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 SKETCHES^o 
 
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 FOR 
 
 SETTLING IN UPPER CANADA, 
 
 A fORTION OF THE 
 
 OF 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AN3» IRi:i«Ani>. 
 
 THIRD EDITION. 
 
 By JOHN WILLIAM BANNISTER, Esq. 
 
 RICE LAKE, UPPER CANADA. 
 
 Colonics were the work* of heroic times.— I.or<i Bacon. 
 
 AaricuUure is Ihe proper business of all new colonies— ^da.Ti .9m'<fc. 
 
 
 — »-M W M«aCT 
 
 PRINTED BY F. MARSHALL, 30, KENTON STRI.ET, 
 BRUNSWICK SQUARE. 
 
 1820. 
 
 
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 .^.. A' > i i...i« "1» i i1 ^l i I 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Thb following sketches of plans for establish- 
 ing settlements of indigent colonists in Upper 
 Canada, have been made after some experience, 
 in minute detail, of the advantages of locating 
 wild land. The projector was also previously 
 acquainted with practical farming in England. 
 Being interested in the prosperity of the pro- 
 vince, he may have deceived himself into the 
 opinion that its value is inexcusably under-rated 
 in England. But trusting, that his testimony, 
 even thus qualified, may assist in correcting 
 the error, he gives it without reserve, that in 
 climate, general fertility, and the means of 
 
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 tomforlabl*! subsistenoe, no country in the 
 world surpasses Upper Canada. 
 
 It is conceived, that for matiy years, the in- 
 habitants of this provinctt will bo most prolit- 
 ably occupied in husbandry and coarse manu- 
 factures. But it does not appear to be 
 material that settlers should be chosen from 
 the agriculteral counties only. Able bodied 
 men of any class will quickly be qualitied for 
 the necessary occupations of a new country. 
 Skill in certain works is advantageous in Ca[- 
 nada ; but mere manual labour is at first chiefly 
 wanted ; and if England does not aftbrd good 
 employment for the mechanic, he may go 
 thither without regret. He will hot find him- 
 self less qualified by his previous habits from 
 gaining a comfortable livelihood upon hisowh 
 land. They will sometimes prove valuable to 
 him, when at intervals he labours for hire, or 
 
 l\ • \ 
 
for liimself, at his original trade; and the 
 cliange from the shop, to the axe, the hoe, and 
 rough ploughing, if made proHtably, will 
 scarcely be attended with dissatisfaction.* 
 
 * Since the ori/mal publication of these Sketches (in 
 1021) several huuiliod Emigrants have been sent to Upper 
 C;anada by Uis Majesty's Government, and the Returns 
 made to Parliament of the Expenses attending the cstabtish- 
 iug these People comfortably upon their Lands; will fully 
 justify me, in the alterations \ have made in my calcula- 
 lions respecting the cost of " settling" Families in that 
 country. ''• ^^- ^' 
 
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 ll0vicutttttal eolcn«at(ott 
 
 IN 
 
 UPPER CANADA. 
 
 Upper Canada contains many millions of acres 
 of fertile unoccupied land, with a climate suit- 
 ed to all agricultural pursuits. It possesses 
 the same manners, nearly the same laws, and 
 the same constitution, as England; and, speak- 
 ing comparatively, it has not yet developed to 
 the mother-country even a small portion of its 
 
 resources. 
 
 The first of the following sketches proposes 
 to place in independence an almost unlimited 
 number of the people, now subsisting by paro- 
 chial relief; and to employ productively, for a 
 few years only, the capital expended in the 
 
 
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 entcrprize. The second of th^m, which was 
 added to the edition of the pamphlet, will 
 require a very small advance of money, and will 
 depend upon supplies of produce to be drawn 
 from the present inhabitants of the province. 
 They differ from other plans of this nature 
 lately suggested for diminishing the public bur- 
 dens, inasmuch as they rely for success on the 
 personal exertions of the colonists, uncontrolled 
 by the perpetual presence of superintendants ; 
 and inasmuch as a boon or charity is not in- 
 tended to be giveri to them. 
 
 It is thought that even the poorest familicK 
 will be better pleased with their new acquisi- 
 tions if they have been only assisted with the 
 means, of personal exertion, than if they should 
 be made mere objects of bounty, by receiving, 
 the money, without the necessity of re-pay- 
 Alent : This remark is made after some actual 
 inquiry into the state of popular, feeling. • .^a 
 
 The risks attending these plans will> it is) 
 beleived, be inconceivably small.-— The money 
 
to be advanced in the first plan will not be 
 paid over to the people, but it will be laid out 
 in provisions and supplies of implements, and 
 in stock for the settlement : the cleared lands 
 will constitute a mortgage to secure the repay- 
 ment of that which then will be the colonists' 
 debt, for goods consumed and converted into 
 property by them. 
 
 During the laying out of the money and the 
 clearing of the land, some restrictions on the 
 alienation of the property will be imposed on 
 the owners of it: but after the repayment of 
 the capital employed, each individual in the 
 settlement will be free from all interference. 
 The time of such repayment within ten years, 
 will depend on the exertions of the settlers, 
 who may receive their deeds on redeeming 
 their land ; and in the mean time they will be 
 enabled to vote for members of the legislature. 
 The strong stimulus of exertion which fair 
 hopes of personal advancement affords, will 
 be in full activity, and after the end of ten 
 
 I't 
 
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 i r 
 
 
 iO 
 
 years the property will be subject to the usual 
 process for the recovery of debts. 
 
 Families disposed to colonise, may be as- 
 sumed to average five persons each, and it ap- 
 pears to the settler that sums of £80, ma- 
 naged with ordinary prudence, will enable any 
 number of such families to acquire prosperous 
 settlements in two years without exposure to 
 privations; and within ten years to repay 
 without interest the whole money advanced for 
 them. The interest on the loan will be re- 
 placed, as it will be seen below, out of another 
 source of profit as well as by the withdraw- 
 ing of so many families from being charge- 
 able to their respective parishes. 
 
 A familiar mode of statement will illustrate 
 the view of the author : Let it be supposed 
 that a parish is determined to settle in Upper 
 Canada 100 willinsi families (600 souls) on half 
 a township, accoiding to the usual rules of 
 settlement now in force in that colony. The 
 first expense to be incurred will be the 
 
 
11 
 
 passage to Quebec, which has been estimated 
 at the cost of £12 a family.* The parish will 
 appoint managers to accompany the colonists ; 
 who are to be remunerated by a share of the 
 wild land. Every necessary arrangement pre- 
 vious, and three years subsequent to em- 
 barkation, w ill be attended to by these mana- 
 gers ; and the parish will provide funds from 
 which the sum of £6,000 may be advanced 
 in the instalments mentioned below. 
 
 Before any engagement is entered into, it 
 should be particularly understood, that the 
 proper quantity of land, in a part of the coun- 
 try premously\ selected, should be put into 
 the hands of the managers, subject to certain 
 fixed modes of settling, , i , . 
 
 l 
 
 * Or 2Z. 8s. per head, mett, women, and children. 3/; 
 is the sum mentioned by Mr.Howison. About 15/. would 
 be required for the Cape of Good Hope ; 25/. for the 
 passage to Van Dieman's Land. 
 
 t This precaution is of the greatest moment. Many, 
 otherwise, well planned projects for colooies have greatly 
 
 t 
 
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 ll 
 
 12 
 
 The quantity of land required for 100 families, 
 is half a township, or 31,500 acres ; which will 
 be divided in the following proportions : 
 
 Acres. 
 For the Settlers 10,000 
 
 For the Managers 5,000 
 
 For the Clergy and Schools 4,000 
 
 For the Crown and Civil Government 1,000 
 
 For the town Plot, to belong to the Parish and 
 
 Managers 2,000 
 
 For the Surveyors 1,500 
 
 For the Parish advancing the Capital 5,000 
 
 31,5000 
 
 t#J 
 
 J 
 
 suffered from inattention to it. No prudent man would 
 involve himself in the responsibility of leading emigrants 
 to a new country, if he had not personal knowledge of 
 arrangements being made before their arrival for their due 
 reception. The consequences of inattention to this point 
 will be estimated by a consideration of what took place in 
 the Brazils with a body of 1600 Swiss in 1810; and at the 
 Cape of Good Hope in 1819; and see the consequence of 
 Lord Selkirk's delay in reaching Prince Edward's Island, 
 after his colony of 800 people in 1805. Lord Selkirk's 
 Narrative. 
 
1:3 
 
 The managers should be competent to ^ive 
 the settlers proper directions for the sale of so 
 much of their household goods as cannot use- 
 fully be carried with them. For the purpose of 
 the present sketch the whole party will be as- 
 sumed to be safely landed at Quebec, in 
 May. 
 
 £20. a portion of the capital of X*68. hitherto 
 untouched, will now be drawn for by the ma- 
 nagers. 
 
 The expenditure upon one family will be 
 traced as a convenient example of the progress 
 ofthe whole party. 
 
 ^-|'■ 
 
 £m to be The journey to Kingston with their lug- 
 MMa"gS?8'in gage, at about 1/. I2s. for each indi- 
 
 M»y"«-. vidaal. will cost ^8 
 
 Thence to the farthest settled Towiiship... 8 
 To keep the" family and the father daring 
 the time he is visiting the lands and fix- 
 ing on his lot * 
 
 l/i 
 
 J 
 
if 
 
 ■ 
 
 II 
 
 14 
 
 ^21 in June Putting up a log-house % £9 
 
 To keep the family six weeks whilst 
 preparing a piece of ground for a spring 
 crop, 4/. ; and to take them to the 
 house, 1/. , 5 
 
 A yoke of Steers 
 
 Seed for spring, viz. potatoes, oats, wheat, 
 Indian corn, &c. axes, spado, and 
 shovel, brush hooks, and hoes 3 
 
 An old settler, to assist for a few days in 
 order to direct them in the proper 
 method of managing new lands 1 
 
 draVn* in *** K^^eping the family till the autumn 4 
 
 October 182S. . , 
 
 A cow and sow 4 
 
 Seed for autumn crop lOs. 
 
 Putting up a log-barn ■ 3 
 
 £7 to he To assist in keeping the family during 
 nuary 1823. the winter months 4 
 
 Item for Cattle 1 
 
 An ox cart 2i 
 
 £i m in MaySeed for the spring 10s. 
 
 18S3. 
 
 Some little addition to their keep in the 
 the spring 2 
 
 One heifer 2 
 
 V 
 1 
 
 tl 
 
 ll-^ 
 
^£^ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 lOs. 
 . 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2. 
 10s. 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 Thus assuming the plan to be adopted for 
 100 families, and to be carried into effect in 
 1822, the advance of money must be made m 
 the following manner: 
 
 For the voyage to Quebec, in March 
 18-22 
 
 For the expenses to be incurred be- 
 tween May and June 1822 
 
 Item, between June and October, 1822 
 
 Item October 1822 and Ja- 
 nuary 1823 
 
 Item..... January and May i823 
 
 Xte:j May and July 1823..... 
 
 Item in July 1824. 
 
 Total expense for settling 500 men, women, <fe 
 children on comfortable farms in Upper 
 Canada 
 
 1200 
 
 2000 
 2100 
 
 11.50 
 700 
 450 
 400 
 
 j£8000 
 
 It appears to the writer to be impossible, 
 that upon equal capital any set of men of the 
 class here contemplated, can be placed so ad- 
 vantageously in any other part of the world as 
 in Upper Canada. The families willprobably 
 average three individuals . \'li, able to work, 
 and at the end of two years from their first 
 
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 i 
 
 16 
 
 settlement they will be found to have made the 
 following progress. 
 
 Under favourable circumstances the people 
 will be placed on their lands early in June, 
 prepared to clear away for a spring crop. 
 With common industry three such persons as 
 we ought to presume our able settlers to be, 
 will not find it difficult to get 5 acres sown 
 in proper time in 1822 ; from which they may 
 expect to raise about 50 bushels of wheat, 
 80 bushels of Indian corn, with a large quan- 
 tity of pumpkins, musk and water melons, 
 1 00 bushels of potatoes, and a quantity of com 
 stalks and straw with garden productions; during 
 the summer before the crops are harvested, the 
 people will be employed in preparing 5 acres 
 more for an autumn season, and this cleared 
 ground with the former 5 acres will be ready 
 for wheat in the first autumn. After send* 
 ing ia portion of their first crop to market, 
 a certain quantity turned into flour, salted their 
 pigs, and put up a warm hovelfor their cattle; 
 
 
 W 
 
17 
 
 they will in the wiater of 1822-23 again be 
 occupied in clearing more land for the ensuing 
 spring. From my experience I can say, that the 
 quantity prepared will be about 10 acres ; which 
 will be sown with oats, Indian corn; barley, 
 pumpkins, and turnips, arid planted with pota- 
 toes. Besides this work, they will sow the first 
 ten acres, with seeds for a meadow ; during the 
 second summer 5 acres more will be prepared 
 lor the second autumn; and the several sea- 
 sons will brin^ their dWjd works on the lands 
 previously cleared. Having thus, in the se- 
 jc<mi autjimn 10 acres of wheat land, and 10 
 ^RCfes pf meadow, with additional occupatcons 
 jfer Uie winter of .1823-24 on this; increase, 
 ^hey will be able to cl0ar for the third spring 
 .pnly 5 apres more ; so that in the third har.- 
 •veat of 18(24, swch a fftipily as we have assumed 
 vwill possess 30 aqres Of i^l^ared land, and 70 
 uncleared; 10 acres of the 30 will be sown 
 -witji wheat, 10 with spring crops, and 10 will 
 ibe in meadow. 
 
 /, 
 
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 J8 
 
 Their produce at the close of the third 
 autumn, may be stated thus, at a low esti* 
 mate : 
 
 From 10 acres of wheat, abont i-. 260 bushels 
 
 2 ditto of oats 70 ditto 
 
 2 ditto of Indian corn 100 ditto 
 
 2 ditto of barley ". i 70 ditto 
 
 2 ditto of potatoes, 300 ditto 
 
 2 ditto of turnips « 200 ditto 
 
 Pumpkins, in number about 5000, or from 
 6 to 800 bushels, which are planted in the 
 Indian corn hills. 
 
 Not more than ten tons of hay can be ex- 
 >pected from the meadow, encumbered as it 
 will be with stumps of trees, for several years. 
 To this must be" added the natural increase of 
 the stock, together with abundance of water 
 and musk melons in the corn fields, and of 
 ga^rden productions, and an ox and several hogs 
 in salt. - , • 
 
 After this third autumn of 1824, the repay- 
 ment of the capital advanced will begin ; it 
 
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 I 
 
 1 
 
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 aac 
 
isr 
 
 will arise out of the production of the harvest" 
 of 1825, and the rate at which it will be made 
 may be judged of by the foregoing statement. 
 The effect of, and the pecuniary means of sup- 
 porting this colony, may conveniently be con- 
 sidered with reference to the following example. 
 A small scale is adopted for the purpose of 
 iumplicity ; but effect can hardly be given to 
 the views intended to- be presented in this 
 sketch, with fewer than 200 families. 
 
 1795i the parish of Barkham, * in Berk- 
 shire . contained 200 inhabitants, of- whom 
 about 40, besides the sick^ received relief to 
 the amount of £75 a year. The average ex- 
 pense of supporting the families of labourers 
 in Barkham was then about £25 each ; making 
 the rate of £76 to be divisible amongst a num- 
 bed,; of people equivalent to three ordinary 
 families, which may be said to be the number 
 in excess in the want'of employments. If the 
 parish could be disburdened of these three 
 
 families and employment should not vary, 
 
 ■ II II. — ■ ■ > 
 
 * The case of laboares in Husbandry stated by D. Da- 
 Ties, Rector of Barkham, 1795, 4lo. p. ' 
 
 \ 
 
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 3a 
 
 those left behind would receive wages equal 
 to their full support, until paupers again 
 superabound. On a large scale it would be 
 found that the withdrawing the surplus people 
 would leave the remainder uniformly employed 
 and well paid. 
 
 The means for settling three families in 
 Upper Canada is assumed to be a loan of 
 £240, to be repaid in ten years, as before 
 stated, and this sum can be raised easily by 
 a mortgage of the rates under the sanction of 
 an Act of Parliament. Thus the rates will be 
 lowered forthwith to the interest of that loan, 
 viz. to £2Q a year from £75 ; and they will 
 decrease continually in proportion as the loan 
 shall be repaid, and as the town plot and 
 other land apportioned to the parish shall 
 become marketable. This will be variable 
 in point of time; and the amount of the 
 proceeds will depend on the general pros-, 
 perity of the whole settlement ; it can hardly 
 fail of making a very consideirable Tetum 
 
 "r* 
 

 21 
 xvithin seven years of the colonbts quitting 
 England. According to the expenditure of 
 Barkham. the rates for a surplus population. 
 of one hundred families is, £2500 a year. 
 Upon this income it would be easy to borrow 
 i,'8,000 under the authority of an Act of 
 Parliament. The interest of which being taken 
 at £400 a year, the parish from which the 
 colonists could proceed would make a present 
 annual saving of £2100. 
 
 Since the publication of the first edition bf 
 these sketchs, several individuals in this coua- 
 try in Canada, and in Nova Scotia, otherwise 
 well disposed towards the views of the writer, 
 have objected, that " under the present de- 
 pressed state of Agriculture, the settler will 
 not be able to repay the capital advaxiced." 
 This should not, certainly, be a subject of 
 mere conjecture. In fact, it may be reduced 
 to calculation. The " York market prices lor 
 the preceding week" are given in the Upper 
 Cemada Gazette of thie 23rd «f May,, 1822, ijaw 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
22 
 
 before the writer: from which it can easily 
 be shewn, in tiie article of wheat only, that 
 there will not be any difficulty for an indus- 
 trious man to raise the required instalments. 
 
 Suppose a farmer and his two able sons, 
 such as the writer has known many in the 
 country, and who left England four years ago 
 nearly destitute, about to clear and to fence off, 
 for a crop, ten acres of good, heavily timbered 
 land, in order to raise a small sum of money. 
 The question will be, cai. they *' in the pre- 
 sent depressed state of agriculture," produce, 
 not a surplus of corn, but a surplus of money ? 
 
 In what follows, the farmer and his sons are 
 presumed to buy every article at the market 
 price, and dispose of the produce at the same 
 any practical man will at once notice, thac, 
 if the party were established on their farm, 
 and Hving upon their own produce^ as in Ca- 
 nada tht farmers universally do, the money 
 expe:*dh^ire .ould not be one third of what it 
 is here estimated at ; for instance, instead of 
 giving five-pence for a gallon of flour, the 
 
 w^' 
 
 V^^v- 
 
23 
 
 farmer would send wheat to the miUer, and re- 
 ceive in return his proportion of flour, toll 
 being detained for working it. The same in 
 regard to his whiskey ; and with respect to his 
 bieef and pork, he never would have occasion to 
 go to the butcher, as he has here been supposed 
 to do ; and so forth. 
 
 £> s. d. 
 
 The first expense will be for axes, about 2 
 
 Brush-hooks ICf 
 
 Provisions, ^c. for seven weeks for three men (the 
 time required for the job in question), ami 
 for one man during one week, which will be 
 necessary in order to "drag" the wheat in 3 10 
 
 Seed wheat 2 5 
 
 Provisions, &c. during the time they are reaping 
 
 the wheat 16 
 
 Provision for carrying the wheat 5 
 
 ■ — — threshing 10 
 
 Keep for the oxen when logging and getting iu 
 the seasons, independent of " browse," a 
 most valuable feed, well known to the " af- 
 tefDoon" Canadian farmer, as well as to the 
 
 early settler 10 
 
 Taxes of all description for ten acres of land, and 
 
 a yoke of oxen 16 
 
 Wear of clothes, && and trifling incidental ex- 
 pense 3 
 
 jei3 7 6 
 
 I 
 
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 Q4 
 
 Tola! expense, according lo the York markeS 13 7 
 Wheat off ten acres, 250 bushels, at 28. 6d. 
 
 p^r bushel, or 51. a load 31 5 
 
 Clear surplus for the setiler «£l7 17 6 
 
 In the next year the expenses will be di- 
 minished. . 
 
 Proviiiion for a man whilst burning the stubble, 
 and dragging in the seed on the same ten 
 «cce8 10 
 
 I'he oxen this year can keep themselves in 
 the woods entirely, as they have not to work 
 in the spring. * 
 
 Seed wheaf 2 10 
 
 l*roVisidn whilst reaping 16 
 
 15itti> ditto carvying ,........!....... 6 .0 
 
 Ditto ditto threshing 10 
 
 Itaxibs 16 
 
 WeArofclothvs,'&c. .;... ..^.... ...... 2 
 
 Total, supposing the oxen to belong to 1h« > f«>- 
 
 mer.. .{,..•,..«<». ....,».. 7 «2 
 
 SupposiBg he has to hire thei oxen twenty days, 
 
 at 2«..Cd.. »....,. «.„ ^ K) 
 
 Wheat off ten acres, 350 bushels, at 2s 6d . .. 
 
 \Q 2 
 31 5 
 
 M '6 b 
 
 Clearaiirplus For the set tier.... 2! 3 
 
 -^i 
 
25 
 
 If these simple calculations be not correct, 
 they i.kay easily be contradicted and exposed. 
 If it should be thought a high estimate, let 
 half this surplus be taken, as nearer the pro- 
 bable result ; and it cannot then be doubted 
 that in the course of ten years the majority 
 of the settlers will be free from any incumbrance. 
 The only objection to this calculation seems to 
 be, that ** The York Market prices,''' may be re- 
 duced by the access of so many new growers of 
 corn. But it is conceived that a very great 
 falling off may be admitted, without risk of 
 destroying the prospects of these colonists, who 
 have ten years allowed for the repayment of 
 their debt. 
 
 A sketch of the second plan follows, by which 
 a party can be settled in Canada, without bur- 
 thening the mother-country, to a larger amount 
 than the ei^pense of convoying themfi'om Europe 
 to their places of destination. 
 
 It will doubtless be in the remembranfce of 
 many persons in the province, that a plan was 
 
 !i 
 
 ,n 
 
 .A 
 
\ 
 
 ^f 
 
 26 
 
 agitated in 1820, relative to making a canal 
 from the Rice Lake to the head of the Bay 
 of Quints, by the means of a subscription of 
 the produce ef the country to defray the ex- 
 pense, and that subscription, entitling the con- 
 tributors to proportionate shares in the canal : 
 it may also be well remembered, how readily 
 the views of the proposer were entered into 
 by the richer and poorer classes of the district 
 of Newcastle, the district in which the then 
 proposed canal was to have been cut, as well 
 as by many of the inhabitants higher up the 
 country ; let us then see how we can connect 
 this plan of opening a canal by the above 
 means of defraying the expense with that of 
 settling 6000 men, women, and children, in 
 comfort, in the neighbouring country. 
 
 We will divide the party into three divi- 
 sions of 2000 each, to be sent out to the river 
 Trent, which connects the Rice Lake with the 
 Bay of Quints, in three successive springs. 
 On the arrival of the first 2000, let thosewho 
 
27 
 
 are capable of labouring, immediately be put 
 to fitting work, at the proposed canal, instead 
 of proceeding forthwith to their locati6n. Pro- 
 visions, clothing, lodging, medical assistance, 
 and certain instruction for the children, wiir be 
 provided by preliminary arrangements, to be 
 hereafter noticed. The second spring will bring 
 the next division, and the course of the ensuing 
 year, will be as the former ; the arrival of the 
 third 2000, will be the commencement of new 
 and pleasant occupations to the first division ; 
 thei/ will now be permitted to have so much 
 time to visit the lands appointed (duriag which 
 they will be allowed provision, &c.) for location, 
 in order to fix upon a lot; to put up their "tsh- 
 antees ;" as also afterwards to put up their 
 houses, to clear five acres of land, for a spring 
 crop, together with the use of a pair of oxen, 
 for a given time, to perform the ** logging'' 
 again, they must have partial allowances whilst 
 preparing for the autumn season, and finish- 
 ins the settlement duties, together with some 
 
 hi 
 
28 
 
 assistance during the following winter. On the 
 openmg of the fourth spring, perfect freedom 
 begins to dawn : we must now (for the last 
 time) supply our friends (according to the num- 
 ber bf their helpless children) with a few other 
 necessaries, the deeds of their land free of any 
 expense, and then leave them to the protection 
 of their Maker, the laws of their adopted coun- 
 try, and their o^Vn industry.* 
 
 The fourth year, will also witness the ap- 
 proach of the second body, to freedom from 
 their contract, and to independance; and again 
 on their quitting for ever their temporary houses 
 at the canal will be the harbinger of the third 
 
 * Should the patrons of a system for colonising upon the 
 above principles, perceive, at, or before this period, that the 
 result may be convenience to the mother country, advantage 
 to the province, and happiness to the settlers, it can be con- 
 tinued to many succeeding bodies of 2000 persons, insomuch 
 as after the completion of the work from the Bay of Quints to 
 the Rice Lake, there will be no obstacle to proceeding thtfnce 
 to the carrying place in the township of Smith, and forward 
 through the shallow Lakes to the boundaries of the Canadas. 
 
 
29 
 
 
 body, selecting their new abode in the wild 
 
 lands. 
 The education of those whose tender age 
 
 makes them unfit for labour, viz from two to 
 seven years old, will be taken care of in schools, 
 managed on the plan of the infant establishments 
 in Brewer's Green, Westminster ; and in Quaker 
 Street, Spital-Tields ; with the addition of in- 
 struction in reading, writing, and accounts, to 
 tlie children who have reached the age of five 
 years. The schools will contain above one 
 hundred each, and upwards, where situations 
 convenient to bodies of settlers can be selected. 
 The expense will be borne by contributions of 
 necessaries from Canadians, and the masters 
 will be remomerated by shares of land, selected 
 in cmtral, dispersed spots in me new town- 
 ships, to be partly cleared by the fathers of the 
 children whom they have educated, and to ht 
 moderately stocked out! of the general fvmd. 
 The masters should be under contract to do 
 three years duty at thedeapt, for their grants. 
 
 i1 
 
 ' I 
 
 ^ 
 
 iv 
 M 
 
 V: 
 
 I- 
 1 ' 
 
>! 
 
 30 
 
 and afterwards to give six months notice before 
 they quit their engagement. 
 
 Ministers of religion vail be chosen accord- 
 in to the profession of the different sects com- 
 posing the colony. 
 
 With respect to the supply of professions, &c. 
 to meet the wants of our emigrants on their 
 arrival, nothing can be more simple than the 
 mode contemplated in 1820, viz. that every old 
 resident should, according to his means, sub- 
 scribe his quota of the required produce. Some 
 would subscribe wheat, others, oats, barley, 
 peas, beans, and hops; others whiskey and 
 maple sugar ; others cattle, horses, sheep and 
 hogs ; barrelled pork and beef, and salt from 
 the home pits ; others again hay and straw, 
 lumber, scantling, &c. Our friend, the enter- 
 prising supporter of the new Iron works on the 
 Trent, would experience the pleasure of con- 
 tributing, for his shares, the iron implements 
 that will be wanted; and the home manufac- 
 turcri, the spinners, the possessors of wool, &c. 
 
 ^-^^ 
 
31 
 
 will not be found backward in their supplies : 
 in short, for such an object there can be no 
 doubt of abundant of contributors coming for- 
 ward with whatever the province produces. 
 The distribution may either be under the general 
 management, or various bodies or gangs may be 
 apportioned to the care of various individuals, 
 sharers in the canal. 
 
 It will not be a work of charity, as the word 
 is generally understood; the present inhabitants 
 of Canada will not be gratuitously giving away 
 so much of their staple commodities, inasmuch 
 as they will have their shares in the canal for 
 remuneration, according to their subscriptions ; 
 and then the acquisition of the improved water- 
 course, and of an industrious body of settlers 
 in the heart of the province will not be disre- 
 garded. And how well do these settlers merit 
 their title. to these supplies, as well as ulti- 
 mately to their allotment of land ! There is 
 obligation on neither side, although the founda- 
 tion will be laid for the intercommunication of 
 
,'l 
 
 32 
 
 the most friendly sentiments. The settlers are 
 taken tq their ne.w homes ; they are maintained 
 for three; yfiara; and they will go to their cleared 
 land free, of expense. In, return they give 
 to their old cpuntry, their absence, and to 
 Canada the, accomplishment of works desired 
 by all who have; thxmght upon the subject, and 
 the acquisition of some thousands of valuable 
 members of Society. 
 
 The quantity of provision and otlier requi- 
 sites may approximate to the following amount; 
 for the first 200 men, women, and children, for 
 the first year. 
 
 .1200 barrels nf beef of 200lb, to (be barrel. 
 
 Ditto pork diUa 
 
 50 ditto. . . .suet 
 9000 ditto. . . .flour of 190!b. to the banel. 
 
 900 quarters of barley. 
 3000 weight of hops. 
 9600 weight uf candles. 
 30,000 weight of soap. 
 30,000 weight of maple sugar. 
 6000 gallons of whiskey. 
 And hones, working oxen, cart», waggons, and al! sorts 
 
 /^\ 
 
33 
 
 are 
 led 
 red 
 ive 
 to 
 red 
 ind 
 ble 
 
 [iii- 
 int; 
 for 
 
 sorla 
 
 of working implements will depend solely upon «he nature of 
 the undertaking ; and the clothing that may »»e wanted, up- 
 on the poverty of the individual emigrant. The Europeau 
 will perhaps marvel that no mention is made of the temporary 
 dwellings of so large a number of people. The Canadian, 
 on the contrary, will readily understand that they can be 
 the work of but a short space of time, and that as to furni- 
 ture, they will find little ditficuity in making temporary con- 
 veniences in addition to what they bring with them. During 
 the second year a double quantity of the above articles will 
 be necessary » and three-fold the third year; the fourth year 
 will 'ae as the second, providcl the canal works be not con- 
 tinued further up the country; the fifth as the first, and the 
 •inth year will witness the whole party on their lands. 
 
 It may be here asked, " What return are these 
 people to make for the sums advanced froiii 
 England to take them to the proposed River ? 
 In the first place, it has been before shewn, 
 (page 20, &c.) that the settlers can, by instal- 
 ments, easily replace the amount, if that should 
 be exacted; secondly, suppose parishes to ba 
 the capitalists, they will be more than remune- 
 frated by the immediate absence of so man^f 
 ^amilies now burdensome to them ; and if the 
 Government send them out, it is believed that 
 we will deny that the relief to the country ge- 
 
 \ 
 

 k 
 
 y' 
 
 34 
 
 nerally, according to the number of persons, 
 will be sensibly felt, and it must be always re- 
 membered that a share of the uncultivated 
 land is reserved to remunerate those who must 
 otherwise be paid in money. Again, to encourage , 
 the next party, the new settlers may be bound 
 to contribute certain portions of agricultural 
 produce, according to what has been advanced 
 for their support,, beyond the actual value olh.s 
 labour on the canal, thus rendering the shares, 
 in that proportion, more valuable ; and shew- 
 ing themselves to be effective members of this 
 new state of society. 
 
 All this may appear to afford a stimulus to 
 population at Home ; but before it can operate 
 sensibly, the whole sum advanced will be re- 
 paid, and the measure may be repeated if ex- 
 perience shew it to be acceptable to the first 
 
 settlers. . r. 
 
 In the meantime the principle of compuU 
 sory reUef, if erroneous, may be restricted m 
 proportion to the number colonised, w.thput 
 risking domestic commotions ; the peoumary 
 
 /' 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 ■■iM \^0m\ III 
 
 ■iw V-lJffg 
 
3r5 
 
 benefits bestowed on so many indigent families-, 
 will convince the mass of the nation, that the 
 proposed change is to be introduced upon just, 
 r.nd kind motives; and new laws, if needed, 
 may be passed by a Parliament freed from 
 some of the existing difficulties. 
 
 It has been suggested to me, "that as 
 an intermixture of classes usually improves 
 the character of society, a defect in this point 
 is observable in my projects." If this remark 
 be well founded, it may be replied, that a few 
 years will produce inequalities enough in the 
 proposed township; and general education 
 with the certain good consequences of inde- 
 pendence of circumstances, will every day in- 
 crease the personal respectability of these co- 
 lonists. It may also be expected that a certain 
 number of persons with capital will resort to a 
 township upon the plan of this sketch ; prac- 
 titioners in medicine,attornies, keepers of stores, 
 and many others will not fail to see inducements 
 to go thither. But further means may be adop- 
 
 )■} 
 
 I ( 
 
 i V 
 
» 
 
 36 
 
 ted for the purpose of attaining that conditioft 
 of things which may be thought more desirable 
 than what a township, consisting of small pro- 
 prietors only, will present. Settlements have 
 been made in Canada with considerable ad- 
 vantage by military and naval half-pay officers ; 
 and a certain number of allotments may be given 
 in the proposed townships to the same descrip- 
 tion of men, a few thousand acres being added 
 for them to the quantity above specified. A 
 portion of their half-pay may be commuted for a 
 fixed sum of money to provide capital for them. Half- 
 pay medical officers might by the same means 
 be induced to live in the new country. It might, 
 at all events, be proper to commission to the 
 eolonies of emigrants, a certain number of sur- 
 geons, according to the proportion usual in the 
 army and navy. This would be wanted for a 
 very limited period, as the ordinary demand 
 would speedily supply the settlements with 
 competitors for every place in society. 
 
 Thus, what may be considered a due dis- 
 
 tr 
 n 
 
 g 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 I I 
 
 .■^_ 
 
 V^. 
 
5i7 
 
 tribution of classes may be effected with infi- 
 nite advantage to many married officers, whose 
 growing families in Europe must be the occa- 
 sion of unceasing anxiety to them ; and these 
 brave men will no longer bear the appearance 
 of listless drones amongst an active people. 
 The colonising of Nova Scotia in 1740 and fol- 
 lowing years, when upwards of 4000 souls were 
 settled in Halifax under the management of Go- 
 vernor Cornwallis, seems to have been made on 
 this principle ; and has succeeded- About 
 i,'400,000 is said to have been expended iu 
 
 that enterprize. 
 
 To a settlement of this description, the 
 manairers should devote their whole attention ; and 
 a leader of intelligence would be amply remu- 
 nerated by the share of wild lands to be appor- 
 tioned to him in respect of a colony of from 
 600 to 2000 families. 
 
 . Th* necessity of a personal residence with 
 the people during the time of distributing the 
 lands, ue^ds little illustration. 
 
 ^ivrt^^ca-^ 
 
; 
 
 i( ' ^ 
 
 f 
 
 L 
 
 98 
 
 In order to deiive due advantage from past 
 experience, it is desirable that the details, and 
 the results of all the considerable attempts of 
 government of charted companies, and private 
 individuals to make settlements abroad, should 
 be ascertained. They might furnish ample ma- 
 terials to guide future proceedings, and shew 
 the errors which should be avoided. A com- 
 mittee of either house of Parliament, or a com- 
 mission from the Crown, would be well occupied 
 in collecting papers from the public records, 
 and in examining private persons, in order to 
 point out the expense, the plan, and the effect 
 of what in this kind has been done at various 
 periods of our own history. The exertions of 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 Hackluyt, Sir Edwyn Sandys, Chief Justice 
 Popham, Lord Bacon, and others, in the reigns 
 of Elizabeth, James, and Charles the First; 
 Lord Clarendon, in that of Charles the Second ; 
 Penn, in 1700, &c. ; General Oglethorpe, in 
 1733, &c, ; the Earl of Halifax, in 1749 ; and 
 
 U 
 
 be 
 ni 
 ni 
 If 
 
 b 
 
39 
 
 Lord Selkirk and others on this subject, might 
 be traced advantageously. It has occupied so 
 much practiml attention at all times, and is dig- 
 nified by the consideration given to it by so 
 many illustrious names, that the author looks 
 back, with much diffidence, upon this very 
 brief statement of his own plans and it is hoped 
 that he will be understood to have " sketched 
 and published them in the expectation ot real 
 benefit being derived as well to England as 
 to Canada. 
 June, 1821. 
 
 FINIS.