years of census, but for the 
 exports 1 have averaged three years, viz., the year of census with 
 the preceding and succeeding years, so as to obtain a fair result, 
 
1872.] 
 
 Hamilton — On the Colonial. 
 
 Ill 
 
 free from special ciroumstancos which might attach to single years ; 
 and in Di-der still further to elucidate the matter I have, in Table C, 
 ascertained the pro])ortion which British produce bears to the total 
 inip(U'fs of the same ])laccs ; for this purpose I have taken an average 
 of the three vcars, ISGt-GO, being the latest uniform period for which 
 I can obtain a comparison. 
 
 Tlie results of Tables B and arc shortly stated below. It will 
 be observed that the figures are gix^atly in favour of the colonies 
 proper, as might be expected with infant communities, occupied 
 chiefly in the production of raw produce. This applies to the United 
 States, for the samo reason, though in a lesser degree ; while the 
 tropical settlements rank next to the cohniies pi'oper. 
 
 Consumption 
 
 of British Produce 
 
 per Ile:iil. 
 
 Proportion of 
 
 Britisli Produce to 
 
 Tutiil IiiiiMirts. 
 
 North American Colonic!) 
 
 Australia mil New Zealand 
 
 ,-, , 1 XT i 1 /total population 
 
 (Jape and JNatal< , .^ ' ^ 
 
 ^ L wlute „ 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 Ceylon \ 
 
 Straits 
 
 United States 
 
 Franco 
 
 Spain 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Gei'many (Prussia, Hamburg, and Austria) 
 
 Itiily .' 
 
 RuLssia 
 
 Holland* 
 
 Eelgiunif 
 
 Brazil 
 
 £ .V. d. 
 
 1 S 8 
 8 lo 3 
 
 2 ^) 4 
 8 12 2 
 
 2 8 7 
 
 I 14 7 
 
 Small European 
 
 populiition 
 
 12 
 6 
 2 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 1 1 
 
 I T 
 
 10 
 
 Per cut. 
 42 
 47 
 
 69 
 
 43 
 .30 
 
 3G 
 
 21 
 
 31 
 
 9 
 18 
 
 Not ascertainable 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 Not aseertainablft 
 
 * A proportion of this no doubt belongs to Oermany, being for goods in 
 transit, and the British produce is not distinguishable. 
 
 t Belgium proliably shows in excess for the same reason. 
 
 But it is alleged that onr trade Avith the colonies would not 
 be iffected, were they at once to be declared independent States ; 
 and Mr. Goldwin Smith has argued tliat it would rather be 
 increased thereby. He appeals to the example of the United States 
 in support of this opinion, but overlooks the totally different circum- 
 stances tinder which our trade with the colonies is now carried on, 
 as ompared with the jealous monopoly which existed wdien the 
 United States became independent. I need scarcely recall Lord 
 Chatham's well-known declaration, that " the colonists had no right 
 
11-2 Hamii.tox — Oil iho Cnhr.iie.*. [Mnr. 
 
 •' to nianufactTiro even ii iiiiil for a lioi'sc-slioe." They were honnd 
 to buy f'voin the niotlicr connfry wliatcvcr tlicy ooiisnniiHl, and to 
 sell to Ikt wliaiovor tlicy prodiicMl. It was not in conscquenco of 
 tli(>ii' separation that our trade wiili llie United Stales subsequently 
 incrensed ; but it was l)eeanse, toii'etlier willi independence, tliey 
 estabbslii'il {'vow '•oninier;'i,tl rebiliiuis w itii oIIht countries as well 
 as witli ourselves. 
 
 iTow, as our colonies already enjoy tlie advanta^'es of tree trade 
 to tlie fullest extent, except so far as it may be siinted by taritfs of 
 tlieir own Imposition, and as they also enjoy the :nost absolute 
 control of tlieir (>\vn alfairs, it is manifest that ther(> are no ;4T(ninds 
 for expectinn- a rapitl inci'ease in theii- tr.'ide, such as followed on the 
 indep(nidence of the I'nited Stat(\s. On the contrary, thonub the 
 colonial trade min'lit not at iirst be materially alfected, provid"d 
 always that separation took ])Iace in a friendly spirit, thei'e is too 
 much reason to fear that the i-itio of increase would not be sus- 
 tained, and might altoc'cthei' disa])]iear, 
 
 The maxim that "the trade loilows the flag" is supported by 
 the examples of our con([Kei'ed coloriies, viz. : — 
 
 In Canada there are about one million, or nearly one-third of the 
 ])opnlation, of Fi'ench (h'sceni, living much apart in Lower Canada, 
 and retaining 1 heir language and ciistouis to a remarkable extent; 
 and although dui-ing the last thirty vears then' have been no discri- 
 minating coloinal ilnties between British atid French produce, the 
 ini|)ortatii.'ns for the year 1^(,>(> were respectively as follows : — 
 
 £ 
 British prodiico 5,000, coo 
 
 lO'i'llc'll ,, i^COOv 
 
 Similai'ly. as regards the Ca])e of Cood llopt>, where tlu> l"]uro])eau 
 poptdation numhered about tSo.ooo, of whom t svo-th.iv(ls are of 
 Dutch extra'-tion. s]>eakiiig their own language and adhering totheir 
 own manners anil customs with exti'aordinai v lenacitv — takinn- an 
 average of the years 1S() |.-( '>('>. the importations slimd thus — 
 
 lirili-h )iru(Jucc |ii'i' annum i,7Cio.occ 
 
 DiUcli ]nx)ihicc direct tll.ODO 
 
 Throun'li I'liitt'd Kiniidoiu in lionil 20,000 
 
 ■ 1^1,000 
 
 Again, if we examine (he reftirns fi'oni ^raiiriiius, where the 
 Creole ]iopidation is still csseidially l''rencli. 1 1," tigui'cs stand as 
 follows, tai^iiiL;' an avera^'e of the vears ISlil-lid: — - 
 
 liri(i>-h ])i'(i(hic(' \H'\' ainunu 'ii^,oco 
 
 l''i'<'nfli ,, ^i,i,coo 
 
 It is b) be observed, howev(>r, tliid of (he lader no li'ss tliaii 
 ilCi.oool. consist el of wines ami brandy, (he win" biu'iig a S])ei.ial 
 
 I 
 
 ■V 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 * 
 
1872.] 
 
 Hamilton' — Ou ihe Coloniest. 
 
 113 
 
 K 
 
 i 
 
 •? 
 
 it 
 
 production of Fi-ance, and peculiurly suited to the climate and taste 
 cf the ]>eoplo. 
 
 Convorsoly, no one can douht, had we retained possession of Java, 
 that onv ti-ado with tlmt island would now be ten times what it is. 
 
 Let us next i.onsider in Avhat maimor our trade with the colonies 
 is influenced by their connection with the home country. It is a 
 matt(M' of e\('ry day experience that yotin<]^ nu'n of tlie middle or 
 commercial clnss prefer the colonies, \vh-]i looking around for a tield. 
 in which to push their way in the world. Tn the coltmies they settle 
 among friends and relations, wheiv Kuo-lish law and Kng'li.sh ideas 
 and customs prevail ; nnd it is by this class more especially that our 
 commerce is extended. They rendily enier into business corre- 
 spond(Mice Avith their friends at home, and become the channel through 
 which llritish ciipitnl is more freely end)!U'k(Hl in the colonies than 
 in foreign countries. Agiiin, colonists more frequently intermarry 
 with ])(>ople at home than Avith foi'eigners. I have been assured on 
 competent iiiithority that marriages between Canadians and their 
 American neigh bonrs, arc not much moi-e fre(|uent than marriages 
 between ourselves and French or Germans. MoreoA'er, most of us 
 have relatives settled in the various colonies; no that, in addition to 
 siniilnrity of tastes and general sympalhy Avith the oldeounlry, there 
 are innumerable ])ei'sonid and family ties Avhich secure to us a 
 comiu.'ind of the colniiiid trade, such as is not elsewhere obtained. 
 In fact, it is an aggregate of wlint, in individual cases, is called trade 
 connection, oi- "good-will.'' 
 
 I thiids, thei-eforc, it is rensonnble to conclude, that were our con- 
 nection with the CI denies severed, though otir trade might not bo 
 immediately diminished, still the steady increase it has shoAvn for so 
 many yciirs Avould be lessened, or might even become sti.tionary 
 —as. liming always I hut the separation took place amicably, and that 
 the colonies became iiidojtendent States. ]iut let us suppose Ave 
 part Avith feelings of discontent, as is only too probable Avith more 
 than oni^ colony, and that they either seek protection from scmie other 
 State, or enter int(» reeipi'ociil treat ies to cur ])rejndice : the result 
 would of cinirse 1k' vciy ditl'ereiit. 
 
 The truth is, we ciiinot afford to run the risk of our trade being 
 diminished. Considering that our population is increasijig at the 
 rate of i,ooo jier day, surely it is only ivasonable (hat Ave .should 
 striAH! to increase, rather than run the risk of curtailing (mr means 
 of subsistence. Tlu' evils of ])au|ierisni and the pri'ssure of pooi-'s 
 rates arc alrea(l\ sutlicient ly appalling. In the coinviiencenicnt of 
 1871 tlu're \\vvv in the United Kingdom no less than 1,280,000 
 j)au|)(M's of all sorts, receiving relief at a cost of 8.300,000/. iVnd 
 ail exaiiiinatioi, of the returns of ^'poor's rates and jiatiperism" 
 Avill show that, during 1S71, tli(>re has been a steady decreaso, 
 
 vol,. XXW. I'AKT I,. I 
 
^z 
 
 114 
 
 Hamit.tox — On flie Colonies. 
 
 [Mar. 
 
 especially duvi no- the latter lialf of the year ; pi'oving mmiistakably 
 the influence of the returning pi'osperity of onr export trade ; just as 
 the contrary effect is to be traced in the dei)res.sion which followed 
 on the commercial ci'isis of IHOfj. I repeat, there foi'e, that we 
 cannot afford to tamper with our relations with the colonies, whicli, 
 relatively to their population, are cci'taiuly our best customers. 
 
 in — SJii]>iin>i'i. 
 
 In Appendix, Table D. will 1)e found a statement of the tonijage 
 employed in the trade of the several colo:iies and foreign states, 
 together with the proportion thereof which consists of British 
 tonnag(!. I have taken an average of three years where possible, 
 and it will be seen that the colonial percentages greatly exceed the 
 others. I leave the subjoined iigures to speak IVir themselves, viz. : — 
 
 North American Colonies, of total tonnage 80 per cent, is 
 British; Ansti'alia 93, Ciipe and Natal 85, West Indies 60, Mauri- 
 tius 74, Ceylon 87, and Straits 58 percent. ; whereas of the foreign 
 States, the percentage of the United States is 47, France 36, Hause 
 Towns 36, Italy 23, Russia 34, Holland 49, and Belgiuiu 55. 
 
 I would only further rcmai'k that, were the colonies independent, 
 rhese figures might be altered seriously to our ju'ejudice by the 
 adoption of navigation laws. 
 
 IV. — Ciiloiiifii.'^ ii-]jt) T?i'lnrn. 
 
 Apart from the direct and immediate benefit derived from our 
 colonial trade, we must also consider the effect upon ourselves 
 as well as upon the colonies, of the Avealthy colonists who return to 
 end their days at home, and spend their fortunes in the old 
 country. This cannot be reduced to an estimate, but, whatever 
 benefit may result to us from this source, it is manifestly due to our 
 connexion with tlu^ colonies. 
 
 I had imagined that, on the whole, this was rather a pi'aise- 
 wortliy, or, at all events, a harmless class of citizens. But Mr. 
 Thorold Rogei's, in an essay recently |)ublisheil by the Cobden 
 Club, seems iit a loss for terms sulliciently scornful in alluding 
 to them. \i' it he true that "luiviiig become great capitalists 
 "they are eager to blot oul the nitniory of the cradle in which 
 *' their fortiuies were nursed," and " hurry back to their old home, 
 " in oi-dei- that i hey may achieve social rank," surely the same thing 
 may be said of Manchester, the cra<lle of llie ])a(ron saint of the 
 Cobden CMuIj. Donol successful miinufacturers leave their cotton 
 mills, purchase estates, and set up as ccuintry s((u res? and Avhy 
 should they not do so, as well as wealthy colonists? They have ecpially, 
 by their energy and enterprise, heuelitted otlu-rs as well as themselves 
 in tho process of nudcing their fortunes, and the successful colonist, 
 
 
1872.] 
 
 Hamilton- — On. the Colonics. 
 
 115 
 
 no less than tlio Manclioster man, (^pntn-ally leaves his capital hohind ; 
 so that the industry ho may ])()ssil)ly have created is carried on by 
 others, and it is only tlie expenditure of the colonist's income that is 
 transferred to this country. I am at a loss, therefore, to understand 
 Mr. Rogers' rejieated onslaughts upon this class. Were the Cohden 
 essayist also a colonist, he might indeed have reason to complain of 
 the disadvantage to his adopted country; in that so many wealthy men 
 return home rather than remain to form a leisure class in the colony 
 — necessary no doubt for establishing a proper social tone and 
 for the conduct of public aftairs, J3ut we must recollect that the 
 Australian colonies, mt)re particularly referred to, have been so 
 recently settled that there has been scarcely time for a generation of 
 native-boi-n colonists to grow up with a natural affection and pre- 
 ference for the country of tlieir birth. 
 
 V. — Erii!f]i'(it!oii. 
 
 I have next to consider the colonies as a means of absorbing 
 our surplus population, and extract the following particulars from 
 the emigration r(;turns, viz. : — 
 
 
 Emigrants ill 1S70. 
 
 Td'iils I'l-oiu 
 1815 to 1^70 inclusive. 
 
 To Nortli Amoripan colonies 
 
 „ Austi'iiliiiii coloiiii's 
 
 ? 5.-95 
 
 1 /)0^'5 
 
 ^>505 
 
 1,3C1,771 
 
 08S.I-23 
 
 .. other colonies aud nl.ices 
 
 1()0,771 
 
 
 
 To tho United States 
 
 ^ic,865 
 196,075 
 
 2.5IO,!in5 
 t.l.72,ti72 
 
 
 
 Grand totals 
 
 i 5 6, 940 
 
 7,013,(]37 
 
 
 It niay be admitted, therefore, if we arc content to leave 
 emigration to run its course, unaided and undirected, that it 
 would not be much affected by the independence of the colonies ; 
 always excepting tlu^ 'uiddlo or commercial classes, who, as already 
 remarked, go chiefly to colonies. 
 
 Th(; bulk of the Irish emigrants go to the Unifed States, where 
 they not only adil to the strength of our rivals, but bear with them 
 a feeling of animosity against us so bittei', that the necessity of 
 securing the Irish vote is the main source of all our trotibles with 
 our kinsmen in America. Nov, it. is a strange fact that the Irish 
 who settle in the eoloiiii's become comparatively loyal subjects; and 
 it should, therefore, be tlu^ object of the Colonial Office, if possible, 
 to divert some jiortion of the Irish emigratio to the colonies, instead 
 of lookirg on helplessly while it flows to the United States. 
 
 Nay, more, would if not be well to devise such a systematic emi- 
 gration, as would diminish the poor rates aud relievo the struggle 
 
 1 '> 
 
 1 u 
 
5 'I 
 
 116 Hamilton — On the Cnlmici^. [Mar. 
 
 for existence at Inme, by reraovinc^ labour from where it is too often 
 supt-i-abundant and wages low ;* to tlic colonies, where employment is 
 abundant, wages are high, and food clieap ? Wo should thus by one 
 and the same operation lesson the competition for employment at 
 home, and create moi-e woi'k for those who remain behind ; as the 
 emigrant to the colonics at once becomes a large consumer of 
 home produce. 
 
 Unfortunately, the Colonial OfUce has pnrfed with all control 
 over ilie waste lands, without considering tliat the people of this 
 country liad an interest therein, ami that for their benefit, jointly 
 with that of the colonists, the waste lands should have been held 
 in trust. Negociations mic'ht nevertheless be entered into with 
 the colonies for a systematic emigration, and our share of the 
 expense would assuredly be well laid out. 
 
 Befoi'c quitting the subject of einigratlon 1 would refer to a 
 diagram in Tal)lo F, Avhich I bor''ow from ^Iv. Eddy, representing 
 on a chess board the proportionate area of Great Britain and her 
 dependencies, ihus: — 
 
 Orcat Britain and Tivlaml oofiipy i square. 
 
 Tlie colonics 41. „ 
 
 India and other dejicndeneies S ,, 
 
 VI. — Aih-iiiif(Vfi\<i tn fill' CiilDiiioa. 
 
 Hitherto I have dwelt only on the advantages which the home 
 country derives from the colonies ; and am compelled by want of 
 space merely to glance at some; of the more prominent benefits which 
 accrue to the colonies front their connection with Great Jb'itain. 
 
 An examination of their commercial returns, in the same form as 
 Tables A, 13, and C, wmild show that the benefit is reciprocal : each 
 contributes largely to the aggregate inconu- of ihe other. It is, in 
 foct, r,n opd'ation of exchange, by which ])oth parties are benefitted, 
 inasmuch as the colonists (as shown in 'I'ables W and C), in pro- 
 portion to their numbers, ai'e the best cnstonuM's for our manu- 
 fu^tures, while we in r(>tnrn are by far thelai-gest i)ur('hascrs of their 
 ])r()(luce. j'litli sides ]n'ofit by these operations: peo])le in the 
 colonies as well as at home !ir(> employed, and earn wages and profits 
 thereby. 
 
 The colonists possess all the privileges of British subjects, being 
 citizens of no nu'an city, which surely is an advantage as comparecl 
 with tlie citizensliip of small separate states. J5ut there are also 
 what sonu' may consider nior(> tangible advantag(>s, viz., that tlio 
 coloin"es enj.>y betti-i' cr(>dit in eonse(|iienee (if llu> ('(.nnection, and are 
 able to borrow money on belter terms fov their jtnblic improvements. 
 
 Further, as has beiMi ali'(<ady iiointed out, British capital is more 
 * Es]ieciaily in sonic of onr af:nciiltnral districts. 
 
1872.] 
 
 Hamilton — On the Culonles. 
 
 117 
 
 freely embarked tliroug'h private channels in tlie colonics than else- 
 •\vhere, their I'l'sources are thereby more .speedily and fully developed. 
 In audition to which it is from home that they derive their supply of 
 labour. The colonics, in short, have all the advantages of being con- 
 ni'cted Avith a country like Great Britain — a land of industry, >vealth, 
 commercial cntcr})rise, and a first-rate poAver. How difterent if we 
 suppose them dependencies of Russia, Spain, Italy, or even France. 
 
 VII. — Cod of the Colonies. 
 
 Ever since the Parliamentary Committee of 18(31, it has been 
 the policy of our Government to throw the colonies on their own 
 resources lor military defence; but without discrimination as to 
 their varying circumstances and antecedents. 
 
 In Appendix, Table E, will be found a summary of the cost of 
 the colonies to the imperial exchequer from the year 1853 to 1808, 
 which I have continued by a liberal estimate to the year 1871 
 inclusive, bi'ing ninelecni years in all, 
 
 I may remark, however, that the parliamentary returns on which 
 Table E is based a]ipear to be open to question. For in.stance, the 
 sum of 2.990,509/. is chiirged during the nineteen years for gaols, 
 police, and military in Western Australia and Tasmania; but this 
 expense was chieHy, if not altogether, incurred because those colonies 
 were penal settlements, and it must therefore be ascribed to an 
 imperial, and not to a co'ouial ])urpo,se. There is also hicluded in 
 the naval charges I'or the earlier years, the cost of transport of 
 convicts, which is equally A'oid of justification. I have been unable 
 to test the other items ; but thetruih is, the returns in question were 
 drawn up, not with v view to recover the money from the colonies, 
 but nu'n-ly fo show the expense this country incurs by reason of, or 
 ou account oi' tlie colonics. The returns have nevei-, therefore, been 
 properly coi'irctcd ; but to them, in a great measure, is due the general 
 impression that the colonics are very costly possessions. Neverthe- 
 less. 1 acci'pt the I'cturns as renderi-d. And how stand the facts? 
 
 Tht> exports u\' lirii isli jirnduce, during tiie nineteen years in ques- 
 tion, con irast wit li the siippo.scd cost of the colon ii>s. as follows, viz.: — 
 
 
 Tiiliil Oust, 
 iMuli to InTI. 
 
 I'.x polls 
 
 lit' lii-itisli I'i'iiiUicc, 
 
 Ih.iS to IhTl. 
 
 Noi'tli AnuM'ii'im coKmii^s 
 
 iVuslfaliii and N('W Ztuilinul 
 
 £ 
 
 13,107,000 
 10,^158,000 
 
 7 /> 7 9,000 
 i, 13^,000 
 1,374,000 
 
 if- 1,000 
 
 107,S2S,000 
 21 1-,(>S!),0(K) 
 
 
 ;u.7r)(!,(i()0 
 
 
 .Ii»,i>:;2.0(i0 
 
 1^1 tiuril 1 lis 
 
 tt.lOl.O'Mt 
 
 ( \'\loU ...■ 
 
 12,7( »;<,()( M) 
 
 SiiigaiiDi'i' uiul Slruits 
 
 2r),i(»8,()0U 
 
 
 
 
 4;,,8 10,000 
 
 JuO,7U8.(K)0 
 
w 
 
 118 
 
 Hamilton — On the Culvitics. 
 
 [Mar. 
 
 Now, I must repeat once raoi-e, tliat tlie amount of the exports of 
 lionie produce constituted in reality so nnieli of our ap'ii'regate 
 income; nnd it lias been variously estimated tliat in tin's country 
 we are taxed from lo per cent, to as hiuii as 20 ]ier cent, on our 
 incomes. I take the lowest estimate, and it follows that the Treasury 
 has, during the nineteen years in question, obtained a revenue of 
 45.000,000/. in consequence of the colonial trade, while the expendi- 
 ture has not exceeded 43,800,000/. 
 
 I cannot but regret the present habit of regarding the cost of the 
 colonies exclusively from the Trea.sury point of view, as though her 
 ]\rajesty's Go\ ernment were dri^-ing a ti-aJe in colonies, and as if the 
 result should be judged by the protit and loss shown on the Treasury 
 balance-sheet. Even tried l)y this test, it will be seen that the 
 colonies have not been burdensome to the imperial exchequer, while 
 they have added four hundred and fifty millions to the earuino-g of 
 the people of this country. 
 
 It would be useless to re-open the discussions as to Caffre and 
 Maori wars : riglitly or wrongly, the Colonial Office has determined to 
 withdraw our troops from the Cape and Xew Zenland. and has also, 
 it is to be presumed, relinquished all idea of interfering with the 
 colonists in their relations with, the natives. Had that course alwavs 
 been followed, we should have been saved a great deal of trouble 
 and some money ; the colonists Avould have been spared a great deal 
 of irritation; it is doubtful whether the Maoris would not at this 
 day have been in much the same condition : but the Caifres have ttn- 
 doiibtedly beiielitted by our benevolent interference in their behalf. 
 It is more to tlie purpose to eonsidei' how the Treasury is atlected, 
 now that our troops have been almost wholly withdrawn I'rom the 
 principal colonies. The figures for the vear l^n are these: — 
 
 Cusr for l"-?!. 
 
 K\]i(irts of 
 omt' I'lijiliicc, l^Tl. 
 
 Kortli Ame/'ican colonies | 
 
 Australia and >i"i"\v Zealand | 
 
 Capo and >'atal j 
 
 AVest Indies , 
 
 ^Mauritius I 
 
 t'eylon | 
 
 IStraits ' 
 
 £• 
 
 m.^zo 
 
 .-..;.>. OCO 
 
 I'''^,3co 
 
 35r. 9C0 
 
 7 ^.fco 
 
 ;.;,4co 
 
 3^^^cc• 
 
 t 
 
 i: 
 
 8 
 
 29('.,O0O 
 
 (i 
 
 03 1,000 
 
 *> 
 
 ]!lS.(iOO 
 
 ') 
 
 ;»io,ooo 
 
 
 ■jo;i,o(io 
 
 
 '.'2S.O0U 
 
 1 
 
 [t3d.U0() 
 
 I. i 14. 
 
 L'o..s;ji.ooo 
 
 80 that for the year 1^71 the Treasury has derive.l at lea.st 
 2.5N0.000/. from the eolonial ti'ade. and t'xpeiidi'd l.ioo.coo/. 
 
 \nx\ it may bi' uri^vd. in reply, that our liade with foreign States 
 does not entail so much cost as is here shown. What 1 contend for 
 
"I'^"--] HxisnLiO};~0,i the Colonies. 119 
 
 is that tlic colonics arc no actual bm-clon to the Ti-easury, as is very 
 generally assumed ;* and, as a set-off for the cost, we enjoy a decided 
 l)reference in the colonial trade, because of tlieir dependency. But 
 neither is foreign trade carried on free of expense to the Treasury : 
 the cost of the diplomatic and consular services may be ascribed to 
 it, as well as the charge for cruisers to protect our lia<''. 
 
 Again, let us take the Australian colonies as a group, including 
 New Zealand Avith its Maori wars, of which we have heard so much, 
 and not excluding the two penal settlements above mentioned, and 
 we find the following results : — 
 
 £ 
 
 ]\meteen years exports of liomo produce 214,680,000 
 
 „ cost to exchequer io/jcs'.cco 
 
 „ revenue on the exports 21,468,000 
 
 Since 1840, it will be seen, from Table A, that om- exports of 
 home produce to the Australian colonies have reached the satis- 
 factory total of 238,376,000/. ; all, be it remembered, so much added 
 to the earnings of the people of this country. 
 
 Surely, then, in the fiice of such I'csults, instead of discussing 
 the " colonial question," we should rather be taking thought that 
 the great Australian continent is not as yet even frin<i'ed with 
 settlements. Having assui-edly no reason to regret our past opera- 
 tions in that region, if Ave could see our Avay during the next thii-ty 
 years to plant an equal nund)er of flourishing comniunitier., Avhy 
 should Ave hesitate ? Why should not the Colonial Oiiice justify its 
 title by taking the initiative in such an enterprise ? 
 
 It will be instrvictiA^e to Avatch the course of events in th^. Fio-i 
 Islands, Avhere matters appear to be assr.ming the same condition 
 as those Avhich preceded the occupation of Xew Zealand. 
 
 VIII.— CW.-;(/((^ Tarlj/s. 
 
 The colonists have been A-ehemently reproached Avith the duties 
 Avltich they levy on imports. These, no doubt, somewhat affect our 
 trade, and so far as they operate protectively, are even more injurious 
 to the colonies than to ourselves. But we shouhl recollect that 
 they must raise tlieir revenues in the cheapest and least objection- 
 able form. The true theory of taxation is, (loTd)tless, to raise the 
 necessary revenue so as to pi'css etpially in all directions, and not 
 interfere with the natural e(mrse of industry, any more than if 
 duties or taxes did not exist ; but we have not as yut ourselves 
 readied this abstract perfection in our fiscal regidatious. We raise 
 20 millions sterling ]ier anintm on tea, sugar, coffee, wines, spirits, 
 juid tobacco; and the countries iti'oduciiig those articles might as 
 reasonably complain that we are restricting Iheir trade, as Ave can 
 repi'oach the colonists for taxing our produce. 
 
 * Suppose for example that the Austrahiui Coloiius had never heen planted. 
 
120 
 
 Hamilton — On the Colutiies. 
 
 [Mar. 
 
 
 The Cobden Club essny ixvo-os that excise dniies should be levied 
 ill the colonies on donu>stic nuuiafacturos, ecjuivalout to their customs 
 duties OP. imports, forgetting that it is only a i'vw years since that 
 principle was adopted in this country ; besides whicli the circum- 
 stances are totally ditl'erent, since we levy customs duties on one or 
 two articles only, which could be produced in this country, even in 
 the form of substitutes, as beer for wine, &c., whei'cas the colonial 
 duties are levied upon the entire variety of imjiorted articles, ren- 
 dering excise duties out of the cpiestion. Neither is direct taxation 
 applicable to sparsely ])eopled countries like the colonies, such taxes 
 would not in many districts repay the cost of collection ; and surely 
 they do Avell to avoid the income tax, with all its inherent injustice. 
 Considering that the colonies import so large a proportion of what 
 they constime, it is obvious that the necessary revenue can be most 
 easily and fairly raised throiigh the customs. 
 
 The objection as yet applies chiefly to Canada, and in a lesser 
 degree to Australia, as these are the only colonies which have 
 reached the stage where manufactures might commence, even if 
 unprotected. In ^^'auada the duties are 15 per cent., and in 
 Australia they are chiefly 5 per vvni.. rising in .some cases to 7 and 
 10 per cent, (n] vahn' m. I a})[)i'ehend the ])roper view to take of 
 colonial tariii's is this: that so long as the colonies continue members 
 of the empire, tlu^y are identified with the policy of fret; trade, so far 
 at least as to avoid discriminating duties ; but, if independent, no 
 one can foresee what reciprocity treaties and restrictive turilfs they 
 might adopt. 
 
 IX. — Li case of War. 
 
 There is still one other a.spect in which oiu* colonies and 
 possessions should be carefully regarded, but on which I must 
 touch very briefly, viz., their value in case of war. 
 
 We take a just pride in the steady increase* of our population. 
 Notwithstanding that we have sent forth 7,000.000 of emigrants 
 since 1H1.\ our numbers have increased frt);u 19,208,000 in 181-i> to 
 31,048,397 in bsn. 
 
 Hut we must not ovei'iook one! result of this gratifying increase 
 of strength, viz., that we can no loiigm" I'aise sulHcient food at home 
 for our (hxily wants. Taking an avei'age of three years, ending ISTi), 
 I find that we now re(|uire foi'cign sup[)!ies of the i)rini(! necessaries 
 of life, as cattle, sheep, meat, Ijiittcr. cheese, corn, I'ice, <'ggs, fish, 
 and potatoes, to the valiu' of 58.500,000/. per annum ; while to these 
 may be added ai'ticles of .secondary iKU-essity, as sugar, tea, and cofiee, 
 to the value of 30,100,000/. pi'i' annum. 
 
 These articles of daily consumption are procured in exchange for 
 our exports, and it is obvious that when war comes it is now simply 
 
1872.] 
 
 Hamilton — On the Colonies. 
 
 121 
 
 a matter of life and death to maintain our supremacy at sea. If 
 our foreign and colonial commerce, with all its wide ramifications 
 and numerous channels, cannot be efficiently protected at sea, what 
 will be the result ? Our supplies of food will fall off, and our 
 export trade will be reduced, so that tlie necessaries of life will 
 become scarce and dear at the very time when the means of earning 
 a living will be lessened; we shall, in fact, be reduced to the 
 condition of a besieged city. 
 
 Happily for us, the carrying trade is undergoing a great change 
 by the substitution of steamers for sailing ships, partly owing to the 
 Suez Canal, but more es])ecially to recent improvemt. .s and the 
 greater economy of fuel ; this change is going on with astonishiu"- 
 rapidity; the proportion of tonnage built in 1871, and on the stocks 
 being built on 81st December last, was 611,700 tons, steamers, to 
 107,000 tons, sailing vessels ; so that in a few years the great bulk 
 of our trade will be carried in steamers, which, in case of war, Avould 
 diminish the risk of capture; while vvith our great wealth and 
 unequalled facilities, our fleet of steam, men-of-war ought to give us 
 more than ever the undisputed command of the sea. 
 
 But supplies of coal for our mercantile and Royal Navy have 
 become a matter of absolute necessity, as well as poi-ts in which 
 iron vessels can be docked ; without which their etficiency would be 
 much impaired ; for this purpose, and as fortified depots of coal, our 
 naval and military stations have now become of vital importance. 
 Instead of scrutinising in a niggardly spirit the cost of maintaining 
 such places as Gibraltar, Malta, and Aden, Bermuda, Hong Kou<j-, 
 Simon's Bay, St. Helena, &c., we ought, if possible, to render them 
 still mori! secui'c, and construct graving docks capable of receiving 
 our largest irou-clads. 
 
 The cost must be viewed as an insurance, just as the cost of tlie 
 army and navy can be justified by the necessity of self-respect and 
 self-preservation. Nay, even with, regard to our colonies proper 
 and tropical settlements, we must consider Avhat the dift'erence 
 would be in a struggle for existence, between our baring British 
 ports scattereil all over the world, compared with those ports being 
 even neutral, in which our enemies, ecpially with ourselves, coidd coal 
 and refit, and must further remend)er that Nova Scotia, Australia, 
 New Zealand, and Labuan can furnish our steamers with coal. 
 
 Considereil in this light, the value of our colonial dependencies 
 cannot be estimated in money, but their possession is assuredly not 
 a mere t![uestion of prestige. 
 
 X. — Arijuituiitts of Si.'iifiiin'nt. 
 
 I will not enter upon the arguments of sentiment for upholding 
 our colonial empire, though the anti-colonial party have been 
 
122 
 
 Hamitton — On the Colonies. 
 
 [Mar. 
 
 especially sarcastic on tliis subject, I may remark, however, that 
 those who would govern mankind without regard to sentiment have 
 invariably come most signally to grief. The " retrenchers" are, 
 moreover, much given to quote the example of the United States ; 
 but I do not find that the Americans grudge the cost of a few 
 regiments to overawe the Indians in the West, nor is there any 
 hesitation in putting them down when they rise against the settlers. 
 Nay, more, did not the Americans in the North, much as they 
 respected the veteran General Scott, disregai'd his advice to let the 
 "erring sisters go in peace" ? — in the great Civil War did they not 
 resolve, at any cost and at all hazards, to maintain the anion intact ? 
 and who can say that, in yielding to theii* sentiment of patriotism, 
 they have not been Justified by the result ? 
 
 XI. — Coudusion. 
 
 To my mind, there is nothing more hopeful, in our present 
 situation, than the sentiment of loyalty and affection for the old 
 country which happily pervades our colonies. It is beyond my 
 province to enter vipon a discussion as to how our mutual relations 
 can be deepened and stix>ngthened ; but I may be excused for 
 remarking that it can only be on a footing of perfect equality; and 
 that the pi'csent time, when by means of the telegraph we shall 
 shortly be brought, as it were, into contact with our fellow-country- 
 men at the antipodes, is surely not the occasion on which to look 
 upon separation as inevitable. 
 
 Let us imagine, for a moment, how two centuries hence our 
 dealings Avith this momentous question will be regarded. Will it be 
 recorded how a great opportunity was lost r — how our public men 
 were engrossed by party strife, and our Parliament absorbeil in local 
 bills and temporary concerns — until a crisis coming upon us, unex- 
 pected and unprepaivd, our empire suddenly broke up and drifted 
 away in fragments ? 
 
 Or, shall the record be that our statesmen, vra it was too late, 
 aroused them to the task r* — how they were seconded by an awakened 
 Parliament, and encouraged by the people at home as well as by the 
 patriotism of the colonists ; and how, fechug the advantage of mutual 
 support, the ties that bound them to the old country were drawn 
 closer, as the colonies waxed stronger — until the whole became 
 welded into one homogeneous enqtire, such as the world had not 
 yet seen ? An empire inhabited by a people scrupulous in respecting 
 the rights of others, yet resolute to n>aintain th(>ir own ; with no 
 ambition to encroach on the territory of their neighbours, but whose 
 glory it was to subJue the wilderness: and who, by their achieve- 
 ments in scien.ce, their devotion t(j peace, and 'heir love of liberty, 
 of justice, and of truth, marked an epoch in the history of mankind. 
 
 rnitcd 1 
 I'ranciv. 
 Spuiii ill 
 
 <^T('1'111J111 
 
 Italy .. 
 Kiissia.. 
 H<illaii(l 
 J>i'li;iiiii; 
 lirazil .. 
 t'liiiiii ill 
 
1872.] 
 
 Hamilton — On the Colonies. 
 
 12? 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Table A. — Quinquennial Avemf/es of Kv/)ort.'i of British Produce to the undermentioned 
 
 British J'ossL'SHions and Forei(jn CountricK. 
 
 
 
 rdnOS 
 
 oiuiiled.l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I.M(i-M. 
 
 1815-4!}. 
 
 1850-51. 
 
 1855-59. 
 
 
 Yearly 
 A\ciii^e. 
 
 Yearly 
 Avira^'e. 
 
 Increase 
 per Cent. 
 
 Yearly 
 
 •Vvcrajjc. 
 
 Increase 
 per Cent. 
 
 Yearly 
 Avernjre. 
 
 Increase 
 per Cent. 
 
 >"ort]i Amoriean colonics 
 Australia ami New Zoa- 1 
 
 land / 
 
 Cnpe and Xatal 
 
 £ 
 2,585, 
 
 1,24(5, 
 
 119, 
 2,530, 
 
 285, 
 18 1, 
 578, 
 
 £ 
 2 87'> 
 
 1,50(5, 
 
 597, 
 2,027, 
 250, 
 201, 
 405, 
 
 I I 
 
 26 
 
 20 deci". 
 10 „ 
 
 I I 
 
 20 deer. 
 
 £ 
 4,200, 
 
 7,215, 
 
 919, 
 
 1,9(52, 
 
 320, 
 
 254, 
 584, 
 
 46 
 
 361 
 
 59 
 3 deer. 
 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 
 £ 
 3,(522, 
 
 9,903, 
 
 1.527, 
 
 2.08i>, 
 
 511, 
 
 483, 
 
 9()5, 
 
 14 deer. 
 
 37 
 61 
 
 West Indies 
 
 7 
 60 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 Ccvlon 
 
 90 
 65 
 
 Straits St'ttlonionts 
 
 Total 
 
 7,833, 
 
 7,987, 
 
 -t 
 
 15,18 1, 
 
 94 
 
 19.100, 
 
 1 » 
 
 
 "^^ 
 
 United Slates 
 
 5.772, 
 2.733, 
 1,5W, 
 (i.732, 
 2.181, 
 1.821, 
 3.459. 
 
 I.IMO, 
 
 2,2!tS, 
 
 1 "•' 1 
 I, — 1, 
 
 9,297, 
 
 2,207, 
 
 1'778, 
 
 7,001, 
 
 '' 31" 
 
 1.8 1:'., 
 
 3,271. 
 
 1.190. 
 
 2, l(i5, 
 
 1,735, 
 
 61 
 
 19 deer. 
 
 I « 
 
 4 
 f) 
 
 5 (Irer. 
 V 
 
 / 
 
 4^ 
 
 18.178, 
 2,594, 
 2,113, 
 8.501), 
 2,(i98, 
 1.025. 
 4,0 11, 
 1,195, 
 3,111. 
 1,798, 
 
 96 
 
 36 
 
 I 2 
 
 44 (Icrr. 
 
 -4 
 
 26 
 4 
 
 19,053, 
 5,655, 
 3,292, 
 
 12,801, 
 3,M4, 
 2.305, 
 5,50 1, 
 1,081, 
 4 122, 
 2,050, 
 
 :; 
 
 France 
 
 I 18 
 
 Spain and Portuf^al 
 
 (lermany and Austria .... 
 Italv 
 
 3^> 
 50 
 28 
 
 Eus.^ia 
 
 Holland 
 
 131 
 36 
 41 
 i} 
 48 
 
 ndj^iuni 
 
 Erazd 
 
 China and Hongkong .... 
 
 Total 
 
 28.871, 
 
 33,105. 
 
 15 
 
 15.()25, 
 
 38 
 
 00,57(5, 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 1800-04. 
 
 ls(:5-()'.». 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 
 Yearly 
 Avcr:eie. 
 
 Increase 
 per l-'ent. 
 
 Ye.irly 
 Averaiie. 
 
 Increase 
 per Cent. 
 
 1871. 
 
 North American colonies 
 Australia and New Zea- 1 
 
 land / 
 
 Cain; and Natal 
 
 West Indies 
 
 £ 
 5,200, 
 
 11,311, 
 
 1.953, 
 
 3,1.50, 
 
 55(5, 
 
 727, 
 
 1,287, 
 
 45 
 15 
 
 28 
 
 51 
 
 '9 
 
 50 
 
 £ 
 7,480, 
 
 12,417, 
 
 1,031, 
 
 2,509, 
 
 ■102, 
 
 833, 
 
 1,754, 
 
 4- 
 9 
 
 16 deer. 
 
 18 „ 
 
 17 .' 
 
 I ^ 
 
 3'" 
 
 0,801, 
 
 9,902, 
 
 1,807, 
 
 3,3(i2, 
 
 483, 
 
 !t07, 
 
 2,332, 
 
 £ 
 8,296, 
 
 10,035, 
 
 2,198, 
 2,940, 
 
 C03, 
 
 ^lauritius 
 
 Ccvlon 
 
 9-8, 
 '•935. 
 
 Straits Settlements 
 
 Total 
 
 21,280, 
 
 
 27,1 Ki, 
 
 
 25,054, 
 
 26,8 ;<;, 
 
 
 
 rnited States 
 
 14,521, 
 8,01(5, 
 5.028, 
 
 1 1,379, 
 5.100, 
 2,7S0, 
 (;,303, 
 1.955, 
 •1,592, 
 1,380, 
 
 24 (leer. 
 4- 
 53 
 
 I 2 
 
 5 7 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 
 I I 
 
 21,522, 
 10,9! 15, 
 4.175, 
 20,8.-)8, 
 5,473, 
 4,117, 
 !t.5l3, 
 3.1.53, 
 0,178, 
 7,511, 
 
 4.S 
 
 3 7 
 I 7 deer. 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 49 
 
 CO 
 
 61 
 
 71 
 
 28,335, 
 
 11,615, 
 1,015, 
 
 22.034, 
 5,207, 
 0,9!>3, 
 
 11,222, 
 4,170, 
 5,3.53, 
 9,515, 
 
 34'--9, 
 18, c6 1, 
 
 I'Viuiee 
 
 Spaiu ami I'drtuifal 
 
 <Termanv and Austria .... 
 Italv ..'. 
 
 4,867, 
 28,938, 
 
 ^''-54> 
 6,554, 
 
 14''--' 
 
 6,287, 
 
 Kussia 
 
 Ilolhind 
 
 lii'luiuni 
 
 lirazil 
 
 6,-.; I I , 
 
 Cliiiia and Hongkong .... 
 
 9:404, 
 
 Total 
 
 (57.150, 
 
 1 1 
 
 !)3.558, 
 
 39 
 
 109,185, 
 
 I ?';,o27. 
 
 
 
124 
 
 Hamilton — Ok the Colonics. 
 
 [Mar. 
 
 Table Vi.—Comvmption of Britii// I'rodvve per Head of Popidatiun, in 
 till' iniiliu'iiii'iiti'ii)iil ('ol<)iiii'!< Kiid F<ir<i<jii ('<"iiitriei<. 
 
 North Americ'iui Colonies.. 
 
 Australia and New Zealand • 
 
 Cain' and Natal — 
 Total Population 
 ^Vllite 
 
 Ye:ir 
 of Census. 
 
 West Indies 
 
 { 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 United IStates . 
 
 France. 
 
 Spain 
 
 Portuual .. 
 
 •nany (Prussia, llani- 
 I' Austria) .. 
 
 am- "I 
 
 { 
 
 Eussia 
 
 Holland*. 
 
 Eelgivan 
 
 Erazil 
 
 IS.")! • 
 
 'CI 
 
 ■tJ8 
 
 iHoO 
 '<U 
 '6'J 
 
 ISOoj 
 
 1850 
 '61 
 
 1850 
 '01 
 'O'J 
 
 1850 
 '(iO 
 '70 
 
 1851 
 "(il 
 
 'Gt; 
 
 1860 
 1865 
 
 1867 
 
 1861 
 '68 
 
 1858 
 '63 
 
 1868 
 
 1856 
 
 1856 
 '61 
 
 Population. 
 
 ;.z>,4.c;<i 
 4, 1 iy,666 
 
 54''',! 84 
 i,;66.4,;z 
 
 759,;^! 
 ;o4.546 
 
 1 8c. 863 
 310,050 
 3 --'9 -4 
 
 23,191,876 
 31,443.321 
 
 35,783,170 
 37,3?>6,i6i 
 38,067,094 
 
 16,301,851 
 3,987,867 
 
 59,250,280 
 
 24.273,776 
 -5>5-7,9i5 
 
 7 3.92c. ceo 
 77,cc8,448 
 
 3,628,467 
 
 4.529,560 
 4,839,094 
 
 7/'77.8oo 
 10,045,000 
 
 Imports of 
 15riti>M I'rnduce, 
 
 ol '^ Vcura. 
 
 t 
 3.11(M»00 
 
 ;i.s(i:}.noo 
 
 5,28y,000 
 
 2.1ii6,000 
 10,781,000 
 11,801,000 
 
 1.761,000 
 1,761,000 
 
 2,017.000 
 2,62'J,000 
 
 275,000 
 536,000 
 416,000 
 
 13,742.000 
 17.761,000 
 21,798,000 
 
 2,387,000 
 
 7,785,000 
 
 ll,iy 1,000 
 
 2,445,000 
 
 2,053,000 
 
 20,566,000 
 
 5,133.000 
 5,353,000 
 
 3.110.000 
 2,537,OUO 
 
 10,1U3,000 
 
 1. 708.000 
 2,871,000 
 
 4,313.000 
 5,289,000 
 
 Per Head. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 1 5 2 
 
 I "3 • 
 
 1 5 8 
 
 411 5 
 
 8 10 3 
 678 
 
 2 6 4 
 
 8 12 2 
 
 239 
 
 2 « 7 
 
 I 10 5 
 
 I 14 7 
 
 I 5 9 
 
 12 - 
 
 u 4 
 
 12 10 
 
 1 4 
 4 2 
 6 - 
 
 2 I 
 
 10 4 
 
 6 11 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 2 
 
 - n 
 
 - 7 
 
 2 16 z 
 
 - 7 f' 
 -1110 
 
 -11 2 
 
 - 10 6 
 
 * Suuie proportion of this belongs to Germany lor goods in transit. 
 yofe. — The imports are taken at an average of tl:ree years, viz., the year 
 of eeiisus with the war before and the year after. 
 
1R72.] 
 
 Hamilton — On the Cohnion 
 
 125 
 
 Tablk C — Proportion ^rjn'ch British Prndnce hpnrs to the Total Imports 
 into the imdi'rmentioned Colonies and Foreign Countries. Taken frf)m 
 Colonial and Foreign Returns. 
 
 North Amerinan colonies ... 
 Australia and New Zealand 
 
 Cape and Natal 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Singapore and Straits 
 
 United States 
 
 France 
 
 Spain 
 
 Italy 
 
 Russia 
 
 Holland* 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Cirnss T(it;il of 
 Tnipnrts for Hfil-fifi, 
 
 rX UullioU illld S|ll'OiL'. 
 
 43,r)r)3,ono 
 
 ns,88i»,(100 
 7,710.000 
 
 15,807.000 
 fi,200.000 
 
 1 0.571.000 
 
 25,577,000 
 
 195,700.000 
 431,108.000 
 
 45,145.000 
 121.350,000 
 
 80,204.000 
 121,139.000 
 102,029,000 
 
 Grosa Inipmn 
 
 of British Produce 
 
 for l«fll-66. 
 
 £ 
 
 i9,;o9,ooo 
 46,705,000 
 5,283.000 
 6.805,000 
 1,870,000 
 3,815,000 
 5,315,000 
 
 64,543,000 
 38,221,000 
 8,037,000 
 20,764,000 
 14,293,000 
 11,840,000 
 12,250,000 
 
 Perrentaae 
 
 of 
 
 British Produce. 
 
 42 
 47 
 09 
 43 
 30 
 30 
 21 
 
 31 
 9 
 18 
 17 
 17 
 10 
 8 
 
 A proportion due to Crcrinany for goods in tran=it. 
 
 Table D. — Tonnape Empioi/ed in 'he Trade of the following Colonies 
 and Foreign States, vv'th the Proportion of Briti'^h Tonnage. Total 
 Tonnage Entered and Cleared. 
 
 North American colo- "1 
 nies J 
 
 Australia and New \ 
 Zealand j 
 
 Ca]H' and Natal 
 
 West Indies and Guiana 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Straits Settlements "I 
 and Singapore J 
 
 United States 
 
 France 
 
 Hanso Towns (Ilam- 1 
 burg, Bremen, Lu- > 
 beck) J 
 
 Italy 
 
 Russia 
 
 Holland 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Tliree Yeirs 
 
 taken 
 for .Avcraee. 
 
 Annual 
 Averaiie of 
 
 Total 
 Tonna'ie. 
 
 1805-00-08 
 
 1800-08 
 
 '00 08 
 '00 08 
 '00-f)8 
 '00- (» 
 
 '00-08 
 
 1800-08 
 '00-08 
 
 1805-07 
 
 1808 
 1800-07 
 '0(5 07 
 '00-08 
 
 6,2i3>049 
 
 4,318,097 
 
 552,918 
 1,768,753 
 
 528,189 
 1,208,568 
 
 1,496,542 
 
 15,862,597 
 12,796,694 
 
 5,634,568 
 
 7,269.501 
 2,852.245 
 4,012,246 
 2,478,962 
 
 Annuid 
 Avcraire of 
 
 British 
 Toiinai'e. 
 
 4,995,107 
 
 3,992.239 
 
 408,109 
 1,051,030 
 
 389,985 
 1,053,082 
 
 873,434 
 
 7, 13 1.059 
 4,013,792 
 
 2,017,508 
 
 1,050.900 
 
 800,935 
 
 1,957,901 
 
 1,3(!0,I14 
 
 Percentage 
 
 of 
 
 British 
 
 Tons. 
 
 80 
 
 93 
 
 85 
 60 
 
 74 
 
 87 
 
 47 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 23 
 34 
 49 
 
 55 
 
 Tons 
 or 
 
 Lasts. 
 
 Tons 
 
 
 Tons 
 
 Lasts 
 Tons 
 
12(5 
 
 Hamilton — On the Colonies. 
 
 M,i 
 
 
 Table E. — Abstract of the Co>>t of the imdormentmied Colonies and Settlements at the 
 E.vpense of the British Exchequer^ from the Year 1853 to 1871. 
 
 
 Norlli 
 
 Australia 
 
 Cape and 
 
 
 
 
 SiuL'apore 
 
 1 
 
 Years. 
 
 Aniericaii 
 Colonics. 
 
 and 
 New ZualniuL 
 
 1 
 
 Naial. 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 Manritms. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 and 
 SI raits. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 t 
 
 i^ 
 
 ;t' 
 
 s: 
 
 .C 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1853 
 
 51 6, 190 
 
 559,485 
 
 6(12.227 
 
 5V3. 71c 
 
 130,710 
 
 146,825 
 
 — 
 
 2.549.177 
 
 'ot 
 
 315,956 
 
 5 7.:,z6z 
 
 608,100 
 
 .^03,109 
 
 126,076 
 
 115,170 
 
 — 
 
 2,241,072 
 
 1855 
 
 260,577 
 
 473,809 
 
 620,800 
 
 5<4'.^7r 
 
 130,627 
 
 117,?2,T 
 
 _ 
 
 2,126,519 
 
 '5G 
 
 551t,522 
 
 44^,580 
 
 1,106,070 
 
 467,014 
 
 15 1 ,083 
 
 125,498 
 
 — 
 
 2,8£;6,<;67 
 
 '57 
 
 422,313 
 
 4-.v4'''.'^ 
 
 682,015 
 
 .^51.7.^7 
 
 7 1.881 
 
 119,279 
 
 — 
 
 -,-73.7iO 
 
 '58 
 
 35it,()75 
 
 .V^o,993 
 
 527,750 
 
 385,102 
 
 65,731. 
 
 80,176 
 
 — 
 
 1,749.430 
 
 '5'J 
 
 392,03(i 
 
 316,415 
 
 435,828 
 
 .^yy,7C9 
 
 08,0(;2 
 
 61,872 
 
 — 
 
 1,703,9-i 
 
 18G0 
 
 36S.!126 
 
 SSOA^'> 
 
 513,376 
 
 391,846 
 
 118.875 
 
 8;, 686 
 
 
 
 2.o';7,i;8 
 
 '61 
 
 008,271 
 
 64. , li I 
 
 450,73s 
 
 3^.^979 
 
 141!, "26 
 
 '''7,^30 
 
 — 
 
 -.^'99.365 
 
 '62 
 
 1,012,303 
 
 586,861 
 
 387,111 
 
 39.v45- 
 
 133,6x0 
 
 7i,c;s 
 
 — 
 
 2,584,492 
 
 '63 
 
 850,862 
 
 1,108,255 
 
 ■I20,20() 
 
 366,649 
 
 137,515 
 
 122,876 
 
 — 
 
 3,015,393 
 
 '61. 
 
 852,002 
 
 i>.U7-9.';6 
 
 328,513 
 
 362,071 
 
 135,020 
 
 84-577 
 
 28 3,140,176 
 
 '65 
 
 881,313 
 
 1,171,881 
 
 366,056 
 
 i}l>i^'^ 
 
 110,005 
 
 ^5r:,^o 
 
 — { .1,897,905 
 
 1866 
 
 1,103,580 
 
 ^'.^ .1)3 1 1 
 
 3 17.867 
 
 38.';.53- 
 
 110,270 
 
 22,808 
 
 1,120 
 
 2, "70 ^,,"^06 
 
 '67 
 
 1,270.082 
 
 359,ioi 
 
 377,32 1 
 
 3,^9.397 
 
 122,110 
 
 35.*^45 
 
 12,386 
 
 -.537. '^ '- 
 
 '68 
 
 1,003,300 
 
 290,914 
 
 286,2 15 
 
 350,9^9 
 
 73,516 
 
 -345c 
 
 36,781 
 
 2,155,165 
 
 
 11,356,037 
 
 9,846,839 
 
 8,070,561- 
 
 6,741,923 
 
 1,011,557 
 
 i>303,597 
 
 50,215 
 
 39,290,732 
 
 1869* "1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 efitimiite J 
 
 1,003,300 
 
 290,914 
 
 286,2 15 
 
 35o>9-9 
 
 73,546 
 
 -3-450 
 
 36,781 
 
 2,155,165 
 
 1870*.... 1 
 e.^tiiuiite J 
 
 431,968 
 
 290,914 
 
 165,033 
 
 ^94.747 
 
 73,516 
 
 -3.450 
 
 36,781 
 
 1.3 1 9.439 
 
 1871*... \ 
 estimate j 
 
 221,075 
 
 229,714 
 
 168,257 
 
 291,489 
 
 73,516 
 
 -3-450 
 
 36,781 
 
 1,045,212 
 
 Total... 
 
 13,107,180 
 
 10,658,381 
 
 8,600,000 
 
 7,679,088 
 
 2,132,105 
 
 1 
 i>3 73)947 
 
 1()0,(;58 43,810,548 
 
 * i860 talii-ii saiuo 
 made .'or dill'ereiu'c in \\ 
 
 as 1868. 1870 and 1871 saiiio 
 10 inilitai'v o.-^tiiualt's iur tliosc yo 
 
 Koiu-nd t'X]H'ii.-ies a.s 1868, but ullowauce 
 
 HARRISON AND SONa, I'llINTKUa IN OUDINAHV TO UKU MAJE8T".', HT. MAUTIN'* I,ANE. 
 
Table F. — Extracted from Mr. 0. W. Eddy's Tables of British Commerce. 
 
 09 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 CTi 
 
 M 
 
 VJ 
 
 o 
 
 n 
 
 iz; 
 
 rt 
 
 1^ 
 
 fe 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 iz; 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 
 r^ 
 
 Pi 
 
 ;s 
 
 pq 
 
 ^ 
 
 fl 
 
 
 S i3 
 
 H r-.2 
 
 H go 
 
 125 2^ 
 
 o a^ 
 
 o ■ 
 
 r 3J 
 
 i .=1 
 
 . o 
 
 P4 
 
 jZ c 2 
 
 O - 
 
 < 5 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 < 
 
 _l 
 
 Hi o 
 
 mi O 
 
 Q " 3 
 
 < S 1 I 
 
 He ^ It 
 
 CO ^ e 
 
 w -^ 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 e 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 r« 
 
 ?H 
 
 ^ 
 
 ti 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 « 
 
 
 UJ 
 
 a^ 
 
 •« 
 
 ■HI 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 z 
 
 19 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 - 
 
 "1* 
 
 _J 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 = 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 CK) 
 
 I- 
 < 
 
 UJ 
 O 
 
 « 
 
 CK 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 Pm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 od 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 03 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Eh 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <1 
 
 H 
 Ph 
 
 GREAT 
 BRITAIN 
 
 AND 
 IRELAND 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 P 
 
 LLl 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 Ul 
 
 o 
 z 
 
 UJ 
 Q. 
 UJ 
 
 G 
 
 q: 
 
 UJ 
 
 X 
 
 f- 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 Z 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 5 
 
 Ci 
 
 M 
 
 if 
 
 a 
 
 Si 
 
 TJi 
 
 o 
 
 
 t 
 19 
 
 'o 
 
 a 
 
 S 19 
 
 c» 
 
 (0 
 
 « 
 
 .3 
 
 13 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 ■s I* 
 
 "3 fr- 
 
 CJ o 
 
 u 
 
 ^ ti 
 
 a "* 
 
 o » 
 
 ^ M 
 
 r= H S 
 
 nv,,l