IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 // 
 
 {./ 
 
 A 
 
 V'' MS) 
 
 
 L 
 ^ 
 
 t/j 
 
 ^n 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 fm iiM 
 
 ^ IiM IIIIIZ2 
 !^ I4S liilO 
 
 U ill 1.6 
 
 v] 
 
 <^ 
 
 //, 
 
 m 
 
 /: 
 
 
 ? 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
 m 
 
 V 
 
 iV 
 
 ^o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 o^ 
 
 » 
 
 * 
 
te 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/iCMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
 vV 
 
 * 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 Couverture endommagee 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couvervure restaur6e et/ou pellicul6e 
 
 I I Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes g^ographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documer 
 
 D 
 
 jments 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge intdrieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es 
 lors dune restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6t6 film^es. 
 
 Additional comments./ 
 Commentaires suppl6mentaires; 
 
 L'instltut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemr'iire 
 qu'il lui a Hi possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exempiaire qui sont pent-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui pnuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage 
 sont indiquds ci-dessous. 
 
 I I Coloured pages/ 
 
 □ 
 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 Pages restored and/oi 
 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxe( 
 Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqu^es 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages d6tach6es 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of prir 
 
 Quality indgale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary materii 
 Comprend du matdriel supplementaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 I I Pages damaged/ 
 
 I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 
 r~:\ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 
 I I Pages detached/ 
 
 FT] Showthrough/ 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 I I Includes supplementary material/ 
 
 I I Only edition available/ 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6X6 filmdes 6 nouveau de fapon 6 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 J 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 26X 
 
 XX 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 n 
 
 32X 
 
The copy film«d here hat bean reproduced thanks 
 to the generotity of: 
 
 Douglas Library 
 Queen's University 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quaiity 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in Iceeping with the 
 filming contract (.pacifications. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or Illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol -^> (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too iorge to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are fllmod 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 L'exemplaire fllm« fut reproduit grAce d la 
 gAnArosit* da: 
 
 Douglas Library 
 Queen's University 
 
 Les Images sulvantes ont AtA reproduites avac ie 
 plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at 
 de la nettet* de l'exemplaire film«, et en 
 conformity avac les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Les exemplalres originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimAe sont filmte en commen^ant 
 par Ie premier plat et en termlnant soit par la 
 dernldre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impresslon ou d'illustration, soit par Ie second 
 plat, selon Ie cas. Tous les autres exemplalres 
 originaux sont fllmte en commen9ant par la 
 premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impresslon ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboies suivants apparaftra sur la 
 derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon Ie 
 cas: Ie symboie — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", Ie 
 symbols y signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les csrtes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre 
 filmte A des taux de reduction diff«rents. 
 Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre 
 reproduit en un seui cllchA, 11 est filmA d partir 
 de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bes, en prenant ie nombre 
 d'images nAcessalre. Les diagrammes suivants 
 lllustrent la mAthode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
mn 
 
 ! i 
 
 I, 
 
 ii 
 
<Dll» :l>outJ) Uraflftjef. 
 
 No. S7. 
 
 Manners and 
 
 Customs of the 
 
 Indians. 
 
 By THOMAS MORTON. 
 
 AN KXTRACT l'K<l.M HIS " NKW EMII.ISH CANAAN," 1637. 
 
 Of their Houfes and Habitations. 
 
 The Natives of New England are accuftonied to build 
 them houfes much like the wild Irifli ; they gather Poles in the 
 woodes and put the great end of them in the ground, placinge 
 them in forme of a circle or circumference, and, bendinge the 
 topps of them in forme of an Arch, they bind them together wiih 
 the Barke of Walnut trees, which is wondrous tuffe, fo that they 
 make the fame round on the Topp for the imooke of their fire 
 to affend and paffe through ; thefe they cover with malts, fome 
 made of reeds and fome of longe flagges, or fedge, finely fowed 
 together with needles made of the fplinter bones of a Cranes 
 legge, with threeds made of their Indian hempe, which their 
 groueth naturally, leaving feverall places for dores, which are 
 covered with mats, which may be rowled up and let downe 
 againe at their pleafures, making ufe of the feverall dores, 
 according as the winde litts. The fire is alwayes made in the 
 middefl of the houfe, with winde fals commonly: yet fome limes 
 they fell a tree that groweth neere the houfe, and, by drawing 
 in the end thereof, maintaine the fire on both fids, burning the 
 tree by Degrees (horter and (horter, untill it be all confumed; 
 for it burnetii night and day. Their lodging is made in three 
 places of the houfe about the fire; they lye upon plankes, com- 
 monly about a foote or i8. inches aboue the ground, raifed upon 
 railes that are borne up upon forks; they lay mats under them, 
 and Coats of Deares fkinnes, otters, beavers, Racownes, and 
 
 
I:)!: 
 
 1 
 
 II- if 
 
 It- 
 
 of Beares hides, nil which they Iiave dieffed and converted 
 into j^ood letlier, willi the liaire on, for tlieir coverings: and in 
 this manner they lye as warnie as they delire. In the night 
 they take their refl ; in the day time either the kettle is on with 
 fifli or riefli, by no allowance, or elfe the fire is imployed in roafl- 
 ing cf lilhes, which they delight in. The aire doeth beget good 
 ftomacks, and they feede continually, and are no niggards of 
 their \ittels ; for they are willing that anyone (hail eate with 
 them. Nay, if any one that Ihall come into their houfes and 
 there fall a lleepe, when they fee him difpofed to lye downe, 
 they will fpread n matt for him of their owne accord, and lay a 
 roule of fkinnes for a bouHler, and let him lye. Jf hee lleepe 
 untiil their meate be diflied up, they will fet a wooden boule of 
 iDcate by him that lleepeth, and wake him faying, Cattup keene 
 Meckin: 'I'hat is. If you be hungry, there is meat for you, where 
 if you will eate you may. Such is their Humanity. 
 
 Likewife, wiien they are minded to remoove, they carry 
 away ilie mats with them ; other materiales the place adjoyning 
 will yeald. They ufe not to winter and fununer in one place, 
 for that would be a reafon to make fuell fcarfe ; but, after the 
 manner of the gentry of Civilized natives, remoove for their 
 pleafures ; fonie times to their hunting places, where they re- 
 maine keeping good hofpitality for that feafon ; and fonietimes 
 to their fifliing places, where they abide for that feafon likewife; 
 and at the fi)ring, when fifli comes in plentifully, they have 
 nieetinges from feverall places, where they exercife themfelves 
 in gamiiige and playing of jugllnge trickes and all manner of 
 Revelles, which they are deligted in ; [fo] that it is admirable 
 to behould what paftime they ufe of feverall kindes, every one 
 driving to furpaffe each other. After this manner they fpend 
 their time. 
 
 0/ the Indians apparrell. 
 
 The Indians in thefe parts do make their apparrell of the 
 (kinnes of feverall fortes of beaftes, and commonly of thofe that 
 doe frequent thofe partes where they doe live ; yet fome of 
 them, for variety, will have the fkinnes of fuch beafts that fre- 
 quent the partes of their neighbors, which they purchafe of 
 them by Commerce and Trade. 
 
 Thefe fkinnes they convert into very good lether, making 
 the fame plume and foft. Some of these fkinnes they drelTe 
 with the haire on, and fome with the haire off ; the hairy fide in 
 winter time they weare next their bodies, and in warme weather 
 
of 
 
 tre- 
 
 of 
 
 ling 
 
 iffe 
 
 in 
 
 :her 
 
 they wcnre the hnire ontwardes : they make likowife fome 
 Coates of the Feathers of Turkies, which they weave toj^ether 
 with twine of their owne makinjre, verv prittilv : thefe iiarineiits 
 they weare like mantels knit o\'er their lhr)uhlers, and |jut under 
 their arine ; thev have Hkewife another sort of mantels, made 
 of Mofe n<innes, which heart is a great Large Deere fo I)igge as 
 a horfe ; thefe tkinnes they connnonly drelfe hare, and make 
 them wondrous white, and llripe them with fize round about the 
 borders, in forme hke Kice fet on by a Taylor, and fome they 
 ftripe witii tize in workes of feverall fafliions very curious, 
 according to the feverall fantafies of the workemen, wherein 
 they drive to excell one another: And Mantels made of Heares 
 fkinnes is an ufuall wearinge, among the Natives that live where 
 the lieares doe haunt : they make (hooes of Mofe n<innes, which 
 is the priucipall leather ufed to that purpofe ; and for want 
 of fuch lether (which is the llrongest) they make fliooes of 
 Deeres fkinnes, very handfomly and connnodious; and, of fuch 
 deeres fkinnes as they dreffe bare, they make flockinges that 
 comes within their fhooes, like a Ilirrrop ftockinge, and is falhied 
 above at their belt, which is about their nnddell ; Every 
 male, after hee attaines unto the age which they call Pubes, 
 wereth a belt about his middell, and a broad peece of lether 
 that goeih betweene his leggs and is tuckt up both before and 
 behinde under that belt; . . . thofe garments they allwaycs 
 put on, when they goe a huntinge, to keepe their (kinnes from 
 the brufli of the Shiubbs : and when they iiave their Appar- 
 rell one they looke like Irifh in their troufes, the Stockinges 
 joyne fo to their breeches. A good well growne deere fkin is 
 of great account with them, and it mufl have the tale on, or 
 elfe they account it defaced ; the tale being three times as 
 long as the tales of our EnglilTi Deere, yea foure times fo 
 longe, this when they travell is raped round about their body 
 and, with a girdle of their making, bound round about their 
 middles, to which girdle is faflned a bagg, in which his instru- 
 ments be with which hee can ftrike fire upon any occafion. 
 
 Thus with their bow in their left hand, and their quiuer of 
 Arrowes at their back, hanging one their left Ihoulder with the 
 lower end of it in their right hand, they will runne away a dogg 
 trot untill they come to their journey end ; and, in tliis kinde 
 of ornament, they doe feeme to me to be handfomer than when 
 they are in Englifh apparrell, their gefture being anfvverable to 
 their one habit and not unto ours. 
 
 Their women have (hooes and ftockinges to weare likewife 
 when they pleafe, fuch as the men have, but the mantle they 
 
i --t 
 
 •i- 
 
 
 t. < I • 
 
 ufe to cover their nakedness with is much longer then that 
 which llie men ufe ; f(jr, as ihe men have one Deeres Ikinn, the 
 women have two foed to;^e(her at the full lenght, and it is fo 
 lardge that it trailcs after them like a great Ladies trane ; and 
 in time I thinke they may have their Pages to beare them up; 
 and where the men ufe but one Heares (kinn for a Mantle, the 
 women have two foed together; and if any of their women 
 would at any time Ihift one, they take that which they intend to 
 make ufe of, and caft it over them round, before they Ihifte 
 away the other, for modelty, . . . which is to be noted in people 
 uncivilized; therein they feeme to have as much modefly as 
 civilized people, and deferve to be applauded for it. 
 
 0/ their J^everena\ and refpecl to ij^e. 
 
 It is a thing to be admired, and indeede made a prefident, 
 that a Nation yet uncivilizied Ihould more refpedl age than fome 
 nations civilized, lince there are fo many precepts both of divine 
 and humane writers extant to inftrudl more Civill Nations : in 
 that particular, wherein they excell, the younger are allwayes 
 obedient unto the elder people, and at their cominaunds in 
 every refpect without grummbling, in all councels, (as therein 
 tliey are circumfpetl to do their acciones by advife and coun- 
 cell, and not rallily or inccnfiderately,) the younger mens opin- 
 ion fliall be heard, but the old mens opinion and councell 
 imbraced and followed: befides, as the elder feede and provide 
 for the younger in infancy, fo doe the younger, after being 
 growne to yeares of manhood, provide for thofe that be aged; 
 and in diflribution of Acctes the elder men are firll ferved by 
 their difpenfator; and their counfels (efpecially if they be 
 powahs) are efleemed as oracles amongfl the younger Natives. 
 
 The confideration of thefe things, mee thinkes. (liould re- 
 duce fome of our irregular young people of civilized Nations, 
 when this (lory fhall come to their knowledge, to better man- 
 ners, and make them afliamed of their former error in this 
 kinde, and to become hereafter more duetyfull ; which I, as a 
 friend, (by obfervation having found,) have herein recorded for 
 that purpofe. 
 
 0/ the maintaining of their Reputation. 
 
 Reputation is fuch a thing that it keepes many men in 
 awe, even amongft Civilized nations, and is very much ftood 
 upon : it is (as one hath very well noted) the awe of great 
 men and of Kings. And, fince I have obferved it to be main- 
 
5 
 
 'g 
 
 taiiied amonj^ft Sahai^e people, I cannot cluife hut <;ive an 
 infLince thereof in tiiis treaiife, to continue the coininon re- 
 ceaved opinion thereof. 
 
 'I'he Sachem or San;;Hiiore of Sagus made choi.e. when 
 hee came to mans ellate, of a Lady of noble diicent, Daii;^hter 
 to Papali(-|uineo, the Saciiem or Sagamore of the territories 
 neare Merrimack River, a man of the bell note and ellimation 
 in all thole parts, and (as my Countryman Mr. Wood declares 
 in his profpect) a great Nigromancer; this Lady the younge 
 Sachem with the confent and good lii<ing of hei father marries, 
 and takes for his wife. Great entertainement hee and his 
 receaved in ihofe parts at her fathers hands, where they weare 
 felted in tiie bell manner that might be expected, according 
 to the Cull )me of their nation, with reveling and fuch other 
 folemnities as is ufuall amongfl them. The folemnity being 
 ended, Papafiquineo causes a feledled number of his men to 
 waite upon his Daughter home into thofe parts that did prop- 
 erly belong to her I^ord and hufband ; where the attendants 
 had entertainment by the Sachem of Saugus and his Country- 
 men : the folemnity being ended, the attendants were gratified. 
 
 Not long after the new married Lady had a great defire 
 to fee her father and her native country, from whence Ihee 
 came; her Lord willing to pleafure her, and not deny her 
 requell, amongit them thought to be reafonable, commanded 
 a felecled number of his owne men to conduct his Lady to her 
 Father, wher, with great refpe6l, they brought her ; and, having 
 feafted there a while, returned to their owne country againe, 
 leaving the Lady to continue there at her owne pleafuie, 
 amongfl her friends and old acquaintance ; where Ihee paffed 
 away the time for a while, and in the end defired to returne 
 to her Lord againe. Her father, the old Papafiquineo, having 
 notice of her intent, fent fome of his men on ambaffage to 
 the younge Sachem, his fonne in law, to let him underlland 
 that his daughter was not willing to abfent her felfe from his 
 company any longer, and therfore, as the meffengers had in 
 charge, defired the younge Lord to fend a convoy for her ; 
 but hee, Handing upon tearmes of honor, and the maintaining 
 of his reputation, returned to his father in law this anfwere, 
 that, when fhe departed from him, hee caufed his men to waite 
 
 upon 
 
 poi 
 
 her to her fathers territories, as it did become hi 
 
 m 
 
 but. 
 
 now fhee had an intent to returne, it did become her father to 
 fend her back with a convoy of his own people ; and that it 
 flood not with his reputation to make himfelf or his men fo 
 
 lbs 
 
 
I i 
 
 h 
 
 hi 
 
 
 i- '.■ 
 
 fervile, to fetch Iicr a^aine, 'I'lic old Sachem, Papaluiuiiieo, 
 having this iiielTajj;e reiurned, was inraged to think that his 
 youn;; foil in hiw did not ellcenie him at a higher rate than 
 to capitulate with him about the matter, and returne[d] him 
 this Iharpe reply ; tiiat his daugiiters bloud and birth deferved 
 more refpetl than to be fo (ligiited ; and, therefore, if he would 
 have her company, hee were bell to fend or come for her. 
 
 The younge Sachem, not willing to under value himfelfe 
 and being a man of a llout fpirit, did not (lick to fay that hee 
 Ihould either fend her by his owne Convey, or keepe her; for 
 hee was deternnned not to ftoope fo lowe. 
 
 So much thefe two Sachems flood upon tearmes of repu- 
 tation with each other, the one would not fend her, and the 
 other would not fend for her, leall it Ihould be any diminilhing 
 of honor on his part that Ihould feeme to comply, that the 
 Lady (when I came out of tiie Country) remained ilill with 
 her father ; which is a thinge worth the noting, that Salvage 
 people fhf)uld feeke to maintaine their reputation fo much as 
 they doe.* 
 
 0/ their irafficke and trade one with another. 
 
 Althou(;h thefe people have not the ufe of navigation, 
 whereby they may tratiiicke as other nations, that are civilized, 
 ufe to doe, yet doe they barter for fuch commodilies as they 
 have, and have a kinde of beads inlleede of money, to buy 
 withall fuch things as they want, which they call Wampampeak : 
 and it is of two forts, the one is white, the other is of a violet 
 coloure. Thefe are made of the Ihells of fiflie. Tiie white 
 with them is as fdver with us ; the other as our gould : and 
 for thefe beads they buy and fell, not onely amongfl ihemfelves, 
 but even with us. 
 
 We have ufed to fell them any of our commodities for 
 this Wampampeak, becaufe we know we can have beaver 
 againe of them for it : and thefe beads are currant in all the 
 parts of New England, from one end of the Coall to the 
 other. 
 
 And although lome have indevoured by example to have 
 the like made of the f;\me kinde of fliels, yet none hath ever, 
 as yet, attained to any perfection in the compofurc of them, 
 
 •This incident is the subject of Wliittier's poem, The Bridal of Pennacook; but 
 Adams — sue his note in tlie New English Canaan, p. 155 — doubts its autlienticity. — 
 Editor. 
 
but that the Salvages have found a great difference to he in 
 the one and the other; and have knowne the counterfeit l)eads 
 from tliofe of tlieir owne making ; and have, and doe (light liiem. 
 
 The (ki lines of healls arc fould and bartered, to fuch 
 people as have none of the fame kinde in the parts where 
 they live. 
 
 Likewile they have eartiien potts of divers fizes, from a 
 quarte to a gallon, 2. or 3. to boyle their vitels in ; very (Ironge, 
 though they be thin like our Iron potts. 
 
 They have dainty wooden bowles of maple, of highe price 
 amongll them; and thefe are difperfed by bartering one with 
 the other, and are but in certaine parts of the Country made, 
 where the feverall trades are appropriated to the inhabitants 
 of thofe parts onely. 
 
 So likewile (at the feafon of the yeare) the Salvages that 
 live by the Sea fide for trade with the inlanders for frelh water, 
 reles curious iilver reles, which are bought up of fuch as have 
 them not frequent in other places : chellnuts, and fuch like 
 ufefull things as one place affordeth, are fould to the inhabi- 
 tants of another, where they are a novelty accompted amongll 
 the natives of the land. And there is no fuch thing to barter 
 withall, as is their Whampampeake. 
 
 Of their Magazines or Storehoiv/es. 
 
 These people are not without providence, though they be 
 uncivilized, but are carcfull to preferve foede in ftore againft 
 winter; which is the corne that they laboure and dreffe in the 
 lummer. And, although they eate freely of it, whiles it is grow- 
 inge, yet have they a care to keepe a convenient portion thereof 
 to releeve them in the dead of winter, (like to the Ant and the 
 Bee,) which they put under ground. 
 
 Their barnes are holes made in the earth, that will hold a 
 Hogfhead of corne a peece in them. In thefe (when their corne 
 is out of the hufke and well dried) they lay their ftore in greate 
 baflcets (which they make of Sparke) with matts under, about 
 the fides, and on the top; and putting it into the place made 
 for it, they cover it with earth: and in this manner it is pre- 
 ferved from deflru6lion or putrifadtion ; to be ufed in cafe of 
 neceffity, and not elfe. 
 
 And I am perfwaded, that if they knew the benefit of Salte 
 (as they may in time,) and the meanes to make falte meate frelh 
 ngaine, they would endeaver to preferve fifhe for winter, as well 
 
 ■ '-iff. 
 
r" 
 
 as come; and that if any tliin;^e bring them to civility, it will 
 be the ufe of Salte, to have foode in llore, which is a rheife 
 benefit in a civili/cd ConMnonwealtli. 
 
 Thefe people have bep;unne already to incline to the ufe of 
 Salte. Many of thetn would begge Salte of inee for to carry 
 home with them, that had frecpiented our howfes and had been 
 acquainted with our Salte meats ; and Salte I willingly gave 
 them, although I fould them all things elfe, onely bccaufe they 
 fhf>iil(l be delighted with tlie ufe tliere of, and thinke it a com- 
 modity of no value in it folfe. allthough the benefit was great 
 that might be had by tiie ufe of it. 
 
 Of their admirable perfeflion, in the u/-: of the fences. 
 
 ■('•.; 
 
 
 This is a thinge not onely obferved by mee and diverfe of 
 the Salvages of New England, but, alfo, by the French men in 
 Nova l'"rancia, and therefore I am tlie more incouraged to pub- 
 li(h in this Treaiice my obfervation of them in the w'i^ of tlieire 
 fences: which is a thinge that I Ihould not eafdy have bin in- 
 duced to beleeve, if I my fclfe iiad not bin an eie witneffe of 
 what I (hall relate. 
 
 I have obferved that the Salvages have the fence of feeing 
 fo farre beyond any of our Nation, that one would allmofl be- 
 lee\e they had intelligence of the Devill fometimes, when they 
 have tould us of a Ihipp at Sea, which they have feene foener 
 by one hower, yea, two bowers fayle, then any Englilh man 
 that flood by of purpofe to looke out, their fight is fo excellent. 
 
 Their eies indeede are black as iett ; and that coler is 
 accounted the flrongert for fight. And as they excell us in this 
 particular fo much noted, fo I thinke they excell us in all 
 the red. 
 
 'I'his I am furc I have well obferved, that in the fence of 
 fmelling they have very great perfection ; which is confirmed by 
 the opinion of the French that are planted about Canada, who 
 have made relation that they are fo perfedt in the ufe of that 
 fence, that they will diltingullh between a Spaniard and a 
 Frenchman oy the fent of the hand onely. .\nd I am per- 
 fwaded that the Author of this Relation has feene very prob- 
 able reafons that have induced him to be of that opinion ; 
 and I am the more willing to give credit thereunto, becaufe I 
 have obferved in them fo much as that comes to. 
 
I have feene a Oeare {.alVe by me upon a neck of Land, 
 and a Salvage that has piirfucd him by the view. I have ac- 
 companied him in this purfuite; and the Salvage, pricking the 
 Deare. comes where hee tindes the view of two deares together, 
 leading leveral wayes. One, hee was lure, was frelh, but which 
 (by the fence of feeing) hee could not judge ; therefore, with 
 his knife, hee diggs up the earth of one ; and by fmelling, 
 fayes, that was not of the frelh heare: then diggs hee up the 
 other; and viewing and fmelling to that, concludes it to be the 
 view of the frelli l)eare, which hee had purfued; and thereby 
 followes the chafe, and killes that Deare, and I did eate jiart 
 of it with him : fuch is their perfection in theL wo fences. 
 
 0/ f/ieir prcffy conjitri'ii^ tt':' s. 
 
 If we doe not judge amilfe of thefe Saiv.i}., s in account- 
 ing thta. .\ itches, yet out of a'l quellion we v\:\) be bould to 
 conclude them to be but weake witches, fuch of them as wee 
 call by the names of Powahs : fome correlpondeucy they have 
 with the Devil out of a! doubt, as by fome of their accions, in 
 which they glory, is manifefled. I'apaliquineo, that Sachem 
 or Sagamore, is a Powah of greate ellimation amongit all kinde 
 of Salvages there : hee is at their Revels (which is the time 
 when a great company of Salvages meete from fever ill parts 
 of the Country, in amity with their neighbours) hath ad- 
 vaunced his honor in his feats or jugling tricks (as I may 
 right tearme them) to the admiration of the fped^ators, whome 
 hee endevoured to perfwade that he would goe under water to 
 the further fide of a river, to broade for any man to undertake 
 with a breath, which thing hee performed by fwimming over, 
 and deluding the company with calling a mill before their eies 
 that fee him enter in and come out, but no part of the way 
 hee has bin feene : likewife by our Englifh, in the heat of all 
 fummer to make Ice appeare in a bowle of faire water ; firll, 
 having the water fet before him, hee hath begunne his incan- 
 tation according to their ufuall accullome, and before the fame 
 has bin ended a thick Clowde has darkned the aire and, on a 
 fodane, a thunder clap hath bin heard that has amazed the 
 natives : in an inflant hee hath fliewed a firme peece of Ice to 
 flote in the midded of the bowle in the prefence of the vulgar 
 people, which doubtles was done by the agility of Satan, his 
 con fort. 
 
 > Vi 
 
10 
 
 ■:■•■,' 
 
 p-l 
 
 i'ii' 
 
 i ^M : 
 
 m ! 
 
 ''-.>! 
 
 ■■hi 
 
 And by meanes of thefe Heights, and fuch like trivial 
 things as thefe, they gaine fuch ertimation amongfl the reft of 
 the Salvages that it is thought a very impious matter for any 
 man to derogate from the words of thefe Powahs. In fo much 
 as hee that fhould llight them, is thought to commit a crime no 
 leffe hainous amongft them as facriledge is with us, as may 
 appeare by this one paflage, which I wil fet forth for an in- 
 ftance. 
 
 A neighbour of mine that had entertain'd a Salvage into 
 his fervice, to be his factor for the beaver trade amongft his 
 countrymen, delivered unto him divers parcells of commodities 
 fit for them to trade with ; amongft the reft there was one coate 
 of more efteeme then any of the other, and with this his new 
 entertained marchant man travels amonft his countrymen to 
 truck them away for beaver : as our cuftome hath bin, the 
 Salvage went up into the Country amongft his neighbours for 
 beaver, and returned with fome, but not enough anfwerable to 
 his Mafteers expectation, but being called to an accompt, and 
 efpecially for that one Coate of fpeciall note, made anfwer that 
 he had given that coate to Tantoquineo, a Powah : to which 
 his mafter in a rage cryed, what have I to doe with Tanto- 
 quineo ? The Salvage, very angry at the matter, cryed, what 
 you fpeake ? you are not a very good man ; wil you not give 
 Tantoq. a coat ? whats this ? as if he had offered Tantoquineo 
 the greateft indignity that could be devifed : fo great is the 
 eftimation and reverence that thefe people have of thefe lug- 
 ling Powahs, who are ufually fent for when any perfon is ficke 
 and ill at eafe to recover them, for which they receive rewards 
 as doe our Chirgeons and Phifitions ; and they doe make a 
 trade of it, and boaft of their Ikill where they come : (^ne 
 amongft the reft did undertake to cure an Englilliman of a 
 fwelling of his hand for a parcell of bifkett, which being de- 
 livered him hee tooke the party greived into the woods afide 
 from company, and with the helpe of the devill, (as may be 
 conje6lured,) quickly recovered him of that fwelling, and fent 
 him about his worke againe. 
 
 It 
 
 Of their duels, and the honourable ejlimation of viHory obtained 
 
 thereby. 
 
 These Salvages are not apt to quarrell one with another: 
 yet fuch hath bin the occafion that a difference hath happened 
 which hath growne to that height that it has not bin reconciled 
 
1 1 
 
 otherwife then by combat, which hath bin performed in this 
 manner : the two champions prepared for the tight, with their 
 bowes in hand and a quiver full of arrowes at their backs, they 
 have entered into the field ; the Challenger and challenged 
 have chofen two trees, (landing within a little dillance of each 
 other ; they have cart lotts for the cheife of the trees, then 
 either champion fetting himfelfe behinde his tree watches ar> 
 advantage to let i\y his (liafts, and to gall his enemy; there 
 they continue Ihooting at each other ; if by chaunce they efpie 
 any part open, they endeavour to gall the combatant in that 
 part, and ufe much agility in the performance of the tallce they 
 have in hand. Kefolute they are in the execution of their ven- 
 geance, when once they have begunne ; and will in no wife be 
 daunted, or feeme to Hirinck though they doe catch a clap with 
 an arrow, but fight it out in this manner untill one or both be 
 ilaine. 
 
 1 have bin (hewed the places where fuch duels have bin 
 performed, and have fuond the trees marked for a memorial I 
 of the Combat, where that champion hath ftood that had the 
 hap to be Ilaine in the duell : and they count it the greatert 
 honor that can be to the ferviving Cumbatant, to Ihew the 
 fcares of the wounds received in this kinde of Conflicl, and if 
 it happen to be on the arme, as thofe parts are mort in danger 
 in thefe cafes, they will alwayes weare a bracelet upon that 
 place of the arme, as a trophy of honor to their dying day. 
 
 ic 
 
 a 
 
 ^ne 
 
 a 
 
 de- 
 
 ide 
 
 be 
 
 ent 
 
 ined 
 
 0/ their e Subtilety. 
 
 These people are not, as fome have thought, a dull, or 
 ilender witted people, but very ingenious, and very fubtile. I 
 could give maine inrtances to maintaine mine opinion of them 
 in this ; but I will onely relate one, which is a paffage worthy 
 to be obferved. 
 
 In the Maffachuffets bay lived Cheecatawback, the Sachem 
 or Sagamore of thofe territories, who had large dominions which 
 hee did appropriate to himfelfe. 
 
 Into thofe parts came a greate company of Salvages from 
 the territories of Narohiganfet, to the number of loo. perfons ; 
 and in this Sachems Dominions they intended to winter. 
 
 When they went a hunting for turkies they fpreade over 
 fuch a greate fcope of ground that a Turkie could hardily 
 efcnoe them : Deare they killed up in greate abundance, and 
 
K 
 
 12 
 
 !■ 'A 
 
 ,'i IF 
 
 
 I mi 
 
 If:; ;! 
 
 i; r " i 
 
 ;■ M 
 
 J.- 
 
 fealled their bodies very plentifully : Beavers they killed by 
 no allowance ; the ikinnes of thofe they traded away at Waf- 
 fagufcus with my neighboures for come, and fuch other com- 
 modities as they had neede of ; and my neighboures had a 
 wonderfull great benefit by their being in thofe parts. Yea, 
 fometimes (like genious fellowes) they would prefent their 
 Marchant with a fatt beaver (kmne, alwayes the tayle was not 
 diminilhed, but prefented full and whole ; although the tayle 
 is a prefent for a Sachem, and is of fuch mafculaine vertue that 
 if fome of our Ladies knew the benefit thereof they would defire 
 to have fliips fent of purpofe to trade for the tayle alone ; it is 
 fuch a rarity, as is not more efteemed of then reafon doth re- 
 quire. 
 
 But the Sachem C'heecatawbak, (on whofe poffefTions they 
 ufurped, and converted the commodities thereof to their owne 
 ufe, contrary to his likeing,) not being of power to refill them, 
 pra(5lifed to doe it by a fubtile ftratagem. And to that end 
 gave it out amongft us, that the caufe why thefe other Salvages 
 of the Narohiganfets came into thefe parts, was to fee what 
 ftrength we were of, and to watch an opportunity to cut us off, 
 and take that which they found in our cuflody ufefull for them ; 
 And added further, they would burne our howfes, and that they 
 had caught one of his men, named Mefhebro, and compelled 
 him to difcover to them where their barnes. Magazines, or flore- 
 howfes were, and had taken away his come ; and feemed to be 
 in a pittifuU perplexity about the matter. 
 
 And, the more to adde reputation to this tale, defires that 
 his wifes and children might be harbered in one of our howfes. 
 This was graunted ; and my neighbours put on corflets, head- 
 peeces, and weapons defenfive and offenfive. 
 
 This thing being knowne to Cheecatawback, hee caufed 
 fome of his men to bring the Narohiganfets to trade, that 
 they might fee the preparation. The Salvage, that was a 
 Itranger to the plott, fimply comming to trade, and finding 
 his merchants lookes like lobfters, all cladd in hameffe, was 
 in a maze to thinke what would be the end of it. Hafle hee 
 made to trade away his furres, and tooke anything for them, 
 wifhing himfelfe well rid of them and of the company in the 
 howfe. 
 
 But Cas the manner has bin) hee mull eate fome furmety 
 before hee goe : downe he fits and eats, and withall had an 
 eie on every fide ; and now and then faw a fword or a dagger 
 layd a thwart a head peece, which hee wondered at, and alked 
 
 m 
 
 ii 
 
13 
 
 his giude whether the company were not angry. The guide, 
 (that was privy to his Lords plot) anfwered in his language 
 that hee could not tell. But the harmleffe Salvage, before hee 
 had halfe filled his belly, llarted up on a fodayne, and ranne 
 out of the hovvfe in fuch haft that hee left his furnietv there, 
 and ftayed not to looke behinde him who came after: Glad 
 hee was that he had efcaped fo. 
 
 The fubtile Sachem, hee playd the tragedian, and fained 
 a feare of being furprifed ; and fent to fee whether the enemies 
 (as the MeiTenger termed them) were not in the howfe ; and 
 comes in a by way with his wifes and children, and ftopps the 
 chinkes of the out howfe, for ien^e the fire might be feene in 
 the night, and be a meanes to direct his enemies where to finde 
 them. 
 
 And, in the meane time, hee prepared for his Ambaffador 
 to his enemies a Salvage, that had lived 12. moneths in Eng- 
 land, to the end it might adde reputation to his ambalfage. 
 This man hee fends to thofe intruding Narohiganfets, to tell 
 them that they did very great injury to his Lord, to trench 
 upon his prerogatives : and advifed them to put up their pipes, 
 and begon in time : if they W'ould not, that his Lord would 
 come upon them, and in his ayd his freinds the Englilh, who 
 were up in armes already to take his part, and compell them by 
 force to be gone, if they refufed to depart by faire meanes. 
 
 This melTage, comming on the neck of that which doubt- 
 leffe the fearefull Salvage had before related of his efcape, and 
 what hee had obferved, caufed all thofe hundred Narohiganfets 
 (that meant us no hurt) to be gone with bagg, and baggage. 
 And my neighboures were gulled by the fubtilety of this 
 Sachem, and loft the bell trade of beaver that ever they had 
 for the time ; and in the end found theire error in this kinde 
 of credulity when it was too late. 
 
 ced 
 
 0/ a great mortality that happened amongJI the Natives of New 
 England, neere about the time that the Englijh came there to 
 plant. 
 
 It fortuned fome few yeares before the Englifli came to in- 
 habit at new Plimmouth, in New England, that upon fome 
 diftaft given in the Maflachuffets bay by the Frenchmen, then 
 trading there with the Natives for beaver, they fet upon the 
 men at fuch advantage that they killed manie of them, burned 
 their fhipp, then riding at Anchor by an Kland there, now called 
 
14 
 
 1^ 
 
 hi 
 
 It' 
 
 ill 
 
 Peddocks Ifland, in memory of Leonard Peddock that landed 
 there, (where many wilde Anckies* haunted that time, which hee 
 thought had bin tame) dillributing them unto 5. Sachems, 
 which were Lords of the feverall territories adjoyninge : they 
 did keepe them fo longe as they lived, onely to fport themfelves 
 at them, and made thefe five P'renchmen fetch them wood and 
 water, which is the generall worke that they require of a fer- 
 vant. One of thefe five men, out livinge the red, had learned 
 fo much of their language as to rebuke them for their bloudy 
 deede, faying that God would be angry with them for it, and 
 that hee would in his difpleafure deflroy them ; but the Sal- 
 vages (it feemes boalting of their ftrength,) replyed and fayd, 
 that they were fo many that God could not kill them. 
 
 But contrary wife, in ihort time after the hand of God fell 
 heavily upon them, with fuch a mortall (Iroake that they died 
 on heapes as they lay in their houfes ; and the living, that were 
 able to Ihift for themselves, would runne away and let them dy, 
 and let there Carkafes ly above the ground without buriall. 
 For in a place where many inhabited, there hath been but one 
 left a live to tell what became of the red ; the livinge being (as 
 it feemes) not able to bury the dead, they were left for Crowes, 
 Kites and vermin to pray upon. And the bones and fkulls 
 upon the feverall places of their habitations made fuch a fpedl- 
 acle after my comming into thofe partes, that, as I travailed in 
 that Forrert nere the Maffachuffets, it feemed to mee a new 
 found Golgatha. 
 
 But otherwife, it is the curtome of thofe Indian people to 
 bury their dead ceremonioufly and carefully, and then to 
 abandon that place, becaufe they have no defire the place 
 fliould put them in minde of mortality : and this mortality was 
 not ended when the Brownifts of new Plimmouth were fetled at 
 l^atuxet in New Fngland : and by all likelyhood the fickneffe 
 that thefe Indians died of was the Plague, as by conference 
 with them fmce my arrivall and habitation in thofe partes, I 
 have learned. And by this meanes there is as yet but a fmall 
 number of Salvages in New England, to that which hath beene 
 in former time, and the place is made fo much the more fitt for 
 the Englifli Nation to inhabit in, and ere(!;l: in it Temples to the 
 glory of God. 
 
 *TIiis, as Mr Adams suggests, is undoubtedly a misprint for Anckies, which was a 
 sailor's corruption for Auk, — the (Jteat Auk bemg probably the bird referred to This bird, 
 now supjiosed to he extinct, was formerly common on the New Kngland coast. Audubon, 
 writing in 1S3S, says, " An old gunner residing on Chelsea Heacli, near Hoston, told me that 
 he we 1 remembered the time when the Penguins were plentiful about Nahant and some 
 Islands in the bay " 
 
15 
 
 Of their Religion. 
 
 It has bin a common receaved opinion from Cicero, that 
 there is no people fo barbarous but have fome worlhipp or 
 other. In this particular, I am not of opinion therein with 
 Tully ; and, furely, if hee had bin amonglt thole people fo longe 
 as I have bin, and converfed fo much with them touching this 
 matter of Religion, hee would have changed his opinion. 
 Neither Ihould we have found this error, amongd the re(t, by 
 the helpe of that wodden profpect,* if it had not been fo unad- 
 vifedly built upon fuch highe land as that Coall. (all mens 
 judgements in generall,) doth not yeeld, had hee but taken the 
 judiciall councell of Sir William Alexander, that fetts this thing 
 forth in an exact and conclulive fentence ; if hee be not too ob- 
 (linate ? hee would graunt that worthy writer, that thefe peo- 
 ple zx^ fine fide, fine lege, &' fine rege, and hee hath exemplified 
 this thinge by a familiar demonllration, which I have by longe 
 experience obferved to be true. 
 
 And, me thinks, it is abfurd to fay they have a kinde of 
 worfliip, and not able to demonltrate whome or what it is they 
 are accuflomed to worlhip. For my part I am more willing to 
 beleeve that the Elephants (which are reported to be the 
 moil intelligible of all beafts) doe worlhip the moone, for the 
 reafons given by the author of this report, as M"". Thomas May, 
 the minion of the Mufes dos recite it in his continuation of 
 Lucans hifloricall poem, rather then this man : to that I mull 
 bee conllrained, to conclude againll him, and Cicero, that the 
 Natives of New England have no worfliip nor religion at all; 
 and I am fure it has been fo obferved by thofe that neede not 
 the helpe of a wodden profpecl: for the matter. 
 
 *The reference here is to W'ood's AVrc Riif^himV s Pros/>fcl (p. 70). In regard to 
 tlie time when this work was written and publislied, see Mr. Deane's preface to the edition 
 in the publications of tlie Prhice Society. Morton makes numerous references to it in the 
 Xc-u Citiiaa'!. . . . The present reference is one of the few uninteUigible passages in 
 the book. Wood's language, to wliicli .Morton apparently takes exception, is as follows: 
 ".As it is natural to all mortals to worship something, so do these people; but exactly to 
 describe to whom their worship is chiefly bent, is very difficult; they acknowledge especially 
 two, Ketau, who is their good (iod, to whom they sacrifice after their garners be full with a 
 good crop: upon this Ooa likewise tliey invorate for fair weatiier, for rain in time of drouglit, 
 and for the recovery of tlieir sick; but if they do not hear them, then tliey verify the old 
 verse, Flectere sinequeo Supcres, Acherotitd movcho, their Pow-wows betaking themselves 
 to their exorcisms and unromantick charms. . . . by God's permission, through the Devil's 
 help, their charms are of force to produce effects of wonderment." .Morton would seem to 
 have wished to depreciate Wood as an authority on New Kneland; and so, pliying upon his 
 name and the title of his book, he implied that ne had taken a much more elevated view of 
 the religioi-.s development of the Indians than could be justified either by the actual facts or 
 the judgment of the best informed. Heing unintelligible, the passage, from the word 
 "neither" to tlie end of the paragraph, is reproduced here in all respects, including punctu- 
 ation, as it is in the text of the original edition. — C. F. A dims. 
 
•wmrnn 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 t >• 
 
 
 i 11 
 
 (y ///«> ackuowletiqment of the Creation^ and immortality 
 
 of the Soiile. 
 
 Although thefe Salvages are found to be without Reli- 
 gion, Law, and King (as Sir William Alexander hath well ob- 
 ferved,) yet are they not altogether without the knowledge of 
 God (hiflorically) ; for they have it aniongft them by tradition 
 that God made one man and one woman, and bad them live 
 together and get children, kill deare, beads, birds, filh and 
 fowle, and what they would at their pleafure ; and that their 
 poflerity was full of evill, and made God fo angry that hee let 
 in the Sea upon them, and drowned the greaieft part of them, 
 that were naughty men, (the Lord deflroyed fo;) and they went 
 to Sanaconquam, who feeds upon them (pointing to the Center 
 of the Earth, where they imagine is the habitation of the 
 Devill :) the other, (which were not dertroyed,) increafed the 
 world, and when they died (becaufe they were good) went to 
 the howfe of Kytan, pointing to the fetting of the fonne ; where 
 they eate all manner of dainties, and never take paines (as 
 now) to i^rovide it. 
 
 Kytan makes provifion (they fay) and faves them that 
 laboure ; and there they fiiall live with him forever, voyd of 
 care. And they are perfwaded that Kytan is hee that makes 
 come growe, trees growe, and all manner of fruits. 
 
 And that wee that ufe the booke of Common prayer doo it 
 to declare to ihem, that cannot reade, what Kytan has com- 
 maunded us, and that wee doe pray to him with the helpe of 
 that booke ; and doe make fo much accompt of it, that a Sal- 
 vage (who had lived in my howfe before hee had taken a wife, 
 by whome hee had children) made this requefl; to mee, (knowing 
 that I allwayes ufed him with much more rei'pe6l than others,) 
 that I would let his fonne be brought up in my howfe, that hee 
 mimht be taught to reade in that booke • which requefl; of his I 
 granted ; and hee was a very joyfull man to thinke that his 
 fonne Ihould thereby (as hee faid) become an Englilhman : and 
 then hee would be a good man. 
 
 I afked him who was a good man ; his anfwere was, hee that 
 would not lye. nor fleale. 
 
 Tliefe, with them, are all the capitall crimes that can be 
 imagined; aP .ther are nothing in refpe6t of thofe ; and hee 
 that is free from thefe muft live with Kytan for ever, in all 
 manner of pleafure. 
 
 tilt t^ 
 
17 
 
 Of their Annals and funerals. , ■ 
 
 These people, that have by tradition fome touch of the 
 immortality of the foule, have like wife a cudome to make fome 
 monuments over the place where the corps is interred : But 
 they put a greate difference betvvene perfons of noble, and of 
 ignoble, or obfcure, or inferior difcent. For, indeed, in the 
 grave of the more noble they put a planck in the bottom for 
 the corps to be layed upon, and on each iide a plancke, and a 
 plancke upon the top in forme of a che(l, before they cover the 
 place with earth. This done, they erecl fome thing over the 
 grave in forme of a hearfe cloath, as was that of Cheekataw- 
 backs mother, which the Plimmouth planters defaced becaufe 
 they accounted it an a6l of fuperftition ; which did breede a 
 brawle ; for they hold impious and inhumane to deface the 
 monuments of the dead. They themfelves efteeme of it as 
 piaculum ; and have a curtome amongft them to keepe their 
 annals and come at certaine times to lament and bewaile the 
 lolTe of their freind ; and ufe to black their faces, which they 
 fo weare, inftead of a mourning ornament, for a longer or a 
 fliorter time according to the dignity of the perfon : fo is their 
 annals kept and obferved with their accuftomed folemnity. 
 Afterwards they abfolutely abandon the place, becaufe they 
 fuppose the fight thereof will but renew their forrow. 
 
 It was a thing very offenfive to them, at our firft comming 
 into thofe parts, to afke of them for any one that had bin dead; 
 but of later times it is not fo offenfively taken to renew the 
 memory of any defeafed perfon, becaufe by our example (which 
 they are apt to followe) it is made more familiare unto them ; 
 and they marvell to fee no monuments over our dead, and 
 therefore thinke no great Sachem is yet come into thofe parts, 
 or not as yet deade ; becaufe they fee the graves all alike. 
 
 Of their Cuflome in burning the Country^ and the renfon thereof. 
 
 The Salvages are accullomed to fet fire of the Country 
 in all places where they come, and to burne it twize a yeare, 
 viz. : at the Spring, and the fall of the leafe. The reafon that 
 mooves them to doe fo, is becaufe it would other wife be fo 
 overgrowne with underweedes that it would be all a coppice 
 wood, and the people would not be able in any wife to paffe 
 through the Country out of a beaten path. 
 
'il 
 
 i8 
 
 :Hi 
 
 ■. m 
 
 The meanes that they do it with, is with certaine niinerall 
 (lones, that they carry about them in baggs made for that pur- 
 pofe of the Ikinnes of little bealles, which they convert into 
 good lether, carrying in the fame a peece of touch wood, very 
 excellent for that purpoie, of their owne making. Thefe niin- 
 erall (lones they have from the I'iquenteenes, (which is to the 
 Southward of all the plantations in New England,) by trade and 
 trafficke with thole people. 
 
 The burning of the gralTe dellroys the underwoods, and lb 
 fcorcheth the elder trees that it flirinkes them, and hinders 
 their grouth very much : fo that hee that will looke to finde 
 large trees and good tymber, mull not depend upon the help 
 of a woodden profpett to finde them on the upland ground ; * 
 but mud feeke for them, (as I and others have done,) in the 
 lower grounds, where the grounds are wett, when the Country 
 is fired, by reafon of the fnow water that remaines there for 
 a time, untill the Sunne by continuance of that hath exhaled 
 the vapoures of the earth, and dried up thofe places where the 
 fire (by reafon of the moillure,) can have no power to doe 
 them any hurt : and if he would endevoure to finde out any 
 goodly Cedars, hee mufl not feeke for them on the higher 
 grounds, but make his inquell for them in the vallies, for the 
 Salvages, by this cuflome of theirs, have fpoiled all the rell : 
 for this cullome hath bin continued from the beginninge. 
 
 And leafl their firing of the Country in t'.iis manner (hould 
 be an occafion of damnifying us, and indaingering our habita- 
 tions, wee our I'elves have ufed carefully about the fame times 
 to obferve the winds, and fire the grounds about our owne 
 habitations ; to prevent the Dammage that might happen by 
 any neglect thereof, if the fire lliould come neere thofe howfes 
 in our abfence. 
 
 For, when the fire is once kindled, it dilates and fpreads 
 it felfe as well againfl, as with the winde ; burning continually 
 night and day, untill a fliower of raine falls to quench it. 
 
 And this cuflome of firing the Country is the meanes to 
 make it paffable; and by that meanes the trees growe here 
 and there as in our parks : and makes the Country very beau- 
 tifuU and commodious. 
 
 *The reference is to Wood's AVtk Knf;litmi's Prosfn-ct, p. 13, where also tlie Indian 
 custom of firing tiie country in November is described. — Adams. 
 
'9 
 
 Of their inclination to Drunkcnncffe. 
 
 Ai.THoroH Drunkennel'fe be juftly termed a vice which the 
 Salvages are ignorant of, yet the benefit is very great that comes 
 to the planters by the fale of llrong liciiujr to the Salvages, 
 who are much taken with the delight of it ; for they will pawne 
 their wits, to purchafe the acciuaintance of it. ^'et in al the 
 commerce that I had with them, I never proffered them any 
 fuch thing ; nay, I would hardly let any of them have a drame, 
 unles hee were a Sachem, or a VVinnaytue, that is a rich man, 
 or a man of eflimation next in degree to a Sachem or Saga- 
 more. I alwayes toiild them it was amongit us the Sachems 
 drinke. 15ut they fay if I come to the Northerne parts of the 
 Country I ihall have no trade, if I will not fupply them with 
 lully liquors : it is the life of the trade in all thofe parts : for it 
 fo happened that thus a Salvage defperately killed himfelfe; 
 when hee was drunke, a gunne being charged and the cock up, 
 hee fets the mouth to his bred, and, putting back the tricker 
 with his foote, Ihot himfelfe dead. 
 
 That the Salvages live a contended life, 
 
 A Gentleman and a traveller, that had bin in the parts of 
 New England for a time, wh ^n hee retorned againe, in his dif- 
 course of the Country, wondered, (as hee faid,) that the natives 
 of the land lived fo poorely in fo rich a Country, like to our 
 Beggers in England. Surely that Gentleman had not time or 
 leafure whiles hee was there truely to informe himfelfe of the 
 ftate of that Country, and the happy life the Salvages would 
 leade weare they once brought to Ch'-iftianity. 
 
 I mull confeffe they want the ufe and benefit of Naviga- 
 tion, (which is the very finnus of a flouriihing Commonwealth,) 
 yet are they fupplied with all manner of needefull things for the 
 maintenance of life and lifelyhood. Foode and rayment are the 
 cheife of all that we make true ufe of ; and of thefe they finde 
 no want, but have, and may have, them in a mofl plentifull 
 manner. 
 
 If our beggers of England fhould, with fo much eafe as 
 they, furnifli themfelves with foode at all feafons, these would 
 not be fo many ftarved in the ftreets, neither would fo many 
 gaoles be fluffed, or galloufes furniflied with poore wretches, as 
 I have feene them. 
 
20 
 
 51 '■: 
 
 ii , 
 
 But they of this fort of our owne nation, that are fitt to goe 
 to this Canaan, are not able to tranfport themfelves ; and moil 
 of them unwilling to goe from the good ale tap, which is the 
 very loadllone of the lande by which our Knglilh beggers fteere 
 theire Courfe ; it is the Northpole to which the llowre-de-luce 
 of their compaffe points. The more is the pitty that the Com- 
 monalty of oure Land are of fuch leaden capacities as to neg- 
 lect fo brave a Country, that doth fo plentifully feede maine 
 lufty and a brave, able men, women and children, that have not 
 the meanes that a Civilized Nation hath to purchafe foode and 
 rayment ; which that Country with a little induftry will yeeld a 
 man in a very comfortable meafure, without overmuch carking. 
 
 I cannot deny but a civilized Nation hath the prehemi- 
 nence of an uncivilized, by meanes of thofe inllruments that are 
 found to be common amongrt civile people, and the uncivile 
 want the ufe of, to make themfelves mailers of thofe ornaments 
 that make fuch a glorious fliew, that will give a man occafion to 
 cry, Jic tranfit gloria Mundi. 
 
 Now fmce it is but foode and rayment that men that live 
 needeth, (though not all alike,) why fhould not the Natives of 
 New England be fayd to live richly, having no want of either ? 
 Cloaths are the badge of fmne , and the more variety of fafli- 
 ions is but the greater abufe of the Creature : the beafts of the 
 forrert there doe ferve to furnifli them at any time when they 
 pleafe : fi(h and Hefli they have in greate abundance, which 
 they both roall and boyle. 
 
 They are indeed not ferved in difhes of plate with variety 
 of Sauces to procure appetite; that needs not there. The 
 rarity of the aire, begot by the medicinable quality of the fweete 
 herbes of the Country, always procures good (tomakes to the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 I mull needs commend them in this particular, that, though 
 they buy many commodities of our Nation, yet they keepe but 
 fewe, and thofe of fpeciall ufe. 
 
 They love not to bee cumbered with many utenfilles, and 
 although every proprietor knowes his owne, yet all things, (fo 
 long as they will lafl), are ufed in common amongft them : A 
 bifket cake given to one, that one breakes it equally into fo 
 many parts as there be perfons in his company, and dillributes 
 it. Platoes Commonwealth is fo much pra6lifed by thefe 
 people. 
 
 According to humane reafon, guided onely by the light of 
 nature, thefe people leades the more happy and freer life, being 
 
 i'l'rr .. 
 
21 
 
 voyde of care, which torments the mindes of fo many Chrillians : 
 They are not delighted in baubles, but in ufefull things. 
 
 'I'heir naiurall drinke is of the Cridall fountaine, and this 
 they take up in their hands, by joyning them clofe together. 
 They take up a great (juantity at a time, and drinke at the 
 wrids. It was the fight of fuch a feate v.hich made Diogenes 
 hurle away his dilhe, and, like one that would have this princi- 
 pal! confirmed, Natura panels confrniat, ufed a dilli no more. 
 
 I have obferved that they will not be troubled with fuper- 
 fluous cf)mmodities. Such things as they finde they are taught 
 by necellity to make ufe of, they will make choife of, and feeke 
 to purchafe with indullry. So that, in refpect that their life is 
 fo voyd of care, and they are fo loving alfo that they make ufe 
 of thofe things they enjoy, (the wife onely excepted,) as com- 
 mon goods, and are therein fo compafTionate that, rather than 
 one fliould ftarve through want, they would ftarve all. Thus 
 doe they paffe awaye the time merrily, not regarding our 
 pompe, (which they fee dayly before their faces,) but are better 
 content with their owne, which fome men efteeme fo meanely of. 
 
 They may be rather accompted to live richly, wanting 
 nothing that is needefull ; and to be commended for leading a 
 contented life, the younger being ruled by the Elder, and the 
 Elder ruled by the Powahs, and the Powahs are ruled by the 
 Devill ; * and then you may imagin what good rule is like to 
 be amongll them. 
 
 * Morton says of the Indian conjurers, "Some correspondency they have with the 
 Devill out of all cloubt'' ; Wood, to the same effect, remarks that "by (Jod's permission, 
 through the Devil's helpe, their charmes are of force to produce effects of wonderment" ; 
 Smith declares of the Indians, "Their chiefe (Jod they worship is the Devil" ; and Mather 
 intimates that it was the devil who seduced the first inhabitants of America into it. — Adiinis. 
 
-yt 
 
 Hi 
 
 !-vi 
 
 mi 
 
 ■M,i< 
 
 Thomas M<)rt<in, the .iiilhur of tlie Xfiu F.n\;liih Cdiiiutu, is known to 
 the stiidtMit of New I England history as one of the adventiircis, of wlioni 
 Captain NVollaston was the leader, who established thcnselves at Mount 
 Wollaston, in the limits of the present town of Quiiicy, in 1625. Not much 
 is known of his early life. He styles himself, on the title-page of his book, 
 "of Cliffords Inne gent." I lis reputation was not good, one authority even 
 stating that he had tied to New Kngland *• upon a foule suspitioii f-f niurther." 
 Itut this was at a time when htmian life was held cheaj) in many quarters. 
 We are only sure that he was a reckless fellow, of looser morals than the 
 I'uritans whose neighbor he became. Allusions in the JVnu i'tinaan show 
 that he had been a man fond of field sports, and that he had Iwen much 
 of a traveler. They show too that he had been to Massachusetts iJay before 
 1625. He says at the beginning of the second book: "In the month of 
 June, Anno .Salutis 1622, it was my chance to arrive in the i)arts of New 
 Kngland with thirty servants, and provision of all sorts fit for a plantation; 
 and, while our houses were building, I did endeavor to take a survey of the 
 cotmtry." This was probably in connection with Weston's settlement at 
 Wessagusset. lie tells us on his title-page that his book was writtei 
 •* upon tenne yeares knowledge and experiment of the country." 
 
 Of Morton's life with his men at Merry Mount, as he called Mount 
 Wollaston, after Wollaston himself, in 1626, went away, of his trade with 
 the Indians for furs, and the guns and rum he sold them, of his revelries 
 and orgies, culminating in the famous episode of the May-pole, and of his 
 final arrest and expulsion by the good peo])le of Plymouth, all can read 
 in the books. The fullest and best account is that by Charles P'rancis 
 Adams, Jr., ])refi.\ed to the beautiful edition of the Ni'w Eiiii^Ush Caiiaiiii 
 which he i)repared for publication by the Prince Society. Everybody will 
 remember Hawthorne's delightful sketch, The May-pole 0/ Merry Mount ; 
 but many may not remember that Motley, when he was a very young ;nun, 
 before he began his great histories, made this interesting episode \\\ our 
 early New England history the theme of a novel : Merry Mount, n Romance 
 of the Massnchnsett: Colony. 
 
 Whatever we may think of Morton's character — and it was probably 
 not so bad as IJradfonl and the Puritans painted it — his book, which he 
 called jVexu Ca/taan in satire upon the strong Old Testament character of 
 the fathers of New England who troubled him, has a distinct value. It is 
 in three sections or books: "The first Booke setting forth the originall 
 cf the Natives, their Manners and Customes, together with their tractable 
 Nature and Love towards the English. The second Hooke setting forth 
 the natural Indowments of the Country, and what staple Commodities it 
 yealdeth. The third I]ooke setting forth, what people are planted there, 
 their prosperity, what remarkable accidents have happened since the first 
 
»3 
 
 plantlnR of It, togcth-.r with their Tcnents and practice of thi ir ("luirch." 
 The first chapter of the first book i.s (le\ >te(l to " I'rooving New J'iiigland 
 the principall part of all America, and mont commodious and fitt for 
 habitation"; the second Is " ( »f the original! of the Natives," a fantastic 
 argument that the Indians were (lesc(;n(lants of " the scatturtd Trojans"; 
 thi seventh is " ( )f their Child-bearing, and delivery, and what ni inner 
 of persons tliey are." These thr( e i haptcis, of tlie twenty lonstituting the 
 first book, are omitted in this leaHet ; the remaindtr of this book is here 
 given, the order slightly changed. Mr. Adams's notes in the complete 
 work will be consulted by the careful student. 
 
 Whatever controversies there may be r)ver the third book, whii h con- 
 tains the account of Morton's own career in New Kngland, the earlier books, 
 as containing the observations of one of the first comers to New Kngland 
 upon the nalt '.I history f)f the country and the aborigines, possess a real 
 scientific interi. t. Morton made many mistakes,— Trumbull rem;uks that 
 he could not write the most simple Indian word without a blunder, — but he 
 was a lover of all out-door things, he was a curious and observing man, 
 and he had a singularly sympathetic feeling toward the Indians and came 
 to know them well; and what he writes has therefore a value besides that 
 which attaches to its a^e and history. " Passionately fo»d of field sports," 
 says Mr. Adams, " Morton found ample opportunity for the indulgence of 
 his tastes in New lingland. lie loved to ramble through the woods with 
 his dog and gun, or sail in his boat on the bay. The Indians, too, were his 
 allies, and n£.turally enough ; for not only did he offer them an open and 
 easy-going market for their furs, but he was companionable with them. 
 They shared in his revels. He denies that he was in the habit of selling 
 them spirits, but where spirits were as freely used as Morton's account 
 shows they were at Merry Mount, the Indians undoubtedly had their 
 share." 
 
 In 1634, three years before the appearance of Morton's A't-rc /;//i,V/.i// 
 Canaan, William Wood, who had come over in 1629, published his AWi' 
 Eiii^laitiVs Prospect, which contains much upon the manners and customs of 
 the Indians. The student should compare the statements in this early work, 
 which is an important one on many accounts for the student of early New 
 Kngland history, with those of Morton. Morton was familiar with what 
 Wood had written about the Indians, and refers to the work more than once 
 in his Nero Canaan. About forty years after Wood and Morton w ote 
 (1674), Josselyn published his T100 Voyages, with valuable accounts of the 
 Indians of New England ; and there is also much of value scattered through 
 the pages of Winslow's Good A'e-vs-, Mather's Magnalia, and Lechford's 
 
24 
 
 
 «■ r 
 in 
 
 
 ; 
 
 Plaiiic Dealiiii:;, as well as in the works of Bradford, Roger Williams, and 
 others of the fathers. Very full accounts of all these early writings, as 
 well as of the later literature upon the Indians, both of New England and 
 the southern colonies, will be found in the notes by Justin Winsor in the 
 first volume of the Narrative and Critical Ift story of America, and the first 
 volume of the Memorial History of Boston. 
 
 James Adair's History of the American Indians, published in 1775, was 
 the first general history of the Indians, and is quite fu'l in its accounts of 
 Indian manners and customs; but Adair's studies were chiefly of the Ind- 
 ians south of New England. Schoolcraft's great work on Tlie Indian 
 Tribes of the United States has important sections devoted to general his- 
 tory and manners and customs. Schoolcraft's work has been abridged and 
 published in two volumes, edited by Francis S. Drake, which will be more 
 convenient and useful for many than the larger work. Mr. Drake is also 
 the author of an Indian History for Young Folks. The first two chapters, 
 *' What we know about the American Indians," and " Early European In- 
 tercourse with the Indians," are closely related to subjects touched by 
 Morton. The best single book for older readers is Rev. George E. Ellis's 
 The Red Man and the White Man in North America. Its early chapters 
 upon the origin, numbers, and character of the Indians are clear and full; 
 and the historical portion, covering the whole time from the founding of the 
 colonies to the present, is interesting and just. Dr. Ellis's valuable essays 
 on the Indians, in the Narrative and Critical History of America and the 
 Memorial History of Boston, should be consulted in connection. 
 
 i#«' 
 
 . 'pi - 
 
 
 liir