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N«w York 14609 USA (716) 4«2 - 0300 - PIxxw (716) 288 - 59SS - Fox *ppi* BULLETIN 171.] [APRI ^^^7 Ontario Department of Agria ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Insects Affecting Vegetables. r By C. J. S. Bbthune. Before taking up in order the insects that attack the various plants grown in our vegetable gardens, attention may be drawn to a number of kinds that are general feeders, not limiting themselves to any particular varieties, but attacking almost everything that comes in their way ; on that account they are the most serious foes that we have to contend against and in many cases the most difficult to keep under control. Aphids (Plant-lice) — Figs. 1 and 2 — are minute pear-shaped, soft- bodied insects that may be found on almost every kind of plant, usually in dense colonies clustered thickly on the terminal twigs and buds, on the under-side of leaves, on stems and other parts, and even under ground on roots. Wherever situated they are occupied in the same manner — sucking out the life-juices of the plant and multiplying their own numbers by con- stant reproduction of living young all through the summer. There are a great variety of species, most of them varying shades of green in color, some are shining black, others bright red ; some again are covered with waxy filaments resembling threads of cotton wool, and others with a dusting of a mealy substance composed of the same material. Singly they are insignificant creatures, but occurring as they do in enormous numbers and multiplying with amazing rapidity, they are able to seriously injure and often to destroy the vegetation that they attack. Fortunately they are devoured by many predaceous insects, such as lady-bird beetles and their larvae and those of lace-winged and syrphus flies and other creatures (Figs. 3 to 8); washed off and drowned by heavy rains, and reduced in ; NOTE.— The object of this Bulletin is to furnish the vegetable grower, whether on 7g- the farm or in the garden, with a convenient manual for the indentification of the « r ordinary insect and fuugus pests which injure his crops, and to describe the remedies which experience has proved to be the most effective in each case. As a general rale tit will be found that thorough tillage of the soil, a short rotation of crops, ample mannr- ingand clean cultivation are the best of all remedies. All refuse remainin-xon the ground r: V after the crop has been removed, such as stalks, roots and leaves, should be got rid of by burning or burying in order to leave no shelter for wintering insects and no disMsed material for the spread of fungus diseases. Weeds of ail descriptions, especially in fence comers and waste places, should be cnt dow before going to seed, or plowed under from time to time ; they harbor many of our s -st pests in summer and winter and often afford convenient breeding places for enei n whi<-h the vegetable grower is endeavoring to combat on his cultivated plants. i I - numbers by internal parasites ; otherwise they would in time destroy all vcgfetable life. Ants are usually to be found prowling about the colonies ; they do not eat the Aphids, us might be suspected, but are attracted by the sweet "honey-dew" that exudes from them, and take them under their special protection. Fig. ] . Winged aphis and winglc torm— much magnified. Fig. 2. Wingless aphis— greatly enlarged . Fig, 3 Lady-bird beetle— Ea, larva; 6, pupa; c, beetle — natural size. Fig. 4. Lady-bird beetle and larva— magnified. Fig. 6. Lace-winited fly. Fig. 7. Lace-wiuged fly — a, eggs on stems; 6, larva. Fig. 6. Lady-bird »>eetle— slightly enlarged . Fig. 8. 8yrphu8-fly larva sacking ah aphid . In gardening operations nature's checks are not sufficient, but require to be supplemented with artificial remedies such as kerosene emulsion, strong washes of soap-suds or tobacco decoction. In greenhouses thev can be kept in control by burning the commercial preparation of tobacco. la Bull. 171. 3 -oy all jnies ; t are I take / \ til- I y-bird lightly iU8-fly ing ah quire Ision, they 3CCO. Ants. These insects are often suspcctiu injuring the plants over which they are se«-n runniit^, but as a rule they arc only indlncily responsible. A few species, such as the larpe black Carpenter Ants, form thtir galleries in trunks nf tries, posts and timber and do a con- siderable amount of damage, but the great variety of smaller spcciis which infest our gardens do not feed upon foliage or injure g'owing plants. Sometimes they may be found upon unopened flower buds, but they arc only attracted by some sweet secretions on the surface; as a rule their presence indicates that there is a colony of Aphids near by, which they take under their protection in order to obtain from them the sweet "honey-dew" exuded by these minute creatures. The worst injury for which ants are responsible is the establishmnt of colonies of Aphids upon the roots of many plants; the ants collect the eggs and take care of them during the winter and when growth is sufficiently advanced carry ihem to the roots and look after them durino' the summer, in order to have a constant supply of "honey dew," These colonics increase rapidly and soon check the growth of the plant and ultimately destroy it. Where ants' nests abound, frequent digging and stirriner of the soil, and in field cultivation repeated disking and harrowing, will get rid of many, or they may be treated with carbon bisulphide; a small quantity should be poured into the entrance of the nest or into a hole made with a stick and quickly covered with earth; the fumes will speed- ily kill all the inmates. It is best to perform the operation towards even- ing when all the ants are within the nest.. This is a very effective mode of getting rid of the large colonies which make mounds of rubbish on lawns and in fields. Cutworms. At the beginning of the growing season the gardener often finds in the morning young plants cut off near the surface of the ground that the evening before were strong and healthy. On stirring up the soil near by he may find hidden in the ground a greasy-looking caterpillar, the culprit in the case. Cutworms, so called from this habit, ?'2 the caterpillars of dull-coloured night-flying moths (Figs. 9, 10 and . great variety of species and varying to some extent in tiieir As a general rule they are partly grown at the approach of win- t. hide away in a torpid state during the cold weather; when u to activity by the warmth of spring, which causes the buds 10 i.pen and the growth of plants to begin, these worms come out in search of food and attack any kind of tender vegetation that they meet with. They are nocturnal in their habits and hide away during the hours of daylight under any shelter they can obtain or just below the surface in the loose soil of newly made beds. Owing to their destruc- tive practice of cutting off a whole plant in order to devour a portion oT its foliage, they do a great deal of apparently needless damage. After they have become fully grown they change to the chrysalis stage in the ground and in early summer the moths appear, many of them making their presence known in our houses bv their attraction to light. Before very long another brood of caterpillars come, upon sLrTth«l**rr T'* "."•""<>"• •"*« "ore dettructive than the uVit. some of them climb up into fruit trees and destroy the foliage, others Fig. 9. Variegated Cntworn>-«, moth ; b, c, d, caterpillar. ; f, egg (magnified);/, eggs on aitem. Fig. 10. Cutworm and Moth. ^^^^^f^^^W Fig. 11. The Glassy Cutworm . attack farm crops, veirctables, prapc vines, the plants in flower gardens etc., whil- occasionally a single species appears suddenly in enormous numbers d sweeps like an army over the land devouring- everything that comes in its way. ft upon first. >thers Happily a very aimple and completely effective remedy hat been found for theae destructive creatures. It ia called the "poisoned bran> mash" and is made in the followinf; manner : Mix half a pound of Paris green in 50 lbs. of bran (the proportion for larger or umallcr quantities is I to 100); the poison should be addrd to the dry bran little by little and stirred all the time till the whole is tinged with the green colour, then add water sweetened with sugar, or molasses, till the mixture is .sutficiently moistened to crumble nicely through the lingers. If bran cannot be procured, shorts or flour may be used, and for field work n.: / be distributed dry by n^eans of a seed drill. The mash should be scat- tered about the plants ia< ire liable to attack in the evening, and 1 3 I J. ■ns, ous ing Fig. 12. Flea-beetle, showing dilated thigh of hind leas, and larva much enlarged . Fig. 13. Flea-beetle— a, leaf, with larva at work upon it; 6, larva, greatly enlarged ; e, pupa; d, beetle msgnined. strange to the worms will devour it in preference to their ordinary vegetable food. When they begin to feel the effects of the poison they wander off to find a hiding place or burrow in the ground and there die. Their dead bodies will be readily found in the morning just below the surface of the ground, often in surprising numbers. Young plants, such as cauliflowers, tomatoes, &c., may be protected when .et out by wrap- ping a bit of newspaper around the stem between the roo: and the leaves and reaching a little below the surface of the ground. The worms will not attempt to bite through or climb ove** it. Flea-Beetles. There are several species of these minute insects which attack a larj«» variety of plants ; some confine their attentions to one or two kinds, jvhile others are general feeders. The beetles are about one-tenth oi' an inch in length, oval and convex in form, usually it ' •hlny black or bronxed m color, sometimrs oriMmcntcd with broad, pde •tnpes along the back; they all poaMSi enormously developed thighs^ the hind leg, (F^ ,a), by means of »hlch they are enabled to jump wUh great ag.l.ty and hence have acquired the naL of Flea-beetliaTThey appear m early .pring often in large number., and eat .ir.U holea in the foliage of young plants (Fig. ,3), preferably the thick leed-leavea. The larv». a. far as known, feed for the most part on the roots of r.^!;ii!' 7f " "'*" •«•"« ^"d*" vegetables; clean cultivation, especially of fence corners and bits of waste land, is therefore of much unporuncc in the control of these and many other kinds of Insects. e«!LSrrji !«T.Y fii"*/*. '^ ** ;°""** ■" **''°"f'* *»»« """""«^ *«>"» they ™.^«L . /"^ f**"*** °' P°'****'' *"'"'P«' h««t«. tomatoes, and SrZ fi„^'.''u"i^u "'"■"y«««». '""S^u" diseases, such as potato blight find suitable places for the growth of their spores in the holes made in the leaves by these beetles. Cheese-cloth screens are very effective in wr.ding . ff attacks upon young plants, such ai. cucumbers, etc., but where their uf,. is not convenient or practicable the beetles may be controlled by the use of the poisoned Bordeaux mixture, the combination being effective against both the insects and the fungus diseases. For tender foliage arsenate b blrnin '"*"''''* *° **■"' 8^'**" "« '* '"' "<>* »o "J^^'y to cause injury GRAasHoPPERs (or Locists as they should be called)— Fig. u-arr ?h!!;?J*K^ destructive in the later summer months, especially if the weathei shouW be dry and hot. They are general feeders, few kinds of vegeta- tion coming amiss to them when they are numerous and the supply of food at all scanty. Usually they are most abundant in dry pastures and the neighboring grain fields; this is due to the fact that their cgirs are laid in grass lands, especially where the soil is dry and sandy, and the young nymphs grow there to maturity. They do not pass through any chrysalis stas^e but gradually become bigger after each moult till the fully-winged adult state is reached. Many mechanical devices have been empl. yed for their destruction, but the use of these troublesome methods can now be dispensed with since the discovery of the "Criddle n'^H'jr' /^P"'s""''d bait which derives its name from Mr. Norman Criddle. of Aweme. Manitoba, who proved its complete efficiency after a series of experiments. It is made and applied as follows: Take a three-gallon pntcnt pail and fill it with fresh horse droppings, then empty into a barrel ; rrpeat this five times. As each pailful is poured in. mix thoroughly uith the manure about a quarter of a pound of Paris ereen and half a pound of s.-U »,ich has be'«n dissolved in water Thrre wnnld thus be used ab ne pound of Paris green and two pounds of salt to half a barrel of manure. The mixture may b<. drawn in a cart to the infested places and scattered broadcast with a trowel or wooden paddle. The grasshoppers are attracted to it from considerable distance? and are killed in larpe numbers. It has been found mo«t cffcctiv* to dUtributc the mixture on •Iternate days, a little at » time, rather than to um laryei quantitiei at Jongcr intervals. In the case of tfrain fieldi, oats beinif eipecially liable to attack, the mixture ihould be thrown into the ifrain alon|{ the lidet of the field and the gratiihopperi will cat it in preference to anything t\»< Care should be taken not to allow cattle or poultry to have access parts, and which do not pass through any quiescent chrysalis stage but are gradutilly Fig. 14. Grasshopper ar Locost Fig. 16. Tarnished I'lsnt-bag — mu(!h msgnitlFU ( Ltit/ftr). ^ aHult. To the it in jjard"ns, in :s alike. These developed from the lewly hatched larva to the winr true bujfs belong two species which are very abui attacking plants of all descriptions, flowers an i veget are the Tarnished and the Four-lined Plarf-bui;s. The Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus prahi,fiy spring, when it may be found on mint, sS' ^h ? • ^'•^^P^'^berry bushes, and often also on potatoes. I ui anJVnUi the tender terminal leaves, causing them to shrivel sSnH»rH -5. ^ ^'^ frequently severely injuring the plant. The standard remedy for these and other sucking insect! is spraying with of' mfnv T''"" """'f'""' ''^'''^ *^'^ ^""°* *>« «PP««d. as in^fe "ale ZJ^T ;°^''r"'8: plants, dusting with pyrethrum insect powder has b^s wUh .''T.,*'^'^*'^^- ^"'^'^ ""^y "^ *»°"« ^y '^'"X^king off the filT J . ft>ck mto a pan containing a little water covered with a wh.n .h""^ ': *•"' f*'""'^ "^ performed in the cool of the morning when the msects are less lively than during the heat of the day. Fig. 16. Four-lined Plant-bug : a, adult ; 6 and c, immature nymphs • «, eggs laid m a slit (Lugger) . J f - White Grubs. These are the larva; of May-beetles or "June-bues" (Lachnosterna) which breed for the most pari in old pastures. The beetles appear about the end of May or early in June and attack the tender fohage and buds of fruit and ornamental trees, often inflicting abor'th'''."' ""°""J °^ '^T'^'- '^•'^y '=°'"« 0"t «* "iffht ani swarm tT. *^\*''"'' '"^!^'"fi^ « '°"d buzzing noise; many are attracted by if i".u . *? ^""^ *'^"^* ^"'"^ consternation among the inmates through their clumsy flight about the room and the noise^that thTy JS duce, as they can neither sting nor bite no alarm need be caused by Aeir presence. During the night they feed and by morning all disap^ pear, hiding underground where the soil is loose and undfr grass or rubbish about fences and buildings. At this period boys migh? ^ employed to search for and kill them; trap-lanterns have somet m« been used with advantage, and spraying the trees they frequent ,^A Pans green will destroy large numbers. The beetles de^it their eggs on the stems or roots of grasses just below the surface of the soil; from these the grubs hatch out and feed for two or three years underground^ Dunng the summer of their third season they change to the pupal state and transfrom to beetles about September, but do not come out until the following spring. This long larval stage accounts for the fact that in some localities the beetles only appear once in three years. (Fig. 17). The grubs, when fully grown, are thick, fat creatures, white in color — whence their name — with the body partially curled up and the last segments discolored from the food showing through the skin. When an old pasture is broken up they live for a time on the grass and roots that have been turned under and then attack whatever plant may Fig. 17. AVhite-grabe : a, beetle ; 6, pupa ; e, grub ; d, pupa (aiittrndm, U.S. Dept. Agric.) 1 Fig 18. o, Wire- worm ; 6, Click-beetle. be grown. The first and second crops usually suffer most, especially strawberries and corn ; clover is least affected by them and may be seeded down with rye, then small grains followed by corn or potatoes. Late and deep plowing will break up the winter quarters of the grubs and beetles and expose them to frost and also to the various animals that prey upon them. Pigs and poultry greedily devour them; crows and other birds and skunks also destroy large numbers when they can get access to them. 10 but !nrhl'iT '^fe'"^ u**P'y *"*' trenching in the fall is very useful, aS ?v. f *^''' '^*'"* perenn.als are grown this is impracticable and therefore recourse can only be made to disturbing the soil between and golf-hnks are frequently very badly affected as they are left for many years undisturbed; sometimes the roots of the turf have been so complete y eaten off that the sod may be rolled up like a car^t J^ such cases the best plan is to dig up the part affected and destroy th^ fmoif' ^^u" ^ ^'■«'»^'>ye'- of soil and resod or sow with grass seed. For small patches watermg with kerosene emulsion, and washing it well in with plenty of water from the garden hose, will kill the grubs. Where IffT.-^'",' ^"^ '"""*' 1° ^ """^^'^^ °" golf-links or in pastures, the most effective plan js to enclose the place with hurdles and turn in a few young pigs; they wiU soon root out and devour all the grubs, and may then be removed to another spot. ' curiorhT"? ^^ •*'' '^•^■* °J Click-beetles, so called from their their backs. The beetles are long and narrow, rounded above, with very short legs and usually dull gray or black in color. %]g. r8) uJ?.5?»? ^'* u^ *"'' cylindrical, with a very hard integument from ^W S' ?f ?" "^"?" °' "Wire-worms," and yellow or whitish in TrZi K- «f • ^T^'y '^ ''^^ ^"""^'' *° **•«* °f ^^'^ White-grubs; they „^„ .1, ^^ 1" °? pastures, take two or three years to mature, and feed upon the roots of any plants that may be convenient to them; they are especially injurious to corn, and often may be found during the winter feeding inside potatoes in which they burrow great holes. No treat- ment of the soil with salt, poisons, &c., has any effect upon them; the only remedy is a short rotation of crops as in the case of White.g^bs• plowing in August and cross-plowing again in September will destroy large numbers of them. In gardens, as the beetles usually spend the winter under any shelter they can find, clean cultivation, eVpecially along the fences, IS of great importance; in spring many may be destroyed by placing bunches of clover or weeds poisoned with Paris green under shingles or bits of board where the beetles go for shelter. " Asparagus. Asparagus Beetles. The two species, the Blue (Crioceris asparagi) and the i2.spotted (C. 12-punctata), have spread over a great part of Ontario dunng the last few years and in many places are very abundant. Both species are often to be found upon the iame plant; the former (Fie 19) IS shinmg blue-black in color with creamy-white blotches on the wing covers which vary a s:ood deal in size and shape, and sometimes form a cross of the ground color of the back; the sides and the thorax are dull red and the head black. The other species (Fig. ->o^ is the same length, about a quarter of an inch, but is somewhat stouter- the whole insect is dull red and polished and has twelve round black soots on the wing covers. ^ u f Both these beetles pass the winter in the adult stage and are ready to attack the aspargus shoots as soon as they appear above ground in the spring ; these they gnaw and spoil for table use, and the Blue species deposits upon them its shiny black eggs which are attached by the tip to the plants. (Fig 21), Later on the eggs of both species may be found upon the growing plants, and the larvae soon appear. Those of the Blue beetle are dark olive gray grubs, which feed openly upon the foliage; the grubs of the 12-spotted are yellowish or somewhat orange in color, feeding at first upon the tender foliage, but boring into and devouring the pulp of the seed capsules as soon as they are large enough to attacJc. The life cycle of both kinds requires only six or seven weeks for its completion and we therefore find all through thf. season till sharp frosts come in the autumn, eggs, larvae and beetles in great numbers at the same time ; the pupal stage is passed beneath the surface of the ground. Fig. 19. Blue Aeparagns beetle, larva and eggs— magnified. Fig. 20. Twelve spotted Aspara- gus oeetle— magnified . F;^. 21. Blue Aspara- gus beetle, larva and eggs on shoot. Remedies : The simplest and most efficient remedy is to let poultry have the run of the beds; they will devour both beetles and grubs and will not touch the asparagus. Where this is not practicable, the young shoots shouk be dusted with fresh air-slaked lime when the morning dew is on the plants; this, of course, should be washed off before cooking. At the same time some of the shoots may be allowed to grow and attract the beetles which may then be killed with Paris green or arsen.^to of le.^d. If the plants have many eggs upon them, they should be cut off and burnt and others left to grow in their place. -11 , if 12 After the cutting season is over the plants should from time time be sprayed with one of the arsenical poisons, but when the se caj)sules are formed this will be of no avail against the grubs of the i spotted species. To get rid of it, the seed bearing plants should 1 cut off and burnt. In early autumn it will be well to cut down and bu the whole of the plants. Beans. The Bean Weevil (Bruchus obtectus). This insect has only oe< reported from a few places in Ontario and Quebec, and does not apoei to have become established as a pest. It is a very small beetle, on tenth of an inch long, only half the size of the Pea-weevil, which i other respects It closely resembles. It is grayish brown in color, di to a coating of dense fine hair; the wing^iovers are marked with a seri. of Unes running lengthwise and have a mottled appearance The beet IS oval in shape, the head is bent down and terminates in a short squai beak; the end of the abdomen is not covered by the wings, and diffei trom that of the Pea-weevil in being destitute of the two oval blac spots which are characteristic of the latter. Fig. 22. Bean Weevil much enlarged and natural size ; infeeted beim. The eggs of the insect are laid upon the young bean pods; thi grubs, as soon as they are hatched, bore through and enter the bean inside, several making their way into a single bean. Maturity is reache* m the autumn, when the beetles emerge if the season is warm ; otherwis( they remain all winter in the ripened bean. If unmolested they wil increase and multiply in the dry seeds and continue their work of destruc tion for a long time. It is therefore useless to hold over the seed for i year, as may be done to get rid of the Pea-weevil. Remedy : Whenever this insect is found to be present, the beans should be fumigated as soon as practicable after they are harvested This IS done by putting them in a barrel or tight bin and pouring or them one ounce of bisulphide of carbon for every loo lbs., and then clos- ing the receptacle tightly and leaving it for 48 hours. At the end of this time every insect will be dead. As the fumes of this substance are inflammable and explosive, it should not be used near any light or fire M Beans that have been injured by the insect should on no account be used as seed, as most of them will fail to germinate, or at any rate will pro- duce only feeble plants. The Bean Plant-Lousb {Aphis rutnicis). Windsor or Broad Beans and Horse-beans are not much grown in this country, though in bomt places they are found of value as an addition to ensilage. Some difficulty is experienced in obtaining satisfactory crops owing to their liability to attack by this black Aphis, which is a serious pest in Europe. At the time of flowering the colonies of this insect are to be found covering the tips of the plants so thickly that they look as if dusted with soot ; if let alone they soon multiply enormously and greatly reduce the vitality of the plants. Remedies : The most successful plan is to cut off the tips of the affected plants and destroy the colonies of Aphis by burning or tramp- ling under foot. This has the additional benefit of checkine the growth and causing the pods to fully develop. Spraying with kerosene emul- sion or strong soap-suds will also be effective. Other Insects. Beans, like other vegetables, are liable to be injured by Cutworms when the plants are small, and later on in the season by the Tarnished Plant-bug. Broad beans are also subject to attack by the Black Blister-beetle, which is one of the enemies of the potato plant, and sometimes appears in destructive numbers. sir Beets anc Spinach Beets and spinach are liable to be attacked by many of the common garden pests that are general feeders, such as Cutworms which bite off the young plants close to the surface of the ground, Wire-worms and White-grubs which feed upon the roots. Flea-beetles, Leaf-hoppers, the Tarnished Plant-bug and Grasshoppers which affect the foliage. Des- criptions of these insects and the methods of dealing- with them will be found elsewhere in the Bulletin. Mention may be made of a few other insects which ocasionally attack these plants in injurious numbers. Blister Beeti.es. {Epicauta cinerea, Pennsylvanica, etc.) — Fig. 23— These are long, narrow, soft-bodied insects which belong- to the same family {Meloidce), and possess the same blistering qualities as the "Spanish-fly," which is used by druggists in the preparation of certain plasters. There are three species found in Ontario which may br dis- tinguished by their color ; the Black, the Gray and the Spotted ; a fourth, the Striped, is occasionally to be found. Of these the Black is the most common and may often be seen feeding harmlessly on the flowers of the Golden-rod. At times these beetles appear in swarms and rapidly devour the foliage of beets, potatoes and a few other plants, and after inflicting a considerable amount of damage suddenly disappear. They may be controlled by spraying with Paris green, but this should no^ I u 1 i! 14 be resorted to unless the attack is -nous as their grubs ^av" the ver useful habit of feeding upon th^ere» of gras^^opi^^^nd^^^^^ ^^ be included amongst the beneficial ms.^ts A ^tter ^ y* ^^^ S:yaux'r«urr;m'kte5 .he. /« «.. PU„.,. and n,ay be .mp.o,. if necessary. The BEET leaf-Miner [Pegomyia vicina) Blotches may o^ten » ♦^- leaves of beets and spinach, which are found on investig seen °" t*'* J,^,^!" ° a m nute irigot which feeds on the green t.ss. t.on to be <=5!>"^^y/„"'"" ins^'eJis a two-winged fly about a quart 5 aTiich i^'L^thl^hKp^r its eggs on thf foliage of these plant Fig. 23. Blister beetles— magnified. and cannot therefore be reached by any app ^^^^^^ ^^^^ that seems at all -;:?''^^»^ '!,*'; P^'Xtedw^^^^ 'he plants are grc a laborious plan -^f can only be actop^^ed ^^^^^ J ^^^^^ ^^^.^^ rptThUm^ejL in orderTget^id of the trouble and guard aga its repetition. x«,o fr.l-.!.o-». of beets and spinach is liable tti Caterpillars. ^'^^...^"/'Xt as a rule they are in small numb attacked, by -ome caterpillars, but f^/ /"l^" /flirting much dam widely scattered ^^J'^f, P'^.tao'trri outbr^^^^^^^^ on rare occas This does not apply to he ^^^^^^^^'l^i^orm, which devour e of the Army-worm and the Vaneeated^utw ' j ^n ^reen thing that th^Y -- ^o, beets^ as we 1^^ ^^^^^_ the others referred to may ^e mem.o ^^^ ^^^^ {Diacrisia virginica), which is a haiiT "^^P'"^'^^ ^ '^rter in le Iright yellow color, and attaining ^o a" -ch jnd^ a qu^^ ^^.^^ ^ :^:Z'S:^-^^^^^^^ -s of black and yellow , the very therefore rhich has iray from le across disturbed ely; once ing with employed often be investiga- een tissue a quarter ;se plants ; It on its body. When feeding they are conspicuous, and may be picked off by hand; but usually they are beneath the leaves when at re^ If very numerous Paris green may be employed. They are general feeders and do not confine themselves by any means to garden vegetables, but attack many kmds of weeds as well. Cabbage and Cauliflower. These plants are subject to a series of attacks by insects from their hrst appearance above ground to maturity. Cutworms destroy a great many seedlings and young plants when they are set out in the sprin,? Later on Plant-lice make their appearance, and cover the leaves with their colonies, sucking out the sap and causing the foliage to dry up and wither; they become excessively numerous towards the close of the season, and in addition to ths injury they inflict, cause the plants to :he surface nly method 5ted leaves, are grown th while to ard against iable to be ill numbers, ch damage. re occasions evour every Ise. Amon<;' Woolly-Bear een from its er in lengtli -white moth, yellow spots - Fig. 24. Yellow WooUy-bear : o, catorpil'ar ; " 6) chrysalis ; c, moth. present a disgusting appearance. Throughout the summer the leaves are liable to be devoured by several caterpillars and in August and Sep- tember by Grasshoppers, while the roots arc frequently caused to rot by the Maggots of a small fly. Aphids and Cutworms and other gen- eral feeders are treated elsewhere ; reference will therefore be only made here to such msects as -ire peculiar to the Cabbage and other' Cruci- ferous plants. The White Cabbage Butterfly {Pontia ra/)^)— Fig. 25 This irsect, which came to us from Europe about fifty years ago, is now one of our commonest butterflies, and may be seen flitting about everywhere from early spring till cold weather sets in. It is one of the worst pests that the cabbage grower has to contend with unless measures are taken to prevent its ravages, and happily this is a matter of no great diffi- culty. The butterfly lays her egi?s on the leaves of the food-plant • the Sf caterpillari are velvety gfrecn and almost exactly the color of the leave: upon which they are feeding; when at rest they lie at length upon the midrib and are not easily seen. There are two broods in the year, the later being much the more numerous, and sometimes a third if the autumn should be fine and warm. The caterpillars riddle the outer leave: and then burrow into the heads, devouring the substance and spoiling the plant for table use by their excrement. Besides Cabbages and Cauli- flowers they attack also mignonette, stocks and nasturtiums. Fig. 26. White Cabbage Butterflies. Remedy : Pyrethrum insect powder is thoroughly effective. One pound should be mixed with four pounds of cheap flour and kept in an air-tight jar or canister for twenty-four hours so that the poison may be thoroughly incorporated with the flour. The plants infested by the caterpillars should then be dusted with the mixture which can be applied with a small bellows, or in a cheese-cloth bag tapped lightly with a slen- der rod. This powder will kill insects, but is perfectly harmless tn human beings. Another method, which is more rapid in its eff'ects upon the worms, is to dissolve two ounces of the Pyrethrum powder in three gallons of lukewarm water and spray at once. The liquid kills immedi- ately all the caterpillars it reaches, while the dry powder often tak.'s many hours to produce the same result. Paris green and other viru- lent poisons should never be applied to Cabbages and vegetables of any kind that are intended for table use. 17 The Zebra Caterpillar {Mamtstra pkta)—F\g. a6. There may often be found feeding upon CabtMge and tcmt other garden plants of the same family, a handsome caterpillar about two inches long, when fully grown. It is velvety black on the back and has two bright yel- low stripes along the sides, which are connected by a series of irregular yellow lines on a black ground-color; the head and feet are reddish. These strikingly contrasting colors render the caterpillar a conspicuous object on the green foliage that it feeds upon, and make it an easy task to pick them off by hand. There are two broods in the year, the moths, which are dull reddish-brown with white underwings, appearing in May and August. The young caterpillars, when first hatched, feed in colonies and devour the green substance of the leaves, thus producing white blotches on the foliage and rendering their presence easily noticeable. Should they be too numerous to be destroyed by hand picking, resort may be had to Pyrethrum powder applied as mentioned above, or to Fig. 26. Zebra Caterpillar and Motb. white hellebore which may be dusted on the leaves or sprinkled by mix- mg one ounce in two gallons of warm water, stirring from time to time to prevent the powder from settling at the bottom of the watering can. The Cabbage Plusia (Autographa hrassicee, Riley) — Fig 27. A pale green caterpillar, with whitish lines running lengthwise of the body, may sometimes be found devouring the leaves of cabbages, lettuce and other vegetables, feeding usually on the under side of the foliage. It is called a "semi-looper" from its raising the middle of the body when walking, owing to the absence of some of the usual prolegs. Though abundant and destructive in the neighboring States, it has not often been found in injurious numbers in Ontario, but may at any time prove a serious pest. In the early part of the season they may be got rid of 2 Bull. 171. 18 by dusting with a mixture of one pound of Parii green in twenty pound* of lime, applying the powder to the under tide of the leaves. A liquid spray may also be used of the ordinary composition. Fig. 27. Cabbage Plucia : caterpillar, chryialis and moth. The Diamond-Back Moth (PluteUa maculipennis , Curtis) — Fig. 38 — is from time to time a serious pest, as its caterpillars appear in large numbers and devour the foliage of cabbages, turnips and other crucif- erous plants. These worms are much smaller than those of the preced- ing species; are green in color, and remarkably active when disturbed; ^ t?-' ' Fig. 28. Diamond-back Moth : a, caterpillar : a, papa ; «, cocoon ;/and h, moth— all much enuuged. Fig. 29. Cabbage Maggot, puparium and fly — enlarged. thev will then wriggle about in a violent manner and drop to the ground b' .ilken thread from the leaf on which they are feeding. As they df . all the green substance of the foliage the plant attacked soon withers and dies. There are usually two broods in the year, the first 2a Bull. 171 19 lS.afdrt?J*!!l!; V'*'""*^ " ;''* beginning of July, and the second S3 tJ! . ^'""•'' ' favorable .eaten, there may even be a ^ncLnlLT' r T"' " "^^ P"P"' •»*»«' »»»« lace-like cocoon ThJ fu ^* '=''/y»'"'» »«•"« attached to the under side of the leave.. The moth .. a beautiful little creature, dark or a.hen gray in Zlr, ofX S'^k T • \-°*'u"' **"'"'on^-''''«P«l marking, down the middle of the back; from this characteristic the moth receives its name. I he remedy that .eem. most effective is .praying the underside of the leave, wherever attacked with kerosene emulsbn. at the sam- time applying fertilizer., such a. nitr.- of soda, to induce a vigorousT^wS As a preven ,ve measure all ren..... of .talk, and foliagef after -^^!o^ terin.^cUth"d:"' ^^^^'W^^f^^oycd in order to gel rid ^f the w^ t^s'larlTv L : '^^'^ul^' •"'*^' '* «" importation from Europe, a .eriouf%t "^ '" ^ ''""''" ""*' ""'^ occasionally beco,^; The Cabbage Maggot (Phorbia brassicae)-Fie. ao-is nn.. «f *u mo.t seriou. insects that grower, of this vegetable L^: to contend found ^T^ "'u"- •' '°°" "''" ^'""^ »« °"» i" the spring, are often thrir reddish brown puparia in the so«^^.r tT .1^ T^^^ '°"" "rou^d m . „ I *,''~~"'>n of pyrelhrum insect powder (quarter ol a round to a gallon of water) or white hellebore o( the sami stren^h The earth ,, drawn away from the root of an alT^ted planrand haU a tea^upful „ p,„r«. in; the soil is then replaced and filW Tp ar'ld J wide and a hich.- over these is taeked cheesecloth which should l^fh b. a%ftr°elrft „°! th'^'i '"" '"■^"""' '""" W-"K 1« by ea,^ f af "„r5 "w-he^etS^d a^dn'tJ^rawrfoTI." .h^' w-ict'^^^-LTs "„;-^j"re'::tiLi4irif H'^^^ '^^ Tarwl paper disk*, three inchei in diameter, with a alit from one tide to the middle, are uied to place around the .tema of plants when they are set out, and prevent the flies from laying their tgg» upon them. These are somewhat troublesome to make and put on and are not nearly so cflfect'.ve as the cheese cloth screens. t Carroti. The Black Swallow-Tail Buttmh.y (PapiUo asterias [polyxtnet]^ Fi£. 10. There may often be found feeding on the foliage ..f carrots and parsnips a handsome velvety green caterpilUr ornamented with Und^of ydlow. This is the larva of one cf our targest and most beau- tiful butterflies, black in color, ornamented with rows of bright yellow spots. The catL-rpllars do not feed in colonies and consequently are n«l oiten inju.ious, the amount of ^foliage consumed by an individual Fig. 30. BUck 8w»llow-Uil Butterfly. .*ldom afftctinR the vitality of a plant. Being conspicuous, they may. .f sufficiently numerous to require repression, be picked off by hand -d crushed under foot. They are kept in check, however, by a large h^ • .itic fly, which lays an egg on a caterpillar from which hatches out a grub that feeds within the body of its host until the chrysalis is formed and then completes its work of devouring all that remains a fly with four clear membranous wings comintr out instead of the butterfly. The Carrot Rust-Fi.v (Psila ro.*^)— Fig. 31— »« a much more seri- ous enemy to the plant than the preceding species. It is a comparatively ;^ent infportation fn.,n Europe, havin,. been first obser^■ed in this country about twenty-five years ago. It is a great pes m h.. Man- 'rme P'ovinces. but so far is only locally found in Ontario. Its at^ck may first be noticed in spring wh. n the Icxes of young carrots turn reddish, and on examination the roots will be found covered with rusty fl • •"•" t^o-wiiwed y, quarter of an inch lon^, body dark ffreen. head ^ »i". P*lr"**' ■"*" "'^ "y" '^''- ^'''>'" »''« W.. which ;« law on the .tern helow tne aurfuce of the ground, the y^ng maggot, make Sa^i-r^ de«r.bed above; the attack cau.e. the ru.ty blotches to appear. The maggou of a later brood infest the full-grown root, and continue their work of de.truction in the root-houw during the winter Celery and parsnip, are also attacked. ^ Fig. 81. CarrotRnrt.fly:1.8,4,5, Tnatnialiiia; 2, «, 8 mlaiiwi. H»».,^»r*«^'''? '"''""r*» *"'" to b« the only remedies available. To 1-^ / ?• "^ '''^'"^ ^" '«^'' the rows of young carrot., when r.tL ^K*"""'."^ °"l' »''°"'** '^ ''P^y'^'' -'th kerosene emulsion or duated with sand or plaster in which coal-oil ,s mixed, half a pint being used to a pailful of the material. The application should be made weekly, and especially after hoemg, until about the middle of July In gardens where <;arrots are grown for tabk use and size is not an object, late sowmg ,s found to be advantageous, the plants thus escaping tne egg-laying of the fly. Repeated sowings week or so apart, will secure the freedom of some of the crops froir attack The plants should not be grown two years runninjj in ;he same piece of ground. Stored roots, if found affected in the winter, may be treated with carbon bisulphide; one ounce to loo lbs. of roots, placed in pans T ?^ u ! f P,''*"* P''°*"'^«d that they are in fairly air-tight bins. They should be eft for 48 hours and then exposed to the air in order to get nd of the fumrs, which are very infla.r.mable; no light or fire should be anywhere near when this substance is being employed. Cei.erv. Celery, as a rule, is not much affected by injurious insects ; those that do attack it are the same as the enemies of carrots and parsnips o which reference is elsewhere made. The handsome caterpillars of the Plack Swallow-tail Butterfly (Papilio asterias)—Fig ^o— may often ■ If t J 22 be found eating the foliage, but they are never very numerous and can easily be controlled by handpicking. A small caterpillar called the Celery Leaf-Tyer (Phlyct^.d^ Another serious enemy is the Corn Root-aphis, which is attended by Hs Intprotectors; it is especially injurious to the plants when yount. The winged forms migrate to various common ^yeeds such as plantain, pigweed, &c.. showing the importance of keeping fields and gardens free from these places of refuge. As soon as the tender blades of corn appear above the soil they are liable to be cut off by these nocturnal marauders the Cutworms which can be circumvented by the use of the poisoned bran-mash. The grubs of the i2.spotted Cucumber beetle often infest the roots of corn when i S8 Late?or»^''V°"';*''' ^"^ ^ K^^' ^"' "^ '°^« '« occasioned by them. Later on, as the plants grow bigger, they may be attaclced by Grassl hoppers and seriously injured. "-ckcq oy urass- The Corn Stalk-Borer (Papaipema nitela)~¥\e. 32— is an occas LTd'ah'iTL^Jti;'?- ''''"" 7'^. ^^^^^P'"^^' wiiich^^ows'to anTch and a half in length, lives inside the stem and devours all the interior to such an extent that the plant withers and dies; when app^aching ma u ° •ty the worm works its way down to the root and there changes To the chrysalis stage. The moth, which is fawn-colored and has Se front pair of wings crossed by a pale curved line, comes out in the autumn and lays her eggs on the stems of a variety of plants as well as on t^ Fig. 32. Com Stalk borer : a, moth ; h, half-grown cater- pillar ; c, mature larva in Btalk ; e, pupa. (ChiUenden U.S. Dept. Agric.) corn. The caterpillar is known to infest the tomato, potato dahlia and many other cultivated plants as well as many kinds of weeds Th; t^ ;^n,^dy seems to be clean cultivation and'^the des^ru^tL in The inon .ff " "'"T- ^""^ ^°°*^ °f P^^"*« ^^hich are likely to have eges laW upon them. Being an internal feeder there is ,,. way of poLE the caterpillar, and usually its presence in a stalk is only knovvn bf he premature withering of the plant. ^ ^ ^'^ The Corn Ear-Worm (Heliothis armt^er)— Fig. «_ic another cren eral eeder which includes corn in its atfacks. fn the Lth ft L the' notorious "Boll-worm" which is so destructive to co'^n ; here^t u attacks tomatoes and a few other plants as well as corn. The presence of the caterpillar is first made known by small holes to be seen in the leaves enveloping the growing ear; on investigation the worm will be found devouring the milky grains and spoiling the ear by its excremem and the rot which usually sets in; sweet corn is especially liable to be spoil' y this attack. Any ear that is seen to be affected should be open and the caterpillar destroyed ; this seems to be the only thing that can be done. The moth is a handsome creature, ochre yellow in color with darker bands across the wings, which measure an inch and a half when expanded. With us there is but one brood in the year and much may be done to keep the insect in check by clean cultivation in the fall of the year. Fig. 33. The Corn Ear- worm : a, moth ; b, caterpillar. Fig. 34. Chinch-bug, greatly maguified. In the great corn-growing States to the west and south the crop is very seriously injured >> ar after year by the Chinch-bug (Fig. 34), a small black bug, with a white mark on each side of the wings. As it appears in millions, these hosts inflict an enormous amount of damage by sucking out the juices of the plant. We are fortunately free from this pest in Canada, though an occasional specimen has been found m Ontario. Cucumber and Melon. Cucumber Beetles: the Striped (Diahrotica wttata)— Fig. 3 5--anu the Spotted {D.i2-punctata). The former of these insects may be found all through the season on cucumbers, melons, squashes and pumpkins from the time that the plants are first set out till the frost destroys the foliage in the autumn. The beetles hibernate in the adult stage and are ready to attack the seedling plants as soon as they appear above the soil; oftentimes they are sufficiently numerous to kill the tender plant 25 by eating the leaves and gnawing the stem; later on they may be found in the flowers where, however, they seem to feed on the nectar and not to do much harm. The beetle is less than half an inch in length, 3ow„"Jht k'^^'L^ ir ,'" ''°^°' "^''^ ^ ^^^""^ •'"^ ^"'l ^^"^ black stripes down the back The larvae are slender white grubs which feed upon the roots of the plants and sometimes burrow up into the stem, continuing their injuries for about a month, when they change to the pupal stage and later on come out as a second brood of the beetles. The latter art- very lively insects, flying quickly from plant to plant when disturbed: sometimes when their usual food is not available they attack the youn- pods of peas and beans, and may be found on a variety of other plants Fig. 35. Striped Cucumber Beetle, grub and papa— much enlarged, Fig. 36. Spotted Cucumber Beetle enlarged. and Te« ov», K ^ " ''^'* ! ^^'^- 3^) « larger than the Striped, and less oval, broadening considerably towards the posterior end o the body ; its color is yellowish green, with a black h..? and three rows of four black spots, making twelve in all, on the w.n. covers ?t Ts a Unked°sJ«f.T -1"^* *^^" '^'^ -^ -"P"^ ^^'^^' ^"^ '" ™^"y P^rts of the United States it does serious injury to the roots of corn. In Ontario l'nt"'K ?• T"^ associated with the other species on cucurbitaceous plants, but in fewer numbers; it is also a much more general feeder attacking a great variety of plants; it. life history is smewhat similar n 1 P[^f,*^'"8:, but It seems to feed mostly upon the pollen of blossoms in the beetle stage, the grubs being the chief cause of injury by their attacks upon roots and stems. The treatment for both these insects is chieflv preventive. Youne cucumber and melon plants should be protected as soon as they art- T °4^,* *u ^^^ cheese-cloth screens described as a protection against the Flea-beetles, or by smaller screens made with two flexible sticks crossed at right angles and with their ends securely fixed in the ground and then covered with a piece of cheese-cloth which can be kept from being blown about by heaping a little earth on the edges. These screens may be safely removed when the plants have grown too big to be covered by them. Another plan is to grow a few squash plants earlier than the others so as to attract the beetles to them, and then treat them with Paris green, one pound mixed with 50 lbs. of lime or plaster; this may be dusted over the plant when the beetles congregate upon it. In the autumn all the refuse of the vines should be gathered up and either burned or buried in a compost heap, so as to kill the hibernating beetles. Spraying the young plants with poisoned Bordeaux mixture has also been found effective. The Squash-Bug {Anasa tristis) — Fig. 37. This familiar insect is usually very abundant and injurious through all the south-western coun- ties of Ontario, but during the last two or three years it has almost entirely disappeared. It will not be long before it again becomes num- erous and troublesome. The bugs are much larger insects than tlie beetles described above, being nearly three quarters of an inch in length, of a dirty blackish color above and speckled creamy beneath ; they have the usual repulsive odor common to the "stink-bugs," to which family they belong. Late in autumn the bugs may be found in all sorts of places, crawling about in search of winter quarters, and should then be crushed under foot. In the spring they come out, and begin their injurious work of sucking out the juices of young cucurbitaceous plants. The eg&s, which are metallic in color, are laid in batches on the under side of leaves near the base of the plant; from them soon hatch out the young bugs, but not all at once, so that we may find nymphs of all sizes on the under side of the same leaf. They not only injure the foliage by sucking out its juices but also poison it as well, causing a speedy wilt- ing of the leaves they attack. If any withering leaves are observed they should at once be inspected, and if a colony is found at work it can soon be exterminated by crushing under foot. These bugs are difficult to get rid of as the usual remedies for suck- ing insects, kerosene emulsion, for instance, have but little effect upon them, except when applied to the colonies of young nymphs. The methods recommended above for the Cucumber beetles are also the best remedies for these disagreeable insects. In the early part of the season the parent bugs may be trapped by laying pieces of shingle or board near the plants; the bugs will be found taking shelter under them in the morning and can easily be destroyed. Flea Beetles, described above, are often verv injurious to young cucumber and melon plants, and also a species of Aphis. Occasionally the fruit is attacked when green by small caterpillars, nne called 'h" Fickle-worm {Diaphania nitidalis) and another, the Melon caterpillar (D. hyalinata) ; both turn into beautiful little moths. In the south they are regularly injurious year after year, but with us, happily, they are quite rare; should they become numerous at any time they could be easily controlled by the use of arsenical poisons. 27 Onion. The Onion Maggot (Phorbia ceparum) -Fig. 38— is very similir i,r mode of attack and life-history to the Cabbage Maggo ieX Is cnbed; u is unnecessary, therefore, to repeat these pf " cu ar, if «' often extremely destructive, and has almosfdriven market gardener o M <$i \ ,^ Fig. 37. Squaah-bngs : aXot, nymphe in diSwent stages of growth ; /, adult bug -much enlarged . forTni^nJ^'L'"'^''^"!'''*,"'^^'"''**' '■^^^'■'■^^ ^° ^^°^-^' ^--e hardly suitable and f^i '^ ''^'^ °^ ^'■°^'^ '^ ^° ^"^^'•^"- f^^-" that of a cabbage, Cheese-cloth screens nor could tarred paper disks be employed. There V 28 is, however, a sjimple method of protection which has been found effec- tive : as soon as the tiny shoots of the onions begin to appear above the soil, the rows should be treated with a whitewash made of lime and water and thick enough to form a thin crust over the surface. The effect of this is to close up all crevices and openings in which the parent fly would lay her eggs, and prevent the maggots which may hatch from any eggs laid above ground from reaching the roots beneath. The young plants penetrate through the thin crust of lime without difficulty. Later on, when hoeing, any plant that is not growir>g satisfactorily should be cut out and crushed under foot so as to destroy the maggots. Furthermore, onions should not be grown a second time on, or close to, a bed which has been infested with these insects. Pyrethrum insect Fig. 38. Union Muggot, pnparium, fly snd infested bulb. ft ■ n I i powder or white hellebore may be applied in the same manner as recom- mended for the cabbage maggot. Many other substances, such as salt, plaster, Paris green, &'c., have been tried without any satisfactory results. When taking up the onions in the fall any bulbs infested by maggots should be carefully destroyed. Parsnip. The Parsnip Webworm {Depressaria heracliana). When parsnips are left in the ground all winter and allowed to grow up for seed-bear- ing purposes durinjj the following season, they are very liable to be attacked by this insect. Towards the end of June when the stems are tall and bear fine umbels of flowers, it is often found that the bloom is disfigured with webs which draw the whole into an untidy mass, and on examination a colony of small caterpillars will be found at work within. W'hen they have finished consuming the flowers, they burrow 29 Ti,/.- : M, '"*^"- ^''^ '"sect is an European soecies ..ann^erTn?eeTStsTat1.ave"' '" ^'""^"" wo^rnTsi.ilar and other kindred urJ^lfflr ^n^ tl" '"V"' T ""*' '"'°' treated with Paris green as soo„tSey l^e ttiSd ff Z' ^'ht '^ drawn nto a web thev shonW K- t, ♦ « J^^ ' ' *"^ umbels are Peas. The Pea-Weevil {Bruchus pisorum}~F\(r. ,q The r,(. h: , the youne nod to IVhuL !! • ""^ .^ ^"""'^ "P°" *''«'". waiting for upon the substanr,. nf nf^ ^ ■ ^ '''^ *>"'"'' remains, feeding foSowing sprine b^t In J . '"^'^1*''^ ^^ ""**' they are sown the '"S spring-, out some emeree when the nnns K.o^^,„„ • . greeJTdfso ihlJT^r^'M^"^'' ^u' '''■^"■"^^^ ''^'y' « ""'« on the field thr«h; K ,. ! P^^ ''''" ""^ ^''^^" ""^ ''^^""-^ removal from the Sifeifn t°" '^ ^' ^°"' '' ^°°" ^^ P"^^'^'*^' «"d -» '■«f"«e from the machine should be swept up and burnt. If any weevils are noticed in thh^r^'u *^^^7P .f 0"W be put into bins or barrels and CigateS ^v.th carbon bisulphide in the manner recommended for the Bean wee vH U., I Peat that contain weevils, even though they are dead, should not be •own, as the plants grown from them will be stunter* jv/ing to the lack of food material in the pea; a considerable proportir^n would probably not grow at all, owing to the germ having been d«;voured by the beetle. The remains of the crop, not taken from the field, should be raked up and burnt. If every pea-grower would adopt these methods we should soon be rid of the pest, as the beetle does not attack any ot^- The Pea Moth (Semasia nigricans) — Fig. 40 — is not o* und in Ontario, but is very common and at times extremely destructive in the Maritime Provinces ; its occasional occurrence with us renders it n pes- sary to be on our guard against it. The parent moth is small, less than half an inch in expanse of wings, and of a dull slaty-grey color. It lays its eggs on the growing pods of peas ; the caterpillars soon hatch out and bore their way into the pod where they feed upon the young peas, con- Fig. 39. Pea-weevil, natural size and much enlarged. % Fig. 40. Pea-moth and caterpillar; moth greatljr enlarged and natural size ; affected pea. suming many of them and filling the space with a mass of excrement. When full grown the worms leave the pods and form their small oval cocoons below the surface of the ground. Where there is reason to expect an attack, the pea vines should be sprayed as soon as blossoming is over with a I'quid wash of one pound of soap in twenty-five gallons of water in which has been thoroughly mixed four ounces of Paris green ; the spraying should be repeated a couple of times at intervals of a week or ten days. The object is to poison the young caterpillars when they are eating their way through the pod. Sowing early varieties as early as possible in the season has been found useful, the pods being too far advanced to be injured when the worms appear. Very late sowing i.s also recommended in order that the blossoming may not take place till after the moths have ceased egg- laying. An important point is to plow or dig deeply in the fall any piece of land where infested peas have been grown in order to bury the cocoons and prevent the moths cominp out in the spring. All unripe pods should be burnt as they may contain worms, and peas should not be grown again upon or near the same piece of ground the next season. 81 tending with an attack on 'a v^ry la gfsLr A ^'l^hoT't^h t" ^ " found ffft>rtir,m ;= t^ ^t. •'^ . ^ scale. A method that has heen plan. As sin ^s the n nnt '°'^'' '?**^^'^ "^ *^*= "^"«' broadcast pa . as soon as the plants are .een to be infested boys are employed Fig. 41. Colorado PoUto-bectle. Potato. 4i-S^'o^famm«T. ^°''^^'* ^'f' (^^^''^^'^^^ decmZm«flia)_Fig. nLrf^f- T u .*° everyone that it is hardly necessary to eivT anC descnption of the destructive creature. The adult beetles come out o^ i-n . 1 38 their winter hiding places about the end of May and feed at once upoc the earliest appearing potato plants ; soon after this the females lay thcii bright orange colored eggs on the under side of the leaves in batches ol various numbers up to fifty or more. The grubs hatch out in about i week and set to work to devour the foliage; their dark orange coloi renders them somewhat conspicuous, so that an attack can hardly fai to be noticed. When fully grown the insect changes to the pupal stag* in a cell a few inches below the surface of the ground. A period ol about eight weeks is required to complete a life cycle, and then a seconc brood of beetles appears, lays its eggs and starts new colonies of grubs the third brood comes out in September and may be observed crawlini or flying about in search of winter quarters. The broods are by n( means distinct, as all the grubs do not mature at the same time, conse< quently the inject may usually be found in all its stages at any tim( during the stunmer. Fig. 42. ThrM-lined Potato-beetle. Fig. 43. Three-lined Potato-beetle ; eggs, larva and pupa. The well-known and long-tried remedies are Paris green or ar&anati of lead combined with Bordeaux mixture, the latter ingredient assisting in warding off the attacks of fungus diseases and also in destroyin| Flea-beetles, when they are present, as they commonly are. Sprayin| should be done early in June as soon as any grubs are to be seen, agaii a month later and three times, at intervals of a fortnight, between th( end of July and thr first of September. The Three-Lined Potato Beetle {Lema trilineata) — Fig. 42 — look: very like the Striped Cucumber beetle, but is larger and of a darker yel low color. Before the cominjr of the Colorado beetle, this was the chie insect enemy of the potato, but now, though common, it is not usualh particularly destructive; its life-history is much the same, the adul beetle coming out in the spring and laying her eggs on the under side of the leaves of the young plants ; these are yellow in color and are lai( along the midrib of the leaf. The larvae have the extraordinary habi of piling their excrement on top of their backs, possibly as a protectioi against their enemies, and thus present a disgusting appearance (Fig. 43 b 43). Ihe (frubi appear in June and jfo through their traniformation in time for another brood to come forth in Aujfust ; the beetles from ihiic later brood do not cnurKe till the following spring. When this insect is at all abundant, it can easily be controlled by the application of I»;.ris jjreen ; the measures everywhere taken to chtck the Colorado l)eitl • have no doubt prevented this species also from becomintf numerous. The f'oTATo Flea-Beetle {Epitrtx cucunwm) i.s one of the nujst serious pests of the potato plant. The tiny creature— it is less than ..ne- twentieth of an inch lonp— eats small hole ill over the surface of the leaves and causes much injury in this wav , but a worse result is that the spores of the fundus diseases called "Blijrht" find a suitable place in these holes for germination and the complete destruction of the Iraf soon follows. Flea-beetles as a class have already been referred to; it is unnecessary, therefore, to do more than state that spraying with Bordeaux mixture is a satisfactory remedy for both the insect and the blight. Fig. 44. Potato Stalk-borer ; beetle, grub and pupa. Blister Beetles are often reported from the northern parts of the Province as appearing suddenly in great sw.irms in the potato fields and greedily devouring the foliage. An account of them has already been given under insects attacking Beets and .Spinach. The Potato Stalk-Borer {Trichoharis trinotata) — Fig. 44 — is an occasional cause of injury to the plant '..> this country, but in some of the States to the west and south it is considered almost as great a pest as the Colorado beetle. As the name indicates, the attack is made by boring the stalk; this is done by the grubs, which are whitish in color and without legs. The small beetles, about quarter of an inch long, are ashen-grey in color and belong to the family of weevils or snout beetles, having the head developed into a long beak; the base of the wing-covers is marked with three distinct black spots, which 3 Bull. 171. im readUy diitmiruith it from similar upecea. About th« month of June the parent makea a hole in the italic of the potato with its inout and deposits an ^ and repeaU the operation a number of times. The prube which hatch frr them burrow up and down in the stalks, devour- inff the interior, and en full^yrown, about the beginning of September, form their cocoo- ..de the stalk near the base of the plant ; the beetles emerge later c . • ut remain in this retreat all winter. No application of poison is of any avail, as the grubs are out of reach in the stalk, but much may be done to exterminate the insect by cleaning up and burning all the remains of the planU after the potatoes are dug m the fall; thi. is advisahk also in order to destroy the germs of fungus aiseases. * Fif. 4ft. Tomato-norm. Fig. 40. Chrysalis of Tomato-worm. Radish. Radishes are very liable to attack and serious inju;y x.', n they Hrsl come up in the seed beds by the -minute Flea-beetles described anion- the insects that are general feeders ; cheese-cloth screens are found to be the best piotection. The Radish-magot {Phorbia) is the same or a very closely allied species to that which attacks the roots of cabbages, and may be treated in much the same way; protection with cheese-cloth is by far the simplest and entirely effective method of securing perfect radishes in the spring. Tomato and Tobacco. These two plants may be associated tc^ether as the same insects are liable to attack both ; but it is hie'hly probable that the growth of tobacco on a large scale in the south-western counties of Ontario will cause other enemies of the latter plant to make their unwelcome appear- ance. Cutworms early in the season are vc y destructive to the young 86 Kr!L'.v« "'%^,'^*"^ off by the lue of the poisoned br«n.m..h pUnt. U °'*"*«»PP«"- The most con.picuou. enemy of both ..i.J*'* '^•r*-.^''^";«° "**•« Moth, or Tomato worm {Prototarc, c*Uus Thi. „ . large cat... pillar. -ttaininR to a length of JearlJ four .nche. when fully grown and corre-pondin^ly thick^Fig Z"t f„ VnlJT'th^**' °"'r P"' '.'"f "'""'f ^''^ »'''"«"'' '^ prominent^ Li a r' nf^u? ^ ''"^ ''°"''?"' ^'^''"' ""'^ »""" »»"P »he foliage from a r nt, but being .o conspicuous they can Ik; readily got rid of by Se earth ^nH f!^"*" '^T-'' '' ^'"P'*''''. '^ caterpillar burrow intJ the earth and form a cell m which they transforn, to a dark brown chrysalis, which ha, attached to the head and under side .f the thor°x eTrmou,"lvTo""''""1'''* 'l"*"^°' « '»* ^^''«- 4^) ""d containJng'he enormously long sucking tube with which the moth is provided. Usu- n thl ZZT' "* '".**'* ^''^"'^ ""♦" *P""»r' »'"» t>cca.si.,nally some Thiv «^^™°T* ?' '" *•'«.?"»"'"" !f jus cliyeasis should underst ii uk cause of such disease, in order that they may apply intcllijrer ly remedies in- their control. Funf,nis diseases are caused by a kv <;r':(ip of mini.fe plants known as Fung-i. These plants, unlike ordinary ii rvcrin}.'- piar s, have no j^n^.n (•x)l()rin},' matter and are entirely unable to niaiiul;.ctt're their own food. All their nourishment therefore must be obtained from decaying- animal or vejjetable remains or from living animals or plants. Those Fungi which derive their nourishment from living plants in so doing injure them in various ways, and thus give rise to what are known as fungus diseases. The bodies of Fungi which cause plant diseases are usually very simple, consisting of fine delicate threads or tubes (hyphje). some of which become modified and produce reproductive structures, termed spores, which may be considered similar to the seeds of flowering plants. Sometimes the fungus threads live upon the surface of the plants and obtain their nourishment by sending down little suckers (haustoria) into the cells below; most frequently, however, they live within the plants, either in or between the cells. Two kinds of spores are frequently pro- duced, thin-walled .summer .spores which spread the disca.se durin-r the summer, and thick-walled resting or winter spores which carry the dis- ease over the winter. Spores are scattered by various agencies, chief among which are wind, water and insects. On coming in contact with a suitable host plant they .^end out little threads which enter the plant through the breathing-pores on the leaves, through the skin, or through wounds. Once within, the little threads grow very rapidlv, drawing their nouri.shment from the cells of the host plant and .settin<^ up a dis- eased condition. Generally .speaking, in combating fungus diseases methods of pre- vention only are practicable, as once a fungus is within a plant nothing can be done to destroy it. Care should be taken to keep the crops in a healthy, growing condition and free from injury by insects. I'nthrifty plants and those attacked by insects are more liable to fungus diseases than healthy ones. Rotation of crops should be practised so that the winter spores left in the soil may not infect next season's crop. Weeds should be destroyed as they frequently harbor fungi. Diseased crop refuse should be burnt and not thrown on the manure heap. Fresh manure should be avoided as it fiequently contains living spores of para.sitic fungi. Intelligent and thorough spraying- with Bordeaux or other fungicides will do much to prevent the spread of fungus disenses. 38 ! J! Asparagus. Rust (Puccinia asparagi). This disease is very commmi and is familiar to every grower of asparagus. It has three distinct stages. The first is known as the "cluster-cup" stage or the spring form. In this stage the spores are produced in cup-shaped pustules, which are grouped in oval clusters and are orange-yellow when mature. This stage is seldom noticed by asparagus growers. The second or summer stage Fig. 48. Asparagus Rust. 1, attacked stem showing spore clusters ; 2, cluster-cup form ; 3, spores from cluster-cup ; 4, spores from suiumer stage (uredo spores) : 5, resting or winter spores (teleuto spores). is the one usually first noticed by the growers, and called by them the "red rust" on account of the elongated reddish-brown pustules which are seen breaking through the skin of the stem. In these pustules red- dish, one-celled spores are produced, known as uredospores. It is in the summer or "red rust" stage that the disease spreads most rapidly and appears to do the greatest amount of harm. Towards fall, or whenever the vitality of the asparagus plants is reduced, the third and final stage i4*i~. m 39 >d is ages. . In ti are stage stage known as the "black rust" or winter stage appears, due to the fact that the red spores in the pustules are replaced by dark brown, two-celled, thick-walled spores known as teleutospores. These germinate in the spring and produce the first stage again. Treatm. nt : Rust may be largely controlled by spraying with resin- Bordeaux from July to September at intervals of ten days or two weeks. This is a difficult and rather costly undertaking and will hardly pay otTinlabt. tbidcTmiS. T-CUp iredo 1 the hich red- s in and ever tage .Slk.>«l tt.«bd Tissua .5.«A t«*JCod Fig. 49. Bean Anthracnose. The right-hand figure shows a section taken through a spot on pod and the seed beneath. Note how the hyphae in the "pod-spot" are penetrating into the cells of the seed. On the left are shown a number of enlarged spores.— (After Whetzel. ) except on large r ;. Dusting with flowers of sulphur has given good results. Cutting and burning all the diseased stems in the fall will help to keep the rust in check. Rust resistant varieties should be planted. Beans. Anthracnose or Pod-Spot {CoUetotrichum lindemuthianum). Thit is the commonest and worst disease to which beans are liable. It attacks stem, leaves, pods and seeds, beginning with the first leaves of the seedling plant. The disease appears as round, rusty or black, sunken spots. In the centre of each of these is pr sometimes termed "pod-spot." The fungus working- in the diseased areas finally penetrates through the wall of the pod into the seeds. Here it remains in a more or less inactive condition until the seed is sown When it becomes active and forms the starting point of the disease. The seedlings from such attacked seeds will often show the spots on the seed-leaves. Once spores begin to be formed the disease spreads rapidly. Treatment : Since the disease originates with infected seed, the most important point is to secure, if possible, clean seed. This can be Fig. 51. Leaf of Beet attacked by Leaf- spot Fungus ( Cercospora beficota). obtained by gathering it from pods which are free from spots, the dis- ease, as far as is known, only infecting the seed through the pod. Although seeds that are badly attacked may be readily recognised by their discolored areas, hand-sorting of such seed previous to sowing is practically valueless, as a large percentage of the apparently healthy ones will contain the fungus. Treating the seed with formalin is also useless. Care should be taken not to work amongst the plants when they are wet with rain or dew since it is at this time that the spores are 42 ready to be distributed and each spore may start a new spot. Sprayiniy with Bordeaux mixture appears to be capable of controlling the disease provided it can be done thoroughly enough. This, however, is only possible when done by hand on garden crops. Under ordinary field conditions it is of little value. Rust {Uromyces appendiculatus). This appears as small, round, rusty brown, raised spots on the surface of the leaves. Leaf-stalks and pods may also be affected. Later the spots darken in color owing to the formation of a different kind of spore (teleutospore) which serves to carry the fungus over the winter. Treatment : Burn the remains of diseased plants. Some varieties are found to be more resistant than others, and where possible these should be selected. Early spraying with Bordeaux mixture will diminish the injury. The disease, however, is not often of a serious nature. Beet. Leaf Spot {Cercospora beticola). This occasionally causes serious mjury, though garden varieties appear to be more resistant than the sugar beet. The disease causes small brown spots with purplish margins, which are scattered irregularly over the leaves. Later, these spots become ashey gray in color. When very numerous the leaf-tissue is to a large extent destroyed and the value of the leaf to the plant cor- respondingly lessened. Treatment : Spray with resin-Bordeaux at intervals of lo to 14 days, beginning about the middle of July. The disease is seldom bad enough to require treatment. Cabrage and Cauliflower. Club Root {Plasmodiophora brassicce). This disease attacks cab- bage, cauliflower, turnips, radish and other members of the Crucifera. It is caused by a slime-fungus. Plants attacked are noticed to markedly flag or wilt, and if their roots are examined irregular thickenings and knob-like swellings are found upon them. These often reach the size of a man's fist. The tops of affected plants develop very slowly, cauli- flowers and cabbage attacked forming little or no head. The plants are often completely killed, due to the fact that the swellings on the root prevent the proper abs- rption of water. The cells of the swellings are unusually large and fi' d with brownish, irregular masses of protoplasm. Each such mass represents the vegetative body of a single organism. The vegetative bodies feed and grow at the expense of the cell contents. They pass from cell to cell and when the food supply is exhausted each one divides into a large number of spores, which, when the swellings decay, are set free into the soil. Naked, motile pieces of protoplasm emerge from the spores when they germinate. These it is thought enter 43 the plants through the root hairs. This disease may remain in the soil for several years. It is chiefly spread in manure and by means of infected seedling stock. Treatment: *"Practise crop rotation. Set out only healthy plants. Do not use manure containing^ cabbage refuse. If necessary to use infested land apply good stone lime, 2 to 5 tons per acre. Apply at least as early as the autumn before planting, two to four years is bet- ter. Lime the seed bed in the same manner." Burn all refuse from diseased crop. Do not use manure from stock fed upon clubbed roots. Keep down weeds belonging to the Cruciferae ; they may harbor the disease. Black Rot {Pseudomonas campestris). This is a bacterial disease which attacks cabbage, cauliflower, rape, and Swede turnip. The bac- teria get into the veins of the leaves clogging and turning them black. The lower leaves are usually first affected. The leaves drop and no heads are formed. This disease is especially bad on low damp soils. Treatment -. Avoid low, damp soils, practise rotation of crops, soak seed 15 minutes in a solution made by dissolving one pint of formalin in thirty gallons of water. Soft Rot (Bacillus oleracece). This is another bacterial disease of cabbage and cauliflower. (See O.A.C. Bulletin 136.) Celery. Cercospora Leaf-Blight or Early Blight (Cercospora apii). This appears early in the season often showing in the seed-bed. It is charac- terised by more or less circular spots, greyish green in color at first, then becoming brown and later ashy. Separate spots generally have a well marked border. When numerous they run together into irregular patches. This disease disappears with the "coming of the cool nights of autumn when it may be followed by the late blight. Treatment : Spray five to eight times during the season beginning whilst the plants art still in the seed-bed. Bordeaux may be used for the first application. Ammoniaoal Copper Carbonate 'should be employed for the rest. Refuse from diseased crop should be destroyed. Septoria Leaf-Bi.ight or Late Blight (Septoria petroselini, van apii). This appears later in the season than the last. The spots produced are usually more irregular and tawny in color. Little black fruiting bodies develop in the spots on both sides of the leaf. The disease con- tinues active until the plants are lifted and may subsequentlv cause serious rotting in storage. Neither this pest nor the last seems to give much trouble on shady, well-drained land. Treatment : Spraying with ammoniacal copper carbonate, continued till the plants are lifted. Dise.nsed leaves should be stripped off before the plants are placed in storage. Remains of diseased crop should be destroyed. •Cornell Bulletin 262. 44 Corn. Corn Smut (i'stilago Zete). This is an exceedingly common di ease, familiar to every grower of corn. On stalks, leaves, staminate ta sels, and ears appear peculiar growths, usually spoken of as "boils These growths are white and polish<'d in the early stage but becor darker as they mature. They are filled with black spores which produ Fig. 52. U spots caused by the parasite ; '^'^ '^"'•'"♦« °f *»>'-* l-ave divided up^'o forma n^mte? of active iwimmmg sporeB (zoospores) ; ,{, a loosWjre with itH two whipa ; e, the aame after withdrawing the whip, ; /, tCsame gemin^t" l^f^'^U'f. r" ^^. *'"**■■ °"'y ^^ **>« f""ff"s threads within the attacked tubers. Thus the source of new infection is supposed to be from stored potatoes used for seed and from old tubers left on the i.°"u ; ^ u ^ * '* "^ ^"PPO^^'^ t*^"* a new crop of spores is produced which hnd their way on to the potato leaves. prouutxa, nn^ r***?u"* '. ^P'^y '^'*'' Bordeaux. Be^in spraying about July loth. and keep the vines covered with Bordeaux until danger of inf Jtion is 4 Boll. 171. r ;- I 60 over, vhich will be about the middle of September. It will require from 4 to 6 sprayings to accomplish this. Plant quickly maturing varieties and avoid those which are most susceptible to the disease. Avoid wet soils, if possible. To prevent the rotting of the tubers : delay digging ten days until the tops dry. Do not pile and cover with diseased tops. Hill or mold up 5 inches deep. Fig. 66. Late Blight. Fig. 66. Early Blight Early Blight or Leaf Spot Disease {Alternaria solani). This dis- ease sometimes appears when the plants are from 6 to 8 inches high, but is most abundant about the time the tubers are forming. In severe cases the foliage is badly damaged and the tubers remain small. Un- healthy plants and those attacked by the flea-beetle suffer most from this disease. Small scattered grayish brown circular spots are first observed upon the leaves. These take on a minutely velvety appearance, and gradually become larger, and run into each other, until in some cases half the leaf may become brown and curled. As the spots enlarge faint 61 and I.^ t5" * high and repeat every two weeks through June or n the soil oVer the winter. It is known that the spores may rS^Tn ertnL?« r"'"' y""" ^"^ ^''^" P^°^"<^« *he disease agZ S and w^'Thes ^"Sl'no."^ "ops Avoid alkali fertilizers such as lime nntpf!^ v P . °* "^" ^'^^^ "'^""'■« ''■o'^ Stock fed On scabbv potatoes. For seed select tubers which are free from scab and Ssin feet them by soaking them (before they are cut) for two hour's b a sX" t.on made by adding one-half pint of commercial formalin to , c ealfons o water. D.s.n ect all bags, baskets, implements, etc.. wh!ch\?ve been used in handlmg scabby potatoes °"" produ'^n;soft/o"^ '"'^ ^ ^°""™" ^'^'^'^-^ ^'--'^ °^ Potatoes Radish. Whitb Rust (Albugo Candida). This attacks many kinds of olants wild and cultivated, belonging to the Mustard famil/ (Cr«cV/M it •s very com„,on on Shepherd's Purse. The disease ^appears af white shining spots and patches on the leaves and stalks. aV these pTaces large numbers of summer spores are produced. Later, resting siSres are formed in the attacked tissues and these carry the disease Lerth^ winter if the affected leaves are allowed to lie on ^h ground Attacked plants may be stunted and deformed but the diseaM- can ha div be described as a serious one. "iraiy ne « ^i^^t*'":?"* D^"" ^"'i ''.";" ^"^'='''=^ P'^"*^- Keep down such weeds as^Shepherd's Purse and Mustard which are the natural hosts of the Tomato. Leaf Spot (Septoria lycopersici). This is the most destructive dis- ease attacking the leaves and stems of tomatoes, and it is very hard to r"*J u?^ frrayish-brown, angular spots containing minute black fruiting bodies appear upon the leaves and stems. The lower ones are first attacked and the disease spreads upwards, often almost defoliating i I the plants. Many growers report that this disease is worst on high, dry, gravelly or sandy soils. It is carried over the winter in the dis- eased stems and leaves. Treatment: Spray with Bordeaux a week after transplanting and repeat at intervals of ten days or two weeks. It is often advisable to stake and tie up the plants for greater convenience in spraying. Pinch- Fig. 67. Leaf-epot of Tomato. AtUuked leaves and stem. (From Ohio Bull. 73. ) ing off the lower leaves which touch the ground when the plants are set out is also recommended. The diseased tops should be raked up and burnt. Black Rot (Macrosporiutn tomato). This fungus attacks the stems, leaves and fruit. It is by the destruction of the fruit, however, that it causes the most serious loss. Roundish black velvety spots appear on the blossom end of the tomatoes. These increase in size and sometimes 63 is- nd to involve the whole fruit. On the surface of the diseased spots dark colored, many-celled, club-shaped spores are produced. • Treatment : Spray with Bordeaux, beginning when the flowers open, and repeat at intervals of ten days or two weeks. Remove and destroy diseased fruits. Burn the diseased tops. Scab (Cladosporium fulvum). Olive brown, felt-like areas occur on the under side of the leaves and brown discolorations on the upper surface. In severe cases the leaves turn black, shrivel up and die. Tawnyl colored, two-celled spo.es are produced on the clustered stalks of the fungus on the under surface. Treatment : Spray with Bordeaux early and repeat at intervals of ten days or two weeks. See Cabbage. Fig. 68. Black Rot on Tomato. Turnip. Dampino-Off of Seedlings. et id It >n es The seedlings of many plants are liable to be attacked by a disease which weakens the stem at or near the "round, causing the plant to fall over and ultimately die. In most cases this is probably due to the fungus Pythium de Baryanum. As the name of the disease indicates, it is usually associated with too moist a condition of the soil or atmosphere. Cruciferous seedlings, e.g., radish, cress, seem especially liable to it. If an attacked seedling be examined it will be found that the stem tissue is shrunken and coUapsed at the place where it has fallen over, and at th.8 pout the parasite will likely be seen growing out as a fine mould. I wo kinds of spores are produced, the one germinating immediately and serving for the rapid spread of the disease, the other a resting spore. Treatment : For a seed-bed secure well drained soil not previously infested with the disease. Avoid thick sowing, shade, and over water- ing. Attacked plants should be removed as soon as noticed, together with the adjacent soil. This stops the formation of spores and prevents the hyphsB growing from the attacked plants over the intervening soil to new plants. * d. id e. iy It- er ts >il INSECTICIDES. Paris Green and Bordeaux Mixture. Four pounds of fresh lime, 4 pounds of bluestone, and 4 ounces of Paris green, thoroughly mixed in 40 gallons of water. In all cases where spraying with Paris green is recommended in the foregoing pages it is advisable to add the bluestone (or Bordeaux mixture) in order to counteract fungus diseases at the same time as the insects are destroyed. The bluestone (cc^per sulphate) should be dissolved by suspending it in a wooden vessel containing 4 or 5 gallons of water, and the lime slaked in another vessel; if lumpy, the lime should be strained through coarse sacking. Pour the bluestone solution into a barrel and half fill with water ; dilute the slaked lime to half a barrel and mix the two together. The Paris green should be made into a paste with warm water, poured into the barrel and stirred thoroughly. The mixture is then ready for use. The addition of the lime prevents the poison from scorching the foliage. Arsenate of Lead. Arsenate of soda 10 ounces. Acetate of lead 24 ounces. Water 150-200 gallons- "The arsenate of soda and the acetate of lead (sugar of lead) should be dissolved separately and then poured into a tank containing the required amount of water. A white precipitate of lead arsenate is immedi- ately formed, and when thoroughly stirred, is ready for spraying. Its finely divided condition keeps it in suspension for hours and thus sim- plifies the work of spraying. The preparation may be used several tin'-s stronger without the least danger of scorching the most delicate plants. When sprayed upon the fcdiage it forms a coating which adheres so firmly that it is but little affected by ordinary rains." (Bulletin 154, Harcourt and Fulmer.) Kerosene Emulsion. The following is the formula recommended by Dr. Fletcher (Cen- tral Experimental Farm, Bulletin No. 52) : Kerosene (coal oil) 2 gallons. Rain water i gallon. Soap J pound. Boil the soap in water till all is dissolved; then, while boiline hot turn It into the kerosene and churn the mixture constantly and forcibly with a synagt or force pump for five minutes, when it will be of a •mooth, creamy nature. If the emulsion is perfect, it will adhere to th." surface of glass without biliness. As it cools it thickens into a jelly- like mass. This gives the stock emulsion, which must be diluted with nine times its measure of warm water before using on vegetation. The above quantity of three gallons of emulsion will make 30 gaUons of wash. Kerosene emulsion may also be made conveniently by using an equal amount of sour milk instead of the soap and water in the above formula, and churning for the same time to get the stock emulsion. Another method is to use lime, which will hold the kerosene in sus- pension, or the foltowing, where lime cannot be obtained : The requisite amount of kerosene is placed in a dry vessel and flour added in the proportion of 8 ounces to one quart of kercJenr It U then thoroughly stirred and two gallons of waL adJed forTe% quart of kerosene ; the whole is then vigorously churned for from twoVS mmu es. and the emulsion is ready for use. It has bee ° fou*d that by whS V T' *"'°^'- ""f "^ "^ '^"°^«-' - excellent emulsion which does not separate m the least after standing for a week can be prepared with 2 ounces of flour, by mixing the resulting pa^tewitJon^ quart of kerosene and emulsifying with two gallons of water. Tobacco Wash (for destroying Aphis). or R^TLur^r'^^ ^J ^"^^"^f '^f'**' •" 9 gallons of hot water for four or five hours (in cold water for four or five days); dissolve one pound of whale-oil soap .n one gallon of hot water; strkin the decoctlonto the dissolved soap and apply with a spray pump as forcibly a^^^ssible Soap Washes. for h?.l'r' V"*' ^n °^ '^^^'''■'''' ""^P '" ^°"'- ff«"°"« of ''arm water An^tZ r"!, T''l ^u-^ .""" P"""^ '" ^''^ ^«»°"« fo^ ^'^^ Aphis. chin, rS T y °' ^^^'r " '•'* following : Boil 8 pounds of quLia Chips m 8 srallons of water for an hour, dissolve 7 pounds of whaleoil sZiin^H^'?; •''"'" *^" ^"^^^'^ ''«^°^*'°" «"d mix with the soap h s wH kmlh ' ;° -"^"^^ '°° 8;alIons. Spray forcibly while hot; this will kill the plant-hce and not injure the plants. Cook's Carbolic Soap Wash. Hard soap, one pound, or soft soap 1 quart Crude carbolic acid , nint ' ^vater (boiling) ':::::::::::::::. ] i:L. m Dissolve the soap in the boiling water ; while still hot add the carbolic acid; emulsify thoroughly. This is the stock solution. For use, dilute with 30 to 50 times its bulk of water. Very effective against root-mag- gots of cabbage, radish and onion. Hellebore. White hellebore (fresh) i ounce. Water a gallons. PVRETHRUM, OR INSECT PoWDER. Pyrethrum powder (fresh) i ounce. Water 3 gallons. Or, Pyrethrum powder i ounce. Flour (cheap) 5 ounces. Mix thoroughly, allow to stand over night in a closed tin box, then dust on plants through cheese-cloth. The Poisoned Bran Mash. • For Cutworms. Mix half a jriiind of Paris green in 50 lbs. of bran (the proportion for larger or smaller quantities is i to 100) ; the poison should be added to the dry bran little by little and stirred all the time till the whole is tinged with the green color, then add water sweetened with sugar, or molasses, till the mixture is sufficiently moistened to crumble nicely through the fingers. If bran cannot be procured, shorts or flour may be used and for field work may be distributed dry by means of a seed drill. Criddlb Mixture. For Grasshoppers (Locusts). Take a three-gallon patent pail and fill it with fresh horse drop- pings, then empty into a barrel ; repeat this five times. As each pailful is poured in, mix thoroughly with the manure about a quarter of a pound of Paris green and half a pound of salt, which has been dissolved in water. There would thus be used about one pound of Paris green and two pounds of salt to half a barrel of manure. il FUNaCIDES. The principal fungicides in use owe their power to some salt of copper. Such are Bordeaux mixture and its modifications, and ammoni- acal copper carbonate, the latter bein^ used chiefly when staining of fruit or foliage such as follows the application of Bordeaux would be objectionable. Potassium sulphide (Liver of Sulphur) is chiefly employed against powdery mildews. These fungi, being of superficial habit, may be successfully combated by less powerful fungicides than the copper salt ones, and of these potassium sulphide has the advantage of being easily prepared and of not staining the plants. The inatructions which follow on the preparation of Bordeaux mix- ture, soda Bordeaux, copper carbonate, and ammoniacal copper car- bonate are taken from Bulletin 154 of the Ontario I>epartment of Agri- culture, "Insecticides and Fungicides," by Prof. Harcourt and H. L. Fulmer. This publication is recommended to all interested in spraying. It may be had 00 application to the Department of Agriculture, Toronto. Bordeaux Mixture. The first thing to do in the manufacture of the Bordeaux mixture is to decide on some recommended formula. The formula which has long been advocated in Ontario is known as 4-4-40 formula. It is as fol- lows : — Crystallized copper sulphate (Bluestone) .. 4 pounds. 0"'*^"* ••™e 4 pounds. W**" 40 gallons. With good lime it only needs about one pound to act on all the copper; the excess given, three pounds, covers all danger which mi^ht anse from the use of a poor article. A large excess of lime is a dis- advantage; It causes the Bordeaux mixture to exert a low fungicidal action, It IS apt to cause the machinery to clog and to cause an uneven application, and the particles of lime offering more resistance to rain will cause the mixture to be more rapidly washed from the trees. It may be an advantage, however, in a very wet season, by causing the Bor- deaux to retain its efficiency longer and by allowing less injury to be done to foliage. ' As both copper sulphate and lim,' dissolve and slake, respectively, much quicker in hot water than cold, it is better to use heated water in order to save time. The very best lime obtainable is used, and if freshly burned, all the better. In slaking do not use an excess of water, but just enough to keep the lime moist. When the action is completed enough water is added to make a thin whitewash and then the whole is J ■trained through coarse sacking to remove any lumps which would clog the nozzle of the spray pump. This done, enough water is added to make the volume up to one-half of what the final mixture will amount to. The cupper sulphate solution is diluted to the same extent. The two are now mixed, the operation being best performed by two men, each with a bucket, one handling the lime and the other the copper sul- phate. They arc poured into the spray tank, two bucketsful at a time, until the whole is brought together. In this way a precipitate is obtained which will remain in suspension with only occasional agitation. If mix- ing is done before dilution, a very coarse precipitate is formed which settles rapidly to the bottom of the spray tank and requires almost con- stant stirring. If large quantities of spray mixture are going to be used, it is an excellent plan to make up "stock" solutions of the copper and lime. This can be done by dissolving, say, one pound of copper sulphate in each gallon of water and making up a barrel full of it. Each gallon of the solution taken then represents one pound of the bluestone. The salt can be conveniently dissolved by filling the barrel with water and then suspending it therein, endoaed in a canvas sack. The lime can be handled in the same way, being sure, of course, that the contents of the barrel are thoroughly stirred up before dipping out any portion. Keep the barrels covered when not in use. PRBCAimoNs TO BE UsED IN MAKING. Before Bordeaux mixture is sprayed, it is absolutely necessary that all copper should be in the form of the sky-blue precipitate, i.e., enough lime must be used to act on all the bluestone. Formulae advocated by the experiment stations always contain enough lime to precipitate all the copper, but it may sometimes happen that such a very poor quality is used that there will be some of the sulphate left unchanged. There are several simple ways by which one can tell when enoucfh lime is present. Those who are very familiar with the reaction which occurs can tell by the color cf the precipitate, it having a greenish tinge when an insufficiency of lime is present instead t)f the deep sky-blue color. However, those who are not familiar with the process must use more decided tests. Three simple ones can be employed, as follows : 1. Take some of the clear solution which is left on top when the sediment settles and place in a white saucer. Add a few drops of a solu- tion of potassium ferrocyanide to it. If a reddish-brown precipitate or coloration appears, more lime is needed. 2. Take a portion of the clear fluid as before, and blow the breath gently over the surface. If a thin white pellicle or covering forms over the top, enough lime has been added. 3. Take a bright piece of steel, such as a knife blade, and hold it in the mixture for a minute or more. If it becomes coated -with copper, more lime is required. 60 I **u ""!??'*'■ °"* •■ *•'« "w** reliable and is the one recommended. In handling: copper aolutions use only wooden, brass, and copper veasels; aU other receptacles would be corroded and destroyed by them; beside*, the funf^icide itself would be injured. Copper compounds are poisonous and therefore should not be left lying around where children or animals can get at them. Combined with an Insecticide. Bordeaux mixture is quite often combined with Pans green to impart to it an ins«cticidal value. In this case the mixture takes the place of water for holding the green in sus- pension. Other recommended arsenicals can be used for this also, such as lead arsenate and calcium arsenate. But if soluble compounds of arsenic are used, such as sodi- m arsenite. it would be necessary to slightly increase the amount of lime used in making the original Bor- dkaux mixture. Soda Bordeaux. This fungicide is made from copper sulphate just as the ordinary Bordeaux mixture. It differs, however, in that caustic soda is used to neutrali2e the acid property of the bluestone instead of lime; and that the final mixture contains sodium sulphate instead of calcium sulphate (gypsum). The resulting form of the copper, copper hydrate, is exactly the same, and exerts the same fungicidal power. The main point in connection with this mixture is that caustic soda is an extremely active alkali, and any amount of it added over and above that required to combine with all the copper will destroy foliaire Therefore, in making Soda Bordeaux, it is important to add just the exact quantity of the soda required to change all the bluestone to cop- per hydrate. This is done by adding the soda solution slowly to the copper solution, mixing thoroughly after each addition, and testing for the neutral point with litmus paper. The moment the litmus paper takes on a faintly blue tinge is the time to stop adding. The copper is then all in the form of a sediment and any more alkali ded will be left in the free state. The following tentative formula can be eiven : ^^ 2 pounds. Copper 5ulphate (, pounds. JlV"^ 5 ounces. Water 40ga11ons. In making, add three-quarters of the soda solution at once, mix thoroughly and then add the rest gradually, mixing and testing until the proper quantity is present. It may not require the whole amount recommended, .d it may require more, depending upon the quality of the soda. When the alkaline value of a sample of soda is once ascer- tained, then one can proceed with much more rapidity. The smnll left •1 amount of lime ia added to make the mixture decidedly alkaline, and therefore safe, and to cause the precipitate to remain blue instead of changing^ to dark brown or black, which it does after standing some time where an excess of soda is used. Caustic soda can be bought retail or in drums of one hundred pounds, from or through any chemist, while Gillette's lye, whicli is familiar to everyone, is a convenient form of soda for use in making Soda Bordeaux. Soda Bordeaux has an advantage over the ordinary Bordeaux in that it is just as good a fungicide, and at the same time is made without the labor of slaking and preparing of lime. There are disadvantages, however : 1. Great care is necessary in the addition of the caustic soda. Any added in excess is dangerous to foliage ; an exces- of lime is not harm- ful, though not advisable. 2. Unless exactly neutral, the addition of an arsenical to Soda Bor- deaux to impart to it an insecticidal power, is dangerous. Any free alkali will act upon the arsenic compound and form sodium arsenite, which, being soluble, will scorrh foliuf^e. Coppnt Carbonatb. This valuable fungicide can be readily and easily made at home at much less cost than for what it can be bought on the market. The fol- lowing method of making is recommended: A barrel is p;irtlv fiihd with water and 25 pounds of copper sulphate are dissolved in it, and mto this IS poured a solution of 30 pounds of sodium carbonate (common washing soda), when the copper is thrown down as a pale green pre- cipltate cf "basic" copper carbonate. This precipitate rapidly settles to the bottom, and after a time the clear solution above can be siphoned off. The barrel is filled with water apain, the precipitate stirred up and allowed to settle, and the clear solution again drawn off. This washing removes the greater part of the impurities (sodium sulphate), and leaves behind 12 pounds of basic copper carbonate. This can be removed from the barrel and dried in the air, after which it is ready for use. Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate. This spray is made from basic copper carbonate, the preparation of which has just been outlined under "copper carbonate." When ammonia is added to this material, it dissolves to form a drep blue solu- tion, and this solution diluted with the requisite quantity of water forms the well-known spraying compound. Following are the Quantities of material to use : Copper carbonate 1; oimces. Ammonia (sp. gr. 260 Beaume) -^ pints. Water 45 gallons. ii, u RuiN-BoaoBAUX. The Mirface of sum* planU, t.g., ooioo, •^•ragus, etc., is of such a nature that Uqu's Ho not readily wet it, and instead of formini; a snMXrth coating th< c Uect into large drops and faU vrnwy. This make> effective spraying iiflirult. The difRcuIty ntay be overcome by using the following preparation (Cornell Bulletin 252): Resin a pounds. Sal soda < : .otai.. i pound. Water 1 gallon. Bml in an iron \< «.^"l dircferably out-of-doors) until the mixture is of a clear, brown cole - ''hi < will tak' from one to one and a half hours. Add the above quniMt; ^•, i-ich 51' gallons of Bordeaux. In wet weather the use of half &• qu r m h( . ing ordinary plants will prevent the washing off o tni; spr ■ 1.1 u oy rain. Pi ;T<^ 8IUM Sulphide. This is also known as " liver of sulphur." As previously mentioned it is used chiefly against powdery mildews, a solution of } to f an ounce per gallon of water hein^ employed. This should be made in a wooden vessel and used very soon after making, as it decomposes on standing. In some cases sulphur in fine powder (flowers of sulphur) has been found an effective substitute for potassium sulphide. The powder is simply dusted over the plants and is best applied when the latter are wet. Formalin. The substance known under this name is a 40% solution of formaldehyde in water. A dilute solution is fatal to fungus spores and such a solution is used as described on page 51 for treating potato tubers. Similar solutions arc used for treating seeds. such [og » nake> using INDEX I of a hours. father revent tioned ounce ooden nding. I been der is er are on of ;s and potato PAOB. AauBoaiaosl Coppar Carboaata ... 61 Aatkraeaoaa of Baaaa 88 Ants 8 A|>hida (Plaat-liea) 1 ArMBats of Laad 85 Aaparagna Baailas 10 iBMeU affeotiag 10 Rut SB Baan, Fangns Diiaaass 80 " laMoU aSaoting IS Plaat-IoaM 18 " Pod-apol SB " Rflrt 43 Waoril 13 Beet, Caterpillara attacking U Fnagua Ditaaw SQ In.^«eta affaoting 18 " Lt^af-minar 14 " Leat-spot 43 Black Rot of Cabbage 43 Black Swallow-tail Buttar-fly .... 30 Blister Beetles 18, 83 Bordeaux Mixtnra 55, 68 ^abbaga Buttarfly (white) 15 " Fungus Diseases 43 " Insects affecting 15 Maggot 19 " Plnsia 17 Carrot, Insects affecting 20 " Rust-fly 20 Cauliflower, Fungus Diseases 42 " Insecto affecting 15 Celery, Early Blight 43 " Fungus Diseases 43 " Insects affecting 21 " Late Blight 48 " Leaf-Blight 43 " Leaf-tyer 23 Cercospora Leaf-blight 43 psat. Cheese-cloth frames 19 Chiek-beetlss 10 Club-root of Cabbage 4S Colorado PoUto-baetla 81 Cook's Carbolic Soap-wash 56 Copper Carbonate 61 Carn Ear-worm 38, 85 " Fungus Diseases 44 " Insects affaoting S3 " ' Rust 48 " Smnt 44 " Stalk-bcrer 38 Criddle Mixture 6, 57 Cucumber Beetles 34 Blight 45 " Downy Mildew 45 Fungus Diseases 45 Wilt 45 Cut Worms 3 DampinK-off of Seedlingi 53 Diamond-back Moth 18 Downy Mildew 45, 48 Fire-spotted Hawk-Moth 35 Flea-beetlea 5, 36, 34 Foriralin 62 Four-iine Plant-bug 7 Fungicides 68 Fungus Disoases of Veg«i4bles ... 37 Grasshoppers 6 Hellebore 67 Insecticides 55 Insect powder 57 Jiin«i>-bug$ 8 Kerosene b^miilsion .„... 55 Laci -winded fly 2 Lad« -bird Beetles 2 Lettuce Drop 45 " Fundus Disease 45 I,ocu«ts 6 [63] ^ PAOI. May-bMtlM 8 Melon Cste>piUar M " IbmoU affeoting M Onion Blftok Monld 47 " Blight 46 " Fnngns DImmm 46 " lueoU affecting 37 " Maggot 87 " MUdew 46 " Smnt 47 Psnniii, Inaeott effecting 28 " Web Worm 38 Pee Aphia 81 . " BUght 47 " Fangna Diaeaaea 47 " Inaecta affecting 29 " Leaf-apot 47 " Moth 80 " Powdery Mildew 48 " WeerU 29 Pickle-wonn 38 Plant-bnga 7 Poiaoned Bran-maah 6> SI Potaaaium Sulphide 62 Pototo Beetlea 81, 82 " Downy MUdew 48 " Early Blight 80 " Flea-beetle 88 " Fungua Diaeaaea 48 " Inaecta affecting 81 " Late Blight 48 " Leaf-apot diaeaae 60 PAOI. Potato Scab ^ " Stalk-borer 88 " Wet-rot 61 Pyrethmm Inaect Powder 87 Radiah, Fongna Diaeaae 61 " Inaecta affecting 84 " White Ruat 61 Reain Bordeaux 62 Sepitoria Leaf-blight of Celery ... 48 Soap Waahea 68 Soda Bordeaux 60 Spinach, Inaecta affecting 18 Squaah-bug 36 Syrphna Fly 3 Tamiahed Plant-bug 7 Three-lined Potato-beetle 83 Tobacco, Inaecta affecting 34 Waah 66 Tomato, Black-rot 62 " Fungua Diaeaaea 61 " Inaecta affecting 34 «' Leaf-apot 61 " Worm 85 Turnip Aphia 36 " Flea-beetle 36 " Inaecta affecting 36 Weevil W. » White Gruba 8 Wire-worma 10 YeUow WooUy-bear 14 Zebra Caterpillar 17