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GIBSON, First Classical Master, High School Department McGill College, Montreal : and Author of " Etymol(^ical Geography," " Ca- nadian Guide Book,'' &.c. MONTREAL, HEW RAMSAY. TORONTO, A. H. ARMOUR & Co. J. Armour, B. Dawson, and R. & A. Miller, Montreal P. Sinclair, Quebec; A. Brysok, Bytown ; J. Dorr, Kingston ; J. C. Anslet, Port Hope ; R. R. Smtlet, ■Hamilton ; A. A. Andrews, Jr., London. '=* -«w.^ ' •ilV -f 1855. ■ r'^H-'s •\?ri , « •^•'•tt- -i^ ■- I 1^ f ,-5 if i -f-- V *i ..? ( iJ.-i.IJJ i/.,'U^ II wfO <'T«'i hO f! ,T r f- "d:(v»J i -.ji • < •tl. "/ITS rc^i^i 7/6/9 i..l' / .» 1 ;j PREFACE. ■' ••"! m In preparing for the press this manual on the Geogra- phy of Canada it has been the writer's aim to supply, in an acceptable manner a desideratum in Canadian class-books,, which has been very generally felt and regretted. Its compilation has engaged no small portion of his unprofes- sional hours during several months. He trusts that such a pioneer may receive at the hands of his Educational Brethren the indulgence to which it seems entitled in view of the variety of sources from which its materials required to be selected, and of the very transitional (so to speak) character of things in a nascent community. Conscious of its imperfections, and desirous that these may be removed in a subsequent edition, he will be happy to receive in the interval communications from professional brethren or others with amendments or suggestions of improvements. With regard to the mode of using the " Geography of Canada," the compiler takes leave to suggest that a por- tion, say a page, or more or less according to the profi- ciency of the pupils, should be prescribed for careful prep- aration at home, with a view to its being intelligently and intelligibly read and minutely examined in school, the Teacher not failing to avail himself of every practicable means of simplifying the lesson by appropriate remarks, J ! vi ^ li PREFACE. and rendering it more interesting by constant reference, if possible, to suitable maps.* Such preliminary clearing- off of embarrassments generally tends to encourage inge- nuous youths to a faithful preparation of the lessons at home, so as to come to school thoroughly prepared for bearing examination upon these off" hoohy and with Tefer- ence to the maps. Referring to the foot-note at page 39, the compiler would farther rSteommend to the Teacher to select as a starting-point the page containing the account of the District or County in which his school is situated. It seems superfluous to subjoin that tlie " Geography of Cana- da'' is not designed in any degree to siipersede but merely to precede or accompany the use of a text-book of Geo- graphy in general. It is understood that the Teacher will in the former case orally explain the Geographical Definitions by reference to Maps or by illustration on a black-board or otherwise. i" i'rH « >^. ' — ' M > ! l j>ftw4li lL fi.fVtM- : * An excellent Map of Gantda, on a large scale, for the- use of Schools, has just been publishe4 by Messrs .lohjntstQp^ of Eduihufi^ .siaijmyYoiqmi -aon^ -i^i or :gfrrlnoaaii tt?y\ 10 oioni 10 ,&;§Bq R vb« ^noii mf\ \u)ai>i'> •iMfiailoisT] T19V» I0 l[»8fiiiti lis?® o3 ^mll^ ion isrf'ju^T erenc€, learing- c inge- sons at red for I refer- »ge39r clier to ic count ted. It 'Cfina-'^ merely if Gec-^ 'eacher npbical V on a I U j > A • 6- use of riburgbu J701i|inJ mi sbencD i / ' f 1 1 i s ■ ' 1 DEDICATION. ''• . r To D\\. E. IIyerson, Chief Superintendent of Education, Canada West. Sir, This little work is designed to make the youth of Canada better acquainted with the features and rcRourecH of their native country. I beg respectfully to dedicate it to you as an expression of the admiration which I enter- tain for your zealous and efficient labours in elevating the intellectual and moral character of the people through tlie instrumentality of the Common Schools, now so exten- sively spread throughout the Province. ' i I have the honour to be, Sir, \ 1 our most obdt. servt., T. A. Gibson. ., Montreal, November 1st, 1854. * : .^ i M. . ,v ■'' \ Knrogistered according to Act of the Provincial Legi»latiire, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight Imndri'd and fifty-four, by Hew R amsat, in the Office of the lleffistrar of the Province of Canada. .^WS..^ ♦ ' nxv^o; V\ CONTENTS. .Mi. * - . i • •• • , • *.' ' ■ . ' I •, r' li.'SK III'.' ^ . •*« - ... PART I. *•! : ... [>j^ imvl BASTBRN OR LOWER CANADA. Page. Montreal District 1 Cos. of PontiaA, Ottawa, Argeiiteuil, Two Mountains, Terre- bonne, L'Assomption, Vaudreuil, Soulanges, and Mon* treal 2 Huntingdon Go. ........ 5 Cos. of Laprairie, St. John's, Chambly and Vercheres 7 Richelieu and Rouville Cos 7 Missisquoi and St. Hyacinthe Cos 8 ShefibrdCo 9 Three Rivers District ....... 9 Berthier Co. 9 Maskinong^ and St. Maurice Cos. . . . . . 10 Champlain, Yamaska, Nicolet, Lotbiniere and Drummond Cos. 1 1 ' Quebec District 11 PortneufCo. 11 Quebec Co 12 Montmorency Co. * . 15 Saguenay/fadousac, Chicoutimi, Levi, Bellechassc, Momma- gny, L'IsIet, Kamouraska and Temiscouata Cos. . 16 Rimouski, Dorchester, Megantic and Beauce Cos. . . l7 Gasp^ District 17 Gasp^ and Bonaventure Cos 17 St. Francis District 17 Compton and Stanstead Cos. 17 S[)erbrooke and Wolfe Cos 18 Representation Act 18 The Ottawa ... 20 i 11 f 'i^: H X. CONTENTS. Page. The St. Maurice . 20 The Saguenay 21 The Chateaugai, Richelieu, Yamaska, St. Francis and Chau- diere 23 !2apids and Lake St John 25 Lakes Temiscouata, Megantic, Memphremagog and Temis- eaming .26 The Magdalen and Anticosti Islands .... 2tf The Mingan and Seven Islands, Green Island, Brandy Pots, Isle aux Coudres, Crane Island, &c 27 Grosse Isle, Isle of Orleans, Isle auxNoix ... 28 Island of Montreal and Isles Jesus, Perrott and Bizare . . 29 Chaleurs and Gasp6 Bays ...... 29 Bays in the St. La'ivrence 30 Capes 30 Mountains 30-31 Population of Counties 31 Do. Cities, Towns, &c. . . . . 32 Administration of Justice . . • • . . 32 County Registration and Parliamentary Representa on .33 Questions on Part I . 33-38 . ■'■■' - • i- '-^up PART IT. ' WESTERN OR UPPER CANADA. - ■ :; Page. The 3 Great Sections . . ... .^ '.' 39 £astern Section 40 Do. District 40 Johnstown District . . . . . . . .41 Ottawa Do 48 Dalhousie Do. 43 Bathurst Do 45 m \^ eONTBNTS. u. Page. . 20 21 tiau- . 23 25 mia- . 26 2tf Pots, . 27 28 . 29 29 . 30 30 30-31 31 . 32 32 . 33 . 33-38 ■Mi 'J Page. 39 . 40 40 41 42 . 43 45 Page. Rideau Canal • ^ Central Section 47 Midland District 47 Victoria Do. 50 Prince Edward District 52 Newcastle Dq. 52 Colbome Do. " . 63 Home Do 54 . Simcoe Do 56 Western Section 57 Gore District 59 Niagara Do 60 Talbot Do 68 London Do 64 Western Do • • . .66 Huron District ........ 68 WellingtonDo 60 Brock Do. . 70 Tabular View of Eastern Section 71 Do. Do. Central Do 72 Do. Do Western Do. . * . . . .73 The Representation Act 76 Population of Counties 76 Do. Cities, Towns ....... 77 Lake Ontario 78 Do. Erie 79 Do. St. Clair 80 Do. Huron ......... 80 Do. Superior . . . . . '^ . . . .82 Do. Simcoe 83 Do. Nipissing ....*.... 84 Do. Rice 84 Summary of Lakes . . . . .86 k I . ,.\..rr •a,»-*iw lU^ OONTBHTSi ^1 K I i The Rideau, Mississippi, Madawaska, Napaiee^ SabuoB, Mol* ra and Trent . . . . a . • • 80 The Niagara and its Fallt i'>hJ*i|^ ^ gy The Grand or OuseRirer . • . , ••'^'^'' .^.hni3|| The Detroit and Thames . . . ,< i.;:p ij:.v4).J^"j- il The Sydenham or Bear Creek . . . kM . -''^av rH The St. Clair T^f# Hw Aux Sables, Bayfield, Maitlandi Saugeen and Nottawasaga 98 IIm Severn and French Rivers . . . 4' • • 94^ Grand or Wolfe and Garden Islands . . . ^i'|^' '^V'- ;M idnherst. Goat, Navy and Pel^ Islands, &c. . . '"''• ■'i^^\'^%^ The Sisters, Walpole and St Anne't Islands, &e. . ' • ' ''11 The Hanitoulin Islands ^t The Grand Manitoulin 98-101 lift Cloche and Michipicoton Islands . . i'^^ • lOt lift Cloche Mountains and McKay'i Mountain . * v^^' ^ . 109 ft«estionsonPartII ;^ 109^119 Uiefiil Tables of Reference . • • . . • 119 ,^- . ^''' .*v-/^''' V ■■'■■■■'- .'.oft Iftfma'^ 0(1 -^HI • St ■ h8 ohsinO 9^3{ovl . ntnirH o i! (. 'W 1 , :u'* V\ O GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. St. Lawrence, in a tract of lantl belonging to a bo(!^' of the Iroquois tribe, numV.cring in all about 1000. Here is a large Stone Church, erected upwinls of half a century ago at their own expense. Clovernment mnintnins a French Canadian Missionary, who devotes his whole time to the tribe. Laprairie Co, contains Laprairic and Caughna- waga. The former was till lately the terminus of the railroad from Lake Champiain^ and the ferry-town for passengers to and from Boston & New York, &c. The latter is a settlement of Iroquois Indians. Its name is said to mean " The Village of the Rapids," in reference to those lying a little below. The Indians of this village from tlieir superior skill are employed in navigating barges, rafts and steamers down to Montreal. They are Roman Catholics, and have lately built a handsome and substan- tial Church. St. Johii^s Co. contains St. John\, where till lately the Champlain steamers landed their passengers and received those per railroad from Montreal. Cham- lily Co. contains Longueuil and Chambly. At Lon- gueuil is the terminus of the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad. Chambly contains the ruins of an old fort, originally built by M. De Chambly, shortly before the conquest of Canada by the British. In 1812-13-14 stores, barracks, magazines, Arc, were erected on an extensive scale. After the restoration of peace most of these were dismantled or allowed to fall into disuse. In 1837 and 8 they were in a great measure rebuilt, but have been since greatly reduced. Vercliexes Co. has the vil- lage of Varennes in the south-western corner, a place of GEOGRAPHY Of CANADA. some resort from its miucral waters. Richelieu Co. contikins St. Ours on the Ilichelicii, and at its mouth Sorcl or Wiliiain Henry. This Ia»t is built on the site of a fort erected in 1665 as a defence against tlie incursions of tlie Indians, and received tljc name of Sorel from the Captain of Engineers who superintHnded the construction. Its proper and legal name is William Henry. Ilis late ]\Iajesty, William IV., (^then Prince William Henry,) ex- pressed himself in approving terms of its pleasant situation during a visit to Canada in tlie naval service of his coun- try, and the residents commemorattfd the circumstance by giving it this new name. It was regularly laid out abo»jt 1 7S5, when some loyalists and disbanded soldiers settled in it ; and at this day some old military servants of the Crown reside here. The streets intersect each other at right angles, and the eight principal ones are named after different branches of the Royal Family. In the centre is Royal Square. From its important position, as command- ins: tlie communication between the St. Lawrence and Lake Champiain, some companies of troops have been usually stationed here. In consequence it contains several Government buildings, as a barrack, block-house, hospital, &:c. It is half-way betwixt Montreal and Three Rivers, being 45 miles from each. Here most of the Montreal steamers are 1 lid up for the winter. On the opposite shore are excellent accommodations for ship-building, in which vessels of lar^e tonnagre used to be constructed. This branch of trade l.as not been pursued of late to the ^tent of former years. Rouville Co.^ which lies along M i' : i I w k 8 GEOGRAPHY OF CA.NADA. the eastern bank of the Uiclielieii, is generally low and marshy, although in dry situations the soil is generally of a good quality. A prominent ohject in ihe landscape is Eelcjcil Mountain, whose height has betn variously estiiiuited from 1,100 to 1,000 feet ahov.' the river at its base. Tts proper name is Mount St. Uilaire, ti'tl.ough it is popularly called by the names of Chambly and llouv.IIc On its summit, usually called the Sugar Lodf, the spectator occupies, as it were, the centre of a circle, whose circum- ference extends before his eyes upwards of 60 miles in almost every direction. The grand scenery of this moun- tain, so rare in low-lying Canada, has rendered it the re- sort of tourists and visitors during the summer months. The ascent is studded at intervals by 14 wooden crosses, each bearing an inscription having reference to our Saviour^s journey as He bore the cross to Calvary. The spots, where these crosses are erected, are called Stations, The Bishop of Nancy, a dignitary of the Chm-ch of Rome, during a visit to Canada a few years ago caused a small oratory to be constructed on the crest of the Mountain. On this was erected a gigantic cross, covered with bright tin. When illuminated by the sun's rays, it might have been descried from a great distance, and presented a very rnposing appearance. It was destroyed a few years ago, but is to be re-erected. Missisqaoi Co. contains Philips- burg. St. Ilyacinthe Co., intersected by the Yamaska, contains the thriving town of St. Hyacmthe, St. Charles, and St. Denis. The college of St. Hvacinthe has long enjoyed considerable celebrity. The new building, erected i m GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. in the Tinicity, lias been finished in a superior stjie. Ilougemont and Vamnska are considerable mountains. Shefford Co. k tlie most easterly in the Montreal Dis- trict. THREE RIVERS DISTRICT contains 11 counties ; 4 on the N. Shore of the ?t. Law- rence, backed by the Hudson Bay Territory — Berthier, Maskinong6, St. Maurice, Chainplain ; and 2 inland from Berthier — Joliette and Montcalm; 3 on the S. Shore — Yamaska, Nicolet, Lotbinicre ; and 2 interior from these counties — Drummond and Arthabaska. The large ex- panse of the St. Lawrence, called Lake St. Peter, whose upper extremity is studded with numerous islands, intersects the District. Berthier Co. contains Berthier en haut. a place of considerable resort and traffic, Lanoraie and Lavaltrie. The Seigniories are well cultivated, so that large quantities of grain are annually exported. From its flat situation Berthier has sometimes experienced much damage to the basements of the houses and goods in the stores by the melting of the snow and ice in spring. On such occasions it has been found necessary to remove large quantities of grain to the upper stories of the granaries. A similar inconvenience happens at Vercheres. This place, being midway betwixt Montreal and Three Rivers, has long formed an important stage in the direct mail-route established during the winter betwixt Montreal and Quebec. Recently this fine county has been opened up by the building^ of a railroad, which passes from Lanoraie on the A 2 ! -• i'gi :. '? !;•:.» i.-j II ^ i ! 10 CEOGRAniV OF CANADA. Kiver to Industry and Rawdon. MasJcinonge Co» contnlns llivicire du Loup en hauty near which is St. Leon, fre- quented on account of its mineral waters. St. Mnurice Co, contains the old and important town of Three Rivers, It occupies the corner formed by the confluence of the St. Lawrence and 8t. Maurice. Two small islands in the mouth of tiie latter, presenting the appearance of three distinct rivers, originated the name. Some French colonists settled here in 1618 with the view of making it a depot for carrying on the fur- trade with the Indians to the northward. In 1737 the establishment of a foundry, 8 miles in rear, contributed considerably to its improve- ment. Ai the conquest His Britannic Majesty leased the Forges to private persons, who successfully worked them. Here are manufactured in great abundance stoves of every variety, large caldrons or kettles for pot-ashes, machinery for mills, wheels for railroad-cars, lamp-posts, &c. &;c L: r e (ju intities of bar and pig iron are exported. Up- wards of 300 men are employed. The manager is usually a Scotchman or Englisiiman, while the pattern-makers, moulders, and the workmen are Canadians. As sand suitable for casting iron has not hitherto been found m the Province, the proprietor is under the necessity of import- ing it from Britain. The principal street in Three Rivers, Notre Dame, runs, nearly parallel with the Hiver, the whole length of the town. The principal buildings are the court-house, gaol, barracks, and churches, among which is conspicuous the Ursuline Convent with a Superior and 24; nuDS. This town sends a member to the Legislative .\ GEOGPAPHY OF CANADA. u Assemb!y. Chcimj lain Co. conton. Batiscnn and St. Anne on thn Kiver. Yamaska Co. is watoreJ by the St. Frnni*is, on whiili is St. Antoine, and contains the Abenaki Settlement. The Yair.a>ka crosses the south- western corner. Nicolct Co. cotUains Becincour and Nicolet on t!:e eastern bank of the river of that name. L'lihinicrc Co. is watered by the Great and Litt'e Du Cliene, and the Becancour and Nicolet. On the eastern hank of the last is situated the liandsome vilhige oflNirolet? neir which is a College on an enlarged scale, founued about the beginning of this century, ami maint. lined in its infiiicy by the liberality of the R. C. Bishop of Quetec. Di'umtnond Co. This extensive co. is watered by the St. Francis, along which are several thriving settlements. It contains Drummondvdle, Durham and Kingsey, famous for its slate quarries. It forms the north-western portion of the Eastern Townships. QUEBEC DISTRICT contjins 16 counties; 5 on the N. Shore, backed by the Hudson Bay Territory — Portneuf, Quebec, Montmoren- cy, Saguenny, Ta'Jou>su:, and Chicoutimi interior/rom the 2 last; f) on the S. Shore — Levis, Bel echasse, (tho.se backed by the State of iMaine,) Montmagny, L'fsIetjKa- mo:iiaska,Temisconata, Rimouski backed by New Hamp- shire ; 3 interior, — Dorchester, Mcgantic and Beauce. Portncvf Co. is well watered by the St. Anne and Jac- ques Cartier, and has numerous saw-mills. It contains the promontories of Deschambault and Cap Sante. Quel^Q i>> -V .fik I: ^' I -^M y t ^. f ^ ii 1 . jt ; i,* gB 12 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. \\ m Co.y is watered by the St. Charles, Jacques Cartier and St. Anne. The soil along the St. Lawrence is well cultivated. The surface is generally uneven, and the northern parts are mountainous. The City of Quebec is situated on the point betwixt the St. Lawrence and St. Charles. Its latitude is close upon 47^ N., and its longi- tude is 71^ W., the former thus coinciding nearly with that of Geneva in Switzerland. It was founded in 1608 by the celebrated Champlain, Geographer to the King of France. Tt is divided into the Upper and Lower Towns. The former includes the Citadel, which surmounts the summit of Cape Diamond, and is 350 feet above the River. The fortified portion covers an area of about 40 acres. This fortress has been frequently and appropriately called the " Gibraltar of America." From the circum- stance of quartz crystals, sparkling like diamondSy being found in the dark-coloured slate of which the Cape is composed, it acquired the name of Diamond. Here formerly stood the Castle of St. Louis, which was entirely consumed by fire in 1834. In this Castle was the resi- dence of the Representative of the Crown, while Quebec continued the Seat of Government. On the promenade be- tween the gardens attached to the Castle stands the Obelisk to the memory of Wolfe and Montcalm. In this division of the City besides the Admiralty Barracks, the Court-House, and New Parliament Buildings (recently wholly destroyed by fire), the chief religious edifices of the Protestant population are the English Cathedral, St. Andrew's and St. Anne's (Presbyterian), and one Metbo- \ ! -11 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 13 dist Chapel, whilst those of the Roman Catholic are the Bishop's Palace, the Cathedral, the Seminaiy, and the Church and Convent of St. Ursula. AA'ith the Seminary and Convent are connected establishments for imparting an advanced education to either sex respectively on a very extensive scale. The site of the Lower Town may be regarded as almost entirely the creation of human industry, having been gained by excavation from the base of the impending precipice, or redeemed from the River by building-out into its waters. The wharves are generally carried upwards of 200 yards into the River. Besides the Custom-House, the Exchange (a commodious edifice containing also a well conducted Reading-room, and the rooms of the Board of Trade and the Telegraph Office,) and the handsome edifice occupied by the Quebec Bank and the Quebec Fire Assurance Company, the Chapel standing in the Square is noticeable on account of its antiquity and the origin of its name of Notre Dame des Victoires. It was built and used as a church before 1690. In that year Sir Wm. Phipps in attempting to capture Quebec was defeated ; and in consequence the fete of Notre Dame de Victoire was instituted for annual celebration in this church on the 7th of October. After the shipwreck of the English fleet in 1711, which was re- garded by the inhabitants not only as a second victory but as a miraculous interposition in their favour, the present name was imposed on the church in order that both events might be commemorated at once. In the growmg suburbs of St. John's and St. Koch's are several handsome and ,1 1 ■m. 4 . 4* i I i 1 ? H ii n u GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. substantial ecclesinstical struclurcs. Among the clinrita- ble institutions we inu«t not omit the Marine Hospital for tho reception of ilisi^T.sed sailors and others landinfif in Quebec. This tiuly uoble institulion, comprising three stories besidrs an upper one with attics, can accommodate 3()2 persons, including Catholic and Protestant cliapels, with apartments for the olficiiting clergymen, medical- stair, housekeeper, nurses, steward, &c. ^:c. The esti- mated cost WHS jC23, 000. Jn the months of May and June, 1845, at an exact interval of four weeks, the city was v:siti.'d by two most calamitous fires. About 1,600 buildings, of which ],*200 were dwellings, were destroyed. Aleut 40 lives were lost. The total loss was estimated at £875,000, about JE 125,000 being insured. A sum, amounting to nearly JG 100,000, was raised, and the sutlierers were thus enabled to rebuild their houses, in many instances m a mort; substantial manner than before. In consequence of this twofold most disastrous confla- gration the Corporation has wisely enjoined the u miles falls into the St. Lawrence a few miles above Quebec. About 4 miles from the mouth it is greatly narrowed in width and rushes over a precipice of above 130 feet, form- ing the Falls of the Chaudiere or Caldron^ a name which it has received from the boiling character of its waters throughout its entire course over a rugged bottom full of rapids and falls. Before passing from ihe St. Lawrence we notice a few particulars worthy of recollection. Steam e\' I !l ! i| !S, ' \ 2-i GEOGHAPHV OF CANADA. communication between Quebec and Montreal commenced in November, 1813. The Swiftsure was the first steamboat between the two cities. In 1816 a second, the Malsliam, was added, and in 1819 the Telegraph. The communica- tion by steam, after the breaking-up of the ice, generally takes place in the latterhalf of April. The earliest arrival of sliips from Sea in the Port of Quebec generally takes place in the last week of April or in the first week of May. In Lower Canada the rivers genciully ta/tc (i. e. are frozen over from shore to shore^ ii. December. Apont or bridge being thus formed, a ready communication is established between the opposite shores ; and, where such a precaution may be judged necessary, a road is marked out by means of pine-branches as beacons. Opposite to Quebec the River is generally choked up by broken or floating ice. It is a rare occurrence for the ice to be quite firm between Pointe Levi and Quebec. (During the winter of 184S-9 the river took as firmly as it has done since 1816.) In addition to what has been mentioned under the he.id of PvIVERS we notice the first eapanse in the course of the St. Lawrence, which from its great number of islands has obtained the name of " The Lake of the Thousand Isles." A little below Prescott and Ogdens- burg an island obstructs the channel. The rushing cur rents meets at its lower end, and, dashing furiously against each other, form the " Big Pitch." To avoid the rapids at the " Long Sault" or Leap, the Government con- structed the magnificent Cornwall Canal at a cost of nearly X60,000. It was opened in 184^3. A little below '■\ \'\ V GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 25 this canal expands Lake St. Franci*). It is 40 miles long, and has an average width of 5. At the lower extremity of the Lake commences a succession of very formidable rapids down a sixteen miles' declivity, receiving the names of the Coteau du Lac, the Cedars or the Split Rock, and Cascades. In order to open up a communication between Lake St. Francis and the next expansCy Lake St. Louis, the Government constructed the Beauharnois Canal at a cost of j£ 162,28 L This Canal is 11^ miles long, and has 9 locks. Below the Cascades the St. Lawrence soon combines its waters with the Ottawa and forms the large expanse of Lake St. Louis. It is 24 miles long. At its lower extremity are the Lachine Rapids, or Sault St. Louis. They are nearly 4 miles in length, and towards the lower end the current goes at the rate of 18 miles an hour. About half way between Three Rivers and Que- jbec are the Richelieu Rapid extending abont 9 miles. [By taking advantage of the tide, they can be passed by vessels in safety, tfl c» n ■; > .'« LAKES. .J. i; , ts'-' The Lakes, properly so called, are very numerous, but jof small extent. The largest is Lake St. John, between ilat. 4fS^ and 49'', being about 40 miles long. It receives [11 large rivers, chiefly from the north and north-west, and iischarges its- waters by 2 outlets, the Saguenay and Jelle Riviere, the latter of which, after passing the jxpause of Kenogomi, becomes the Chicoutimi. The raters of the Chicoutimi and Saguenay unite near the ft. s P J,,:j,jii |1»Md| W Ww WI>IWIil WW 26 GEOGRAPHT OF CANADA. village of Cliicoutimi. Lake Temiscouata in the Co. of the same name is 22 miles long, and discharges its waters through the Madawaska river into the St. Johns of New Brunswick. Lake Megantic at the head of the Chaudidre and St. Francis at the head of the river of that name are nearly 10 miles in length each. Lake Memphremagog in Stanstead Co. is 30 miles by 2. About one-third, how- ever, lies in Vermont State. A small portion of Lake Champlain lies in Canada. It is named after the famous discoverer of that name. It is about 120 miles long and 1 to 14 wide. It is navigated by several handsome steamers and a large number of sloops. Lake Temiscaming in Fontiac Co. is 641 feet above the Sea. '^ ; '..: / ISLANDS. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence lies the group, 7 in num- ber, called the Magdalen Islands, and belonging to the County of Gasp6. The islanders are chiefly employed in the fisheries. At the entrance into the St. Lawrence is situated the island of Anticosti, 125 miles long and in some parts about 30 miles wide. The soil has been found so unfavourable that all attempts to colonize it have been relinquished. In consequence of the calamitous ship- wreckt, that almost periodically occur along its inhospita- ble shores, Government have erected and maintain 3 light- houses and stations, in which provisions and supplies are deposited. Two are at the extremities of the island, West Point and East Cape. The third is on South West Point, and lies opposite to Cape Roziere. On GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 27 the North shore, opposite to Anticosti, and a little eastward from the mouth of the St. John, lie the Mingan Islands, and, two degrees further west, the Seven Islands. There are numerous islands between the mouth of the Saguenaj and Qu«bee. On Isle Verte or Green Island, which lies off Cacouia, is a light-house, 60 feet high, the fixed light of which can be seen at a distance of from 12 to 17 miles. The light is shown from sunset to sunrise from the 15th of April to the 10th of December. Vessels, outward-bound and waiting for a fair wind or the tide, usually rendezvous off the three Brandy Pots. These islands are upwards of 100 miles from Quebec, isle aux Coudres (Filbert Island) is the largest below Quebec, ex- cept that of Orleans. It forms a pa .i by itself and has a church. Though tolerably fertilf t requires the prod- uce for its own population. It be-f ngs to t'le ecclesias- tics of the Seminary of Quebec, to whom it was granted in 1687. Crane Island and Little Goose Island, which at high water appear two islands, but at low water are so con- nected by an isthmus as to afford ready passage in char' retteSf &c., are altogether about 12 miles in length. I'hey are well peopled and cultivated, producmg wheat much be- yond their own consumption. The marshes produce abundance of fine hay and afford pasture for upwards of 2000 head of cattle. On the north side is a church with a village. These islands about the beginning of this cen- tury became the property of Mr. McPherson, a Scotch- man, and arc now generally called " McPherson's Island." On Giosse Isle fBig Island, so called comparatively with ^--r- Tj^im m»m wn jigMM 28 GE0GRAPH7 OF CANADA. many smaller ones around) is the extensive Quarantine Establishment^ off which all merchants vessels are obliged to anchor till they undergo examination by the medical superintendent, appointed by Government. At the lazaretto here in 1847 there died of ship-fever about 5000 emigrants. The Isle of Orleans, which lies about 5 miles below the city of Quebec, is nearly 20 miles in length by about 5 in breadth. It is very fertile, and supplies Que- bec with large quantities of grain and most sorts of provi- sions. Its fruits, especially apples and plums, are superior. It was originally called the Isle of Bacchus from the num- ber of its wild vines. It contains 5 parishes, 3 of which are on the South channel. The churches and tidy vil- lages of St. Laurent and St. Jean are situated close up- on the shore. A little to the west of the former is the well sheltered cove of Patrick's Hole, where outward- bound vessels frequently come to anchor and wait final in- structions for sailing. The highest part of the island is just above Patrick's Hole. On the south side of this elevation is placed the second of the chain of 13 telegraphs that during the last war extended from Quebec to Green Island. These had been discontinued and taken down for some years, but have since been re-established as far as Grosse Isle for the purpose of communicating with the Quarantine Establishment. In the Richelieu, about 10 miles from the boundary-line of New York and Vermont, is situated 'he islet called Isle-aux-Noix (Nut Island). It is strongly fortified and commands the water communica- tion from Lake Champlain. The Island of Montreal has GEOGRAFHT 07 CANADA. 29 been in a great measure described already. Its north- eastern extremity is called Bout de I'Isle, (the But or End of the Isle.) At the south-western extremity of Pointe Ste. Anne has been constructed a lock, with the view of avoiding the rapid which has been celebrated in Moore's " Canadian Boat Song." The Isle of Jesus, or St. Jean, which is separated from that of Montreal by the Riviere des Prairies, and from the mainland of Terrebonne Co., to which it belongs, by the St. Jean, is 21 miles long by 6 in its greatest width. It is possessed by the bishop and ecclesiastics of the seminary of Quebec. The rever- end grantees bestowed upon it its present name instead of that of lyisle de Montmagny, originally imposed upon it in honour of Montmagny, the successor of Champlain in the administration. Isle Perrott, beyond the rapid, is 7 miles long, and contains a church. It is so called from the sieur to whom it was originally granted. To the south-west lies Isle Bizare, 4* miles long, and so named after the original grantee. These islands are well peopled and cultivated. BAYS. Chaleurs Bay lies betwixt the county of Bonaventure and the province of New Brunswick. The liistigouche discharges its waters into its head. It was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. New Carlisle and Richmond lie upon its northern shore. Gasp6 Bay is in the east of the county of that name between Cape Gasp6 on the north and Point Peters on the south. Between Point Peters W5 30 GEOGRAPHir OF CANADA. w ii ! I f i and Pcrc6 Rock is Mai Bay. On the North Short of the St. Lawrence are Manicouagan Bay, Mille Vaches Bay, Murray Bay, and Mai Bay. Missisquoi Bay is an arm of Lake Champlain, and extends between the counties of Missisquoi and Rouvilie. CAPES. Cape Rosier forms the north-eattern-most point of Gaspe Co. In the same Co. is Cape Magdelaine, lying opposite to the West Point of Anticosti, and at the south- western extremity is Cape Chat. Cap des Monts Pele^s on the North Shore lies opposite to Cape Chat. Cape Orignal is opposite to Bic Island. MOUNTAINS. The surface of Lower Canada, although frequently hilly and uneven, is seldom mountainous. There are large level tracts along the South St. Lawrence, extend- ing inland many miles. A range of high lands extends from the east of Stanstead county in a north-easterly direction to Cape Rosier, forming the ridge whence arise the , rivers that flow to the Atlantic and St. Lawrence. Some portions of this range along the houndary of the State of Maine attain an elevation of upwards of 2,000 feet, the Eseganetsougook Mountains, in the rear of L'Islet Co., reaching 2,700 feet. On the north side of the St. Lawrence a chain of mountains commences with Mount St. Johns (14fl6 feet), in which is the source of the river St. John's, and, taking a south-westerly direc- tion, terminates upon the Ottawa about 125 miles above Montreal. Below Quebec it runs close to the River, but B 2 GEOGBAPHT 07 CANADA. St above that city it recedes somewhat, leaving a tract of low and fertile country, well settled and cultivated. Cape or Mount Tourment, opposite to Gross* Isle, is 1919 feet. A high range of mountains commences in Missisquoi county and terminates in Sherbrooke county. In the latter is Or- ford Mountain, 2,300 feet above the level of Missisquoi river. The Owl's Head in Stanstead county is about 1800 feet above the level of Lake Memphremagog. Besides these may be noticed Pinnacle Mountain in Missisquoi Co.^ Mount St. Hilaire (which is popularly, though incorrectly, called by the various names of Beloeil, Chambly, and Rouville,) in Rouville Co., and Rougemont and Yamaska Mountains in St. Hyacinthe Co. Table of the Population of 1. Montreal, . . 77,381 2. Quebec, . . 61,526 : 3. Dorchester, . 42,105 4. Huntingdon, . 40,645 ; 5. Beauharnois, . 40,213 i 6. Berthier, . . 34,608 ! 7. St. Hyacinthe, 30,623 i 8. Two Mountains, 30,470 | 9. Leinster, . . 29,690 , 10. St. Maurice, . 27,562 11. Rouville, . . 27,031 ! 12. Rimouski, . . 26,882 ! 13. Terrebonne, . 26,791 j 14. Richelieu, . . 25,686 j 15. Ottawa, . . 22,903 16. Vaudreuil,. . 21,429 17. Saguenay,. . 20,783 18. Chambly, . . 20,576 i the Counties in 1851. 19. Kamouraska. 20,396 20. Sherbrooke,' 20,014 21. Nicolet, . 19,657 22. L'Islet, . 19,641 23. Portneuf, . 19,366 24. Bellechasse, 17,982 25. Lotbiniere, 16,657 26. Drummond, 16,562 27. Shefford, . 16,482 28. Yamaska, . 14,748 29. Verch^res, 14,393 30. Stanstead, 13,898 31. Champlain, 13,896 32. Megantic, . 13,835 33. Missisquoi, 13,484 34. Gaspe,. . 10,904 35. Bonaventure, 10,844 36. Montmorency, 9,598 32 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. M )! i I M Table of the Population of the Cities, Towns, and Vi! lages (above 1000) in 1851. 1, Montreal, (City) . . . . 57,715 2. Quebec, do . . . . 42,052 3. Three Rivers, (Town) . . 4,936 4. Sorel, do . 3,424 5. St. Hyacinthe, do . 3,313 6. St. Johns, do . , . 3,215 7. Sherbrooke, do . , . 2,998 8. Laprairie, (Village) . . , . 1,757 9. Berthier, do • . . . 1,607 10. Longueil, do . . . . 1,496 11. Montmagny, do . . , 1,2-21 ■■'■■ 12. Aylmer, do . . , 1,169 13. Ste. Th^r^se, do . . , . 1,129 14. L'Assomption, do . . . 1,084 . 15. Lachine, do . . . 1,075 'S ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 25 Judges preside over judicial proceedings in Lower Canada. The Court of Queen's Bench in Montreal Dis- trict has 1 Chief Justice and 2 Puisn6 Judges : in Que- bec District 1 Chief Justice and 1 Puisn6 Judge. The Superior Court in Montreal has 1 Chief Justice and 4 Puisn6 Judges ; in Quebec 1 Chief Justice and 3 Puisn6 Judges. The Circuit Court in Montreal has 3 Judges, in Quebec 1 Judge. Gasp6 District has 2 Pui«in6 Judges. Sherbrooke and Three Rivers have each 1 Judge. Kamouraska and Ottawa have also I each. Quebec has 1 Vice- Admiralty Judge. A Sheriff resides QUESTIONS. 9$ at Montreal, Quebec, Three Rivers, Sberbrooke, New Carlisle, and Kamouraska. ., .r: COUNTY REGISTRATION. '• i S" J- For Registration purposes each of the 36 counties has a Registrar: and, as the counties of Dorchester, Megan- tic, Montmorency, Rimouski, and Saguenay, have each an additional one, there are 4<1 Registrars altogether. •r '» . PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION. rT As the Act to enlarge the representation of the people in Parliament, which was assented to in June, 1853, (the provisions of which have been given at page 18,) does not take effect until the ensuing general election, it ought to be remembered that Lower Canada is at present repre- sented by 42 M. P. P., being 36 for the 36 counties, 2 for each of the cities of Montreal and Quebec, and 1 for each of the towns of Sherbrooke and Three Rivers. >;'r'.j,s h'l i'v tr'! 4> ij < J t 1 .\:i- J '. Questions on Part I, ti:- Name ihe Districts of Lower Canada '2 Into how many counties are they subdivided '? Montreal district.— How many counties in Montreal District t Name the 6 on the North Shore of the Ottawa. Which counties form the tongue of land betwixt the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence 1 Which counties are composed of islands 1 Name the 7 on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence. Wh.it are the 8 interior t Mention the coun- ties bordering on the State of New York. Which borders on Ver- mont 1 Mention some Lakes in Pontiac Co. '{ The largest Co. in the Province formerly \ The cost of the Grenville Canal 1 What I , , #mvj ■' wiiwiL.i m wi^ * QUI8TI0NS. about the Co. and village of Two Mountains t Whence the name of Terrebonne '? What parishes does Montreal Co. contain ? The length uf the island? What appellation hus it earned ? Of whom and when did it become the sole property 1 The hei^t of the Moun- tain { Describe Lachine. Whence the name 1 The cost of the Canal 1 Describe the city of iMontreal in regard to its first settle- ment and names, its agreement in latitude with what European cities and in longitude with tvhat great American metropolis, and the present population and this relatively as to the races 't Tell its municipal con- stitution and representation in Parliament. In what manner are the old and more modern names of the streets distinguished in their no- menclature { What change in the style of the buildings { Particularize a few of the public buildings. State the sums expended in the erection of some. Describe the port and the river in i'.rmt. In which Co. is the Indian village of St. Regis 1 Describe it. State a few particulars in regard to Laprairie and Caughnaivaga. The principal places in Chambly Co t What mineral water does Vercheres Co. contain 1 In which Co. is Sorel 1 Mention a few particulars in regard to its former and present condition. Whence the two names by which it is called '} When and by whom settled and laid out 'i What is the prominent object . n the landscape of Rouville Co. 1 Give a few details in regard to^this mountain and the objects that draw the at- tention of visitors in the ascent. The Mountains in St. Hyacinthe Co. 1 The most easterly Co. in the Montreal District. Three Rivers District.— How maay counties in this Dis- trict 1 Name the counties on the N. and S. Shores respectively, and the interior counties in like manner. What expanse of .the St. Lawrence intersects the District 1 To what inconvenience is the town of Berthier subjected in the spring 1 What have you to remark in regard to the mail-route here in winter '{ What rail-road has recently opened-up this fine Co. t Mention the mineral spring in Maskinonge Co. Whence the name of Three Rivers'? At what early period and for what purpose did some French colonists settle here i When was the foundry in its rear established 1 To whom were the St Maurice Forges leased at the conquest 1 State some particulars in regard to the articles manufactured, and the number of hands employed. What have you to say in regard to sand suita- ble for casting iron 1 Mention the principal streets and buildings in Three Rivers. Where is there a K. C. college on an enlarged scale 1 When founded and how maintained in its infancy 1 Which Co. forms the north-western portion of the Eastern Townships 1 Where are excellent slate-quarries 1 Quebec District. — How many counties in this District 1 Name the counties on the North Shore. What Co. is interior 1 Name the counties on the South Shore and the interior ones. Which QUESTIONS. 35 5nce the name lontain ^ 'i he 6(1 1 Of whom hlof IheMoun- rhe cost of the its first setlle- Kurnpean cities , and the present I municipal con- manner are the hed in their no- I I Particularize id in the erection In which Co. is I few particulars incipal places in es Co. contain 1 i in regard to its imes by which it t ^ What is the ). 1 Give a few jat draw the at- in St. Hyacinthe [rict. Ities in this Dis- (res respectively, Kpanse of .the St. jnvenience is the ve you to remark at rail-road has lineral spring in ivers 1 At what colonists settle led 1 To whom . ^ State some and the number |rd to sand suita- and buildings in on an enlarged ifancy 1 Which srn Townships 1 this District 1 I Co. is interior 1 Irior ones. Which border on the States of Maine and New Hampshire t What rivers water Portneuf Co. 1 In reference to Quebec Co. staAc the princi* pal rivers and the nature of its surface. The situation, latitude, and longitude of the city of Quebec By whom and when founded 1 State the height of the Citadel above the River, and the area within the walls. State briefly in regard to the Castle of St. Louis and the Obelisk on the Promenade. iVlentinn a few of the principal buildings in the Upper Town. What is remarkable in the site of the Lower Town t Mention a few of its principal public edifices. State briefly how from two circumstances the chapel in the Square acquired the name of " Notre I'ame des Victoires." What charitable institution is worthy of particular notice 1 State its object, the numbers it can accommodate, and the estimated cost. Give a brief statement of the destruction of human life and house property occasioned by the two conflagrations in 1845. What amount was raised for the relief of the sutferers { What good has resulted from this two-fold calamity 1 What is the municipal constitution of Quebec*} How represented in Parliament 1 State briefly in regard to L'Aiicienne Lorette. What extensive public edifice has Beauport '? What is the height of Montmorency Fall ? Whence and by whom named 1 State the history of the M ansion-house in the vicinity. State briefly the nature and extent of the deposit formed by the freezing of the spray towards the close of winter. Describe the manner in which the parishioners of St. Anne kill and take alive such numbers of pigeons. Describe uriefly the Co.|Of Saguenay. Mention some islands included in Ta- doussac Co. iVIention some places in Levis Co. What villages in Kamouraska and Temiscouata counties are much frequented as ba- thing-quarters 1 What road cresses Kimouski Co. 1 What Co. contains the Kennebec Koad Settlements 1 Gaspb District. — What are the counties of this District 1 What principal capes and islands does Gaspe Co. include 1 How arc the settlers chiefly supported '{ Mention some villages in Bona- venture Co. St. Francis District. — Name the counties in this District. Which counties reach Vermont State 1 Describe Lake Memphrem- agog. Mention some places in Sherbrooke Co. What is meant by the St. Francis Territory 1 What counties are comprized under the District of Country called the Eastern 2'ownships ] How many counties are represented in Parliament by one Member each 1 What two counties have been divided into two Ridings each 1 Name these Kidings. Mention the united counties which return one mem- ber etich. W^hichCiiies are represented each by 3 members i Which Towns each by 1 1 How many M. P. P. represent the Counties 1 The Cities 1 The Towns 1 RivKRS. — What may be the length of the St. Lawrence from St. I. I J; 36 QUESTIONS. '■ i i I 1 1 Regis to Cape Uozier or the boundary line tvith Labrador 1 What is the width betwixt these two points '{ How far up can veMsels of lurse toniiHge ascend 1 By what is the navigation beiwixt .'Viontreal and Prescoli frequently interrupted 1 Hoiv have these natural ob- stacles been overcome ] By what name do we call the frequent ex- panses of the Kiver '{ Ho\v far up is the influence of the tde slightly ielt ] Whence has the Kiver derived its name 1 For how many months is it generally frozen over in winter 1 What are the pnnci* t»al tributaries on the left bank ? Describe the source, direction, ength, and confluence of the Ottawa 1 Mention a few of the tribu- taries from either Province Mention some of the Rapids and Lakes in its course. Which Lake is the 24 miles long 1 Which Falls approach those of Niagara in magnificence'? Which scanal has Government constructed in consequence of these Rapid 1 What has Government done for facilitating the passage of lumber 1 Which 4 slides cost about £25,000 1 VV here used the lumber^ cut on the Crown Lands above Bytown, to be measured, &c. 1 Name the principal falls of the St. Maurice. What has Parliament ^oted for the construction of slides on this river Y From what lake does the Saguenay issue. Mention the length of the Lake, and describe the character of the climate and soil of the surrounding country t Near what village do the two branches issuing from the Lake unite 1 State what is worthy of notice in the village. Name the beautiful bay about 20 miles bdow Chicoulimi. Whence its names *? What calamity in 1846 retarded the progress of this settlement 1 Describe the general appearance of both shores of the Saguenay from Grand Bay to Tadoussac. Name some of the precipitous Clifls that shoot up to a height of from 1000 to 1500 feet. What gentleman carries on lumbering so extensively on the Saguenay and Lower St. Law* rence ? How many men employed 7 The annual exports to Brit- a'n 1 Mention what is most worthy of notice in regard toTadous^ sac. How wide is the Saguenay at its mouth 1 Whatis the relative depth of the Saguenay and i»t. Lawrence at their confluence 1 How far is the tidal influence felt *? To what do the spring-tides rise here and at Tadoussac 1 Mention a few principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence from the right bank- Mention the rise, course, and dis- charge of the Chateauguai. Tell the same in regard to the Richelieu. Describe what is more worthy of notice betwixt St. John's and William Henry. Mention the rise, course and discharge of the Yamaska, St. Francis and Chaudigre respectively. From what cir- cumstance has the last derived the name 1 When did steam navi* gation commence betwixt Montreal and Quebec 1 What was the first steam loat 1 The second, and when 1 The third, and when 1 When does the communication by steam generally take place after the breakingoup of the ice % When do the rivers generally take in QUESTIONS. :n Lower Carmdn 1 When a pout has been formed, how is iho road sometimes marked out { \N h< ii do the t«hi|is from 8«a gmerally arrive carhest in (iucbec { Is ihc ire Letuixt (Quebec and I'ointe Levy usually firm { During llie winter of what years did the ice take as firmly as in l8l(> { Wiiat name has the first < xpansc of the St. Lawrence f)btaincd from its j^reiit number of islands 1 What causes the ** Bi;; Pitch" At what expense was Hit; Cornwall canal constructed { In what year was it opened '{ What arc the length and average uid'Jiuf Lake St. Francis i Lakes. — \\ liieh is the largest I Mention the number of rircru llowing into it and it^ outlets, llou' dots Lake Temiscouata dis- charge its wat(;rii { Describe Lakes Memplirema.'^ng and C'humplaio. ilow high is Like Temiseanung above the Sea { Islands. — What is tlie number of the Magdalen Islands 1 De- scribe Anlicosti. ^'ention two clusters on the North Miorc. De- scribe the light-house on Green Island. What have you to remark about the Brandy Tots ? \Vhich iyiand comes next in size to Or- leans { Describe it. To whom doe.-* it belong; '{ Describe Crane ■ and Little Cioose Island, liy wliat name are they now generally called 1 On which island is the Quaranlino Lslablislnnent t In what year was thire a dreadful mortality of emigrants by ship-ferer t Describe the Isle of Orleans. What was it originally called 1 Dur- ing the last war how many telegraphs rxtendcd between Quebec and Green I.sland 1 Where is the second of the chain placed I How far and for what purpose has this eliain of telegraphs been re-cstablisb- ed 1 Where is Isle-aux-Noix i Describe it. Wliat has been constructed at llie soutli-western extremity of the Island of Montreal ? For what purpose i Describii Isles I'crrolt and Bizare. Why so named J Describe the Isle of .Jesus { Who imposed this name *? Bays.— Describe Clialeurs and Oaspc Bays. VVhat Bay lies be- tween Pcrce^Hock and PointJ'etcrs 'J iV!cntion some principal Bays on the North Shore of the St Lawrence. l>eseribe IMissisquoi Bay. Capes. — Where is Cape Rosier or Koziere ? ^V hat cape is op- posite to the West Point cf Anticosti 1 Where is ('ape Chat ? Mountains. — What Mountains attain an elevation of 27G0 feet t Where situated 1 Describe the chain of Mountains on the north side of the St. Lawrence. What is the height of Nlounts St. Johns and Tourment rcspeetively i Which mountain is 2300 feet abore Missisquoi river 1 \Vhieh is 1800 feet above Lake Memphremagog T Mention some other remarkable Mountains in Missisquoi, Kouvillc and St. Hyacinlhe counties. Tables of Population.- Mention the 2 counties with the highest population. The 3 upwards of 10,000. I he 3 upwards of 30,000. 'J'he G upwards of 20,000. The 6 upwards of 25,000. The 7 upwards of 15,000. The 6 upwards of 10,000. The 3 i I ': 38 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. '!| ' i counties with the lowest population. State the population respec- tively of the 2 citiesj 5 towns, and 8 villnges. Administration OF Justice. — Mention the number of Judges presiding in Queen's Bench and at the Superior and Circuit courts m Montreal and Quebec respectively. Those in Gasp^ and Three Rivera Districts. At what places are there supplementary Judges '! Where does a >'*heriff reside i County Registration. — Which counties have each 2 Regis- trars 1 How many Registrar? altogether '? Parliamentary Representation. — When was the last Rep- resentation Act assented to ? I'ill this shall take effect, by ho^r many members is Lower Canada now represented? Kzplain how, the number of 42 M.P.P. is made up. i II t i V i •«.'*. *' . !>; i> GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 39 mlation respec- PART II. e each 2 Regii- WESTERN OR UPPER CANADA.* We may regard this Province as diyided into 3 great sections, the Eastern, Central and Western ; the first containing the triangular territory between the St. Law- rence and the Ottawa ; the second, having nearly a square form, extending from Lake Ontario on the south to Lake Nipissing on the north, and stretching from the latter lake to the Ottawa eastward, and to Georgian Bay westward ; the third comprising an irregular triangular peninsula enclosed nearly by Lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, and Huron, and the channels by which these are connected. These 3 sections are divided into 20 Districts, comprising: 32 Counties. These latter are farther subdivided into Townships, which are generally laid out in square blocks, varying from 20,000 to 90,000 acres. When a place has attained to a population of 10,000, it ranks as a city. * As it is consonant to nature that p.upils in Gengraphy should iu the first place be well familiarized with the churacteristic pecuhari- ties of their native or adopted country, physically and otherwise, the author of this treatise trusts that ihc educators of our Canadiai* youth, female as well as male, will see to it that the Geography of Canada is not suffered to hold a subordinate position in any general course of instruction to which their ailcntiotj may he directed. Judging that any text-book on the G(;oj>;raphy of the Upper Provincf would be incomplete without tiie Townships, he has hfcn iT>diicet* to include these within brackets [J. as he wouJkl HBCoftmAend to teachers not to prescribe them in a first coinsc. *i h^y rnn Hp ad- Tantageously overtaken in a necond counc and in future rpvifps. - -|n this manner they can be readily referred to, ag necessity may requiri; )r desire of information suggest. - - ., ; .4,1 ir^' ^ 40 GEOGRAPHT OF CANADA. I I ■I V ' '!! i:.. !<■ The Eastern Section contains 5 Districts, — Eastern and Johnstown on the St. Lawrence ; Ottawa, Dalhousie and Batburst on the Ottawa. It is well watered by several important tributaries of these rivers. The Petite Nation, rising near Johnstown only about 5 miles from the St. Lawrence, crosses the territory in a direction nearly due north-east and joins the Ottawa below Plantagenet. The Rideau, Mississippi and Madawaska, flowing from the Central Division, traverse the north-western portion and fall into the Ottawa. The Gananoque falls into the St. Lawrence near Lansdown. ^ The Eastern District, extending about 60 miles along the St. Lawrence with a breadth of about 30, contains the 3 Counties of Glengarry, Stormont and Dundas. These have a double range of townships, — 6 [Lancaster and Charlottenburg ; Cornwall andOsnabruck ; Williamsburg and Matilda,] fronting the Kiver, and 6 [Lochiel and Kenyon ; Roxburgh and Finch ; Winches- ter and Mountain,] in the rear respectively. Between the cos. of Glengarry andStonr>opt there runs from the River to the rear a considerable reserve, of some miles' width ,^ belonging to the St. Regis Indians. Glengarry Co, stretches along a large part of Lake St. Francis, and takes its name from having been chiefly settled by Scot- tish Highlanders. Alexandria, Martintown and Williams- town are inland villages. At Lancaster on the River, 66 miles from Montreal, may be noticed a large pile of stones, commonly called the Cairn, which these High- landers erected in honour of Colonel Carmichael for his '^■\!'n GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 41 important services during the insurrection of 1837-8. The Gaelic language is still generally spoken in this Co., as ill others of this District ; and one diet of Divine AVer* linp on Sabbath is usually observed in the same language. Stormont Co. contains Cornwall at the foot of the Cornwall Canal. It is the District-town, and was formerly called " Pointe Maline," or Cursed Point, from the difficulty which the habitans experienced in ascending this portion of the river with their bateaiix. On the canal are tlie villages of MillerocheS; Moulinette and Dickinson's Landing. Dundas Co. is well watered by the Petite Nation, which serves for boat conveyance in summer and as a road in winter. On its banks thriving settlements have been formed. Mariatown and Morris- burg are villages on the Williamsburgh Canal. The Johnstown District is not so lon^ as th« Eastern, but stretches further into the interior. It forms a square of about 50 miles in every direction. It is divided into a triple range of townships, the most inland being considerably distant from the St. Lawrence. The Rideau Canal amply compensates for this drawback, as it traverses the district from east to west. It contains the 2 Cos. of Grenville and Leeds. Gre?iville Co. has 5 townships, 2 [Edwardsburgh and Augusta] on the River, which are ]^acked by 3 [South Gower, Oxford and Wolford] in the rear. It contains Prescott, which, before the opening of the Rideau Canal, was a place of considerable trade. It is called after a LieuteDant- Goveraor of that name, and was rendered lomewhsr \li II i V ? % :.^ ! I 4t GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. Miemorable during the late insurrection. A steam-ferry- boat plies 'lience to the thriving American town of Ogdensburgh, which lies directly opposite. Lreds Co. has in front 4< townships [Elizabeth Town, Yongc, Lans- down and Leeds], and 3 in the second and third lines re- speclively [Kitley, Bastard and S. Crosby ; S. Elmsley, S. Burgess and N. Crosby]. It contains Brockville, named from the gallant Brock, who fell in the battle of Queenston. It is a handsome and thriving town, most of the houses and public buildings being constructed of limestone, on a bed of which the town is built. It is the District- town. The lakes of Gananoque, presenting some beauti- ful scenery, cover a large portion of Lansdown and Leeds townships. . . The Ottawa District has the Ottawa and the Eastern District for its boundaries. It contains a mixed population from England, Scotland, and the U. S., with French Canadians. The soil is inferior and covered with extensive swamps. Hence the settlers are much more engaged \\\ [getting out lumber for the Quebec market than in improving; ihe soil. It is divided into 2 cos., Prescott and llussel. Prescott Co. contains on the River 5 town- ships [Ha-wkesbury E. and W., Longueil,Alfred and Plan- 1agen«it. which is sometimes subdivided into N. and S.], and 1 [Caledonia] in rear [of Longueil]. Hawkesbury E. lias a large establishment containing grist, oat-meal and saw-mills, whilst m Hawkesbury W. is perhaps the most extensive establishment for sawing lumber in C. W. It furnishes employment to above 200 hands. Both GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. steam-ferry- n town of Lrech Co, onsfc, Lans- lircl lines re- S. Elmsley, Brockville, the battle of i,most of the of limestone, he District- some beauti- nsdown and wa and the ains a mixed U. S., with overed with much more market than )s., Prescott ver 5 town- d and Plan- andS.],and kesbury E. at-meal and ps the most C. W. It »ds. Both Caledonia and Plantagenet are famed for their mineral waters, which are in great request not only in this Prov- ince, but are exported in large quantities. At Caledonia village are 4< Springs, called the Saline^ Sulphur, Gas, and Intermittent, The excellent hotel accommodations and the various sources of amusement and recreation have long rendered Caledonia a favourite resort of invalids and pleasure-seekers during summer. L'Orignal,the District- town, is in Longueil. Russell Co, contains in front - townships [Clarence and Cumberland], and 2 in rejp [Cambridge and Kussell]. The occupants are cUlt^I confined to the banks of the Ptiver. « The Bathurst and Dalhousie Districts till 1816 were an uncultivated appendage to Johnston District. At that time a body of North British settlers, chieiiy from Scottish regiments disbanded at the close of the last war, occupied a range behind, which they called Lanark. A number of very respectable individuals, including the Highland chieftain McNab along with several followers, induced by the romantic nature of the remaining portion, settled there, especially along the banks of the expanses of the Ottawa, called Lakes Chaudi^re and Chats. The Dalhousie District, wliich correspond? to Carleton Co., contains 5 townships [Gloucester, Nepeau, March, Tarbolton and Fitzroy] following the irregular windings of the River, and 5 [Osgoode, N. Gower, Marlborough, Goulburn and Huntly] in rear. The Fvideau Canal has tended greatly to the improvement of the town- ships of Gloucester and Osgoode. The princij-ul town- » r-^-. u GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. i i ! :i r< it ship, Ncpean, includes the point at which the Ridean Canal and river connect with the Ottawa. The large body of men employed on this vast work, the market which they required, and the number of individuals remain- mg after the completion of the work, shortly produced a thickly peopled settlement. Hence arose the important town of ]3ytown, which in 1831 contained about 150 wooden houses. Of late years it has been greatly im- proved by the erection of several handsome st07te build- ings. It was named in honour of Colonel By, the able engineer of the Canal. The large house, which he occupied for several years, was burnt to the ground in 184*8. It is known as Upper and Lower Bvtown. The land on which the former is erected, together with a por- tion of that composing the latter, was purchased for J£S0 about a quarter of a century ago, and is now computed to be worth upwards of JG50,000. The towns are connect- ed by a substantial single-arched bridge, called the ' Sappers and Miners,' thrown over the Ilideau Canal. Here 8 handsome locks have been constructed in order to overcome the fall of 34' feet in the Rideau. The Bar- racks, occupying a situation between the towns, are garri- soned by a company of Riiles. From the Barrack-Hill is commanded a magnificent view, seldom surpassed in Canada. The Lower Town is chiefly inhabited by Irish and French Canadians, the latter amounting to about a ;br 1, It is the District-town, and contains a population of nearly 10,000, so that it may soon rank as a city. About a mile from the Lower Town is New Edinburgh, GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. 4$ the property of the Hon. Thomas McKay, whose hand- some mansion of Rideau Hall ranks with the finest pri- vate residences in the Province. This village containa tarding, deal and ilour-mills, with a cloth-factory and other works, all on an extensive scale. About a mile above Upper Bytown the Ottawa is spanned by a band- some bridge, called the Union Suspension Bridge from its uniting U. and L. Canada. From it is a delightful view of the magnificent Chaudiere Falls with the rapids above. Tt cost JB 17,133. Bytown is distant 120 miles from Montreal, with which it will soon be con- nected by railroad. A railway from Bytown to Prescott is in progress. The timber trade has its chief seat on the Ottawa and its numerous tributaries. Some idea of its magnitude may be formed from the following figures : — In 1852 there weie despatched 25,415,669 cubic feet of squared timber, 758,517 pieces standard deals, 4^,884 staves, 332 masts, and 22,764- pieces planks. The whole timber of the Province exported in 1852 «a3 estimated as being equal to 61,265,667 cubic feet. The Bathurst District comprises the Cos. of Lan- ark and Tlenfrew. Lanark Co,, has the advantage of be- ing traversed in the eastern portion by the Mississippi, in whose course occur several falls, which are rendered available for milling purposes. It is settled chiefly by Caledonian immigrants, and comprises in four ranges 14 townships [Montague, N. Elmsley, N. Burgoss, imme- diately in rear of Johnstowrj District j Beck with, Druin- roond, Bathiirst, and S. Sherbrooke ; Ftamsay, i^anark, , 4 ■ \l If I t \ % H Zjt^^l 1 1 Ml ii 46 GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. Daihousie and N. Sherbrooke ; Pakenham, Darling and Levant.] Perth, tlie County-town, is situated in Drummond Township on the River Tay, and is 7 miles distant from the Rideau Canal. By means of 5 locks, capable of admitting barges carrymg from 80 to 90 tons, this length of the 't ay has been rendered naviga- ble. Renfrew Co., which is watered in tbe^south by the Madawaska river, contains in 3 ranges 13 townships [Macnab, Horton, Ross, Westmeath and Pembroke, fronting the Ottawa ; Bagot, Admaston, Bromley and Staf- ford ; Blithiield, Brougham, Grattan and Wilberforce.] The village of Arnprior is situated at the mouth of the Madawaska. Kinnell Lodge, once the residence of the McNab, is romantically situated. Before leaving the Eastern Section we may notice briefly the llideau Canal. It was constructed by the Imperial Government chiefly for military purposes with the view of transporting supplies and stores from the Lower to the Upper Province by an interior line unex- posed to attack from an enemy. It forms a communica- tion betwixt Bytown and Kingston, a distance of 142 miles. The level being 283 feet up from the Ottawa and 154 down to Lake Ontario, 47 locks were required, cost- ing J66000 each. Its completion cost the vast sum of J6803,774, net including a considerable sum for accidents and repairs. The Canal is lormed through the bed of the Rideau, with a few deviations on accoun^f obstructions, through the Great Rideau Lake an.(]L?"^'«d Lake into the bed of the Calaraqui River, to Kingston; iJut little ai ! , Darling i situated , and is 7 means of from 80 to ed naviga- )uth by the townships Pembroke, y and Staf- ilberforce.] Duth of the nee of the GEOGRAPHT OV CANADA. 47 ■t, the land along the Canal is under cultivation, as much of it is poor and rocky. Thousands of acres of cultivable land have been flooded by the damming of the rivers for the formation of the Canal^ and immense quantities of valuable timber have been consequently destroyed. Not- withstanding the deserted miserable appearance presented in several parts by vast numbers of trees still standing dead amid water there are a few picturesque and even romantic scenes, such as Jones's Falls and Kingston Mills. &c. At the (liliurent stations the stranger is delighted with the extreme neatness manifested m keeping the grounds around, and with the civility and punctuality of the lockmon. Before the opening of the St. Lawrence Canals the (raific along this route was very great.the mer- chandize, intended for the country beyond Kingston, being transported and the major part of passengers from Mon- treal ascending by this line at great expense. 'J'he Rideau receives the name tVoni the resemblance to a curtain which the beautiful fall of about 30 feet at its mouth pre- sents. The Central Section contams the 7 Districts called the Midland, Victoria, Prince Edward, Newcastle, Col- borne, Home and Simcoe. It is watered by several rivers, 5uch as the Moira, Otanabee, Trent. The two last are connected with a series of nearly a dozen lakes, commen- cing with Rice Lake and ending with the large one named Simcoe. These inland waters afford great accommoda- tion to the settlers. The Midland DiSTRrrr extends from the boundary line of Johnstown Co., whicli strikes III 1r }! I I i i f m {is ^ id GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. ( ^ ■, J about the middle of the Lake of the Thousand Islands, to the extremity of the Bay of (^uintc. and is about 80 railes in length. The ranges of townships reach about 50 miles into the interior, beyond which there stretches towards the Ottawa a much larger extent as yet unsettled. The District is divided into 3 cos., Frontenac, Addington and Lennox. Frontaiac Co. contains in front 2 townships, [Pittsburgh and Kingston.] Ofl' these lie two islands, called Howe and Grand or VA^olfe Isle, each of which forms a township. The ii ont range is backed by 1 1 townships thus, [.Storrington, Loughb(^ugh and Port- land ; Bedford and Hinchinbrook ; Oso, Olden and Kennebec ; Palmerston, Clarendon and Barrie]. It con- tains Kingston, the original capital of U. C. It is built on the site of the old Fort Cataraqui, subsequently called Fort Frontenac in honour of the Count dc Frontenac, one of the French Viceroys. Its advantngcous position at the outlet of Lake Ontario into the St. Lawrence, and at the southern extremity of the llideau Canal, has raised it to considerable commercial importance. The streets are regularly arranged at right angles, and the houses are chiefly built of stone, of which there is pn abundant sup- ply. The principal building is the Market-house, so called although only a portion of it is occupied as such. In the front are several public offices, and above are the Town-hall and a large commodious room. A very exten- sive riew is commanded from the gallery surrounding the interior of the dome. This edifice cost je25,000. The Hospital, supported partly by government and partly by ? GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 49 Toluntary contributions, the Hotel Dm\, attended by Sit- ters of Charity, nnd the II. C. Cathedral, with the Col- lege, called Rogiopolis, are conspicuous structtires. Tlie Presbyterians in connection with the Church of Scotland have a Collegiate Institution, called (Queen's College and University of KinEj-^ton. Kingston is a District-town, and has been recently put into a state of complete defence by the erection of large substinti:il martillo towers. Tliere are sevt.i'al spacious warehouses on tiie wharves, and the toftnage of st<^')!rcrs and schooners owned here is considerably upwards cf 7,000. It is distant 200 miles from Montreal. j\bcitlinlfa mile to the east is a low pem'nsula ending in Point Frederick, which with the other parallel one, terminating m Point Henry, encloses Navy Bay, the depot for tlie maritime armament formed during the late war. • On an eminence of the peninsula is Fort Henry, commanding the entrance to the Lake. Point Frederick is connected with the town by a wooden bridge, 600 yards in length, across the Cataraqui Bay. It is solidly constructed. Near it are the Marine Bar- raeks. A mile to the west lies the Provincial Peni- tentiary, a large stone building, surrounded by a high and most substantial wall with towers at the cornen. The arrangements are so complete that escape seems un- der any circumstances impracticable. The cells are so ar- ranged that each keeper has a great number of prisonen, apart from each other, completely under hi'- eve in bit round, and can at all times ascertain, withont bein^ per- ceived, what is going on. Blacksmiths, carpenters, ^o«- .1 'i.t ii % •II ; I \l ^■/' i:i 'i'P !-li' ' t h. ! I 31'' i^i* \ m GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. makers, ^lor«. ^f-i are busily employed in different workshops. '^I'lif sil«nt. system is |iursued except in nece?»sary intcrcomimmicution at work. Perseverance in good behaviour en(itlt;8 in remarkable cases to a discharge some years before the expiration of the term of conlino- ment. It seems that there are not a few instances of con- victs becoming inmates for the second time, and but shortly after receiving their liberty. Near the I'enitentiary are baths and mineral springs,wl)ich have been much frequented. In tVie neighbourhood is an extell^ive saleratus factory. Addington Co., whicli lies contiguous on the west to Frontenac Co., stretches just as far inland, and con- tains 5 townships receding from the Lake thus, [Ernes- town, Camden Kast, lSh»;nield, Kaladar and Anglesea.j Off Bniestown lies the township of Andierst Island, so called after Lord Amherst, one of the generals in command of the British forces in 1760, when Canada was transferred to Britain. It was originally granted to Sir John Johnson for military services. The primipal part is owned by the Earl of Mountcashel, whoso tenuiils are in very comfortable circumstances. Lennox Co., which is of small extent, contains 3 towiiships.[Fredencksburgh, Adolphustown and Richmond.] The first and second are in front and are indented by two deep bays on the west. Their soil is good, and they derive great advantage from their situation along the exterior winding coast of the Buy of Quinte. The third, whose soil in th" rear is inferior, is compensated by bavine theNapanee River passing through it. The ^ icTORiA District, embracing the large Co. . k><»09mm'i*^^»i/tJt'$mf'' J*^**;i^ ' *-—-... ^ OBOc:nArHv of Canada. bl n different except in v«'rance in a discharge of conl'ino- ice» of con- , but shortly ttntiary are I frequented, tus factory, the west to d, and con- lus, [Ernes- iglesea.] Off ind, so called iiDand of the lansferred to Johnson for by tlie Earl comfortable all extent, [liustown and int and are heir soil is |eir situation of Quinte. jompensated lit. large Co. of //a.si:i - .if. :'^ f r It Separated from the counties of Hastings and Lennox by the windings of the Bay of Quinte lies the large peninsula composing the District or Co. of Prince Edward. It was originally settled by U. E. Loyalists, is fer- tile a!id^w<»W settled, and contains 6 townships, [Marys- burgh, Athol, HaflftweH', Sophiasburgh, Ilillier, and Ameliasburgh.] The shores are dotted by several neat Tillages, amongst vvlucb may be noticed Bloomfield and Consccon on the south and Dcmorestville on the north. Picton, the County-town, lies towards the east end. On the top of a hill in this peninsula is a remarkable lake, wbo'^i^ depth has not as yet been fathomed. Being on a Icvol with Lake Erie, which is only 60 or 70 feet deep, it is said to be connected with it by some mysterious sub- terranean communicntion. The Newcastle District, commencing at the western extremity of the Bay of Quint6, extends aboxit 60 miles westward along Lake Ontario to the Home District, con- tains 2 COS., Northumberland and Durham, and is backed by the District of Colborne. Nmthumberlnnd Co. has in front 4 townships [Murray, Cramahe, Haldimand and Hamilton,] and in rear 4 [Seymour, Percy, Alnwick and S. Monaghan.] The Trent issuing from Rice Lake, separating the Co. from that of Peterborough, and traversing the township of Seymour, discharges itself after a course of about 100 mili^s into Qnintc Bay at Trent Port. Betwixt this and the town of Cobourg in Hamilton township are situ- ated at nenrly equal distances the villages of Murray ,Brigh- toa,Colborne and Grafton. Cobourg is the District-town, I J GEOGRAPHr OP CANADA. 53 Md has a flourisliing appearinc^ ir • factory employing .tbo^t OoT . '' " " '"«" ''<'"'• Cone,e, roandL 4^he W r„T?''''"'" ''^ "'*-^' •ectarian in it, character 7 I ^°''^""'"<'^' »>"t «"- ""1 tuition fees: It hafrec !. 7" ^™"'' '°''*'"'""«''» <^IOOp"pilMhe nl^o i ;S rr™''^'' ^/ "P-r.!» ed to confer degrees in Its af. s" "' "' " ""'*""'- near Rice Lake is a seT. ! . .'"""''■ ^' '^ '""''It -"mbering about 300 "' °^ "^'"'^'^""^^ ^"J™., " ""ui ouu. Previous f n i »)'r jl gans, wandering on the shor« "V Z**^'^ they were pa- ter their convfrsirtoc, ; '■ ''^"'''^"""^■- ''^ i"to the Methodist Church a^!d r<',T '"'^ ""' '""'"'"^ fe- miles from Bellevme H "" '^''"P^ ^^'»'"'' « .'» their present .oeaii:!' ;„f;::;: ^^^ "'^y ~' -S-n agriculture and industry S' "' """"S^*'- -' P^^e, Clarke and 1,;; ^ ;," '::;''• "' " !Cavan,Manve,^andCartm,.ht1 r „ ''" '•'S'ng villages of Port IT at " "^ *=""-" are (he "ear Port Sond li , ,T' "^"''""^'"o. Newca.lfe 'iagton. The! vJ. """""""viH" ne.u Tort Dar- an^Kport/e ;t:f;!:,-X-"r ^""W-cd with n,i„, «d flour aL ot^,e p od "'' ''""'""'' '^'^''^ '™''" Lake in Cartwrii t" '" ^'''""'''""'- '^-Seugog ^ '00 rndia^r ' *""""''"--~"-'t)ementof al^ou' The COLBORNE DlSTnrr-n « •' "^ '^ r;.r I f ' r: '1 ! 'I II 1*1 .S4 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. ('ounly and separated by Rice Lake and the Trent from Northumberland County. It contains 19 townships in 4 ranges [Asphodel, Otanabee and N. Monaghan ; Belmont, Dummer, Douro, Smith, Ennis Gore or Ennismore, Emily, Ops and Mariposa ; Methuen, Burleigh, Harvey, Veru- 1am, Fenelon and Eldon ; Somerville and Bexley]. The first range occupies the space betwixt Northumberland and Durham Cos. The second and third ranges are greatly intersected by lakes. In Monaghan is the Co.- town of Peterborough, which, situated on the right bank of the Otanabee, is rapidly rising in importance. It has exten- sive mills, and the settlers, collecting the productions of the country in the rear, transmit them to Cobourg by Rice Lake, on which steam-vessels regularly ply. Where the Otanabee flows into the Lake is a small Indian settlement, numbering about L^)0. On Chemang or»Mud Lake is another settlement of Christian Indians, amounting to nearly the same numb.^i* and supported by the New En- gland Company. The Home District, which stretches from the New- castle District westward to the river Credit, towards the termination of Lake Ontario, and extends northwards along the southern and eastern shores of Lake Simcoe, com- prises York Co., which is divided into 4 Ridings for electoral purposes. It was greatly improved by a well macadamized road running in a straight line from Toronto to Holland Landing at the southern extremity of Lake Simcoe. This road, called Yonge Street, is upwards of 30 miles in length. The land on both sides is settled vV i GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 56 to a considerable depth. It is exceedingly fertile, and yields abundant crops oi wheat. In many parts there arc extensive orchards. A rail-road has been recently built, considerably superseding the Street. The East Ridmg contains 4 townships [Whitby, Pickering and Scarborough in front; Markham in rear of the last]. Oshawa and Whitby are flourishing vilbges near the Lake. About 4 miles from Newmarket is the village of Hope, inhabited by a sect pro- fessing peculiar tenets, who hold their property almost in common. They are called the Children of Peace. The North RicUfiiL contains 1 1 townships [Fveach, IJxbridge and Whitchurch, in rear of the East Riding ; Brock, Scott and Gwillimbury Kast ; Thorah, Georgina and Gwillimbury North on Lake Simcoe ; ?.Iara, Pwama, stretching iinniedlately northwards in rear of Thorah.] The South, Riding contains 4 townships in 3 ranges [York and Etobicoke in front; Vaughan ; King]. It contains Toronto, the most populous city in the Upper Province. The site was selected by Governor Simcoe in 1793; when only two Indian families resided in it. It was at first called York, but was afterwards altered to the sonorous Indian name of Toronto or " the Place of Meetmg." It continued to be the capital of U. C. from 1797 to 1841, when Lord Sydenham removed the seat of Government to Kingston. Of late years the city has been vastly improved by the erection of many handsome buildings notwithstanding its labouring under the disadvan- tage of possessing no stone quarries. Among the princi- pal public buildings may be enumerated the Banks, the \ ■ % HI ■ i s A i'r u GEOGKArHT OF CANADA. Anglican and Catholic cathedrals with several churches, the Court-house, the new City Hall, the old Market-house, the Lyceum, the Normal Scliool (perhaps the finest struc- ture in Canada), Osgoode Hall, containing the courts of Justice, Bishop's College, Upper Canada College, &c. King's College, if completed in the costly style which the finished portion presents as a specimen, will he a splendid edifice. Its extensive grounds are tastefully laid out. Tl>e Jail stands at the east end of the city, and the Lunatic Asy- lum at some distance hcyond the west end. The Free Church Presbyterians and the United Presbyterians have «ach a Theological Seminary and Academy, and the Con- p'egationalists an Academy. The tonnage of steam-boats owned is upwards of 4000 tons. The yearly value of the exports is estimated at Je200,000. The West Riding rsontains 5 townships [Toronto in front ; Chinguacousy ; C^ledon ; with Toronto Gore and Albion, filling up the wedge betwixt the South and West Ridings]. In the neighbourhood of Port Credit, which lies at the mouth of the river Credit in Toronto township, is an Indian reserve, belonging to the Mississagua Indii'ns. It extends for one mile on each side of the river. Their village was built by Government in 18*25. They have a Methodist chapel find a school attached, besides a warehouse at the Port. It is gratifying to mention that these Indians possess £1350 of the stock of the company that built the harbour at an expense of ;£2500. ,i The extensive Simcoe District, corresponding to Simcoe co., stretches from the Home District to the GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. It churches, ket-housc> lest struc- courts of liege, tVc. which the a sjilentlid lout. Tl>e inatic Asy- The Free I erians have icl the Con- stcam-hoats value of the ed Riding inguacousy ; illing up the s]. In the le mouth of ian reserve, nils for one was huilt dist chapel the Port. ns possess :he harbour )onding to lict to the southern shores of Georgian Bay, inchuling the territory lying betwixt the same, the Severn lliver, and LakcSim- coe. This peninsular territory is connected with the con- tinental portion of the District by the isthmus extending from KempenfcKlt Bay, on the west shore of Lake Simcoe^ to Nottawasaga Bay, the southern portion of Georgian Bay. The continental portion comprises 15 townships [4', Gwillimbury West, Tecumsoth,Adjala, Mono, border- ing upon the West Riding of York co. ; 4, directly in rear of these, Tnnisfd, Essa, Tosorontio, Mulmur ; 2 lying between the last mentioned two and Nottawasaga Bay, Sunnidale, Nottawasaga ; 2, westward from these, Ospry, Artemisia ; 2, m rear of these, Collingwood, Euphra- sia ; 1, occupying the northwestern angle, St. Vin- cent.] The 9 townships in the east are well watered by the Nottawasaga River, which falls into the head of the bay of that name. The straight road, called Murontario from connecting the two Lakes, passes through the 3 town- 8*^ 03 of Mono, Mulmur, and Nottawasaga. The peninsu- lar portion comprises 8 townships [3, watered by Lake Simcoe, Orillia, Oro, Vespra ; 2, in rear of the last two, Medonte, Flos; 3, lying northwards, Malchadash, Tay Tiny.] Barrie, the District-town, lies at the head of Kempenfeldt Bay, Orillia village at tlie northern extremity of Lake Simcoe, and Penetanguishene village near th« mouth of the Severn. The Western Section comprises the large number of 8 Districts, — Gore, Niagara, Talbot, London, Western, Huron, Wellington and Brock. These districts bclude 12 'l ■ n ;i t?ii ■; f 'v in M 58 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. Counties. Its surface is remarkably level, containing scar- cely an elevation deserving the name of a hill except the ridge running in a circuitous line from Toronto to Niagara. Even the heights of this ridge seldom exceed 100 and never 350 feet. Its interior is traversed by several fine river*, naviirnble for schooners and steamers for several miles, and for barges and boats towards their sources. In the east the Chippewa or Welland crosses the central por- tion of country betwixt Lakes Ontario and Erie and dis- charges itself into the Niagara River at Chippewa. The Grand River or Ouse after a much longer and very serpen- tine course south-east reaches Lake Erie at Port Maitland. The principal river, the Thames, after a south-westerly course of about 150 miles discharges itself into the south- eastern corner of Lake St. Clair. Nearly parallel to this on the north Hows Big Bear Creek or Sydenham River, having a course of about 100 miles and falling mto the north-eastern corner of Lnke St. Clair. The favourable nature of the climate and soil in the extreme west of this Section attracted at a very early period the attention of European settlers. Accordingly the French, when form- ing stations for the fur trade, established along the fertile banks of the Detroit several seigniories similar to those on the St. Lawrence in Lower Canada. At the close of the great American contest grants of land in the eastern parts of the Section wore accepted by numbers of disbanded troops or banished loyalists, who had become acquainted with these parts in the course of their military operations. And in 1802 Colonel Talbot, who had formed the plan of .\f\\ GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 59^ a settlement on the most central part of tlie northern coast of Lake Erie, obtained from Government a grant of 100,000 acres on condition of locating a settler upon every 200. This condition he successfully fulfilled. Although this Section is situated between the 4«2nd and "^Sth par- allels, and a climate similar to that of the south of France might be expected, nevertheless from a peculiarity in the American Continent it is subjected to several months of frost and snow. Its winter, however, is considerably shorter and milder and its summer longer than in any other part of Upper Canada. The Gore District is divided into 2 counties, Hal- ton and Wentworth. Burlington Bay, which forms the western extremity of Lake Ontario, and is connected there- with by a narrow channel, separates the counties. The Bay comprises two expanses, of which the eastern is much the larger. Ualtan Co.. occupying the northern and western portion, and traversed by 16 and 12 mile Creeks, contains 9 townships [4, fronting the north .shore of the Lake, Tra- falgar, Nelson, Flamborough E. and W ; 3, lying west from the last, Beverly, N. and S. Dumfries ; 2, in the rear, Es- quesing, Nassagaweya]. There is in Flamborough an ex- tensive swamp, called " Coote's Paradise" from the delight experienced by a keen sportsman of that name in shooting the numerous wildfowl frequenting it. The llouiishing vil- lage of Oakville and that of Bronte are situated respectively at the outlets of the creeks just mentioned. The rising manufacturing town of Dundas stands at the western end of the Desjardins Canal, 5 miles in length, by meaas oi ,: I i 1 . \ m I i ^\i 60 GEOGRAPHY OF CAiNADA. which it communicates with the western expanse of the Bay. The Canal is so named after a Frenchman who eommenced the work. In Dumfries township are the flourishing towns of Gait and Paris, hoth situated on th« Grand River. The latter was so n imed from the adjoin- ing quarries of gypsum or plaster of Paris, and possesses advantages which promise to raise it to importance. Went' worth Co. comprises 8 townships [2 bounding respectively with Flamborough and Dumfries townships, Ancaster, Brantford ; 2 successively in rear of Brantford, Onondaga, Tuscarora ; 2 facing the Lake, Barton, Saltfleet; 2 in their rear, Glanford, Binbrook]. Barton is traversed by the Burlington Heights, from the ridges of which ther« is a fine prospect of the Lake, and contains the city of Hamilton, which seems destined to become second to no city in U. C. It was laid out in 1813 by a person of that name. An ample supply of freestone and limestone behind the city affords the means of erecting handsome buildings, of which the inhabitants now generally avail themselves. In the neighbourhood, overhanging the Bay, is Dundurn, the handsome mansion of Sir Allan McNab, M.P.P., and lately Speaker of the II( use of Assembly. Lying chiefly eastward from the Gore District is the Niagara District, forming a peninsula enclosed on the north by Lake Ontario,on the east by the Niagara Channel, and on the south by Lake Erie. The important facilities afforded for navigation by the Chippewa or Welland river and the Grand River have been greatly improved by the Welland Canal, which connects Lakes Erie and Ontario ise of the hman who p are the ted on th« the adjoin- d possesses ce. Went- espectively Ancaster, , Onondaga, fleet; 2 in 3 traversed which there the city of ^cond to no person of d limestone handsome ?rally avail ng the Bay, m McNab, ssembly. Itrict is the sed on the a Channel, [nt facilities Hand river ved by the id Ontario GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. (SI at Ports (Jolburncand Dalliousie respectively .This Canal alio connects the Grand llivcr and Chippewa or Welland atDunnvillc and Merrittsville respectively. This District, containing the 3 counties of Lincoln, Welland and ilaKli- niand, las been chiefly settled by American loyalists. From tlio mildness of the climate fruits, particularly apples and peaches, obtain to higher perfection than in any other part of Canada. Grapes are (successfully cultivated. Lbico/n. Co. contains 7 townships, 5 of them stretching along Lake Ontario [Grimsby, Clinton, Louth, Grantham and Niagara], and 2 inland [Caistor and (lainsborough, lying south from the first]. The lakeboard is traversed by several creeks, receiving their names from their distance from the mouth of the Niagara, such as 10, 20, 30, 40 Mile Creek. The principal towns ore Niagara ami St. Catharine's. Niagara, which lies at the north-eastern corner of the County where the Niagara falls into the Lake, was formerly called Newark, and was settled by Colonel Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor of the Province. For some years it was the capital, and had a consi^lerable trade before the op. ning of the A\'elland Canal. The Harbour and Dock Company, usually employing loO hands,and in very busy times upwards of double that number, ba\ e turned oul; numerous first-class steam-boats for the Lakes, such ns the Peerless, Clilcf Jiafyicc Robinson, Prijiccss Victoria^ Admind, 8cc. «&:c. On the American shore, immediately opposite, stands the strong fort called Fort Niagara. Ju the neighbourhood is Fort Mississagua, where are stationed a company of Pvifles and a few Artiller^uien ; and at Forf; t I. ( \ I ■. ■\ n 1.1 H' ' 'i'l • ■i : i n \ 1 il 1 ■f i I .« W/f' 62 GEOGRAPHT OF CANADA. ii ■'. -) I : i ■ ' I' George, now in ruins, rested for 12 years the remains ot the gallant General Brock until their remoyal to the rest- ing-place under the monument to his memory near Queens- ton, about 7 miles southward. This village formerly did a cousiderabl« business as a principal depot for merchandize intended for the West, shipping between 40 and 50 thousands of bushels of wheat in a season. On the heights above the village Brock fell in October, 1812, while re- pelling an invading army of Americans. The result of the attack was the capture of the entire force, including General Scott, recently Commander-in-chief of the American array in Mexico, and then a colonel of artillery. In April, 1841, the monument was blown-up by a disaf- fected American, named Lett, who met with some meed of his deserts in the State prison at Auburn, N. Y. It is now being rebuilt on a more magnificent scale. On the opposite shore is the village of Lewiston, where the Buf- falo rail-road terminates. St* Catharine's from its favour- able situation on the Canal has become a flourishing town. It occupies a site on the highest ground between the Lakes. Wclland Co. contains 8 townships, 3 north of the Welland Pv-ivcr [Pelham, Thorold, Stamford] ; 3 on Lake Erie [Wainfleet, Humberstone, Bertie] ; 2 interme- diate [Crowland, Willoughby]. In Stamford township are the so justly celebrated Niagara Falls, in the thriving village of Thorold, 7 miles west from the Falls, is the only cotton factory in C. W. It is 4 miles south from St. Catharine's, and like it commands a magnificent view of the surrounding country, being upwards of 300 feet above ¥ GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. 6.S Lake Ontario. In the large village of Chippewa, occu- pying both banks at the mouth of that river, have been built many vessels for the Upper Lakes. At the south- cast corner of the County is Fort Erie, noted as the scene of several severe engagements during the last American war. A little northward is Waterloo or Fort Erie Eapids, whence a steam ferry-boat crosses regularly to Blackrock, an American village about 2 miles from Buflalo. Ilaklimand Co. is traversed by the Grand River, on whose left bank are seen the rising villages ot Caledonia, York, Indiana, Cayuga and Dunnville. fi contains 9 townships, t on the lake-board [Sherbrooke, Dunn, Kainham, VValpole] ; 5 in the rear [Moulton,Can- boro, Cayuga, Seneca, Oneida.] The Talbot District, consisting of the County oi Norfolk, and lying westward from Haldimaud county, is watered by Big Creek and many excellent mill-streams. A few miles south-west from the mouth of Big Creek is the western extremity of an island stretching eastward nearly 20 miles, or half-way across the Lake. Heing formerly a peninsula, it received the name of Long Pcint or North Foreland. The breach between the island and mainland is called One Fatltom Cluuincl. At the eastern extremity is a light-house. Norfolk Co. contains 7 townships, 4< fronting the Lake [Woodhouse, Charlottt- ville, Walsingham, Houghton] ; 3 interior [Townsenii, Windham, Midd!eton]. Simcoe is the District-town. On the Lake are the villages of Port Dover at the mouth of the Lynn, on whose harbour, light-house and bridge ! pi i I: Hh •if '■, 1 !?fl I ' ( !■ i I' 111 , I Gii GEOGPAPIIY OF CANADA. upwards of £9000 have been expended, and Norniandalf witli a blast furnace for smelting the iron ore found in the neighbourhood. . The London District, consisting of the extensive County of Middlesex, skirts a large bend of Lake Krit' ;\nd recedes northwards to the Huron ]Jistrict, which it formerly included. It is watered by the hnportant river Thames, which tlows south-west, and many creeks falling into the Lake. It contains much excellent land, and ex- ports large quantities of wheat and other grain with sawed lumber. Some parts have been settled about 50 years. St. Thomas on K •mandalt ttJ in thfc exteusivt: [ike Krit" which it tant river ks falling \, and ex- rain with about 50 he oldest M'uldle- ships in ^ hide, Yar- interior, ic, Ekfml Adelaide, ,s]. That icans and t-town, iss .y with the served by urt-house, £10,000. apable of been twice 150 build- buildings* handsome brick ones, three and four stories hi{;h, are now erected. At Delawaro a handsouie }>ndgr, f)00 UivX in length, has been constructed across the Thames. It is considered the finest work of tho kind in Canada. On Lake Erie are Port Burwell, J3evonport, Tort Stanley, Port Talbot, and New Ciasgow. The Western District, as the name implies, is the most south-westerly in the Province. It is wtdl watered by navigable rivers, the valleys of which, contain large portions of excellent arable land, well adapted for raising wheat. For about 7 miles below Ciiatham the soil is noted for the superior quality of the peas produced. The peninsula between Lakes Erie and St. Clair is well fitted for the cultivtition of Indian-corn or m;iiz.'. Several settlers, attracted by the green pastures and the ease with which the land could be brought into cultivation, by very incautiously locating themselves on prairies in the neigh- bourhood of extensive marshes caught ague and fevers, as might have been expected, and by removing to other parts of the country deterred other settlers from venturing thither. Within these few years, however, the new roads have effectually drained many of these marshes. Other- wise such marshy lands, although very useful for grazing cattle, are quite unsuitable for conifortabie human habita- tions. With these exceptions the District possesses some of the finest land and the most temperate climate in the Province, seldom suffering from late or early frosts ; so that orchard fruits are usually very plentiful and remark- ably cheap. It comprizes the 2 Cos. of Kent and Essex. I m m f' r<^ fri CyG GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. ■ -1 ? « . ' J Kent Co, contains 20 townships ; 6 on the lakeboard [Orford, Howard, Harwich, Ilalcigh, E. Tilbury and Romney] ; 2 on Lake St. Clair [E. and W. Dover] ; 3 on llic Kiver St. Clair [Sombra, Moore and Sarnia] ; 2 on ]jake Huron [Plympton and J3osanquet] ; 7 intermediate j Camden, Chatham ; Zone, DaWn ; Brooke, Enniskillen ; Harwich]. In Harwich township is Rond'eau Harbour., a natural basin of about GOOO acres in extent, and with a depth of upwards of 10 feet, enclosed by a capeland, :ipj ropriately called " Landguard," or Pointe aux Pins. This haven has been rendered highly serviceable as a shipping-place, as Government has cut a channel through the sand-bank, run out piers and made other improvements, ^.'hatham, the County-town, has of late years been progress- ing rapidly, property having greatly increased in value. It contains barracks, at present unoccupied. Port Sarnia, laid out in 1833, is increasing rapidly. It is situated near the entrance to Lake Huron, opposite the American vil- lage of Port Huron. Several steamboats stop regularly here in passing between the Lakes. On the banks of Point Edward, a little above the village, there is an ex- •:ellent fishery, whence upwards of 1000 barrels are generally exported annually. Essex Co, contains 9 townships ; 4 on Lake Erie [Mersea, Gosfield, Colches- ter and Anderdon] ; 4 on Lake St. Clair [W. Til- bury, Rochester, Maidstone and Sandwich] ; 1 on the Detroit [Maiden]. Many of the occupants here hold their lands under old French grants, and are still in almost every particular .essentially French, keeping up GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. ^ ikeboard lury and r] ; 3 on .] ; 2 on rmediate tiskillen ; arbouF; a d with a :apeland, ux Pins, ble as a through vements. progress- ilue. It : Sarnia, ited near rican vil- regularly banks of is an ex- rels are ntains 9 Colches- W, Til- on the ire hold still in ping up many customs adverse to improvement. Consequently on a landowner's death the property is divided among his chddren, and on the decease of each of these children it is again subdivided, so that in the parts peopled by French Canadians scarcely a good-sized farm can bo found. The farms are besides indifferently managed. On The south-eastern extremity of the county the small peninsula of Pointc Pel6e or South Foreland stretches several miles into the Lake. About 7 miles oft' is an island, on the north-east point of which is a light-house. Ou the Detroit River, which passes the townships of Sand- wich, Andcrdon and Maiden, are several thriving villages. In the first township are Windsor, situated about 7 miles below Lake St. Clair, and opposite to Detroit in Michigan State, and Sandwich, the District-town, lying 2 miles below. Windsor was laid out in 1831, and possesses barracks, generally occupied by a company of Rifles. Sandwich, one of the oldest settlements in Canada, b neatly laid out, and with its fine old orchards and well kept flower-gardens has very much the appearance of an English country-town. Colonel Prince, lately member for the county, has a highly improved farm in the vicinity. In Maiden township, 16 miles below Sandwich, is the garri- son-town of Amherstburg, commenced in 1798. Several handsome houses are built in delightful situations below the town, where the Detroit emerges into Lake Erie, on banks studded with sweet-briar bushes of a remarkable fragrance. The population amounts to 2000, one fifth being coloured people. About half a mile above is Forf. {)S GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. -, - : ' Maiden, capable of accoininodating a regiment, and geucrally occupied by a party of Rifles. About a mile below is a cbalybuate spring resembling tbe Cbeltenbain naiers in England. 'Tbe Huron District, consisting of the County of Huion, lies between the London District and Lake Huron. Before 1842 it formed a part of the London District. It is watered by the rivers Maitland and Aux-Sables, both '»f which fall into the Lake. At the mouth of the former is Goderich, the District-town. These, as well as the Tliaiues and other rivers, take their rise in what is called ihe Great Sicamj^, which encroaches on the northern townships of Eliice, Logan and McKillop. This district IS almost exclusively settled by emigrants from the Old Country. Ilurov Co. contains no fewer than 21 town- ships in the shape of a regular triangle with 2 townships forming the apex and 7 resting on the Lake as the base. [The 2 at the apex are N. and S. Easthope, backed by the 5 ranges, Downie with its Gore, EUice ; Fullarton, Logan ; Blanshard, Hibbert, McKillop ; Biddulph, Us- i>orne, Tuckersmith, Hallett, Wawanosh ; McGillivray, 8tei)hen, Hay, Stanley, Goderich, Colborne, Ashfield.] All these townships with tha exception of Ashfield and Wawanosh are the property of the Canada Company, and wei-e formed out of the Huron Tract, which the Company purclnsed from the Crown in 1827. In that year Mr. Gait, the Secretary, laid out Goderich. The greater part being built on a rising ground more thon 10(3 ieet above the Lake, the town is dry and healthy : but the GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 6!D ;nt, and it a mile jltenliaiii )unty of I Huron, ict. It es, both 3 former [ as the s called northern 5 district the Old II town- )wnships he base, eked by tdlarton, )h, Us- illivray, ihfield.] ield and ompany, ich the In that h. The .on 100 but the weather is occasionally wintry, even in the middle of sum- mer, in consequence of the situation being exposed to north and north-west winds from the Lake. The har- bour, which cost jB 16,000, is the only one between Port Sarnia and the Saugeen Islands, which lie about 80 miles to the north. From its remote situation, and from its inaccessibility by land in the absence of good roads, it has not progressed as many places of the sam« age, its population not exceeding 1500. The Wellington District consisting of the County of Waterloo, extends north-eastward from the eastern ex- tremity of the Huron District to Owen Sound in the GeoD^ian Bay of Lake Huron. In the southern portion it is watered by the Grand Pviver and some of its branches, guch as the Nith, Speed. Waterloo Co. contains the large number of 27 townships in 8 ranges. [The south- ern-most range, which contains some of the best farms in the Province, comprizes the 4> townships of Puslinch, Guelph in its rear, Waterloo, Wilmot. The other town- ships range, thus ; 6, Erin, Eramosa, Nichol, Woolwich, Wellesley, Mornington ; 3, Garrafraxa, Peel, Mary- borough ; 4, Amaranth, Luther, Arthur, Minto ; 4t lying immediately in rear of the foregoing, Melancthon, Proton, Egremont, Normanby ; the other 6 successively in pairs in rear of the 2 last mentioned, Glenelg, Bentinck ; Hol- land, Sullivan ; Sydenham, Derby]. Waterloo township has been settled by Pennsylvanian Dutch, while the others have been settled almost exclusively by English, Irish, and Scotch. The District-town is Guelph. It stands on the d2 ,; * i n GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. f H m Speed on a dry and healthy situation, chosen by the late Secretary of the Canada Company, Mr. Gait, in 1828. Jn Waterloo township are the villages of Berlin, Preston and Waterloo, peopled by Germans. In Nichol town- ship are the villages of Elora and Fergus. The ' Falls' of the Grand River at Elora are considered very beauti- ful, and are much visited. [The 6 ranges last mentioned have been very slightly settled.] From Fergus a road has been constructed through them to Sydenham village at the head of Owen Sound. The Brock District is the only one in the Western Section of the Province which is altogether inland, being enclosed by the districts of Gore, Talbot, Middlesex, Huron and Wellington. It consists of the Coimty of Oxford, and comprizes 12 townships m 3 somewhat irregular ranges, 2 in the south [Norwich, Dereham] ; 5 intermediate [Oakland,Burford, W., E. and N. Oxford] ; 5 to the north [Blenheim, Blandford, W. and E. Zorra, Nissouri]. Woodstock, the District-town, is pleasantly situated near the Thames in the south-western ccfDoer of Blandford township, forming ore street a mile long, and containing a population of upwards of 2000. In the neighbourhood are many farms beautifully situated. Among the villages may be ment-.jned BeaChville, Ingersofl, and Springfield. Embro in W. Zorra is inhabited principally by Highland Scotch. Otterville on the Otter iii Kor- wich is a Quaker settlement. n a- 2 n a 5 o S e c 3. a era • HEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. 71 the late in 1828. , Preston lol town- le ' Falls' y beauti- nentioned L road has ige at the Western nd, being Middlesex, mmty of somewhat sham] ; 5 Oxford] ; Zorra, leasautlj Ictfcner of long, and In tlJB . Among rsol), and rincipally in Nor- to n a" § o M a 5 o 3 e e 3. 9 firq < CJt I w p S" 3 3 p 3 c • -I s ^1 I ^ K) 1 ^ 1 w p cr *^ o n o 3 o 5, ^ w !«• 5 ^ ^ 3 re o^ v» 3 a w 3" P >•• o s n.' «ii4 o ? ^ p s> » £. M 5' S 5 era 5 < e p era »^ 3 T i- • >• o c W "^ © p »*• r* P" w 3 "" p » era % o o — i* P ^ o 04 ^ § 3 ^ ^« « cr p"* tC2. 3 Cdji S" p 2 3 3 1^ I O •i « re I- re p" a T^i- W -I §.^ re o> a* e w re -1 . re* oyl Ocpo 2 5 3 S o sj ? - fi- era ,re \» g O 3 2, WW .^ t^ 0ri c/i^cra • 3 rr i ^ ^ ^^ t re XT O C re' 5 • W SS ►> Is 3- P re jt * t N 6 CB re p 3 p* 3 era re > "Z ro re's* cd' p CD «-» P C/5 . I i So 2 c; 3 re p ^ p 5 S 5" ^ Oo S&l 111 O- »^3 p >•• Cr *••,_. C ^S'cra If. I ^ k^ S< 6 -y <• 0.3 1 3 2" 'S* o c 3 C xn % re ■^ 5." re >-• W ff X D as r^ 09 (o o ^ 3 ^ a " * f5 o s^ 2 "-» ** w « I O s 1 I i'i U^'li 72 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 1^ I ^2! n e 3 n W I I i I i* i IV; 2 o- s o< - s — s "1 o s n 3 P n ^1 I i « S § g S S- s (8 o p ' O p f^ J, a* o p ni^ ^ « S*H-t ^ = B^S «"• Wi:*- 1 o* S' - » 5:p5! w o a O) PT 3 (8 v» ^* P CO o O T O = fp 3 r c B O O 3 f O o o (0 p GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 73 o s § H o era o art o 9 «-► a s o s- I s: H n ► M O H O o o 3 —A^ e: 52! o ff* 2- i ffl ^ r. P rt s S =: « >-• fa O ^ a: O CO i- 5^ J? S? a ST o* c I -t -OT. , 5* era in _. O r 3 GO rt- O 3x 3 go ^' J* e* era CO -^ oi _ C- O'rfj 3 O Cb (D M w- 3" • Ocra p = " 2 o 5.5- D- P P 5» Pcra p 20 S-S: 3 SrS' ?. h 3 CO 30 r*- S" s-^ 11 , \ ^ ^ ^' F *-«! tn « P "I o •-I p P 3 c o -1 o c era. 3 era Ssm >»• W p O 3 SL Sa re re W re re 5? p *< "^era ^4 GEOGRAPHT OF CANADA. m f f s o S £ 9 8 t9 ? 8 2. S. 3 - = ?" o o o s o CL a- = o o s; w o 00 n a s « I b *J ri r\ n o o n o S ISB a % ► > o < hs O & e 3 9 0) S3 ?• *-g ji 2 o < M, w 3^9 =, o» Q, ,_ ~(W ^ 9" 9* = •«4 O' o 1 » 3 g j> k«t M M ^ 2. » a' 9 § g 5 ?« 9 2 r* ST"* o S^ Hi*** O p» p^ 9 ^l« ?J "< 2 p cu I w "p 9 O a. 2.C 3 o If I' p' G re re te — 9 CThlj ?-"! P fB o k« S 3 C5 K* S-: %•• w re \^ GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. 75 A.-. b 7^ S- = :S 2 - 3 2. » o — ^ ■g - o S. i f. if w p WD • 2- ^ •sw4 — 5 PI The new Representation Act having come into opera- tion, each of the Provinces is represented by 65 members in the House of Assembly. For the purposes of this Act TJpperCanada has been thus divided. The new co. of Bruoe has been united to Huron in order to form an electoral division, while the union of Addington and Lennox forras one. Each of the following 17 counties in the foregoing Tabular View forms an electoral division ; viz, Glengarry, Stormont, Dundas, Prescott, Russell, Carleton, Renfrew, Frontenac, Pjrince Edward, Peterborough, Halton, Lin- coln, Welland, Haldimand, Norfolk, Kent, Essex : while each of the 5 following cos., not enumerated in the Tabular View, forms an electoral division, viz.. Grey, Lambton. Peel, Perth, Victoria. The following 9 cos. in the Tab- ular View have been respectively divided into 2 ridings, each riding forming an electoral division, viz., Lanark S. and N., Hastings S. and N., Northumberland E. and W. Durham E. and W., Simcoe S. and N., Wentworth S. and N., Middlesex E. and W., Waterloo N. and S., Ox- ford N. and S. The following 4 cos., not enumerated in the Tabular View, have been in like manner divided for electoral purposes, viz., Brant E. and W., Elgin E. and W., Ontario S. and N., Wellington S. and N. : York co. is divided into 3 ridings, E., W« and N. : GrenviHe and Leeds are divided into 3 ridings thus, Grenville S., Leeds S., Grenville and Leeds N. n> 76 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. SUMMARY OF ELECTORAL DIVISIONS. 2 for 4 COS. united. 22 for separate cos. 26 for 13 do. divided into 2 ridings each. 3 for York co. 3 for Grenville and Leeds cos. 2 for Toronto city. 2 for Hamilton and Kingston cities. 5 for Brockville, Bytown, Cornwall, London and Niag- ara towns. • 65 Electoral divisions. Comparative Table of the Population of the Counties, Cities and Towns of Upper Canada according to the cen- sus of 1851. Counties. 1. York 79,719 13. Simcoe. . . * . . .27,165 2. Wentworth....42,619 3. Middlesex 39,899 4. Oxford 32,638 S.Hastings 31,977 6. Carleton 31,397 7. Northumber- 14. Wellington. . . .26,796 15. Waterloo 26,537 16. Brant 25,426 17. Elgin 25,418 18. Peel 24,816 19. Lincoln 23,868 land 31,229 20. Norfolk 21,281 8. Frontenac .... 30,735 21. Grenville 20,707 9. Durham 30,732 22. Welland 20,141 10. Ontario 30,576 23. Huron a. . 19,198 11. Leeds 30,280 24. Prince Edw.rd. 18,887 12. Lanark 27,317 25. Haldimand 18,788 GKOGRAnUY OF PANADA. 77 2G. •27. ■2S. i!). ;m. n. id Niag- ;-i2. :i3. 34. Counties, 1 the cen- 1. **• . .27,165 3. 4. . .26,796 5. . .26,537 (). ..25,426 7. ..25,418 8. ..24,816 9. . . 23,868 10. ..21,281 11. . .20,707 12. ..20,141 13. .. 19,198 14. ■d. 18,887 15. ...18,788 1(). (ilengarry. . . . 17,.")})(j Kent 17,409 Essex V),H\1 Perth 15,54.5 17. Counties. — Coni'nmv.il.. llalton 18,322 35. (Irey r:l,2l7 30. N'irtoria 11,057 37. La 111!) ton 10,815 SS.lVescott 10,487 3!). rvenfiew 9,415 rcturboro 15,237 10. Lennox 7,955 AtUlingtou 15,105 41 . Jvussell 2,S70 Stormont 14,643 42. lliuco 2,837 Dundas 13,811 Cities, Towns, tj-c. Toronto 30,775 18. CLatliam 2,070 Bytown 7,760 19. Perth 1,910 Hamilton 14,112 20. Paris 1,890 Kingston 11,585 21. Amherstburg . . . 1,880 London 7,035 22. Guelph 1,860 Belleville 4,569 23. Cornwall 1,640 St. Catharines. . .4,368 24. Siinooe 1,569 Brantford 3,877 2.5. Picton 1,4.52 Cobourg 3,871 20. Goderich 1,329 Dundas 3,517 27. St. Thomas 1,274 Niagara .3,340 28. Chippewa 1,193 Brockville 3,240 29. Ingersoll. . . 1,190 Port Hope 2,476 .30. Preston 1,180 Gait 2,248 31. Oshawa 1,142 Peterboro 2,191 82. Thorold 1,091 Prescott 2,156 33. Barrie 1,007 Woodstock 2,112 > 1 1 »i I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 125 ULM2i US "^ m 122 [2.2 •f ^ ■■■ [^ 1^ 12.0 u IJ& lllliii^ iJ4 Uii ^ 6" ► ^ ^ /: ^>' ■^ '/ J Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRliT WiftSTIR.N.Y. HSm (716)I72-4S03 '^ ^ /■ t« GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. LAKES. Ontario, the most easterly of the Lakes, and the safest for navigation, is about 200 miles long hy about 60 in its greatest brcadtli. It is 231< f<'ct above the Atlantic : and is so deep that in many places it exceeds 100 fathoms. ]^sides receiving the waters of the Upper Lakes from the Niagara River about 45 miles from its western extremitv it is augmented on the Canadian side by the waters of the Napanee, Salmon, Moira, Trent and other rivers and creeks, whiist the Black, Oswego and Genesee Hi vers with various creeks contribute their abundant waters from the State of New York on the southern shore, on which are situated the ports of Sackett's Harbour, Oswego and Carthage about a mile from the rapidly rising city of Ro- chester. It lias 2 remarkable bays, Burlington Bay at the western extremity, and the Bay of Quinte, which is an ex- pansion of the Ptiver Trent, at the mouth of which it commences. The former is nearly triangular, having the base towards the Lake, and is about 6 miles long and ^^ in its greatest width. By means of a canal, formed through a low sandy ridge nearly separating it from the Lake, ves- sels are enabled to reach Hamilton ; and access has been opened up as far as Dundas by means of the Desjardins Canal constructed through the marsh five miles westward of the Bay. The Bay of Quinte is very irregularly shap- ed, lying betwixt the mainland on the north, and the peninsula of Prince Edward and Amherst Island. Besides the large peninsula of Prince Edward, whose shores a notice tl the villaj closing The forn ter by th railed Gi Lakes, ai dangeroui broad at in depth i ing the w Kiver, it by the di numerous &c. TI States of the much land and bolder chs seldom ex ity betwix northern s las of Lo Pins, whic note a di Ontario h herst, Gar €rn extre GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 79 e safest t 60 in tlanlic : athoms. rom tic itremity rs of the 'ers and Pvivers Brs from in which 'ego and 7 of Ro- ly at the is an ex- iirhich it ving the ig and 4 through ike, ves- has been esjardins eestward rly shap- and the Island. 1, whose shores are indented by numerous bays, the pupil should notice tlie two narrow peninsulas stretching opposite to the village of Brighton and the city of Toronto, and en- closing bajs which aflord excellent shelter for vessels. The former goes by the name o( Prrsqi{*ls/c and the lat- ter by that of the Peitin.vda, the extremity of which is called Gibraltar Point. — Erie, the most southerly of the Lakes, and on account of its extreme shallowness the most dangerous for navigation, is nearly 260 miles long and 6.^ broad at the centre. It is .'365 feet above the Ocean, and in depth seldom amounts to more than 250 I'cct. Receiv- ing the waters of the Upper Lakes through the Detroit River, it is augmented on the Canadian or northern shore by the discharge of the Grand or Ouse Eiver and of numerous creeks, such as Little Otter, Big Otjter, Kettle, &c. The American shore is distributed betwixt the States of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and contains the much frequented ports of Buflalo, Dunkirk, Erie, Cleve- land and Sandusky. The Canadian shore presents a bolder character than the American, although the banks seldom exceed 100 feet. The pupil should note a similar- ity betwixt this Lake and Lake Ontario, inasmuch as the northern shore contains i\\e two long and narrow peninsu- las of Long Point or North Foreland and Pointe aux Pins, which has been already descrihed. lie should also note a dissimilarity betwixt the Lakes, inasmuch as Ontario has several considerable islands, such as Am- herst, Garden, Grand or Wolfe, scattered over the east- ern extremity, whereas Erie has its nesfcrn extremity 1 5 i ! r" 11 li if I i Li! ' \ 80 GEOCUAPHY OF CANADA. (dotted wiili several islands, of wliich one only, Isle Pel6e, is inhabited. 'J'liis isle lies about niiJway betwixt the i;eninsula enclcsin,: tSanduskv Day and Pointe Pelce which is remarkable as the soulhernmost point of the main- land of Canada, lying a few minutes south from the 42^ of N. lat., ond nearly corresponding v.ith the city of Chicago on tlie southwestern angle of Lake Michigan, the bound-ary-lirie between the Statcfj of New York and Pennsjlvaiiia, and Cape Cod in Massachusetts. — Lake St. Claiu, receiving the waters of the Upper Lakes through the River St. Clair, and nearly equidistant from Lakes Erie and Huron, is an expanse of nearly a square form of about 25 miles. Fiom the eastern or Canadiai! shore the rivers Thames and Sydenham contrib- ute a large body of water. The opposite shore belongs to the State of Michigan. The upper portion of the Luke contains several large islands formed by the branches into which the St. Clair divides itself. All to the west of Walpole Island beb ng to the Americans. It is worthy of notice that there took place in 1827 a great rise of the Lake, by which much of the lowlaAd was laid under water, and many fine orchards were destroyed. The land is be- coming dry again by the gradual subsidence, but the d image to the fruit-trees is irreparable. — Lake Huron, the second in size of the Canadian Lakes, besides receiv- ing the waters of Lakes Superioi* and Michigan, receives a vast accession from numberless rivers and streams from the eastern shore, among which may be mentioned, as leading afiluents, the French River from Lake Nipissing, the Seve Beaver, t Maitland, named fr The soutl Michigan its widest Lake Err southern f the princi cnught in for shelte jection of Here undi be seen v^ rising for south-east yards of g the water ed the Ge for about of Colpoy, tanguishen thousands the north i Great Ma dians with Great Spii 25 miles GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 8i the Severn from Lake Siincoo, ihn >,ottawasci3;a, the Beaver, the North lliver aiix Sables, the Saugcen, the Maitland, the liayheld, and tliu llivei aux .Sables, so named from the sandy plains through which it passes. The southwestern shore beionsfs to the Amerit^an J'^tate of Michigan. It is about 250 miles in length and 220 at its widest part, and is 578 feet above the Ocean. Like Lake Erie, it is rather subject to sudden storms, and the southern portion is unfortunately deficient in good harbours, the principal ones being Goderich and Saugeen. Vessels, cnught in a storm not too far to the nortli, generally run for shelter to the Bay in the St. Clair formed by the pro- jection of Point Edward, a little above Port Sarnia. Here under such circumstances a (]'»/in of vessels may be seen weatherbound. Its waters have I.ioen gindually rising for the last few years, so that many •) .its along the south-east shore, where there v/ere previ iu>ly several yards of gravelly beach between the base of the clitVand the water's edge, are now submerged. A large wing, call- ed the Georgian Bay, extends in a soulheastcily direction for about 100 miles, including within its bounds the bays of Colpoy, Owen Sound, Nottawasaga, Glostcr andl'ene- tanguishene. The Georgian Bay is studded with several thousands of islands, chielly along the indented shores. In the north of the Lake lies a v'ery large island, called the Great Manitoulin or Sacred Isle, being viewed by the In- dians with peculiar awe as the abode of the Manitoio or Great Jr^pirit. It is about 100 miles long aiid from 4 to 25 miles wide, and has several small islands scattered V '.' i: i ■ 82 CEOGRAPHr OP CANADA. n\ around, but is itself the only one inhabited. The south- ern extremity of the Lake goes by the name of Gratiot's Bay. Among the principal headlands may be noticed Point Edward, Kettle Point or C. Ipperwash, C. Hurd, Cabot's Head. — Lake Superior, whose name implies that it is the largest of our Canadian Lakes, is in truth the most extensive body of fresh water in the World, It is bounded on the south chiefly by xMichigan State and on the south-west and west by Illinois and Minnesota States. Its form is an irregular crescent, and its.kiigth has been estimated at upwards of 400 miles. Its surface is 625 feet above the level of the Ocean, whilst its shores afford indi- cation of its having once been 4-0 or 50 feet higher. It is remarkable that the most capacious lake on the face of the Globe receives its ample supply from the waters which more than 200 rivers and streams of very inconsiderable course contribute from the surrounding mountains. The most considerable of these is the St. Louis, which has a course of about 200 miles. Its waters are remarkably transparent, so that rocks even at extraordinary depths are rendered distinctly visible. This transparency seem?* to be caused by the mud and sand having time to subside. On the south side are immense cliffs rising 300 feet, and stretching along the coast for 12 miles, which have been called the Pictured Rocks in consequence of the variety of appearances which they present to the passing voyageurs. On the same shore there are two remarkable objects, the Cascade of La Portaille and the Doric Arch. The former consists of a considerable stream precipitated from a height ( a distance and the n away by t that the s is interse which the consists oj porting a; which gro 60 feet hi, near the s St. Mar J hoped tha Lake, whi iially prove Huron it i and NiPis Gouo-ichin Huron, ab that its sui southern e Toronto. in the wi( which Coo miles long tiful one, c and from 2 !ty of this GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 83? a height of 70 feet by a single leap into the Lake to such a distance that a boat can pass perfectly dry beneath the fall and the rock. The sandstone of the rock has been worn away by the ceaseless action of the water to such a degree that the superincumbent mass rests upon huge arches, and is intersected in every direction by caverns, through which the wind rushes with an awful sound. The latter consists of an isolated mass of sandstone with pillars sup- porting an entablature of stone, covered with earth, on which grow^ a grove of pine and spruce-trees, some being 60 feet high. The surplus waters of the Lake, issuing near the south-western extremity, are transmitted through .St. Mary's channel to Lake Huron. Tt is confidently hoped that the vast copper-mines on the shores of the Lake, which have been wrought for some years, will event- ually prove highly remunerative. — In connection with Lake Huron it is proper to notice Lakes Simcoe, Gougichin and NiPissfNG. The first discharges itself through Lake Gougichin and the Severn into the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, above which it is said to be about 170 feet ; so that its surface will be 764< feet above the Atlantic. Its southern extremity commences about 35 miles north from Toronto. It is nearly 35 miles in length, and about 18 m the widest part. It is much indented with bays, of which Cook's Bay, occupying the southern extremity, is 8 miles long and from 2^ to 4 miles wide ; while the beau- tiful one, called Kempenfeldt Bay, is about 10 miles long and from 2 to 3 miles wide. On the north-western extrem- \ty of this bay is situated Barrie, the District-town, and M » I M { i \ ! i !• ! m i I 'i ml # HA' GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. r 1 on its slioros nre sometimes picked up lino white corneliaiib. Very line wliitefish ami miisktlonji;c are taken in tlit Lako, which in winter is completely tVo/en over, so as to be passable with safety for sleij;hs. It is studded with many islands, only one of which, .Snake Island, is inhabited, and that by Indians. The northern extremity is connected with Lake (lougichin by a narrow channel, called the " Narrows," over which a handsome bridge has been con- structed. This small lake, whose scenery is very roman- tic, is about 12 miles in length by 3 to 5 in breadth. On its western shore is the village of Orillia, and at the north- ern extremity is that of llama, near vvluch its waters are discharged into the Severn. A commodious steamboat makes r^^gular trips thrice a week betwixt Holland Land- iuj; at tile south end of Lake Sirncoe and Orillia, starting from the former place on Monday morning, passing the night at Orillia, and thence reUirning next day along the opposite shore to Holland Landing, liy this arrangement the Lake is circumnavigated tlirice each week, and in each trip the eastern and western shores are taken alter- nately. Lake Nipissing is situated nearly 100 miles north from Penetanguishene, and discharges its waters in- to the Georgian Bay by ihd French lliver and into the Ottawa by the Southwest Branch. It has several islands, some of which are inhabited by Lidians. It is noted for its immense Hocks of wild geese. — Rice Lake, situated in Newcastle District, is chiefly formed by the waters of the Otanabee River, which connects it with a chain of Lakes in the Colborue Dislrict, such as Salmon Trout, Shebau- ticon, Che Lakes. ' their fish, maskelouo Trent, j plies daily and Peterl Otanabee. Lakes 111 Superior. . Huron. , . Krie Ontario, . These 4 miles, and nearly half The whole miles from Ontario is boundary b States run: vonnecting As tribut may refer 1 and Modal GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 85 ticon, Chemong, Pigeon, Sturgeon, Scngog and Balsam Lakes. These lakes arc noted for the superior quality of their fish, which are caught in great numbers, particularly maskelouge and bass. Uice Lake at its outlet forms the Trent. A steamboat duiing the season of navigation plies daily betwixt the landingplace on the south shore and Peterborough, which is situated about half-way up the Otanabee. nummary oi the Lukua 111 Loiiglh, Brt.idlli , circuit, Ari:i, Dtpth ill LIl- t'tct, vatloji • abovo the At- lantic. Superior. . . 420 IGO 1,750 40,000 1200 625 Huron 2r)0 220 1,000 21,700 900 57S Krie 260 G5 700 11,000 270 565 Ontario. . , . 200 (iO 4.70 7,000 ()00 234 These 4 lakes have an area of about 80,000 square miles, and contain nearly 9,000 ^ubic miles of Avater, or nearly half the fiesli water in all the lakes of the World. The whole fall of the Lakc:^ in their course of 1,300 miles from the head of Lake Superior to the foot of Lake Ontario is about 390 feet, or 3 inches in a mile. The boundary between the Canadian Territory and the United States runs through the middle of the Lakes and their connecting channels throughout their whole course, ^ RIVERS. As tributaries from the right bank of the Ottawa we may refer to the Petite Nation, Rldemi, Mississippi and Madaicaska, The first has been already noticed^' V i 86 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 1! Si hi' k .. 'S I'l li^ if;' i (i The Ridcau, issuing from Lakes Eri mile from Waterloo," 3^ miles b< Americans Near the Island, whi a party of the Americ carrying an set on fire, about I of land, wher Canadian I Horse-shoe 'V^. GfeOGRAPllY OP CANADA. 97 H' after a very tortuous course tlirough the north-oastern portion of Nortluimboiland Co. and travorsiag tlic town- «hip of Sidnoy, fiills into the liead of tlie Bay of (^iint6 at Trent- L'ort. — 'J'lio other rivers on the north sliore ( f the Lake are inconsiderable, such as tlie Rouge, Don, Hum- her, fltobicoke, Credit, which arc all [';ood mill-streams. The last takes its rise in the mountains of Calcdon and after a curving course Hows south-east to Port Credit. It was long celebrated for its salmon fishing, immense numbers bavins: been taken every sprino- during; their pas- sage up to deposit their spawn. In consequence of the great number of mills erected dut ing late years the fish- ing has been destroyed, the srdmon being unable to make their way over the dams. — The iV?Vi!5^rt;a, which connects Lakes P]rie ond Ontario, is 3-1 miles in length. About a mile from its issue from Lake Erie is the village of "Waterloo,opposi1e the American one of Blackllock. About 34 miles below commences Grand Island, bclonsino; to the Americans. It is about 9 miles by 7 at the widest part. Near the north-western extremity is situated Navy Island, which during the late insurrection was occupied by a party of rebels and American s?/mpathizers. Hence the American steamboat Caroline, which was employed in carrying ammunition and stores to this island, was cut out, set on fire, and sent over the Falls. Here the width is about I of a mile. From the lower portion of Navy Is- land, where the rapids commence, to the verge of the Canadian Fall, which from its former shape was called the Horse-shoe Fall; there is a descent of 57 feet, an.d of 52 i) ' ; m GEOGUAPllY OK CANADA. M f ii to tlic American Fall. A considcrablL' island, called ( roat or Ti !•> Tsl:\nd, divides the Fulls. Tlie Canadian one^ \vliich now more resembles two sides of a tjianalo, i» about 1900 feet across over a wall of 15S. 'I'lie Amer- ican is about 920 feet across over IGI. The Island is con- nected by a bridge with the Aniericcin side and is laid out as a jdeasurc-ground, from sevcial points of 'which there nre good viev»'s of the scenery of the Fulls, although the best is un-joubtedly that from the (Jlifton House on the C'anadian sido. A quarter of a dollar is exacted for pcj ambulating the Jt-Iand. A full front view is obtained by crossing in the small ferry-boat, uiiually rowed over by an Indian, or by sailing to within a short distance of the descending cataract amidst showers of spray and foaming waves on board the handsome steamer, the " Maid of the Mist," which makes regular trips. This is .shortly to give place to the *' Iris." The Falls are very magnificent in winter, the rocks being encrusted with icicles measuring somt'times 50 or GO feet in length. In the winter of ]8'i'5-6 sucb quantities of ice were carried over that the channel was so coujpletely blocked-up as to become palely pas'-able for foot-passengers, a path being marked out opposite the Clifton House. About 1^ miles below the Falls the river is spanned by the Suspension Bridge, the view from which down to the subjacent water is most sublime. Its span is 8U0 feet, its height from the water 230, and the depth of water 250. Three miles below the Falls is the VVliirlpool, which no boat dares approach, and in whose eddying circumvolutions dead bodies an posed or Four mil< having a : upper car riages an Great W York. 1 elevated supposed the " ria( have recci affluent of sing in A miles abov direction west near in a soutl Fergus an « Falls," a the Canast Speed fror on the left to Dunnvil the Wellai to within a from Dunn come an a^ with 3 loci !^^ .V Y GGOOnAPHT OP CANADA. w bodies and trunk;) of trees ceaselessly whirl until decom. posed or broken to pieces by the nction of the water. Four miles farther down is the new Suspension Bridge, having a span of HOO f(!ct, and consisting of 2 floors, the upper carryinfj^ the trains, and the lower for ordinary car- riages and foot-passengers. This briilgc connects tht Great Western llailway with one connecting with New York. Here the country suddenly rises into abrupt and elevated ridges, called Queenston Heights. These arc supposed to have been anciently the banks of the river and the " Place of the Falls," whence in the lapse of ages they have receded to their present locale. — Bv far the largest affluent of Lake Erie is the Grand or Ouse River. Ri- sing in Amaranth in the Wellington District about 30 miles above Fergus, it pursues in general a southwesterly direction till its junction with Smith's Creek from the west near Paris on the right bank, whence it flows in a southeasterly course to Port Maitland. BetweeB Fergus and Paris it passes Elora, forming the beautifil " Falls," a little below receives the Irvine and thereafter the Canastoga, both from the west, and after receiving the Speed from Cuelph passes Preston, Gait and Middleton on the left bank. The river is navigable for large vessels to Dunnville, 5 miles from the mouth, where the feeder of the Welland Canal enters it. Smaller vessels can ascend to within a short distance of Erantiord, which is 60 miles from Dunnville, locks having been built in order to over- come an ascent of 43 ^f^t^U There a canal, 3 miles long with 3 locks, has been constructed in order to overcomt £ fm fl I , 1' ■ U|ji Inn y Y li/?'' fP 90 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. ■■V ' an ascent of 33 feet, thus enabling vessels to reach the town. Between Brantford and the Lake the River forms a houndary-line between several townships, and passea Tuscarora, Caledonia, Seneca, York, Indiana, Cayuga and DunnviMe, all on the left bank. Several townships on its banks are among the oldest and best settled in the Upper Province. Excellent white-oak is found in great quanti- ties within a convenient distance from the river. Gypsum of excellent quality is found in large beds in the townships of Dumfries, Oneida and Cayuga, and is much used in agriculturel The other rivers are quite inconsiderabley such as Patterson's (Port Dover at the mouth), JRyersc's, Otter (Port Burwell at the mouth), Catfish (Devonport at the mouth), Kettle f Port Stanley at the mouth.) — The Detroit, yi\\\t\\ connects Lakes St. Clair and Erie, is about %% miles in length and from 1 to 2 in width. It contains several islands, and sportsmen usually find abundance of ducks in the marshes which border these. Large quanti' ties of fish are also taken, 1200. barrels of white-fish aldne being generally taken annually. — The Thames, which was formerly called La Tranche, is a principal river of the Upper Province, composed of the East and North Branches, which join at the town of London. The former rises in Easthope, dividing in its course to London several townships ; and the latter in the Great Swamp to f[\» north of the Huron District, receiving the Avon and other tributaries. The united river pursues a southwesterly course and, after forming a boundary between several ^wnships and passing Kilworth and Delaware on the left GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 91 ^ ■ fr ach the forms a passes ruga and ps on it« e Upper t quanti- Gypsum ownships used in iderabley R?jerse\ evonport I.)— The ;, is about contains dance of e quanti' Bsh al6ne which river of North le former n several p to ftie nd other westerly several the left bank and Muncey, Wardsville, Thamesrille, Louisville and Chatham on the right, where it receives McGregor's Creek, it discharges itself into the southeastern corner of Lake St. Clair. On the higher portions of the river are r'»"ierous grist and saw-mills. At and above Delaware it affords Ifine trout-fishing, and below it are taken quantities of white-fish, pike, pickerel, maskelonge, and occasionallT sturgeon, during the spring. Several hundreds of barrels of 6sh are frequently cured at Chatham and in the neigh- bourhood. A considerable trade in fine while-oak staves and black-walnut lumber has been carried on for some years. The former are floated down from the lands, where they are cut, to Chathrim, where they are collected and shipped on board schooners from Kingston and other ports. At London, Delaware and Chatham handsome bridges have been erected. About a mile from Kil worth Lord Mountcashel has a house in a beautiful situation, be- ins: erected on an eminence commandini]: a fine view of the Thames. The river is navigable for schooners and steam- boats to Louisville, which lies nearly 30 miles from the mouth. At no great expense it might be rendered navi- gable to London. The average depth to Louisville is 16 feet, and the breadth from 200 to 300 feet. The scenery on many parts is very picturesque. — The Sydenham or Bear Creek is also divided into the East and North Branches, which unite at Wallaceburgh, where each has a depth from 12 to 20 feet. The East, which is the princi- pal branch, pursues a southwesterly course to the junction, passing Katesville, Zone Mills and Dawn Mills on the left }:| 1 \ '\ i ' ' 1 92 GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. I . 1 1 i.: il :! , i I !*! bank ; and the North, rising in Warwick, pursues a course, nearly parallel, to the centre of Sombra, where it makes a bend. Tlie two branches form the " Forks" at their junction, whence the united river flows for 9 miles to the Chenal Ecart6 (the Removed or Parted Channel) or " S?!?/ Carte^'' as it is corruptly called, a branch of the St. Clair. Both branches are navigable for large vessel* some miles above the Forks, the depth ranging from 10 to 25 feet. — The St. Clair, which conveys the waters of Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair, is about 30 miles in length and fiom 1 to 1^ in width. Within the memory of persons living in the neighbourhood the river was con- nected with Lake Huron by three channels. Two of these have been gradually filled-up, and a cape has been formed, called Point Edward, below which a considerable bay with deep water affords accommodation to any num- ber of vessels in stormy weather. The banks of the upper St. Clair are high, while those of tlie lower are somewhat flat and partly inclined to be marshy. On the Canadian side several wharves have been constructed for supplying with wood passing steamboats 1 and, as the land near the river becomes cleared, this commodity rises greatly in value. Besides the flourishing village of Port Sarnia at the head of the river, opposite to the American Port Huron, it passes Froomefield or Talfourd's, as it is more commonly called from the gentleman by whom it was laid out in 1836, Corunna, and Sutherland's, so named after a gentleman from Edinburgh, by whom it was laid «ut in 1833. These 3 villages are in Moore Township. ■ > GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 93 course, lere it )rks" at miles to lannel) h of the i vessels \m 10 to aters of miles ID memory ^as con- Two of has been siderable ,ny num- s of thfO »wer are On the acted for the land ity rises of Port iraerican , as it is )m it was named (7as laid owDship. Sutherland\s is opposite to llio Amerlcnn village St. Clair or Palmer. — The principal afiluGnts of Lake Huron from the C^.nadian side ai e tlie rollowin^;. viz. : tl'.e Rivirre aux Sables, Bayfidil. Maithind, Sau^coi, Kottatra- mga, Severn and Fre77ch. The Aux Sables, different branches of wliich take their rise in Biddulpl), Usborne and I^onclon t.ownsliips, afler tlieir union j)ursue5 a south- westerly course throu,q;h Wilhams, wlien, making a sudd-en bend, it flows for several miles northwards to within less than a mile fro:n the Lahe. At tins point it makes another curve, and runs south^vard, paiallel with tlie Lake, at an average distance of half a mile for nearly 10 miles, when it enters the Lake 5 miles above Kettle Point. A ridge of sandhills obstructs its direct course to the Lake, tlius forming a sandy peninsula. — The Bu*/ field, rising in the Great Swamp, falls into the Lake 12 miles below Goderich at the villnge of Bayfield, which was laid out by the Baron de Tuylle. — The Maitland, whose principal branch flows from the Indian Territory into Colborne, where it is joined by the east braneti from the Great Swamp, thence flows west to the port of (Joderich. It has so many good mill-sites that many consider its water- power equal to that of Rochester. For great part of its •course the bed is composed of limestone rock. — Tho Satigee?i, also rising in the Indian Tenitory, after a westerly course enters the Lake, opposite to Chantry Is- land, and about 60 miles north of Goderich. There is a pretty good harbour for vesstds not drawing above S feet. — The Nottawamga, whose numerous tributaries draii) \\\^:\ J !^^ M i i 'i I n GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. Bf r. ; i' 1 i the highlands of the southern portion of Simcoe county, flows north to the head of Notlavvasag'a Bay. It is not ?navioahlu for larg:e vcssi^ls. — The Severn, although con- Toyin^^ a lar;i;e body oi wat^T from Lnkcs Goiigichin and Simcoe, i.^ not i:uvi^j:Lib]o on account of its falls and rapids. Of the fornior thi re are 7, di.slinp;ui;>hed from rach other in the order of their distance from the outlet of the Severn. The I'^ifili Fall is the hio-'icst, hjivin;r a descent of 55 feet. The river is discharged intoGlou< ester Bay. — Frencit liivcr, vvluch connects Lake Nipishing with the Georgian Bay by 3 mouths, can only be ascended in ctinoes on account of the ob.slructioii^j caused by rapids. In consequence there are 4 ])ortagcs. In some places it is a mile wi Jc, and studded with iskndij. — The affluents of Lake Superior, as already noticed, are numerous ; but, though not i ifeiior for length of course or volume of waters to many already particularized, we omit mention of them in consideration of the un.settled condition of the country lihrough which they flow. ISLANDS. In the norih-eastern extremity of Lake Ontario is situated the large island called Gravid or Wolfe Island. It is of an irregular shape, indented by numerous bays. It is well settled, having upwardts of GOOO acres under cultivation. Betwixt its western shore and the city of Kingston lies Gardc?i Idand. It contains about 30 acres, and belongs to a firm largely engaged in the rafting business. They employ a large number of vessels in bring- ing stavi ioce to t voyage t ish Dom middle o Wolfe L Cape Vir and the ( so called in 1760 original Crown gi vices. years. part, and The land wards ar Island fo! The chan are callec portion of of which missionarj in the N Goat or j western e Island, 1} miles in U acres are GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 95 ftmg ring- ing staves from the western portion of the Upper Prov- ince to the Island, where tliey are made into rafts for the voyage to Quebec. The boundary-line between the Brit- ish .Dominions and the United States cxterds along tlw middle of the South Channel of the St. Lawrence, betwixt Wolfe Island and the opposite American shore on which is- Cape Vincent, and afterwards passes between Duck Island and the Galops Islands. — Westward Was Amherst Islandt so called after Lord ^Amherst, one of the British Generals in 1760 when Canada was transferred to Britain. The original French name was the * Isle of Tanti.' The Crown granted it to Sir John Johnson for military ser- vices. The upper portion has been settled about 80 years. The Earl of jMountcashel now owns the principal part, and his tenants are in comfortable circumstances. The land is of very good quality, and 5000 acres and up- wards are under cultivation. This Island and Wolfe Island form each a township in the Midland District. The channels between the extremities and the mainland are called the ZTppcr and Lower Gaps,. — In the widest portion of the Bay of Quinte is Big Island^ to the north of which is Grape Island, where there wa^ formerly a missionary station for the Indians. — The principal islands in the Niagara river belong to the Americans, such as- (xoat or IriSf Grand and Navy Islands. — Towards the western extremity of Lake Erie are a few islands, as Veli« Island, lying about 7 miles from Point Pe!6e, and about 8 miles in length with an average width of 2. About 600- acres are under cultivation, and there is a light-house oil U V // !'•)< % GEOGRArHY OF CANADA r the north-east point. The boundary-line passes midway betwixt this island and Sandusky and Cunningham Islands to the south. Of the 3 islands called the " Sisters" 2 be- long to Canada, and one, the West, belongs to the United States. The Hast Sister is the largest, conta ling 35 acres, while the Middle Sister does not contain half the number. They are uninhabited. — In the Detroit River there lies, opposite to Amhcrstburg, the long narrow Bois Blanc Island, containing 230 acres fit for cultivation. As the name shows, it was formerly thickly wooded. During the insurrection the timber was cut down, that the forts might better command the channel on the American side. On the Island are 3 blockhouses, garrisoned by British soldiers,and on the south point is a light-house, com- mandinff a view of Lake Erie. Three miles below Sand- wich is Fighting Island, containing 1800 acres, 300 being fit for cultivation, and the remainder, which is marshy, being used for grazing. It possesses a good fishery- Near the Canadian entrance of Lake St. Clair is Peach Islandy used principally for a fishing station. — In the upper portion of Lake St. Clair are several large islands, the principal of which are Wal2)ole and St. Anne^s, All to the west of the former belong to the States. The channel separating these two Islands from the mainland is called " Chenal Ecarte," while that running betwixt them is called " Johnson's Channel." The former, about 10 miles long and from 3 to 4< wide, is a fine island, occupied by parties of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatamie Indians, the last being recent immigrants from the States. In GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. r 9^ nidway Islands '2be- XJnited ling 35 lalf the t Iliver w Bois ;ivation. tvooded. that the merican oned by ise, com- w Sand- res, 300 marshy, fishery* s Peach pe upper jinds, the All The Inland is xt them out 10 ccupied [Indians > :es. In 's. 1842 presents were distributed to 1140, all of whom were heathens. For some years little success attended the labours of a missionary of the Church of England, although 20 families had applied for religious instruction. Recently, however, a chapel and school-house with residences for a missionary and school-master have been erected, the cost being paid from funds belonging to the Indians ; and their aversion to become Christians has greatly diminished since the death of their old chief. — In the northern or Canadian portion of Lake Huron, extending from Matchedash and Nottawasaga Bays to the outlet of the River St. Mary, there are calculated to be upwards of 23,000 "islands. These lie chiefly along the deeply indented shores of the Georgian Bay or Lake Iroquois, and between the 4 Mani- toulin Islands and the opposite shore to the north. Such n vast numher of islands, exceptiiig these 'f and St. loseph Isle, present extrefioly little worthy of notice. The ManitoiUin Islands are thus distinguished from each other ; 1st Manitoulin or Druminond Island. 2nd Mani- toulin or Cockburn Island, 3rd or (irand jManitoulin Island, and 4th Manitoulin or Fitzwilliam Island. The last, which is the easternmost, and situated at the south- ■■;' eastern extremity of the Grand Manitoulin, is separated from it by Owea^s Channel. Driiw.viond Idandy the !nost westerly cf the 4, and se])arr.ted from the Michigan shore by a channel called the " Detour," and from Cock- 0fj burn hland to the east by the *' I'alse Detour," was formerly a military post of Great Britain, but was ceded ' to the I nited States in 1829. St. Joseph. Is/c lies about i \\- •;. '1 F 98 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. ' '. h jsj* ',1 li> fi 9 miles to the north of Drummond Island. Cocktmrn Island is separated from the Grand Ma9iitoulifi by the Strait of Wississauga. The boumlary-line passes through the False Detour Cliannel between Cockburn and Drum-- mond Islands, or the 2nd and l*it Manitonlins. The Grand or Great Manit^ulia is the principal island in tlie Lake, being nearly 100 miles in length and varying from 3 or 'i to 25 in v.'idtli. On the north shore it is indented by numberless bnys, doited with isles. 'J'owards the eastern extremity, where the width is greatest, two arms of the Lake run so"far into the land as to aj>proach within 3 miles of each other, thus fornnng a narrow isthmus, and nearly dividing the Island into two very disproportioned peninsulas. The inlet fiom the soutli is Manitoulin Gulf, and that from the north is Hcywood's Bay. The Island may be considered as exclusively settled by Indians ; from which circumstance it is frequently visited by Indian traders. There are two villages, Manitowawning and We- quamekong, distant about S miles. The former is about 109 miles from Penetanguishcne and 176 from Goderich. The only whites are a few attached to the Government station at Manitowawning and still fewer at Wcquame- kong. Previously to 1829 the distribution of presents to ft largf; portion of Indians, included under the term " Western Tribes," was made at Drummond Island. In 1829, the Government being desirous of ascertaining the disposition cf the Indians to embrace civilization, the dis- tribution took place on St. Joseph Island. In the early part of that y-sar Major Winnett had stated in his report CEOGRAPIIY OF CANADA. nf* ickimrn I by the through I Drum- 5. The ul in thq T from 3 in ted by ; eastern js of the within 3 iius, and portioned ilin Gulf, he Island ns ; from Indian ind We- is about loderich. vcrnment equame- -esents to he tt;rra land. In lining the the dls- the early lis report in reference to the civilization of the Ti dims that the Great Manitoulin olTtred eroater ailvantatjes for the formation of a settlement than .St. Joseph, particularly in respect to fishing, an object of no .small importance in the estimation of oM In wards of 100 miles from any mili(aiy post of tho ^^late.^, and between 60 and 10 from any putt of their territory. In 1S30 and tlio 5 following years the distribution of presents was lield at IVnetanguishene. fn this way the Western tribes were brouj»ht within the iniluence of thf- Government's efforts for their civilization. Durino* fre- quent visits to the prosperois settlements at Coldwat^r in Medonte Township, and the Narrov/s between Lakes Gougichin and Simcoe, they witnessed the advantages enjoyed by their brethren settled there, and numerous ap- plications tor a partiiipation in such benefits were conse- quently made. Mr. rSuperintendent Anderson having during his first visit in the spring of 183;") found about 80 Chippewas and Ottawas on the entire island, a scheme for forming an extensive establishment upon it, and for making it the future place of distribution, v/as matured and author- ized by iSir John Colborne. On this visit he found the Ottawas, Roman Catholics, amounting to about 4-0, settled on Wequamekong Bay. There they had ^mhivated 2 or 3 acres, and were living in temporary bark huts. In 1836 the settlement of Manitowawning was commenced, and 2697 persons attended vvhen the iirst issue of presenti was made at this post in the autumn of this year. On that fKicasion Sir F. B. Head, the Lieut. Governor, was pres- 1 ! ii 'I !■ Iii // r lijH. U M } it ir\ ^1 1:1 I'J |1' r. 1, L^ r . 100 GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. eflt. lie had formed the project of attracting, not only the wild Indians from the north of Lake Huron, but those who had settled or were wandering among the white popu- lation in various parts of Upper Canada, to the Grand Manitouiin Island. With this intention he succeeded in inducing the chiefs of the Chippewa and Ottawa nations, who were then present, to resign their exclusive rights to the occupancy of this and all the other islands. With this view he obtained also the surrender of the larger portion of the territory of the Saugeen Indians, and oflered the assistance and encouragement of the Government to other Indians whom he visited in the vvej-tern parts of the Prov- ince if they would remove to the Island. Very few, however, availed themselves of the offers, as the settlers have for the most pagt come from the shores of Lakes Huron and ^Superior or from^ the United States. In the autumn of 1838 the Superintendent Mr. Anderson, a clergyman of the Church 6f England, and a surgeon, accompanied by several artisans and labourers, took-up . their residence at iManitowawning, bemg the lirst whites who had wintered in the Island. In 181*3 the residents at this settlement amounted to 176, wliile at Wequame- kong tliey numbered 376, so that, estimating the numl;'ir elsewhere on the Island at 150 at least, the total population at that date somewhat exceeded 700. Each village con- tains a church and school-house with a residence for the missionary, and schoolmaster. Manitowawning has resi- dences for a superintendent and surgeon. The greater in- crease of the settlement at W^equamekong may be ac- GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 101 fiot only lit those te popu- 5 Grand ^eded in nations, igbts to k^'ith this portion iTiid the to other e Prov- ity few, ! settlers f Lakes In the erson, a surgeon, took-uj» whites •esidents ;quame- numl.'ir pulation ige con- tor the las resi- ater in- be ac- counted for by the earlier conversion of the Ottawas from heathenism, and their readier adoption of the habits of civilized life. The work of conversion among the Chippewasat Manitowawnini^ only commenced in 1838, when a mis.sionary of the Church of England was attached to the establishment. In ISil about IfiO had been con- verted to Christi;inity through this mission. In tlie culti- vation of the land and the acquisition of Mock the settle- ment at Wequamekong has upwards of 200 acres cleared, exceeding Manitowawning by upwards of 80, whilst the disparity of the stock is exli:l)ited by contrasting 19 with 2 horses, 58 with '24< horned cattle, IGO with 20 pigs, and 160 with 05 barn-door fowls. The j)rincipal support at both villages is now derived from farming and fl^hing. They sometimes kill hares, partridges, and even deer and bears. They manufacture considerable quantities of maple-sugar, for which they find a ready market at IV'netanguisbene, Goderich, and sometimes in the towns on the American frontier. Four schooner loads were shipped from We- quam^kong during the spring of lSt5, much of which was equal in appearance to Brazil or West India sugar. The climate of the Island is very healthy, and the cold is not unusually severe, the snow seldom lying more than 2 feet deep. The geological formation is limestone. Both the soil and climate are favourable to cultivation/ibundaat crops of all kinds of grains raised by the Indians in other parts of the Provitict; having been annually produced. Cattle tiirive well.aitJ during the winter are allowed to roam about and find tlitir own food in the bush. The La Clothe r2 ! I V itxr CrOGRAPIIV OF CATS ADA. ■ ' II ' I Ml I li Idaml forms a cltarining contias 1o t! i bN-ak hilis of the same namu on the northern slion;. Tlio pnmo i^ be- lieved (o be (lorivcd from Ihc circuinstan:;o thiU llie dark rocks, of vvhicl) this and soino of the islanils are cotnpo.^i'd, sound like d hell, "ivlien struck hard. — Williiii the scmicii- cular portion of Lake Superior, (;\!enihiig' fioni Goulais Bay attlsc .soutli-eahtcrn rxtrfiiiity (o Pigern lliver at the norlh-wcst, which forms the boundary belv.ixt Canada and the United States, an. situated nuiucrous i-slandj!, especial- ly in Batehoaaung, ^Tiehipiooton, Neepl;^o'.i, Black and Thunder Bays. The foimation of thc^;e islands and of the t.ircumjacent coa-.t is chiefly of oranite, greenstone, por phyry, and occasionally of amygdaloid and ;>ieniic. ill/ ■ diiiiicoton hlajuh lying about 30 miles northwest fro; ; lYlichipicoton. Station, one of the stations of the Nortn West Company at the month of a river of the same name, and 120 miles from Sault Ste. Marie, contains two mines. one of copper an- from 2 to 6 fathoms in depth, suTiciently large to give conimouio):.s anchorage to 200 vessels. Near the Harbour the land rises 700 feet above the Lake, while that to tb.e north of Xeepigon Bay attain.s to an elevation of 1000 feet. Fort William, another of the Hudson Bay Company's Stations, is 3 miles from ''['liunder Bay. The boundary-line in the Lake passes to tlie north of the considerable i&lund, Me Royal ^ belonging to th.^ States. .. ! i J \ Wt- V qricsTioNs. lo:? : liilis of Vi !.»« hr llie (lark i seralcir- 1 Goulais I'l- at llic inadu and , especial- M-\''\i and md of the tone, por te. ill/- west fro; ■ lie Norlii me name, wo rnincs. tlic river Irn 2 to G mmouioi:.s iLe land north of jet. Fort St'itions, line in the land, liJe BAYS, CAPES, CHANNELS, I'OiJKl/dN''. It is unnecessary again to parilfuiTiHizo tlujsi, nt tlif* principal ones have hern rdVrred to in (ii/ uotico df th'* Lakes. The Ld C'/nchc. ISTfmntahts, to the nuith-eust of the North Channel lyin^* belwtM^n the Grand Maniloulin Island and the north sliore of Lake Huron, are 1000 feet above the Sea. MrKciys Muimtiii/i near 'i'hundev liav is 1000 feet above l^akc fc'uperior, • ■ Qun.^tio/is on W(:frr?t or Upper Ccumda. Into tifiw miiny great sections iriny nc regard (his Province as divided ? Dcscriljc each nf the li i^cclioiis. lulu lun^' many Distric's and CoujiUes are tiiesc divided 1 How are (he Tou tis-liips gcutruily Iaid»out ? \\ h.'iii dn(\s a j)hicc riink as a cily ■? Name thj Districts of the Ila.stcrii Stclioii on the St. Lawrence and Ottawa respectively. Describe the principal rivers iu the beclion. What cos. does the Kjistern District contain : [Can yon nutf)e the donhlc range of townships in each co. ij >\ hut runs between Glengarry and IStoi tncnt cos. l \\ hence docs tlic fornif:r co. take jt» name '? W'U:\i is noticeable at Lancaster 'I What in rpj^ard to iIkj Gaelic language in this co. and others of the District i The District town of StormoDt co. I Wliy called formerly Pointe Muline '{ What river waters Dundas co. 1 How is the Johnstown Dis^trict divided in regard to townships'? What canal traverses tlie most inland portion i The cos. of this District 1 [The townships en the Kivcr and in the rear of GrenviUe CO.] I Alter whom is I'rescott called ( [T!i£ townshi(>8 of Leeus CO. in the 3 lines respectively '{] Describe Brockville. What lakes cover a large portion of Lansdown and Leeds townships 1 Mention the cos. of the Ottawa District. . [The townships of Prescolt CO.] Describe liavvkesbury K. What places famed for mineral waters. What are tlie springs at Caledonia 1 The District- town 1 [The tps. ill iiussel co. ij Till what year were tiie iiallmrst and Dalhousie Districts an un- cultivrtcd appendage to the Johnstown District ? JVlcntion the chief settlers at that time. To which co. docs the DalhotiMe Di«trict 1 1 t i' ■( /,■ 1 . y 104 QUESTIONS. Mir; h.f: % ♦ r* correspond 1 [The tps. in Carleton co. on the Kiver and in rear t Tell how the important town of Bytown arose. In whose honour ic it named 1 State the purchase money of the land of Upper Bytown and of a portion of ihe Lower Town, and tiie pre^etit worth of the same. Describe still further Bytown. What villagfe about a mile from ihe Lower Town contains several niills. &,c. on an exiensive scale ! \Vhy has the bridsje above the Upper Town been called the Union Suspension Bridge { The cost of the brirlgc > Name the Falls above. Uive some idea of the ni:i2;niiude of the limber trade oi the Ottawa and of the Province from the expcjits .f 1N52. Which COS. doeS^fhe ^Jathur^t District, comprise. By whom i^ Lanark co. chiefly settled t [Name llie l;'s. in the I raifgcs.] What is the co.-tywn '{ How has tlie Tay beeir rendered navigable to Perth? What river uniers the s'mth of Kenfrew co] f I'he tps. in the 3 rangi;a.] \MkiI residence is romantically situated 1 Describe at length the Kitlcau (Vina!. Name the 7 Districts cf the Teniral Section. Mention a few rivers watering tlie Seciioii. Tell tlie extent (»f the Midland District. y- Into what COS. divided '. [Name the ?(-vn4iips in front and those in * the 4 successive ranges in rear.] U nat 2 island:?^ forming each a township, lie oil" the iroul 'i Describe at length the city of Kingston ; ^' and the j)riiieipal objects in its vicinity. Wliieh co. lies contiguous tm the west to rronienac CO. '. [Nmncthe 5 tps., as they recede from the Lake.] Describe Amherst Island Dei^cribe Lennox co. Which CO- does the Victdria District embrace 'I [Name the tps. as laid-out in -1 ranges.] By what bay are the tps. in front wa.shod 1 Give the history of the settlement of .Mohau'k Indians on the Bay. What river falls into the Bay at Bcncvillc { Describe the Prince Edward District or Co. 1 [Name its 6 < townships.] Which District extends westward from the western extremity of ' the Bay of Quints 1 Name its cos. [Name the 8 tps. in order iu Northumberland oo.] Tell the rite, ))rogress and discharge of the Trent. Name some village^ bctwix' Port 'J'rent and Cooourg, Dciscribe Cobourg. Give an account of tiic progress of the Mississ saguas Indians, now settled at Alnwick near Kicf Lake. Mention a few of the villages on the coast of Durham Co. [Name the 3 tps. in each of the 2 ranges. \ On what lake is there a small Indian settlement 'i To which CO. doeq.lhe Colborne Disiriet answer 1 How separated from Northumberland CO '{ [Give the ID tps. accordmg to the 4 ranges.] Decribe Peterborough, the co -tovvn. Where are 2 Indian settTeraeiits l To what River lvcst« ards and Lake northwards does the Home Diitrict extend I NVhat co. docs it comprise 'i Name the Ridings iml in rear t ! honour icil per Bytotvn vorth of IIh! a mile from isive scale ! 1 the Unitin ic the I'alb iradf (,i \.\\^ 8y u'horii m rgcfc.] What lavigable to I [ rhc tps. i % Describe ntion a few md District. and those in iiing; each a of Kingston > contiguous they recede Lennox co. ame the ijis. 3nt washed ? on the Uay. Name its 6 Bxtrcmily of . in order iu large of the d Cooourg. the Mibsiss le. Mention Name the 3 ^rnali Indian 3w separated uig to the 4 arc 2 Indian is the Home the Ridings QUESTIOJfS. 105 into which it is divided for electoral purposes. Tell the name and length of the excellent roiid from Toronto to Lake Sinicoe. AVhat greatly supersedes the Mrcet now ? Name 2 flourishing villages of the East Hiding near the Lake. What Sect is ai Mope village ' Name the 4 tps. in this [aiding."] [Name the 11 tps. in the N. Riding.] What city does the S. Hiding contain 1 l5y whom and when was its site selected \ By what was it called at first '\ Till what year did it continue to be tlie capital of U. <'. 'I By whom and to what city was tiie Scat of (government then removed 'i Enumerate the principal public buildings, btutc the toimage of steamboats owned and the yearly value of the exports 'i [^Qme the 4 tps. in the S. Riding; and the 5 in the VV. hiding.] 'i'o which Indians does the reserve near Tort Credit belong i 'J ell their pro- gress and present condition Describe the boundaries of the Simcoe Dist. or Co. [Name the 15 tps. in the continental parlion, and the S in the penliisidar portion."! By what river are the 9 tps. in the east well watered '. Name the road connecting the 2 Lakes. Name th« Dist. -town and its situa- tion, and that of Orillia and Penefuniiiiishetic viiia'rcs. Name the 8 Districts (;f the V\'es'trn Section, liowmany ccs. do they include 1 Describe the surface and the interior. Which river crosses the central poiiion of country betwixt Lakes Ontario and Erie \ Which river discliarges ittcifal Port - aitlimd \ Name the principal river and its course and place of disch:ir^e. Which river flfj^'s nearly parallel to the north { \Mieio u\C\ the French establish seigniories simiiar t.o thos<; on the St. Lawrence in L. C. '' Where and by whom were yrairts of land accepted at the close of the American contest 1 V\hal grant, and on what condition, did ColcneJ Talbot obtain from (idveiiiiTiri.t in 18;i2 { U hat is remarkable about the climate (^f this ^'ettIan '. Name the 2 cos. of the dure Pi.it. "\\ hat bay sepnrates them 'I Name the exlensivj swamp, and the villages at, the out'ets of tfie K* and 12 IMile Creeks'. Describe the I esjardins Canal, Whence did Paris on the Grand ixiver d. rive it? name '{\ [Name the 9 tps. ui Halton CO.] What city iloes ^^ entworth co. contaiii '{ \\ hen \*its it laid out i U hat hand.'-o?r;t' -•nan.'jion is in tlie nc(ibbo\uhoo(i '. [Name the 8 tps. ni the Co. j Tell how the peniiisula cf the Niagara District ii' trrand and Chippewa Rivers I IJy whom has llie l>int. b(;en chi< fly fettled ' Mention a proof of the miMn< ss of the climate. W henc<' do tlu- creeks, traversuig the lakeboard of Limoln ( O , derive their names >. VVhat are the principal touns ; By vhom was Niagara settled > Name some of the ftrst-cl!'«:s ^tfrmboats cr>nsli\ictcd by the Har- \ V II 9 ..,^! I'll ;M ■ M ill ill i-' » ••'i-'' V rj. i;; .u 'im Qt'KSTrOXS. ^bour anil Dock Company. Ndme the fort in the neighbourhood ami ihat oil 111'; opposilc American shrire. What of t'uj remains of the ^.il! uit Brock ? W liesi ami how did ht? full { State the result of the iitMick. What of the momiment lo his nicnnTy i What of the sitn;itinii of '-t. Ca harincs "? [I iif. d )es the Talbot Hist, consist '{ What stretches near* ly half-way acr .ss Ihe i-uke i [Name the 7 tps., distmguishiiig the 1 oil tlie I.; !:<; from the 3 inlcri r J \Vhi!t is the l)ist.-to;vn i \Vhat ;s notieea'tio a(»ont I'orr. Dover and Norniamljle ' Of iv'iat cxl'^nsivo ('o. d^es thn liOnuon Oist. consist i To whi^h Dist. does it. i\ ood^ no'thw irds ! VVhieh is the oldest settled town t [Nan»i- Mm i tps., di:^t ngiji^iing the »i fronting ihe Lake from the r. th:; i in th,? third riing'-, and ihe one in the north-u-estan- p;h^.] VV'int (3 tlv; !)ist. town ? Wliere situated and when laid-outi What is n ■t'.ccalile in its past and present condition { Where has a iiand.ionii^ b'idi?;o across the I hames been eonstrueled { Nanne some ports on Lal:e F.rie t Ur'v do yon piiine the most souih-westcily Dust, in the Province / What !J noli;;eabIc in regard lo th" soil abjnt 7 miles below Chat- ham, arid in regard to iho peninsula between Lakes Frie and St. Clidr '. Whnl have you to state in regard to the extensive marshy iiinds ' Wiiat cos. d'».!s it o.iritain '{ f .Name the 21) tps. in Kent CO., d:;niiM'.uis!iiiig ihe () oil ihe lake-board from the 2 on L. St. Claif, liie. .1 ofi -/r,fex Co conUiin ' p i-tinguish the 4 on L. Erie from the 4 on ■ ..■'t ('lair a":l ! he one Oil the Detroit. I D^^^cribe the con- diuo'i of ih ! Freiicij C;;:iadian oci'n,iants. Name the peninsula stretching sevorvd miles intf; L. Frie. \!ention what is chiefly no- ticeable aliont Windsor, Sanduieh oitd Aniherstburg. What port lies about half a mile above Amherstburg i Of what Co. does tiie Huron Di.st. consist? Till what year did it for'o a part of the Loniion I ist J By what rivers Avalered 1 Where is tifxlerieh, the Dist.-town, situated { What shape does it present L'Ht'nv onny tpa. does it c ntain ? [Distinguish the 2 at ^he apexfiX^M the 7 resting on the Lake as a bare, and from those in the 5 int< except 2 Hnron 1 gard to C Mentir loo. 1 1 name the villages iible at v. Name consist I ranges,] lages in t ilow Name tyif have eju remaining Section c Name many Co they { ing i) witl Hidings > Section c Which ha How n Name the Diet, h IS ing Distri Wetitern And 20 ': How nsa" Sections ( By hov House or electoral one 1 I' forin.cacl in ? Na divided i Mention sul dividt for separj York Co. ■i (iUESTICNS. IG? the 5 intermrdiate ra !,?es.] Tf» what Company do they all belong excepts"? [Name "liis j Wlr.'ii did tliis ('ornnaiiv pur( liasc Iht* Huron T>tjci from W.c Crown I Mention whut is notjcciible in re- gard to Code rich *vif,>l Mention the limi's of the Wclliiglrn Dist. or tlic Co. of Watcrr loo. Mow many t|) •■. d x s it oiilain 1 [Can you distinguish by name these tps. • ] De-crihc. (inrlpli. ih'j Dist.-tjwn. IVanic the villages in V\ Hterlno ip. peopled by tjerniiins I Wiiat is remark^ able at i'Jora. Name t!-c Disliielt. enclosina; llie Hrork Dist. Of what Co. docs it consist I [Name tlio 12 ips. a cord ins; to the 3 somewhat irregular ranges.] Dcsenljo \\ Codstock. the Dist.-town, and some of the vil- lages in the Co. I ilow laany Di.-^tricls mid C(;s. dons Ihc E. Rectioii contain I Name the former. W hicli has 3 Cos i Name Ihcm. How many liavc each 2 Cos. T Dit^ti^iguif-li Iheni rtcordhit'ly. Name the remaining Dist. and «:0!re>pondii!g Co. How man) t|)s.doe.s the K. Section contain i [Can you enunioraVe and name liiem acconHng- Name in order the 7 Districts in the Central Section. How many Cos. do they coit'prehciid i \\ hich has 3 Cos. 1 What are they { Which comprises 2 'I Wiial arc they 1 Psfimethe remain* ing i> with the corrcspo iding Cox. \\ hich Co. is subd.vidcd into 4 liidings * Distinguish tliese. lioiv many tps. d cs the Central Section co;itain 'i [VViiioh Co. cniituins 24 'I Winch has 23 i Which has 19 ? AuVhich Dist. h IS 3 Cos. i Which 2 ha\<; eac h 2 Cos. 1 Name t!ie remain- ing Districts with the correspotiding Cos. iiow many tjis. docs th« Wetilern Section contain l (Which (Jo. contains 27 i Which 21 ! And 20? Can >ou enumerate thejn as in ihe other Sections !] How many Districts, Counties tud Townships respectively do lbe.3 Sections contain 'I By how many niemhor.i is cacli Province now represented in the House of Assembly '>. VViiich Co. has been united to Huron that an electoral division may be formed ? 'Ihc union of which 2 Cos. forms one I Name tiio 17 C -s. in order from the i'abular Viciv, which forin.cacli an doctoral dtvi.^ion. Mention the ly unenumcratcd there- in / Name th'j 9 ''os in the 't al>nlar Vcw which have been each divided into 2 HiUings, each of which ff)rni.'! an electoral division. Mention the 4 uncnnmcralcd therein, which ha>c been similarly sutdivided. How many W. F. V. for 4 united Cos. 'i Hoiv many for .separate Cna 'i For 13 Cos. divided each into 2 hidings '{ For York Co. '? For Grcnviilcand l.ceu^' Cos. { Which city send* 2 ! -! I \\'i it'll 'ijj' I 1 If Tr ,lv5; ill fiifi' t 1| 11 p.. I 108 QUESTIONS. M. P. P. 1 Which cities send each one i Which towns send each o»e 1 Tablc of Populatiov.— Name the co. with the highest popu- lation. With the second I)i;;he8t. With the third highest. Which CO. has 32,638 { N,ime the 3 cos. with 31 ,000. The 4 with 30,- 000. Name the (> cos. with a pop. between ,30,000 and 25,000. The 5 between 2r),000 and 20,(J00. 'I he 10 between 20,000 and 15,000. The 6 between 15.000 and 10,000. The 4 below 10,- 000. State the pop. of the 3 cities respectively. Which 2 towns considerably exceed 5,0i) J I The 2 exceeding 4,000. The 5 ex- ceeding 3,000. The 6 exceeding 2,000. The 6 exceeding 1,500. The remaining 9 upwards of l,(K/0. Lakes.— State t!ie length and bifcadth of L. Ontario, and its depth ill many places. Its height above the Athintic. Mention tlie prin^ cip.'il aflluents from the Canadian and American shores. Describe its 2 remarkable bays. Besides the large peninsula of Prince Ed- ward, what 2 narrow peninsulas are noticeable i Slate the length of L. Erie, its breadth at the tentre, and its gener- al d^pth. Its height above the Ocean. Name the |iriiici|/al ulUueHt from the Canadian shore. Which States border upon the southern shore. Name a few of the much frequented pr)rt3» What similar- ity in respect of peninsulas is noticeable in Lakes f rie and Ontario "? And what ilissimilarity or contrast in respect of islands ! What is the southernmost point of the mainland of (Canada I Within a few minutes south from which deg;-ee of N. hit. does it lie ? With what city, bound.»ry-line and cape dot!s it thus nearly corresporid I 6tate the form and extent of L. .St. Clair. What 2 rivers contrib- ute a large body of water i To which State dees the oppisite shore belong i To the west of which ishmd do all the American islands lie i State the coiisequenees cf the great .'ise of the 1^. iti 1827. Starting from the River aux Sables, mention some cf the leading aliluents from tlie eastern shore of L. tiuron onwards to the French Kiver. Stale its length and greatest width, and elevation above the Ocean. What ai-e Vr,o principal harbours to the south '. To what Bay do vessels generally run for shelter ? What has been the ef- fect of the gradual rising of the waters for the last few years ] Men- tion the exfcnt of the (Jeorgiau i>ay and the Baysincludcl within its bounds. How do you name the very large island io the north ^ "Whence the name I Name the southern extremity nf tiie Lake. Name a few headlands in order. '?"' ~" ' ' Al what has the length of Lake Superior b^en estimated I Con- trasting it with other bodies of fresh water, what have you to re- mark *? Its elevation above the Ocean 1 Which American States bound it i Name the most considerable of its numerous afiluents. What in regard to the transparency of its waters. Describe the send each lest popu- VVhieh with 30,- 1 25,000. I 20,000 elow 10,- ; 2 towns rhe 5 ex- S 1,500. its depth Lhe prhi- Dcscril)t; iiice Ed- 3 geiier- [ ullluent ■outherii similar- )n1ario "? What is in a few ith what I con trib- ute shore I islands S27. leading French iove the I'o what the t;f- ? Men- ithin its north >. i Lake. Con- I to re- I States fluents, ibe the i. ft 1 )) ■ n Ki' '( UJ\ Hi H li QrESTIONS. lOP VilfcViil IM fl*!li-tJi«i*V Pictured Rocks, the Cascade of La Portaille and the Doric Arch on the south shore. What in regard to the copper-mines 1 State the length and greatest width of Lake Simcoe. Its elevation above the Atlantic. How are its waters discharged into L. Huron '{ Name the Bay at the southern extremity and the inhabited island. Tell the Dist.-town and its situation. What channel connects Ibices Simcoe and Gougichin 1 Fell the extent of the latter, and the 2 villages on its shores. How are the waters of L. Nipissing discharged 1 In what Dist. is Rice L. situated 1 By the waters of what river is it chiefly formed ? Mention some Lakes in the Culborne Dist. with which the Otanabee connects it 1 What river issues from the Lake? State the relative circuit and area of the 4 Lakes. State their en- tire area- and cubic contents in miles. State the length of their course from the head of L. Superior to the foot of L. Ontario, and the whole tall in that distance. What in regard to the boundary-line between the territories of Canada and the States \ RiVKRS.— Name a few principal tributaries from the right bank of the Ottawa. How and where does the Rideau discharge itself 'I Describe the rise, direction and discharge of the Mississippi and Ma- dawapka- Describe in iilte manner xhe rivers that fall into the Bay of Quints at Napanee, Shannonville, Belleville and Trent-Port. Mention a few other rivers westward alone L. Ontario. What is the length of the Niagara ? What have you to remark about Grand and Navy Islands 1 Where do the rapids commence '? What is the descent thence to tlie Canadian and American Falls res- pectively 1 What blaitd dirides the Falls 1 Describe the Falls 1 Whence is the best view i Uow is a' full front view obtained ? In what winter was the channel so blocked-up as to be safely passable fur foot passengers ? Tell the span and height of the Suspension Bridge, and the depth of water underneath. Describe the Whirl- pool. Describe the New Suspension Bridge. How are the elevated ridges in this quarter called 1 What are these supposed to have an« cientiy been 1 Tell the rise, direction and outlet of the Grand or Ouse River. Name some towns on its banks, and some of its tributaries. How far is it navigable for large vessels 1 How far can smaller vessels ascend 1 How has the ascent been overcome, so as to enable ves- sels to reach Brantford 1 What villages on the left bank between Brantford aud the Lake 1 What timber is found in great quantities at a convenient distance from the River 1 What is much used In agriculture 1 Name some of the inconsiderable rivers falling into L. Erie, and Vm Ports at their mouths. What river connects f ^ikes St. Clair and F.rlc. Its length and G iH IK? QLKl^lIONS. ..V general widlh I What quantity of ivhite-fiHh gcnerallj caught annually 1 Of what branches is the Thames composed 1 Where is their junction 1 What places does the Thames pass 'i Where is it dis- charged 1 Where are fish cured in considerable quantities 7 De- scribe the trade in lumber and staves. Where have handsome bridges been erected { Who has a handsome mansion near Kilworth ? How far is the river navigable for steamboats l State its average breadth and depth to Louisville. Name the branches composing the Sydenham or Bear Creek. Where do they unite { W hat places does the East Branch pass l What do the Branches form at their junction ? How many miles from the '' Forks" to the outlet I How is the Chenal E^art^ cor- ruptly called ? How far can large vessels ascend I State the length aiid width of the St. Clair. By how many chan- nels was it formerly connected with L. Huron { What Cape has been formed by the gradual fiUing-up of 2 of these 1 Tell the nature of the banks of the lower and upper St. Clair. Where is Port barnia situated 1 Name the American village opposite. In what years were Sutherland's and Talfourd's Uid-out ? What American village lies opposite to the former '? What village betwixt the 2 ? In what township are the 3 villages '{ Name the principal affluents into L. Huron in order. Tell the rise, bending course and outlet of the Aux-Sables. What ob> structs its direct course 1 Where does the Bayfield rise ? Hrtw far below Goderich does it enter the Lake ? What river enters the Lake at Goderich 1 What have you to remark as to its water- power '? What river enters the Lake opposite to Chantry Island 1 How far north from Goderich ? By the numerous tributaries of what river is the southern portion of Simcoe county drained 1 Is it navigable for large vessels 1 Why is the Severn unnavigable i What is the number of its falls I Which is the highest '? Its de- scent i Into what "Bay is it discharged 1 What Lake does the French River connect with the Georgian Bay 1 How only can it be ascended i How many portages ^ Islands. — What large island lies in the north-eastern extremity of L. Ontario '? How many of its acres under cultivation 1 To whom does Garden Island belong 1 How do they employ a large number of vessels 1 How does the boundary-line extend 1 After whom was Amherst Island called 'i To whom was it granted for military services "i Who is now the principal proprietor t How much under cultivation t In what dist. do this and Wolfe Island form each a township 1 Name the channels between the extremities and the mainland. Name the islands in the widest portion of the Bay of Quints. In which was there formerly a missionary station ill QVISTtONS. Ill \{y caught re is their re is it dis- ties 7 De- handflonie Kilworth ? its average ear Creek* neh pass 1 nany miles iUsart^ cor- Tjany chan- ; Cape has the nature re is Port . In ^vhat L American ixt the 2 1 Tell the What ob- se 1 Hrtw enters the its water- ry Island 7 )utaries of fied 1 Is it lavigable i 1 Its de- e does the )nly cau it fi extremity tion 1 To oy a large d^ After granted for or 1 Hoir olfe Island extremities tion of the ary station fbr the Indiani Y Name the principal islands in the Niagara belong- ing to the Americans. fowards which extremity of L. Erie are there a few islan's 1 Describe Pel^e Island. Between this island and which American islands does the boundary*line pass 1 Whf>t is the number of the ' Sisters' 1 Name them. Which belongs to the States '{ Are they inhabited 1 Name and describe the long narrow island opposite to AmherstburiE. What island lies 3 miles below Ssndwich t Des- cribe it. Name tlie island near the Canadian entrance of L. St. Clair. In which portion of L. St. Clair are there several islands '{ > Name the prmcipat ones. Name the channel separating these 2 islands from the mainland, and that running betwixt them. How is WaU pole Island occupied 1 Describe their religious condition for* merly and more recently. To upwards of what amount have the islands in the Canadian portion of L. Huron been calculated 1 Along the shores of what bay do they chiefly lie ? How are the Manitoulin Islands distinguish- ed from each other 1 Which is the easternmost 1 Which of the Ma« nitoulins belong to the U. S. i When was it ceded 1 Name the channel at the opposite extremities of Drummond Island. What island lies north about 9 miles ? Name the channels respectively separating the Grand Manitoulin from the 2nd and 4th Manitoulins. Between which Manitoulins does the boundary-line pass ? State the length and width of the Grand Manitoulin. Namt the 2 inlets lon wards the eastern extremity which run so far into the island from the north and south respectively. By whom may it be regarded as ex- clusively settled 1 Name the 2 villages. Before 1829 at what island was the distribution of presents made to the Indians of the "Western Tribes" 1 In 1829 where did it take place 1 Who in the early part of that year reported in favour of the Grand Manitoulin for the for- mation of Indian settlements in preference to the St. Joseph Island ? Where did the distribution take place for the 6 following years l In what condition did Mr. Anderson find the Indians during his first visit in 1835 '} In what year was Manitowawning settled 1 What Lieut. -governor was present at the first issue of presents at this post 1 State his project and labours for promoting Indian civilization. What was the result 1 State the number of residents in 1843 at the 2 villages respectively and on the whole island. Show somewhat in detail the relative progress of the Ottawas and Chippewas of the 2 settlements in point of religion and agriculture. State also in detail in regard to their present chief source of support^the extent and qual- ity of the maple-sugar manufacture, the nature of the climate and soil, and the quality of the crops, Ike What island forms a pleasing contrast to the bleak hills of the same name on the northern shore of the Lake ? From what circumstance has the name been derived i r '!i *, In lit ill! H. if!' 11: 112 QUMTlUNa. i'.'il M Can you mention in order the Beyt along the northern shore of L. Superior in which are situated numerous islands 1 What river forma the northwestern boundary between Canada and the United States 1 Of what does the formation of these islands and the circumjacent coast chiefly consbt 1 What island has a mine of eopper and also of silver successfully wrought I Describe the Station with its Har- bour, belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, at the mouth of the Michipicotnn Kiver. What elevation does the land here and to the north of Neepigon Bay attain 1 What other Station of the above Company lies 3 miles from Thunder Bay 1 Name the American island to the north of which the boundary*line in the L. passes- Bats, Cafes, &c.— Why is it unnecessary here U» particulariie these 7 State the elevation of the La Cloche Mountains. Name the Mountain near Thunder Bay in Lake Superior which attains to an elevation of 1000 feet above the L* ^ •{Hli''t '^fjMfil^l ifH'sohc'r! ■t 1 ;.-, /? .'!'irf>l :i>;^ u't'in^f '.'1 if\fi:vi»'^ y.' :' :>}C'- ««»■ I ***>'»; 5 odt oma/l t u^m- 'iiitii t-'it ») «-^' ■,l^..^fi^P^|?r• f;; i/7 : j^ M'JtJ.> \: ii>-:i^mi^iii'^tA ^^w ';a^v hMJ/f ff! V ty:■ V) n-?.«!.i' ■. :f'^'>'Jp!4 ! .ifu'.vT .'ku ^E^; l^^^fy/ ■fJ^ •:^ liiij-HTiq 8 ?',:^n:'\ hitblti IcAH .\iA\-"p,m afit i' Ci^fft*^ Srfil hr:fi Akt ihoreofL. iver formi d State* 1 eumjacent r and alio h ita Har- uthoT tha ind to the the above American 'ticularise 1. Name attaint to >!.« nl'i .1 h* ■/r »»•»?»■/')'<(' 1 'id; fcl '> '■ 'i -Mil HB"« <(// ' V» ■{•' ., ,..-■;■ 5 ,!!■'.« MBOttMAIPHY Of C AH ADA. 113 .' :i>'/:-' 44 J r ^ Useful Tables of Reference a ,;-it.ih»*l 35 St. Ours Lock ... 283 Chatham Bridge ... 53 .3 £1,876 Total' ... . £42,894 Total Revenue from the foregoing 5 Public Works . . . .• £108,228 Expenses for Repairs, ftic. . . . • . 42,894 Net Revenue £65,334 »<. 114 CifiOORAPHY OF CANADA. LICRNlBil. sit U I Stills £12,759 •Auction Duties, Jie. . 6,656 Shops 6,544 Fnrrie • 1,215 Hawkers and Pedlars^ 1,017 Steamboats .... 243 Billiard Tablet . . . 172 Total R^ileiiue . £28,605 Charges . • . 4,056 Net Revenue . . £24,549 * or the Auetion Duties, Montreal paid £3,972. ' 'i .:«.'t, J: . . »-nf ti'. , £5,215 ■H',,, •.r.Mi'*> Ij,. /',* TBRRITOBIAI.. Ground RenU, St. Maurice . '*' V'*' . Uf^;-, Do. Ottawa. . . mil Do. Madftwaslta . . Do. Sundries . • • Timber Dues, Ottawa . «i»«s3 V !<» r^I ^^ Do. St. Maurice . Do. Madawuka . Timber Berths^ Do. ... . . . •» i>'<4,933 -a.'i ;< . 227 ■ • . . 1^)961 . ,«5iv 24,769 641 638 . 6^288 1 Crown Lands isales, C. W. . . ... _„ Do. C E. . ,»^(i' ■f'tji <* Instalments, C. W. . . . Do. C. E. Seigniory of Lauzon, Revenue, . Do. Mill Sales, . Ferries Crown Domain .... Moffatt's Island . . ii*.,?;! ♦>$ ^ .^u;riS ■•'n^nitlvl ^T— .^ ^ Sundry Heceipts . , . . • . ■uivn: * ^'^ ^'^ £61,822 . 17 695 1,923 1^82 . . 430 . •,^ ., .- 3,91 L 2,533 • . 760 •^.'M'i . 727 x-tt edx ♦tM»y»5f , Total >.<'. ,:,^,: £94,504 172 H |£7,365 4,933 227 1«,961 24,769 641 638 6^288 ;61,822 17 695 1,923 1^82 430 3,911 2,533 760 727 9 3,112 t;EOGRAPHT OF CANADA. fiMIORANT DUTY. ««'1' Net Receipts ...•..• £13,446 Bnlance from 1852 . Carried to 1853 . . . Leaving for 1853 . . Balances due in 1852, . Kroigration Office Ex- penses, Gmsse Isle .... K migrant Hospital, Quebec .... V\ ork at Grosse Isle . rnspicting Physicians, Q. 9,805 1 Chaplains' Houses, 0, 1. 418 3.335 3,641 11.5 2,475 583 324 311 43 6,6361 PUBLIC DEBT u((».'ntti( i\ If Is . . . . . . £4,621,290 Annual Interest . 225,947 Uebentures due in 1854 279,660 . tl 'I I" n ' . PI,'"':'' ■ ^ Debentuires redeenicd 243,333 Do due in 1855 486,666 J !./,:» in .v.-'-ir.fl . Br. 'f-f"n-^"> •:-!,.#- ^ year's Dmridend Invested ki redticed 3 per cent. '"^ to April 6, 1853 £4,537 18 2 . '' Do. tn Oct. 10, 1S53 5,511 12 9 Annuities in per Statement No. Gain on Do. . . . 553 8 9 46. '^^ .ftuiiu»ii . __ 1858. £302,527 4 8 .;vv„.,ir. C . I July 28, 60,307 7 2 w ts .|#i*.'^V 7 TV.-j»f» POPUtATION or BRITISH NOHTH AMERICA. >'£ ' '!!} ProtJtfices. 1. Upper Canada, 1852, . 2. Lower l>o. « Capitals, SfC, 953.239 Toronto, . . 30,775 Canada, " 3. Nova Scotia, 1851, 4. New Brunswick, ** 1 843 500 f ^'onlreal, . . 57,715 '276,117 Halifax, . . 26 000 .go gjjQ V Fbbdericton, 4,458 ' ( vt. John, ,. . 2^,745 5. Hudson Bay Territory, 1851, 180,000 York Fort, > 6. Newfoundlond, 1845, . . 96,600 St. John's, ♦•♦. 21 ,€00 7. Prince Kd ward Island, 1848, 62,678 Charlottetown, 4,"; IT 8. Labrador, ia51, . . . . 5,000 Nain Fort, . . . . ,, t ■ ! 1 I '/ " i . wwp'iii nr I" m In j ml ; ! lUi .11 »;eogra»hy of Canada. C OUNTIEH, CANADA WEST, Alphabetically arranged, Hhowing the County-towns. Those noarfc- etl thus (f ) are Junior Counties, united whh others for municipal and judicial purposes. These Counties send Kepresentatives to th^ Pro- vincial Parliament. ,^^j Towns. \Countie*. •xufBath. I Lincoln . . firantford. jvtiddlesex . Penetangore. Nurfulk . Counties, ^.^ fAddington ., Brant . . . fBruce . . Carleton . . f Oundas . . fl'urhatn fElgin . . Kssex . . Frontenac I' ffilengary . ftlrenville . fljJrey . . . Ualdimand . fHalton . . Hastings . . Huron -pii j* Kent .... fLambton . . Lanark . . . Leeds . *, i* ca fLenox . . . .;tR^ .'1 By town. I Northumberland Willhamsburg fOntario Fort Hojpie. St. Thomas. i;fandivich. Kingston. ' Alexandria. Prescott. Sydenham. Cayuga. Mil tun. Belleville. r> Goderich. Chatham. Port Sarnia. Perth. Brockville. Napanee. Oxford If Feel . . . Perth . . . Peterborough Prescott . . Prince Edward ifUcnfrew If Russell . . j^imcoe . . jsturmont • [fVictoria ; Waterloo • fWdland Wellington Wentwortb York . . X i"' Town*' Niagara. London. Simcoe. Cobourg. ; xr Whitby. Woodstock. Brampton. Stratford. Peterborough. L'Orlgnal. , ,y Picton. '*^*** McNab. Barrie. Cornwall. .\ IMdaay-' nf^f ^ fierfiik. McrrittviUe. (I Guelph. ninp Hamillon. Toronto. *»* The Junior Counties of Durham, Elgin, Grey, Hatton, Lamb<. ton, Ontario, and Wellund. have initiated proceedings for a separa- tion from their respective Unions. COUNTIES AND UNIONS OF COUNTIES, C. W., For Municipal and Judicial purposes, alphabetically arranged and showing the Counties and Towns. Counties. Towns. Counties. Brant . . . ', Brantford. Carleton . . . Bytown. Essex and Lambton Sandwich. Frontenac, Lenox and Addingtcn . Kingston. Hiildimand . . . Cayuga. Prince Edward . . Fictoiv. < 'xford . . . . Perth . . . . . Peterborough & Victoria . . . Prescott & Russell Prince Edward . . Towns. Woodstock. Stratford. Peterboro*.' L'Origned. h.l J^' •voghaphy or caWada. 117 Counties afid Unions of CountieSj C. W. — Continued, " t Simcoe .... Barrie. ,T Stormont, Dundas &. Glengary • • Cornwall. Waterloo. . . . Berlin. «xi Wellington & Grey Guelph. Wentworlh It Halton Hamillon. York, Ontario, & Peel ..•'^^ j.^,. • Toronto. Hastings . . . Belleville. ^ Huron and Bruce . God^rich. Kent Chatham. Lanark and Renfrew Perth. Leeds and GrenTille Brockville. Lincoln & Welland Nia};ara. Middlesex & Elgin London. Norfolk .... Simcoe. Northumberland & Durham , . . Being Counties in themselves for municipal purposes, showings th« Township and Rural County where situated. They send Kcpresen<* tatives to Parliament. • ...*.,-!/>/ i Ciiy. Townthip. Ccfixnty, *f Toronto York York. obour;. i •'— "C'^* '.ii>.i\h'Jf .».l"i'^;'V\>' 't -t.j? •to'^ CITIB9, C. W., . ^i.n •»,.'; City. Taumthip. County. Hamit'^on Barton Wentworth. Kingston Kingston Frontenac. - INCORPORATED TOWNS, C. W., ■-....ii-...* Alphabetically arranged, showing the Township and County whera situated. Those marked thus (f) send Representatives to the Pro* vincial Parliament. , , Toum$hip$, Thurlow ',ha-\»i 2Wns. '< 'ri y Belleville ' i' ' Brantford . fBrockville . fBytuwn « Cobourg ' •• ^ fCornwall . Dundas ..,,*-,.. Goderich"'. f London tNiagara PsteHxirough Picton. PortHopa . Pivieolt St.CatKcHo«s 7/ I'iUi t) Brentford / '«rr Elizabethtcwn 'i Nepean Haniition . Cornwall . W. Flamboro' . Goderich • London Niagara j> ^ N. Mnna|;han *' Mar^buiyh . Hope . *i'y:'.:''^ Augusta ' . . Louth . o 2 . . ft!/* .11 'I Countiei. t'r'nv.hiH Hastings, sfaoil'l .t-^ Brant. . ll-noflT Leeds. • iininyiT Carleton. >i/ Northumberland. (>Y Stormont. Wentworth. Huron. Middlesex.'' Lincoln. Peterborough, ''-i ^ Prince Edward. -'^^ Durham. rf? lon^JsT Grcnvillsu <">^ Lincoln. iJ><> I ; ft M 1 iii I }. "/' H^l U8 IBBOGRAPHT OF CAHADA. .f» :rf'.i-' :j«». ♦ • . c ■. .^> • «L • 9'S ^J Vienna . ..'«r*'9{t«^ YorkTiUe • » n tn miio. IC if ^i-OT'ii*- Township*. Darlington Chinguacousy Seneca Stamfoed* Dumfries . Oxford Whi% Dumfries Waterloo Goulbura^^ : •«;.. Yarmouth^. ji'4i ( Thorold ^o'li. -» a Sidney .;3«!..Mi.i B ay ham . njA '<^y- '1 York *...,i;i;ji!H . * Coua/tes. .,3V;T.) Durham*- i<^-^'H Peel, tsafft^niil Haldimand. ' W«llund. N. Waterloo. Oxford, f.f[^\|, S. Brants ., J j^ Waterloo. Carleton.. ui j'lC Elgin, -r^m Welland.it.Mj'vH Hastitig*klKna> Elgin. , mjlvl? ; York. siuiK'ovJ ,**■ CoMPAMAttVC STATEMENT of TlMHEE, BoWUPRItf' ^od Masts, Spars, an^ Staves measured and culled to dale : .. White Piivp uvin'i Red Do. u^ uannl Tamarae Elm Oak 1854. 17,258^66 2,959,a(&4, 2,578,817 . 1,651,865. 1,156,640 1853. 151,949,865 1,672,901 ^,j ,1697,919 ,.662,961 912.746 26,682,37.0 2,162,325r 38a,24Q 2,2t»9!,U$K» »«;^ GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 119 Comparative Statement of Timber ^ SfC. — Continued. ■ •■•J Ash 200,896 158,758 233,342 Birch and Maple 4t,62(i 70.759 61.120 Basswood 21,249 6,781 14.348 Butternut 1 ,287 1 ,063 '-^ 2,300 Bowsprits and Masts, pes. 1,332 421 496 Spars 2,488 512 342 SUves Standard 1,004,2.3.1 1,392.5.0.11 1,423.2.1.2 l>o, W. Q. 1,686.1.1.27 2,096 9.3.19 1,055.1.1.14 Do. barrel 0.1.0.21 2.7.1.23 Supervisor of Cullers' Office, Quebe< c, Octr. 10, 18.54 \ 'i.j . A ^Cc.'-f^ .i'? Return of Traffk; for the week ending Septr. 23, 1854.' ';^^' Passengers, 1st Class, 5924 $6,950,08 .^.t,,/ Do., 2nd Do., ■ 7o9i 565,41 . ,;.;,„;> Merchandise, 3,724 Tonsj 8,659,79 «i>tiM o?/>l Lumber, . „. 507,581 Feet, 1,570.99 Firewood, i tc.tS ^W, M^^i Cords, 1,573,01 Mails, .r«.Hl M .ih>0 .i>a« iyp ,t>?.^n'hv^<8I3,88 ta?*,- su.'i $20,133,16 Total in Currency, ,U; J ,u;{^ ^.hImj i;6,033 5 10 > ? Do. Do. for week ending > uf hje^^q ,i 2 825 17 3 '^ "i Septr. 24,1853, v i,-j . . . * ,-]( " f i r.'l . '^>.^ <•' - r^.I Wva U> week ending Septr. 23, iuiauj rrs\i*A i r-- ji -,4 1854, ' o.u. ,<'.'^,»ir> wvun^ -hIi ni hne M^7fi/i^i6 6 ^ ,,j Miles open, 202 .^^Ty AoDiT OrrrcE, Montreal, 0«tr. S, im4» ""'" --" O" •P^^IO #l!#it1tt^^ =^m%Xll#^^:t Hi. ■ S^^...U4^ Om«AT WStTIRK RAILWAY. tf\f .■*^ > , Amount of TEArric for the week ending Octr. 6, 1854. , 7 Passengers . ,| , £8,219 16 8 Freight . ^^ ,. 1,580 12 11 (Sundries. f«;.,. 308 9 6 Total . . . . . 10,103 19 1 ^^AipQIiiil pf PrefioiM Receipts . . , . . ^,,49,112 5 2 \%j ■ f c total Receipts since Augt. 1, 18&4 . No. of Passengers for week Do. Do. previously . . . •II £59,221 4 3 * ' Do. Do. since Augt. ly 1854 . ItUhy ■'Im^s-r ' Miles open . . . . . ^ Audit Opficb, Hamiltok, Octr. 5, 1854. II Jo -ypmrn^} 14,376 J 88,332i 102,679 241 ^■i: id, ri • CoMrAKATiTK Statemknt of Passcngers arrived at the Port of Quebec to Oetr. 6, 1854 and 1853. From 1854. England . . , . -— »- 17,331 Ireland . . ,^ .a v ; jjv.a- il4,858 Norway . BU^l}6<^<».^ . }<:H 5^599 Sweden . ^^>^^^ . . ^^'"^ 110 Lower PorU '''^^^A '/ a^noT.ii'>:.>i 593 fO.Stc.I .Bbr ;) 48,579 1853. Increase. 7,675 51,181 921 2.955 1,021 ^ no 172 ^ 9,656 12,877 4,600 2,412 4.578 421 34,544 14,035' Emigration Dbfahtment, Quercc, Octr. 6, 1854. -mBiA ■.,1 s^g!,ovi( * Post OrricB Report, ending March 31, 1853w^ritini|lnf.iu Canada. - ' 1 16 S 12 11 9 6 19 1 6 2 4 3 1,3761 J,302J }2,679 241 m \ Port of i«riO#:l »f srease. .675 ,181 921 .955 ,021^ no 172 — — 1 ,036* 'i IsioT It 19,500 94,500 15,000 Iniiting »^fK>IB /^i GJiDGBAPHT OF CA7IADA. 121 ft vs e -I o 8- S2 o •« M M III Cm II PfiO <5 ^1 -a at -i-ffi 2 s •5: • i t_ ^ w* W lO J*» ^ CO o^ tQQOt^COOsOO^CO jQ . . . 5 • • •! ^ o nooo |gog 00 oe"« - j I O) So lO^MOtpe^ooco in AoSon ii-tM 04 o » .S' »« O •»> ^^ «> > O 9 o ' 0*^ i ."I ■4' I- ! ^ i 9) s. lA CO S9 C4 TT s •n ? ^"9 OiOi 00 iet cfcT i CO ■i> Si lAfO )5« * f ,■ , 5 , * • -.- ••* J J COM S8 "k ^C * I 1 ..^^ — iwww»*^''ft^*Minir;»t.mw»iwiii ■ ^-' m i J; i • ;w| i 1 1' 4 . I IK fl 'if, I 'i ■ I 122 OIOORAPHY OF CANl^DA. 0)04 00 «-4 C4 O miO «c M a> ^ ©I ^ CO »o •« »» M «k .6* *S i w* 1-N •- -" ci»c O «N "^ ^ - . -J. > *. .... ^^ f-^ {«« a '9 IS 11 IS -f ^ — < o eo (M Tt> — ,£i ^ ^ !>» »ft a> — 00 'JP — Oi "^ OS — C '"O OigO I (N CO- CO cc ^ 00 e 'S •c S © CO P5 O - 00 eo 00 fc- O 3J •^ tfV *« (NCO — Q CO CO O ^ «« «^ M a^ Tt oi ro ©I 3r- c C4 O O <3i m CO tn c4 ^©« CCA — 00 GO 00 05 8 't: •5 OS iJ *" s . JS — « g.'H |*OiO « 00 O O (NCO 3 ^ >i^ 9 Of S.S. i'^ CO 55 9( 4> s • i a o t e 3 A oT o- 00 «* .i *^ t GEOGRAPHY or CANADA. 128 *.' (VJ ^! a 09 ,4> 'n c 3 I a o i; n^ r^ i<^ «*> ' '^ ,m. m.% O ';S 00 Ift — oc o a> CO 9) CO Q — M c >n A cc c4 1 «C (N -. QC 1 ft «« #S "H •« CO — cor« Tp «o oj aj Tfeom O) 0< •-* »H pH i).. o a. i) e •c CD O e SB ..r^- s I I? It £ e I f. 1 1 f :y — !N ^ --OiOO * ■•« A 5 e» tfS r» ceelco ra O4Q0 Se** t« S do do CO CO ^ h> QOtfdtACO ^-rfco -* 0> O — JO moo TO •« ♦• * #» ^ COh- i^CI c CO -v ^«. c o» 00 rj O CO »*> CO 3,cpco<0. S coicco A eO Tf «M»Q ko«o oco ** ^ ** •% oo5§SS, eo o< c» r-,.. 1 •» •■ •* .% CO C4 94 rH yUK ht^r^i^i mniV 1 oJ'iiV .1 .fS^ •1 .«< 4 ' I ■J md^ ,':l SSli ^»'»< Si WMMii* :,^.ir]^^^i.J»>j ...... H.' i1 i" ^i i 1: L' 1*24. ttltOGIlAFHT or CAKAUA, GRAND TRUNK RAILROAD. ~I^«. Miles. Sarnia lo Toronto . . . 172 Toronto to Montreal . . 345 Victoria Bridge .... 2 St. Lawrence Ik Atlantic . 1-40 Do. leafed to Grand Trunk 150 Quebec to Richmond Peterboro* Branch . . Quebec to Trois Pistoles Mile*. . 100 . 50 . 153 1112 MONTRCAL AND QUEBKC TO PORTLAND. Distanees from Montreal (Longueuil) and Quebec (Hadlow) to Richmond. Stations. Miles.! Stations. Miles. Longueuil to Charron's . . 5 Hudlow to Chaudiere Bridge Bouchervilte Mountain 10 Kelly's .17 . 23 . 30 . 37 . 49 . 43 St. Uilaire Les Soixante . St. Hyacinthe . Briti nnia Mills Upton . . . Acton . * . Durham 57 Richmond ... 72 Black River • . . St. Flavien .... Becancour Bridge . Somerset .... Stanford .... St. Chrystophe . . Harvey's, (VVanvick) Dat A, Mt fm iM'iAH^iikt m 3t:aa»i L*J '.-:t.'i .t,l Mile*. . 100 . 50 . 153 1112 . 19 . 27 . 35 . 48 . 54 . 63 k) 71 . 84 . 96 Mile*. 145 149^^ 154 157 163 173 179 182i 187 190 191i 197 200 203 204 207 208 210 214 219 .•i- INDEX TO GEOGRAPHY. *(15f»l f»1 ^ 9UI ^r»4 .(A ill' . I ■ ; ' .'} J t« li ■ : ,:> .'} ;. ^ . J , 1 .-^A A AW wick . Am' heratburg . Anticoa' ti . Aux 6ab' les,The B Bear or Syd' enham Creek Ber' tliier . Brock' ville Bur' lington Bay » By' town . C Caledo' nia Canal Beauhar' nob Do. Corn' wall Do. Deigardiut' Do. Gren' Tiile . Do. Lachiiie' • Do. Hi' deau . Caughnawa' ga . Chambly' . Chat' liam . Chaudiere'jThe . Chenal' bear' t^, The Chicou' timi Co' bourg • Corn' wall . County Regiatrationi L. C. D Detroit', The Diatrict Bath' urst Do. Brock Do. Col' boine Do. Dalhou' aie Du. East^ ern Do. Gore Do. Home . Do. Nu' roD . ) .il .'.Miliii »l Fage. »'»> 6 i Pag«. . 41 District Johna' town 53 Do. Lon' doo . . 64 67 Do. Mid' land . . 47 26 Do. Newcaa' tie . . 52 96 Do. Niag'ara . . 60 Do. Of Uwa , . .42 91 Do. Prince £d' want . 52 .9 Do. Sim'coe. . . 56 49 Do. Tal' bot . . . 63 78 Do. Victo'ria . . 50 44 Do. WeK lington . . 69 Do. West' ern . . 65 43 Dor' ic Arch . . .83 25 £ 24 Eaoganeta' ougook Mountain 30 59 F 2 French River, The r»ln' . 94 3 G ' iM 'if iii.uw'. 46|Geor' gian Bay ,, -,« w •iinfH God' erich . • ^'-j.-fU 66,91 23 Do. orOuse Do., The 89 921 21 53 41 33 90 45 70 53 43 40 59 54 68 Grand or Ha ! Ha ! Bay 21 Do. or OtUwa River, The 19 Ham' ilton. Hawkea' bury H I .60 . 42 Island Am' hcrst Do. Crane Do. Gar' den . Do. Grand Manitou' Do. Do. or Wolfe Do. La Cloche' Do. Michipico' ton Do. Montreal' Do. Wal' pole . Isle Groaae . . Do. Je' sin > 50,93 . 27 94 lin 98.101 . 94 . lOi . 102 . 3 . 96 . 27 . 29 I .1? 5 r vwf-'n .V»^! -. J» J5(«*r')rt«'?8 .-/ ^«^-:.:;=i3Bas>aHi >. . % I 12C IWDEX TO GEOGRAPHY. t Orleans' 'o. Perrott' P«g< 28 Judiciary, L. C Kings' ton . J K L {'htf. Do. Do. U. C. P»jre 75 Lachine' La Cloche Mountains . La Portaille' Cascade . Lake Erie . fit jii-m-^i^i Do. Hu' ron Do. Nipis' sing Do. Onta' tk> Do. Kice . Do. St. Clair Do. St. John Do. Sim' coft Do. Supe' rior < Lan' caster Lon' don . LoreiCe' -w ■'■ "*. M .J." » .Mi! 21) Perth Pe' tcrborough . . .54 32 Population o? Counties, L. C. 31 Do. Do. U. C. 76 48 Do. Cities, &c., L. C. . 32 Do. Do. U. C. . 77 3 Pic' tared Recks ... 82 103 Pin' nacle Mountain . . 31 82iPres'colt . . . .41 791 Q 80 84 78 84 80 25 83 82 40 64 14 Malt' land, Their ,i'^jvl rf^.. g3ISt. Mau' rice. The Manitou' fin iBlanria . . 97 At. Ht>/ v\h . Quebec' . . . 12-14 Quinl^ Bay ... 78 R' 1 u'C'. t:» m. jU Riche' lieu, The . -. 'i 23 Rideau, The . '4^<>' « 86 Sag' uenay. The . 20-22 Sand' wich . . . .67 St. Anne . . • « 15 St. Clair, The "l '!''>v«-'^J i 92 St. Hyacinlhe' St. Law' fence, The !0. ' ■a Manitou' lin Islands Manitownwn' ing . Mohawk' Settlement . Moi' ra, The i! ! ni Montmoren' cy . / Montreal' . Mount St. Hilaira' . Do. St. John's • Do. Tourmenf • N Niag'ara * Do., The . Nic' olet . O Ox' ford Mountain Ot' tawa, The Quae or Grand River . Owl*8 Head . ^; ^ P Parliamentary Representa tion, L. C. . 97 St. Regis . . « 98-101 Section, The Central . ' . 51 Do. Eastern . v".86 Do. Western. . 15Sev' em, The 3,5,29 Sisters, The SSorel' 30 SyU' enham or Bear Creek 31 T Tabular View of Districta, '*'''> Counties, &c. '<>ir " 71-7i Padousac' . Thames, The '.».!« 61 87 11 31 19 89 31 33 8 16 20 6 47 40 57 94 96 7 91 Three Rivers Toron' lo . Trent, The . Two Mountains W Wequem' ekong . Wil' liam tien' ry nl> 16,22 . 90 . 10 . 55 . 87 . 2 98-101 . 7 UONTBKAL : HEW RAMSaV. Ptge. ;. . 7o . 46 . 54 L. C. 31 U. C. 76 :. . 77 . 82 *^' . 41 &.. 12-14 • 78 VM.ll ti8 a 20-22 . 67 ■lo: ■ . "B r»< . 18 « . 47 . 7 ek . 91 ricts, ^ - 71-7i 16,22 r , . 90 in , '55 ■^■J . 87 kil »wV5 2 98-101 iH . 7 r^^ PRIZE SCHOOL BOOKS. i'< The Subscriber ohtnined Diplomat at the Provincial Kxhi- bitioiis, held at .Monlntal and llamiUoii, in l):i-03, " For tha best collection of School Booki printed and bound in ('annda." NATIONAL SERTES. General Lessons, to be hung English Orannniar and Kef«- ^ Book-keeping and Key. Treatise on >lensuration. ''^ up in Schools. First Book of I^^»r The Canadian Primer. Manson's Primer. Mayor's Spelling Book. Carpenter's Spelling Book. Webster's Spelling Book. Walker's Dictionary. Lennie's Grammar. - ' Murray's Bnglish Reader. Murray's large English Murray's small ditto. E-wing*s Canadian School Geography. ,i\ Wall^ugame'a Arithmetie. The History of Canadft«4 . Do. in French. The History of Rome. Geography of Cannda. nui^ } Quarter Dollar .\tlaa. h. 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