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 COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION. 
 
 h^ ^-4tvyi-M> (^5? ,>;:^ Iv,,;;? CANADA. ■• J??ii-Jkf':3 s-.Ai> 'Jo -'v-^i^W' 
 
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 (From </je " Tiffie», -4hji«s< G, 1886.) - 
 
 Had the Dominion kept aloof what a blank there would have been 
 any one can realise who looks at a plan of the Exhibition, and sees how 
 Canada is spread almost all over the building, from the gateways of 
 British Guiana and the West Indies on the one side to the frontiers of 
 Natal and the Cape on the other, reaching south to the confines of 
 New Zealand and stretching away into the North- West Territories of 
 the arcades and the conservatory. Our American Dominion, indeed j 
 occupies quite as much space as our Asiatic Empire, and nearly as much 
 as all the Australian colonies put together. And rightly so, no doubt, for 
 has she not an area of some throe million square miles, and can she not 
 loo^'- back upon a venerable antiquity of 300 years ? had she not cities 
 and cathedrals, legislatures and great battlefields, long before anybody 
 thought of making Botany Bay even a penal settlement? The 
 Canadians have evidently determined that in variety and quantity of 
 exhibits at least they shall not be excelled, and, on the whole, they !iave 
 succeeded. In more than one department they are not approached. 
 In none of the courts is progress in all directions more striking and 
 more patent ; none of them — with, perhaps, the exception of India — 
 have richer resources of a solid and enduring character to show ; and, 
 all in all, none of them can glory in more marvellous results of human 
 industry. Let us briefly recall some of the events which have marked 
 Canada's progress to her present proud position in the British Empire. 
 It was in 1497 that the Cabots touched at Newfoundland and Labrador. 
 In 1534 and 1535 Jacques Cartier made his way up the St. Lawrence 
 beyond the sites of Quebec and Montreal, and took possession of the 
 country in the name of France. It was not, however, till 1603 that 
 under the chivalrous Champlain serious colonisation began ; and only 
 in 160- did he make the first settlement at what is now Annapolis 
 Eoyal in Nova Scotia, and there was sown the first field of wheat ever 
 sown by the hand of white man in Canada. With varying fortunes did • 
 France retain possession of Canada and people it with her children, 
 until in 1759 Wolfe won it for England with his life on the heights of 
 
Abraham. At that time the population could not have been over 
 100,000, for even in 1784 Lower Canada had only 120,000 inhabitantyS, 
 and the present province of Ontario was almost a wilderness, with a 
 total European population of less than 2,000. Meantime, by the 
 independence of the United States, Canada had been despoiled of the 
 magnificent region lying between the Mississippi and Ohio, which by 
 the Quebec Act of 1774 had been attached to the province. But 
 Canada was still virtually a Crown colony, and it was only slowly and 
 grudgingly that the mother country granted her that independence- 
 which she craved and deserved. Not until 1841 were the provinces of 
 Upper and Lower Canada united under one administration and 
 responsible goyernment firmly established. The united population at 
 that time was only about a million and a half. So long ago as 1808 
 Eichard J. Uniacke introduced the question of the union of all the 
 British provinces in North America before the Legislature of Nova 
 Scotia. Fi'om that time until 1867 the subject was frequently brought 
 forward, until on May 22 of that year a Eoyal Proclamation united the 
 provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick 
 ini/O one Dominion. In 1870 Eupert's Land, Manitoba, and the North- 
 West Territories were added to it; followed in 1871 by British 
 Columbia and in 1872 by Prince Edward Island. By an Order in 
 Council in 1880 all territories in British North America not already 
 included in the Dominion, with the exception of Newfoundland, were 
 incorporated. There are many minor details of interest connected with 
 these transactions into which we cannot enter, but on which informa- 
 tion may be obtained in the Hand-book on the Dominion compiled for 
 the Exhibition under the direction of the Hon. John Carling, Minister 
 of Agriculture. Canada is now virtually her own mistress, with a 
 suffrage in the older provinces at least approaching the universal. 
 
 Meantime how has her population grown ? In 1784, as we have 
 seen. Upper and Lower Canada together had only 120,000 white inhabi- 
 tants, and probably another 30,000 would have covered the other 
 colonies now incbided in the Dominion. In 1806, 22 years later, that 
 had trebled, the population being 455,899 ; within the next 28 years 
 they had again trebled, as in 1834 the population was returned at 
 1,303,000. Ten years later half a million had been added to the popu- 
 lation, and within seven years after another 745,000, the census of 1851 
 giving a total of 2,547,158 inhabitants. "Within the next 20 years 
 Canada received an accession of a million to her population, which in 
 
1871 was 3,602,600. In 1881 it wa,s 4,324,810, and at the present 
 date it is estimated at 4,800,000. This increase, of course, bears no 
 comparison with that of the United States. Nor is it to be expected, 
 for while admitting that in many respects Canada is a splendid field for 
 colonisation, and possesses agricultural capabilities and mineral resources 
 capable of immense development, it would be the blindest cliauvinism to 
 maintain that the one has anything like the capabilities of the other. 
 For one thing, jilthough the two territories are about equal in area, only 
 about one-third of the three million odd square miles of Canada is fitted 
 for permanent settlement. Still, vvhen we remember that this is ten 
 times the area of the United Kingdom, surely it must be admitted that, 
 with all due allowance for climate, there must be a splendid future in 
 store for the Dominion. Until 1870 the population was almost 
 entirely confined to the eastern provinces ; in that year the North- 
 West Territories, purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company, were 
 thrown open to colonisation, and already they have a population of 
 80,000, including about 20,000 Indians. These territories for agri- 
 culture and stock are in some respects superior to the "Western United 
 States. In 1871 the population of Manitoba was only 12,000 ; now it 
 is probably close on 100,000. In recent years immigration has greatly 
 increased. Prom 1871 to 1881 the average number of immigrant 
 settlers was 35,000 per annum. In 1882 the number suddenly rose to 
 112,458, in 1883 it wd° 133,624, in 1884 it was 103,824, and in 1885 
 79,160. Canada has now reached the stage when she can choose her 
 own immigrants. While capital and sinew are still welcome, mechanics 
 who cannot turn their hand to agi'iculture and pioneer work are 
 cautioned that the Dominion is quite equal to providing its own work- 
 men ; while for loafers, clerks, and handless people generally, there is no 
 corner. Of the total population of Canada, 85 per cent, are native- 
 born. How sparsely settled are still some of the old provinces may be 
 seen from the fact that Ontario has only 19 persons per square mile, 
 and Quebec itself only sevc.i. The most densely populated is Prince 
 Edward Island, with 54 persons per square mile ; in M£v,nitoba it is 0*5, 
 and in British '^'olumbia 0*14, while in the North-West Territories the 
 density is still \ oo small to be reckoned. Of aborigines Canada has 
 still about 130,000, but of these 85,000 are settled, most of them com- 
 fortably, and many of them well-to-do. Canada, indeed, deserves credit 
 for the care she exercises over the remnants of the dispossessed 
 populition. 
 
"What, then, are the reiources of this immense territory, and what 
 has its 4iJ millions of inhabitants done to develop them ? Fisheries on 
 both coasts and in rivers and lakes unsurpassed ; thousands of square 
 miles of forest in the eastern provinces, which, in spite of centuries of 
 spoliation, are with care still inexhaustible; agriculture all over the 
 old provinces, and with stock-rearing rapidly taking its way westwards 
 over the great prairie lands to the slopes of the Eocky Mountains ; 
 mineral resources of all kinds — gold and silver, coal and iron, and copper 
 and other metals, and minerals of nearly every variety. What account 
 has the Dominion to render of all these? Its widespread courts at 
 South Kensington tell us. . . 
 
 ' The general arrangement of the Canadian Courts is marljedly 
 practical and utilitarian. While the ornamental and artistic have 
 their places, the courts in th's respect cannot compare with those of 
 Australia and many of the smaller colonies. Those who wish to see 
 what Canada can do in the way of art should do themselves the pleasure 
 of inspecting the pictures in the Albert Hall, while the many fine 
 photographs in the Quadrant Court will give some idea of what she 
 has to show in the way of scenery and public buildings. Nothing in 
 its way could be more ornamental than the agricultural trophy at one 
 end of the Central Gallery or Mr. Hubbard's magnificent game trophy 
 at the other. ^ ^ ^ >-mmm 
 
 ^.y The prominence and superiority of agricultural products and 
 implements may be taken to some extent as indicating that Canada is 
 in the second stage of national r»rogress. Not so long ago peltry and 
 lumber were her mainstays. These are still of great importance, and 
 it will only be by negligence and mismanagement that they will ever 
 become less important than they are. But the Dominion is bound to 
 become increasingly agricultural, taking that term in its widest sense 
 as including both crops and stock. Agriculture must be the basis of 
 her national prosperity. Canada has only made a start as a manu- 
 facturing country, but in that direction also a great future is in store 
 for her. Of the total area of the Dominion, only about 50 million 
 acres, or one-fortieth of the whole, are occupied, though the occupied 
 area is increasing at a very rapid rate. If we be liberal and take 
 1,000 million acres as the area fit to be occupied permanently, then 
 19-20th8 still remain to be taken up. But it must not be imagined 
 that the land unfit for permanent human habitation is useless ; in the 
 Bocky Mountains and in the Arctic North Canada should always be 
 
found ample stores of peltry-yielding game. In the United States, 
 which have about the same area, ten times more acres have been taken 
 up than in Canada, and this is about the ratio which the populations 
 of the two countries bear to each other. It is interesting and suggestive 
 to find that the same ratio exists in Canada and the States between the 
 agricultural and industrial results in all directions. Evidently, then, 
 what Canada requires most of all is a population to develop her immense 
 resources. That population will, no doubt, come both by natural 
 increase and by immigration, and if it is of the same material as in the 
 present and the past there can be no doubt of the result. Now that 
 railway communication is open from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
 facilities for developing the country are vastly increased, and with 
 branch lines running north and south, the improvement of river 
 navigation, and the making of good roads, Canada should be able to 
 hold her own with any competitor. Doubtless her climate has its- 
 drawbacks, and what climate has not ? If Canada has her occasioncl 
 summer frosts and her blizzards (and her people know pretty well now 
 how to meet them), have not our tropical colonies their disastrous 
 hurricanes and epidemics, and our Australasian possessions their pro- 
 tracted droughts and their innumerable waterless river-beds ? As far as- 
 salubrity is concerned a winter in Canada is geniality itself compared 
 to an average English winter and spring. Those most interested in the 
 development of Canada have no need to conceal its drawbacks, nor, as- 
 a rule, do they. It is only interested land agents who represent the 
 place as a paradise, and so catch the unwary father with sons to place 
 and small capitalists who imagine they can leap to wealth without 
 labour. In Canada, as elsewhere, the man who wants to succeed must 
 be prepared for the hardest work and the endurance of hardships which,, 
 though disagreeable, will not hurt him if he has a decent constitution 
 to begin with and gives it fair play. 
 
 Of the occupied area of Canada some 22 million acres were returned 
 as " improved" at the census of 1881, and since then it may be estimated 
 that this has approached 25 millions. Of the improved area over 15 
 million acres were under crops and the rest under pasture. This 15 
 million acres produced 150 million bushels of oats, wheat, rye, barley,, 
 maize, and pulse. Between 1881 and 1885 the cultivated land in 
 the North-West Territories alone increased from 28,800 acres to. 
 199,000, or ar. average of 43,000 acres per year. In 1881, in Manitoba,. 
 260,000 acres were under cultivation, and if this has increased at event 
 

 
 ono-half tho ratio of the North-Wost Territorips it must now bo 
 considerably ovit half a million acres. Fortimatrly, the land in Canada 
 so far occupied is pretty fairly subdivided among the population. The 
 farmers are mostly content witKmoderate-siued farms — from 100 to (J4(» 
 acres — though in the West, of course, there are cattle ranches of gnat 
 extent. Still, on the whole, the Central or the Provincial Governments 
 have a fair hold on the land, and it will be well for the country if the 
 present policy of moderate-sized occupancies be continued. , ,. - 
 
 "^ 'It will be seen from the display in tho east transept of the Central 
 Court, in which the trophy is conspicuous, that the soil of Canada has 
 been made to yield nearly every variety of produce of temperate 
 latitudes, from the grapes and luscious fruits of the South to the hardy 
 grains of Manitoba and the North- West Territories. A brief descrip- 
 tion of the trophy and its surroundings will give some idea of this 
 richness and variety. The main body of the trophy is of square 
 formation, each side measuring some 20 ft. in length, giving a total 
 circumference of about 80 ft. The main structure is raised to a height 
 of about 35 ft. from the ground, supported at each corner by an arch. 
 Eound these arches, and displayed on every side of the trophy, is an 
 admirable collection of fruits from all parts of Canada, all grown in tluj 
 open air. Among them will be seen apples of every variety from the 
 eastern provinces ; grapes from Quebec and Ontario ; peaches, plums, 
 cheiTies, gooseberries, cranberries, and pears of remarkable size, witli 
 other fruits, from British Columbia. These are shown to great 
 advantage in glass jars, labelled with the name of the grower and locality 
 of growth, and preserved in strong chemical solution. Grouped below 
 the fruits near the ground are open ba^s of wheat, oats, barley, rye, 
 and peas, which we are informed have elicited highly favourable opinions 
 from agriculturists. Some samples are from the Scotch crofters' settle- 
 ments, and indicate the success which has crowned their persevering 
 labours. In the centre of the trophy a pillar rises to the height of 
 ahout 35 ft., round the base of which are arranged 40 specimens of 
 wood from British Columbia, including the scrub pine, western thorn, 
 Douglas fir, red cedar, and black and yellow pine. By an ingenious 
 arrangement, a photograph of each species of tree, framed in its ov^•n 
 wood, is placed beside it. Appearing again above the main part of the 
 trophy, the central column is seen to consist of tinned goods, decorated 
 with sheaves of the high grasses of the North-West. Erom each of 
 the four corners of the main tower there rises a minor tower, composed 
 
t)\' canned fruits and lucatH, faced witli sheaves of wheat and hung with 
 festoons of oats in the straw. Around the main body of tlie trophy as 
 it converges to the centre are found tins of butter, cans of condensed 
 milk, Canadian hams, casks of Canadian sugar, &c. On the east and 
 west sides are life-size plaster figures of a woodman, with axe in hand, 
 and a dairymaid, illustrating the industries of the Dominion. Hero 
 are also some iim^ specimens of native hops from 3Ianitoba. From the 
 corners of tlu' main sti-ucture are seen the glistening steel of agricultural 
 implements — forks, scythes, rakes, ploughs, &c., and a '* prairie breaker." 
 The artistic design of this trophy is greatly admired, and while it 
 presents a wond(.'rful display of the agricultural achievements of the 
 Dominion, the whole reflects great credit on Mr. Alexander Begg, of 
 the Canadian Pacific liailway Company, and those by whom he Mas 
 ably assisted. 
 
 The agricultural exhibits surrounding the trophy are varied and 
 worthy of attention— the root crops exhibited by Mr. William Rennie 
 from the seed farm at Toronto ; the various fruits, vegetables, cereals, 
 and farinaceous products from different provinces of the Dominion, 
 including some first-rate samples of the hard wheats of the North- 
 West, with fine samples of barley from Eastern Canada ; also flax, the 
 culture of which is extending in the North-West. The fibre of this 
 plant is found to be of the very best quality for making paper and other 
 material. The butter and cheese exhibits show one of the most hopeful 
 industries of the Dominion; the exhibit of Canadian cheese by Mr. 
 T. D. Millar is remarkable for size, while the quality is pronounced by 
 judges to bo saiisfactory. The Canadian cheese trade is an illustration 
 of the enormous growth of exports, having reached in 1885 over 86 
 million pounds weight of cheese. ■.',(:,, . - ,,-, . 
 
 The products of the forests have long been a source of great wealth 
 to Canada, and the woods throughout the Exhibition form one of its 
 chief attractions. In no section are they finer or more varied than in 
 the Agricultural, where, under the guidance of Professor Macoun, they 
 become a prominent and interesting feature of the Exhibition. { \'Mv ' 
 i Great credit is due to Professor Saunders for the successful pre- 
 servation of the large collection of fruit, which, notwithstanding the 
 failure to save many of the original specimens.^ numbers about 1,000 
 glass jars. Mr. Starr, who is now in charge of this department, 
 informs us that it is the intention to supplement the present collection 
 with specimens of fresh fruit, which will be forwarded from Canada 
 
8 
 
 week by week as the different varieties mature, and it is expected there 
 will be a grand display before the close of the Exhibition. 
 
 Some of the cheeses shown in this section are of enormous size, 
 weighing as much as 1,228 lbs. each. They deserve to occupy a place so 
 prominent, for Canada has rapidly become one of the greatest cheese- 
 exporting countries in the world. The export has grown from 
 1,500,000 lbs. in 1868 to 85,000,000 lbs. in 1885, valued at «8,500,000, 
 eight times the quantity exported by the United States. Butter also 
 was exported to over a quarter of a million sterling, and eggs to the 
 enormous number of over 11| million dozen. All these exports go 
 mainly to the United Kingdom. It is worthy of note that within very 
 recent years animals and their produce have taken a more important 
 place in Canadian exports than agricultural produce itself. In 1882 
 the proportion to the whole exports of home produce was : — Agricultural 
 produce, 35-61 ; animals and their products, 21*72 ; forest products, 
 26*57; fisheries, 8*17; products of the mine, 3*42. In 1885 the pro- 
 portion was : — Agricultural produce, 25-08 ; animals and their products, 
 32*02 ; products of the forest, 24*06 ; fisheries, 9*13 ; products of the 
 mine, 4*17. The export of beeves in 1877 was 25,^57 ; in 1885 it was 
 143,000; of sheep in 1877, 141,187 ; in 1885, 335,000. There, indeed, 
 seems to be constant fluctuation in the export of agricultural produce. 
 For example, in 1868, we find it $12,870,000 ; in 1874, $27,568,000 ; 
 in 1877, over $19,000,000 ; in 1882, $35,589,000 ; in 1884, $18,000,000 ; 
 and in 1885, $19,000,000. On the other hand, the exports of animals 
 and their produce show a constant increase from $6,893,000 in 
 1868 to $26,500,000 in 1885. Cattle are increasing in numbers 
 much more rapidly than sheep. At the census of 1881 there were 
 nearly three and a half million cattle, as compared with 2,700,000 in 
 1871, whereas sheep during the same period declined from above 
 3,200,000 to 3,000,000, and swine from 1,500,000 to,l,200,000. In 
 1881 the total crop of oats amounted to 70,000,000 bushels, while that 
 of wheat was 32,000,000, and all other grain 48,500,000 bushels. The 
 total produce of root crops was 104,000,000 bushels. rvJ&i,-" ; p. ij^t?; ..;•; 
 " If we take a flight to the other end of the Central Gallery we find 
 ourselves in the West Gallery, amid a bewildering profusion of agri- 
 cultural implements of all kinds, which, as much as the cereal exhibits, 
 show the importance of this branch of industry in Canada. Self-binders, 
 reapers, mowers, horse-rakes, seeders, harrows, ploughs, scrapers, 
 rollers, cultivators, fanning mills, threshing machines, and general 
 
9 
 
 harvesting machinery of all types, may be seen in motion, for 
 Canada has the exceptional distinction this year of being the 
 only exhibitor havinj machinery in motion. In a country like 
 Canada, where labour is scarce, the strongest impetus is given to 
 labour-saving machinery. No doubt similar machinery will be seen at 
 any agricultural exhibition in this country and the States, but not a few 
 of the exhibits are distinctly novel, and all of them have undergone 
 modifications which better adapt them to Canadian conditions. Ease 
 and simplicity of work characterise most of them. We have ploughs 
 that can plough something like a dozen furrows at a time, reapers that 
 will do the work of 20 men, threshing machines of enormous size driven 
 by steam or by two or three horses tramping over an ingeniously 
 arranged endless belt of logs, grass and hay cutters, and, most wonderful 
 of all, a machine that cuts and binds the grain at once as it goes along, 
 and another combining a thresher, separator, and cleaner. As to the 
 comparative merits of the machinery of the different makers, we cannot 
 pretend to decide. The largest exhibitors are the Massey Manufacturing 
 Company, Toronto ; the Watson Company, of Ayr, Ontario, who have 
 gained many medals; the Cockshutt Plough Company; Elliott & 
 Sons, of Ontario ; but there are many others whose products seem to us 
 equally satisfactory. Where there i? so much competition we may be 
 sure the purchaser will be the gainer. The manufacture of agricultural 
 implements is one which in Canada is bound to become of increasing 
 importance. At the census of 1881 it was found that the capital in- 
 vested in this industry was S4,000,000 ; the total annual value of pro- 
 ducts, $4,400,000 ; and the number of hands employed, 3,656. We 
 must return to this department again when we come to speak of 
 Canadian manufactures generally. Meantime let us hark back to the 
 west end of the Central Gallery, and see what Canada has to show in 
 the way of minerals. ' ' '"" ' ' : ■." '^' 
 
 Here we find a largo and striking collection, as might be expected 
 from a country having so admirably conducted a Geological Survey 
 as Canada. Eor this large collection of minerals and rocks of economic 
 importance has been brought together mainly by the Geological Survey, 
 under the direction of Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, many specimens, however, 
 being exhibited by private persons. Perhaps the mo"^ prominent 
 features of this portion of the Canadian Court are two immense blocks 
 of coal from the Nanaimo and Wellington Mines respectively, the 
 former weighing 5 tons 6 cwt. These mines are situated in British 
 
10 
 
 Columbia, and are the most important ones on the Pacific coast. Tlw? 
 aggregate output of the two mines in 1885 amounted to 357,548 tons, 
 a considerable proportion of which was shipped to California. Coal also 
 occurs abundantly in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 
 as well as in the North- West Territories. Its occurrence in inexhaus- 
 tible quantities in the Territories is of especial importance, owing to the 
 scarcity of wood on some portions of the plains. A room opening off 
 one of the wings of the main court is devoted to Nova Scotia coal. 
 This province, which contains the most extensive and important coal 
 mines in the Dominion, is represented by large exhibits from no fewer 
 than 13 collieries. The total amount raised in Nova Scotia in 1885 
 was 1,352,205 tons, and the total amount of coal produced in Canada in 
 1884 amounted to 1,783,365 tons, a.^j.-i-,-. .>-, / In !''.;f v.-Ah ■:■:> I y-n-r -a 
 v,,.f Blocks of very line iron ore from various parts of the Dominion 
 are exhilited near the upper end of the court. Although iron Is 
 smelted in Nova Scotia as well as at several places in the province of 
 Quebec, this industry is one which will probably be more extensively 
 developed in the future, since Canada still imports far more iron than 
 she produces. The total value of iron and steel imported into Canada 
 in various forms in 1884 was $14,790,727, and the grand total imported 
 in the 17 years since confederation reaches the sum of $230,741,434, 
 equal to an annual average of 13^ million dollars. Iron ore is found in 
 every province of tlie Dominion, and almost every variety of it is 
 exhibited. In Ontario large quantities of the finest iron ore are 
 annually mined and exported to the United States to be smelted there, 
 owing to the fact that in this ^,rovince coal cannot be obtained at a 
 sufB-ciently low price to allow of the smelting being done on the spot. 
 
 - Two large gilded pyramids representing respectively the amount of 
 gold obtained from British Columbia in the last 25 years and from Novu 
 Scotia up to the present time, as well as a large collection of specimens 
 of native gold from various localities, bear witness to the fact that 
 Canada is also a producer of gold. The principal gold districts are in 
 the provinces of British Columbia, Quebec, and Nova Sco'.ia. In the 
 two former the gold is obtained from placer deposits, and in the latter 
 by quartz-mining. The value of the gold obtained in British Columbia 
 in the last 25 years is about $50,000,000, while Nova Scotia has up to 
 the present time produced $7,706,010 woiih. 
 
 „ , f ^ Many specimens of various ores of silver, copper, zinc, and antimony, 
 from different parts of the Dominion, are also on exhibition, as well a 
 
specimens of excellent manganese ore, which has of late been extensively 
 mined in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and much of which has 
 been found on examination in the laboratory of the Geological Survey 
 to be exceptionally free from iron. A good deal of work has recently 
 been done in the Lake Superior district in developing important silver 
 deposits which have been discovered there, and the results so far obtained 
 are very promising. Of all the minerals in this court the asbestos 
 probably attracts most attention. It is a mineral which has of late 
 years been discovered and extensively mined, principally in the township 
 of Thetford, in the province of Quebec. A large manufactory has also 
 been erected at Quebec, which is supplied with all the most improved 
 machinery for the production of various asbestos goods. The mineral 
 can be seen in the crude state as it comes from the mine, as well as 
 manufactured into rope and wick for engine and valve packing, powdered 
 for the preparation of fire-proof paints, woven into tape, and made into 
 millboard, &c. The exhibit of the Anglo-Canadian Asbestos Company 
 is especially worthy of mention. 
 
 Another mineral which has recently been mined very largely in 
 Canada is apatite or phosphate of linfie. The principal mines are situated 
 near Ottawa, and are in rocks of Laurentian age. Large blocks of the 
 mineral from a number of different mines are to be seen in a wing of 
 the main court, and a very large crystal of the mineral — probably the 
 largest ever obtained — stands near these. The quantity raised increases 
 every year ; in 1885 it amounted to 23,908 tons. It is exported for the 
 most part to Great Britain and Germany, and is used for the manu- 
 facture of artificial manures. ' ' " 
 ' There is also a large collection of various oils, paraffin wax, candles, 
 cokes, &c., manufactured by Mr. Waterman at London, Ontario, from 
 petroleum obtained at Petrolia, situated in the same province. For the 
 last four years the amount of petroleum pumped in this district has 
 amounted to no less than 6,000,000 barrels annually, the industry 
 giving employment to about 6,000 persons. A collection of cubes, 
 pedestals, and slabs of building and ornamental stones is also to be seen 
 in the main court, the granites and serpentines being especially hand- 
 some. There is also some very fine slate, as well as a number of articles, 
 such as wash tubs, blackboards, &c., made from it, and exhibited by the 
 New Eockland Slate Company of Montreal. The principal brick 
 manufacturers, mainly of the province of Ontario, have also sent a 
 large collection of bricks, drain tiles, &c., as well as samples of the clay 
 
from which they were manufactured. Many other minerals and products 
 of great economic importance, such as graphite, gypsum, soapstone, 
 mica, limes, cements, &c., are also on exhibition, but here cannot be 
 more than mentioned. The whole collection forms about as complete 
 a representation of the mineral wealth of the Dominion as could well 
 be made in the space here allotted to it. 
 
 Nor must we omit to mention the fine collection, of more scientific 
 than economical interest, of geological specimens and fossils. Most 
 interesting of all are the specimens illustrating Eozoon Canadense, over 
 which so many battles have been fought. Sir William Dawson, one of 
 the most eminent living geologists, whom Canada has sent to preside 
 this year at the Birmingham meeting of the British Association, main- 
 tains that in this we have the most ancient of all organisms. This, 
 however, has been very hotly and ably contested, chiefly by German 
 geologists. About the antiquity of the thing, whatever it be, there can 
 be no doubt ; as to whether it has lived and moved in Laurentian waters 
 is a question on which probably there always will be two opinions. 
 
 Canada is evidently not yet ripe for the development of her 
 immense mineral resources. Some day doubtless she will do great 
 things with her coal and iron. In the situation of her coal beds not 
 only she, but the British Empire, is particularly fortunate. In the East 
 she has abundance of coal bordering on the Atlantic, and in the "West an 
 equal abundance bordering on the Pacific. Not only in time may she 
 be the source of the principal coal suppl} for the whole Pacific coast of 
 America, but the value to the Empire in case of war of two so accessible 
 coal supplies is patent. The coal areas of Canada are estimated at 
 about 100,000 square miles. Of the Cape Breton field alone the total 
 available coal is estimated at 800 million tons. The basin of true and 
 ' lignite coal of the best quality along the base of the Eocky Mountains, 
 from the 49th parallel t » the Peace Eiver, is estimated at 50,000 square 
 miles, while the Pacif j coast area is estimated at about 14,000 square 
 miles. In quality the Vancouver Island bituminous coals are found to 
 be superior for all practical purposes to any coals on the Pacific ccast. 
 
-'• (From the " Times,** August 10, 1886.) ' ' 
 
 EisiNG beside the mineral collection is the greatest ornament of 
 the Canadian Court, Mr. J. II. Hubbard's magnificent game trophy. 
 Mr. Hubbard is a mighty hunter ; most of the animals so effectively 
 arranged in the lofty and crowded trophy were shot by himself, and they 
 may be takeu as a representative sample of the abundant game which 
 still roams over Canada's northern territories and the picturesque slopes 
 of the Eocky Mountains. As a matter of fact, however, nearly the 
 whole of the specimens arranged in the trophy have been obtained 
 within the province of Manitoba, of the gun club of which province 
 Mr. Hubbard is president. As agriculture advances game must retire ; 
 but it will be a long time yet before the game is thus d \ven out of 
 Manitoba, where for many years to come abundance of sport should be 
 obtainable. But as there must be a limit both to agriculture and stock- 
 raising in Canada, there is no reason why she should not in her remoter 
 and higher regions be always well stocked with game, and so retain the 
 products of the chase as a not unimportant export. Furs alone in 1885 
 counted for $1,600,000 among her exports. Some of the specimens of 
 Mr. Hubbard's skill as a marksman are really superb. Here we see 
 many of the animals with which American hunting narratives have 
 made us familiar — the Eocky Mountain goat, the wapiti, the big horn, 
 the caribou, the moose, the black and grizzly bears, the Arctic fox, the 
 skunk ; with splendid heads of the moose, the Eocky Mountain sheep, 
 the elk, buffalo, antelope, and many others, with birds of all kinds and 
 varied plumage displayed in all. Underneath the trophy is a nicely 
 furnished chamber, where Mr. Hubbard .receives his visitors ; and here, 
 if a visitor succeeds in winning his favour, he will spread out one of 
 the most magnificent buffalo hides that surely ever graced animal. To 
 illustrate the natural history wealth of the Dominion, the Canadian 
 Government contributes a fine collection of over 400 birds and 68 
 mammals. Her Eoyal Highness the Princess Louise also contributes 
 a collection of birds, a souvenir of her pleasant Canadian experiences. 
 The Hudson's Bay Company has a corner to itself, in which are arranged 
 some splendid specimens of its furs. Adjoining the Hudson's Bay 
 Company's exhibit is a case containing various specimens of the produce 
 of the island of Anticosti, and among these various animals, including 
 bears, a variety of birds, gulls, ducks, eagles, hawks. Sec. As every one 
 should know, this island, some 3,850 square miles in extent, lies right 
 
in the centre of the mouth of the St. Lawrence. The popular impression 
 is that it is a dreary island, mostly befogged, where no one would live 
 unless compelled. We are now assured this is a mistake, and to 
 prove the fer liity of the island, the case referred to contains fine 
 specimens of a variety of vegetables, besidss cereals, game, fish, and other 
 things. The island has been bought by Mr. F. W. Stockwell and his 
 brother, and a company is being formed to develop it. The island 
 evidently affords fair sport, and no doubt is capable of yielding crops of 
 various kinds. But we should think it would be' difficult to persuade 
 people to colonise it so long as the mainland has so much space to spare. 
 Those interested in the island should apply at the Exhibition for the 
 abundant literature upon it and the prospectus of the company, and 
 make up their minds for themselves as to its attractions. A good many 
 other natural history specimens are on view in this and the adjoining 
 court, including a large collection of insects sent by the Entomological 
 Society of Ontario, and as an insect product should be mentioned 
 4,000 lbs. of extracted natural honey from Mr. Holtermann, of Eisher- 
 ville, Haldimand, Ontario. 
 
 From land animals one naturally passes to the denizens of the 
 waters with which Canada has been so abundantly endowed. The two 
 great oceans bound her, and send offshoots deep into the land; the 
 greatest lakes in the world she shares with the United States ; lakes 
 are scattered all o fer the face of the territory ; and great rivers are 
 everywhere. The collection of stuffed and preserved specimens of 
 Canadian fishes and marine invertebrates is large and comprehensive, 
 and the specimens as a rule in good condition. Nearly every class of 
 fresh and salt-water fish is represented here, from the shark, the 
 sturgeon, and the salmon, down to the haddock and the flounder. 
 The importance of the Canadian fisheries has been very forcibly 
 brought before the British public recently in connection with the dis- 
 putes with the United States. This resource is indeed an invaluable 
 one to Canada, and she should guard it carefully. Crustaceans and 
 shell fish are also amply represented in this collection, as well as 
 marine mammals like the seal and whale. The boating man as well 
 as the fisher will find special delight in walking through the- court, 
 lying to the west of the machinery section, devoted to fishing 
 apparatus. Here we have fishing tackle in every variety; and here 
 also, belonging to the class Navigation, we find those graceful canoes 
 for which Canada is famous — cedar canoes, bark canoes, canoes with 
 
15 
 
 ,. J.-.,.. ■ ...(. ../I ..' t ■i , _ _ • I 
 
 paddles and canoes with sails, and boats and toodels of boats and ships 
 
 of all kinds for fishing, for lumber, for ordinary trade. The impor- 
 tance of Canadian fisheries is evident from the fact Miat the exports 
 of their produce in 1885 amounted in value to $8,000,000, and the 
 total value of their produce is estimated at S31, 000,000. Great 
 attention has recently been given to the development of the Canadian 
 fisheries, and Government wisely does what it can to encourage them. 
 The number of men engaged in the fisheries in 1885 was 40,000, the 
 number of large vessels 1,177, and of boats 28,470. Cod, of course, is 
 the most abundant and valuable sea fish, the value of the yield in 1885 
 being over 4| million dollars. Next to that comes the lobster (which 
 we know is not a fish except in commerce), valued at $2,613,000 ; the 
 herring, nearly 2| millions; mackerel, 1| million; and then the 
 salmon, $1,150,000. Of tinned salmon alone 5,000,000 lbs. were 
 exported in 1885, of which over four millions went to Great Britain. 
 Many exhibits are shown connected with navigation generally, and 
 this reminds us that Canadian ships are found on every sea, and the 
 tonnage of the Dominion stands fourth in the list of maritime Powers. 
 On January 1 of this year the number of vessels registered in Canada 
 was 7,315, of 1,231,856 tons, including 1,181 steamers of 212,870 tons. 
 Shipbuilding has long been an important industry in Canada, though 
 since iron began to take tl a place of wood there has been some falling off. 
 Passing from the fisheries to the forest, we find one of Canada's 
 oldest industries fairly well illustrated in her show of woods. The 
 botany in general of the Dominion is particularly well represented in 
 the Exhibition. There is a very fine Government exhibit of flowers, 
 plants, and ferns, including about 3,000 species and varieties, besides 
 another exhibit arranged to show — (1) plants of economic interest ; ■> 
 (2) plants of interest to horticulturists; (3) plants of interest to- 
 scientific students. Mr. Chamberlin's collection of plates of specimens* 
 of wild flowers and fungi is of much scientific interest- The "Western ' 
 exhibits, however, are those which are likely to attract most attention. 
 While specimens will be found over nearly the whole of the courts in 
 one form or another, they are collected mainly in the Central Gallery. 
 From the Canadian Government we have a British Columbia Douglas 
 fir, 148 feet long, and a slab from a tree 25 ft. in girth and 300 ft. 
 long, besides blocks of red fir, white spruce, cypress, pine, white 
 birch, poplar, black birch, balsam, and other trees characteristic of 
 the Dominion. The Hastings Saw Mill Company (British Columbia) 
 
16 
 
 send fine sections of the Douglas fir, probably the most valuable tree 
 of that region, and also of a spruce tree. In speaking of the agricultural 
 trophy we referred to the fine specimens of timber which form part of 
 it and to the photographs accompanying them, framed each in it« own 
 wood. The Government also has. an exhibit, carefully prepared by the 
 Geological and Natural History Survey, of 108 species of timber trees ; 
 and the Canadian Pacific Eailway Company sends blocks of various 
 woods belonging to the North-West Territories. The show cases, more- 
 over, are nearly all of Canadian woods. From the New Brunswick 
 Government there is a fine collection of woods of that province in the 
 Central Court, arranged in planks as a trophy, with leaf, fruit, and 
 flower nicely painted on each. Generally speaking, the pine, of various 
 species, is the most valuable timber tree of Canada ; the white pine and 
 red pine over most of the eastern provinces ; and the Douglas pine of 
 British Columbia. Then we have white and black spruce, hemlock, 
 white, red, and black, balsam pine, larch, birch, maple, beech, cedar, and 
 a great variety of others, though that variety is not to be compared with 
 what we find in the United States. Of all these the white pine is 
 no doubt the most valuable and best known. The spruce, in its three 
 varieties, is of importance to the lumber trade of the maritime provinces. 
 The bark of the hemlock is valuable for its tanning properties, while 
 that of the white birch is the bark so much used for canoes. The 
 bird's-eye maple furnishes beautiful furniture wood ; while many other 
 trees of the Canadian forests find other uses, if for nothing else, at 
 least as firewood. 
 
 But even at the present day, we fear, the Canadians show the most 
 reckless disregard for their forests; though since the advent of the^ 
 European fires have done far more to sweep away the forests than the ,, 
 agricultural pioneer or the lumberman. Dr. Eobert Bell, of the*; 
 Geological Survey, in a paper read at the Montreal meeting of the ;; 
 British Association, spates that the amount of timber which has been^^ 
 lost through forest fires in Canada is almost incredible, and can only be 
 appreciated by those who have travelled much in the northern districts. 
 The proportion of red and white pine which has thus been swept away 
 in the Ottawa Valley and in the St. Maurice and Georgian Bay regions 
 is estimated by the lumbermen as many times greater than all that has 
 been cut by the axe. Yet all this is insignificant in quantity compared 
 with the pine, spruce, cedar, larch, balsam, &c., which have been 
 destroyed by this means in the more northern latitudes all the way 
 
17 
 
 from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Nelson Kiver and thence northwards. 
 The total quantities which have disappeared are almost incalculable, but 
 even a rough estimate of the amount for each hundred or thousand 
 square miles shows it to have been enormous and of serious national 
 importance. This is all the more to be deplored that these forest fires 
 are usually the result of gross carelessness on the part of lumbermen 
 and Indians. Any laws existing on the subject seem to be a dead 
 letter. As a matter of fact, practically no care whatever has been 
 exercised as to the cutting down of these forests. As a rule, they 
 belong to the Central or to the Provincial Governments, and are let 
 out in sections to the lumbermen, who cut down the trees as if the 
 prosperity of Canada depended on getting her surface as rapidly 
 denuded of timber as possible. It was until recently the same in the 
 United States ; but there the people have begun to realise the alarming 
 truth that their timber supplies were getting rapidly exhausted ; indeed, 
 the North-Western States import largely from Canada. Systematic 
 planting and forest conservation have now been introduced, and 
 beneficial results must follow. The lumbermen of Canada, the real 
 pioneers of settlement, have done splendid service in the past in opening 
 up the country, and preparing the way for the farmer and stock-rearer. 
 But Canada is a big country ; there is ample room on her broad surface 
 both for timber and for grain, and much of the denuded region is suited 
 only for forest. The greater part of the white oak and rock elm, Mr. 
 Bell assures us, have been already exported. The cherry, black walnut, 
 red clover, and hickory have likewise been practically exhausted. - Eed 
 oak, basswood, white ash, white cedar, hemlock, butternut, hard maple, 
 ' &c., as well as many inferior woods, are still to be found in sufficient 
 quantity for home consumption, A considerable supply of yellow birch 
 still exists, and in some regions is still almost untouched. Mr. Bell 
 shows that the white pine, the great timber tree of Canada, has a very 
 much more limited area than is popularly supposed. Even if we 
 include the Douglas pine area of British Columbia, the pine region is 
 very limited compared with the whole area of Canada. The principal 
 white pine reserves, as yet almost untouched, are to be found in the 
 region around Lake Temiscaming and thence \;festward to the eastern 
 shore of Lake Superior, and to the central parts of the district between 
 the Ottawa at Georgian Bay. But the exportable white pine, Mr. Bell 
 tells us, must be exhausted in a few years, though there are still vast 
 quantities of spruce and larch to fall back upon, not to mention the 
 
IB 
 
 immense supplies of Britisli Columbia. But there are still vast forests 
 of small timber in the northern regions which can soon bo used for 
 agricultural purposes, and which could be used for railways, telegraph 
 poles, fences, and such like. JStill surely the condition of the Canadian 
 forests deserves the serious attention of the Central and Provincial 
 Governments. If it is decided that they are not worth preserving, 
 then let the reckless lumberman and the forest fire have their way. 
 But surely a product which has still so important a place in the exports 
 and in the internal economy of the country deserves looking after. All 
 that is wanted is systematic cutting and systematic planting, not only 
 of native trees, but of such foreign species as would flourish on Canadian 
 soil. In an official report published in 1878 it was estimated that, 
 excluding Manitoba and the North-West Territory, about 300,000 
 square miles of Canada were under forest, and of this 142,000 square 
 miles wore in British Columbia and 115,000 in Quebec. The total value 
 of forest produce exported in 1885 was $21,000,000, and of this about 
 nine and a half millions each went to Great Britain and the United 
 States. About three-fourths of this export was classed as lumber, 
 including planks, boards, joists, deals, and staves, about two and a half 
 million dollars worth being in the form of square timber. --.' '^^ n <• r 
 ...\oi This timber export does not include manufactured articles of wood, 
 of which there are so many exhibits, both in the Central Court, 
 the West Gallery, and the stalls in the arcades. It \i'as found at the 
 census of 1881 that the number of factories engage^d in industries 
 dependent on wood was 17,577, the number of hands employed 95,741, 
 and the annual value of the products S95,000,000. ■ ■:m:;Mimvl'&^''-i^Mi> ' 
 ttr^i We have said that Canada is at present mainly in the second stage 
 of national progress, the agricultural, and that agriculture must always 
 be the staple industry. But all the Canadian Courts in the Exhibition 
 give ample evidence that she is rapidly advancing to the third stage, the 
 manufacturing. It was found at the census of 1881 that the capital 
 invested in manufactures of all kinds amounted to over $165,000,000, 
 the number of hands employed to 255,000, and the total annual value 
 of the products came to 310 million dollars. No wonder, then, that 
 manufactures occupy so prominent a place in the Canadian Courts. It 
 is well that this is so, for nothing will better demonstrate to the ordinary- 
 visitor the rapid and all-round progress of the Dominion — that it has 
 long ago ceased to be inhabited simply by backwoodsmen and hunters. 
 There is probably not a manufacture of importance unrepresented, from 
 
pianos to nails, and from tweeds to biscuits. The Central Court, in 
 which the principal articles of this class are arranged, is always crowded, 
 and indeed it looks like the show room of a great store. Beginning at 
 the west end of the court, we ha^e cases devoted to boots and shoes and 
 cooper work of all kinds, the former highly creditable and the latter 
 varied and excellent. Alongside of them in the centre of the court is 
 a great variety of furniture, much of it handsome and even artistic, and 
 all of it substantial- -handsome wooden bedsteads, chairs of most inviting 
 make, billiard tables, carpets, tables, mirrors, wall papers— and in the 
 court to the north beds and bedding of every description. The desks, 
 cabinets, and office furniture are particularly striking and novel, and 
 quite equal to similar productions from the United States. It is curious 
 how America should have gone in so largely for this particular kind of 
 manufacture. A little further on we find a small section of wall space 
 devoted to a new kind of window blind, very prettily painted in different 
 patterns, and waterproof, we believe. Along both sides of this court 
 many cases are devoted to woollen manufactures, as well as some cotton 
 goods. We find tweeds, flannels, blankets, plaids, and woollen articles 
 of all kinds. The main characteristic of them seems to us to be utility ; 
 they are evidently useful, wearing goods, making no pretence to the 
 finish and elegance of similar textures from New Zealand and New 
 South Wales, not to mention the mother country. In time, no doubt, 
 Canada will be independent even of the mother country, even for the 
 most finished woollen, if not cotton, textiles, and the most elegant boots 
 and shoes. Among other classes of articles in this department we find 
 hats of all kinds, corsets and umbrellas, fur goods of every variety, 
 sewing silks and ribands, and silk goods, some pretty lace work; moccasins 
 we have, of course, of all patterns, and leather and leather articles of 
 •various kinds, besides boots and shoes. Canada, like every other big 
 colony, has its biscuit trophy (contributed by Christie, Brown, & Co., of 
 Toronto), occupying several hundred square feet of wall space, and 
 showing every variety of biscuit, all looking toothsome and well-shaped. 
 Beyond the biscuit trophy and around the agricultural trophy we have 
 canned meats and fruits in endless variety, condiments and sauces, 
 confectionery, ale, porter, and lager beer, and even Canadian wines and 
 rye whisky. As Canada grows excellent grapes in its southern districts 
 . (Vinland was the first name given to America by its great Norse dis- 
 coverers a thousand years ago), there is no reason why she should not 
 make tolerable wines, though we cannot pronounce on the quality of 
 those exhibited. 
 
20 
 
 ' ' "What probably attracts most attention in the Central Court arc 
 the pianos and organs so largely exhibited. Probably few people thought 
 that Canada was so far advanced in civilisation as to bo able; to produce 
 such a profusion of articles in this class. In American organs and 
 American pianos she evidently is quite capable of holding her own with 
 the United States. All of the instruments shown in this court are of 
 excellent exterior finis'n, and competent judges assert that some of these 
 pianos cannot be matched in England, at least in all those characteristics 
 of tone and quality whicii are most valued by experts. In the court of 
 Mason & Eiscli, of Toronto, is an exhibit wliich at the present moment 
 is of special interest a life-size oil portrait of the late Ahh6 Liszt. 
 A letter from the Abbo to the firm speaks in high terms of one of their 
 pianos sent him, and informs them that he send" them his portrait, 
 painted for them by Baron Jakovsky. It is no wonder the firm are 
 proud to exhibit this portrait, and decline to part with it for any money. 
 But they are not the only firm of exhibitor? who produce excellent 
 pianos, as any player can find out for himself. The American organ is 
 there in many varieties, and its music, generally well played, always 
 attracts a crowd. 
 
 Before leaving this court we should mention the knitting machine, 
 which is worked by a girl, and which will finish a pair of socks in half 
 an hour — " while you wait," in fact ; and the tobacco stall near the 
 agricultural trophy, in which Canadian grown and manufactured tobacco 
 is on sale in various forms, and of fair quality. Here also we find the 
 sewing machine, which has become a Canadian and American speciality, 
 and some rolls of beautiful Canadian paper, with highly creditable speci- 
 mens of account-books and other paper products. Passing on once more 
 into tLe Machinery Court, we find other large exhibits of woodwork, doors 
 and window sashes mainly, which are made in a wholesale fashion and 
 exported to a considerable extent. In this court is an ingenious railway 
 carriage window, fitted with Clarke's automaton window sash, by which 
 the window can be raised or lowered to any height with the certainty 
 that it will stay there. Here also we see wood in combination with 
 iron and steel in every variety of instrument and implement. Besides 
 the agricultural machinery already alluded to, we find here many other 
 products of the metal manufacturing industries. An iron-planing 
 machine and a fretwork machine are specially worthy of notice for their 
 simplicity, lightness, and cheapness. A saw-sharpening machine, in 
 which a little emery wheel driven by machinery does the work effec- 
 
9J 
 
 tivuly, rapidly, unci (juintly, will coinmend itself to all who havo over 
 boon tortured by tho old-lasliioiicd process of conducting the operation. 
 The same Hurt Emery Wheel Company show emery wheels of all sizes 
 ia this court. I'hen we have a great biscuit-baking machine, with 
 everything complete, from the Hour-bin onward.s. The Corless engines, 
 of 100-horse power, and Westinghouse t-ngino are compact, and should 
 be extremely useful for many purposes. There is a vast display of tin 
 utensils of all kinds on the walls, and of ranges and stoves for every 
 and any kind of fuel — coal, wood, or gas. We never saw anything in 
 this country equal in finish, handiness, and strength to tho spades and 
 axes which are exhibited here in such iiiimense variety. The nail 
 trophies and the augers are things of beauty, while the steel-wire door- 
 mats are a great improvement on the op(>n india-rubber article. The 
 buffalo barb fences arc; an ingenious adaptation to peculiar Canadian 
 conditions. The 'nachine-made horse-shoes seem to us worthy of 
 attention, and so is the hot-water heating apparatus shown in this 
 court. 
 
 But it would be hopeless to attempt to give anything like an 
 adequate idea of the multitude of manufactures which England's 
 greatest colony is able to show as evidence of her progress. That pro- 
 gress, so far as manufactures are concerned, has been extremely rapid 
 in recent years. The capital invested in manufactures increased from 
 «77,G94,000 in 1871 to $165,300,000 in 1881, and the annual value of 
 the products from $221,618,000 to $309,676,000. This development 
 has been most marked since 1878. Mr. Carling's hand-book informs us 
 that a partial investigation made in 1884-5, in the provinces of Ontario, 
 Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, shows 
 that there had been in 1884 an increase over 1878 of 75 per cent, in 
 the number of hands employed, of 75 per cent, in the amount of wages 
 paid, of 93 per cent, in value of products, and of 75 per cent, in 
 capital invested. In 1857 there were only two woollen mills in all 
 Canada, and in 1858 the first tweed factory was started. Now there 
 are 450 carding and fulling mills, 90 hosiery factories, and 1,300 tweed 
 and other woollen mills, employing a total of 10,000 hands, and pro- 
 ducing goods to the annual value of 11 million dollars. Up to 1880 
 Canada exported large quantities of her wools and imported manu- 
 factured woollens. The returns of 1885 show that the exports of 
 Canadian wools were only 990,000 lbs., a decrease of 2,600,000 lbs. as 
 compared with the export of 1880. The first cotton mill was established 
 
2*2- 
 
 in Canada only 15 years ago ; now there are 24 mills in the Dominion, 
 with 600,000 spindles. In 1869 the import of raw cotton was 
 1,245,208 lbs., in 1885 it was 23,727,525 lbs. The number of hands 
 employed has increased 80 per cent, since 1880. The imported cotton 
 is about 42 million yards, leaving 158 million yards to be supplied by 
 Canada factories. These figures do not look well for British industry. 
 Taking the census figures of 1881, the magnitude of some of the other 
 industries represented in the Exhibition may be seen from the following 
 table: — - • • 
 
 
 Capital. 
 Invested 
 
 Hands 
 Employed. 
 
 Annual Valne 
 of Prodncts. 
 
 Bakeries 
 
 DoUarB. 
 2,509,000 
 
 3,903 
 
 Dollars. 
 9,477,000 
 
 Blacksmithing 
 
 n,05G,G50 
 
 12,451 
 
 7,172,500 
 
 Boots and shoes 
 
 0,401,000 
 
 18,950 
 
 17,896,000 
 
 Fumitnre. 
 
 3,943,420 
 
 5,857 
 
 5,471,740 
 
 Carriage-making ..^ 
 
 3,799,000 
 
 8,713 
 
 0,579,000 
 
 Cheese factories 
 
 1,021,400 
 
 2,000 
 
 5,404,500 
 
 Foundries 
 
 9,470,000 
 
 9,980 
 
 11,558,000 
 
 Flour mills 
 
 13,>''58,000 
 
 0,742 
 
 41,772,000 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 670,000 
 
 1,840 
 
 1,090,000 
 
 Paper factories 
 
 2,238,000 
 
 1,520 
 
 2,447,000 
 
 Preserved foods 
 
 122,500 
 
 8,453 
 
 2,086,000 
 
 Saph and door factories 
 
 1,997,000 
 
 2,878 
 
 4,872,000 
 
 Sewing machines 
 
 921,200 
 
 1,188 
 
 1,948,000 
 
 Tobacco-making 
 
 1,830,000 
 
 3,757 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 While dealing with manufactures we ought to say that in the most 
 westerly of the Canadian Courts will be found varied wooden articles 
 on a large scale ; cheese-manufacturing machinery (with specimens of 
 cheese to taste handed you by a nice-looking girl), wood fibre used for 
 a variety of purposes, vats, Ac. Above all, here will be found a very 
 various exhibit of carriages of all kinds, from the neat brougham up to 
 the buggy and team waggon, with sleighs of the most luxurious and 
 elaborate patterns. The width of axle of these carriages compared 
 with the body is remarkable, and is evidently adapted to a country 
 where snags and stumps and boulders would soon play havoc with a 
 narrow-gauge trap. The slenderness of the spokes and rims of the 
 wheels seems also strange; but then they are made of hickory, as 
 
23 
 
 strong as steel, and practically unbreakable. The finish and work" 
 manship of these carriages seem all that could be desired. 
 
 There is mucli else that deserves notice in connection with these 
 spacious Canadian Courts, if space permitted. We have referred to 
 the specimens of paper in the main court. In the Machinery Court 
 will be seen a Canadian newspaper printing machine, by E. B. Biggar, 
 of Montreal, at work ; while in the Educational Court will be found 
 specimens of nearly every newspaper and journal published in Canada ; 
 and there are many of them — some 6r iltogether. Of these 71 are 
 daily, 10 tri-weekly, 21 semi-weekly, -' weekly ; 51 altogether are 
 issued in French, seven German, and ^ rest English. In 1885 
 Canadian newspapers used the telegraph to the extent of 65^ million 
 words. The newspaper press of our leading colonies has attained a 
 high rank, and the two or three leading Canadian papers will compare 
 with the best of those in other colonies. Canada has already pro- 
 duced a very creditable national literature, notably in history and 
 science. As the section devoted to education and instruction shows, 
 Canada has an excellent system of national education. The Ontario 
 section has been admirably arranged by Dr. Passmore May, the com- 
 missioner in charge of the education exhibits of that province, and would 
 require an article to itself to do it justice. In this department we have 
 a very considerable library of works relating to Canada — a feature 
 wanting in most of the other colonial courts. We regret to see that 
 Canada seems as far behind in geographical instruction as we 
 are ourselves, to judge from the maps exhibited, which, on the 
 whole, are very poor. There is one great relief map of Europe 
 shown by the Education Department which is very bad indeed. We 
 find, for example, a great range of mountains .in Kent as high as the 
 Grampians. Otherwise this educational exhibit reflects the highest 
 credit on the Colony. There is much historical and statistical material 
 showing the progress and present condition of education; exhibits 
 illustrative of school methods and organisation ; a fair show of photo- 
 graphs of schools, colleges, &c. ; school furniture and fittings, some of 
 them highly ingenious ; text-books of all kinds ; apparatus used in 
 teaching anatomy and physiology, physics, chemistry, and other 
 subjects ; with abundant specimens of pupils' work in all departments. 
 Then we have exhibits for mechanics' institutes, art schools, institutes 
 for deaf, dumb, and blind, agricultural and other special colleges, 
 universities, and the higher institutions. All these are shown and are 
 
exhibited by the Ontario Government ; but other provinces have also 
 sent exhibits. The Geological Society's exhibit of maps is very large, 
 and the cartography good. The magnificent map in the main court on 
 the scale of 12 miles to the inch deserves special notice ; it has been 
 prepared under the direction pf Mr. Collingwood Schreiber, chief 
 engineer and general manager of the Dominion Government railways. 
 To the many photographs throughout the court illustrative of the 
 scenery, the cities, and the people of Canada we can only allude, merely 
 mentioning the large groups illustrative of tobogani.>ing and the skating 
 rink. The paintings we may have an opportunity of referring to 
 afterwards. '^''- '''""' '■'^'' '^^i'-^mtm'ii) tun-,^ M^>m'>'% ' .m-h'^iit^M 
 "' Enough has been said to prove how abundant and various are the 
 activities of our Canadian brethren. Since confederation in 1867 the 
 story has been one of steady advance in all directions. Now she has 
 10,000 miles of railway spread over her broad domain, with projects of 
 sundry branches extending from the main track in all profitable direc- 
 tions. Her debt is something like 42 millions sterling, and it has 
 mostly been expended on useful public works ; not much more than the 
 debt of New Zealand, which has only one-tenth of the population. 
 Revenue and expenditure have both grown, and so has trade, with 
 considerable fluctuations, however. The great country westwards is 
 being rapidly taken in; manufactures, as we have seen, are growing 
 with ever-increasing rapidity. Notwithstanding the marked difference 
 between the English and the French colonists, they manage to get on 
 with wonderfully little friction, the English section wisely accommo- 
 dating themselves in language, educational matters, and other respects 
 to the older occupants of the country. The country does not need to 
 be vamped up, and already it has almost outlived misrepresentation. 
 For those who desire detailed information on points on which we have 
 only been able to touch, there is abundance of literature, and trust- 
 worthy information may always be obtained from the office of the High 
 Commissioner, Sir Charles Tupper, to whose enthusiasm and intelligence 
 the Canadian Section owes its success. 
 
25 ;.. ^" 
 
 (From the " Times- September 21, 1886.) ^^ ^|t*«^^«** '*^«^ " 
 
 The educational exhibits of Canada deserve more derailed notice j, 
 than we were able to accord them in our previous articles. In none of 
 the Courts is this department of Colonial activity so fully represented.-^ v , 
 As we have already said, the Educational Department of Ontario, undepr •;: 
 the care of Dr. May, is more fully represented than is the case with 
 any of the other provincial governments. The Ontario educational 
 system has been in working order xor many years, and is very completely 
 organized, from the Kindergarten and public elementary schools up 
 through the various training schools for teachers, classical schools, 
 universities, technical schools, special schools, medical and other inde- 
 pendent schools, and scientific and literary institutions. All these 
 classes of institutions are well represented in the Ontario Court. In 
 the gallery there are abundant exhibits showing the working and 
 results of the Kindergarten and elementary schools. In the former 
 the training seems well adapted to educate the eyes and the fingers of 
 the little ones, as well as to draw out their budding minds. The 
 specimens of art work, of maps, and exercises of various kinds from the 
 elementary schools would come out well if placed alongside any similar 
 specimens from the schools of this country. The art pchools especially < 
 appear to be doing excellent work, as any one may see for himself by 
 inspecting the many sketches and models which are exhibited in the 
 Court. The systems in vogue in the institutions for the deaf and 
 dumb and for the blind seem particularly well adapted to their purpose ; 
 and the statistics of these institutions on the central screens, as 
 well as the specimens of work and illustrations of method and 
 apparatus in the gallery, are well worth inspecting by those interested 
 in this special department of education. Evidently very great care 
 is bestowed on the training of teachers for the various classes of 
 schools in Ontario. The examinations which they have to undergo are 
 formidable and comprehensive, and for the higher grades quite as for- 
 midable as that of the London B.A., and far more varied. Science holds 
 a prominent place in the educational system at Ontario, and the 
 specimens of apparatus in b1\ departments — physics, chemistry, biology 
 — for teaching it are among the prominent exhibits in the Court. The 
 Ontario Agricultural College, established in 1874, is largely represented 
 among the exhibits; and from them, as well as from the published 
 reports and results, it is evident that the institution affords an admir- 
 
2(3 ■ ;■ ■ ;:■- :■: ■ 
 
 able training, which must have a highly beneficial influence on the 
 agricultural development of the Dominion. These are only a few of 
 the more evident features of this interesting Court. "We must refer 
 
 ■It ■ 
 
 those desiring further details to the volume on the "Educational 
 
 System of the Province of Ontario," published in connection with the 
 Exhibition '''''* ^*' Jii':>««l'i;M?>'„r Ijwjv)ii£')i;ii?l t'd) X A. 
 
 '■^^ Quebec had a difficult problem to solve in organizing a system of 
 education for a population the majority of which are Eoman Catholic; ^ 
 but the solution has been successful. As in Ontario, both higher and 
 elementary education are provided for by the State and the munici- ' 
 palities combined, and the various classes of institutions are almost as 
 varied. The Quebec educational exhibits ar^ not so numerous and 
 varied as those of Ontario, arising, we believe, from the short notice 
 given to the various institutions to prepare. Still they are sufficient 
 to show that in Quebec, as in Ontario, education is on a sound and 
 healthy footing. There are hundreds of specimens of pupils' work — 
 many photographs, reports, books, and other objects — which will afford 
 teachers here a fair opportunity of judging of results. In Quebec, as' 
 in Ontario, the business school is a common institution, in which young 
 men are specially trained for positions like those of clerks, shopkeepers, ' 
 commercial travellers, &c. , - » •'' 
 
 r It has been said of the New Bruiswict school system that it is' 
 theoretically the best in America. Practically it seems to be in a state 
 of great efficiency. Erom a very early period this province has devoted 
 special attention to education, and a very considerable proportion of 
 the provincial income is devoted to its promotion. There is- a very fair 
 and satisfactory collection of apparatus, text-books, specimens of school 
 work, school furniture, registers, &c., in the New Brunswick Court. 
 The Nova Scotia educational exhibit is strong in specimens of drawing, 
 maps, copy-books, needle-work, school furniture, and specimens illus- 
 trative of the system adopted in the schools for the blind and for deaf 
 mutes. The educational department of Prince Edward Island sends a 
 considerrble collection of text-books in use, as well as sundry examina- 
 tion papers and specimens of pupils' work. From the Catholic shools' 
 of Manitoba we have a collective exhibit of educational appliances, 
 books, exercises, «&c. Altogether education in Canada is in a healthj' 
 and hopeful condition. There are probably too many degree-granting 
 bodies — 14 in all ; degrees would be much more valuable if they were 
 granted solely by one central university for each province. In all the 
 
provinces Government has more or less the control and support of 
 education. In Ontario education is virtually compulsory. In Nova 
 ^otia compulsion exists to some extent ; in New E-ninswick there is 
 none, though the public shools are free. In Prince Edward Island at- 
 tendance is enforced for at least thirteen weeks in the vear : and in " 
 Manitoba the local boards may enforce attendance. In British 
 Columbia the schools are supported entirely by Government, and are 
 free to all ; there is a compulsory law, but it is not enforced. *.-< lo i? /wjis 
 ■ Visitors to the Exhibition should by no means neglect to mount to '^ 
 the gallery of the Albert Hall, where they will find a surprise in store 
 for them. The walls are covered with pictures mainly illustrative of - 
 scenes and life in India, New Zealand, and Canada. The Dominion, ' 
 thanks to the Princess Louise and Lore! Lome, has now a National 
 Gallery and a Eoyal Academy ; and, to judge from some of the speci- : 
 mens on the walls, she is progressing as rapidly in the luxury of art as 
 p^e is in her industries. These pictures, whether regarded as showing 
 the condition of art in Canada or as illustrative of Canadian life and 
 scenery, are an acquisition to the Exhibition. They tell us more than 
 the best photographs can do. The largest exhibitor is Mr. L. E. O'Brien, 
 President of the Eoyal Canadian Academy, and all his pictures are 
 thoroughly Canadian. Such subjects as " Voyageur on the St. Maurice," 
 " September on the Saguenay," "View of the St. Lawrence from Quebec 
 Terrace " (lent by the Queen), speak for themselves. The wrinkled soles 
 of the feet of the boy in the picture " Papa's Boat," by Mr. Paul Peel, 
 are perfect. Mr. F. M. Bell-Smith's "Bay of Fundy," Mr. Peel's 
 " Eeturn of the Harvesters," Mr. Sandham's " Un Habitant," Mr. E. 
 Harris's " Meeting of Trustees of a Back Settlement School," and many 
 others that might be mentioned, all help us to realise more impressively 
 than words or photographs the conditions of life in Canada ; and it is 
 only from that point of view that we can refer to these pictures at 
 present. The Princess Louise's " Niagara Falls — Canada Side " renders 
 a subject of infinite difficulty with a breadth of treatment not often 
 attained. There are pictures of Canadian subjects by one or two 
 English artists, as Mr. Verner and Mr. Friend ; and this Exhibition 
 may be the means of sending other English artists to Canada in quest 
 of new subjects and new effects. 
 
 "While dealing with Canada, we may refer to our statement in a 
 previous article with reference to the comparative increase of popula- 
 tion in the Dominion and the United States. As a matter of fact, 
 
28 
 
 though the absolute growth of the population of the latter has been 
 much greater than in the case of the former, the rate of increase in 
 Canada considerably exceeds that of the United States. The following 
 extract from a paper by Mr. J. Q-. Colmer, read at the Society of Arts 
 in 1884, bears upon this point: — 
 
 The qaestion of the population leads me to state a fact which I do not helieve 
 is as well known as it onght to he — that, compared with the United States, the 
 growth of Canada has been more rapid than is supposed. In 1776 the former con- 
 tained about 3,900,000 inhabitants, and in 1881 about 50,000,000— an increase of 
 about 1,250 per cent. ; Canada, on the other hand, at the census of 1784, numbered 
 less than 150,000, while in 1881 it had advanced to 4,824,810— an addition of 
 3.000 per cent. Since 1830, when both countries began to experience the effects 
 of European emigration, Canada has shown an increase of about 480 per cent, 
 while that of the United States has been about 390 per cent. In other respects 
 the progress of the country has been equally satisfactory, and in no way justifies 
 the stigma that, until a few years ago, it was the custom to cast upon the energy, 
 intelligence, and enterprise of the Canadians. Considering the disadvantages 
 under which they have laboured ; that their growth has been accomplished without 
 much direct assistance from the mother country, and in competition with the great 
 nation, their neighbour ; that the western prairies of the United States have been 
 accessible since 1840, while those of Canada have only had railway communication 
 for about five years ; I think it must be admitted, apart from possible national 
 prejudices, that the progress of Canada has been very creditable to its people ; and 
 that they have endeavoured, in the words of Sir Alexander Gait at the Colonial 
 Institute in 1881, to prove worthy of the great race from which they have sprung. 
 
 Again, when referring to the comparative development of the 
 resources of the two countries, we did not mean to forecast the future ; 
 for, with the extension of railways all over the Dominion and the open- 
 ing out of her great mineral resources, it would be difficult to say what 
 would be the limit of Canada's development. We are also glad to learn, 
 with reference to the timber products of Canada, that the preservation 
 of the forests is engaging the serious attention of the Dominion and 
 Provincial Governments.