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T.^)
I
GREENILIEAF'S
GRAMMAR
HSdlPiyilFMIS) §
i
OR,
OCULAR ANALYSIS
OP THE
EIIVGLISH LANGUAGE.
FIFTH, FROM TUB FOURTH STRRBOTTPBD SDITtONt
MONTRExVL:
PsiNTso MB B. a. Wrum, a. M. Authob op tsb OadToa^s Got9e, See. Scv
BV A. GRAY.
1823,
I :
I !
RECOMMENDATIONS.
sspil upon the first Edition of "Grammat Simplified ;'* since-
The following encomiums, iogetlier will, many ot.^^^^ ^I^^.^.^_^^ ^^^j experienced some alterations; and, 1 may
% ^£3 many ^i^'^at abS^^^^^^ ^ ; although the general plan remains the same.
add, has had many very va. ^ ^^_^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ . ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ .^ _^^^^ .^^.^^ ^ ^^,^^^^,,^ ,„^^^.
I have, will, considerable attenUon. axam.ned G"'T , 'T' ^.l i^„e of it. ,ho author must necessarily encounter much public pHJudice-
&c. by J. Greenleaf. Esq. and am much pleased o find d d y, ^.^ ^^^^ „„,„,,„„,,,,y happen.^ that almost every man of obtuse in.eU
wually attendam on an attempt to acquire a knowledge ot tm ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^^ , .^^^^„. ^^^,.^^^ ,^ ^.^j,^ ^
literature, in his compend in a great measure removed. I '°^''^' q^^^^^^. ^^1,;^.^, ^f course, he contrives to make as unintelligible a»
only the most nnexceptionable, but really the best system . ^^^ ^^^^^^ Grammar, i.«tead of being an inviting, becomes an
formed on the Latin model, which has heretofo. - ^ical ul el Lolen.bly irk.ome task.
the worth of theories and systems be tested by ihe.r pracncal usetuh.e^^, ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^ ^^_^^,^ ^^^^^^^
and let them be apprixiated accordingly. I must con.ess, ■ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ,^^i^ ^^^^^ ,,^
nessed such attainments from a course ot eighteen lessons, as «.re those b . „ ^ , __,.,.. ..
of my friend, Mr. M'Clintock's little son, of only seven years ; who
had lieu taught by Mr. Greenleaf, on the plan of his Grammar and
who was exanaued. at his father's request, m my presence. This .s
practical demonstration. " Let works bear witness." I most coru.ally
'..■ommend both the Gram.nar and the Author to a hberal and enhghter.
ed publick, to whose patronage they are, in a ^g^ 'Jeg-e. cnnUed.
^ SAMUEL B. WYLIE, D. D.
[Professor of the Lalin, G,e.'k, and Hebrew Langimses,
l.ale Professor in the Universily of Pennsuloama.}
Philude'phia, April tH, V8'2^2
Sir -After having thoroughly examined your "Grammar Simplified,"
I have' not the least be.itaiion in saying, tl«»t rt possesses a deeded pre-
ftrence over all other Grammars, extant. But this is really domg injus-
tice to its merit.. To say that your system of Grammar is pre-enunenl
to all others, is too indofinite. It is pre-en.inent. in point ot c.lity ^n
a very hi,h degree. Simplified as it L., however n w.l undoubted y
have to encounter mud. prejudice from the .cperfi.^al and malecolenl ;
c.,pecially from ignorant and pedan.icb schoolmaster. : for I perceive u
' I ■' .1 r v.i... mil/wrf lii> know some-
often quickened by the birch ; while the blame is wholly and sokly t9
be attributed to the stupid method of instruction.
This little treatise, proffers a relief. It does not pretend to conduct the
pupil through the depths of grammatical science— not to make him a
master of its philosophical principles, but to give him a competent know-
ledge of it for practical purposes -to familiarize the maVer of it to his
mii'id-to put him in possession of those ele,nent',, without an accurate
acquaintance with which, ulterior advances are impraciicable.
The whole secret lies in stripping it of every thing Init the very essen-
tiah-w placing these before the eye of the learni-r, and in accustoming
him to the application of every thing as he goes along.
The public mny be assured that Mr. Greenleaf is no quack ; but that
he perforins much more than the modesty of bU title would lead his rea-
, . J, NL MASON,
derto expect.
Montreal, 28th March, 1823.
Ilavin- hoard much of Mr. Welles, as a teacher of English GrammnT,
I went in the morning of this day to his Si^hool-room, in order to satisfy
myself; ami though, I must confess, f entertained some doubts of tho
vo..r in Grammar, that is to say, iu committing the niles. definuions.
L ' ll^ice it i. to be expected, that many teael»er. will keep the book
«.; of their Schools as long as possible. But a cursory perusal of the
workissufficu-ntto convince xU. judicio^i^ and rf,.sce,-n,«ff, that it ,s
,vhat it professes to be. " (!,-am,nar Simplified^' and that it is an mva,
luble acquisition to literature.
Truly, and with sincere gratulations, yoiir's
^ WILLIAM MANX-
\_Prnftssor of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Langoa^es.J
well adapted to every capacity.
ROBERT EASTOM.
,|y from ignorant and pedanticb schoolmaster. : .or i perc.iv. " '"^- ' „,- J,. .Ushing so much as he thought of in so short a time,
, ,,„ JiMe for any one to teach from your plan, nnles. he know son.- ^^^^^^^^ ,, J J ^, education.and marking tho rapid pre-
At^O nV TUB KOILOVVlSr, OKNTl-KMEN :
The Rev. Edward D. Griffin, D. D. now President of Williamslown
C^IWe . At»-t.stns K. Taylor, ^L D. New-Brunswi.k ; H. J^ toltus,
A^TL^a^in T. Onderdonk. A. M. New-York ; John B. Rome,..
D 1>. Alex. MLeoi, D. D. ; Z. Lewis, A. M. J. Mathews, AM,
G Spring, D. D. 'llie Revd. Frederick Beasley, D. D. President of the
UuivU/y of Pennsylvania; J. Marshall, ^^\^^-}^'^^
• ^., .-r-iT tR(.,i, DD • P V Daniel, Lientenam Governor of V.rgmm; Thomas
From tho Rev. J. M. Mason. I). D. U-e Provost of Columbia College. ^-^D" ^ -^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ,
now IVesideiit of Carlisle College, Penn.. ^- ''^"""'P • University of Pennsylvania ; Jnmes
,v .. Vnr'- Uve.Lan'- March 31, 1820. I Professor of English, &c. in the unv y Vo..ahM'«rv,
I have recently lock.! over, with some curiosity and a-ition « Utt \^^'^ ^ p,.,,,, of the Columbian College in tl.
work, by Mr. Jeien.iah Ceeiileaf. entitled " Grammar S.nphfi d. I ^]'^.^^^ ",,,,^ j,,,,. p. AU-rcrombie. Auhor of a Syste.
i. exce.lin.ly brief, and proposes to te.ch the rudiments of that art m an D sU . r ^^. ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^
almost incredibly «hort time. Considering the volummous trcao.e. on | of Grairuxiar , iUc
■1
>lific(l';" since-
i ; and, I may
tolerable know-
public prijudice'
1 of obtuse iniel-
lified to write a
unintelligible as
ting, becomes an
much progress,
■y, their step» are
lly and solely to
nd to conduct the
to make him a
competent know-
tatter of it to lii»
iihout ai> accurate
licablc.
)ul the very esse n-
,nd in accustoraing
o (jtiaok ; but that
voiild lead his rea-
. M. MASON.
Ih March, 1823.
■ English GrammHr,
1, in order to satisfy
some doubts of tho
of in S3 short u time,
king tlio rapid prc-
tuilion, 1 now allef
U>, and yet ^ullicient-
not less simple and
EUT E.VSTOM.
MEN :
ent of Williamslowiv
ivi.k ; H. J. Foltu?,
; ; John \^. Romeyn,
J. Mathews, A. M.
). D. President of the
•f Justice ;] John D.
of Virginia ; Thomas
;er3, D. D. Quondam
Pennsylvania ; i»mei
Irammar, Vocabulary, I
umbian CoUfge, in tho .|
ie, Auhor of a System j
t. &c.
.^llllllllOllllllll'*- —
KnTWITIlSTANDING tlienumerous publications tiponEt.fflish Grammar, nmltlif ability with which many of thcni
are JJiUen^t t^a Svv"clVl iS^ fe.v ^viU deny, that this science has never yet beensos.mphhed, as to rettder tltc study ot
it, at once concise, easy, and 'nyj|ng. „p,„-„:„„ j „^s first led to believe, that a correct knowed^e of the Grammar of the
^ FrcHrt ^'^P"''^"? '^;.7t "St^ f^^^ ofX t me usually occupied in th. altuinntent "of it ; and that, instead of
Eui^hsli Lanjrua^'c might be obtimed, in ^^"""" P' " ' ' ,„ , ,j;,t ^ ,„ ,,t agreoable niul interesting one. With these
a long, dry and irksojne study tt "^R; '^ "'^''^'^^l ^;',^,,^^^^ ull the general rules and princi-
;:K::r:hLh^'r^^^^^^^^
°* ruScdin'ff materials for the work, I have consulted ffarm, TAywIh PM>/ JoA-^.o,, Shrrhlan Ffornr Tooke Wrbsfer,
J .Sm^ • ^nl, in constructin.^ it have endeavoured to re.uler it plain ami intcll.gil.le to the lowest capacity ; and to obvt-
Ste everScu y or o Iscurity that might tend, in the least degree, «o embarrass or perplex the mind ot the learner.
In sS I am positive, that this treaUse is calculated to impart a knowledge of (Jra.mn^.r w.th more facility, and in a much
shorter t"u;;;!tffn'any other system heretofore published. With huniblo coulidence, therefore, I present Grammar Smphjicd,
to an enlightened publick. THE AUTHOR.
Ncw-York," September, 1821, * .
ADVERTISEMENT.
In presenting a New Edition of Mr. Gneiileaf's " Grammar Simplified," (o the enlightened People of
the Caiiadas, the Publisher experiences no ordinary emotions of pleasure — as he is confident that he is hereby
contributing aid, in a most important sense, tathe advancement of youth in the path of Learning- and Science;
Let this system be generally adopted in our Academies and Schools, and the cour.se which it prescribes fot
Teaciiers, be ably and generally pursued, and both Teachers and Pupils will find, that nine tenths of the
drudgery unavoidably attending the study of English Grammar, on the old plans, are, hi/ this, entirely done
away It is CNpected. however, that those who attempt to learn from this systc n, are already acquainted witii
Orthography— that they can read with facility, and intiiligenlly ; and, ordinarily, all appliianl* of this
description, of common capacity, will be able, in the course of twcivty-four lesstms, of two hours each, "to
obtain a competent knowledge of Grammar, for all practical purposes" — to fainlliarizt* the matter of it to their
minds, and to put tliemselves in peifect possession of those "elementary principles" which constitute the tmli/
valuable fiiundalioh of our' kno\> ledge of the English language. Several typographical errors will be found
in this edition, but they are sirch as intelligent pupils will at*'onc"e notice and correct. Tmc Publisber has been
so circumstanced ever since it weiU to Press, as to be unable tooxanune and correct, even a snltary sheet; and
he is well aware that it may be encountered by those who can look only i'orpiRi*' heads ~]iul that consitlera-
ti mis of no consequence; and, with all its i mporfcctioH.x,. Vir. Gn'tn/i«/'s«^5<62/(, is presented to the public^
witli the confidence ot its meriting universal approbation^
' E. G* W.
Montreal, April 28th, 1823v
COJ^TEMTS.
TTTK
On |iii|
tantcH. 'I'l
JKCtivus, oiv
•941^
Tliefii
litters wliici
to comineix
. s ■ l>
Preface, Advertissment _ - •
Key, or Method of Instruction, - - ■ " ' " ^
Etymology. Definition of the Parts of Speech, &c. - •
Parsir J Lesson I in the Indicative Mood, - - -
Ditto 2 " Subjunciite Mood, • - "
Ditto 3 " Potential Mood, - - " * '
Ditto 4 " laftnitive Mood,
Ditto 5 *' Imperative Mood. -
Ditto 6 to hi Promiscuous Exercises,
Moods and Tenses, - * " " ^ ' ^ ^ .
Conjugation « f Verbs, - ' ' ^ . . .
Declension of Nouns and Pronouns,
Rules of Syntax, - - - "
A List ofthe Pronominal. Adjectives.) . . - - •
and the comparison of Adjectives. i . - - -
Irregular and Defective Verbs. Ac. - *,'.".
Bemarks on the Ellipsis, - * . - - •
Prosody, , - ^ ^ ^ _
Punctuation, .".,„'. p„„: tain and exercises in Punctuation,
Wonhe principal A-l«rb.,Frepo.iUo„s.«WncU.n., _ _
Appendix— Versification, - * ^ ^ .
Rhetoric-Tropes or Figures of Speech, • ^ ^ ^
Compositiun defined, f *
inflection of Verbs,
PAGE.
- 5
- - 7
. 8
- 8
- 10
-ll
- IS
-14
.16
9.11.13. 1 J. IT
9,11, 13. 15,17
9, II, 13, 15,17
9 J I. 13.15, 17
9, 11,13,15,1
16. 18
18
- 19
20
. 21
2t
- 23
24
25
26
27
28
Wlint pnrt .
Vbat is an
What kind
Why?....
What docs
Givu the ru
What part
What is a r
What kind
Why?....
VHiat gcnd
Why?
What pcrcn
Why?...,
What numl
Why?....
In the sami
distance i
1
As son
for this pur
sus, I'arsin
Tlic ni
examples ai
iliustriitions
booki). As
N. B.--
of tUe |iar6ii
|1. a. Tht
2. 11. Thi
: 3. a. Th*.
14. a. Tilt
f Verbs,
A Key 1o " Grammar SrmpliJiecK'
TTTE naniM •« tli* P«fts of speech nre designated l)y their initials ; ihiii, ar standi for article, n for noun, pro for pronoun, l^e. (fleo the bottom of thU pngfc)
On mine 8. ura tlm ilcfiiiilions of ihe n«rt» of upeccli, and on the margin of pages H. lo, 12, M, and )»;, arc paming li^sson., adaptwl to the wveral moods and
tinges The nuKKls, tenses, and the conjiination of the verhs, togeUier wUh the rules of syntax, the declension of n.nin. and pronouns, a list ut Uic pronominal ad-
jecuvcs, and Uio comparison of ac^ectivcs, are respectively eihibited on tht right-hand page, of the parsing Ichsons.
MEril«»D OK ^^^T acrioN.
Tlic first thine which the learner has to do, and the only thing preparatory for parsing, is to heeome acqimintud with the n<imo< of Ihe parts of speech, and th«
" ■ OS exhihIttHi ut the hottom of this page. When this is done, which will reijulre but low nunutv'S, he will b« enabled, willi perfect facility.
htlfrs which stand for them.
to cummeiice parsing, in tlie following manner,
( Sue page 8. )
IssTHrrrrB. Pepir^
What part of speecB it « ? An article. ^
What is an aritclc .' , An article is a word placed liefore nouns to
to° limit their signilicatiun,
Whatkind? llie indcHnite. ,
Wliy ? , The indefinite article limits the noon to one
of a kind, iKc.
Wliat docs It belong to ? It belongs to jiinn
Give the rule Rule :), Articles and adjectives belong to
nouns, &c, I
What part of speech is man 7 A noun. |
What is a noun t A' noun is a word which is tile name of any
person, piece, or thing. I
What kind? Common. |
Why ) Common nouns are the names of whole sorts
or s|K'cies.
WHiat gender ? The masculine.
Why i The masculine gender denotes males.
ar n v
A man Itjves.
iNSTKUCTirR.
What case r
Why >
Nominative to what ?
Give the rule. . . .
PiTPIL.
a.. The nominative.
. ... 'Hie nominative case is the actor, &c.
. . . 'I'o the verb loirs.
.....Itule I, The nominative case govcmi Ibe
vcrl).
A verb.
.... A verb is a wordwliicb expresses action oi
being.
What kind of • verb? Active.
Why? An active verb denotes action or energy
which terminates on some object.
Is if regidar, or irregular ? Regular.
Why ? Regular verbs are those wWeh ' foim the
imperfect tense, &c
What mood ? Indicative.
What part of speech is loves .».
What is a verb?. ..
Why ? ,
.The indicative mood simply indicates or
declares a tiling, or asks a question.
Present. ^
The present tense denotes present time.
Tliird person, singular number.
r}
Wbiit person? Tlio third. What tense ?
Why? .,.«..... The third pcnon denotes the person or thing Why?
spoken of. I. What person and numlicr'
■What numlier ? Tlie singular. | What does it agree with for its nomi.
Why? Tlio singular numbier clenote» but' one ob-'; native? It agrees with man.
jcct. [l Give tlie rule. Ilule 2, The verb must agree with, &c.
In the same manner with all the patfs of speech. The instructer must refer his pupils, in the first place, to tlie definitions, rules, &c. He can, if he - please, bo at- «
distance from them, when they commence parsing, and take the following method.
. n V
CliarU's writfs.
iNsTniTTER. ^ Punt.
What part of speech is r^nr^i ? --.......- A noun.
What is a noun ?-.............. A noun is a word which is the name of any person, place, or thing.
It is a projicr noun — Why?- ...--.-.--■- Propernoims are the names of individuals.
The masculine gcniler — Why?. .......... The masculine gender denotes males.
Third iK'rson — \\]n ?. . ........... The third person denotes the person or thing spoken of.
As soon as the learner becomes sufficiently initiated into the subject to enable him to parse without giving the definitions, (and flit- first lesson is always stiflicieilt
for this purpose,) 1-c may omitth»Mn and psrse'in the usual way : anil, after going through with the several marked lessons, he niir lii.nience at rromiscuous Kxerci.
ses. Parsing Lesson 10. It is nccess:<ry, however, that the definitions, rules, &c. lie, eventually thoroughly, committed to meme
The most important thing in teaclitng is, flrat the mind of the learner be perfectly free and unemlmrrassed ; hiiic/i, therefore, < "pcnds on the teacher. Many
examples are left for him to supply. He should endeavour to give his papilsnn idea of the parts of speech by as simple means as f.js<.ifcle; and should make such
illustrations as may, at any time, be deemed necessary. It is generally alUmcd, that a pupil will learn more from the mouth of an able instructer, than from
books. As « relaxation, tlie class should be occasionally exercistd in conjugating the verbs, declining the nouns and pronouns, comparing the adjectives, &c.
nr ii"' "•":''"''* '"""n'T uliould »>o made to uiulerslaiiil, as.rmn hi powlhlp, the ii<e of the diiferent forms or iiemniial termiimiliiDs of vertx, a« uibibitedon Uie riglit-liand yagtn
01 lue iianing Isuuiis ; lo tlwt be may kuuw wliat Is ineuut, bj inakinc the verli ii;;ree wilU its noinHiative in iiuiiiber and iiersoii.
11. a,
:2. a,
i3. a.
4. a.
p. i.
13. i.
WALKER'S KEY TO
The lonn; slwider EngKsh a, as ii> fa'.i^, |)a.per, &c.
The long Italian a, as in far, farth.T, pa-pa, mam-ma.
The broud German a, as in fall, wall, wa-ter.
The short sound of the Italian a, as in fat. mat, uiar-ry.
The long e, as in me, here, me-tre, me-dium.
The short e, as in met, let, get.
The loi>g dipthongal i, an in pine, ti-tle.
The short simple i, as in pin, lit-tle.
The long open o, as in no, note, no lice.
The long close o, as-in move, prove.
THE SOUNDS OF THE VOfVELS.
3. o. Tlie long broad o, as in nor, for, or ; like the broad a.
4. o. The short broad o, as in not, hot, got.
1. u. The-long dipthongftl ?<, as in tube, cu.pitj.
2. u. The short simple m, as in tub, cup, sup.
3. u. The middle or obtuse lo, as in bull, full, pull. •
oi. The long broad o, and the short i, as in oil.
oir. The long broad o, and the'middlu obtuse u, ai> iatheu, pound,
Til. The acute or sharp th, as in </jiii1<, <Ain.
Tti, The grave or flat tu, .as in tihs, Ttiat.
lial^ G JLlSjtl U K AMiVl A R.
Grammar is the art of speaking and writitjg correctly.
There are, iiv English, ten sorts of. words, or, as they are commonly called, parts of speech; viz
■ pr c i
lAdvetb, PrepoMtion, Conjunction, and Inteijection,
ar n pro a » pa
;. the Article, Noun, Prououi^ Adjective, Verb, Participle^
) •>
'i
I-; i
1' I
8
P.'nSING LESSON 1'
A man lovet.
np ■» V
The Ihi}!) fiAidy.
mr n ■< v
A good girl lcarii<<,
II V
Harriet loves Eli/a.
n V II
Cliarleti writes a httrr.
n V (ir n
Cliarlcs wrote a k'tter.
n V nr l.
Churlc!) b«9 written a Ictiev.
n V :tr n
ChailM had written a li'tlcr.
n V Ht n
Charles will write a Utter.
II V nr n
Charles will have Wi-iltcii a letter.
ar II V (If II
Till' ({ills play in school.
nr 11 pr ii v nr n
The paths of virtue are the iiatlis
pr n
of peace.
Hr t n V M pi*
A good man wotsliips God »itli
a 11
humble confiduiicc.
n II |>n n iir nr
Cesar's troop'!, Iiuing cajjor for an
n V , :iil pr 11 n
onset, nisheii furiously on the foe.
n ml V pa
Men are often found transgressing
ur a
the laws.
p o V c T pr |ipo n
I will arise, and go to my father,
c V iiv , r > n pro
and will say unto him ; Father, I
V pr n c
liavc sinned against Ileuvcn, and
pr It o
before thee.
n nr n v ar
Newton, the philosopher, was a
n '
great astronomer.
n V 'd pro a n
Estlier put on her royal apparel,
pro V II pr' »r ii pr
She obtained favour in the sight of
ar n
the king.
11 pa p' n » p™
Money, taken hy fraud, betrays iU
n
possessor,
ir n pro pro v pr n
The ladies, whom we saw at court,
.1 V
were genteelly drosseii
1. V nr n
Henry had received the news
ml , n r
before the messenger arrived.
11 ,. \ jir n pro
General, this is the sword which
pr- V ••:"
you gave inc.
,ir 'I v^i* pro an
A letter, which we have just
V % 1' ' "'■ "
received, gives us an answer.
„ V I" ■ V"' «'l
Some talk of subjects they do not
V n V n
■ understand ; others praise virtue,
,,r • V no
who do not ictice it.
:u .1 V pr nr n
The men were tried by the court,
c II 111' |iro , '' J
lind each of them was «ned.
jir., ml "..,',
I have often been occupied, alas !
pr II
with trifles.
i n ail a v
O ! TiTtue, how amiable art
pro
tbou I '
GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED.
ARTICLK.
An AnTin.l Is a word placed before nouns to liinit their signification.
There are two articles <i or nn, and (/i.:. y/ nr an is iiilleil tlic indefinite artlclis Th'' h called the darniite at't!<j!^
'I1ic iiiilr/iitite uriicic limits ho noun l» one of a kind, but, genurully, to no particular one.
The diJliiUe ankle liiuits tlie uoun to onii or more paiticular olijects,
I
■ xnrv.
A XoiN is a word which is the name of any person, place, or thing.
Nouns are of twii kit ds, coiiimon and p.oper.
Co'iiiiiuii ih}uii.i are the names of whole s<irts of species.
7'ni/i()' miiniit an. the names of individiiHls To mums belong gender, person, miinlier, and caff.
GKNDKIl is the distinction of sex. There ore Ihruo genderi, the masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Tlie iiuirciUiiic j^cniler denotes males. *
T\w ffininiiic fti'nil>'r denotes foinules. •
'' he iH'iitiT neiiilcr denotes things without sex.
Person is Ijio ipiality of the noun which imilities the verb. Tliere art three persons, the first, second, and tliird.
The/iVj( ;iiT.iii;i denotes the per«"i speaking,
The '.«'r.i«(/ yiirmn denotes the pei in or thing spoken to.
The tliiril iiiT.'im denotes the person or thing s)>iikcn of. Viiuns have but two persons, the scconil mid third.
NU.MHKU is llie distinction of one fro n many. ' Nouns have two nuiiiberfi, the singular and plural.
The siniiiilar niimher ilenotes but one obiei't-
The /Vh™/ HiiwfcT denotes more objif Is han one.
t ASi; is the dilierent state or situation of nouns witli rogartl to other words. Nouns have three cases, the nominative, pes*
sesiive, and objective. ■ i. ■ .
The mmiiualwr f„s,. is the actor, or subject of the verb. It generally comes before the verU
The i„,.v(,Miiv ciiM- denotes propertv or possi'ssion. It is generally forniid by adding to a noun witli an apostrophe ; thus,
"John's book." When the pluiaiends in s the npctniplie only is added ;as, " On eagles' wings."
The nhjccliuit casr is the objei t on which the action of u verb or participle torummtes or Uie object of a prcposiilon. It
generally comes after the verb. PJiOS'OU V.
A Pnosouv ir a word used instead of a noun, to avoid the too frequent repetition of Uie same word.
There are two kinds of pronouns, personal and relative.
PnHonut promum stand immediately for the name of ^o""* P"^'^'"]; o."; ""['K;
Belalu'C ,'n,HO.».» relate directly to some noun or personal pronoun, called he antccMm.
which, whul, and (Ant. All pronouns, except the rdatm!, are t^n^wil. The same that belo,
pronouns. They have Uiree persous : Gender has respect only to.the thud penwii singular »t
They are who, u-hose, whom,
ong to the nouns^ belong oUo t«
'■ the prunoun^i, Ac, sAc, it,
A nJECTfVE.
An A njFCTivF. is n word which expresses some quality or property of a noun.
rrnlnimUndhcliues arc those wl.ieli are soinotimc-s used as adjectives and soaut.mes as pronouns.
AdJecUvIlfare'S only to express the degrees of comparison. Thc-y have tl>ree degrees of comparison. U.e Positive,
The°;:Si"r'exX'd:; n-ality of an object without any increase or diminutiot, ; as. wi., ^ca,, ^oO.
T c Z"mr,lL ,leerec increases or lessens Uie positive in signification ; as, w.scr, greater, leis ,««<-.
The Z!7/Zd.^eincr.>.sos or lessens the positive in the highest or lowest degree ; as. u>,^st, srcalcst. least m^.
Some atyecUves do not admit of comparison ; as, cAi</, iKrfict, nipreme, M.
VERB.
Vrr J; Uir;!i£"a:^i::.:^'i:'^nd^:&. -niey are aljo divided into regular, irregullr, and den...ve.
An nctioe verb denotes action or ''l^^f;;''''! '^"l*'';;*" ,;:!" ^™ orCg which is the nominative. It is formed by adding
^:x:^ " -e -"^^^ir -^^ rit end m .. a,, mon .s-n-s:^.
^l;:-:^ Z tZ :^j::^tl;7J:^^^ =^t„ses to verbs belong mood, ten., numb^. and
P"""' PARTICIPLE.
a PAaTtciK is a word derived from a verb, and partakes of the nature of the verb, adjective, and noun.
Participles arc of two kinds present and perfect.
The present ,»rlici,.le denotes present tune, «"!> g«"';;»"y ^ "o^eVon^ as, loved.
Participles, like verbs, have in active, passive, and neuter significauon.
jnVERB.
An Anv«. .s . word used to qualify the sense of veri3s, parUciples, and adjective ; and, sometimes, of other adverb.
Some adverbs admit of comparison ; as, soon, sooner, sooiic.t.
PREPOSITION.
A P««,smo« is a word v,hich serves to connect words, and riiow the relation between them. -
CONJUNCTION.
A Cov,„v™oK is a word that is, chiefly, used to connect «>„tences, joining two or ntore simple sentences mto on.
compound one It, sometimes, connects only words.
INTERJECTION. .
An I.«..,.cno, is . worf used to expms pa3«on or emotion -. u.uaU, .h*t which is ^oleat o. «.dde„ ; »., Jl. .
Oh I Ah ! Hush! Lot Fit! ■' behold '
■^ I i
> t. Tl
33. H.
MB Ose. OS
■'M iMir, latte
4 .' plarsl.
•finite ankj!tf
I aiiJ lliirJ.
;1 third.
•ms, the iiominaiive, pos.
vitli an apostrophe ; thun,
:ct of a preposliloiu It
y (ire vho, »(7/o«c, whom,
I the nouiisj liulong aUo t«
prunouni, ho, Mf, it.
comparison, the Positi»e»
great, good,
xatcst, least mse.
r, and defective.
It i.s formed by adding
person, mood, and tense.
[iinle« compounded.
}nosyllables are irrcj^iilarn
uood, tense, number, and
id noun.
feet tense ; as, laved.
iictimcs, of other adverbs.
i
simple sentences into one
,t or sudden ; as, Jltu !
OBAMMAR SIMPLtPTED.
MOOD is the manner of representino^ nction or bcin^.
Tlie Indicative Mood simply indicates or declares a thin:;, «»r asks a qucstinn.
Prist nt Tense
denotes uriwnt tiine,
TKNSK
is tlip division of litno.
Siiiii'iltir •nitmbtr,
I. I lovr,
. t. Thou Invest,
^ 3, Hr Invoi.
^ Plural.
I. Wi-lovr.
8 W «r ynu loTe,
3. Thry liirr.
c
S!'>s"l<i>' iiumbir,
I . I hiivr,
•{. Thiai liatt,
». He h««.
PliiraK
1. We h«»»,
2. Y" or yriihare,
3. ThK) liave.
a^hgitlur number.
I. I am,
. 9. Tliou art,
^ 3. He I-
rinraL
1 . Wp ari-,
2. Ye or yon are,
3. They are.
o
Imperfect Tense
drnoins past time, hoW'
ever distant.
Sinfrttlar number,
I Invcd,
Thcu lovedtt,
He luted.
Plural.
We loved,
Ye or ynii lovtd,
They tovrd.
Singular number.
I hn<i.
Thou hndat.
He had.
Plural.
Wr had,
Yr or v.'u had,
Tney hud.
Singular number,
ThiMi wail,
He %va>.
Plural,
Wr were,
Ve or you were,
Tliej were.
Singular number,
g I. I am loved,
> t, Thiiu art Inved,
^ S. He l» loved.
y Plural.
" I. We are loved,
^ 8. Ye or you are loved
^ 3. They are loved.
Perfi it Tense
denotes past time, hiil
also conveys nn ullusioii
to the present.
Singular number.
I have* lovd.
Thou h>«i li'.ved,
He bai loved.
Plural.
We have I ved,
V e or you have loved,
Tltey have loved.
Sinirnliir lumiber,
I have had,
Thou hn»t had.
Me haa had-
nlural.
We had hart.
Ye or jou have had,
They liave had.
Singular number.
have been,
Thou hati been,
lie bail been.
Plural.
We have beyi,
^ e or you have been,
Tbey have been.
Singular number.
[ WHS loved.
Thou wusi loved,
llewaa loved.
Plural.
We were loved.
Ye or you were inved,
I'hey were loved.
Pfiiprr/'ert Tense
denotes past time, but
as prior tc some otlier
'past time upeciiied.
Singular number.
I had loved,
Thou had^t loved,
He had loved.
Plural.
We had loved.
Ye or )ou had loved,
Tliey had li.ved,
Singuliir number.
I had hiid,
Thou had^i had.
He had liad.
Plural.
We bad ha-l.
Ye nr >nu had had,
They ha.l had.
Singular number,
had been,
Th-iu adst been.
He had been.
Plural.
Wa had been.
Ye or you had been,
They hart b. en.
First fhlnre Trnae
dunutus luluro time.
KL'LB I.
The nominative ca»e
governs the verb.
RULE 7.
Partleiplei bavetiie'Mma
Coveromeiil, ns the verbs
have, from which they are
derived.
RULE IS.
Prnnouna mu»l agree
with ilieir anleeedenle. or
tlie nouna lliry represenf,
in gender and number.
RULK i.
The verb mustaf^ree niib
lt>nomlnaiive in uuaiber
and per'.on.
RULES.
Prepositions govern the
objective c«ke.
RULE 14.
ConjunriloDi canned
nnnns and proDi^una jn ibe
same ca«e, and. f;enerall\ ,
verbs of the like moodi
anr' tenses.
Singular number,
I liave been loved,
Tbuu hast been loved,
He has been loved.
Plural,
We have been loved.
Ye or you liave been loved,
They have bei-n l.ved.
Singular numlirr,
I shall or will luve,
Tlioo Blinll or will love.
He shall or wlil live,
Plin,il.
We shall Or «ill love.
Vr or > ou > hd II or w i 1 1 love
Tt ey "hall or will luve.
Singular niim!>er.
I shall or mil imve,
Thou •hall or wilt have.
He shall i,r nlll have.
Plural.
We shall or will have,
Veor y.'U shallor will have
They shall or will have.
Singular numlin:
I shall nr will be.
Thou hhali or Hil' he.
He shall or will he.
Plural.
We shall or w>ll be,
Y ory.iu shall nr will be,
T.iey shall er will be.
Singular number.
I had bi^en loted.
Thou liadit been loved.
He had been loved.
Plural.
We bad been loved.
Ye or you had been loved
They had been 1 ved.
RULK ».
Artiilei and adjeeilvei
belong to nouns, which
tbey qualify or define,
RULR 9.
Neu'er verbs have the
>ame cafe after as befn-e
iheia.
RULE IS.
A noun or iironoun .tolned
with n participle, anil alnnd-
iHK Inrtependent of the reat
or liT onlrnce la In iho no.
linative case independent.
RUiK 4.
Participles, like verbs
relate to nouns or pro
nount.
RULE 10.
A noun or pronoan sIk
nifying pnaseasion, n ipn
' .-ned by the doho it pes
RULE 18
A verb In Ibe in6nitlve
m.od, may b# governed
bv a veib, noun, adiec.
live, or participle.
'Singular number.
I shall or will he loieil,
Tliou shall or wiK be loveii
He sliall or will be loved
Plural.
We shall or will beloved.
»r you „.»,. or „„ ^ (^eVrATa't^
0V**(l.
They ilKl
Stronil future Tense
di'iioles riit%( time, (ml
as prior to .some otlni
fuliiro time spti'ified.
Singular number,
I -hall have loved.
Thou ihiilt or wilt havf Invert
Heshull or will lave loved
Plural.
We shall havr |iived,(lnved
Ye or )ou shall or will have
The) (IikII II.' will have la\ed
Singular number.
I shall hnve had.
Thou siinltorwlli have liart
Me sliall Or will hnve had.
Plural.
W- ahall have liiid [had,
Ve or villi ,hallur will have
fney shall or will hatehad
Sinviilar number.
I sh'ill havi" been
Thou aim It or wilt have tieeii,
He thutler arillliavebceo.
Hural.
We ahall linve been, (heec
Ve or you alintl or will' have
1 hey ahall iir will have been
Singular number,
I ihnll have lieen Invert,
Tli.Mnhalt or will havi'been
He ahall or wltl liavo beeu
Plural.
We shall hnve been loved,
" will kava
ill be loved
uuLiTs.
hi'eii l.'vi-rt, (loved^
■ They »|im|| „r w ill hnve bien
.^ , HI Lr. 6, ~
Adverbs qualify verb., Aciive veib. govcrollie
participles, artjectjves.and objective case,
other adverb'.
riRST PERSON.
Sing,
jVofB. I,
Pnnu my or mine,
, O'lj, nie.
Plu.
jVom. we.
Post, our or ours,
■oy. us.
Utclension of tue personal Pronouns.
RULE 12.
When an address ii made
10 a person, the noun or
pronoun is put la the noma
inative case independent.
RULE IS,
SECOND PERSON,
iVom Ihnii,
Pns; ihy, or thine,
Obj, thee.
Via.
Nnm, ye or yon,
Tom. your or yonis,
I Obj. you
THIRD PP.RtON.
nfnm. he,
Pou. his,
Obj. htm.
Plu.
.Voin. they,
Pou, their or theirs,
Obj. them.
THIRD PERSON.
Sing,
Non. she,
Pojs. her or here,
Oy. her.
Plu.
-Vom. they,
I',
THIRD PP.RfON.
Sing.
Nam. It,
Pon$. its,
Obj. it,
PlH.
Non,. they.
RULE II.
Two or more nonna sljt-
ni^ln({ Ibe same ihing, i.re i
put. bj apposition, in ibe i
same cane.
RULE 17.
A verb in the infinitive The verba whkb follow »M,
mood nb^olnie, stands in- dar/-, ftrl, htar, ut, »ia*«,
dependent of the remain. ?'"*.' i"'.',*'=- a™ .""d In
inir nnr, „r.k. . ■-"■"■" the iiifliilllve nmnd without
injr part of the sentence ,,„vi„ff i,,e sign to preHxed t»
^ 'them.
Utclennion oj the relative Pronouns.
.. Singular atfd Plural,
Vow. who F„.,. ,ho.e OM. whom.
.>,«m. wiioever, P»«, whoaever, oy. whomerer
J\ om. Whosoever, Po«. whonesoeier, Obj. wbnmawver.
Which, mhat, and tbal; ore ot both numben, and
are used in the nominulive nr objenive case, bit
have no poaiessive ; except that ahon is s.mellmei
lined as ilie possessive of »AicA; as " Ti,r iiee leAose
■»j«. their or theirj, Pom. their o- theirs """•"'•"!« PO"""'" of »AicA ;
When lh« nn.,„ . ,r • ' ..; . . "•' "*•'• •'""*• 'OA/. them. i"?"*' ••»<" brought death." WAo, ,Ao.«. and
uicd mdifferently in the Dominative or objeriive caae, but have no posi^s-ive! ■^' '""' *'• "'ei »»?,<". brutes TAal, is aptilied both lo persons and
^ list Of the pronominal Adjectives. iJelnTves^heTar' lZt\T.r.TA'}L-Z::\ ?
o,.„,;."js;r-»as--i:~i;;-^^^^^^^^^
atiru.
Ose. «hsr, an:
""•r. latter, none,
plnrM.
n ■.-'v»#<ji*Mf coi/#* i/# JlU/eCfi'VeS \ %r Sing,
"SlEf^^'-Sl^^^-^;:!-'--^ -- - -able. ^.most!S^-J5"
Declension of Nouns.
Comparison of Ad/'ectires
ser ; Superlative, wisest.— Poi. amiable
,,.,„..' ■"" « s-oni. inii nole I Sup, least able. — .—..r , owjci. mosiioii. kinr ri».- n..« i »>r-" ~— " ■ •""" """"
Pin.
A'oin. Iiinfa
Pom. klliKS'
Olij. klUKs.
Plu.
\bm. laea
Po,g. men's
Otj, men.
in
• pro n * • I"**
li iiur dr>irrt ti nioilerulr, lur
n * •
c M H V Md ft
ltil;e rrxiliillon wrrp nut Irgul.
c |iri> * V"
Viilrsdhuu liH'l liiipil I rr,
on » IT pro
ir John linrt >i)»krn lo me.
e |iiir' T «r n pr »r
VDlt-M hf will du ilie work iii u
A n
UPiili"! munimr.
c nr n ' ▼
It ilif man »linll have accnm|ilUned
yro II pru n
kia wurk by mlil-ummer,
en V pro n n
If Ji.mii* has lukl Lli money, Jack
» Vo
will rrcorer il.
n r« I" "
Hf nrj ha»lr>g ^raduainl al collfne
T pr nr n pr n
wil> mifx upon the «ludy ut dittinily ,
» pro n ▼
if lii« lirullb admilt
c pro n T pr n P™
If (lur friend be In trouble, we,
pro pro » c T
wliom i.e know! ood lov«i, will
T liro
consnie liini.
« pro T pr n c
If we cnnleiid about tntles, and
ad V pro n pro
llnleiiilv maiiiluin o\ir opinions, we
T nd n n
•hall gain but few frl^niU.
en V |iro n pro
If (trenloeit flaller our vanity, il
T pro n
muliipllf* onr dan(jer«.
e pro T pr pro pro
If we look around us we snail
V c np a n V
p*reel»e tlinl tiie whole uuiverie U
« pr a n
full of active pow.m.
C: pro V iiro c 1 «d Pa
If .hou art lie— but oh 1 how fiillen!
n pro vac
CeniUnnen, yOD lire mj>iiil(en. If
$ro V nr n pr pro pro v
be the person to wlirnij"" nllurte.
c pro V ait nr n pr
If we p(>s;e«5 not the powr iif
n pro V nr n
self jrovernrneMt, we khail be tlie prry
pr n a n
of every evil propensitr.
pa pro a pro
HavinK resigned hit office, he
V pr ft a c n
retired to private life, if history
T n
ipeak truth,
en T «d a
If yputhbe trifled auuy, manhond
T. a c ad n
«iU be contempllble, uud old age
a
Biiserahle.
c pr a a " ap n ■
If, from any iownal cauje, atnun't-
n pr n v a*
peacn of mind be disturbed, Id vain.
pro T pr* pr , " ''■ "
wi' load him witit rieiie* ur hanonrs..
Itro pa pro n
He liRvinK eniled hii ditcourse,
ar n v
tlir nweoibly dispersed.
r. ar a ad T pro
AT the mind be well culilmied, it
Vi ar n pti i « ad ' pro.
nrodiires « store of fruit |. if oat, it
vr pr »^
il cvtrruD ,wi(U needrt.
CnnfMAR SIMPUFFED.
PROMISCUOUS EXRIinSES IN PARSIMG.
PAIiSiSG t.ESSOS G.
iCItP.MEII UP Liri'. OfTKN ILt.UrtOHV,
Omar tlifl son of ITussan, ImJ passed iMWi-nty-livo yt-nrs in lioiioiir und pratiperiiy. Tli*' fuvoiir of tlire«
siiiressive culilii Imd filled li'n lioua*) wiili gold und silver ; and wlieiicvur lio iippt-iiruJ, tlie iH-tifdictiotis of
tliL- people procliiimi'd iiin pnfsnge. ■ • » i i r
Teiri'Htrinl huppiiiL'ss iii ot :.horl conliiiiiaiice. T.te bfif:lilite»-t of tlio flntiie n wu«iinR ilfi liifl ; tli*» Ira-
grnnt flower is pa»r*ing away in its own odours. Tlie vigour of Oinur begun to full ; the eiirU of beauty lell
from liii head ; strengtli departed from itis liuiid*., and agility from liin feet, lie gave back to llm calif the keys
of iruMt,.and the seuU of secrecy ; oiul sought no other pleasure for liio remuiiis of life, tlian tlie convenw of li.e
wise, iind the craliliideof the gooil. „ .. .. . i .i i-
'l"lie power "of his mind were yet iinimpnired. His chnmlier wan filled by visitants, eagar to cnlcli the ilm-
tates of experience, and oiricioiis to pay the tribute of adminilion.— tJnIod, the son of the viceroy of Fgyj)!. enter-
ed every day early, and retired lute. He was beuuiifMl and elnquent : Omar ndiniicd his wit. and loved his do-
cility. " Tell me," said Caled, " thou to whose voice nations have listened, and whose wisdom is known to
the extremities ofAsia, tell mo how I may resemble Omar the pnidont. The arts by which thou hast paineil
power and preserved il, are to thee no longer nocexsary or useful ; impart lo me the wcrct of thy conduct, and
tench me the i)lun upon which thy w isdom has built thy fortune."
*""^. You'lg man." sa-;d Omar, "it is of little use to fo.m plans of life. When I took my f^rA survey of the
world in n)y twvntiJlh year, having considcrixl the various conditions of mankind, in an hour of solitude, 1 said
thus to myself, leaning against a cedar, which spread its branches over my head : ' Seventy years are allowed
to man : I have yet fifty remau.i:.g. Ten years I will allot to the attainment of knowledge, and ten I will
pass in foreign countries ; I shall be learned, and therefore shall be honoured ; every ciiy will shout at my ar-
rival and every stndont solicit my friendship. , 'i'wenty yeot^ thus passed, will store nry mind with images,
which 1 shall be busy, through the rest of my life, ia combining and comparing. I shall revel in inexhaustible
accumulations of intellectual riches; L shall find ne>v plea.ur« for every moment; and shall never more be
^eary of myself. 1 will not. however, deviate too far from the beatsn track of life, but will try what can be
found in female delicacy. I will marry a wife beautiful as the Houries, and wise as Zobeide ; with her I will
live twenty years within the suburbs of Bagdat, in every pWasure that wealth caa purchase, and fancy can lu-
rent 1 then will retire lo a rural dwelling ; pass my d.ys in • obscurity and contemplation; and he silently
down on the bed of deMh. Through my life it shall be my «Pt.V^ resolution, that Iwill never depend upon
tliesmile of princes ; that I will never, stand exposed to llie artifice, of courts-; I wd never put for public
honours, nor disturb my quiet with the alTairs of stale.' Such was the scheme of hfe, ^vhich I impv.ssed
'"'^'i'll^ Ja:;u::;:rm?ensuing time was lo be spent in search of knowledge, and Tknow not how-l was
diverted from mv design. ' I had no visible impediments without, nor any uugovernabW passions within.- I
regarded knowledge as the higlresl honour, and the most engaging pleasure ; yet day stole uponday, and month
^•lled after month, till I found that seven years of the first ten had vanished, and leK nothing belm.d th m. I
Iw postponed my purpose of travelling ; for why shou'^ 1 go ab«,ad when «o much remained - Jj;* --^
at hoL? I immuLI myself for four years, and studied the laws of the emp.e. 1 ^^7^;^^ t' ^ f.
,he iud.es • 1 was found able to speak upon doubtful questions ; and was commandcKl to stand at the foo -
lo. oflhJ calif. I was heard wi^ atteutioa ; 1 was consulted with confidence , and tie love of prai. fus-
*^"'^A%"ll S«l to ,1^ distant countries ;lUtened with rapture 10 the relations of travellers ; and resolved
some time :i :^y disnnssion, Uiat I might feast loy soul with novelty : but my ^^^ ^^^^^
sary ; and tl. stream of business hurried me along. Sometimes I .as afraid l.t I should be charged with
hold on ;h:?ei;lyye:in;ypLr,a.idUem,-..lfin domestic pl.^^^^^^
finds a woman beLliful as the Houries, and wise as Zobeide.- I "•'1-ed and .,. te^^^^^^^^^^^
ated tiU the sixty-second year made mo ashamed of wishmg 10. parry. I nad .ov .mtbng let. but r.l
and for retirement I never found a lime, till disease forced me from publie employment.
-Such was my scheme, and such has been its consoqi^oce.. Wub^i- uisat.able th rst f- l^-^'^^'j
trifled away the yeJs erf ,mprove.n«i..; Vilha restless desire of seeing diOb^nt countries,! have alwa^^^
„te aJciiy wi.blheSig t expectation of connubial felicity, I have lived ..married ; and w.ib u
abb resolution; of contetnplative retirement, I am going to die w.ihm the walU of Bagdat. — .«.
/»;
<](
MlOtPM
1
i,H
tlip d
S'nii
^-. If
b:
«. If
>
S. If
J
1. rr
f-
3. ir
3. If
■S/iij
1. If
k.*
e. If
1 ifi
tS
o
1. Ifi
.2
tS' Uw
^ii. Ifv(
i:
9
c
.I
^
u
m
o
».
f-
i.
FIRST PK
Sint
i Jfom. I, ■
I i'»M. mv 01
! Olij.
me.
Plu
we,
nur or
us.
When Ihf
!»wd indifier
I Noni
J Pou.
i06j.
One, other
■« ''>'"r,leiier,n«
an.inble._/»j
TliP fiivoiif oftlire*
i, tlie lxMiudictiuii5 uf
np; ill fiifl ; tlip fra«
I (MirU ol" bf.iiity lell
i to tilt) calif tliu ki-yii
tlie uotiVLTMi uf tlie
ngnr to cnlHi the dic-
•L-roy of F.i;yi>',B»i<'i'-
wit, and lovfdiiiit do-
wisdom i* known to
ifh thou liiis-t pHined
t of thy conduct, and
ny fif!"*. Btirvey of the
Biir of solitude, 1 caid
ly years are allowed
'It'dgn, nnd ten I will
will shout at my ar-
y mind with images,
revel in inexhaustible
1 shall never more be
will try what can be
)eide; with her I will
se, and fancy can iu-
ition ; and lie silently
ill never di"|)end upon
I never p:inl for public
life, which I impiwflsed
know not how } was
e passions within.- I
< upon day, and month
liing behind them. I
emained to ba luamed
ine of my skill reached
to stand at the foof-
llu love of praise fas-
jvellers ; and resolved
nee was always neces.
louldbe charged with
rriage.
thought it best to lay
t fifty no man easily
consulted and delibcr-
ing left but retiement :
thirst for knowledge, I
, I have always resided
id ; and with unalter-
lat."— — DR. JOHNSON. I
. nn^MMAT? SrMPTJFIED.
MOOD IS the imiimer of representing action or being.
The Sufymcthe Mood expresses aclion or being i„ a doubtful or conditional manner.
II
dcnoii"" P"'M'nt lime.
is tlic division of lime.
Singular number,
h If I lnr>,
tJ 8. If llioii In? e,
>3. If Ipp Io»p.
J Phnal.
g I. If n>« Inrit,
fZ !?. U \r or jou love,
3. If lliry Iiive,
Sli>sul<ir number.
1. If I h«»»,
B«. If thoiihsvj',
ta Iflwlm.f.
a Phirat.
o I. I' wo IlllVII,
t" *. If yo OP you hnvr,
3. II lliry hiiTc.
i^insvlnr number,
1. If I be,
. i If Ihoii b*.
-gS. Ifhr ho.
„ Plural.
jSl If we be,
i. If veor vou be,
3 If Ihry hp.
_ filnsrii'iir niimher.
c 1 If I he iovi-d.
^2. If llinii he lov,rd,
= H. il hr I p ln»»d.
•j Phinil.
S I If wr be UvrA,
^- S. If >e or Villi helnved.
r-^. If (hfv lie Invert.
:'mliistir """•'"'"•i:';r:i..!'::;:'. 'r- ^"'•■"'"!^^ •-' .i"'e.h,„u.„oie.i:trum;
KVh\>. I.
TheiiominBiivcraiegov
erni the verb.
nVLV. T.
Parilclpleibnvr th» <nme
rnvernmeni. as ihe verb'
have, fnim which lliej are
derived.
Rf'LF I J.
Prnnonnii miivt axree with
•lirir aiilecrdenis or ih<-
nriin« ihej reiiresenl, In
grndrrand number.
r
■^'VfTular number.
If I |nr.-rl,
11 Iboii Invrdkl,
If lie lovnl,
PUirnl
If «e loved.
If .>e or yiiu loved.
If Ihey loved.
^in^ulur number.
If I Imd,
Ifllioii hadsl.
If be bod.
Plural.
If w* had,
If ve or vou bod,
If iliey had.
Singular number.
If I were.
If Ihiiii wert.
If b» were.
Plural.
If we were.
If ye or yon were,
If lUey were.
Singular number.
I' I were loved.
If llioii werl loved.
If he were loved.
Plural.
If we were loveil.
If ye or yno were loved,
If (hey were loved,
iiilMo finvey« nn allu- ns piior In snine otiierj
!»io(i to I 111- pri'-ieiit.
SIniriiliir number.
If I hiive* luvi'd,
If lliiiii hilt loved,
if lie has loved.
plural.
If we hdve Inved,
If ye , ' joii ' !iv» loved,
If Chej I'nve loved.
Sin-rular number.
If I lievehnd.
If lliou liD'l hud.
If lie bat had.
/".'iiral.
If we have had.
If ye or yoii have bad,
If Ihey biive had,
Slmruhir number.
If 1 have been,
f ihoo hnil been.
If be has been.
Plural.
If we have been,
Ifje iir ynii have been.
If Ihey have bei p.
Si'nsriilar number.
If I have been loved.
If ilioii bH>t been loved.
If be baa been loved.
Plural,
If We have heen Inved,
If yeuryouhavebeen loved
If Ihev linve been lovfd.
HULB 8.
The verb musi n^re* with
Mi Doniinaiive in number
and per.-nn,
RULE 8.
Prepoiiiloni govern the
nbjeciive caie
RtLh. ;i.
Ariiclea and idjecilveH
belong lonoiini, which tbc^
quality or define,
RULE g.
Neuter ver'oi have thi
<aine case afier aa befuit
I he in.
||)iLtl liiue f|Hi'itii'd.
I Siugii'iir number,
jif I hurt loved,
ilf Ihnu Imdii Inved,
llfheh'id loved.
Plural,
If we had loved.
If )eor yiui had loved,
If Ihey had Invert,
Singular number,
I' I Imd had.
If Ihon linrtHI had,
If he had hud.
I Plural,
I If we hiirthirt ,
If >e or villi had hnd,
I If Ihey bud bad.
i Siniriilar number.
1 1' I had b"i-n,
Ifihou hndii been,
I If he bad heen.
Plural,
If we bad been,
If ye or you hud been.
If Ihey had been.
Singular number.
If I had been loved,
I'lhou h d*i been loved.
If be had been loved.
Plural.
If we hod been love.!.
Ifyeor you ,„id been loved
'f they hart been loved.
^^Inffular number.
If I •liallof will love,
If ihoii '.h^li or will love
If he (hall or will love.
Plural.
If we ilirill or will love.
If yunr yiuKhall (r wllHovi
if (hey ihall or will Uive
Singular number.
If I *hall or will have,
llf llioii shall or wlh have.
If lie shall or will have.
Plural,
If ne «liiil| np «I1I h»ve.
If >!• <)<■ y.iM aliall •, will liii VI
Iflbey tlK.ll or will h.ve
SicontI I'ldiirt Ten.ir
Iciuiii'!* riiiurc ilmi', l)ut
ax piior 111 tniiie other
lutiii-H linii'spccitii'd,
Singular number,
iri<i>iillliav.'lovi'd Cloved
If Ihou >h:ill DP wil' hnve
Ifha ilialUi' will have luved.
Plural.
If we <ball hnve loved,
Ifyeor y,iu sliall orwili hnva
I""'". (Invert.
If Ihe) iball or will hita
Singular ntimher.
II I >liall or will be.
If than aliall or will be,
If be kbnilnr will be,
Plural.
Ifw* nhnll or will be,
Ifyr or youaltiill or wilt be.
If ihry 'hall or will be.
RULE. 14. j RULE 15.
ronjunctlon. connect noon. A noun or pronoun Joined
and proilouni. in Ihe .aoic "'ih a imrtirlple. nnd ,u"il
ca<e, and, (enernlly, »erb.''''"B ''"''l''""'!'"' of tlie rrsi
ofihe like mooda and lenae.i"-'' ,"'■"*'"=••• •' I" »he
ana leoaea. „„,ai„„i„ „,„ independent.
RULE 4.
Parllciplea, like »erb«.
relaie tu nouns or pro-
nouoa.
RULE 10.
A noon or pronoun aig,
nifyinj pa>te*alon. i> gov.
erned by the noun it poa.
sesMia,
RULE 18.
A verb in ihe inflnliive
mood, nu.y be governed by
a verb, noun, adj?ciive, or
purlicipla.
Singular number.
,If I kliall or will he loved,
Iftlmu chilli or wilt be loved,
III be bhalUrwillbc loved
Plural.
Ilfweahnll or will be Inved.
Ifyeor you ahnllor wilt be
lov.d.
If ihey.linllorwill he lovetl
'IRST PERaoit,
Sing.
f^om. I, *
Po'i. mv or mine,
I Obj. me.
J Pitt.
I Nom, we,
I I'oi*. nurvr oura,
I OiJ, us.
DtcfensioH of the personal Pronouns.
SECOND PERSOn
<i>af.
HULK 5.
Adverbs qualify verba,
parliriplea, nrtjec>ives,and
other adverba,
RULE II.
Two or more nnuna alj;.
nifyihu Iha same thine,
are put, by apposition, in
tiie aame rnae,
RULE 17.
A verb In the innnilive
mood abtoliite, sinnds ln>
dependent of Ihereinninin;:
part of the aeoience.
Singular number.
If I .la.n liiive had,
Iflhouslialior wlluiavebad.
If he»hull(ip wilihuvehad.
Plural
irweshnllhivi' li.irt. [had,
llyi'.irynuil.iillorwlllliHVa
II ilK'y vhall or willharahad
Singular number.
If Ishalllinvebeen. (been.
If Ihoii aha It or wilt liava
■ fheaball er will havs been,
plural.
Ifwe«h«llii,iveliecn, [been,
iryeor yniisli ill or will hove
II ikey tliall or will have beea
Singpilar number.
If I fliall have been loved.
If Ihou ihall or will have keeu
loved, [loved.
■ the iball or will haw bean
Plural.
If we iball have been Inved,
Ifyeor you ihall apwillliava
hein lovcrt, (loved.
irthry ihall or will have b«ea
RULE 6,
, Active verbs govern tL«
objective ca>e.
RULE 19,
When an addreai Is madt
to a pernoii, the noun or
pronoon ia put In the no-
minalire caaeiodepeodent.
RULE 18,
The verb! which follawMd,
f/ore, /tfj, Afar, Irt .make.
l'i"«(,»«,Ac. are Hied In ibe
inflnliive oinort withnnt bav-
\ing ibeai(ii (opreOiod to lb«B
P>iu.
OhJ.
ih'Ui
ih; or thine,
III e.
Plu.
yv or yon,
your oryuura,
you,
TIIRD PBRtOIf
Sini.
Vain, be,
Poif. hia,
(ihj, bim,
ftu.
Ifom, they,
foji. their or Ihelis,
THIRD PHRsoN.
A'lai'.
Yom. »he,
f oij. her or berf,
06j- her.
Plu.
JVom, tl.ey,
^uj., tlieir or iheira,
O'l.i. them.
JVoaa
Pun,
Obj,
Nom
Pol$.
Ob)
THIRD PBR90N.
Sing.
I'.
ila,
it.
Plu,
the,.
their or theirs,
Ihem
One oibee -, n,h. ^ ^* ^^^^ of the pr<mominul Adjeclives,
Po,Uir,^,. r Comparison Of Adjccthfs. ^
Ueclensivn of therdative Pronouns.
Singular and Plural,
.Voiir, whoever, Po.i. wbotover, 0»;. whomever.
.Vo-n. whoiover. Po«. wboaeioever, oij. whoni«ever.
Which, vhat, nnd that, are of both numbers, sod'
are used in the nominative or objective case, fiut have
i!0 possessive ; except that irAoae Is sometimea used ui
ilie posseaaiire of .cAicA , as, '• The tree whoie mortal
.«>le brought death." H^Ao seAoie. and wAom, are ap-
plied to pe^ona, and kAicA to thinca v brutes. That,
!S Sj-.j)!i?,i both i; prracBS and trio,;*. Wlieu lijc yvord
ei'«r or (sever ia annexed to lelativea, Ihey are. lOme.
imek, called compound relatinea.
Declenshn oj Noums.
ainf. Plu. ai«f. Plu,
Nom. » ng Jrom. kin^i I \-m,. man A'oai. mea
»i«. kliif. Olo. kiugt. I OiJ. man. Oy. man.
r.
19
PARKING LESSON 3.
n T a<l a c
ChiirlM is nol ioslorrre ; aud
■d |iro T |iri>
Ibirefure we may Irust liini,
l^ro T nd n pro ▼
It mint be •<>} Plato, tbou rcusoa-
ad
eil well,
pro ad T ar
YTe could not aceoinpUsb llie
D P' *
knsinesa ii> lime.
pro ▼ pro n pro
It will luy direclion lie diould
V
sabinit.
n T a « pro ▼ c
Amanda was ill, but I ihougbt'ht
y
■giCbtlWe.
pro a pr n '
Can we, nntouclied by gratitude,
T ar II pr n pro ar
view theprofiHlonof (;ooil, which the
a n T pr pro
Alnii{hi; hand be«!ows around us i
pro T iir n pr
We c. ii resist ibe allurementi of
n
vice,
jro y V*
J may have miiinnderslond him.
ar a v ar
The man might have finished tba
n ail c pro ad
wiirksouner, but be could Dot have
V pro ad
dune It belter.
pro ¥ pro a u c pr"
1 gave him good advire, but be
ad V pr pro
would not hearken tu it.
pro *
They mic;ht have been hoDnured.
ar n pro ad ▼
The man, whoiifuiihfullvailai-li-
GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED.
PARSING LESSON 7.
pr
att pr
XOTIIINO PURMEO IN VAIN.
Let no presuming impious railer tax
Great' i wisdom ; as if aiiglit was t'orm'd
In vain, or not for adi lirable ends.
Sliail little haughty ignorance pronounce
His works unwise, cl' which the smallest part
Exceeds the nuirow vision of hwr mind ?
As if, upon a full-proportioii'd dome,
On swelling columns heav'd, the pride of art 1
A critic-flv, whose feeble ray scarce spreadi
An inch around, with bligd presumption bold,
Should dare to tax the siruclnre of tiie whole.
And iiviM the man, whos"^* universal eye
Has swept at onceth' unbounded scheme cf things,
Alark'd their de])eni!ence so, and firm accord,
.Vs with unfault'ring accent to conclude,
That this avuileth nonglit i Has any seen
The niighly chain of beings, lejs'ning down
From infuiiie perleciion, to the brink
(.)f dreary nothing, desolate abyss !
From winch ostonish'd thought, recoiling, turns .'
Till thc.i aloi>e let zealous praise ascend,
And hymns of holy wonder, to that powF.n,
AVhose wisdom shines as lovely in our minds,
As on our smiling eyes his servant sun.
YHOMIOM.
PARSING LESSON 8.
PROVIDENCE VINDICATUD IN THE PRESENT STATE OP MAV.
ed 10 religion, may be relied on witb
a n
umble confidence,
a 11 n
This author's sentiments must be
V pr pro n_,
■ litiikuu by his critic,
pri» n
Thou^nnJs, whom indulenee has
y pr a i>
sunk into contemptible oh=curliy,
V ad pr II
.tight bave come forward lu useful.
c n c n »d
Bcss nnd honour, if idltmes? had not
V or n pr A pro
frustrated the effeeu ol all their
n
powers,
pro V pa t pr ar
We may rest assured, that by the
«. n pr 11 pro
sienJy j)ur»ult of virtue we shall
T c V pro
obtain and enjoy ii,
ar n T •'
Tlt« physician may admiuister tlie
n, c II ">'
mediciiif ,. but Providcace aloue can
V prj
bless it.
pa pro pr a-
llavini^ npoied iiitn^clf in dlirfFf nt
I, pro y lira ^ n ,
cltmos, he may have lost his health.
ar II .1
tlie lohohir's diligen«e muit 8e«
V »r II "
cii,re th* tutor's appmlialion.
pro pii a ar n
She bsinjt ab*fn.t, the buiinesi wa»
jt ad pr- »
attenii* to by utiK-fs.
Heav'n from all creatures hides the book of fate,"
All but the page prescrib'd, their presetit state ;
From brutes what men, from men what spirits know,
Or who could suffer being here LjIow ?
The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day.
Had he thy reason, would be skip and play ?
Pleas'd to the last, ho crops the flow'ry food.
And licks the liand just rais'd to shed his blood»
Oh, blindness to the future ! kindly given.
That each may till the circle mark'd by Ueav'n j ,
Who sees with ciqtial eye, as God of all,
A hero perish, or a sparrow fall ;
Atoms or systems into ruin hiirl'd,
And now a bubble burst, nnd now a world.
Hope humbly then ; with trembling pinions soar
Wait tlKJ groat teacher death ; and Good adore.
What future bliss, he gives not thee to know,
But gives that hope to be thy blessing now.
Hope springs eternal in the human breast :
M;wi never is, but always to be blest :
The soul, uneasy and cotifin'd from home,
Rests and expatiates in a life to come.
Lo, the poor Indian ! whose iintulor'd niinil
Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind ;
His soul proud science never taught to strajf
Far as the Solar Walk or Milky Way ;
Yat simple nature to his liope has giv'n.
Behind the cloud-topt hill, an humbler heav'n ;
Soitie safer world in depth of woods einbrac'd,
Some happier isbtid in the wat'ry waste ;
i Where slaves once more their native land behold.
No fiends toriiioivl, no Christians thirst for gold,
To BE, cimtents liis natural dtaire ;
He ask no angel's wing, no seraph's fire ;
But thinks, admitted to diat equal sky.
His faiihfid dog shall bear liim coitipany.
Go, wiser thou ! and in thy scale of setisc,
Weii^h ihy opinion against Providence ;
Call imperroction what thou fanciest such.
Say here he gives to little, there too much.
In pride, in reas'iiing pride, our error lies ;
All quit their sphero.and rush into skiet.
Pride still is ainung at the blest abodes.
Men would be angels, angels would be gods.
Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell.
Aspiring to be angels, men rebel ;
And who but wishes to invert the laws
Of oiiuKB, sins against th' btkrnal cause.
eoBa>
PARSING LESSON 9.
ISS BETWEEN AOAM AND EVE, BETIllINO TO BEST.
Now came still evening on, and twilight gray
Had in her sober livery all things clad.
Silence accompanied ; for beast and bird.
They to their grassy couch, these to their nests.
Were slunk ; all but the wakeful iiightingal* j
She all night long her am'rous descant sung :
Silence was pleas'd. Now glow'd the firmament
With living sapphitt'S : Hesperus, that led
The starry host, rode brightesl, till the moon^
llising in clouduil majotty, at lenglli,.
Si.
V,
oif
V
H
3
T
1
U9 descnnt sung :
glow'd the firinainent
i|)oru!<, that led
?9i, till the moon^
a lenglli,.
GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED.
MOOD is the manner of represeiitinij action or beingf.
The Polcntial Mood declares the power, liberty, possibility, or necessity, of iicli-m or being.
1^
Present Tense
denoted pretiei)t tune.
TKN8E
is the division of time.
fiinifutar number,
1. [ miiy, cun, or miisi
^ lose, [love,
Imperfect Tense Perfect Tense
luMiotes past time how-
jver diiftant.
singular number,
I miuhi, I'oiild, would, or
fchnuld Igve,
► 2. Tlinii mtyKt, c. or inJTIioii miglut, c. w. ory.lnvc
^ X, H^-iuay. nr m. lute, lie luiglK, r, w, or k. lovPt
Plural. { Plurnl.
9 I. We inuy, can, or niu«l|VV8 might, could, would, or
lOTP, [li>Vl'
8. Ye or yon m. c, or m.
should lovp,
Yeoryoutn.c. w.of », luve
riiey in c. w. or », |i)ve.
SingUMr iiumfier, Sinsular number .
I. I may, •••uii. or mu>l I miglil ould, woiild, or
havf, [have,! j|,,,uld liuve
»3 2. Thou maysl, c. or m, riioomi^ht«l,i'.w.or».havf
■; a. lie m-iV. c. 0( in.hav*. He miglil,c, w, or s, hate
Plural.
I, We miy. cii". or mu>l
hii»e. [Iiiivc,
8. Ye or you m. corm
flural.
WemiglM, could, would, or
»liouUI have,
Yc or you in. c. w. or«.ha»e,
3. I hey in, c.^r m, bavr.'ruey m, c. n. or ■, hate,
Singular num'e
I. I niu), can, or mu'l
he,
Singular number^
i|,g |[ mighi, cou.d, Hijuld,or
j 8. Thou mnyi-l, c or m.
a
Klmuld be,
Fbou mighisi, c. w , ors. bi>,
He migut, c w. or a be.
Plural.
We miglit, coutd, would, oi
t>b< ud be,
or m. bf," or yuu ni c. w. or s. be
I'uey m. e. w. or •. be.
He m\v '•• or in. be,
PI u ral.
iU I. We may, can, or inu-i
^ be. lb.',
8. Y"- or ynu ro. c, or
3 lliey_
ifingui.n itumbcr,
I. I niiiy, can, or inusi' Slntular number
be loved, [be lovi d, I mlghi, could, would, or
* 8. Thou niajsi c or m. «h,iuld be loved, (loved,
5; 3. He ii> conn belineillTluni nitgiitsi,c w.or*.be
He inighl,c.w. or s. >e loved
Pltirai.
>Ve m. c. w. or s. be loved,
Veoryou m, c. w. or 8, be
J Plural.
„ [loved
n 1. VVe miiy,c. or in. he,
o 8 Yc or you m. c. or m
H be loved, [loved
.? Timi c m. or in. be
loved,
I'lieyin.c w, or «, be loved
HULK I.
The noininalive ciu«
(overus the verb,
RULK 7.
Partlciplet have the same
Itovernmenl, ns (be verbs
have, from which ihey are
deiived.
RULE IS.
Pronouns must agree
Willi iheir anieceileniii, or
the nouns ihey repmenl,
Id gender and number.
RULK i.
The verb must agree with
lis noinindiivt) lu number
and per.un,
HULKS.
PrepiiBiiion!. govern the
olijeciive ca«e.
nui.E u.
Conjuncilons connect
noun^ and pronoun* in Ihe
"Bine case, aHd, generally,
verbs of Ihe like moiidt
iind lennes.
lenoiea past time, bill
also conveys an allu-
iioii to the present.
Siagnlar number.
I may, can, or must hnvel
loved, [liivedJ
fhou nityit, Ci or in. have
He inay,c.orni, have loved,
PluraU
We may, c. or lu. have loved
jVe or you m, c, or ni, have
lovcd.
They m, c. orm, have loved
Siit^ulur' number,
Imay.c.in.or Miusihiivehart
T'lOii im\y«i, canat, or mux
liave hud, (hart,
He may, Cun, or muit havi
Plural,
We may, can, or must have
had, [have liad,
Veoryou mny, can.onnusi
ruey m, cor at. nave bad,
Singular number,
I may, can, or must have
been, [been
fhuu m.iyst, c, or m,ha'
He may, c. or m. have been.
Plural,
We mny,r or m, iiav • hee.
Ye or jou m. c. or m, bavt
been,
rhey m, c. or m. have been,
Simular number, [loved,
1 inay.ron, or aiu-thave beep
I'liou ninysi, c. or ni. havt
been loved, [loved
He mtty,c. orm. havebi-eii
Plural [loved.
We may,c. orm. have heei:
Ye or JOU m. e. or ni.
have bi-en loved, [lined.
f "ey ni. c. or m. iinve b-- n
"~ kULfc. 3.
Artloloi and adjeclives
belong lu nouns, which
ihey quilify or drliue,
llULi; 'J.
Neuter verbs have the
same case after lu before
I hem.
Pluperfect Tense
deiiotu?! past time, but
as prior to some other
p.tst time spucitied,
singular num'ier.
I mi'lit, could, would, or
should have loved, [loved
rhoumight«l,c, w.or.,bave
He in, c. w. or •• have luved.
Plural.
Wero, r, w,or< have love
Yeor )ouin,c.w. on. have
loved, [luved,
I'he) in- Ci w, or ». have.
Singulur number.
( mij;hl, could, would, or
hh'iuld have ^ad, (liad
Thuu iiti^'litst c. w, or s. h.-ivo,
lltiintolit, c. w.orn. Iiave Imil
Plural.
Wem, c. w,or s. h.-ive hud,
Veoryuum.c, w.om, have
had,
i'ii*j> ID, Ci w. or I. have bad
8ingt,...r number,
I might, could, would, or
iiul.l have been, (been
u iuighti)t OrW. orsi bave,
. m-C'W.or s. have been.
Plural,
Wem. r, w. or 8 bavebeen.
Year you m. c. w. or a. bnve
been, (been,
riicy m. c. w. or »■ have
SinguUr nuntbrr, [loved,
lini^hliC w.or -.liivehpcn
ThutimrKlital,c. w or a. Imvc
been loved, (Invi d,
tlcniitiht.c.w or». have been
PluraU (loved,
^Vem,c. w ors.hiiVB neen
Vaforyou in- c. w. ora. hav«
been loved, (lo%ed,
Thty m.c.w.ar a. have lioeii
first fiilure Tense
denoted luture time.
Second future Tense
Ifiioiis future time, but
as prior to some other
future lime specifitKlj
RULE 15.
\ iloun or iiriittoon johicil
with a )i(irtici(ile,aiid st.inil.
lag intlcpcndiMit oi ttie rest
d( tho ajiilL'itr.t*, is hi t)ie no.
iniiiative case laJupendent.
l{Ui.K 4. i
Participles, like verb8,l
relate to uouos or pii>-
nouns.
RULr, 10.
A nnun or pronoun sig-
nifying posneisi in, 18 gov-
erned by the uoun it pos-
seiaes ,
RULE la.
A verb in the infinitim!
nood, may be governed^
iiy a veiO, noun, adjec
ive, or puiiiciplci
RULK 5. RlLi, tj.
Adverbs qualify verbs, Active verbs govern the
participles, adjectives, and ubjeciive case,
oihrr adterb'.
RULE II
Two ur more noun* sig.
RULE 18,
When an address Is ma4e
nif)ing Ihe same iliiaK, areHO a person, Ihe noun or
put, by nj>pusitt<iu, ID the pronoun is put in I he noin.
inaiive case indepeudeut.
RULE 18.
The verba which follow A/rf,
sameciue,
RULE 17.
A verb in the inDniilve
mood abuduie, stands in-;*"'./"', '"ar, Ut, maie,
I J . r ,1 . . ni« neeil, lee, ttc, are used in
dependent o( tlie remain- ,^„ i„fl„iiHo oiu„d w.iii.mt
jh.iviiig' the aiifato prelUedto
:theiii.
ing part of me seotcnce.
FIRST PERSON.
Sing.
DtdensioH 0/ the ptnonat Pronouns,
Jfom
l'os.i. my or mine,
Oij me.
Plu,
Nom we,
i'nsj. our or ours,
OfJ, us.
SISCOND PEniOK.
SInf.
!fnm. thou,
P"s). thy, or thine,
Ohj, thee,
Plu.
Worn, ye or yon,
/•.HI. your or youis,
Okj, you,
THIRD PKRSUN.
Sing,
he,
his,
him.
Plu.
they,
/'»f»> thtir or
Obj. them.
yV.)»i.
P"SI.
Obj,
\om.
Ilieirs,
THIRD PBRSON.
Siag.
Mom,
K.
Pott,
it',
Ohj.
il.
Plu.
.Von..
they.
P".j.
Iheir or the
yy.
them.
UtcUnsion «/ the relative Pronouns.
Singular and Plural,
.Vom. who P<iia.-whoao (ibi. whom.
yonu wiioevcr,. Poia, whoscver. Obi. whouiever,
Nom. wtios»cver, Poim. wUoacauever, Obj. wbjinsoever.
ir/iieA. ttAd', nod lka^^ nre ot both numbers, and
are used in llw nootinauva or ohjeciive case, but
have no posisecive (except that uiliott la aciineiiimes
used us iIk' possessive of icAicA ; as " I iie lii-e wAosa
Tiiian PERSo»i
Sing.
Kom, *lie,
P«»». h<r or hers,
Ubj. her.
. Plu.
iVoDi. they,
P'ljs. their or thelrii,
Oij, thrm. _
V"'*" '*"■'"""' »eV I* added to the personal pionouns,aa, hlmitlf, myself, iltil/, OtemHlvet, ,&t. ihey are <>r brutes. rnal, s apyised bulh lo persnns and
used Indlfferentij in tf-^ BomiauSiVf rt objrctivr cn?f, but hrivr no pnssrMivc. jllfn^'' Whrr. (iie w,.f.;i'-rfr or secrrf i, rtHllrScd iij
A fist 0/ the pronominal Adjectives. ' rdaHve.,.lliey uir, sometimes, called to,«poaad rW-
One, other, nnothrr, ench, every, either, neither, this, that, these, lliose, all, any, both, snniei Eiirh,jome, for-
m»r, laiter, none. Of these, one and olha are declined the same us uuuds. AnoUm it declined, bat wButs thr
their or Ibciri, morlal lasle brought death." H-'Ao, •jAoae, uud
" |icAuni,ais applied lu perMina, nud w'lic'i, to things
Declension of\N6un>st
Comparison of Ad/eotives,
sing, Plu. j
Po»i"»*i»'"« Comparoffw, niner; SBptr/a/it«, wisest,— Poj. amiable » Cow. more amiable ( Sap. maslfo^'.'' kiD"g.' 04,"'^"*''
'■■■■'- Pof «hlf , Com. lea nble, Si;p. lensl able '
amiiihlp.
kliiga.
Sing,
Ph.
\om, man
ffnm. me\\
Poit, tnaii^a
PoMt. in Mi's
Obj, man.
O^;, liii-ii.
<^l4l'w^^'id!'.Z^'''l^ilfu''n!', •''"••: ?'y'''«'''ll' "'■''•'''' '^•E"el^-.hvelb. ate prlnclimlly conjugated. Thoae which arc always «uxiij,fi«,, ,,, nuy t*v, mmt, ipUAl.
WHO, wMilil, iA«K<tf, aad tAaU. Those which ■ruiomclluics auxUlariu, aad soiavtimet prluclyal vorbs, ave (fe,»<, Aan and ivW. •" 1 -a- * «•' 1 i.i««.
u
PARSING LESSON 4,
GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED
5 I
r. r •
f pro n prn ^ „
In our IriiTel. we kbw much to
» C 11 V
•PIJrnTp, and much to coDdprno.
11 '9 ft'Iiehtfalto cnnlemnlaie tiie
({nndncM of Providcncp.
1 am lljc pprscn who owns a fnult
P" c pro V
commiKfrt, and who diadain* (o
V pro
oonceal ii.
pro T V ,TO
He mm known to have lovsd h'-r.
nr n n V a » *
A good man i^ unwilling tjgire
pain to mnn nr bensl.
**•■ « n n
The good parent's greatest joy U
r pro n ^ c «
to see his children wise and vir!uou«.
P'o pro ad nd v c
WjMimca,. we «o justly love ns
fiipm who have endeavoured to make
prij a c a
us wise and happy ?
^W. a'' "'' ' pro n
"e dare not leave our studies
I'r n
Without permission.
' A" " c n V ar
Uiir parents nnd tenohers are the
" pro pro V iir ar
persons v.l,»ni we ought in u par-
« n y ^
tieular manner to respect,
•"w " . "■• ' " V
We need not urge Chnrles to dl>
n pro V V pro
good, he loves to do it.
prT° a7* ''"" •dmired, avaLd
him liitle.
pro pa a y
^They being wMling (o Improve,
the study was rendered nereeahle.
r, " , » pro V
compassion prompted us to relieve
n n
norman'a wants,
■y » n ad ft e
A young man, so lenrn-d and vlr-
■ V V «r ad n
luous. promise* to b« a very useful
n pr B '
•nember of society.
XT * " * •
Neither threntningfi nor any pro-
" V pro V ar
mises could make bim violate the
■= • n T ,
Th"' .., bad men attempt to turn
, " P' " pro » pro
Virtue into rldieule. they honour it
pr «r n pr pro n
at the bottom of their hearts.
'* pro V
Sir Chnrlei, ore you prepared to
» jx- a n
•n«wer to these accusations?
pro pn pr ar n
«e, being loved bj the Dtikf, e».
*. V c i ar
peeled to be pardoned ; but ah I the
n pr n
delusions uf hopi.- I
V pr ad
To have I em censured by !-»JH«
° «r n a<t
diclotis n ffirnd, would have greatly
V pro
discouraged me.
V ar n pro v pr n
Tc coDfesB the truth, I «ai in fault.
Apparent queon, unveil'd her peerless light,
And o'er the dark her silver miintie threw.
When Adum lhu« to Eve : " Fair consort, th' hour
Ol night, and all things now rttir'd to rest,
Mind lis of like repose ; since God hath set
Labour and rest, ns day and night to men
Successive ; and the timely dew of sleep,
Now falling with soft sliimb'rous weight, inclines,
Our eye-lids. Otiior creatiirfS all day long
Rove idle, iinemploy'd, and less need rest ;
Man hath his daily work of body or of mind
Appointed, which declares his dignity.
And the regard of huav'n on all In''^ ways ;
While other animals unactive rann-e,
And of their doings God takes no account.
To-morrow, ere fresh morning streak the east
With first approach of light, we must be risen.
And at our pleasent labour ; to reform
Yon flow'ry arbours, yonder alleys green.
Our walk at noon with branches overgrown.
That mock our scant inanuiing, and requite
More hands than ours to lop their wanton growth.
Those blosaoins also, and those dropping gums.
That lie bestrown, unsightly and unsmooth.
Ask riddance, if wo mean to tread with ease.
Wcanwhile, as Nature wills, night bids use rest."
To whom thus Eve, with perfect beauty adorn'd :
" My author and disposer, what thou bidst
Unargu'd I obey ; so God ordains.
With thee conversing I forget all lime.
All seasons and their change, all please alike.
Sweet is the breath of inorn, her rising sweet.
With charm of earliest birds ; pleasant the sun
When first on this delightful land he spreads
His orient beams, on herb, tree, fruit, and flower,
Glist'ning with dew ; fragrant the fertile earth
After soft showers; and sweet the coining on
Of grateful ev'ning tnild ; then silent night,
With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon.
And these the gems of heav'n, her starry train :
But neitlier breath of morn, when she ascends
With charms of earliest birds; nor rising sun
On this delightfid land ; nor herb, fruit, flower,
Glist'ning with dew ; nor fragrance after showers ;
Nor grateful ev'ni.ig mild ; nor silent night
With this her solemn bird ; nor walk by moon.
Or glittering star-light— without thee is sweet.
But wherefore all night longsliine these? for whotn
This glorioud sight, when sleep hath shut all eyes ?"
'I'o whom our gen'ral ancestor replied ;
" Daughter of God and man, accomplisji'd Eve,
These have their course to finish round the earth,
By morrow ev'ning ; and from land to land,
In order, though to nations yet unborn,
Minist'ring light prepar'd, they .et and rise ;
Lest total darkness should by night regain
Her old possession, anr< extinguish life
In nature and all things ; which these soft firei
Not only enlighten, but with kindly heat
Of various inflitence, foment and warm,
Temper or nourish ; or in part shed down
Their stellar virtue on all kinds thai erow
On earth, made hereby apter to receive
Perfwtion from the sun's more potent ray.
These then, (hough imbeheld in deep of ni^ht
SInne not in vain ; nor think, though men we're none,
li.at Heavn ,^ould want spectator., God want praise.
Millions of spiritual creatures walk the earth
Unseen,, both when we wake and when we sleep.
All these, with ceaseless praise, his works behold,
Hoth day and night. How often, from the steep '
Of oehoiiig hill, or thicket, have we heard
Celestial voices to the midnight air,
Sole, or responsive each to other's note,
Singing their great Creator ! Oft in bands,
W hile they keep watch, or nightly rounding walk
With heav'nly touch of instrumental sounds,
In full harmonic number join'd, their songs
Divide the night, and lift our thoughts to heav'n."
Thus talking hand in hand alone they pass'd
On to their blissful bowV : it was a place
Chos'n by the sov'reign Planter, when he fram'd
All things to man's delightful use ; the roof
Of thickest covert was inwoven shade
Laurel and myrtle, and what higher grew
Of firm and fragrant leaf; on either side
Acanthus, and each odorous bushy shrub,
Fenc'd up tlie verdant wall ; each beauteous flow'r,
Iris all hues, roses and jessamine, [wrought
Rear'd high their flourish'd heads between, and
Mosaic ; -, .
Thus, at their shady lodge arriv'd, both stood.
Both turn'd ; and under open sky ador'd
The God that made both sky, air, earth, and heav'n
Which they beheld, the moon's resplendent o-lobe
^nd starry pole. " Tiiou also mad'st the night.
Maker Omnipotent, and thou the di ,
Which we, in our appointed work employ'd.
Have finish'd, happy in our mutual help.
And mutual love, the crown of all our blist
Ordain'd by thee ; and this delicious place
For us too large ; where thy abundance want*
Partakers, .^nd nncrnpf falls to the ground.
But thou hast promis'd from ui" two a race.
To fill the earth, who shall with us extol
Thy goodness infinite, both when we wake.
And when we seek, as now, thy gift of sleep."
MILTOIT.
, GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED.
MOOD is the mann*' ^f representing action or being*.
4»
Tlie Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a g" val and nnlimitetl manner; having no nominative, conscqiienlly, ncidier
iiiinihtT nor jjcrsoM.
Pit sent TdisiK
I denotes prL>,<eiit lime.
TENSE
I is ihe division of time.
Participle.
Present, Lcniug.
if
^ To hate.
Participle
Present. Having.
« To be.
ParHr.lpte
Present, being.
i3
H _____
I- ■
c
— Til be loved.
ever distairt.
ii'ipiifcci Jen.tt. i Ptifnt J e/ne
lenotes past time, how-Jt notes past time, bii
iilso conveys nn ullii-
sion to the present.
To liBve loved.
Participle.
Prtsent Being loved.
Ptttticiple.
Prrftct. L >VP<1.
Compound Perfect. Hiviog
luvdd.
To have had.
Participle.
Perfect Hid
Ctmpound Perfect. Hav
ing hud.
To have been.
Participle.
Perfect. Heeu.
Compound Pel fed. Having
been.
ftuitiml lltlSf.
'lenofcs past time, but
MS prior to some oilier
past lime Hpe<!i(iud,
liisl Juturt 1 tmc >iivntljhti<rt 'J\nsr.
denotes future time. jdennles future time, but
|iis |)rior to some ollitT
future lime specilied.
To have been loved.
Por/irip.V.
PiTfeU. IjOvmI.
Compound P-rfect Having
bfeii lo*ecl.
HULK i
Theveili iniiiingree wiih
it" iioiDiniitive in number
and |ier«on.
KULK8.
Prepositions govern the
objective cate.
lltLli I.
The nominative case
governs the verb.
RULE 7.
Parlieipl'* have the same
povernmenl. n^ tlie vpibs
hnv. friim which they are
derived.
RVUl 13.
Pronouns must Bgree
wiih ilieir onleeeHenis, or
the miiini iliey reprr.sent, I some rase.'nud, senerallv,
in sender and number. \ verbs of the lilie inooiU
nnrl tenses.
nULE u.
Conjinicilons connect
nouns and pronouns in Ihe
llVUi 3. RULh 4.
Articles and adj'clives I Participles, like verb
helnng to nouns, which relate to nouns ur pro
(hey qunlifj- or define.
KOLi, 6.
RULE 9.
Neuter verbs have (he
>ame case after as before
ihem.
RULE 13.
A noun or proiiouii joined
witlta pnrticiple.ntul stari<l>
RULE 10.
A noun or pronoun sig
nifyin? possession, is gov
erned by the nouu it pos
•esses.
RULE l«.
A verb in the infinltivH
RULF, 12.
When nn ad.lres» is made
. , •<"» person, the noun or
put, li; apposition, m the pronoun Is put in the nom.
»ame cp>B. jlnallve case ii.dcpeiideui.
RULE 17. RULE 18.
-.,„«i„„uu.,.,c,H,u.,w,m.i A I ., ^7''^'' '.""'^ '"""''''el ThoverbswhiclifoilowSM,
ing inili;|i>.h,li.nt..f the rc«t ''"""°' '""* governed mood absnluie, stands in-, rfor-, ,/i-/, li.ar, lei, mnitc,
lit (Uo sentence. Is in l)ie DO. ^ ""' " -■'■ - ■ ..... ...«.* .— *.. .
minaiive case indeiieiidunt.
It U 1,1. 5.
Adverbs r,u«lify verbs,' Active verbs govern the
arliciples, ailjectivcs.flnil objective case.
lheradrerb<. 1
RULE II.
Two or more nouns sig-
nifj lii^ the same thing, iire t
bv a veih, noun, adjec'dependenl of the rernain ,""'''.• •'fv*'^- "'« "'e.l in
live, or participle. line part of the sentence. I'he.lnlinit.ve mo<,<l withimt
' ' ' iijj, H"" '""'«= »'^i'»eiitn. |h.iving the Sign (0 prefixed to
FIRST PERSON.
Sing.
Jfom, I,
Pnsa. my or mine,
Oij me.
P'u.
-Vom we,
Po.M. ntir or onrs,
oy. '.IS.
Dtciensiim of Ike personal Prujwuns
SECOND PERSON,
Sitlf.
Nnm IhiiH,
Piss, thy, or Iblne,
Otij, the".
P'u.
Jfom, ye or yon,
Pn.j yniir or youfs,
■>j. JriiB.
THIRD PRRSON.
SiBg,
Nnm. he,
P'iss, his,
Ohj. Iiim.
Plu.
Sum. they,
I'nsi, their or theirs,
Obj. ihc:n.
THIBD PKnsON.
Sing.
Nom. she,
Posi. her or hers,
O'j. her.
Plu.
Nnm. they,
I'liss. their or theirs,
THIRD PERSON.
Sing.
Nom.
i>.
Puss.
it',
Obj.
it.
P/«,
Norh.
they.
''osi.
their or
IhHri
O'lj.
(hem.
OitJ. ihtm.
«ied Mdiffl™ .. i .1 *" • '■''T""''''''""""^-"'' '•<"'"'/< "'!/"lf' itsilf, thimselues, &c. they are or brutes. T/iat. la-npplieJ both to persons «i*
iieai„diff.re.,tl, intlieoominntiveornh.ernvecti.e,buthMveno posses-ivo, ,,| i,,,,. When the w.,rde.rr or ,oe„.r is annexed ti
A itsl oj the jrronominnl Adjectives. .....:..- .1 ,. . . .
•n"?'b„"e'^«n!;""'o7; .'"'■''■ "'">■•-'":•• "-"•"■'•,.<h*S '!kH. these, iho-e, all. , , , '....(h, same, snrh, some, for-
liliir'ar Of ihese. one and oth,r are declined Ihe tame as nouns, ^,.. h-- \s declined, but tvants the
Uccli nsion 0/ the rtlutive Hronouns.
Singiihr and Plural,
A'om. wlio P'i*#. wtii.se tM/. wloin.
Nim. wboever, Voim wlmserer, O/tj. wtiomrver.
Mom. wliosoever, Pojs, wbusesoever. Obj, wbtimsuever.
lyiiich. what, and thal\ ire of buth nnmhers, and
are used in Ihe noniiuaiive or ohjeciive ca^e, but
have no pojsessive ; except that whosf is somelimes
used as the possessive of »Aic/i ! ns '• Tiie tree le/ioM
oinrtnl tflsif, bro'-iuUt desfl!.'" ff'.^'j. akazs and
irAiim, ate applied to persons, and ic'iic'i, ti things
d
to
relaiives, tbey are, soiueiiiues, called cumpi,unil rel-
aliftt.
Declension of Nouns.
j.Vom. kin.?
PIh.
Som. Miir:s
Coniparison of yid ft dives.
\
2;;^2:-««^^V.ud .*;.«; "iw »re may can. must. v,UHt,
a.f:;:;:'!!-;;:^^,^^?^:''-:;^;^^':!::;';;,;:''"''--''"'-" "•-' ^'"- •""" •"•""••'• sup.mo^i^-:- tt:^:- x- 1:;;;^::
^vx^llal■)l,l^r hilptng rtrhK,tire Ilinselw Ihe lielp of wliirli flie En(tll,li veil), nr
Sin?.
.Vffm. iiiHM
I'l.f*. iiiait'f*
Obj, in<'ii).
Sf>m, men
/*f».*-. IlltMl'S
10
P^nSIXG LESSON 5.
Vro a V ar a pr jiro
jl> «(in, lii"nr llif ci iiDlti if 'l,y
n c V Hd ar a pr pro
falher,iiDd forbuke uut the low of thy
n
inoii.er.
pr pro a n v a
In yuur whole bchnvuMir, he hum-
c a G pr pro ii
ble and nbti)(ing ; uiid in )<jur jouth^
n V n n
ful omuaemeiit?, let no unfaiioeiis be
T
fouod.
n V ad ar a
Guard I Titafi here ibe SpuiiHh
D n ad V nr
priaor.er Aloiizci ! Quick I biiiigtlie
a nd
truilnr litrr,
y pr pro n a a
Engrave mi )i>ur mind lhi< 'Ucred
» V pr u c pro v
rule ; '* Do unin oilieii^ a* ya wi»b
e pro V pr pro
that ihi y should ().■ mi'n you."
n V pro V pro v
Hi'nrj , lei ine bi ui you read.
V a n pr ar
L«t Du complinnce niib the im-
a n pr a ad .
moderate mirlli if oibeis, ever be-
V pro pr n n
trsy you uMo urofnne sullies.
* V pr a a c a
Be»areiif 'ho^e insh nnd dangerous
n pro ad
conn, xl'ins Hliich aflemaid may
V pro pr n
load yiMi niib rti''liiin"ur,
V ar 11 pr n
To correct llie spirit if disronient,
T pro V ad a pro v
lei U!. con.i'ider tiiiv% liitle we deterve,
c ad a pro v
and how mucli we njoy.
ad pro V an
When y<n beliold wicked men
p« pr n c pa
multiplying in number, ard increu««
pr B V ad c
ing ill power, lipugine nut ibut Pre
11 V pro
tideiice favours diem.
T pro V nd pro n c
Leave me, t.ike tff liis cbaiusand
V pro ad
ti.e him well,
art nd T a a
^o m^ro ! unbind that treniblini;
n V pro T i»ro v ad
\<rieicb;let him depan ; ii ia hcII
pro T ar n pro
lie should report ilie mTcies which
GRaSIM AR SIMPLIFfED
A CATALOGUE OF IRREGULAR VFTfB'S.
pro V pr a n
Tvenliow to iiiiiolent defiance
Haik I
pro n V
our troops are moving
11
friends.
T pro ar n
Art tUou a parent )
V pro
Follow me,
▼ pro
Teach thy
rbildren obedieiice.
V pro ar a c ar n
Art Ihnu a mo or a daugliier i
T pro n V pr
Obey thy imrenln, be grateful lu
pro V pr nr n n
them; ih nk of a mother's teiidtr-
c ar n _ n
nee«, and ii faiin'r'n care.
r n T n c a t
This book Ih Peter's, and that ia
11 c pro T a c pro
Blizi'i ; buuii: 19 b'lierihtin lier<i,
a pr ar n t a pro
Euch of I lie apples i« tart « ynura
T a c pro c pro c pro
is belief ibiin his or hers, baluiiie
vac a
1^ better tbaa eilUer.
Present.
Abide,
Am,
An-e.
Awake,
Bexr. Ii, Mnf forth,
Bear, (a carrg,
heat,
Bi-iiin,
Bpud,
Bereave,
B-^.eech,
Bid,
Bind,
Bile,
Blned,
Blow,
Break,
Breed,
Brin^,
Build,
Burst,
Buy,
CtsI,
Caleb,
Chide,
Clioose,
Cleave, to ftlch or adhere,
Cleave, to 'plit.
Cling,
Cloiiie,
Come,
Cost,
Crow,
Creep,
Cnt,
Dare, to vnlure.
Dare, to chull^ngt, R.
Deal,
r»'g,
!>.,
Draw,
Drive,
Drink,
Divell,
Eat,
Full,
Feed,
Ftel,
Fight,
Find,
Fl.'e,
Fling,
Fly.
F.rg.t,
torsaie,
Fre(?<',
Gel,
Gild,
Gird,
Give,
G,.,
Grave,
Grind,
Grow,
Gave,
Hang,
Hear,
Hew,
Hide,
Hit,
Hold,
Hurl,
Keep,
Knit,
KiinW|
L litic,
Lay,
Lend,
Leave,
Lend,
Lei,
Lie, to lit iomn.
Load ,
Lose,
Make,
Meet,
Iinperrcrt.
abode
nai,
arose,
a'<'oke, R.
b'lre, i>r bare,
bore,
beat,
began,
bent,
bi-refl. R,
besiiii(.|ii,
bill, or bade,
boiiud,
bit,
bled,
blew, B,
broke,
bred,
broughli
buili,
hllTi'. ,
bought,
casi,
caiighl, R.
rhid,
ch"<e,
REGI'LAR.
clovf, or cleft,
clung,
clothed,
came,
cost,
crew. R,
crciit,
cut,
durst,
dealt R.
(Ing, R,
did,
drew,
drove,
drunk,
dwelt, R,
eat, or ate,
fell,
fed,
felt,
fought,
found
fled,
flung,
flew,
forgot,
fi'rsiMik,
froZ",
R<".
gill.B.
gin, R.
gave,
went,
graved,
ground,
grew,
bad,
Lung, R,
beard,
bcwed,
bid,
bit,
held,'
burt,
kept,
knii, R.
knew,
ladrd,
laid,
led,
left,
lent,
toy,
loaded,
lllSI,
made,
net.
Imprrfect Paitlciyle.
aliMdi',
been.
arisen,
awaked.
born, or borne,
b!)rne.
beaten, or beat.
begun,
beni,
bereft, r.
besouglii.
bidden, or bid.
biiu'ut.
biiien.er bit.
bled.
■blown. R,
bioki-D.
bred,
brought,
bnili.
bnlst.
bought.
cast.
Caught, n.
cliid.len, or Mi,
choAen.
cleft, or clofea,
clung.
clad R,
come.
cost
crowed.
crept.
cut,
dared.
dealt R.
dug R.
done,
drawn;
driven.
drunk.
dwell, R,
eaten.
fallea.
fed.
felt.
fought,
found.
fled,
flung.
flown.
'lorgoiiBn, or forgot,
forsaken,
fri'Zeii,
got •
gill. R.
gill. R.
given.
guue.
graven, b,
ground,
grown.
had.
bung R,
beard.
bewn, R.
bidden or hid.
hit.
beld.
hurt,
kepi.
knit, a.
hiiown.
Sndcti.
laid,
led.
left,
lent.
let.
lain,
laden. »,
lost.
made,
■lelv
GRAMMAR S1MT*L1^IF5D.
MOOD is the manner of representini^ action or being;.
The Imperative Mood commmids, exhorts, or entreats.
tt
Prrix'vf Teii.ie
denoti's tiri"»'nt time.
TKNSK.
is the division of time.
Sins^iJar viinibcr
S. Li>v», I've ihou, or ilo
iS tbuu luve,
>
»3 Plural.
o 8. LoNe, lovf ye or jnii
t^ or do) for )ou lu»c.
Singular mimher.
.i, Hti*«i Imvf tiiiiu, or
V-' do iliiiu liuvtt
>
53 Plural.
Pi. IlBve,liB*<- )for jou,
" or do jr or jou liuve.
Singular number,
_. i. lie. be Ihou, or du
M lliuu be.
Vhiral.
2, Be, I'e >e or yoti.er
do ye or v^'U be
Singular number.
.8, Heloved, be ll'i'ii li'V
g ed, or du thuu be
loved.
o
Plural.
"9. Be loved, beyeorynii
jO lovi'd, or dii ye or
^ you he Icivd
Imperfect Tense
liMiolcs past time hoW'
'VLT distant.
Prrfeet Tense
'denotes past timo, but
also convey.s an allusion
to the present.
Pf II per feet Tense
denoti-' past time, but
us prior to "oirio other
past tiiTi« spceiiied.
RULK 1.
Tlienuini alive cascgov
ercb (be verb.
RULE 1.
Participles have th' «nmc
jtovernmBiii, as (be verbs
have, from which Ibry are
derived.
RX)LR 13.
Pronounsinii^ti'ereewith
their antecidirs or ti'
D' um Ihej reiieseiit, m
gender and number.
ri;lr 2,
The verb mu«i iij;ree wit'
ili> nnmina ive in iiumbei
and perji'ii,
RIJLK 8
Prepmlfions govera the
bjrciive caie
RULE \i.
Conjunction* cojinect noun*
''nd pron.iiin- in llie siim
cn>e, and, jenerHlly. vrb
'f the like monds indtense^
First future Tense
denotes I'utuic time.
S< cotid future Tern ^
daioti'S future time, but
ns prior to some other
future time specified,
KULI 3.
■'ride* and adji-ciivc!.
belonf^ lonoun*, v»li'icbtlie)
qualify or dffi e.
RULi; 9
Neuter vi-rb- ijnve th>
<ime caw after ab befoo
iliem,
RULE 15.
A noun or I'ronuun jnlneil
»itli n |i<irlirl|ile. and mand-
iliiip iiidf|iciii!oi>t of tiie rest
'f till? 1P1 U'licc, ;« ill the
lominativecaaeindppendcul.
ri;li; 4.
Piirliciplm, like ?erb-.
relaie to nouns or pro
11UU119,
RULE 10,
A noun or pronoun f\fi.
iifyiii); po«..e<8ion. is gi-».
erned by liie noun it pos-
-esses,
RULE 18,
A verb in the iufiniiive
mood, may b« governed by
a verb, nouD, udjeciive, oi
iirlicipk
FIRST rE1t»0N.
Sing.
line,
Kom.
I'liis, mv or
OhJ, me.
Pin.
Tfom. we,
I'ms, our or ours,
ObJ, u%
Declension ~orTheJ)'e> sonal Pronouns.
SECOND PERS(N. TftIRD PERSuN.
Siiff. Sing.
Ihou, v,m. he,
thy or thine,' />(,.» bis,
""■••• •>*;, him.
Plu. pt^,
year yon, Vom, ihey,
your or yours, /'<„«. tlieii or theiri,
>""• Dbj. iiie.o
_.
RUbl 5 I RULE 6
Adverbs qiLili'v verb* | Active vih» gorern t*e
pnriiciiiles, artJHciive«,andj,.bJBnll»e case.
other adverb"
RULE
Tw" or more nouns sij
RtlLF. 12.
When an address i> made
nifyi i» ihf siiine thine. |i<i» pi-rBOii, (he nnun or
are put, by apposili lo, ii „tonoun ii pui In the no
the«aine en»e.
RULE 17,
A verb in the iniinitivi-
'ninH(iw <• «se independentt
R-I'LK IS,
The verbs which follow Mrf,
mond iib-oliiie, Mands in \ilarf, ^ _, „„^^
dependent tf theremainineL'"''''.'',"''*'^' "'eused in iiie
'. 4..,^ _ . iiifiniilvp inniid without bar
pHrt of the teotence.
ferl, hear, lel make,
ff, Sc. nreimi'd in the
vp inoiid without hav-
ins the sign (i>|>reilied to then
V/.m.
Obj.
Vom
Pi>«t.
Obj
THrnO PKRsON.
SInj.
font, file,
P«s«. her or hers,
Obj, her.
Piu,
\om, thny,
P.iis. llieir or theirs,
Obj. them.
THIRD PERSON.
Sing.
Vom, ii.
Pom, its,
Obi. 11,
Plu.
Nim. they,
Pom, (heir or theirs,
Obi. them.
Decltlisntii of the
Sini'ular and Plural
rttaiivi Ptonouns.
Fntt. whose,
Vfiis, wh- spver,.
Pom. wbuscsoever,
"*;'. whom,
fibi^ wboincrer.
'"?t wbuinioevepi
„:, - '• • "".(• >"rm. uoi. mem, ■•. ir oii.,i|.ui uruui,- rrao toAoie.and n/iom, are an-
ed iTdlff:re"T :f t!;:"ll^1.!?,'.''7;T;r.L'''"""''""- ■". *'•»"•'/. -r"'/. ««'/. //.^™.Wr«. &c. ,hey ar. r^'X'rC-"^'^^'-*-*"' '''•''''-"•'*"'.■"?•''''''.' ^*"'
-.-.!, .11 J! 1....I. t.r ,.„j^cttTc lit c, fain iiav,' ti.i ,.s-.s..ve, i-nriL.r.T ..r„n !.. ,.. .- itmi tiings, trncii toe Wui*
A'om, who,
.Vom. wliopver,
JVotn. whosover,
. — -^.,
Which, what, and that are oi boih numbers, and
lire used in (lie nominative or objective cnse, bul have
no possessive ; eirepi thai «Ao«e is sou.eliniej used an
Me possessive of irAicft ; »s, " The (rre irAoje mortal
Ml te broujiht deuiu," Who toAoie.and ii,/,o,;i, are ap-
plird to per.i.n*, and aAic/i m ihincsor biui»«. TA,/
eye' oi soriicr i« annexed to lelativeit, Ihey are, S0!ne>
limes, called compound relatives.
ised indlHeremiy !D the ==:i,i«,iv ,.r ,>!y.et,*e r« c, fa„t iiav. , »e,
- ,^ -^ list of the immominal Adjectives.
p ,. Lompanson of Adjectives.
Dectensim oj Noums.
Sins- Ptu.
Sftm. king Som. kinjfs
P«<>. kinic's Voai, kings
Hbj. king. Obj. kinga,
Sing
Nnm. man
Poxi. man's
Obj, man.
Plu,
Som men
Pnit. nien*ii
Obj. men.
18
GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED.
M
"SI:!
(hew.
Present.
Mow,
rny,
Ri-ail,
ni-iid.
Kid,
nktr,
King,
RiH^,
Kivp,
Klin,
S.iw,
Say,
Sc«,
Seek,
Sell,
SenJ,
Set,
SImke,
Shape,
8lmve,
fliienr,
Shed,
Shioe,
Show, or
Shoe,
Shot,
Shrink,
Shred,
Shut,
Sine,
Siuk,
Sit,
Slay,
Sleep,
Slide,
Sling,
Slink,
Sill,
Smite,
Sow,
Speak,
Speed,
Spend,
Spill,
Spin,
Spit,
Split,
Spread,
Spring,
Stand,
SiFHl,
jiilek,
Slinst,
Stink,
Stride,
Strike,
Siring,
Strive,
Show, or slrew.
Swear,
Sweat,
Swell,
Swim,
«wiiig.
Take,
Teach,
Tear,
Tell,
Think,
Throw,
Tlirust,
Tread,
"Wax,
W^nr,
"Weave,
Weep,
Win,
Wind,
Work,
Wring,
Write,
Imperfect.
Perfect PartidpU.
mowed.
mown. R.
paid.
piiidi
put.
put.
read,
rend.
r«nt|
rent.
tu.
rid.
rode.
rode, or ridden. t
rang;, or rang.
rung.
rpse.
risen.
rived,
riven.
ran,
run.
MW6d.
sawn. R.
•aid.
said.
IflW,
seen
•ought.
sought.
•old,
sold.
lent,
sent.
«ef.
set.
shohk.
shaken.
shaped.
shaped, or sbapen.
•haved.
shaven. R.
theareii,
shorn,
tihed.
shed.
•hone, n.
shaiir, R.
•howed, or shewed,
shown, or shewn.
shod.
shi>d.
shot.
shot.
thriink,
shrunk.
ihred.
shred.
that.
shut.
tniig, or sang.
sung.
sunk, or unnk,
sunk.
sat, or tate,
sat.
slew.
slain.
slept.
slept.
slid,
slidden.
slung.
slung.
slunk.
•lunk.
slit, R.
slit H.
smote.
smiiten.
sowed.
sown. H,
spoke, or spake,
spoken.
sped.
sped.
spent.
spent.
spilt, R.
split, R.
spun.
spun.
spii, or spat,
spit, or spllten.*
split.
split.
spread.
spread.
sprang or sprang.
sprung.
stood.
stood.
stole.
stolen.
s'.uck.
Slunk.
slung.
Slung.
iiuuk.
stunk.
sfrorie,or strid,
itridden.
struck.
■trurk, or strick«D.
strung.
strung.
strove,
striven.
•trowed, or strewed.
strnwn, s(r.oned,9r
swore, or sware,
sworn.
BWet, R.
swel, R.
swelled.
swollen. R.
swum, or swam,
Ewnm.
swung.
swung.
look.
taken.
taught.
taught.
tore,
torn.
told,
told.
Ihi'u-.M,
thought.
threw.
thrown.
thrust.
thrust.
trix).
trodden.
WHxedj
waxen. R.
wjrc.
worn.
wove.
Woven;
wept.
W«vt.
won_,
WMund,
Weill.
wound.
winked, or wronght.
worked, orwrougbt,
wrung,
•wrung.
wrote.
written.
[ed
Those verbs which are conjugated regularly, ai well it irregularly, are mark,
ed with an R. Those verbs lindpariiciple.^ which are the fir<t mentioned in the
lihi seem to bethe mosteliiiible.
When the form of Ihe imperfeet tense and perfcc' narllriple are diT^rent. the
imperfect ten»e miisi noi he rnnnrcleil will no auxiliary j as" I h.ive terilltn i"
HMi, " I havf usrnle" " The lioii'.e «as tliaken ;" not '■ The li.iuie vt'i'- ahirnl;."
" He WMiild not Imve gone, if he had known ii «" noi, " lit would not have Kent,
if he liadknown it."
Ii will be seen by the preceding list, that irregular verbs are of vnrionii snrts.
1, Siieh a» have the present and impeifect leoees.and perfect participle, tlie
snme I as. Cost, cost, cost, I'm. poi, pui.
2 i<uch as have the imperfi-ci lenhe and perfect p'irtieiple the time, but dif-
ferent from the present i as. Abide, aliode, abode. Sell, sold, sold
3. Such ashavn ihe present and ImtMTftri tenses, and perfect participle, nil
didWeni ; an. Arise, ar.se, ari-en. B1"W, hiew, bliwn.
Those verbs which are irregular only in familiar writing nnd discourse, and
which are im|iropHrl> terminaled by t Instead of ti, are But inserted. t)f this
class are such a* learnt, ipelt, lalchi, ftc. the use of which teriDinaiion shnol'l be
carefiilly avoided In e>ery »<,ri I'f cnnipo.'-iiion, and even in j,riinMi'Cialion.
These however mult be carefull\ distintruished Irom those uec'ssarj and allows
able en iradictions, which are the only esiablislied forms nf eipre-siiin t such at
dicfU, lost, fell, ^c, Wi>rds that are obsolete have also been omitted ; such ai
hoifjen. biifdin,gat swang^ Sue ■
Defectiut verbs ate those which are used only in some of the moodi and
tense-.
The principal of the defeciive verbs are the fulluning.
Prcscut.
Can,
May,
Shall,
Will,
Must,
Ought,
Imperfect
Could,
nii(tht,
should,
would,
mu<i,
ought,
quoth.
Perfect. Participle.
• Spilttn Is neatly •bsolele.
Qua /A, meoning fu J<ij/,>l ob-niete in prn.<e, but in poetry and bnr'esque it it
sonieiimes used in ilm third person sio);ular ; as, q lolh he,
ff'at. meaning to ftnoie. Is obsolete in modern syle. but feevjuenlly Ujed In
scripture; as," 1 Kfit not <whi> halli dnne this iliini;«" My muster tcullith no
will" it with me in the house." It Is used in ilie prf^eni and past lenses only.
fVht, nieanii^g to think or jmogine, i seldom met wiih, but in the' early Kn-
glish writers, and in Hie English bihie ; as. " fViat ye not that 1 must be about
my F.ilher's business."
In most ianuuages there are some verbs which nre defective with respect la
person.-. They are used onlj in the third |er>on, bicau-e the> ti'fi^r to a >ub'
Ject peciil'Urly appropriate to that person ; as, I'i rains, it snows, H haili,it
lighle ns, Si",
Tile whole number of verbs in the Knj;lisli langimeB. regular nrd Irifoul.ir,
simple and compounded, taken iot;ellier, is abmit 43U(». The iinmher if irrinu-
lar verbs, ihc deleciive inclu'led, i- about 117. Sole —The wlnde rninbrr of
words in the LngMsh language, is ub< ul fhiiiy-five ih.ii-and.
The veib i« a primary part of ^-peech, and next to the noon is of the most Ira-
porrnoce. Of the wh le cln>s of wor Is ii it by far tiie most comple x.
Verbs are so called fnnn theH^iitin wird uerium, whicu -igirilii'.s tt word and
tbis name is given ihem bi way ol eminence.
REMARKS ON THE f LUPSIS.
Elipsifl, when applied to grammar, is llie elegant omission of some one
part or parti ot'speei'li, in a si'iitence.
The part of speech that is omitted, miirit be added in idea, either, to
<;omplcte tlie sense, or to parse the sentence trammaiicaliy.
To shun the unpleasant repetition of words, and to render the mode of
expression as eleguit as possible, is the main design of tlie ellipsis.
I'.hat this figure ttiay be ttsed with elegance, the s[)e.iker, or writer,
•should be careful to shun all ambigiiiiy of expression. Wiienever the
meaning is ob.-<cured, the figure is ini|)roperly u.sed.
Simple sentences are seldom elli]nical : but ID'J compound sentences
are very often uffected w ilh this figure.
To produce some examples of eilipiical sentences, is the best method
to impress the understanding with the propiiety, or impropriety, of using
be e (lipsis.
EUipxis of the Artice.
" The men, women, and clttldren ; together with the cattle, houses,
barns, and fields-, were all destioyed."
The repetition of the article the, before each noun, in this sentence, is
needless.
When any peculiar emph.isi-i is to be placed ti])on the noims, then the
repetition of the article t/ie i.s Iwtli neccs.sary and elcgiint.
" But oi that day, nnd that hour, knowetii no man ; no. not tlie angels,
which are in lieaven, neither the Son, but the Father.,'
• Gotten is nearly ob oleie. Itscoinponnd/orjotfen is still in good use.
+ Hidden is ueallj obsolete.
GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED
19
>t (he moodi and
iiid bur'esqiie it ii
I idea, either, to
pound sentences
EHipiria of the, Nounx.
" A most kind, tender. anJ faithful huBband." " A most beautiful,
amiable, prudent, and virtiioim wife."
SenienceH that iire very emnhalical, will not admit the ellipsis.
" Christ, the power of God. and the wisdom of God." Christ, the
puxcer and wisdom of God, is rot so emphatical.
" Hf went to St. Stephen'"." " He is dean of St Paul's." " Wiiose
book is this ?"■ " It is PelerV." 'I'liis is good conipoj-ition ; and more
elegnnl, than if the nouns, oiniitcd hy theellipsis, were suppliinl. And,
yfi. in pwrsing v.e must siiy, St. St(;phen's Chapel ; St. Paul's Church ;
it is Peter's book,
ElUpsia of the Jdjeclive.
" Washington was a grtal scholar, statesman, and penrrul "
Tn fenlenies of thi« kind, care should be taken, lliat the adjectives omit-
ted, be as proper to (piaii'y the latter, as the former noun.
The eiHpsis of aiijeclives should never he applied to nouns of different
nunibersi.
Ellipah of the Pronoun,
" Ml/ honsp and tenements to Ned." " A/y hook, pen, ink, and pa-
per." " Mij father and mother. sisters and brothers.'"
If the expressions demand a particular emphasis, we must dispense
with the Hguro. " O, sen^l out thij light and Ihj truJi," " The Lord is
mij li^lit and my salvation."
Ellipsis of the Verb,
" And knowest not Ih'il thou art wretched, and miserable, and poor,
and bhnd, anil naked."
To o nit verbs, in similar instances, is very proper. In the prcccdin"
sentences, the conjunction </!«<, the prononn thou., and the verb art, are
omitted in four different places ; and yet there is no obscurity of sense.
When several verbs, in succession, are u<ed in the infiniiiva mood, el-
gance requires that to, the sign of the infinitive mood, should be omitted
before sill, but the Hrsi.
" To love and fcur God is man's duty."
Ellipsis of the Adveih,
" He walk", speaks, and behaves, very genleelli/." tie teaches Iiis
Jcholats to spell, read, and write, correcllij.''
Ellipses of the Conjunction.
" God is to be loved for his truth, goodness, mercy, and grace."
Ill all emphatical expressions, the conjimction ought to bti used.
." ?"'".'. '"" persuaded, that neither tieath, nor U(e, nor angels, nor
principH lilies, no?- powers, Tior things presen<, //or things to come, hhj-
height, iior dep'h, m/i- any oUier creature, shall be able to separate us
Irom the love of God."
Corresponding conjunctions should never be omitted : A few exam-
ples will *vince the impropriety of their omission.
So-as. Providence is not so lurjse as Boston. Providence is not
more large so Boston.
As— us. He is as learned a man as you. He is so learned a man
as you,
nhtlher—or. Whether it were you, or they, that plaved. WheUi-
tr it were you, nm- they, that played.
S cither— nor. Neither diia man, nor his father. Neither this man,
or his father.
Either— or. Choose either this, or that. Choose either this, and
that.
Though— yet. Though he is not polite, i/et he is learned and vir-
t\iou.-i. Tlujugh he is not polite, he is learnedand virtuotis.
^>—th(it. It i» so plain, thut you must know it. It is so plain, vou
must know it. r ■ j
The repetition of the preposition thion",h, Ixifore nil thee noims, would
ho inelegant ; And where iioither sense iiur [jerspicuity demands the use
of a preposition, it should be avoided.
Ellipsis of the Interjection.
"Thomas answered and said, my Lord and my God. Rabbi good
waster. Fes, Sir. No, Madani.^'
The following quotations are very elliptical.. " Let us swallow them
up alive as the grave, and whole as those that go duwn into the pit."
Supplied : Let thou us swallow them up alive us the grave swullou'eth
them up (dive and let thou us swallow them up whole, as those are
swnlluiced up ichole, that go down into the pit.
That the above versf cannot Im) parsed without supplying, in idea, the
words that are omitted, by the ellipsis, is evident to all acquainted with
the rules of Syntax,
' TImt we may enjoy ourselves, let us be temperate, chaste, moderate ;
that we may enjoy one another, let us be benevolent, humane, charitable ;
that we may enjoy God, let us be pious, devout, and holy ; detesting the
vice-, and ijespising the vaniiies of this world."
That we may enjoy ourselves, let us be temperate, thut we may enjou
ourselves, let ns 6e chaste, a/tf/ that we may enjot/ ourselves, let us be
moderate ; that we may enjoy oiii' another, let us be benevolent, that wc
mail erijo'i one another, let us he luimane, and that we 7nay enjou one
another, let :ts he charitable ; thut wo may enjoy God, let us be pious,
that we may enjoy God, let us be devout, and that we maij enjoi/ Gud,
let ushehvly; dotosting the vices, and despising the vanities "of this
world.
That the use of the grammatical ellipsis, under certain circumstances
is necessary as well as (|lea;.int, appears by this antithesis. The reputa-
tion of the words in Italic, obscures, in a mea.sure, the sense ; lessens the
majesty of (*xpressiou j and greatly fatigues the mind.
Ellipsis of the Preposition.
** To finish his education, lie made a-tourt/jrouffA Efi-rland Francs
Ilaly, Germany and Holland." ^ " ' '
PROSODY.
PROSODY consists of two parU ; the former teaches the true pro-
nunciation of words, comprising Accent, Qunnlit,/, Emphasis, Pause,
and Tone ; and the latter, the laws cf Versijicalion.
Accent.— kcceni is the laying of a peculiar stress of the voice on a
certain letter or syllable in a word, that it may be bettor heard than the
rest, or dislingutshed from them ; as, in the word presume, the stress oF
the voice must be on the letter u, and ..cond syllable, slime, which takes
the accent.
QMn/j<!7^.— The nuantity of a syllable is that time which, is occupied
in pronouncing it. It is considered as long or short.
A vowel or syllable is long, when the accent is on the vowel ; which
occasions It. to be slowly joined, in pronunciation, to the following let^
ter : as, " Fall, bale, ,„6S,1, hoilse, fcilnru."
A syllable is short, when the accent is on the consonant ; which occa-
sions the vowel to be quickly joined to the succeeding letter : as. " iint.
bonnet, hdnger." o > » •
A long syllable requires double the time of a short one in pronouncing
" ' .. Tv,i"»' " ^"'r!' *"'' " ^*''"" "''""''i ^ pronounced as slowly agaia
as " Mat" and " Nat." ■' "
Emphasis.- By emphasis is meant a stronger and fuller sound of voice,
by which we distinguish some word or woids ou winch wf design to lay
particiilar gtres-s, and to show how they aftect the re.it of the sentence,
boraeiimes the emphatic worils must bo distinguished by a particular tone
of voice, as well as by a greater stress.
Paus#«.- Pauses or rests, in 9|)eakiag or reading, are a total cessation
ot the voice, during a perceptible, and, in many cases, a measurable
space of tithe.
20
ORAMMAR SI^rPLIFIED.
it
curioilly ; Iron, c.rioMty, kiiuwlod^re." ^ ' ' "-'""y'
nium, ■; ,1 ■>""''"■'• «'""ll"2: (O <, .,•.(,!., law,... (S,.,. Apn.MHliv )
PUNCTUATION.
^/f.™rr ," "^""" "f '"''■'""'^ ^"'"'" '•"-^P'^'i-ion into ^nten-
Bpi. > .111(1 .in jrcMirato pronuMniiiion require.
s-.rv'.n'i'i *°;'''7"',''"'-' .""' P'-°P''f application of ih,. poims it i« m^v..
An .Kljdnrt or iinpertirt ,,l,r,,sn cotilnins no iM.rrCon or do,., nr„
.•iltumiiti) .-i pronos linn • .1 "TPw r j • "'""". t'r ciora not
I),.rs„i. of ri..hS'° ' ' '"-'^"'■'' ''^■'"■""^ "' 1""'-^^' ;" " I" •'"•
vorb,* expressed or understood : AH, " Exer.ise pron.oles l,..nld, •'
A tompound spntrnce contninn more th»n one suhjrct and one finite
;o:!:'cCK" " ""''""' ' "■ " ^^"'""" ""''' ""' ^--^ "'"' l^'V^-
tho''ollcl?''lt, "'"' 'T'' "'"y ''?"^ '"' •'"^''"'''''' "•"'• "•''""'^'^ '"'Prc^^i-K
'no obj.ct, cau.e. eml, time, pli.re, m.innef, a.ul the like
A senlenc-e IS ren..ere<l compound, not o,dy l)y means, of a iiluralifv
of mibjecli at d verb?, but aL»o of adj,.nef«. plurality
ner bTTl *" """"' "^J "".''."""•« "-"nnelted with the verb in the samo man-
"nd n av t r'l'l'i f^TP^r"'""' ^""J"n'^'io", &«. the s.^ntenee i. eompound,
and may be resolved into two or more simple ones. Unt if the ..ulinnets
.n. conneet.d with the verb in a difti-ren. nLner. the s,.;,enc " le
. . 11..'yh«ve.acrifired.be,r!ieahhand/oW„„eattl,o .hnn, of'n,-
w ith mnny ru-tiies of the most amiable Idndr
the v,.rh'iI.°M""" """"''''• ''"'r' °'' '^"^ "''J""^'*" »^«'inK connected with
t o ,rh ntliesamen^nnner, the sentence i. romponnd ; in the latter
nvi.R II.
A compound sentence mn.t be re,oIve.l int., simple onns. and separa
ted hy.ommMs; as. "Tliede<.ay, (lie waste, ' ' ■ '
i tfie (lb-i()|iiti
BUMi I.
Tiio members of a simple sentence must not be separated by a rom-
ma ; us, ' Adversity Jjorrows its sharpest sting from our impatience."
EXCEPTIONS.
1. An adjunct of importnnee not standing in its natural order ; espe-
cially an adjunct of the verb, if it come before the subj.Kit, between the
subject mid verb, or between the verb and its object, may often be se-
parated by a comma on both sides: as, "Nor. even on its affi-clin-
.livont, should I prusnmo thus to deviate," &c. " Wilhin the last fifteen
y..ars, that Honourable Body has lost a large proportion of its members.'
Ihat Jlonouruble Body within the last fifteen years has lost" kc
or. " That Honourable Body has lost, within the.last fifteen years a
:,iigo proportion, &c. ' '
2. The nominative case independent, when an address is made and
Tiouns lu apposition, when attended with adjuncts, must be separated by
rumm,.,s, as " Do, Trim, said my uncle toby." " Death, thou kin-
c->l terrors, choose a primeTninisler." °
S, The nominative case independent, pnd infinitive mood absolute
■^yitb their adjuncts, an adjective or participle with words depending on
ilie.n ; and, generally, any imperfect phrase which may be resolved into
•n simple sentence, must be separated by a comma ; as," " His father i\\.
ill?, li« succeeded to the estate." " To confess the truth, I was in fault."
• A verb not in the inOniti\T soood.
plant, may uHcct our spirits, and suggest a train of serious relleciion,."
EXCEPTION?.
1. Two wordsof the3.ime kind, immediately connected by a con-
,).."c, on though, hev mav render the s.n.ence a compound one Tt
n..t be separated. But. i," ,lu.re he more than two. thet niii^l all be^-
Pirate. . unless coim.r.ed in pairs, in wliich case the pair, only must be
Deaths of parents fr„.n.ls, ami com; anions, are doubtl.s. inieiiilrd
tor our improvement." "There is a natural difference bet^v.vn mer
and demerit, virtue ami vu-o, wisdom and folly."
'2. rncomparaiivesent.-nces, where the members are short the com-
m« IS iMtter omitt <1 : a.s, " Wi.dom is better than rich..s." " No ..reacli-
er IS so surci«sful as time." '
X Si-ntences connected by what cannot be separated : and where the
relative is understood, the comma i« generally omitted ; as, •• Eat what is
set helore you. ' " With sorrow may they mingle -ratiiude lor the wi,e
cnniisei he has given them, and for the excellent'example he has set k-
fore •lu.m for imitation." " Vakie duly the Qpporliinilies you enjoy."
4. When a simple sentenre stamls as the object of a pivcMlin./ verb
and lis verb may be changed into the infinitive moo,l. the comnm may
be omil,*l ; as. " When f supposed he was at rest ;" changed. " when
I sujiposed hiin to be at rest." ^ ' o •
RULE III,
Wh(>n a longer pause than a comma is required, aHd yet the sensa is
incomplete, a semicolon may be used; as, " Phe wise man is happy
when he gams hi, own approbation ; the fool, when he gains the an-'
plaujo of those about him." '
RULE IV. ' •
Tiie celon is n=ed when the sense of the division of a period is rom-
pete, so as to admit of a full point, but something is added by way of
Illustration ; as, " A brute arrives at a point ef perfection that he can
never pass : in a few years he has all the endowments he is cipablo of •
and were he to live ten thousand more, would be the same thing he is at
present."' °
Note.— This peint is of little use ; the difl^erence between th? colon
and semicolon is so small, that the two pauses are frequently confounded
as may be seen by the present version of the Proverbs We conceive
the colon mi^iht be rejected without lijury to the perspicuity of sentenc-s •
.•ind punctuation very much simplified by substituting the semicolon and
full point
KUtE V.
A sentence making in itself complete sense, requires a period after it •
ns,'' Fear God." " Honour the King."
The period is used also after initials when used alone ; as after A. D.
for Anno Domini; Q. for question; and after abbreviations • as Col"
for Colonel ; Mr. for Mister ; bic. for and so forlh, or tl vtlera. '
RULE VI.
Interrogative sentences require a mark(,of interrogation ; and sentences
expressing wonder or surprise, a mark of admiration after them : as,
" Whom do you see ?" " How wonderful is man '"
The br
k
^..^
GRAHMAn SIMPLIFIED.
it
Jidvi? i^nrnofl to us
lO^xl, fl COlII'll.i tTlMV,
iiity ; !roiii security,
The fitUom'vg characters are also frrquenlUj used in composition.
and scpnrn-
I' il^-'dliiti.Mi ol a
3eriou8 rulleciioiiij."
f> one
mnorti't] by a ron-
lllipoillld Olio, Klll^t
licy iiiihr iill be sc-
piiirs only niiist bu
I |iri>?iiniptiioii Iv "
doubtlcxH iiiicndrd
Mict between tiiorit
re Miort. llio
n's." " No iir.'iitli.
com- si
d : and where ilie
; a", '• V.»t wliiii ia
iiimde lor the wi^e
pie lie b.iH Sit Ix"-
lies you enjoy."
a precwliiiij verb.
the
(•omnia nwiy
' cliungud, " when
I yet the sPBsa is
line man i.s liappy,
lie gains the ap-
P a period i'i com-
iddcd by way of
"ectioB that bo cnii
le is c: I pa bio of;
ntie tiling he is at
etween th? colon
ently confoMndi\l,
s We conceive
iiity of spntencs;
ihe semicolon and
a period after it ;.
; as after A. D.
iations ; as. Col. /3
ef Cetera.
n ; and sentences
after them ; us,
" If tlioii art
] marlis a hrenl< in the «ente''rp, or nn nbrupl turn ; as.
lie -but Oil ! iiow fallen I how (l.'f^r.ult il : '
" I Fere lipM lli(,' crcat — lul-ie iniirbli', win re /
Nothing but sordid dint lies here."
Tt i-i also used when a lonij paiup is nece-i^Hry, and n person is waiting
fur ,111 answer : as, " Hold iip thy hand, make -igial of thy hope- He
dies', and makes no sii;n !"
Pareiitlieses ( ) include a remark or rlHuae, not essenli;il to the sen-
tenre in con.-lriiction, but iist'tiil in explaining it, or intrndncing an im-
portnnt idt'a. 'I'liry mark a iiiriderate pause, and the clause included is
re«d with a depressed tone of voice ; as,
"Know then this (ruth, (enough for Hian to tnorv,)
Virtue alone is happiness below."
Prnrketn or Ilnnks [ ] include words that serve to explain a foregoing
word or sentence; a", "He [John]" &c. "They ["the Aniericans |"
\c. " 'I'his event took place in 1736, [1703, piobahly an error of Ihe
piras,'^ \\heii the eiieiny," &c.
'riii> mark to distinguish n long syllable, is this ". as. " Ro^y ;" and a
short one thus " ; as, " Folly." The Accent is marked thus ' ; as,
" F.iii'cy."
The cm-f.t [ a ] denotes an interlineation, and shows where to bring in
what was oniiitcd in the first writing ; as,
a but
" Without friend the world is a wilderness."
A A
The hyphen [-] is n^ed to join compound words tosether ; as, Sea-
water, laii-dog. tea-pot, kc. but its chief use is to join the parts of
words together that are written partly in one line and partly in another ;
as, " The words in this care must be divided according to the most op-
proved rules of good pronuneintinn."
The ap'islinphe ['] is a sign of the possesfive case; as, "Peter's
cane." It also contracts words ; as, Lov'd for loved, e'en for even, 'tis
for it is, kc.
The qiiolition l'' "] or [' '] includes a passage that is taken from some
other author i i his own words. Where a ouotaimn occurs within a quo-
tation, its commencement must be marked by a single inverttni comma,
and its conclusion by h single apostrophe ; as, ' When Antisthenes was
asked, what learning was the most necessary, lie replied, ' To n«le«rn
that which is naiighi' ."
The ellipsis [ ] is used when some lerters in a word, or some
words in a sentence are omitted ; as, K g, for King.
The brace [ | ] unites three poetical lines which have the same rhyme,
or connects a number of words in prose nith one common term.
The section [ ^ ] divides a discourse or chapter in less parts.
The paragraph [ If ] is chiefly used in the Bible, and denotes the be-
ginning of a new subject.
I'he index or hand [ 0^ ] points out a remarkable passage, or some-
thing that requires particulur attention.
The usleiick or star [ • ] directs the reader to some note in the mar-
gin or bottom of the page.
Two or more astericks generally denote that something i? wanting,
defective, or immodest, in the passage.
The obelisk or dagger, [ + J double obelisk or dagger, [ J ] parallel
lines, [ Ij ] let ers of the alphabet, and figures, are used at references to
the margin, or bottom of the page.
DIREuTIuNS RKSPfciCTlNG THE USE OP
CAPITAL LETTERS.
Capitals are used in the following situations.
1 At the beginning of every principal word in- the titles of books,
chspiers. Sir. as, " Johnson's Dictionary of the Euglish Laneuaire •'
Kohias Ancient History." ^ ^ '
2. The first word of every book, chapter, letter, note, or any other
piece of writing.
■'{ 'I'h',' hcgi .nini;ofthe fli'^f word a Tier n prr'nil j nrd if fli" (ivonen-
tcnees are t()tal|y i;i(ie|'endent, alter a note of iiiterriij;-<iioM nr t .\cl.i;iKilii<j,,
Rut, if a number of interrog.ilive or e\e|,i niiio;y HViienci.s .iro tlirfAu
into one goneral group ; or. if the cnin'ruelioii nf the litter sciiie. ■•<•
depends on :he forinnr, all of them except ihc lirj', may iKgin with sin...
letters; ,is, " How long, ye siiMple out-, will ye loyo liieplieity .' ami
the i^eornrrs divght in their scorning .' and fViols haic kiiO'.v!'efh;i; t"
"Alas! h'lW difti'rent ' yet how llki. lliesairc!"
4. The first word of a qnnintion, inlioduced after a '"oloii «r .scn.'eo-
Ion, or when it i.sin a direct form ; a«, " AUvays reiiieinb(T this inaxiiTi ;
' Know tliyelf.' " But when a qnotalion is brouj;ht in o!)!ii|uely alter a
coiTima, n capital is unnecessary ; as, '• Solomon observes, ' that priile
goes before tlestriiclion.' " The first word of an exaitiple inav also verj
properly begin with a capital ; as, " Temptation proves our virtue."
.'>. The pronoun /, and the interjection (J, nm.st ulw.iys Le capital
as, " I write ; Hear, f) earth."
6. At the beginning of every line in poetry.
7. All names, epithets, or qualities of our Creator, are always begun, it'
n«t wholly written, with eapilals ; as, Gon Lout), Snpieiiie Being, Al-
mighty, Most High, Divine Piovidence. The wonl hiuren must alway.s
begin with a capital, when iis.'d as the name of the King of heaven ; a",
" May He.iven pro.]ier you." But when it is used as the name of the
abode of ihe blessed, ijinay begin with a sinill letter, evci'pt at the Ix'giii.
niiig of a sentence ; as, " The angels of heaven." "The Lard of heaven
and earth."
H. All proper names, of whatever deserip'ion, miiat begin with capitals ;
of persons, heathen gods and goddesses, brutes, the pi iikKs,* the fixed
stars and constellations, coiiMiries, kingdoms, states, citi(! towns, sireetj-,
islands, mountains, rivers, stii()s, seas, oceans, \c. as Iknjamin Franklin -
Sir Isaac Newton ; the Allp!:any Mount;, 'ns ; the Ohio Kiver ; Like Su-
perior ; the Bed Sea ; the Frigate Gueriieip. Also all udjectives derived
from proper nami!s ; as the Newtonian System * Grecian, Uomaii, Ame-
rican, French, Italian, kc.
9. All titles of honour, profe.iMons and callings of men, particularly
when an address is made, ought to In gin with ca|)itals ; as, Piesiilent,
Governor, General. Judge. Esipiire, Mr. Xc. Also all qualities used as
titles of men ; as. Honourable, Reverend, kc.
10. Capitals are always used to begin the names of all courts, societies
and public bodies of men ; as. Congress, the General Assembly, the Su-
preme Judicial Court, the Court of Common Pleas, the Humane' Society,
the Corporation, &c.
11. The names of all religioussects and denominations, are begun with
capitals ; as. Episcopalians, Baptists, Friends, &c.
12. Capitals are always used to begin the names of months, and the days
of the week; as, January, February, &c. Monday, Tuesday, &c. Also
all public days ; as, a Public Tliank-giving, a Solemn Fast, kc.
13. The names of all articles of commerce, when entered in merchants'
books, advertisements, &c. should begin with capitals; as. Linen, Cotton,
Silk. Rum, Sugar, Tea, &c. Also all sums of money specified in notes,
bonds, &c. ns. Ten Dollars, and Seventy five Cents.
14. Very emphatical words are i'requently begun, and sometimes wholly
writen iu capitals.
* The earth excepted.
EXERCISES IIS PUNCTUATION.
COMMA.
The tutof by inylrurfion and discipline lays the foundation of jhe pu-
"il's future honour.
Self-conceit presumption and obstinacy blast the prospect of many a
youth. '
l)e e slowly execute pr' pitly.
To live soberly righteously auu pioiwly comprehends the whole of ©ur
duty.
33
, ,4
SEMICOLON.
^ Jho path of truth .sa plain a..d a .afe pa.h .hat of falsehood i. „ p.rp,e,'.
-j;t^i;:;?;;'^;!:;^S,r^— ryo.aha„d ...ev. b.....
Heaven i, th.iruijion oTgeiilleiie.-s and friundshin h»ll „f fi
anunosiiy. ° " '"''""'""P null of fierconesd and
COLON.
<oiSt nili^h^nn °S':;!;:r'""'^'^ ^^''"^' "'^ '-« -hes wi.hi„ though
PERIOD.
earth peace and ronlentau-nt nn 1,1, '"""I'"'" '° oursoWo, on
man p':.rlec.t joy is ™d foH^wn "" '""P"' '"^' "•" '"" P-"°« «"■
INTEUROGATION AND EXCLAMATION
and our love of the world less" ''"' *""■ ^"''"""' '^'^'="™'^ feel^ler
GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED.
.rue character can LprS. "'^ ''on. general conduct, that ouj
PNpil.ofH .e^, iTrt .lirT"' "" -^•••"■""'""■«>"r sorrows. -ThJ
n^ly, pern,i,ed :;'n' ':;:;: ■■'::J\^: ;'°'. 'i";i"« t.,e,r tlr. year. J
nnit'x::;:;;i:!3:f^^^3''' "v^^ ^-M^y-. of peoc J
<t'f fee. of vir.uo.-Therrd .0 ,I,M r. '' °^^'«'>"""y •'"' t'^nnlisly a.
"« the king. _ A chi h .t or L , ''''^'/''^-g'""^, '^ «s open .o ,he peasan.
vor. -To recommend viriue <o n l'" "^ "'■• '"^^^ ^"""''^^y l'^'''-"^'^ " '-
duilly. '^ "'""" '" ""'^•'•■S «'"'• i'Sl'ts mu« Hhino brightly, not |
The silent stranpor Mood anrnzVl to sen
Contempt of wealih.und wilUul poverty.
FALSE GRAMMAR.
ADAPTED TO THE RULES OF OUTnoGRAPUV,
RULE I.
It is no great merit to sppi properly • but n mv^t Aft, i • ■
r-lly.-Jacob worshipped h/cria.or. ie'^n" '^ . '' t , '? t° " '"r'"
We may place .oo li,.l.i, a» w.ll as too m. 1%.°"- u ' ^.^ '"' "'"^r
nmn,.er. .hould be neither gro,, nor excLSeLy refinedr ''^'"""^-^"^
RULE II.
Nor undehghtful is the ceaseless humm
J o hm. who muses through the woods at noon
Tlie finn of a fish is the limb by whith he balances his h^A. i
moves m the water.— Manv a irinniu i„,-,i . ■ ""'""'^^ '"=» body, and
ItCXB IIK
dismait,-J by poverty, afllicnons, or death. i & ''- »-t- i- not
MULE IV..
inL* e«:'»f^lt'».sinffto have a sound mind, uninfluenced by fencvful
jmours.^Commoa calamities, and common hi«.;n.. r.u k„„. ?,„ ^^'"'
noI!^,;';::^;t^K""''"''^^''^'" ^'^"^'«- °f -"^ which .1
puJ:i:'lr;:;r-ii:sSwi::!^S.'^r^^'y -p'^^-^ - .^.i
timt andawelul service _Wlu,l^„ .1 • "°'"' P ol Cod is an impor-
^^^ service.- Wisdom alone is .ruely lair : folly only appears
I o slum ailurments is no. h.ird.
To minds resolv'd. forewaru'd, .md well prepar'd.
T-» , RULR IX.
ig"oru„.,,han i. L{ 1^^^:/;^,^:'^ ^J^ '"■"""''''' '"
soihle by those of men ~n..,U,r "^ '""■'" ^""'^ "»' '''"vpr.
well us .0 ourselves. ^'''^ *'^'^ '"•'J'* to be serviceable .0 others, as
vilo^•!!,,f,.'if^i"^''"''^'"'''''*''^P''^'"'^''•''*^»°'''"y "nconnected with n ser-
heLi im'T"T .»';""°"'--«y '°I'"^^"'S -J.e sorrows of „,|,erstle
'leart IS unproved atthesametime that our duty is performed -I 4„r
and expense are lost upon a droneish spiri,._The inadv r.eneit^ht"
may be excti«ed, but knaveish tricks should n.eet with severe reproof^
J , , nuLE xr.
That°«^ntt "°,"' '" ""■■ T ^'''^°"^' ^"^ '" "'° '■""fi'linS of the law.
f ,11 .n 1. '^. ^"'"•''•ines expedient, is not allways so.- We may be I n^
SvvT*x .rents f.f ;h
SYNTAX.
Fet.-ment, gover.iiueiM, and' proiier arrangement
« as.
I of words- and sentences.
I orpl'oT"'"' '' "''''" ""^ "°"^ '* "■"•'•»"<"''« i" ""-"ber. case, gender.
dRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED.
f9
loilwly and frunkrwMi; „
I agsuiit fonicienci', wu be]
y Ix'P'i'iliil.arulyet ii.iml
I Ki'iieral conduct, that ouj
, wo have in elTert aiuilwl
iiniiliiti' our sorrows. —TUi
'.(liirinR their tir-il ytvirs o|
'« iill niiiiiy laillings nn(l|
ion ulth whiih wi-'iirf vi-
•«. 'I'hc ChrJMliiiii liiw.,
th«n j)LiioKo|)hiMu ullowed.l
tho enjoytnont of peacp,
rcHhiiriiiy I'm I harnilesly ml
3, is as open to ihi' pfjisaiill
ly S'-iKvally prmtli'SH Ip-f
must tthiiio brightly, not
'crly.
ttUwss of mind whi<;h is |
rks beliold,
icerly ompIoytK] in tho j
iinguugf, lire ppcniinrly
liip of God i>j nn impor- \
lair : folly only appt-ap!
Jaily advancinent,_-A
nent,
vol! propar'd.
It to ajjpear good and
■e more exciiseable in
•iiie laws are not revor-
() active principle in
ititary defucls of body,
iervic«able to oihera, as
nconnectt'd with n ser-
iorrowi of others, the
< I'lT'of'Tied.— Lahour
nadvtrtencies of youth
th severe reproof.
fullfilling of the law-
0.— We may be hnrt-
inal injurie-i.^Where
impartiality keeps it^
lpro{?er arrangemenf
umber, ca«e, gender,
be itt some partica-
FALSE GRAMMAR.
ADAPTED TO THE RULES OP SYNTAX.
i" ■■«^^oo*-
nviR I.
TiiCE nrist be more nttentivo to thy RtudK-fl.— Thotn that oppret-s
the poor to increase their riches, siiall come to want. —Her that is virtu-
ous, de«ervos esteem.— Whomsoever is contented, enjoys happines. — Him
that thinks twice before he speaks once, will s(M'ak twice the better for it.
— Ho admonished all whom ho thonciit had hi en disorderly, to he more
watchful in liituro.— How dost the>! do f — Art thee well .'—Hast thee
been to town to day I— I can run as far on hitii. — You spoke better than
her.— These are better than tbein.
RULK I?.
The girls was here yestprJay.— Thou should be more diligent in at-
tending to thy studies.— Great pain» has been taken to little purpose. —
Frequent commission of sin, harden men in it.— There is many occasions
in life, in which silence and siinpiicity are marks of true wisdom. — Hn
dare not act contrary to his instructions.— What avails the best senti-
ment , if people do not live suitably to them ?— Not one of them whom
thou hast clothed in purple, are hap])y. — The following treatise, together
with those which accompany it, were written many year< ago, for my
satiafactiou.— In him were happily blended true dignity with softness of
mannem.— Reconciliaiioii was olfered, on conditions as moderate as was
wjnsistent «ilh a permanent union.-- -Slight as the value of the things of
time are, we coutiitue to pursue them witli unremitting diligence.
RULB T.
He acted agrp«>able to his promise. — He speak"* very fluent, but doei
not reason very coherently.— The tusk was the easier performed, from the
olieerfulness wi'h which they engaged in it.— He conductixl himself very
iinsiiitable to his profes-ion. — Site writes very neat, and spells accurate.—
He was go deeply impressed with the subject, that lew could speak nob-
ler upon it.— Alas ! they are miserable poor.— She was exceeding careful
not to giveofTeiice. — He wag prodigal, and hit property is now near ex-
hausted.— You read that very good.
RULE VI.
The master loven tliou, because thon nrt diligent.— He that is idle and
niischievous reprove sharply. — Who have I reason to love bo much as
this friend of my youth. — Tiie man who he raised from obscurity is dead.
Ho and they we known, but who art thou ? — Who did they entertain so
heely ? — If he will not hear his best friend, who Khali we send to admo-
nish him 1 — Tliey who have laboured toitiuke us wise and good, are the
persons who we ought particularly to love and respect. — Whatever others
ilo, let thou and I f)erlorm our duty. — We should love, fear, and obey the
Author oi our bijiiig, as He who has power to reward or punish us forever.
He who committed ilie offence, thou shouldst correct, not I who am in-
not-ent. — Who do you see coining ? — Ye have reason to dread hi» wrath,
nhich one day will destroy ye both.
BULB VII.
Su«pccting not only ^ye, but they also, he was so sttidiointo avoid all in-
tercom se.— You are displease<l with me for admonishing ye.— 1 could
not avoiil considering, in some degree, they as enemies to me, and thou m a
riispieious f'rciiid.— From haviug exposed hisseU loo freely in differeu I
climes, he entirely lost his health.
RULE vin.
Who did he give the book to ?— From he that is needy and afflicted,
tiir I not nwav. — Assooiate not thyself with those who none can speak
well of. — Who does he study with ? — What concord can subsist Isetweeo
these who commit crime?, and they wh« abhor them ?— From the cha-
racter of tho^e persons who you associate with, your own will be esta-
blisheti.— I hope it is not I who thi'y are displeased with.— Who arc yoti
to work for ?
RULE IX.
Thou nrt him who sold tho books. — I believe it to be they who rflise<l
the report.— It was not me who made the noise.— -I would act the same
part, i( I w'er" him, or in his situation.— He so much resembled liis bro-
ther, that at first light I took it to be he. — It could not have been her,
tor she always ads di.<creetly.— Ho is not the person whom he appoariHl to
I'e.- After all their professions, is it posiilile to be them !— It miglit
have been hirti, but there is no ))ri)of of it, — If it were not him, who do
you imagine it to have been ? — Wlio do you think me to be? — Whom
do men say that I ,ini l—Li't him be who he may, I am not afraid of
him.— -I cannot tell who has befriended mc, unless it is him from whom I
have received many beuuhts.
RULB X.
Thy ancestors virtue ig not thine. Thy fathers offence will net
condemn thee.— Wisdoms precepts are the good boys greatest delight.—
Hast thou read Cowpers poems ?— The girls books wore kept in better
order than the boys.— I will not destroy the city for tens sake.— Ne-
vertheless, Asa his heart wks perfect wilh the Lord.— A mothers tender-
ness, and a fathers care, are natures gilts' for mans advantage — A mans
manner's frequently inHiience his fortune.— Wisdoms j^recepts' form the
good mans interest and hiippines*.-— And he cast himself down a Jesus
feel.— Moses rod was turned into a si'rpent.— For Herodias sake, his
lirother i'hilip't wife —If ye suffer for iigliteou«ne»s's sake, happy arc ye.—
Ye should be iubject for conscience's sake.
RULE XI.
I gave my book to J.nmes my cousin, ho who was here yesterday. —
Tills house iK'longs to Samuel, thecar))enter, ho who built the house. —
Augustus, the Homan emperor, him who succeeded Julius Cesar, it va-
riously described. — Those books are my friend's, liim who kc-eps ilie li-
brary.— The estate was left to Simon and John, the two eldest sons,
they that had been to Europe. — Art thou acquainted with Clurisia, tho
mdliacr, she whom we met in our walks thi« inorniiifj.
RULE XIII.
Ho is a wise man which speaks little.— I do not think that any person
should be censured for l»eing careful of their reputation.— The womam
which we siw is very amiable. — Rebecca took goodly raiment, which was
with her in the house, and put them on Jacob.— Tiieywhicn iieek wisdons
will certainly find her. — The male among birds seems to di.«covei n»
beauty, but in the colour of its species. — Every perstin, whatever be their
station, should attend to the duties of morality and reliii;ion Let each
of u- cheerfully bear our part in the general burden.— If an anim<il should
be taken outof its instinct, we sliouid find him wholly destitute of under-
standing.— An orator's tongue should be agLvable to tha ears of their au-
ditors.— Take handful.s I fashes of the furnace, and lit Moses sprinkle it
totvards the heaven, in the sight of Pharaoh ; and it shall become smalt
dust.— The PXerci&e of reflROtl tinoenrsAs liitle in tlie (snortstneir fl§ In tfiA
beasts who they sombtimes hunt, and by whom they are bometiiues hun-
ted.
RULE XIV.
He loves yoti and I.— I p.^teem him, and her, and they.- -My brother
and him are tolerable gramme riaiH.— You and us enjoy many privilp-j.'s,
— She and Inm are very unhappily connected.— -I'eter ariil me weni t»
churdi. — lielween you and 1 there ii same disparity ofyerfrs^ b<U Mine.
£4
(smamMmivi' iFj)
b«lw(vn liiin nnd bIic. — Il'n mnn wy, F lo\c (iiiH, and Imtpn his WfiMllpfr, |
belt fl liar. - IllliDii siiu'cri'ly drsirc and canii'-ily piirfiif^i virim', »tif
will lit' fuiuul ol il.i't'.- III! Would nt'illi r doit liiun*!!, ^i'"' ■^'•^.twl
anollicr ti) do il. ' You ■iiid iier nud him arc to'bu lilntnfdv'-'lti im^i*^
my broilicr and 1 to hio \m gordfii. — She ii moro fond wf g»ye*y ''ww
kini.
RULE XV.
Tlim hnviiif; pndcd his dispoursc, die a^seirdjly diiporsed.— Thrm \ti<h.
willuig to iiiiprov'i', till! Htudy wu" ri'udiTi'd nnrt'i'al)li'.-"Ilcr hoin)^ ub-
it'ut, the huf(ini(«» wim utlendcd to by oiIuth.— 'Tlicy nil had liU'riy to i^o,
llMoiily c'Xci'ptL'il.— The sun's bf-inj; ri^en, il bccjiuiu very war.n.— Thi'y
»(j'r(i all more or lei's con^'urabli', her only cxrt'ploil, who was viry cir-
«iini-i icl in li(>r conduct.- —Thi.v having been unwatchlul, lliu work in ren-
dered inoru ddlicult.
RDr.E XVI.
It is bettor to live iri a little, than outlive a prent deal. — You ou;;hl
not walk too luflily.— Wo wish neither to write, nor read so lust.— Shi!
thought to WBiii home last week. — lie deairc^llicu slay lor him.
RULE XVIII.
T need not to solicit him to do a kind nclion.— It is the difTcrpnce of
their conduit, which makes iis Id ajiprove the one, and reject the other.-—
I bid him to shut the door.— 1 hav ■ seen some young (H'rsons to condiiet
themselves very dincri eily.— 1 itare not to prouine roliastily, leU 1 should
give offence. — ( hid him to go '"il ho refused. — I feel my heart to beat,
but very faintly. — 1 dure not to ex()ress my sentiments upon so contested
a .su!)ject.— I dare to say that we need not !■ '^e new o hid Charles to
study his graininar : it is *> plain a'' 'o make „ii to i» le propriety of
what he .'ays, and ft> hear, underatani.uirly , the ex|)lanuii. .,iol his teacher.
We need, therefore, only to let him to li, e the book ; and if he see the
other boys to learn, he vv ill feel hia heart to beat high wIm ambition.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE AUXILIARY VERBS.
The verbs, Auw, be, will, nnd do, when they are unconnected with n
principal verb, expre.-sed or understood, are not auxiliaries, hut principal
Terbs : as, " We hiiiv enou;;h ;" " I am grateful ;" " He ic/7/s it to be
80 ;" "They do as 'hey plea e." In this view, they also have their au-
xi i.iries ; as, " I shall have enough." " I will be giateful ; " They Pui.il
do it," &c.
The peculiar force of the several auxiliaries will appear from the follow
mg account of them.
bo and did,are used to add a pnrlicuhir einpliasis to an afWmation, or
mark ilie time with greater potiitiveness ; as, " 1 do speak truth ;" " 1 (//(/
respect him ;" " Here I am, for thou t^V/,sYcall me." They are alio used
in iiegaiive and interrogative sentences ; as, " 1 r/o not hole him ;" " Do
you hate him ;" '1'° prevent the repetition of one or more verbs, in the
same, or following sentence, we frequently make use of do and did ; as,
•'Jack learns the English language as fast as Harry does ;" that is, " as
fast as Harry learns." " I shall come if I can : but if I do not, pleas" to
excuse me ;" that is, " if 1 oome not." Do, is always used in the present
tense, and t/iW, in the iiTiperlect,
A/ay and might. ex|;ress the possibility or liberty of doing a thing ; can
and could, tne p uv^t ; as, " It may rain ;" 1 ntni/ write or read ;" " He
wij'g/iHiave improved more than he has ;" " Ue c<i« write much better
than he could last year."
Must, is sometimes called in for a helper,, and denotes necessity ; as ;
" We must speak the truth, whenever we do speak, and we must not pre-
varicate."
fHII, in the first ]ifr3on singular and plural,, intimates resolution and
proiuijiiig ; !"■ the second and third persons, only foretels ; as, "■hwiil
rewaixi the good, and will punish the wickej ;" " \'Ve will remember be-
ii'i'its, and be grateful ;" " Thou will, or ho will, repeut of that lolly ;"
" You or they mill have a pleasaut walk."
Skull, iiu ., '• contrary, in tlie liri' person, nimply foretels ; in th decoiut
or third permhis, pfumi-es, coiiunHndi<, or itMre.iteiis ; as, " I »hult go
abroad ;' •' We tktdl dine at home ;" "Thou «A„'<, oi he ihad, iidwrii Iht
land ;" " Yff shidi dit jyyuice, ana love ineny •" Th^y thall account for
their miscondiici." The following pi.ssage in not trnnslaieil according to Ihu
di.-linet anil proper nieaiii '■■ of ttie words shall and will ; " ."Mirely goo<l-
ness .inii mercy shull follow ;iie all the days ol niy lilu ; and I will dwell
',r| 'he Hou'*- of the liord forever;" il (>««tit to be," />i// follow me,"
una ' I .sAa// ilwell." Tne foreigner, * '■ as il is said, lell into ihn
Tiiam*-? Slid cried out ; " I will be drowned, no body ihull help hw ;"
made a -,id niisapplicaiion ol lliceaiixiliarii's.
These ob-ervatiiins res|iecting the import of the verbs iciV/ and ahull,
•I'list be i-'iulerslood of expiir'aiivo »entenc. s ; for, when the sentonco is
interrogative, just tin- rev, r-, for ttie most part, taken place : ihus, " I'thall
CO ; you will f!;o ;" rrpresies event only : but, " wdl yoii go ,'" imports
intention ; and, '• ahidl I go?" reters to the will of unotlier. But, "He
.iA«// go," and " sA«/Mie go .'" both imply will ; expressing or referring
to,n command.
When the verb is put in the subjunctive mood, the meaning ol these aux-
iliaries likewise undergoes some alteration ; a* the leariieis wdl readily per-
ceive by a fe\}» examples: " He stiaU procewl,)' " If he shull proceed ;"
" You sh<tll consent," ■' Il >ou shull consent." These aiixiiiarieH aro
sometimes inteiehange.l, in the indicative and subjunctive moods, to .con-
vey ihesame meaning of the auxiliary ; as, " He will not return," " If tio
stt(dl not returu ;" " He shall not retiini," " If hf will not return."
n'oi/W, primarily denotes inclination of will ; and shnulil, obligation:
but they both vary their import, and are olten used toexpress simple event.
General remarks on the Moods nnd Tansen, and the iiijicction of Verhi,
'i'he form of the verb to he, in the indicative .nood, pre.-ent tense, as ex-
hibited on page <J, is now generally n-ed by good writers. Hut the fol-
lowing form is the most aiiciont, and is found in the translation of the
Bible, and other good Englisii authorities, anil i:i still sumelimes used in
popular practice.
PRESENT lEMSK.
Fing. 1. I be. 'i. Tiiuii beesl. 3. He is.
Plur. I. We be. 2. Vedcjoube. 3. They be.
11 iiu hieM is now obsolete, and hnu be is used insti ail.
'I'/ie torm ol the present tense of the rubjuuciive mood, is frequently used'
to e.\ press future lime, the auxiliary tieiiig suppressed ; thus, instead of
saj ing, " il lie should be, if he shuiiUl go, if he should learn ;" we Irequenl-
ly .say, " if he be, if no go, if he learn." Shuiilil, is probably more u.sed
ti lorin the luture tense of tlii^ -iibjiinctive mood, than shall, or will,
'i'he p(ite'i;ial mood becomes suNJuni.iive, by means of the conjunctions
(/*, ihoii^h, aniens, iS'c. |ireli\ed to its tenses, widioul any variarions Irom
the potiiiiial inlleciioas ; as, " If 1 lould di-ceire him, I should abhor it."
It should be nolieeil, thai the sign of the subjunctive niooil, is not always
expressed : su[)posilion or hypollie.-is may be well exjiressed without t'l
conjunction-, '/, '/i'»"4;/', ("I't'ss, \c. as," U\reil poisiblc," lor," if it
ware jiossiUe."
In the subjunctive mood, there is a peculiarity in ihe tenses '.vhichsi .
be noticed. When I say, " if il rains,'" it is understood that I am uucer-
tamof the fact, at the time of speaking. But when I say, " )/ it rained,
v.e shi.uld be obliged to seek shelter," it is not understood that I am un-
<.:-r;.-''ii of the fact ; en the contrary, it is imderstodd that I am certain. It
du -'.t ruin at the lime ol speaking. Or if 1 say, '^if ildid not rain, I
woi; ■!'■•; a ''alii," 1 convey tho idi-a that it daes rain at the moment of
s|,..k!<, . i iS fori" ^t our tenses in the subjunclivB mood, lias never been
Uit iv'""};'. 'if n Me!, 'Kidcc, nor ever received Us due explanation and ar-
rani^f.'rei 1. J'i,( :..is bypolhe'ic-' verb is actually, a present tense, or at
least ie; elie f — it certainly d h .ui belong to past time, Il is further to
be re!, iiirkeu, ,'iat a negative sentence always implies an allirmativc — "if
it did not rain," implies ihat it f/oes ,ain. On the contrary, an atlirmalivs |
semence implies a n'gaiive - '• ifii dtd roin," implies iha. li does nat.
In the past time, a similar disiimtion exists ; for " if it rained yesterday," I
denotes uncertainty in the spealier's mind— but" if il had not ruined yes-
terday," implies a certainty, ihat ii did i.iin.
In the Potential mood, some grammarians confound the present with
the imperfect tense 3 and the ptrlect wiih the pluperfect, but that they
GRAMMAR SIM; .IPIED.
M
are really tlUiinct, nnd have nn nppropriule tufvrcnrci tn time, corre<)|)ondHnt
I to tliu d«'(iiiitiii(iHul' tlioHt' ifiiii'H, will n|)|N-nr (turn a I'W uxiiiiiuJt'H : " I
wished hini to uliiy, but he wintlit not ;" •' I c mlil not a(:«;oinp!nli llio bu-
(imiwm iliiitt ; ' " Ii w.m my diavlioii lliiil lio hUhuIU "UhiDil ;" " llo wiis
ill, bill I i'ioiii»hl lu< inijhl livt! ;" " I mmi have in Hiiiid> r-<IO()d liiiit ;"
" III- citnitiiL liHve ili'tt'ivcd inu ;" llo niif^hl hure liniHlitd tin; «ork stxim-r
bill lie tf"'''. nuf have, doni' ii Ixiler," li imiiit, liowi'vor, l«' iliniltid,
' th.ii, I'll ^oino oyii-'ionx, llio mixilLiniM mijrlu, could, wuutd, and shoiilil,
1 refiT uIm'> Io prosoiit mid to liinirt- inu'.
In pooiry iiml law Miyli", tin.' v(mI) let, in the impitrnlivo mood, w fr'-
IniiMlly oinitltHi ; «n, " I'eiih the Ion- ihat dciiliMin yoiiii^ (li'xirM ;" thai
Ji*, '■lei itu! lore prtuji ;" Aii; " Ue i^iioraiice tliy cIidio', wIuto kiiow-
Jiiifgeli'udH lowo ;'' ilmi i^, " /«/ igiior.iiu-c be thy choice," ike. " lie it
f iiuiitcil ;" lh.it is, " let it bo t'liat ifil.'
Tliosf ttMH''snrK failed sinijili' tciwi'!», wlii ''i arc formed of ihc principnl
jTi'il) ; an, " I Iriirn, I learned,' 'I'he uoinpiiiiiid Iimhcm are j-ucIi us can-
not Im) rnr.iii'd withdul an iiixiliaiy verl)"; as. " I huve Itnrned, I hml
leuriifd, I yliuH or uill Iftltn, I inui/ learn, I inuif he learned, I mai/ have
kreii Inn lied," \(: 'riicocoiiipoiiiuls, ure, however, to Iw fonsiderfHl an
only ililIjiiMit forii.-j ' ..1 ■ wiiiii- vitIm.
An aciivenra iieiiler verb iii:iy bf con jiiijiteddifrerently from tho twual
mannet, by adding nn piescni parlicijiU; to die aiiviliury V4'rl' lo he, lliroiip;li
adilH inocids and tense'* ; ui", instead of " 1 teach, ihoii leurhf't, he le.'wh-
•I,'' &<•, wuiuay Hay, " I am leaching, thnuarl teaching, lie is leaching."
Thimnode ol'cniijiij;.iljon ha.-i, on pariieiilar Oica.Hionii, u peculiar proprie-
ty ; and eonlribules lo the hiiiiiioiiy and precision ot language. Hence
si lilt! gramiiiariaiiH diviiie eaili leime ii.io two loniis, fur the purpose ol
disiiiifriiishiii;; die dcjiinle or jjrecise lime iVoiu ihu indejinile.
'Vhi'initejiiiile Itnse re|)resents geiu;r;il irudi-, and cu-loinary actions,
witliDiit releieiiie lo a ."pecillc time ; as, " (lid is inlinilely great andjii-'t;
innn in iiii|ieriect and depe idaiit : plains itjiring from llie eanh ; hmUJli/;
li>lies su-i'w ; !!<ci|iio ic«.<iis virluDiis a., brave ; I have accomplished my
desiijn , I'algar will ol/lain a CDnimissioii in die navy "
The dilinile tense marks the liiiiu vvilh preci-ion ; as, " I am writing ;
[lio is rciding ;" I ivns slaiidiiig at llie door wlien tho prucession pasid ;"
' 1 liitd lieen itnding your leiier when lliu messeOfjcr arrived ; ' " He will
e piepnring for a visit, at llie lime yon arrive ;" " VVe i,liall have been
'lu/iiiig prepiiralioii;" a wck bi^lore our hicnds arrive."
When a liel|)iiii; verb is joined to a principnl verb, thu latliT is never
uriid; nn, '^ I can learn, tho^\ €nnst (earn, \u' can learn." When the'c
are two or more aiixili.nies joint d loa iiriycipid verb, the first of llieni only
is varied according lo person and nnmlier ; as, " I iiutij have wi illcn, \\wn
tnHi/sl have ivritlen ; I have been loved, thou Itust been loved ; 1 shall or
will be loved, ilion shall or willbe loved.''
The neuier verb is coiijup;a!ed lil<o the active ; but, as it partakes some-
what of ihenaiuro ol llie passive, it admits, in many insi nces, of tho pas-
«'vi. lorm, retaining still the iieiiur signihcation • as, " I am arrived ; " 1
lis p-ii:.e ;" " 1 am t' awn." The tuxiliary veio, am, jrns, in this cast: pre-
- s I'.efines the tin • ol ihe action or event, bulddcs iioi change die na'ure
'{^ n . 'i; passive loiia not expressing a past on, or the receiving of an
jlion, out only a slate or punflition of being. All verbs olthe parsive Ibrm,
lull will not admit the preposition 6</ or u.-i7/i, and an ugeat alter them, are
eiiler verbs.
The <ense of passive verbs, and of verb? of the defiiiile kind, is ascer-
.mn), only, by ti.eir aiixihnrii's ; a-, " 1 ujn loved, 1 shall be loved ;" " 1
im writing, 1 was writing, I /ere /ifeii -writing."
A list of the principal adverbs.
Adverbs may be rennet d to certain classes, the chief of w!iirli are those
if NiinlMT, Order, Place, Time, Q'uniity, Viaimer er Qualii) , Doubt,
MTirmation, Negation, Inlerrogatiun, and comparison.
1. Oi'nujnber. Once, '•■■•ce, llirice, i\c.
2. Of order. First, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, fifdily. lastly, finally, itc.
3. 0\ place. Here, thiiv, wlinre, plspwhiTe; imywhere, soni.ewiiere.
koviliere, herein, whither, liither, thither, upward, downward, forward,
kackward, whence, lience, thence, whithersoever, fee
4. Of time.
Citimt present. Now, to-(]ay, &c.
Oi lime past. Already, bclbre, lately, yesterday, heretofore, hitherto,
|ion sioce, loiis.ago, &c.
Clftlmtio cnme. To-moi'^jw, not yM, horenftw, hwicoforrtt, h«iic«for-
Wafd, by and by. iii-i»«iillv, prMently, iiiiiiiediHluly, «lrai((hl>»ii3r», *(c.
i)( time indefinite. Ot, olteil, oil liniw, nltriilime», mmit-tiine*, MOM,
*'ldoin, daily, tv'iskly, monthly, yearly, always, w htm, then, «ver, iievvr,
"^ 'n Sec.
5 (it ijiiitntitif. Miioli, ';(de, sufllciently, how much, how grwt,
enii|i/(h, abiinil;iiidy, kr.
0. Ofwnn 'r or ijiialili/. Wisely, foclitNlr. justly. tin)i»'ly, quickly,
slowly, \c. Adverlii of quality ori! the most nniiiermi* kind ; and they
are generally fiirnird by adiling the termin.ition li) to an atiJertivH or par-
litiple, or changing /einio /)/ ; as, "Hud, budly ; clieerlul, cUet;rfully ;
ahle, ably ; ailiniriible, adiiuiibly."
7. Ol (/(»//)/. I'erliajis. perailveiitiire, possi I ),,, perchance.
8. (.h a//ir 'Hill ion. Verily, truly, niiduubledly, donbilesti, certainly, yen,
yis, surely, iiuleed, really, Ike.
!). Ot negntiiin. Nay, no, not by no mt>tin<<, not at all, in no wise, &c.
10. Ol inlerriigiiliiin. How, rtliy, wlierefore, whether, iiv.
It t)f comimrison. Moie, most, lieller, best, worse, worm, le»9, least,
very, almost, litlle, alike, \c.
lii'sides the ailverb-i alreaily m'-nlioneil, then' arc many which n
'ormeil by a coiiibin.dion of several of the prepojiiinns witti die advn i
ol |)lace, tiere, there, and where ; as. " Hi- vol, ili-reof, wlii-reof ; herfio,
iliiielo, vvlle^•lo ; hereby, llitreby, wherehv ; heiewith, therewith, wliere-
wiih ; herein, therein, wherein ; then mre, (i, e. tliere-for,) wlierefore,
(i. e. wliere-lor.) herenpon or lieieon, iherei (lon or thereon, whereupon
or whereon, \'c. E.\ce()t therefore, these an scl,;om used.
Some adverbs aresim/./r oi' s ngle. ipllurs . 'impound ; the former con-
sisls tj| bill one woril ; as, hippHii, bnireli/, \ . Tlie lalter consisis of
two or more wonis ; as, al pieaent, woic t du s at lengih, at onct, at
frut, by and bij, &c.
A preposition becomes an adverb when it has n ■ object e.xpresfiet) or un-
derstood ; or, will n joined with a vi rb. ami neces.-, ry to com|)lete the ^ens«
ol the verb ; as, " The busine-s was alleiiiled lo ;' " To cast up ;" " To
give over ;" " H ■ r de.. ah'ial ;" " He was near I iling ;" '• Hut do not
ajler I ly tlieblaine oii me;" "Hedieit \ong bejorc i' " He dwells u6oUf;"
" They had their rewanl soon after."
The word" when and where, and all otheia of ihr 'ame nature, such as,
whence, whither, whei.erer, whirever,^-c may be (ir. lerly called adverbial
dill junctions, betaiiBetl ey par ici|m e llie nature hoti ot adverbs and con-
junclioiis : of adverbs, as they denole 'he attribiiles t 'her ot tinte or of
place ; of ctinjiihclioii'., as ihey conj.iin M'nleniX'S.
/Idverbs urv so r^llctl from the two liatin words, ail nd verbum, which
signily to a verb • and thii njiiie is given them becauSe hey are, geiieri»lly>
aiided to verbij.
A list of the principal Preposilions,
Of
into
above
10
within
below
at
on or upon
lor
without
belween
up
among
after
by
over
iK-neath
down
with
under
from
before
about
iu
through
beyond
behind
agdinat
A list
oflh
e principal Conjunctions.
Cnpvlttfive.
And, if.
that
both, tlieii,
since, (or.
because, therefore.
whert^lore.
Disjunctive. But, or, nor, as than, lest, though, unless, < her, neither,
yet, noUvillutanding.
Sev, ral words, belonging to other parts of speech, are occa-ionally used
as coiijiinciions.
' ' He provided money
■i journey ;" " I will do it, provided yo'j
rsl aciitcDue, provided is a verb ; and in the
wr.;', 5!iH svrne n^^ip. iii
second, a conjunction.
" Except him ;" " Paul said, (?.rcpp< these abide in the ship." In the
first sentence, «jcep( is a verb in the imperative m,ood ; and in the necond,
a conjunction. Excepting is also used as a participle .nd conjunction.
" Boih horses were siolen ;" " He is both virtuous and brave " la
the first sentence, both is an adjective] and ia the second, a conjunction.
tr
t9
GRAMMAR SIMPLITIED.
"Christ 6r,-«^ the ehiercom.r Mono;" •' BeiV,- this reception of the
jospel was anci^^ntly foretold." In the first sentence, being is a participle :
and in thespcond, n rdnjiinriion, '
•' Ym. mav t»ke nthn- ofllu, books ;" " He will either sail for Canton
or Japan In the hrst sentence, eillier is a prononnual adjective ; and in
the second, a conjunction, corresponding with or,
"You shall take neiiher of the Ixu.ks ;" '• h'., xvilj „ei>her study nor
wor* ; In the first sentence, neillm- is a pronoiniiial adjective • and in
the second, a conjunciion corresponding wiili nnr. '
"He arrived Ihev, and not before ;" " I reM then upon tJus nr-ument "
In the first sentence, then is an adverb ; and in the second, a conjunction-
APPENDIX.
VERSIFICATION.
Vehmfication, or Poetry, is a species of composition, made accord-
inp to certaui harn'onious measures, or proportions of -^ound
lihjme IS that kind of poetry in which the tern.inuting sound of one
hue, agrees with that of another ; as,
Go tell my son said he.
All thou hast hci-rd of me.
Blank verse, like other poetry, is measured, but does not rhyme • as,
All on earth is shadow ; all beyond, '
Is substance : the reverse is folly's creed.
OF POETICAL FEET.
A certain number of syllables, connectwl, form n fool. They are nail-
ed /f s(, bwause it IS by their aid (hat the voice, as it were, steps alone
through (lie verse in a measured f>ace : and it is necessary that the sylla-
bles, which mark this regular movement of the voice, should, in some vva'v
be distinguished from the odiers. ''
Feet are all reducible to eight kinds ; four of two syllables, and four of
three syllables j viz.
A Trochee — v-y A Dactyl — w w
An Iambus w _ An Amphibrach -^ _ w
A Spondee An Anapaest w w _
A Pyrrhick w ^ A Tribrach ^ s_- w
A Trocheehat the first syllable unacccntecJ, and the last unaccented • as
feateful, pettish. '
R«illi^88 morlSU toil Tor nouffht ;
Bll<ilii vaiii from earth J9 nought.
An lamhiis hasthefira sj-Uable unaccented, and the last accented • as
delay, behold. '
And may St lint my weary age.
Find out tlio peacef^il hermitage.
A Spondee has both the words or syllables accented; as, a liiHi tree,
the pale muoiT, °
Se» the bold }oul<) ilraiii Op the iLreatnlng aiecp.
Old lime biiiigs man 18 hi« long home.
A Pyrrhick has both the words or syllables unaccented; as, Bnth« tail
dree.
In a small aream, hy the dde ef S mound in.
We balli'd wuh deiighl.
A Dacf;/! has the first syllable accented, and the last two unaccented •
as cencjiierar, hoiili'ie. '
From the Ulw ple.uur, Sf tbij fftlieh nSlure,
Riie we to higher, Ac.
An Ampiiihrach has the fiist and last syllable unaccented, and the
middle one uccentwl ; as, delightliil, ama/.ing.
.II j w ..... ^Aj if jftt.ptTrri, rroy taiir it,
I'm ail nubinittion, whHtyonM h tve it make It.
An Anapaest has ^hq first two syllables unaccented, and the last ac-
()mto4 ; Mb, }uciuiiu<>de, contravene.
MHy I govern my pa«flon« w((h hbi8laie iwlly,
And grow wiser aiiii belter aa life fitdea away.
mefKbie^'*'^'"'* *"" "'' ''* *y""'''^ ""accented ; as, unpardHuSble, innu.
And rolls impetiioii'i t the plain,
Some ..f these feet maybe denominated principal feet; hs pieces of I
poetry rray be wholly, or chiefiy formed of any of them. Sueh are tho
I rochee.Jambus, Dactyl, and Anapae-t, They are capable abo ofnume-l
rnus variations bymi.xing them with each other, and by the admission ofl
the secondary feet. The Spondee, Pyrrhick, A mphibrach, and Tribrach,
are stvondary feet. f
.;»W«r«,inpoetry. is the number of syllables or feet contained in «
line. 1 lie n.easnres that are most in u-e, „re those of ten, eifrht, and
seven syllables : but the Iambiik;Truchuick, md Anapoestickyeno,h
sometimes very short, and sometimes long measure.
OF PAUSES.
TriFRE arc two kind* of poetical pauses— one for sense, called the
sentent^ul pause, and known to us by the names of comma, semicolon
<S.c— the other for the nelody, called the harmonick pause. These are
perfectly distinct from each other.
The harmonick pause may be subdivided into the fnal pause, and tlio
casarcy/ pause These sometimes coincide with the sentential pause, and
sometimes have an independent state ; that is, exist where ih-.e is no
slop in the st^nse.
The final pause takes place at the end of the line, closes the verse,
mar.;s the meas'ire, preserves the melody, without interfering with the
sense, ai d alone, on many occasions, msrks the difference between prose
and verse : which will be evident from the following arrangement of u few '
I'oettcal lines.
" Of man's Prst disobedience, and the fruit of that forbidden tree
who-e mortal taste brought deMli into the world, and all our wo, with loss
ol Kden, till one greater Man restore us, and regain the blissful seat. sine.
Iieavenly muse !" °
A stranger to the poem would not easily discover that this was rerse •
but would take it for poetical prose. By projjcrly adjusting the final
pause, we shall re-tore the pu^, age toils true hta'e of verse.
Of man's first disoliedience, and the fruit
Oi that forbidden tree, whose mortai ta fe
Wrought death into the world, and all our woe,
With lots of Eden, till one gre.iter Man
Restore ui, and regain the biusful seat,
Sing, heavenly muse !
These examples show the neressity of reading verse, in snch a manner*
as 10 make very line sensible to the ear ; for, wha is he use of melody,
or lor what end has the poet composed in verse, if, in reading his lines,
we suppress his numbers, by omitting the final pause ; and degrade tliem,
by our pronunciation, into mere pruse ? As this pause is made cnly by
the suspension of die voiie, not ry a change, it prevents that monotony,
that fameness of note at the end of lines, which, however pleasing to a
lude, is disgusting to a delica.. ear.
The ctesurut paute divides th' ..le into equal, or unequal parts, fallinw
generally on the 4ili, .5th, or Cth syllable, in heroic verse. , "
Exemplification of the dcsural Pause.i : [ " ]
The silver eel," in shining vohimos roll'd.
The yellow carp," in scales bedropp'd with gold.
Round broken columns," clasping ivy twin'd,
O'er heaps ol' ruins," stalk'd the stately hind.
Oh, say, what stranger cause," yet unexplor'd,
Could make a gentle belle// reject a lord.
The line is sometimes divided into four parts, by the introduction «(
what is called a diimi-coeiura ; thus :
Warm-' in the sun// ret'reshes/ in the breeze,
Glo»>' ill the stars,// and blossom>/ in the trees •
Live?/ through all lilp,// extends' tliroiigh all ex'tent.
Spreads/ QndiviLle(J,'/oi)erate.-/ unspent.
GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIEIJ.
27
PS or feet containr'tl in a I
3 those of »(>n,ei£rht, and
and Anapoestkk verse, is
3, by the introduction «f|
RTIETORICK AND ORATORY.
Hhetorick, or oratory, is the art of speaking justly, methodically, and
elegantly, upon any subject ; so as to instruct, persuade, and please. A
speech made according to the rules of this art is called an OraJiora, und
(he speaker an Orator. The word rhtlorkk is derived from a Greek word
of the same significaiion.
A good orator must be eminent for invention, disposition, memory, ges-
ture, and elocution.
Invenl'wn is ihe talent of forming, or selecting, such arguments, for the
proving or illustrating ofn subject, as will move the passions, and con-
ciliate or instruct the minds ot the hearers.
Disposition is the arrangement of the arguments, in the most orderly
and advantageous manner.
Gesture is the nattiral, or the artificial, accommodation of the attitude
to the several parts of a discourse ; — the " suiting of the action to the
word."
liloailion is the art of expressing our ideas in a clear and distinct man-
ner, and in harmonious, appropriate language. Elocution comprises,
1st. Cmnposilion ; or the grammatical arrangement, plainness, and pro-
priety of language.
2d. Elegance ; which consist in the purity, perspicuity, and politeness
of language, and is gained chiefly by studying the most correct writers,
conversing with polite, well-informed people, and making frequent and
careful essays in composition.
3d. Dignity ; which adorns language with sublime thoughts, rhetori-
cal figures. &c.
An oration has five parts; the exordium, narration, confirmation, refu-
tation, and peroration.
The exordium, or preamble, is the beginning of the discourse ; serving
to gain the good opinion of the hearers ; to secure their attention, and to
give them a general notion of the subject. It ought to be clear, modest,
and not too prolix.
The narration is the recital of the facts as they happened ; or, as they
are Pup|>osed to have ha))penod. It ought to be perspicuous, probable,
concise, aid (on most subjects) entertaining.
The coiifinnatiun is the proving by argument, example, or authority, the
truth of the propositions advanced in the narration *
The refutation, or confutation, is the destroying of the arguments of the
antagonist; by denying what is apparently false, detecting some Haw in the
reasoning, or showing the invalidity of the proof. It should be sharp and
lively.
The peroration , or conclusion, is a recapitulation of tlie principal argu-
ments, concisely summed up with new force and weight ; in order to ex-
uite the feeling of hatred or pity.
trop::s, or figures op speech.
Tropes, or figures of speech, always denote some departure from eim-
plioity of expression ; as, " A good man enjoys comfort in the iniilst ot
adversity." This is simple language : but wheii I say — " To the upright
there aiiseth light in darkness," I express the same sentiment in a fi
" Retire ; for it is night my lovp, and the dark winds sigh in your
hair. Retire to the hall of my least and think of the linu's that are past ;
lor I will not return till the siorin of w.ir is gone." Ossiav.
" Weep on the rocks of the roarin; winds, (> ni.n.l oi laistore ; bend
thy fair head over the waves, tlioii fairer than tlie ghost of the tiiiu' when
it moves in a sun-beam ut noon, over the silence of VI.)rvi-n. II^ is t il-
len: thy youth is low ; p;ile beneath the s>vord of Cucliullin."- Ossiav.
The Hyperbole consists in magnil'ving or dimii'iishingaa oliiect bevoiid
reality, " ■
Hyperbole soars high, or creeps too slow ;
Exceeds the truth, things wonderful to show.
He touch' d the skies, A snail don't cruivl so sloui.
■ I found her on the floor.
In all the storm of grief ; yet beautiful ;
Pouring forth tears] at such a lavish rate.
That, were the world on fire, they might have drown'd
''''"-' wrath of Heaven, and (|iienrhM the mighty ruin. — liEE.
" Ho was owner of a piece of ground not larger than a Lacedemoniaa
'letter.
A Simile is a comparison, by which any thing is illustrated. Tins fi-
gure, etiually familiar aiul beautiful, iliscovers resi-mblaiices, real or imagina-
^^\!":}n^" '"^''°'"' Y''"'-'''' '" '''«'"■ gRuuniljiature, are dissimilar; us,
1 he musick of Caryl was like tile memory ol joys that are past, plea«
sant and mournful to the soul."— OssiAN.
—She never told her love ;
A
ther
e
iira-
Fi
gures, or tropes,
tive, and in a more impressive and vivid manner,
greatly enliven and enrich language.
Tlie following are some of the iiriiicipal figures— ;)prso»//ica</o«, npos-
irophe.. hyperbole, simile, metaphor, allegory, iron.,, clinuu; ineloniinu,
aiio synecdoclle.
Personification bestows life and action upon things inanimate • as
" The earth thirsts lor rain."
Cheer'd with the grateful smell, old ocean smiles,.
Behold, the mum in russet mantle clad,
Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hills.,
^po'^trnphe is a figure nearlj allied to personification It ronsists in
Dwiowing an ideal pn-seiice iip.,n real, either dead or absent. We addre>
tlieni ■ ' ■ ' ■
as,
as It they stood before us, listening to the ovurfkiw ol our passions ;
«^SJii;:::^:3";:;';;:::.:;v^jr^zC'ifS"it:n '" "«"^""' ""^ ''•"'""• '-
B'lt let concealment. lik(.' a worm i' the bud.
Feed on her damask cheek : She pined in thought :
And, with a green and yellow melanclioly.
She sat, like Patience on a raonuinent, smiling at grief,
Shakespearb,.
Metaphor* is the putting of the name of one thing for that of auo-
so as to comprise a simile in a single word : or, it is the applica-
tion of a word to a use, to which, iil its original import, it cannot be
put; as, " ^
M'alloce was a thunderlolt of war;.
Fingal theg-fl/e of Sjiring.
A hei-o resembles a lion, and is often compared to one. Such a com-
panson is a simile : but imagine a hero to be a lion, instead of only resem-
bling one, and you have a metaphor.
" I<ike a mighty pillar, doth this one man uphold the state," [T lis is
a simile] " He is the sole pillar of this ponderous state," [A metaphor.],
\n Allegory is a continued metajihor ;— or, it is the representation of
one thing by another, that resembles it, atid that is made to stand for it.
An alle.'^ory is a eh lin of tropes ; —
Tve jjass'd theshotls ; fair gales now swell my hopes.
" Venus grows cold without Certs and Bacchu.s." i. e. -love grows
cold without bread and wine.
There cannot be u more beautiRil and correct allegory than the follow-
ing ;^in w'>ich the people are represented under the image of a vine;
" Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt ; thoir hast cast out the hea-
then, and planteil it : thou prep iredst room before it, and didbt caii-e it to
take deep root, and it filled the land.. The hilli) were povered with the
shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. She
sent out her boughs unto the seas, and her branches unto the river. Why
hast thou, then, broken down her hedges, so that all they who pass by the
way do pluck her ! The boar out of the wood doth waste it ; and the
wild beast of the field doth devour it. Return, we beseech the, O God
of hosts ; loot down, from lioavon,^ and behold, and visit this vine." — 8(Jth
Irony is a mode of speech in which the meaning is contrary to the words.
Irony, dissembling with an air,
Means otherwise than words declare.
"■ Cry aloud ; for he is a god : either he is talking, or he is piiriiiiii"-,
fouud """"•'I.'^lJi^'^"^"'"* ''""6'" '""" on'y. not In luljstance; ooroiiarisgn Ij Ike
28
? Ki Jol'; IS!^ '' Peradventure he sleepeth. and n,u«t be awaked."
A Climax is a figure by which the .-enttnce gradually rises
A chmax, 't-s said, by gradation ascends. ^
iAe^ it-e.e my co««<r^«««, ,;,^ neighbours, m,, friend,.
gle frifnT'a;"!S'„n ' it'^f'' u 'T "^'^" ^"^"""^ ' ""--J"! ^V - «'"-
Me<««i,m,y put, the ca«se for theejec^; the effecf for the cause • the
«o»toerfortl,«con<a.-W; or the a^« for the thing ^^nyJad fas! "
efiAMMAR SIMPLIFIED.
" We ore readino- Vint!) "- -i > ■»)»' -n
old age] should be"rosps,S ;" " Th!" fl l!. K^'' " ®"^''^'" ^'- <"•
(hekettio; "He addressed the cl air ".! ie t ' """'■ ^•. **'\^'''«^ ''^ I
" Sh---'--''hesceptre;^..i.e rVo;;iamh;ri^ " ''"'""'''
A S^necJocA. puts a part for the whole, or the whole for a part • a,
COMPOSITIOV
CoMPOStTK^N is the forming of words together in grammatical order..
i !
iH«
91^
orks I « Grey hairs [i. j,
3ils ," — i, e. the waier it, j
the person in the chair
hority.
e whole for a part ; as,
1 thunders break.
I." [food, clothing, &c.]j
r in grammatical order..