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Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent 6tre filmds d des taux de r6duction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 1 SPECIAL JIKPORT OK NEW YORK STATE SURVEY ON TUB PRESERYATIOJN^ OF THE SCENERY op NIAGAiiA FALLS, AND FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE TRIANGULATION OF THE STATE. FOR THE YEAR 1879. JAMES T. GARDNER, Director. ALBANY : CHARLES VAN Itl^NTHUYSEN & SONS. 1880. T^ 4^b09 > STATE OF NEW YORK, No. 37. i& IN SENATE, March 22, 1880, < FOURTH REPOKT OF TIIF HOARD OF (^OMMISSFONFRS OF THE ST \TE SURVEY, AM) REl'ORTOF THE DHiECTOR, FOR THE YEAR 187U. Ori'-JCK OF vuE T3o.Mir> of CoMMrssioxKiis of thf, ) Statf Sijuvkv, Ali'.any, Marc/i 22, 1880. ^ To the honorahh the Ld'jLslutitre of the State of Kew York : I li.'ivo tlio honor lo tran.smit a Special Ropoil of the Coininis- sioiiciH of (ho Stato Survey, on the Preservation of the Scenery around Xiai-ara Falls, in accordance with a concurrent resolution of the Legislature of May li>, 1871), and the Fourth Report of tlio Board, containing (heir [)roceedinuf.s (hiring the year 1S7J», as required by the statutes organizing the said Roard. I remain, very respceifidiy, Your ohodieut servant, HORATIO SEYxMOUR, President of the Board. -U. «»,>i»I.TO^.'islature 3 Special report of the Commissioners on the Pi-eservation of tlie Scenery around Niagara Falls » Report of th.> F)i.-ector on the Plan for a proposed State Reservation at Niagara. 19 Notes by Frwlerick Law Ohnsted 27 Fathii&^'iM LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS. Part I. Plate I. Ideal view of the Ainei-ican Rapids, after tlie Villajre Shore and Bath Island are restoied. accdrdiii^' to the jiropostMl plan. Drawn bvFraiici.s T/athi-oj) and i-iigravcii l>v Mr Marsh. Plate II. General view of Niaj,''arji Falls and Goat Island IIeliotyi)e print. Plato III. The American Falls and Prospect Park Shore IIeliotyi)e print. Plates'showiiiff the Banks or Shores of the River caround the American Falls, distifj'ured by constructions. Plate IV. The Villag-e Shore, just above the American Falls.... Ileliotype print. Plate V. Village Shore of the Upper American Riipids Ileliotype print. Plate VI. Bath Island, in the American Rapids Ileliotype jjriiit. Plate VII. Lower American Rajiids, Bath Island Paj)er Mill and Goat Island Bridge Ileliotype print. Plate VIII. Repulsive scenery surrounding the visitor approa(-hing Goat Island Bridge for tirst view of the Rapids Ileliotype print. Plates showing the jiart of the Banks of the American Rapids which still remain in natural condition. Plate IX. Upper Amei-ican Rapids and Goat Island Shore " Ileliotype print. Plate X. View in the primeval woods, on Goat Island. Diawn by Thos. Moran ; engraved by Mr. Karst. View showing the Disfigurement of the Canadian Siiore. Plate XI. Brink of Horse Shoe Falls and Canadian Shore, seen from Goat Island. Ileliotype print. Plate accompanying Father Hennepin's Description. Facsimile of the tiist picture of Niagara Frills : published in 1G118. Photo-lithograph from the original. Maps. Map showing the recession of Niagara Falls. Topographical Map of the region about Niagara Falls, showing the proposed State Reservation. Part of the Official Pi-operty Map of Niagara Falls Village, sliowiug the lots and streets included in the proposed State Reservation. Part II. Map of Central and Eastern New Yoi-k, showing the results of the Survey. ^ Map of the triangulaliou along the Hudson River. t > N'OTi". .— The lioliotypo ))iint'< are from ))hiii()u:i'a|)liio nepfativc* taken liy >rr. (Jeorge Barker of Niagara Falla. The prinu are by the HeliotyiJC I'riiUinjj Company, ol' liooloa. Part I •ra> SIPEOI^L -E^EJ^OI^T (»N THK PRESEEVATIOiX OK NiAGVRA FAILS. i ► n li I ■rf ■ n •3 I m %•:. %- *%- - - ■ '9'' ' iHK HKSTDKI-;!) 3 SPECIAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS, To (lie Li'(jisl(ihn'e : The Commi.ssioiicrs of the St:ite Survey were iiLstructetl Iiy m joint rosoliitioii of the Louislatiire of lS7i», as follows : '' li( .solved, That tire Comiuis.sioiicrs of the State Survey are hereby directed to inquire. 'consider and report what, if an\', measures it may be exiiedient for the State to ado|)t for carrvinir out tiie susrirestious contained in the animal messaire of the Governor, with respect to !Mai>"ar;i Falls. That said conmussioners are herel»y authorized, iu behalf of the State, to confer witii any conunission or other author- i/i'd l)t)dy. [)erson or [x'rsoiis re[)rcsentin<; the Dominion of Canada or the ProN'ince of Ontario, m:ikin^ a similar in(jiniry or contemplating measures for a sindlar [jurpose." Under this resolution it bc-ame the duty of th(> Commissioners to ascertain how far the private holdini;- of land about Niagara Falls has W()rk(>d to pul)lic disadvantagi^ thiough defacements of the scentny ; to determine the character of su<'h (K'facements ; to estimate the ten- dency to greater injniy ; and lastly, t(» consider whether the pro- l)o>cd action I)y the Slate is necessary to arrest the process of destruc- tion and restore to the sceneiy its original character. In pursuance (>f thes'^ oltjccts. the Connnissioners instructed Mr. James T. (Jai'dner, Director of the Stale Survey, to make an t>\am- ination of die prcmis/s and picpare foi' their consideration such a pro- ject as was hiid in \ icw in the resolution of the J^;'gislature, and they tijssociated with hiiu Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted. ^ II. In'foi-e stating the conclusions reacdied on the lojjics of in([uiry jibove ret-ilc(l. a l»ricf con>idei'ation seems dcsiral)le of a matter not tlirecll}- comprchcndt'd in the instrut'tions of the Conuni.ssioners, but PLATE I -■"S-JC-16il!4***"'« t&AV&s-S *~*S|a'3S- :i^5^' m^m'^M%d ■.^a»? ///V t A'V !/ L 7 " rjT /-f 1' "/'.-> '' V, ii)i:ai. viiAV UP I ;i; amki^i,an rapids ArrKH -nil-; vii.i.aci-: si PLATE I IKi; IMI-. VILLAt-.K SUDHK AND HAllI ISLAND ARK HFCSTORI^D. 8 [iJenate, n Pi^' SO related to those to he reported upon and of such piihhc concern, that reforoiice to it cMnnot i)i()i)erl3- he omitted. Apart from the profound interest which h('h)niis to the great falls. the liver sceneiy of Niagara has many charms peculiar to itself. As with charms of scenery elsewhere, these are hardly to he known at iiist sight and are the nioie enjoyed the more they are conited. The summer climate of the region is most agreeable and those com- ing to it from the seal)oard exi)erienc<^ a decided tonic etU'Ct, as of mountain air. It is accessi!)le by sevei-al favorite routes of travel, its inns are of irood re))ute, their sanitarv conditions uiiconunonlv satis- factory, and their charges not higher than I'ule elsewhere. Under these ciremnstances it might reasonably have been expected that Niagara wouhl be the temporary residence of great numbers of those who everv summer miirrate from town to comilrv, and one of the most popular i)laces of vacation sojourn in all the world. It has, however, no sunnner po[)ulati()n of the class referregh the otler of various small services to visitors, and when this fails by more direct forms of begging and depredation, is much larger than at Niagara. It is imleed incredil»le that the people of thtse rich corners of the prosperotis State of New York and the thrifty Province of O.itario should either be moved in i-xtraovdinary numiieis to adojjt such ctiursis of life, or to exhibit in them a degree of rapacity else- where unknown. Why. tlien. the evil >leiuld apparently be more felt by the jxiblic, [iJenate, 1)1 ic concern, ■ great falls. [) itself. As )e known at ire couited. 1 those coni- etl'ect, as of >f travel, its nionlv satis- €" n\ expected nnnibers of , and one of •Id. rred to, and L is believed lerica is the pnhlic press iitors depart 'C that they s, the petty roes ont of ken of as if authorities L to an end pear to the eneral cele- venience is l)opiilation >d thro'.iiih his fails hy i£vv than at ich corners 'rovince of s to adopt [)acity else- the public, s.-^^* "»•&, ^ •t" ie#a*.s**p \l>j ;?w!W-«*-. ■■*. ■ V i '< I I' i • I >, - •■ " <■ No. 37.J and have such an unusual result as is attiihuk'd to it at Niagara, de- ui.'ind^ iiKjiiiiy. Tin,' (|iu'.stit)ii liiis too many minor hranclics to he tliorouijlily pur- sued in tins ro[»ort, hut Ihu lollowin*; considerations a[)|)i'ar to have more importance than has i^onerally heen recounized. Within certain limits at Niaiii"(liiiiu' nioi't' tlciii an iiistjiiiliiiicoiis act of will. ll is ijifii coiu'civahUMhal wliad'vcr occiii's to prcvcnl or iiitcrnipt ji coinpi^cil. rci'cptive ami coiiU'iiiplalivc IVmiiic of iiiiiid is, at Xiapira, II soiiicc of (K'cptT irrilalioii, oircii.^c ami di.s.sali.sfaciioii lliaii it can l)o C'Im'W llt'lC. As to a possible rcnuMly for llir evil, it should lie rciiitMiilxM-t'd that till' local u(>vrniiut'iit is in the hands ol" two csscntiallv rural com- munitic.s. lu'twccn whom traveler;- are constantly passim^; that the dillicnlly t>f concerting' adetpiate ineasnro for the pi'otection of way- farers iVom imposition and annoyance on the liiLrhways is the LiTcatiT, hecanse the t\vo live under dillercnt national const iiutions and dilfereiit immieipal laws and cn>lonis. Coidd l)oth the ordinary and th(>se extraordinary ditlieiilties Ix; overcome, of providin;^', under >nch connnmnties. an ellicient police and maiiisterial system dnrinu the lew months in which visitois llock in lari^'e numl»ei> to the !''all>. the points of interest of most impoi'tanco would still mainly remain private propel ty, divided anion::: numerous land-owners. recoLini/iiiLi" liltle intere>t in conmion. hut cacli. a> now, seekiuL;' to uaiu all he -.an through renl>, tees, and a division of earn- iuu's with all >orls ol" petty speculators on the ignorance of stranu't'i's. While these conditions continue, theret'ore, whatever temporary jiallialioiis ol' the evil may po»il)|y he ai'complishcd, it is likely in the loiiLi' run to lie aL:i:ia\ aled and to operate still more decidedly to nciilrali/.e ihe piopci' pnMic \alue ol" Niagara Falls. The only prop- ped of relief. Ol' e\('ii ol" permanent and ncueial improvement, lies in the adoplion of >ome >iich nicasiire as the ( "oinmissioners have heeii dirtcted 1(\ the Li"ji.-lal lire, tor (tthcr reasons, to coii-ider. III. Takiiii:" up the matters with vvhich the Commissioners were more particularly chariicd. the rcjiort of Mr. (iardiii'r. hereto ai)pi'nded, sliow> that the scenery of Niai;ai';i I'"all> ha> licen ureatly injured, that the proce.-s of injmw is continuous and ;icceii'ratinu", and that, if not arrested, it must m time he utterly destiiictiv(! of its value. The American shore is occupied I>y a \ illaii'e, and the land horder- ini:' the rivt-r has heeii divided into hoi,>e lots. Many of these aro alrcad\- hiiilt upon : all ai'c lial)lc to l)e. There is no American soil f"rom which the l'\lls c;ni In- con:einp!atcd except al the pleasure of a [)iivate owner and under ^•uch conditions as he may (.hoi)se to im- [Sknatk, to Mil t'lijoy- of will, or iiitcii'iipt , ill Xiiipira, MM il t'Hii he inl>(M<'(l tliiit V rural com- IZ ; thai the ■tioii of way- ihc Li'iH'ati'r, and tliU'cri'iit itliciiltics 1)(! liciciit police visitois llock I inii)oitaiice lit; iimiicrcHis 'ac!i. a> now, .sioii ol carn- ol" .straiiu'cr.s. r tciuporaiy liUt'h in the ilccidctlly to lie only pro.>- ■nu'iit , lies ill ■is have hecu r. ''*t' ■(•,>' s were more ai)p<'n(l('(l, injured, that 1 that, it" not le. land horder- ot" these are Viuerican soil ic pl<'.i.>nrt' ot" . hoi)se to im- ^ -^ kS^^E- llp^^^ 3 I 3 I No. J37.] 11 X ■ pose; none upon which the most ontrngoous caprices of laste may not be indulged or the most offensive interpolations forced U[)on tlie landscape. From tlie Iiead of the Ivapids to the Fails, tlie sliore is already de- faced l)y walls, platforms and buildings. Not a foot of it retains a natural char.'MMer. Yeai's ago one of the loveliest features of the river was a little island with rocky shores overhung with foliage, in the dark shadows of which the waters whirled and sparkled as nowhere else. A small paper mill, at iirst set. inc()iispicu()ii.>ly' upon it, has been gradually en- larged and built out, until now it has not merely displaced the rock and wood, but stretches its sluice-ways, walls and wing-dams far into the most interesting part of tlie American llapids. The single fragment of the majestic [)rimeval foiest of the Falls which still remains, u[)on (joat Island, will i)robably soon pass from the [)rotection of its [)res('nt owners and be destroyed, to make I'ooni for gaudy places of popular entertainment or unsightly factories. It nuist be e.\i)ect(>d that the subdivision of [)ro[)eities Will be a continuous [)rocess and that each land owner will, hereafier as heieto- fore, strive to make his particular ground yield the largest possible private [)rofit. The e'enxMits of interest and atiraction lie within such a limited area aiul so react on one another, that a liki- [)rot'(.ss might, as already suggested, extend much further in any other region of great land- scape celebrity with less fatal elfects upon its character. IV. The rational remedy is of the same class Avith that which it is the policy and custom of all civilizetl connnunities to adopt whenever the private ownei-shii» of laml stands in the w. y of general interests, as Avhen liublic hijjhwavs or canals are carried thronah farms and build- ings, or when |)rivate ferries are sii|)pl,inted by free [>ui)lic bridges. To give satisfactory access to the Falls of Niagara and preserve their value, the extent of land reipiisite to be withdrawn from i)rivato ownershii) is ibriunately small. The ari'a which Messrs. Gardner and Olmsted find necessary to be taken for these pur[)oses, includes, be- sides the islands above tin; Falls, a strip of the river bank on the main land connnencing at the head of the rapids and i-unning along the shori' to tlu! upper ,'>u>pen->i()n bridge. The breadth of this strip is mainly determined by the crest of a natu:al terrace generally about a 'Xi 12 [Sknate, huiuli'cd feet disljint iVoin tho Wiitor's odijc, hut so much widi'i- in tho iiuiiK'(hate vicinity of I ho lalls that at tho \)o'u\l of iri'catost iiitorost, a si)aci()us area woiihl ho ohiaiiiod t'oi' ih;' accoimuodalioii of visitors, and iiK'onuiiious ohiccis wouhl h{> more oHoctuallv kont out of siixlit. It is dcsiiiiiod that tho l)iiihliiii2:.s now wtandinii" upon this stri[) of land shall ho roiuovi'd. and that tho innnodiato hank of tho rivor siiall ho forme I as to hav(> a natural asi)oct, with such slopes and so pro- tected h\- I'ouu'h, loosely piled local rock, as to ho guarded airainst surii't s of lloatiuir ice and loirs. Trees and huslu-s are [)i'o[)os('d to l)o l)lanted ot" such kinds and in such dispositions as are natural to the locality. Carried hack to the houndaiy on the ei'ost ol" the terrace, this plantiiiLi" would ol>scure the huildinu's of the village, and scoiu'c their laM(l>tMpo disconnection with the river. ^^'ithi^ ;ind along the rear of the narrow woodland, a road and ualk would he laid out with hi'anclu's from tho walk to iin'onspicuous sha(le(l >eats commanding views ot' the rapids, and to a more extended l)latfv)rm overlooking the tails and chasm. The ahoNc siigucstions indicate the con>idei';il ions which dotoi'inino the limits of tho land proposed to he taken. Iv\cept with this motive, it i> not the duty of t lie ( 'onnni>sioner.- to advi>e how it sh.all he used, and it i> >nllicient to say that tiny cordially adopt the views of Mr. ()lm>le(l. who urii'es th:U the Slate should hy no means undertake to j)ro\ide a place ot" general pleasuring or any merely ornamental gromid>. hiU simply to romoxc unnecessary artificial ol)iects; inak<; those necessary as little conspicuous as possiide. and restore natmal landsc;i|)e conditions as far as practicahio consistently with indisponsa- hlo i)i<>\ isions for the convoxanco of visitors and for liivinir them ado((uate oppoit unit ies t'oi' ohservation. The main gromids of this ;id\ice are thus stateider;ilion ot" innnediate pul)lic rcijuironients. hut a [trudont for(,'- cast ol" the futm-e. \N'hen once visitors are relieved as t"ar as may he f.om tlioii' present annoyances, tho increasing population of the coun- try and the nnilt iplicat ion and cheapening of thi' means of ti'avoi Avliich is to he ;mti»'ipated, will hi'ing people to Niagara Falls in iMunl)ers t";ii' exceeding those of which we have present exporionco. Imcu now it ofli'u happens that several hundretl \ isiiors s( ck at the .same time to eni(y a [i.uticnlar view ol the F.dls which can only ho .'S^:.. '* ^/ '>('' ..»S.;^#.i ^' t. '^*wft- »II»%*J* ■••»«•«- 1 a I .*> , (' No. 37.] 13 r luid IVoui a space of gromul much too limited for tiiom all to ntiiiid upon at once. In view of this coiLsideialion, it is ol)vioiis that to pro- vide, witii a sinirle piir[)()8e, for the coiiiforlaljle passiiij^ lo and from the more popular [joints of view and for the standing room at these points of such muUitudes as must l)e looked forward to, without ruinous sacritice of the scenery, will be a task, to say the least, of ex- treme ditficulty. It should be complicated by no other object, and all practicable legislative safeguards should from the outset be employed to prevent the introduction of such other objects as, under various pretences, are likely from time to time to be urged. The distance from existing hotels and shops in the village to the most distant parts of the proposed State grounds is but a thousand yards. It will, therefore, be a hardship to no one if this ground is kei)t entirely free from houses of reficshment, sho[)s, booths, and places of amusement and exhibition. Neither can extensive shelters be necessary. At one or two points something might be gained by the erection of belvederes or [)rospect toweis, but if it is considered how consi)icuous any stiucture of this class must be if conveniently spacious for the general public, it will be evident that even these will be better dispensed with. VI. The removal and exclusion from the proposed State ground of everything interfering inmecessarily with the contem[)lation of the natural sci'uery will injure no general interest. Since the building of the paper mill, to which relerence has been made, a channel has been formed by means of which a great volume of water is diverted from the stream above the rapids and carried through the village to the table-land overlooking the chasm below the falls, whe;'e the power can be applied to the greatest mechanical advantage. It is already in extensive use, and it is admitted by the proprietors of the paper mill proposed to be removed, that the situation would be even more favor- able for their puri)oses than that they now occui)y, or than any upon the ground of which it is pio[)oscd that the State shoidd take posses- sion. This would be equally true as to any considi-rable industrial un- dertaking. The [)rovision thus secured can be enlarged, should this evei" \k'. required, to any desired extent, anave out, not only the l)rinei[)al water works, faetories and shops lor wWwh the Falls jiavc li'iven oeeasion, hnt also mneli the larger part <'ven of the slrnelurcs provided expi'essly for visitors. Comparatively little i-apital invested ill improvements wonld. therefore, have to he honi^ht ont. 'I'he eon- sideralioii is also im[)ortaiit that the proposil ion exelndes any fntiu'c eostU const rni'tioiis or (dahorate iirranii-emeiits for the entertainment of the |)nl)lic. and any occasion for liceiis(>fj or U'ases which miuht he, corrn[)tly dealt with. The Cojnmi.ssioners are of the opinion that the real estate required eonld now he ((htained, and the nndertakinii' cai'i ied out at a cost less than ha> heeii commonly supposed, and which wonld not lu' thonght l»y the people of the State to he immoderate. VIII. Iveviewinir tin' scheme as a whole, the followini;- comments are sub- mitted to the Lt\iii>latnre : , Indued from the hnvest point of view. Stales possess in the interest of their physical feainres sources ot" great puhlic and private income. Thoni:h more striking prool's might he lound ahroam personal oi>s;rvat ion that a huge and rapidly augment- inu" revenue is llowinu' into all its eliaiinels of hiisiness and into llu; puhlic treasury, because ot' the attractions which the people of otli(;i- States an scenery of the Hudson, the Mohawk, the SiisijUeh.'uma, the Delaware and the ( renesee ; of Lake ( 'han\plain, I/ikc ietu'i:*' and nnmen.us smaller bodi's (>!' water; the 'i"hon>and Isl.inds of the St. Lawrence; the mountain antl loi'csl \vild> of the Adii'ondueks, and th(> picluri'S(pu,' glens and ea.scades of the central it' >••■, ''1 >>' «fS* a I J I No. :{7.] 15 part of tho State. Niap'.'n.'i Falls is not simply tlio crowiiiiiir irlory of the irical, rcscMirccs of llio Sliilo of this cliiss. Ixit llic liinliol (lisliiicdoii of t lie nation annre, if it continncs, to increase. The pe- cuniary loss from it to the people of the Slate is incalculably ureatcr than the onliay which would he re(iuiivd to carry ort li >> scheme pro- posed and hrinir it to an end. Bill the (jiieslion cannot he i'ey their beauty and by their <>i'andein", are entitled to reveicnlial protection. Amei leans no to iMirope not only to visit the inu'ial places of the i:reat ni(>n of i)ast ijenerations but also to see the valleys of llu- lihiiie and the Danulie ; the mountains of Switzerland, and tin; shoic^ of the Medit- erranean. 'JMie impulses which thus draw the nations loucthev are a ])()\\erful inlhience for the obliieiation of race-prejudices, and thus for the i)reservalion of the })eace of the world. 'riuM(! is iiowheri^ a natural object better adapted to serve these great ends than the Falls of Niauara, and the Slate which holds such a treasure, holds it under sacred oi)liu-atioiis to mankind. The memorial hereto ap[)ended exhibits the interest which the pro- position excites in the minds of many thoughtful men beyond the limits of the State. It cannot be doubled that another generalioii will hold us greatly to account if we so negk'ct oi' so b.idly administer our trust that the Falls of Niagara los(^ their beauty and their human interest. W we bl.'imc the men of a foi-mer dav for not settiniz" apart when it was the 16 [Senate, jiroporly of llu> Sliilc ;iiiil miirlit (>;i>ily liinc hccii done, llic Falls of Xi;ii:';ir;i ;is llic Vo Sn nil c !i ml I he Vfll(i\v>i()iic li.i\ c in our (l;i_v Ix'cii set ;i|):ill. llifli lidW liiilcli iiiui'c ni l|i;il)l(' >liall we he. who know iliti' llicir value and lu'ifriv iniT their certain desirncl ion. >till I'eliise to lake the iKvessaiy nieasui'es lor their |)i'e.M'i \ alion. IX. , In a( cordanre with the siilat ure, the ( 'onnnissioners held a eonleicnce with the niein- ])er.- ot' the lnini^t ry of the l'i(»\in<'e <)t'()ntario in Septeniher last. 'rhi>« coiit'crenca' disclosed a letdinLi' in Canada which jnstilies th(> l)e- '.'li»'l" tliiit if N'lW ^'oik shall do her paii in this work, ('anada. will do \liers.* To the Canadian- it ajipeaivd that under the liniitat ions of their i:-overnnienlal s , >teni it woidil l)e appropriate t hat thel)urdeii o|" t he undei lakini:' --hould he horne hytlie honiinion u'overnnieni . It i.s not nece»ary to point out the re>pect> whi(di would make it uu- rsiiitalile for New York to appeal to .he l"\'deral _i:(,vcrnnient to rtdievi? lier I'roui whatever e.\[)cir-c the matter may involve. It is sullieienl to ."^ay that many eonsideratious of .^tate ])ride ;is well as of constitu- tional ditlicidty. make it clear that if the .vmerieau part of thi.s work is to he don(> at .all. it mu.'^t he done hy New York ;ilonc. Mr. (iardiieraiid Mr. ()lmsicd. con>iderinu' the Legislature to have liad in view a reservation upon lioth >ides of the river, cxandned the Caiiadiiin a.'* well as the .American >hori'. Their plans were fa\-oral»ly vecei\('i| hy the L'cnt Kauen w ho rc|)resented the pa e rum cut oi" ( )ntario at the confei'cnce ret'eii'cil to. The ( 'ommis.-^ioner> are of opinion that it' the r<'comnicnd,it ion~ ol t his report >hall he acce[y|cd hy the Jvcijis- lature. the pl.ui >u_u'i:('>l<'d will he adop[<'d hy the Canadian govcru- lucnl a> Well, X. Cpou the 12'roiinds which have Itccii set I'orlh the ( 'ouuuissiouoi.s advi-^c that the L"Llis|,al ui'c t.ake >iich .•iclion as may he appi'opriatc to ac(|uirc the l;ind~ deseiilied in the .iccompanyiuu' maps, provided the same can he purch;r-ed t'or a reasonalile price, and that a ( "ommissioii he appointed with power to take the nece.~>ary lei^-a.l mcjisnrcs. Shoiihl the Leu;i>lalure he >o di>po-.ed. the ar'i toi' till' purpose ni;iv he liniileil to auihori/e merely the necc-Nary pre!imiu;ir\' mea^mcs, ' Siiici' |lij> K'liorl will pi I'lKUL'il Uiu li'^i^liitiii i; ol' liiUcii incliiiiiiiary in'tiou lor llic |i!n |"i,-(.' r ■^: .h V .;&if. '' '<- •»i' ? ■dS- i. J, , •,.■ *•-. ■ *■ M-"^ A* u^^. t. I i #»te'^ I |- . •'■ n. *^. ■>■■ 1 property Niajiiiru {i|);irl. 1 1 viiliK' a' iiecessa . I" of tilt bcrsi ( This"; ";liof tl \liei's.* their , the III is not stiitali hor I'r yuy til tioiial Is to 1 Mr had ii Caiiat rcc'civ at the if the lature llU'llt Tp. aiUiM' a(M|iiir .same ( l)e api Sho he liii • Si lire llic |iiir|j I ^ A No. 37.] 17 loivymrr ,t for the following Looislatiirc to ni.-ike the appropriatioii It It .shall soc fit to do so, after the awards have heeu n.a.le, and it has thns been determined what (h,. aetual eo.st of the lands will he. This woul.l avoid any danger of involving the State in unforeseen expense. All of which is respectfully submitted, W. A. WIIEELKR, KOr.T. S. HALE, AVILLTAM DOHSriELMKR, FRANCIS A. STOUT, GEO. (iEl)DES, ¥. A. P. IJAKN ARD, Co)))himioners. [Sknatk Boo. No. .S7.J 1 Id le as ';i ly lis n- d- fo •I", to is w •e id •d iit 10 ■a e )r le 3S I I ■ ii '...«* ^ f>r- ^V,, i v- A^ ^ i T. I' ? ^^^ ■^'v •>} REPORT OF Till' DIRHCTOR. ' 2\) the Jiixn'd of Cii)))inissi()ii(')',s of thf Sfiitc Siirn-i/ : Lord DiilU'iiir.s [)r()[)()s:ii lliat the lainl altout Xi.'iL'.'ira Falls slioiikl l)c coiili'ollcd h\ llic iiOvci'MiiK'iils ot" Ontario and New Yoik, I'or the boiit'lil and i)rot('(lion of tlic pnldic, was at first look(>d upon rather as an expression of i)hilantlii'opic sentiment than an earnest pioposal of a praetieal measuie. l^nsynipathelie ei'ities snuirested that his kindly iiatnr(> had heen unduly moved l»y witnc-sint; (he tortures of his fellow -Ix'iniis under [)cr.M'iiitioiis of haeknun. importunilifs of perain- bulatiuii: pli()to,i:'r."ii)hers, and all the poekcl-tlrainiui:' exactions of end- less ijate keepers and i^iiides, who eonilMue to uiake the visitor's lifo luisei'able and his stay slutit, at Ma^ara Falls. A\'hen, however, Governor liohinson put the matlter so forcil)l\- in his la.^L niessajjo to the Leu'islature, appealing to the piide of the peo[tl(' to })r()teet this great and heauliful iiifl of nature from heinu' dejiraded into a show anal foinid a response in the feelinus of our eitizens ; and the Leti'islature directed th(! Jioard of the Slate .Survey to inquire, consider, and report what measures it may he expedient for the State to adopt, to carry out the suiigestions eontaiiHMl in the annual message of the (Jovernor, with resj)(>ct to Niagara Falls, In accordance with your directions and accompanied by INIr. Fi'edei'iek Law Olmsted, Landsca[)e Arohiteet, 1 lirst visited Niagara i'alls on the twenty-eighth of May. Although sympathizing in the pride which every citizen of the State feels in our })ossessions in the great cataract, who.-e wonders have for two hundred years been better known to Kuropeans than any other one thing in America; and feeling that the preservation of its beauties \ «#*• J 2() [Sknatk, w.'is ;i tii.-illcr (if |H isoiimI iiil(r('<>l (o cvciy X' '" ^'orkj-r ; t'ccliiiuf loo. iIimI I lii> scci\(' (»r ii;ii lira's uiaiidisl rHiiil is ^ rioiH iiiln'iil;iii(*t^ to lie liaiilr)i(-t ivc liatxl oIiIh' inoiK'N iiiaUrr or llir drcoralions ol' ail ; vrl I was not *'ouviiu'i'(l lliat l(» a(roiii|>li>|i ||ii<, it woiiltl lit- iirccssary lor llic SlaU' lo assimn' coiih'ol of IIm' laixls alxait tiic I'alls. 'riicrrroii', willi an iiiipnjiidircd mind, I was prrpaicd to examine the I'aets (hat lay lieloic ns. Fonr |ii'inei|ial eh-nn-nts eondiine to make Niairara \\ha( it is ; (Ik; rapids; the pielmesipie islands ai'onnd wliieh they iiish; the I'alls (JHMnselves, and the deep thasm helow. A mile altove the Kails, iho river is s|H('aaks suddenly int(» fmions rapids, whose wild, while-crested waves, hurrying" with <'ea>e- less roar to the inevit;ii>le laink, ai'e almost as impressive as (he Kails themselves. In tlu; midst of (his scene of (m'm(»il and irresis(il)l(; rnsh of waters sl:mds(ioa( Island, with iifleen sni.aller islands and islets aliont it. (ioat Ulaini is more than h.iit" a mile lon_u" l»y a <|Uartei' ol' a mile liroad. The snrroinnlinn' islets vary iVoin ItK) teet to ten I'eet in diameter. On all ol' these, except [Villi lsl;md,(lie h;ind ot" man li;is sparetl the prinie\al lores!. i'ielm'esqiie ehislers of escr- i!rei'ns, lisiiii: onl ol' dashing waters, the lieh oveih.inu'inij: foliae-e of the hiuh l>ank^ ol'tjoal Uland and ('"ep seclusion ol" its woods. ni\(' to (his spot ;i cliaini not shared liy ;ii 'heralxml Niaear;i. The views ot the American and Horseshoe I';,... .>een iVom the west end of the island ai«' lar more impiessiv*', sink di eper into the min only lu're the visitor tinds hiniselt" snrrounded hy tho inlliiences ol" natiii'e. Half w;iy helween (Ioat Island .and the .American side ol' the liver is llath Island, whose position in the middle ofthe.se i.ipids nmst h.ive made it a I'ascinatinu" pl;ice in early days. In .an e\il horn' it t'nteicd into some man's mind to start a p iper null there small at tirsi, Imt (.'xteiidinu' year l>y year, till in pl.aee of u'r;icel"nl woods, tlu' i:ronnd is covered with nnsiLihtly sheds .and luiildinus, .and the I'.apids aliove an; disliunred wiih win^- dams .and ice li.irrieis ; (he whoK' iii'onn ("orminu" a shockini:' t'ontrasi io the nalnra! si-enery. This paper mill is. however, only oiw .imonif the m.any ;iI)omina- tioir-> which mar the hcanty ot" the .\meiic.an I\a[)ids. Their eastern hank was once rich in verdnre and ovcihmiLi' with stately trees. In place ot" ihc pchlily sliori', the uraci'l'nl ferns and trailinii' vinos ol" for- mer days, one now sees a blank stone wall with sjwordiUe openings AV.'IS too, 1 1() Ik of 111 thai COIlt iniiul Fc rapi(^ tlioiu river iippe furio k'.stj 1 lliom rti.sli i-sU'ts ({iiarl to tci ol' in: tircci thr h tins ^ ol"l!i. ishuK other inline llii is r.a niatle into s ex ten eo\fi" (li^tiu': a slioi Til tions iiaiik place nier d No. :i7.] 21 throiiiili which tail races di.scliarge ; some limber crib work beariiiii- in capitals a fool high the iiiscrii)tion, '•Parker's Hair J'>als;uii ; "' then fiiither up stream, more walls and wing dums. Overlooking this dis- lignivd river briidi stands an nnsighlly rank ol" l)niKlings in uU stages ol" preservation and decay; small " hotel.s,'' mills, carpenter .shops, stables, " ba/aars,-' ici'-honses, lainidries with clothes hanging out to dry, bath houses, large, glaring white hotels, and an indescribable a.ssortment of miscellaneous rookeries, fences, and patent medicine .^ign>, which add an element of ruin and confusion to the im[)ression of solid ugliness given by the better class of bui-dings. And all this is the l)a'-k ground to one of the giande.st spectacles in the world, the rapids of a mighty torrent writhing and foaming in the fury of its downward rush. Js it any wonih'r th:»t visitors do not desire to remain long in the presence of such discoi'ds ; but when the lirst feeling of curiosity is satislied, hasten a\v;iy ? In looking at {Iw Falls from (Joat Island or the Canada side, one cannot help seeing these rows of build- ings which line the vill.'ige shore of the riser. Hnly one >pot invites the eye to I'esI on its green trees. This is i*rospect J*aik at the east end of the American l"'alls. ]'ut v\v\\ here, the hand of the pi'ogres- sive owner has torn away the shi'ubsaml rich masses of wctodbine that clu.>tere«l along the ciliSi^ of the preei[)ice. and in their |)Iace are seen ualls ;md slrmtui'cs sup[)()sed to be tor the safety and entertainment of tra\-elers. The I'^alls themselves man cannot touch : but he is fast destroying their beautiful fraiu" of foliage, and throwing ai'ound them an artifi- cial setting of mamifactoi'ies and bazaars that rouse in the intelliiient visitor dee[) feelings of regret and even of resentment. Till' chasm below the Cataract depi'uds t'or its iinpressiveness largely iH)on the wooded character ol' the debris slopes and the maintaining of a fringe of \i'i'(lure along the very brink ot" the preei[)iee. Here, too, those elements which are essential to the perteclion of the land- scape are rajiidly disappeai'ing. Two mills and a brewery, all built, within a shoi't time, near liie b;ink aliout half a mile below the Falls, warn us of w hat i^ t'omiug. Froui this sketch of the existing state of the surroundings of Niagara, it will be seen that liltli' remains of their original bi>auty, except on (Joat Isl;ind, whcic the pi'imitive forest still stautls as it ditl in the days of Father Hennepin's lirst visit to the great cataract in l<)71i. 'l he island has been carefully preserved from •• improvement'' by the owners (the I'orti'r i'amilv), but it will probal)ly soon pass from 1 'II ii' L« 1 22 [vSknatk, tlioir hands, owiiiu^ to ;i [)!irland, and nia.e a I'ace-eonrse ol" it ; others think it a favor- altle site tor a ureat sunnner hotel ; otheis wish to maUe a ritle ranm; upon it. while another and more [)ractical party suii'iicst ciittini;- a canal down the centre of the island anel huildinj;" a row of factories alonii' its fi'onl ix'lween the American and Canadian falls. All these, and other schemes that 1 heard (tf in connection with tin; sale of th(^ Island, conti'm[)late the destiiiction of this one remaining piece of uatixc fore st. I hccamc fully cdiivinced that within a short time, mdess the State ])U\s (ioal Island, it will he sold to some one who, in order to M'rur(; from his investment a u'(>oil return, will make the Island a plac«' of amusement or of manufn'tuiint around the Falls. It remains, then, f »r us to consich'r what eould ho done, by State intervention, to restore to all the river shores somethinii" of their origi- nal chaiacter. It is now a clearly recognized duly oi" goNcrnuuMits to reserve from s:ile [)arts of the puldic domain that contaiii natural fcatiu'cs of such unusual character as to he ohjccts of interest to the whole world, and Avho.se perfection m;iy he serionsly m.arrcd hy private ownei'ship. Free enjoyment of \\\v>o nolilesi W();ks of nalnrc; is now fell to I)e one of man's nu)st [trecious pi'ivileges, not to h' abridged by private rights or greed lor gain. Acting on this principle the genei'.il government in 1N(I,') dispossessed settler- in the Vosemite \ alley, and reserved it for the Itenetit ol" the pnblic. A great tract covering the region of the "I'ellow-tonc ( icyscrs has also been designatcti as a .National I'ark, and now (he land (teenpied by the Calilbrni.a jJig Trees is dedicated to public use. The State of \ew ^'ork also h.is taken a simil.ar position )'es[tectinL; the beantil'ul ULinds ot' Lake (leorge. A Inindred ye.irs ;il;(» the land along Niagara rivei" bclonge(l to lh(» Slate. Fvery one le.ili/es that it never should ha\e been sold; but all the islands and a bell at leat a (|iiai'ter of a mile l)road and live miles long should have been kept for public nse. 'i"he error in.ide by the State in [cirling with this teri-itory will nevtsr be fully repaired. Alnch ol" the harm done is irretrie\:il>le, bnt nnieh can e\cn vet bo aceouiplr-shed at a lea.MMiable expen.^e to re.store_the lost altnictions. their li.'iiids, owiiiiif t' fill iiii(iiiiy coiuTii'' llUVO 1)1'IM1 lllilde, Islniid when it oil' the J>l;iii iiltlc .site To- upon it, c'Miial (' aloiiir .-111(1 I.sIaiK iialiv I I l)il\s tVoin aiiiiis >a\L' It illlclA iial el It i sale \) iiiiii>ii AVll()S( enjoy Jiian'.'? or HI in I Si lor 1 1 tlic V and I piiltlit A I Stale, all th. miles 111*' Si .Mn.li accuii No. 37.J 23 (ioat Isliiiul, pmscrvod liithorto by the kindly c;iro of the Porters, may still ho rescued (Voni Ixeoniiiig either a mill site or a circus ; tho structures may he swept from liath Islaud and tho Rapids, and tho spot restored hy plant inj^ to it.s former heauty ; on the main shore hy tho reuu)val of seven es with a walk at h':ist a mile in hMigth along the edge of th(> clitr below lhi> suspension biidge. This phmted belt need not be over twenty live or thirty fei t l)road. Jts trees will i:J^ .1 I I ;i > 24 [Sknatk, clotlio Iho Icinvii n;ik('(lii(-.«vs ol" tlic rliircduc! iiiul |>:uliii!!y kticu out mills jiiid uiisiiilitly .stiiichiu's ridiii llio river views, jumI at ilu' siiino lime Jillord shade lo visit«)is eiijoyiiij;- tlie piofoimd impressions of tiii.s part of the eha>m. Tlie State lu'ed not luiy the land init (»n)y st'curo a liiiht to plant and preserve. The [)ro[»erty helonu's to ihi' llydraiiht! Tower and Canal Company and is to Ite ummI lor Mills. The walls of Ihoso mills will he set l»aeU from the «'liir (heir wheel pits onlv heinir «nid< at the edue of the precipice. 'I'hcre will he few of the>e pits, ami they can he ea>ily hridiicd for I he piopox'd walk. The l'i'e.«*i- dent of the ('onii»any owniuir this pi-operty ha^ a.-snreu nsthat he will Avillinu'ly ctde the de>ired riirht to the Slate. l>y refei'rinii' to the aecon»[>aiiy in;;' I'roperty Map of Xiauara Falls Villaire, it will \\c seen that a nnm)>er of streets aic included in the i)roposed rc.st-rvalion. 'I'he Stale has full power to take po.-^es- sioll of those wlu-ro they have hern accepted and helom:' to the Nil- lage. One of these pnldic streets, \\'ater Street, has heen feneetl jip anil made to appear as part of l*rospei-t Park, hnl it is clearly the, right of the village ov the State to reopen it, a> in \X')'.\ and l.Sll.S. it "Wii-s in (hie form accepted hy the village (see Proceed ini^s of N'illairo Trustees, \'ol. 1. p;iL;cs -1^'^) 2il.") ; \'ol. HI. pa^es. 177. 1 7S. ISO and ISl), and at'ter leual trial was. in 1^71. speri.ally decided hy .Judge Danii'ls to he ;i i)nl>lic highway. J made a viay c.ireful in\('stig;itii>n into ijie value of the propei'ty covered hy our plan .and had the prinei[tal huildings which would ho removed ap|)iai>ed liy a nio-t e\|»,rienced hiiilder, who wcait tVom Alhany ior that purpose. The rc>ulls are hefore your Poard, hut it is evidently impossible for me lo csiimale what the properly will cost the Stale when the price to lie paid for land comleiinu'd undt'r llu^ right of eminent iloniain must he li.ved I)y a commission. Jt is. however, to l>e hoped that the great v.alue to the loi'ality of the [iidijo.sed ri'sei-vation will Ite so evident to all that leasoiiaWle prices will he asked ; and thai a project which should appeal to tln^ pride of every citizen may not h- degiadcd in [)ul)lic estimation hy being made a ineaii> of private gain. Jn a si)irit of patrioiism what remains of Niagara's heanly shouhl he i)reserved : what i> lo-t shoidd he restored. Only the [)owcr of the State can accomplish this. And now more than ever, the great Cataract is the property ol llu; Aviiole people. A vi>it to the I'alls is no longer the luxury ot" the rich. lv\cursion ial«'s on the railways have made it itossihlc for the I U --"ww^m^w' 'l> It R> V. ^'fif l\&gi;;.>s^-c i ij M I \ \ i 1 1. 11 clothe {\n\ mills and tiiiH* alloi'i pail of ill ti I'iirht to J'owiT aiK .? tlu'M' niilU MiiiU al t anil lluy - di'llt of ill Avillinuly • I'.y irftM. VillauT. l-j,v ill the I'lo^';^ sioii of ill lauf. < >ii^ aiul iiiiulo liulil of l)'J Avas ill (111 TnisU'c: \S\). aiiil' Daniels to 1 made covered 1) ieiiei\cd . A II til ny fo i> i'\ idciit the Slate riulit t'f c 'it i>. Ik llic l»lop(- urico wil \ ide (tt (. ■ i;;:;;;::.;i^ii:i,K.«iP» III a sp 1)1' pH'xl" the Statu And lu Avliole l»t'< li.li. K.\ t •WIT' ~1 I I No. :{?.] 'JD now on (io.Mt I>l;iml Imikcd down on (lii> lii'si iccordcd \i>il of a wliilc luiin to the l'"all>, and lia\(' rcmainditl lln- onl\ li\ int: wil noses ol" tliioc iin|tortant >rt'nt'> in llic diaina> of I'airopcan confiiiot in i\nirrica wliidi were cnadt'd al tlii-< all-ini|ioi'taiit porlaur in tiic jiicat ualcr roulc lo liii' licail ol" llic conliiHiil. 'I'lic >a\ ai;(' tliicl^ and t'oni|n('iinL:' i:fncrals. ihc liil>cs and amiif- llial nuncd alon^' this wclUUnown tra(dv from ()nlaiio and lann-'hcd ilicir \ i'>^i'ls o; f lie ii\cr a'toNc (ioal l>!and. aif u'onc, Iml lliflri't- thai sliadowi d (lie llashinu;' slnani.-lill rt-niain to make tiii'pa>l real and hrini:' \i\idi\ to memory onr w ondci t'ul piou'rcss. Is it w i^r to allow t lie dt >t laict ion ot" tlicsc li\ ini^' nioninncnts of his- • lor\ ? N\ ill Hot po-Icril V jn>lly -corn a u'dit'iat ion w liitdi ])t'fmits I tlicm to '»•' | tlirtu^li tlic ccnlnrio >inr(' 1 Icnnt'pin.- vi-il in IiiTI'. llir l-'alK tli(n!>td\( s liavr liTi'atlv clianiicd, I'cccdini:' as the i() arc worn away liy tlic water. Ivxaetiv where the l*'all> stood t wo hundred yeai> aiio we do not know. Tin'ir |to>ii:on at diU'erent period- may to a errtain extent he eon- Jeelured hy what we know of the reee»ioii dinini:" the thirty-three year- iVoin I^IJ to l.sTA. ( )wini:' to the fore>i<:hi of" I'roi". .lan/es Hall, a IriL^tiiK'nirirical survey of Niai^ara was made in \>^\-2. and the I'l.'iijtinii' 111:4) aeeompanied hi- report to th<' State. 1 ha\i' liad the '^ hiMMlile.-l eiti/en to sec XiairMi'a. and more tli.ui ItiO.tMio \ jsiloi-s eamo (hi- >eason. The heavy loeal exaelions fall most oppres.-i\ ely on ihi' poor, hut to the wealthy llM'y are -imply aniioyinLi'. While, therefore, the pl.an of a Sl.ite reservation .appeals to the lasle .■nid a'sthetie eom- forl of the lieli, it also promises relief to the pocket of the poorer il eiti/en, wi-hin;^' lo «'iiJoy hi- I'iuiits in our eoimnon inhei itanet'. The ni.aps aecoinpanyinu this icport show the plan of the properly wliieli .Mr. ( )hn.-ted :md I recommend to he taken l>\ the .'' U \ Lh .-;, RECTOR N > ■/ ■■)■ lliiiiic<:l)r. '^^yw// / IV 1841 FALLS IN 33 YEARS BF'^Wr, J ;-■ ; r f \ Q •> \ \ \ \ i - 42 // ' / / ■i^^ .v.«,^ ./ #?^, / 4^ J MV r^' <^.l \ ...L^aMte : "^ C \ ^ \ I) A . V V> (Ou^APMFO FACIIIMILt J Bir\ N Y ^/ .'^^>/u'// ,>y^^ ^^^^//^ ^,.,//W m i«4L'. -^ !■ H . HlinkHi'7/ fnil KiUfit/eiT 20 [Sknate, No. 37.] in:ii) roprodiK'cd, ami tlmwii on it in rod Iho position of llio hrink of the Tails in l.s?."), aroordini; to llir liiana[)i)eare(l which formerly exi>ted in tlie midst of the Canadian IJapids. These remarkahle ph\>ieal chaniiCs are of d«'ep interest, :md their progress shonid lie w.atched and recorded with great cai'c. The eoneliisions to he attained liv accmate Lieolo^iic.al >tiidv of the rci^ion oitcii almost limille>s views into I'ai-i'c.iching vistas of the continent's physical his- tory. W'hethei'. then, we consider Niagara in the light of its gloi-ions scenery, swaying the imagination of the world and drawing to its .shiine more visitors than any other ol" natnre's works, oi- wlietln'i' we ingai'd its associations with American hi>tory and the deep lessons that it can teach olearth's changes throngh working of great iiat:nal forces : in either \iew it is wonderfni. it is nnpai'aljeled, it is price- less, lint we tind ii> trca>ni'e- in i he grasp of nioney-getici's, and its .sacred groves a»ailey the axe ol"the mill-man oi' doecrated by the j)iirveyor ot' pnMic anmsement^ ; ind are convinced that destruction ofthexcncry will l»c swif't and certain mdessthe all-powerfnl Stale shall appear a.^ the procrver of Niaii;iia. W'rv rc.>|)ccl fnll\ >nlMnitIc(l. JA.MKS r. (iAKDNKIf, J )/rr/,,r. ^1 /r Yotk K>li(h_' t'^iti'i'iH, "Wx^ ■ t &.U-v -^-^^^-^ i .)l 1 I 1' \ liiiWfiriiiiiiiMiii iSimt^J.' s*V / MAI* OK MA(JAUA FA I, I. S siinwiM. nM)iM)si:i) KKSKin'A'rioNs iMM) 1 1:< 'iioN ()»•• rm-. sci-.m'.kv M'l'HHM II IIV ( OMMlSMOM.lfS (II Till' MAVYOUK SIATK Simi-A. \Mi III in n(i:si-.N r.\ ivis in i in; IMM)V1N(I'. <)l' O.N TAIMO .IAMI> T i.\uiim:i( mil ( I 111! N 1 All- SI UM.1 inT'.i. s( .VI I nh I 1. I **i \i-K lit Ml t itrs VI. K (II Mill '^ N n I I'. ^ II ,,;,l.„l, .... ,-,,„.,. I ': .,.!,■ .,(,..<. .> '/.■ ..,.(.... /., /.,.-■/:,. '../ /.//.-.. '/'t.rl >./ .rl n.l ,, iu.'il '.■ ih, l.i.i •■/ ih,- .\,,„,.,, .,1 I,;.. I /.,./. >,.•..,/ .''../ .iA.'i. il,r :,i,f .1 I..I. I'm,,,,,, ; »../..,;. ..., ...,. .,.. ( .,. I. I .,l.,„r .„. ., ...,.(. /.I (..,.(..,.( /•,•.„,„,.,/■ ,1/ 7 ,. ^,^ .. / .ii..,.,.i /.ir. ...... ./. /•. i-.» t.,,,,,,,-,, i />.„....,... . ' . ,...,/. ,v ,:;.i,,.l. .1 l„ I . ... .1/../. V,,.,,..,.. i:,ii. >.. ,„ ,,..,r .1/../.. '■ llU'in tfinff <;..;. V ..#■/■,..,. r s . ... .1. /.'(r.; ,;.„., //..■ ( - /.,.;.. .v,....i • il. ,1 .imlii III, ..../... ../ /;..,/ lti,.,„.i,,-i '..■... •... RIDGE 1 N .^^"^ ^T'" X \ I ■ \ i^ \ ^ -\ <* \ )> \ \ y ,/. \ /.,. o/ wo /•; /»' rnrA MAI' OF MAC AH A FAl.LS noit: .SifTdofii. markrd i. ■'•'• (ic—niMrfi i ntiW I'HN"! n '/ sfoni- HON' o/' Siiitf (Jco/og'- irt/l Siii'vev pfoji"' ' Mif ahn I' Jinrliex ub'ive (he •iiin*'nrr' "f fhf- e'^'""<'^ ll'S'Z II simildr to T^S"! Alioil H U I ilfipf • /)o/l IM IWII'll crii'Ios- pd \n It tilp, li'^r'l \>tth *hf •tiii'fiun of .S'"'lVci'id V are i li hnlm in ihr i'l U ml «-ifh leiud ■ It] itiitiils i>*(»?'l' II'- priTllllefi on fTf'M.'*^ oC ?/ni-5»> .S/i(ir /'(il 'inrf ill nri .4tin'i'- K'C'i Ml/' »iMi I'l'r.T'fui'H (o rli^.ip f>e»'- iiiciMf'Mf rMlt' \>\iy tsllOllltj lit" w.itcl to he iiltiiiiu'd I limillcN-. \i«'\v8 : toiy. Wlictli.r. tli< Sfciifi'V . >\v;iyii! tjliiiii'' iiitiit' vi.- r«'ii:ir '"i^wo thai it can teat t'orct'M : in t'ith loss. l»iil we 1 .sacictl i:r()ve8 : ))iiiv< ynr ol" pi ol" lln' xfiKi'V shall appear «; T :»fc ■^"BgMhi JaW fcw i^ft ^- • - tfc i x I :»fc JS'OTKS I'.V .MIt. OI.MSTKI). I! I i ' Tilt' f''\v iidtfs wliicli I |irniio?ip to appciid to "Sir. fi.iriliH'r's roport will 111' ijircrfctl tti !i >iiij^l(' |Miiiit. 'riit'iT an- tlio-t', ainl I Irar flmt iiio-^t of flic iifojilc ^,f Niay^ara aio aiMoii','' tlii'iii, to whom if ainn-ar."! that flit' waffirall have mo sn|irt;iiii' an iiiti'ic-it to till' piililic that what ha|«|"'ii< r(» the ailjoiniii^-- sct'in-ry i~ n|* tiiilitii,'' roii>('i|ii(Mici'. WiTt' all till' tri'c- cut. away. i|iiarrirs ii|ifio'i| in till' led::!'.-, fill' iiaiilsM packcil with luitrl-. ;iii(I r.iitdrit's. and cvt'iy rhaiii't'- ippi'ii spare niTiipii'il liy ji circiis fciif. the tails winild .■'fill, tli('.>t' tliiid\, iliaw fin' wmld tu fln-iii. \\ liaffvcr li.is Im-imi dmn' to the injury of flio M'cncry lia.s Iwcn donf, >ay tlicy. with fin- niotivoMr prolif, and tin' jii'nlit, rcali/i'd is fho piililii'V \rrdicf ot acipiittnl. It, must he (•on>idi'nMl, tln'rororc, that the piil)lii' lia.s not. had tin; ra^o fairly licfoit' it. Tin' ^rt'af li-idy (»f visitors to Niaiiara conn* a^ straiiiri'is. 'I'hi'ir nnivt>- nn-nts aii' nci'o.-^ai'ily fonfinllcd l>y tin- arfan^i'iin'iit.s niadi' lor thom. Tln-y take what is oiVi'icd, and pay what is rtipiircd with little fxcrcist! of rhoii'i'. Till' I'act that they aci'i-pt tin- ariaii;^i'iiii'nts is ini cv idonct; of tlii'ir a]ipro\al. T/ii rml iiiiditiiin m, //<<;/', in Ihf luini run, is lln' ij) mrttl tx/n'rii iifi' nf vlsil- ii)\i iijf'tiidi III/ miiisiii'is ttml miiri^i'S irltich tire i/t /< iiiiiiii>l inlh no rtij(irf till SCI III 1-1/ ! I Inivo Miy."'t'ir Im'cii an ni'ca-innal \ i^ifor at NiaLi'ara lui' rorty-livr years. INIy attention was tii^t called te the rapidly appiiiachini^- ruin nl" its I h iracteri-tic scenery liy Mr. I"'. !•". ('hiirch, alimil fen years a^n. SliKiily ;irtcrward>, sevi-ral ^'entleinen. tVi'ipienter-< nf the l''alls, met at my reijin'sf. to cun-ider this dant^ei'. one ul them liein^- ;i nn-mlier of the Cnniini-siiin now re|ioitini: on the sohjecf. I have thus had Ixith occa.->ion and nppnrtnnify I'nr olisei vinir the changed course.- info which ihe piilijic lias lieen gradually led and of .-«tudyin^- these courses and their results. When the arranp'ments hy which xi.iitois were cnndiicted were yet, .simple; when there were lew carriai^es, and these little used; when a visit, fu the h'alls was a series of expedif i.uis, niid in each (Wpeditioii hciins were (icciipied in wandering; slowly anmn:: the trees, ^i-oine from place tu place, with many intervals oC rest, there was net only a much ;_'|eiiter de::ree of enjnyuient, there wa> a dlllerent kind ot" eiijo)-- ineiit I'liini any now een,.] ;i||y dlitjiiiieil. l'eii|i|e, then, weie Intli to leave the place; many lini;ered on IVom day today al'tei' tiny had piepaied to e,,, revisiting' ground they had gone uvi'r before, turning and return- ^ I p ! ' t! f.\\ j' i i' I if ~\ 28 [Sknatk, ' li I 1 i inir: iiiid wliiMi tli<\v wont avvny it was with ^^natt'l'iil lioarts ami ::ratt'l'iil Woiils. Tilt' cliaiiirc (Vom tliis to wlial i- (ic.-ciilMMl in the sccniid st'ctinn of llio ('()mini>>inn('i>' H'pDit lia> 1 ii Liia'lual ami. wliilf Miiiii'tliiiitr iiiii>t In; attriliiitt'd to moiifiii case of travel, a ^rt-atfc inlliix of \i-«iioi'.s mihI to Imliits of (|iii(k('r inovt'iiit'iit and ^icatrr ii'>lli's>iit'?>s ; iiiiicli must, also lit! I't'lViT'-d to flit' I'lii't that visitors ait* so iiiiich iiioi'f coirxtraiin'il to Im» ^niith'd and in>tnictt'd, tti Itf li-d and >to|>|M't|, to lit- "[iiil thnm^^h," any hy tlif >ho\vmMn's nifthods; tin* idea that. Ts'iaiiaia is a s|ii'ctafiilar antl st-nsational fxliiliition, of whiili ropt'-walk- in^"", tlivinu", hrass hands, lirt.'works and various " >ith'->liows" arc a|)|>rtt- jiiiat(! :i('<'oni|ianinu'nts, is .•«tt int'scntt'il to the visitttr tliat hf i* ftiicftl ft) yit'ld to it, ami stM' am! ffi-i littU' clsf than that |irtv.t'iilii'd to liim. Hut all tilt' tinit! iIu'H' art> soiuf who, hi'i-ansc tit" liftttT int'ormaiitm ami op|iort unit it's, and as thf ifsnlt tif [iifvioiis trainini:. p-t thf lifttfrof thin dillifiilty, and to thfsf thf old tliavm i'fmain<. Takf, as an ilhi.->tiatioii, thf f .\|pfrif ni'i A' thf writf" of tin* t'ollowini; iia»aL:f. It i~ that til' ji man wlio ha-; tfavflctl f\tfnsi\"ly for thf fxprt'ss |iuiiio>f of tili-M-rv intc scfuiTy and ctinipaiini; thf valuf. a, tit- tf imim'tl liy thf inlhifncf on tlio imaiiination. of ilill'i'iiMit typfs tif -M'f mi'y. It i-> ifcordfil in a Ijtilf imolv whifh ti'fats moi-f fspfcially of tin- -ffin-iy of tin- .\\\<^ anit|f laMo distaiii'f aliovf and lu'low iitissf>s inorf inlfrcst. and hfaiity. "As tif rivt'r i'oiir>f> far liflow thf falh, fonlim'd i>i'twffn vast wallfj of rofk — thf tif ar wator of a pf fiiliar li;^lit-<,Mi't!ni>h hiif , ami w hitf hf ro and thi-rf with fircifts of vft imsootlii-ii foam -thf flVfft i- >tartlin^dy lifaiitifiil, ipiilf apart, from thf falU. Thf liiuli flill- ai'f frf.-tfil witli wool-; till' ruins of thf Lii'f.i' rofk wall> fonniny widi-. irn't;uKir lianl\> lM';wffii thfin and thf w.ttfi-, aif al-o !• '.iiitifiilly floihfd with Wood to llif rivf r's fdi^f, oftfii Ml far liflow that you soiiiftiuif- look IVoiii thf iippfr Iniiik down on tli ' top of tall piiif- that s-i'iii tlimini.>lifil in yi/f. Thf wild \inrs srramlih' atnoii;^ thf tiffs; ni.iiiy .-hiulis and (lowfrs M'am tin- hii;li rm-ks ; in moist .-|iots, hfrf antl tlint' a sharp fvo mav ilf tfit man V lloui'ird tufl> oi' thf lifauti fill fiinifftl (if nlian, .-Iraiiyo to I'luropiMii fVfs ; ami lifVond all, ami at thf iippfr finl tif thf wooil- finlioWf ii'il th'fp rivfi' lifil. a portion tif tin' t low niiii: ^lorv of tlm .sffiif thf falls- a \a.-t dill' of illiiminalfil fo.ani. with a /.oiif ttiwanl.s its upper ftl::t' as of m|,.,.|| nmlti-n ,::la.- tif -foiif is ipiitf tliMorfiit. A widf and iifairfiil rivf r I'arry iiii: thf .-urplus walors of an iiilaml st-a, till it ::railually lind^ itsflf in thf foils of thf rapiil.-, and is soon l.a^lfil into siifli a lurnioil as Wf mit^hl fxpfd if a ilo/fii iinpolliitftl Shannons or Sfinf- wni' lumiiii;; a raff to^lfllf r. A rivi-r no inorf, luit a sfa iinrfiiifd. Hy w;ilkiii;i- alioiif a niilf .alioM' thf falls on thf ( "an.atli.an >-horf this ftl'fft i-- linoly .-ffii. thf liifadlh of thf ri\i'r Iflpiii;: to fairy out thf illusion. As thf ^ri'at wa ilf scfiid.s frtim iis tl.ark ,::rfy and smooth Ih-iI ami f.ilU whilfniiiL: iiitti'and. Thf i-lamU iu-t aliiM' tin- fall- oii.ililf oif tti .-land in llif .\:|MII1' I IliVHI - l.v W llil.llll liillllll-IIM, I' 1. - I..iim|iiii .lullll Mill •;(\ . |,s7.i PLATE X t I IN Mil-; W I M) 1) ,-, , , I- 1 , I ' A 1 1 .^ 1. A N b J It i II No. :{7.] 21) liiiflst (if tln*st> rMjiiilM. wlit'i't' tln'V rii'^li l>y I.i-lird liitn pnsMiniiutt' Ii:isti'; now Itoiliii;.'^ nvfi' ."oiiii' liiiMt'ii .•'\vflliii^''s in tin* incUy Im'iI, nr ilii'-liin^'' over ^Tfiitcr l>iit yi't irnl.f nirflnns with Mifli lorn' fluit iIh- cii'^f of tilt! ii|iiirtfil nl.■l^s \s t|iiflli('(| iilioiit at iVci'ly a-* u wliitt* cliar^^fi'.-i inaiio; now tIarUly fallin^'^ into a c.ivity M'vnal yanls ln-low tlic Icvi'l of tliiif;;in','' liy in «'onntl«'H.s fiMii'.s to tilt' lnisf-(■^l•^liirlH'il in tlifir |it';i<'fliil MliaiJiiit'ss, ^iarlamli'il with wild vine and wiM llowfis. tho i^^lainls staml in till' midst of all this liiTft' foininotlon of wafers — Im'Iow, tin* vast, cvci-niiniiif,'" falls; aliovf, a fomiiliration of torn-nts that sfi'in liftfd tt» wi'ar away iron slmri's ; yi't fhiTf they staml, safi' as if tin- .■«|>irit of beauty hail in nifi'fy oxtMiiptt'd tln'in from dfiay. Si'vcrul i«li't« iiii' so wmall that it is n-ally rt'iiiai Ualili- Imw tln'y sii|i|iort \r^i'tation ; tun', lookin;;' no l>i^X'''' ''"'" n wasliiii;:-tiil., not only holds its own in tin' vi-ry tliifk of tlitf torrtMit.s just iihovo tht> falls, Imt aftually hfars a small foit'st, ini'liidiiii: I'll!' strirki'ii and half last-ilown piin'. Mi>st fortiinati' is it that tln-sc licaiitifully vi-iilaiit inlands and isli-t.s orriir just aliovo tho falls, ailtling imnu-'asurahly tt) iho oll'oct of the scene." i I liHvo s|ioki'n of tlit» ilisthirtiiv charms of Nia^'ariv sfoiuM-y If it w I'l'i* |ios-;ili|(. to have the sam e ciiiii litioii- di tallied from the fall- (which it is not. as I shall -how), Niai^aia would still lie a place of sing- ular fascinatii>ii ; |Mi>sii>ly to some, n|ion whom the falls have a terrily- inu I IVect, even more so than it is now, Sayiny nothin;; of the inliniiely varied heaiities of water and spray, iind of water-worn rock, I will, for a |iiiri)o.st!, inenthm a few elemeiit.s which fontriliiite to thi- tlistiuctive chaiiii. The eiaiiient I'lii^lish hotaiiist, Sir .loseph Hooker, has said tiiat hi! fonnd ii|ion (ioat Islainl a ^ireater variety of ve;^etation within a i^iven hpace than anywheri! in Mnro[tt', or east, of the Sierras, in Anieiica; lid the lirst of American hotanists, Dr. Asa (iray, has repeated tin a statement. lave IcpIIowi'i I the Apalachiaii chain almost from end to end, antI traveleil on horsehaek, *' in seureh of tin- pictiirt'st|iie," over four thoiisaiid miles of the iiio.-t prninisiiii.'- parts of the cnntinent without lind- III' ewliere the same ipia litv III loiest heaillv wliicli was once alum tiant alxnit the falls, ami which is still to lu» ohserved in th arts of (coat Island wlieii' the oiitrinal ^M'owth of trees and shnilis has not hecn tlistiirlieil, and where, from oaviii^ banks, tree.s are not now e.\[iosed to o.\i'essivt> tlryness at the root. Nor have I found any where else such tender effects of folia;.'e as wero once to lie ;^eeii in the draperv haii<.,'^in''' down the wall of rock on tim Amerifan shore lielowfhe fall, and rolling;" up the slope lielow it, or with that still to he seen in a favoialili' season and under favorahle li^difs, on the Canadian steeps and craj.-'s hefweeii the falls and the ferry All these tlistiiM tiv(' iiiialitie ilie LMt'at variety of the iiitli-'eiioiis pert'iinials and annuals, tlit! rare beauty of the old woods, and the exceed- in;.'' loveliness of the rock foliaL;e, I believe to be a direct elVect of tho falls, ami as much a [lart of its majesty as tin? mist-cloiid and the rain- bow. They are all, as it appt>ars to nit\ to be explained by the lirciinistance that at two [leriods of the year when tho nurlhorn American iViresl elao- V] ^ \ :\ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 7x Il> ' It I t s 1 1 \\ i: I! I 80 [Senate, No. 37.] where is liable to snrt'er actual constitutional depressions, that of Nia«j!-ara is itssured against like ills, and thus retains youthful luxuriance to an uiiusiuil age. First, the masses of ice, which, every winter are piled to a great height below the falls, and the great rusliing body of ice-cold water coming from the northern lakes in the s[)ring, prevent at Niagara the hardship under which trees elsewhere often sutler through sudden checks to premature growth ; and, second, when droughts elsewhere occur, as they do, every few years, of such severity that trees in full foliage droop and dwindle, and even sometimes cast their leaves, the atmosphere at Niagara is more or less moistened by the constantly evaporating spray of the falls, and in certain situations frequently bathed by drifting clouds of mist. Something of the beauty of the lianging foliage below the falls is also probably due to the fact, that the effect of tlie frozen spray upon it is equivalent to the horticultural process of " shortening in ; " compelling a denser and closer growth than is, under other circumstances, natural. Reference is made at page 9, of the Commissioners' report, to a marvel- ous effect in scenery above the Falls. It is that to which the following account by the Duke of Argyle applies : "The river Niagara, above the falls, runs in a channel very broad, and very little depressed below the general level of the country. But there is a steep declivity in the bed of the stream for a considerable dis- tance above the precipice, and this constitutes what are calle(i the rapids. The consequence is that when we stand at any point near the edge of the Falls, and look up the course of the stream, the foaming waters of the rajjids constitute the sky line. No indication of land is visible — • nothing to express the fact that we are looking at a river. The crests of the breakers, the leaping and the rushing of the waters, are still seen against the clouds, as tliey are seen in the ocean, when the ship from •which we look is in the trough of the sea. It is impossible to resist the effect on the inuigination. It is as if the fountains of the gveiit deep were being broken up, and that a new deluge were coming on the world. The impression is rather increased than diminished, by the perspective of the low wooded banks on either shore, running down to a vanishing' point and seeming to be lost in the advancing waters. An apparently shoreless sea tumbling toward one is a very grand and a very awful sight. Forgetting, then, what one knows, and giving oneself to what one only sees, I do not know that there is anytliing in nature more majestic than the view of the rapids above tlie falls of Niagara." FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED. *,•'■ ^1 ■ ;i ^J N 1W^ *WStV;*^ ^it£#'i: , feM» P# li I where i Niiifj^fira to ail nil First, lieiglit ' coming' hardshi] (•hecks occur, a foliage atinospl eva})ora bathed Some probabl equivali denser I! "\, I, I li . I' ■ $ Refe] ous effe account "Th. and vei there if- tance a The coi the Fal the raj iiotiiinii the bre again si which effect c were b The in of tlie point fi shorele sight, only s( than tl t-l 'i ;i !i;j| MEMORI^^^L ADDKKSSED TO The Governor of New York, AND THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA. To ALONZO B. CORNELL, Governor of the Slate of New York: The uiRlersigucil, citizens of several states and conntries, address you ))y reason of the suggestion lately made by Loud DuFrEuiN, that the State of New York and the Dominion of Canada should secure and hold, for the world's good, the lands adjacent to the Falls of Niagara. The Falls of Niagara are peculiarly exposed to disastrous injury. The heights of snow, the precipitous crags of great monntains, how- • ever they may be disfigured by man, can rarely be applied to uses which would destroy their sublimity. But should the islands and declivities of the JViagara Kiver be stripped of their natural woods, and occupied for manufacturing and business purposes ; should even the position, size, and form of the constructions which the accommoda- tion of visitors Avill call for, continue to be regulated solely by the pecuniary interests of numerous individual land-owners, the loss to the world will be great and irreparable. The danger may be measured by what has already occurred. The river's banks are denuded of the noble forest by which they were originally covered, are degraded by incongruous and unworthy structures, uiade, for advertising purposes, willfully conspicuous and obtrusive, and the visitor's attention is diverted from scenes to the influence of which he w^ould gladly sur- render himself, by demands for tolls and fees, and the offer of services most of which he would prefer to avoid. Objects of great natural beauty and grandeur are among the most m \\ nil i ' ril ■«*... J J 132 [Senate, i I ii I' 'it Viiliiahle irifts wliicli rrovidcnco has boslowod upon our race, Tho ('()iil('m[)latioii of (liciu elevates ami iufonns the hiiinaii uiid(M-staii(liii<;. Thev arc iiislruiiu'iit.s of education. 1'h(>v eoiuhu'c to tho order of society. Thoy achli'ess sentiineiits whicli are uiiiver.sah Thoy draw toirether men of all races, and thus contribute to tho union and the peace of nations. The sni»ue-.(ion, therefore, that an object of this class so unparalleled ys the Falls of Xiagai'a should l)o [)laced under the joint urxside, U. S. Senate. J. G. lU.ALX, U. S. Senate. JrsTix S. Morrill, U. S. Senate. II. H. AxTHDXv, U. S. Senate. J. I). Cameijox, U. S. Senate. AV. B. Allisox, U. S. Senate. INIat. II. Carpexter, U. S. Senate. Joiix James Ixoalls. U. S. Senate. David 1>. Porter, Admiral, U. S. Navy. Houghton. IIeay. Louis Mallet. John Lubhock. J. F. Stei'iiex. 1'', No. 37.] 33 lio 'A- of l\V ho 'P to ly iso of ' IIirr.H Allkx. Fkancis IIixcks. GK<>liiii('or, (Jovcrniuoiil of (Quebec. CirAUi.Ks W. Ei.ioT, Picsidciit Harvard University. Bksj. II. Paddock, liisliop of Massacluisetts. CiiAUi.Ks FuAxcis Adams. jMaUTIX PjiaMMKIt. J'lllLLII'S PiKOOKS. Thomas M. Clauk, Bishop of Rhode Island. Jamks McCosh, Presid(>ii( CoUege of New Jersey. Chaih.ks B. Axdukws, Governor of Conneeticnt. Noah PoitTKU, Piesident Yale College. J. Williams, 15i.shop of Coinjeelicut. Natt. IIiud, Governor of New IIani[)sliire. A. B. Thomi'sox, Seeretary of Stiite of New Hampshire. William Woodulff Niles, Bishop of New Hampshire. J. K. Saiuikxt. Hkxuv a. Coit, D.D., Kcetor St. Paul's Sehool. Edwaih) Cooi'kk, Mayor of New York. R A. P. Bauxaim), President Colnmhia College. Howard Cudsuv, President University of New York. Alkx. S. \Vei5H, l*resi(l('nt College; of the City of New Y^ork. 1). HixTixcTox, President National Academy of Design. CVUUS W. FlKLD. Hexrv W. Bellows. Pauke Godwix. Mo HOAX J)ix. Charles A. Daxa. ISamiel ( )s(;o()i). Wm. Hexrv Hlrlp.it. James M. Brown. Howard Potter. JOHX CrOSHV I)R0WX. Fredeihc K. Church, N. A. ^^''HITELA^V ReID. Saxford R. Gieford, N. A. ' W. Whitriixh:, N. A. JoHx A. Cisco. VTK, rk. No. 37.] X T. llKrivKii. Wm. I). Kkij.kv. IIknuy C. Pottku. JoirN La Fauck. A. HlKKSTADT, N. A. lIo.MKU D. Martin, N. A. J. i)i:uANi), N. A. Kaimiaici^ Pumpkllv. IIkxuv G. Mauqi and. Nathan Ai'I'Leton. s. p. aveiiy, John ,Tav Cisco. S. P. 1)1 ('KSNOr.A. Thomas Hicks, N. A. C. II. Maushall. DaNL. S. AlM'LF/rON. W. D. MoUdAN. IIOHT. Pi. MlNTl IIN. W. E. DODOK, Jll. Lloyd Aspinwall, Jit. Edwaud C. Pctteu. Newiiold Le Hoy. Chas. Russell Hone. James P. Lowuey. (Jeouoe Belt- Theodore Weston. Henry 1). SEiKnviciv. F. F. Mar BURY. G. N. Stouohton. avilliam uorsiieimek. David Dudley Field. KOYAL l^HELPS. John A. SrEWAiir. E. D. Morgan, Jr. Benj. B. Thurman. John T. Terry. N. C. Meigs, U. S. A. Albert J. Myer, U. S. A. Q A. GiLMouE, U. S. A. Nelson A. Miles, U. S. A. 35 II I" I itiii ''I ill • u J 36 [Sknatk, ii F. W. GocKKiA'. Prosidciil Si. JoliiTs Cullcirc, Fordli.ini. IjKONAIfl) W. JkKo.MK. J'.vri, FoKiuvs. .loiiN ir. (lOrUMK. .FlO. TlIAVKKS, ,Ik. Kl)\Vl\ L. (JoDKIV. (ioUVKKNKlK' MoUlMS. Ju. .1. J n. ckoks. J. II. I'lN( KNKV. (J 1:0. H. WAi;i.\AiK'(JCK. IIekman Iv. Le Roy. J. II. DitAl'EU. Wm. r>. Rice. S. XiciioEsoN Kane. F. SllELDOX. John L. Cadwaladeii. John ^LuMrLEEX. Francis McXeiuney, Bishop of Albany. E. O. Haven, Cliancellor SyiJicusc University. Wm. C. Russell, Atg. Prcsidi'iit CoincU UnivcM-sity. E. Dodge, President Madison University. Saml. G. Brown, President Hamilton College. I No. :{7.J :i7 W.M. CitoswKi.L DoANK, r.i.>lm|» of A Hdiiy. I). M. O^noKNK. Mayor of Aiilmiu. Wm. II. Skwaki). Tiii:«). M. ToMKuov. K. T. Tiiuooi' Mautix. Jo.SIAH LkKIIWOUTII. K. li. Wklcii. ClIAUr-KS C. DWKJllT. C. D. Macdoucall. Dennis li. Alwaud. livuoN C. Smith. CiiAs. IIawi.ky. A. Clkvki.anI) Coxe, IVi^liop of VVc^crii New York. G. W. Clinton'. Sherman S, IJodEUs. E. C SlM!A(iUE. \Vm. F. l{(J(iEK.S. S. S. Jew E IT. Pascal Jj. Puatt. J. ^I. 1ik;iimond. E. Stokck. Alheut r>. Lanin(J. Ali-ueu li. C. Selwyn, Diiceior Geological Survey of Ciiiiadii. F. W. IIensiiaw. Jose I'll IIktvson. Kobt. Esdaile. C. J. Seak(;en't. Feteu KEDi'A-rir. Walter Siianlv. Woli'Ension Thomas. GeORCJE llAtiUE. W. J. Patterson. J. 11. Gilliss. Tiios. Davidson. D. L. McDol'gall. S. J. EwiNC. ^y. A. mkrry. Tiios. LViMAN. ^ JvMES P). M. Chirman. G. 11. Massey. ' n ;m J p I 38 N. J. McGlLLEVRAY. J. Penfold. James Dakeus. John H. li. Molson. James F. D. Black. ]\Iaurice S. Baldwin. James A. McLeod. JOTliV ClJAWFOllD. Andrew Hoheiitson. Edward Sullivan. O. C. Edwards. John Fletcher. A. C. De Lotbiniere IIarwood. R. W. Graham. E. N. Grant. Charles Smithers. W. J. Buchanan, Fred. Nash. AVm. Darling. Henry Lyman. John Kenndey. Richard Holland. J. Fairbairn. David R. McCord. K. A. Nelson. J. II. MOONEY. Ch. D. Proctob. S. St. Onge, GuiL. La Motiie. Jos. Pierre Le Bel. A. B. Stewart. J. G. Dinning. W. W. Stuart. James Foley. A. Murray. Philip Holland. James Mitchell. W. B. Court. Edw. Chapin. J. M. BUCKNELL. [Senate, No. 37.] 39 R. T. RouTii. Jno. F. Ross. John Torrance. Georgm a. Drummond, and 400 other citizens of Cmuicla and the United States. U March, 1880. I HI 'I I New Difcovery O F A Fafi Country in America^ Excendiug abovns Foar llioulknd Miles^ { BETWEEN New France and New Mexico. W I T H A Dcfcription of the Great Laks^ Cata- roBsj (]^>er5, flams^ and Jmmls : Alfo, The Manners^ Cftfioms, and LoH^uages, of the fe?crai Nartve (ndians. ; And the Advantage of Commerce with thofe different Nations. CONTINUATION: Giving an ACCOUNT of the Attempts oi. the Sieur DelaS^LLE upon the Mines of St. Bark, Sec. The Taking of Qtiekc by the EngUjh ; With the Advantages dFa Shorter Cut to Citnasttid Japan, Both Parts lUuftrt^ted with Maps and Figurts, and Dedicated to His Majefty K. WtlUam. By L. Hennepin, now Refident in HoUojuL To which is added, Several N^ir Difccveriei in Ndt/*- America, not pttblilh'd in the French Edirion. L a Hf'D O Vi Printed for M BentUy, J. Jbrfm, H. Bmt" Wi*, T, (kodwhi, and S. MoMfluf, r 6 p 8. T i I i \ 1 I I ii 3 'i ■ I \ ^ I 1 K' ' «l I j I I *>>■'■*' "•^'^*'^''" ! [ h III. ; 1^ f ' Pa^. Z9 ■^ m . m L-^l W,ujs: 1. » h I I ! a Large Country in America. 29 in Winter it is more difHculr, becaufo of th« outrageous Winds which abound there. From this Lake one may go by Barks^ or by greater Veffels to the foot of a great Rock that is about two Leagues off the Fall of the River Niagara, which I am now to dcfcribc. CHAP. VII. A Defer iption of the Fall of the River Niagara, which is to be fern betufixt the Lake Ontario W that ofEvii, BEtwixt the Lake Ontario and Erl^, there is a vaft and prodigious Cadence of Wa- ter which falls down after a furpiizing and aftonilhing manner, infoniuch that the Uni- verfe does not afford its Parallel 'Tis true, Itafy and Suedeknd boaftof fome fucli Things; but we may well (ay they are but forry Pat- terns, when compared to this of which we now fpeak. At the foot of this horrible Pre- cipice, we meet with the River NitftrflT;?, which is not above a quarter of a League broad, but is wonderfully deep in fome places. It is fo rapid above this Defcent, that ic vio- lently hurries down the wild Beafts while endeavouring to pafs it to feed on the other fide, they not being able to withftand the force of its Current, which inevitably cafts them headlong above Six hundred foot high. This wonderful DownTal, is compounded of two great Crofs~(lreams of Water , and two ! t ' a I (> t r II I JO J New Difco'Very of two Falls^ with an Ifle floping along the mid- dle of it. The Waters which fall from this horrible Precipice , do foam and boyl af- ter the moft hideous manner imaginable , making an outrageous Noife, more ter- rible than that ot Thunder; for when the Wind blows out of the South, their dii- mal roarinjg may be heard more than Fifteen Leagues on. The River Niagara having thrown it fejf down this incredible Precepice , continues its impetuous courfe for two Leagues toge- ther, to the great Rock above-itiention'd, with an inexpreffible rapidity : But having f>aftthat, its impetuofity relents, gUdiiiga- ong more gently for other two Leagues, till it arrive at the Lake Ontario or Frontenac. Any Bark or greater Veflfel may pafi from the Fort to the root of this huge Rock above- mention'd. This Rock lies to the Weftward, and is cut off from the Land by the River Niagara^ about two Leagues farther down than the great Fall ; for which two Leagues the People areoblig'd to tranfport their Goods over-land j but the way is very good j and the Trees are but few , chiefly Firrs and Oaks. From the great Tall unto this Rock which is to the Well of the River, the two Brinks or it are ib prodigious high, that it would make one tremble to look fteadily upon the Water, rolling along with a rapidity not to be imagined. Were it not for this vaft Ca- tuTA^y which interrupts Navigation , they might fail with Barks or greater VeiTels, more 4 Lar^ Country in America, j i niorc than Four hundred and fifty Leagues, crofEng the I^ke of Hurons, and ic.iching even to the £irdier end of the Laite lUimU 5 which two Lakes we may ealily fay are little Seas of frejh Water. Sieur de la Salle had a defign to liave buill a Fort at the mouth of the River Niagara^ and might eafily have compafs*d it, had he known liow to keep himielf within bounds, and to have conhn'd himfelf there for one Year. His defign was to curb and keep under the Iroquois , and efpecially the Jjhmontouam^ who are the moft numerous People, and the moft given to War of all that Nvition. In fine^ fuch a Fort as this might eafily have inter- rupted the Commerce betwixt thefe People and the Englijh and Dutch in Ntw-Tork. Their cuftom is to carry to NtivTork the Skins of Elks, Beavers, and feveral forts ofBeafts, which tliey hunt and feei^ after fome 2 or ;oo Leagues from their own home. Now they being ob» lig'd topafs *ind rcpals near ro this mouth of the River Niagara ,* we might eafily ftop them by fair means in time ot Peace, or by open force in time of War ^ and thus ol> lige them to turn their Commerce upon Ca- nada. But having remarked that the Ircqmis were puDi'd on to ftop the execution of this Defign, not fo much by the Englifi) and Dutcb^ as by the Inhabitants of Canada^ who for a great part endeavour^'d by all means to traverfe rhii our Difcovery ; they contented themfulves to build a Houle at the mouth of rhc River CO tlie Eaftward, where the Place was natu- rally 1 : 11 4 ^ii>^^ I ii I I n 5 ^% J New DifcoVery of rally fortift'd. To one fide of this HtyaTt there is A very good Haven, where Ships may Gifely ride ; nay, by help of a Cap- ftane, they may eafily be hall'd upon Land. Bcfides, at this Place they take an infinite: quantity of white Fifli, Sturgeons, and a.11 other forts of Fifhes, which are incomparably good and fweet ; inibniuch that in tne pro- per Seafbn of Filhing , chey might fiifnirti the greateft City in Europe with plenty of Fifh. CHAR VIIL A Defer iptim of the Lake Eri>. THe Irocfuois give to this Lake the Name of Erie Tejocharontiong , which extends it felf from Eail co Weft perhaps a hundred and fort}' Leagues in kingth. Bat no Ri- ropean has ever been over it all ; only I ajid tliofe who accompany'd me in this Difco- /ery,have view'd the greater part of it, with a Velfe) of Sixty Tun burden, which we caus'd to be made on purpofe, a{x)ut two Leagues above the fore mennioji'd Fiill of Niagara, as 1 /hall have occafton to obferve more Urgely hereafter. This Lake Erie, or Tejocharontiong, enclofes on its Southern Bank a Trand vex- ations referred to should be excluded. Contemplating no attempt at landscape ornamenting in the vain hope of adding anything to the nat- ural attractions of the falls, he thought that each government might obtain control of a sufficient area to be kept sacred to the free use of those who coming- there from all parts of the world, desire to view the grand scenery without molestation. He believed that all this could be accomplished at small expense, each government of course retaining jurisdiction of its own portion of such park, l>ut with a mutual under- standing as to the general regulations to be enforced on either side. Subsequently the Governor-General called the attention of the govern- ment of Ontario to the same matter, and rocommended co-operation .11 I I V U i i f i h 11 42 LSenate, No. 37.] with the State of New York in accomplishing the purpose in view. The proper course, if such a plan were deemed advisable would, undoubtedly be the appointment of commissions by both governments, to confer together as to its details. Should such a commission be appointed by the authorities of Ontario, I recommend that you provide for the appoint- ment of a similar one to consider the subject. There can be no doubt that many persons abstain from visiting the falls in consequence of the annoyances referred to, nor can there be any reasonable doubt that the removal of these objections would largely increase the number of visit- ors annually. if i'- nIm / ^ ^ ^ V A LOT {-^^ r IJ R T H JULIUS BIFN PHOTO LITH JO }ty a ::h 1 i 1 j 1 M 1 A ._ -L - 1 N — -- ' __ __i..-.-..i- L I T R E T PAKT OF TUK offirjjAL pRDPjiiirrr map F NIAGARA FALLS VILLAGE ^);lK)•^r;(v^ cv hiaimi; THK LOTS AND ^TKKKTS [.\(l,ri)i;i) IX THE PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED STATK Ki:Si:U\'ATI()N Aii[M'()\T(| liy I he CnMMISSlMVHK'SOFniK STATK srHVl-ri' .lAMf < T ln\RPNKI!.niKKiri)|t ! H 1 9. Sr.ii, ■,' rhitins ti> I inch \ 1 1 'I' I'. Th>' ,i-:jf,t;,il .'I tl'iM Map M«v Vm/ rr />, //■, .-/fr, lal .V«/' rt'lhe \''U,:ttt /'t .'^' .\') /..m.. ollSl.i-. (1i„i, 11!) S.;! ■ fti .■';.;''■"' 'i.Vi M M,:r''r:i' V^lhiilr ol'Stitgam I'alU iliid l.iii''l\ ■;./;.;. ./,/,, .,,.-/.i,m/ I., .ti, :,.■! ,n !h,t.,t,„i„il M,,,, JULIU9B1FN CHOTO LITH t» »'■ ' '"■'•<"''»PP!lii|iif" with the 8t£ l)roper cours be the app togetlier as the authoriti ment of a s: that many p annoyances removal of t ors annually ""'■iimw.'. Tli II I' 'imK mrn^- f k i.^?.-' T Part II. FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF TUB BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF THE STATE SURVEY. ■m t 1 1 ( i f ■ 4 i iH I! I liKPOKT. To the honnrahle the Legislature of the State of I^ew York : The Commissioners of the State Survey, in compliance with the requi- sitions of the acts creating tlie commission, resjjcctfull}^ report tlie regular l)roceedings of the survey and results reached during tlie year 187l>, by transmitting the annexed report of the director, which they have adopted. It will be seen that tlie work of the past season gives the means of making important additions to the State Survey map of jjarts of Onon- daga, Oswego, Madison and Oneida connties ; locating, as it does, the geographical positions of seventeen villages and towns. In co-operation with the United States engineers in charge of the improvement of the Hutlson, moTuunents a mile a[iart have been placed along both banks of the river, between Albany and New Baltimore, forming a connected series of i)ermanent landmarks, to which will be referred both the bulk- head-lines, established by law, and the bo\jiidaries of grants of lands nnder water. The security of the boundaries thus established will nn(h)ubt(Mlly prove the imi)ortance of apjilying elsewliere a similar sys- tem of land surveying. All of which is respectfully submitted. HORATIO SKYMOUR, President of the Board. WILLIAM A. WHEP:LER, ROB. S. HALE, WILLIAM DORSIIEIMER, FRANCES A. STOUT, GKOROE GEDDES, E. A. P. BARNARD. if •I 1 .^m' T ', - 1: : \ 1 I- ( I ( I t s APPENDIX A. Dktailbd Statkmunt of ExriiNi)iTi!HKs DuiuNLi TICK Ykar 1S79. B(M)ks $10 ('ai'tanl'l'M' oxpi'usos 11)1 Duniajjos ami rent of laml 41 Expit'ssagt' (12 Fiviirlit -'4 Ua)'(lwar(> 31 llaniess, etc II Horse ke(>i)iii^'' , ;-?()|{ Horse shoeing'- 22 Horse hire and livery 12 Majis 3;") Mat heniat leal insti'iinieiits 13,") Messen^''ers (> Misci'llaneoMS (! Muslin, etc 1") Otlice of (lii'ei-tor, onttit. care and rent uf 74 Posta-re t;i Pottery 20 Pi'lntiuiT '.l.SO Rejiairs >^3 Salaries, i-(>i,^nlai- 8, ',103 Salaries, special 7S Sit,^nal c()nes 33 Stationery 27 St !■( ct cars and tolls 7 'I'elei^ranis -*3 Tents 17 Tiiiilier and hnnbei- 5S Tools 37 Transpoi-tation, public, 4ri4 Wages of I al lore rs 13t) Wagons and ecpiipnients 2(t Total .'t ^ ! If 1 r li :: '{ HE POUT. To the Board of Cotninimonem of the State Surrey : I liiivo tlio honor to submit, my roport of tho pro^Te.-^s of the survey (luriuy the yeur lS7i>, with uci'ompaiiyiiig maps of tho comph^ted trian- guliitiou and its [)roposed extension during tht; coming season. Provision for the survey was made in the regular appropriation bill, from which the funds were not due until October first, wliile the previous appro|)riation liad been intended only for the year 1S7S. This so limited the means of the surv(n\ that it was impossible to push forward the primary triangulatioii over the counties of Cayuga, Senaca, Yates, Tompkins, Schuyler, Tioga and Chemung, the region that it was in- tended to cover during the season. The supervisors of Onondaga county had, by special resolution, re- quested the Survey to furnish tlnnn with a map shjwing accurately the areas of the townsliiiis of that county. 1 regret very much that the reciuestcc.uld not be complied with, on aci-ouiitof want of means. Should the present Legsilature make the api»ropriatiou asked for, the general extension of the triangulation to Tioga anliical positions (»f til'fy-two points were (lotermined in tli(! iifteon townsliips of Coiisfanfin, DeWitt, Fenner, (jJcmMcs, Kirklaiid, Lenox, Munliiis, I'oniiiey, Rome, Steuben, Stock brid^'e, Huliivan, Vernon, Verona and Vienna. The positions of prominent lundnnirkH were ilxed in sixteen villa^^es and one city: Canastota, Cleveland, Chiirchville. Durhamville, Kayette- ville, Fish Creek, (jleddcs, llitr^finsville, Kirkville, Manlins Station, Oneida, Vernon, Vienna, Vorona, Wampsville, and the city of Home. The elevations of many important points were determined with preci- sion, in order that they may be used as bases for future leveling. Tho measurements of vertical angles were nnide with a twelve-inch circle, reading with micrometers to seconds, aiid the chain of levels was iu several places connected with benches of tlie camil surveys. The fixing of thes<> lifty-two reference itoints will enable us to make many needed corrections to the map of parts of Oswego, Onondaga, Madison and Oneida counties. Ileconnoissance for this triangulation l)egan May 2.")th. It was con- ducted by Mr. 0. S. Wilson, assisted by Mr, O. IE. Bogardus. On the 5th of July, Mr. Bogardus took charge of the signal building party, and on the lOth of July Mr. Wilson began tho ni' '"surement of angles, Mr. F. M. Rutherfurd acting as recorder. The ling of signals was con- tinued until September 1st, and the me.. November 20th. .^aient of an;;les until * 1 Work on tiik Hudson Rivkr. In the year 1S77, in accordance with a resolution of the Legisla- ture, the Governor of this State re(iuested the President to apj)oint a board of United States othcers, experienced in the management of harbor and river improvements, to establish in co-oj)eration with State authorities, bulkhea Land ('onnni.s.siontTs of the Stutf, tliiit ^fnints of lands tindor water mIiouM be referred to the Hamc landmarks ou which the biilkhciid-line was to depend. After curefiil reconnoiMsanee, with tliese coiiwiderations in view, Lieut. J. If. Willard, United States engineer, and myself, dei^ided to i)lace State kSiirvey monunuMits about a mile apart along both banks of tho llndson, and to lix their positions by a chain of secondary triangles resting on the neighboring hills. Thci sites for nu)niiments were chosen with special regard to convenience of local snrvijys, both publi(; and private. The constant hydrographical surveys necessary to map the ever-changing channels of the river ; the great value of the lands under water whi(;h the State is annually granting, and the jirospective value of the shores, make it of immest, in (Jentral New York. Its altitude is 2,0'20 feet, while that of Ripley Hill is only l,i»(;8 feet. To those seeking toimgraphical information respecting Central New York, no part of this report will be a greater surprise than the api)cnded table on page {)i, which contains heights of some of the highest hills or mountains in the counties of Cayuga, INIadison, Onondaga and Oueida, as deteru.ined by the leveling operations of the .State Survey. From this table, it will be seen, that the well-known Starr Jlill, in northern Oneida county, being only about 1,801) feet, is overtoi)i»ed by Tassel Hill, near Waterville, which is 1,5)40 feet high. Aiiioiig the highest points already measured, the order of precedence in altitude seems to be : Fabius Hill, Onondaga Co. Ripley Hill, " " Tassel Hill, OiKuda Fenner Hill, Madison " Starr Hill, Oneida *' 2,020 feet 1 ,1)()8 (( 1,'.>4(5 (( 1,802 (< 1,800 it When it is remembered that the lower valleys of this region are only 400 feet above the sea, and that the great difierences of (elevation occur within a few miles, the country may certainly be calle(l niountai-ious rather than rolling; and it will be better understood whj' a t(»pograph- ical map is necessary to a proper comprelnMision of the physical features of the State. ■W^J^_ ) " \ I ' I ! §, 1 1 ft J 1 « i' 1 P 1 \ I •i 54 [Senate, No. 37.J Abstract of Work Done during Season op 1879. Central N.Y. Uudson River. Total. Tripod signals ei-ected 21 43 64 c- ,• . , ( sficomlary 13 5 18 ' nortmry 43 43 No. of points— hoif,'lit determined 12 D 21 No. of located points r)2 85 137 Secondary horizontal angles measured 80 30 110 Tertiai-y " " " 144 331 475 Vertical angles measui-ed ' 79 49 128 No. of horizontal observations 4,430 2,713 7,143 " " vertical •♦ 478 49 527 Area included in secondaiy and tertiary triangti- lation .')00sq. mi. 67 507 Area includedjn secondary reconnoissance 1,300 " 70 1,370 Very respectfully submitted. JAMES T. GARDNER, Director. 11 r • I J; * APPENDIX. Explanation op the Tables. As the central chain of primary triangles across the State has not yet been completed or adjusted, the geographical positions now given are preliminary and approximate. Tilt eastern group of [loints depends njjon the initial latitude and ]oiigitu in gt^ographical positions will be large enough to show on a map of 1 :;{()()()()() scale, and the azimuths and surface, an earthen crock is placed ; the hole in its top indicating the exact spot located. Sket«'hes have been made showiug the configuration of the land around these stations, ami their exact relation to the most i)rominent neighboring objects, including buildings, fences, roads, etc. These will serve hereafter to assist surveyors in fimling i»oints that have for any rea on become obscure. In cases wliere minute descriptions are thus reipiired, they m;iy be had by application aiblressed to th Director of the New York State Survey, Albany. Names of prinniry triangulation stations are in small cajtitals. All az/nnuths aie riM'koned from tht> south, around to the right tlirou^h tho west, so that the azimuth of points due south, west, north and east, are resi)ectively 00', tK)", IHO", 270". The column headed "Azimuth," gives the true bearing from tho I m II 5 S 56 [Senate, No. 37.] station in the first column to the one in the nintlj cohinin. The Back A/imiith sliows tlie trne bearing from tlie stations in cohimn nine to tliose in cohinin one. The length of the meter used, is 30.:i704 inches, or 3.2809 feet, or l.()i)3() yards. After the table of geographical positions of stations conies a table of points on county lines, which have been carefully determined. A new table follows containing the location of corners of lots in tlie old rectangular surveys. These old lot corners are the reference points on \vhi<'h land titles rest. They can only be preserved by accurately fixing their position. Every ert'ort will therefore be made to add to this table. The next table is also new. It gives a list of the elevations of fifty points, determined by careful trigonometrical leveling between State Survey stations, the chain being connected with the canal leveling of 1^7(5, at Clyde, Salina, Kirkville and Canastota. The results of tliese checks indicate that the uncertainties of the elevations given are not so great as those from ordinary leveling o})erations over the same ground. The initial datum jtlane for heights is considered the mean level of the sea, as determinod by the U. S. Coast Survey at Governor's Island, New York. Froui the Governor's Island tide gauge a line of levels has been run by the Coast Survey up the Hudson to Albany, where the benches have been carefully connected witli those of the Erie canal. It is upon this chain that the elevations given in the table depend. The last table is one showing the approximate variation of the magnetic needle from true north at thirty-four points, distributed through nine counties. They are given with enough jirecision to meet the re- (piirements of common surveying information contained in that of 1 The table has more than double the year. JAMES T. GARDNER, Director. \ I >:l ' t ■ : the TABLES I 11 11 ,\ m 58 [Senate, I ' I » i n I 9} ° '--V 53 ? r^ s :s 5 R S ^ 25 1 !?i^ u _» 05 -*i-. Mr: tea ~. *' '. .t^ l-CI coo •^^ 1 - 10 » i sj --<=> — 3- «i3 ■* M -^ci Mp- eiei 22 t-H — d ccrj CO ^ r-» 15 •* ;o r> ffl X> -" 3 -M r- 15 CI ■*■? CIX cc rf" X i -n •^ «* -r> 7" r. -<• -^ 71 -* ;-. ;c 3 5 l^ X -r 1— 1 .— '' •I! ^ Ci e* •^ -ri c-. x> r-i -n 2 = Cll- '--a ''•S U ®^~' + ft In 7. ?;•" 1- ei tl S3: :,3 3 MCI C4CI 00 •J. cJ-' .d = 3 S 1- ^ ^ §5 ^cl • M •-£ -< ■-X ^ M X r: f ^ -H 'i 3- ^1!? •?! 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I- ^ CI ?» ■II CC -< C li © i-J ■ r: o * I CI I*: n 'r> > CI Cl M T CI M CI cicl '.H U 5S _■ SI- I- - CI 'f * t. :! ra ::> j::i s;; CC CI Ci C I -^ V ■» .1 « iC CO r -^ — lO ^ to S3 — — ■ M « '>-^ >'• ^ w - o c j= y;=^ ; Jr " j; 6 2 "^ /•= = ■J J. ?. u ^ !- r -r M ^ 5 — t <-• 99 to £ — v » J= O o ss ^n [Senate, No. 87.] 69 : -1 «— — -o SfJ! S3 ?.t S= ?'5 'c^g ^?^ i;:r: S5 !c3l 'cU: H.=J ;?? !fi5 §K sr: .-^t? c?s ^p ^^ -^M ^M eio t.*i- — -.« — • — -1" F--fi W'^ r?.^ M:b r-. -c o;*^ -hti SJZ -jS t:? -5 n? g.:^ r.U iSrt fe=i i:a ^H =S s:? iS'^ :;'2 1-2 •j*' ?r'- ?;;^ =:2 "•^ -"' ''u *j i':^ i.?, Z.A is ^;s 7.5 ^2 si iSf: ''2 i»j -r -ri M ■:> I "1 - -.1 M t' 55 '•^ "* I. Tl ***"— K s it 3 ♦^ '" :< :3 i* -* •X 1) a> aa S5> H"-: SS ?s r ») r? ** — -^ ro 1- ri a-, i'! ?:3 •f •- r^ ^ e4 35 c o V o N s C3 8 ^ J C4 H 'A — -3 c a a « j; rt -S i) •■: ^^ i: u (75 " 'jfi ?. 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Yates County. 118 i iMilo Elcvntinii (if luonu- lauiits iiiioNf scit. 1198 537 507 535 681 1908 1109 ■399 641 1318 1384 510 1800 1940 568 793 521 420 638 411 407 236 204* 400** 633 1343 •Top oi" bolt. • ♦ Top of uhilui-yrouiul mark. i 7-^ni^..m^i^^^r- ^■^- J.t^ T^"-. >.,r;F-:'-'_,-f_'rr - >i'C: vT^^T .. ! ' ■ ' |i ft .1 Vi i. ! I m [Senate, No. 37.] TABLE Sliowing approximate declination of magnetic needle. STATION^. County. Ifelderberg Albany... Cass Clavksville " Froleigh " Knower.sville " ^*iskflyllna " Slingerland " Winn Tanner Cayuga. . . iMlis Maitison.. Bulger " Canastota " Cranson " Katon " Koine Oneida . . . Vienna , Clain) < )ni)n(Iaga CoUamer . Cossitt . . Davison Eagfb .. , Green . IIuNsic . Kirkville . Seelev .. . . Conovcr Sclicneclady Cliapman " Sears . Van Atten. >Iann Schoharie 8uniniitt Ilohnes . Clyde Wayne. Milo Viites. Vienna . roniiu! Oe Wilt . Onondaga. Van Uuren Manlius . De Wilt. Marccllus Manlius . Marcellus . Ivspeiance Diiane-iliur; Glonv ille . Schoiiaric . .Sununit Itifhmondville . Galen Milo Township. Vai tii>u III! neei a le. it, t I)uto. Wo • New Scotland 8 45 Scpteinljcr .1877 11 8 4.5 December, 1877 •< 8 4.1 II II Watervliet 9 8 9 8 30 4r> 4,5 45 II II II II It Guilderland II Wattrvliet II New JJethlehem II Guilderland 9 00 Xovenibcr 1877 Sennett 4t) June, J 878 T.enox ;{!) Julv, 187!) i« l(i 24 IG .5(i a It (1 i< ft II If ti Stockbridge II Ilonic 52 <( II 8 24 7 12 August, 7 20 July, 6 4t; I August, 6 34 7 17 ; " 6 59 ' " 6 50 ! " i 7 03 July, 5 50 August, 1878. 1879. 1878. 1879. 1878. !» 30 November, 1.S77. 8 30 ; " " 9 15 ] " " 10 15 j " " 9 00 8 45 9 00 5 43 June, 1878. 7 15 " [8ENA.TE, No. 37.] mnpiielic needle. -- Viniii !'• tiiiii of IlKt nct'iUe. Date. West. I .. 8 43 Sep tembcr, 1)=77. 8 i^ l)c< .ember, 1877. 8 45 >i <• 6 50 : " 7 0;t July, 1 6 i) 8 9 10 9 8 9 f. 7 50 30 30 : 15 15 00 45 00 43 15 August, 1 Novcmbei j f ( 1 (f «( II II e June, II 1879. 1878. , 1877. 1878. 9 30 II 8 45 j II II 9 45 II II 8 45 II II 9 00 November , 1877. 3 4S» June, 1878. 7 30 July, 1871). 7 Iti U II 7 '24 j " It 7 10 tc If i 7 51) 1 '* ■ 7 5-2 (t CI 8 24 1 t( « 1 " (1 ■ 7 12 ! August, 1878. H 7 20 1 July, 1879. B 6 4r. i August, 1878. 1 6 34 (1 It H 7 17 II 41 B 6 59 •1 (( B yj"MV 7:i'' :.()■ lil'.U!' 42 ".'It-' |.L'".<2' Nori;s 'I his tfiiinf/n /a iio/i is hcitui <\rc/>,■/■ Htulsiiri linvr, ui/fi tlif ftitf/iosi' /(' (I SVs/riU III' /itTNl (1/14^/1 1 ill ml iiKirhs //?//' /y/ Obtilt's Ho . 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