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Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la m*thoda. 1 2 3 1 i a 4 • • ( *555' At \ GEAM^JIAL GAZETTEER; OK, COMrCNDIOCI GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY : coMAiMxo DtscftimoNii or KVEIIY COUNTIIV IN THE KNOWN WORLD: WITIITUIII TOWNS, TEOPLE, NATUKAL rRODUCTIONS, &c., AMD TIIK VARIOIS REMARKADLB KVENT8 BT WIIIOII TUET UATB BKEN DISTINOIHSnED. TIIK POPULATION AND AREA OF ALL NATIONS AU Ai.do niTin iR AN APPENDIX, IWrHDINO THE CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN IN 1861. ^tb CbUion, bni^ lUuBlraitb ^api. 01U01IIAI.lt COMrTLBD BY K. BROOKES, M.D. THE MIIOLK REVISED AND CORRECTED TO THE TBESENT FEEIOD }\Y A. G. FINDLAY, rjR.G.& LONDON: WILLIAM TEGG. MDCCCLXV. rilKFACE TiiEHE are few works in tlie English language that have been of more goneral service to British readera than Broukes's Gazetteer. The very numerous editions that have been called for since its first appearance in 1762, are a suflicient proof of the value of the author's labours. But at the period when it was first drawn up, Googmphical know- hdge, both political and physical, was in a very diflVrcnt condition from what is rcciuircd at the present time, I'olitical convulsions hav(! overturned a great part of the civil relations which then existed ; ami the industry of modern CJcographical science, especially within tlie last quarter of a century, lias rendered obsolete, except as matters of history and curiosity, the accounts and descriptions which previously had been current, and received as accurate. Brookes's Gazetteer of 17(j2 would afiord but a very iniperfert view of the prcsrni i)osition and character of Geographical knowledge. The nature of tlu; work, indeed, does not a.lniit a lengthened account of every important i>oint; to e>;liilut in the most compact tabular form even the major i>art of those places in whiih the world is now inte- rested would oecupy a volume of much greater bulk than the present l27'^n i iv rUKIACF^ Tt mvM nol be cxpocleil, then, iliat any miliar Icidiris rmiM li.> inlrn- duct'il. I'.ut .still this oilition lias been cnlar^iil by iicaily two llKUisainl adililioiial naiuots ; uihI tin- \i rv imiiirrnus i liaiui'.-< whi. h have iveeiillv taken j'laiein varions p/.rts tif liic \\<>\\d li.ivt! birii ro ui-ilcil in iL luvleed, sn extensive have Imtu ih'' 0()ir.Lti(tii.s iiuil ailililioiis, that, on coiiii>arii!^ thi- I'li .-eiit edition with the lii>t, it will he I'ounil that scuively a i>iiigh; lino remains ol" the (nij^iual as lomjiilcd i>y thu author \\ liM.-e iKiiiie it bear.>: a name that has become identitied with British literature. There are few s^ubjecls whieh now cause greater cmbairassmcnt Hum riooijraphical ortlio^ajihy. For want of some autlientie standard, each author or tiavrll'-r, acci>rdiiig to hi.s natinnality or eaj^rice, gives u diflVrent t'orni to the same word, creating in suni" instances Very great confusion. A sy-tcni of uniformity lias been j>ropo.^ed for all luiroi>eaa languages, and until .-onie definite jdan is adhend to by all, tlu'ro must necessarily occur many di.serejianeits in a work of the present nature. ^Vithl»ut imjilicitly adhering to any one system of orthognipliy, the nanit.'S will be found as most ''cncrallv u.-' d. >r In the Ajipcnd'w, Statistics of the IV.j.ulation and Area of the "World are collected in one view. Tiny have bein ilniwn uj) from the late.st attainable inl'iuniation ; and, ainnug thu Tabhs, the reeently publishrd (,'ensus of (Meat Ihitain lailds a prominent place. In many j)urti( u- lai-3 the estimates for this and other countries, given in the body of the vork, will be fnund to differ from those in the Ajipendix; but the former have been retained, as being .serviceable for com[)arison with those of more reeent date, and there])y afl'ording many interesting Statistics as to the progress or retrogression of countries and localitiea. LOXDOR, I8C2. miBSmim>n ltd siirf.uf; til w'liili i- ii'ili.illy sii'ijoincd an iih-tract ot'tho rvlinion, history, chariirtcr, Rovcrn- nicnt, rnimuTM, co'iiiMcrcc, and population of eviry kingdom. This Mcicncc is, however, in many respmti xo closeiy connceteil with Astrurioniy, that it will Iw proper to <^\\i rtioii of the universe whieh comprehends the snn. planettmie one certain, perhaps two. Saturn, also, hesiJes his n:oons, is encireli.'tl hy two onenitrie rii'i*, at a eonsiderahle distaii'-e frotn his liody, which, like sati Ihtes or moi ns, revolve round ahout him in his planes. A similar appeiida;,'e h.is heen thou^rlit to accompany Neptunj. The planets lia\e likewise a motion of rotation ca<"h rounil its own axis; at least o'lSrr- ration remleis it eert.iin t'l.it Venus, the Karth, Jujiiter, and Saturn have such a motion; and it IS n.itiiral, Irom aii.ilou'y, to infer that the rest have a similar motion. The planets are opaque spherical bodies; and, havieg no light »orviitii>n(i;— i N»me of IXoitr. nuiii ibc >ui>. V.|, nr M^«n S.lur iUth. nUmrtrr la Mill*. nii.d.f roUtJcB on Aklm U. M. Snn . 81^2. 000 ri07 4S McrrurT . o.T.ri N7 'ir,9 .M.UO 24 .^ \'rnti9 . ru'i.i 2.'l 700 7,''i") 2.» 21 1- 1, tt. 1 oooo nr.'. 2'.rt 7,'.fjr, SI M.i.« . 1 ,'.'.'17 r.'jf, '.>79 4,UiU 24 37 Florn* 2 '.'017 ll'M 24'.> Vl'-itA . 2 .I'lO I.I-'.')U7 2.>0? Iri, . 2 MXir, 1.141 »-,nr, Mrtil . 2 :i»r.fi i.Ti:. s.so Urhi' 2-42.'.S i.T7'.i;i'.t.j A'tnM . 9 57^0 lf>ll(»'.t5 ^'i^t()^ill .Ttnio 2«:ns i:.')4 20fl 79? 27 0? CcT^n 2 :t>o 1f,S2 12'. 10.1? ThWm . 2 7728 ir.><6 .MO r(irthon..pc Ku'-Tia . Irene • . ■• Jiritcr S 202H 4.''(2 .^s.^ 87,000 9 56 Silt urn . 9 53>-S l->7r.9 219 "9,lf,0 10 29 I'raiiu.i 19- 1-*-'! 3nf,'i6 821 S4,.M>0 1 9 SO? Niptnrnf SO n.lf.f fioia67in 41. .'.00 t T\}c^firlnny shine l.y tinirown nulivft lijiht, ami are therefore, l.y miiiloijy. aii.l with the hij;h(iit j.rohul.iliiy, snj'poscil to Ik; ku many «un*, "aclj illnminutinj; a con»i'lcr«l»le inimhcr of jiUinttt or uvrhU, whiih (irculait rounil it. Indeed, it is unri'ft>oiialile to think lliiU thi>e \ii>l hoiiies of li^iit ami tire sii 'u!(i be i>lact.d at »iich immense iii.itiimeH in tlic intiuity of s|i.i(e, for no otliir juirjiose than to j;ive a feeble li»rlit to tho earth and the other pl.ineti in our soliir Msiem. Their di»tanc« from uur earth is to inconceivably (ireat, that were the nearest of them to lcst instruments; hence it appears that a luminous ipherieul body, SOU millions :;i m.ics in diameter, if viewed at the distnmu of the nearest fixed star, wuuld ap|K.'ar u « mere lueid point, without any i»eri.«ible dmmeier. IJesi ies the planets, there are other b.nlics lielonK'injf to our solar system, called comtt*. which also nvolve round the tun as a rentre, but the orbiu of which do not approach so near to cireles as ihohc of the pluiiet--; f.r lhe> are very lon^; ellipse*, liavinj; the sun in one of their foci. Hence it happens, that, during one part <•( its revolution, a comet goeg oir to an immense distance from the sun, and therefore cannot be seen from our earth; and during another pi.rt it comes much nearer to him, and may then become visible for -, •hort lime. The coniela diiTer alto considerably in other respieis from the planets; for thu pftthioflhc latter in theheiivens are all found within the JO.»rin<-iit of ti-irfiprn. hiif»r», i,f » »,!»■ Uir,- iiiiii,l.rr „f 'l,..*.- Miiall |ilaiir(* r. m.IMiik l«-t«'. ti tlia •rblUorMars and Ju|.itir. Niitulltii.^ cn] ni Mirrul.l*. Tde ort.ltn cf tuine »r.- gbrii •l.«»e. and the namrs of»naskno»n to J»n l«s:, »re at f..llow«: I f'trn; j I'alUit; Y Juno- 4 VtUa- ft A$lr«nt d^lJfb*. 7. /n«; ». nora: U ifrtii; \n //ygnm.- II. P,irtli,„.,,t ; \i lir/Mia; 13. Kgrrta : 11. Jrfnf; li. Huiuimia; \i, Ptyflu; 17 Thrtll: l» Mrlpomrnt; l'.<. K-rluna ; V<) Uu$iUit; '2\. /.H/Wm; a. Calhopt) 13 Tl^Ua; 24. Ttitmf: 3% J'/iutrarJ' /V,.|«7.tf.c • iT. r.utrrjt ^ u* It.tUma: Vi .4m/.Ai/nrt,- 30. Vramat II A.u/.1ro«i(i*.- JJ l'vm.m ,.„ .^*-or*r».^ r llie di>c„v.iy r,f .s.;,t.jiip I, ..ric ..f the K an! .1 «< i.i.-vpm ri.n .f ni...iwn pclci ce. ItiMmurh ai th« po»moll aii.l n}.;,roilin«le ruiiicnuof It »rrfkii. sn !«•( rr it li«d been .e.n Two |.er»«ni h»*t thi- me rW orih«r.-.,,,,:W.ll.. .li.,.,v.r»; M I.- Vrrr.e: . .|i|.tio, or the path which the Run ftppcnrs to tlcsrriho ronii'l llic ht avoiMj wIhtolh the path uf the t'ormor ix f mnil smiiitiiri-.s in one .|ii in - of the hciivi'im. uii.l itoiiiotimc-* in niioih. r. Tii.: pl.ui.'t.s liiicvfisu in.>vo all in om: .lincii,.!! fil>i>iit the sun, \it. (mm w.»t to cu.st, i>ul the coincts a|«poar to inovo in all diniiionH. Tluy nro hIno mm h iiu.n- iiiiiutr.nmhiin thu pl.iiifts. ciiliululiciu haviiijj been made upon tiic orbitjt of upwardi of ei^;litjr of llieni !•/ a.iirunoini rs. KiOt'UK AXO MAONITirOK OF TIIR KARTII. The earth wliirh we iiihiil.it s.-eins c.inpariitivcijr a nm.ill point in the unircrsQ. the sun U'inKahovc two niiilionH i>f iitnes l.irt;(T than the earth; and t'lcro id reason to Hupjjoso that siiniiar ist the fdi t with respctt to all tlie stars. Il iH ono of the fiinduniental pniiii|.Us in v'".'/'ariouH countries, it is prove I that ilM form is that of a (.piicrc, shjjhiiy (latleticd at the poles, from the etl'ect of its diurnal motion. Tiie dilfercnce of the e'.)'}. 'I'liis deviation from a true f-phere is almost iiinpprtciahle in any rcpic- Bcntation tif the earth's surface; ft)r in a aUthc of 16 inches in diameter, it would vary onlj in the pro{)ortion of one-twentieth part of an inc h — a (juaiitity too small to he re;;arded ; but in the actual mcitsuremeut of any considerable portion of the earth's surface, this Tariation becomes more manifest from the inei|uality of the curve described by the polar circumference, while as to the dej^rees of latitude, which are always gcojjraphically divided into 60 miles or minutes, the mouurfil Itii'/lh of' n dnine lurrtinis with the latitude, as the followinj? table, resulting frnm the actual meo-surements, mailo with every refinement which science can command, by commissioners uf various nations, tncn of the first eminence, will show: — 1 CoCKTIT. Ut. «f llio ml.Mlo I rii^-th of a Ditto In llritLih < )f tlic Arc. Jr,;i IX- In fct't. tlatiilu inilci. in. tec. in. r. Jili. Sweden . . (,C> 'JO 10 36.-..7S2 6'J 2 47 Hiissia . . . .'.S 17 37 .ir,:),:i6S 6'J I lJ'.t lMi;,'land . h-i X, 4.". 3r,i,<.»:i 69 217 France . . . 46 ,'.-.» '2 .164. S72 69 1S4 Ditto 4t .'. 1 '2 ,164, .^a.') 60 7.5 ICome . Ai :.'J 36 1.26 -J 68 7 200 North Ainerifa, U. S. 3'.» 12 3r.M,:s6 68 7 42 Cape ot Good Hope . .•n u no 36;t,7l.'» 68 7 17 Illdl% . 16 g -22 36.1,044 6S 6 14 Ditto . I'J .'12 21 31.3, ol;i 63 6 4 Tcru . . . . I 31 362, SOS 68 5 156 1 In a rcpresentati.m of the earth, its «ur/i;..'e may also be con.sidered as being smooth: its inoiiualitics have been Cimparcil to tho.se on the rind of an orange; but even tliis is an cxagm ration. The loftiest mountain is known not to exceed five miles in perpendicular height, and this is only 1-I6u0tli part of the earth's diameter; conseiiuently it must be re- presented, on a globe of 16 inches in diameter, by an elevation of 1-lOOth part of an inch, or the thickness of common drawing-paper; but as the general elevation of the land is very much below thi.s, or even one-fairth of it, it must be within the thickness of the thinncsi writing-paper. The ocean, supposing its depth to bo eijual to the height of the land, would not appear more on a bimilitr globe than the wash of colour left by a brush on tint- ing a drawing. The greater or einun7 motum. At •onie of the divi*ioii« of our kIoI.c, of ^rcat im|K) tiincc iu gogr.ij.hy. depend ujn.n thcM nn'ti(in!«, we \%ill now ciin«.ider tin in nuiic parlituliirljr. liy the diurnal nu-ti-n of the earth, all j.lme* on it» mrface are carried uniformly round iu axis from went to east, in tlio course of the natural day. Tiiis real motion cau»c« the sun and t!io other hfavcnly '>odiiii to have ui» nypitrtnt motion in the contrary direction, from eii>t to weM. lUn. c it is that we hiive the coiitinunl surCi^«ioii of .lay and nn;litj for as tJ.e sun cap only iihimiiiate hy Ins r.tys one hiilf of a s|.liericjil Ui.ly, one half of our earth must l)c in darknes* w hile the other enjoy» the li^ht ; it is therefore day at any plft<-o when, hy the diurnal rotation, tlmt place ii turned towards the sun, and nijiht at the same pluec when turiicd away from the sun. The two points on the surficc of the earth, whii h are the extremities of its axis, are called the north and $out\ poln. A circle ilescrilH'd upon the surfaee of the earth, ecjually di>tant from its two yo\v*, is called the ftjual >r: this circle divides the surface of the earth inlo two eipial parts, culled the Northern ant Southeni IIcmiNpherca. As l>y a real motion of the earth about its a.;is there is produced an apparent motion of all the heavenly IxKlies, to, in like manner, hy the real annual motion of the earth rouiul tho sun, there is prodiicetl an apparent annutd motion of the sun round the earth; and thus the sun n[>peur!t to make a complete revolution round the heavens once in a year. Tlv* cirelo whiih the sun ap|>ears to deacnbe, in the course of the year. ihrou>;h the heavens, is called tho Ki'Lirilo. Astronomers have conceiveil this circle to Iw divided into twelve e']nnl parti, called sii/ns, iind have j;iveii them the following iiaino; Arirs, Taurus, (If mini, i'ancrr, Leo, Virijo, Libra, Si-orjiio, Sa'jiltm iuf, Cajtrii-rn, .•I'/Mrtnia, and Piscts. Tlic ccli|)tic pas- net through the middle of the xodiuc, and htncc thc^e signs are also called the iiun, still one of our ht'iiiiiplu-rcs w lui ulternuiely, and an equal interval of time in each, or the dayt and night* wtandinL' the earth'i- rotntioii. Kveii such |)luccn, in the northern heniisphcre, lui wire turned by the diurnal rotation away from t!ie ^ull, would piuis sooner through the dark lleml^phe^e of the earth than that exposed to the lig' t, and would thus have tin ir nights >liorterthan their days; at the equator the dayt Andnighuwuuld be equal, but, iu the »boiirhoor, and vcrticul to m ccrttiin circlv piuulii;! to it, which Would b« nearer to, or Urtlu-r Irom it according; im the acute angle formed \>y the northern h.klf of *' . citrtli'i uxit, and a line joining the centre* of itun and earth, wiu Kreiitvr or leRo. Now, the lit*t two suppohitiiint rcNpeetin^ the situution of the axis are sut h as ruall/ take place in nature; for while the vurth moves in its orbit round tlie lun, its axis remains con« tinuiillv pitrullel to it.«elf, or points always in tlio i.uno direction, mitkin;; an an;;lu wiih a per(>endu'ulikr to its orbit of 23^ decrees; and as bjr the earth's motion the line joining its centre with that of the sun is coiitiiiiiitily clningiiig its direction, it is eviiient that the an^de contained by tliitt lino and tlicaxis inuHt bo conliiiuiill/ varying in mngnitudc, and ofcours« tlie poMiiiiii of the poles of the earth with respect to the sun (which, as vvu have seen, depends entirely on that iiii^le), miiHt be always chungin);. A'lout the 20th of M.ircii, when the nun, tvt seen from the cnrih, enters the constellation Aries, the lino joining the centres is per|iendicul.ir to the earth's axis; therefore, both p<^U't arc situated alike with respect to the sun, wliicli it n <'• ■ inli.klntants of tliu northern hcmi>pliere, uiui autumn to tliofto of the southern. During t i: lime thtt the sun is passing through Aries, Taurus, Ueinini, and till he enters Ca' er which happens about the 2()ih of June, and is tiie time of the siirarn«r toUtir<, the angle co taiiied by the north half of the earth's axis and the lino wliii li jmns the centres of tlie sun and eurih is always diminishing, by roiuon of that lino cliuiiging its iMisition while the axis troves parallel to itself. Ilencu it happens that the n'>rih pole is turning more uiiil inx'-. towards the sun, and the phenomena take place which wo have already described us ptruliar to this situation of the axis. Almut the 2t)lh of June the angle is at the least, and presently begins to incrco-ic, iw well us the Mole to turn away from tho sun, whic'i now pasxcs through Cancer, Leo, and Virgo, and enters Libra on the Jdth of Si'ptcmUr, wliCJi tho axis liius a position similar to that which it had on the JDth of March, and the days and nights are again eijual; tliis is culled the autummd eqiiiiiox. The sun now appears to cross llio c«iu.U(ir, and tlio south pole, which during the last six months was in the dark, begins to turn tow.ir is llic sun, when precisely the same pheno- mena are exliii.iiiiuiiui>lK'ri'; for oxanipli*, the liiiiiiulo cf IMiiiliur;!! is :>."> lic^^iiHS 56 liuiiuti-ji N.; tliatol'tlio Ci|>c of Good iiupo is ubout 34 di'jjrccs S. i!wc. ^io jil.icc laii liavo .. >;re:itir iaiiiude than "JO divrocs. /'(ir.i//(7.« of iitituiU are rirrlcjt un tlie oarlli's surfarc ii.irallcl to the ot !n)m tacli ullior are oi|ii.iliy distant from tlie tnii;iliir. and are saul to lie in the !>anio parailol of latitude. Sii<. It plaecit tta lie in an^' other direelion fruiu etieti other arc in dilferent paralleU of latitude. The lontjituiL' of a plaie is the tU-irei-.s antw.ird mi 1 we-tw.ird Ir uti the iiwiidian of (.ireeiiwiih: tlie lun^jitudo of lviin!iur;jh. f.T cx.iiiii>le, i^ tliree di(;rees we>l; that of I'eteni- l'ur>;h about thirty de;;rees east. No place can have Us |in;;itude tjrcatcr than 180 detjrees. 'I'he de>:ret8 of longitude are not like those of latilu>ie, hut diniii'ish m proportion iw liio iiieridi.ms imline, or their distain-e rontraets in ajjprnai liin>; the pole. Ilenoe, in 00 ii(j;reej of latitude, a de^^ree of longitude iii hut half tiie iiuantity uf a degree on the eijualurj aiitl so of the r. -i. The horizon of a place i'- that apparent circle whidi houn.ir< the view of a sportatorat that place. When the celestial h.idiis cine aho\e ihe ea-!ern part of the lioruuu they ore suicl to rue, and v*hen they deiccud hclow the western part, tliey arc said to at. DIVimOM OF TlIK F.AnTIt INTO 7.0.NKS. A zone is a l)rv>ad sjiacc upon the eartli, icduJed between two parallels of latitude. There are live Zoiu-s, whicii take their iiaineii from the dejjrees of he.it and cold to which they are cxjiosed, hy the poles of the earth hciiij; iiiriied alternately to and from the stiii. The torrul zcne is that portion of the earth ovlt whuh the sun is perpcisdicular at one time or other in the course of the year. This z.me is ah.iut 47 dei;reeii in breadth, extend- ing' to about li.ii lU^rei s on each side of the enualor. Tiie parali. I of latitudi- by which it is iiniiifU in tiie iiortlieiii heini>plure is called the ^■>;lll• nf' i-aii'ir, bccau.ie the sun is di- rectly over tli;- parallel wlmi he enters tlie m^mi of tint n iiii.', and, for a Minilur rea»on> the liinilui;; pitrallel in the southern heinisplicre is called the trupic of copricorn. 'lUi.'j'ni/iJ Z'liii.s are those rej;ii>ns about the poles where the sun il>)es not riw." for some days atone time of the year, and does not set for some d.iys at am/tlar tune of the vear The rones exti-nd round the ptiles to the di.^tanec of about I'.JJ de),'ree8. That in the nortl.v 'U heiii;-|.|icre i^call.-d the u.,rlh /nj't,l zunr, and is bounded by a i>arallid of latitude Ciilled the 'irctic ]H,l,ir rtnh ; the other, in the Southern heniispherc, is culled the %uuthjnqid Mvne, and the parallel of latitude which bounds it the anlnrrfic /lolur rinle. The two tcmptrau zunei are the spaces between tlie torrid and friyid tones. 'J'hc tufterjicitt of the several tones are as follow : *i/uarf mill*. The torrid zone. . . The two temperate tones. The »wo frigid tones 7'J,32S If,, .',(10,37.5 lo»,l 14,775 CiOO I'j»,y4;j,7:i0 i'. i MATL'IUL DiVISIU.Ntt or IIUI LAUTIU The surface of the ctj-th is naturally divided into land and water. JMnd is diTidcd into continents, Ulauis, pemusulas, isthmuses, in;aaUin«, <«pc5, hill*. anJehfTs. -» 1- » I P ./•^ff Afej^- v--ts- , a « INTUUDl CriOK. XI Water is Jiviilctl into oroan*. sons, cluuinels, i;iiM>, straits, lakes, rircrs, and rivulets. A continent is n lar(:c tract of luml roiniinJR'ndiiij; many coiitlK'ioM.s kin^;(l<)Ins, states, fn'., witliout any entii\' sc]iaratiiin of its jiarts \>y watiT. Tlie WDrM is usually diviiied into two great eoniincnts, till". Old and tlie Ni-w. Tlie old continent iioiiiiirchciidi Kuropo, A.si.i, Riid Alrica; and the ne\v. North and Soulli AnicriiM. An i.iliiml is a irart y wafiT, as Fliitain, Ireland, Sicily, Ac. A ifninsula is a tract of laml joined to a continent oidy liy a narrow neck, ijcin;^ cvery- xvlicre elst; encompassed liy water, ils the Morea in (Jrceee, .Iiitl.un!, t!ic Crimea, &c. An i.it/iinus is the neck wlii( It joins a {ieiiii:suUi to the adjacent land, and tonus the passage between tlietn, as the isthinus of Suez, tin? isthmus of Darien, &('. A miiuiititin is a part of the land ^;rcatly elevateii alM)\e the adjacent country. A r(i/(c or prntHDhtiiry is a portion of land stretcliing out into the se^i, us the North Cape, the ("apt* of (Jooij Hope, .te. 1 A I ////"is a steep shore, hill, or mountain. The fxwin is that vast collection of salt water, which covers the jjreater part of the plobe. It is divideetwcen the l'hilii>pine Island.-, ('hin.i, J.ipan, and New Holland on t!io \V'., and tile coast of America on the K. The same Ocean takes dilleretit names from the countries upon which it hordcrs, as the Hriii>h Ocean, the (Jermaii Ocean, &c. A sea is a lir.meh of the ocean llowinj; hetwcen some parts of the continent, or scparatin;» an island from the continent, as the Meliterranean ,S' i, t!ic I'.nxiiie Sea, the Baltic Sea, &c. \ cftniiH'l IS a n.iir.w se i coiifined lieiweeii an i>l.i!il and a coniincnt, vr hetwcen two islands, a* the Kii>;.is!i Ch.uiiKd, and St. (leorire's Ch.innel. A yulj i";ulf and its nei^hhoiiriii;^ seas, or hetween oiie p irt of the ocean and another, as the Straits of Gihral- tar, the Straits of Il.ihelinaiulel, ,"^0. A liike IS a collection of water surrounded on all siilcs hy hind, as Lake I.adoj^a, the Laka wf (iciieva, Loch lay, l.oidi Lomond, >v.c. A nicr is a eiirrent of fresh water, formed hy the confluence of screral rivulets, and flowing; in a i tiannel from its snuree to the sea. A rirultt or iiout is a sniull stream arising from a spring, and is the commencement of a ri\er. w Tilt: TU>Ha. It is found hy cx|x;ricnee to he a i;eiieral law of nntiirp, that nil the particles of mattci which compose the universe, however reiiioto they may he fr< ni one another, have a con- tinual lendeiiey to approach each other. Thi- tendency is called unirersn, fjracitation, an<\ Is sir jn;;cr or weaker ac^ordin^ as the partieh's arc situated nearer to, or farther from, each other, its intensity being always inver-ely prop rii inal to the sipiarc of tli.ir distance. The planets are retaincil in their orbits, ami move round the sun as a ceiitie, in conseiincneo of their tendeniv towards the sun beiii',; conibineil with a motion impressed on them, in the directi. n of a Mrainht line toiiehinn their orbits. The same jm inciple of universal gravi- tation likewise connects the earth an. I moon, antl causes the moon to rerolve in an orbit. of which the earth is the centre; while, on the otlier hand, the moon, by the force of at- trnction whii h she exerts upon the earth, produces those alternate elevations and depressions of the waters of the ixeau, called tiJei. It it in consequence of the law of universal gravitation that all the particles of matter xu INTROPLCIIOS. I which compose t!ie cnrth arc \icavy, or Rravitfttc towftnls its rcntro; but, m they mnst h\»r, ^avitnte towanls the moon, it is rviiicnt that tlic w!»tn than tlio watim on the ojiposito si.le of the earth, mu»t ho nii.re attractoil hy lur than the watt-ri. hy whiih means the w atcrs of the ocoan on ihc o|'p.>!,iio side of the oarth will also !iavc the gravity towarii* the centre somewhat ilmiinisluil. As for those parts of the (h-. an whicli are OO de^jr.-es from the point iliroctly iimler the moon, sinee they are nearly at the sanic (li>tanre from her as the eentral parts of the earih, Ihey will Ims nttraeted with nearly tlio same force; hut hecau-c they arc nttrncted in line* dineted to the moon's centre, the e'Veet pnxlticed upon the whole is a small increase of their gravity towar>mne a spheiieal or e;:j:-like finin, having; its longe^t diameter directed lo\var>ls the mi>on. Hence, as tlio earth turns round its axis, from the moon to the moon a;;ain, in '2i hours 48 minutes, tha elevated parts of the ocean, which always keep nearly under her and opposite to her, will shift and move round the earth in the same time; and as it is hi;;h water, or lloo,! at nnj place when the elevated parts id" the watery splur.>id pa>s tli it place, so it will Ite low water, or ehh, when the depressed parts of the sjdieroi.l pass that place; thus there will he two tides of rtiod, and two of ebb, succeeding each other within that time, or at interval* of C h'airs ami 12 minutes. We have hitherto couHiilered only the action of the in')on in priduciiijj the tides, but it is evident that, for the same reasons, the ineijuality of the sun's action on dillerent parts of the earth must produce a ^iiiiilar eiFect; so that tin-re are in reality two tid-s every natural day, from tlie action of i!ie sun, as there are in t!ie lunar day. from that of the moon; how. ever, hy reason of tho sun's immense di^tance from the earth, its ctTeet in producinji the tides is con-.ideruh'y le»h than that of the moon. At the time of the new moon, or when tlic mo.in is in eonjunction with the «uti, and at the time of Itiii moon, or when tne lUdon is in direct op|ii>Miion to the sun, it is eM;rees distant from the sun; und, when tli<>n ciius to the meridian, but gi-tie- rally an hoiir or two after; for, hy the motion of the earth on its axis, the iiio»t elevated jMil of" the water is carried ln-yond the point directly nn lir the moon, in the direttioii of the diurnal rotation, so that t!ie w.iter cdiititiiics to rise after it has passed directly under the moon, though her action iM-gins there to deerea>e. The greatest spring tides also do not i>ap])en till the second or third ilay after the new or full moon; and a sinular observa- tion is to lie made with rc-pect to tlie iii a|i ticles. To these oliservations may be adili d the f(l lowing: — I. Tiie elevation of the waters towanls the moon a little exceeds the opposite one. 'i. The action of the sun and moon is greater the nearer those boen sea, where the ocean is extensive eiioU;;li to l)C Mi'jeet to these motions; hut the parti< ular situation of p'.jices, as to sli.Tes, eapeu, straits, &c.. diiiiirb the motion ot the waters, and ocea.Mon n deviation in some mea.sure from the g< iier:d rules. Small mlaiiil seas, su< h a!; the lialtio und the Medit'-rrancan, are but little subjeet to llid iho r m, I t s o*"*" TSSB !S!^^ -?*=„„^ I" • • • • ' — -* — -. — •ttch frequent raina that it ia colU 1 the rains. B«tween the •ooihorn latitudes of 10 degroet and 30 dogreea in the ladian Occaiit tha I Ki A ';ly-r)^RJM:,> ,\:r CCtV ,\,\ ^ _^ -W *- ^^ ^» T*- -^ -mf '^ Vtirth full- -,-'"' A. \ '/, '■^J^K. Cvr,v •''•■"■'*■ •^•- r'"4 u,^ ^Wv;...'«-(IT^:;;^ *j>-' x,....„. .... ^5 -* .-a . 6.fT»—'* _ 9 '■'>■«>£,, jXtf i *' •* ",' ' (.,«,•. ' -- *.^.>, '^:-. ..„,.^, /■ /(,.ni/»'* .,.,. ..I \ \ .^^'•'' ..*■'" .O V \'. .li<,.-l.tl(.Uti . »Jw IJJUI l«M i .1 \ 1 f."'-^'"' '-\.,v...V... <.r.|, ^ ^ ii, ra. SJiPi' KJii'II-lPirjiiii,?]^. '■,.AV T rL'''"" ■■»*:.^ 'V' ^*^%, t""j ^^^. '■"'-*'"•'" '"^ •4->- J**"*"-* ""^ "■'■■• , «-/o^*<.-*!:jiw rAr- '"w-"'^ ,. Air/ '"'«>, I V ^ ',• v^ ' U^,i - ^*. -a ^^"^ ' ^J'-T"' • .1 ' , ,.,/.t. ^,r. I,,.,.,. I J,K.ilif^Un i • ^Jwi^iu t-li ■| II ' /,. ...■'"' I I * Art '■• I--«ni/ .' I , l> ■^v ^..„iii !'a. yy^y^'i'-S.ui'i r(j^M:i^jn ^ ^ *;. - - "-s.r.i.T.i - * .,w • ■ /fc*. mm'-' .>..»•' N ., i r^hmrru fiium.-t, I . <» i/y,- /• i,v, Ikf*' 'Ii».' •'*"^ ""aru »* '.*««;/ >«,,»,/ •'•"■"^ hn-i IkU 11." '*U T,,., »1." ''■'I'"C» l-r '. !■ ■ . V' rjtr/*-' ij" \ \ ..\M .S I ; hi IKI . . >.t w ■I '■ Ifc""""'"" -.^.'M /y(^, '*•■/., -sff i."'V »"'*'' ^■■./- • ■» / ifir ( > Xni*"'"' < mi.. <■■■■■ '■ ;V/ ■xrtilli iV>l«' I IKI . !.i w : r IN I JCODLt ritJ.N. Xlll tlilc*, iH'diiiKc llio in'tion of till' sun atnl iiuxm is nr.irly ttu* namn otor the whole extent of mil h K(, tin; ti>li:.H nru \fry iiiciiii.sidtr.iliU'; l>>r tlu' Niin ami iiio'Hi, mtiiiu ill till* iiri^'lili o<|iiatrri>i zi>no, the regions mljoinint; to tlic poles tniist eoiiitei|ueritly ho (li'priveil of these wutcrs, un>l the »ca inu^t, wiilim the fiit^i^l zones, bu luvv relatively to otiicr {lartfl. TIIK WIMiB. Ti.i current"! of the ntniosplitre, whieh constitute winds, are proilueed hy various cnu'Jen, hut of tlu'M- till" luat of t!ie sun Hniii'* to li" tin' most general aiit \vi:iil throu;,'hout the year, blowing on the Atlantic and I'acilic Oceans, 'i'his is railed the (ritilf wind. 'I'lic trade winds near the norihern limits blow het.vecn the north and e.ist; and near their »ouitier'» limits they blow bi'tween tiie hoiith and i.a>t. These general motions of the wind arc distributed on the continent and near the roft.sts. Ill sumo jMits of the Iinlian Ocean there are periodical winds, wdiich are called monsoons, that IS, such lu blow one hilf of the year one way, and the other half the contrary way. In the Atlantic Ocean, nvar tlie coiust of Africa, at about 100 lea;;nes from the s!iore, be- tween tlio Luitude.s of L'3 de;,'rccs and 10 de;^ree8 N., seamen constantly meet with a fresh gale id' wiml blowiii'.; from the north-e.ist. Those boun 1 to the Caribbee I>l.iiids, across the Atlantic ocean, find, as they approach the American side, that the said .N. K. wind bceomea easterly, or seldom blows more thaa a p. inl from the east, cither to the northward or southward. These trade \vind9, on tho American tide, extend to 30, 31, or even 3:2 ilegrees of N. latitude, which is about 4 dej^recs f.irtlicr th.m tliey extend on the African sule. To the southward of the cipiator, the trade winds exti.nil three or four decrees farther towards tho coast of nrozil, on the American iide, than they do near the Cape of Ciood Hope, on the African side. IKtwcen the l.ititude of 4 de^jrees N. and 4 de<;rces S., tho wind always blows bctwcea the south and east; on the African side tho winds aro nearest tho south, and on tho American side nearest tlie cast. The winds are somewhat ehanu'cd by the seasons of the year; for, when the sun is far northward, tho lJra/.il S. K. ;,'etH to the south, and the N. IC. wind to the cast; and, whca the sun is f.ir south, tho S. K. become cast, and tho N. E. winds on this side of tho cqua< tor veer niDro to the iMfth. Alon^,' the coast of (Juine;i, from Sierra Leone to tho island of St. Thomas, (under the equator,) which is about 50 leacues, the southerly and S. W. winds blow perpetually; for the S. K. trade wind haviiij; passed tlic eipiator, ami approaching; the Guinea coast withia 80 or 100 leafjucs. ineliiies towards the shore, and becomes S., then S. R, and by degrees, as it COMICS nearer the land, it veers aijout to 8., S. S. W., and, in w ith the land, it is S. W., and sometimes W. S. \V. This tract is troubled with frequent calms and violent and sad- den ^'Usts of V. iiid, called tomml>*s, blowinjj from all points of tho horizon. llctween tho fourth and tenth deforces of N. latitude^ and between tho longitudes of Capo Verd and the farthest cast of tho Cape Verd Isles, there is a tnict of sea which seems to bo condemned to per])etual calms, attended with terriblo thuoJcr and lightnings, and •uch frequent raina that it is calle/1 the rains. Between tho loatbora latitudes of 10 degrees and 30 degrees in the Indian Ocean, the XiV IMUtM*l 1 lloK. .ii p iirr.)! lra<]e wiml, «lh>ut the S. K. liv H., it C.tatu\ to IiIimv uII the rent in t'lf ««mo m.inntrr i>« Ml ilu> liku liiiiiu|ti>- iK-oiiti: anl, tluriii;; tho kix 11111111114 from May tn P.cciubei, tlioso Miiiilt riMt'ii to witliiit two .livn «••< of liic oijinlor; l>iii .luriiij? ilic ntlur i>ix nutnlliK. from Nov. ml. t to .Inn.-, n N. W. wui.l blown in tlio Inut Iviii^; Uiwivn J .l.-. (;n'o» Aii.l |o il«|,'rctn of S. l..tiliili\ in ilic in. ri>lii4n of the nori*i i-n.l «>! M.iliiBMrur, an. I I'vUfivu 'i Ji'tjrocn an.l IS .If^'roo'* of S. litituilo Dl lU'ii^il. IU'tw(>«n till* isiaii.i of M i.l.i_'iiin'ftr mi.l the rowt of Africa, an. I thcnrc northwiirl a* far n!« ilic c.pialor, ih.Tc i* a tra»l wlicr.in, from April t..t>.to!Mr, tlicr.- i* a (•■.nsiaiil fri'-.li Sk S. W. wiM.l, wliiih to till- iiortlnvarl « !t.iii,'r4 into a \V. S. W. win I, hlowiiij{ at tliut tiiiio ill thr Ar.iM:ii\ S:i, To the iMiiiwarl of f' imatra nnl Malaocn, on the north of tho cl4 of Cmiilhi Isa ani 'iikl, (|iiitL* llir>.ii^li the I'liilippiiiis :\s f.ir hh J.ipaii, tho iiion« »oon!( blow nortliorly an ittv-rlv ; tin- iiii tlu-ni noititi^ in about (>ot.)t>' r or Novombor, mi'l the tuutlurn ubuut .i.iy. Tlio^o wm N aru n >t ({iito i«o o< rtain m tho«c in the Arut»« lull )>0U5. Ik'twoon Siiniiitra an. I J.i\a t.i tlio west. hii.I N'.-w (Juin -a t.> tli.- <';vit, the same nortlnTlr aii'l tioir.luriy wiii.i-. aro ..liMrvo.l, but tlio lir>t hall yoar inoi;vi.>i) in. Ihioh to the N. W., Kii'l the lattor to the S. K. Tiioso wi.i N b'^iii a niunth ur six wcolui uftcr thoso in the ('li.no^c iKMii ^ot ^n. ikii'l aro ijnile as variable. Tlii-w.' cnirary wiiiU t hhift from one jxiiiit to its opposite all At once; in ionio plar«>!( tho time of the ohan^ie in atton.lo.l witli oalm«, in oilier* by variable winds; ami il olton hapiKms un t!ic cuiNtii of Coronian.ioi anl China, towar.U the en. I of the mons'^iiM, tliat tboro aro ii)o>t violent st.irm*. pratiy re^cmbliii); the hnrrioancs in tlic \Vc«t Iiilioa, whcrvin the wm.i is so v.-rv >ir m^ t'lal bat.Uv aiivtluii;; oar. rmsi in furoe. f I lii rui-.-EvrAiU'Ss (II Till', r ( MM » m 1:1 ack. The carih, as beforo ilcsor.bo.l. is divi.le.l by the eijaator into two e(|nftl hcmisptiorci, of whiih the north an.l south poU-* aro tlir ros|K'Otive ceiitro.i. As in all oin bs, the equator ir< diviiiod into nr.O (lo^roos of GO minutes' |;eo^raphio inilos, whioh. on tho cquntur, iiro einal to aNjut CS arir.U Hrili«li tnilos, Throiii:li lb. to ilivisioii.H the niori.liaii* of lon^;ituile i;if inia^mo.l t.i pasi aii.l i r'.>s ibo p.ilis, ami aro, of O' iir»f, at ri;;lit ati^jlos to the etinutor. Those meridians ur.- aUo divi.lo.l into 300 doj;recs, or by the equator and the l>ole« into f >ur qua.irarits of yn lU'^roos oaoh, an.l tho^o are cttUo.l ilo};re«'S of latitiule, conntinj; from ilo^Toe on the o(|uat.)r t'* W dojrroosat th"' i)..K's. These ronsist of f»(» ).'i'i>;;ru|)hio niilos, but, frotii ibo cliipticity of the oarth.tlioy are not of cijual loii^'th, but in.-reasc toward the poles (sec Talile on pap: v.). This variation is KPncraUy di»roj;arded in maps and rofiro hontations of the oarili, 'I'li.- jmrail. Is of latitu.le iiiti rsoot the mori.lians ; t rij;ht an;'lej, and are jtarallel to il' o({(i ilur. As tiu-y ajipr.'.ioh tho p .lo, it will bo evident that they approach each utlior, ami t. ln^e(|nolltly that the de;;reea of hmi^itude deercoiie in leii^^th in pro|Kirtion, till, at CO do;;roe8 uf latitude, il La but one-half the length of the equatorial ilo;,'roc, and at tho tiolo it is nothiiif;. The only . orreot roprosciitai.on of the earth's surface can he made on a body of a similar f.Tin, ur a k'*'''*^! hut as they are very inc'tnveiiionl, or inapplienblc to most pnrjMutts, inapt are couhtruoted on a Hat ^urf.l<:e, which are far more useful and preferable to a j;Iobc but t! . y dustoTt^ in a ^rrcator or Ions ib »Toe, the true (i^'urcs of the eountnes ih. y represent. 'J'tioy runy be divide. 1 int.) throe olasses: mdjis, or repiosenUitions of the land, lihuwing it« rivers, moniitains, towns, &c.; cAa.tf, or r. presentations of the ««oscs. INIIiolM CriuN. IT uliowiiiR the (lopiln of wattf, muKlliuiiku, rock*, Ar.j ami /(/.j/i,t, wliicli ri'|irc.\\ ii or ilifttrict, filiovviiiir itt rotKl.t, liuiltlinK'.'), Ac. A iinip il< lilMtriitt'it_'/ri7>/iy, (I ili;irt licloii^s tu /ii/'lrfx/rii/i/ii/, lunl H|il.iti «v,s tin- ^'i/i^yrir/i/i^of iijilnrc. Till* ;iri>;'( < 7i'«/i of a iiia|i in a ri'iirrTiitatiuii of the imrnliaiis ami |>:ir.ill('U on u plane purfaio, mill nmy lie ^;^•n^'rally oonsiikriil a» In in^ tonxtrurtoil on two na-tliods — jilol/ul.ir projcrlion nni| Miri'ntor'* projiition. Map«t Bro on jjloliulur, ami tliartt always on Mcr- rutor'it priiji'ctioii; wliilo in plan*, I'r'nn tliu hiiiall portion rt>|)ri-sriitcil, it in usually disrc- >::iriliil. (ilol.iilar |>roj(rtic>n may Im' ilms ilcsi rilinl. A lircic of tlic intrmlcil iliamftor of the licmiopliirc is tliviilcil liy u tioriiiontal linu pas^in^ tliroii(;li its ciiitro, nml rcprrscntinff tl'e ciniator; tlirou;;Ii the n-ritro, iiml at ri^ht llIl^;!^.•.«l to the mnator, is drawn onothtT lini', %«liii h will npri .ii'tit u nicriduin; wluru this line cut thu cin It, at tliu top and hottoni, will he the north and south poles, ami the rirclc, whiih will represent onc-li.ilf the b'l"''i'i i;rccs of latitude, that is, the jiaralieis, diver^je froiu the centre, which is supposed to he IhO dej,'rees lonjr, to the circumference, which is also supposed to he of two portions of IHO dejjnes each, nnd eonscrMp()rtion to the di j;ri'c of lon^,'itude; so th.it in all lar^;e portions of the earth, it must he represented more or les« distorted on n thit surf.ice. A map of ft country, as Sjmin, r..iy, r.n;:land, is represented on n portion of smh a pr"j''ctii)n, and the dc.'rees of latitude and lon;;itudo nre numhered on the mnrj'in, the top heiiig usually con.siderod as the north, and the ri^ht hand the east, unless otherwise expressed. Ml mtlur'i prvjtrlinn WM invented hy (Jerhard Mcrcntor, a Flemish ^'eo^jrajdier, in 1506; hilt the true principles on whii'h it is constructed were first explained hy I'.dward Wri^'ht, Bii lMi;;lishin:m, in l.'j'.CJ. I*, is usiul fur ch.irt'*, and possesses several advaiita;,'es over all other jirojeetioiis, though it ditl'ers essentially from the true licure ot the earth; hy it the hearin^is and distances hetwcen ])!m'cs may he ascertaiiieil with nimh j^reater facility. Ill this projection tlie fij,'iire of the earth is siij posed to he ileveloped on a cylinder, in- stead of a sphere. Mcrcntor conceived ii tran>p,irent cylinder of intinite length, in whiih an elastie i^lohe of the same diameter is placcil, aiul on which the meridians and parillels are drawn. By cxpamlin}; this >;luhe it will fill the cylinder, ami it is eviilent that while the eipiatorial de^jrees remain the same, hy hciiij; confined hy the cylinder, the meriilians, as they approach the pole, instead of eonver^jiiiK or decreasinj; us hefore, heeomc parallel and eipiul, uikI the dej;rees of latitude .«re increased exactly in the same proportion or jatio as the expansion of those of !ont,'itude; and therefore the great dilVerence iK'twecn this and other projections s, that the degrees of lonijituile are mvaiiahle, and represented hy paralkl straight lines, and the degrees of latitude are made to hear the same proportion to the Inng'itude, or increasing toward the poles, while the true figure is thut in which the lotig'tude decreases, and the latitude invariahlc. All straight lines on tlio earth's surface will be represented hy straight lines on this projection, and nil hearings are truly represented, though the relative size of the countries represented is increased in proportion to the latitude; so that the polar regions will he on a muih larger scale than those on the etjuator, though not otherwise tlisto.ted. There are other modes of projecting representations of the earth on n plane surface, but the above are the most cencrally used. THK GENE II A r. a A Z E TT E E ti^ OK, GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. A A R Aa, a term npjilitil uiicHMilly to a collection of wiitiT«, (lerivcil Irom tin- l,Mtiii, (k/kc, aii'l Htill till' ii.inu'ot several Kiiniiieaii rivers; the foUnwiii); ure the priiieij'ul, vi/. — in Kiissiii, runs thriiu;_'li the 1 )ii(li\- of Cuiirl:;. i into tiie Imv of Ki;j;i; in Saxony, fulling' into I.iike IllanMti; in S\ it/erlaml, fallinu into f.ake I.neerne, into Liiki- Wal^tailten, anil into the A ir river; in Westphalia, fallii.;; into the ^Vehr, into ilic Veeht, ami into the Knis; in ll"l!aiil, falling into the Veeht, at Swart.-lnys, into the l)lilys-e!; in ()\ituate uii the south cotist of the (luf of I.ymlioril, in N. hit. 50 50. P.. ion^'. 9. 41). Ne.\t to L'openliat;en it is the most eonsiderahlu town in Denmark. It has an eXi halijle for niereli. lilts ; the episi'opiil palace, two churches, two poor-houses, an liospital, eonvt'iit, and caitudral srhool-house, are all re>|iertalile editi'fs; and It has a considcrulde trade in corn, herring's, lire-arms, saddles, {;Ki\i;), iSce. It w.is taken hy tin- Swedes iu l(i4:i and 16:>H. Aau, Aakk, or All, a lart'C river in Swit- zerland, which rises iu a lake, near Mount Sialher^ in t!.c S. of the ('anion of Hern, and, runiiin^; .\, W. throu^'h the whole ex- tent of ihe lake of UricM/. and 'Vhun to Hern, takcM a circuitous i-ourse to Soleure; whence it liuws P.. to Arhur;;, aiiti N. K. U> HriiL'i;; A A R helow which, I'ciiij; joined hy the Reu.s« and Pimmatt, it (alls into the Rhine opposite Waldschut : also the name of two()ther rivers, ono rising: in the (iraml Din hy of the I^wer Hliite, tailing; into the Rhine: the other rijinj; in Nnssau, falling into the Palm. AAKAf,( liitf town of Ar;;au canton. Swit- zerlaiul, seated on the Aar; has a hrisk trade, and immiifai tures of linen and cutlery, and is the place of j;enerul assenihiy for the Pro- testant cantons. Aaiksai', I r AiiCoviA, a canton of Swit- zirh.nd, houiuled on the N. hy the iihiiie. It vwis m.ide an iutupeiidcnt canton in 1798; anil in l.Ko;! reeei\ed (iirthcr accessions o' territory, and trom oiicot' the smallest hocainc one of till- larj;e.--t canton.s. Area, t'i50 sq, ni. Pop. in P'^.'U'i, 18_',7"»."). It has considerable inaniiliu-tures, and is folcrahly fruitful. A portion of the canton profess the Catholic lelif^'ioii. and the tir.-t onttireak ot' the recent and prestiit trMuhlcs of tin- repiuhlics of Swit- /.iTland, was the radical parts of the canton si'i/.in^ and conti^catin^; the convciit.s in tiic Pryaint and their possessions in 1841, an act of injustice ratified hy the Diet in direct vio- lation of the Pact eiitereil into hy tlie confe- deration. Aakiiii!*, the second of the four hishopric s of Jutland: it is a very fruitliil district, I'n the K. side of the peninsula, extendinjj for ahout 60 miles alon^; the shore of the Catte- l»at; hoiirided on tlie W. hy the hi.shopric ol Viliorj:, intersected hy numerous t^treanis, ahoundin;; with tish, and is richly adorned wiih forests. It coiitaiiis the residences of a irreat portion of the iioiiility of Denmark. The chief town of the same name is situate on the coie , in jfi. 10. N. hit. 10. 13. E. Ion.: Ttn^ town is divided into two uneipial parts hy water conveyed from a lake ahout I ."i miles in the interior. It i.s larire and populous; and has six j::itcs, two princijial churrhis, two marki't-placi's, a iiui\iT!»ity,ufree-scliool, and a well-endowed hos|)ital, and hii.s u cou- siderablo triwle in ^rrain, t-inber, &e. A li U A U F. i Aakon's 1si.\m>. >"'■• Sr. Mvio. Aakossiu Kf Syria, tliranriciit On 'iifos. It rises in Mount I.olianon. and, i.iina lix AiiAiti K, a trilic of Ui'il.Miin Aralp«., in Nu- Ma, on tin \l il S«a. AnACii. or Wr.i Ti >tu i:<.. n market to«n in l^iwer Havari u snatiil on tlio l)aunl>o, 7 niias Iroin K.i'.i»l>on. It is .IctVn'K-il hy a .iia.lel, an.l i- n ni.irkaMe f r l{(.nian nnti- ^uiii. », lis well as for its ininiT.il \vai.r>, which arc cil.l.raliNl for iiiriu'^ vaiion-. ii.>- eu.s.s. I,oit/. 11. .'if). 1". lat. 4S. .'. <. N. AnAO<»., one of tlic Bahama i-lamis, called hy tlio oilier po^'rnphers l.mnya, a name soinetin't" aj-i-ieil t«i the wliolo t:roii)', lyin;: at the S. v.. elil ot the I,itl!e Ilahaiiia Hank. It is nniinp'Tlant. Area, Tno M|ii.ire miles. ' 1' ).. in 1S4:.'. l..')'.»l. I .\i!viii.ii, or Shi IK .ViiAnr. n vi!!:iu'o of r.-\)'i. on the hit liank of the Nile. M miNs S. of Cairo. Immense an hitet tiira! ruins ti siifv it,* having been the site of a ^'reat ami |'0]iiiloiis city. .\ hAIiI II. a eoTl«i.lernMe to« n ;it I'e Tliolllll of ihe Tiuri*. jirovit.ee ot Kars, I'rt^ia, .\liKKAV-K, a town situate on a hraneli of the river Yonesei, in the ]>nivince of K"lhy- \.mc', ;:overiiment o' I'lihoNk, .Asiatic Kn-si.i, It Wiu. founded in iriC, and rehuiit in 17l'.'>, lUld sini-i- fortilied : kome ancient loliihs, v jih llie in-criitions, |)e>-pe:ik it to hiixe heeii a jilaci- of import. iiiee priiT to the con.|n.*t of S t-eria hy Ku->ia. N lat. .'j4. K. lou;:. ".H. t I. .Aiui.AK, a town in the vicinity of Sil'cria, ei '"•Crated f .r an iinnjjo of tin- Vir>;in, «hicli !•. \i>ited hy niany pil^.'rimK, a'io!>.k. Ahvncat, a j>ro\ nice of I 'em, S. .\m<-n<-.i; t' e cilief ti'WIi th-reot'. of th'- <-:'.IIie liailie, is vim.ite nUoiit ''■<> miles N. W ot t "ux-o. 'I'here is uUo A rner ol the same ii.nne, fhwinn through tlic jiro\inec, nnd aiiotlier town in I'uioiia, ]iro>iiice of (j'lilo. AiiAVii, 11 coesidera! !e t'.wn of Italy, in the vicinity of 1", I Ilia, ilistiUr;ui>hed lor it'' hoi sulphureous hath*. AiuJU'H, < r .\iii;aii. n eoiintry of .\-iati- Itn^sia, 1tii!l: Ih t«i'eii the Ca-p.an niid Ml.ick S'lis. The mhahitants are estimated at alnnit l.'i<>,iK>tl, dii'isi-tin;.' chi., and m p. nates the town into Iwu parts. It has a woollen m.iniif.n-tory. It lies 'JD mill's N. W. from .\miens, Cd S. of C.iiais. and so N W. of I'aris. The church of St. Wiilfran is intcrcstiin;. It is pas.sod hy t!ie Houiojine and Atiiiciis llail- way. .ViniKvii I K. ft comity of S. ('.irolina, nhoiit 7u(» Mjuare miles m exiciil. '! he lands arc a^rcralily diM rallied with hill and dale, well watered, and productive. I 'op. 'J 1, 107. The chief town, of the same ii.iine, is sit.iiate on S.iv.innah ri\cr, 118 iniU-s \V. hy N. of C'o- hiiiil'ia. .\iiiii Y UovM, a fMwn in Ir. land, on the river ]>o_\ h', loT miles fu.iii DiiMiii : near I ho town are the puturrscpie iiiiiis of the ahhey. AiiiiKYiKAM , a jiarish in (.'onnclhi, I'pper Harony, county of Limerit k, Irelaml. It hiul fiirmt rly n ini'iia^tery, and in the vicinity are the rnins of I'nrt (.'.iJ-th . ,\itiiKY-< iiiKi;N. a villa;:e in the ji.irisli of I.esniaha^;ow, ciiuiity of Lanark; f> in.iiii"., a j.aiisli in Iri land, coiintT of W.iierlor.l. Aiiii'tTft-.\NN, Aniiors-I.rn.ti. • r .\iierii- t » Y. .\llliiir«-Miil!IoN, A nil" Is \\ 1.. >l>, CO. of \V.rc<-tcr; .\ niinTs, or I'a'.ii's Hijipmiky, .\nii>is, or .\i'i wo. i|i-rAsTi.i . St.ilV. .nl; .Vil- li .T^inur, .\iin..is-Si<>Kr., I)..r».t; .AliIKiTd, or AllllAH-CoMIlK, Allll.ils-Isl i:, ,\lll!.iTH. I.Kn;ii, Siiiicrs.t; Amu iis-ll am, Aiuuits- KkUHWKI.I, hevon; AllIKirsiLK. Ill^'l'. liud I.ow, N. 11. of York; ,\iiiiTH-I,i Kill, Iluntiiij; |..n; All- imrxioN, ( il.iui-. .-t' r; Aiiii.>isii>n, WiIim; .Xllll'nu-ANN, AlllloISHiiltlM, II;iIlt.S. low lis nii'l villaties, in t' e several countipi ntVixed in I'.n^;laiid. The prefix, AUty, denotes their haviiii; formerly heeii iiio- i tiaolii' alioilcs, hut II. .lie ul them li'.vr de- I her\e any p.irticiilar ii.itice, except Ah- I hoiKhury, ill I)..r»i t, l.-r the lormcr imiij- I licence of its al.|H-y; and Ahhots- , iiiiv'h-y, tiK havin;; >;iveii hirth to Si- rholns Mriik>'j(i>eare. •» ho attained to poii- ; titicul ilimiiiy, an I'.'pf A. Irian IV. I Ann's IIkao, >r.. a pr.'inoit.'ry, t'.rmint; , the s..uthi I n extremity .if the Frith of K..rth, ! l\!ii|.' in ill.' parish of Cd iiii^,'liaiii, and th« "•iiiity of iU rwirk, S.vtl.ind, ah..ut lo milei N. of Hi rw .k, and the same ilisiance S. from luinhar. W. loni: 'I- K. lat. br, 5.^. N. Aiii>*, R Mii.ill hut tcriile prov. of Mohk-co. .ViUMni.K, or Arii.siiAi'K, a town of I>en- 111. rk. Ill Mesw 11 k, 1I..W > i ry iLMirisliiin:, heing ■ l.iiilile the ext<-nt it was ('.irmerly, aii.l huilt in a iH'tter taste. It i.s Kcateil on a spaciou* «ijMn hay in the Li'tle Belt, siirrouuJcJ oD A ]\ IC A li E thn-c sith's by bijili mcuntMinx, wliich romlcr tin- harliiiiir s.\ii . I'lpji. :;mi(i. J.onu'. '.*. '2t'>. K. Int. T).-.. X N. Am NHn;i!(;. -.i Ar.r.NMii un, ii t«i\vii in tlic ritili' (il li("_'t'ii, |i.i\ :ina, s(;it("l mi tin' Alx'iis, ii<';ir llic I ).Miiil>i', I .') miles S. \V. of It.iiisiiini. Aiii;ij, it \ill;i;:i' ill ('iiirii!irv(>ii>liir<', N. N\';ilrs, 4\ iiiil'.i Iv tViiiii Hiiii'^'iir, on the di- r 'i t f'liul trmii I.Dini'in tn lliil\ luail. The V Mfil .l^jrr M;4iiilics tlu' tall tel, ami ll~ll;ii!y relers tn il place Mill te iit the nil lllll uC il liViT Am iiAVoN, iti. (ilamor^Tiin, Wiile«, 18 niilfs N. \V. from l'<)wliriii;;e. In the Dpifh- Itoiirhooil iire e\teii-ivo imn, rotipi r, iiml tin Work"). It is imlmlrcj in tho Sw-iiiscn tii>.t. fi>r sen'liiiu' I iieiiilier in |';irli:iiii. nt. Its liiiitiniir, I'.irt 1 all.ct, is <,n the S..ufli Willed ruilway. Am.HiiKoTiifKK, or Akhkoitii, nti am lent riiyitl liuruh ami sea-imrt, .situ.iti! nt tho t-tiiar_v t>t the r. hiMthoek, jiartly in a par. (if the Mime name, ainl partly in thiit ot' St. Vi^'eaiis, in tho ei>. < t" Korlar, Sentlaml, .'>t) miles N. N. K. nt lviiiilinrj.'!i, in Tifi. .'{J. N. lat. (iml -2. ;<:>. \V. h.ii;:. Williiim I.. 8iirnameil the I, inn, kiiiL' nt Sniliiii'l, tnumleil n ma;.'nitiient iilmey ill Arhrniith, in 117(<. nnil e.iiiterrei! iijinn it very exteii.sivc im- munities. S.ine vesti;:es nt tlu; Imiltlin;; still remiiiii to iitte«t itn former jirainleiir. A liarhniir iv;is fnrmed in 1 I'll, tn the e;i.st\viiril nt' the [)res( nt one ; the iiiipnrtanee nt" the tnwn (letliiiiil Willi the ileviisiiitinn nf the iihtiev, (lunii;: the nithless ]ierinil nf the re- turn. atinn. The iiiiiiiiiereo nl' till,' tnwn re- vive'] ahniit the year 1738, when the linen inaniil'iietiirt' w.»s intrniliieed, whieli prn- jjressively extended up to tht! enmmeiieement ot the Wiir in IT'fl, when it was \ii>tly prn Iimteci liy the ilirieiised drm.ilid t'nr "•ail- clnth. lonil to .MKM) tnns nt' ."-hippini; helniiij to the tnwn, part nf' whieh is emplnyed in the iiniMirtiitinn of tliix, deals, ite. fmm the Ha'tie. A new tnwn-h.ill Iuls heen iimre rei'ently ereiis liintlicn, but bein^ exeeeditiu'ly well sheltired and enniinndiniis, Htid eiLsily inaile, it iill'nrds security tn vessels nf ejisy draiijrht of water. Arbmaih is, hnwevef, n nianui'at'fiiriiij; rather than ii cnmniereuU tnwn. 'I he IUlI-rn.k liL'ht- bniist', nlie nf the prilirinil I uildili;.'s nf tlii> kind in Hritaiii, is ntf this t»iwii. It h.is [\ fairM annually, 31 st nf Jiiii., aid Wed. of tliino, i;nd Ix'tii nf .Inly, AllhUi'oN w AV, nr CoNWAT, 11 Si'il-Imrt til. and jiar , Wales, i... Cjieniiirv-'ii, at the iimutli nf tin; t 'nil way r, 14 miles N, by W, nf IJiuipir. It i.s siirmniiiled by wall-' (>trenj;tlien,il by towi-rs, whieh are still in jjiNid pn-^ervatioTi, beiii;; one of the most I tnmpletfl uiu-ieiit fnriitie;ifioiis in th>' kiiij;- ! •loin The reiniiiin nf Its eastU*, built in the I roi^rn nf Kdward I., l'J84, stand on a mckv prnmniitnry, and cmisist of H i-niind towers, nlllwnlks, vt<'. The tnwil itsidt is pnnr find iiieniisiderable. The new line of roiid pfi.sM;s tlirnii^;li this tnwn, and ern^ses the Cniiwiiy by a sii--pensinn brid;;e ot 3nn feet spiiii. 'I'lie river is also ero.sseil m-iir to the sim- pensinii briil^e by im immense tiibiiliir iron iiridj;e, earryiii); the Ilnl_\lie!id lailwiiy. Tlio liarli.iiir is nb.stnieted bv shoals. Miirket on I Friday. j Anmtroitv. a vil. and par. in tlie ro. of I,i'llitll;::nw, SMtland, nil tlie S. b:;nk f)f the I Kiith nf Kniih, |-J miles W. by N. of Kdin- biir;:h. A niniiii.stery existed here in the Ttli i century ; ami the castle of Abercorn was n ' place of ^reiit streiij;tli in the family of the l)nn).'lasses. It w;is dismantled in 144.5, ! iiinl iin trare (.f either mni: istery nr ca.stio iinw remains. Aberenn. still jjives tlic ' ISiitish title nf Miinpiis, and the Scnltish I title of Isiirl, tn a bninch nf the family of Iliimiltoii. The Knimin wall in said to have bc;.'iiii in this )l,l^i^ll. AiiKitcoKN, n tnwn of Genrpia, N. Amc- ricfl, I't miles N. W. of S:iv;iini:lh. AiiKKOAitK, a tn>vn, Glamnr;.'.in, 'Wales, 4 miles W. from Mi-rthyr Tyilvil, cniiiiected with impnrtant mining; nperalmn.s, im Imled in the Ciirditf di>t. f« r bending I member to piirliament. Am:i{i>i:f.v, aeniinty nf Sentland, bnnmled on the N. W. by H;iiitl~liire, and the r. Dever. in ; on the N. and .\. K. by the (ier- nian Ocean ; on the S. by tbe<'n. KiiKMvdine, Knrfiir, and Perth; and on the W. by I'.lcin and Inverness-shire. It is divided into 8 distriits; the S, part i' wild, ru^jtred, and inn'intilillnlis, snnie nf the llills risillj.^ tn tllC liei;:lit nf 40IIU fl. abnve the iivel (d the seii, coviTeil, ill some parts, with exteiisi\e mi- t'lral forests; the N. ]iart i>* bleak ami barren ; but the midland parts of tlie co. lire iiinre fertile, and, since the perinrtiition of which oiistiiutly emplnys sevcr;il hundred tnii.s of shipping.'. It sends I member to parliament. .\i!i:i!i>KKN, the principal (ity in the north (d' S-nthiiid, situated nil the cnast ot the (Jerman (Keaii, at the etHux of the rivers Dee and Dnii, PJ7 miles N. K. fioni Iviin- bur;.di. It iiii.s an observatory ; in lonp. 2. 'J'.i. W, lat. .^7. 9. N. L'ndertlie dennmimi- tioii (d" Aberdeen are enmpndieiided two towns, di-'tiii.cuislied by the Ohl and jSiw, wlii( li, however, are almnst united by their respeetiM' subuibs, Anh:iti»i:i:>. Oi.n, formerly Aberdnn, in the parish of Old Miichar, or St. Macliur, iH pleiidaiiily sitiii.ted Oil an eiidianee iietur f ABE ARE llio nioutli (if tlic ri\( r I)on. nl>')iit n niilo iMitli ("I till' Niw 'I'nwii. It is i>f prat niitii|iiity, mill wtis of mmiu- imjH'rliini'o ho lull;.' .1^0 11.x S'.»,'\. \>li(>ii. luioril n^; to luiilitiim, kiM>; (iir^urv tlio lirijit roiil'crrcil uii i( (■nine jH'tMiliiir ]i?iMlri;» ; I'l" "n jiutluMitu' n'l'oitis lui- ixtaii'. prior to IIM. Hy iharlir, tin- ffio ImrjU'Sjif.H of the town arc voted wiUi till' jiowor of cluKisiiii: ilu'irowii tnii);i'oralC'l truiiis. 'I'lio town i'oii»i.«ts cliii lly of tun- li>ii;; --troct. TluTi' is a lU'at lowii-lioii-c— a iii'W Imiltliii);— aiiii n traiUs' hov|>iial for (licnycd fn-iMiKti anil their widows, and an Jio^pitnl t"or I'i jMH>r nien, t'oiuided ly Hislioj. William Duiihar. in 1.').'12. Hut liio cliii f (irnaintTit of ( >ld Alurilccn i« the lar^;.- and stately f.d.ne of Kind's Colle^'e, t.uiiiUd I'y Hi'.liop Kliijiinstone. in ll'.M. MUiaieil on the S. side of the town. It is laiilt round ft B()uarc. witli el(. intent on the»onth side. The Ptriuture eonia'ii-- a chapel. Idirary, inu*eiini, ei.ninion hall, and !< rtiire-ri>>.irs ami .-tuSnts. 'I'iie lihrary and niu«i win are well fnrni.-hed. 'I'hc old town, Uinj; torim vly the seat ol a bishoj). hail a ino>t inaj:nilieehl eathedr.il. tir.«t (i)Uiided in ll.'it. hui tlie |ire«-ent edifi.e wa' Ix'^nn hy Ui^liop KinniniMnth, in l.'J.'iT. ii'.d uas fo years in liiiildinjt ; it was ery animue FpiiX'j*, niid one aisle, whu li is used as a (hnreh. is all that is iiow l.tt. In this ea- ihedral there was a tine iil'rar\. ^^llllh wa- also de»troye,i. ()\(rtlii- !)• n. at ( >id .\l>er- deen. there is a iioMe dothie ltiidj,'e, l.niit \\ Ui^hop ("heyiie. in IJ^I, of one anh, 07 Tet span, anil ;HJ hii;h Iroiii the Mirfaee of the river. On holh hides it rests on u solid led^ie ol ri'i k. AliKiti'i 1 N. Ni w, iv ihe capital of tin- shre ol AUidei n. I'or ixti nt, trade, and heaniy, it far » X't-i ds any town in tin- north of Seotland. It is laiilt on a ^i-ntie eini- neiiee, risuij; Iroin a small hay, loruied hy tin- river l)ee, over whii h there is an eh-^'ant hrid;:c of 7 nrehes, rehuilt in 172t. tin- lirst having heen hiiill hy IJi^h^p I)init'ar, in l.'i't'J. The streets are numiroii», spaci.iiis. and wtdl |ia\ed ; tlie houses are hiiill of pr.iriite (fioin adjoininj: (juarriest, (.'eiu-rally luur stories hij;li. reniarkaMy neut and tie- (rant, having*, uliiiost universally, (.'ardeiis in iheir rear. The whole town is ulHUit two miles in ( ireumferenee. 'Ihe liiiiiiu ip.d ^'oviTlimeit is vcvtid in a provo.-t. 4 hailies. a diaii ol liuihl, tre.i/.urer, a town-elerk, a lown eonmil, and 7 deaions of ineorporated lradi-». The town is a royal l.iir|;!i. and, iiniimn with AlK.rhrothi>i k, Hrethin, Imer- Ix T'. il-. and Montrose, sends u ineinlnr to pariiaini'iit. New Aherdeen is jn'aeeil with an ulcgunt college, foundud by (jcur^c Keiiii, the Karl Marisehal of S-otland. in l.'iO.I. Its otliiT pnliiie hnildin^'s are the fown-hall, inaikit-honse, the hl■u^e of the Alirrdeen Uaiikinn ('oin]'aiiy, a cross, an oeta^joi) huiidiii^; tif curious workinaii'-hip. ii dis- pensary, infirmary, and iMii.itie Hsyinm, :• poor-house, hndiwcll, j;aol, and exiensivo harraeks. An eUjr.uit street from the S. is roiitinutd over an anh of cut granite, \'M fl. sjiaii, i.".) in hiiu'hi, and Ai) wide hetwcen the parapets. Aherdei n hu.! formerly sever il leliL'ioiis hoiisi s ; he>.idi"» (he nni\ersitv, there is n iispectahle ^.'raininar-schoid aud MM'ral almshouses, and upw.irds of -jo piaroH for reli;,'ious worship. Mh' harhour wa-< lornurly danjxrrons, hui has U en rendered sale and eoiiiinodious. hy a pier of H'od ft. Ill ientith. and the constnntion of wet docks. .Mierdieii was forn.i rly cclrhrateil lor tho manuiaetnre of knit stoi kin^s, ,ind woollen lahrics ijeiieri'.iiy. The l.nen ainl cotton I manufaelnres are imw carried on to a ureal extent. Then' is n valnalde salmon liNhery in the l).e ; a eoiisiijirahle numhi r o| vi sv( U are hiidt nt AhiTdceii, and ahuiit •jo.ooo tons l.tioiiu' to it. It has several I'liUiic hreweries, rope works, iron founderies, Ac., and three fairs annualiv, on the ,'M<.l .Ian., 3ril Wtd. in .June, and i:uh of .Inly : It is nmnectod hy rnilways witli Siirliinr, Utindee, I'.dinl>iiri;h, and aJMi London, .'i.'il III. distant. The w hale and other lisheries eiii- )i|oy mui il shijipiiij:. so tli.i! upon the. whole Ulween .''lid and luil v,-vii~. (ollcctively of the hiirilell ol 40,nO() tolls, heloiig to this port. AiiKiti ol u. a pari-h in the N. of .\her- dieii>hire. on the S. Coast of .Murray t'rith. ,\No aiiothir )'ari-h and Mlia^;e 'J miles W. ol Hiirnt l-liind, in the couniv of I'lle, Scot- land. Am.urjUAw, a villai;? plca«aiitly situate r.'-nr the eort.'.t of ("aernarvon hay, on the islo of Aii):le«eii, mill". S. hy W. of l.lanj^elni, on the diieel roa<.'.li the I -k; oM-r ihe latter is a tine luidco of l.'i an hex, \-2 miles \V. of Monmouth; t'len- are soim con»ide;aMc iron works in the viiiuity. It iii on the Newport niid llcieford r.ulway. It haii a eoiiMiJeralJe m.irket on Tues , and .'I tafrs annually, on .May l»t, I'ln s. all! r Trinity, ami Sep. L'.')th. iViii iK.iJ 1. 1, til.. DenI ijiiishire, Wales, I'liasantly situate on the co.i^t of the Iiish S' a, on the direct road from ( In -li-r to lloly- hiad, 7 miles W. aph, and "J 1 .H Iroin London; it is much freiiueiiti-d in the stiin- nier se.uton for hathini;, ii.is u Market on Sa- turd.iy, ui d .'< talis aniiU.iliy. Am Ki.wii.i.r, a mUii^'c mar Cttenmirtlien, .S. W ,d< <<, situate ut the cuiiliucneo of U e Alii 5 An A. riviT (iiiillv, with llic 'I'owy. It I'oiitiiiris tlie t'|'iscii|i!il |i;il.icc ol iIk; sci' o( St. I);i\i(i'* Ai.i.iiSi.iliv, ;i tnwii III I'lrtli-liirc, S<')t- l:inil, .sr.ltc I lit :ir the jilIM liull of tlic I'iriic "Kli tlu! T.iy, 7 in;h s li-iiii I'.rlli cii the railuay. Jt i> Mii'l t" Iimvu hi'<'ii tlic; Stjit of th ir.l is H rniml fou.r 74 (ci-t lii^h, mill 'JP in (•irciiiiil'crciu'c, tlm only oik; hisi.lcs t!.:it ot IJrcihiii ill Scoil.iinl. It pHrtiii|i:itrs ill th'- inamit'artiiri's ot I'l rtli, ftini has .'l t'aii.s aiimially. Also the iiiune of anolhiT |iari>h, from l,"i() to ISO 8(iii;ire iiiihs in extent, j'artiy in Kl;:in anil |iartly in IiiviTiics.^-.sliiro, iilHiiiiiiliiig with natural torcst;) ot' lir, which wl foiin an cxtcn-iivo trallii-. Ar.i;i!V,srw;rii. a l.iun of S. Wal. s, in Ciir- (li^Miishirc, siatcij on tin- Y.-twitii lu'ar its idiiihiiMicf w ith the Uh_Mlol, where they fall into tiie hay of ('urdi^ian ; over the Hhyiiol is n haii'lsoino stone hriil^i-. It lies 'J(I7 miles \V. N. W. from Li.ii.loii, an.l .TJ N. H. from ('aiMi;zaii. It was formerly foititii-il with ii castle, aiiil ilel'eiiih (1 with u alls; hut hoth arc now in ruins. It is, however, a ^lo^|^ishill^; town. Inning: a preat trade in lea'l, a eonsi- (lerahle fishery ol herriii;,'S, ooH. \V., hit. :>'2. •.>."). N. It is contrihiitory, in the ("ardi^'an dist. in sending; one nieiiihcr to parliament. AiiiAii, IJaiiu VI.. or White river, .Africa, Geiiirallv aeknowiedLTeil as the true luad of the Nile. The sources of this stream are still unknown, and its course is also, with the er- cepiion of that portion nl it nearest to its jumtiun, anil btiU j)rohleinati. N. It IS most prohahh' that it takes its ris(> on the south side of the snowy moun- tains, S. of Ahy--siiuii, and (lowing in a \V. rourse, pnx-eeds in a N. K. direction and joins tlie other principal hraiich, the /lithr el AziiL; or IJlue river, at llaltainh, formini; the iH'ninsuhi of Sennaar; the conihined slre.iiiis are then kinuMi hy the name of the Nile. It derives its name tVoin its whitish waters, coiis.-ipie:it upuii the clay which it hohls su^-peiided. At the point where it joins the I5iiie liiver it is COt) yards across, hut is intich larner n little above; and diirin;; the inundation, it sonutinie.s covers a hriMclth ol •_'! miles in Some jjaits. In its ordinary Btate, its depth is from 3 to 4 lathoiiH in niid-i'hannel. .Sf* Nile. Anisiiiiti.N, a mkt. and hori''i;;h tn. in Ilerkshire, Hiii^laiid, and, with the exception of Kcudinjr, the chief tn. in the eo. It is •itiui'.e {)i\ the S. hank of the river Thames, (i miles S. of Oxfofil, and r)6 W. from IaukKju, It in a pl.iee of );reat nntiipiity, nnd has fnquuntly Uico the uhudu of roytUty. The niark"t-plaec is dpucion", in the centre of \\ hieh is a resjx'ctahle editire, a spacious hall, siipjiortod liy lofty |)illars, in which the snni- nier assizes for the co. are In Id, the space hen<'atli servint; for a market-place. The, market for f;rain and malt on Mon. and Fri. IS viry preat, and it has a consitkrahle maiiulaetnrc' of coarse linen, .sacking, &c. It is divideower hy Hussia, in IH'tS. The port ami town of Abo are liiu iv lo<-ated in N. hit. f,0. 27. W. loiiir. 22. IS, ::'t the southern extremity of the I'romontoi ■.• of Finland, on the K. shore of the (inlf <■( Mothnia, where it forms its junction with tl:e (jiilf of Finland. Under the Swedish povorn- ment Ab(j was the see of a bishop, siitVrau;''! of Ui)sal, and had a university, t'onnded by Qiiecii Christina, in lOtd; the university was destroyed by fire in lb'27, ami it was then removed to lie!. iii;;l'ors; and also a scliool, founded by (Jiistavus Adolidius, for 3tii> scholars. It w.i.s the seat of the eonferenee between Hiissia and Sweden, in 1743. Ti e to'.vn has flourished considerably, since its transfer to Uussia; its chief trade is in tim- ber, deals, and prain. Top. about 12,000. AiiDMF.r, a populous t'>wn, the capital of the kin.'ilom of Dahomey, on the Gold Coa-t of Afriea. N. !at. 7. 35." K. long. 2. 55. J'op. alxnit 25,000. Anoriviii, a town of I'Vypt, '" N. hit. .11. IS. E. lou^;. 30. .1M, about 6 leagues K. of Alexandria. A Hritish army of 12.000 nn n, commanded by Sir I{alph Abercrombie, land- ed here in 1801. The bay, formed on the W. by a neck of land on which the town is situate, and on the E. by another neck of land which bounds the Hosctta. hninch of the Nile, is very upacious, and will for ever Ikj memorable in history, as the scene of one of the most splendid and dev-isive naval battles oil record, in which 9 French tshi]is of the line were taken, and 2 others destroyed, by Lord Nelson, on the 1st Anj:ust. 17'Jrt. AiiovNK. par. Aberdeen, Sc;tlm'.d, .•) miles W. of Kincardine. AnitANTEs. a town of Portugal, in Rstrc- ■ madiira, .seated on the Ta;:us, 45 miles E. hy N. of Lisbon, and helonpin^ to a marquis of that title. It is situated on hiph pround^ I Hurrouuded with gardous and oiivu-truea, uu«l A B Y t __— — . Cor.taiiiN alx'iit ">.'>, 000 iiiliiil,taiit'«. ami Inm 4 CtinviMit*. iu» lio-j'it.il, ami an alui>-lioiivo. Aiiuoi.ii"!*, ilan^riToiis ."•linals on tlu' ro.ist of Hia/.il. S. lat. 17. .'.s. W. Ion;:. :\H. 2r>. Auin/.7i>. I'lU' (if tlif fnur jrrcat iir.'xim-cH of N'a] Ics. I.oiimlf 1 << K. hy ihr (lulf uf \'(Miiri'. nil till- N. ai.l W. l>y .Ntu.'ii.i, rm- Iria. nml tin- Camii.i'jn.i 'li K'li..., aii'l mi the S, l\v the T na 'li I«ivi>r:i ami .Moli«.c, h is iliviilitl iiit'> two |iail> l>y tlic rivrr rocara, calli-.l r.tciii'ri' aii.l CitirioVf. The fciiiiiT liax A"iiii!.i, mill tin- liin\v in a vitv ruiiiuii-i >ra!i'. AiuTh.K, !i tdwn in rj]M r I'.'yi'*, "n tin- site of the aiiount AhotK. mar ilio Nik*. wluTC pn at ijiiainitii's of |iiij']iifS prow, of xvhicli ttio tiatiM s inaki> the l>< «t ipaitii in the Ix-vant. I, .in;. .».1. 0. K. lat '2>'>. :»<•. N. Aiivct or Allien, one of llio IMnl !.|iiiio ishin.ls, in thi- K:l>t !liiiii>. In t>v('Cll Miii.iai'ao alil 1,11/on. L lip. 1J2. I.'), v.. l.it. In 0, \. AiivsMMA or Aiii;>>Y.MA. a ku);; !• hi I'li th(! I-',. >i.ii' of AtVua. rxtcmliiip in hiiL'th from alioiit the yili to t!ie I Till ih-p- "f ^. int. anrn ha.***, fidiii uImuu ilic .1.'»th to till' 4.'Uii ili to th«' Msth of do. turiiiinp an aroa of al>out 140. 'KM) mj. niil< ■<, honmldl oil tho N. by S< niiaar. on ih^- K. I'V tlic Arahiaii (lu'if, or !{■ '1 Sa, aiul ■n tl:f .^. and W. |py very nn(U-tinc^, ami coiiii- iries very liliii- known. A ranpo of nippoi riiouutaiiis of roiisiilcnihlc niiitinh-, oxtfiiiU inp aloii;; tlic wlioii' hue of coast of tin' Kril Sea. khiiJ ill Ahys-iiiia. aii'l iii'aiiy f\chiii< .1 It fioiii all ail\.iiita..M'!< of iiinrif.ini.' intrr roiirsf, Siiiic (im- ami Iriiiiliil j>hiii > it<-r\.i"l< tin* south. Til }.art of the tciritory. hut tho |irc- vniliiip charai-tt'iistic of Ahyssitiia i> iiiouii- tnirotis ami wiM, un>l its itiliahitanlH are a<< rude anil fi ro( i.ii« a< tl;iir country i* wiM and rUi;_'od. lt« climate i* variou-., hut om tlie wliulc tine; it is cxcic.lir^^ly rieli iti vtpetahle |ir'>"tli of utdity a'ld heauty. The e! •|.haiit, rhinocoro*. huiral..e«, Icojiiirds of Various Fpecies, r.ihra, aini c»i'eciully tlio liyiriia, al.ound; tlie latter is par.iciilaily lero< ious an 1 di-stnii livt-; ihin- are no tipen>, and the li.'ii in not cotniiion ; theJO are various other wiM aliiinals. as «i II as '.he doiiiesiic ones cominoii to luirope; the horsc.< art! iitron;; and lianilsomc, und there iji a sfit'cies >>( oxen witli horiin 4 ft. in Uiipth, aii'l 'io im lies in circumference at tlu; root ; the hi||Miji..ialiii an 1 cr .eodile iiro imiii- irioii »i) tlie (iwauijis and rivers winch tlow iiit'i the Nile. Am.iti;.'-t the nunierous U-.x- tlierod trihej cominoii to liie country is tlie g..l.|en HIl'l hhiek ea^rle, und bollie owl» ol exiraorilm.iry hi/.e anl ln.*auty; Ixes alioiin.l to i-iich a depn e. that honey, in the southern ]>art> of the CI Miiitry, fonns the staple arlu Ic A (.' C of |iroiln« lion, .tihI standard of \alne in ex- I hanpe lor all other (•oiimioilities, ainl constu I litis the |.rinei|Ml article of loud; iocu^ii coiniiiit Lreat ile\astaii.i:i, and tliere is ii Si'ccies 1.1* !ly exlrcniely aiinoyinp, ami evca destrin ti\e to the cattle in the lainy seasoi.. I'he wliole of the external Iratlic (<( A!iys«iiiia is carried on at M.i»--o«ah, a sm.ill island oil the coast of the Iv.-.l S. a, in N. l.it. i;.. :t4. Iv lonp. .10. .17, where ele|.haiits' teeth, rhi- noceros' lioriis, pold-diis|, homy, wax, and slaves, arc exchui.ped lor \ armus i^.iods. Tiio coiniiry is at |ircsent torn hy iii^-iirrcctioiis, so that iiothiii'^ can Ik- sai.l ol its jiohtiial divisi.>lis. Its -tatis Were 'l'i;:re, N. f>f w hii ll the towns are A.Iowa, Aiilalo, l)ixan, and Axiiiii; •Jiid. Anihara, W. of the Tacai/o ri\iT, of winch (Joiidar and Hmpras are tho I hief tow IIS, jiiid the fornier the capital of tho wli.de kin;:.lom; Sh.ia is now a separate kiiip.lotii, ol whii h .\iikoliar is the chielt.iw II. 'I'he Ahys:^iniaiis proli sh to he Chris: i.-m^, and some of their i hiinhes are spacious ih|: . , -. hilt their ndipious cereiuonii-s arc inndo up <■( the crude forinalitiis of tho ,lew ish Wi.rslii|>, and of tlie ( irei k Chiistialis. 'I'l^'ir l.in^nape is a diahet of the Aiahic, and is c.il'cd the Anihaiie. It ci ntaiiis u p>i]. Illation ol, p-rhaps, 4,.'.'Mi,oim. AiAi>iK, CO. Canaila, ili-t. of Mniitrcal. There are iinnul.n tiirc* of cloih, fliuinel, ami linen. !'• p. 1 1.470. •VcAi'i i.<'o, a t.wn of M.xieo, on llio chores of the l*ai ilie ( Kf iii. in hit. If>. .'i.'i. N. ati'l Ir '. .'14. W. loll;:. Dniiiip the .loniina- iion of Spanish rule in Smtli Amerua, Ainpiilco was the princijial trading town of all New Spain; one, ami sonu'linies tw.i ships, nnnuall\, olhcMTal 10<( ti.ns hiirlhen, ii'c 1 t.t arrive (r..ni l!i(^ I'hilippme Isl.ii..N, la.leii with all the choicest [irodui ti 'lis of ,\si.i. to h«. ex( liHiiped |..r tin- fj.ld and silvi-r of Mexico; hut this interriurse cea.si'd with the wars which f.dlowed the Fn'tich revolu- tion in I7'.VJ. since wliii ll |>iriod to the pre- sent tune, the CoinnKiee of all S. Allierii'll has 1m en eX|ioM'il to niinier.iis \ iei>i.sitiides, and Ai.ipnleo lia^ Mink ii to the uiiiiosC iiisi'.:iiitii .iiice. Its liaihiiur is one «..f the tiiiest ill the World, iH'iiip formed into a h..4siii |.y the small island of H4*ipieta, nii.t defended hv a fort oil the N. \V. The town ciiiitaitis only ah. 'lit 4iNiil inhahitants, nii.l i» exeeediliply 111. healthy, the telliperatliru pre- vadiiiu' as lo;-!! as 'j(i, aud hardly ever lielow I »(), ol Kahniiheit, AiASAiiASTi.Ar<, n river of Mexico, in :ho jjirovincpot Vela I'a/, which runs into tin! (ill If of I)ul< e. There is also a \illapc of tho same name, in tile province of {."lnapa. I Ac »vii AN, an liiliaii settlement on the I eo. of the (iulf of Mexico, ' Ai I (iMAi', a CO. i,t N'irpiniu, I'nitcil Stales lorminpt!ie N. part of a promontory, hoiimle. I on the W. hy ( hes.ipeiike hnv, and on the K. hy the Atlantic . I,Mii(ii-liin', V.ii^'l.iii'l. Ilrrr nil' cxtiii-iM; fultoii ihrcail iii:iiitir,irti>rii's, aiiia. !>'• tlif C.ipc III' ( i. Hill I l'ip<', Arliicii was i\ povM riiij .stair, ami cariici mi an rx- trnsiv(> traili' with tin- .^!.ll.ly aii-l ('iirniiiaii- (Icl ciia.st-*, aiiil (iilirr pari* cif A-ia; imil nn the l'iirln:;iirso mirci'svivily attriiipliii(» to firm 11 M ttli'iiiriit ti|iuii the Iilainl nt Suma- tra, in the rarly part of liic Itlih ci'iitmy, til. y Were nimpiou'ly < Npcili'il liy the Aih- fciu'sf; ami, tillhnii^li ciiiisiiliTafily ili'i'limil in powiT iiml impurtaiii <•, the AcluiMU'.so art- Hill an luiivc, ainl, when cutniiari'il wiili othiT A^-iatirs, an rtliiinit aii'l iii.|ii>triiiii' pciiplc. 'I'hc ciiii'f tnvMi of till" same iiamr is sitiiati- on n river iiliniit •_' in Is Iri'iii tli'- liay forimd hy Iviii^'".., r..int. in N. I, it. ,'>. .'i.l. ami ".».'). 17. K. limi; ami I'liiiit IVmIiu almvi' liicntiiiii'd. Ai Mil. I , a ilistrit't ((insiNtiiij; uf a pciiin^iila nml an i'i.iml. in tin- ciniiity nf .M.imi, nti the Uf>ti'rn iii.i>t iif lii'laiiil, ill .'ij. 7. N. l.it. 1(». ;il. \V. loiiu'. Tin- iiili.iliiiaiits, alti>i;t'llii'r iiK.itit h.'inii, lire ill mi ln'ttiT iMmlitinii i itlur ill civili/atiiin nr way of livinj:, than their nncesttir". i.f the I'lth or Utii ceiitiiry; they arc now Honieuli.it improving; nmier the iii- tlm-nee ol' helionN, Ac, I'Stalili.Nheil hy >onu; chiirih nii^sioiiarirs. AciiMiM. i.r I'.KiiMiM, a ti>"ii (if I'":rypt, siateil (111 the Nile; the miiii lit Taiii p ills. It has inaniitactiires of cuarse enttnii^, anl ^talll|s on a Miiiiil cinincncr, on the ri;^lit hank of the Nile, '.'00 miles S. of C'uiro. Ui lis ancient splemloiir hut little now rftnains, hut it is still one of the haiul-- lliest tow IIS in rppcr lv_'\ pt. I/oii-. ."U. .'ifi. K. hit. 'Jfi. 4(1. N. ,\(ll(>M(Y. a ]>ari-|i in I,, ney haroiiy, eo. of Sli;; ., Irelan.j. It is hotli a l'rot( staiit ami Koiiian (.■uihiilie lii>ho|irie; then; lire in the p.irish I eliunh ainl 1 ehapel-ot'-enso, hesiije* Koiii.in Catliolie chapels. Ahoiit one-half of the p.irish is aiahle, the otln r is waste Liml. Top. l7,'J**t;: area, fin,»*'.tf, nrrr*. AcilK.N, a town ol Lower Saxoiiv, in the (iu( hy ol .M.i;.'ilehnrj.', wiih a cit.iiK I, on the l.lhi'.'.'i miles N. W. of Dessan. Act Hi VI. k, II town in Su iiy. at tho f mt of Mount I'.tiia. It i.s clean ami hcaltiiy, iiiel is hiiilt on a ina.ss ot ha.sallic lava. I'op. hIiuiu 14. Olio. AcK \V(ii;rii, township, York«;hire, .3} miles S. S. \V. of I'. ■iitefraet. H( re is a liene\o- leiit Hchool of the (.Quakers, founiled in 1777. AcKi AM, II vi!la^•e 12 miles from York, where the hody of the I'.inpcror Scverns, who di .1 ut Voik, was hiiriit to ashes, ui;i\'ealily U> ihu cuiitum of the liumuiiii. A(<>M\, or Sr. K.sTEVAV he Acom*, ti toiin of .New .Mexico, seated on a hill. Willi a I.' I ca.-llc. 'I he town is asci titled hy ii flight of Mc]is cut oiif of the ro( k. It was foi iiinlv the ciipilal ol that )iro\ ince. Loni;, 1U4. 1.).' W. l.it. .1.'.. 0. .N. Ai'oscAiif \, one ot the pro\ inces of ( 'hili. S. .12. 70. \V. It is im s|,|er.ililc lioiji in extent and population. 'I'iiere is a touiiof till! same name, ami also a ri\er riinniii)^ thnni-h the pn;viiicc and that of ijiiiliota, into the sea. AcdNCAor V, S VN I'i;i,iri;, a tovMi of the repiihlie of Ohili, in the lorepiiii).' pro^imc, iihont l.'i miles Iroin the foot of the Audi s. It is i.iid out in the lorin of ii si|nare, in the centre of which is a laiu'e open xiiiare coii- I.iiiiin)^ the puMie edilire^. '|"he tou ii is (liiitly known for the eoj.pir iniiies in its vicinity, whiili are worked under Mii^.'li.sJi .>-nper> ision, and lie in the Cordillera ol t In; .\n I" s. The p .p. of the town is ahout, 12,0110, or i;i,ooo. Ai lii \, II touii in 'riiMjiny, noted for its warm halhs, I .'i miles I'., ot I.e^iiorn. Ai'i.'t:i, a town of the S.irdini.m Si.itcs, on the ri\er Hormida ; it has coiishii laMo inaiiiif.u tines of oik. 1'. pio.iiion iihoiit 70110. AcKA or .\r. Aitv, a tcnitory of (liiinea, on the (iold t'oa.sl, where some I'.iiropean states have torts, and each fort its vilia;:c. Lat. .'). 2.'.. X. 0. 10. W. loiii:. Aciti:, or St. .)i.an hWi uk, n seap. rt of Syria, in I'lilestine, and a hisliop'.s «.ee. It was orij:iiiiilly named Aci ho, and afterwards rtoleinais. It was e.illed hy its piesei.t name hy the knieliis of St. ,Iohn ol' .lern- saleni. It is small and well foitilicd. and appears haii'lsoine on apjiroachin^ it, hut the streets are narrow. The hoiise< :'re hiiiit ol' stone, and have terrace roofs. The town is iiidiealthy, in cojiseipieiiee of the nei'^lihonr- in<; marshes, and .st.iiids on a plain at the N. point of a hay, which extends in a «.eniicirc!t> i>f nine miles, to the point ol .Mount Carmel. ne;'r the month .if the K.inhiiiah, or ancient Melns. In the time ot' the crnsMiics a un- derwent several -•iief.^es; and iiotliiii;j; i.s now to he .seen oCthis ancient city, hut the rciii.iins of moll II men ts erected liv the (in i ' iiis, an.l ■^.iine ruins of a churt h dedii'ated to St. .\ii- drew. The |>iilace ot' the jjraml ina-lir >f the ordi r of St. tJolin of .lenis.iU m, is the resideiu'e of the chief of .Vcre. Hie are three mosi|nes, four churches, and a s_x iia- ijo^iie. The (diief articles ol comtneice iiro corn and eottoii. In I7.">'.>, irrcat dam;i;.'e was done hv an eiirthqn.ike ; aii>l the year follow- iiiL'. .')i.0) persons, near one third of tlio inliahitants, died hy the ]i|a^"i.'. In I7'.>'J, aided hy the British, under Sir Sidney Smith, it with'-tood Ik severe sii jic hy the Kieiudi timliT IJiioniiparte, who retreated after failiig in the twell'ih ussault. It «as ii^;ain talon in 1840 hy tlie J5ritisli. for the Oltoiimn Turtc. It is 27 miles S. of T} re, auJ 30 ADD 8 ADR i ■^. I miliv^ N. N. W. of .Tfriixiilom. N. l.»t. 30. 0. E. loi'^'. ^:^. 1(1. r.'p. aioMit ui.(u)(i. Ai IMN. 11 c)i>triii nf till' l":i!i(i'o ItTritorv, oil iho Ct<t t .i>l!.<. Aoms, a viUacc in lia' t>ar>'iiy of I/owrr OriiT, CO. Ariita^rlt, Irclaii.l. 'I'lio lani'nraiu'c, I'o|>. .'l.!'43; of \\liMin 1,4J3 ari- Kniiin Calholii.t; tho rest C'liurihnicn and rrc>l>y- Ujrittus. Aroiw, 4..'ji)<» u»ti*. AoT<)?», tlio name of six villauo*, am-I ft Sinlix lo 'on otix rt*. in ililftriiii \>ui» of rln^ilanil, >i_'iiif\i'n.' pa'TS oricin-iHy ^;!ll'»t(> anio:ij» f).iL'i; itr luin^ iho S.ixiii wi.ui for uak. Ai'Toi'A?*. t!io ( a(';ial of a ilistiht of the •unie nana* in the liitoiii>, Hhont 70 luilc"^ N. N. K. of tho oity of .Mixu o. Ai>Ai.iA, or >ATALii;n, a w a-jnirt t'pwii in Tmkoy in Am.i, at the hi-a'l ut tho ^;iiil of iliat iiiinio, Hii.i the lar^T'-t i;ty on this co.ist. It i> hoauiifiiily seated rounil a Miiali hnrhoiir, HUil is luiiil oil tho »lotli\ity of a hi I, ri';'!;" like tlip (ioats of an ftm|ihithcntio. I'oj.. ah-.Hit !«'»(.»(). It wiu» the niieiiiil Aftalia. Aii^M", a tDvvn in M;issa< himetK, L'liitocl Statia, in Berkshire cimty, on the llo.isai k ri\i'r. It ic a v.ilnahle townsliip, coiitainiiij; two *ilhikro« 5 or G iiol.s apart. 'ituTo is a natiirril hi i'l;:e over Hiilson'i. hrook, u hraiuli of tho lIoo>a».k, whi h i'* n t:roat curiusity. Sailtllchaok iiiouniain .'l.f.OO It. I.icti i* mostly ill the toun-liip. 'Jd iiiilis N. rittsfuKI, nnl \y2 W.N.W. ..f l! m .!,. rojiulalioii in 18411. 3. Toll. Ai'ams nitiiMiR, n h .l;:o (if faiiii-hankn, coiiiioi.tnig l^'oyhiii wi:h tlie Coruiiiaiidcl Cija-I. AiJ«M'fl 1'eak, a rciiiarkahle ini'Untaiii. the hiulii-^t III Covlon; S8 Uiile;! 11. h\ S. from Coloiii!»j— an ohjoct of i^n-at vciiifHtiou. Adana, a to\Tii uf Aniatio 'J'lirkov, i.i Karainaiiiu. aiil a I>:iihop'i) hoc, with a utronj uuilc It iiii« a trailu iu corn, wnio, aiui fruits; ^!;<1 is ecato.i on n river of t)i»; miiio nanio, \'2 iiiikh Iri'in tho Mo'iitcrraiioaii, in N. lat. 36. •i^. Iv h.!:^;. ^:l. 8. IVpiilmion, lO.nod. AixHE. nt'Wii in t!ic ronnty of Linicrit k, Irelaiiil. Hon- are the riiiiu (if two fnaricd. Ai>i>A. a river of Swit/orlund, wliich riNi.-g in the (jn+oiis, paj*e» til roll (;h the hike C'>ino, the \'alti line, and the N. j>urt of the .Milaiui»e, and lalU iiito the I'o 5 iniloii al>ovc Creiiiuiui. AuKisoiiAM, a piiri-di in the W. IC Vork- •hiru, KIl^l.lIld. l'i.|)iilati'in cJiieliy etiiplovcd in c.itt| III 'St tl_\ tor.nciitid of ciiiis " It contains ahi'lit l.'i.lHK/ inliahitants, liiit the popiil.itiMti has hoi II dr.iiiu'd hy tlio ^;old tlii:j;iii>;s. Aimi.siir.uo, n \ill»p« in lliyiuu a' • nt half way Itclwocn I.ayhach and Tiio-ti-. Near it i,s tlie most maciiihcpiit and cxtciisi>e (italaciitic cavern that ha.syct hoon discovered in Kiirr>po; it has hccii explored to a disl.iii.-o of noarly two mil. s. AoK!*, n M' i-p,.rt i'f Arahia. niid iiowr ofiMipiid l.ytlu' lliiiisli liast India C'liiipany, R.S a di'pot for the hteaineri*, &c., traver.sinu the U«d S'.i. It wa.s c»'dod to them ntti r the uti.siiccossful t/oaly l".>r S>cotrft, and li.w bii.co Ix'cn thi' Moiie oi'scinie warfare. AiuiiK, a rixiT of I,. racific Dcr.ni, t" the N. W. ol No\» Irrlani. They woro di>ccmrod iu ITC.T, aiid aro hctwcon t\>enty and thirty in Tiuniher; N..iiie (.f thoin appear uf coiisidcrahle cxlclil; and the Vf. end ..f the pniicipal inland is in 2. r.. S. lat. and Ui">. .'>7. K. K.ii);. AiKiiR, a river of Fr.iiue, wliii di risi s in the dt'piiiliiieiit if I'l'pir I'yriiiois, li.iws [,y 'I'arhes ati'l 1 hix, and enters i!u; Hay o! liiscay IhI.ov BayMnno. Iho l>iiko ot SVclliii;^'i'iii eflVcied R pii/isa^'e acrost Uiis rivt-r, with the allied Kii^li«h and S|am»h urmy, in the mid'llo uf Kehn:ary, ISl-i, after conmdt laMc dillhuliy, in the i.re»oii'ec'l the French army, eoiiv.naiMli i| hy Mar^hal Siult. AixiWA, tlie capital and residence of tho sovrrei^'n of Ahysiiinia, and the jdaoe t'roii^;h whieh the ci'iniiieree of the Inland parts ol Ahvskinia is inainiuinrd with Ma»sowaii, In the' Rod S^a. Am'ak, a t'oxii in ('ardi);an, Wales; in the Cardii.'aii district fur retunung one inem- lUAM!!i. u lAvn of A.siatic Turkey, in Ktttoiia, on the K roast u( a i;iiif, of its naino, 70 luiles N. hjr \V. uf Smyrna, lnju^'il.o. E. lat. XJ. 35. N. AoKiA, a t«iwn uf Italy, in Poiesinf) vi;,'o, which gives r.ame to tho Adnalic S«.-a, aiiii wiis f priiierly of ^real note, liut hiiJt t>e<-ii inuoh reduooil hy freqiiiMil iiiundaiiuna. It is Ri jttcd on the Tururo, J(5 mdc* S. S. W of Vviioiv A FC» AFR Armuv, a tuwn of tlip statr nf Miclii^'nii, Uiiitt"! Si.itcs, opiinj-ito llie juintiuii of tlu! IJi iiM r :uiiii ( j-fcks. If is oiii! of tlir iiiosi ili'iiri-liiii^ towns in tlif ^tatl•, utul lias n riiil'Viiy to 'I'nlnlo, 07 nnlrs from I>clroit ati, utul forniurly tlu; l'!uro|M an .scat of tlic! 'I'lirkisli iloniinion. It is H miles in <'iii'iiiMffrriu'c, situate in a |plain, on the river Maris.sii, wliicl; here reiiives two irilmtary streams. Several of tlu-. inMS(|iie.H nre very S)terti jmrt of the islatul, in hai^'. I,"). 0. V,. hit. 3S. {). N. I'mdar, « ho live.l 43.J years hefc-ro Christ, calls it the I'lUnr 0/ Jleavcn, on aceouKt of its jjreat luijiht, whieh is 1 0,^74 feet, iiiul its eirenmft retiee at the li.i.^e 7u miles. It alliirds an ep. tome of all the dil- fereiues of climate. 'i'l:e summit is a leai;'ie in circiimlerenre, and vvitlnu, farmed like ' viust ainohitheatre.fiom wlieiice tlanus, a.slie-, und .stiioke, issue in divehs places. Krii]itii>tis of this mountain are mentioned hy Diodoiiis Siculus, Rs happeniti;,' l4, 477, and 42:>, II. c. I-'riiiii this period till 1447, there Were almut 18 dit't rent erupiioiis, the most dcstriutive of which were in llO'J and l;)'J'.i; Uiero have heen other eruptions .sinee, whit h have done itiinieiiso dani.it;e, parlii'ularly those in IGi.'J, K,')'!, 1780, and l'>7. in IfsH'j, eruplioiis took place in twelve diiVcr- cni parts of the niountaiii, and loveretl tlu- ailjacetil lanh in ihe ei.anty of Water- lord, Ireland. Sir Walter liideij^h lirsi iii- troduceil cherries from the Cunury Lihinds to this {)lace. AKiiiiAM.HTAN, u Country of Asiii, Btreteh- Ing from the inoiititains of Tartary to the Arul>ian ti*-a, und from the InduD to the Contines of I'er.sia. The inhahitants of this wiJu Joiuaiu buvc 110 written character, und speak n laii;.'ii.i.'e peculiar to flioinselvcn They are 11 rnhu.st, hardy race of men, 'ind, In ill'.' ;,'et)cially ad'licted to a state (d pre- datory waifarp, their inntiiiers partake .f n li.irlparoiis iiisoletice. They nvow 11 lixed ci'titettipt (or theoecnpatioiis of civil life, and are esteemed the nio.st nr"li),'cnt of rcli;ri<>ns ohservanec.s of all lh<; Mahometans. They are of the sect of the So.nices, whilst tlieif neighlKairs, the rcrsian«, are Sheeahs — two Sects of the Mahormliiii reIi;;ion fiercely opp)se(l to each other. 'I'heir (;omi\ion dresi coii.sisls of a shirt, which falls i)ver the upper part of lotij; and narrow trousers; a woollen ve.st, tittid closely to the hmly, anil reaching to tlu; inid-le^'; and a lii^'li turned-up cap of hroad ell it h or Cotton, 11 sua I ly of one colour, and of a c'liie form, with two small parallel slits in the ujiper cdj.'!' of us facing;. The |)iiticipal I'itics of AfL:haiii>laii are (Jandaliar and (.'alail, the former of which was the c:i|iital ; hut the late and jia-seiit stiltaiis have kept their court at Cahul. Ahoiit the year 17-0, an i\rmy of Ati,'lians invaded IV rsia, j took Ispahan, and made the snltan Iliisseyii I prisoner. 'I'liey kept jiossession of Ispah.ui and tlu; southern provinces for ten ye irs, when they were defeated in several hattles, and driven out of the country l.y Nadir Kuli, i commonly known in Liirope hy the name of Kouli Khan. After Nadir hail deposed his ] sovcrei^'ti, Sliah I haina/., he laid sie^e toiiiul I took Caiidaluir; Imt alierwaiJ received a ! consideraMe body of .\f4l1ans into his army, I who heeame his favoiaite forei;;ii troops. On hi"! assassination, in 1747, the j;eiienil ')( the .\f^liati troops, thoij^di furiously attacked hv the whole rer.-iaii iirniy, etl'ected a safe retreat into his own country, where liecuused ' himself to he acknowledf;ed Koverei>;n of the .•\t;.dian kin^'dont, over which ho ruleil till 177.1. In 17r.l he defeated the Mahrattas I nt raiiiput, in one of the most sannuinary hattles known in India, lie was suceeoded hy his son, who rcit;ned till 17'.t'2. On his ileath it wa.s ilivide.d het\veen his two sons, ami a civil war hroke out; and, after variou.'i depositions, Sli.di-Soojidi,om' of the hrothers, i att.iined the ttimne; who was a^^aiii deposed I liy Dost Mahoniined Khan. In 17D7 the I kingdont was threatened hy Uunjoet Siiij:h, soverei^rn of the I'uiijah, hut was prevented hv the Hritish, who suhscipicntly deposed ■ liost Mahommed, in favour of the rightful heir, Sliali-S)c>iali ; the suhseoiU lir.iTir* •.!. m. Toi; rfllii.atol »•> iliiri-rviit »ulli..r« •• Ul iiiilliuit*. '/.* iiiil- llui>», lOi inlllioii*. ur Kki million*. f i AbTniliila A^liKiili-o liana. . ItlMiraoll l>ar I'ur. Kifvpl. . (•uitii-a . l.lln'Ha . ) Mamoco. , Nuli|i4. , , 4 vvi,(f<»i H.-nali»ra, .vr. » I . v»i.'*Kl' li-llalahinliM ifVwi.lViOi . 4 •Ukt.iMM Tri|N>li . . . I.vm.ixi . <.>>►'.">" i Tmii" . . . a.»»«>o.(i()) '.iioi > K. Africa ( * •'^' ■" . I ■.•^•I.lllKI I Po»iMn«l>n» i>f Knni;-»n j>«i»rrr«, V/.V.tiM. Toful |>«ll. Hut Oii'»r r»l.iil«l(iiii» m\lli f. w rxopiiuiia, ar« »o »ai{ui', a* at'anvljr I" dt-MTTc atuiiliun. NnrtliiTu AtViiii is (iiili.livitlril into a jn^at nunilHT "I" kini."li'mx. -tnlof. ami l< rriti>iir«; iho ni"*! |ir'imiii<'iil of wliicli iin- (i;ili.i, Alivs»iiii;i, S'(Ui:i.ir. ami NuIhu mi ilic i'arili rn«ti'rn rxtri'iniiv ; I,il>_vii, Ki'/rnn, Hiir- \mr\, mill iIh- Ffi-iu Ii proMiic*' ol .\lL'rlli, JM-rilci ii.i; oil ilic Mciiiiirr.iiiciin ; Aiiii M.iriMOM 111 ilic iititili-»<'si(-rn cMrriiiity. ' tiollllilnl li_v till' Atlantic It. '.111. At'>»'mtil Hii'l Ktlicr ^ta^(■'. Hrc oil ilir N.K., aiid a liir>;i' part (il tlic t'a-t 4-(iaitl liax ownc'i tlic <><>\c-- rv\^ii\ y III tin- Iinatitii til MuM-at, wliilc tli« I'l/rlu^iiicho tiaim tlio < ouiiii v tii-twcfn /.m- riliar uikI l>i-la^'iia Jtay. In tin- m>uiIi arc the liriii-'h I'i ill til let III Naial, ( '.llu- ( (iiiiiiy, kc. On tlif »»•»! a!>t nrc the l'viiii'<'ari- oiiH (Miiircf.n iin the N. miIc <•( ilio (.Tr.it rh.iin of mountains iiti'l flinuiik; through AIivn- ■ima, Sim uir, Nuhia, ami l';.'yj't, falU into the Sli'iliicrraiuMii S-JU hy sevt'r.il rluinncls iM'tweon theli ii>;.i)f .10. \i'>. au>\ .11. ii«rt (if Siliar.i, anil the ch^in of iii' u iiainn which diviilc the eoiitiiimt iiilu two imiis. S-verai rivers fall into the Atlantic (Keun S. of the Great I)e*ert ; the tirst ii( thcM.' in the Sine- ).al, the eiilraiKe uf winch frotn tin* m'u in mi lat. i:>. 5.1. N ; Villi, the t laiiihiii, in lat. I 1. 8. N.; unil furihi-r S. tlie I'linjio*, Uio (ir.iihle, Nunez, aiiit Surra l>-onc, in lat. 8. .'Jo. N. Jmlepeliileiitly of the (freal chain of inuun- t«in« which diM.lea Africa into two juirts, a rti\fK of cunxiilenilile altituiie eXlemlM almi^ the whole extent of the shures of the lle.l Sea; and the hlaten of Itarhary are IhiimiiIiiI ua the S. hy another cluiiu calied the AUiU, which at the irnatcst ilevuiinTi risen to tlio III i^lil of l;i,0<)0 lect aho\e the lc\cl of tlia (lea. Tho foni|ilexiiin, Jialiil*. niinners, and eoiiilitiiin ol tUc people of Afin.i, will he ex- plained anil illustrated w In ti tnatin^ of it* respei tive iliMMiins. Th'' phy>.|ea| eniidilinll of KnnipiMiiiH hii.>* hitherto proved exreed- in;;lv ill adijiled to the climate of Africa. eoii»eipiently our kiio»le'l^;e of the dctaiK of lioiiinl.ines, popiilatiiiii, proilm lion, and in- terciiiirs*', lire iieeessnrily imperici t ; hut, m t.ir an inii kno. i Mend, iialiini iipjieari in Aim 11 to liaM' displayed a hold and lavish liniul, alike in the nnitnal, tho l< inhered, and the ve^retahle rreatmn ; tui»t lit the iloniestic aiiiiiMiS iind feathered trihrs ciiiiiiiiiiii to K'lrope are tiiiind in various parl.H of N. Airiea ; in ailliiion to whieli, in nil the fertde pl.lilis, the luill'.llo ahoUllds ; and the foresi.i and moiinlaiii.4 arc oeenpiid hy the rliiiuM'i'rKU, hyiviia, leupard, p.uitlur, ti;.'i'r, and Imn, wliil.^t the majestic and Kau'ticioii!* elephant!* roam in lar;:c lu'rd.s, fea>tin,; on the ii.liiriferon.i and Inxnn.iiit veL;elation, whiih jierioilnal lainn and ii ilmriial sun c.'ii«t.intly oecii.«ion an exh.tiist- li.sii soil to priiiliice. '1 lure itainin^ aniin.il ahoiiiids, niid MTVe.s to eiialile the inliahitaiit.i of all the states h.irilenn;; oil tho Atlantic < Kean and Meiliti rranean Sa to maintain an iiitereoiir>e acroM the de.serts (in)|)nii>-alilo hv aiiv other niians) with the cotiiiirieH S. thereof. At the he. id of the featliered trili« is the iKtrieli. the teaihendd" which constitute a Milualdo hr.wieh ol the external eointiierre of .Miiett. NVintjed iiiM'cttt are iniiliiiuillnoiis. Hect lire so luuiieroii* that honey cutisiittites one of the chief articles of fiHwl in all 'ho sillies and territorieM preuoiisly enumerate. 1, iii.d wax an extensive urtulc of txporu Hives of liM-tists at I'lnes darken the atino- sphere tot many mih-s, hy their iiuinher and density, and (K'ciisidiiaily eummit ^'reat rii- vft;;eH «)ii the ve^et.iti.iii of the culuvaled I'lrlK. AlliiJ.itorM al"«nnd in all the rivers tliiwini; into the Atlantic Ocean ; aii.l in tho iiiarhlies and sireains in the interior, and oii the l'.. Hide, which fall into the Nile, hi|>po- p'ltaini and crix'iHliles are niiiiieriiis, iim arc also reptiles and »er|H-iit.s of e\ei v dei«» rip- tion. In the ve^viahlv kingdom, the liaohah, the niantnrove, the shea, loiiis-tree, and palm, cUim the first notifC; hut nature has laviiihly Uvitowe.! iM-aiities on every elans of creation. Of late year\, many explorers in the Various portions of the continent have met with roiisiilerahle nuree.Hs, and we are (.■raduully aeipiirin^ a more perfect aripiaint- aiice with the ili(rer«fit features, even of those parts which have t>een quite a fiUnk, or only imperfectir kiiown from VMi^ue re- jKirt. Thus the myiterious soiirceii of th« I rJM'K to tllO ! level Ul° tll« iinniT'i, nml 1, will \h' ox- "iiiiin; lit" iiM ••al <'<>liilitii>n Vril i'?;rri'.|. ;<• i<( Atriiii. tin- ilctail-. of ioii, and lu- ll:* I ; !nu. M t'li'l. naiiini lavxl a ImiI.I niiiinal, tho ulmn ; ini>>t lit rt'd trilicd III variiiiis l'» wliiih, ill I) llhniill.ls ; TO ot'«'li|'ii (J ril, i.anth.r, ajc.stic 1111(1 iir;.'C }uT atiotlirr "111 he uu- ic N. partii in;;, h. livy 11^' ntiitiiiU iniiuliitanti lu Atliiiitic niiiiiitniii inipnuvuMo I'luitriiH S. litTcd trilnj 1 ron^tilute conniHTre !(i(udiiic)iiii. Ccitl.HtittltCJ in all 'ho itiiiuratr.l, of ixjiori. the ntino> uiiihtT nnd t ^'r<•at ni- ciiUivati'd til"- river* and in tlia or, aiiil till lie, lii|i|io- III.4, ns are y dcjtcn|)- !'• hu'iliittl, ir'-i', mid It life hnN ■y claw of plorirs in iieiii have d we are uri|ijaint- t'Vfn of a hUnk, fNi^ue re- Cli of th« r AVU 11 AGI ••r \', ■ 1 : i .^ _ ^^^^ — 7-" - - -^tA-' :,T-^ ^ A' r *.: r ( 2.-V II > ..m.. yv V . 1 •• ;• l(. . »> -. Ill V •» /H.' "H 1,..,.,. ..I "I" ' AT-i'-i CA . Hill -I. M,l. y. ''^ I »•, ax. var ~iB. ^ ai. :=&.aB. .s. ^zj. _...«> ...«^ au. -IK-. I .I,. 'I, I .,.; , . '\ WV \ I .„ V *'■ >■ -^ ■» a-. « . =1 ^^^•''' '•'""' • ' Nfr .. ^ \U. .1.1,1 • . ».-"•" '"T-iit '"ft"" ^'? '■*'"*!• ■./«*■■ f I /.•,/„,., '^ I I I. h ,• ,1 , '■'""1. \ ^<— . i i.vm'm • /* , i y./i./.iti I A<.|M*1. V - TTV \ I I . |.ir .il I ,1111 I ,, .,. , . ,• ... ««*<. &;<•.„ 'a -». .K^-/,' A i . n ' flM L / ' ■! M <7/*..„ J ■'•'If , , ,.K-'-' "•'!■■. />wi/v \ ">•■■' < ' ; T i/i«,/.. /,.»..■. t/^ •.'o«i««i ....\ ■ ,.„i,,i.^. S»,..n »" ..'■/'^■^ ■..,/,.., r/ ■%''"/i-.v„ . >/' l..l.i 1 mammmmmmmmmm^. 1 ! • [ i ' ' ' 1 I. " it A V R 11 AG I Nile li.'ivo lifcn iiimli m-arer apprnacliod, wuliiii tln'se Iii'-t 10 vcar-*, tliiiii [vrcviiiiisly. C.ii'tiiiiis IJiirt'Mi aiiil Sjiiki' a.Uari.iiij; (roin Z.".ii7.il>nr, iupl CimmiI I'l'ilmuk by tlnj Wliitf Nik", have iii.i'lp CKiisiilcraMt' |iri>^;n'ss ; iiiul S|ieki' uiiil lVtliiii(k iiro now ( ISOl-'i) cii- (jii^;('tl in 11 c.iiirfrtccl cxiiciliiiuii ivlmli is likoly til tlinnv li;;lit dti tlii> iiitcnsiiiij,' siiK jcct, Tlie o!ilfi|iri-.inir iravclliT, Dr. Liv- iii^'.;oii| (lii^t, i/.>i_v, skins, liti;^' wax, jialm- ioii with fiirh oth> r. In W. sti rii Kijuatirial 1 Atrii'ii, the exploration-^ nl M. Du Cii.nl.ii in [the rvL'ioii of t'aiio Lo|ii / Iiavi> ex 'itci ),'reat I Interest hv Ins liNCovcry ot the extraoniiparv [ape, the j:or.ihi The t« stitnoiiy of all the>c ; Uravellerr ami • f inanv otiiTs, l'ois to show Itiiat the interior of Atriea, iiiiiCead ofheinj;, I ttm was fiirnierly stip[>osei|, an arid desert, is ' Senerally well waieieii, of ^nat fcrfiiiiy, ense p'lpi'lation. and calciilaifd to prmliiie |in almniiaiiee a •-iipi'ly of nianv ot the wants ; lof mankind. The el.aracter of this v.isl coii- Itin 'lit is at present exi iiiiif; a treat spirit of llii(|iiiry mid eiiteipii-e; mid it is prohalile fthat, in a Hhort time, it wiU hecoiiie almost well known to ns as any uther iiuarter |ot the worlil. In u>|i:iii mi to nil the wild Itimials eoiiiiiiofi to the N. fart, the I'eauli- fnl a'l I siati ly, lhia:f:li soinenl.at ili>piopi'r- lioiieil (juailrui't'l, the cmiieleopai'l. as well the zehra, is coininon towards ilii> S. ex- flrt'inity of this part i/f Africa; the feathered [ami ve);etalde part ol iiaiiii are unit h the inic ;m in N. Atiica. The |irini'ipal riwr [of th<' S. is the (.'iiii^'o, whuh falN into tlu' [Atlaiitic Ocean in hit. 6. .'ill. S. It isMip|ii.s- e«l liy Minie that the Cuniio is the chaiiiiel hy which the waters in the interior of N. Africa itlis' liar^'e theniselves into the sea; it no, [there must he a hreak in the iiioiiiitains soiiie- [vhere between the l-«lh to the 'J'-'d dv^'. ot 1 K. loiij;. ('apt. Turkey, ly order of th [liiitish ^'oveninicnt, in the year 1SI7, at- tempted to e\]ilore the coiinliy horderinj: on the L'oiino, 1/iit, aft<'i xailini,' ahout Wi) iiii!e.> Up the river, felt ohli^jiil to delist Irom tin Uodertakiii;;. Several other risen* of interior note lidl into the Atlantic Oei an, as well as ijiito the liiilian Ocean. A very rudi' ami UtiKixial |ieople, the ili/tteiitnts, ont.oy the iiiore S. extremity of the cuiiiinent txttiid- inp to the Oape of (jooil Hope; who will he ni'ire particularly adverted to when tr»'at- Ihjf (if that hettlemeiit. Niimeiuus islands flank the •evcrul eoasts of hoih N. and S. Africa, the chief of wiiieh are the Azores, in lat. .TJ. 40. t.. 37. N i the ]Madelra.s iti Inl .'(2.38. N.; the Canaries, in 2'.). ;>5. to 27. 48. N.; Cajie Verd.-,in i;.t(> 14. 48. N.; u elu.s- ter at the entrance to tlij liio (iraiide, in l.it. aliiiiit II. N.; NIes de Los, in l,-,t. about 9, '!2.N.; Fernando, I'linces', and St. Tiioniiuis. in 3. 28. to 0. 27. N.; and Aiiiiahona, in i. 3.1. S. The i.>land.s of Asceiisioi' and St. llrli na, tl.oiigU situated .300 leii;,'ncs from the coa.^t, are also coii.--iilered as u part of Aliita; and on the K. side, in tiio Indian Ocean, is the larj^'e ivland o/ iMadiifjascar, extending; from ti.-j. 40. to 12. 2. S. lat., and the Comoro pronp, lyiiij; between the N. end of .Mailaj;:'scar ainl the niainland, SocotiM, to the K. of Cape (juardi:fiii, (•oiispletinp the li>l. unless the Isles of France and Boiirbv/ii, siiiiaie about 10 (leg. to the K. ot Madagas- car, he iticlndeil. A(;Ai»i;r.u, ii seaport of Marocro, on the Atlaiitie, 1 J2 miles .i. W. from Maroceo. An^'. 24. 8. E. lat. 10. 12. N. AiiAJii-NTici .s, a II onntnin of the district of Maine, alii.iit 8 leiies Iri in York Harbour, Loii^'. 70. 30. W. hit. 43. IC). X. Ai.iiK, a town ii; France, in ilie department of Heraiilt, on tic river lleraiili, in.t !ar from lis niMuth in the (iiilf of Lynn, where there is a fort to defend the euiraiicp. It is 17 miles N. E. of Xarboiiiie. Long. 3. 28. E. lat. 43. !'.». N. Ai.i.N, a city if Franco, eapi'al of the de- pariiiitnt of Lot and (iaroiine, an. I a bishop's see. 1'ruiie.s lurm here a eon.-iderable object of commerce; ni'.d it has mamif.icture.'- of camlet.-, hcrges, and canva.ss. It is seated in a fertile Country, on the banksof tiie (Jaronne. 80 miies E. S. E. of IJordeaux. Long. 0.36. E. lat. 44. 12. N. A(jNAii, or Aconaf: .i town and district on the coast of (iuiiiea, ••. which ).•( a .cry high hill, called the Devil's Mou.. I. The F.ngli-ii have a fort lierc. Long. 0.5. E. lat. CO. N. A(;(ir.itt I s, a fortress of Norway, in the gov>riiimiit of the same iiamr, winch is fall of mountains, .See CiiitisTiAMA. Ag'IA. Tln-re are several townships or patidie."- in Ireland, the names of which com- nieiice w ii'i Aghii; as A(;iia1!>e, par. Queen'* CO., an anciiiit place, and was oiice a bishop's see; A'li mill ;i«-.iil<>r, u:i- iiilrn- ii lii^li'i|i"« «i«i' ; sratril cm f 111- ^,i\ c. 'JT mill s .1 to :1 U- (ilCM t M. I'm ;ni l,s \V. In S. . f Acra. I. ^.'iil 111 17 Iti : It 1- K. Int. A.. I N N.r.. ..f c.iiKt.iat. Lull. IV N. if s \i\. IS. i:. l.it. i: l.-f ilF III llu'tlt lii»t>.r tlic t^u•^l T.i.i.l. Ki^ I' \, a t'>»\ n I 111 III. Ill .>a\ arrr, i>\\ !• .'i.'iiill. 24 iiiilo duiii )i,irliiniit ■>< .'a-i ill- iiilai.s.tMii)>>n< in i'.T till' I'.iltlt' f'liizlit lioif ill 14l*<, will n ill lU'iirv V. of Kiijxiaiui, with .ii> ariny <'t lo.i <'it ln^lic'ii'* m'c, witli a ciiinU .\".i:i \. a ti'\\ II ft rpi'ir lliinv;ar_\ . ami a 1. It w a- -IcUi .1 nu'ii. < k'U-ati'il the Kromli aiiii\ uf i.u.i mi. tlir •rmk x. ill l.'i.'i'J. ^^ nil 7n (Mill im n f.i\ mi: no ailv li».(t(»t mkhi men iii t«ii«' ilav. aii>lwti»' IS mill s N. of il,-li .1 t Ai.llMI, tl If iianu' ui s»'vt il ]>ai i-iu's in II iiiisi' tlu' sii'm tl loni; h tl ic >jar- •II COIISI .till onlv I f 'JiiiMi lluiuraiiaii Ire laiiii. vi/... in tie <'•«. "f Kilkenny; in a.-Msii il |.y tlir wonnii, w lio p. i foi tmil woi Kirn; in Cork; in Watcrl.Til ; wliuliil.i iiol n'i[iiiro sji'.i'.lii' iiotu'tv • 11 Iliis mraviiiil. It itcii nil this .\i.M VI. a t( .f M irooco, o n til A.-ra 47 niiKs N.K. t.l Uu.la. Loiir. 20. IO. i; at «> id N. of :in.' saiiir iiaini'. aiiil on tlio W. siijc ul ' • Am11!»IIVM. Ai. N \Ni», a circnlar lake in tin- kini:oui- « liiili I i^e i a loot at>o\e the hoUoin of the eavv. anKs. Sr., par. (.'.iniwall, Knj^l.unl. In \ it^ iKi>;lilii.iiirliooil are some of the riehesi niiiies in tlu- eoniity, A<;m>. St.. one o| tile S'illy islands, o)) the LmiiiI's r.iiii. r riiAall : there is a ii(;!it lioift' i)|iiin It. I. ill. 41'. 5t. K. loii^'. G. I I'J. W. ! At. OS, Ai.iir. or A«;"i n. nn island of ."swc- ilen. Ill the tiiill of i^iilinia, with a );ood harhoiir. Loii;:. IS. In. K. lat. CI. I'o. N AoosfA. an Island in the Ailnatic Seu. near tin' eoaj>t of 1 ).iliiiatia, IS miles in eiieiir.ifereiiee, and Is S W . of the islnmi of ijurziila. Lonj". 17. i). K. lat. 42. .')'>. N AiiosT.*. a town of Sieily in V'hI di Nolo, with an exrelleiit h.irhour on the K. coast, IS iiiihs N of ^uaiuse. l-oii;:. IT). It). K. lat. .T. 20 N. .\i,itA. a <-ity of iiindostan Piopi-r, cajiit.il of u proMiieeof the «aiiic naine.w itli .i stimi); fort, it wtt.s onee the most s|dendii of all the Indian citie'i, nnd now exliihitu the inont Iiia;.'iiitieent nuns. Aliout the \ear I'iCtJ. the eiiiiieror Aehar made it his eaint.il. and ^;a\ e his iianit; to I' : smee which tune it i- olieii I) allied .\i h.irah id. In the 1 7tli cr lit iirs , the (iieat Mo;;ii! freinieiitly resided lure; hiji ]ialaec was |>rodi^ionslr lar((e ; ihc pulaecii ol theoinrahs and others are very iininerons ; the imi',:iiilieent Taj .Mahal, ii tnausolenni elected liy Miah .lehan to liiH ein[iress, is the Iiiotii reiiiiiikalile hiriicinre. The mntiiiv hrokc out here (.11 .May .'il, |h.'>7, and on the .Sth July the llriUsh lorecH ..ulVeien heri' a defeat hy the rehel.s. It stmuN uii the riyhf hank of the- Jiininii, 1*. .'in. K. Int. 27. Jti.N. Ao' ».'!, or /AiiUAii, a blronj» town <.f Ai.i-ii. \>. or Isi AMI III' X A\ iF.it, one .f the I.ailroiu- islands, 4.'l ind- s iiieom|ia--, iiid has Se\ eial \ iilealiK iiioiilltaills. I, oil;,'. Ml.. (>. K. lat. I'.t. 40. N. Ai.f M>II I A. a tl v.'ii of I'orto Kieo, West Indies, iiiiich lrei|iiel.'ed hy sliij's tor rcfiesh- meiits Lat. IS Jii N. Imi;:. (i7, •; \V. A. n «'ity in the juov inee of ( liiii.lal.r ;» M»-Me<. ; it is situate ahmit 2.'iO ii :, . .N ", id ihe city of .Mexico, ou !),etlii' I. I.. Santa Le. and IS noted for Us v\ iiiiii >[irii!^:.*. A(.l 1 1. 1. A I*, or l.'.\i.l I.IIAS ("aPI , the III. «t southern )ioiiit ol Atiici, \:\ leii',:iies L > 1",. ol the ('ape of (ioi)d Hope. Hi le is a urw li-hthoilse, ereeteil Is4'.t. Loii^'. 20 IS. K. lat. .■14. .'i.'.. S. AiiAMA. a distiiit on the (iohi ('oa«t, Afin ». Axliiin. the ihief town, ih on tl.o eoa.st. in 4. 57. N. Int. 2. .'>.'>. W. Ion;:. I)i\- eove And Seeondee are other stations on the coast, throii^^h wlr.eh coiisiderahle traHie ia carried on \vith the inland partit. Ahasi itAi.it. a toM II in tlu' couiity of (Lil- wa\, Irilaiid; it is a \ery .i\ tic province of ( )i is«:i. llindostan. ."I . ! •■■ • i : oiii t 'iittai N. Aiiooiiii I . apopiii 111 I '.■ .1' thecoiiiity of Aliti nil, Iielalld. Tlici\ • a ' twil of '.uO Kunie naine. Alcii, III AicAt'ii, a tow n of Hiivariu, wi'h n castle, «cuteti on the I'ar. is miles S. of Neiiher;;. Aii'M.. the piiiici)ial sea-port ol .Niihia, SI atedoii a liioiintain.on the ( oaht of the io d Sea. It has a trade in elioiiy and aroii.atic |iiuntn. Loll;;. ;^.^. .'i7. K. lat. 22. Vo N. Aii.KN. a town if \iii«iria, on the eoiifineH of ISohemia. 24 n N.W. of Suyre. Aioi.K. a town -1 ^" ftzeilami, in the can- ton of liaiid. A'-i : II. 1 iii'is, even the meanest, are huilt ot Auile iii.trhle, found ill tiie nei;;hhoiirhood. It is seated near tliC Klioiie, t> iiiilea from its eiitranco into the l;ike of (ielievu. I A i.i.K, H town of France, in tho dcpait- 1 inuiit of Uruc, 47 inilea S.W. of Koueu. A I X 13 A KS I, IK on tlu il'll> oil l||l> le trattic ia ityof (l.il- ru'at ti)w II. AniNAN, Sr, a town of Frnnrc, in tin: il('|iiii tiiii'iii nf Loire ami ( 'her, on tlif rivi:r I'li.T. vil mill's S.Jiy K. of IJIuiv. Aiiiir.H Moiiiis, a town of Franco, il»'|i. (Janl. 'JO milts S.W. orMsmcs. I'op. ;»'.'4n. It was oncu a st-ajiort town, luit tlii' sea lias rrriMJfil, ami it is now 4 miles iiilami. It i» fortiiii'il. An. All, H town of Aratiiii I'ctr a. at tlie lica'l of an iiiU t of 'In- lU'il Sea, Id.'* mill's K. .S K. of Sue/,. LdllH 'i* 10. K. hit. 2'J. 10. N. Aii.i.T, A town of Franec, in the iie|)iirt- lUfiit ol Somme, miles S. .S. !•",. of Amiens. Aii.sA. an insuiaffd rock, in tlic I''ri?li of Clyile, otf the coast of Avrsliire, Scotlaml. It consists of a stii|ieii(ioiis asvcmltla;;e of jirecipitons ciilfs. '.MO ft. hi^li. 'I lie ruins of H cliapel ami of a castle are still seen. It S lives the title of .Mar'|iiis to tlu- family of veiinedy. F.irls if ("assilis, in Scotlaml. AiN, a (lep.utmeiit ot l'"raiice, which takes its name Inun the river; hoiimlol on the N. I'"., ami S. hy the departnieiits of Jura, Mont Hhinc, ami Iserc. ami on the \V. hy those of the Klione aiiil Loire, ami the Sauii ami Loire. Hoiiri; is the capital. Aim All. .S. ANrvii. Aiiii>i;ii;. a town in the parish of New I Monk l.i ml. CO. I't Lanark Scot la nil, inclinlecl I in the Falkiik dist., \> Inch semis 1 memherlo >|)arliameiit. It hii^ with .'^t. Oilier hy H canal, Ti miles S. of Dunkirk. 1-oM'.'. 2. 2». K. lat. .'10. 42 \. AiKK, a river in Yorkshire, which issues from II lake on .Mallam Moor, near Settle, Hows hy Skipton, Keijihley, Leeds, and Siiiiith, and enters iheOuse, helow Ilowdcii. AisvK, a department ot France, incliidii i; the territories ot Soissonnois and V'erman- dois. It takes its name from a river which runs hy Soisson^, and enti i s the < )ise, ahove ('oinpei);iK! It was overrun hy the allied armies in 1814, and was the scene of several ► aii'^ninary hattles t'oii;jht hetween theailii's mid French, in the months of Fehruary and Much of the same vear. L.ion is the c.ipital. .\ix, ail ancient city of France. c:i|iital of the department ol the .Mouths of the Uhone, and an ■iichhishop's see. It was founded hy (V S. ("ilvinus. a U imaii i;ciieral, 120 ii.i\, and was formerly tlir i-apit.il of I'roveiice, when It had a p.irli.uiieiit. It is scati'd in a plain, vvliere there arc hot haths near the river Are, accidentally discovered in 1704 ; but i>e\eial inedaKs uiid utlier untiqiies, din^ up, shew that it was known lo the Uoman.s. It is 7 . miles F. of .Montpelier, and near the A\i;_'iion and .Marseille railway. A IX, a town of Savoy, on the lake IJoiirpet. Mere are mineral waters, nincli (rec|ueiitcd. It is 12 miles N. hy F. of (Miatnherry. A IX. a small island of l-'rance, hetween the isle of Oleroii and the ( 'oniinent. It is 12 miles N.W.„f Jiochfort. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 40. .-■.. N. Aix-i.A-('iiArKi,i.K, an old and well-huiit city of the I'mssian States, province Lower Hhine. It was formerly a free imperial city, and is now the capital of a rej:. of the same ii.ime. It is the scat of a hisliop ; it has also a collcije. and an extensive piihlic Iihrary, i^le. It has eoiisiilerahle iiiaiiu- factiires of hroad-clotli, needles, watches, jewellery, «.'(c. It was the favourite resi- dence of Charlemagne, who founded the cathedral. Its hot .sul|diiireous springs are ill gnat re|intation. It is seated in a hollow, surrounded hy mountains, 22 miles N. v.. ot Liege, at the jiincti >ii of the Liege, Cologne, l)us>cldorf, and Maastricht railways. A.iAccin, a >ea-jiort of ( 'orsica, cajiital of the department of Liamone, and a hishop's see. This is the hirtli-|daci' of Napoleon liiionapiirte. It stands on the west side of the island, on a point of laml that juts into the gulf, U'lO miles S F. of 'rouloii. Long. 8. 4;$. K. lat. 41 .")(■). N. Aja" or A.JKS. a country on the eastern const of Africa, extending from Ma.'iiilo.xa to Cape (iiiardafui, l.'iOO leagues. It is di- vided into several states or kingdoms, the principal of which are Adel and .Magadoxa. The south coast ol Ajaii is s.mdy and harren, hut to the north it is more fertile. 'I'he kings ol Aj.in are frecjiiently at war with the em- peror of .Vhyssinia, and sell the prisoners which they take. Ivory, enld. ami horses of exeellent hiecd, are the ai tides of trade. It is the Azaiiia of I'tolemy. Ajaz/.o, Aias, or A.IASM). a sea-port ( t Syria, on the site of the uncieiit Issus, w here .Mexander fought his second hattle with D.irius. It is .'ill miles south of .Vntiocli.aud 40 west of Aleppo. Ak miaii, (ii I r OK, an inlet at the N. of the Ued Sea, forming the F. side ot the pen- insula of .'^inai. •Vkkis.man. St'i' HiEi,ooi;i>i>. Ak iiissAU, a town of Asi;>tic Turkey, in Natolia. the aiicii'iit Thyatira, huilt in a line plain, ahove 17 nnh's ever, which pi,Mliices corn and cotton. It is si'ated on the river llermns, 4.'nnilesS F. ol I'crgamo. Long. 2S. ;!0. F. lat. .'IS. 4S N. Akko.n, a toN\n of the I'liited States, in ( >liio. at the junction of the < Hiio ami I'enii- .s\lv.inia canals, which here attain the sum- mit le\cl. It is a place of eoii.sjderahle liiiMiiess. I If) miles west of I'ittshurg, and ,121 from Washington. Top. in 1840, U;('>;>. AiiHiibiiu, a town in Karaniania, on iho ALA 14 A L II rimfincsuf Nuti'lia, in A^i:» Miiii>r. alxint I'jO iiiiKs (list >'l Sinvni.i, t" wlm li \i\.uv it .xi-ii'l.* iiiiiM.lciaMo Mi|'|'lii s (if xM'ol, iiiif i-ar|Ht>, , was. >;mii ir.i-.n .iiitli. ainl f:!!!-. Akvah. a iiiaritinii" town oi In.li.i, l>i_vniiii llie liaiigi's, on tlu- riust .••ido »! tin- l^lanll i>f Ak_v«l>. It is limit . ' mimxI, has ^;<>.><1 inar- ki ts. anil u von tulcra lic hajlMnir. It is tlii' , li'Siili IK ■• i"iuT. Ai.AKAMA. ].arl ul ilic Mi>.M-.ii,].i ttrnti>r\. n«l!iiiiu.i ;ls a >t.vtf intn llu> i-c.iilc.lirarN I'l i.lu' ri,;t.(i States ot Anu'ri>a i>n itic litli \Kr. K»;'.t. It i> l>i>nniU'". Nv Tcn- lu-^Mf. \V. liN Mississippi, S. Iiy the liult of Mcxio' an.l W. Fion.l;i, ami K. by (Jcor^iii j li is "517 niiii s in Icti^ih. an<._>n(i,iMi(i I'.ii- . j;li>li staliitf at ivs. It is diM.U 1 intu 4'.t lountio.-; l'alia«l>:i. Ol.'i inik's S.W.oi Wash- in;;ti>n. is the scat of (joviTimnMit. Tin- total )"ipul.iti..n < (" the slate i> .')"Jo,7:>('i, of wlimn -'.i.J.') iii are- sla\es. The culture ot' eotton. wliuh is ].r.>;;ie-siv ■arailel with i!,i lioiuiilarv line on the western or Mi>.iissi|i)ii siile k.-f the state, ami, near to its cntr.inee into the sea, is juiiieil hy the Alaliaina, whieh fliws fruin the p.isi. The titv ot M'.l'ile ii the |>riMei]Ml jmii i'^r the expi.rtalioii ot all tlie Mirplii'- pimhne ot the stale. Tiiere are several railways aii>l eanal>. Ai.AHil.lK, a nianiiine )in)\inie nf Asialie Turkey, Ix'uutie.l on the M«uth l.y the north- eastern extremity of the lA'\aiit Sea. The eiiii f tov n is Alana. Ai.AcniAs a small |iro>ineo of the empire of Mra/il. I'.irmiily im iiiileil in the pinvinee ul rernajiiiuKM. It linivo its naiin' troiii the l.i;^>>on on whieli -tuoil its old e.lpit:il. The eoast is very tla ; it is not well euliivateil, aiiii its inhahitants are p. al> .nt I'i* . siin.ir. M.ieeio i!» the .apita!, 52 leaj^ues smith i>f I'ernanil.m •■. A I. A IS, a tiAiiol l"ianee. in th'- liejiiirtinpnt of (i.uil. It has a eiiadel, iiihl is s* ute, 'J'< miles N. W. of NiMHivs. hoiij,'. 2. 54. K. l.'.t. 44. M. .\. Ai.vMvv. a town f,f Svvit/.erlanil. in ihe eaiitiiii of H.rii. ;• iiiihs N. K. of Nmii. Al.AM). a ehlsti-r of isiaii-U in the Haltie, at the eiitranee ol the (iiilf nf n..thiiia. Tlie i priiieipul island, from whieli thi- rest lake | liieir numex, is 40 miles h'n;:. Mm! mar !(i i hroad. nml is 9.') inileH N. I^ nf Stoekholm. I'nj). ahniit I4.(MM». 1.011):. 20 2^*. K. hit. •I'l. lu. N. They wiTc eedfil, with Kinlan.!, by Sweden to !{u«si:i, in tin' treatv 4. Alasta, r river oi I'.urpeun Turkey, wliieh rise* in the niounliiiiiH thai Keparattt .Moldavia Irom Transylvani-i, flowa tlirouj;li Walliichia, and iiitert the I»aiiu'>e. .\i.Ait'ia .Miiinr. on a lofty pri mil lilt my h semlilni;,'! iiKraltav. saiT'innded liy very aneient ( '_\ i lii|iran will. It i.s a misiT.ilily eriiisiineti i| i.iwn. .\i ii\, a tiiwii (.f I'lediiiMnt. in Mnntferrat, and an aneient hishnprie. it contains three parochial ami three other idinrches, hesiilo.H the cathedral and seven eninenis. It is si-ated on the T.iii.iro, -jo miles S. K. of Tiiiin. .\i.HA in: TnitMi «.ii town of I/>on, in Sp.iiii, on the rivi r Tormcs, ne.ir Sahiniam'a, wliiih ;:ive.* II diical title to the Tnledo family, and cniifains the princely, Im'. di lapidated, p.ilacc lortress nf the Uiikes uf .\lva. Ai.iiMi.ir., a tioMi il New ("astile, in Spain. t)«iii;; t'l Its Central pusitinn respecting: the rnads, it is a place nf ^:reat tralVic The en- virons are fertile, heiii;.' irnuated hy a canal. Alhac»'te is called the Shettield ol Spain, n considerahle fje ntity of coarse cutlery nml knives lieiii|i made here, ami these knives are in j^reat use tlimujliniit the kin::dnin. It vva.s ocenpieit in ls4.i hy I'.sji.irtero, who hn|H-i| to inemiee Miircia and \'aieiicia, pro- tect .Madrid, ami secure a retreat to And.ilii- (iiii, hut succeeded only in the Litter. Tlie present |wi]>ulation is ll.iMiO. It ha-" iiad. Mine 1 s.t.'i, an aiidii'iicia or hi;;h eniirt, which has jiirisilicii'iii nvi-r '.is(",(mii) si mis, an I is ill miles (rnin Madrid. Ai.n\< hri:. ii town nf .Spain, in Miircia, with inaiiiilactiires in iron and ste»l; seateil in a fertile country on the poiiii;."iis!Mi| in every pirinil nf Kii;^- l.sh history. It was oini' the nietrnptilit ot llritaiii, mid. on the inva-smn of th< country h) the Iti.inaiis. hecaine cue of their most 111! up till tin h. Ve ir.i pc f. fn th St MMM A M5 1.-. ALU important Mntiuns; tiny ^'.■i\o it ll laiiic of N'criil.iiii, luici, l)_v tlic ]iiivilt'),'( s rili-rn'ti ! ii|>iiii It, M> atlaclit'il llic native iiilial)it.int.s to j tliiir iiiliTcst, as U) rxtite tlie vi'np'iiiicc ol i (^iK'i'ii I5(i:iili('(M, \\]\t> nia>.sa- M'lnnrot IJritain. Si. Altians a;;,iiii lii'iauu- trani{iiil. nml lloiiri>lii'(i till tiie Dioclitiaii |ji'i'sc'c'iitinn, aiioiit tlu' ('oniint'tiit'iiicnt ol tlic I'oiiiili fi'ritnrv, wln'ii it liicanu- ili.stinntii.slii'tl for ttif niart_\ iiioni of its ^aillt, wlioso, iianu' ■ tlic town at iiiCM'nt hears. Alter this |n'iio(l, . ^t. Altians (leelineil, till in tiie iiintli ei nturv, Otla, kin)^ of tlie Mereians, in <'\|iialion tor his nn|irov()k(>>l inunier of St. I'tlitllierl, kiiij; of llu' Kast Ancles, wlioin lie liail in- viteil to his conrt, to lie liis Mni-in-iaw, eri'eied and emlowed a tno>t inaj^'iiilieent ■:;«liliey and monastery, for I'ein dietiiie nmtiks. .After tins period St. Ailiaiis ex]Mrieneed ; vatioiis iilterations of f utiine, till tlu' tiiial :i;<',is>olntion of its monastery, in tlic rei;;!! til ■*Heiiry \'11I., \Nliieli led to the deinoliijoii ol iythis ma^nilieent estaldisliment, of whieli the i;|Bate\vay now only remains, now nscil as the {iD ,)||niade paroehial; fiit was cxp sed to the ;^)Iunder and fanatieisni of (.'romwell, dnrinj; ;f the period ofhis preiloiiiiliaiire. It lias since pbeen repaired at various times, niul reeenily ■*|by suli>eription of i^entleinen of the eonnty, 5^»nd many vesli;,'es of its firmer ^•l•andenr ^ttill remain; it is one of tiie laij,'est ceelo- .WBiastieai ediliees in Miiropo, 'I'iiere are three Smother churehes, in one id' w liieh (St. M eiiael) ,^i« a inoiMiment to the memory (d the illiis- jltrioiis FraneiH iJaeon. St. Alh.iiis was dis- ':^friinehised for eurniption in March, I8.'ili. 4jlts market, on S.iturdays, is eonsiderahle iiiW ciiin, &c., nnd espeeitiUy lor t^traw ;;><■ "plait. The town is situate on the hunks of j5 the little river Ver, on which there are two '■ mills for throwing silk. It is 21 miles N. of liundoii. Ai.iiANV, n cotinty of the State of New ^ ork, lioiiiidcd on ilie 1". hv Hudson's river, ' N. hy tin; .Moh.iwk ruer, N. \V. hy Sehenec- , tady county, \V. hy S hoharie county, and S. hy (ireeiic couniy. It is di\ided into nine : tiiuiiships, and its po|). G^,.')"):), ofwhom 4ia •■ Weie ( sinie name, situate feon the \V. hank (d' the Hudson river, hit) p* miles N. of New York, ITti \V of Hostoii, r;; and arso S. of .Montreai. It is the scat of tiie I' , le;;isl.itive jiovcriiment of New York, and, _ next to the city id New York, is the nio>t [- llnjiortant place in the state. A caiiiil, Il'iJJ ■miles in extent, unites the waters of the g' Hudson river at Alhuny with the ^;ri'at ihain 3^ of lakes westward of Lake laie, at IJutfalo, M^iia Niagara county, and another canal, 62 miles in extent, unites the Hudson from the same jioiiit with Lake (.'hamplain, at Wliitc- iiall, in \Va>hiii;;ton county. 'Jo these ad- vantages, its eonneetioii hy means of the Mo- hawk and Hudson railroad,-, to the lines on the west, and the railway to IJoston, pires tills line I'lly very cou.Mdcrahle importance. Its commerec and manufaetuie.-" are import- ant, ami has also niiincrous puhlie and stien- tilic in.->litntion.s. It was founded hy the Dutch ill lt;2:>. Its pop. in l^iio was 9,356; III 1S.'?0, 24,2;t8; and in lf<40, ;(;j,721. Ai.iiA.sv, a liisliict of the Cape ;es and other stiitls, -JO t: ilea .S. \y. (d Diepjie, and 32 N. N. \V. of Konen. AinKMAKi.K, a central county ot the state of Vir),'iiiia, N. America. I'op. 22,'.>24. Charloiiesville is the < hief tow n, Ai.iii.MAi!i K SoiM). an inlet of the Atlan- tic Ocean, in N. I'aroliiia, (K) miles loiij.', ami Irom 8 to 12 hroad. It is ;!0 miles N. of ramtico Sound; nnd is united with Chesa- peake r.ay nt Norfolk, hy a canal cut through the Dismal Swamp. Ai iii;.m;a. a strong seaport on the roast of ( ieiioa, surrouiiiled hy olive trees, ;i7 inilci S. \V. of lieiioa. Loll;:." 8. 7. K. lal. 44. 0. N. Ai.isioN, a name sometimes ajiplit'd to Hri- taiii,aii, hi^h, troin its moun- t.iinous (haracter; the (jaels caiimg them- selves Alhaiiiiicli. Ai.iuo.N, N i\v, a name j;jiven liV Sir Francis Drake, who exploreil the coast in l.)78, to a country on the \V. coa>t of N. America, ex- temliii^' from ;!.'> to 48 of N. lat.; hut the iiortlurn part is now eompreheiideil in the \\ asliiiii^ioii teiiiiory, and the buuthcru in New Culilornia. Ai.iio.NA, II town of Italy, in Istria, near the (iiilf of Cariiero, IG miles 10. hy S. uf Uovi^'iio. A I. not' UN E, a town in Wiltshire, I'.iinland; 7 miles .N. 10. lioiu M-ulhorouyh. M.irkct on Tuesday. Ai iiKir, a town of France, in the depart- ment id'tiironde, 37 miles S. of liordeau.x. Aliu'keiua, a se.iport town on the S. euu«t of Alijiirves, l'ortUi;al ; pop. ubuut AT-C 16 ALC I i; h ?no(). Also a town nf Viiliii> i:^ mi the »ca- rnast <>{ S|>nin. Ai.inyrrnyrK, n town of S|i!>in. in K-tn-- iiKi.liira, with n Mrouj; casilo. It lias ii <<'n- si.lrruhlo tra'if in wnA uikI ilnlli, nml i- IX mill's N N. W. of H.uliijo/. ANu a l.nsii on till' Km del Noric. a lew mil. > S. nl S.iiit.i Fo. Mexico. 'PtiiTo is nlso a Mlln^ro of ihc snnic name in ti\c i>rovinco ol riirtila, Mexu". Ai.iiT, or At, III, an aiuieiit eity ot Frame, in till) .lepartniiiit of T.Mrn. K IlF.vAnrA a l.e:iutifiil ainl cx- tcn>ivc lity of Spam, in New ('asiilc, m ateil upon the river lluiari/.. The uniM-rsity, which hail >{one to liieay. wa-; re-esi,ihl slicil, in U'.tJ. by cardinal Francis Xiinenes j nt who-e ihartze. ami uiiler wlio.sc direction, the first pMJyjilut HiMe w.us printed in tins tiiwn. The removal of th-: uniMTsity to Ma- drid cotnpli-ted it' ruin, and it is nuw a ]'iior Hiid ijrnorant piace. Without the walls is n Fpriiivr, the water of which is so pure niid widl tasted, that it wils enclosed for the kin:: of Sjiain's own use. frnm whenci- it is carried to .NIadrid. It is 1 1 miles S. \V, of (juada- laxara, and l.j N. V.. of Madrid. Ai.i'Ai.A i.A Ki.Ai,, a city i<\ Spain, with a fitic ahticy, Mtiiaie on the Mimniil of the S:erra de liraiiade, on the liii:h road fri.tn Madrid to (iranade, fmin wl.ii )i it is distant 18 miles. Mid I 'JO from Madrid. Ai.CAi.A Di; (ii.AKAVUA, a town of Spain, distant 6 miles frnm SixiUe, on the ri>ad to Madrid. It is the hake-hiuse for Seville, supplying that city \\itli hrcad: there is aUo an aqueduit iVnin the iie'^rhKi.unni; lulls. which conveys the «atir for the use of Se- ville, AlXAMA. a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma- laro. '2'-) miles .S. W.oi I'.ilirini). Ai.cAMZ, a t'lwriof Arra;:on. in Spain. It wa.s formerly the capit.il of the kiiindom of the Moors. Ii has a remarkahle fountain, which throws up water through forty-two p^pes. It is FCatcd on the river Uerjjaiitcs, \2 miles from C'lLsjie. Ai.iANTAUA, a lortitied town of Spain, in Fstreniadiir.i, and thei hief|da(Tof the kiii;'lils ol that name, h has a celtlirated stoUf l.-id^re o\-r the Tiijo, or I'airus, built in t!ie time of TrnJHH. It was taken by the F.arl of (Julway, iu 1706, hut r.-taken the same year. It is situhte on the hi|.'h ])oht road tioni Ibidajo/. to (,'iu;. , pu;lt by the Romans, to p.i>s iho marvh'S fo ined by the ri\rr. It is 14 miles S. of Sevi Ir. Ai.i ANTAKv. a ti'\Mi r>f Tort ii|;al, near Lin- bi.ii, inning; arnval pal. ice. There is also a town of the same name in IJnuil, in the pro- viiici! (»f Maranham. Ai.iAiiA/, a town of Spain, in New riwfilp, with nstroii^; castlr.anil a remarkable ancient loiMidiii t It i-i '•itiiati' near the source of the ( iuadali(iii\er. Kii miles l'",. hv S. of Calalravft. I/.ni:. -'. '20. W. lit. ;m. ■2'*.' N. Ai.i AUAZ, or Ai.wn of Tortiipal, in l',»triiiiaiiiira. I'liie white salt isiim,|c lure. It IS seated on the ( "adnaii, l.'> miles from the se.i, and.'Ui S. K. of Li^bon. l/<'iv. J. 5. \V. lat. .18. 18. N. Ai.CA/AK vr. Sav Ji >n, n t'wn of I,a Maiuha, in Spain; and cii).ital of a hirjre dis- (ri. t of i!ie same name. The tnwn contains I'J soap-factiTics. and t!ie di.strict produces saltpitre, and i.;lar iiiincr.ds. 5 miles N. E. ot Ciiidad K< al. Ai.CA/.AH (jiiniMt, a town of the kincdom of Fi'Z. near whuh Sebastian, kin;; of ri.rtu- (:;d, lust his lite in a b.ittle with the Moors, in l.'iT". It is sealed on the l.ucos, 3C uiiics S. of Tangier. AiiA/.Aii Si:(;tkh, a town of the kingdom of Fe/., on the Strait of (i.hraltar. It wa« taken by Alphonso, kingof roriiigal,in 14r.H, but soi>n after abandoned. It i^ 14 miles K. of T.iMgnr. Ai.ci>i t:u,or Al.^■l■K^TF.n, town. War wick- shne. Many I^lman cmiis, brie ks, j^c. Ua\q berii foiiml 111 ar it, and the leknii Id street piL»sis through the tuwii. It is .situate at tho coiitlueiue of the Alne with the Arrnw, 16 miliH W. S. W. ol Warwiik. Maikct on Tuisihiy. Aif.MAKit, or Ai.KMu.K, ft city of North Holland. It IS a hii:i Isonie i il'i, and one of the chancst in Holland. The streets and InuiseH arc extremely neat nnd regular, nml tho public buildings vi-ry beauiilul. Tin- Spaniards, un«r the evacuation of llolhiiid by the invaders was afterwards coinluded. It is reeur.led, in the register of this city, that, in the year Ifi.l'J. iL'it tulip!*, with the olV- sets, sold for 9(i,0(M» tlmin-; and. in iiarticular, that one of them, called the \'iirriiy, .snld for 4'.io.1 guilders I Tho States at last put a slop to this extravagant and ruinous passion for floweri. The town fiasa goml trade in but- ler and eheese, >\liich is rsti'i-med the best in Jl.ii aiivl. I' ift ii'ioul 4 miles from the »45u. m- A L K 17 A L K ', near Lig- rc i.s al.so a in the pro- fw CiMtilp, tile ancient iiirc.' of the Ciilalrava. II r\f Airn- i.i, on tlio • Ttiifrul, in iniiilc liiTP. .'.s fniin (he ^. 0. 5. W. •«n (if l.ii X l.irp- (li.M- II o'liuiinM t JT'iil ucci miles N. K. p kinc'iom ;of I'lrtii- hu Mimrn. s, 3G niiloi ickincijiim r. It wMi al.iii Ur,H, 4 mi Kit K. Wiirwick- , i^c. li:no iflil Mn-ol iiat<- at tho Ari..\v, 16 Uuikii on ■ of N„rth i\u\ uno of iici'ti uml ,'iilur, «ii(i lul. Thr iih-ih), ho- .iiirliiti, ill 'i'V'''i after DpllUll III , alter the hiTC the iiil by the ill. It is y, that, in iir iiti-M'ts, lartieiiiar, y, (fnlil f.if [lilt n titiip ii.isiori (or ie in hut- he hest in u the iCU, >i'. 15 from ILieilenj, mid 20 N. tioin Aiiistcr- Uatii. r<>|). 'J,.1()i.>. Ai-coii.v/.A, til. riMtii^'al, jirov. Iv^treina- tlijiii. Here is a ivleluMteil alilny, the ^'ineral |>. tee of bcjiu!tiiro ul' ihc !javi.rei„'iis uf i'uitu- .\i,c<)i;ti.v, a t'lwn of lV)rtii.:al, in ;\l;^'ar- ve>, with aslT'iii;; c.i.->iie, Mc.ite i on an islauil i:i liic (iiiadiaiiii, uppo.^ite to S.iii l.iu'ar, I(» Miles rroiii the entr.inee of the (iiiailiaiia into tJie (iiilfuf C.uli/., l!2 miles N. N. I'',, of I'avira. Ai.cov, a town of Sp.iin, in V'aleiieia. It is a busy aiiil eoiiiiiierei.il phiee, licin;^ liUed with coarse w >■ lien and ]):i|i^'r inaniil'aetoiies. Aleoy has many new bui,ilni;^s, a no\»liy i^eidoni seen in the towMS of Sjiaiii, wIutc doe.iy is the rule, aiul rep,iir.s the exeeptioii; the lower classed li.ivu the air of operative misery peeuiiar to l'lii^'li.-,li iii.iaufaeturiii^ di.-tn'ts. Pop. liO.itiHi. Ai.im:i)I\, a t i\Mi of .M;ijorea, bituato on t!ie N. K. eo i.-le lia 1 siUiijient industry. L Jiij;. .■(. H. hit. aj. 50. N. .\i.i>Ait,a river ot Siberia, jiiiiin^' the Lena, on .vhiv-h t le finest s.ibl'S are I'ound. Ai,:'ito,.'>r(iii, or .Vi.iMiiit.uiii, seaport, Siitfolk, lvi;;land. 'i'lie town was formerly inueh lar'.;.-r, but the sea has t.iLeii away wiiole street . Markets on Wodiiesdiiy and S.itur l.iy. Ai.imoiio;: ;ii. tn. W. It. Vi.ik hire, I'n.:- I.ind, now di'lr ineluM-d by p.u 1 aiiunt. Her«. ureniiav r iii.ins of li iiii.iii works. It is l.--) indos'X. K. of York. Ai.KKNiirito, a town of \\\.stp!udia, 2'' mil > E. S. K. of Dusseld orf. Ai.i>i;uiuri:v, a town in Wiltshire, on a hi'l liiMr ti;e Av.iii, ;i liiiles iVoin .S.il.^lnir. . It Iia- a in iiiutae'iure ot' t"ii--tiatis. Ily .i fire in 1777, 20.) houses w. re iksiroyed. Ali>i;iiiI()I.m, aa i Ian I in Sweden, form- ed by the three arms of the river (ielie, in t!u! Gulf of ll.iihni.i. It h.is u eousi lerabl- tra le in planks and deals. It is 80 miles N. uf ."stoekholm. .\i.!ii;i:m;v. an island in the lCn::li>Ii elian- II 1, 8 mile-i in eiiiuMileienee, separated tiorii l''r.iiiee by a strait ealled the K.iee of Abler- iiey, which is a daii;;erous p.iss.ij^e, on ae- cuunt of the roeks under water. It is fertile i.i eorii and i).v->tiire. ami is celrbrated tor a bri-e I of sin. ill cattle, which yield an abuu- d.uiee of Very rich milk. 'J'here is a town of the same name. Lnv^. 2. 12. W. hit. 4'J. 45. \. Ai.Di itsiiorr, a parish i>f Miul.uid, in II.imp>hire, .'t miles N. 1'-. ot I'"..ridi.im. A p 111;. meat e.mip, lor tianiiii}^ the aiiiiy, waH i >t.iblis!ied here in i^.M. .\li;N(:.)S, I iw n id' I'r.inee, cii[t. of dejiart. of Onii'. It h.is a eou-'ider.ible iiade. .'is miles .S. by K. Iroiii (.".n'ti. .\i.ENri;jo, the lar^'st, in its superficies, of the t pr iviuees ul I'urii.i.il, bounded oi\ the nortli by the Taj^'iis, and south by the ancient kiii;;doni of Al^-.irves. Its siiper- lieial e.vteiit is HH.'l Kr. s^p le.i;;ucs, and the population ;iSO,l>S(». Kvora is the e.ipital. Ai.iU'i'o, the eajiital of Syri.i, and, ne.\t to ('ou-.taiiiiiiople and C.iiio, the most con- sider.dilu city i i the 'I'lirki-ii empire. It stands on ei^ht hills, in the middle of a fruit- lul ]ilain, and is of an oval li/ure. Tho castle is on the lii^he>t hill, in tlie centre of the city; and tin; houses are better than ia other pl.i.ies in Turkey. As usual in the Ivist, they Consist of a lar^e court, v, itii a dead wall to the street, an are.ide running round it, p.ived with marble, and a m.irble fountain in the middle. The streets are narrow, but well paved with lar^e .sipiare stoiie.s, and kept very clean. Here are many stately inosipies and ear.ivanseras, f>uiit.iiiis ami reservoirs of w.iter, vineyards and ;;a:deiis. The water in the wells is brackish, but j;ood water is bron;;Iit from .some siuiiij;s about 5 miles olF, by an atpieduct, said to have been built by the cniiress llelemu The Cliri.-.tiaiis h.no their liouses uiul cluirehes in the suburbs, and carry on a c iisiderable tr.ide in silk.s, caniKts, and leathiM". I,ai-;_'e earav.ins eon- ti.iually arrive f...ni Hau'd.id and H.issorah, eliait;ed with the products of I'crsia anil Indiiu Several Miiiopean iiat'oiis have fac- t.iries here, an I the nierehani> • e in f,'reater splendour and safety tlnin in any other city in th'j Turkish ciniiire. Couelie.^ are not used here, but ]> Tsoiis of (piality ride on h'lrse- ba. k, w itii a number of servants bet'ore them, uecorilin;; to their rank. Alejipo and its Mibiirbs are 7 mile> m eomjiass; an old wall, an 1 a broad ditch, now in many places ttirn- . I into jrardens, surround the city, wliidj vas otiniatel by Dr. lius-.ell to contain •J.'.o.Oiiu iiilial)itaiiis, of whom 30,000 wero ( !iii i>t;ans, and .m)00 .lews; but, aeewr.lin;; to Ml'. Kion,it does iiiit Contain more than j(),()00, .vhieli di'popiilatioii, oeeasioiieil chi'tly by tho p'a;;ue, has t.iken place since 1770, whol.j Meets beiiit; uninhabited and ba/.aars aband- .'uel. At present it iii.iy contain 100,000. The inh.ibit.ints of both .-exes sinnke tob.iee t t > L,'rc. It excess even the >er\ a:it> ha\e almoit ciinsiaiitly a pipe in their iiioulIis. Kijjh'.eeii Hides S. E of .Mep[)o is a lar;.:e jilaiii, bounded by low rocky hills, called thi Valley of S.ilt: this is oMutlowed ;ii wiiitci', and in A])ril, the water beiii;; sooa evaporatoi by the sun, leaves a cake ol' s;il:, in soine places half an inch thiek, wiiieii is sullieieiit to supply all tins put of the country. Alepjio is seated on a riMilet, 70 m les S. K. of Alexandretia, or Seaiidcroon, and l.'ii) N. of Damascus. l,oii>,'. ;17. lb. K. hit. ;}."). 40. N. It sullereil j^reatlv by a suei\'ssion ot eartlppiakes in IS22.' Ai.ksh.vmu'.i.v, acity of I'ledmoiit, 43 inileg S. \V, of .Milan. I'oj). a!)uut oi'.OOO. Tho t.e.vn coiit.iins a cathedra!, 14 chuiehes, 17 convents, and numerous handsoTue hiiildiiif^s. Ai.iissANo.iituwnof Najlci, nenrtlleex;l•o- ALK 18 ALG niitTottliopriimotit'irvof the IVirmrOlraiito, I j iuilrs S. \V. Ill' Oti.itito. Aii^*!"*. " town 111' Kiirojn'iui 'l"iirkc_v, in ll.illiMtiii, all'l a lii»liii|>'> M f. M'iitrl uii tin- l)ritio, tn'.u il> fiiiraiui' iiif.i l!if A'lii.itii' S* a, SOiiiiKN S. ut Sviil.in. J^oii^:. !'.». Ht". K. l.it. 41. T).!. N. Ai.i T, a town of FraiKC, in tiio il«>p:utn»rnt of All !<•, latilv '111 ipi«ii "pal .'co. It i.- n.atii lor lt> liatl.?*, aiul ^tallli> l.i.';ir tin' IVri iico. on tlio river Ainlo, I.) nulo S. li_v W.ol L'ar- Cii.»>olU'. AlMTUN ISLAM'S. S< AlU llin.l.Aiiu, Ni'itrm UN. Ai.i XAMii.H. ft coiiniy of ilio hlnto of Illi- nois, at its sontlnrii fXtriiiuiv, li'iiu U.| oil t^K- K. liv the ( >liui ruor to tlu- point wlu-n' it uii'tfs « nil till' MiN>issiiiii, « ii.i li lionniN thi- (ounty on tin? W. Top. aai;.l. I'luty is tlic cliii'f town. /( I KXAMif.K, atovvnoftlieriiit('ilSiiUo.«,iii N«Mv York. 8 iniKs S. W. of l{.ita\ia, an>i •j:.S \V. \<\ N. of Alliany. l\>]^. in IS40, •J'J4.'. Al.l.XAMiIlKI T ^. or .SaMiKUH'iX, a to A II of Svria, on tlio Mcilitcrraman S';i, nnd tin- port of Alrppo. It i> iiow a poor phu-i', tin' toinlis hciii;^ more iiinn. K. at. ao. ."J.'i. N. AiKXKVKitiA, a ciKlirati-tl city of Kuypt, the pri^t'iit lajntal of that lountiy, 'I'luii' aro .'■till sonic ri' mains of its an>n-ni spli'iidonr, liaitiiiilarly an ol'vli-k full of lii.r"j:l\ phiis, calli'il I'Ifopatru's Neetlli" ; anil I'uiniK-y's Villar, wliii li is oiu' o l.iinon-. in antii|iiity, that it was niimlienil amoiii; the scxcii won- ders of the worM, is iio>v occnpieil as a cas- tle calleii I'haralion, ami still iiseil to direct voiiseU into the liarhoiir. Troin the liarhour j is a eaiiMl to the wc^t hraiiili of the Nile, at Khatnaiiie. Tliis city was liiiilt hy Ah'Xan- j de-r the (ireat. and now « on-ivts chiclly of one ■ Ion;; s!r<-et, l.icinj,' the harhour, the re>l hein^ II heai) ofriiiiis; jiart of the walls are stand- in;;, with ^Teat ^'piare towers, VUO paces ' di>iant ; and the ;'ates are of 'i'hehnie niarlde aiiil 'granite. It \vastormerly a plact- of preat tra'le, all the tPa-iires ot the K.i>t Indies hi'iii;; d']>o>ited there, Ik tore till- diM-oxery of the route hy the ('ajie of tioo(| llojie. It has protiteil nun h liy the steam coimnniiicaiion with l-'.nrope, aii'l tiiecomniercefo>ti.reil hy the , Lite Meheiiict Ali. Alexandria was taken by , the Kn-iich uinler Hiioiiaparti', in IT'.»8, and | taken from ilfiii hy the Miiiiii^h in ISiij. It mircndcred to the Kii;.'ii>h in ImC, hut wa- (•"'11 afti-r evaca.ited. It is si'aled on the Mc'litcrraiuan, l'J5 lllill^ N. W. ol t'.iiru , to \Nhiih pl.ice a railway w a> opeiicl in IHj6. Lull/, an. It;. K. hit. ai. 1 1. .N. \ AlKXANUHlA, a CO. ol the district of Co- ' lunihii, U. S. of Annriia. I'op. 'j'.h;:>. Al.KXVMMiiA, a city and p(prt of entry in tlie fore;.'om;; county, situ.ite on the W. haiik of the I'otjiuiu', 7 miles S. of ihc city of \Vnshiii;;ton. ^'erT coiisidcraldo quantities of tloiii aie shij'i'cd tioiii Alcxanilua lo llto horihiin ports ol tlu I'liili '! St.ito, .iii'l, oe- c4M')naily, to I-",nrope au'l other p.!!!-* of the uoiid. In otiur ri'p'it- it.i (i>iiinicico is iiicon»i'lciaiilc. I'o|'. .'»J.)'.t. .\i.i \ ANDiti A, ft to" II ol New York, ou llio St. Lawrence, and uUo on the military roa(i miles N. !■:. of Li>l.oii. Loll;:. .'). 4!i. \V. lat. 4i». «J. N. .\i.Ki.i7i ic\<>, a town (>. I'ortu;; 1, on tlia sea-side, 7') miles N.N.K. of LisIh.m. Ai.FF.it>. II town of I^iwcr S.ix.iny, 15 miles S.S. W. ,,t llild.-.hcnii. Al.ioisi', tn , Liiicoliishiii', ^^iIh a market on Tuoday; 6 miles from llie sea, 'J'> N. of Boston. On the K. Lincolnshire Kailuay. Ai.HUMi, a parish ot .Si-,,tlaiiii, in .Mier- deen>liire. This jiarisli i.s rendered iiieino- i.ilde hy « lialtle (oii;;lit ill it. « In rem the niaripiis of Monirose defeatcil (ieiieral Itaillio aii'I 11 I'lirty of the C'owiiaiiterj-, on the 2iiil July. Iij4.'i; aiiil there wa.s lately di>co>ereJ ill one (it liic inosscs ii man in iirmour on lior>ehack, supposed to li.ive been diowiicd in attemptiii;; t'> esiape. Ai.FUi-.iuN, IV town in Perhyshire. >\iili a market on .Monday and I'ridav. Ileie arc man nfaitures of slock iii^'s and brown can hen- ware, aii'l l\*o iroii-\\ ,,i ks. h is .seated on a hi!!, l.i niik« N. of Dciby, and 142 N.N. \V. of London. Ai elli. ie.s is "J.'t^ sip leil;;ileS, and contained 1:^7, Ciix) inhalut.iiits. It toriii!) the S. extrciiiiiy of l'ortu;;al. La;;os, F.uo, and Ta\iru, all on the S. io...t, Hie ih'- eliiel towns. It is hitiK' ill li;:>i, oiaii;;es, almonds, dates, (dixis, and excellent wine. Ai-i;kciiias, afortilied toivn of And.ilusia, Spain, situate mi the coa.st \V, of the Hay of (iihr.ilt.-ir. It was rebuilt in I7(iu l>y (luiiien 111., ainl iidW pri's«nts u ;;i>'nl appear-ince. It is the Spanish na\al and iiiilit.iry >i.iliou which wall lies o\er th.it of the l''.nj;li.sh at (iihraltar, natnially ii thoiii in the hi'le to the Spani.iria. Ai.i.iiKKi, it town anil M-aport of .Saidiniii, on ith W. coast, l.'i mdis S. S. W. ot .^assaru I'op. G7(M). It is built on Ii biw rocky |ioint, aiiii stoutly Nvallc'l and foriiiied. It is tlie seat of a bishopric, an 1 has a eaiheilral, and 1 1' churcliis and conM'iits. Tin; t'uvn WIU loll;; occupied by the Spaniitrds, ai:d their lUHiiiiem ttnd laugua{;c sitU piuvail i '-M ALG 19 A LI A(,(jit:iiiA, a comiiry of X. AfVii'ii.conipris- iiiU tlio imciciit Niiiiii'li.i, 111) I jiiiri ol M.iiiri tiiiiia. h It 0(11) mill's (rum i;. tu \v .1 170 ill liriMilili; li.iiiii'Icil nil till- Iv liv TiiiiiN, N. Iiv till" Mi'iiitcir.iiit'iiii, S. liN M'imii Alias, iml \V. l>v M.tr.pcri ■ri It! ciiiiiitrv IS ^I'lii^ r:iliy iiii/iiiit .iiioiis; iii-iir tluMMiiNl lliu LittI All.iM'li.iiii run -I, it.-. Iiij:tiisl|)iiiiit liciini ratlicr iiUM-f iIkim JDUK ioct. I'lii' I'itiri M .iiiitaiii> • if I III' ( ill'. It Atlas afi' '.liiit I li'it. I Ml miv I late- ly S. 1)1' Al-ur IS ilui jiliiin ol" tin- Miti.ljali, fritili', well wiitfieil, mill ill j arts inai-.liy. Tlic cliirf riviTs iiri! tln! Mu'liiC, tiiii Krlur, ^'t'lll(>us, Zi)\v a, Z.I wliii'li tail iiiti tlui .Mciiiti'rraiii'aii, ami tlic A'ljiili uml Aliiail, which run iiilaiiij, aiul triiiiiiiatr in the, Mtl^'iL.'-', ainl butiu' liiiiiiT nii.s, m the 'I'lic hlial ir S'i.itt, twi) lar-t! salt lake liiiiiatii is i^cni'rally licalihy uii'l ti'inpiTaio, liiil (iccasioiially sitilVrs Iroiu the khaiii^iii i>r Imt wiml. TliiTc wtTi; nine ili>tiiirt raci'S (if iiilialiit atits, the MorliiMs or Ivi'iinK's lieini; tlio priiii'i|ial or liail' tlu' |io|i., till- lll'luTis M M. iml r.iniitrlv i.irs, Till Aral's, .1. il 111 1 iiriiiicain, )ll- prni;;; nine to ttif, city, aii.l are tn.w sfroii(;ly fok'- tifii'il liari II 111 r. il I It las a 111' lie, was iini'li' a It le faeiii;.' tl jiric ill 18.18, ami l'liiro|i.'aii iiiaiiiu'rs a'nl names ure coiiimon, ami the stri'uts have all rcccivcil rreiiih iiatr.es. The enviroii.s of AI;,'ier.H are very heai.tifiil, anil for miles aruiiiid are iiiiersiierM>(l with i'l»';:aiit villas. There are two Miiall siihiirlis. the IJahrl OiiU'l, to the N , ami the 15, ih a Z uir, to ine t>. Tho harliipiir is siiia!!, ainl ineaiMlile ot .ieeoiii- re- nio.latini.: larj^e war vessels. It lias a ^;iilar .steam eommuiiieatioii with Marseilles I as iires. iml other Meiliterraiieiin ports, aiil 1 ilisiilerahle traile, hut li'W m.iiiiifart Tl Hi I'itv ami eoiiiitiv wi iinril is.'io. liorile of pirates uiiiler the Tuiki''h I'.iiipiro, aiel proViikeil the re-.elitlilelit u| mii>t Cliris- tiaii states, 'i'lie einperor Charles V, lost line fleet ami aiiiiv ii I an e.\pei|Kioii a^'ainst Al;^iers in l.')41. The Kiii'lish 1 mill their vessels ill the harhniir in Iti.'l,') ami KiTO; nrnl it «as honiharileil hv the Fr. iieh in ICi-^S. Ill i: th. 'p.iiii.inls attackei I it hy sea ami laii.l, hiit were repiil.-'eil with hut the last almost entirely evaeiiateii the j; re at loss. In 1 7H,) uml 1 7S J, they renewed Country on the Kieiieli eompiest. The his- their attacks hy sea, to destroy the city and tory of the v'ountry is elinlly connectcil palleys; hut were fireeil to retire without with that of the city, as meiitioneil presently, eirectini; either its capture or ilestnietion. Most of the towns ami cities hear the names In IHl t>, u 15r:t ish sipiaiirmi, uiiiier the coni- \\ iiicii iia\ e llc^cem leil Irom Kiiiii.in tiim in.'iml ol L'lr'l Mximmth, 1 ami 111 in\ rums testiiv to turmer ureatiie-is. iiid llei't in till' liarl lonitiaiileil the town loiir. with such liestrue In ancient limes, the .soil was cdehrateil for tive etl'eet, as iiiiluecil the 'Uy immeiliately its fe tility. Ainoiij; the natural proiliiets, to relea.ie the I'hristiaii slaves then in his the ilate hohls the first place, uml tjrows territory, ami suhscrihe to all the terms of nhuiiilantly S. ot'tlie Atl.is Cham. The vine, siilmii.-^sioii ami restraint tnnii future tlepre- coitoii, iiiili^o, melons, li^s, ^,'rapes, ami the liatioii, which tlie victors thoie^ht jiroper to hu^;:ir-cam', tire al.so cnltu iti (. attic are, i hctati 'Jl h • liil not prevent ir u-c'l to he. the chief Wealth of the natives, them trom re.suniiiii; tluir piratical ]ir.icliees; The revenue ami pro>perity ol' the country iiinl in IS'.'iO the Trencli niulertuok an e.\- liave ^really incieaseil since the French ue- pciiition auaiiist them, of \>liieli the naval ciiii.ilioii, hut It entails h verv liearv ontiuv ! lorce readicil the coasts < in the military force rciinireil. Tho v;overn- iiicnt is uilininistereil iiy a mi.itary coiii- maiiilcr-iii-cliief. At ti.c eihl of ls4'j, (he .f A I thu Kith of iJiine; and on tlie fiili of July, they took iiosiession of the city ami tenltorv. Its r( csources lia\e tieeii I'reatI v ile\ e iped, Kiiri>[ie,in population umamted to 1 1'J.tKHJ, and its condition iinproxcd, under the pre- d tl le natives e.illed Aii^iers uhout yi),00O. \ sen 1 1; ;;ri>r i.l the 1' rcljeli. tiiC .l/*/)')ii/u: — FuAM L. Ai.iit'A Bay, Sioiiih Atru a. An exte nsive Ai.oiUK, a stioiii;eity, c.ipitul of the whole ! hay, lontaijiiiin tiie principal port of the country ol .Mirier, li is huilt on the siile of a iiiouiituin. 111 the form ol an amphitheatre, II XI the liarliour; and the lioii miles S. W. of (iraiiada. Ai.n.'AMi:,iise.iport td Spain, in N'alenciii, fanioiit t,ir its c.xcelient wine ami fruits. It has al-o a j^reai tni'le in harilla. .ual the Fnpii-h, Dutch, I'remh, and lialiatis, h.ive coiisiils here. The cattle, on a lii;;li ruck, was formerly reckoned inipre;^nahle, hut wjis taken hy the Fn^lish in 17ii(>. It was likewise, taken hy the Freiicli and Spaniaids, after a siCiie of almost tWii years, when part ol' tho rock, v,-;'.'^^ Iilowu ui'. 1; is seated on llic Mo- ^9' A L L 20 A Lr, d'frrrani'.Ti, mi a \'^\ of t'l'' «:m)H' n:iiiif, fi4 Fnii, h Uii-iu-s S. r,. irt of Scily, in Val ili Ma/.ara, wiili a l.'itirvs iii a sin ill < mjic at llic imnitli iif tlic SaUii. 'JJ miles S. K. nfUirirviiti, lait it lias virv iiituli mmc tii ilciav. l.oii^. U. 7. i:. lat. '.\7. 14. N. Ai.ifiiii. till' most wisti rn of tli<- l.iiMii ilaiiils. ill till' M( V!i. 11(1.1. I-oiii;. U. ;iJ. v.. lat. a."*. :v.\. N. Ai.iri. n tuwii nt Niiiuis, tit the i.Mit ui tlic A;'iuiiiiu"*, 2.') jnilis N. \V. d Hciirvi'iitn. Ai.i.AiiAiiM), an iiitiTior |>r(i>iiicc nt lliii- »li>tan,lti()!iiili'sloiiL'.aiil I'jnlirn.i.l ;lp(iiiiiilc.i till 111.' N.liv Ou.ii', K. !.v IJaii.ir. S. \<\ (»|•;>^a an I HiTar, uixl \V. Ky M.ilw.i aii.l .\^'ra. Till- N( rliii'l'i I, \vhn li n^ -s ..n t!h' S. I'.. I. .r- tU'T iif the |iriiviiui', tl.jws frmii V.. \» W. iii:ir its suk'; iiikI liic (iaii^os ir^.v-is it Iroiu W. lo K. m-ar its north siili'. Ai l.AKAMMi, n lity of Iliiili'.lan, caiwlal >r the alx'M' |Fri)v,nco, with a inanii;liii'iit (ita«iil. It wa'* fouii'li'il in I. ')•'.'( Iiv ilu- fiiil'iTor At liar, who iiitiU'li d it as u phico f'T iirin--; it has ln(.'n niurh iiii|iro\i,'ii uiiilir the Kii;ili>li, wli.i liax- (zrcatly .il fojtiliiil it. linking it tlii-ir hcail cjuartcrs. It is stati'il at tia- ciiiillut nee of the •Iiinuia with the (laii-is, 4:oiiiihs W. N. \V. ol Cai- nillju I.oiiu'. KJ. <». K. I.it. •j.",.4.'i. -N. It was linally i-i-lcil. ti'L"'lnr with iIk' i^ri-Niiiii, lu till' l",!i/!i>li K:isi IimUu ('iiiii|i.iiiy, in lMi|. Al.l.All Sllllllll. oil t'lIV OK tinli, u city of Asi.itic Turkey, ^'-i iniUs K. of Siiivrna; the aiK'ielit riii!.l'Iel|>hi;U It is f.inidils as htiii^ one ot the Apoealyptic ciiur< Ins, and i> the heat of a ( ireek arehliish'iii. 'I'iie w Imle t'lW n teeiiii with nlii-s of aniKiuity, the only indi- ealions of its lurnier iioliilily ; it is iiow u ]ioor und dirty jilaei'. It hius snlhred ninch at \ii- rioiis times troiii e.irthiiu.ikes. I'n]!. lt,,(ioii, Al I.I.'illANV, or All'AI AlIIIAN, Mol N- T\!NS. a loii^ ran^o of m.^iiiLiins in NiTlh Ani(ri^M,t'ei\veeiiihe .\il.iiitie,tlii' M.^si^Miiiii, and the l.ikcs; exteiidiii;,' )iar.ilK 1 with the se l-rn:ist, 'JUlt Iliiles in len;;lh. and fi>.lll GO to •JOUin hrea Itli. Thedillerelit nd;.'rh which eoinposc tliiH iniinensc ran^;e have diifereiit n. lines in the ililliient slates. A lvulleill^; from f'.c S. tlie tir.-t ridj.'e, e..inineiiein^' in y.\ ;iiii.i, is the 15. lie rii!;;e, or .S.iuth Mniintain. Iioin l.'K) t i 'joo miles frciiii tlie se.i, ami uImhh 4i)()0 It. lii;.'h Irnin it-, hase. Hetwecn this umi the Norlli M'mnlain spre.ids a lari.'e d-rt.le vale. Ni xt lies the .!//• '/ii/('/, whii'h is the Jir neipal vid-e, and has he.n (iediy («e.iit;es. scarcely lialf a inile hi>;li. Ii. HeuTal places ihey diverjTP, and Millie (,f iJieiii tcrininato in hi^'li p«'r|ien- di< niar hlnlls; oiheis, toward-i the sniith, tradiially siil»idi' into a lc\i 1 (uiintr\, ^:iMn^; n^e lo the ri\ers w Im h run s> uthiily into the Cnll nf Mexico. .\i I t:<>iiA> V, a liver of the rinteil State*, wliii li rises ill the S. W. eorncr of tiie ktale of N. .V York, in hit. 42. It i«* iia\ijaMe. hir k'cl-ho.itsot |0 tolls hiirthell. to ilall'ilton, 'J III I inilc iiliiiM' I'llistiiii;,', win re it i.>ins the M. 40. '.»7.'), of which An- ^.'elica. i'l \Y. hy S. uf Alhaiiy, is the capilal; I'nd, in I'eiliisyKania, pop. M,'j;t.">, id" wlin h I'lit-t.iir^:, 200 miles \V. ot n.iii islnr^r. is the e.ipilal; and Ilrd in .Maiyl.iml, jiop. l."i,ir.M), of wh.ch taiinlicrland. i:;i mile-s \V. N, NV. of .\nnapolis, is the iliief town; also the iiaiiio of several townships in I'cnnsv luiniiL Ai.i i:s', a coUi;iy ipf Kentucky, V. S. of N'oiih .\meiica. pop. 7:ij'.t. S-..|s\ ilh', ICO miles S. W. hy >. of J'l.inkfMit, l.s the chief town; al.sothc nameof.i iiewi\ foiiiiedi ounljr in the state of Ohio. I Ai.i.K.v, u I'ouiity of Iowa, I'liitcd State*, eoniainiiit; fiMi S'pi.oe mile-.. It is level. md Well timhercd. The NV.ih.isli and laie eaiial )iassesthroii„'hit ; eapit.il, I'oM \Va_\ lie. Top. Ill ls4o, .'.'.M'.'. ; j\i.t.i;N, Ituo OF, a vast Imt nmUfmed ex- ' tent ot ho^: in I-einsier, ehidly in eo. Kildure., ami in Km^^'s ami (.Queen's co. The KiKlaro portion of this hoj; is estimated at .■)t;,4.'lO acres; the VVcsteril, somelinus called tho llair"W 111-;:. Is aliout 41.<:7.'» acr.'s in extent. 'i'hc peat N.irics m di)ith tnmi 12 led to 42, and averut:< s 2j. The scenery of the \^o'^ of I Allen is iiioiiotonotis und dismal to u de;;n'e ' (juite op]iressive; hut heiii),' traversed hy tho (■rand Canal, is Uettcr known th.in its repul- sive character would sicin to |'roinise. Tht tnrf-iiitters l.ve in huts which ihcv e.xcavatc in the ilriest spot they can Iiiid, iiiul are rooted with pe.a, iisiiij,' very lillii." iihove tho level of the l.ind, so thai the eve vviiiild pass over them without olisi-rvatioii, were they not appareiit hy a miiiilier of eluldreii halivin^ lioiii li !i lie in one siile, sonieiiines with u c.it, a p:;:, or a l,'o:it, or hy the siiioke vvhiell issues throii^;h the r^Mif, wliiih, I'loin its sliiihl texture, i.H every win re j>ervioiis to it. Thi» saai.>:, a p.iriali un i uiuiiiig duirict i A T. M 21 A L N* m '$ lit the font of FulIuT Hill, ill tip; rontify of N"rtliiiiii''crliin'l. Ai.i.KNKor.r, II \nwu of rif^riniiny, fiinioiis f' r i:s R.iit walT, a'hl i!ii"i' lir;il;.''"< (ivcr lli.' W'cirii. It i^ l.'i mill's I"., iif ('ii'fty ini.ii!;taiii«, wliirli rise fr nn MtM) to 2(100 fei't ali'vc the si'ii-lpvcl. It is in the iiiiilst i)f tlio I'iiniian'^ht rniil district, ami has (I lick ami rin:!y l^r shiiiiiiii)^ tlii3 iniil. It istrnils (kJ hy 'J) IllilrS. Ai.i.i'.iiroN, the uami' of rv \ i!!a_'c in Lan- ca^Iiire. l',ii;;laTiil ; anoilirr in Suiiiersct; niiil of (■> other* in Viirksliirt'. Ai.i.iniroN, Nourii. Sr N'ouni Ai.i.nt- T(iN. Ai.i.ir.ii, II liepartnicnt of Franec. It i.i so ralk'l from ji rivir. wiiich llows J)y Mi)ii!ins, IK!'! I'liiirs the I.nire, Ix'luw Nevi-rs. Atrri- niltnre is in n very haekwaril state; tlw pea- Hiintry ureal! small iiri>iiri"tiirs, aiil very jiti'e (jivfii to imi>ri)vemciit. There ari- extensive j;la.s.s aiiil iron works, lUnl otlu'r nianiihietiires, in the ileiiartmeiit. Poji. in is IT), ;ij'.t,.M(). | Ai.i.KV, II sea-jiort, ( hn-kmiinniinshire, i Scotland, near the tiiMiith of the river into the Kirtli of I'nrth. Hire is u eii-toin house, iiii'l an cxrcll.'nt .Iry ilmk, iiiiil it> liaihm-.r is the resurt iif all tin; eniil ve^-u'ls in the ni'ij;hh.>nrhi'Oil. It lias ii fjlnss-lidnse, two • lisiilh'ries, fuiil two hreweries, tlie prtnliieo "f which is in ^xreat repute. Near the town ' is II finver yo ft. in li(i;.'ht. with walls II ft, ill thickness. It is r»() miles \V. N. W.of Ivliii- bur>;h, on the Sl;il,n':, Ae., railway. Ai.M.v, a rivir ( -i the W. M.h- nt the rrinieo, relchraU'il lor iv \ictory u'aoieil hy the allii'il I'reneh iinil I'.n^-li-h "ver the Ku-shiaiis near its in.Mith, Sept. '.'0, I8."i4. Ai.m\i>i:n i>i: [,\7.i)(<\y., ivtown of Spain, in Maiieha, lanioiis (or its rich mines of ii.ercury, Ac, 4:) miles S. W <>' Cinihiil lieiih Ai.MA!>i:.v i>r. I. A Plata, n town of Ppain, in Aiiilnlii>:i:i, on the river Cuhir, ;54 miles N. hy I-:, of Seville. Ai.MAN/A. n town of Spain, in M'treia, re- markahle (or the victory j^aiiied hv the French imil Spanianls over the allies, in 1707, when tJi'i.st of the I'^njilish were killeil or taken, haviiij; heen iihaiiilnneil hy the PortiiL^ncie Imrse at the lirst ehar^^'e. It is now a well- hiiilt niid loleriihly ll^lllri^hiIll,' town of 7<)00 iiihaliitiints, situate in ti fertile plain, on the frotitiersiif Valencia, rK"j miles S. W.of Xativn, anil »)•.> N. of .Murciii. hong. I. 10. W. lat. 3S. 4S. X. Ai.MAZAUKow. atownofSpain.infirannila. It i.s iin iiiiliistridiis iilaet", huth the lain! ami »ea iitlorilinj» oi ciipation. From the niimher of ruins tliieovereij in the vieimty, it is siip- poseilto have Wen an important Carthapinian ■cttlctncnt. In the hill uf Almazarruw, silver ore'' oeeiir. iitiil (rem th" hill .San Chri-tohaL alum iscxtracteij, iind the red earth, nlmnzm, which is used fir nihhinij merino sheep, pili^liini^ mirr'irs, ami n ixinj; with the red rappee ^iiinlV of Seville. I'np. ahoiit .'lODU. y\i,Mi lOA, a f irtilied town of I'l.rti ;.m1, in Heini. It Wii.s taken hy tiie Freneli, iifter ii slmrt sif^L'c, in 1^10. who arterwards demo- lished the fortilieations. It is situate on the river Ciia, and near the, Imrders of Spain, 18 miles N. K. of (liiarda. Top. (.000. AiMKUiv. ft sea-jinrt tn'AU of Spain, in Craimda. I'n ler Imth the Unmans and the Miiors, it was the [^riind port of tratlie with Italy and tlie I'.as;, and one of the richest inaimf.ietiiriii;; towns. Under its Moorish iiilependent chief, Ihn Maymiim, it was ti perfect Al^'iers, ii jiiratie port, whns(> pajlcys rava.;eil the musts of France and Italy. It was taken hy the S|>.'iniards in 1117, ehietly hv means of the (lennese, who were anxious t I fthate this piratical nuisance. The .Moor- ish rnstle still remains, havin;^ heen repaired hy Charles V.; tiie ve^ti^res also of a ino'e, nnd of the dock yards, ronstrueted hy the Moors, may he traced. I?iit now it has no inole, no harhonr; the houses are small, and the town is altogether in a state of decay. Some little hustle, h.owever, is periodically rnnsed hy the steamers which cull here in their vovape np nnd down. It is a pood e\- ani|'le of the state of modern Spain. The I'oinmeree eon^ists in the produce of the lea I mines, and the exports of i;ra[ies and harilla, «hich ahoiind in the aiijacent plaiiss; a sint of aeaei.i, also, from wliicli n dye is made, flourishes here. It has a eathedral. I'op. under 20.000. Ai MissA, a town of D.ilmntia, famous for its wines. It stiinds at the fiot of a liiph rock, nnd at the mouth of the Cetin.i, 12 miles E. of Spaliifro. Ar.MoDovAn. a town of Portugal, province of Alentejo. Pop. nhont 2000. Ai MooovAU i>i;i. Tami-o, a town of Spain, New Ca>tile, a handsome town, at the fo it of the Sierra Moreiia, IS miks S. S. W. of Cindjid Ueal. Ai-MONDHinY, a vi'l,i;je W. 15. York -hire, seated on tiie Calder. 2 miles S. .S F. of Ilud- derslicld. It was the Campedonum of tho Homans, nfterwanl a seat of the Saxon kini;s, nn.l had once a castle and a eathedral. Ai.MfNKTAK, a town of Spain, in (Iranad.i, seated on the Mediterranean, with ft ;:o()d harhonr, defended hva stron;^ castle, 30 miles S. S. 10. of Alhama'. Lon|;. a. 4.'i. W. hit. ;JG. 40. N. Ai.NWK'K. a eonsiderahle town in Nor- thnnihei land, on the road to S-otland ; a place peculiarly fatal to some of the ancient S'ot- tish monarehs. Here Malcolm III., makiti" an inroad in N'orthuinherlaml, wa.s killed, Willi Fdwiird his son, and his iirin} defeated, hy Kohert Mowhray, earl of this county, in 109.1; and here too his great (•ranilson, Wil- liam I., ii.vudini; KnHlaml with an army uf tf A L r A L BCrKHMlU'Il, \V.l«('ll«'iMI)tt'H''l,lli»!»IIIIV InllN'^l, At.llKHl iilM'. !1 fi'^MI III II.IMl Ji«lii|(', « illl H Rtiil liiiii'x-ir in;i>l«' I'lioxttr, III 1IT4. 'I'lii> tiiiiikri I'll 'I'liiiio. Mini M iiiiiiitiiai'tino i>r lin- town ii|i|i«'iir< til liiiw hrrii liiiiiii'r'.\ lurliliiil, fvy*. Th tlir S. \V. i I' tln< lnw ii it ii )iii'c<' <•( fr>'iii itu' viviijii's III' :k w ill still to l-f ^ti ii m " uii-r, cnMiiii;; uli'iit ;!iHi m n«, whu li luiins orvrr.il j>;iif riviT Ittlmi It i» is luiliN N. I'l. •,lllln»t iiiiinv All I S Ii \M II h rtllil i s (iriiii iiiirnii'l liv II stiilrlv iilcl (ii'iliif It tiiWII; i>t Siilltliillll|it<'ll, III) i .'.7 \V.S.\V. ..f I...M.I1 A I V, l III. ipixini'i' II f 1- r.iiiic, now rastlf, til'' siMt "t t!io l>uk<' "I N'l'itliiinil . r- ili»i'lri| intu llic Ipl'ir lUnl I.«'\»«'r Kliiiir liiiul. It In Kt'Mti \ \V. fi'iii Kou.li'ii, ;i.l N.of Ni «iaj«tli, uiil I liiili Ai fiTiilc i^l.iii.l if Di 'iiiiMik. ill ill :!(; S. Ill IliTwii k. on r.ii bvajr. I.lltii' licit, lii-HU'iMl Sli'i\* 1. k iiii'l rum II. IIM) FI Ai.nsr, II town i>f H»li:iiitii. |in>\iinM' r,:i»t iiiili'> \V, of l'. lii.odo, 11 10 iin.lfis, (Ml ill!' iKii'lir, li.ill-\vii\ liiiwriii iliicl town iti Sitiili rliori; Hrii«;"ii.lMiiiiUi!ii lit. 1'<']k 14.(»(i7. It iswjuli il, Ai "i » 1 1>. u town of {„ riii.iiiv, with a cm- rliMii. iiii'l wi iiliiiilt ; it liiis a iMii«li I liiiii li, tli\ 12 iiiilcs I'",, oi M.iiluf. the lii ;t"'t 111 tli<; loimirv; 11 Ci.llrp', town- Al Hill I'A, II (own ol Suiilcii, in Siniil.iinl, hou**!*, aihl ntiiiirroiix 11:11 nufin'toru"* of Miri- lU'.ir «!ii< liu t'oi'l ininr w:is illx-oMTt'd in 1 7. 'is. oiis kiiiil!*. Siii.ill v^.■^^^ N roiiic (jniti' iiji to Aimkha. 11 town of Niiiilin. in tli<> Mo till' t >wti; if « coin merer is in itfiniiiiiiil.irtniiM. on tin- rnrrTiMTiio. :\:\ niili-s N. K. of Mm1i«c, •iiinn«, n* Imiu'il luri'. Al-iNAi'ii, iilowii of S>s ii/irlaiiil, in I'lnlrr- w'!iM>-n, si'iiifil nil an iiriii of tin' lake ol tin- Four (.'anions, C< niili'^i S. of I.nccin. Ai.rs. (from the ('i///<', -I//1, or .I//1, liiu'i/; B rlir.in ol inoiiiitains in Kiiropi', w Imli lir^Mi-. «t the I 111 it I f (ri'lioil, to I lie K. of Nici', ].a>>i'^ into Switz>'rl:iii'l, (lossfs that I'i'iiiilrv iiii'; 'JVrol, sijiaratis (iirinany fioin Italy, nini tiTininati"i at the N. I'lrt of tin' (inlf of Ve- nice. 'I'iiis jrrainl chain is sonietiiiies (liviilnl into two ( . Miore ri'ljreK. ranv;iiif; one l.y nnotliiT, with only narrow valleys lietwi'in; and the (liilirrii* portions ha\e ilistinct ap- poliati>ti«. a.s the .Mar.tiiin-, reiiiune, Lepon- tine, Ili'lvciian, Uhetian, Jiiliuti. 9iv, Tiny »re coiiipo»eil iif Ftnpetii|iiiiavsi-« mcr them, and thovf of liiijii'ult acce:)'. Swit/.eriand Ikik tho ceniriil jiart of these inouiitujns, and the valleys iM'twceii them. Tin? f.iiuniis Ilminihal attempted to croHs tlie Alps on the liide o( ri.dmon:. in the xviiiter t ij>..ii, wlnn he in- vaded Italy, and lo«t inovt of his e!..jihaiit>^ anions; tlnin. Tiny were pasted »«ci-e>h!iillv liy a iinmtioin rrcneli nriny iiiidi r t!ie com- luand of Napoleon Uiionaiiarte, in 1800. At r». I'lTiin. a departmint of Fiance, in- rlndiiifipart oft he late pro\ ince of J Jaiijiliiii',-. It is So ciiJli'd from its \iciiiitv to the inouii- tains of that innie. 'l"he capital is Kmlnnii. Ai.i's, 1.1 iWJit. n department of I'Viincc. in- , clildllli; pa .t of ilir late ]pro\ iiitc of rrovelice. ' Tlic capital is Dij^'tie. | Ai.rs, Maimiimk, a late (iepartment of Franco, including the county i,f Nice. The | capit:iJ is Nice. ' | Ai.ri-.wur.s. ]\'.^yh monntains in Spain, in Granada, near the Midit.rraiieaii. Thev arc 1 inhahited l.y the Mon-cos, who carefiillv ciil- tiyate the urotnid, whieli prodncco excellent wiiica and fruits. i Aisir.mv, a town of Ippcr Suony, '.» nii'c'' S S. \N'. of It. rnl'nr:^' Ai-rm:!!, a town of I'pp'T Saxony, in Thiirnii^ia, with a cattle, < |i (he. riv ulct It.ilie, s milc> W. I f (je,, rliiit. Ai St vi'T, a town ol .MoraNia, in the circle of ( ilmutr, near the tuiiirce of the Moraii, 35 miles N. N. W. of ( Hiiiiil/. Al sins-Mooi!, or AiiisroM, af.wn in ('iiiiiIm riaiid. with a maiks, a raiij^e of iiioiiiitaiiis, iiilerxeitin.: Asia from S. to N., conimenciiii; \V. of the Indus, ill \V. h>\n[. altoiit t'.S. and (Iiv/"r>;im» iioi'thwariU liV seVeial ridjfi-s to- wanls Kii^t (ape, in K. lon^. 17o. Al TAMiUA, a t"Wii of .NiiplcH, nt the foot of till' Ai't'iiniiH K, 10 miles N. F.. of (iniMiia. It in w iillcd. and has a mat'iiiliceiit cathedral, founded liv Frederic II, an le'vpital. and a lyceum, and n* one of the hainl.Home.si ami hest laiilt ttiwnit in the pniViiK-u. I'op. ahoiit III. lino. Ai rt'^nr, a town of i; i%aria, I.'! miles S.F„ of Nuri lllla!r^!. All v'TIs "t wi> id en to\ s 111 e iiiaiuif.ictiire.l 111 re. and exported to all pans of the World ; there are aNo colisidciaMe tirowcriet. The tdirronndinu eounliy ih U-un- tiliil and fertile. J'oji. 'i'MiO. Am knan, ft tow a 1 f Lower S;i\ony, in tho territory id' IJiiiii'-w iek, 8 mih* S of (io-l,ir. At. 1 1. Mi; no, a town 1,1' I'pper ,Si\"ii\, 111 MiMiia, cell hralod lor its tin iiiii.ci 'JO laileii ,S. of I >reMiell. Ai.ti;mii ito, a town rtlii' fuiHily n|' S^vn, Willi 11 tMsilc, l.( null s N.N.K. Ill' ( 'ol.liiit'/,. Ai.ri.r.'*ii\. II tii\Mi Ml' I'll iliTiiPiif, lirtwiiMi tlii'nviMNlJ.iirciimlSftirii.Miiilli's N. nf I'unii. AiiuiK' It, II t'lwii lit' |-'r:iii('«', ill till- ilf piirtiiu'iu ut° rpprr UliiiH'. nil III! finiiii'iii'i', Jii'iir I 111' sum If 111' till' riser III, 'j.") iiiili > S. (if t'lilinir. Alios, h t wti in Il.iiiip'-liin', u i;li ii ninrkct (in >Mtiirilay. ll li.is nnuitiliirl iili'i ul wiir>tri| NtiilK, iiinl rntiiiil the tiivMi arc |iliintaiiiins ul' lii'li-*. It 1, Htvitiij on till- Wi'v, -J.M III. K. N. I',. iirt:inic. It stainls j \ miles iiliiivc till- iiiutitli ul' till' Mis.xuiiri, aiiil lia.s the licst lainlinu' f"r sic.iiiiliuai-i uii liic M, Lank (lithe Mi'>.i«''i|iiii. (.'.>ai exists ill j^rcttt ulmii- ilaiiee near It. Ai.i'oNV, II city mill scujiurt uf r/>wor S.IXIMIV, in lliilstein. .leatcil un ilur I'AUr, cun- ti^iiuiisto llaiiilnir^^li. 'I'lic Danes Imiit it in this sitiiatiiin, tli it it iiiiL'lit rival I Iaiiiliur_'li in euinniercc. It was Imrnt liy the Swciles in 1712, iiiit lias I m lic.iiitifiilly n Imilt, ami ciilitaiiio 'jr., tiM) iiili.iliitaiits. It has ruiUvHvs til ( iltickstailt, KcinUliur^', mnl Kiel. Ai.rtntK, a tiiwii i>t" Fraiu'onia, in the tcr- rifury uf .Nureiiilier^j, with a univcrsiiy, U> miles S. !■;. ul Niircnilicrj.'. Ai.riHiK. ur .\i.ri)iiiti", a fuwn uf Switzer- laii'l, e,i|iilal uf tlic cantuii ul' I'ri. Mere are twii sluiie pillars, I.'lt) paces liuni eaeli uthcr, lit which ili>taiice Tell is sinid tu have shot the apple fruni his sun's lieail. This deliveriT of Ins euiintry iiveil at Hiiriih-n. near this place, niui his cuttajjc i.s cliani;cil iiitu n chapel, where mass is sulcmnly sanl. Alturf staiiils on t!ie lake i^t l,ii.'ern, near the iiilliix uf till! river Knss, 2ti miles S. K. uf Liieern. Ai.ruiNiiii AM, tn., (Mieshiie, market on 'I'lies'lay. Here are several iiiaiiiifactiires uf wursieil i> III (^ottun; uiiil iiitich fruit and ve- t;etiv(>lcs iiro sent hence to M incliester. It is seated near the Duke ul Hridj,'ewater's Can ll. .IK miles N. K. uf (Jiiester, and ISO W. \V. uf Luiidiiii liy niilwiiy. Ai.rrN-iiri'Ki. a town uf Asiatic Turkey, tile capital of Kiirilistan, and the residence of a pacha. It is siiiiate un the river Altiin, whi ll lluws into the Tiu'ri^i, .'id miles S. K. of, Mil-Ill. Luii_'. 44. .'JO. Iv lat. .IV 4") N. Al.VA UK TollMI S. .S.>' .\l.liv m. ToKJIKM. ' Ai.v vitAi'O, a river of Mexico, in the pro- viiico of Vera Cm/;, which rises 40 miles | iihove the town of Cordova, and flows N. K. \ till it enters the (iiilf of Mexico, at a town of the same name, ,'l(> m. S. I'j. of '"era Cm/.. Ai.TAUADO, a town and harhmir of Mexico, | at the inmttli of the preecdiiii; river. It was hero that the Americim forces landed in 1847, in proootidin)^ to the campaign against Mexico. . Ai,v\.sr(»v, a villai.'0 in Giuucestirshirn, 8 miles N. liy K, uf llri-ful. On iIk; tup uf t\ hill, near llie .Severn, is a ruiiiid camp, called Oldliiiiy, where »everal mitinuities have been dii;4 "p. Ai./ii!\. or .\r.iii!\. a iiMjiiiIuii,! tuwn uf Spain, ulmh ha'^ a irieal Ir.nie in -ilk. ll is smrniiiidi'il liy the /near, 17 miles S. id' Va- lelli 111. Ammiav, ur lIvMAHAN, a tuwn of I'ersia, ill Irae ,\jemi. Here are many .lews, who al!t"_'e that the tumhs i>\' .Murdicai and l''.-tlier lire III the place which serves them lor n synaifuirue. Amadan is a very mieient < iy; un iis site, or near it, the m,iieiif l'',eliataiia is siip|iiisei| tu liaM' stuuij. It is said tu have lieen di -triiyed tiy .Neliiiehadn /,/.ar, and re- hiiilt hy Darius, who lirmmht hither all lii<4 riches. It is situate to the N. of the upper riad fruni llu^rdad tu Ispahan, ahont I'l miles iVuin Kelii^'hey. It has euiisiileralilt> manii- f.ietiires of leather, mid contains ahout 40,ihii( iiihaliitants. Amaui v. a town of .\siatie Turkey, in Kur- distan, t;iiverned by a hey, seated mi ii Iiil'Ii inouiitaiii, 40 miles S. K. of Gezira. liOii^,'. 41. ;».-.. K. iat. .'IT. 'JO. N. A.mak. or A.MA<;i-;ii, an island uf nerimark, on which part (^( Cupenliii'.'en, called Cliri-r- iiuishafcit, is litiilf. It is eii:lit miles luiii.', and fuur hr'ad. and separated from Zealand liy a narrow climinel, over which are two liridp's that communicate with Cojienhayen. It is laid out in ^;ardens and pastures, and siiiiplies Cupeiiha>;en with milk, luittir, and ve;:etaMes. Am\i., a town of Sweden, in Guthliind, withaLT'iud liarliuur un the lake Weiiner It has a i^reat trade in tinihcr, deals, and tar; and is I' a miles S. W. uf I'psal. Amai.ki, asea-|)ortuf N.iplcs.in I'rinriimto Citerioro, and an arclihishop's see. l-'lavio (iiuia, who is said to have invented the mari- ner's compass, hut really only the iinpruver, was a native of this town. It is seated on the N. W. side of the (iulf of Salerno, \;\ miles S. \V. of Salerno. J^oiig. 14. 4r». E. iat. 40. '2». N. Am AMI, Sr.. n tnvni of France, in tlie de- p.nrtment of Cher, near the river C'licr, 21 miles S. of noiir;:es; it is tlio most cominer- I'ial town in the department. Amani>, St., n town i4' Fnuice, in the de- partment of Nurd, with an .ilihey; seated on tile Scarp, 7 miles N. of N'aieiu ieiiiies. It is eelehrated for its mineral waters. Amantka, a sea-])iirt uf Najiles, near tlie liay of Kiifemia, 20 miles S. W. of Cosenza: near it are hot spiiiiics. Amai*ai.i,a, a sea-jiort of Guatiniala, in Nicaragua, seated on an island on the W. side of the entrance of llic Gulf of Fonscea. Lon^r. 8S. :w. W. Iat. l.'l. 10. X. AmAUAIMRA. See U.MMKRArfKinA. Amasia, or Ama.sieh. a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, tiie birth-place of Strabo, the geographer. It is thecapital of a province, A .M i; LJ A M !; w liit'li |irat('il (Ml the l"a*a!niack. wliit h fall- min till' lilai k Sea, :Ji) iiii:i'< N. ot '1\hs\1. l.nni:. •M.'Jf'. v.. laf. •!(». ;U. N. Amvnkiii, a (".'a-iH'if town. ra]>ilal <' S.;. M. una, oiuMif till- ! iiiiaii I>!aiiil>. i\i'ar tlir N. K. cMionitiy. It is >tr<>!t^r!y licfcndcil I y n cn.otlf niui i\ Vnt; tlif fnwn i> imanly Imilt, jiriiiciiially ol v.v>.|, (.win;; to tin- iircviilcncc cf canli([uakts It i< tin- ic^iili nee i>t' the C'vcinur. atiil a tircik hisli'ip. 'Ilitii- a'c (■xtcii>iM' In^-oons ..n tlic N. Ixtnc ii tlic town ami llic ca.^-llo, wlii.-li roininuiiicat*' liy a causeway on ari-ln's. I'up. fiOnu. Amazon, or Maiianon. a rixcr of Soiitli Anu lira, w hid), «ith i!'* ti ilmtaius, iRO(>n-.i- wuild. Itt.ik(« itsnanic at ili.' jiim lioii (f tin- 'riin;:ur;mi!V, < r Marano'i, \>hi(li i>Mii s tioiii tlic lake I.airi- nnha, ill !'( in. in lat. Id. !.".». S., ainl tl:c Uoayali. f rnn'd tiy streams wlii( Ii liu". !• \-vrU tvaciMl to the li'tli ami IStli .li ;;rc('S of .S lat. Tli(>»i' twit :.:roat and navi^-aMo rivers iinii" on tli.' iDiitiiiis iif I'lT", Mini form 'In- in.rii and uninti-rniiiicil stnam i>f tlie A "a/':n, wliiih. niniiiii;,' lasiwiir.l nnTo than l('"> mill's, tlun takes . ni^ro N. ilir-riiuii. nn' liaviii^ ri(( i>eil tlio watcis of liillii'ilo ronnt- less ami iiavi;:a!ile tii'Milary ••ticatns, f.ilK into the At!a:ii:e ! y iniiny elianiicls. J-'.l- l.iwin^: .ill its wiiiiliii^-, it i-- e are in in'"it jiarts ijiiknuwn. It has Ipccii tia\i;;at'-ii to its emdltu nee with tlic riicliile.i, iM-twecii i. nini rtirrcnt is peiitlc; and by the K.(.> N'cl'I". ''tie of ils liraiiclies. it CDininimicatcs with the ("a«>>i- (|iii.iri, >vlii'li fiUt into the ( )ri>oniiko. Tl «• iii.in.iti aiiij tortoise alioiiiiil u'oti;; flic liank-. of tins river and its tnhaiaries, \\ hicli also swarm with alliu'ati.rs. lliis ini^riity ri\«r wii'i ili^eovered by tbc intrejiid traveller Orel- !;uui, who, ill a (rail cr.itl, deKeeiuliil the Am:i/.f"n (iMtn the ni'>mitaiiis of IN rii to its nii'iitli, in !.'> tl. AMitA-( ii>iii:v, a "-'ik in .V'ly^situa. of a ui'iit |irodii;i"iis htcojineiK, aliii-ist iMipr--.:- liabi •. The Kthioiiie |iri:./e« were turiiierly b.;iii>licd Intlier by their fiithcr*. that llicy ini>:hi not attenijit anyihin;;ajainst the state AmI'Kiio AiK, an important statinii on ; <■ N rth .Ni'dliiid J{ailwny fr'Hii I)i rliy to She!- fiiM. Ikr., i(i^ miles from hirby. Amiikiio, a forfilieii town oi ISavaria. w ith at-tnui;; ciistlp. 'I'hi! nia;:nilic('iit cliun h of Jst. Martin roiitnins many Keaiiiiful painri' ,'s Hid etirlositie'i: aiidthemint i.s esteemed "tif of the line>t biiililinL-s of tiie kind in(Ici. tnany. In 174.f, it wr.i taken by the An-- triaiis, and in K'jC, by tli.- Krein h. It is (icalrd on the ri\cr llli., (jt WilN, on the eon- lines of the pnnripaiily ot ."^ultzliaeh.4() mib'S K. (jf Nnreniber;' l^mj;. U. 48 K. lat. 4'.i. 27. N. Pop. SOod. AjMUEUr, a town of I ranee, in the ilntarl- mov.t of I'ny de Di'ino. 'I'Ikto are nuinerniH paper makers in ils vieinity, and it lias a trade in coarse laeoj", camlels, ferrets. &e. It is M ated in a beautiful i alley, on the ri^r I)oi(', a I miles l'",. (if Issoire. A>nii.KJ«ii>K,ti^wn >>f West morel ;ind.>f at. d- in;.: on the lite ul a Iviinan ( ily. cailc.l />ii fii<, w th a market (.n \V( ■liie.-day. lb re is a inannlai lure of w i'i>!li n i l.ilh. It is .sealed on t!ie Koiiia. n.'a, ilic head of WiinU'rmen ■ "at(r, \.\ mile." N. W. '•! K( ndal, and »'Tt> N. N. NV. (d LoihI. n. A'Miii r.n.rsi:. a seaport of Kianee, in the lb i irinieiit of I'as (le Cahi;^. dtl.iiiUd by a I..il!riy. At this port (iv^ar ( inbarked bis cavalrv when he passed oxer iiiti- Kn^'lMid; and here .lames II. lamU'l on liis deparrni! from I'.n^'land, in lf>^S. II is seatcl on t'c I'nulisll eh:niiiel. fi mib s N. ol Ibuiloj^lie. Loir.'. 1. ;'.i'.. I"., lat. .'ic. 4:<. N. Avncis.', a |..wn "f TiaiK <•, in the depart • meiit of '.oe Indre and I.i.ire. The tnwn m mean and ill-bnjit; but has been nndcrcl t.itnoiis in history, by the conspiracy of ihn llii.'iieno' . in I'.t'.O, x\lii(h opmdl the fatal ri li^'ioiis wars in Kraiiee. Ibre I.oiiii XI. instituted the ord( r (.f St. Muhail; il \\a.s nNo the birtii-place of the p . f .le-iiil C in- minc. and where Charles Vlll. .lied. Ii is («c.ite(l at the eonllllriice of the M.issee with tlic I/>ive. I'J mih s i;. bv N. of Tmrs, and 11'' S. by \V. ..f I'aris. Amii('i>(., a t. wii mi llie n.Tth coast of tho I-laiid of Hollieo. It i» Miiroundeil by loflV liilln, which are Miniioiinted by an imp"siIl^; peak. Kini Halii. I3.fi".m ft. liiih. '1 he port, wli'cli iseXeellcTlt. has not yet been fr((pieii led by Knn.p. ans.— I.it.ti. It".. N.loii;,'. I lO. UO. 1'.. Amikit. .^r I'l mil Amiov A^iii.'YNA, nil iviai.d of the Moluccas, in tlic Indian < tceaii. It is .''16 iidIc.- in lin;;tli from N. to S. an.l dixal.d on the \V. side by a lar;:e hay, into two ji.irts; the lar^'est of which israllc'l Iliion, and ihcothcr I.euiinor. 'I'lie face of this island is b.aiild',1; woudy inoiintni'i iiid verdant pla:ns bein^' inter- (iperk'-d •,( (h hand, t^, and ciiiiibel by cul- ti\alion. 'I'lie thief products are (dovt'V, iintini j.'s, »n;.'ur, eoll'ee, iiml many (hdicioim fniit*. but more .specially cloves. The piin- cipal animals are deer and wiM b. u's. The Ktif'Ii^h ainl JiiHch ha. I f.icton.s Ik-p at tlu^ be;.' in II I II u' id" the I Till ctiilnrv ; hut the |)iit( h cvp.Ileil the K!i;:!i«h. aiei t.Tliiinl ainl | lit I I diMth many o! them. They are i:enerally M.iljoiiietaMs; but there are soiiie ChriHiian* anioiif; them. This inland whs taken by tlio l'",ii;.lish in I rye. aii'l restored by tin- treaty of Amiens in lMi2; rei i,|iiiired n IMO, ami a'_'ain rcMored lo the Uti;. h by the treatv ut I'ars in ls|4, an.i c nlirmed in ls'.>4. 'I'h'r chief town IS of the «amc name, iie.atly built, and stamU near the S. W. extremity. Fort j Vieloriii is in loii^'. I'.»S. I.'.. K lat. a. 4 '. S. Amiihosi:, St., an is'ai.d on th •• i a^-t of f'hili, l.'i iiiilcM W. from St. F. W. I:if. "C, i:i. S. AMninM, (i)ii' " till' \i<\v III I'l i !(■■;, in t!ic ''.icitic nc(iiii, "n iniii'M ill circuiiilfri'tiL'i'. I-iTi;:. ir,!i. ij i;. ; . \\\. m. x. Amv.i'Miai'. fir AuMM'M'M", II lity (if; IIilli|'i'i|;ii; ; l!ic r;i|iit:il (■!' (lilZclMt. Tlli" w.illf lire iiiili-s in circumfcrciii-i', lunl I'nn- tain twi'lM' ;.';itis; Imt H'iw imt a iinmtiT "f till- nrca !■< inhaliitiil. 'I'Ih" tnD^^iiin' anil t'linli «'!' tin- runniicr. 'I'.uay Ahiiu'il, nro Imilt nl' Stiipi' anil iii:iililc. tlic last of (■xi|;ii-.if(' wmk- iiian-ililp. It wa< fak<'n liv 'Jcncral (Jnililaiil. in 17Sf), (ruin tin- rminali Malirattax, to wlioni it was rcstnrcil iri 17H.'!. It i-; scafi'il ill 11 li'vcl c.iiin'r/, mi a iiaviirati'i' ri\('r that Cillers till' (Ji.if (if ('atiiliax, .'ijil inil''< N, nf l!..i;il>ay. Lmii^. 7".'. 'JT. V. lat. '.'.'l. IS. N. AMr.i>NA(.fU,iicityanil tnrt of iliiicloust iii, o'lci- the capital of the S'iii!)ali ( Ihi" Dii'can anl tho Carnatir. In IStt.'i it wa"* taken l>v tlii' Ilr.tisli nrmv. mtvIit (icnera! Wdli'sley. (MOW Duke nf SVe!' .n:' .n.) it is 7.') miles N. V.. of I'liiinah. I.m:;;. 7.'). 0. Iv lat. 111. 10. \. Ami. IN Ml Ml. a town of f F'Tvlnsf.in, in La- hore. ■*.") iiiiies N. liy \V. of Lahore. Ami i.ia, an islunl on the coast of I'a»t rioriila, l.'J miles Imi;; nml 2 hroail; extenii- iiitr.'ihout Smiles from the continent, hetueen the rivers St. M.iiy ami Na.»>'iau. It is mtv fertile, anil has ii town with nn oxeellent harlioiir, (Fernamlini, now inmh ileelineil) nt it-i north iiiu. i.<>ii;:. S-'. d. W. Lit. ;!i). 4.-. N. Ami'LIv. the ancient .\mkri*,ii town of It.ily, veateil on ii nioiinfain ii. tweni the 'I'iher mill Nirii, 20 miles S \V. of Spoleto, ami 4.^ N.(.t Iv .me. If was the liirth-pl.iee of Sexttis Hij^iiu>, the celelr.iteil come'lian. Ami I. IV, an inlaml I'onnty of Viru'iaia. Pop. 10.:i2ii. 'I'iie eoiirf-hoii^e of the county is .^S miles \V. S. W. r)f Kiehinoii'!. Ami.ni.v, II town of the riiifiil States, in New York, M irMe, tna^jnetic iroii-ore, uml (■line mineral spring's, are fonml here. 20 tn. I',. .N. K. from I'oiijlikcepsie anil 70 m. S. tiy v.. from .\lhany Po].. in IWIO. 2.17'.i, Amuku'a, in its nil' i comp'"ehi'nsive sen^e mill present aeeepi itioii, may lie coiisulerfil Bit eomprisim; hall of the tcrr-strial j^lolir, or the whole of the westiTii hemis|)here. It has heen usual to speak of America ns cmi- Mitiitinu one of the f nir i|narters, or four ^'laiiil il I visions of the ^lolie; hut it is e(|ually liiatiT lor surprise as weU .,> (or regret, tliut i the we«ti rn lieii:is|iiiere shotilil so loii^' have ' re"viineil suhjei't t' . Musiiomer so ohvioiis, , ami A lk•^i^;nati(>^ m nappropriate iiml in- 1 ilefiiiite. Kecent revcarclies in j)aiiisli lit- erHture liuve hroiiirht to li)_'lit tin- fact, that America was visiteil loii;; l)e('iire its re- discovery by ('olnmlitts. 1 1 is proved that Uiu Norlliiiiun tiritt discoreruil thin coiitineiit in the year OsJO. mii) vislfeil it for more tlrui t".vo centuries aflcrwanis. (Jreenlaml was coloiiizeil hy Krik Itaiiile. an Iceiamler. alioiit (he commencement of the lOth eentiirv : ami one of these colonists, licif, visited the Continent of >i'or(h America, and nameil (he (listric(s of II; lliil iiid. M.iiklMinl. and N'iniand, the last hcin;: the present territory of the I'liiteil States; many other partivulars and deseriptioiis arc .still preserved. Dnriiifj (lie i'_'norance of the middle n?es, these dis- coveries were tot.iliy for;;otien, and not re\ived till tin! jiresent century hy the nntiqiiaries of ('opcnha'^'cn. It has also been lately eliiifed fh.it if.s western shores were known to the .lapinese and ('liinesc in the s eoiid century. This fact has heen emhodied in their histories, and of which there can he no douht. The western hemisphere airaiii hecanie known to I'.iirope in the year \vy\ of fhe( 'hristian. i;i,when ('hristoplurColumhns, u native of ( ieiioa, who, from a loni; and close application (othestiiily ofr;eo;rra]>liy and navi- p It ion, had olit.iined a know lei l^re o( the tlirme of the earth, much snjierior to the ^reneral no- tions of the np' in which he lived, in order 1.. it tlie 'crra pieous plohe mi;;ht he properly haliineeil, and the lands and seas jiro[ior- ti^ned to ear'h other, was led to conceivf* tli.ir iiiiotlier Continent exi'teil. Ilavinfr fully sa(isticd himself of the truth of this system, he heeame impatient to reduce it to practice, and accordinuly laid his scheme hefore tho semiti; ot'denoji, niakintc his native cm ury the (irst otfer of his services. They, however, rejected his proposal as the dream of a ehimerieal projector. It met with the same fite at the courts of I*oitii;.ral, Spain, and I'.n'.'land, and some of the other Kuropean powers ot'less note; hut, still undiseourajred, he applied airain to the court of Spain, who were at lenu'th induced to tit out n squadron ot three small vessels, f)f which C'oliiinhus wa.s made admiral; and with these he set ecotid voyap- he discovered many moro ot the West India islands; and in a third ho attained the ercnf oliject of his anihitlon, by diseoveriii); the southern division of the con- tinent, lu'ar the mouth ot the Oroonoko. .•Vnioii^'st the crowd of new advent ers who now t'ollowed from all jiarts of Kiirope, was one Atnericiis N'espueius, a Flon-ntine, who, with miieh art, and somedeeroe of elej;ance, drew up an Hiiiiisinjr history of his voyai,'e, in wl'ieli he insiiiii;.teil that he tirst discovered what is commonly called the continent of tho New World. This bein;; publislied, niui read with admiration, the country at hir^ie wius, from him, called Amerini, thou;:h it is now well tiiiilerstood that Cloliimbus wils the first discoverer.' The celebrity o(' C^olumbus iwA Americus Vespueiussoonresonn('edthrou^;h- out ull Kurupe, inspiring mitubcrs of adv«>i>« A M E 26 A ME tnrprn to witness the fruits of their discoveries. Aiiuiii: thereat, (ii()vanni(iiili7lh ilcj;. of N. hit. On a sceMinl voyage, in the fcllmvin^; year, in a ship t'iir:ii>hrii liy the ivin.:. aeeiinpanifil by four small harqnes jirovi'.inned l)y tlie niercliants of Bristol, uiiilcr tlie ilirertion <^f (liovaniii's seeoml son. St'hnstian. (who liail bf tn l>orn in Bristol, henee the rlaim of the northern division of the western hemisphere havinj; heen diseovered hy an Knplishman,') th-.-v diseovered the islanil of Newfoundland in ^f. lat. about 47. ami coaj:(ed sonilnvard as far as Klorid.u Caltot made a thirii voynire to Newfoundland in l.'iO'J. In 1.M9. a hody of Spaniariis, under the eomntiind of Corter-. biniled at Vera Cru/.. nod diseovereil the populous district of Mexico. In l.'i'.M. the Freneh sent an expedition, which traversed the co.iJit from the lat.cpf 'iS. to ')0. N. France, Spain, and Kn^rland cacli sent successive ex- peditions to North Anil riea, nmi made ' atti'tnjits to estjiliiish setllcmcjits; tmt sonn- ' iueeesstuUy, that it is believed, tlint at the | commeneein'Mit of the 17th century, not n! ■iiiK't' I'.uropeau remained north of Mexico. • In lfi08, renewed etforts were m.-ide liy England; since when, the exti'iit, features, ' population, anil productions of the whole of the western iieniis|ilierc have jiro^n-ssively bt-en developed to l.urope. America, or the western hemisphere, is sub-divided by nature ; into two prand divisions, north and soutfi; Very distitut in eharai ter and feature, eon- ■ neelcd with each other by a strapi-lin;; extent of territory, stretching' from about the Hilt to the i:.th ilci:. of N, lat. The northern division extends fiom the polar regions to the l.'>th d.^. of N. int., the more northern part, as far as lat. ."VO., ex- ten iin^: from .ilMiut the r<(,;li to the I^oth deir. of \V. loni:.. and nl l:\t. fi,*). as fir VV. as 168 of lon^'. From the .Witi to the .'ioili dr^r. of lat. the <-osintry assumes a vitv pompaet form, extendini; at the N. from about the O'ind to the I'-Mth dejf. t>f long., (rradually eonver5;iu)» sontherlv, and at lat. 30exlendiu>; otdy from ai>out the x\''i to tin; ll.')th dev.'. (»f lon^. at about tiie .'VJlll itc;;. of N. lat. Ttie jrriat (lull' of .Mexico liounds the land from about the 8(Hh to the 'J7th dr;;. ol loti^:., the Land eoiiver(.'inj; into a promcuilory •>( about 10 dej;. at the N., cx- teiidiu^ S. to the ehaitt whi.-li nnitex the Tiorlheri! with the ^'r!iii«. 4.'>. to the month of ("olumbia river, which falls into the Nortli I'acitie Ocean in N. lat. 4(>. \V. loni:. 124. the distance is about '2'iW. The ni>rthern p.irt of this jjraud divi- sion of the western henits|>liere is indented by Hudson's Bay, which extends from the line of the Arctic circle, to the .'ilst ib",;. of N. l.it. and, in its extreme breadth, from the iSth to the f vast exte'if Athapescow, and the Slavo Lake, (the latter of cn-at extent.) disehar^ro thrir Wiiiers into the Icy Si-a; WinnifX'p. and several of lesser extent and note, discharj;o their waters into Hudson's Bay; whilst Su- perior, Mudiipan, Huron, I''.iie, Ontario, ami ''liamjdain. ln-twieii the latitudes of 42 .iiul 48. N. di^char^e their waters by the trreat river St. Lawrence into the (Julf of St. Law- rence, ill the hit. of .'lO. N. and W. Ion;;, aliont 6.'). the western extremity of Jjiki' Superior bi U\K in lonp. about 92. lunumerablo streams of wati-r intersect the countrv in nil directions, which, by unions, form thcmselveii into !iohle rivers, several of which run into Hud.son's Bay, whilst those S. of the p-eat chain of lakes and the St Lawrence, run a cours<' from N. to S. or S. K. rdliuu into the Atlantic ( k-ean. Takin^; them in order from N. to S. the most ptiiUiinent are, St John'.s, the I'enoltscot, KeiielK-clc, Androseo(:j;in, I'lsrataipia, .Merrimac, Connecticut, the Hud- son or Noitfi Uiver, Delawan-, Susnic other rivcr.s of less note, run a cour«e diu- S. lallini^ into the liulf of Mexico. West of the A!lej;nny mountains, iiinnnier.ible other streams have their source, formiii)' auoilier collection of noble rivers, tho ino!ii imiiortiint of whu h are the Ohio and Tenne>«ee, runnini^ from K. to \\\ the Mis- souri, Kan7.a«, and Arkansas, and the Bed U'.ver, rnnnin;; fn-m W.to K., nil of which fill into one LT.in I channel, lalled the MissisNippi, which hiL"* its source about the 47th tlen. of N. lat.. ninninj; a cmitse nearly due .S., lallinu; into the (Julf of Mexico in lat. V'.». 5. N. and 89. 8. \V. liMijf. The Kio .lei Norte, or Bio Bravo, another noble river, has its itouret) westward of the Arkansas and l^ d Rivers, in N. lat. aliiiit 4'J, and fails into tlie Oiilf of Mexico in N. hit. 26. W. lonj:. 97. J'j. On tha western coast, the (■olmnbiu and Colorado ora the only rivers of importance, and they an- not eonniderabie; the first falls into the raeitie Ocean in N. lat, about 4.^. and the other into the (Julf of California in N. lat. Hl>out S2. A r«dj:e of mountains ruuu parallel with tha we»tern conat, the wholo exteut of tha N. ti7 Tl « !^ W % ¥ I / I Jj f' fiiinly to cxU'ii'l, more or loss, thronnlioiit ' |u) whole of the, I'olvnt'.siiin i>Lintls, remlor lio iiypotliesis ^ooil, tiuit the popuLuioii !iuN een UeriTcJ in tin emterlj/ diroction from I I'mut SiaiM ..,.; nr|iiiWii-..l WMhiiiKton..! H.OSa.ltM Mftin. U^puMie..' M.iir.. , 7,(i«7,0flO »»unllin«'« '■ ll.-|i'il.lic.j S. SKU«aor ..| a.OflO.OOO Viintuii ; lupuhiic. M.T,r J«r .'•'««< ' ■* • t \ ' ''^-: I (, .. ' •'.. «.' ''It..,, ' '' '••f/.««| t ,.4«.., «,.,.«/ ■ N ! ■A(i imi ^^f ^m V.i» ""ill It..!, ^fcl. I . „..ii.i.|. \\. V"- I'j' ' . 1 : . . . , u . . . .i f $ 'i 'i; II the -xm.; r,!'m ''^^'^■.^^ tl-fal.n,r,ua,nN.lat.ut>,H.t32. A we lenul«cut n>tT, >.h.ch falls „ao ,1,0 w«tcrn cuwt, the whole exteut of the N. "il A M I- 27 AME ''":. di\i'Mi. fiMin flic jviiiiti.f ilic priiinniifdry S. in lilt. I.'>. Id till- liii. friiiii till' '.tJlli Id tlio l'J2iicl Df I'.'.'Jnl iif lull;:., ';* mill alumt lit dc::. iVmii the wcsutii cuiist or slmri'iil ilif riicilif Dci'iiii; this riil;.'i', wiiiili . 5 Ciirilil- Icriis, luiil, nmri' muliit ily, the lim L_v Mmin- taiiis; tlio ;:n.Mti'>t altiliith' is in N. hit. iihuiit 19, wluri- tlio rD|i"CiitipLll isMics fiiiili vdI- caiiic iTii]iiiiins nt ii ln'i;;ht nl 17.720 It. ut)i>\e the h'Vi'l nt tlu' si'ii. Aniiihir raiii^'c ot'inniin- tuiiis runs |i;iiiillrl with the I'M't'iii (ir Atl.ui- tif I'oa-l, Irniii iilioiit flu' .'l.-itji tn the 4.')lh di'^f. of N. hit., iiivfr;;in^; iniD several ilistimt snil |iar:illi'l riil(;i's,iliM|;iiatfil the IJiuc.'l'u^- >caripra, iitiil Alli');'"'y inoiintMiiis, nnil ihi; •-.^sLaurt'l anil ('iu-snut ri'lj;<'s; ami ci'llcctivrly tiny arc lalh-.l tho Alli%'any; the u'ViMlct allilii.ii' (hirs n.'t fXi'ceil 4Uiii" It. ai>.cri.ii|s |>ri'viiiiis|y stati'il. it was t'oiiiiil, to th.' N.i.rthi' :)'itli (Ifj;. of hit., to he tliinly p<>|iiihitt'il with iiihahitants, ami, exi->[>t the E.Mluiin.iiix at till' ninrc nuriliiTii jiart, jius- »fSMii;4 mn' i'iiinini>n charaitiM'. aiiil s|iiMl>iM;; Oiii' ("1111111111 lan;^UML;c, thiiii^;h SDini'whal varieil ii: ilialect. In inTson, tall ami \\y\\- {trn]iortiDiii'il ; fiMiijilcxi^u C(iii|Kry, with oiiir. .>>irai^ht, atnl .snniiwliat eD.ir>e, hiark hiiir ; locali/.cd intu v:irMins trihcs or i'diii- jiiimitii's, nunc d!' wli'Mii wcri' I'minil Id have niaili- any, ur very liitlc. |ir.i;;rcowcrliil and luimrr- ous nations, exist iiuw as historical rciiicin- braiiccs. Of tlnir .iri|;in no trace or vcstiu'i', either tr-nlitimial or hi'turical, has as yet b«'cn discovered; hut iVoin many similarities in manners, customs, rchL;ious ceremonies, Kiid peciihiirities ol lan^iia);o, of the ancient Peruvians and Mexicans, an I some of the moileni trilies, winch iiiav he almost identi- fied with th'isoof the Malays, Indo-t'hiiie.se, ■ml MDn:;iilians, ami which are fnuiid cer- tainly to extend, more or less, tlirou^ihout tlie whole of the I'.ilynesiau islamls, rentier the hypiithe.si.s ui.od, that the po|)iilatioii ha.s l^n (Icrircd in an f^itterly diroclion from the older countries iind people of Asiatic ori;:iii. Nurilierly. frum I he .'}i)ih de^. of hit., thia division ot the ui'stcrn liemis|ih(^re contains no very reiiiai kalile iniluial teatiires, either ofaspict or j)riii|iictii)n-i, animal, niiiicr..l. or vemtalile, liivoml the liwrs and iiiiiiintain.S iilvi ady dcsenlied, exce|it the l.ilU of Niai;ani, and the m.liual hridp! in N'ii^jiiiia, which will 111' t'liimd detailed tindi'r those lu'ad.% and a few animals, especially the heaver, pienliar to the l.ititmles of 4.") to 4S, in tlii.s lieniisphere. Ill the )dailis hetweetl the Allc'j.iny and limky .Mmiiitaiiis, fit.ssil hones ofaniiiiaN have heeii fnuiid, tar exceeding in dimeii>i"ns ihnx; of any kmnvn animal at piesiiit t'xisiiiiL', or tliat have ever been toiind in any part ot' tlie eastern hcnii'-phere; neither tin? elephant, lion, tij^er, leopard, p.iniher, nor hya'iia, have heeti toiind in the mirilurn divisinn, hut in the more iinrtliern part, hrar-i, wolves, fixes, ami a variety oi smaller animals ahouml ; the feathered ami vei,'etahlc kinirdoins are various and ahuiid- anr, hut exhiKit nothing reimirkatile. In the rivers .S. of the .'J5th dep. of N. lat. tho alli'_'ator is common. The prnimmtory S. of the ;!otli de;r. "f N. hit. exliiliits mole sub- limity t)f a>pe't. variety and riclmess of pro- duction ; which will he found more particu- larly elneidateil niider the head of ^Iexieo. The northern division of tho western lieniisphere is at present divided into three trreat p.irts ; \i/,. 1 ^t. N., under the dominion oftiicat Hrifaiii, which p.irt extends S. from the ley Sea and pi-lar reuioiis, to ahout tho 4.Stli di')^. of N. hit., suhdiviiled into seven proviiK'e.s or territories: viz. Nova Scotia, New Hriinswiek, Catiida Lower and I'pper, Lahrador, -New Smith Wales, and the N. W. territorv, 2ml. the centr.il jiart, t'roni the hoiimlaiy of tlu^ Hriti-h territmies on the N., to the (iiilf of Mexico S. and W. from the .\llaiuie Ocean to ahout the lOOtli de;:. of \V. lontr., ami from the 42iid to the 40fh dc'.:. of N. lat. extendim.: W. to the I'.icilic Ocean, under the rule of the federal piverii- ment of the V. S. nf' Aiiurr-a; and, 'Mi\, tho part extending? from the United States terri- torv N., to the isthmus which unites the northern with the (iraml southern Mfl«- I W.Oiin.dOO I'liii.il Si»u-« ....I lli-piihlu-..! Wii»limi;ioii.. l7,t)<>H,«M Mn,,-,, , n.-,M,l.tic..' M.i,.-,. 7.«S7,«» OiiniiinaiK ! ll.|..ililic. ., S. Snlr»il.>r ..| •i.OOO.OOO ^ ii('nti)0 Jicpublte..| »ui DomiDiroi 130,000 ^ A yi !•: 2H A M i: '^^ r i! Stiuth Division. — Tlic snitlioin ii'n of nilculalod for the roinfurt of iii.in, «liilst tliq tlio >vl■^tcrIl In iiiis|iluri; is Militi-uMi'.l Ikvim iiomitaiii^ . .'>S. S., !>• in;; nl'tiut 41(>i» niiii>riion of >iii>[ily, ami alforilin^: f ici- ai).i, uiidiT the lat. ol .'). S., r\lcnii> tlirou^ii li(_v ot oonvryanco. rniimnlly runiriliniin^j to 4j \Wi:. ol loll'.;., Iroin I'api' St. IJoiiuc in ;i.">. jiioniotf tin* Hoci.ilitv, enjoy nicnt, anil liajijii- 40, to Cape lliaiuu in SI. 10. W. 'I'lim di* i- iiciilioiv. luipn-viouxly the Aniii-H, mlvirtril to in tlie rliioidntion of st.iti d, wsiM liist disiovorcd l>y ('•dnnilins(on tlio initluTn ili\i.-ion, as extending' from lluj liis ihird \"va;;o from Sjmiii.) on the l."-! of chain to the Ii y S a. t-xtcnds troni tlie utm(».t An4!i>t. U'JS hut i." wiK Lot idi tlic viar extri'miiy of this diNisioii sontli, to tin- ••haiii l.'».l, that anv inroad \»aH iiiaije, or ki.ow- i whuh nniti-s it wiih the ijorili, rnnnin;; piir- k':c ohtainiil, ot itsv xtent and |ir«Kliu tions; ' allei with the ohort's (d the I'.uilie Onaij, at in which vear three low and nnprineip'ed ' the di!.tatu*e of KM) to !20U mile.-i from the ^<•a, iidvintiirers I'l/.arro, Alma^To, ami the priiM and oreiujioiially divcrgmjj into parallil I>triits of i Icm! of the sea, nearly the whole extent of t^uito and iVrn. In the year l.MKi, tiio j the rontinml. In \^if2, the rnirovime (»f Ciuito, to the liei^rht liy the Cape of (iriod llojie, Jiaxin;; Keen of I'MdO hit, itt ixKeme altitude In iii^ carried hy westerly winds heyotid the intend- od loii^iilude, neiiiii'iitally discuvered, o'l tin' a4th id Ajird, the houthirn dixision of the we-tern henii-ij.l'.en', ahoiit 4 dej:. S. of the 2 1 .440. The pe.ik of ( 'otopaxi. 40 nuh-H S. K. ol the atirii nt rity of (juiio, is videanie, and freipn ntly cmit-i. with terrilie violence, Iroin it.s ^ulnnllt, l.><,h'.l8 ft. uhovc tlic level of tiio oipnitor, and, on the fcdh'wiiis day, laiideil noa. Various mountain rid^res intersect tin: and toiA possession of the eountry, since iimre pa*ti rri parts ol the continent, nil rnn- called the IJiM/iN, in the iiaiiie cd tiie tin n nin;; from south to north, similar in iliversity jiotentate of I'urtiiL'al ; aiii!. aithou^-h ne.ir and altitude to the Alle;:any id" the northern lialf a century elajised hefre any tircctu.il division. The rivers run in every direction: efl'orts were lUMile l>y the rortu^uese to furin taking: them from north to south, the lirst de- ft iMTin.inent setlleincnt, the whoU; of the manclinn notice is the Mai^dalenn; 2iid, Oroo- i>; Ihe sc>uiliern c.\ireiiiiiy, coiitinum^: in plied of the duvt of the i arth. and an Kve, f-.rmed themselves, nivinu' n>e to new b,.undaries of Adam's rih, the reruvians ha.l a .Mane- iii.J SulKJivisions ol territory ; which will he Caj.ae, who eaino from an island on a ^real found . AME ^ ..... ii i II * .VoMOII / m: XK jatu jm' r"^ i:^" 'JIT'-"'. '^■•* .-' •sp?'4'^^^'i^ 7^"^^ 1,..,.,. ..t . .|.. ^■^: Jf J *•■■ f\ ^^?*w 'V ^^' 1 IV"" ">-• r^ TT " ^"rO . "? ' •> ''•'' '^. »y-"'';"":«'\'"''/*X'' ' -^' /"^ •I'lui '" I ■•''""•. .\.,„M. !' . . % VN ■'—."•>„ // ' //«.-.>/ c^, i.,^.-*-<^^"V-^ ^|.;:^ V"."-* /ir« -^ ., .,r, ''"'•' LX..., 7., y .U^^i■\ •^^. .--..:""■;"■■•■■•: ^>^,>: /■•i-...,..'j.'^,v f C , «v 'k I //." y Vt - a '-.^ ,1 '"r.i.....,»/..i/ - ' t'. / 1/ w *..»['■"*■ M » •■.,.•■.1..,.,^,. s,' ^ ; .T/f/' .•.'/.A.-r-c-^.^*./.... '"•'•■■i-v^a. s '•■««■... 1...... ' '••'W..f M,u..« I. n'..t h" Hi«lf« & Jr ..... v-"»-t '?*,4,^,.„,., .■ i..l„.up .,,, „l M»f«lli •« k. .jsiL- .;«& sn- ,(. », ,1 1. II .1 1 '•; I "M I III 1 -4^. -I » ~1 t^*"-., ^. -^.- "^ ;Trii...|..l ^' '''■•; ••■■■.>-^fj"'""...''- .y I I > s t I- ■ '» ' V. \ \ /;; ,/ ..V'^4^' ' • ' r ; V" ^- ^ :&. }"■'■ '-^"ii^ I. : v^-"^^"'"' T<^. \. v- /(] ^ I tv irl^ Ir,*"^'" ,fcj*f<5:;i^A ">j^,v-- -'''"'■Viti./y'*""-'''"''''' "■• 1 ,f«J ae^ A M i: 21) AM K [nine tif till' Mill ciiiiirv. Ill till' fan- of i al»",niliinf. Tlu- vc^'ftaii'ic prodni'tions alao fvi.li'iici' so iiii|ii'rli <' , It wniil I 111! iilisiiril to cxcti'il in Viirictv, licaiity, aiiil iitiiiiy, •hoMi liu/.inl I'vcti :i I'liiiirciiii'c, nniili iiinir an (if Asia, i>r any nilicr |i.ii't of llii; (^lnhc liu* inscriiiin, iiiPKii till' "iilijrct (if iln! lir-t |pi'o|il. tluT con.siiku'cl in nUrt'iicu to Mi.strn«n«-c, in;; 1)1° till' .siiiilli. It may, ImwuMT, Itf lair- ur to liiMiry, taste, tun! ailornniiiit in urt. ly inliTiiil that the iinrili ilivi'.ioii,Milt!ti(|ni'iit The I'liiiiati', ihiiiu'li ti'ixious in nrtain n.n- to th<- la^t crcat |>i'rini|ii'al iiiiini'i->iun of the linoil ninl Imal ^itlla;il>Ms, is on tliu whulo iiurihcrn hiiiii»|ilicii', was lir^t | pli-'l l>y cnii^'raiits t'r<'ni till- . onth, r.iili> r tlian troni uny (lait "f tho im.sIciii hi iiii-phrn-. 'i'lus Hi'CMis |ir<>hahU>, iiM Will IViiin tiic .siniilaniy • if I'lMicral teatiiri- ami rharai'trr, a.s fruin tin- rci;iila>' ^lailatioii of till' aihlrtic |iij\v(;r ami emr^'y whiih (.ccmi'il to pnvail nlllon^^t thi'Mi fro.n siiitn to north. 'I'lic mo-t hi'allliy mill r>iliiis*nf thr rai'i' wmilil iluiihlK'.sii hu most likely i'> ailvaiiee (iiiwanl. The other |i irt i-',' tlie animal cri'atloti is Iiut Ml powerliil as in ihe eastern hemisphere. The elephant in nowheru fonml, either in iho imrth or Nonth. The ja^nar ami eoii^^ar, |ipee:eH of the lij^er, ami the jiiima, ll speeies of the lion, are eonimnn o\(r every part nf the soiithirn ilivisum of the western lienii- ■phere, as wi'll as the ]iaiiliier, Imparil, ainl Oiiiiee ; the lama ainl viiiina are pi'cnliar to this part of liie woiM ; the laina is imt very dissimilar to the eaiml, hnt inf> rior in utility, nml the Vienna still mure no; the wool or hair, however, ]iriimises to lircwine u usetul artule for maiuif.n tnrin^^ piii)Hi>i'S. I'lveiy iperies of (leer ami liiired animals are e im- inoM ; wlio.sc h'\iiis lorin i;ie..l arti.hs of ira'lir. Hir'ls iirf variiiiis in species, utiil iinmer- ous, the eoiiiloi of the Amies is eon-.iilere(| enpiTdr in inij sty to the (isiiuli ol the deserts of Afnea ; in the plains is another lar^'e hiiil ot a species hetweeii the o.^tiieh nnd ca^soury of New lloliatiil ; theii; are curies of various kinds, and an endless variety of smaller hirds of exipiisitely lieau;i- fiil jdnma^'c. It is eoiisidered, however, thnt in physiii^nnmy and tuiie, the hirds of (ho westiTli hemisphere are iiileriur to tho.se of the eastern. The wiii);cd trihe and insects arc varii.ns ami iiillnite, soiee surpassiii|,' in iM'aiity, and others in no.xiniisness ; hut, ne.xt to the voleanic erniitioiis and iialura! emi- Tulsimis of the t artli, the virt'-K'st teriur of the houtliern diviMon of the wisiern hemi- ipliere IS the reptiles, which exceed ill var.elv, ntimher, ajiil voracity, those ol" any ether part of the world. ( )1 tlie inhaiutants of ilie Waters, th- (leetrie eel and iiik-lNli are jH-culiar to the eastern enast of the eiinatorial latitudes of this licinisphtTe ; in addiiiini to whi(h, marly all the speeies eummuii to Otli r seas and rivers arc also ahundant. Indcstriietilile inrtals and ^'em.s are more •bundaiit Ml this division of the we-tcrn hemisphere, than in any other jiait of the world ; and tlmse iiif.uii.uion-excitin;; nie- tak, Hold and silver, .seem toaheund to such :» decree us is likely soon to satiate the JliHiiia, and even jiredileciion fur their pns- ^•ejwion. Cojiper, in bcvcral part.s, i:* ul.so ( liuhilnl ; in slmrt, mithiii;; is waiitini^ hut jiidieioiis and wcd-diiecled means, on the pall of mail, to rcii Icr the whoi ; (Mjiitliem di\ i.-.ion ot the wcs'^ rii hemisphere the almde of enjoyment and happiiies.s. There are several islands on dilleretit partH of tlio emist (d' the Western hemisphere: takiii); them in older, hi liiiiniii;: wall the eastern ..-...-t lioin the iioith, tiny stand a« foUov^s : si/,. .Maii-lield, at tin; eiiliaiiee of llmlHoii'a 1*1 ly ; Antic, i-ii at the ininith, and St. Johli'H, or I'riiiee lalward's, ill New louiidlaml, nml 1 'ipe Hretoii, lit the entraiiee ot the IJnlf of St Lawrence; the Hi rmmlas, hit.;J'J ; Haha- mas, (.'arrihee, or W( >t India, comprising ('iili.i, liispaniiila, or St. Doiiiinco, Jaim.ieo, a!id niinn lotis others ; 'irinidad, ut tliO mmitli of the Oroiaioko; ralkiand'it in lat. :<■!. S. ; Siuth (iior-ia, in .'4. S. and 3»), W. lui).'. ; St iten Isl.iml, and Terra del Fue^'O, at the extreme suiitli point (d' the continent ; Cliiloe, Jn.in l''ci n.imie/., the (iii!apa(;oH, (^> leeii (Jh.irl .tie's, an I the K..\ I.^lamls, off the Western eo.ist, all of wliii h, as well as tiu.itimal.i, the ini.vinccs ot Ynealaii, Hon- duras, Nicara^'tia, Mnsijuiti.i, Vera;:ua, I'una- ina, and Costa Kica, wliieli compose tlio chain whitdi unites tlie two i^rarnl (iivisiona, will he found detailed under their respective he. Ills. Tlir S'litM an,) |',.|.i,'iiii..n iif .'^oiTII Amxrii'a arr ihnwn tt4 l.».lilA» .— TItLK. Ari; illlliv lUl'tllille llr|iiililic. Il..|.iil.!.c. CAIirAL. Or.tim.U V1.I N II Cl ill V.....'iii. 1., r« -imit..r , I'lci-iinit riirilt;iiny r lli.i'il ' r.iii|.ire t^iirmic Avrrft I. •".• ....'.. ... II.-, ..t.;.!... I ll..^-..-(^ .... .,.' i[i.|.'.l.lir.. C.iiuci-iul .. ...' Ur|...lil>c..' (luilu ...I l(i-|n.t.!.i-..j r..lrllliu.... ,,,' lU I'llll IL'., AMUM.p'Idl) ...I K.).ut.;tC.. Mi.uir Vlilrt Kiu.J. rop. i.Mio.noo l,;i:'i,:;'« i,!j:(I,i'*« l>i(i,lli)0 ' l..iiK),00O I,(\':',i)('(i tiOO,i)(M l.sii.itno Ajikiu'ouk, u town of Nip.iu:, 10 milea W. of Moowanpoiif. .\MKitKoiK, a fort of lIin(lo.-.tan, in the extensive .-aiidy desert between the Indus and the I'lidiiar. This jilaco is celehrated as the reire.it of the emperor lliimaioon, iliiiinj,' his tionhles ; and here was horn Ilis s.'ii. the iiln>tniiiis Akhar. It is 100 niilea !•:. N. K. of T.itt.i. AMLitsioitr, a town of lloUand, in the state of Utrecht. A eonsiderahle ipiantity of tobacco is ^jruwii m the nei;,'hl)oiirhood. it has a trade in heer, and goo Is tVotn Ger- many are shipped here for Amsterdam. It is seated in a fertile country, on the rivef Kins, 10 miles K. N. E. of Ltre lit. Amkusham, or AuMoNi)KSiiA.M, ft town in l?tiekiiij;li.iins!iire ; market on Tuesday. It li.is a cunsidetublu uiunufacturo of black A ML no A ^I S h Incc. The t('wii-!ii\ll i-i tlio huiiilsomcsf in thi- county. 'J6 niilos N. NV. o( Inmil^n. Amkmukv, «ir A\ir.!{r.!«iu:KV. u tnwu in Wilisliire; iiiarkoi uti rml.iy. It it* MMtr«! (Ill llio lower A\oli, at tiR' |)Ijli-c \\ liiTi' tl iiunilior ul Unions \mmo tn-uc .iiUMi«1y ninr- (!iiv«i. iiiul m.ir tlwit l.uni ii> inoniitm i.t of iinUcjuity, StoiK liiiiu'o. lift" jiri' tln' ru.n- ol ll \«MU'r.ll'lo llllNcV. 'I'lllS pljIl'O L'ilM' lilliil to till', ci It-liiatcl .Foscpli A'i'ii- II. It i» t'l iiiilcs N. vl Siilis'.'my, ii'.iil 77 N\ . ol I.op.ion. Amoiukt. :\ townoftlio I'imLmI SihIcs, in M.i>-,ii liu> '.'.'*, on tlie Non!i Mile i>l llii' .Mirriin:ii-. 'I'lu- I'owow ti\ i rfiow slliroUijli it, antii|i-> arc .il.-o liuill luri- nmi ll.'atf'l in toilic Mirnniai- an>l to tin- s. a. It i^ 41 in. li. of i ]{ost,.|i. Toji. in lS4tt. i;47l. Amiiaka, a lii^tii't !•! Ali\s-'.nia. In-nvcm tiic IKiKJLr un.l 'liua^zi- !).aiuln-s ol lln- .\Miii:H!iT, n sm.ill inlaiil oiinty of Vn- jrinni, on tlio nortli I'lUik oi' .lanuw- Kimt. 'I lif i-ourlli..iiM- ot" llif i-onnry is l.Mii iinlrn AV. .,{■ lidnnniil. I'..|.. Ii».:i7fi. ANo the iiaino of tin" liiii'f i.'un ot Hi!>l«oruii;:li Kuinty, Ni \v IlMiiiii>liirc. luni of aiiotlur l"\\u III Ma>>sai linM-:s, and aiioilior in ("iini- Urland lonniy. Nova St-oti.i. .\Miir.it>T. a -" ttlciiH-nt lulon'^in^' to ilu- Hriii>!i on tin- NV. ca.-t u! >iani, at tlio cii- tiaiic (• ol .M.irta''an H.iy. Amiikumiii Ridc of fhf urt r iMroii, ut Its fiitraim- into I^iko I'.iu-. .\mik\)», h lartrc nn>l populous t^wn of Kiaiifc in tlie ilv|i.ir!niiiii ui S .tnnu'. It i> n |>la(>' of ;:icai anticjmn ; Ikmii;: ni<"ilioii.d by t'li-ar O'V x* lioiii it : i iMlkd Sainaio- l.ii\aj a.H u ivn ih.it had iiiailo n M^'or.m* ruM'.tMiice tt(;am!.t the K'niin*. and wlittf he coiivitu'.l a puicr;-.! a.'v nihly of tho Uaiili. Iho nty y,a» f. .inurly fiu-inh I uiih lortihcation.-, ii.iw lo»Aliid and jdunt- I'd wail trie*. I.irnuiii; phMxaiil Ixiulc- >aril'«. It Niafids oil thi' railv^ayit lK'l*v«(.-n IJiil-jjiif, TariN, and ItrnsM-J^. .\t liu- j;:ito ol Noyon lliric \k rt siiliiiiii, n-mark.ililc loi the u'llnv id St. .\i h' n, 'lln- tatlndrul is oiu- of tin.' lar^.•••^l and Miost iiia;;nifsciiit chunlii'it in Krai i*. 'I'hnc Iir.iii> h<-« of tin- rivLT Sjninii' |ia>» throw;, ii this iity, and lUtLTwaid* iiiiiti'. AiiiiiiiH Mu.< t.ikfH hy Uu- Sjiaiiiiird'. ii; l.'iOT, I'lH ntakon l.y Iliiiry IV.. wh>» hiiiit u ciiadrl ill it. A trmty of IHiuH- was roiiilu icil Inn-. M iP h 'J7, l>riin, H.-lland, Kianrr, and I'n/- Ian'. It hai inaniihii ,1111'H of !ii,,'n r*;!!! Wo.ilh-ti fliiih, whu h fni)i|.iy, in the t iiy and ■djar.nt r 'untry. an.ono jx-oph-. It i* ao mdcs S. 1^ (if AMk'vi.Ii-. ainl 75 .N. of I'.iri*. AMi.wtii.a lowTi of Wall-, on thr N.co.ift of Anjjhv--, , wiih a liarl'our for mnall vc>«>.ri». It in l.'i inil.H N. \V. ol If .uitna i", and •JtV; N.W. ot I,. I, don. Ill !7<.*, wliiii tlic \'.iT\- Copj;cr :uiUc Wiu oiKUcd, il JiJ iiut cuiilaiu nhovp nix hiniscs. Thix niino yii Ids h pro- di-ii-iis unaniity of oit, the puri st of wlnih i.> ',\p. ri< d to S,\.in«i'.i to l.c diichi'd. .\mmvn. .1 io«p 1.1 Sm'h. anciently iho o.i]..ialoi till' .Vininonitc.'., c.illcd K.iid.ah' Ani- ith.n, and i.y liic (ii.(k> I'lidadilplua, and ii.'W tlic jniiK in.il ]>!a((' of ii ili>triit It is ;iii niiio S. \\ . ot U.-ia, and :>2 N. id' .Kiu- s.iicn,. Amoi., a town .hi'ck 'r.irtar\'. in Hii- chana, and n placi' o| iiin>id. rahh- iraiic. Il is siaiid on llic Aniii. v.lnch falls into the si-a ol .\i.>l, r.i) nii.is W. ol IJui liariiu J.oiij: fcO. 40. l:. lat. .»'.». 'JO. .\. Am<)|^ n tni.'. .".-J. .is. K. l.it :i7. ;ui. N. Ami>i;i,h, an island of tho Arrhijudairo, fertile in wine, oil, and com. The hesl i-iil- in.ited parts reloni: to a inynnsti ly. It it .'ill inile.s in c;ri iin.i' r'liee, and (>7 .N . of Caii- dia. I.oti;,'. 'jr.. IT). 1'.. lal. .10. ■.'■». .N. Amoi u. or .\mi i:. aiiviro! C'h;;,e!>c Tar- tarv. •AollAl II N. A Mm, .an I'land on the souih-casf coa»t of ('hiiia, 1.') iniie« ill cin iimfercisce. The V.Ufi' ii-h h.i'l a l.ietory Ihtc, tint alMiidoiu'd il oa a. I oiint ol the impositions ot the inhahitants. !'-> port, on the West .•■ide, is c.ip.ilile id' ro« c- i\ini; KHK) ships. It is one ot the Imiih ihrowTi open av,M;n to l-'.nropeans hy tlie lato t'l.iiuse w.ir. l,on^v 1 1 >». 4'). K. lal. l' J. •JO. N. Ami'I VI ri«. a town of France, in the do- t'artnieiit of Rhone, ci h hnited tor its wines. It is Iti inih-s W'-sl of \"i.lv l'i..nelic, and "Jfi imrili-west ol l.y. 111. Ami'iiiii I, at.iwn in ne.lfor.lsliirr. Mar- ket I'll Tlmrsday. It was the resilience of ('atluriiie, ijueeii of Henry VIII., dining tlio time that inr uiijnsi duoree was in ii^'talion. It IS Situate h.-tweell two hlli>, *< llllkb H. Of He.lfnl, and 4.'i .N. \V. of I..>n.hi|i. Ami'i m.\!», a sea port of Spam, in t ata- Ionia, at the month of tlw Hiria, 7i> m lf« north-east ol llaic h l.:l, Loi;;;. :5. U. I.. laU 42.9. N. ,\muan, a '.va'!'-.l city of Arahi.i tho Mionniaiii l.iml ol V. men ; it vt inds ui i \ erv leri'le district, in ih.- centle . f the hcst lott'ce c.iiintr)'. Top. •JniMi. Ami:a«. n c.i-th- or pal-U'p of (tennany, in 'T>rol, i!i I he foot ot u n oiint.iin, two nu'es I S. I'., o! Iii'pinck. I Amsikulam, the primip d .if of Ildlattd I I'r.ip.T, siin.iie oil the south h.iiik of an inlel ' of the Znytler Z.e. It wa.s lorntfily an in^i^- I iiiticant lishinj; town; hecame a place of i hotm.- importanci- towar.ls the close of tho I I4tli reiitnry; in 14S'J it was fir>.t fortilied; ami toWi'.vil.. the 'lo-.- .f the Ir.tli, ilinl C"lil- III. 11. enieiit of iIm- I7t!i ceninnes, iiiir. lusej tjieutly ill popiilmi'^u uiid cyu»«?nuoHco, oad A MS ni ANC ' yiiMs II pro. iir, >f of wiiuh Miirltcl. mii-ii'iitiv ilir> 'I K.I. Lull" Am- '•I'l'lpliia, iiiid
  • tiif I'ntt.lll, HIlU lino jiii.J liin- I'Imui at tli(> 111' li.ir.lers uf • "f l"<'iaLaii. Archipola^'o, rill- lif.st ciil- '"t' IV. It is " N. of C'an- .'li::,f>,e Tar- •(■!>-f ciavt of • 'I'in' Kiij;- iilr its \» irifji. ■lit', mil! -.'fi Ilia*. Mur- •"•iiliTifc of •luritij.' tlio II notation. Illlli.s S. of II. '1, in < 'ata. •>. Ti> iiiilcj i. u. 1.. lat, ''i.i tlio • 111 I \ cry I '(.'.St iLtlfe •riiwuiv, in two 11 11 lei III !1.1M,I llt'ltll llllft >' iiti iti^ig* I'liiic of Nf of tho fortllicl; mill I. Ill- iiicirii.%ej once, oad efliT Iho (Iodine of Vfiiife ami flonoii as tmpiiriums of cuiiiiucii c, wlicii the iiiliT- Coiii'M' uilli .\.'-ia li\ tlic ( "iipf ol ( iiMiil llupc hail l.ciiiiiic ••sialili.shcii, Aiii.stciilatii iifraiiif out' (if ihf iriii^t ('(iiisiik'ialiic roiiitncri'ial citifs ill ICiirnpi'. Aiiliiiii^ii itscxtrniai iiilt r- Coiirsr w a> ;,'ri',iily iiii[)tiKii iliirin;^tlii' Fniuli revniiilioii.il V war, siilisiipicnt to 17'.l."i, ami greally rivalli'l liv Kniti rilaiii ami .VntxM-ip ■ilU'O tilt! Jicarc of 181t, aiiil MiIIIl'U !ia[ ilr- creast'il in po|)iilalii>ii, Ain^tcrilaiii still ranks *n»oii;,'st tiic lar>:f>t iiikI most rospcctalile Coiiiincrciul filics in I'.unipi'. I'Vw places hiivc their piiMu' liiiililintjs so tine, ii'imrruiis, anil well kept, llfic are many lianil~iinu' chiirilus, iulli'j.'1's, ami Imspitals fir all re- lit;iiiiis ami coiintrii s. Tin.' txchaiipi' i.s oiu- of the principal ornami'nts of tlii" tity, uml tlu! harhotir is om- of the tincst in Kiir(>|n'. Tlnr fomiilatioii of this town i.s laiil upon piles, (hinii into a iiiniass, ami umlrr the ■tatlthinise alim- are 1.1. Ci.")'.). 'I'lie stints are broad iiml well piweil, mill most ot t'leiii have canals, with rows of trees on e.ieli side; but there art' no spacious piihlie places, or squares. It surrendered to the kinj; of I'ms- (fia, in Oc* 17S7, when that prince invaded 'Bolland, in f i\ uiir of the sladtholilcr; ami it rcc'iNcd the French troops in .l.ui. IT'.l.'i without any risisiance. The Kreiich. how- ever, were exiiellctl in Niivciiilier, ISIH, hy the inliahitams, and the ancient ;.'overnnient Icstorcii. 'I'lic river Anislell divule.s the Icwn int'i two parts, the < )ld. or Mastern, and tlie New, or Western. It Is SO miles N. hy 1'. Ot Antwerp, h h.is r.ulwa\s to lluaileiu, Ulreeht, &.e. A.MsiKKDAM and Sr. TAir., two islands in fte Imli. in Ocean, lyiii^: in the siame lon^;itude, tt 40 miles distance. Their muiics are re- fiBrsed hy iiavijxators, hut nio.st of them call Ae uorilierii one St. Taiil, ami t! iiithi jLnisterd.ini. The forincr is lii^'h land, and ■pward of 4 ir.iles loiiu', and '2 miles lirn.id. ]| has eMileiit iiiaiks of vulcanic eruption in §trry part, and is almost « holly covered with ft deep lertile soil, hut is destitute of trees. On the east side is a ^reat crater, into which tile >iea h.is made a narrow and shallow eti- iBince; its shelviii;; sides are TOO feet in per- pCildicul.ir In icht, in wlueh, and in the ftuscnay di\ i.lnii.' it frmn the sea, are .si'veral bot sprue's o esli water. Amsterdam, or tilo siitiihcrii island, presents no very hi;4h £ftu 1, or any rise in a e .iiic form. It is covered with shriilis and l>w trees, hut h.is •t' eonvcnitiit laiiiliiij,'-plui c. Loii^. 77. 4S. B. hit .ir. :.i. S. Amsii.uiiam. Xi.w, a tic.vn of Hiitisli Ouiaiia, at the Iiioutli nl' llie IJerhiee liivel. Itop. '2. '.•111). AMsri ai>.'M. a town of ilic rnitcd States fe New York. It stun Is I'll t!i<- N. side of the llohawk. The I'tica and Shenectadv ruil- irav pas-es ihr.iiiL'h it. .'IJ m. W. <'f Alh.iny, |UJil4i)iUVi>'n NV.isluin,'toii. Top. uf the Ijwn- •hii' in imu, :i,a.Tt. Ami- (iiiioN, Ami, or O.xi-.s, a river of In- dependent Tartary, farmed by numerous sireanis wliiih i-sne f;oni the moiintaiii.s of Uelnr, on the eonliiies of India and I'ersia, and, llowiiif^ W. hy N. tlirouj:li Hi>khara, enters the S. extremity of ilie lake Aral after J. course tdlL^UO miles, part of \v liicli i.s through a desert, .\mwi I.I., a vilhifrc in Ilcrtfordshirc, a milo S. of Ware, famous ti.r ori};inally (.jivin;^ ri.se to the New Hiver, which supplies a great part of Loiiil III w ith water. AnacoI'Ia, the capital of the nation of the Ahkalis, on the river Makui, near its entranco into I he Hiaek Sea. J.oiii,'. tO. ao. E. laU 43. liO. N. ANAi>iit,rt r. of Siheria, nliicli has its source out of a lake in tiie province of Tchiikntski, and runs into Notelien Hay, near Jiehriiiij'u Straits. Ana CaI'RI. Sh' rAiiti. Anakoi.i. Sri> Natoi.ia. An All, a town nl Asi.itic Turkey, in Diar- hock. It stands on a river that llows into the lliiphratcs, 80 miles W. N. \V. of HapLid, and 'JHi S. S. K. of Diariiekir. J.oiig. VJ. liSi. K. hit. .^4. r,. N. .AnAM. >Vf ToNyllN.r.MIlIN f'llINA, &C. ANANtrofU, a town of Hindnstan, in My- sore. Ion miles N. K. ot L'liittledrooj,', and liiO N. ot lI.iiii^Mlore. Anai'a, a town in <'ircassia, on the Black Sea. It is now much reduced. ANAiii:n<», a district in the province of (Jiiitii. and kin'„'dom of I'erii, where Alina,i.;ro and I'l/.ari-o (juiiit diseo\erers ot I'eru) eii- j:a;;ed cacll otiuT ill hattle, ill l.")4(j. .■\n ATTDM, an isl.ind, the iiio-t soutliern of the New Hehridcs, in the Pacitic Ocean. Li.iii:. 170. U. K. hit. liO. H). X. .Anhau, a town of vVsiatie Turkey, in Irac .\r.ihi. se.Ued on the luiphrates, ,M) m. AV. of IkiL'dad. Xniakan;. a town of Italy, 5 miles N. of .\^i nil, and S2 N. li. of Home. .ANCASTl'.it, a vilhe^e in l.incolnsliire, i.5 miles . . ot l.iueoin. Il j^avo the title uf duko to the family of llertie. ANtKNis, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Loire, seated on the Loire, ■'(» miles v.. ot' Nantes. There are coal and irnti mines near it, an 1 it has a good j,'ei!eral trade. .Anoi.am, a fnitilie 1 town of Hither I'nme- raiiia, on the ri\er i'eeiie, I'li tiulea S. E. of (iripswald. .\n('.>iii:ii, a territory of (luinea, on the tioll CiMst. to the \V. of Axiin. It has a riser ot the same ii.inie tlouMi;: through it; Hiid at its month is a town wi;h a ^'ood liar- 1m. ur. Lon- \. 10. \V. hit. 4. '<0. N. Ancona, Makquisati: or, u maritime pro- vince of the states td' Home, Italy, IiouiuIihI on the E. hy the Adriatic, ami "ii the W. by the Apennines; it is very triiitful in corn, fruits, and si.k. Top. lfi('.,ll4. A.NctiNA, a city and seaport uf Italy, in tlie AND AND U above jToviiifc, niiil a l'is!i"|''s sor, \\\\\\ n iitaJi 1 iiti a l.iil. 'I'hc catluilt.il Maiwls iipi'ii aiimluT lull, ami tin.' Iuium> t \(iii«l linwii tiic Mile vif iIk' iiiiiiii MCf l.iwaiils ihi' tiiiit nl Viiiii'c, I'UiiK 111 XII. liuiit a lui/h". In iy 'I'rajaii, ami i.s aliovf i!0 ■») fii I in l<'ii;^!li. Ni'ai tins M:iii.i^ till' iKMUtiliil tDiiiuiili.i! auhol'rriiJMi). Here Iikiwi>«.' rUiiiiiii XII. rrxtol a la/ar- »'ll«>, xvliuli aih aiUH'^ a liitli- w .i\ iiili> tin" x-a, i:i ilic fiiriii iif a ji<'iii:\^uti. tiical iiumiirrs nC Jons ari' si ttlinl in llii> t.ikfii ill IT'.X'i I'V the l"r< iilriaiis 111 IT'.i'J It was ik«ii|'1c.| liy | the I'VitHli a^.jiu in 1*^32 a;:aiiist thv' .■\n'*- ! tnaiis; Imt th 116 iiiilcs N. l.\ v.. Ill K..ii;i'. I.uii;:. l;j. '..'. K. ' l.it. 4H. ;5S.'N. I'll]'. alMiiit 'Jti,i«i:i. ' Aniuvk, a (li-triit i>i M.hI.i^mm ar, in (!ic rciiiro ul ti,e isl.iiid. W-y. ahnut :;."), (hmi. Tlio Sail is baruMi, aiiij liui little ii;^riiiil!iire is earrieii nn; Imt the slave tr.ial emi-I"* iiieiit. An .i\e. ••r 'raiinane Arivdu, the thiel |o\>ii »>(' the >li.-liKt, is in lal.JO. I'll. S. l«>n_'. 4ti. IS. i:. .\ni ham, a \'\\n of the ruil.il Slateb, in Ni \v Vi.ik. Il is \\iite:eil hy An h aiv lar>;e iron-Works: >;nii liarn isarv txt«nsive!v \ niaile. Ia'.iiI inine> als>i exi«'t on the I'lineli j Creek. It is 4"i miles S. S. K. of Alli.ii.y, j nil 1 ;i40 liwjii \V.i>hiiij,'i.)n. I'mJ'. in Is;;*, j i::i>. j An<'vua, the ea[i!tal « f (! la;i:i. near ihe river II ilvs, saiJ to hiive Iweii Imill l.y NJaia'-, ktiiy; of l'hry;;iii, ami so r.ame'l Irimi an an- . eiior |.iui,-l ili'-rc Sf An'.kk.v. I Amiaiii ii.AS, the ehii f t"»ii of a ili-lriet ol the same li.niie, in the ii.leii lemv o( (imu- 10 111 .11;:. I, I'l rii. ;•!'<> it KH) in \V { ii> Amiali .ma, a ]iri)\inee ••! >|.ain, «lueh in it* larj:e>l hense eo|ii[iri.ses the kiii;:ilonis i t (iraiial the Colony of .Sierra .Mi>rena; l.-niiiiteM on the N. 1)V ll^tfem ililiii ail l«i .Nlaiuh.i, V.. Ky .Miir- ciii, S. hy the .Ml .l.terraii'-aii, an 1 \V. hy the Ail.uitic and I' riii.'al. Th"- (iiiadahjiuMr riin» tljro|i. al>oilt l>.4tMI,tMMI. The Freijeh overran this jiroviiiee in is 10, hut fvaetjatecl It :n ronseijili nee of ihi; hiillle of Sahiiiiam .1, in l>«12. 'ihe ea|iila! is Nville. 1" >r |ile«ellt diMMDJII and p.ji., "«' -I/'/" '<•/<•/■. ASI>AMVN li*l AM»)«, ^evertll i«l.llldi oil tilO, C.u.l«rnsi.|eol till- Ilavuf Heli;;ul. 'l'ilelar^'e>t, « illej Great An la!i!an, is T.'K iniies Joti;.' and 10 hroad, mdel.led l.y deep h.ns H*r! r-e' led hy va^t ereeks. tilie of » liu h [i.isses ijitite tiir'll;.'h the i»iaml, Kiiil at hi^li wati-r i* Iiavi^'aih; lor small vei- I" Is. The forvsls jiirori some jift'emus trees, K* i.honv, ui.J tltc tii' d»,ir l>r> a-l-fruit ; and , l!ie eilihie hirds' nesti-ahoinid here. 'I'lu'onlT ijll.idrilj'eds seem to he wild lloi^'S, monkeys. Mid rals. 'Ihe iiihahitaiits are in a state of harhari-in, ami live v hu lly on h>li, lnius, and ' • :ii^; they ]'erfeelly reselilhle lle;;rors, and l^.eir eaiioes aie id' the rudest kind. In 17'.»3, t!ie I-jiu'lish made a seithiiient on the N. eml I't (ileat Alidaiiulll, the largest island, whiell i> called I'ort ( "or i\s all;>. and has n < omnio- dious harhoiir, to sheliir .shi|is diTiiij; iho •N. i:.im iii>oo!i. Loll;:. '.i;mi. K. hit. i;t.;(o. N. Ami*! i:, a (ortilied town «,; I'raiiei , in the de|iartni( ii! of Lnwer r_\reiiees, l.tmoiis for lis hr.imly. Ii i^ >i;uite in ar the iin.iith of l!ie Ili.lasso.'i, mIiuo'.i u|i].ii-ite Ko: laiiihia, ill ^^j)ain, is iiiihs soiitli-we^i of ISav onno. AM'Ki I iM.i.N, a touii ill >\vitzerhind, eiiiioii ki i.V, a to«ii of France, in the dc- parliiielit of laire, divideil l.y .i jiiveil road into Ureal and Kiltie AilIiIv, a iiiih' lioiii e.ich titlu r. (in-. it Aiulely i.s on the riMilet liainons, aii.l Llitle Amh iy u\\ the Sine. '[..<• clotlis maiiiitaclnred here are in li:;;ii I >;. em. Is 1- 1 7 milt s iiorth-iast of Kvreiix, ,i: .1 '_'ii s..iii!.-ea-t ol liomn. AMii.iiAit, a town of 'I'lirkestan. in I'.shik Tartars, or IIunahiMi. in ii> \uiiKty aro : ch i|iiariies of l;i|iis la/ii!i. It is seati .1 en a hraticli of the (iilion,.\mn, ami iiv ar a |',is.4 through the niouiilains o| l!iirlou-koo>h, into ihe km;:. loin of Cauhiil. "J-Ht tinh > 1".. S. I', of Ihdk. l.oll^^ (",s. .'.s. i.i-t, Ini. ;ii'.. lii. n. rill. AM>t.i!i>, Sr. S>e ."Sam AM.i.K. Ami.hnai II, a town in the j;ran.l ilmhy of the I,<)wer Kliiiie, li.ivv I'. inning' j.ait ot tho I'riis'^an temiory. tinat Doiiirecht, in Ilollaii'l. It evoorts inin-«.t(.ms, iim.le ul )ior..us i.ivtt, and lai;:e iiu.mtil.o ol poundeil /../'i, or en meiit. whiili, when Inixe.l with wati-r, h.'coines a- liar.l as »t..iie. It is seated on the Khine, 'Jti tmh - N. \V. of Cohletitz. Amikh, a cliaiti ol 11101,1, t.iins ri:iiuiii|{ thrjii^h the whide extrtit (d'hotli the S. alii N. div i»i..nsof i!ie wisiern liem.s|ilu re, iroin t!ie utm.ot extremity («1 the S'"itliern dui'-i' ,1, 111 .S. hit. t>\. U^ ahoiit the Kit, ot IS. S. ; 11,. y eoiiiinue, in an hiihroKrii liiie. to inn |.ar.i!lc| With the shore of the r.ic!fie () «nn. «l a dis. t.imo of Io«iii;; forni, .^i\er;;iii;{ into jmr.ilKI ri.t,:e«, and r;-iii|.' ne.irthe e.jiitt- tor to III! altitude of U'l,4«:4 fe. i, an,| in sever ll I'l.ices iKniie ('..rlli volcai'ic ernj !i. ii»' with tertitie VKiii-nce. N, ot the e.jiiator they .liMT^'e into four |..iralh 1 an.i .listiiict ndi."*, running' t'» the shores of the Cnrihean S'lt, ami the outeriuost rid;;u kkirtiii;; iheeoustof lh.it M.a to the Atlantic, 'riiii.ugli the e^diu A N I) 33 AND S.; ti.. V 111 Jt .ii-- ilTO itllil t:'l III a() A«,\:' tlio '•A, l<> tlio l-i > IliC- V a'--iiliio ilic .-.jim- uimI in villi til. in* jt'.r ili>7 it riilK'i'i, Killl S'ft, !■ i't(.'rii licinisplu'rc, tlic BJmiiilaiiis ,in; coiLsitK-rulily luukrii; Imt at •bout the irii!) (Ii';;ivi! ol' N. hit., throiijjh tlic territory of .Mtxii'n, they ai;iiiii ix.ssihhl' their Woiittil ).;r.iiiliur. uiiilor ctiuT nuuu's, ri-^iin: ton hficht of lT,7'jn fict.unii ji;::iiii |i.!uiiii^ forth volcmiii' inatti-r, nini pnicttii in an iiii- brukcii liiiu lit a soiU'wliaf. ^rriilir ili-taiics.' from the .si'.a llnii tiiri'ii>;h the S. (iivi.sioii, hy tho name of llic Hui'ky Moinitaiiis, to the Icy Sea, in the 7iitii di'^r. N. lut. J-'roin the 40th (K-;. of hit. S. to the ;!(»iii N. the Aiuh's aboiiiiil wiih t;i>l(l, silver, ei'inicr, ami othei- metallic Mili>lai!ei s. For ni'ire niiimte ile- tails •>""■ A\ii;k!"A, aiiil the .s'.'Veral ti.'iiiiirit? throii;:h whiili the Amies run. Am'ovku, a town of the U.S., in New Hiiini^ii're, on the Hlarkwater. 'I'he .surfaco il very iiiioven. hut in smiio jiarts ferliie; '22 miles N.W.ot Comoni, i'up. in 1^10, 11G8. ANnovr.u, horou^^h, Ilaniiishirc. retariniiy' tWonieiiilH rsto jiarhaiiient ; niaikelou Saiiir- dny ; ami a coii.siiieriilile trade in malt. It is aeiir the ri^er Anile, U inih'.s W. liv N of Win( he^!el•, and C'.\ \V. hy S. of Lumlon, on a Iwanch ui'the Sonih Western riii'>vay. Am>ovi;u, a tcwn ot Ma.-> u'liis-ets, in BSsse.s iiiiiiity. lliie i> an exeellent aiadeiny, Cftih'd l'!;i!iii',s .\iadeniy : and an exi'elU'nt in. ttitntiu'-.the Amimer Theoli);_'ical Seminary; elao, inaiiufaetares of paper and >;nni)u\vikT. It is suiiate on the Shaw>heen iiml Merrimae liyers. -jr. miles W. S. W. ol Ne'.slmrv I'ort. and '22 N. -N. \V. of liostnii. 1',,].. .t "-ao. A."a si>rt ot'indepi ndeiit repiihlie, between l''ntnee and Spain; i!i eivil matters it M xuhji' t to the furnuT, to the latter in njUgious atV.ii:-*. It is uitoL'elher ahout ^' miles in extent, and .'!<) in wiitAi.ii;v, in' iMiicMiini, the eajiita! of a kingtioHi on. the eastern coast of the ishind of Kurnatru. The ■ liief produee i^ j>eiiper. Ills gcatctl on a liver, cmimodioiis lor trade, :;0() njiicB north hy west of IJeiieoolen. 1a)ii;,'. 10a.O. l'-, hit. i), ,■)><. S. Am'Uaiu m, a tiAvii iif Sweden, in Tioth- Itaid, wim the ^.'reate.'^t aliiiii-wurk in the kingdom. It is lit nnles S. of ( 'In istiau.stadt. AsiuiKAsnKiKi, a town oi' Hanover, prin- CijJality ot (iruhenha;;en, '2ii miles north-east of Gottin;;eii, in a di^triet whieli has mines Uf ixon, eiip|K r. enlialt, and silver. It has a M)Ile}7e, ati 1 in.iiu{l.i.etiires o( i.iee and liiie.id. Pho|>"» >*ee; sealed on the ri\er liftvant, 20 miles K. N. K. of Clatrenfurt, AKi>iti;w, St.. a , a liraiieii lo the lldinhiirph and Dnie'ee Uailwaj'. Andkia, a town of N;ipies, 1) mik-f' B, of l!arletta. It i.> the s^ at of it hi:dioprie, has .1 superh catiiedral, a myal (•o11i'j;i', and three )u'iuts-dt'-pii'it'. It \Mis founded in 104G by I'etcr, ciuint i.f Traiii. I'op. i;?.,')(io. .i\Ni)i;i>, an i-l.itid in the Archijielajjo, 24 miles lone; and 8 hroad. It is otie of thho3 i.sr.rs, a ^:ro^l) of i.-hiiids separ- ated by intru'iite channels, furmin-i.]: part of the IJahamas in the W. Indies. Andros is tho largest of the Hahamas. They arc low and very tliinly poniila'i vl. ANi)H<).>coi.(iiv. a river ri.-itni from I'm- baju;.: l,ake, on the W. .side ol tile state of Maine, runs into New Ibimpshirc. and re- enters Maine. Cillinu' into t!ic Kcnitibeck, ah. lilt 18 nides alK)\e its c'>iuhi. nee with tlu' .-ea. .■Vmiisk, a li'wn of T'laiiec, dep. G.ird; its m.uiiil'.i.'t'Ue.-: are li,i:s, st.iclvin;:^, and \fi olleii labries. \\\\\ 540;j. Am'I'.vaij. or ANi.i.,iAit, a town (d" ,Sp;iin, in Aii'lalnsia, Willi a castle and some be.iii- tiliil eiiiirehes and eouvent.s. 'I'he environji ahoiind in wheat, wine, oil, honey, and fruit. It is seated on the (lii.idaliinivcr, ainl on the ^'reat po..it o.nl fueu M.idii.', distant .""ilj lea^'uis, h; way of C'ordovu to Si:\ille uu^ taldiz. A X ( r 84 A \ f ; ANJ.r.Ai'A, ti'i i"ii'*t riniilioiii . to sltips coiiiiiii: Iroui tlio K. AMMIK, nv AnAMOIU, ('AI'K.thf '("llliom rMninitv 'Ui. r:i)>!i.il. (Iti.-ini-u- Ivlic.i. (innt (jiianiitics of oaltlc nif rr.iroJ links W. ol .\ll.;ui_v. Top. in 18'J0. If) 1(1. An<'.ki,( tills iiamo. AN<;fi.<>, St.. a l'>^^n <•( N.ijili"*, C insKs N. N. W. (if C'ciiza. ANE u>s Anuki.us. AN<;r.iiiiiii(!, a t'wn of rnis>!4. 8. N. r.>i«. ."iiMKt, AN>.r,UM\MA. or .\ni.i.um\v;i 4Mi, n province of Swcih'ii. in Norii'ainl, l.'iO miles |.'n.r, tin. I fnin 2"t l<> s>t livon.t. tin- ni.hvt fart In'Mivr to tlic K. <■» llic (Jiilf uf IJotK'nia. t is inoiintaiiion* aii.l woody, anii in it arc oonsiiKraLK: iioH-\vi.|]>-i. The ciiicf town i> llornosaiiii. A><;t:itMvvtr, a ti'wn ot' Uraniiiiidnip'. in thi' r. St^t.CtOr,. The o.i.«ti<' :< biiuaioil in tlio ret. tr of iho city, fin n ro(Tliaiii;iiij^ tlf ri\ jiniifii'ai pate is swrrouiiilc-i witii tlireo Rto( jiiof. litre lu'<< iittorrohaiiii on the ihroni-, in I VSu>, at tiic c;i*^tl" of Dainjiirrre. 'I'he unnerMiy ol Ai)}?c'r,>i wah fiiuiuli il in IVJt*. and the a«H- (hniy of twill* Uitri!* in it;.*>'>. It hao a conniiKrahU' in.tmi'aijure of liandkiT.hiotV ati'l ••.■iii\a-; an. I i!h> iiro'ltioe nf the "late qiiarriiN, at tho cxtrinniy of the niihurh of Itressiipiy, toriiH likiv*i»o an iuijH>rtunl ar- tichj of cijuinnroi;. The walltt with wlmli king John of Kn;.'lun(l loiiroiiiKlfl it in I -.Ml, riiLiin nearly tiiiire, ainl aro of v» i y u't'-at einililifi-r'iae. h l» .'lO tiiilo.« K. N". !■',. .if Naia.A, ani >7.'> S. \S'. .i( I'.in*., nil tie;- rail- W^y loiuioctidi; -Nai'i'* vsiiu (Jri. .(IIS A«i;r KN, or An<;i:i,i;n', ft «niall oonntry of Diiiiii.irk, in the .s oi'tiiin. Iiecaino nia't.'i> of llio ooiiutiy, an. I j,m\o it the iiaino of Kn;;lanil. Ax.t.K.T.T, nn island am! oo. nt the N.W. oMreiiiity of Wales. It is ^ol. crated iVuin C'arnar>onsItire hy a loiij: anil narrow elian- iiel oallo'l M'nii, over w liieli is a nol.le .siis- penMon liri.lire. eoii.sistiii;; of one primipal ■peiiin; of .■if.ii ft, and .s( \en n.me aiiho.s. A still more Wi.n.!ert'iil work in the liritan- ni.n llriil);e, a Inhe of wroii|rht-ir.>n j)late'», for coiKiuctinp the ("hofiter an.) Ilolyluail Hftilway over the ftrait. Titat part 'o( tho islan i whioli hor.h rn this strait is tiiielv whimIc!!, MS III it."< aii'ient state, when il was liel.l ly '.!i'" Dniiil!*, whoso rites wore perform- par- li.iment. Ihanmans ainl llolUnad are tho I hit t toWIl'-; ,Si ll. Asooi.A. n eonviry ol West.rn .Xfrien, cx'eniUni: nhni^j t.So shore ol the Aihin* I tic, fmrn tin Kio Am!>n/. in. lat. 7. 47.8., ' to the river Cuanza in lat. 9. 20. S. It is a I r. rtti^nese possession, heini; so hy ri;:ht of i<}isro\erv in 14's,">. and re-coiiipiore.l in l.'ii'.',). It is politically (hvide;l iiit.i 6 pr.'si.iios a;\.l 4 distrietos, the eapit.il heiiij; S. I'aiilo dd A'^nini^'ao dc Loaiido. It extends inland to the citintries of the Molliias, J,i;.-a-t'a'>:e, aii'l Hal ( (Jnieua. p..rlioiis of w hieh were tra- versed hy Dr. Living's! m in li*.".4-5. Its pro- ilucti .lis are otton, Mii;:.ir-eano, iiuli;^'o, nee, Ciwoa-nuts, ^•asor-oil, e pal, t.d.ae.'.i, nr/ol- ia, ie. 'I'.ic natives of the or.linary ne;;ro- 'ea»t arc iiilo and eir'-iiiinate; in.irioe, of Uw'.i t eassava, ii the ehirf li«).l enltiv.ited. jTlie fxpnlalion of the koiu'ili'm i« estiniattMl at LMfi.tKH), of whom 174') only arc white, ine!ii !i!i;i l.'i4 wonivii. ! iio I'.irtii;^!!. se au- thority is thietiy eoiitiiiod to tho ehu'f port*, from wluH'O the export ed' eoppor fin*, aiul jother urticlen of roiiiitieree, h.tvo l>een lately ' iiiereiisiiv. l*roxii>ns to the pn;vontio!i of iho hlave-tra.le hy IJntish an. I Kr.neh eniisfrs, thii e.jst (Xp.Tt.Ml npwar Is of liH»,i,'uO C«grt>c.< per aininni, I A?.«.'«»."r .\M.'ti i:i. the aiii'i'it .\ni yrn, .wciijf of Adiaiio I'urkey, in Naloiui, jind a A Nil u.) ANN I I'ountrv of irk. Mjiny "plo ol' this lirin^ cjiIIimI lu> lll\ ililiTS it tlif luiiiio If \ho N.W. iralcil Mum inow unil,H liniiiifftl rc- n Iiiili' way iipiii tract, iv niitiH rous it al'<'iiiiiliii)5 1 \n>t i|iiaM- inilu' N.W. • iiiioniuxfil IIlIxT t" y:\T- luaii all- tho >t.rn A'^rioft, the Allan- It. 7. 47. S., t S. It is a (>_v ri;:iii of (■ml in l.'i'''.). I'^iilios a:\il 4 V raiilii i\,\ tills itilaiitl to iri»-t'a-.. iiuii;^''\ rii-o, •a, ur/cU inarr nf>?ro- jn.iriiii", or I cultivated. IS fotinmtod y arc white, rtii;4iii hc an. • rliU'l' Jiiir!«, por f)ri\ aiitl L- lift'n lately (.■niiun of tita iich iTiiisfrt, of lito.uua i ilia fiimtii-r ,u\ci: ; tlio Ctt» kiiii^'ioui of Ilia. Ii lincst (.joats in llic world; the hair, Ixmii:; almost like silk, is workrtl into (i:u' stnlls. it stands in a lufty situation, 212 iiiiK's S.l'',. of (/'oiistantinoplc. J.ioii<^'. ;!2 60. K. lat. 40. 4. N. ANiioit.v, or A.NCJAHA, a ri\cr of S^hcria. wsuinir from Lake Haikal. It joins the Tnniroiiska, alter pas>in^ Irkutsk. Anoosti K.v, San 'J'cj.mk in;, or Boi.ivak. SrC r.oI.IVAU. Amu'Ilk.mk. a town of Franct\ c.aiiita! of the di p.utuunt ol (.'liarente, and the see of a bl.^h'^p. It li:is a ptihlic library, a society of *rt!5, \c., a foundlinL'. and several other hus- Sltals, a cn!!tM:o, and a ruyal marine seliool, ;c. It is -iiii'd en a pl.iteau 2J1 fretahoxe the river C'harente wliieli rnn.s at the toot of it; there are some paper maimraetures in its environs. It is ,Mi miles \V. S. W. of Limoges, OD the railway to l>(irdean.\. AMioi'MAis.alatejirov.iit France. houndtd on the N. \i\ I'oitou, K. by Limosin and Mnnhe, S. liy rerncord, and W. hy Sain- tOn}:e. It is imw di^lrilmted ani"nf; the de- Krtments ul (.'hareiite, l)i>rdiij^iie, and I)eux vres. AxouA. the eaj.ital of Terecira, ore of the Azores. It is a l)i>lii'p"s sec, and the residence of the i;overm)r of the .'Vzore.-*. Tlic town is well iaiilt, and pi.puloiis; and lure are royal mai^n/iiies f.ir all snrt.s of naval stores, a cathedral, live ehiirehes, and se\ eral mona.-tie houses. It stall Is on a liay, hetween two mountain-!, on the S. side of the island. I'oji. 16^000. Lna^r 27. I'J. W. Int. .SS. .•('.i. N. AnoitixiNA, a (■.■mmnne I't I'ledmonf. on • river of the same name, 7 mile> AV. ot' Plgn'Tol. Ancjiu.i. \, or Snvki: T>, t!:e inol,iiids in the We-t Indus. I'up. :?000, uf whom 'i loo •re blacks. It is an miles hm;: and '.\ broad, winding; soiiu'what in the manner of a sn.ike, •nd is C.ti miles N. \V. o\' Si. ('hri.-tojilu r. Lon:„'. ti'j. :V). W. lat. H. ir,. N. Anc.i II I. A. or K \v Svi, H \ni( a p.irtion nf the HaluiMas bctwien the principal ;;riiup and Cuba, (hi Kay S.ii is a li;:lilhui AiisniKK, a maritime count) I'll the .N. i'.. eua^t of S-otland: bounded nil the S. by the Frith of 'I'ay. W. by the eoniitv uf I'crth, and N. by Ixiiicar- dllM^hiie. 1 iie chief tuwiis are l>nndee, Arbroaih, l-'ori'ar, M.mtruse, and Hreidnn. It is prettily diversified with hill, dale and water. In ill ■ vicinity of Furfar are several lakes, or luch-;, as they are lu-re termed. It ■ISlds one meiiibi r t'> parliament. -•-Aniiai.t. u jaincipality of (Jermany, in tJppi'r S.ixmiy, \J. mdcs |i.ii;_' and in bron.l; bOBuded vu liie S. by .Mau.-laiid of l>cnniark, in tho <-'a;te,L;at, siirroundeil by ^.ind-banhs; on it is a li„dit-lionse. The ICii'^lish took pl)s^es- sion of it in IS 10, and made it a place of rendezvous bir the North Sea si|ii.idron. .\vi\m:. a town of France, in the depart- ment <.f lleranlt, l.-J miles W. N. \V. of Montpelier. It has an extensive manufacturo cif mineral alkali. I'up. 2'">.")>. ,\n.ii:N(ia, a town ut lliiidos'an.in Travan- corc , whiidi has a trade in pcpp rand calicoes, and a inanul'iW'tnre of coir cables. It stands at the mouth of a river, 4t) miles W. N. W, of Travam-orc. lion^'. 7f.. 40. K. lat. 8. 4U. N. ,\n'IM m.v, a town of llmdnsan, in the jiro- vincc of ('dimbetore, with a f rt. It has a tr.ide in driijs, honey, ami waK, eo|K>eti:d in the hills to the suiitli, and is seated on the Aliiii.i, 21 miles S. of Coimbet 're. .\mwa, 15 a V and CAfK.at th ■ S.extremity of the peninsula of S.i^xhalien, on the K. ccm^t of Asia. 'I'he dapaiiese have a settlement here. Lat. 4f.. 4L N. I.. lift. I4J. ;VJ. L. As.iAi:, a town of Ilin bi^te.ii, prov. Cuteh, cap! I ill of a di>t. of the same na:iie; ceded to till' British in 181i). It is fortitied but not strongly. In ispj nearly half the town u.is destroyed by an eartlupnike, bat only IG.5 lives were b'^t. .\N.n>r, a late province of France, boimdeil on the N. by Maine, W. by Hreiau'iie, S. by Fi.iton, ami K. by Toiiraine. It formerly beloiiL'ed to tlie sovere:;:ns of I'aielinil. It iiuw I'lrnis the deparimcnt of .Meyeniie, L<'iie, il^e. Anki Alt, a town of the I'rii-sian States, on till' na--ie-able river ferne. It was t'oimd- e,l in IISS; has a college and thre*- ho-^jiitals, \',ith m.aimfaetnres of einth. linen, vSce., and e.'irries on a cnnsidt rablc ship-buildin-r, and >!iipp!nir trade. I'cp. 7i'l'0. ANKoiiF.it, capital of the kim.'>!i'm of SJioa :!0(i miles S. K. of (iondar. in Abyssinia. Ann, St., a town nf New Hrnnswiek, situ- ate on the river St. dohn, nearly opp(>iti' to I''redt rie-town, and SO miles above the city of St. .lolin. A]>'< tile name of the chief town of the province of rarana, in I'liraeiiay, and of a lake in Upper (.'amida. to the N. of Lake Siipi>ricir, Ann .\niuii:. n town of the Unit<'d States, in Miehi^'iin. .-ilitaled on both siilis of tho Hiirnn river wliich diviiles il into the ni>per and lower towiis. It is re^'ulurly laid out on elevated pronnd. The nniven-iiyof Miehi- L'lin is lure, and has sev(.'ral collections, *ic.; 42 miles W. of Detroit, and r>;)3 from Watfh- inu'ton. Pop. in 1S40, 2.'>00. ANN-.\insi>i.t., a county nf Maryland, on the westeni shore .\f Chesapeake Uay. I'op. 2a,:':iiJ. Annapolis, 40 milcu L. b> N. ot !■ mmmmmm ■an ANN 86 A N S I Wa.'hiri^toti, is tlic i-lin'f tnwii. uiiil sent cf the Ux'-'-Iiitivc j;ovcriimciit I't' the ^tiltc ot Maryland. Ass, Catk, n point of l:»ns;u'liiis(ts l?.iy. ,V lii;l.t- hi>u>e I'M the |>. r.u IS in N. l..i. 1.;. io. W. Irn;:. 7(1. 3S. Ann. I'l'Ki, a frtli Ki\ir ii:i>l I- lUo (."lianiiilain. '11(0 f.>ri civctoii lun- in I7.')ti, wa.s iciclnatoil in the Frincli an. I lu'vulutionary wars. Vo\\ in I8>i», 3.'>.'i9. Anna, a tnwn of ,\>i.itu' Turkiy, jtov. ( the I'.upliriti s: the vii inity is lirtiio in grain and cuiton. It was iihiniK-rod and iiuinl liy tho \Va!ial-»is in 1^'J7. si sue wliich tlic in'i'ulation h;v> lm.'n al.iiut ;io.io. .\nna Santa, a town of the repnllio of Guatemala. In its ni i^idi.inihood arc [ilan- tations ol indi^''> and Mi;;ar raiivs, and in tlu* n^ijaciiit inoiiiilain.-, ir.^n mines arc wuikid. l'o)>. 10.(KK1. A\NAiii.i£<;, St., a town of rpjcr Saxony, in Mi-ni.L, iintn'l lor siImt mino-* and the nianuhnture of hiee, 17 mi'n s S. of (..'hemnit,'. .\NNAw^. y. IV). W. hit. :,:i. .')S. N. Aisu the name of three jiarishrs in dill'erenl |iart> of Ireland; l.-t. in the eo. df Kerry. ]»']<. 'Jo.'''.); liud. in l\ivaii, ji'ji. lo.t.-h; uid. in .M.i\o, poji. r)74'.». Aiiiith/i is iil'-o a Jiril'ix to several other |iarisliesin Ireliiud.suehiut Aiiuagh-c/y;(*, . 'J.W. Ion-. 1. 41. .Vnnamo. >K A. one of the IVieudly I>lund.«, •Iiseovored hy 'riu-inaii, mi lt'i45, nnd visited by I'aptuin ('..ok in 1774 and 1777. It is Well eulti\.it> 1 in many plai es, coii.^ibtiiij? of jtlantatiutis i.f yams an ! planiuins, eiii l'.«eil with mat feliec* of reel. 'i he brva.l-fniit and ctM'iiik-niit trres ar: int^■r..•per.^«•'l wiiii little oriler, but cJiielljr iiiur the liahitutions ot the nativcii; and tin; other parti of the is- l.iiid, i-speeiiilly t'l^aidj the Nca. are eo\ireil with trees an. I l.nnh.M. Il in wtuate ahuut 1^7. I\. l..i;f.'. L'll. S. lat, A N.N AN", a l>oron;;li aid se.'ipt.rt t.i\Mi of Scotland, in I)iimfiir«sli;r<'; on the K. bank oi tin; Annan, over wliic^i is u line- briii^e of a urtlieii. It is a clean, neat, and thriwn;; town; has a ^'ood natural h;ir!.our, and vn . ilcu Iiiiinufaelnie.iunl eunsi'ler-ilde .hnk-lorship- l.iiililiiiu'; but Its |.rinei))al tr.i Ic is the curiii;; bam un.l bac.n |.,r the L .nd.>n inarkit. It uii.tes with Dumlries. ft .. in Miulin^' one III. mber to puiluiiin nt. On the tila»;;oW, tt. I Souili \V (..stern iJuiiway, I'op. .',{t;j3. ANNAroim, i!ie euiiital ..f Aiin-.'\i iindrl roiii,ly,an.!.M.a of the le^l^L.tn <• ^'.l\erllml nl 0' li.e slaty of Marj land. The stale -huua •, Loli^'. CJ. l. lal. I.'). ,'(.'1. a noble bnihiinL'. stands in the centre of tht city, from «luih p. ii.t the strut.- iliveru"' in eMiy direction. Hire also is St. John's Collejre, whuli, with Washin^'t.ii C'olU/e at I'l. ester, foiiMiiiiie one nniveiMty, num. ■! the L'ni\ersity < f .Mar_\ land. .\nn;i|...'i.< is .situ- ate nil the i;. sidi of rli( ^aI.^■.lk.■ ll.iy, at ll.o lii..iilli of the S<\«rn, 4(1 miles li. l.y .\. uf \\ .ishin^rt.iii, aii.l ;i.'i S. ol Il.ili nioie. J.,on^;. 7(1. 4:1. W. bit. .Kt. 0. .\. .\n\ai'i>i.i.>i. a ..-I .ip .It i.f No a Sr..iia, on the 10. side of l!ie H.iy of Fuiitly. It has one of the tiiiest liaiboiirs in the woiM; but the eiitr.inee is tiiroiiu'h a iblli nit strait, c.ilb.l the (tut of .•\nna|".lis. 'I'lie toun .stands on the S. side of tlie harbour, ri' the nioiitli of a river of its name. bi> inibs W. by N. if ll..\li- f.ix. l.< ng. f,4. .').■.. W hit. 44. '.'.(>. N. ANNt.ev, a ttjwii of Sa\oy, seated on a lake of its n. line, \s luiiee i-siK.^tlu: c.mal ..f 'rhi..u\, wiiieii 1 mis tbrou;^li the town, an.l then eiilsis the rivir Sier. It «a,s lately the sec of a bishop, \^ho also assumed the title of bisji'ip ami prince of tJeneva. Anneiy is the lar^;i st town in S.ivoy 111 xt l.> CMiambcry. iiml i.s "J'J ir. ,!cs S, of (icl,e\a. .N. 1". p :j7(iO. Annuiion, an island near the coast of I iiiiiea, so called iH'ianse it \va.s discovered b\ the rortii;jiiese on New Year's-day. It is \vt II stocke. 10. V.. lat. 1. in. S. Annunw. a t.'WIl of I'raliee, in the d< part- m'.'iit ot Ariieehe, with mannl.n tiire ol \ery tine paper; seated at the confluence of tbu ('antes an.l Dcunies. I'J miles S. W.of N'ieni.e. In its vicinity is the tirsi bnspen.sion-britl^;o that was ercetf.l in Kraiite. I'.'p. 7i)!^y. j\NN.i\l.K, Milage, NiW Casli.e, Sp.iin, on the Tau'iis, w nil maiinl.ictlires ol s.illpetlc, 10 niiles K. N. K. of T.'lc.bi. Ansdn, a comity ot N. ('aroliiia, botdt riii^ on S. Ciiridina, ai.tl bonn.bil on the N. K. by the Ya.lkin KiMr. I'-.p. l.'«,n:7. Wa.le.s- b..r..uj.'li, 142 mdi.s S. W. ly W. ..f Ui'. ./'i, is the t hi" low II. Ansuns, i.tiiti , Ni.h:, in the I'ai ifn t »> ■ .m, I.at. .">. ti. S. lt>n>:. 1 4. at. K. 'I he shores aie b'd.l, Hli.l covered with Cue. a-Iliit |ilali tat lolls. AssrAtii, or Am»i.ziu< ii, ftjrn.trly am.ir- (rrauatu of (j.liiiaiiy, in the S.ilth p.ii t ..f Fr.iiieoiiia. It has iron mines, and sc\et.ki iiic.iu'.iial ejrui^s ; und ihe sod pin.im.s Considerable HUaliUtn s of Coin, aii.l fit.. Is great nnmUrs of cattle. Anstaiii, of Kav.iiia, capital of the abo\e Uiar){ra\.ate, with a cailie, a palme, .ilul an i,\.ellii!l .11 .1.;. Iii\ . It has iii.uiy haialsi-me bii.lilintrs; an.l tb. prim ipiil min.ii- fatture is line. It is st-.tii .1 . n the lo i/.it, •.:4 miles \V. S. W. of Nureinber),'. I'up. IC.MHI. I.,..|i;:. ID. '2'.*. v.. lat. 4'J. IS. .N. Ansiiii till 11, Fast an.l \N k»t, two b... rouulis of !n t.tlami, mi the .S. K. const of I'.le- sliir". 'I'liey inlj. m eat h other; ninl F.a.^t Ai.struiber, wb.ili i.^ n.i.eh the lar^jc^t, is ^>mm^.^. ANT A .s .ntri' i>f th« ii iliviii;<- in Si. Ji'hn's Colli ^'.- ilt , nalii' >l tliO in'.'ui is .sitU- 15. IV, at il.o i;. i.v N. ..f .If. ■ J."!,-. II SimiI^i. on Ii lias (iiio iM; l.iit till- trait, imIIimI n stiiDiU I'll niuiitli t){ !\ N...|llnli- (1. N. I'll KM a lake .liil'TiuMiix, 1 tlifu ciitiii lie M-e of II Ic nt" M-li ip .s iIk' lar-t st ■V, mill i.-< 'S2 ■: Li. i:.. :>x lie coast of S (li-toVlTl'tl •^-(luy. It ii (•..iiiiIn w itli 111. K. l..t. I. 1 till' (lf|mrt- tiirc ul \cry lilll'f of iho '...f \'ii in.f. >ioii-!'ii'l;;o . S|M1I1, oil ^.lllJllU^.•, 10 n, liotili r'wn hi- N, K. l.y :. w.i.ii.-.- of K.i!iiK'!i, ii ,iii- t)iiaii, i>! >liori'."t itio pl.iiilatioii.'.. i.i rl_v a iiiar- iilli |>ait of iiihl bcvrral A I'loiltllMi llllll fi.c I , I U o 1 io» oa>t of I'.li-- ; mill Ka.it . lar^;- -!, i» little ninrc tVui a fishiiiu' vil!:iL.''\ iiiili's 8. S. !■". of St. Amlri'VN'-^. 'I'Ik y coiiiriliiitc in ii'iicliiii; one iiii'tiilicr to |iaili.iiii('iit. Asrvii, or .\i>r\ii, a tmwi at llic N. I"., extriiinty of Syria, sit'iatc on two jiiils, aiiil the valli'v that lir< lic'twcrn ilicm is waiirri! by till" S.jinir. it !•< llnrr niiics in cin iiin- foronco. with a siron;; ojil ca'.^tlo on a rock. anil had formerly ii con.>^ii|i'r.ilil(' inannlacliirc of |irintc".l calicin'.'i. Many incihils of thf Svri.in kiii'^s h.ivo lietii f uiiiil here, and sonic al.si) of the kinj,'S of ( 'appadocia. It is ")<) miles !■:. of .\le\:i" Iriti.i, ainl f,() N. hy K. of Alt'pi'o. I'oji. 'j(),()',i(), J7. ;$."). Iv lat. 86. .i.V X. A^^\IO^^■. n to'.vn in .\hyssinia, ]»rov. TiK'"''' -■"' hau'ius .'^. S. Iv of .Xxnm. It is ii ConsideraMc phicc, sr.ited on the side of .1 mountain. ANrAKCiic Ki-cioNs, around tin- S. ri.!(>. The prohahility of a southern rontinent seems to be revived troin tin; ri-eeiit dix'ovcries in this part of the world. It wa.s believed to exi>t till the voya::e of C'lok in 1774, when he r nehed the lat. of 71. 10. S.. mid his ftarthi-r ]i!T_'ref this eontinent Wns then abandoiie.l. In l-'eb. is.'ll.laiid was diseovered by C'a]itain Hiscoe, in bit. f>Ci. 0. And loti:,'. •}.").(). !•;,, which he named Kiiderby's I dis- eovered .\d' lai 'e I( the South Shetland Ki""np; in IV.'IS. l.ind adjoiiiiiij; to Orahanr.s Land was diseovered by Captain lyUrville.and named Land of Louis I'hilippe. In IS.'J'.t, Sibrina Land was di>eovered. in l.it. 85. 0. S. Ion:,'. 117.0. K., and the IJalk'iiy lilamls, ill i',f>. 0. S. lat. and M'.L 0. I-".. Ioiil'."; they are vo!e.anie. In I,'* 10 (,Ian. is). ( 'ap- tain DTrsiile discovered the Land of Adelie, between lat. M. and ('i7. S. lon;j. 1 10. 0. K. In 1841. ( '.ipfains Kossaiid (Vosierdi-eovered the liUiid of N'ietoria, in lonj;. ICiH. Iv. ahmij which they >^ii|ed as hi,'h as lat. 7.''J., the nearest api^roieli to the S. r^h- whi.h has TOt been made. In lat. 77. ."lO. i.s Mount ferelins, an active voKano 1:.',(100 ft. hi^'ll; and to th<' S. o( which 11 1'hiiin of lofty nioiintaiiis extenil. Their projrrc^s to the eastward w.i.s Impedeci by vast lields and elills of ieo. These explorations, imd ih^se of ihe United States' explorin.: c\pe.|ition snbseipicntly tindi'r Captain Wilke.;. render it jirobable that there iaacoiitiimed line of eo.ist f'ra yreat ilistanee hfl the Antarctic Ocean; but which is very difficult of access, from the vast acciimiilatioii of ice. Antrqim'.!! \. a town of Spain in (Iranad i, ^irliled into the Upper and tlie Lower. The Opper i^ seated on u hill, and has a castle: Aa Lower stands in n fertile pl.iin. and is watered by many brook.s. Mere me lanre quantities of natiir.il salt qiiarrie-', of cx.'elleiit IC, niid ti fanioii.s medicinal hprin;:. It is '.>'•, miles \. \. \V. ,,f Mal.iLra. Loii;,'. 4. 30. W. 1,11. ;i7. 1. N. An I ri.ni'.K \.a tn.of .>re\ico. ,^i (drAXACA, ,\miii.n v,Sr., I'"ai,i soi-,oii the Mi>sissippi l{i\er, in .\. kit. 4''. W. loni:. O.k, bciiit; niore, ihaii L'dOO iiiihvs aliiive the I'litratice of the river into the (Jnit' of Mexii'o. There is a fort in the .Missouri territory, on the point of land formed hy the St. IVter's Iliver, which river falN into th.e Missk-^.-ijijii jii.st below tho fills of St. Aiilhoiiy. Antiiiiw, a iii.ot I'ratiec, in tlie dejinrtment of \'ar, \\ iih a sti'on;^ ca'^tle, and harbour for small ves.scls. It.s territory produces excel- lent fruit ; and it issi'iifed on the Meiliterra- nean, 1 1 miles S. S. \V. of Nice. It is a very ancient place, liavin'^' been foiiiuled .'MO H. ('. bv a coloiiv In. Ill M.irseiiles. Loii;;. 7. 7. E. kit. iX ;!.-).■ \. An III OS II, an 'sl.uid .at the month of tiio river St. I.,iwivnce, 00 miles lonj: and 20 broad. It i^ full of rocks, covered with wood, and has no harbour; but excelk'iit cod isfniiml on tho shores. 'J'hero arc three liylit-housca on it. ANTie.fA, one of the Ln;j;li:\. l'',;iu'li>h h.irliour on the S. side is the best in the West Indies. The capital i-: Si. .Ii hn'--. Antii 1,1 s. the name which the French ^;ive to t!ie ('.ir.blHC, or West Iiidi.i islands, which see. AxTio.'it. or .AvTAiviA, a town of Syria, of which it was finurly the capital, 'i'hi.s ancient city, in which the diseijilcs of Christ \vere tir.-t lalled Cliri.>'ian.s, mid still the see of a (ireek patriarch, is now almost come to noihiii;^; the ruins of its inaLinilieenee still remain. It is seated on the river Orontes, now called .\iiszi, I,'") miies t'roni the Medi- terranean, and .")() X. W. of Aleppo. Lmie;. :i('>. 40. K. lat. at'.. 10. X. A.NTKH'iiKTA, a towu oi" A.'-i.itlc Tiirkcv, in Caraniania, and a bi>liop's see, se.ited on ilio shore of the LcN.inf, o]iposjte t'vprns, 88 m. S. of Kotiieh. Loni;. :\J. 'if.. K fat. .Ifi. W. N. Amioco, St., an i>laiid on the S. W. coast of Sardinia, It miies Iotilt and .'I broad. In 17'.»;i it was t.ikeii by t!ie Urcncli, but evacu- ated soon after. ANTKn^jt lA, or St. Vd nr, ANXioQriv, n town in the lU'W de|>artnient of Cane.i Co- lumbia. It is scitcd on the banks of the river C;iuca, abc.u 200 miles X. N.W. of St. Fe de Hov; ta. Antii- vKo.s (ihe ancient Oi.rAiiosi, an island of the .\rcliipehi;xo, two miles W. of I'aros. It is only a marble rock, lii miliv'f in circuit, yet in some parts is \vell-culti\ated, ami produces as mueli bailey as serves ii^ mmt imm ■tnv,. A N r ;is A N r II 8 4 Bin. ill villajjo. It li:i'< a ii iii.akalilo raM'iii. or ralluT MiioA i>( ia\irii>, wlinli i-diilaiii ii vast \aiiv'ly ul li^uns, uta nliilo lnin-|iar< iii crv.-lalliiie Milotaiiif, iv 'K> |>iilars, aii>l ii .mi|>i iI> iii.ti IiIc y\ ratniil. Lon^'. •2:>.44. K. lal. ;»:. }<. X. Ami-1'a\i>. tiiio uf tli<- Ionian i.»laii>1fi, i>u W. i(>a>t I't" Ciui'»'l\ M'Utll el' I'iiN). .AntI'-vna, u I'lik I'l ilic Ai'.'lis, in llu' ill ]>.;i['.i:< 111 . I l^mio, wliiilii* Vu'.iumi', I'.J.I.'id fvt'i «l»»v«' tlio li'\il if ilio stii. 'I'luro is ii viila^ioolilio iianu; ikuik'. h U-w loiu'ucs ta-i of tlu' litv of liiiito, at a lRi>;lit<l.ut' till lllf ;;liil>«'. ^\mi 'I'.vi III («. n i'uii>iil< r:il>l<' tliain nl iiiiiiiM.uiis in ,\>.\i\ .N|iiii>r. It joins iIk' I'aii- rus M >iiiilaius III I'aiani.ii):.!. Antin vi;i. a I>i»n in l-.ur^ |ii an Tiirki v. 24 mil. s \v.>t of Sui.iii. Hen i.s a caMic, Luiii on II st«'t'|j rovk. i\NT"iM., Si., a to\wi of l-'r.inii', in tJu- ;. K. (..f M. M.ir-«il.»n. Ami'N l,I/AKI'0. IT M ■KKI.IA, ll .K»a)i Tt of Ml sito, 1,11 llic Mixii-.in S a, (•iiti>i>tinj; of II few liou?^!>; Ii niilis i>v>nlli-ca>t fimn Vera l.'i iiz. Aniomv. Sr, a town of Franco, dcpart- niiiit 1 .iriK' ct I i.iroinii', in a si>.nio«s \allry at llio I'oiiiliKiicc of tiiL' Avi-vnm anil Hun- lutto, Ui null's K. N. K. of Mont.iuli.in. It luvi (alirifsof hi-rj^i's. paper, aiiit ncoiisiiliT rMo ir.iiii; III li.illitr, pruin-, ;\nil juni|nr. Top. 54 .'..•). Ami«n:o, Sr.. llio inont nortlnrn iif tln' C.ijii' \'i-4-.ir i>iaii'l.», I.) niilis fii.ni Sl. Vin- ci-nt. It i-i full of lii;:ii niomitains, whomr pMiiiii ^lrlaIllS of t-xcilliiit water, wliieii reiiJiTtlie laini (rnitfnl. 'I'lie priii«'i(>al town is M'atid anii'iii: ifie inouiit.iiiis. i^onpiiiu.le 2:>.(>. W. lat. 17.0. N. A.MuMx I'E Cm". .*^t. a town of Hrazil, in till- piiniiiec of I'l i naiiilMi, •>. >ini..(i- m ar Cape St. Au^s'U.-iliiie, auni. S. S. \V. of tiiiinia. Tliere are in-ar Imi oihi r towi.s uinl Hreain- in iliil'erenl parts of .S. Ainene.i KIiil M'-Xii'ii, ili-iiieule>l t'> tilt! tutelar K.tint of t!ii: l'ortu;.Miebe anil .Sp.iniar'i>, Aiithuhij, or .Nj'i AiiIliiiio, wliii ill OS not Mpjiiur to lia\c ilono nitteli lor tluin, ii> tluy are mostly iiisi^rnitieant, Anthim. ft niaiitinif eotiiity on tho N. K. roa>l of Ireiaiiil. It has two t;reat nalnr.il curioMtiei*: l,i>ii>:li \e.l tin; Gianl's CaU>eway, eoll-'r-tin^ of lofty pillars of li.isalte*. nil of aii>;nl.ir siwipen, frmn thro" to eiL'ht siiles. rtlnl e\t< iiililiK thn o liiiles aloii;; ihc north i-ll'ire. 'I'lie luiell nialiuf.le- lure IS earruil on very extensively in this County, ami i-inee ahait IH^.J, the i-oiton inaiiufaelurt: liajt U-eii inakiii;; eoiisiilt I'.ihle pro;;rebS. Till; priliei|>.ll tuVMlS lire ll«.'f;u.t, Lishurne, aiul CarrieUerji'in, caeli of wliieli (in inMiiiiiH to the tvso l.ir the eounly.) re- tuJUS one liieiiiUr to llic p.uliuuji:ut ul the I'liiii'l Kiii^ih III. I'.irriikferj^iisisilie.T-Mi.c tow II. AsriiiM. ft oily ar.-l jiarisli of tho ahovo connly, ahont I'.t miles N. W. of llella-t. The town IS Mtiialo on the hank f( a Miiall >!riani, wliieli runs through I.on;^li Nea^'li, .it a short iliKlaiieo on tho N. I'.. Tlioni;h Mill >itnateil lor loninuiiniiii^ the trado on I.on^'li .\ia':h, ami servini; us a ilep/it aiiii leniral mark) t lor an esten.siM' a;:i n iilliiral liistrii t, it iiijoNs litilo ion.>hin;j th.an .1 lieeayiiijj ti.sn, It IS oil the i..il«iiy w liieli eoniui Is llcila-t, Coloraino, umi I'ortriish, ie. M.iiket on Tiii'>.lay uiiil Thiirsil.iy. In the parish :» one of the oolelraleil round towers, ia j;o"d proMrviilion. Top. I'.'l'J.I. AN I 111 M. a township o| I hi- I'liited Slate<», ill New ll.iiiii'sliire. It li.is soiiio \aliiatilo w.itiT I'OMi-r. and se\rf.il l.irtJi' li>ll-polid.^, •i"* III. W. I.v S. of t'oiiiord. Top. in 1^J0, I L> .'.'.. .\NrwKur, a relehratod eity of Itialiant, and. alter tlio deihno o'' N'ellli e and lielii'll, it I" I'.tiiii' ot;o of the nioHt eon.lo eoiii* imn i.il depots of iMiropo. It is situate oti the eu.st hank of the Slieldl, in N. lat. 51. l.'i. and 4. 24. K. loin;, 'i'lic eta of its );roate.st importanee was ahout the roininencennnt of the ITili eiiiinry, when its populalioU anionnteil to ulioiit 'iiMi.otin, hut the d« vau- taMiL.' l>oIiey of .\'isiria an I Spain involvoil it in tlio hi^oti'd and ruthless eontentions of that period ; further, hy the extent ot the oiiiniiiereial transaetions, wliieh it.s localities t< n led to make the ei ntre, it ^rreatly rivalled l!ie trniisaeti mis of Koiterdam and .-Vmstei- d.ini, and ns Mn h excited the );ro\illin|{ ji.ilousyuf the lloilatidi rs ; the mni;:atiolI of tlio Si-lii hit wa.H thcret'oro olistrneled in 1<;4S, hy tlio treaty of Westphalia hotwoctl Spain and IIi Hand, und rVntwerp in eonso* ipieine pro;.'ressivoly dn liiird in po|iiilation and import. moo, until the poiial for tho iioithern part of Ins empire. It wa.s not, li..we\er, till suli--eipii lit to the ^'rlHial peai'O of Kuropf in Mil, when tin- Netheri.nids were eeihd to Holland, luid Antwerp do- ohircd a free j'ort lot tho ti>iH»it of inenhan- lli^o, that it lMj;an to lesunic Its lorimT wonte'l aitnily and importaneo. Sineo that piTiol, lirupxls, and a v a-t ixteiit ol cmintrj Wwit^vard of the liLiuc, draw llii:ir tu] piiod ATA no Al'P . is llu' ;i"i/.c f I'lO llliiiVO nl il.'lla t. V < ( :l Miiull !•■. Tl.MU.;h !<• inulc Dii t it<'|>i'it lUlil m;:ii> iiiiiiral I'.itM'ii, mill il III foll'^i'- .-lll'ic^^llll for till" iiic- iiiy ; _vt t it \ \t\ii U. AM, >(is Itiiln-t, M.iikct on llu' I'ari-h tnwirs, ia ili-.l Statcfi, rue xiiliial'lu li>li-p..iiil.<, '>.[>. ia l^40, of llrabuTit, alhl lii'lio.'l, Icralili" ciiiii- i-* hituatf I'll I N. hit. Jl. I it> (^realist IIIIH-IK'i'lllcIlt I )M>|iiiiati(>Q t llu! (1. vas« aiii iiivii|\(<(l illtl'litloIlS (if .\t< lit (it tl.O il.H liKMlitirS •at'.v rivalled iiitl Amstii- i- (xriiMlliiijf .; tia\ iu'iitiiiO li-trint«-il irj liia Ixtwccn •rp ill ciitKii*- I |ii>|iulatiiia ri'iil of tiiO 1- >', ii'h DViT- 4, tlicy |iri)-' till- S'lioMf, r ^U^^^'^|lH•llt W o! Aiiiiiiii I>ciittl iiuluo I Ik l>a.>fti('0 .N< till r!aii*'i|iU'lnt'. |iii'i.'rf^ -In civ, lliiiii;;li >iiiu l_v. iiKTcasiii;.' ill |>ii|iiilalioii aiiii iiil<'i«'>t. ll lia^, Ijdwcviv, liiit Irw ailiili's lA' rxiimt, ciilu r witliiii iImII', (If of traii.-it. 'i'iii' iiiiii(i|ial arellitrrtllial nlliailU'llt ot' Atitwi'r|t is tlic Ciitlicilral, till' towiT lit' wliifli is .siiinioiiiilcil, ' at ll lu'i|.'lit of 4(11) It., with 11 laiiUt'ii ul ii|irii Inttii i-\\oik nl' » xi|iiisilily iHaiitiliil wml^- iunii^i>i|> ; the iiiti riur i.^ ill-|>r<>|iiii'tiiiii(.'il aiiii Void of ill'i it. mill its lirt nratimi.s i I' ail h.ivi- beon oviiraii'il. '1 In rn lui.' luiir uihir chiiri'lioH mill oiii' or t\vii innii.'i-tic i-stiilili.sh- moiits ilrMTviiif.' illlcllliuii, 'J'lii: 0.\chali;.'c, I BO loii;^ cflcKr.ili'il, is viiy riiiiiiiniilioiis, ! foriiiiti;^ lu'aily n Miiiaii; ol' ^'n-.il aiii|ilitiiili'. , witii mi iiiliriiir |ii,i//.a; lull a.s mi aicliv- tfrtuial tiiiliit! il is miwnnhy ul' iiotii'c. | Tliu ('iiriirn.atii.iis mi the laiul .-iiic arc very Coiii|ihti'; ami. since iHltl, extensive luriili- Cntioiis liave Ixi-ii ediistructcil ipposite to the town oil the wi-Ki .'.ideoftlie S'lieldt, eal- CUlati'ii to all'iii'il |ii'iiU'('tioii in the t vent ol any atlcmiit at a.--.iu!t liy walrr 'I'hr eiiaiKl Was ntaiiH'il I'.ir tlie kiip,' ol II Maii.l jiy (Im. Cliiissc, on tlie se|uu'atioii of l«il;;iiiin t'roiii Hoilaml, hilt was taken hy the r'reiu'h, iis the ailirs lit' Hei^inni. It is eoiinei ted with Brnssrls and the rest of lU'liiiuin hy tiie aystriii of railuavK. l'o]i. al'iuit TH.OOO. 22 iiiiKs X. of l!rii.>.-els, ami (ij S. of i\iii>li. r- duiii. An/kujia. ;i town of New Ciianaila, in the priiviiiee of l'i)]iayan, wlure liierc are mini's of K"'''- 1' '■■* seatid on the rivi r C'auca, IK) inile> N. N. K. ul I'oiiavaii. l.,oii^'. 7J. 'Jo. W. lat. 4. 08. N. A.N/.i, a town of NaiiKs, 13 miles S. E. of Poteii/a. roji. ;U)"Ji). AN/llio, a kiii)^diiiii of (iiiiliea, lyiii;; V,. 6f Ciaiioii and M. of Cun;.;ou, hut is little kiiown. 'Jhe kiiij; is .'■tyled the Mieneo, Wheiiee till' eoiintry is suuietiiiie:j su ealled. The eajiital is Monsol. An/.in, a viliai;e of Frame, iKj). dii Nonl, In till' \iiiiiiiy of Wili'iieii'iiiu's. It i;! the lent vt the rirlii .'-t coal miiirs in Franee, whieli arc exieidiiij;ly jirotitahle, in euii.M'- fuciiec of the hi;,'li duiv on furei^'ii eoal. 'o|). 4 IS'.'. Ausr.v, or Aoisr, dnrhy of. a i>roviiice of Piediimiit, liniimli-d oil thi' W. and N. hy the -M|is, or r.iilur mi tin- N. hy the N'alais, for the mmintaiiis run from N. to S. into Aonst, wliiili may he emisidered alto;:illiir •a a mountainous di.>trii'l. I'op.ahoiil O.'i.noo. The |iiiiieipal city of tlie same naiue, which U a iii.->liiip's see, is sitii.ite ahoiit the ciiilre of the |iroviiiee, hi'twecn two .streams of the Baltca Kivrr, which falls into the I'o. and on the uTcat hi;..;li road Iroiu llie pass of St. Bernard to 'riiiin. It eontaiiis several iiiimu- mciits of ihi' Uoinaiis. I'up. iihoiit ."i.'iito. Al'AI.AClU.VS. Siti Al.l.iGUA.N V MOUN- TAINS. ArAr.M'iir.. S'c Mauks. Sr. Af.v.NijuiiiA, a lowu of th« islyjid of San- toiii, M'alid.on the N. W. n,, , 7 niiles N. N.W. of Seaiiro, at llio ei.li.uee of liio lireiiall Arelliprl.i'.'i. Ari.i;, one of the N'lw Helniile?!, near Malieollo, in the I'.ieilie Ueeaii. Lmi^'. 103. 27. !•;. lal. ill. If.. S. Ai'i.NMM.s, the name '/wm to llic nniun- tain sy.slem which travcr.-ics tin; whole ienjjtii of Italy. At il.-. N. e.Mreine it is dillieiilt to .-ay where is the exact line of ili,>liiictioii I'lnm the Alji'^. 'I'lu! A'"/ ///(//I Apenniiii'S extend frmii the pa^■.^uf the I'oelietia K.S.H. to the K. of Florence; hence the Cintnil extend S. K. as far as Monte Veil. lo ; then the Sdiilhirn run I".. S. E. till the sources of llie I'ramlano, when they divide inti. two hr.iinhes, of which the Ka.-teni ends at Capo di ],eiua, iiiJpo>ite Corfu ; the Western laiijie runs lielween 41. and .1'.). IS', jat., nearly S. S. 1',., ami hetween 'M. and .'iS. S. S. \V., terminal in'4 at the Cape dell' Arm!, in ihe .-traits of -Molina. The iiei^Iit of them varies frmii ;i('ii(, to (imto or "ono feet; Monte t'orno in liie i'mtrii/ iaii;;e, mar the Adriatic sea, riMS to a liei;:lit uf yoJl feet, and is the hiuhe.-t in the win do run;,'!'. Krmn M. \'e.',uvius to the K. Oin- hroiie in 'ruscany is a vulcanic re;,'ioii ; tliero are also other volcanic rocks S. of the 'I'iher. The country round Home is over.-iiriad with Milcaiiie 111. liter, and the Se\eu Hills ihein- ."cUes are p.irlly cmiipused of it. F'.arth- i[uakes are lrei|iieiit in the couiilrics \V. uf the r.in^e ; in the country ahmit .M. Matese, in iM'.'j. an earthquake occurred, which kiUeJ 3:^74, and wounded l.'il.'i persons. Ai'KNUADr.. iatie Turkey, in M.iiolia, huill rmiiid ii liiuli roi k, nil the top of whieli is a fortres.s. Il is three miles in eirciiinfereiice, and has a coiisiderahle trade. The chief inaiiul'actiiro is carpets ; iind theeounlry around produces mm h opium, called aphioin hy the Turks. It stands on the Miiulra, 15U miles V). of Smyrna. I.oii;,' 31. In. K. hit. as. 3,-;. N. At'oUDA, a 111. of I'jiper Saxmiy in Tliiir- iniiia, 8 miles N. of .Iciia, aud 4i) S. \\'. of Leipsie. Ai'i'Ai.AC'iiicoLA a town of West Florida, Utiited States, siiuatcd on a hlutV at the iiiouili of the Appalachieola river, on the West side. The river forms a hroad estuary called Appalachii'ola hay which cunnects with St. lieorire's Sound: it i^ naviLrahle for small vessels to the jiiiiction of the Chatta- hoochee and Flint rivers. The Chat tain loclice, the hir^esl hraneh, is navijahle for hoats nearly 4()l) in. Irmii the j;iilf of Mexico. Tho town of Apiialachicola is a port id' entry, and is al>o a eonsiderahle euiton mart. It has 20 sicain-hoats and a tminau'e uf 4(154 in 1840. It occupies a sipiarc mili', and is rc- ij;ularly laid out. Ai'1'i;nzi'.i,, a eantou in tlie N. E. part of Swit/.erland, horderiii;,' un Tyrol. Il is di- vided into twelve comtuumtics; ^ix, callul AT IT 40 A H U \ u ;l :i) • 11 ^ Rlinili-K KxItTiiT, art' Koinan t'litliolir*, ul(>uf n.27J 111 iiiiniSi r, «uli>'i>tmi.' iliully I'v ntri- cultiiri' ; aiiti-!>taiiisiil»..iliiiii ip| « I nil ail' fiiiiiiiiM'l I'V llii iiiaiiu- fa>liirirs nf tlic city of St. tiailni. Ai n.N/i I., tin.' rliu t town of (In-" aloM' rniitiin, is Miu.iti' on tlu' liaiik of tlii' user SiitiT, in Klioili's liitciiur, aii^l mii'.aiiiini; nlmiit 1 liMl iiiliaKitaiit'*. In tin- ooiirso ol' llu' rl r< .i^iuiis ^lnlLvl^ < in S\Mi/i il.iiul. tins iMiitoii iliviilcil il'--ir. iiki- that of Hill", iiil.> t«u h.ill' cantons, Iiitt''ri''nr iiml I'.xti'nonr. iiI'.m' tlo-^i-nln'il; caili li.i\ in>r halt' votis in tho Diit, ami « aili miitiMli/iii;; thi- other hy 'riuiu.:! oiipo.siti.iii. •Sc Swir/r.iti. \N"i> ami Aj-ptMix, ArriN. a \>>\\\\ in S'.il.iiiil, Ar(:yl.'.h.rc. Thr [lan-h i'' "\ p"('.lt i xtclit. Ari'l.r.iiY, liio r niiiity tcAii of \Vc«ttii'irr- lanl. Miikit on S.ttnr'l.iv. Ii \v;i> a l»'- man stanon, ninl lias Un'ii twice n>«'.*. At tho npix-r einl, or S. I'.trl. is tin.' (•.\'>tU', aixt nt tho lowi-rcnil i» till- 1 hnri'h. 'Ih.' town i-. alinc't ciuin 111! by the K'l'H It l^ -n inilfs N. N. I"., of KrniUii. a;ul :.'7ii N. N. \N' "f hon'ton. Ai'ri.KCUo»««. a paiisU r \ ilin;; for iiti"at 2'1 iiiih's al'inji the wcjitorn coa^t of K- ■^s- hliiri', Si-oti:iiiil. 'I'ho |>"]inl.i!ii'ii mi'-ixt* iii.iiuly by the bcniii;; li-h«'iy. 'I'IuTi- is a town of the saint' name in whi'h tin.- populn- tion ail' [iriiuii'.illy conrcntrati il. Arii.Lix'iii;. n vili. in tti parish of N.ir- lliani. Devonshire, situate at the nioiitli ot the iowri'li-'e, in IJarnstaiile llay.3inil»s N. by i;. of Hi.lLtor'l. Mere the |):i!i«'S lun.j,.!, miller Hu!'''a. in the tune of Allrcil. Ii is ji'.w rcsorifi to fur hai!ii)._'. AiTiu i.ovu, a (li>tnit cxtcn.liii;; ah-jut lod niiLs on the S. W. <.i.im of ,\,inh Alriea. <'.ipe App'illoiiitt is in 5 .N. l.it. aii'i :J. .'.:. NV. i.ei;;. Aii-'>i.'iiiAMiiA. a t'lWn in I.a T;!/., ■ ne ol the nnil.ci proviiK'ts ol 1'. nj^iKiy, 'in the bonier ol I'lTii. Ari'oMAi ni\, i\ river of the I'niteil Slat. > in N'lr^'inia. Alter lljwin^ IJtt nlile^, n uiiitcH with the JaineR IL ikt City Toint, aixl i'» n.»vi;;able fur Vcs.'icis ol' luo tuns up to M. reier-iair^'. AiHiii.itoN, or An'iif \n\ i;iee«, (Japiir.nata, Hari. an>. I'uli. l.uT.i.TO'J. The lir.-t piuv., fapitanata, pru iuec» cum, \vool,wiia-, aiil oil j ii i» paitly II tnuiintain anil partly a plain ilistrict. li.ivi is leriile III I'oiii, \\i:ie, tuhaeeo, salVroii, .Se., nn inile.i of roa-t-Iine, it ii singularly dilieicnt in bay* aniti, in loii;;, :•.>. 41-.. w, .\«,>i I. a town of rir.lin.nf, in the ilnehy of .Mont ten. it, with a ei:,i>lel, aiel ImiIi- i>f mineral water; seateil (Ml the iiotth bank of the Ib.nni'la, l."i miles S. of Alexaiwiria. Atji ii.A, a lino l.ir^'e city of the kiii;:'l"in of Naples, iiiieientiy ealletl Avia, aiul Avelhi, the ea|l oil a hill, K. of the Apetiiiiiie>. on the banks of the rivif Altenio. or I't-eara. near its srmreo. It ha.s an aneiiiit ea'-tle. ainl !•< a bi»hop''* see. An e.irtlnpiake was so vii.leiit here, in Kebru.iry, 17(1.1. lll.lt 'J4.IMM( people p. ri-heil, aii'l^'nat numbers were wonihb'l. It is situate ;»5 inile.i \V. fruiii the Alnatii-, uni). K. lat. 4-'. a7. N. Top. '.»r.M. A",>liiii\. an an' ieiU city of the rnrni, or Velieti, ill Italy, .>.e.ite'l inar the r.ia.^t. at the Iwa.l of theCiiilf of Veiiiee. A Ko- ii:aii rolohv was settle>l in it, between the lir«t ami si-euiid MaeeiioniAti wars, to be a biihvark au' i:i.'t the lliins anil (iotlis. In 42.*>, it was l.<>u'i;cil by .\ttila. with an in- iiiitiK rable ho-t of barbarians. 'I'hree month* Wirt; eoiisuinul without elleet in the sie^'e • till tliu want of ]iro\ isinns, ami the cluniour of his army, roinpelleil Attila to issue his orilers, that the troops .sli'iiilil utrike their ieiits the iiext nioriiini:, ami U ;'in their re- treat. Hut as hi r'"le riiiuhl till- w.il' piii-iw, an^:ry, ainl ilisappointiil, he ubsirveil a stork firepannj; to b-nc lii r inst in one of tho towi-rs. ami t" ll>. with her infiiiit family, toWiirils the eoiintry ; this he interj>rete.l lui an iiiieii that ihunf towers were ile^oleil to impeii'lint,' mill ami si'lituile. The sii (.'o wasreiiewiil aiiil prosueiitcil with fri sh vi(;- oiir; a larj;e br<-aeli was ina'b' in the part of the wall from wheiiee the stork li4il tukeii her lli^'ht ; the lliins inounteil to tli M.iny of t k*. nr Al- lllr i III Iho I 441) iiiiK'.s lilt III Ikivi iiilliJ ficiii lir I'llsliTIl ( Irniilliikii, 'li riM s 10 . uIhiiiI l.'tO III. I \'llrii. r M.intain iiaiiii' iif • 47;ri at .••iiiiaii' ;15 I 'fj r. i.f . N. 1-p. the Cnriii, t!iU rua.^t. .-. A H'- •twcni the K, tit til' n iiotllS. Ill itii nil in- ll'l' IllDlltllH the su■^'l■ ; 10 cluniiMir ) issue his trikf tliiir II their ri-- .'i' pcii'nc, H'll i» .stiirk onu lit liia ,iil family, •r|)ritcil IL1 lll>i>tl'il to I'll I' f-K tro fri hli vl^;- 1 iho {>art liiiil tukcii lilt* (LHfiatlit sihceciiiii;; • lln- runii It Wall uii I ditrh, ati'I is coniii'itril hy ii riiiial wiili tin- port iif I'aaiin, lln- ri ■.jiifnci' nf a t'i'w li.sluT- mcii. 'I'hii is all that ii'iiiaiiis ul'ilii.s unci- grt'iit liiWii, t/ir /,"/ iif lialy. I'dp. uhijiit 16,01 n>. Agi is<"», a til. Ill" NapliH, in 'IVira lii Lftvnro, riiiiicil hy tlic oiiipenir C'oiiraih'. It is tin; hirthplan' of .Fuvi'iiiii, iiml siatcij neiir tin; Cari^'liaiin, on lli<> ^riat hiu'h rimil from K.iiiii! to NapKs, 20 imUs S, hy IC. of Sorix. AitMiXT, fi town innl fnrt nf tho f'rimcii, ami lifiiv iiifc n| raiiriila, on lln; hurijcrs of the Staof Asoiili, 'JO mill's N. hy K. of (.'alia. Alt AiiiA, a country of .\siii, cxttiiiiliii); from the r.'th to tlu> .'I'.'inl (hi:, of N. lilt, ami from the .'tllril to the .'i>o i,'reat nnnibersiifosirichcs, andarnii'lireedofeamels in 8cver.ll places, and the horses are the noblest of the •;i>eeies. .\rahia Felix, so called on acennnt of its fertility with regard to the rest, lies to the S. of Aiaiaa lle-erta, hctween the Ked Sea and the Indian Ocean. It is hy far the nmst eonsiderahle part; and, ilioii;:li tho centre is oi'eti|)icd hy very dry deserts, there are many rich pmvince.s nn the coasts, ptrodiieiii^ a variety of Iriiits. hdiicy, w.ix. cin- namon, cassia, manna, spikenard, frankin- Mnse, myrrh, and eoll'ce, of which latter ereat Siantitics are exported from Modia. Mat e divisiiins f ilhiwed hy the .Vrahiall pco- grnphcrs themselves, and whieli tlit;ve is every probuliility are identical w itli those of ancient date, are 7 in niimher, viz.: 1. B.o--cl-toiir- Snal(thc desert of .Mount Sinai.') and nearly Identical With .Vrahia I'etrea. 2. II Iledjas (the land of ialLMimMi,'e) on the coast of the Jkul Sea. a. MeiNjeil, the lai^'est, central, and lea-t known poriioii of the iieiiinsnia. 4. El-llavsa. I.aeh^a, llaiNjai, or Malirein, OD the Persian (iulf T). Oman, a moiintain- OBii rcpoii, havimj N. the Persian Gulf, and j B-Hn-sa. ami W. and S. K. vast deserts. | (^ ILidium.mt forms the S. H. division of Arahia, and 7. Vcnicn the southern portion ot the peniii'.ul.i. 'Die two hi^t heiii;; ideii- tieal with tin; Arahia Felix of former iij^'ch. 'I'hesi; an; all suhdivided into a t-Tcat nuiii- her of petty SoVel(i;.'ntieH, or rather triheS, which are hut imperfectly understood in most iiistiiiie(;s ill I'airope. ft has hiren vii;,'iR'lj (".timated that tin; total poiiulation lunoiint.i Iroin I'J.ooo.ooo to I4.0()0,(ioo. The Arahi are of a iniddle stature, ^reiicrally extremely thin, and hrown complex ion, and have al way n a ^;ravo and melancholy «ir. They deriva their suhsistence fioin their (locks, from hiiiit- injr, and from what they ncipiire hy iilunder id' the caravans which pass t'roiii Aleppo to Hassorn, and t'roni Hassora to Mecca. They aeknowled;.'!; no sovereign, hut the emirs iif their trihes, who are their natural iirinees, and to whiiiii they jiay oU'dicnce. They have also sheikhs, or chiefs, of an advanced a;,'e, whom they often consult, and whose advice they follow. The dress of the Arahs consists of a white rohe, hound round with n hroad leather j,'irdle, fastened hy a strong; hucklo, or lar^'C clasp. Their drawers are made of linen, and descend to the lower part of the Ici;. Tliev wear a kind of red caj) on the head; and soniptiines they wear slippers, after the man- ner of the Turks, hut are i;emraiiy in half hoots, that they may he ready to jret (Ui horse- hack. Winter and summer they wear a lari,'C cloak, strijied hlaek and white, made of tho hair of ^oats or some other animal. Tin ;r emirs dicss in the same manner, except that their cloaks are for tin; most jiart all hlaek. The Arahs in the deserts live in tents, and remove from jilace to jilace, partly for tho sake of pasture, and partly to lie in wait for the cara\aiis. The famous Mahomet was a native of this country; and his followers, soon after his death, eoiKjiiered a, preat part of Asia. .Vfrica, and Kiiropc, estahlishing their rcli>;ion wherever they came. The in- teriorof thisvast territory is very littl* Icnown, hut it seems nearly destitute (d' water, as hut very few rivers are t'nund ar. ■iind its coasts fir near 'JjdU miles. Medina, Mecca, and Mocha, all on the coast ot the lied Sea, iiio the chief towns. .VuAiiiAN (!ri,i'. Sf' Wv.D SnA. AiiAc^AV, lir.coAN, or Auuacan, a country of Asia, extending alom.: tho W. coast of tho threat I'., iieniiisula of S. Asia; its leii'.'tli from N. to S. is ahout .">0() miles; hreadth at its N. end, yi) miles, gradually diminishing towards the S. ; area, Ifi. •_';")(» s(piare miles. I'op. ahout :2.U), 000. The '^'eoiiiaiidon^^moun- tains 1 ■ Old it on the !■". ; the country is jiencrally diversilied with hill and date; hut on the N. horder, the coasts are low, niarsliy tracts. The rivers run mostly in a S. W, direction; the lartrest is tin- Araean (properly Kulady new,) which rises in the Kirineso mountains, and discharj^es itself in 20. 15. N. lilt, hy several mouths; on one of wdiicli stands the capital .\raciin. The coa.st contains many good luirhinirs, and alTurds good anchorago A U A 12 A U \ !• I [ k groiiiii!. Tlic liiiiiali' is uiiln .ililiv, niiil ilic jinMluilK »>l till- toiiiiliy oiinparHlailv iii'iu- iiiliiMi.t: nut iiinri' than l-l.t.ir>l |>ait l>fiii>; ill culti^.ititin, uinl d iIim marl* ilio Mh«)lf| it ll)'lillr.l |i. L'liiVMii;: rue; tin' l( lll.ill.iU T In Ct'lloi'. llnli^-s i\f. A i:<'<"l "liiaiility nl ^alt i«ai«i» |ir<'tlm«il. ami i> "iif I't iIh >i;ii.lf fmn- I nii>'iilii'.'<. lliv ilii(l'tx|'i.il» » i>iiM>t ot rill', I pail'ly, w<>n> inics iiiitiaiit.*' tii>ks. tuliai-iii, Mlk, rntlKii, »S.i'. | i«iiu f, li.>«iMr, ilir lliiti-li .1(1 u|ialii'ii <■! it in l.-::*. ilif iiiiiiiiiy li.i- I'lcn m iiiiiir iiiti> I'lt- Ut niiiiutiiiii ; till' |«»ii|ili', « li<> art' |{ii>iiiliiii >, •mi li.v in' lui'uiiN a |.ii|ii».«i.»mii>; iiui'. I'ltluT , in iliarai trr cr lialit>, arc I'l-innunj; niniir ; Hrili>li induonii' nmii' <'iMli/.iMl atnl iihius- 1 trii'U!>; the lianij^ ul roMicrM wiiii'li turnicily . ii.loif.i tlif country l>aN«' \hv\\ i xiirpatcl. I ami nmri- •.ati^Luii-ry ni."i<» ..| Iimii_' iiiiic- diii rMiii|ti(.n c. ' AiiAi AN. ( ) tlu' tapital uf tin- aixnc roiiiitry, Miuatcliii-li is larc ('rH!.>f.l l>y SfviTal liiliy wixiiiin liiidiji s. It lunii!* an iiTi-LMil.ir s.jtiarc. «iilifii i*, r.xi . jii ^ on ilif N. K ,«li(Ti' it lou.iir!" a.slialUiw l.ik,e; ItUt as u 1'. 'iin>s il is valurli.-s. Ikmii^; <>n ail ^ eiduii CDinniamli'd i>y Yari>>U!i liills. 'I'Ik le nrt tlic ruiii" ol' an uncaiit )>alui'f uml ti, it lia.s t!ii' liot maiki-l lor I".n;;li>li niaiiulartiiri'.o, ami thf <'\|Hirt ; )iiit its consf(|ni'ni'f lias >;raiiuuily c into iiniKirluiiri-. iVip. alMiiit '.t.iHKi. Ai:\< ISA, a town <■{ S|paiii in Anii.ilusia; H ta\iiiiiiic ri'Mitl fur tin' ilil<' ul' N\illi' in till' siiniiniT M .IPX in. It lia.<> a Mixiriali cUbtic in riiin^. rii|i. alj<>ut .'i.immi. Ai!U>, a luun tif tlic ,\u,«trian fm|iirc i.n ImiiIi -idi"* ijf tlic Mafi'; tiiat part wim li ii lai the N. liaiili. ur ( »ii| Arad. Ihiii^iiii H!iii;,Mr\, nnd t!i>' oilur. nr N N. uf 'l"cmc,s>,iir. NfW Arad i* (•tnin;;ly f iitilii'd, and i)i I Ara^l is the n-i- (Icinc of a (jii-cii I i-'liop. 'I'lie tuNMi ifi tin- entrii>i">l «if the jin^lMts of n vu»t tract vi country, wiiuli arc diiiiiMil iicri-, and sent al<>n;j tlie l).inul'..' to various p.irts. 'liic Jews lia\c i •, !'.si\e i.ionoiiolics >>\ l>dia»i u, corn, and oilier cuinnioditie^, and are there- fore very o|mlcnt und uutnerou;*. i'oj'. near!\ IK.lKMl. AitiKAT, or (JKiiKf. OitiMiAT, a niouiitaiii cf Aral n, aliout l.>(i(» feet in lieit.'h[, IT) IDlies S. S. i;. ii McKa. lis name iinjdics the inciuiilai!i of Ivii'iwlcd^'c, ami nn sin li in an uhjiel v.! .uioratioli with the devotci-.s of .Ma- huiiiei , III lsii7, upward of HODoo pil;;iini". ' imlu liii'^ 45. (Mill mounted \ValialK:e!> Were ' u.vsemhied iihout it. I AuA>iojfA, a town of Siily, 7 miles N. of Giri;. iiti, on a lull; it is rctmirkalilc for itH Ca.>tle, colli. iiiiin^i ;i lim- (.Mllery of pulures; oad lur (Uc mud \ oi^uuu lu ii4 viciuity, w lucli j con>ioi' 4if ninmroiiii iitile hiilockw with era. t« r>, whiili loiiiiiiiiiiljy throw np n tine cold inu>( ^ul|dlnro||t air; iM'cai'Kmal eruptions cj>et the mud ton hel^;llt ;. turiht r it dm i^;cs into two lir.milirs, one taliiii): into the .\ina/I«>S. a town o| I'lam e, departiiieiii of (iard. oil tlic Klii'iic; it hiui itocral manu- factures. .\iiAMiA, n town of Spain, in .\rriii,'on, mi tlic I>uero, III a hideous, hut Iruittiil country. Toj'. ahoiit 4'»0'». 84 miles from .Madiid. .ViiAN.M y/, a town of Spain, in New t'a.s- tile. with hroad strei is inlel seetilij; caeli olJuT at li^lit an;;les. The j^reat Miiiarc i.s sur- rounded I'y jMirtictKS, and Iuls a fountain lii.it supplies the town willi wattr. iiiru are three I huri lies, and a theatre lor hiitl- li;;lits; hut the u'li.ry of .Vraiijin / i.s the royal pal. ICC and (.'ardciis, silil.itid oil an island toiincd I'V the 'I'li^us, the Xaraina, and a canal, 'i'lus was the btiie ol Aranjin/. in iho palmy days of Spain. Since the death of tho sen-ual Ferdinand VII., its palaec lia» heeii ne;:leelctl, Its tlieatrc t loscd, and it is imw u inei. nil holy and desirtid ].l.ier, tlion^.'li siili pit .Lsant in lis dt soi.itioii. Hut in l^4.'isom<'- iliin^r wiw done lor its restoraiioii, wliuh, 'hoiild peacr he prehcrved, W ill no douht hild t'< Its ancient state. Aranjiicii is scaled oii the 'rajo, "Jll miles S. of .Madrid. .'VicAUAi.a mountain of .Armenia, situated near the » h.iin ol 'i'auru', in Iat. .'I'.t. 4i'. .N. and |oii)r. 4 I. ;c tho level of the hca, the other al>out 4(MM) feel lower. The prim ijial summit is a eiri ular plain ahout I'iMi tecl in diameti r.undeni i iisud with perpetual u e. The ascent is so dilliiiilt, lh.it il was iioi atcoinpli'.lu ti '..Il Is'ji), uttor the th;r«l aiiempl, hy I)r. rarmt. Tratliiiou asserts that the arlc re.sicd on the mtmmit alter the tltl; ami th<\ Armenians liedicvo that the remains cxi.st to this day. On July 2nii., \XiO, a violent eartli<|iiake sht>ok lliu inounlaiii, and ilid iinnn ii^e mi.schief to tho »iutuuudiug dittrau, dMiruyiiig entirely ilui A It n 48 ARC :i dill' I nlil nl|'l>ll|n||« ll'll'l til It l.iiK It i;« iM. In I. I Anil riiM, S. Ill ,ir til S, «l,ilyt lit . t llrii- 'lit :. S., tltni IllmUt lir.tiic'ii^, till- (iilicr Atlaiitir, •*. Jn. W. ttary, I'.'d L'lMl miles II I'DMiltll, .It. ai.ii till. tinTl- IHIJ I iiiiiy, iiiit \Mtli tlic artmciit uf tal iii.iiHi- irni^c.ti.nii il i"Uiitrv. .Ma.i.hl.* New Ca.s- tciuli uilur an- is Mjr- :', li>uiitaiii itir. II. 10 re Inr luill- l> llii- I.iyul I an i.«l.iiir| iina, mill a ijin/. Ill liio ll.llll III tlio f lia.i Ihimi It 1.1 now u lioll^'il ^tlll l»4.J»ii|||r- iiill, ulllrh, I i|i>ul>t it'ail s hcatol nil id, siliiati'il .■i'.t. 4-.'. N. atnl tiiiiuil- till! t I'lillc.i, I u!io> f tlio t 4IMMI (cl I a iiniilar lll'lUI U!«tl-(1 Ml ilillii'ult, Ix'J'J, altor 'i'ruilitiuii ho siuiitiiit iillH tlclicVO . On July hlluok lliO lilcf til tilt) cutircl^' lilt) Tilla^'i' of Alviiri, \n iili a'liii) iniialii.itit.'i, aiiil thv tiiMii III NakM'liitaii. AuASxi, a iiianiiiiii' inwii >( tin; tcrriluiy of (iiiiiia, 5 null's S. \V. ol' Allii'iini». Ait.vr, a tiiwii lit' St\ it/crlaiiit, ('a|>ita! ol till! ili'|>arinii'nt i>l' linwi.!- Aik'S canturi nf Iltriu-, with inaMiir.ii'tnri-i III I'nttnii, ininiiil liiu'ii, ami I'liiliiy. A treaty lietueeii the Priite>tanl tiinl Catliulie eantniis \\m emi- clinieil lieiv ill 171'.'. It is m atcil uii thu rivi r Aar, 'JT miles \V. orZniieli. AuAicAM \. a ili'>lrii t i Metnliiii; fi-nin tlie 42llil til llie .'tTtll lie;;, (il .S. lat., (in the >liee.iii; liiiuiuli 'l nil the I'), hy tlie Aii'les, ali'l i> eiiii>ii|( leil as lieli)ii^;iiij.' tii Cliili. hilt it is iiilialiiteil alinust exeluMvely by natives, wliu liavi; nut diily Muee.sitully J«si^t^•ll cviTV atteiii|it o( tho S|iaiiiaril.i to bcciiiue in.isters urilic ediiiitry.luit tVeijiieiitl)' BiHile iiH iiiMuiis iiitii their territ'ay. 'I'liey »ro a lianly laee, IiIM\ e ainl warlike, hut suli- list ehii ily hy the rearing nl' ll'cks ami liepU; they are aeijiiaiiiteil, Imwever. with lew dt'the •rt.s (if I iMii/.ati' II. 'I'liL' (li^triet enntains both K"''l '""1 silver, is watered hy several ■treiinis, is very I'ertih', and the elitnato is «lt'- li^htfill. The S|ialiiai'ls iiuistruete'l u fnrt ftbuiit -10 miles S. i>t' Ciiiiee|it inn, (iiameil •Iter the (lislrii t,) as ii ihl'eiiec a;;aiii,st the IneiM'^iiiiis ul the .ViaiicaiH. Aii.vM M, or .Viivs, a iner of .\^ill, wiiieh flees in (leorjiia, Hows S. K. ai'rii>.s Armenia, •till J'liiis the Kill', near its eiitraiicu into thu CttJ^I'i'ii Sea. It is a very rapiil ri\ei'. ami II sll|'IH)^e'l to ho the (iiiaHl melitiulicil hy Mo.ses. Aiiiti:, all i^I iikl ;i() miles in einiiiiifereTiee, OB the en^;.st of Dalmatia, tVoni wliieh it is ^ miles (li>tant. 'I'lio soil is rieli, hut the in- habitants .tie imioleiit. It has a town of the MUlie iiaiiic. l'(>ii. -UDO. Lung. 14. 5o. K. Ut. 4i. ,:.. N. AKiii.iii;,a town of S',\ ii/.< rhiiiil, in the can- ton of iMTiie. oil all i>l.iiiil loniii'l In two omnehis of iho Aar. It is 10 miles W. hv N. of l{el lie. AiiiiKi,. a town of .Asiatic 'I'lirkey, in Ciir- I'istaii, aiiiieiil -Vrhela, near which AKxainler dofeateil Darius. Here are tlu' remains of an aneieiilcaMtle; ami in the \ icini' v .irena|ihtha pits. It is iiiiw an incoii>iiler'.ole iiiuil-laiilt town, With a jio|iiiliitii'ii of ahoiit 30iiU. It li Biiii.it'il on an extensive |ilaiii, 36 miles N. of Altuukiipri, an! .'>0 1'). ot' .MomiI, Auiioii.v,a to-.vii .)f Sweileii, Wcstinaiilainl, ft rtlcil oil the Ul\i.--oii, hy which river, ami a Civmil, it has a eomiiiunicatioii with the lakes Hielmar ami Mailer. It has a (,'i)iiil trati>it traile for ir m aii'l eojiper. rop. l-'idO. It b a.") miles I'",. N. K. of (h'ehro. A Kill us, a town of l-'raiicc, in the ilepart- mciit of .Itira, famous for its while wines. It it a liamlsoine, well-luiilt town, and has a royal ei)l!e;.'e ; fahries of earthenware, oil, paper, leatlur, vSte.; and has some llattiiij;- inillit. richc^rni was a native xi this town. It U 22 miles S. \V. uf liccam,''.!!. Allluix, a tiwii of Swil/erl.iiid, sitiiati' on n point of hind ji Itiii;; into the lake uf Cull- .slaiice, 12mile!i S. I'i. of ('oiisiaiiee. Aiii'.uiiAni. Si'ati d oil the Aar, uppuaitu Olteii, 12 miles l). 111 Soli lire. AitiAHiA, an inland nomareliy of the Mo- rea, (ireeee;it is ideiilieal with the ancient Arat'liii, ahoiit 40 miles in liii|,'tli, and tlnj same in hreadth; it is very hilly, with oeea- sioiially exteiiiive plains. Its rivers arc tlio Hoiili.i, (ancient Al/i/n us) the lar;.'est river of I he Morea; its lakes are insl^jnilicant ; the famous Sliiiniiliiilns is amoii^;st them. Tlio peoph; are strong; and lahorious, hut aro chiclly ennaned in teiidint,' cattle ami i-licep; a;iriciiltiiie is hut little lollowed, and the woiiuii iicrfiirni all that is done of it. Tlio po|'ul,ition is >caiity, and wander ahout with iliiir docks accoidiii;^ to the want or plciiij of piKsture. (Juod w iiie is produced at Ileiiea. Tripoli//.a, I.omlari, and Karitemi are tlio chief towns; the reimiiiis of Mej^alopohs, I'al- laiitiiim, vS:i'., still exist. I'op. sec Appendix. ; Aitrii v.Ni.Ki., a hir;:e province of Russia, hcuiiided on the N. hy the Arctic Ocean. Il , is divided into ei^dit circles, vi/.. ; Archan^^d, ('lieiicoiiii^k, (/liolme^iar, Kem. Kola, Meson, One;;a, and Seiiej^a. It is a very dreary dis- j trict, especially the eastern part; it siippliea i some fir linihcr and deals, and contains many ' wild animals, which are slaii^'litcred for their tat; and tallow iiihl hri.-.tlcs form |,'reiit arti- cles of exiiort. The inhaliitauts also make imnicn>e (piuntitiesof matting'. Top. :.'5'{,(i0o. AuniAMii !.,or.Sr. Mil iiAici , the chief town of the ahove ]irovince, is situate on the l';.haiiK of the Dwiiia river, a .short distance ahove its entrance into a hay of the White Sea, in N. lat. 04. .34. K. Ion;:. ;5S. 5'.). It was for many years the principal seaport of Russia, and wa.'J lirst resorted to hy the Kn;j;lish in l.").'i.'!; and, althoii;,di (ireatly declined in importance siiieo the hiiiMiiiL; of St. IVti rshiiri.', it still exjiorts con.sidcialile iinantities of corn, tallow, dcils, and some laistks; hut as it is only attained hy the dreary coast of Norway, and the North t.'ape, in lat. 71. 10. it is acccssihic only ft few months in the year, say iluly, Aui^u.it, and Septeiiiher, during wliicli short jieriod it is resorted to hy do or 70 sail of vessels an- nually, jirincipally Kiij^lish. It was nearly destroyed hy lire in 17U3, hut has since been rchiiilt with neatness, principally of wood, the severity of the w inter hein;; coiinteracteii hy stoves. I'uii. almiit 24,;i;V.>, who have ah lilt a dozen chinches, one Lutheran, one (."a!viiii>t, and the others (ircek. Archaiij;el is ahout li>0 miles N. K. of St. I'etershurij. AiHiiirKLAcui, is a term applied to a clus- ter or ^roup of islands; hence the Grecian, Kasterii, Northern, iVc. lic '■ -r the most cclehratcd Ki'oiip is th^ Ji'eciaii at ti.^ head of the .Mediterraneai'. '■hm, having liiinnni'.i on the N., Natuliu on the E., tliu isLuid uf A U I) II A U 1) Ciiii.lia on llic S., MiKVil.uii.i, I.i\iiili.i. aii'l Iho .MiTi'iKvn iho W. It i* parilv in Kur>'iM\ nnil ]>arlly in Asia, rontaininn tlio i>lan(i>- nl Khoilcs. No>rr<>|u)nf, Ia innos, 'I'oiioilos. Srv- rii". Mnvk'no, S'in, Sained, I'atinos. I'.ircs, Antipati)*. (Vri.,>>. Siini-.Tini, Antlms. Tnia, Naxio, Milo, liclos, Ar;;f:itH ra, and nianv others. AiiiiiirK.i.Ado. NouT'iruv. a part of ihn ratilii" ()• I'an, having: tin- jHiiinsula uf Ka:n- si-liatkaon tin- \V.,anil tin- I'oiwit '.if Anu-rna (III till- K. It incliuics a nuinlxr ol i»l.in N, ainiinjj wliicli arc fMir primipjil prniipn: the Sn«i^-n:in, lhi> Kin-a iihf>i> Iwn '^r.Mijis f.)- githrr aro stvli'ii ilu- Alciiiaii J^lmiiN , iho Aii'lrenflVki (»va, and ilio I,i*5.i' < Mri)\«. (>r the V'>\ I-lan.ls. 'Ihoy nil hclnnj; to ]^l^^ia, anil au- valu.it.lc i !uitl\ for ihp nking of nniniaU f'ln i thiTi-. p.irt.i'uhiilv thv so.i otter, >" Fi>.\ I«»i AM>^, Aiui^ M n-Ai iir, a tiwn (f Franro. in the dr]MritnfM <■( Aul-e, <.ei-tcil on th>* rniT Aul'<', 1.') niilos N. of TroNr"!. I'liji. '2''.i'2. Auciis, a til"'-, <<<' Si a; p. in Andaln'in, lis miles n' rth-ea«! . f C.idi/. Top. Io.ikim. ThiTO aro (several . eanie su' !• it ii>the F.n(;li«li F".a»f Irelii! {'I'jnptiiv in \^o\. It is seated on the south hank of tho l':ilinr. f,«". miU-< we't hv Koulli of Madras. I.-n,;. 7'.'. U4. K. lal. 12. :>\. K. Ah< TIC Um;I(>m*. thr roi;irii;« nroTind ilie North I'ole, torrnerlv fupi ii>cd to he a vast fpi/en ocean, hut \y recent cxplon rs di8ei>- vcrcil to coi,(,i!.t of nntncroiii ivlatnifs, sonio (ir (jrcat cxt. '.r. «rh int-rvetnti>: ••■as. The d '•.ippciraiM-e iif Sir, I. dill Fraiiklurs expe- dition, wlirii lef: F.:i^:Iai;d in I><-1;». Hr<>n«ed » national rn !« n%'our lo rescnc it, ^\hltll re- lilittd in the d.M'iverv of the V.W. p'^simjje, Rii «xp|orati>.n of ncar'v the whole of ihcM* rrpioni, nnd at hmt thr lindin^ a few hlnnehcil ^k> h'tonii And utlicr relies on and near Kint; Wdhain's I.^nd, wi.ich ti >ti!i i the fate of tlic iioMo l-rithklin and his eotiira>!eH. The prini ipal laiid^ di-ri>Ten-'l were the Mitl jIToup of it,,' I' iiry I-Uiids, the ni'»^t ' oriiurn i.md, IJaniic loland, I'rince c,( W,U'-» I.:ind, Hoothirt Folix. I'nnce Aihert I,«nd, Victoria and \Vol!l\^t•■n L^n i-, Kin^: N\ iiliainV I.sn 1, * juitnaux are found on »ome uf the i lainJt. Ak(I!< lh<.iii.\M>i«, a countrv (jn tlie norih-ea«t of Hallin't \\:\\, discovered hv ("aj.t.iin .r,!in.U.,,s, in isjs. Ii,l,;,hited hy F.'-iputu iiix, wlio Mipnoiied them.vlve* the only 'i!.,iiiitrnii', of tlie «.,rld. Am. Mill, the name of a tuironv in the c<;ii!ity of L,,!i;,»ford, Ireland, rontaininu' the parii-iies an, I ii,e town, of L.,n/forl nnd Kdt'w.irth«to\vn; and. united with Kdnw^re, piv.s niune to a hish ,pr.. -, l.ut there is miihcr euihcdrul nor e^iseopaJ r..si.leiu-e in Ard.uli. Tlh re arc many otliir paii-his in dillVrent parts ot Iri lainl, hcj^'iniun:; w iih .1 •ia, in A/erlij.m, the resileneo ami hnrial-placc of ni.anv kin;:>!, parlicnlarly of .Sheik .Suii'i, tlic loimder "I till' Siitlitc .1\ na'ly nnd sect. I'lltrrims resort to (ills p!;ici> lioiii nil parts «if I'ersia; and caraMins arc Ircunenily |.a^^in^ to and fr^iin t 'onstaiiliiiople and Sinxrna. It is .'t."» inile.s K. .S. K. (d" Taiiris. l.op;;. 4S. 'JH. oaM. laf. ;1S. 'iO. north. Aunit iiiMi'lepart -f I'Vaiicr-Jyin^rlcnjili- wise nlon;; ihe W. side ul the Uh .|ic, liaMlij S. the (Jard.W. the !,• -• re and Ha ;fe L..ir.', and .N. the l.'irc. 'I'hc ^reatct ]iarf of !s siirlace is hilly and nioimiainons; scm lal •■( the smaller lulls .an of vidi-.mie ori;;;:!. I!, - siilrs the Hhoiic, it is wat« r- d hy the Aide. Iir, from whirli it takes its name, and the l.iiirc winch rises in thi- ilep.irt. alioiilM'* in. W. of I'nvas. its idiief t;hedii. .\i;i'i ■>»■.•', a depart, in the N. ol Fiance, hi\in;; .N. 1J< I;,'inin, F. tlcp. .Mcn«e. S. dip, Marne, and W. late and inarMc; i oal aUo i* found, hut not wi.rknl. Tin-re are exteiisivf iron, I'oppcr. nnd l'ra«s- works; and ^.Teat t|nantities of nails are tn.ide; also fah- iics (d'sujK-rior earthenware, ^.'l.iss. jSiC. Tmi- her and wool al»>> arc aiu.in^^t its staj.hA i'i.p;uiO si',1. .\ui>r»:iiT. a town of Iii laud, in the comity of Kerry, and a hishoj\ M.'e nniteil wiiii A^diadiK- lo Limerick. It wa.s formerly the capital id" the i-onnty, hut is now a poor place, with i'\ten«ive lUUi". It is sim;, d otl a riTer, wh 'h runs into Tralee Uav, Iniir niiler, ,N. N. W, id' IVal. e. I'.. p. f,.'.:..' AiiiK.i.Ass, n seaport towji of Ireland, county Di.Aii; the nearest part of Ireland to the Isle of Man, and may l>e consi.lered tin* hent watennnplace in the north of In land. It ii an aniient hnt dcavi d town, once ik parliamentary hoT'iugh, and a ploi'c of ^rca| 'S-*^ AUE 46 A li Cr in ilillVri'tU A/i'rlij,ii\ i.mv kin;."', Iniiiiilcr •( Mills revert 'tr»ia; anil I atui Ir'iin IS .'I.') Ill I leu I. oast. lat. in;:li"itL'!li- 'iH', lia\ 111 J i-ti' L.iiii', j'arf (if its Sf Viral of i^in. I!.-- .• Ar.!<\ lir, I t)l<' I,.0|.- H 111. \V. .,f 1' tllilirs i.f t jiroiliiiTs iT, rliocsc. also i\ va-t r tiiailo at lit' 111 s| i!i .(■s, Iia- lo- p. n.'i.-l.T.iJ. lio ('111.11, ;_v ippan iitly ro In 1 11 u ^n-rs il.iil It siniMiij Id IS 1 4 laiu'ii -mills, an. I I'l.s 'I'Ihti' liiy. I'l]. i>>;liriiii. i.t I'lam-.*, IS.-. S. .l.|i. N. iliv'-mii Ariii-nius, ill' coiiniiy >us; in ill'- .' \ alley .f ry Iriulfiil, iriiii. li:'.|, 111 iiiarlli ; 'riu'Ti' arc ••irko; nii'l ; iiisi) fat>- kk"'. 'I'iin- it.S st;l|i!c\ tti<^ fimiil V iiti'il with rTiurly tlu> iW U pi" If i >.c.i:i i| I. II Hay, liiiir if Inlaiiil, Irt'lainl 1(1 liijirt'il till) if In liiinl. vn, (line II CO of ^rmt •tron^^tli; wliicli scmtuI ('!i.st,(.'IIiiti''l litiiMiii^'s, wlnisc history i.s iiiikiiDw n, .sccni to tt'stify. Aui)N.*Ki:i:. ji town of Irelaiul, ((lunty Slii^'ii, (,M tlic river Mny. 'riiciv an; valuable SiiliiKiii tislici'ics ill til'' iiei;.'l'.liuiirliiioil. A III ' Ml lit i;. a luwiiol' IrcLiinl. in tlic cdniity of Watirfur'l, mi a capr anil hay (if it.s naiiic, 10 miles S. S. W. iif l)iiii^'.'irv-,ii. Aiti'UA, a ,-iiiiill kiii;,'iiiiiii (if ( iiiiiii'ii, (111 the Slave eiiast, at tlie liuttmii :if llu (iiilf df 8t. Tlidinas. The eniintry is fertile iii mai/c, palm wine, plants, ami Iniits, whi.li iust ii'.l the \.:ir; .iinl ]iniiliiees a ^reiit deal ol sak. It h.iK a iiiuii uf iho same name. Long. 3. ."i. K. lat. (l.u. N. Akhki.s. a tdVMi df Frame, in the depart- meat dl r.is lie Calais. On an djieii pla' i. betwei 11 l!ie tmvii iiml (iuisiies, was thevi'le- brateil iiiter\ irw hetweeii l''ram'is I.df !• ranee. and Henry \III. .>f laivlaml, in l.MiO. It i,s li) mill s S. S. !•;. IP t'llais. Tup. 2l.')(). Aki>i;(is- \N, a jmii^li and seaport tnwii of Sidiland.ed. Ayr. '-'l in. W. S. W. uf Clas- Sow. 'I'he town was t'. imided on an exet Ihiit esi:;n hy ilie Lite I."r I I'.u'lintdnii, who 6Xpemied va-t Slims in the loriiiatiuii ol' ii good liarbinir, iic, with tiic view of niakiii;; It a ]idint of eommimieatiini with Irelaml; but this has not siieeeedcd. It is now a pleasant liathiiij^ pla 'e, and is on a hraneli of the (i!as;;ow and Soutli Western U.iilway. The shipping; of eoal hen; has heeoiiic verv- C nsideralilo. I'op. of the town ahoiit I'M)'). A .';iivi;i;r, a seaport town of Franee, de- Sirtment of I/Aver t'liareiite. I'oji. 'MOO, lii(f trade in Iresh and cured fish. Aki:( A, an i-lainl ■ii the (iiilf i>f Tersia, three miles .s. \\' of Oriiiiis. The Dnieh attemjited to est.iidish a fietory, ami hiiilt a fort here, lint were e.xpelled 1)\ the Persians. Arki'IIIi), a seaport on tiie N. eoa.-t of the Uland df I'orto liieo, West Indies, ;!2 miles Vt, <,'.' >> .Iiian. It is an impniviiij; place (184;$). and some eoal has tieeii loiind near it. Am (irn, a seaport town, caiiital of 1, an- CCrota, diic of the Canary inlands, on its {■]. C(m.st, lat. '.'S. 5r,. N. loiij,'. 1,'t. .'It'i. W. I'dji. 2501). It has a small sceiiie h.trliotir, with two eiltianee-., each defended li}' hoinh-proof forts, 'i'he inhaliitantH are mostly »ii;^'a^ed in fishiiiLr oil the opposite coast of Al'nc.i. Ani.MiiK.i;i;, II diuhy of (.ierm.my, near Coio^'ne. AuKNsnouii, tin' capital of a (ininty of the fSme name, in tin; duciiy of Wcstjihaiia. It tl Boaled (111 II hill, l>y the river Koer, l'2 Biles S. S. H. of iiam, and i\:\ N. 1'.. of Colo;,'ne. Loll;,'. H. 10. !■:. lat. .M. 'J.'l. N. Aui:s»i'a K(i, ii scapoit uf Kii-.>ia, in the gvernmnit uf iJij;.i, capital of the i-le dt' C'l, and a hishop's see. I'op. ISUO. I-oli;,'. 99. 17. K. lat. .18. li. .v. Aiti.NsiiAUHE, a di^iiiet in heiimark, iii jftcdiicliy of Sleswi ■k.ciiiitainin;: tin' u'lealest pavl of the t.imiiiis ramp.irt huilt by kiii^ Gotrie, in the bem iniii„' of the '.Uli century, ■i A ilel'ijl'.ec aintir-.i the irrupt ou.s of itio Saxon.s. It extends acro.ss tlic country, about y miles in Ien;,'tli. Ai(r.(^i-ii>A, an episcopal town of I'eru, founded by I'i/.arro, in l.V'};). Near it is a volcano. It has heeti ficir times laid in ruins by eartlapiakcs. It stands in a fertile eoiintry, a lew miles S. of a small lake, which is the sonrccofthc Apuriimicbianeii of the Ama/oii IliviT, '.'10 miles S. of Ciiseo, ;ui miles l\. of the i'acilie (.)eeaii. Loii^'. 7.{. 11. W. hit. Id. 10. S. Auiv./o, a town of Tuscany, in the Flo- reiiliiio. Guy Aretin, a i'x'iiedietine monk, iiuciitor of the musical notes, ut, re. >.<:(■., wa.s born here; al.so the ceiebrateil Francis I'etran h, and Mec.enas. It stands on a hill, at the coiitinx ol the '.'iiiaimo and Arno, 1,"> miles W. of ( 'itta di Castello. Top. 10,000. Alii. .VI". .S i! AAltUAf. Ai!(;knci-,.s, a town of France, in the de- partment df CalvaildS, on the river .Meiiaeo, 10 miles E. of Caen. Aucr.NTvN, a tnwii of P'ratice, in ''u- de- jiarrineiit ot' Orne. which has a considerable trade in lace. It is seated on an eiiiinenec, in the middle of a I'ertile plain, on the banks of the < )rne. 12 miles N W. of Seez, and 1 10 W. of Paris. I'op. .i:7'.>. AuiiiiNTKi'ii., a town of I'ranee, on tli(» river Seine, .5 miles N. W. of Paris. It has a line vineyard, and in the environs arc ipiarries of the piaster of Paris. Ai;(;ENriKUA, a barren island of the Archi- pelap), so called from the silver mines in it. There is but one villai;e, and it lias no water but what is kept ill ei.>ieriis. Loii^'. 2;t. lo. K. lat. .'iCi. .".0. N. AiiOKMiKKE, a town of France, depart- ment Ardeehe. Pop. .■iooo. Some exli..uste(I lead mines are liere, but silk is now ilie prin- cipal maniifacturo. AitcKNTdN, a town of France, in the de- jiarlment of liidre, di\ ided into two p.irts bv the river Creiisc. Pop. 4;U'J. It is ;J7 miles S. W. of iJoiirjies. Ai;(i(i.s, a seaport of Furopeaii Turkey, in the Morea, "J.") miles S. of Corinth. It was tlie capital of anrieni Arj^olis. Long. "23. 5. E. hit. ;?7. 30. N. Au'.ios till. I, a tiiw II olthe i-lanl of Cepha- loiiia, with a fortress, .lud the best haibimr III the island. I'op. ;*>ooo. It is « miles W. S. W. of Cephalonia. AuiuiviA. .Ne Aakoai". Aitiiricii,, a town of Franee. in the depart- ment of the Lower Seine, IS miles X. K. of Uoiieii. Aiti.i IN, an island and tort on the eoas< of /aliara, ;tO miles S. K. df Cape Illanci), !t was taken by the Dutch iVom the Portu- guese, in lt'i">7; alterwaivls the F'rciich took it from the Dutch. Lon^. 17. .">. W. hit. '20. ao. N. AJtoi N, a river of Asi.i. S'.r Saciiaj.ikn. Aitiii N.xKoi, a town of Siberia, on ihe frontiers ol( 'hiiicscTai tary. Tiiere are mines of silver and lead near it, and ,t pearl tishen* ART •ir. A K K I i| ^ » I in till' river Arcun. on tlu' W. Ii.n;k i>f\\liii-!i rliit-fly Mi'XtoaiK. TIuto i* ulnuvlanrc of tJu' town is situiitv'. It i-^ 70 iinhh ^. K. <>(' njinfral wt-nliii, luit vnv iittlf iiri.Mi' InnM. NertctiMi^k. J,.iiij:. US I'.. 111! :rj, .1(1. N, j Akuvn-*'* Kim i;, hi iIm- riiitcl SMt.s, Aki.'J i.K.siiiKK. II cpiiiitv I'f Sr.'tliniil, i ri"-! • in !h"' Kixkv Moiitiinins, nliotit Int. -12. li(Hiii.!i"ninliai(iin, innl i S:at<* iiuij Mi'\iii>. nnil fur miiih< tii-tjiino S. ninl W. }i_v tlie Atlatiiic ( >. imii. Iiy wi)i> li torui- ii |'ar( hiinl> ami ).' ninvul.i.s. It tlir"n>;h tin- tcniral imrl ol Aikniipn'. ami is llo iniios liin^ fr^'iii tin- Mull vi I'lintyn ] attir n wlmlc <'j'i in Int. ;ri. 40. N. lt« conrrnl iinoi^ual - ahiiiit 40 tniKs ■\>li(rc ;:rt'atr»l i-iuirso i<» K. S. !•'.. || I* i,.n iijahlc I'ur l».!its To the N. W. is a jii'i'iin-'ila, nraiiv (irta< lu.i in sonn' M-a>.niis. I'isii tiillcs. 'I'lic nfi\ iirntii'n frnm till' rr-t ut tlir r'linty; it conifiin'' tin" : is nut "^^trn(■t• ot' Aninanuinlian. Morvm. Sunjirt. ' 'I'lii* i(iiintr\- Mali-rt'ii l>y tlic Arki is.is in it<« ttiiil Aril(;ii\\ur. Tlio |'i'iiinsula« of I'tiniirc npi'i-r |i:trt~ i.< stfnlo; Imt in tiic inwiT jmrts aiitl Co^al ari- likfwisc very larjri'. 'I'lu' it i> tniiT.i!>ly fcrtiN-. anil nn it-; alluvi.il l>.ir- cliiiM" islaiiils atiaolu-ii til this founty aro Mull. -iiMs it is riili. Tli" «li"!i' surt'aic ilraincl l>lay, .Iiira, Tiity. iiml Col. 'I'lu- s.iil of ; liy the rivor nn-1 it.« fril>ut.irii<, is < stiniatni Ar^yli>liiri\ in tin- hi;;h proiinils, tlmn^'ii lit- ; at I 7*«.ooii jdjiiari- ri.il' *. tlo litlrd for ciiltivatioii, iitVurils cxi-i-ilriit Aiini' parts ari' covrri'il with lii-aili. .*sti»li'<. Iiavini: Missouri to tin' N.. tli-' .Mi«- nnd othrrs ixliil.it rtij;;:i'>l and l>aic rocks. • sis,i|,j,| rivir on tin* I".. M'|iurniini; it tri in Tlic siiU'.s of tlu' hills ainl 1. ki-.* nri- int'< \viil(>, conLil'iint,' .'i4.,'>(»ii Mju.irt' iiiilts, i.r tv^-uh.irly Mihiahio siiici' thi- ojiciiiii}: of iho .■U.'<'»o.uoo nrr> s It )■; cow .HmIciI imn 40 Criiian iiuial. Top. Ioo,i.i7;i. 'liic chief loimtu's. I.itil' IJoik. on the S li.tnk of the town is IiiviTary. i Arkan«ns, is the nat of covcrntiiiMil. 'I'hu Akiano. a town of Na]'li>c. I'op. SiKkl. ' other ]iritii-i};.il towns of the st-.stc ivro Ar- Aitn \. a feaj'ort at tlio S. cxinnny of kansa>. ainK H.l Kreiiih S. Itlenunt ; Colniu- I'lTu. It isliiit lui'ily fort. tii-il. Mini has hei-n l.ia. aii'l lleletia on tlb- Mi>sis-i j'i'i, Mati sviUe, niuih iiioired hy eartl.'iu.'iki ■«. litre tin tr-.i- , aiiil Kultoii. The territory «ns ]iail of tho .siiro hroii^'ht lioni I'otosi is !^hi|>]H-il ; n ui i Lmii-iana |.iirehaii>|'er, in whiihit li.ts ii , in \^:U). It was oriuinally ilivi-leil intoiiven i;reat trade. It is :>:>{) miles S. I'., of I,im: . iniiiities, and in is-jneontaim d a jiofiir.ition r^m;:. 70. -.-,. W. hit. l>i '.'7. S. Ai:ii:sZ'>. a tow!i of Naih-s in Terra di Lavoro. 14 iiiilcs S. K. o| .N'.iplis. A U to N A. nil important in: lie raid iftriet in the vale 01 ;I.-- Arii;na ri^er, on the hoiilers o( the counties of Uoseotiinion. I/iitriin, mid <'oii- na'.i;:hi. 'i'lie iroii-works are the most ex- of only I4,'.'7.'t, id whom If. 1 7 wiro slaves. The iio|.iihilioii III 1S4 was y7..''74. itn In !- int; r.i.'.t.'l.") ".la^es. Tin .irkuns.iH 1 !\< r. whnh lia- il« soniee in nliosif. the 40th de^j of N. l.it. near that o( the Ho del Nor:.-. , m, 1- the territory UiMe srated iirar are very nnTneroii> m this ti irdoiy, aii.l S. of the sea, 10 mil'- N. N. I'l. of ( 'liristmn-.uid. the Arkansas lii\ii inn laie of fh et wild Ai'.i-x II, or 1 J. Aitisi II n town and lorl of h.rses. »hi. Ii nr hunted and < .ui^lit in ft F.;;y|>t, < m -a j;iilf <.f the MiMiiterrain.m, to »ny siiinlar to those ot Parapiiay Smth which it (fives nnmr. Ariseh stands on thi roiifoits (if Aralii.i ami r.ilesinio, .'Ifi inileii S W. of (i.ua. ail 1 1 .'o S 1-,. i,( >iii/, III N. Ul. .'U. H., K. loli^'. .14. .1. AliIsiK. ehief town of tlie di-tnet of ■ f the Ark in»a» Kner, and ahoiit Iiio inili s \V. ii .m Its inoiith. ami in ar tl.e M.un'e of I'le Urt'hila, wlinh lulls il.l.. ih.- |(ed KiMf, 1- a hot spi II j; thi- waleis i | w hieh are pi i u* iiirlv ellii 1 :• lis ill ehri'ii.e di^easi s, niu Boie.r.i. .Mexico, in hit. :»l. >' . lone. !"'• W. p.iriilyti"- at! . imn.s; nr .( im>,s hiid mi sjuMed Aui/'iSA. a rteeiitly n.nstituied territory t.\ tlie Indi.ins.tliKt whuti vi-r diJlerem es tnaf of the Inited Str.ies, oht. lined Iri.m Mi-xteo, hivc ixi-i. d nmon- them, tlier siihsid- il Hist of the t'nloro lo m d Virj-iii rner«. and when here, and the nii.t was con«eeru?ed to west of ilic Instil men. liin.lKiuni. lonthrS. p. aep. llic |.a>ik« of the iiiinii fous rnrrn l.y the Mexii an h.,rder. and on li.e N. hy th.- ,,r mpo»er| di a riel, ulltmal s.-d, wtii< h at piir.iliel of M.. :ui. It . iiitiiinii nearly -jimi.immi „o .iisiant dav are douhth-.s ilei.fini'd to he- Kpiarc miles, and »j-;ils ;n iu'ntinti IT lM|.|i!s. s:>'' it) it.x ui r 1' iit."i iM.il |...r- ilr.'iinc 1 •tllliatrii : it If! in '. l.v tl.o I. .11;'. iilMl mill", r.r i iiil" 40 ,Hlk ('f the nit. '1'Ihj lire Ar- ( 'iiltltU- I5iiti Hvillc, 'tut of tlio till' ii:ni>n into <■< \tn |H.}iir:.iti.>n re ^laM•'^. :4, iTi.liil- ^(•r, wM"h li.-p: of N, (•lltrr- till' '. aihl '.H., '"•rks ..film • drritory, U. N ; the Ill)'<»fll of [In- -tafrof Mi.».»"->i| I i IV Kiitl.t- tll(T!*, \c'., •, aU'l S. of fl.it will! ii:;;)it ill il \\ S'litli li>f> iiiil' 1 ^^.|Jr^■^• of Ur.l Kn.r, 1 liri' |ii rU" I Ml KiU'li'll ii n.|.> tii.iy r Niili<>iil< il MM-rafoti to roud Tw^rn il. whi< Il ul ilif't to l>C' Ark.vxs.v,4 I'lisr, Ji town of tlic pnTCiliii;.; 8(nt<\ orciijivin;; ii liiirh liliitf of stciilo laml, OH till' N. Ijii:ik of till! Arkaiisa.i river, ami witli llitt.w 111 the rear, iituiulMfcd ])rrio.lic;iliv by 111*' White rmr. Ir is TiO miles iiliovc, tlic Missis>i[i|ii, iiiiij \v;is I'oiniilf il l)v tlie Freiu !i ill li-.S.-.. 117 miles S. K. 'aport town, 111 til!- iihove hiiroiiy, ;v.)J miles S. hy E. of l)ii!i!in. It is divide.! hy tliu river Ovoeii into the n|)]>er and lov.er towns; the Intler, mnrest the m"1, is an ass.-jntiiM.^e ol irrefelied hut*, and fetid v\ith the olful ol 4 shn. !i!v lishery. It is tlie ho.id-fiu;irters At t!ie \V.oklow fishery, hut the har oil' tiie fcftrhonr is a ;xreiU draw-hack; t!ic lishermeti BCvi ri'ieless pnrsuo. tlieir aviieatim wiiii pent por-overanei' nn.l lu'tivity. 'J'he upiMtr tow'i is niori! respectahle, ami pv --eiits ii tol'Tiihlo appearanee. The ruins i.f' Arklow- C»»t!... overlook the river; ( )livi.r Croniwe!!. in U"/(0, t.iok if. and destroyed f. of its 7 towers. The reheU in iJiine 17!>S, were de- feat el here, and their leader, fitlur .Murphy, a priest, wa.s Killed in the action. I'o)i. ;12.">4. Aici.KS. im ancient city of France, in the lait'iieii! f4' Mouths of thv^ Iv'hone, laf ly Ktt ixrclnepiscop.il .see. It was tlie chief city of ancient tJau! durin;.^ the rei/ti of ("onstan- fino, iiii'l Uoson niailo it the capital of the Jsinj^'doin of HnrLTundy. Tin- country iiroiui'i pixxtuces }.:o .d wiiir, vermilion, rnanna, oil, and fjiuts. There are a preat niinihcr 'if aiifi- qait e-.uf which the amphithcatic and ol.clisk ore liie most reniisrkaMe. It i> seatc'l on flu- Khcnc, 2!t miles s, K. o' Nismes, I'op. i,'j,.T4.;, nenr the Avignon iitid Mar.seillc railway. .A(t\(Ai;n, .i:i interior ciirity in the X, I!. jjMVrt of Ireland, proviiici> of l.'l.stor, S.'i miles fan;.;, sind lt'> I road; honnh-d on tin' K. hy I>f>\vn, W, liy 'l\ro;ie and Monnirhan, N. )iy Louch Nea.jh.aiid S. hy [,o\ith. It contains JtO jiiirislu's, nnd sends ihrei; inemhers to par- liiXHient, i>v.) i'.ir the county, and one for tlic ekv of .Vriiii'.'h. 'I'lic .»'oiI is rc'koned the rirlicst ill (c'lin!; hvt a ti-u-t '•■iljed the Fewci is hilly and harren. and there iire also ionie ■on^id.'rahle hi.<;s. Some t:o(,d mariile kfiiiic' in this county; and thi' linen mmn- liuttiirc JiourisheH in all rts hranches. It h.is no ri>cr of coa.«ei(lieiu"e hut tlie IJl ek" -'ter, which sepanites it ('•■y.". '!'_.. -•ne. The ellirf lakes are ('.'.rlouuli and l!i ai.d e!iy of Irelaii'l, the capiial •>( tlie eomity of its imnu', •n primiUe of all Irehmd. Th- archiepiseopal pala<'.. is Ml cicixunt huilditur. erected hy arehhishop JJohinson, who founded tiie eMll(»c;e, (he oh- iBrvutoiy, liuiiiandciKloweii tl.o hltniry ami rcnovntod and im]>vovcd fhocatlicdral; hcno- htin;,' t!ie city also in many other ways. Uesidcs tliese pnhlic and liiHnlsoino cditicej, the city con'ains ii hiiiatic asylum, two liosj- pitai'f, 11 iinion-hoiise, anil a line liall, liOO \,irilsin len;.;lh, and from fioto )flO yards wide It ha.s otic of till- he.M. linen markets in Clstor, and many hlciiohinjr-frroiuid.s in il.s vicinity. Il is .seated on tlic river Kalin. r.C miles S. K, of Londonderry, and «'2 N. hy W. of Duhlin, on the DiiMin and ])ro<'he ia niilwav. AuMAUNAC, a late prixincc of Fiance, irt ("tiiiemie, .'i.'i miles loii'^ aiel 40 hroad. It i.si I'ltile in corn and wine, and iia.s u trade in hratidy and wool, Tiiis jirovince, with (ias- cony, iinw forms th(! dcpartiiifnt of (icrs. Ai;mkni.\, a comitry of Asiatic Turkey, h.irderin;: mi the S. !•',. extremity of tlio Black Scii, and itxteiniin;: e.istward into Persia; it iicH hetween the 'Hth nnd 4r)th d>-'^. of F,. Inii;'.. Jiiei niider the 'Villi aiel 4iit!i of N, lat. The !",uphrate.«, which iias its source, at tho S. K. extremity of the country, runs parallel with its S. houndary; it is watered hy st^veral other nver.s fallin;^ into the Hi ck Sea, and tlie Karsi, which ri'.cs in Uie centre of tho couiitiy, runs eastward, falls int.) the Cas- pian. It i.' a monntainoiis country (.Ara- rat risiio.' to the hi'ight of 17,'2()0 fcv t), and ahoiinds in minerai.s, whiUt tlie valleys yield nhiindance of corn and fruit. The inh.ihi- tants arc much addicted to coninicrce, and h>ivo a hi.:li reputation f'ir [irohity; they aro the chief mer( hints for tl..' eastern cCMiuncvco of Turkey, as the (Jreeks arc for the western, 'i'he Armenians form indistinct i»ect of ("liris- ti'ms, under a patriarch and an andihishop. F.r/.eruin, or Ar/. liouin, in N. lat. -Vl :iiid 40. M. K. louir. i^< the capital. Of tiic civil, judicial, or military ins'.'tutiotii, or i .xtetit of population of Armeniii, hut very iittle is known to F'.iiropcatis ; the lVrn i^iics S. of .Moiis, AitMov. 1' ]iiri.>h and\iI!aL;e in Antrim, Ireland; 4 miles S. !.y \V. of 15 il!yca>ile. One ot thechhriited round tower-, is situated iie.ir the vi!la;.'e, of wliicli a heiuiit of ahiuit 44 feet Still rctuiuiis in tolcrahle ]ires.r\a- flol,, Ainivito, a tovn of T'.iir i>eiin I'lnkcy. in Thessah, on thviinir.tf V'elo. ;»o miles S. F,. of !,ari-"-:i. Lou;.;. 2i. 'J:'. K. lat. W. 30. \. AKMitvni'V, a town of lIollaTid, in the, Uiand of W.ikdu rcn, now incoic-iderahh', the sea ha\ in..r stopped up the harlfoiir. Thi< salt-works are itwi chief rcsoinic. It i.s 3 rniUw v.. of Miiidlehurt;. Au\AO u villa^je iii Gallicia, in Sptiiu ■«.*MMMa V. «M'«.«* h i. 'i f 3 miles from Acihg. \iis\Y IK i>rr. a tmvn ..f Fr;inri<. in t!i<> «i( i :iriiii-';!t I't't'.'tc il'Or. ••( it'.i ill u v:i!!.-y mar liio r:\tT Ai'.'X, ■-!."i iiiilt s N. W. cf U.ui.'U'; w iih tiiiuiii.'.Htiins t.t' i ! itli, M-r^'iy, Auxi;iu Tvi.. !\ l..u;) >'f 15r in ioMimru'. i" tin Oil M:iik. with :i niiiio'i (M'.tlo. on ft liili on t:ii' Tywr 1'JIk', ,\ tnil''s ("roni WiTi'cn. AuNKPo, n MMVoti '•■ an, I'.'i niil.'s \. ot' C;i!i;v<). I.,.!i^' 70. y.\. \\ . Int. 11. »o. S. AuMii;iM. n fiiri>!!j; ti'wn of lln.l.in.l. itt (iciiicrliui.l, f.^jiitiil of the (|uar(ir or futinty ot' Its niinu'. It wa.^ fornii'fly tiio rcsiilciu'*' of iho liukis of 'n'l'l. I liiini, ani i-; Matol mi t!K' Uliinf. 8 Hi, lis .V. oi N.iiif^iK'a. Loiij^;. :>, .'it. K. !;it. '',.'. •.*. N. Ai^MiriM lUr. < n I'l'' \. A\'. siuo of i!ic pna! t '. ii!( of ( ".iti'ontari.i, Ak>o, ncvK-iiratc \ rivir of Tu^ inv.wlii.-li riso.s in iho A(>vnuin<'s, :\'\'\. y.i^^^ hl' l-v Klon-nif i\nJ ^l^a, »iitirs t!ie tiuif ol Ucnua a iiaio i't.'lo'.v till' luticr to\-)t. AiiNsiif.iM, t!ic naino oi two towns in tin' j'jiia.'iiirtto of i!a' l,o,'.,-r IJiuii<', o?,t* ti> ur Worn»>«. atcl lK<- o|h..r uloiit lo n:iit.'s t;ii.-.i lit Ni'v liannil'i rj;. Ai!N.»rAi'r. 11 i"\\u ()'■ I'l f'l V S.\>o;;y. in till- j.riiaii'al.ty of (ioi)ui, «.ii. a tasiif, u jialiu'i', aiiil throe thnrilus; ncuSi-fl on the (kr.i. 11 ^•liils !?. of l-.ifurt. !'.■[> 4.V"». AuN-irMN, n town of I'Vani'xJiiii. in tbe piiijcipai.ly \if \\'iirt.'r'ur;r, ".:!i lui wMk'v. siNitfl en tlii' WtTin. '.♦ iniit."* S. W, ot Sliwcitif.irt. an-i rtiiunt ihv s.nnf a\;>!ancc K. fii'in ("■,ir!«ta..'t. Auoi.xK^. a ti-niv of (Ii-rfnany, In tlu'chc- torate o; H''>sv, rounfy of Waliin-h. near tiic rivtr Aar, !J9 niilc;* S. S. Iv of I'a.lcrl'oni. It liiLS n luio riUllc, ii collt;).'!?, a.c.; ti,..^•^ ill I'lsi-.^twiuis CDUiitv, »j'[iar- atfit from tlu' liciuJ-wait-rn of tin- I'..-nohs> ot vtl.icli art! not ni-T'i tliaii 'iO miles l; t.mt. Its eoursc is cjnuitouii tu N. K. anil Iv afiiil it lallsinto t!i(.« St. Jotin's in Nt-w Urun-^ik. S'lni- if iho l;ini| on iM !i:mk> i» ^i-rv f rlii'*. AufiMi. i\ t«oM\ of N ijili-h, in j. rra
  • .^ }>?•. Ju'-i'l two of iIr' iri"st lUuitriiiun iii' n that Italy t\fr tnw : V.MUt Marniif, ai;*! .M. Tuliius <"iivro. In i'.i I nvirons .in cxt'ii'ivi.- jiai.ir-inill h.u ln*rn CMaliilxliv-.l. 1'(,[|. 'JI.MM). Ar ji*. A town of Italy, in t!i>- I'u lu-m, n niarkal.,-' f.r i!:.- tomij Jf 1'rirari.h. It i.» U null's .-^. of I'a.lii.i. AMiiV.'.ih.a. t'jwn of i)a' tvrrii-irv uf G«noa. M'uti'il on thi' Sirivia. 'i.'i mili-s N. of (i<>non. .\)igi If. a ^iiialt lowii of Iranic, in tin- .ii'parliiMiit ■•! l,"\\vr Scnir, wuJi a niiiuil casiio. 11(11 ll.ui\ l\'. >:aii..'jtai;d.s oil a ri\,.r ofil- natiic. 4 mile- S Iv o| lipjiiu-. .\iii:\i;'iN, i.r .\i:vo-'N, a inmiiiro of t';o kinvT'loin oi S|),iin. ,\i!.i;joii uas fmsm ilv an imli pontli;nl km.;, loin, aini coiiiiirfhriuli I'l Arr.iU'in I'l'i'iT, ('atalonia, \'ali miii, and iiif I'.aioarii' l^!!"- of Mn jorca, Miii'-rca, I\ ica, Cal-nru, ftin! Koniu-ntiTa. 'I'lu' kiny;iioin of Arrai.'on I'toji' r i> ,in indrior ili-.irn-f. v\- timliii^ S. tniii .\r\s t'aMili', in the iat. of 4(1. N. in n N. Iv iliriMtion lo the Tyr- lu-i's, i'oniildl oil tlii- N. W. Iiy t.):y tlif N. iml of ValiMu-;a, aii'l ( 'ataloni.i ; Ms s\i|icrfirit"S i.s ;.!>ont 12.10 >,j\ian' rriMi.-li Ichlmiis, ami >t.^ ['o[wilation about Cr.o.tMKi. TIk- rnrr Kbro I'litiTs tin- i< riitory tVoin tiii-N. \V., ami runs (l.rou^'h Ihf iiii iilif of It i;'. a S. I",, dircition. Zar.i^'o'.a. or SaiMC's^n. simIc.I on tin- luinkii ill the Klii.i, Is till' ihii f itn-I oiily jilaii' of imj'-.rtani <_' in iLi' wlioli- trri iiory, iior is it n m.irkalilc f.r any natural jiroilm-lions. I'roni it< M-aiity jopiilatimi. as in olliir laitu of t).i" I'l-ninsuKi, laiu'.' j ari.s ot drtilt' laml ari" li ft in a slali' ii a ilisa;.:r( tal.li; jiro\iricc now ihviiioil into tlu' new j.rnv n,'- !• ot /.ata- ;;o-;i. nii''«ca, aH'l ']'• r:irl. >'- > Aj'/'i 'hi.j-. AuKtiii. n (own ot liimiosinii, ..i lial:av, ;i,'l mills \V. liy S. < f ratiui. Auu.vX, an islaml ti! S othuid, in tin- V\ ;tli of ri>iii'. to till' S. of l)if I^l^.• of Ui.ti-. It i>» i| an oval form. 'iO miles lonj; un-l 12 Lron 1, an. I riifistiti.!'^ flic ;»'rcati'st jmrt of tluToiiny I Ituti-. K:i^'i-s t)f ru):;,'<.';!it. 'I'lic sonilitrn pain I'M'M.'nt low an>! I iiltiiHtfii j.'roiimlH, H'Urt Hruif took iiiujiir in llii> i.^ia.'pl, iliiiii i; tin; iuiu' of l.!« i.ri.,itevt i!ii.tr*-ss. AiiioMjt: tli« ro^ lusi HP- f.inti'l iron-orr, s|>ar, ami u j^riat v.truty III luautifiil j.iliMis. ,Sii\i'«' ISIk'i, the I Hike of Ilamilti.ii liaa introiiiKe.l n ^;ooil >\.«t«ni of fani.in^, A:e., \\1h> li li.vs \ti»tl\ un- (>f ov'.'ii In.ih the I'fipiition an'l » liaraelerot thu jrtvUilc. r-|<. CMMI. It is ih, I. It'll into tM I )a»fi.slie«, K:''r'i!e mni Kilnioriy. I'lit" j'lm- lij'iil jiLu'c IS I.;ill|la»)i. Ainc.».*c, « Mil ,i;'it ! arony in Co. (Jalway, ' '■ iniiaii;.'tit. If r. i.MJii* of H (jroiip !>.' islands, wliieh furin a 'iium nltoi.-, 1:^ iniieji louj; niM alioiit tw.t nil IK liro..ii, aiol lie Bcro<>» tlm niuutil of'fialway l.av . Tin-Mr are lllliali Ji J tiy fisli)'7nien, \k\\'I also pay sotiie iittiiitioii to tttrnetiljure, hnt t!oy arc n »e rinii', hull- eiviliu-it rai-i', lioth m a]>]H'antnci' umt lialiils. AuiiA>Moitct!ie rliief ofUurahottiklainlii; :\ iioii.* jii li n„'tU tti:.l 2^ H ic. I'i |>. a' oiit |()0<*. Hii-nt i« « h;;h[tio«9« ou lliu l«. jt>ii. r.il is OK a IIMT >\ IIK !■ fit* I'iO i\;iH t'l'Diii ily >iii]'rflH.'iiilt(l ali'iii'iii, and in^'rcii, ivica. (• kill^ilulU of ili^irii-t. ox- II llli> iilt. of 111' I'yri Hits, I (.'jislilo ami \c a. ftnl of Mlprrfu'lCS IS i;U' ^, mill 't.s vwiT VAvo \V., aii>l niMJ v.. flirfction. on till- tialikl oiilv plui >• of i.'fy, II. 'r i^ it j>ro'l|H-lio!lS. in ollur 1 aiiH j| frrliU' liiiul Mi|iTi!ati'il (tiiil iiMc iiio\ iru'c IIH''!' I't /..Uii- >, ApfiflhiiT. ;), ill iiul.'inr, .')3 .], it! i)..' I'lati >( V, .u. it IS tiii'l \'Z l>roii'i, t of (livrouiity M"initiiiii» »'.\- iiilli'U is iif.ir otiil^iiii pints hiihIh. H. )h rt !nl, (llltilH lll« Aitioiii,; t!ie r, mill (» >,;ri«t MM.'t' ISW6, l!ii' i R v;ooii ll.l.S VU!»(. (iJilwiij, on;) of i»iiihHs, iiiil<>« \»tnt aial tie iU'roF>ii itiA ir lire iiiliiiliitc'l Millie iitli'iitioii «• rii'ir, liuil' jiv f iiikI lui)al«. •• allot «' iaI««iii|ii; c. I'- p. »*">|(l f I It (lie |.al 8v'0, and ono of the most niiciiiit towns of Flam <•; il was tin.' .si'at o|' the, Atn-- l>itr,s in tlio linu' of C'lUsar. it is dividcil into two I..1WI1S; one naiiicd tlic city, wiiidi in tiie PM.st ancient; and tin.' ollici' tlu' town, wliitli ih inoijirii. Till' ;,'i(at M|iiaiH' is t'liil of lini.' liiiiiiliii;.'s, siiii'oiniiird '.vitli pia/zas. It w.isi tliv Ijiriti-iiliici' ol' KwIh s)iii'i'rr, ami is HCtiti'd oil llic Sraipc, 2-2 iiiilis \V. N. W. of Cninlniiy, on tlu' IJiua.sols and Aniiciwi niil- \v«y. I'op. '-i.'l.tJ*.'!. AiiKir.ot;, a .iip.ntincnt of Krai ice, cnii fain - ingttn: latr proviiK'i'S of Consriaiis and l'"oi\. U is so iMiiiid fr nil a rivrr, wliicli ri>r> in tlu; I'yrciK'i's. and, pa-.-iiu' liv I'oix and rainiri^, tv>t< rs tlic (laroniio mar 'I'oiiIoiim'. (inlii (liipt i> (Hind ainoiiL' its .sand>. Foix i^ the cup nil. I'. .p. ^To,:):!!;. Ai!i!'>i , Of A\i;'>K, and ^T-'kok, two islands of I'v.inn ivk, tlu' t;i>t al'oiit tin.' middle of tlio Liltlo. lU'lt, iind til.' otlni at its cntiMiu'i' into the iialiic, Tlirii" at'o a cliistcr of I>l:inds als<.i i-alinl .\rro(',J!i>[ witi.ia the Kt:d feea, I ojjjiisite to Mooliii. I Akicoi . ms, a town of roitn;,'al, province i of Ali'iiivj", 'Jj miles K. iVoin Li^hon. AltHoo, five islands fii the Indian Ocan. Ui llie S and AV. of Ni w (Jninea, e.sti n Imj: IVom 5. ;■.<>. to 7. 0. S. hit. with narrou > lian- n«ls betwieii tlu III. The chief jiroilnct is ma^o. Itniiii^ the liry ov wi >tern ImJn^ooI;, nutliofons lloeks of the hirdi of p.iradise, from Kew linima, n > de in these island.s, where (.Teat iniMilnri are killed, dried, and «xpt»rted lo I>aiida. Tlio Arioo isles are V;01»»idelid «is l>ehin|;iii;.r to the Dntell. AitnAM.vs, a town of Kiissia, situate near tho si^iin • of tlu: Tcrlia, n liramii of the ( 'ka river, in the ]'inviiue of Nishiiei, or lower Nivvofioiod. It. IS ahont IDU miles K. of !Mo)w;i»w, and lias a variety of m.inufaeturcs. Top. ahoui Good. A.USOI >', n town of tlie ciMst of Syria, in rale.stihc, with a torlrc^. 10 m. >.'. of .lu'la. Amta, a .-I'aj'ort of F.iiropean i'nrkey, in Ah*»aiiikins, Aiiii is .'eaivd on ilic Aria, 7;i' om r the liter, id' one larj^r liK'h, rtn I sj-vera-l vfry miiijiII ones. Jt siiifer- t>l Vers mijeli diiiiii;.' the iinik ilf^llU'el tion but it is now ieeo\uiii>;, I'oji 'UlJU, /^/Ug. th !•<» )' Inf. ;)'.♦. :;s. N. Alt (A,/ If /,/[()», Oil the W. coa.st of (Jiveee; t(lt Hilcieiil J^iinn Ainhraciiisi on ilu' S. siile of it in It hiti^ narrow t'ln^iie of l.iiid, the JmcJi'lK jiroliltuiti'iy of .li7ii(;/(, nil" whuli Was oHUlit (•<'. '.i'J, the eelcUratcii liadii* which tilit>T*l miles S. W. of CiMistantinople. Loii^'. '21. -JO. K. hit. 3',>. ;}(), N. AniAiiii, a town of iainipean Turkey, ia Uoni.mia, -18 miles N. W. of (iaUipoli. AniiiiiN, a town of I'liper S.ixniiy, in tho county ef M.in.stield, circle of 'l'liuriii;,'ia, on the riM r rii-triitt, 'J'J miles N. >i. F. of Fr- flirt. It ha> a ca^rle, u sall-.spriiig, anil a di.stiilery. I'-p. iMiHi. Anrois, a laie priAince of I'^raiice, houii- ■ led on the N. and 1'',. hy Flanders, and S. and W.hy Hain.inlt, ( kuiilire-is, and I'icardy Il is now iiukided in the department ot l'a.4 lie (Jalai.-.. A I! LIS A, an island l.j miles incirenmference, in tiie West Indies; tine of the Leeward Is- liiids, and lieloii^iiiL,' to llidlind, Loii^. 70. .';. W. lat. \2. 111. N. (\ki:m>i:i.. a horon^h in Sii~.-ex, retnrniiij.; one ireinher. M.irket ou \\'ed. ami Sat, It is seateil on the side ol ,i hid, on the rivei .\riin, ahont .j miles from the sea, aiiu has a veiieralile tiotliie eiiureli, foiineriy i olle^;iatc. It-, castle, tlu ancient seat ot' the dnkisot Norfolk, stands on the hill, and is of j;reat extent; a ^a^l sum was expended upon it hy (.'harle.s, the l"Jlli iliike. The possc,->ioii of this castle Ciiiifers an earldom on the proprie- tor. The river is mnipdile f. a- har!.'e>, and creat iiiiantitics ot tiinlii.r are 8ent hence, it, is 11 III. F. ot Chichester, .inu t)C> S. S. \N . of London, on the Sotitii Coast ra.i.wiy. An\ A, a county ai the northern extremity ot Lo\'»r llniitMry, iiuei.seeted hy the Carp;i- tliian mouiit.niis; it eoiit.iins a pop. of ahont 7."), 000, snhsi.^tin'.' ehietly hy af^ricnlinre, more pariicularly tlax f.^r domestic tnannl'ae- ture, and some tor trade. There is u town wdiieh pivcs name to the eoiinry, situate oil a atre.im which falls into the Waj? river. An\ r., a r.ip.id river ot Savoy, wdiivh rises in Faiie;^"iy, and, wateriii;^ Salciiehe, Cluse, and H.inne\ille, joins the Khono LelosT (ieiieva. I AuwAS'ir.N, a town and ea.stle of Sw it/.or- i land, in the canton of IJerne, un the river I Aiir, 12 miles F. 4if Soleiirc. I Au/i;w, a seajiort town of Al;:ier, about ! 1;') inih s W, of Oran. It ;. the sue of tho ancient Arsemiria; tiiere ai- many relies of atiuiiptity in the iiei;;lilioiirhooi|. AK/iiiSvM>, a fnvii ot Italy, in tlie kiiij;- (loiji of i/nnhardy. H miles \V. S. \\ . of Viciii/a. It lilts i.iaMilactnres t)( silk, elotii, Ac; Its territ'.ry j/rows [looil wine, and hua t«o Coal mines I'.'p. 3.i(i.">. Aii/ii.i.A, II seaport in the kin_- Inin ol (•e/:, ahont .'JO inilo S. of C'.ipe Spar.vi, and •'/» H fi. W. of 'i'-timier. It was torinerly u liom.in Colony, »ii I it place of c.iiisideralile importance, ' 'it at pieseiU 'Iocs iioi eontaui imnv t mil lOUO iidial.itants. ..\i,/iNi! \N, a towm of Ann. 'id. I, on (he W. hank ot a In, inch «>i the Fajiliialess -15 niilufi S. \V. yf A:.; U Jill, ASC 50 ASH AsAB, or Assam, a tcnvn of Alivssiniii. in Ii.iiu-ali, nil li liav ill llio Siraits ul ILiUl- iii.iiiiii'l, ;)(j luUiS S. K. nf Haiiiir. Ai* vNii Aiu>. a li)« II aiiil ili>;iiit nf 1'. ru. W. of llic AiiiKs, X. of lilt- lake I'lniicuiu. It is VlTV thllllv |vct>|il. .i. AsAiii. Sr.. u cilv nl Walfi. mill u lii>lii'p'H bef, lu l'"liiii.-liito. <>ii till- riM'i" J'^iuav, \»1iiti' it iinito.« "itli ilu' {'l_\«il. It i.H a pu.ir |il:in', ol nuto niilv fur its latlu'ir.il, Imt lia.n n iiiar- kit <•■: S.itiiiiLiv. It i.s I'.') iiiilt > W. ut t'lir^iiT. aa-l ^OS N. W . ul l.uiiiii)ii, nil till' line oI road to lluhlua.i. Af*nKX,aii inii'riorciHiiitryorNt'rtli Afiira, ofwliioh A^railas is till- > aiuial: it is tuiiiu.liii nil ilif K. li_v liiiiiioii, aii>l N. aii'l W. liv ihc iliM rts I't' /aara an.l Tiiaru k. Asi'Ai.oN, ur AsKKi.iiN, an jtii' iiiit t ■« ii Oil ttio coast ln'i III J(.'«i>!i liistury as oiu' ol' tin.- i liu t iilir» of tlio I'liilistiiU's. It ).'< ii<>\%' wiiliiiiit ti siii^li- inha!>itaiit \Mtliiti it.H ualls, ulncli nrc still Haii'iiiij:; tliiTc is u •^iiiiill viila^'c near it <»l' almlit .UK) ]i( I [ilo. Iliit 4'> iiiili-s S. W. Ill .Iiiu.s.iliin, ami i:) N. of (ia/.u AscKXxm? nil i-Ian.l in th.- Sm:!Ii At- laiitio (Kiaii, alii.tit S inili s in lin;:!!i, la fi in i.nii'itli; lat. 7. '2C>. S. ImitJ. 1 ». :i4. W. It is of >t.liaiiic foriiialiiii. aii|>faniiu'f; niiil wm iiiiiiilialiitril tiniil it | \»ius ^;arri«iiniil liy n stiiall I{riliO» fnrco, ut tlic liiiif Iff Nm]) 'li'i'ii Iiuii.i|>. trie's iiii|iriMiii- I niriit at Si. lit I. iiai |>aris ot it liavi> biticc iM'i'ii I riii!;.-lit intii ('iiliivaiiiiii. It ill iiom- Usi'.l to Mqiply M---fls cal.iiijf tlnTf, with watir uiiii Muri's. u ilfpot iK.ii?;; kijii f.rtlnit )iur|iost*. N'lLht iiuitibL-rii ul turtle an taken on Its slmrcs. Asi H, iir Ais. II. a t'l-.Mi I'f Hiln'iiiia. in tlio iin li' of I/< iiiiii. r I/, ^;ill.l:l nii i:.i' li..iik.H of li small rivi r Mimli iMi» imi<) llie Kiln-, ati'iiit 2il miles aliove the tnM'li o! I^/eiilllii ril/. Am.'IIA('II, tt Ci'llsl.lel.llile tnullof l'|f Meiil/, l.iit ii-iw the rajiil.tl of u jiriiii i|i.ility of ih<' b.iinc ii.ime, j in tlie eir< le of the l^^wer Kliine, iiisiilatt>l i ill liiat of Fraln'Kiiia. Here iri a |ihieu iii | which Ge-rjje II. it Kti^'Uml louL up hia i quarters th. Li^iit !.l..re the tialtle of Det- tiuii'-u, ill 1748. It mu taken l.y the I-'ren< h ill IT'JC aiil l'>(M). It is stnaie near the j conliiix u( tin- AM-liafT \v itli the .Maine, mi the ■ K. hiilo of the latter riv. r, uO tiiilejt K. S. K. of Frankfort, uii.l 40 W. N. \V. nf WuUz- bur;:h. J/..IHE. ■>. i. K. Ut. .V). ()..\. j A»i ilKu>l.>.UL<(, R e<.:.si.lli- town on till- \V. h.iiik I'f the Sii.il, in ihf (irin(i|i,tlily oi Aiihault, iirole of Uii|H.-r Sax.ii.v. I'v.j'. t)7;»o. Am oil, «n am ieiit t^.wii of Italy, in th-- Huji'iuiMiic ijf AiiLuiiu, wilh acitaitil'; it.ui<..l on the Hivcr Trontn. 8»»niili'.«« N. K. of Koine. It i.i II Well liiiilt.liaiiilsoiiie town, nitli seveial |iiililu' eililiee.H iiiiil |ial.iri s of ihe ^'o\( rnor«, ii'liiiily. \e. r..|i. 12.oiK>. Ii \\:\< the .U- C'.him I'uiiiiim oi the lo'ni.iu>. Ii S kiiiUNo, a t '\Mi if N i| 1, », in ( 'a|>ii.in.il.L, <>i.itr>i cii a iiinnnl.un, 7U miles east of N.i|ih s. l-olij^. I.'). 'lO. I',, lat. 41. S. N. ,\)«i iiiti A. a town ill the islaiul of Maj^n';!, nilh u I'hiiri li eoniaiiiiii;4 u eeleliraleil iiini^'t! of the Viiyiii, iiiuth resiifteil to li_> pilj^iMiis. .\siiAMi I. an interior tenitoty of N.irili Alina. exleiiihiij; from the imriilioii.il liiio to ilie 6i!i i.riJlh ill ;:iee of \V, lonn ; hoiinih i| In till' (iolil l"oa>t. The A>h.ilitees ha\i' I 'T ii h'lij; JhTumI lu'ell the most |io«eilul of nil tK' iie^iro triiH'.s of Western AlVn a, mil only in their eoiiti -Is witii their m i^h- hoiirji, iui^ liiey have Iriinieiitly iletiiil tint seientilie ailil ilestrui live lin aiis of l''.iiro|ii'.in Mailare. Dm 111^ the jxriol of the liiu.ni- tiojliil Kway of till' slave tr.nle, |iic\ii>ii.s to the riiiuiiii iK'eim III ol the present eeiiliiry, till' Ashantet'S thoiij;h liiile known upon ihu Coast, were the mam iiistniimiitt in the in- terior, hy whiih that ileh.i.siii); trallie was i.iriieil on, 1 1 m^ r4instuiitiy ut Mar with liiiir iieij:hho'.ir.', for the olit.iiiiiii;; of j n- ftoiurs to seii'l to liie eoitst u.s slaves; aii.j ii was the A.sh.intees vslio j^ave rise to the fainoiK, or rather iiiftiiiiou.s, As.sieiite l ap|Hare>l forinnlalile on the eii.ist uj;.iiii>t the Annamlxies; niiil in 1 8'J.'l iliey completely ill fiMeil the Ilnt.sll lorce of the coa>t, Hhoiit liHKi men, whicli look the lieiil against thiin. In IhJC thiir pi-v«ir on the cia.^t wa-s ilc- sir lyiil, aiii| siiue tin n it has imt reviviil. AniiiiiiitNK, a t'luii of i)erli_v.«!iire. .Market oil Siitur.l.iy. il IS laiiioUH for cheoroiik.'h in Ilevoiishiii', ^^llh a iiiarkit on 'i'ucMl.iv fni wool atul yam, aiiii.ns. h is uiie ol t!ic four utaiiii.iry town*, ami iuu a con- M'leralile inunula.fur*' of serines, it ii seati''! amoli;; lllilit (relllalk.llile lot till Hllit eo|ipt i ) Ileal till' rner Dart, 14 laihs S. \V. of V.wIk i, an.l r.»i W . ! y .S. of I..oinioii. It rLiiiiiii oiiu lllemlii r to ]'.triialni'Iit, AMtnr i>K i.A / malt. A-hl'V is 1 ;i mih s S. of Di-rhy, ami llj .S, N. V\'. t>f l^oinlon. A vi ill of I'o.il. of a very iinp«*rior quality, waa ufA.liei ill iLc viciuit^> uhuut the Near IbK|| 111 tl I. -■■■V1WF ASI 61 ASI v.. i)f Uiiiuf. nitll M'Vflttl 11' j;ii\( rutir«, »iH till' .1 ■•• l,..i.^. 1... \ if N \\ ll^, iMiiiitaiii, 7U , i:>. .Ml. r.. ,l,.fMiij..r<'JV 1 li_\ jiil^iiins. ,.iy of .Nurili I lull. III. il Will' 11^ ; lii.iiii.U'l llillltlM'!. llilM' l(l>t IliiNNcrlul >utn Alru .1, I ilicir 111 iriti- [\y ilrli. vl llii' s nf Kliri'I"'.lll ul" tllC Ullli'll- c, [iii-viiais til •sfUl niitiirv, i..\\ II iip"ii ih'-' iitft III t!iC III- ij^ triitVio \\:is at war will iil^ul^; of I'll- ^law-!i; iiimI it «• rl^c u> llio A'>>i'itU' < "II- tln- ri'iirntiMii if till- fiiiiatiT. ill i.f tliii>l l-r iliiir wttoiit'.i'ii , ili.it tlity iii>l rii.l>l U^'.illi^l lii-\ 1 i.mplrtily lloV.iJl>t, Ht.'lll I a>:uiii>l tlinii. »ii;L.'t was ilc- iiiil rcviviil. \«liiro. Malkt I l\ir iliiTM'. aii'l Ulliil'i'llll't"". ,11. i.ii II liiaiiili Ill iKviiiisMro, wiiiii mill yiini, [!•«. ll IS mn' "' II. I lias u •■•'•I- ff. It '.1 MUlO'l till aiiii ciil'l" r) V \V.t)fKx l.i inil«» H. ol . »tt* .1 ^cia IsiS ami n miiu'ial wutcr in tlic saini' ii(.'i;_'liliiiiir- lliiuil, .siiic'i' aliiiilt till' s.iiiir |ii'rii)(l, lias lii';ii niuili ii'siirtol lo. On tlic .Nliillaiiil ]{ailway. A>*iii)i)i). .Si'' A/oii s. AsuLKKii'. or iCsiiur.Ki', ii town of I'lTsi.i, ■itiiato oil a Miiali nvuict wliu'li falln into tlie Cus|iiaM SiM at its .suutli (Miil. A.HiiKoiin, a tonii ill Kriit, govcrr.-il l.y ii maviir. .M.iikri on 'I'm-. lay. 'i'lu- rluircli 18 1.11^1' iiiul was fiiriiuily ci>lKL;iati'. It is •eati'.l nil tin- Ash, near its luiitliii'iu'f wiiii ill'' Si..ur. aiiil (III tin- Si)iu!i Ivi-trrri li.iilway, 14 null's S. W. oi Cauti'ii'ury, ami .'.') S. K. of Iji'ii.i.iii. AsiiMi i;iv. a town uf I-'.i,'y|.l. LuHt on tin- ruin-, of a I'ltv, mi|iii.isi'i1 to In- tin.- aiii.i at HiTmo]i"lis, iin till' lift Lank nl' tli.' Nilr. I4i) niilos S. S. \V, of C.iiro. L-jii^. :U. T. 1'.. lat. as. 10. .N. AslINAiilll. a t'i'.Ml of Iliml.c-Mll. ill till' province of llalnil, sratd on the K.iimh. ^i) miles N. of Att'K'k. ami llu S. K. of (.'atml. Asii()Vi;u,a |>.insli ol Di'rliyshirc, laijilaml, 6 mill's S. vt' ('tu.'>tiilii'lil, an. I l.'i" fi.'iii Lomloii. .i\sin'Aitii,\. n county at tin- N'. I-. ex- tn-iiiiiy of till- >t.itc ot Ohio, hor.l. riii;^ on Lake "Kri.'. i'..|.. i>:».72». .lollcrson, 2;J4 miJcs N. !•<. ol (" .liinihiis, is the cliiif town. AnuroN IN M vKi Ki iKi.n, a '.ownsliip of Laiiciishiri', l'",ii_'iaii.l, li miiis N. of Nrutoii, and r.ti) iroiii i>"ml.in. AsiiiiiN-rNKi \-1jVni:, u l)ori'ii;,'Ii nmi populous parisli ol Lancashire; the town is tteutcil on a lii^rli hank which rises fnmi the river T.un.', (j miles Iv of .Mamhesier. Tlio jmrifili is ilivi.leil into four ilistricts, torniiii;,' together one of the must iiii|ioi t.iiit seats of tilt) cotton m.uiuri.t'iie, (•oiitaiinii;^' iipwaiils of sixty lar'_'e e>.i.i!>lishimnts for Sj.iniiini,' and ma. hiiie-wcavin,'. f.nir irmi ai;.l tnass foutldries. as many iiiinhine iiianufactories, iinlii re: its hoiiii laries are ao exceeiliiij^ly irre^iuLu' as t.i reinler it ililli- cult to convey an aeenr.ite i.lea ot its jiositi.iii, limits, an.l extent, exee|it by a !iiai>; it lies, tiowever, wh.iliy ni.rth ot' ili.- eijuati.r. I'liinl Koinaia, the m.ist southerly |i.iiiit of the Maluyii ]U.inoiil.iry, heim; in lat I. \i'^. M). N., bomi-li ll on the N. by tiie Arctic Ocean, or, ax It iiieili.il lill'', by ihi' TOih ilej^. of N. lat.; from west to e.ist it i Nteii.ls in its ex- treme limits fr.im the D.ir.l.inelles in I'l'i. to Behrinj;'s .Straits ill r.Hi. K. ; Viit, excliisiM' of the jiroinoiitones of Natolia, llimiostan, Malaya, Kamsi.h.itka, ami tiie islamls timler tlW equator, Asia may be consiilere.l as l\ inn botwccii the I 'ith amlTinh ilej? of N. Int. ami th« 40tli ami llUlth "f K. loii'.'. .\-i!i is scp- aratad from KiUopi; on the W. !>\ the Our.il [ or I'rid nioiiiifains, exteinliii;,' from tho line of the Areiie circh; in tiie l.iii;;. of (;;5. !■',., • bcaiill;,' west to th.' loli;,'. of ,")J. ill the lat. of ' t).'5., from which I'oint tiny a;;aiii bear to tho ea-«t to the loll;;, ot .VJ. in tiie lat. of 5.")., froin whicli |ioint, wliile tiieOnral inountaiiis run in I a|Mr.illclline witii tiie .'I'Jtli uf Ion:.', the Asiatic b.iiimlary becomes partly ('onveiilion.ii, bear- in;; west to till' s.'.i oi' i\/of; fr.»m wliicli, tlio Mlaek Sea, tie' S. a of .Marmora, tlie l)ar- ilalielles, iiinl l.e\aMI, form the western lioiimlary to tlie I-il.inu-. of Sii /,, wlii.li separates it fr.'lii .Vlii.\:; the Ar.ibi.iil (iiilf, or lid Sea, th'ii lornii the remain. Kr i.f its western liouii.lary, aiel the Arabi.in Sea. In- liian Ocean, iiii'l China Sea, ImihiuI it on tiic ■ iiitii, ami the N..rtii I'acitie Ociaii, on tho !■;., ami tiie Arctic Ocean, as |ire\iou.-ly sMtcl, forms its iiorthei n lioniiil.iry ; this vast I'M. lit of territory is diviile.l into I'leveii j^rcat parts; viz., Siberia. Ciiincse Tartary, China, Tiiiliet, Western or Imleiieiiileiit 'Tartary. tlic Uiniian empire, Hin.lostan, I'ersia, Arabia, .\s!.itic Turkey, and Japan, the latter beiii;^ e\elusi\ely insular. Several noble rivcis l!.i\v in various directi.iiis ; tlie 0!)i, tliu Veiiesei, and Lena, fall into the Arctic '. Iceaii; tho Ainooi- -ji Sairh.ilieii, into tiie S.-a o( Ochi'tsk, in the North raeili'-; the Villow and (ireat Hivcr.! intersect China from west to t'asf, filliiiu' into tlu' Hay of Nankin, ami tiie (Jaic.'es, Imliis, ami Luphi.ites ihiwiiiLT I'r.'iii north to soutii; but it is woriliy of remark, that iiciilier in Asia or I'.ur.'p". or in eitlur ot' tlic two (.'land divisions ol' tlie Western hemisplnrc, are there any rivers ..f im|.ortaiice tliat llow t'rom east t.' \vc-t, w liiNt ill .'Vliica there .ire none tli.it llow from wi-t t.( east. rii« i\rrii nf A«A i< n'...it 17."0.^,I4li «'i.nrp in l.'H. Pii|i.il»tioB ir.ir...ti*ly *tuU-tl KI S."i iniL.lui.fl, i^O iiuUto.t*, nii.l Olis lliil- I. ...a M .\ I 1. '>, 1. 1 1 II U.K. .\imiu ArKl.iK.Ntaii ; Ai.il w I'. I....'l.i i.i.ilt , I I. i. Ill I .tiiprtll ' I nl...r.-. ..r Si ll. . .. i M.il.i.-. » I N.-|>ii.il .. ' I'. -I .ill 1 ltu.«« I Sirllll I ^illii'ii ... |-M||.II(. ... Ki.^.ir« ... I.ii>|. 11* ... ,li..l.|. ..| t I iio.iiy I l.liipii« ... r .r. .•.|.l| MUl .'i '0 ..IHtlt 7..Vli.ii(0 V ilWIIIHI l.iml.l'.lK) . :.i..i'.i.'. i:w .lull a- If II.IHH) I.iih.ir.- H.ii..«.- 111. ...1 .1 llll.u ,■ . .1 . Ih. Aj.lr.i.a.x. 1.I.1..I1.. l'l-I.M«l.iir;.ll ..I '.'...i.iT.Dixi l'...i.k..k ' '.'.r'.i.'.. ml lli.lirul'il.l ... 4.U(Mi.lllK> ... ('. i.irsmHl e..ll»l'iilii...|l.- lt^(>.■J0.1100 ' •! ....t.i n \mII lio Lan I ill Altii.'ii;;h the rivi'rs of Asia d.. ii .t vie in niannilii cuee w ith those ot the western iunii- spliere, Asia far e.\eeeils it in the ma^initi- eeiiee of its mouniains. The Himalaya raiij:e, which ?!cp. irate llin.lostan from Titrtary in , the lat. 29. N.. rises to the prodi;^ious lieieht I 111 '.'7,ii"7 ft. above the level of the sea; tho 1 Ural, or Oiiriil ri.l^e exteiuis in a nnifonii land unbroken chain, from the line ol' the Arctic circle to the .sea of .Aral, and, althoutU nut ribin^in altitmle more liian iiliout 4:101) tt., ASl A s r I Imlv III! ii' :iiil"i| ; liiit lit tl:o I'f' Hint tunc, It i'iiiii|Mn_v 1)1' l'.iv„',i>li trii'Ui.x, uii'lif llii! ili'iiiiiiiiiiaii'iti of •■ Till' I'liilcil (.'r F-ii;;l;ini| tra lin;; to tin- l".a>l 1 tlii-v nro cii)])li:ifiiMlly ili'iii>niiii;itt"«l I>y llw tlio llilivl.niiiiti ciiipirc rxli ii.Ir il (i\,r tlu' J{u>!>;aiis, till' Im. k, ati\ tin- 'I'.n lur". llio ' >;ri'attr piirl ol W. -.iciti Am.i; tlu- I'iimhils pinili- «if till" Wurlil; tlio Altaian rli.iin inter- j next n-i^rurd jiariminmit mi that siilo, ;jjH H'Cls lliL" entire ti'rritoiy in a N. K. tliifi tiiiii, I Vfar* liiti>rc tlic Clnivtian rra; Alfxaii>l( r truni tlio Arabian Sia t«> tlu" KasI ('a]>f in ' of Miircilon rxttMnlcl Ins ariiiH as far as ilu- lJuui, liaikal, t luc ami pawcrot tlic Tartars Imin the n-rHi, un 1 Sou o\' Aral, an- the un!y inlatul watcrn wIm iilsn in llic p.'tli century Mil)ilnci| Clnini that merit nntiee in thin plaee; nii\e.sti'rn hiinisphere, they are \ery insijini- t!ie ^lin'c i-l' Asia, tx* Will as a urrat jiait <>( lieaiit. 'i'lic islairls ut the eitsiein neeaii are KnrMpr. Tell niih r their liuiniiiiiin. »o nninenm.s ""■' ^" ilit!ui«ely seatlereil, aj> 'I'Kf .Miij;ul, nr Mnn^jnl empire, siieeii'ihil to reniliT it tlillieult to ileei lo. wliieli pri>|>orly the Tartar, «hil»l the ^Tenter ]>art dC Kasi- Wiling to Asia, anil whiih iln not; lli'isc. ' rrn Tartary lieeaino nniteil ti> Cliina, svl.ii h liiiwcver, wl.iili niitnit of no ilii-piit •, may l.c lur )ie\eril ceiiiniii's has reniainiil eniiipaia- cnumeruleil a.s lulhiw, U^jiniiiii^ at '.111' ni.ilh; VIZ. Sa^;lial,en, .lisso, the .I.ipanrs,-, !•". irin.i. Hainan, ttie I'liiiippines, Ui'riieo.the Ceiehes, JaTii, Snniatr.i, C'eylun, the MaKlive, ami I.^u-ea; p.ir.iniminf om r n.l biiilis. New t'.iliihnii.i. Sanilwieh, S>ei(ly, Asia. Tin- HnssMii'-, Iihwimt, oi' up_\ the Frieinny, New Zialaini, unil Van Duineira uli.Je of the i\' rtli of Asia, fii'ni the Antu; Liiinl, will niiist pruiiahly lunaiu-r hcei'inc Ka to the .'iiith ile^ree oriiinth l.ilitn.h. Uiore partirulariy iiluetiiiiis if AAa, an iiial, mineral, they Will, hiiwtver. a!', he iriati. 1 ul uinler '• v]>eetive liea.N. ] aiui lislies. ale a.s in jestie, valnahle, aii'l Asia Wius the parent of nations, ami the : iisefnl, a.s ihr\ -re v.irioii.s ati.l inlinite. The goi ue uf nii'sl of those rem.irkahie tr.ins.ie- ' liiph.iiit in A-i.i, like the ram> I m Aliiea, is ti in« wliieli are reeorih-.l in sai reil Insi ry. inaile the in-tiuniei.t of Inn then, anil in war Alhr the iKlii;;e, Noah i.s sai'l to h.ive m.'ttieil j ami |'.i„-e.inlry ranks lin;la>t in iiniiortaiiee; iK'.ir the horilerii uf the KiiplirateH, ami to | the lion uiul li^cr uf Asia nre the iiohle.st of h.ivc peopled the whole cuiiurieni; the pos- | thrir iipeeii-s. and us dis;in);ni.sheil lor the li-rity ol .Shell! meiipyinj; the eeiitral rtiii'iin, ', heatity ol their iyiiiinetr_\ a.s lor their a;:ility, Japlii't the in.rtherii, aid M.iin tin' s 'iitle Mi. | Mieii^ih. and lermity. The infirior ehis-,s J.IV.III an.l hi.s deseend.ints, .\sliki iia/.. I)>- I uf the iiiiini.il i re.iti"n will he more paiii- tijiKin. Tarhhish, Klish.ih, To>.'eriu.ih, and i cularly ad\ened to under the hr.id* ol the Kiphalii. are »ii|i;.tised tii h.tw' liiin the an- rii III inhahiiantKiif Asia.Miiiiir. The Canaan - Uls and Aniali ki'.i-s wot-- the p uple of Si ria ' k Milhern division of the «i sti ril heliiisphire, and Ar.ihui I'ltn'.. Mulern writers have '> Asm indn.itis ahnudiinee of ^.'nld. and .sumc referred tlie )lr^.^eIll iMlues of Asi.i to those tiivi-r. and itn |;>-ms are di-«i'r\ edly held ill the diltennt stDiks 111' Mil. tews. Inliaiis, audi hij;hest e'timatiiiii. Of the iiilViiiir imtiN, T.iftafs. the propriety of wlmh will appear : if ihev Hhuund, a ^uh>l^llll4 hpeiie» ol p.il.i \ li'iiii their makf, lV.vtiir> s. and lttii;;u.i„Ms. pri-ehides their preparation for utihiy, and Tin-re are, Iiosmmt, miu • lar^i- trihe.* whieli Asia «lraw» eihsideral'ie Mipplii-s ot iioii, eanii'it he refiMT'-d to any ot llnse el.i«si-«. cupiM-r, tin, and lead, from r.ii.upe. Mr. I'liikiTtuii olisirv. s that the p'i](iilali')r el«.lhiii>:. are of A-ia Is alhiwi d hy all authors to hi- «hitd} the inaiii |iri.dni ti.init of tiie null over all tin- piiniune, wish tin- exiejitini ul tin- T-liiik- south part* of Asia and I'ntna, and in tin" tohis (whom the iCiissmn hiKtoriaiiH supposed i latter eoiiniry. a deeueliiin (if the well kiMwii to ha iiahxed front the oppusii.; emu*'. o( tea-»lirul» eonstitute* the prineipal drink ul Ameiii.i ihc eoliiiiien that li.i\e iiii;;rateil i that ]i"piilon't i-mpire, wlulsl the vep-lahli- from Hii to till- iiurthrin jiirtu, iis l.ir iw . t.iliuw-tiee »uppln.» many of lhe:r donie«t ■ till- kea ol Iv.oiisi, hatka, till- luU-kn'Oui Ku- I Mantd. rupi-an sctil'-Mii-nis, and a l.-kv uihi-i*. Asia '■ .\i.i!ioinedi.siii i.s e'tahh.shed in the ceiitml Crit.tinly eoiitmns an ainaziii); uri^ina! popu- and Mt-sii-rn parts. Minle |^t^.tnism, and ihd iation, and preixiits ait ample fh Id for tlie \ muiis, pie- Ktudy uf imin m nil the staffs of his Jlro^:rl-lKl ; >.iil in all the other rejjions of Asia, ('hi.s* tr.iin harliari^m lu i-iviii/..itiiiii. Th'- westi-rn iaiiitv it wareeh known ihroii^diunt thisp.nl p.irts.il .\sia aplii-ar tu h ive been in-eilpieil hy of the jfluU-, rXiept in >il)eiia and III A-^i* UUiie I .lis pi tty sovere.;: :ili.>, whose iiaiiien Miiiur, wh'-re thf prof -lioll of it has Uv.-. Wu II jk» ixiincl. At a SM.u.^vklmi l.it. r juriuj, i» rj\ IIMT tho llu; l'( iMtiiw i:it siilo, .'iJH ; Ali'x.iiiilrr UN tar ii> iIki lllll) I'f t nil. 1 l'iPlli|lli -ts, .ii> ill ii> turn [ ikIiiiiI iiitlii- mil iIk- II T'li, ImIii<-i1 Cliiiui llsl till' I'XUllt >i'rii>(i IP irlv Urtllt J':llt >>( ri", liumi'ili'il jiiit of M.i-i- (■|iiii:i. wi.uli lll'il Clllllliiilil- |ir. Hrlll tillii', m, uii'lc more I'lirii- f lu'ail» i)t llic Utli"iinli "I'l'''- iiuiit lals as llio rii lioniir.iilu ri-, ^i.lll, llll'l M'lllC iillv hcUl in llio iiiffiinr intt il>, |ifi ii» ol [I'll.' ^ lur utiUtv. uii.l ij'jilics 111 iiuii, ■.ll.illK'. U,T cli.lliinp. an; «ic ,1 llic:r lloUU■^t;^• ■•.I ill tin- Cfiitval inmi'-ni, uiiil tlid HI" t-llll->ll". l'll> lit' A'lii. riii.sk (.ll^tiullt tlii* p'll »eini aiul in Am« 111 I if It liat licu-'i jiiii ..[.proBswr :=:a "iwi. -3^:?^ 1-1 t^r^^ ^v SruM V"' >* ..." ' ■ JL \.'' I /. ■-«^^. ':f}i^' ■'o ^ .,*' x> II lircailUi. lis ^ii'aust tlfjuli i< 8 jimuli', wliiili ('(ncrsa larjjo iiciiinii of tlio mis, liiit ^^cncra.iy lu t imire lliaii a to 3 ciuititry, ainl undor the >iia([i' of wliicli tlio ■ms, whuli Inis iiiiiiiiiifliL(l fi'ft lio- ti'a-troc tlouri>lKs spontaiu'oiislv; it li.is pro- a ITUG ami 1633. 1 he waicis , re b^ltl,)' been inHoiiucnl by tlic cniii;riuUs lunu Kv_. w.),:;^^'" ^'•'^^■Tv >:../< •*^-*'^.- ■ '^■-•p^--^ "■'■■'■ . y' I < ■"■" -: -..^ ]i * it .*^ ' '"•"■ *•• ?■ ■ ■■ V". , '^ I .-^ l.ONlli'N ITMllSIHiU U\ \^ lt.G''■ > <^A«Uml 1 1 UB t^ ^X;;,^^^, ...,.-« ' "'^'' V X A H ■V'- ^^tili' II \ V .W./rtf'-' H I. N r. A 1. Ul«8 U .M* V« . . .1 iMn/t^ l\^ \ t , Yl.i> N Nii..l..irnv 'tfewubi/i « V^^^"'-*^ '•'-^. \,.i^^.^' W»lcte despotism, appears, however, to be administered not only with temperance, bnt with a paternal solicitude for the welfare of the great body of the people, who may yet nt the same time be ranked amongst the most abject of the human race. The growing ascendency of the English, since the close of the 18th century, is unquestionably the most important era in the history of Asia; and, although much that is objectionable and reprehensible prevails, in some respects it indicates brighter and better prospects to Asia than it has ever before experienced. Asia Minor comprehends that part of Western Asia under the dominion of the Turks, bordering north on the Black Sea, and south on the Levant, including the pro- vinces of Natolia, Caramania, and Soum, which sec. AsiAGO, a considerable town of Italy, in ' Vicentiho, 24 miles north of Vicenza. It is ticelebrntcd for its dye-works, and nianufac- ;^nre of straw hats. Pop. 4700. i AsiNARA, an island in the Mediterranean, wn the N. W. coast of Sardinia, 17 miles morth by wcht of Sassari. It is 28 miles in fompass, and is fertile and populous. ". AsKEATON, a town and parish of Ireland, ^ the county of Limerick, noted foi its castle, nd for one of the most ])erfect abbeys in !ie country, built by one of the earls of esmond. It is seated on the Deel, near its (l^nfluencc with the Shannon, 20 miles west i^uth-west of Limerick. liAsKRio, a town in N.R. Yorkshire; mar- Mt on Thursdav, seated near the Ure, 18 m. yf. S.W. of Iliciimond, and 240 N. of London. , AsNA. See Esne. .^AsiNERAS, a town of France, in the dc- j||rtinent of Upper Viennc, 10 miles north- 8t of Bellac. LsoLA, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20 lies south-east of Brescia. LsoLo, a town of Italy, in Trcvisano, with pai'ious citadel on a hill. It is surrounded fwalls, and situated near the Musone, 17 .^es north-west of Treviso. ,!,^8()F, or A/ov, Ska of, anciently the F|lu8 Mtcotis, lying to the N. ot the Black Sit, with which ic couiniunieates by the Strait of Kertch, the ancient Cimmerian BoBphorus. It is 193 miles in length, by in breadth. Its greatest depth is 8 aoms, but generally not more than T) to 3 s, which has diminished 6 feet be- »D 1706 and 1833. Tlie waters ire thick and muddy, and but slightly salt. On its W. side is the Swashe or Putrid ^ea, separated Iroin it by tlio Tongue of Arabat. It was the scene of some warfare in the war of 1855. Asorii, a town of Ruscin, lately the capi- tal of a district of the same name, seated on the east bunk of the L)un, near its entrance into the sea of Asoph. It has been sevei .1 times taken by the Turks and liussians. It is not of the importance it was in the reign of Peter the Ureat ; the river being now 60 choked with sand, as scarcely to admit the smallest vessel. Long. 38. 32. £., lat 46. 38. N. AsPEREN, a town of Holland, famous for a long siege which it held out against the Gel- drians, in 1517. It is .^eated on the Linghc, 13 miles south of Utrecht, and 22 east of Rotterdam. Asi'ERN, a town of Austria, on the north bank of the eastern branch of the Danube, a little below Vienna, distinguished for a great battle fought between the French and Aus- trians in 1 809, during which the town was totally destroyed, but has since been rebuilt. Assam, or Asam, an interior country of Asia, bounded on the W. by Bengal and Bootan, N. by Thibet, and S. E. and S. by Mecklcy. It is divided into three provinces, Upper, Central, and Lower. Area, 18,200 square miles; Pop. 602,500. Among the products a»: many kinds of valuable fruits, with silk, musk, i^pper, cocoa-nuts, sugar, and ginger. The open parts are marked with population and tillage; the woods abound with elephants. The country is in- habited by a number of distinct tribes, all under the government of the British; they live in a state of barbarism chiefly, some of the tribes being naked, and eating principally rice, but also serpents, oats, locu£ts, dogs, &c.; the religion is that of Bramah, introduced in the 17th century: the priests are vicious and intriguing. Little is known of their early history. They are enterprising, savage, vin- dictive, and fond of war. They have neither horses, asses, nor camels; but they are some- times brought there from other countries. Silk-velve'. and cottcm-stufls are the chief manufactures. The invention of gunpowder is ascribed to the Assamese. It was known in China and Hindostan in very remote an- tiquity; aiul in the code of Gentoo laws there is a prohibition of the use of fire-arms; but what these lire-arms were is not distinctly known. The tea-plant has been discovered growing wild in this country, and may prove of much importance. Mr. Bruce has found it growing ni extensive tracts all along the river, from Juipore, the capital of Lower Assam, to above Jorehaut, the capital of the Upj)cr Province. It is found in the natural jungle, which covers a large portion of the ct)untry, and under the shade of which the tea-tree flourishes spontaneously; it has pro- babljr been introduced by the emigrants from ASS 6* AST ll Vi 1 I ^ ■; ! 1 i^ the neighbouring province of Munkiim. This tea has been prepared for the English market, under European superintendenec, with con- siderable success. AssANCAi-K, or II.\s..NKALA, a town of Turkish Armenia, whicii has hot baths much frequented. It is seated on tho Ares, 22 miles E. of Erzerum. AssARi'Oi'R, a town of Ilindostan, in the country of Cutch, at the most eastern mouth of tiie Indus, 38 miles W. of Boogeboogc. AssKERGUU, a strong hill fort of Ilindos- tan, in Candeish. In the war with the Mah- rattas, in 18U3, it surrendered to the Britisli. It is 15 miles N. of Burhanpour. AssEN, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, 12 miles S. of Groningen, and 51 N. N. W. of Cocvordon. AssKNEDE, a town of Belgium, a province of East Flanders, 13 miles N.N. E. of Ghent. AssENHEiM, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, it the conflux of the Wetter with the N'-ii'io, 13 miles N.E. of Frankfort. In this district a good deal of wine is produced, anu it has large coal mines. Pop. 4000. AssENS, a seaport of Denmark, in the island of Funen. It is the common past ige from the duchy of Sleswick to Copeidiagen, and is 17 miles S. W. of Odensee. Long. 10. 2. E. hit. 55. 17. N. AssiNiBoiNS, or AsSENEBoTNE, a rivcf of North America, falling into the S. W. end of Lake Winnipeg; the North West Fur Trad- ing Company have a house on the S. bank of the river, about 15 miles above its entrance into the lake. Ayaisi, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, with a magnificent cathedral church, 22 miles N. W. of Spoleto. Metastasio be- longed to this town. AssoMPTioN, a township and village of Lower Canada, situate on the bank of a river ofthe same name, which fulls into the St. Law- rence a little below Montreal. Assos, an ancient city of Asia Minor, in Troas, near the sea; 35 miles W. S. W. of Mount Ida. The ruins are very magnificent, and in a good state of preservation. A the- atre almost entire; the rcmaiub of several temples, one inscribed to Augustus, others of earlier date; a causeway leading to a ceme- tery without tho city ; parts of the walls and towers ; nnd its many other ruined relics, make the site extremely curious, and give perhaps the best idea of a Greek city that any where exists. Assumption, an episcopal city, capital of a province of Paraguay. It is a miserable place, miserably built, with a miserable cathe- dral. It stands in a fertile country, on the E. bank of the river Paraguay, a little above the confluence of tho Pilcom.ayo. Long. 57. 40. W. lat. 22. 47 S. Assye, a small town in Hindostun, pro- vince of Berar,38 miles N.E. of Aurungabad. A remarkable victory was gained here by General Wellcslcy, on September 23, 1803. AsTABAT, a town of Persian Armenia, 3 miles from the river Aras, and 32 S. E. of Naksivan. AsTAKA, a to^vn of Persia, in Ghilan, on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the S. W. end of the Caspian Sea. Long. 50. 40. E. lat. 38. 30. N. ASTERABAD, Or EsTERABAD, a tOWn of Persia, capital of a province of its name, at the S £. part of the Caspian Sea. It stands at the mouth of a river, which forms a Lay convenient for traile, 110 miles E. of Fera- bad. Long. 53. 23. E. hit. 36. 50. N. AsTi, a city of Piedinont, capital of the de- partment of Tanaro, with a citadel. Beside the cathedral, it contains upwards of thirty other churches. It is seated on the Tanaro, 24 miles E. of Turin. Pop. 21,225. AsTORGA, the ancient Asturica Augusta, an episcopal town of Spain, in Leon, well fortified by art and nature, but the palace was dismantled by :be French. It is the capital of La Maragateria, or county of the Mara- gatcs, a peculiar tribe, and is seated in a plain, on the river Tueria, 25 miles S. W. of Leon, and about midway on the high road from Corunna to Madrid. Astoria, a commercial establishment on the Colombia River, on the W. coast of North America. It was founded in 1811, for the fur trade, by J. J. Astor, a private citizen of the United States, ultimately it was occupied by the Hudson's Bay Company, and is now included iu the territory of the United States. AsTRAU>D, a tongue of land on the N. E. coast of the Crimea, extending into the Sea of Asoph. AsTRABAD, capital of a province of the same name, on tho S. E. of the Caspian Sea. It has a considerable commerce with Russia, &c. AsTRACAN, a city of the Caucasus, and the principal city of Asiatic Russia, capital of a province of the same name, and an ftrch- bishop's see. It is situate on an island foi Tied by two branches of the Volga River, near its entrance into the N. end of the Caspian Sea, in the lat. of 46., and has a good harbour. It is surrounded by walls, and on the W. has a triangular fortress. Here are 25 Russian churches, and two convents; the Armenian.s, Lutherans, and Papists, have their places of worship; and the Hindoos of Moultan have been permitted to erect a temple. The houses are in general of wood; and the inhabitants are estimated at 31,000. It seldom rains here, but the river Volga overflows, like tho Nile, and when tho water is run oflT, vegeta- tion is very rapid. Here are several large vineyards, from which some wine is made for home consumption ; also manufactures ol gunpowder and nitre, and on the side of the Caspian Sea are long marshes which produce a great quantity of salt. The Volga, cither of itself, or by its numerous branches, inter- sects half of the interior provinces of Euro* A Til 55 A Til 3, 1803. mcnia, 3 ! S.E. of ilan, on a •ance into ». Long- town of 3 name, at It stands rms a Lay ;. of Fcra- N. I of the A&- i\. Beside s of thirty he Tanaro, J5. a, Augusta, Leon, well I palace was 1 the capital the Mara- Bcated in a ilcsS.W.of e high road ilishmcnt on )ast of North ^8U, for the itc citizen of ,va8 occupied and is now [nited States, on the N. E. into the Sea vincc of the Caspian Sea. with Russia, asus, and the , capital of a Mid an Hrch- (sland foi -ned Jiver, near its [Caspian Sea, [ood Imrhour. U the W. has he 25 Russian e Armenians, [heir places of loultan have ,. The houses lie inhabitants seldom rains lows, like tlie m off, vcgeta- . several large |ne is made for inufactures ol the side of the irhich produce Volga, cither ranches, intcr- inccs of Euro- pean Russia, and aflTords to Astrncin a faci- lity of communication by water, of inesfimu- blo advantage. It communicates witii Miis- cow by the Kiislima bninoli, and witli St. Petersburg from Twer. j)nr'Iy by canal, and partly by intermediate v.ati-rs. The months of the river abotmd wiili behtrja, a species ot sturgeon, from the sound of which is made the iincst isinglass, wliich forms a very ex- tensive branch of the commerce of Astracan, which is also tiie centre of nil the commerce of Russia with Persia and the Enst, in which Russians, Per.sians, Armenians, Greeks, Tar- tars, Jews, Hindoos, French, arid English, all participate. Jt was taken from the Mon- gol Tartars about the middle of the 1.5th century, and is about 770 n.ilcs S. E. of Moscow, and 1050 S. S. E. of St. Peters- burg. AsTuniAS, ft maritime province of the N. W. of Spain, extending for abont 120 miles along the shore of the Bay of Biscay. It was divided into two parts, Astnrias d'Oviedo and Asturias de Santillana. This province is full of mountains and forests ; its wine and horses are excellent, and it has mines of gold, lapis-lazuli, and vermilion. The eldest son of the king of Spain is styled prince of the Asturias. It was formerly a principality of the kingdom of Leon, and is bounded on the S. by the province of Leon ; on the W. by Gallicia ; and on the E. by Biscay and Old Ciistile ; it extends inland from the Bny of Biscay about 45 miles, and contains a superficies of SOS square leajiues, and a population of 364,238. The eastern extremity of the province, in lat. I 43. 28. N. and 3. 40. W. long., and distant by way of Segovia 67, and by Aranda 71^ ' leagues N. from Madrid, is the principal ^ town on the coast, and Oviedo, 75A leagues P north-west from Madrid, is the chivt town J inland. Atacaiia, a seaport and pror. of Bolivia. The ])rovince luis a great desert of the same name, which separates Peru irom Chili. The town is remarkable for the fish called tollo, 5 with which it carries on a great trade with ij the iidand provinces. It it? 2 1 miles S. by E. of Arica. Long. 69. 30. W. Int. 2 1. 20. S. Atciiafalata, an outlet of the Mississippi, ^forming the W. boundary of the delta of that Iyer. It flows in a winding conrso for 147 ailes to a bay of the same name on the Gulf I>f Mexico. The navigation is prevented by inken trees, &c Atchinsk, a considerable town in the go- ernment of Tobolsk, on the frontiers of Coly- »n. It is situate on a branch of the Obe iver, in the lat. of 56. 20. N. and 89. 30. E. l>ng. Atena, a town of Naples, in Principato Wteiiore, near the river Negro, 22 miles N. ■f Policastro. ^Ath, a fortified town of Belgium in the pr. ' Hainault. Jt has been often 'aken, and is Bated en theDender, 12 miles N.W. of Mono, on the road from Brussels to Tournoy. Pop, 8500. AriiAnASCA, Lake, British territories oi North Atncricii, 200 miles long, 15 broad, hat. 59. 0. N. long. 108. 0. VV. Its chief outlet joins the Slave Klvcr. AxHAnoM, a town of European Turkey, in Romaniii, on the const of the Black Sea, 70 miles N. K. of Adrinnoijlo. AxiinoY, a parish ami town in the county of Meath, Ireland. The town is 30 miles N. of Dublin, and has three annual fairs. ATriELNBY, an island in Somersetshire, at the continence of the Thone and Parret,a few miles below Taunton, memorable for having afforded shelter to King Alfred. Here he col- lected some of his retainers, on which account he called it TKthelingny, or the Isle of Nobles, and hence he made frequent sallies upon the Danes. AxnBSRAT, one of the most ancient towns In Connaught, formerly a parliamentary bo- rough. Though relics' of its former import- ance exist, and the business of its markets and fairs has lately increased, it wears a very de- solate aspect, and affords little promise of any material improvement. A gateway and soma portions of a wall which was built round the town, are still in existence. The east window, and some other remains of a splendid Do- minican friary, are still standing. Athens, a town of Pennsylvania, formerly called Tioga Point. It is seated at the junc- tion of the Chemung with the Susquelianna. The situation is beautiful, in an undulating plain, environed by mountains. The North Branch canal of Pennsylvania terminates here, and it will be connected by a railroad with the New York and Erie railroad. Its ad- vantages promise to make it a place of im- portance. It is 152 miles N. by E. of Har- risburg, and 262 from Washington. Pop. in 1840, 1532. Athens, a town of Georgia, on the W. bank of the Oconee River. It is the seat of the Georgia university, which was founded in 1785. It is 75 miles N. by W. of Millcdge- villc, and 610 from Washington. Pop. 3000. Athens, a once celebrated city, situate on a promontory at the southern extremity of eastern Europe; supposed to have been founded by Cecrops, 1556 years antecedent to the Christian era, or about the period of the height of Egyptian glory in the age of Moses; it became the seat of kingly authority under Codrus, about the period of the reign of David in Palestine; and, in about 1000 years subse- quent to its foundation, it had attained the summit of its glory, when it became the ciiief city of the Grecian republic, which successfully contended against the powerful arms of the Persian monarchy, and excelled in all the arts of poetry, painting, sculpture, and architec- ture; the two last the Athenians may be said to have perfected, for all that succeeding ages have done has been to copy, mix, and trans- form. Eighty-six years antecedent to thai A Til 66 ATL II Christian «>rn, when refinement among the Athenians hud sunk into liccntionsncss, ninl patriotism into selfish u.nhition and individunl aggrandisement, Atitcns tell a prey to the furious arm of Syllu, who sacked it of sonic of its choicest treasures; from this period it may bo considered as having passed the meri- dian of its glory. In the 50th year of the Christian era, it was visited by the apostle Paul, whoso speech to the multitude from the r IcbriUed temple on Mars' Hill, as re- cord J in the 18th chap, of the Acts of the Apostles, verse 22nd, will best testify the social and moral condition of its inhabitants at that {icriod. It subsequently became a prey to internal commotions, as well as to external enemies, and, after experiencing various al- terations of fortune, it became tributary to i .e Turks, on their establishingthcirdominion in Europe. It has since become, once more, the capital of Attica and of Greece, and the projected improvements in its vicinity, in- cluding a splendid marble palace for King Otho, nearly completed, will render it a hand- some town. It contains about 12,000 inhabi- tants, the greater portion of whom are Greeks; who, having the advantage of a delightful climate, live in compnrnVivc ease. Numerous vestiges of architectural grandeur still remain to attest the supremacy of the Athenians in that noble and useful art. In 1808 Lord Elgin, then ambassador from England at Con- stantinople, ransacked the Parthenon of the choicest vestiges of its friezes, &c., which now adorn the national museum in London. Athens stands in a spacious plain : the hill of Mars, on the summit of which stood the tem- ple dedicated to the god of that name, was, during the zenith of its greatness, in the centre of tho city, but now nt some distance from the present town, which is bounded on one side by Mount Hymcttus, deservedly cele- brated for the hone; which it i)rodnccs. On the sea side it has th.ee ports; the Phnlcrcus, Munychia, and Pirajus, now Porto Leone, about 5 miles distant from the town, and through which it carries on some little external traffic in honey, wax, oil, olives, silk, &c., in exchange for the manufactures of western Europe generally; it is in lat. 37. 58. N. and 23. 46. W. long. Athens, a county in the S. E. end of the state of Ohio, a nook bordering on the Ohio river. Pop. 6338. Thechicftownofthesame name is finely located in tho centre of the country, on a tongue of land formed by the dctoar of the river Hockhocking, which inter- sects the county from the N. W. :o the S. E. corner, where it falls into the Ohio. The Ohio University was founded here in 1821. The town is 71 miles S.E. of Columbus. Athens is the name of another town in Greene county, state of New York, on the W. bank of the Hudson River, nearly opposite the city of Hudson. Pop. 2387. Atueiiston, a tn. in Warwickshire; mar- ket on Tuesday. Manufactures of hats, rib- bons, &c. It is seated near the Anker, 13 miles N. of Coventry, and on the North Western railway, 102 miles from London. Athbrton, a flourishing town in Lanca- shire, with extensive coal-mines, cotton and iron manufactories, and silk-weaving. It is 12 miles W. by N. from Manchester. Athi.one, a borough ol Ireland, partly in the county of West Meath, and partly in Roscommon. It stands on both sides of the Shannon, over which is a long bridge ; and on the Midland Great Western railway, 78 miles from Dublin. This town was unsuccessfully besieged by Wil- liam, Prince of Orange, after the battle of the Boync, in 1690; but was t4ikcn by siurni the following year, after the battle of Au- ghrim, by General Ginklc, one of the Orange followers, who was created Baron of Aughrini and Earl of Athlonc, for the exploit. It is now one of the most extensive military sta- tions in all Ireland; and sends one member to parliament. Athos, or Monte Santo, a high mountain of Greece in Macedonia, on a peninsula at tho entrance of the Gulf of Contcssa. It has been celebrated in all ages for its singular locality, and the majesty of its appearance, and became an object of such great attraction to the Greeks, as to draw devotees from all parts of eastern Europe, who have interspers- ed it with numerous churches, monasteries, and hermitages; hence it has acquired tho name of Monte Santo, or the Holy Mountain. The monks amount to about 6000, who sub- sist chiefly by preying on the numerous de- votees whom their affected sanctity and crafl continually draw around them ; they, how- ever, cultivate the olive and the vine to some extent, and there are four establishments of education for Greek ecclesiastics; there is a fortified town called Kareis, about halfway up the mountain, nt which a Turkish ng:\ resides. It is about 70 miles E. of Salonica, and in lat. 40. 7. N. and 24. 15. E. long, Athy, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildnre, at which the assizes are held alter- nately with Naas. It is seated on the river Barrow, 12 miles S. of Kiidare, on the Great South and Western ruilway, 45 miles from Dublin. The remains of an old castle now serve for a county jail, and there are ruins of two monasteries in the vicinity. Ati/Antic, or Atlantic Ocean, takes its name from Mount Atlas in Africa, and lies between the west continents of Africa and Europe, and tho east continent of America. Its least brca Ith, from Guinea in Africa, to Brazil in South America, is 2300 miles. On one side of the equator, it is called the North Atlantic Ocean, and on tho other the S'>uth Atlantic Ocean. It is remarkable for its currents, the principal of which, the Gull Stream, is occas!.yned by the constant trade winds, which drive the waters, in a westerlr ATT 57 AUB takes it8 , and lies frica and America. Africa, to ilcs. On ;he North ,he South for its the GiiH ;nnt trade weatcrlr diroction, through the passajrcs of the West India islands into the Gulf of Mexico; whence it flows, with great velocity, by the coast of Florida, making a curvilinear sweep of almost the whole hrcadth of the ocean. The surface of the Atlantic was estimated to he from 19 to 22 feet higher than the Pacific at the Isthmus of Panama, hut this is an error. Atlas, a chain of Iii^h mountains in Afri- ca, separating Harhary fr»m Biledulgerid, Rud exteniliiig E. from the coast of the At- lantic to the border of Egypt, upwards of JOOO miles; their greatest altitude is about 13,000 ft. above the level of the sea. Silver, copper, iron, lead, and antimony, are found in diilcrent parts of these mountains. An- other chain, called the Little Atlas, extends from the Strait of Gibraltar to Bona in the state of Algiers. These mountains have dif- ferent names, according to the various coun- tries they pass through, ani the plains and valleys by which they are intersected. They are inhabited almost in every place, except where the extreme cold will not permit. Atlisco, a tn. of Mexico, in TIaseala, seated in an cxtcr^sive plain of its name, 20 miles W. S. W. of Puebla de los Angelos. Atol, the name of each separate group of the Maldive Islands, in the Indian Ocean. Atooi, or Tau.vi, one of the Sandwich islands, in the North Pacific Ocean. It is 30 miles long, and contains a great portion ol gently rising land. On the S. W. is a good road and anchoring place, called Wymoa. Long, 159. 40. W. lat. 21. 57. N. Pop. abont 55,000. Atovaque. a town of Mexico, S. of the river Zacatula, and a few miles inland from the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 18. N. Atrato, a river of Columbia, which rises between the first and second ridge of the Andes, and runs from S. to N. about 250 miles, into the Gulf of Daricn, in lat. 8. N. and W. long. 77. C. Atui, a very ancient town of Naples, in AI -uz/.o Ulterioro, on a craggy mountain. It was the birth-place of the emperor Adrian. It is about four miles from the shore of the Adriatic, and 10. S. E. of Teramo. Pop. 4000. Long. 14. 2. E. lat. 42. 40 N. ATTt.EBOUOuo», atown in Norfolk; market on Tuesday; 14 m. N. E. of Thetford. It was formerly a city and chief town o( the county. AtiTOCK, or Attock Benarks, a city and fortress of Hindostan, in the province of Lahore. It stands on the E. bank of the Indus, near the confluence of the Cabul, and on the site of the Taxila of Alexander, where he crossed that river, and advanced onwards to the Ganges, in the year 328 B. C. Attock is about 700 miles above the entrance of the Indus into the Arabian Sea, and about mid- way between Cahul and Lahore, or 180 to 200 miles from each, in lat. 33. 6. N. and 71. 1.5. E, long. The present fortress was built by the Emperor Acbar, in 1581. Attoor, a o'rong town of Hindostan, in the Carnatic, fiO miles N. of Tritchinopolv, and 80 W. S. W. of Pondichcrry. Am, a town of Germany, in the princi- pality of Wurtzburg, on the river Gollach, 10 miles S. E. of Wurtzburg. Aubaonb, a ijwn of Prance, dcpartmcni of Bouchcs dn Rhone. It has fabrics of paper, leather, earthenware, &c., and revcrul fairs. Pop. 6620. AuBE, an interior department in the N. E. of France, containing part of the late pro- vince of Champagne, it takes its name from a river, which, passing by Bar-sur-Aulie and Arcis, joins the Seine, above Nugent. Troyes is the capital. Pop. 253,870. Aubenas, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ardeche, with nmnufactures of wool- len cloths, red cotton, and raw and wrought silk ; seated on the Ardeche, at the foot of the Cevennes, 1 5 m. S. of Viviers. Pop. 4855. A u BENTON, a town of France, in the de- partment of Soinme, situated on the Aiuc, 10 miles S. of Virvins. AuuETERRR, a towu of Francc, on the fron- tiers of Charentc and Dordogne, seated on the Drome, 22 miles S. of Angoulcme. Long. 0. 12. E. lat. 45. 17. N. AuBiERES, a town of Francc, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, 3 miles S. E. of Clermont. AcBiGMi^, or AuBioNT, a small town of France, in the department of Cher, seated in a fine plain, 28 miles N. of Bourges ; it is old, dirty, and ill- built ; it has, however, a good trade in wool. Pop. 2206. AuBiN, St., a town of the island of Jersey, with a fort standing on a bay of the sanio name, opening to the south. See St. Heliek. AuBiM, St., a town of France, dep. Avey- ron, 18 miles N. E. of Villefranche. In the environs are the burning hills of Fontagnes o Bucgne; the smoke and other vapours produced by the fire, deposit on the sides of the crevices, through which they issue largo quantities of alum, sufficient for the supply of France. Pop. 3017. AuBONNE, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, on a river of its name, which falls into the Lake of Geneva, 14 miles W. of Lausanne. AuBORN, the chief town of the county of Cayuga, the N. end of which borders on Lake Ontario, state of New York. It has a state prison, which is considered a model for such institutions, occupying a plot of ground 500 tb. by 1000 ft., surrounded by a wall 30 (>, and has for some years been improving. Market on Monday, AuoiiKiM, a parish and village in co. Gal' way, Ireland, 29 miles E. of Galway. It is a neat and pleasant, though poor, village. Near here was fought the last battle between William IH. and James II., in July, 1691, iu which the Irish were totally routed, and their French general, St. Ruth, was killed. Auoii.A, a territory of North Africa, lying to the S. of Barco, between Fezzan and Egypt. The ca])ital is of the same name, 220 miles W. of Siwah, and 510 E. by N. of Mourzouk. Long. 23. 40. E. hit. 29. 33. N. AuosuuRO, a city of Suabia, lately im- perial, and a bishop's sec, but now the capital of one of tiie circles of Bavaria. It is a large fortified place, has a variety of manufactures, and is connected with Mu- nich, Ulm, Nuremberg, and the rest of Germany, by various railways. The cathedral, town-house, and other public buildings, arc magnificent. In the bishop's palace, the Lutherans presented their con- fession of faith to the emperor Charles V., in 1550, hence called the Confession of Augs- burg. It was taken by the French in 1703, and again in 1796. It is seated between the Werdach and Lech, 35 m. N.W. of Munich. Pop. 35,000. Long. 10. 55. E. lat. 48. 17. N. AuousTA, a county in the centre of the state of Virginia, lying between two parallel ridges of the Allegany Mountains. Pop. 19,628. Stnunton, iu the centre of the co., 126 miles N. W. by W. from Richmond, is the chief town. Augusta, a town of the state of Georgia, in Richmond county, lately the capital of the state. It has the advantage of a central situation between the upper and lower coun- tries ; and seated in a fine plain, on the S. W. bank of the Savanna River, 52 miles N. N. E. of Louisville, and 127 N. N. W. of Savanna. Pop. in 1840, 6403. It is con- nected with Charleston and Milledgeville by railroads. Long. 80. 45. W. lat. 33. 33. N. Augusta, a town of the United States, capital of the State of Maine, in Kennebec county. It is situated on both sides of the Kennebec river, 43 m. from the ocean, and was first settled in 1771. It is regularly laid out, and the parts of the village are connected by a fine bridge across the Kennebec. The state house is a beautiful granite building, half a mile S. of the village. The U. S. ar- senal is a large stone edifice on the E. side of the river. Besides these buildings are the state insane hospital, and the Augusta high school. There is a splendid dam across the Kennebec, half a mile above the village, tu facilitate navigation; 146 m. N. E. of Con- cord, and 163 N. N. E. of Boston. Pop. in 1810, 1805; 1820, 2475; 1840, 5314. Lat. 44. 19. N. long. 69. 50. W. Augusta, a city of Sicily, near the ancient Syracuse. The inhabitants still collect the celelirnteil honey of Hybla, from which much profit 13 derived. AUR 50 AUS AuonsTis, St., ii capo on the coast of Brazil, 300 iniks N. K. of Biihin. or thu liny of All Saints. Lont,'. 35. 40. W. Int. 8. 30. 8. Also tlio nnmo of a river, buy, and port, on the coast of Labnidor, in tho Straits of Bollcislo; ami of a river ami bay, at tho S. VV. end of the island of Madai^nsuar. AuGUSTiNK, a city and seaport of the U. S., E. CI last of Florida; lat. 29. 52. N. long. 81. 25. W. Previously to the acquisition of Florida by the United States, this was a place of some importance, and was defended by a fort. It has since declined, from the badness of its harbour, there being a very shallow bar oti' the mouth of it. A lighthouse on tho N. end of Anastasia island marks tho entrance. Tho city is one mile long, and three-fourths of a mile wide. The streets cross each other at right angles, but some of them arc narrow and very crooked. The ])ublic offices stand in a tine square, in which is a fine Roman Cath(jlic church. The pop. in 1840 was 2459. AcroiisTiNE, San, a town of Texas, Uni- ted Status, standing on a small branch of the Necker river. It contains 2 churches, a university, a college, and about 1500 inha- bitants. AuousTow, a town of Poland, in Polachia, seated on the Naricu, 44 miles N. of Biclisk. Augustus, Fort, a fortress of Scotland, in Inverness-sliiro, at the influx of the Oich into the S. extremity of Loch Ness, 34 miles S. S. VV. of Inverness. AuGUSTBiiRG. See Sciiellgnbero. AuLENDoiiP, a town of Suabia, situate on the river Schus, 8 miles N. of Uavensburg. AuLNAT, two towns of France, adjoining each otiier, in the department of Calvadoi, 14 miles S. W. of Caen. Pop. about 350t. Also the name of another town in the depart- ment of the Lower Charcnte. AuMAi.G. See Albkmarlb. AuMON r, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lozere, 1 5 miles N. W. of Mcnde. AuMORE.a town of Ilindostan, in Bengal, 30 miles S. of Rajenal, and 46 N. N. W. of Moorshcdabad. AuNis, lately a small territory of France, in the S. W. part of Poitou, and now form- ing part of the department of Lower Cha- rente. AcRiCH, a fortified town of Wurtemburg, near tho foot of a mountain, on the rivulet Ermst, 15 miles E. of Tubingen. Auras, a town of Silesia, on the river Oder, 12 miles N. W. of Breslau. AoRAT, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Morbihan, on a river of its name, near its entrance into the Gulf of Morbihan, In the Bay of Biscay, 11 miles W. of Vannes. Pop. 3895. AuREMus. See Auburn. AuRicn, the capital of East Friesland, in the kingdom of Hanover, seated in a plain •urrounded by forests, 12 miles N. E. of i Emdcn. Pop. 2600. AuRiLLAC, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cautal, seated on the Jurdunc. 30 miles S. W. of St. Flour. It is a disagree- able town, with narrow, crooked streets. It has a college, fine church, and other public buildings J there is a very handsome bridg'^ over the river. It is an industrious place, with manufactures of laco, paper, tapestry, &o. &c. Pop. 10,000. AuRint,, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Mouths of tho lihone, 15 m. E. N. E. of Marseilles. Pop. 5319. Aurora, an island, one of the New IIol)- rides in the Pacific Ocean. It is 36 miles long and 6 broad, affords plenty of wood and water, and has a small bay on the N. W. coast. Long. 168. 18. E. lat. 15. 8. S. Aurora, a town in Cayuga county, on tho E. bank of Cayuga Lake, state of New York, 183 miles W, of Albany; also another town in Erie county, near the E. end of Lake Eric, in tho the samo state, containing 2909 inha- bitants; 298 miles W. of Albany. Aurora, a small town of the United States, in Ohio, celebrated for the quantity and quality of tho cheese produced in it. It is 144 m. N. E. of Columbus, and 335 from Washington. Pop. in 1840, 906. AuRUNOABAD, a Considerable city of Ilin- dostan, capital of a prov. of the same name. It owes tho greatest part of its magnificence to the great Aurungzebe, who made it bis place of residence, and gave it the present name. It stands in a fertile plain, almost surrounded by mountains, 180 m. E. N. E. of Bombay. Long. 75. 33. E. lat. 19. 54. N. AuRCNOABUNDER, R towu of Hiudostau, in the province of Tatta, on a branch of tho Indus, to which it gives name; 40 miles S. by W. of Tatta. Au8A, formerly Alsa, a river of Camiola, which, running southward by Aquileia, after a short course fulls into the Adriatic. On the banks of this river, Constantino, the son of Constantino the Great, fighting against Con- stans, was slain. AuspiTZ, a town of Moravia, 20 miles S. S. E. of Brun. Aussio, a town of Bohemia, seated on the Elbe, 11 miles N. N. W. of Leutmeritz. Austell, St., a town of Cornwall, in the centre of an extensive mining district. Mar- ket on Friday. In the environs is also got fine clay, which is sent to Liverpool, Bristol, and Staffordshire, for the potteries. It is seated near the English Channel, 13 miles E. N. E. of Truro, and 245 W. S. W. of London. AusTERLiTZ, or Slawkow, a tn. of Moravia. Near this place a great and decisive victory was obtained by tlio French, commanded by Buonaparte, over the Austrians and Russians, on the 2nd December, 1805, which led to the treaty of Presburg. It is 12 m. E. of Brun, and 30 S. S. W. of Olmutz. Also the name of a town in Columbia co., state of New York, W. of the Hudson River, and on the border of Massachusets; 28 miles S. E. of Albany. Austin, a city of tho United States. It is the capital of Texas. It is on the left bank of tho Colorado River, 200 miles from tha A rj s 60 AUS sea. It contiiiiis 2 churclicfi, scvcrnl public buildings, uiid iibuut lUUU inluibitants. Australasia, a numo cunventionally ap- plied to the cxtcnsivu territory of Au8tralil^ and the several groups of islnndn, including New Zealand, U. of the c({uator, in the Pacific Ocean. Sve New Holland. AosTRALiA, the largest island in the world, having an extent nearly equal to Kinnpe, being 2400 miles from E. to VV., and 1200 in breadth. Western Australia is from the Uing. 129. 0. E. wcstwiird; South Australia lies between long. 132. 0. and 141. 0. E.; and Eastern Australia, or New South Wales, comprises tho E. poition of the continent. The British settlements arc on the E. coast, of which Sidney is the capital, (see Walks, New South ;) on the S. coast, at Port Philip, Melbourne is the capital ; in St. Vincent Gulf, of which Adelaide is the capital; on tho W. coast at Swan llivcr, of which Perth is tho principal town; and on the N. in Coburg peninsula, at the town of Victoria. See Port Essington. It is probable that this great territory was first ('iscovered by the Portuguese in the early part of tho 16th century; they saw the N. const after exploring the shores of New Guinea. The lirst exploration of its shores was on the W. coast, by a Dutch navigator. Dirk''- , in lfil6. It was again visited by th :> in 1619 and 1620, when the coas* wan River was discovered. The fc). coast v i.s discovered also b^ ihc Dutch in 1627, and the N. shores by them in 1623 and 1 644 ; this part was ordered by tho States- General, in 1 655, to be called New Holland — a name now changed for Australia, the South Land. The whole of the E. coast was discovered in 1770 hy Capt. Cook, and called by him New South VVales, and was first co^ Ionized in 1788. The interior has been recently penetrated by several travellers. Mr. Stuart, in 1860, proceeding from Chambers Creek in South Australia, found a well-watered country. As he advanced northwards ho came to ranges of mountainous hills, with large rivers flowing from them. Tho valleys between the ranges of hills were fertile, and to the eastward he observed indications of water in abundance. Other travellers, advancing from the north and from the south, have been stopped by a saline desert. The absence of wattr upon the surface of tho country, thoui-h abundance has been generally found a little below it, is remarkable. But the thick and flourishing vegetation holds out a reasonable expectation that the country is in many parts habitable, especially in the north. It is probable that fresh explora- tions will shortly ascertain very much more of the character and capabilities of this im- portant country. It was formerly thought thnt the great out- let of the waters was on the N. W. coast, but the recent researches prove the contrary. No river of magnitude has been discovered in that quarter, except the Victoria, in long. 130., which has been traced for about 120 miles in a S. E. direction, and the Burdekin on the eastern side; and in this country of onomalics, every theory which ha. 0. E. Tlie colony i.s at tho S, W. angle of the continent, and is divided ii;:o 26 counties. The country consists, generally, of n coast l>elt of sandy inferior land, with richer tracts near tho rivers, bounded on the coast by a range of primitive mountains, between 3 and 4000 feet l.igh, cxtciitiiiij; more than HW miles in a N. and S. direction. Beyond these the country is generally level, and the soil superior to the coast, but not in a very higlt degree pro- ductive, and affords excellent sheep pasture. It is not heavily timbered, and is tolerably well watered. The ])rincipal rivers are the Swan, flowing from the N. E.; the Canning, which unites with it, and forms u large basin in hit. 32., at the head of which is tlie town of Perth, and at the mouth is Freemantlc. The other towns are Albany, in King George's Sound, on the S. coast; and Augusta, in Flinder's Bay. North of the present colony is the district of Victoria, in which coal has been discovered, and several large rivers, among which are the Ilutt, Greenough, and Arrowsmith. Austria, Empire, and Arciiduciit of, in Europe. The Austrian empire compre- hends the a> "lent kingdoms of Bohemia, Moravia, and Uungury, the Italian states of the Tyrol and the ancient republic of Venice, Dalmatia, Croatia, Sclavonin, and also parts of the circle of Bavaria, of Switzerland, and of Poland, (the particulars of which, with their several subdivisions, will be found under their respective heads,) and the circle which includes the archduchy. This fine empire lies between the 4Sth and the 51st dcg. of N. lat. and the 9th and 27th of E. long. Its area is estimated at 257,368 square m. and its divisions and population in 1840 arc exiiibited in the following table: — PK0VINCE8. POP, Ilf 1840. Lower Austria Upper Austria Tyrol 1,409,62'i 8.57,568 8,19,75.1 975,309 7.59,.54I 4«1,1R9 4,I74,lti8 2,16G,G38 4.797,243 3!»4.n2H Styria Carinthia ) Curnlola I Illyrlan Coast Moravia, and \ Silesia ) Galicia Hungary, tic Transylvania ^cnico ..••••......■ 13.299.807 2,079,000 2,IC8,.V53 Total. 36,950,401 OHIEr TOWNS. ViEMNA Linz Innspruck Gratz KlaKenfurt I,:iybauh Triuste Prague Krunn Troppau Lemberg Zai'B Ofen,Buda,Pe8tta Clauscnburg Venlca Fur lulcr estimates see the Appendix. AU8 62 AUS It will be HCCH from the foregoing, thut the AuHtriun £inpirc is an afgre^^juto of territory, ditfering very widely in their nutio'iul and liliysicul chttraetcr ; and in many of them, their original lawa, customs, and languages, are still preserved, as tiiey existed whilst they formed independent states. The na- tions, also, occupying the various states, are of very dilferent races, and tlio following are the principal races, with their numbers: — Slavonians, In the N. provincos 14,700,000 II In the 8. " 4.r.()0,000 M»Kyar», In Hungary and Transylvania .. 4,(i()0,000 Uorinans, In the Uorman provincus 3,AC<.0<)0 II throughout the Empire v.MKi.OOO Italians, In Lonibardo-Vonetta, &c 4,rm,000 >VaUachians, In Hungary and Transylvania 1,100,000 Armenians, Albanians, Oypitlcs iao.O(H) Jew «i«0.000 The population, in Oct. 18.57, was estimat- ed at 35,040,810. The particulars of which ore ffiven in the Appendix, The only part that borders upon the sea being the Italian States on the S., which may bo considered tributary rather than integral parts of the empire. That noble river, the Danube, runs from W. to E., through the heart of the empire, and by its numerous branches intersects almost every part, att'ording great internal facility of communication and ad> vantages ; but the peculiar locality of its communication with the Black Sea, within the Dardanelles, precludes it from affording any very great external advantages. The Elbe rises in Bohemia; but its course is too circuitous, and too mudi liable to political impediments, to atlbrd any advantages to Austria, to be relied on ; all the useful branches of manufacture, however, in wool, tlax, silk, and leather, anil most of the useful arts which contribute to the comfort and sociality of society, are carried on over every part of the empire, from materials drawn from its own internal resources. Several mountain districts supply abundance of every species of metallic and semi-metallic sub- stauccs; the forests supply abundance of tim- ber, and the plains such abundance of cattle and sheep, as to aflbrd several million lbs. weight of wool to be annually exported, after supplying their own internal demands. The Italian States furnish silks, olives, and oil, and Hungary the choicest wines; and, in- deed, the Austrian empire may be considered as containing within itself all the means of substantial subsistence and of comfort, and much of luxury ; and although Austria is not destitute of genius, enterprise, and efficiency in the higher departments of art, a bigoted «pecies of religious faith, and self-sufficienc; of political ascendency, tend to subdue rather than excite the mental faculties, and preclude all great exertion of social enterprise. The government is absolute in form, and the for- mularies of the church of Rome are the established religion of the empire; the first is, however, at present, administered, if not with mildness, not sanguinary, and the re- ligion is rendered tolerant. The ruling pas- sion of the goverimiciit is military parade. The Empire of Austria consists of u collec- tio.i of dillercnt states, with ditlerent ri);lits and privileges; the form of government dilfers in each, but in none of thoi,i is the emperor absolute or despotical. Many of the states have provincial parliaments, but with limited powers. The estates of Lower Austria arc convoked annually at Vienna. Hungary maintains its position as an independent k ing- doin, though the emperor is that king, but it preserves its privileges, and is now in a disordered state from tlio struggle to increase them. (See Hungary.) The House of Austria, in which family the imperial has descended to the ])rescnt time, originated in Ili)ilol|ili, count of Hup>sburn;, in Swit/.e' land, who, for his ability and bravery, was nJvanced by the electors to the imperial dignity in 1273. Bo- hemia was takvMi by Rodolph in 1278, and having removed that formidable con)pctitor, the dignity was made hereditary in his family. By various marriages in subsequent genera- tions, Austria became possessed of many other states, and Charles V., the most powerful monarch of the Austrian dynasty, concluded a treaty in 1521 with his brother Ferdinand of Spain, assigning to Austria the German possessions of Sjjain. The great and growing power of the princes of the House of Austria, excited alarm among other European powers, and led to the "Thirty years' war" concluded by the treaty of Westphalia in 1648, securing the independence of the difTercnt states of tho Germanic empire, and the (roe exercise of the Protestant religion. In 1699, Prince Eugene succeeded in driving out the Turks from 11 an- gary, which they had held for a long period. In 1740, the male line of the House of Austria terminated in Charles VI., but his daughter, Maria Theresa, succeeded eventually to tho imperial crown, and to the grand duchy of Tuscany, by marriage. In her reign, Frederick the Great of Prussia seized upon Silesia, which led to the Seven years' war, ending by the cession oi Silesia to Prussia in 1763. Josc])h II., son of Maria Theresa, eft'ccted many re- forms, and acquired additional territories. In the struggles attendant upon the French revo- lution in 1789, Austria was at times in a very depressed condition ; the fluctuations can- not be here noticed, but the downfal of Napoleon left her as powerful as ever. In 1804, Francis assumed the title of hereditary Emperor of Austria, and in 1806, he re- nounced the title of Emperor of Germany, The most important changes have occurred in the Austrian constitution within the last few years. A growing dissatisfaction had pervaded many parts of the incongruous ele- ments of the empire. This led to a mani- festo of the Emperor Francis Joseph, on Dec. 2, 1848, declaring a new constitution, which vma carried out on March 4, J "■?'>• and this, on Oct. 17, 1849, was cxterclc,(; lo Hungary, Croatia, and Sclavonia; "^enia i 1 AUV 68 AVE » ad 10 lei'via mis made indepcmlcnt of Ihintn'ry, and A Cdinplcto revision of all politic, rviutioni inuJc. Tills politiral reformation, however, W1I8 never fully cirected. On Dec. 2, 1848, the Kniperor Furdinaml I. abdicated, and the crown dc8ccndud to his nephew, the present emperor, Francis Joseph I. Political diiTl- ciilties have h.irassed the greater part of his n-i(!n. In 1859 u rupture occurred between Austria and the kingdom of Sardinia, tho Kmperor of the French espousini; tho cause of the latter. A fierce but short campaign cniital of the department of Yonnc, anil lately an episco- pal see. It contains nmny fountains and b(iinircs, an ejiiscopal palace, and a tine Gothic cathedral, one of the most beautiful in France. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the river Yonnc, 95 miles S. S. E. of Paris. Pop. 11,000. AuxoN, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Aube, 13 miles S. of Troyco. Auxo.NNE, a fortilied town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, with a castlo, an arsenal, a foundry for cannon, and a school for the artillery. It is seated on the Saone, 17 miles E. S. E. of IJijon. Pop. 5300. Au/EN, or TiouE, a town of Abyssinia, capital of the province of Tigre, and a place of considerable commerce. It is seated on a river that Hows into the Tacazze, 170 miles N. E. of Coh hir. Long. 39. 33. E. lat. 14. 4. N. AvA, a coi.iitry of Asia, now generally called BiH.i.iii, which sec. AvA, a large city, the metropolis of the Birman Empire. It' is flividcd into an upper and lower city, both "•" .vhich are fortified; the lower is the niost extensive, about 5J miles in circuiTirerencc, protected by a lofty wall, now mouldering into decay. The ma- terials of the houses, consisting chiefly of wood, were removed about the year 1783, to the new city; and its numerous temples, on which the Birmans never lay sacrilegious hands, are dilapidated by time. Clumps of bamboos, a few plantain trees, and tall thorns, occupy most of the area of this lately flourish- ing capitah It is situate on the S. side of the Erabatty, 4 miles S. W. of Ummerupoora, the present capflal, in N. lat. 22. E. long. 96. 5. AvALON, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Yonne, which has a great trade in grain, wine, and cattle, and a manufacture of cloth. It is seated on the Cousin, 24 miles 3. S. E. of Auxcrre. Pop. 5089. A VAT8C H A, or AwATSK A, a large bajj, form- ing a very commodious harbour for ships ot the largest burthen, near the S. E. extremity of the coast of Kamstchatka. The town of St. Peter and St. Paul, on the N. side of tho bay, is in lat. 53. 1. N. and 15.8. E. long, oud was taken by the British in 1855. AvEiRO, a town of Portugal, in Bciro, with a good harbour for vessels of a moderate size. Tlie chief trade is in salt, of which great quan- tities are made in its vicinity. It stands on a small gulf, at the mouth of the Vouga, 33 miles S. of Oporto. Pop. 4134. Long. 8.40. W. lat. 40. 40. N. AvEiitoN, or AvEYKON, an interior depart- ment of the S. of France, including the late province of Rouerguo. It is named from a river, which rises near Severac le Chateau, and, flowing by Rodez and Villefranche, joins tho Garonne below Montauban. The Lot intersects tho northern, and the Tarn the southern part of the department; it is divided into five arrondissements, Villefranche, MU' hau, St. Afrique, Espalion, and Rhodesi; the i' ' t III »1 AVI 64 AVO lusf 18 the capital of the department, which contains a populutio.i of about 3SO,000. AvELLA, a town of Naples^, in Terra di Lavoro, celebrated for its lioney and apples, 15 miles N. E. of Naples. Top. 5000. AvELLiNO, atown of Naples, in Principnto Ultcriorc. It was almost ruined by an earth- quake in 1694^ and again in 1805. Near it is the celebrated convent of Monte Virginc, on a wild mountain, which formerly had a sumptuous temple of Cybcle. Avellino is famous for the dye of cloth, also for nuts and uiaccaroni. It is 25 miles £. of Naples. Pop. about 12,000. AvENAT, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Alarne, on the river Marne, 15 miles W. N. W. of Chalons-sur-Marne. AvENCiiE, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, formerly the capital of Hel- vetia, but now greatly decayed, griiin and to- bacco being grown on the site of part of the ancient city, of wl»ich some very interesting remains still exist. It stands at the S. end of the lake Merat, 15 miles W. of Berne. AvERBACii, a town of Upper Saxony, in Vogtland, near which is a rock famous for pale topazes. It is 14 miles S. of Zwickau. AvERNO, a lake of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 600 yards in diameter, near Puzzoli. "Virgil and others have said the water was so bad, that birds dropped dead when flying over it, and hence they call it the Lake of Hell; but it now has no such poisonous quality, for birds swim upon it. A little to the W. of the lake is a cave, where some pretended they went to consult the Cumaan sjbil. There are also some old walls, which some suppose to be the ruins of a temple of Apollo, and others of Pluto. AvEijsA, an episcopal town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro. In 1805 it suffered greatly by an earthquake. It is seated in a fine plain, 10 miles N. E. of Naples. Pop. 15,000. AvES, or The Islands of Bikds, in the W. Indies, so called from the great numbers of birds that frequent them, though they have not a tree. They are 70 ni'lcs E. of Ciira^oa, and 100 N. of the coast of Colombia, in N. lat. 15. 50. W. long. 63. 43. AvESNES, a fortified frontier town of France, in the S. of the department of Nord, seated on the high road from Mons to Paris. The cathedral has a spivp 300 ft. high. Pop. 3030. AvESTADT, a town of Sweden, in West- mania, noted for its copper works, and a mint for copper money, 35 miles N. N. W. of Westeroa. AvEZZANO, a town of Naples, in Abnizzo Ulteriorc, 18 miles S. of Aquila. Pop. 3166. AviANo, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 13 miles W. of Udina. AviGLiANO, a fortified town of Piedmont, on a hill, near the Cottian Alps, 10 miles W. of Turin. Avignon, a city of the S. of France, capital of ih ; department of Vnuclusc, and an arch- bishop's sec. It was the residence of the popes between 1305 and 1377, and during this period rose into a large and inii)ortant place, but it has since fallen off considerably. It has a university, several handsome churches, and a synagogue, and numerous manufacturing es- tablishments. It is seated on the railway from Paris, &c., to Marseille, and in the heart of a very fruitful district (in which the olive, vine, Sic, abound), on the £. bank of the iihone, near the confluence of the Durance, about 20 miles N. E. \a<:e, on a high rock, is an old fort called the Jews' Citailel, so named as having been from time immemorial inhabited by about aOO families of Jews. Ba- cheserai is seated in a deep valley, on the rivulet Katza, 18 m. S. S. "W. of Simferopol. Baciiian, an island, the largest and most southern of the proper Moluccas. It is 70 miles in circumference. The Dutch fust formed a settlement here in 1610. Zabonga is the chief town. Long. 127. 0. E. lat. 0. 25. S. BACiin, orBAKtr, a city of Shirvan, in Per- sia, situate on the shore of a tine haven on the W. side of the Caspian Sea. It was taken possession of by Russia at the commence- ment of the last century ; ceded back to Per- sia in 1 7.35, and repossessed by Russia since 1801. The country round abounds in i)ctro- leum, and, in places, constantly emits flume, but without producing any very sensible de- cree of heat. It was probably this district that gave rise to the sect of the Parsees, Guebres, or Fire Worshippers, by whom it wius formerly much rcsf)rted to. Baku is now an inconsiderable place; it is in 40. 5. N. lat. and 50. 10. E. long. Back Kitku, or Tuleeweecuodezeiu, a river of North Amerion, discovered by (Cap- tain Sir Gi'orge Back. It rises near the Great Slave Lake, and flows to the sea, S. of tlio land of Boothia Felix. Sir J. Franklin's party perished near its mouth in 1850. Badajoz, a town in Spain, capital of Es- tremaduro, and a bishop's see. It is famous for a bridge built by the KomansovertheGua- diana. On this bridt^e the rortugueso were defeated by Don John of Asturias, in 1661. Badajoz was taken by the French in 1809, and retaken by the allied army uiuler Lord Wellington, by storm, on the 6th of April, 1812. It is a frontier town towards Portugal, and well fortified. It is 14 miles E.of Eivas, and 175 S. by W. of Madrid. Pop. 12,088. Badaksiian, or Bcuaksiian, a city of Usbec Tartary, or Great Bokhara, capital of the province of Kilan. Gold, silver, and rubies are found in its vicinity ; and caravans pass by this city to Cabul and China. It is seated on the main rn-anch of the Gihon, al)out 100 miles from its source, at tho foot of the Belur mountains, 120 miles E. of Balk. Long. 68. 50. E. lat. 37. 10. N. Badelona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated on the Mediterranean, 10 miles N. 1^ ofBircelona. Pop. 4875. Baden, or Baaden, formerly a m irgra- viatc, in the circle of Suabia, stretchinf;, ■'long the E. hank of the Rhinci. It wa.s divided into Upper and Lower, or Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach, from the names of the chief towns of the two divisions. Under Napoleon Buonaparte's formation of the lliienish con- federacy in 1806, Baden was constituted a grand duchy in 1809; it was divided into tlie ten following circles, viz. the Lake, Da- nube, Weisen, Treisam, Kinzij.', jMiirg, Pfuiz, and Enz, Ne. still shown here. It has several manufac- tories of silk, cotton, wool, and leather, and has a cannon foundry. Tiic city is sur- rounded by a wall abouf five miles in cir- cund'erence, and contains some commodious nouses, but its general character is mean and dirty, ^.s markets are abundantly sujiplied with all kinds of provisions; but the great heat of its climate renders it uncomfortable in the summer season. It is about 50 miles N. of the site of the ancient Babylon, 250 N. of Bassora, and 8 dcg. due E. of Damascus. Lat. 33. 20. N. and 44. 46. E. long. Pop. estimated at from 60,000 to 90,000, princi- pally Arabs and Turks. Bagf.ana, a country of the Deccan of Hin- dustan, bounded on the N. by Guzerat, E. by Candeish and Dowlatabad, S. by Visiapour, and W. by the ocean. It is exceedingly mountainous, but fertile in many places. Bagnamjca, or Ban.jai.i;ka, a town of European Turkey, in the N. W. corner of Bosnia, on the border of Croatia, 55 miles N. W. of Serai. Bagnara, a seaport of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore. Ilere arc several higli waterfalls; and among the rocks are the ruins of the former town, in which 3017 persons perished by an earthquake in 1783. It is situate near the strait of Messina, 15 miles N. N. E. of Ileggio. Pop. about 5000. Bagnarea, an episcopal town of Italy, in the jiatrimony of St. Peter, 5 nules S. of Orvieto. Pop. 3500. Bagners, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Pyrenees, famous for its baths and mineral waters; seated on the river Adour, 10 miles S. of Tarbes. Pop. 8108. Bagnoi.es, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gard, near the river Cese, 8 miles S. of Pont St. Esprit. It has manu- factures of silk, Bagsiiot, a village in Surrey, 12 miles N. by E. of Farnham. It is surrounded by an extensive heath, bordered on the W. by Windsor park. Since 1800, a considerable portion has been enclosed and brought under cultivation. Bahamas Ibianps, a group of islands forming part of the Britisli West Indies, ex- tending from the long, of 79. W. in the lat. of 28. in a S.E, direction, to the long, of 70. in the lat. of SI, N. The northern part lies contiguous to the coast of Florida, and the ;soiithern contiguous to the N. end of Ilayti. The Bahama Banks and Islands are among the most wonderful features of tli« ])hysical geogr.ajdiy of the western world, '.''licso small oblong bodies of land, lying upon tlie extensive flats forming the banks, w liich rise almost jierpendicularly from the unfathom- able depths of the ocean, seem to have been formed, if appearances nniy be trusted, from an accumulation of shells, or small caleareoua grains of sand. Without the line of their bijidis the water becomes immediately tm- filliomablci within it iboboi.tom iseith'erofa .* BAH BAI lilcs N. by an by slnnds es, cx- tlie Int. of 70. irt lies ■ind the llayti. among )hvKioal '"I'llCSO )oii the ich rise utlioin- vc been (I, from careous of their cly «n- herofa beautiful white sand, orchequcrofl with ro ! s covered wiiii sen weed. Tiie prineipal is- lands lie on the Great and Little Bahama UaidvS, whic'li are separated hy thu Providence channels. On the Little IJaiik lie the Ahaco, Ireat nahama Islands, &e,, nu:l oiithe Great Biinl;, which is of an irro^'ular figinc, are New rrovidenco, Andros, Llcuthera, Exunia, Ju- ma or Lon;;, the Pimentos, and the Bcrnine Islands, besides very numerous inferior islets. OIF the banks, and to the eastward of the principal islands, arc S. Salvador, Watlinijs, Bum, Conception, Attwood, Crooked In- ngnas, Cazeoa, and Turks Islands, all of which are low, flat, and wooily. The princi- ])al coinmcrc. I products are salt cotton, and pimento, ami recently pine r )ples. The town of Nassau, in New Providence, is the capital and scat of government. The area of the islands collectively is estimated at 5424 square miles. In i832 the total popu- lation was 18,.505. In 1842 the numbers were, males 12,G7fi, females 12,021, total 2.5,'2!)7. The islands are divided into 10 parishes, .and there is one Presbyterian church, also a Court of Chancery, with five inferior courts, &c. The climate is temperate and healthy. The Bahama Islands h.ive tlic celebrity of being the first land of America discovered by Columbus. The first land made was Wiitlings Island, but tiie first seen was Guii- nahani, now Cat Island, or S. Salviidor. The mild and peaceable, but unfortunate in- habitants, soon became utterly extinct under their conquerors, and these islands remained long witliout inhabitants till settled by the English in 1629. Thcsewcrc expelled in 1 04 1 by the Spanish, and again colonized by them in 1606, and were again expelled by the French, and these by tlie Spaniards in 1703, after which they became a regular nest of pirates till they were extirpated by the British in 1718. They were ceded to' Spain in 1783, but rcstoreil to Britain at the conclusion of the war, and have since remained under our government. The various particulars of the group will be found under the separate 'ands. Bahama, Gukat, Island, from which the name of the group is derived, on the S. side of the Little Bahama Bank, is commercially unimportant. Area about GOO sqinn-e miles. Pop., with the Berry Islands, in 1842, 1020. Baiiar, an interior province of llindostan, W. of Bengal; bounded on the N. by Ncpaul, W. by Oude and Allahabad, and S. by Be/.ar and Orissa. It is intersected by the Ganges from W. to E., which receives several tribu- tary streams in its course through the \no- vince, the most considerable of which are, the Coosoy, from the N., and the Soane from the S. It is an exceedingly fertile dis- trict; its rice is the finest of all llindostan; sugar, silk, indigo, cotton, and saltpetre, are produced in great abundanoc. Patna, onthe D. bunk of the Ganges, is the chief town The town of Bidiar, formerly the capital, is about 35 miles S. E. of Patna. The wlmlo province m sulijcct to the English. I'up. 8,117,700. Bahia, one of tlic provinces of Brazil, lying S. (if Pernainliuco, and extending from the lull to nearly the lOtli deg. of S. lat. ami W. from the Atlantic Ocean in the long, of 40., to a riilge of mountains in 44., which boimd it on the \V. B.diia contains a sur- face of 54,649 square miles, and is the most extensively cultivated district of all Bnuil; sugar, coffee, cotton, and tobacco, are all pro- duced in gieat abundance, and the culture is progressively extending. The forests a! pound in a variety of wood, and arc so dense as to be almost im])enetral)le. Pop. 650,000. The chief town of the same name, or, as it is some times called St. Salvador, is situate in lat. 12. 56. S. and 38. 29. W. long, on the E. bank of a noble bay, called the Bay of All Saints, which runs up from S. to N. about 40 miles, being about 8 miles wide at its mouth. Next to liio Janeiro, Bahia is the most important town of the Brazils, and in point of commerce is the greatest. The houses arc in general well built, mostly of stone, and it has several churches and convents of considerable niag- nitude. Pop. about 180,000. Baiilingen, a town of Wurtcmburg, situ- ate near the source of the Teyah, a branch of the Neckar Kiver, about 20 miles S. W. of Ilohengollcrn. Pop. 3000. Baiir el Abiad. See Abiad. Baiir el Azueic. See Aziiek. Bahraitcii, a town of Ilimlost.an, in the province of Omle, 62 miles N. N. W. of Fyza- bad, and C5 N. E. of Lucknow. Long. 81. 56. E. lat. 27. 30. N. BAiiREsr.imca town of Westphalia, in the county of Iloya, on the river Suhlingen, 20 miles W. of Nicuburg. Bahrein, a town of Arabia, situate on an island 25 miles long, in the Gulf of Persia, ft gives name not only to the island on which it is built, but also to a cluster of them, cele- brated for the pearl fishery; and likewise to a province extending along the W. coast of the gulf. The town is fortified, and belonged once to the Portuguese, but now belongs to Busheer. It stands on the W. siue of the island, 70 miles N. E. of Lasha. Loig. 49. 5. E. lat. 26. 20. N. Bai/E, a town of Najdes, in Terra di La- voro, formerly famous for its hot baths and elegant palaces, of which some ruins remain. It is se.ited on the Bay of Naples, 12 miles W. of Naples. Ba.ta, a town of Lower Hungary, on the E. bank of the Daimbe, 85 miles N.W. of Esscg. Baias, or Payas, a town of Syria, at the N. E. corner of the Gulf of Alexandretto, or Iskcnderoon, supjjoscd to have been the an- cient Issus. celebrr ted for the victory of Alex- ander over Darius. Baibouet, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pa- B AK 70 BAL h { cliiilic of Er/.crouni. It is a stragglinj;, ill- built town, with an niicicnt castlo. It is de- fended, not by walls, but by strong wooden towers, wbich arc moveable, and can bo taken to pieces, or transported whole on wheels, to any place where they may bo needed. Pop. 3000. Uaikai,, a lake of Siberia, in the province of Irkutsk, .350 miles in lenjith, but its greatest breadth, not above 40, between the hit. of .')2. and .O.j, N. and 104. to 109. E. lonj;. The water is fresh, and the Kussnuis speak of it witli reverenec, eallinj^' it the Holy Sea. There are many seals in it of a blaekisli colour, and abundance of (ish; also several islands; and that of Olchon, tiie larjiest, has sulphureous ^iprinJl;s, and naphtha sometimes floats on its surfiK'c. It receives the Selinga from the S., auii its outlet is the Angara, whii.u flows N. into the Yenisei. Baili.ki:i, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, !) miles S. W. of Ypres. It is a nianulaeturing town. Pop. about O'.i'H). Tluuc arc several other towns of the baiiie naiuc, iudiderent parts of France. Hailimi, a seii])ort of Abyssinia, and chief town in the country of Dancali. It stands on a spacioi-.s bay of the Red Sea, 340 miles E. hv N. of Gondar. Long. 42. 40. E. lat. 13. 3'. N. B.\iN, a town of France, in the department of lile and Vilaine, IG miles S. of llennes. Poji. 3515. Eairdstown, the chief town of Nelson county, Kentucky. It stands on the E. side of Beech Fork, one of the branches of Salt river. It has a stone court-house, &c., ami also a Roman catholic college, St. Joseph's, founded in 1819. Pop. in 1840, 1492. Bairout, or Betrut, anciently Berytus, a sesiport of Syria, in ralestine, and the chief town of the Druses. Tho port is nearly choked with sand and ruins; but many cot- tons and silks are exported hence for Cairo. It stands on the N. side of a broad promon- tory, 50 miles W.N.W. of Damascus. Long. 35. 27. E. lat. 33. 45. N. Pop. about 12,000. Baireuth. See BArREUxii. Bakewell, an extensive parish and town, in the Peak of Derbyshire, with a market on Friday. Here is a large cotton-mill ; and near it, at the village of Ashford, are marble works, where the blaek and grey marbles found in the vicinity are sawn and polished. It is seated on the Wye, 27 miles N. N.W. of Derby, and 153 of London. Near this place is Iladdon Hall, a magnificent mansion of the Duke of Rutland, now uninhabited. Bakow, or Bakou, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia, on the river Bistritza, 60 miles S.W. of Jassy. Baktsqishiserai, a tovm of Eussia, 60 miles N. of Catfa, in the Crimea. It is an ii'regularly built place. Pop. 9500. B.vKtJ, or Badkc, a seaport town of tho Russian dominions, in the province of Dag- boitan, tho most commodious haven of the Caspian Sea, on the W. coast of wliich it ia situate. The viciiuty produces much rock salt, sulphur, and naphtha, and it is famoua ft .' saffron. Baku is a fortress, surrounded by high brick walls, 300 miles S. of Astracon. Long. 51. 10. E. lat. 40. 22. N. Bala, a corporate town of Wales, in Me- rionctlishire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Lake of Bala, or Peniblo- mere, which is 3 miles long and 1 broad, and abounds with a fish called guinard, resembling a salmon in shape, and tasting liice a trout. Tho river Dee issues from this lake. It has the remains of three Roman camps, which seem to hare been used as exploratory sta- tions, before tho Ordoviccs were totally sub- dued. The inhabitants carry on a consider- able vi;vh', in knit woollen stockings. It is 40 miles o. E. of Caernarvon, and 84 N. W. of London. Balacheo, a town of European Russia, situate on a branch of tho Don, 90 miles W. of Saratov. Balaciina, a town of Russia, situate near the Volga, 40 miles W. N. W. of Niznei Novogorod. Balagder, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the riv^r Segra, at tho foot of a craggy rock, 75 mi.cs W.N.W. of Barce- lona. Pop. 4000. Balaoanskoi, a town in tho province of Irkoutsk, Siberia, about 30 miles N. of the city of Iriioutsk, Bai.aghaut, a district in Central India, presidency of Madras, ceded to tho British in 1800. Capital, Ahmednagur. Balaklava, an excellent harbour in the S. W. part of the Crimea, the ancient Port of Symbols. It was not open to commerce under the Russian dominion, but during the siege of Sebastopol, in 1854-5, it was made the entrepdt of the British army, and a raiU way wasc'jKstructed from its head to the camp. It is a narrow basin, nearly a mile in Jeugth, between steep rocks. Balamiiamuan, a small but very fruitful island, off the N. end of Borneo. Balapura, Doda, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, surrounded by a mud wall and hedge, and has a strong mud fort, with a palace. Here are manufactures of cloth and sugar. It is 22 miles N. by W. of Banga- lore, and 57 S. E. of Sera. Balarcc, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Herault, famous for its baths. It is 12 miles from Montpelier. Balasore, a seaport of Hindostan, ia Orissa; it was a place of considerable trade, which has, however, much fallen off; rice to Calcutta is its chief export. It is situate oa ■he Gongahar, 20 miles from its mouth, in the Bay of Bengal, and 124 S. W. of Cal- cutta. Pop. 10,000. Long. 86. 46. E. lat. 21.26. N. Balaton, a lake in the S. part of Lower Hungary, 40 miles in length, and 1 to 4 broad. The N. ciid is about S mile^ from BAL n BAL Staht-Wcisciiburg, and 36 more from tho Uunubc. |> IUlbastro. 5ce Barbastko. *!' Balbeo, or Baaliii;(!, the ancient Ilclio- folis, a town of Syriii, at tho foot of Mount jibanus, near tlio N. E. extremity of the f ile valley of Bocat. On the E. side are iii.if^nific'cnt ruins, particularly those of tho temple (lediciited to the sun. The town was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 17;')9, and is now a poor place, 37 miles N.N.W. of Damascus. BALnKiooAN, a town in Ireland, county of Dul)lin, 16 miles N. £. of Dublin. The late chief baron Hamilton built a pier here, at an expense of ill 5,000; ho also introduced the cotton manufacture, and from this the town dates its rise to a seat of manufacture, and a considerable seaport. Muslin embroidery is carried on to a considerable extent, and also the stocking manufacture. Tho adjacent country, which is very fertile, produces a good SHjiply of corn. There is a lighthouse on the pier-head. The ajjpearance of the town in- dicates both comfort and industry, and pre- sents a pleasant contrast to nioht Irish towns. It is passed by the l)ublin & Drogiieda Rail. Bald Eagle Mountain, in Pennsylvania, situate on the confines of Huntinp^don, and centre counties. The Bald Eagle Valley, on the E. side, has a place where the streams are absorbed, and run several miles under ground. Baloock, a to\vn in Hertfordshire, with a market on Thursday; seated among tlie hills, 9 miles W.S.W. of Royston, and 37 N.N.W. of London. It was originally built by the knights templars, in the I'ith century, on the site of the Roman way, culled the Ikeneild- struet. Balearic Isles, five islands in the Medi- terranean, forming part of tho province of Arragon ; they are named Majorca, Mi- norca, Ivica, Eormentera, aud Cabrera, which see. Balfrttbh, a town of Persia, in Mazan- deran, 12 miles from the S. shore of the Cas- pian Sea. Balga, a town of Pnissia, on the Frisch Haff, 24 miles S.W. of Konigsberg. Bali, or Bai.lt, an island, 75 miles long, and 45 broad, at the E. end of the isle of Java, from which it is separated by a chan- nel called the Strait of Bali. It is populous, abounds in rice and fruits, and furnishes slaves and cotton yarn to the Chinese, 11.5. E. lat. 8. 30. S. Balizb. iSee Belize. Balkan, or Emineh Dagh, a chain of mountains in European Turkey, forming the N. boundary of Roumelia and Bulgaria, and terminates at the Black Sea. Balkh, a p'-ovinco of Central Asia, now subject to the khanat of Bokhara ; area, 30,000 square miles. Pop. about 1,000,000. The principal city of the same name is situate on the Dewasb, a brunch of the Uxus or Amu Long. river, and is a place of great anticpiity, onca the capital of Persia, and the residence of Cyrus. The ruins occupy a circuit of 20 miles, and they have become, like tho-se of Bat)Tlon, an almost ine.xhaustiblo mine of bricks for tho surrounding country. The present town is surrounded by a mud wall, and contains three colleges, hut they are empty aud decaying. The country around is fertile and well cultivated, and containing, it is said, 3(50 villages, and watered by eighteen canals. Population of Balkh, un- der 2000. It is about 250 miles south-east of Bokhara, in 36. 48. N. lut. and 67. 20. W. long. Ball, or Ballagii, a parish and village in county Mayo, Ireland, 8 miles E. S. E. of Castlebar. Though much spoken of by ancient chroniclers, it is now a collection of poor houses, and is noted only for its round tower, and the ruins of an ancient church, of materials and construction similar to those of the tower. Ballanxrab, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, near the mouth of the Stinchar, 24 miles S. S. W. of Ayr. Balleen, a parish in the barony of Gal- way, county Kilkenny, Ireland, 2 miles N. W. of Freshford. The castle of Balleen, now an imposing ruin, standing on a lofty hill, was built in 1455, by the fifth Earl of Ormonde, the favourite of Ilcnry VL It was taken and dismantled by the soldiers of Cromwell. Ballenstadt, a town of Germany, in tho duchy of Anhalt. It is gloomy and ill-built. Pop. 2000. Ballidat, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, 76 miles from DubUn. BALLiEnoiiODGii, a parish and town in the county of Cavan, Ireland. Ballimonet, a town of Ireland, county of Antrim, 150 miles from Dublin. Linen markets are held here. Ballina, a market and seaport town, county Mayo, Ireland, 29 miles W. S. W. of Sligo; on the river Moy. T\vo bridges connect it with Ardnaree, and with wliich it may be said to make one town. The Moy is navigable to within a mile of the town, and thus it carries on a considerable maritime commerce. In 1798, the French efi'ected a landing, and took Balliua, hoping to excite rebellion. Ballignint, or Bangene, an island of the Sooloo Sea, in the Asiatic Archipelago. It is the resort of a race of pirates, who have committed vast depredations in the neigh- bourhood, and are, like the lUanons, supposed to be under the dominion of Mindanao; lat. 6. 5. N., long. 120. 40. E. Ballinakill, a town of Ireland, Queen's County, 60 miles from Dublin. It was once a busy town, with a good trade in grain, and some small woollen-factories; but now it has sadly declined; its woollen manufacture is nearly extinct, and its markets destroyed by i 11 I' ; I BAL 72 BAL a new muiket nt Abbcylcix. l> n-ns onrc u parlinnicntary borougli, but has been dis- frnnchiscJ. JiALMNASLOE, tt towu cliiVfly in the parish of Kilcloony, county of Gahvay, but extends into the ])iirisli of Crcn{;h, in tlic county of Koscommon, Ireland. It is distinguislied for its great annual sliccp f.iir the Hrst week in October, when about 100,000 shcc]) and 10,000 head of horned cuttle are brought to market. It is 12 miles W. of Athlone, and 72 W. of Dublin. It is sometimes called Dunloe. Bai.lincom.io, a post-town, county Cork, Ireland, 5 miles W. S. W. of Cork. The adjacent country is rich, and well cultivated; the town itself is very neat, and pleasantly built. It has a large gunpowder manufac- tory, the only one in the south. To the S. W. of the town is Ballincollig castle; it was built in the reign of Edward III., and was garrisoned by Cromwell in the wars of the Commonwealth, and by James II. in the war of the Revolution. Bali.inoarry, a ihirish and town iu the county of Limerick, Ireland. BALLiNnouB, a town of Ireland, county of Mayo, 147 miles from Dublin. It was a military station, but it is now deserted by the arts, both of peace and war. Ballintay, a parish and village in county Antrim, Irel mil, 44 miles N. N. W. of Belfast. Basalt is extensively quan*ied in the adjacent precipitous hill, Croaghmore. Numerous very extraordinary antiquities have been found here, such as hatchets of stone, brass vases, bracelets, and urns fdlcd with the ashes of the dead; a gold coin also of Valentiiuun, in good preservation, was discovered a few years since. Ballon, a town of France, 9 miles from Rochelle. Pop. 2500. Ballston, a town of Saratoga county, state of New York, 23 miles N. W. of Al- bany. Top. 2047. Ballston Spa, a mineral spring in the adjoining township of Milton, 3 miles N. of the town of Ballston. It was a celebrated resort of valetudinarians and of fashion in North America, and is connected by railroad with Troy, Seiienectady, and Saratoga. Bally, in Irish, signifies town; there are upwards of 150 parishes, towns, and villages in Ireland beginning with Balli/. .Ballycastle, a maritime town of Ireland, N. coast of CO. Antrim, on a bay of the same name, 42 m. N. by W. of Belfast. In 1770, large grants were made for working the coal found in the neighbourhood, but these col- lieries have since fallen into disuse; it was once also a place of considerable business, having in it a brewery, glass-house, and sidt- works, all of which have declined since the stoppage of the mines. The only trade it has now is a small manufacture of linen by some of the cottagers ; it has also an in- considerable salmou fishery. Upwards of £150,000 were expended iu the erection of a ))icr, but the harbour has since tilled with sand, and so the trade is almost extinguished. Pop. 1683. Bally.mena, an. inland town oC Irclan an artillery barrack adjoins it. Balmekino, a town of Scotland, in Fife- shire, which has a trade in corn and salmon The ruins of its once magnificent abbey, founded in 1229, are much admired. It is seated on the Frith of Tay, opposite Dundee^ 10 miles N. W. of St. Andrew's. Baltic, an inland sea, in the N. W. ol Europe, between the coasts of Sweden, Rus- sia, Courland, Prussia, Germany, and Den- mark, extending from the 54th to the 60th degree of N. lat., the Gulf of Bothnia run- ning up to the lat. of 66. and lying between the Ifith and 22nd degree of W. long; tha Gulf of Livonia extending 2 degrees further W., and that of Finland as fur as SO.- Its surface is estimated at 120,000 square miles; it contains a great number of islands, the principal of which are Aland, Dago, Oesel, Gothland, Oeland, Bornholm, Rugen, and Laland ; and the islands of Zealand and Fu- neu separate it from the Cattegat, by which it communicates with the ocean. There are three navigable channels into the Baltic from sitv. B AL 73 BAM the sea called the Cutte^nt, wliiili commiini- cntcs with the German Ocean: Ist. which is Iho most northerly and most froqiicnted, is called the Sound, between the const of Swe- den N. and the coast of the Isle of Zealand S. This passage is about 4 miles across, and is iiavifjttted by 8000 to UOOO sail of vessels annually, which pay a triflinr; t:ix to the Danish government, for the maintetumce of the light-houses on tlio coasts of the several channels. The middle channel, between the 8. side of the Isle of Zealand and the Isles of Funcii and Laland, is called the Great Belt; and the most southerly, l)ctween the Isles of Funcn and Laland, and the coast of Jutland, the Little Belt; but the navigation of both is circuitous and intricate compared with the Sound, and they arc only availed of under very particular circumstances. There is little or no tide within the Baltic, and the water is brackish, and, as such, the channels and harbours are generally frozen up three or four months in the winter. Amber is found on the coast of Prussia. Baltimoue, a maritime city of the state of Maryland, North America. It is finely lo- cated, ftt the head of an inlet called Petapsco River, on the W. side of Chesapeake Bay, in lat. 39. 22. N. and long. 76. 36. W. A stream called Jones's Tails divides the city into two parts, the town and Fell's Point, connected by bridges. Baltimore is the cen- tre of an extensive commerce, and has risen into importance more rapidly than any other place in the Union. It is one of the greatest flour and tobacco markets in the world ; it exports also hemp, flax, Indian corn, and has considerable cotton manufactories. It en- grosses altogether half the trade of Maryland, and is the third city in population, and the fifth in commerce of the United States. In 1 76.5 the spot was a dreary swamp, and in 1820 contained a population of 62,629, about 12,000 of whom were blacks, possessing 68,674 tons of shipping. Pop. in 1840, 102,313. The houses are in general well built, principally of brick; it has a Univer- sity, a Roman Catholic college, with a fine library, and several other public buildings. The Washington column is the finest in the United States. The harbour is entered by a narrow strait, exceedingly well defended by a fort. During the war of 1813-14, the English made an unsuccessful attempt to possess Baltimore. There is a railway, 97 miles long, to Philadelphia. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad extends IGO miles to Cumberland, and has a branch, 38 miles, to Washington. Baltimore, a maritime town of Ireland, county Cork, on a bay of the same name, 46 miles W. S. W. of Cork. In appearance : and accommodation it is a mere village, but - it is an incorporated town, and a port; the | houses are bnilt round the old castle, and i have latelj' been increasing in nuiu))pr ai>'< . rcHpcctabllity. It has but little trade, but the fisheries are earned on to some extent. Pop. 459. Baltinolas^, a town and parish of Ire- land, in the county of Wicklow. It has some manufactures of linen and woollen, and is seated on the Slaney, 34 miles S. W. of Dublin. Pop. 1070. Baloochista.v. See Beloociiistan. Bamba, a town of the kingdom of Congo, in a rich province of the same name. It car- ries on a trafilc in slaves, and is seated on the Loze, 160 miles S.W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13. 45. E. lat. 7. 2. S. Bambakra, a kingdom of Negroland, which lies to the S.W. of that of Timbuctoo. The cultivation of corn is here carried on to a great extent; and the inhabitants are hos- pitable to strangers. Scgo is the capital. It is intersected from west to east by the Niger. Bahbero, the territory of, formerly an im- perial bishopric, but made over to Bavaria in the Buonapartean territorial arrangements in 1803, and is now called the circle of the Maine. It is intersected by the lines of 50. N. lat. and the 11th of E. long., containing a surface of about 1430 s > It ' BAN 74 BAN on tho Niger. Loiiifitudu 3. 48. W. latitiidu 12. 47. N. Bahoa, or BiiANHO, a town on tho north bordurs of thu kini^dom of Biruiith, with ii fort, seated on tho Irniwuddy, 170 luilus N.N.E. of Unimcrapooru. Bampton, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Wcdnusthiy. The rciiiiiiiis of its ancient castle yet exist; and it iiu.s a trade in leather Kloves, jivekcts, and hroiiclK.s. it in •euted near tiio ThanRs, 12 miks W. of Ux- ford, and 71 \V. hy N. of Luntloii. Bami'Ton, a town in Devonshire, witii a market on Saturday, a chalyhuate spring, and a manufaeturo of scribes. It is seated in a bottom, surrounded by hills, 20 miles N.N.E. of Exeter, and 163 W. by S. of London. Banaouer, an inlaml town of Ireland, King's County, on the Shannon, 68 miles W. S.W. of Dublin. There is a largo bridge over the river, guarded by batteries on either side. The town is built on tho sido of a hill, overlooking tho Sliannon, and consists of one long street of well-built houses; it has a distillery, brewery, and some tan-yards, and is well situated for an inland trade. Fop. 2611. Banawara, a town of Ilindostan, in My- tore, with a fine mud fort, and tho ruins of an extensive palace. Much tobacco is culti- vated in tho vicinity. It is 68 miles N. W. of Scriiigupatuni. Banbihuoe, an inland town of Ireland, county Down, 23 miles S. W. of Belfast. It is a neat thriving town, having considerable linen manufactures. Tho adjacent country is well cultivated and productive, and the town has a good market for meal and grain. A handsome church has lately been built; the town is quite freo from the squalor and poverty which are too often associated with the idea of an Irish town. Pop. 2469. Banourt, a borough in Oxfordshire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Thurs- day. It is noted for its cakes and ale, and is seated on the Charwell, 71 miles N.N. W, of London. It is connected with the Great Western and London & North Western liuil- ways, and returns one member to parliament. Banca, an island on tho S. E. coast of Su- matra, celebrated for its productive tin mines. It has a town and strait of the same name. It was possessed by the English during the war of 1812-13, but coded back to tho Dutch ill 1814. Bancalt, a seaport on an island off the E. coast of Sumatra, in tho Straits of Malacca, nrhcro tho Dutch have a settlement. It is 130 miles S. of Malacca. Long. 101. 7. E. lat. 1. 13. N. Bancallart, the chief town of the island of Madura. It is the residence of the sultan, and populous. Banoapour, a frontier town of Mysore, in lat. 14. 58. N., belonging to tho Mahrattas. Bancodt, or FoiiT Victoria, a town and Ibrtress of Hiudostao, on the coast of the Concan, with a good harbour, atid a trade in salt. It was taken by tho British in 1755; and is 60 miles S. of Bombay. Ijong. 72. 48. E. lat. 18. 5. N. Ban DA, a town of North Ilindostan, pro- vince of Allahabatl, a prosperous town, the seat of an excellent cotton nnimifucturo. Banha, tlic chief of the Banda, or Nutmeg Islands, in tlic Indian 0(;can. Tliogroupcom- jiriscs this isle, called also Lantor, and six or seven others. Tho nutmeg, covered with nnice, grows jirinci pally on these islands; and they have been subject to the Dutch ever since 1609, when they expelled both tho English and natives. They are all very small, tho largest being only 20 miles in circum- ference, and nro subject to earthquakes. Banda was taken by tho English in 1796, and restored in 1802, retaken in 1810, and restored again at tho peace in 1814. Lat. 4. 40. S. long. 129. 30. E. Banua-Oriental. Sec Uruouat. Bandon, or BAMooj4-uitiDO£, a borough of Ireland, in tho county of Cork. It is com- monly a military station, and has manufac- tures of cotton, camlets, ticking, &c. It is situate on a river of the same name, 13 miles S. W. of Cork. It returns ono member to parliament. Bandora, a town of Ilindostan, on the S. side of the island of Salsette, which is sepa- rated from thot of Bombay by a narrow chan- nel. It is C miles N. of Bombay. Bancas, a tn, of Syria, 20 miles S. of Latakia. Banff, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the ocean, S. 1' by Aberdeenshire, and W. by Mnrrayshire. Its greatest length is 50 miles, and its extent along the coast 22, but the main breadth is not more than 16. Tho S. part is very mountainous, but tho northern district is level and fertile. Tho principal rivers are the Devcron and Sjjey, which form a part of its E. and W. bounda- ries, and yield abundance of fine salmon. Tho Avon rises from a small lake at tho S. ex- tremity of the county, falling into tho Spey, where that river divides the county from Murrayshire. The principal towns are Gamry, CuUen, Fochabers, Keith, Aberdour, and Kirkmichael. Some minerals are found in tho county, and great quantities of hones and whetstones. It returns ono member to parliament. Banff, the chief town of the preceding county, is situate at its N. W. extremity, on the E. bank of tho Deveron, over which is a handsome bridge of seven arches. It has some manufactures of linen and cotton, but it is more a place of fashionable resort than either a manufacturing or commercial town. The town-hall was built in 1798, and is a handsome edifice. It is a royal bnrgh, governed by a provost, four bailies, and 12 councillors, 45 miles N. of Aberdeen, and 16? of Edinburgh, and returns one member to parliament. Banoalobb, a citj of Hindostan, iu My- BAN 75 BAN en, and ia My- »orc. It Um\ a strong fort built by llyilcr, dcoincd tlic bulwtirk of Mynore, towiird Arcot : it WU8 tukun by tbo Kn(;iish iu 1791, and re- stored the next y cur to Tippoo, wIkj destroyed it; but since reverted to tbu Enj^lish. i'ho pulaco is built of mud, yet not without some de^reo of inii(;niliccnce; and there are two extensive gardens made by tlio two saltans. Thu chief nianufiicturcs are silk and cotton cloths, muslins, leather, and oil. It is 60 miles N. K. of Scringiiputain. Long. 77. 37. E. hit. 13. 0. N. Uano-koc. See Bankok. Danguk, a city of Wales, in Caernarvon- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It is situate on the E. shore of the Mcnai Strait, on tlio rail road from London to Holyhead. It was once so considerable, that it was called Banj^or the Great, and defended by a castle. The principal buildings arc the cathedral and the bishop's palace. The see is of very great aiiticinity. The church was dedicated to St. Daniel, who was bishop about the year 516. It is 36 miles W. of St. Asaph, and 251 N. W. of London. It contributes in sending one member to parliament. Banoor, a town and populous parish in Ireland, in the county of J)own, seated on the S. shore of the Bay of Carriekfergus, opposite! the town of that name. Ilero are two cotton factories, and linen is made for the homo consumption; the fisheries also eve extensive; 12 miles E. N. E. of Belfast. iiANOoit, a town in the United Stotes, state of Maine, with considerable trade, and a theological seminary. It is pleasantly and commandingly situated at the head of the navigation of the Penobscot river; the prin- cipal trade is in lumber, which is brought down the river in immense quantities. Pop. 8627. BANJAi.imA. See Baqmalttka. Banjkr, or Bknder, a considerable river in the island of Borneo, which flows almost duo S. from the centre of the country to the harbour of Banjermassing; and at its mouth the Dutch have their principal factory. Banjkrhassino, or Bendermassino, a kingdom in the S. part of the island of Bor- neo, the capital of which is Metapura. The country produces great quantities of pepper; also gold, iron, diamonds, canes, birds'-nests, wax, and dragon's-blood. It has a town of the same luime, with a good harbour, at the mouth of the river Banjor. Long. 114. 30. E. lat. 3. 15. S. Bankok, a populous city of the Siamese empire. Eastern Asia. It is seated 20 miles from the mouth of the Menam or Siam river, which is navigable for ships of any burthen up to the city. The country is flat and inun- dated in the rainy season, consequently the houses are built on posts. It is one of the most commercial cities of Asia, and is much fiequcnted by junks from China, Batavio, and Singapore. A considerable portion of Xht inhabitants are Chinese, by whom tlio trade of the place is chiefly carried on. Sugar is the chief article of cx|>ort, but the mineral and other treasures of the region are very great. Lat. 14. 0. N. long. 101. 15. E. Bamkb Peninsula, on thu E. side of New Zealand, in thu Pacific Ocean, al>out 100 miles in circumference, contains a tine h.ir- bour and whaling settlements. Long. 184. 0. E. lat. 34. 30. S. Banks Island, an island in the Paciffo Ocean, near the W. coast of North America, about 60 miles long and 5 broad. Long. 130. 0. W. lat. 53. 30. N. Bann, a river of Ireland, which is~ ica from the Mourne mountains, in the county of Down, runs N. W. into Armagh, through Lough Neagh, and thence forms the bound- ary between Londonderry and Antrim, en- tering the sea four miles below Coleraine. Bannalko, a town in the S. E. part of tho department of Pinisterrc, France, 15 miles E. of Quimpor. Bannbridoe. Sec Bakbridob. Bannogkbijrn, a village of Scotland, in thu parish of St. Niuians, on the river Ban- nock, two miles S. of Stirling. It is noted for a battle between Edward II. and Kobert Bruce, in 1314, in which the former was de- feated. Here also James III., in 1487, was defeated by his subjects, wounded, and soon after murdered by a priest, taking his con- fession. Bantam, a town on the N. W. coaat of Java, capital of a kingdom of tho same name, with two forts. It is divided into two part* by a river. The English and Dunes had fac- tories here till 1682, when they were expelled by tho Dutch. The chief produce of thf country is pepper, of which vast quantities were formerly exported by the Dutch, who deposed the kings of tho ancient race, and monopolized the entire traiBc of the country. Bantam, once populous and flourishing, is now a poor place, its harbour being so choked up that it is inaccessible to vessels of burden; its commerce is transferred to Batavia. Long. 105. 26. E. lat. 6. 20. S. Pop. of the pro- vince, 230,000. Bantry, a capacious bay, at the S. W. extremity of Ireland, on the coast of Cork, capable of containing all the shipping of Europe; but somewhat exposed to the swells of tho Atlantic Ocean. A French fleet en- deavoured to land succours of arms in this bay to the adherents of James II. in 1689, and they made another unsuccessful attempt to effect a landing with a formidable force in 1796. It is 26 miles long, 3 broad, and 40 fathoms deep in the middle. There is a town named Bantry, at the head of the bay on the E. side, the spacious harbour of which is defended from the swells of the ocean by the island of Whiddy. Pop. 4276. It is 43 miles W. by S. of Cork, and 163 from Dublin. BANruwANOT,atown in Java, East Indies; a Dutch military station for sappcessing plia» BAR 70 BAR l\ T cicH. Here is tlic volcnno Goonong Mnrupi. Top. tiftlic tunitwiy, 8S00. iiATAUMic, it town ol' France, \n the dc- partincnt of I'lis do Caliiis, 12 miles S. E. of Anas. It in tlio centre of tiio luce trade of the district. Top. 3150. Tiicrc is a river of the aanio name, fallini^ into the Seine, wliieii drives about 20 papur-niills. Bar, a town of I'odoiia, in Itussian Poland, on a river that flows E. into tlic U»g. In 1768, acatiioiicconfetleration was lield here, to protect tlio relinioa of the country from the encroachment of dissenters. It is 48 miles N. of Moghilef. Top. 2500. Bar, a town of liindo.stun, in Bahar, near the Ganges, 34 miles E. S. E. of Patna. lUuACOA, a town on the N. E. coast of Ctiha, with a good harbour for small vessels, 90 miles E. N. E. of St. Jago dc Cuba. Long. 74. 42. W. lat. 20. 30. N. Baranco de Malamdo, or Raranouii.la, a town of Columbia, in the province of Mag- dalena, and a bisiiop's sec, with a good har- bour, at the mouth of the Magdalonn, 70 miles N. E. of Carthagcna. Long. 74. 60. W. lat. 11.20. N. Barant, orBARANWAHR, a town of Lower Hungary, capital of the county of IJarany, taken from the Turks in 1C84. It is seated in an island, formed by the river Crasso, 14 miles N. of Esseg, and 120 S. of Buda. Long. 19. 16. E. lat. 45. 42. N. Barbacua, a town of Columbia, in Caiica, on the river Tolcmbi, 110 miles S. VV. of Popayan. Bakracoa, a town of Columbia, in Vene- zuela, on the E. side of the lake Maracaybo, 130 miles S. by \V. of Venezuela. Bauuadoks, the most easterly of theWind- ward Islands, in the West Indies, 25 miles long and 15 broad; subject to Great Britain. The soil is beautifully undulated, and yields most of the productions common to the cli- mate; but the chief object of culture is the sugnr-canc, the produce of which is about 15,000 tons of sugar annually, which, with some gitijj,cr and arrow-root, form its main exports. The island suffered greatly by a storm, on the 10th of October, 1780, when upwards of 4000 persons perished by its violence; and, at the commencement of the 19th century, was considerably on the decline, the soil indicating symptoms of exhaustion, until the year 1813, when a very singular phenomenon occurred, which contributed essentially to its resuscitation: avast dense cloud of matter from the eastward, composed of volcanic eruption, fell, and covered nearly the whole surface of the island, which tended greatly to its fertility. Barbadoes was con- Btitutcd an ecclesiastical see over the whole of the Caribbce Islands in 1824. It is also the chief seat of the commissariat for the same, which occasions the internal commerce of the island to be considerable. It was first settled by the English in 1624, and is the most ancient colony of the British Empire. Bridgetown is on the S. W. side of the island : it covers an extent of nearly 2 niilo, and contains 20,000 inhabitants. It has a cathe- dral ami soine handsome houses, but is very Irregular, whieh gives it n mean ujipcaraiu'e. There are also a naval dockyard and a military garrition, &c. The island is very beautiful in some parts, and is divided into live districts and eleven parishes. Bridge- town, the chief town, is in lat. 13. 6. N. and 69. 43. W. long. Charleu's, James's, and Speight's towns, are the other towns of the island. Pop. in 1832, 100,242; in 1847, 122,198. Barbantanb, r town of France, depart- ment Bouchcs dn Khouc, 6 miles from Avig non. Pop. 2900. Excellent wine is made hero. rrara, St., a town on the W. coast of Noi Vmcrica, capital of a jurisdiction of its nan t stands in a rugged, barren country, but .(S a good roadstead. Long. 119. 17. W. lat. 34. 54. N. Barrarken, a village of Ceylon, on the W. coast, 35 nules S. of Colombo. It has a harbour for ship-boats, and a considerable manufacture of cordage and cables from the cocoa-tree. Barbarv, or the Barraht Statks, com- prise the whole northern coast of North Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt; bounded, or rather intersected on the 8. by the Atlas chain of mountains, and bounded by the deserts of Sahara, Tuarick, and Libya, extending in length from the long, of 10. W. to 25. h, and varying in breadth from 300 to COO or 700 miles, between the lat. of 29. and 37. N., divided into the six following sovereignties, or states; viz. first, beginning with the west, Marocco, bordering wholly on the Atlantic Ocean, Fez, forming the north-west corner of the African continent, and Algicr, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca, all bordering on the Mediterranean. This extensive territory was known to the ancients by the names of Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Proper, and Libya, and at one period contended with Uome for the empire of the world; and al- though at the present day its inhabitants arc amongst the most unsocial and illiterate of the communities of civilization, they were at one period as distinguished for their attain- ments in art, as in arms. The whole country abounds in local beauties, and possesses all the advantages of soil and climate which man need desire; the soil yields great crops of maize and corn, and all the choice fruits, such as lemons, oranges, the vine, olives, figs, al- monds, and dates, are in great profusion; the mountains are rich in mineral substances, and all the domestic animals common to Europe abound over the whole country, and the horses are much esteemed for their fleet- ncss and beauty. The lion, panther, and hyaena, and other ferocious animals, arc nume- rous in the mountains, and frequently make DAR n BAR itry all iiimmU into the plains. Ui'ptilus arc alHo viT)' nutnci-iiiis, ami the boa con.strictor, the | liuiid, unci inoKt tcrucioiia of that Hpccics uf i nriiinatcd nature, is common on the borders of the descrtH. The external commerce of] the country is limited, but will be mure piir- I ticnlarly adverted to \vho:i treating of tlio rL',s|icetive divisions. Mahometanism, in its utmost de^'ree of personal indnl(;onco and wantonness of power, prevails alike in ail the states, and restrains uU rational and social advancement. ISAKiiAsrno, n town of Spain, in Aragon, on the Vero. It is an ancient city, the see of a cathedral. Pop. about 7000, 46 miles from Ziiraj^osa. Haubeuino, atown of Tuscany, at the foot of the Appennincs, ou the river Sievu, 12 miles N. of i'lorence. BAnuKziKirx, a town of France, in the de- partment of Charentc, with a mineral spring, and a manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 miles N. E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 3013. Dakuuda> one of the Leeward Islands, in the West Indies, 15 miles long and 8 broad. It has a good road for shipping, but the in- liabitants (ahout 1600) arc cliicHy employed in raising corn and breeding cattle for the use of the neighbouring islands. It is 27 miles N. of Antigua. Long. 61. 50. W. lat. 17. 50. N. Bakby, a town in the Prussian principality of Anhalt, circle of Ui)per Saxony, capital of a county of its name, with an ancient castle, and an academical college, founded by the United Brethren in 1754. It is seated on the Elbe, 1 5 miles S. E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 3100. Long. 12. 4. E. lat. 52. 2. N. Baroa, one of the six Barbary state."?, the ancient Cyrenaica, on the south coast of the Mediterranean, between Tripoli and Egj'pt. The south part is a barren desert, inhabited by wandering Arabs. The north part along the coast is fertile and well peopled. It be- 1 :)nged to the Turks, and is governed by a Siingiac, dependent on the pacha, who resides at Tripoli. Derna is the capital. Bauoici.los, a town of Portugal, province of Entre Douro c ]\linho, famous for its fans. Pop. 3900. Barcelona, a city of Spain, capital of Catalonia, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour on the Mediterranean. It is of an oblong form, defended by a strong fort, called Montjaich, which stands on a rocky moun- tain, a mile west of the town. It has double walls on the north and east, and the sea on )Iie south, with a mole for the security of ships. It is divided into the New and Old town, by a wall and a ditch ; and the sea having retired considerably from the port- gates, a whole quarter of the town now stands on the sands that were once the bottom of the harbour. It has a fine university, an inquisition, a cathedral with two lofty towers, , a palace for the viceroy, a large exchange, ! an extensive cannon foundry, an arsenal containing arms for several thousand men, and docks for tiie building of galleys. It has various manufactures, but is more j)articu- larly distinguished for those of (Ire-arms of all kinds, swords, cutlery, and soap ; and there arc several very extensive distilleries of brandy: its commerce is general. In 1705 it was taken by the Earl of Peterborough, after a sicgo of throe weeks. In 1700, Philip V. invented it with a numerous army, but was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714 it was taken by the French and Si)aniarils, and a citadel built to keep it in awe. The French took this city by treachery in 1808. In 1823, it held out to the last in favour of tho constitutionalists, and did not yield until all hope or expectation of successful resistance was obviously useless. It is 250 miles E. by N. of Madrid. Long. 2. 12. E. lat. 41. 23. N. Pop. of the city al)nut 100,000, and tho new town or suburb of Barcelonetta, 10,000 to 12,000 more. Barcelona is also the name of a populous seaport town, situate at the mouth of the lit- tle river Niveri, in the new province of Oro- noko, Columbia, about 50 m. W. ofCuinana. It is a mean dirty place; tho inhabitants about 14,000, under tho proscribed system of Old Spain, where tho chief medium of tho smuggling is carried on between Trinidad and the interior parts of tho country. Barcelonette, a town of France, situate among the Alpine mountains, in the depart- ment of tho Lower Ali)s, about 10 miles S. of Embrnn. Barcelobe, or BARcrnA, a town of Hin- dostan, on the coast of Canara, which gives name to a di.^trict, but has been long in ruins. It is 40milcsN N. W. of Mangalore. Barcelos, a very ancient town of Portu- gal, in Entre Douro c Minho, near the river Cavado, 10 miles W. S. W. of Braga, su))- posed to have been founded by liamilcar, 250 B.C. Bard, and Bardin, two towns in the pro- vince of Kerman, Persia. Bardin is on the route from Ormus to Lake Gezcl, and Bard about 10 miles E. of Bardin, Bardewick, a town of Lower Saxony, in tho Duchy of Lunenburg, on the river llme- nau, 17 miles S. E. of Hamburg. Bardi, a town of Italy, in the Parmesan, with a magniticent castle, 30 miles S. W. of Parma. Bardt, or Barth, a town of Swedish Po- merania, with a castle and harbour, near the Baltic, 15 miles W. by N. of Stralsund. Long. 12. 50. E. lat. 54. 25. N. Bareberg, a town of Sweden, capital of Skaraborg, on Lake Wener. Bareges, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upi)er Pyrenees, much frequented on account of its mineral baths. It is seated in a valley of the same name, 24 miles S. of Tarbes. BAnEti.T, a towni of Hindosian, district of the same name, province of Delhi. It is BAR 78 BAR I » ^1 i:i \ ' I i ,1; IV tolerably built, and has several fine mosques; a fort also has been ereetcd S. of the town. It was conspicuous in the Indian mutiny of 1857-8, but Sir Colin Ciimpbell re-entered it. on May 7, 1858. Population G5,7t>0 one- third of which are Mahonnncdans, the re- mainder Hindoos. The district is level, fer- tile, ami well watered; the Ganges flows on its W. boundary. Barenton, a to\vn of France, in the de- partment of Manche, 20 miles E. S. E. of Avranchcs. Barfleur, a town of France, in the de- partment of Manche. It was from this port that William the Norman embarked on his expedition to Eiijjland in the 11th century. Barfleur was destroyed by the English in 134G, and the harbour filled up. The 0410 of that name is 12 miles E. of Cherburg, and near it part of the imvy of France was de- stroyed by the English in 1692. It is 175 miles N. \V. of Paris. Pop- 1158. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 49. 40. N. Barga, a considerable town of Italy, about 10 miles N. of Lucca. Pop. about 9000. Barge, or Barges, a town of Piedmont, 7 miles S. of Pinerola. Barguzinsk, or Barghouzix, a town of Siberia, in the government of Irkutsk, on the E. side of the lake Baikal, at the influx of thcBarf^uzin, 170 miles N.N.E. of Selenginsk. Long. i09. 30. E. lat. 53. 20. N. Bari, or Terra di Baui, a maritime pro vince of Naples, on the shore of the Adriatic, bounded on the S. E. by Otranto, S. W. by Basilicata, and N. W. by Capitanata. The soil is fertile, but there ore many serpents and tarantulas. See Thani. Bari, a seaport of Naples, capital of Terra di Bari, and aa archbisiiop's see. It is seated on the shore of the Adriatic, has a good har- bour, and is well fortified. The trade prin- cipally consists in olives and almonds. It is 26 miles E. by S. of Trani. Long. E. 17. 0. lat. 41. 15. N. Pop. 18,937. Barjols, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Var, 19 miles S. S. W. of Iliez. Barking, a town in Essex, with a market on Saturday. It was celebrated for a n>ag- nificent nunnery, of which a gatcivay and l)art of the walls are still visible. It is chiefly inhabited by fishermen, and seated on the river Roding, near the Thames, 7 miles E. of London. Bar-le-Dcc, orBAR-suR-ORNAiN, a town of France, capital of '.he department of the Meusc, on theOrnain, 128 miles E. of Paris. It is built on and around a hill; the lower town is the best built, and is the seat of the manufactures and trade, which consist of cotton-spinning, hats, jeweller}', leather, dye- works, &c. It has a college, a nunnery, and several public buildings. The Ornain being navigable from the town, there is a consider- able trade in the transit of goods to Paris. Pop. 12,383. liAHLETTA, a scaport of Naples, in Bari, seated on the shore of the Adriatic, 34 miles N.W. of Bari. It is encompassed by wails, and defended by a citadel; the streets are wide, and houses well built of hewn stone, which, by age, has acquired a polish equal to marble. Tl:e harbour is formed by a pro- jecting mole, and a breakwater, ou wliieU latter is a lighthouse. It carries on a consi- der.able trade with the other ports of the Adriatic, &c., in wine, oil, corn, wool, almonds, &c. ; there are very productive salt springs about 7 miles N. of the town. Pop. 18,000. Long. 16. IS. E. lat. 41. 19. N. Barmouth, a small scaport of Wales, in the parish of Corwen, Merionethshire, with a market on Tuesday and Friday, for fish and poultry. It has a good trade in flannels and hose, and is much frequented in the bathing season . It stands on a bay of the same name, 12 miles S. of Harlech, and 222 N. W. of London. Long. 3. 58. W. lat. 52. 44. N. Barnaoi,!., a considerable town in the pro- vince of Kolyvan, Asiatic liussia, situate at the mouth of a river of the same name, fall- ing into the Obe, about 200 miles S. of the city of Kolyvan. It is the seat of tlio supreme court of all the mines in the Altaiua mountains. Pop. about 8000. Barnard Castle. See Bernard Castlk. Barxet, (Chu'PING), a town in Hertford- shire, with a market on Monday. Near this place was fought, in 1471, the decisive battle between the houses of York and Lancaster ; and at the meeting of the St. Albans and Hatfield roads is a column with aii inscription to commemorate this event. Barnet is 11 miles N. by W. of London. Barnevelt's Islands, two small islands a little north of Capo Horn, and to tlje south of Terra del Fuego. Long. 66. 58. W. lat. 55. 49. S. Barneveldt, or Barnweld, an interior town of Guelderland, Holland, situate about an equal distance from Aruheim and Amers^ foort. Pop. about 5000. Barnsley, a town of West Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday. Here are considerable manufactures of coarse linen, and in the vicinity are many bleaching- grounds, a glass manufacture, and several coal mines. It has a canal to the Calder, and another to the Don, and is seated near tlie Dearne, 19 miles S. of Leeds, and 172 N. by W. of London. Barnstable, a county formed of a pro- montory to the .state of Massacliusets, Nortij America, divided into 14 townships, and con- taining a population of 32,548. The chief town of the same name is situate on the N. side of the county, on the shore of a spacious hay, formed by a curve of the land extend- ing to Cape Cod. It is 62 miles S. E. of Boston. Pop. 4301. Barnstaple, a seaport and borough in De- vonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday. It kad fo'merly a castle,but none of the works rcmam except thci mount. BAB 79 BAR lat. near 172 ! pro- ortu > > con- chief nDe- arkct none ouat. Here are manufactures of tammies, shalloons, baize, &c,; and a variety of articles are ex- ported. It is seated on the river Taw, 12 miles E. of Barnstaple Bay, in the Bristol Channel, 35 miles N. N. \V. of Exeter, and 192 W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 5. W. lat. 51. 6. N. It sends two menibers to parliiimtit. Barnwell, a county or district on the S. side of the state of South Carolina, bounded on the S. by the Savannah, and N. by the Edisto River. Pop. 21,471, of whom 10,503 are slaves, who arc chiefly occupied in the culture and cleaning of cotton. The chief town, of the same name, is situate in the centre of the district, 116 miles S. by W. of Columbia. Baroach, a town and fortress of Ilindos- tan, Gujerat, with considerable manufactures of cotton, seated on the N. bank of the Ner- budda, near its entrance into the Gulf of Cambay, 40 m. N. by E. of Surat. Long. 72. 55. E. lat. 21. 45. N. Pop. 32,700, in 1812. Bauoda, a town of Iliudostan, , rovince of Gujerat; a large and wealthy place, and capital of a district, and of the Gikwar. Barquisimeto, an ancient inland town of the republic of Venezuela. It is situate in a fertile plain, and contains about 15,000 inha- bitants. Barra, or Barrat, one of tlic Hebrides of Scotland, to the is. of South Uist. It is 12 miles long and 4 broad, and has a moun- tainous appearance, but the soil in many parts is fertile. Great quantities of cod and iing are caught on the coast ; and shell-fish, especially cockles. ?<-r' found in g, ,at abun- dance. On the N. E. side is a good harbour. Long. 7. 27. W. hit. 57. 2. N. Bari'.a, a town of Naples, in the vicinity of the city of Naples. Pop. about 5000. Barra, a fertile and populous district, N. of the Gambia, in Nortli Africa, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean. Barra Indiko or Barranding, situate on the W. bank of a small river which falls into the Gan:bia, near its conttux with the Atlan- tic Ocean; it is the capital town of the terri- tory of Barra, and is a jilace of considerable ti'affic. There is another town of the same name, about 100 miles up the river, on the N. bank, between tiie rivers KolarandBandiboo, Barrackpoor, a military cantonment, Hindustan, presidency of Hcngal, exceedingly healthy and agreeable. Tlie governor-general has his palace in the vicinity; 15 miles from Calcutta. Barraconda, a considerable town in the interior of North Africa, i out 400 miles up the Gambia, where there are some falls which impede the navigation of that river. I3ARRAOON, a small town about 12 miles below Buenos Ayros, situate on the shore of a bay to which it gives intme. Barradt, a river of Svria, pachalic of Damascus, and on which the city stands; it falls into the Bahr-cl-Mardj. Bauraux, a fortress of France, in the Al- pine department of Iscre, at the entrance of the valley of Gresivauden, and on th6 rive* Iscre; C miles S. of Chamberry. Barre, a town of ALissachusets, in Wor- cester county, noted for its butter and cheese; 24 miles N. W. of Worcester. Barreges, a watering-place of France, department Ilauts Pyrenees, in the centre of the Pyrenean mountains. It is much fre- quented for its hot baths, and is deserted ia the winter. Barken, an inland county in the S. cen- tral part of the state of Kentucky. Pop. 17,288. Glasgow, the chief town, is 134 miles S. W. by S. of Frankfort. Barrow, a river of Ireland, which rises in the N. part of Queen's County, and flows S. by Athy, Carlow, and New lioss, into Water- ford harbour. Barrow's Strait, an inlet of Baflin's Bay, in continuation of "uncaster Sound, which leads to the Parry Islands, &c., discovered in 1819. Prince Regent's Inlet flows into this strait. Bar-shr-Aube, a town of France, in the department of Aube, famous for its wines; seated at the foot of a mountain; 13 miles S.W. of Joinville. Pop. 3900. Bar-8UR-Seine, a town of France, in the department of Aube, on the river Seine, at the foot of a mountain; 20 miles S. W. of Bar-sur-Au'je. Pop. 2300. Bars, an interior county in the N. part of Lower Hungary; a town of the same name, formerly fortified, was once the capital. Kremoni, in the centre of a mining district, is now the chief town. Barsac, a town of France, on the W. bank of the Garonne, about 20 miles S. E. of Bor- deaux. It gives name to a favourite wine. Bartfeldt, a town in the county of Saros, N. part of Upper Hungary, situate among the Carpathian mountains. It had a print- ing press in the 16th century. It has manu- factures of linen, and contains about 600") inhabitants. Bartkn, and Bartenstein, two interior towns of the kingnoni of Prussia Proper, 30 to 40 mi-k's E. ol' Kouigsberg. Bartiik, La, a town of France, depart- ment of Ilauts Pyri'iiees, on the river Nestes; 12 miles fr(jmTarbes. Po]). 3834. Bartholomew, a river of North America, whicii rises in the Arkansas territory, and fallii into tlie Washita, in the stiite of Loui- siana, a little below the town of Washington. Bartholomew, a small island, in the Pa- cific Ocean, one of the New Hebrides. Long. 167. 18. E. lat. 15. 43. S. Bartholomew, St., one of the Caribbeo islands in the West Indies, 24 miles in cir- cumference, and 25 N. of St. Christopher. The French coded it to the Swedes in 1785; and it was taken by the British in 1801, but restored to Sv/eden in 1814. Its Icngtii is 15 miles, breadth 5; area only 25 square BAS 80 BAS U \\ f i ii !£a I tuiles. The soil is fertile, producing sugar, cotton, and some tobacco; the woods yield lignum-vita;, iron-wood, and other trees. There is a good harbour on the \V. side, called Carrenge. The pop. is between 6000 and 7000; many are descendants of Irish Koman Catholics. Barton-on-Uumpeb, a town in Lincoln- shire, with a market on Monday. It has two large churches, and was formerly a consider- able place, surrounded by a rampart and fosse, the remains of which are yet visible. Pour miles E. S. E. are the noble ruins of Thornton Abbey. Barton is scored on the Huraber, over whicii is a ferry, 3+ miles N. of Lincoln, and 167 of London. A railway to New Holland, thence to Grimsby, &c. Baktun is also the name of a populous township in the parish of Ecclcs, situate on the banks of the Irwell, 7 miles E. of Man- chester. There are abo 30 other towns or villages called Barton in different parts of England. Baudth, a town of Lusatia, on the fron- tiers of Brandenburg; 26 miles S. by E. of Potsdam. Barvas, a town and parish on the N. W. coast of the isle of Lewis. The town is situate on the shore of a fine bay. Bas, a small island off the N. coast of the department of Finisterre, France, in N. lat. 48. 46. W. long. 4. 2. Basardcuik, a town of European Turkey, in Romania. It has a great trade, and is seated on the river Mcritz. Long. 24. 40. E. lat. 42. 19. N. Baschkirs, a tribe of Russia. They amount to about 1,000,000, and lead a pas- toral life, their principal riches consisting i : their horses and cattle. They differ bit little from the Tartars, but their origin is not known. Formerly they led a nomadic life, but have now settled along the Ural and Volga. Basil, Basle, or Bale, a canton of Swit- zerland, 24 miles long and 21 broad; bound- ed on the N. by Brisgau, E. by the Forest towns, S. by the canton of Soleure, and W. by the bishop'-'T of Basil and France. It contains about 47,885, inliabitants, and is of the reformed religion. In the course of events which have convulsed Switzerland since 1831, the canton of Bale has been divided into the half cantons of Bale Ville and Bale Campagne, each having only a half vote in the 1) ct, and these always being given in opposition to each other, its voice as a mem- ber cf the United Republic is lost. Basil, a bishopric in the N. W. part of Switzerland; bounded on the E. by the can- ton of Basil, S. by that of Soleure, and W. and N. by France. The territory of Basil was divided into Basil city and Basil coun- try, in 1831, in consequence of a successful insurrection. There is a considerable ribbon nitmufucture, which employs more than 15.000 persons. JBasil, the capital of the canton of the same name, and the largest town in Switzerland, is situate at the N. extremity of the canton, on the frontiers of France on the W., and the duchy of Daden on the E. It is sur- rounded by thick walls, flanked by towers and bastions, and is divided into two parts by the Rhine, which communicate by a hand- some bridge. The largest part is on the side of Switzerland, and the least on that of Ger- many. The larger has five gates, six su- burbs, numerous streets and fountains, and is partly seated on a hill ; the other stands on a plain, and has but two gates, with several streets and fountains. The principal cliurch is an elegant Gothic build- ing, but disfigured by rose-coloured paint spread over the whole edifice. Under a marble tomb in it is interred the great Eras- mus, who died here in 1636. The town- house, and fine paintings in iresco, are much admired. The university, founded in 1459, has a fine library, and a rich cabinet of medals. The clocks here are always an hour too fast, because the town-clock went so on a day appointed to murder the magistrates, by which the conspiracy was disconcerted. Basil has several manulactures, particularly of papers, ribbons, and cottons; and it car- ries on an extensive trade. Three treaties of peace were concluded here in one year (1 795) with the French republic; namely, by Prus- sia, Spain, and Hesse Cassel. The allies passed through this city, when tiiey invaded France, in December, 1813. Basil is capable of containing 100,000 inhabitants; but has only 2<),fi98, or with the canton, 77,583. It is 174 miles N. by E. of Geneva, and 250 E. by S. of Paris. Long. 7. 30. E. lat. 47. 35. N. Basiiee, an island in the China Sea, the most eastern of a cluster called from this the Bashee Islands, lying to the S. of Formosa. The productions are plantains, bananas, pine- apples, sugar-canes, potatoes, yams, and cotton. Tlie quadrupeds are goats and hogs ; gold is washed down by the torrents. Bashee is of a circular form, six miles in diameter, and has a town of the same name. Long. 121.57. E. lat. 20. 30. N. Basilicata, a maritime province, in the S. of Naples, bounded on the by Capita- nuta and Bari, E. by the Gull . . Taranta, S. Iiy Calabria Citeriore, and W. by Principato Citeriore and Ultcriore. It has some moun- tains continually covered with snow, but is fertile in corn, wine, oil, cotton, honey, and saffron. Acercnza is the capit.il. B/siLiPOTAMO, a river of European Tur- key, in the Morca, which flows into the Gulf of Coloeythia. It was called Eurotas by the ancients. Basingstoke, a corporate town in Hamp- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It has a great trade in com and malt, a manufac- ture of druggets ard shalloons, and a navi- gable canal to the river Wey, near its en- trance into the Thames; and, being situate BAS 81 BAS n Hamp- '. It has manufac- i a navi- ir its cn- ig situate at the junction of a branch to Readicig with the Soiitli Western Railwuy. It is 18 miles N.N.E. of Wincliester, and 45 W, by S. of London. The village of Old Basing, which is a township in the parish of Basingstoke, situate about two miles to t)>c E., is distinguished for the determined stand which it made against the forces of Cromwell, by whom it was ultimately taken, when he put nearly the whole ganison to the sword, and razed the fortress, which was the residence of the Marquis of Winchester, to the ground. Baskinoridge, a village of the United States, in New Jersey, beautifully situated in a rich and healthful country. It had an academy, formerly celebrated, and is memora- ble in the revolution, for the capture of Gen, Lee by the British ; 46 miles JH. by £. of Trenton. Basque Provinces, The, of Spain, Las Provircias Vascongadas, consist of the three united Provinces of Alava, Vizcaya (or Biz- caya), and Guipuzcoa. Vizcaya, the largest, contains about 106 sq. leagues; Guipuzcoa, the smallest, only 52, but is the most densely peopled, having at the rate of 2000 inhab. to the sq, 1. Alava, containing about 90 sq. leagues, lies between Guipuzcoa and Navarre. These provinces forming the mountainous triangle of the N. W. of the peninsula, are the Cantabria of the ancients, and, like our Wales, is the home of the remnant of the aboriginal inhabitants, whose pride, nobility of descent, and language they still retain, and also their poverty. Fishing on the sea-board, and rude agriculture in the inland districts, are the occupation of the inhabitants. They have many singular customs derived from paganism, and have but few objects of in- terest to travellers among them, and possess little taste for the amenities of life. See Bis- cay. Basques, a late territory of France, which included Lower Navarre, Labourd, and Soule, and now forms, with Beam, the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees. The inhabi- tants still retain the ancient Iberian dialect. Bass, an insulated rock near the coast of Scotland, at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, between the towns of North Berwick and Dunbar. On the S. side it is almost conic, on the other it overhangs the sea in a tre- mendous manner. It is inaccessible on all sides, except the S. W., and there it is with difficulty a man can clinil) up by the help of a rope or ladder. In May and June it is quite covered with the nests, eggs, and young birds of the gannets and solan geese. Tlio rock is one mile in circumference, and has a rabbit warren, and pasture for a few sheep. A ruinous castle, once tho state prison of Scotland, stands at the edge of the precipice. The garrison, in 1694, surrendered to King William, and tho fortifications were demo- lished. Bass's Strait^, a channel about 40 leagues wide, which separates Van Diemen's Land from the S. extremity of New S. Wales. It contains a chain of small islands that run N. and S. This strait was discovered, in 1798, by Surgeon Buss, in an open whale boat, and passed through by him and Lieutenant Flinders, in the Norfolk, in 1799. Bassano, a town of Austrian Italy, in Vin- centino, on the E, bank of the river Brenta, in a country productive of excellent wine, corn, cattle, iron, cloth, &c, Tho French defeated the Austrlans at this place in 1796. It is 18 miles N, of Vicenza. Pop. 12,000. Bassee, or La Basse, a town of Franco, in the department of Nord, formerly of great strength, but dismantled by Louis XIV. It is seated on the Deule, 18 miles S. W. of Lisle. Pop. 2485. Basseen, a tn. of Hindostan, in the proT. of Aurungabad. It was taken by the Eng- lish in 1780, but restored to the Mabrattas in 1783. It stands on the sea-coast, opposite the N. W. point of the island of Salsette, 20 miles N. of Bombay. Long. 72. 40. E. lat. 19. 20. N. BASSEN-'HWAiTE-wATER.alake in Cumber- land, 3 miles N. W. of Keswick. It is 4 miles long, bounded on one side by high hills, wooded in many places to their bases; on the other, by the fields and the skirts of Skiddaw. The river Derwent flows through its whole length. There is a village named Bassen- thwaite on the E. bank of the lake, contain- ing 549 inhabitants. Basseterre, the capital of St. Christopher, W. Indies; built by the French, when this part of the island was in their possession, before it was ceded to the English, in 1 7 1 3. It is situate on the S. E. end of the island, and is defended by three forts. Long. 63. 13. W. lat. 17. 10. N. Basseterre, the capital of Guadaloupe, W. Indies, on the S. W. part of tiie island, defended by a citadel and other fortifications. Long. 61. 59. W. hit. 15. 59. N. Bassien, or Persaim, a city of Burmah, capital of tho province of IJassicn. It is a trading place, situate on a river of the sama name, which is the W. branch of the Iira« waddy, 110 miles S. W. of Pegu. Long. 94. 53. E. lat. 16. 22. N. Bassorah, or Basra, a city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arabi. It stands on the W. bank of the Euphrates, or Shat-ul Arab; navigable for ships of 500 tons burthen up to the town, about 65 miles above the en- trance of the river into the Gulf of Persia. Bassorah api)ear8to have been founded about the middle of the seventh century, and pro- gressively advanced into importance until it became the most considerable trading town of all western Asia; and, previous to the route to India by the Cape of Good Hope, it wan tho medium through which a great portion of the commerce of Asia passed to Venice and Genoa, and from thence over western Europe. It was taken possession of by the Turks, in 1688, since which period it has co^^ G BAT 82 BAT I) tinned to decline, having been alternately exposed to the irruptions of the Persians, Arabs, and Turks; and, since the commence- ment of the nineteenth century, when the tide of commerce begun to set from the W. to the E., Smyrna lias become what Bassorah was for 80 many centuries — the emporium of the greater portion of the commerce of that part of the world. Bassorah, however, still continues to be a place of considerable tratllc, which is participated in, more or less, by most of the trading nations both of Europe and Asia. The city is surrounded by a wall of clay, said to be 6 miles in circumference, mounted with a great number of cannon; the streets are bad and narrow, and the houses, constructed of bricks, have a mean aspect. It is nominally under the dominion of Tur- key, but governed by an Arabchiel'tain, with little delference to the Ottoman authoritj'. The great desert of Arabia runs up nearly to the town; the immediate vicinity, however, is very fertile. A wall of several miles in extent has been constructed on the side of the desert, as a check on the predatory in- cursions of the Arabs, who frequently commit depredations under the very walls of the town. The population is estimated at about 60,000, among whom are a considerable number of Jews, Armenians, and Arabs, and natives of the more eastern parts of Asia. It is about 210 miles S. W. of Ispahan, in lat. 30. 30. N. and 47. 34. E. long. Bastia, a seaport of European Turkey, in Albania, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of tlie Calumu. Long. 20. 20. E. lat. 39. 40. N. Bastia, a city on the N. E. coast of the is- land of Corsica, with a good harbour and a strong castle. It was taken by the English in 1794. It is 80 miles S. S. W. of Leghoin. Long. 9. 20. E. hit. 42. 38. N. Pop. about 13,000. It was considered the capital of the island, but Ajaccio is now usually called so. Bastogne, a city of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, near the forest of Ardennes. It was fortified by the French, in 1688, and com- monly known among them by the name of Paris in Ardennes. It is 23 miles N. N. W. of Luxemburg. Baswapatanna, a town of Ilindostan, in Mysore, with a fort and a celebrated mosque; «0 miles E. by N. of Nagura. B atabano, a town on tiie S. coast of Cuba ; situate on tiie N. side of a large bay, opposite Pines Island, 55 miles S. S. W. of Havanah. Long. 82. 0. W. lat. 22. 20. N. Batacole, tn. of Ilindostan, on the coast of Caiiara. The country produces a great quantity of pepper. It is 10 miles N. of Barcclore. Batacoi.o, a small fortress on the E, side of Ceylon, built by the Dutch. It is of great importance, on account of the extreme ferti- I'ty of the adjacent country, which, during a war, or times of scarcity in the district of Trinuooialee, can supply the garrisons therj with all kinds of provisions. It surrendered to the English in 1796; it is sitimto at the head of u deep bay, 54 miles S. S. E. of Trincomalee. Batalha, a tn. of Portugal,. in Estrcma- dura, celebrated for its rich monastery, foun- ded, in 1386, by John I., who is interred here, with his queen Philippa. It is 8 miles S. S. W. ofLeirida. Batavia, the ancient name of an island in Holland; whence the Dutch are sometimes called Batavians. Batavia, a city and seaport on the N. E. part of the island of Java, capital of all the Dutch settlements in the East Indies, finely situate on the bosom of a spacious bay. The fort is built of coral rock, brought from some of the adjoining islands, and has a fortification of brick. A part of tlie town wall is built of dense lava, from the mountains in the centre of Java. No stone, of any kind, is to be found for many miles beyond this city ; but marble and granite are brought here from China. The harbour is excellent, and there are canals in the principal streets, planted on each side with trees, after the manner of the towns in Holland. The inhabitants are com- posed of natives from nearly all the countries and islands of Asia and the Indian Ocean, as well as of most of the chief trading parts of Europe and America, amongst whom the number of Chinese is considerable. The city was first founded in 1619, and rose rapidly into importance, and during the eighteenth century it was deemed the finest European settlement in all Asia; and although considered unhealthy, from the influence of the heal of the climate on the mud and stagnant waters of the canals and streams by which it is intersected, it was vainly denominated by the Dutch, the " Queen of the East." The houses of two streets, forming the European part of the town, are handsome and commodious, and vie with, if they do not excel in capaciousness and con- venience, those of the best towns in Holland ; but the parts occupied by the Javanese, Chi- nese, and the other natives of the East, like most of the Asiatic town:, -ire crowded, mean, and dirty. Batavia was very sensibly aflect- ed by the war of 1793, and became almost deserted, until its capture, with the whole of the island of Java, by the English, in 1811, when it became again the centre of an exten- sive commerce. It was ceded back to the Dutch on the peace of 1814, who, having re- laxed somewhat from their former system of proscription and monopoly in their commer- cial regulations, Batavia continues a flourish- ing and important place. The stadthouse is the principal edifice deserving of notice. The natives of the several nations and coun- rios who compose the population, which amounts to about 65,000, have each their churches, mosques, and temples, but there are none that merit any particular notion, The nature of its commerce will be more fiiUy BAT 83 BAT as elucidated under the head of Java. The ob- servatory isinlat,6.9. S. and 106. 52. E. long. Batavia, the chief town of Genesee coun- ty, in the state of New York, 258 miles W. of Albany, on the direct road to Bulfulo, at tlie E. end of Lake Erie. Pop. 4219. There was an Indian village in the township called Toniiewanta, or Tonawanda. The Tona- wanda railroad, part of the great western cliairi from Albany, extends lieuce 32 miles to liochester. Bath, a city of England, in the E. corner of tlie county of Somerset, on the confines of Gloucester and Wilts ; it is bounded on the N. by a range of hills, up th;3 declivity of which buildings have been constructed in varied ornamental and tasteful styles of architecture, terraces, crescents, &c., of a beautiful white stone, dug on the spot The origin of tiiis city, which derived its celebrity from its hot springs, is involved in uncertainty aud fable. According to Geoifry of Mon- mouth, the ancient Britons, by whom it was called Yr ennointtwymm, dated the discovery of the waters as fur back as the timeof Bladud, 870 years antecedent to the Christian era •■ be this as it may, their properties and virtues immediately attracted the enlightened atten- tion of the Romans, on their arrival in that part of the country, 44 years B. c, by vhom they were denominated AqutB Solis,' Waters of the Sun, and Pontes Calidi, the Fountains of Heat, and who manifested their appre- ciation of the waters by the erection of extensive baths, constructed with all possible regard to taste, luxury, and utility, and a temple dedicated to Minerva; and at the period of their finally withdrawing from the country, about the middle of the fifth century, the city extended upwards of two miles in length, surrounded by a wall, regularly forti- fied. The waters were equally appreciated hv the Saxons, by whom the city was called Caer Badon; but it obtained no additional distinction, until the commencement of the eighteenth century, about, which period it became the resort alike of all the afflicted, the idle, the gay, and the dissipated, whose means enabled them to reacl.\ it. The general influx of visitors excited a spirit of exertion and enterprise among the inhabitants, to aiford accommodations suitable to the rank and taste of the most affluent classes ; and, for more than half a century, popularity and improvement in all that contributed to the adornment, as well as the comfort and con- venience of the city, to those who visited it for the benefit of health, or for indulgence in gaiety and pleasure, kept pace with each other until it became justly celebrated as the most beautiful and agreeable abode in fthe British dominions. There are six public hatha, and n magnificent hospital for the reception of those who come to partake of the waters, who woulu' otherwise bo excluded the benefit h)' the in idequacy of their means. Bry violatmg his allegiance, in entering into allianeo with France against the emperor. lie was, how- ever, reinstated in his possessions in 1714, and the succeeding elector, Charles, intro- duced numerouii salutary regulations into the social institutions of the state, under which it rose in prosperity and reputation, and conti- nued to make advances in social improve ment, and to retain its induouce in the Ger- manic diet, until Napoleon Buimapart-' in- terposed his power and influence, at the com- mencement of the 19th century, when the elector was again induced to withdraw from the Germanic confederacy, under the pledge of being invested with regal authority, and guaranteed in an accession of territory at the expense of Austria; hence the Kingdom of Bavaria, which was acknow- ledged by the emperor of Austria at the peace of Presburg, in 1805; the accessions of ter- ritory obtained with the regal title lay on the side of Franconia, Suabia, and the Tyrol. The disaster experienced by Napoleon at Moscow,in the winter of 1812, 181.3, inducetl the new king to conclude a secret treaty with the confederate powers against his former patron, on condition of being guaranteed in the integrity of his newly-acquired domi- nions; and at the congress ofVii;ima,in 18!8, the boundaries of the Bavarian kingdom were finally adjusted, when the territory was di- vided into eight circles. Since which, these circles have been reorganised into provinces, whose corresponding area and population am shown in the following table, viz.:— Fomiar ClrelM. Pi li l t Pl«f IneM. Upp«rB«TarUl . I.iiwcr ft I. I«r . ■ • 8. 1.wr, Oftaabe. 3. Ulin« • • • ^ lUgw- - - S. UpptrMslH & Baut ... 7. Lnm lblii«| S. V^ Daaub* -^ SiubU and Ntuburg Uppef Matliuta ) ud lUtiiboB t'ppar FtaacMlU Middit a • . ( Ijowtr a aad ) AtcbdTuiberg j -L Arfft I Pop )b 8q. .>l.{ IU.in. I Chief TowiB. (1614 I eM,Wi Munich. iVXi ; &I.'>.II7 I'a-uu 8:M0 I 6tjbt^b' Spirat 4laa I 449,808 lUlltboa S988 I 4Ra23o! Baimith »788|w,604!{*:;p;'^ 3604 ! 679. 473 1 Wuitili iremberg 3DSa S33,S87I Augaburg 98,657 4319469 J Of these divisions, the third lies on both sides of the Rhine, at the northern extremity of the territory of the Grand Duke of Baden, and is detached from the other seven. Nos. 5, 6, and 7, formed part of the circle of Franconia, and No. 8 of Suabia; Nos. 1, 2, and 4, previously forming the grand duchy and the palatinate, the archbishopric of Saltz- burg having been ceded to Austria. This territory comprises an area of 29,657 square miles, and a pop. of 4,519,546 in 1850. {Sea Appendix.) The frontier parts of the kingdom of Bavaria are in general rugged and moun- tainous, but the inland parts are fertile in corn and pasture; all the various branches of maimfacture of flax, wool, some silk, lea- ther, and working of metals, are followed more or less as domestic occupations ovur miKmipVR mmn mm BAT 86 BAY 1 i i'i^ ♦( most pints of the. country. Bavaria possesses within itself all the means of domestic and social comfort, besides having a surplus pro- duce forexport.ition. It is exceedingly well watered ; the Danube, which rises on the bor- der of the Black Forest in Suabia, runs from W. to E, through the heart of the country, pusses Dilligo4i, Donawerth, Neuberg, Ingol- stadt, and llatisbon, to Possau, where it enters the archduchy of Austria. The Inn, Iser, Lech, and lUer, run from S. to N. into tiic Danube, and the Maine runs from £. to W., past Sehweinfurth and Wurtzburg into the Rhine. Four-fifths of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, and the remainder Pro- testants: the latter, however, notoniy enjoy the unrestrained exercise of their worsiiip, but are eligible to civil offices and military appointments. Like all the other Germanic states, military pretension and parade is the ruling passion of the government, and from 40,000 to 50,000 men arc held under military discipline; to sustain which, and other ex- penses of the state, taxes, equal to about 2,500,000/. English money, are levied annu- ally on the produce of the labour of the peo- ple. Munich is the capital of the whole kingdom, and the seat of government, which is unlimited, and vested in the king, the title to which is hercd itary. The power has, how- ever, been exercised with discretion, prudence, and mildness, although not with all the wis- dom and efficiency to bo desired. Education has of late years been widely diffused through the Bavarian states; academies, lyceuins, and universities have been multiplied; pro- ductions of foreign literature have been im- ported ; and the effects are already apparent in the improved condition of society, and the gradual advance of moral and physical reno- vation. Bavaria may now be considered as holding the first rank among the secondary class of European states. Bavay, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nord. It was taken by the Austrians in 1792, but recovered the same year. It is 6 m. N. E. of Qucsnoy, and 12 S.W.of Mons. Bawtuy, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Tiiursday. It has a trade in lead, millstones, and grindstones, and is seated on the river Idle; 9 miles S. by E. of Doncaster, and 153 N. of London. Pop. 1149. Baya. See Ba.ta. Baya, a seaport of Guinea, on the Gold Coast; COrailcsE.S.E. of Acra. Long. 1.59. E. lat. 5. 45. N. Bay of Islands, on the E. coast of the N. Island of New Zealand, and contains the missionary settlement at Paheha. Bayaguana, an inland town of the Island of St. Domingo, about 35 miles N. E. of the city of St. Domingo. Batamo, a town in the E. part of Cuba, on the river Estero, which forms a bay on the coast, 20 miles below the town ; 80 miles W. S. W. of St. Jago. Long. 77. 20. VV. lat. -JO. 45. N. Bayazia, or Baiazia, a large town of Asiatic Turkey, in the S. E. corner of Arme- nia, near the source of the Euphrates, on tiie confines of Persia. It is surrounded by a wall, and contains two mosques, and several other edifices of great architectural beauty, and about 5000 inhabitants. BAYERsnonF, a town of the Bavarian cir- cle of the Upper Maine, with a seat of justice and a large synagogue ; seated on the Red- nitz; 4 miles N. of Erlaiig. Pop. 1200. Bayeux, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Calvados, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is very noble, and contained the famous Bayeux tapestry representing the Con- quest of England by William I. ; and thero are 17 other churches. The chief trade is in leather. It is seated on the river Aure ; 4 miles from the English Channel, and 140 W. by N. of Paris. Long. 0. 42. W. lat. 49. 17. N. Pop. about 10,500. Baylen, a town of Spain, prov. of Jaen , 22 miles N. of Jaen. It is surrounded by old walls,has a palace, hospital, and various manu- factures. It derives its principal celebrity from the capitulation of the French General Dupont, and about 16,000 troops, to tho Spaniards, 1808, which was the beginning of the French disasters in the Peninsula. Pop. 4000. Bayon, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Menrthe, on the river Moselle; 12 miles S. of Nancy. Bayona, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, on a small gulf of the Atlantic, with a convenient harbour; 12 miles W. by N. of Tuy. Bayonne, a city and seaport of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, and a bishop's see (Basque Bay-o-no, "the good port"). The Nive and Adour unite their streams in the middle of the city, and pro- ceed to the sea, at the distance of a mile. I'he first, which is deeper and more rapid than the Adour, divides the town into two unequal parts, the smallest of which is called the Bourgneuf, or New Town: they have a com- munication by three timber bridges. A bank of sand, at the mouth of the Adour, renders the entrance of the harbour difficult. The citadel is the strongest in France, and the cathedral is remarkable for the height of the nave and the delicacy of the pillars which support it. The militaiy weapon, the bayonet, bears the name of this city, in which it was invented by some Basques, on July 14, 1814, who stuck their knives in the muzzle of their mus- kets. The chocolate of Bayonne is famous; and it also exports wines, woollen cloths, silks, cottons, &c. The chief trade arises out of its relation with Spain ; and it is a kind of em- porium for the merchandise of that country. The court of France was held here for some time in 1808, when the king of Spain and his son, the prince of the Asturias, were in- vited here to settle their differences before Buonaparte; the residt of which was, that 'bey were made to sign a treaty, resigning 1 BEA 87 BEA die iTown of Spain into liis liamls. nayonnc was besieged by tlio Englisii in 1814, diir- inj,' wbich the Fnncli made a sally, and n'- tucited the Knglish with Siu'cess, ))iit were at length driven back. The loss of the British in this atl'air was considerable, and their commander wounded and taken prisoner. It i3 25 miles S. W. of Dax, and 518 S. bv W. of Paris. Lonff. 1. 29. \V. hit. 43. 29. N. B.vYPotu, a town of Ilindostan, in the pro- vince of Malabar, on a river ca])able of re- ceiving vessels of 400 tons. It is 15 miles S. by E. of Calicut. Bayrkutii, a city of Bavaria, capital of a principality of the same name, with a palace, a fine castle, and a famous college. Near it, forming a kind of suburb, is the town of Georgen, wbich has a largo castle, a manu- facture of excellent brown and white porce- lain, and a bouse of correction, in which the marble of the country is polisl»ed. by means of a machine. In 1783, the archives of the principality were brought to Bayrcuth from Plassenburg; (.see CubMBACii;) and in 1791, the niargraviatc of Bayrcuth, with that of Anspach, was abdicated by the reigning Crincc, in favour of the king of Prussia; but oth were annexed and guaranteed by Buona- parte, and afterwards confirmed by the con- gress at Vienna, to the kingdom of Bavaria, (which see;) and Bayrcuth is now the capitfil of the circle of Upper Maine. It is 32 miles E. of Bamocrg. Pop. 14,000. It has a branch to the Leipzig, SiCf railway. Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on the Guadalaiitin, 21 miles E. N. E. of Guadix. Pop. including its 2 cantons, 9817. Bazas, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Gironde, and lately an episcopal see. It is seated on a rock, 5 miles from the river Garonne, and 33 S. E. of Bourdeaux. Long. 0. 2. W. lat. 44. 22. N. Pop. 4446. Beachy Hkad, the highest promontory on tl'j south coast of England, between Hastings and Seaford. Long. 0. 1 5. E. hit. 60. 44. N. Beaconsfield, a town in Buckingham- shire, with a market oh Wednesday. The poet Waller lived here, and is interred in the churchyard. Edmund Burke was also buried here. It is seated on a hill; 23 miles W. N. W. of London. Pop. 1763. BEAMiNgTKR, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday, and manufactures of canvas, iron, and copper. This place sutT- ereil greatly by fire i.i 1781. It is 15 miles W. N. W. of Dorchester, and 123 W. by S. of London. Bear Island, an island in Bantry Bay, on which are fortifications which constitute a strong defence to the head of the bay. The island is about 12 miles from the town of Bantry. Bear Lake, Great, an extensive lake in North America, on the Arctic Circle, which empties itself into the Mackenzie River. The Indians who inhabit its shores ore hoeipitable and inoirensivc. It has formed the starting- point of several Arctic lantl expeditions. Fronklin, in 1820, proceeded to the Copper- mine I?iver; and in 1837-1840, Messrs. Deaso and Simpson were here, and more lately Dr. Rao has made it the commencement of his remark'iblo exploits. Beaun, a late province of France, 40 miles long and 30 broad; botmded on the E. by Bigorro, S. by Spanish Navarre, W. by Soulo and a p.irt of Lower Navarre, and N. by Gas- cony .ind Armngnac. The plains are fertile, especially in pastures, and the hills are loaded with vines. It now forms, with Basques, the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Beat, St., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Garonne; the houses are built of marble, ibund in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Garonne; 12 miles S. S. E. of St. Bcrtrand. Pop. 1403. Beaucairr. a town of France, in the de- partment of Gard, on the Rhone, about 20 miles from the sea, where the river forms a spacious harbour, and has a communication by a suspension bridge with Tarascon on the opposite bank of the river. Mtich trade is carried on here, and an annual fair held for six days, in the month of July, was formerly the most famous in Europe, but is now of little importance. It is 14 miles E. of Nismes. on the railway to Avignon, &c Pop. 9601. Beaijiort, a maritime district, forminj; the south-east corner of the sttite of South Carolina; bounded on the south-west by the Savannah river. It is a low swu,mpy dis- trict, but very productive in rice and cotton. Pop. 35,794, of whom 29,682 are slaves, and 462 free blacks. In addition to the Savan- nah on the south, it is boundt ' on the north by the Bigslake-hatchie river, and the Coo- sawhatcliie intersects the district from north- west to south-cast, dividing into two branch- es about the centre of the district, and form- ing an island, called Port Royal island, oa which is a town named Beaufort, formerly the capital of the district, but the courts are now held at the town of Coosawhatchie; about 20 miles N. W. of Beaufort, and 193 S. of Columbia, the capital of the state. Beaufort, a town of South Africa, Graff RejTiet district, on the great Leeuwin river. Lat. 32. 36. S. long. 23. 1. E. Beaufort is also the name of a county in North Carolina, divided into two parts by the Pamtico river, at its entrance into Pam- tico sound; it is a swampy and dreary dis- trict, with a population of 12,225, of whom 4472 are slaves. Washington, 130 miles E. by S. of Raleigh, is the chief town. Beaufort, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayonne and Loire, with a cas- tle; 1 5 miles E. of Angers. Pop. 6000. Beaufort, a town of Savoy, on the river Oron, a branch of the Ysere, 12 miles N. K. of Moutier. Pop. about 3000. Beauoekct, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loire, seated on the river Loire { B E A 88 BKD ^ ■>' U9' 6 miles \V. ul Orleans. It is a very nnciciit town, unil is conKpieuuiis in tlio history of Ff iincc ; it was formerly strongly walled, and fortiticd with a citadel, &c., which have Kono to ruin; of the hitter, a large tower 115 feet hi^h, still remains. There is n bridge of H'J arches over the Loire; the town has several niainifaeturies of cloth, leather, fee, and al^o u pood trade in wine, &i\ I'op. 4849. lJi:Ai:.)i;if, a town of France, in the de- partment of lihone, with an ancient castle, seated on tiie Ardicre, at the foot af a moun- tain; 13 miles N. N. VV. of Villefrauche. I'op. 2312. Ukaujolois, a late province of France, 30 miles long and 24 hroad. It lies north of the Lyonois, and hoth of them now form the de- partment of Uhonc. Beaui.ky, a river of Scotland, in Inver- iicss-shire, formed hy the union of the rivulets Fnrrah, Cannich, and Glass, on the borders of lioss-sliire. It takes a north-east course, and, after forming the falls of Kilmoruck, and oilier cascades, flows to the town of Beauley, where it enters the head of Murray Frith. It produces a considerable supply of salmon for the London market. Bkauley, u town of Scotland, in the parish of Kilmorack, in Inverness-shire, at the mouth of the river Ueauley; 9 miles W. of Inverness. IJEAiii.iicn, a village in Hampshire, on a river of its name ; six miles S. S. W. of South- ampton . It has a manufacture of coarse sack- ing; and on the ojiposito side of the river are the remains of its famous abbey, founded by King John. Beaumakciies, a town of .France, in the department of Gers; 13 miles \V. of Mirande. Beaumaris, a borough of Wales, capital of Anglesea; a market on Wednesday and Saturday ; governed hy a mayor, a recorder, 24 burgesses, and other ofliccrs, who return one member to parliament. It stands on the Strait of Menai, was fortified with a castle by Edward I., and has a good harbour. It is 59 miles W. by N. of Chester, and 251 N. W. of London. Long. 4. 5. W. lat. 53. 15. N. Beaumont, a town of Belgium, on the frontiers of the department du Nord, France, about eight miles E. of Maubcuge. There are eight other towns in different parts of France called Beaumont, but none that merit any particular notice, unless one in the de- partment of Vaucluse, the resitlence of Mira- beau. liEAUNE, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cote d'Or, remarkahlo for its ex- cellent wine. It is 20 miles S. S. W. of Dijon. Pop. 9958. IJeauiuvaoe, a river of Lower Canada, S. of the 8t. Lawrence; it falls into the Chaudiere, about four miles aliove the entrance of that •river into tae St. Lawrence. Beauvais, a town of France, capital of the deiiartment of Oiso, and also an ejjiscopal <«oe. The cathedral is admired for its fine architecture; and the church of St. Stephen is remarkable for its curious windows. It was besieged in 1463, by tho Duko of Bur- gundy, at the head of 80,000 men, when the women, under tho conduct of Jean de Iluch- ettc, obliged the duko to raise tho siege. The inhabitants carry on a good trade in bcantifnl tapestry. It is seated on the Thcsin, 42 miles N. of Paris. I'op. about 13,000. Beauvoih, a town of France, dep. Vendee, opposite the island of Noirmutier, and about 3 miles from the sea, with which it is connected by a canal, navigable for vessels of 80 tons, which fetch corn, and salt, procured from tho neighbouring salt marshes. It was formerly fortified. Pop. 2357. Beaveu, u county at tho W. extremity of the state of Pennsylvania, bordering on Ohio, it is intersected by the Ohio Iliver, and con- tains a population of 29,368. Beaveh, or Bi: vveuton, the chief town of tho county, is situate at tho junction of tho Beaver River with the Ohio, near the centre of the county; 240 miles W. by N. of Ilarris- burg. Beaver I8Lani>s, a cluster of islands at the N. extremity of Lake Michigan. Beaver Creek, in the township of Brook- field, Madison county, state of New York. Beaver Dam, in Southampton township, Long Island, and in Roxbury township, Dela- ware county, and in Bern township, Albany county, and Beaver-kl/l, in Ilurly township, Ulster county, all in the State of New York. Beauvoir, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Vendee, on the Bay of Biscay, 32 miles N. N. W. of Sables d'Olonne. Bekan el Malook, a village of Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile, remarkable for its numberless tombs, containing mummies, ex- cavated in the banks of the river. Beblinoen, a town of tho kingdom of Wurtemberg, with a castle on a hill; lb miles N. W. of Stuttgard. Bec, a town of Franco, in tho department of Lower Seine, with a noble Benedictine abbey; 18 miles S. W. of Rouen. Becancour, a river of Lower Canada, which falls into the St. Lawrence from the south, opposite the town of Three Rivers. Beccles, a corporate town in Suffolk, with a market on S.uurday. It has a noble church, with a lofty steeple, and a grammar school, endowed with 10 scholarships for Emanuel College, Cambridge. It is seated on tho Waveney; 12 miles S. W. of Yarmouth, and 95 N. E. of London. Beoiiin, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, in which are several medicinal springs and mines of salt. It has an ancient fortified castle, and stands on tho river Lausnitz; 57 miles S. by W. of Prague. Long. 14.28. E. lat. 49. 18. N. Beckum. a town of Westphalia, in the prin- cipality of Munster, at the source of tho Verse; 20 miles S. E. of Munster. Bedat.e, a town iu North Yorkshire, with BED 83 BED liirc, with a market on Tuusdny ; the surrounding lUstrict 18 difltinguiHhud for its breed of horsus, and other cattle; 10 miles S. E. of Uichinoiid, and 222 N. N. W. of I^ondon. It has a brunch to the York and Newcastle Hallway at Nor- thallerton. Bbdarirux, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ilcraiilt, with a maniifacturo of druggets and other woollen stulFhi seated on the ()rbre» 20 m. N. cf Bozicres. Pop. 57CO. Beddington, a village in Surrey, 2 miles W. of Croydon. Here is BeilJington-jiark, one of the many said to have bocu the re- sidence of Qiieon Elizabetlu Beuer, a town of France, in the depart- ment of lllo and Vilainc; 10 mUes W. N. \V. of Ilcimes. Bkuek, a fortified town of Ilindostan, in Dowlatabad, situate on the S. bank of the Munzorah lliver; once the capital of a, consi- derable kingdom, and still celebrated for the number and miigiiifietnce of its pagodas. It is 80 miles N. \V. of Ilydrubud. Long. 78. 2. E. lat. 17.48. N. Bedfoki), an inland county of England. At the time Britain was invaded b) the lioniiiiis, Cassibtliiunus, the chief of the in- habitants of this part of the country, was appointed to the command of all the forces of Britain, against Cicsar; and, under the heptarchy of the Saxons, it formed part of the kingdom of Mercia, and the county town is supposed to have been the burial place of King Offa. It was afterwards the scene of many contests between the Britons, Saxons, and Danes, and at later periods became in- volved in the collisions between King John and the barons; and, in 1642, it took the side of the people against the kingly authority of Charles I. The river Ouse intersects it by a very winding course from W. to E.; and the Ivel, with several tributary streams, waters the S. part. The face of the country is varied with small hills and valleys; and on the S. is a range of chalky hills, which, rising to a con- siderable elevation, and projecting irregularly over the valleys, give the landscape a bold and remarkable appearance. From the S. E. corner to the middle of the county runs a line of good meadow-land; and the N. and E. portions have a deep soil, which is well cultivated, and produces large crops of corn. The mineral productions are limestone, coarse marble, and imperfect coal ; and fuller's earth is obtained in considerable quantities. Mi- neral springs are found in different parts of the county, but they have not acquired much celebrity. The manufactures are chiefly con- fined to the making of lace, and preparing straw-plait for bonnets, baskets, toys, &c. The remainsof both Saxon and Gothic architecture are to be seen in several of the churches, as also a few specimens of stained glass in their windows, lioman antiquities have also been frequently discovered in the county; and it is intersected by three Roman roads. It sends two members to parliament. Bkuforo, the chief town of the precedini; county, is situate about the centre of the county, on a spacious plain, N. of the ChiU tern hills, which run across the S. part. Tho river Ousc, over which there is a beautiful stone bridge of five arches, divides tho town into two parts. It has live churches, a county hospital and lunatic asylum, a well endowed public school, and about 50 alms-houses, liberally endowed by Sir William Ilarpur, knight, a former inhabitant of the town. It Is a borough town, governed by a mayor, re- corder, alderman, two chamberlains, and IS; coinrnon council, and returns two membera to parliament. It has a branch to tho London and North Western Railway. It is the seat of assize, and of election for the county ; holds markets on Tuesdays and Saturdays; 45 miles N. by W. of London. Bedford Level, a tract of fenny land, about 400,000 acres, in the counties of Nor- folk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, North- ampton, and Lincoln. After various attempts to drain these fens, in tho reigns of Henry VI. and Charles I., William, curl of Bedford, in 1649, undertook and completed it; and, in tho reign of Charles II., a corporation was established for the government of this great level. In these fens are several decoys, in which innumerable quantities of wild fowl are taken during the season. Bedford, an interior county in the S. of Virginia, bounded on the W. by the Bluo ridge of the Allegany Mountains, on tho N. by James lliver, and on the S. by Stauiiton, a branch of the Roanoke. Fop. 20,203. Liberty, the chief town, in the centre of th« county, is 162 miles W. by S. of Richmond. Bedford is also the name of a county in the state of Tennessee. Pop. 20,.546. Shell- byville, 33 miles S. of Murfreesborough, ia the chief town. Beofokd, another county in the S. part of Pennsylvania, bordering on Maryland, lying between the Tuscarora and the main ridge of tho Allegany Mountains. Pop. 29,335. The chief town, of the same name, in tho centre of the county, is 105 miles W. of Ilarrisburg. Bedford, a town on the frontier of Connec- ticut, in Westchester county, E. of Hudson River, in the state of New ifork ; 125 miles S. by E. of Albany, and about 35 N. by E. of New York. Pop. 2822. Bedford is also the name of a village in the township of Brooklyn, in Long Island, opposite New York Harbour ; and of a sea- port town in Bristol county, state cf Massa- chuscts ; it owns considerable shipping em- ployed in the South Sea whale fisheries. It is about 60 miles due S. of Boston. Bednore, a district of Hindostan, forming the N. W. corner of the Mysore, intersected by the Ghaut Mountains. The chief town of the district, and which was formerly the capital of Canara, is situate E. of the raoun'* tains, and u supposed onco to have been a BEG 90 liEl 1 1 >J magniflccnt and important place ; but, having boon repeatedly Hul>jcctcd tu tho osHUults of tho Mahrattas, tho Urititth, and Tippuu Uuih, it is nuieh reduecd, hut sliuws HyniptoniH ui' improvement. It is seated un a branch of tho Tooinbudra Uiver ; 185 miles N. W. ot bcringapatam. Ueliouins, trihcsof wandering Arabs, who livo in tents, and aro dispersed all over Arabia, Egypt, and tho N. of Afiico, governed by their own chiefs, in the sumo manner as the ])atriareh3 lived and governed anciently ; the principal employment of both, tho graz- ing of cattle. They profess the Mohammedan faith. Uedwin, Great, a village in Wiltshire, five miles S. W. of Ilungerford, and 64 W. of London. Sumo Saxon and Roman remains Lavo been found in tho neighbourhood. Beuwortii, a town in the county of War- wick, England, seated on the great coal strata, which is here extensively worked. A number of persons aro also employed in the ribbon manufacture ; 5 miles N. of Coventry. 13KEMAII, a river of Hindostan, which rises in the mountains to tho N. of Poonah, and flows 8. E. upwards of 300 miles, till it joins the Kistna, near Edgiiir. Beekalston, a town in Cornwall, Eng- land; 3 miles N. of Saltash, and 212 from London. It is in a mining district, but the works have been discontinued. BEEitiNo's Bay, a bay formerly called Admiralty Bay, in N. lat. 59. 18. on the W. coast of North America. Beeuino's Island, an island in tho Pacific Ocean, about 90 miles long and 30 wide, 30 leagues E. of tho coast of Kamstebatka. Long. 166. 30. E. lat. 55. 30. N. Beerino's or Beiiuing's Strait, between tho W. coast of North America and tho E. coast of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide in tho narrowest part, between the Capes Prince of Wales and Tchukotskoi, in lat. 65. 45. N, 16«, 17. W. long. Beekoo, a country of Negroland, between Zalmra on tho N. and Bambara on tho S. Walet is the capital. Bees, St., a village in Cum'berland, near the sea; 5 miles S. of Whitehaven. Here is a noted free-school; also tho remains of a priory, the nave of its church being now used as tho parish church. Two miles to the N. W. is a lofty promontory, called St. Bees* Head, on which is a lighthouse. Beesko, a town in Brandenburg, in Middle- mark, with a cloth manufacture; seated on tho Spree; 40 miles S. E. of Berlin. Pop. 3000. Be fort, or Belfort, a fortified town of France, in the department of Upper lihine, with manufactures of excellent iron. It stands at the foot of a mountain; 34 miles S. W. of Colmar. Pop. about 5600. Beoemder, a province of Abyssinia, 200 miles long, and 50 broad. It is the central and most important province oi Abyssinia^ and from which arc derived tho principal sap- plies in time of war. Beoiiekmr, an interior country, in the centre of North Africa, 8. of Bornou. Tho capital, of the same name, is situate in tho lat. of 17. N. and 22. 50. E. long. A salt lake, in tho centre of the territory, supplies a great extent of country with that indis- pcnsablo article. Beiiaran, a walled town of Persia, pro- vince of Ears; 160 miles S. by W. of Ispuuau. Pop. 11,000. BBUAnuR, a town of Hindostan, in Lahore; 75 miles W. by N. of Lahore, on the road to Cashmere. Beiiiunos. See Beerings. Beilan, a town of Syria, near the sea; 9 miles S. E. of Iskenderoon. It is built on both sides of a mountain gorge; tho houses are of stono, with flat roofs, and are so ar- ranged that tho lower rows sttrvo as terraces or streets for the upper. It was a favourite summer retreat fur the inhabitants of Aleppo and Iskenderoon; but since their decUuo, Bcilan has declined also. Pup. 5000. Beilstein, tho namo of several to\ms in diflfercnt parts of Germany: 1st, in the Duchy of Wurtcmberg, at which is a mineral bath, about 20 miles N. by E. of Stuttgard; 2nd, in tho Prussian states of the Gruud Duchy of tho Lower Rhine, on the E. bank of tho Moselle, about 5 miles N. of Zell nnd 22 S. W. of Cobleiitz; 3rd, a little to tho W. of Leon, on the Maine. Beinueim, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine, scjited on the Sur, near its confluence with the Rhino; 22 miles N. N. E. of Strasburg. Beira, a proYinco of Portugal, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, extending from the mouth of tho Mondogo River, S. in lat. 40. to tho Douro, which forigs its northern loundary, in lat. 41. 11. N. It is bounded ou the E. by the Spanish province of Sala- manca, and S. by the Portuguese province of Estremadura, and contains an area of 823 square leagues, and a population of 922,500. The province is interspersed with mountains, from which rise several streams, some falling into the Tagus, and others into the Douro, in addition to the Mondego, which intersects nearly the whole province from E. to W., and is, on the whole, a fine and fruitful dis- trict. The capital is Coimbra, and the othef chief towns are Lamego, Viseu, Finhel, Almeida, Guarda, and Castel Branco. Beirout. See Bairout. Bbit-el-Faki, a town of Arabia, in Ye- men, famous as being a great mart for coffee. It is 24 miles E. S. E. of Hodeida, and about 90 N. by E. of Mocha. Beith, a parish and town of Scotland; the parish is partly in Ayr and partly in Ren- frewshire. TJlie town is in Ayrshire, near the Glasgow and South Western Railway, and contains mostof the population, who are em- ployed in the cotton manufacture. seve lie I ed; the: whii UEL 91 BEL in Ye. coffee. d about Dbja, a town of rortufjiil, in Alentejo, Hupposed to liuvo been the I'nx Juliii of tlio UomanM; scatuil on an ciniiicnro in an cx- teiiBivo pbiin, near a lake of its name; 72 miles S. E. of Lisljon. Long, 7. 40. W. lut. 37. 58. N. Top. about 6000. liiiJAi'ocR. See VisiAi'orn. Ubkesd, a town in a eounty of the same name, in Upper Hungary, situate in a fork of the Korasch river a few miles E. of Tur. Pop. 20,000. Uela, a largo town of Upper Hungary, iiituato among the Carpathian Mountains, on the frontiers of Poland. Bel-Alca8ar, or Ualcazar, a town of Conlovia, Spain, situate on the E. bank of the Goga river, 48 miles N. N. W. of Cor- duvia. BELAnnB, or Balabrk, a town of Franco, in till department of Indre; 25 miles S. W. of CaateHuroux. Belasfook, a town of Hindostan, on the river Sutlej. It is a well built town, and prineipally of stone. Pop. 3")00. Bei.bkis, a considerable town of Egypt; 29 miles N. E. of Cairo, and 45 N. W. of Suez. Bei.OaStro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultcriore, seated on a monntain, 8 miles from the Gulf of Squillaco, and 12 S. W. of St. Scverino. Belchitb, a town of Spain, in Arrngon, on the rircr Almonazir ; 20 miles S. of Sara- gossa. Belcz, or Belz, a town of Gallicia; about 25 miles N. by E. of Lcmberg. Belem, a village of Portugal, in Estrema- dura, on the N. side of the Tajo, 4 miles below Lisbon. Here is a royal monastery, where the kings and qneens of Portugal are interred; a strong fort, which defends the entrance to .he city; and to the N. a noble modern aqueduct. Belestat, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aude; 27 miles S. W. of Car- cnssonc. Belfast, a seaport town and borough in the connty of Antrim, Ireland, situate at the head of Carrickfergus bay, which forms a safe and commodious harbour. Vessels drawing more than 8 or 9 feet of water, load and unload by lighters about 7 miles below the town. Belfast is a regular, well-built town; the principal street runs in a straight line from the head of the bay, and is very handsome. It is the entrepot for a great portion of the linens manufactured in the N. of Ireland, for the storing of which there is a spacious edifice called the Linen Hail, on the plan of the cloth halls in Leeds. It has a theatre and an exchange, over which is an assembly-room, two handsome churches, and several meeting-honses; and, in 1808, a pub- lic school on an extensive scale was found- ed ; there are also very extensive barracks on the N. side of the town ; the river Lagan, over which there is a bridge of twenty-one arches, falls into the bny on the S. E. side, and nom- niunioatcs with Lough Ncngh by a canal. The markets are cxeecJingly well supplied with all kinds of [irovisions; and largo quan- tities of linens, in small parcels, are brought in for sale by the country people, for whoso accommodation there is a separate market. In addition to largo quantities of linens, butter, salt provisions, and grain, shipped to Groat Britain, partly in exchange for manufactures, Belfast carries on a direct trade to the West Indies, Spain, America, and the Baltic; builds and owns a consider- able extent of shipping, and has several manufactures of leather, chemicals, glass, cotton, &c. The Belfast canal connects the town with Lough Neagh, and passes se- veral mnrble quarries. It is 102 miles N. of Dublin. It returns two members to parlia- ment, and has railways to Armagh, &c. Belfast, a town beautifully located on the shore of a fine bay, on the S. side of the Pe- nobscot river, in the state of Maine, North America; it owns some shipping, and car- ries on a trade in timber. Pop. 4186; about 220 m. N. E. of Boston. Belford, a town of Northumberland, on the line of the Newcastle and Berwick Rail- way; 49 miles N. by W. of Newcastle, and 15 S. by E. of Berwick. It has a market on Thursdays. BELOARn, a town of Prussian Pomeranio, imrr ediately contiguous to Corbin, and about I r, TT/iles S. by E. of Colberg. Pop. 3000. Beloattm, a town of Hindostan, province of Bejapoor. Pop. 7600. It is strongly for- tified, and has an abundant supply of water. It baa been adopted as a cantonment for troops; 105 miles from Bejapoor. Belgern, a town of Saxony proper, with a good trade in com; seated on the Elbe; 8 miles S. E. of Torgau. Pop. 2800. BELonm, a kingdom of Europe, bounded on the N. by Holland, W. by the N. Sea, S. by France, E. by Rbcnish Prussia, containing an area of 14,459 square m., and pop. 4,242,600. The northern and eastern provinces of Bel- gium, in their flatness, their fertility, and the number of canals and dykes, can be geographi- cally regarded only as a continuation of Hol- land, forming a portion of that immense delta formed of the mud deposited by the Rhino and other rivers. The greater portion of the land in this quarter has been perseveringly rescued from the water, and were it not for human agency and care, without doubt the sea would regain its ancient dominion. This portion of Belgium teems with population, so that in traversing it, it has the apjiearanco of one vast continuous village. The southern provinces, on the contrary, have an opposite character; they consist, in a great degree, of a rugged district of mountains, covered with dense forests, and abounding in really pic- turesque scenery, the effect of which is in- creased by the frequent occurrence of old feudal castles. It is but a thinly peopled dis- BEL BEL !"' r trict, and its inhabitants, called Walloons, are a rough and hardy race. The northern provinces are further distinguished from tho southern by their language. A line drawn nearly due east from the R. Lys at Mcnin, passing a little to tho S. of Brussels and Lou- vain to tho Mouse, between Maestricht and Liege, marks the boundary oftheFlcmishand tho VVallcon languages. Tho people on the north speak Flemish, those on the south Walloon, which is a dialect allied to the old French of Mie 13th century. The kingdom consists of nine provinces; Antwerp, in the N. ; E. and W. Flanders and Hainault, in the W.; Brabant, in the centre; Lintburg and Liege, in tho E ; Namur, in the S. ; and Luxemburg in the S. £. Their population is as follows: — TUOVINCES. i«j« „e No. of No. of 1 ■^.. '^'°^-"''la''ge;. Pop. In 1837. Chief Citios. Antwerp . . Brabant. . . W. Flanders . E. Glanders . Hainault . . I.i6ge . . . Llmhurg . . Luxemburg . Nomur . . . 4 8 15 11 21 7 8 17 6 155 388 225 279 398 320 309 940 342 360,180 592,250 'i27,128 •(58,906 631,823 390,715 33:, 305 323,219 227,074 Antwerp Brussels Bruges Ghent Mons LI6ge Maestricht Luxemburg Mamur Totals . . S6 3356 4,242,600 Of the foregoing towns, twenty-one are for- tified, and the country, for the civil admini- stration, is divided into forty-four arrondisso- ments, and these into communes. For judi- cial proceedings, it is divided into twenty- nine arrondissements, and two hundred and thirty-seven cantons. The military divisions are nine commander'os, equivalent to the nine provinces. These formerly constituted the duchy of Brabant, tho marquisate of Ant- werp, the principality of Liege, the seig- neurio of Mechlin, the cointes of F'andcrs, Hainault, Louvain, and Namur. and tho duchies of Limbu/g and Luxemburg. Belgium is one of the most efficiently wa- tered countries in Europe, All its sti'cams flow into the North Sea, and the SclitMt and tho Meusc Iiavo tho pre-eminence. The whole length of the navigable rivers in the kingdom, is calculated at 962,746 me'trcs. About one-fifth of tho entire surface is i.o- vered with forests and woods, chiefly in Na- mur, Luxemburg, and Hainault. The forests belong to tho state, and immense supplies of charcoal are drawn from thc" for tho iron- works in Luxemburg. The w jrking of mines constitutes the most important part of the national industry of Belgium. The coal mines are around three great centres, Mons, Charleroi, and Liege, and of these, the coal fields of Hainault alone, produce annually more than the whole of the mines of Franco. In 1836, there were 250 coal mines in Bel- gium, producing annually 3,200,000 tons. Mines of iron arc numerous, especially be- tween the Sambre and the Mouse r'^ers, and many are worked in the provinccc of Luxem- burg, Liege, and Limburg. C' upor is found and worked in Hainault and L^ege, and lead in Li'xcmburg, Liege, and Namur. There are other mineral productions. Tho mineral springs are also celebrated ; those of Spa and Liege are the best known. In agricultural io dustry, the Flemings have long been far ad- vanced, and in that densely populated portion of the kingdom, the tillage is conducted with the greatest care. Of otherobjects of industry, wool holds a prominent position; linens and flax are also largely made and grown; cotton and silk are among its important articles, while the lace of Mechlin and Brussels aro known all over tho world. This manufac- ture, though not so important as formerly, has nothing to fear from foreign competition. In science, Belgium ha^ made great advances, and her astronomical, gct>grai)hical, and printing establishments, licld a very re- spectable position in the scientific worhl. The kingdom is intersected in every direc- tion by a connected system of railroads, all made at the government expense, and which must greatly advance tho national prosperity. They all centre at Mechlin, and pass by, not through, every principal town. Belgium af- fords, in her edifices and cities, perhaps tho most interesting field in Europe for tho tourist, and the numerous magnificent eccle- siastical and otliur edifices, attest the wealth and power of the former inhabitants of the couitry. In the ages immediately preceding, and subsequent to the Christian era, much of the great plain of Flanders and Antwerp was partially overflowed by the ocean, and its inhabitants lived in a very rude and preca- rious mauner The Walloon country was then covered by the immense forests of the Ardennes, reaching from the Ilhine to tho Scheldt, end aflbrding shelter to numerous tribes of the German race. They formed the third division of Gaul, called by the Romans Belgia, Belgiu.-n, or Gallia Belgica. The people wore the least civilised, and most courageous of all tho Gallic nations. The highland tribes became amalgamated with their Homn-.i conquerors, but lowland people remained faithful to their ancient manners and language, and secured their independ- ence by maritime commerce. Between the 3rd and 5th centuries, tho character of tho Belgic population was greatly changed by the successive invasions of the Salian Franks, whose progress westwi-rd terminated in tho establishment of the Frankish or French em- pire in Gaul, and the destruction or slavery of nearly all the inhabitants of the Ardennes. Christianity was then introduced, and the lowlanders had continued to prosper in agri- culture and commerce. The country, too, had been embanked from tho sea, and in the time of Charlemagne, a.d. 800, was much improved. The clergy enjojed immense pos- ■? 4 BEL 93 DEL A and of the was iid its jreca- wus of the the lerous edthe Tlie most Tlie with coplo inners ;pend- m the of tho led by [ranks, in tho h cra- |lavcry ennes. d the agri- , too, in the much « pos- sessions, and tlio r'lrnaiiH of their structures are still among the present interesting mo- nmr.cnts of the past Tlic Flemings formed guilds, or fraternities, and Flanders was soon covered with corporate towns. At the end f r the 9th century, tho Normans, the rapa- tiiHH inhabitants of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, began their piratical incursions, wliiob they continued for 150 years. At the period of the English Nornnin con- ijiiest, Flemish muritime commerce was con- siderable, and the Flemings, a martial race, formed an important part of the Norman army. The countiy had long been divided into provinces belonging to diifercn!, families, and governed by dift'erent laws; hence the dukedom^, comte's, principalities, previously enumerated. The tierce quarrels between these feudal lorda and tho prince-bishops, reduced all the Jtatcs, except Flanders, to a cheerlefis waste, when the fanatical frenzy of the crusades incited the nobles of Flanders to make every species of sacrifice in furtherance of their favourite purpco. Their wealthy vassals, the burgliers of Bruges, Ghent, and other great towns, were thus enabled by their riches to purchase their independence. They forthwith formed themselves into corpora- tions, obtained a jurisdiction of their own, and then built a huge belfry, or a vast town- hall, as a trophy or temple of their liberties. But they abused their privileges by their petty jealousies and quarrels among one another. But th",y suffered for their faults, as the people, consi;ioirs of their power, ex- torted from ^aeir rulers so many concessions, that fbey were only nominally independv nt, but subservient to the monarch of France and his nobles. The courts of the country of Flanders were almost the only seat of liberty, civilisation, and refinement at the time when Europe was sunk in ignorance and despo- tism. They eventually came under the domi- nion of the Dlike of Burgundy, in the middle of the 1.5th century; and under this dynasty they enjoyed remarkable prosperify. The famous order of the Golden Fleece was Insti- tuted in 1430, and soon af>: • Yprcs and Ghent became tho greatest weaving marts, anil Prugv;3 find Antwerp were the great commercial marts of the world, each contain- ing above 200,000 inhabitants. Wealth, Bplendonr, and luxury, were carried to an enormous length, and this produced de- pravity and crime. Tlie arts were culti- vated with the greatest success, and many of the most beautiful buildings were also erected. In 1477, Belgium passed under the dynasty of tho House of Austria, .and in 1519, to that of Spain, under Charles V., king of Spain, and emperor of Germany, under v»hicli the wool trade flourished exceedingly. Bigotry and intolerance soon after led to the perse- cution of the followers of Luther, and the other Protestant reformers; and the dreadful Duke of Alva filled the country with dia- bolical cruelties. Ho boasted that in six years he had nuissacred 18,000 men and women for their opinions. This drove tho manufacturing industry from Belgium, and thus was the wool trade founded in England. Belgium remained under Spanish dominion until the battldof Ramillies, in 1706, and then became again sul)ject to Austria, and after various cluvngcs, it was incorporated by Buonaparte with France, in 1795. Hence the French is the language used by the better clas- ses at present. In the centre of Belgium was fought tho battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815, and the territory was thus joined .r. the king- dom of the Netherlands by the Congress of Vienna. The Netherlandish kingdom, built up of tho fragments of other states, was kept together rather by the pressure of sur- rounding Europe, than by any internal prin- ciple of cohesion. The Belgians differ cssen- tiilly from the Dutch; they arc French in inclination, and Roman Catholic in religion, and these forms are quite sufficient to make them a distinct nation, and led to the revo- lution of 1830, by which Belgium separated from Holland, and became an independent utate; but it was not established till 1831. In 1849, its population was 4,359,090. See Appendix. From the government of Belgium having undergone so many changes, tho country has been the scene of war for centu- ries, and has been termed the cock-j)it of Europe. The natural conseiiuence of so many revolutions, has been a certain debase- ment of national character, evinced in the lower orders by ignorance, and a coarseness of manners which is particularly aj)parent. The history of Belgium is identical with that of the Netherlands, till 1830, when tho Belgians revolte a Scotch buccaneer named Wallace; the name is a corruption of this. Bellac, a town of France, in the depnrt- -ont of Upper Vienne, seated on the Vincon ; 20 miles N. of Limoges. It htis a good trade in cattle and timber, chestnuts, &c. Pop. about 3000. Bellair' a town of Maryland, capital of Hartford county ; 22 miles N. E. of J3altimore, and 86 W. S. W. of Philadelphia. Bellefonte, a town of the United States, in Pennsylvania. It is seated on Spring Creek a branch of the Bald Eagle R. and in the centre of an extensive inon trade, 85 miles N. W. of Harrisburg, and 117 from "Washington. Pop. 1840, 1032. Belleoarue, a fortress of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, and an im- portant place, on account of its being a j lv.^- sage to the Pyrenees. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next year. It is eighteen miles S. of Perpignan. Bellegarde, n tn. cf France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, on the rivor Saone ; 15 miles N. E. of Chalons. Belle-Ile-en-mer, an island of France, 15 miles from the coast of Bretagne. It is 10 miles long and three broad, diversified with craggj mountains, salt-works, and fer- tile plains. The principal place is Palais, a fortified town, with a citadel. It was taken by the English in 1761, and restored in 1763. It now forms part of the department of Mor- bihan, and contains a population of about 5800. Long. 3. 5. W. hit. 47. 17. N. Belleisi.e, an island at the N. E. end of a channel, between Labrador and Newfound- land, called the Strait of Belleisle. The island is 20 miles in circuit, and has a small harbour on the N. W. side. Long. 55. 25. W. lat. 51. 58. N. Bellesme, a town of France, in the de- partment of Orne, with an aucieat castle; 24 miles E. S. E. of Alcncon. It has fabrics of linen and cotton, and has a good trade in timber and cattle. Belleville, a town of the United States, in New Jersey, beautifully situated on the W. side of the Passaic R. and extending 3 m. along it. It has fine mill streams, and various manufactories. 3j m. N. E. of Newark, and 69 N. E. of Trenton. Pop. in 1840, 2466. Belle V, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ain, and a bishop's see; seated near the Rhone; 40 miles S. E. of Bourg. Long. 5. 44. E. lat. 45. 47. N. Pop. about 4000. Bellin, a town of Brandenburg, in the N»iw Mark, E. of the Odor Canal, about 18 miles N. N. W. of Kustin. Bellingiiam, a tn. in Northumberland, with a market on Saturday; seated on the N. branch of the Tyne; 15 miles N. N. W. of Hexham, and 3'jO of London. It was the estate of the Earl of Derwentwatcr, but was given to Greenwich hospital on his attainder, in 1715. Bellinzona, a town of Switzerland, capi- tal of the canton of Tessin. It is seated on the Tessino, 5 miles above its entrance into the lake Maggiore, and 22 W. S. W. of Chiavenna. Long. 8. 55. E. lat. 46. 8. N. Bell Rock, or Inch Cape, a ledge of partly sunken rocks, off the E. coast of Scotland, between the Friths of Forth and Tay, formerly very dangerous in foggy weather, and by night, but obviated since 1811, by the erection of a magnificent light- house upon the most prominent point, in lat. 56. 26. N. and long. 2. 23. W. Bellows Falls, a pleasant town of the United States, in Vermont, in a romantic situation, and near the ,urious fulls of the Connecticut River. 98 m. S. by E. of Montpelier. Bellunese, a district of Italy, lying between Friuli, Cadorino, Feltrino imi' Ty- rol. It has large woods and iron mines; and is krtilc in corn, wine, and fruii. BelluQO is the only place of note. i the or ,N, •t for t!ie 134 land Be the Ii mout: W. ol Be with Lerid, Be the ; una u t'oiirs( Soun( strait tavus, a desij Bei Beit, BLL 95 BEN capi- tcd on e into W. of N. dgc of last of til and foggy Bince ligbt- iu lat. of the mantic of the E. of , lying n.' Ty- mnies; elluQO Belluno, a town of Italy, capital of the llcliunese, and a bishop's sec, seated among the Alps, on the river I'iave; 15 miles N. E. of Feltri. Long. 12. 9. E. lat. 43. 13. K. Pop. about 9500. Belmont, a county on the E. side of the Btivtc of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio Kiver, which separates it from Virginia. Tlie popula- tion in 1810 was 11,097, and in 1840, 30,901. St. Clairsvillc, the chief town, is 123 miles E. of Columbus. Belmont, the name of two inconsiderable towns in France, one in the department of Loire, and tlie other in Aveiron. Beloveii, a town in the N. E. part of Croatia, near the 'rontiers of Sclavonia. Beloociiistan, a country of Asia, lying between Persia and the Indus, the bouadaries of whicli are very imperfectly defined. The inhabitants, consisting wholly of pastoral tribes, extend their territory wherever pasture and fertility invite, and the power of their arms prove sufficient to defend them against interruption; in fact, instead of Bcloochistaji being designated a country, it would be more proper to consider it as the eastern part of I'crsia, inhabited by numerous predatory and lawless tribes, possessing peculiar Ma- hometan tenets; the two chief tribes are the Belooches and the Brahooes; a race called Dewahrs are scattered over the country; these last speak pure Persian. Agriculture is but little followed, not one hundredth part of the laud being cultivated. Population, perhaps a million. Kelat is the capital. Belluza, a town of Hindostan, in Mysor ;, with a citadel, both of them strongly forti- fied with a mud wall and a ditch. In the vicinity is much fine rice ground, and a great number of sheep are bred. It is 38 miles N. of S.'vingapatam. iLihL'En, a town in Derbyshire, with a n . -.01 oil Saturday. Here are several large ;':;;to-.i-i.^dls, a bleaching-mill, and an iron- forj> ••>,_, J. . T about a dozen large establishments for >. ^ manufacture of nails. It is seated on tho, l)erw>.nt, clgiit miles N. of Dcrbv, and 13i N. N. W. of London, on the North Mid- land Railway. Belfke, a town of the state of Ohio, on the N. \V. bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Little Kanhaway; l4 miles S. W. of Marietta, i;nd 46 N. E. of Galliopolis. Belpuig, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, With a famous couvvint; 18 miles E. N, E. of Lerida. Belt, Gkeat, a strait of Denmark, between the islands of Zealand and Funen, which ll-rm ' a communication between the Cattcgat imd ilie iialtic. Owing to its more circuitous course, it is not so much frequented ns the Sound. (See Baltic.) In 1658, the whole strait was frozen so hard, that Charles ('us- tavus, Mng of Sweden, marched over it with a desiga to take Copenhagen. Belt, Little, a strait, W of the Great Belt, between Funen and North Jutland. It is one of the passages from the Cattcgat to the Baltic, though not three miles in breadth, and very crooked. Belturbet, a tn. in the N. part of the couniy of Oavan, Ireland; it is in the parish of Annagh. Previous to the union, it returned a member to the Irish parliament. Nine miles N. N. W. of Cavan, and 61 of Dublin. Pop. 2026. Belvedere, a town of Najjlcs, prov. Cala- bria Citra; 26 m. N. N. W. of Cosenza. It has a fort, several churches, and a convent; its wine and raisins arc in great rc{)utc. Pop. 5600. Belvedere is the name of several small towns in different parts of Italy. Belvez, a town of France, in tlie depart- ment of Dordogne; 27 miles S. S. K of Pcrigueux. Pop. about 3000. Bblum, a town of Hanover, near the mouth ofthcOste; 24 miles N. W. of Stade. Consi- derable quantities of flax are grown in ita vicinity. Belcr, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a province of the same name, which is a hilly country, bounded on the N. and E. by the Belur Tagler, or Dark Mountains?, anciently the Imaus. The capital is 200 miles E. of Budakshan. Lorig. 74. 10. E. lat. 36. 35. N. Belzig, a town of Saxony Proper, with a castle, seateil on the Walsc; 25 miles N. N. W. of Wittenburg. Bemua, a province of Congo, Aflica. The inhabitants are idolatrous, and clothe in the unprepared skins of animals. Ben, a name prefixed to most of tlie moun- tains in Scotland ; the following are among the most considerable, with the counties in which situate, and their altit"ie above the level of the sea: — Ben Ardlanich Bcauchonzie Bcin^lo Abourd Avon Choachan Cloch Ivas Nevis Lomond Bena, or Bene, Perth Aberdeen Feet. 3500 2022 3725 2920 3000 2420 4000 4370 3240 Ross Clackmannan Perth Inverness Stirling a fortified town of the Sardinian States, in the N. W. part of ttio province of Mondovi ; 28 mi'.es S. by E. of Turin. Pop. about 5000. Benares, an exceedingly fertile district of Hindostan, in the N. E. part of the jirovinco of Allahabad, bL'tw;,'eu those of Baliar and Oude. It contains the circars of Benares, Jionpour, Chuiiar, and Gazypour ; and was ceded to the English in 1775. It is very pro- ductive in rice, sugar, silk, cotton, and indigo. Benares, the chief town of the district, is one of the finest and most populous towns of all Hindostan. It is beautifully located on the N bank of the Ganges, and celebrated aa BEN 96 UEN i m II the ancient scat of Brahminical learning. It has a Hindoo Sanscrit college, and also an English college. Several Hindoo temples embellish the liigh banks of the river; and many other public and private buildings arc magnificent. The streets are narrow, the houses high, and some of them five stories each, inhabited by difi'crent families, but the more wealthy Gentoos live in detached houses, with an open court, surrounded by a wall. Nearly in the centre of the city is a considerable Mahometan mosque, built by the emperor Aurungzebe, who destroyed a magnificent Hindoo temple t'> make room for it. There is also a very superb temple, built by the rajah Cheytsing, who was driven from Benares for exciting an insurrection against the British in 1781, and who was finally deposed in 1783. ' nre are ruins of several Hindoo temples ii' t ' lityj de- stroyed by the intolerance c metans. In addition to the consequence ■ .ed from the vast congregation of persons, occasioned by the priestcraft of Benares, it is the centre of a very extensive trafiic for all the produc- tions and manufactures of the east, and is distinguished for its trade in diamonds, and works in gold and jewellery. It is the seat of a British jurisdiction, and is about 130 miles W. by S. of Patna, and 400 W. by N. of Calcutta. Pop. 630,000. BENASQirt;, a town of Spain, in Aragon, the chief town of a valley in the Pyrenees, in which are some iron, silver, and copper mines, all much neglected. It was the an- cient Vercelia, and has about 1000 inhabi- tants. Benatek, a town in the circle of Bunzlau, Boiiemia, situate on the west bank of the Iscr River; about 30miles N.E.of Prague. Tycho Bnilie died here in 1601. Benavari, a town of Spain, in Aragon ; 1 7 miles N. of Lerida. Benavente, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the river Esla; with a ruined and over-praised castle; 35 miles S. S. W. of Leon. Benaveute, a town of Portugal in Alcn- tejo, on the river Soro, near its confluence with the Tujo; 30 miles E. N. E. of Lisbon. Benuecula, an islaiul of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, between North and South Uist, from the last of which it is separated by a narrow channel, nearly dry at low water. It is of a circular form, including the inlets of the sea, 9 miles in diameter. The soil is sandy and unproductive, but much kelp is made from the sea- weed thrown on the coast. Bencoolen, a settlement formerly belong- ing to the English East India Conijiany, but ceded to the Dutch in 1815, on tlie south- west side of the island of Sumatra. The settlement was first formed in 1690, after the valiant Dutch drove all the English from Batavia. The unhealthiness of the spot first chosen destroyed, in 1692, nearly the whole of the European population : a new site was chosen, and the fort called Fort Marlborough has proved more congenial to the physical constitutions of Europeans. The town is in- habited by natives from all parts of Asia. The chief occupation of the people of the country is the culture of the pepper plant, the extent of the produce of which is very great, and constitutes its exclusive means of external commerce. Fort Marlborough is in lat. 3. 48. S. and 102. 28. E. long. Bencoonat, a town at the south-west ex- tremity of the island of Sumatra; about 120 miles S. E. of Bencoolen. Bencowse, a toAvn of Algier, in the pro- vince of Constantine, 25 miles S. S. E. of Seteef. Bendala, a town of Bornou, North.Africa; about 200 miles E. of the capital. Bender, or Tbken, a fortified town of Eu- ropean Turkey, capital of Bessarabia. Here Charles XII. of Sweden resided, after his de- feat at Pultowa, in 1709. Previous to 1770, when the Russians took Bender by storm, and totally destroyed the town, and afterwards abandoned it, it contained about 20,000 in- habitants. In 1789, it was taken again by the Russians, almost without a struggle, but restored to the Turks in the following year; again taken by the Russians, to whom, with the whole of Bessarabia, and all that part of Moldavia east of the Pruth, it was confirmed by treaty in 1812. It is seated on the west bank of the Dniester, abon* 100 miles E. by S. of Jassy, and 410 N. of Constantinople. Present pop. 1700. Bender Major, Beoh, and Risqeb, three towns on the uorth-east shore of the Persian gulf. Bendorf, a town on the east bank of the Rhine; about 5 miles N. of Coblentz. Beneadi, a large town of Upper Egypt, on the west side of the Nile, in lat. about 27. 30. N. Bene. See Bena. Benedetto, St., a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, near the river Po; 15 m. S. S. E. of Mantua; distinguished, before the re- volution, for one of the richest and finest convents in all Italy. There is also another town of the same name in Piedmont, 12 miles E. of Bena. Benedict, a town of Maryland, in Charles county, situate on the Patuxent; 16 miles W. of Port Tobacco. Benedict, St., a market town of Hungary, on the west bank of the Gran ; about 5 miles W. of Pukanz. Benesciiau, a town in the south-west part of Silesia, on the frontier of the principality of Troppau. Also the name of four smaU towns in Bohemia. Benevente, a town of France, in the de- partment of Creusc; 10 miles N. N. W. of Borganeuf. Benevento, a city of Naples, and an arcb bishop's see; capital of Principato Ulteriore, and of a small duchy of its name, belonging to the pope. Benevento has suffered greatly r I BEN 97 BEN of the in the S. E. the ro- finest another 12 miles Charles ,6 miles [ungary, 5 miles rest part icipality ir small 1 the de- W. of Ian arcb Iriteriore, ^longing [greatljr by earthquakes, particularly in 1688, when the archbishop was dug out of the ruins alive. Except Rome, no city of Italy can boast of so many ruins of ancient sculpture as are to be found in this pluce. It is seated near the conflucii if the Subato and Cidoro; 35 miles N.E. of JSaples. Long. 14. 47. E. lat. 41. 8. N. Top. 16,000. Benoal, Pkesidency of, the most im- portant of tlie British territories in India. It is divided into the Upper or Western, Central, and Lower provinces, and comprises the divisions and districts of Calcutta, I'atna, Moorshcdabad, Dacca, Benares, BarciUy, Assam, Arracan, &c. &c., containing an area of about 358,769 square miles; and in 1822 a pop. of 69,710,071. It lies between lat. 16. and 31. N. and long. 74. and 96. E. Bengal, Province of, one of the largest and most important division^ of Hindostan, bounded on the N. by Ncpaul, Bootan, &c., E. by Assam, Jynteah, &c., S. by the Bay of Benfial, and part of Orissa and Arracan, and W. by Baliar. The river Ganges intersects the province from N.W. to S.E. The Burram- pooter enters the province from Assam, at the N.E. extremity, and unites with the most northern, which is the main branch of the Gan- ges, at its confluence with the sea, whilst the Dummooda waters the S. side of the province, falling into the Huogly, or southern branch of the Ganges, below Calcutta: these rivers, with their numerous tributary streams, afl'ord a facility of communication by water to almost every town in the province, and by their periodical overflowings, add fertility to the luxuriant and exhaustless soil. Bengal is altogether a level country, formed of a continuity of vast plains, bounded only by the horizon, yielding, with but little aid of culture, all the plants and fruits peculiar to a tropical climate. Bice, cotton, silk, and saltpetre, are its indigenous and staple pro- ductions, and sugar and indigo have been recently cultivated with great success, and to a vast extent. Tobacco, hemp, and flax, are also produced for internal consumption ; but, being inferior in quality to the like produc- tions of America and Europe, they are not exported. Gums and medicinal plants are various and abundant. Of aninnds, the elephant and tiger hold the flrst re.nk; the former are highly appreciated for their docility, and utility for burthen, pageantry, and war; and command a value exceeding the value of the horse in Europe, according to their age and condition, in proportion as they exceed the horse in strength and power. Buifaloes and horned cattle are numerous, and horses of various kinds are common. Birds and domestic poultry of all kinds are very abundant. Previous to the commence- ment of the 13th century, Bengal was in- habited by an unmixed and feeble race of Hindoos, who at that period yielded their [authority to a horde uf Mahometan ma- ravicrs from the coufi»es of Persia and T«uc- tary, who established their sent of empire at Delhi, and to whom Bengal continued tribu- tary fur about 140 years, when it regained, and retained its independence for nearly two centuries, when it was invaded by Shere Shah, and afterwards by the emperor Akbar, who again rendered it tributary to Delhi, to which it continue! subject until the year 1756, when the whole province became sub- ject to the authority of the English East India Company, who for half a century pre- viously had established settlements on the banks of the Ganges, and progressively ex- tended their inllucuce. Alter the mutiny of 1857-8, the supreme government was trans- ferred from the Company to the Queen, and many reforms have been introduced. The chief city and place of commerce is Calcutta, which is also the seat of government of the whole British empire in Asia. Thetotal popu- lation is about 54,185,338, of whom nine- tentlis are native Hindoos, and the remainder a mixed race of Mahometans, descendants of the early conquerors by intermarriages with the natives, and a few Europeans. Manu- factures of cotton, or silk, are carried on in almost every town of the province, and in the principal cities the works in gold and jewellery are very extensive. The nature and present extent of the commerce of Bengal will be more fully elucidated under the head of Calcctta, and the nature and extent of revenual exactions under the head of Hin- dostan, which see. Benoazi, a maritime town of N. Africa, in the beylic of Tripoli; lat. 32. 7. N. long. 20. 2. £. It is seated on the border of an extensive and very fertile plain, but it is miserably built, and filthy in the extreme; but, notwithstanding its poverty and the in- dolence of the people, it has some trade, chiefly carried on by the Jews. To such a state is the ancient Berenice reduced, which once boasted of its "Gardens of the Hes- peridesl" not a trace of it is visible above ground, but many remains have been ex- cavated. Pop. 2500. Benguela, a maritime district on the W. coast of South Africa, lying S. of the Congo river, between the lat. 10. 30. and 16. S. There are two towns or settlements of the Portuguese on the coast, called Benguela, Old and New, the former in the lat. of 10. 50., and the other in about 12. 30. S., from whence the Portuguese and Brazilian ships obtain a considerable portion of their slaves. See Angola. Bkni, a large river of South America, rising near the S. extremity of La Paz, run- ning N. parallel with, and within the most easterly ridge of the Andes, and forming tho E. branch of the Ucayale, which falls into the Amazon after running from S. to N. through the whole interior of Peru. The Jesuits founded some settlements on the banks of the Beni, of which St. Francisco, Trinidad, and lieyez, in the lat. of 12. to U. S., arc the chio£ BEN 98 EER M li Benicarlo, a town of Valencia, Spain, 25 miles S. of Tortosa. It is celebrated for its wines, of which considerable quantities are exported. Pop. 5500. Beniono, St., a populous village of Pied- mont, situate on the hi<;h road to the Alps, about 10 miles N. of Turin. Pop. about 4500. Benicia, a new town, pleasantly seated in Suisun Bay, on the Sacramento River, Upper California, a short distance above San Francisco. Benin, a country of North Africa, towards the E. extremity of Upper Guinea, lying principally N. and W. of the river Formosa, the entrance to which is in lat. 5. 3'i N. and 4. 35. E. long. It is bounded on the W. by Dahomey; on the E. by Waree; and N. by undefined boundaries and countries but little known. Benin exhibits many beautiful land- scapes; but the air is noxious near the coast, on account of the gross vapours from the marshes. Oranges and lemons grow on the sides of the roads, and the cotton and pepper plants are indigenous to the soil, but both are very imperfectly cultivated. Among the animals are elephants in great number, tigers, leopards, stags, wild boars, civet and moun- tain cats, horses, hares, and hairy sheep; a vast number of serpents and other reptiles; and the principal birds are paroquets, pigeons, partridges, storks, and ostriches. Tiie dress of the natives is neat. The rich wear white calico or cotton petticoats, but the upper part of the body is commonly na- ked. The women use great art in dressing their hair, which they reduce into a variety of forms. The people are skilful in making various sorts of dyes; and they manufacture some cotton into cloths. Polygamy is al- lowed, and the number of wives is limited by the state of their circumstances only. Their religion is paganism, the king himself hamg fetiche, and, as such, the chief object of adoration in his dominions. The chief town, called also Benin, is one of the most populous of all Western Africa, containing about 15,000 inhabitants. It is situate inland about 40 miles from Gatto, a town situate at the head of a large inlet of the Formosa river. The road from Gatto to Benm is over a level country, in some places swampy and thickly wooded, and the country around the town of Benin is also thickly wooded. Like all other African towns, Benin is very un- equally laid out. The houses are all built of clay, and covered with reeds, straw, or leaves. The royal palace is of vast extent, but neither elegant nor commodious. All male slaves here are foreigners; for the in- habitants cannot be sold for slaves, only they bear the name of the king's slaves. The eluve trade, once so flourishing in the Bight of Benin, is now nearly or quite abolished, through the vigilance of the European cruisers, and the introduction of legitimate trade. Of this, paim and cocoa- nut oil are the chief articles of export, which are uf increasing interest and valuu. The celebrated Niger debouches by many branches in the Bight; the months of all these rivers are exceedintily fatal to Europeans, and the climate in all parts is very unhealthy. Benin-Dazt, St., a town of France, de- partrnentof Nievre, having several iron-mineff in its vicinity. Pop. 1600. Benisuef, or Benisouef, a town of Egypt, with manufactures of carpets, and woollen and linen stuffs, seated on the Nile, 60 miles S. of Cairo. The town has a good appearance, from the numerous mosques. Pop. 5000. Benkenstein, or Benneckenstein, a town of the Prussian states, in the duchy of Saxon V, 11 miles S. W. of Halberstadt. Pop. 2700. Benningen, a village of Wirtemburg, on the Neckar, where the remains of a Boman town were discovered in 1597. Bennington, a county forming the S. W. part of the state of Vermont, bordering on the state of New York. Pop. 16,872. Bennington, the chief town of the pre- ceding county. Though the largest and old- est town in the state, the judicial courts are commonly held at Rutland and Windsor al- ternately. In or near this town. Colonel Stark gained two battles, on Aug. 16th, 1777, which contributed to the subsequent surren- der of General Burgoyne's army. Benning- ton is situate at the foot of the Green Moun- tains, near the S. W. corner of the state; 30 miles E. by N. of A-lbany, and 129 S. S. W. of Montpelier. Pop. 3429. Bensberg, a town of the duchy of Tjctg, Westphalia; 7 miles E. of Mulheiin, on the Rhine. Bensheih, a town of Germany, 25 miles N. N. W. of Heidelberg, and 10 N. E. of Worms. Pop. about 3100. Bbnsington, commonly called Benson, a town in Oxfordshire, on the high road from London to Oxford. It was formerly the abode of royalty, and has an hospital called God's House. Bentheim, formerly a county of the circle of Westphalia, but now forming part of the kingdom of Hanover. It is about 18 miles in breadth and 45 in length, bordering on the United Provinces of Holland, intersected from S. to N. by the Vecht. Pop. about 25,000. There is a town of the same name, inconsiderable. The chief towns are Nein- hus. Northom, and Schuttorf. Bknue or CiiADDA RiVEB, an import- ant river of western Africa, which tails into the Niger at about 2U0 miles from its mouths. It flows in a westerly di- rection, and was ascended for about 400 miles in 1854. Berar, an interior province of tiieDcccan of Hindostan, bounded on the N. by Malwa and Allahabad, E. by Orissa, S. by Golconda, and W. by Dowlatabad and Candeish. The BER m BER f export, ind valui!. by many (fall these pean8,and lealthy. 'ranee, de- iron-mine( , town of rpets, and n the Nile, has a good 1 mosques. SNSTEW, a 10 duchy of [alberstadt. emburg, on )f a Boman gthc S.W. irtlering on ,,872. of the pre- test and old- il courts are Windsor al- wn, Colonel ;. 16th, 1777, uent surren- ■. Benning- Irccn Moun- ,he state; 30 129 S. S. W. 3hy of Lcrg, helm, on the ny, 25 miles 10 N. E. of Benson, a road from ormerly the spital called of the circle part of the >out 18 miles ordering on i, intersected Pop. about same name, IS are Nein- an import- which tails miles from westerly di- about 400 if tlieDcccan , by Malwa by Golconda, Ueish. The principal part of it is nominally subject to a riijah, under the surveillance of the English East India Company, the other to tiie Mizuin of the Deccan. The rnjiih's country extends 550 miles from E. to W., and, in some places, 200 from N. to S. Its capital is Nagpour. Little is known respecting the interior; but that about Nngpour is fertile and veil culti- vated. The general appearance of the coun- try, particularly between Nngpour and Orissa, is that of a forest, thinly set with villages and towns. Berat, or Arnauth Belgrade, the an- cient Eordea, alarge interior town of Allninia ; about 28 miles N. E. of Valona. Pop. about 8000. Beraun-Podbrad, an interior circle of Bohemia, lying between 49. 25. and 50. of N. Int., and 13. 45. and 14. 30. of E. long. It in intersected from S. to N. by the Moldau river, which falls into the Elbe, about 20 m. N. of Prague. Beraun, the chief town, is situate near the northern frontierof the circle, on the S. bank of a river of the same name, which rises near the frontiers of Bavaria, and falls into the Moldau, a few m. S. of Pragua It has manufactures of fire-arms and earthen- ware. 15 miles W. S. W. of Prague. Pop. 2200. Berbera, the projecting coast of Eastern Africa, extending from the Straits of Babel- mandel to Cape Guardafui. At a town of the same name upon the coast, in lat. 10.25. N. and 45. 8. E. long., a large annual fair is held, at which the manufactured productions of Persia and India are exchanged for gum, frankincense, myrrh, and various other com- modities. This' seems to be a point of the African coast, from whence a more advan- t.'igeous intercourse might be established with the interior than any other, either on the western or eastern coasts. Berbice, a river of South America, the entrance to which is in lat. 6. 29. N. and 57. 11 . W. long. Plsmtations formed by the Dutch extend on both sides of the river for about 150 miles along the coast. The colony sur- rendered to the English in 1 790 ; given up at the peace of Amiens; retaken on the re- newal of the war, and c(mlirmed to England at the peace of 1814. Cotton and coffee are now largely cultivated on its banks. Berchtolsgaden, provostship or encircled by the archbishopric of Saltzburg, formerly part of the circle of Bavaria, but now of the Austrian empire. The chief town of the same name is situate at the N. E. part of the district, about 14 miles S. of Saltzburg. It ; has a handsome church. Pop. about 3000, iwho are much employed in the manufacture |rt' wooden toys, large quantities of which are exported to England; the district produces [reat quantities of salt. BERDiCKZow,atown of Russia, in Europe, avernmcnt of Volhynia. Pop. 10,000, iiefly Jews. Here is a celebrated image of lie Virgin, preserved in a Carmeli*" friary. BEHUiTcnEF, a town of Russia, in Europe, government of Volhynia, on its S. E. con- fines; 25 miles S. of Jitomir. It is dirty and ill-built, and is chiefly inhabited by Jews, by whom, however, a considerable trade is car- ried on. Pop. 9000. Berdoa, a town of Persia, in Erivan, .'cated in a fertile plain ; 16 miles E. S. E. of Gangea. Berdoa. See Buroit. Bkre Regis, a town in Dorsetshire, with a maiket on Wednesday. On Woodbury- hill, half a mile to the N.E., is a circular Roman camp, enclosed within three trenches. The town is seated on the Bere, near its con- fluence with the Piddle; 12 miles E. by N. of Dorchester, and 112 S.W. of London. Bereoii, a frontier county of Upper Hun- gary, bounded on the S. by the river Theiss, and N. by the Ca<^athian mountains. Pop. about 46,000. Bereoii, and Bebegiiszaz, two of the principal towns, are situate in the S.W' part of the preceding county. Bereii LY, a city of Hindostan, cppital of Rohilla, which was conquered by the nabob of Oude, in 1774. It is 120 miles N.N.W. of Lucknow. Long. 79. 40. E, lat. 28. 30. N. Berelos, a lake of Egypt, between Dami. etta and Rosetta, of an oval form. 32 miles long, and 10 broad in the middle. Berenice, an ancient port of Said, or Upper Egypt, the ruins of which still remain. The harbour is safe and commodious. Beretsk, a town at the S. E. frontier of Transylvania, near the pass of Oitosch. Berezina, a river of European Russia, which has its source near a village of the same name, in lat. 54. 50. N., and after re- ceiving several tributary streams, and run- ning S. through the palatinate of Minsk, parallel with ti.e Dneipcr, through nearly three degrees of lat., falls into that river a lit- tle above Rzeczyca. It is memorable for the disasters which its passage occasioned to the French army, on its retreat from Moscow in 1812. There is a small river of the same name falling into the Vistula, a few miles S.E. of Thorn. Berezinskoi, a tOAvn of Siberia, on the Irtisch river; about 40 miles S.E. of Tobolsk. Berezov, a considerable town of Siberia, situate near the confluence of the Soswa river, with the W. branch of the Obe; in lat. 64. Berg, a duchy of Westphalia, lying along the river Rhine, to the S of the duchy of Clevo, about 60 milesin length, and from 10 to 22 in breadth. It is full of woods and mountains, but fertile upon the banks of the Rhine, and in the valleys; and has mines ot lead, iron, and coal. Duascldorf is the capi- tal. It now forms a part of the Prussian provinces of the Lower Rhine. Pt)p. about 295,000. Berg is also the name of . veral towns in different parts of Germany. Bebga, a town of Spain, in Catalonia. li E R 100 BER seated on the Lubrogat; 18 miles E.N.E. of bulsunii. BjiijGA, is also the name of two towns in 8ux'jny, one iu Switzcrlund, and another in Norway. BiiuaAMASco, a province of Italy, bounded by Ercsciu, tlio Vultcline, and the Milanese. Toward tlie N. it is mountainous and rocky, and bus mines of iron; sumo of the valleys ])rodiice much wine and oil; and in the vici- nity of the capital, Bergamo, it is very fertile. It formed part of the kingdom of Italy, under liuonuparte, but was transferred to Austria at the congress of Vienna, subseqi ently to the peace of 1815. Pop. about 365,000. Ueugamo, an ancient city of It.iiy, and a bishop's see, capital of Bcrgamasco, with a citadel. It is famous for its sewing silk; and its fair, on St. Bartholomew's day, is resorted to by merchants from distant parts. It stands on a hill, between the rivers Brcmba and Serio; 30 miles N.E. of Milan; it con- tains several Rne edifices, and is distinguished as a birth-place of several eminent artists and literati. Pop. about 30,000. Beuoamo, acityofNatolia. (SeePEKOAMi. BEUGiiDour, a town on the N. bank of the Elbe; about 10 miles K. of Hamburg. Bkugen, a city and seaport of Norway, capital of a government of the ^arae name, and a bishop's see, with u castle. It is built on a promontory, and almost surrounded by the sou, and is the most populous town in Norway, containing 22,339 inhabitants. On the land side it is defended by mountains, and on the other, by several fortifications. All the churches, and some of the houses, are of stone, but most of the latter are constructed of wood. The castle and cathedral are re- luarkrtble edifices. It carries on a great trade in skins, fir-wood, deals, tar, and dried fish; it is 170 miles W. by N. of Christiana. Long. 6.20.E.lat.60.24.N. Behgen, a town of North Holland, noted for two bloody battles, in 1799, between the English and llussian forces opposed by the Dutch and French, which terminated in favour of the former. It is situate among woods; 4 miles N.N.E. of Alcmaar. Pop. 6000. Beugen, the chief town of the island of BuGEN, which see. Bergen, a considerable town of New Jer- sey. The inhabitants are mostly descendants from the Dutch settlers. It is surrounded by water, except on the north, and separated by the river Hudson from the city of New York, S miles distant. The county contains a po- pulation of 13,223. The courts are held at Ilackensack, 56 miles N.E. of Trenton. Bergen-of-Zooji, a town of Dutch Bra- bant, cajiiial of a marquisate of the same name. It is a handsome place, and its for- tress is one of the strongest in the Nether- lands, seated partly on a hill, and partly on the river Zoom, which communicates with the Scheldt by a canal. It has several times been besieged to no purpose; but was taken by the French in 1747, and in 1794. In 1814, the English attempted to carry this place by storm; but, alter forcing a passage into the town, their retreat was cut oti', when they were nearly all killed or made prisoners. It is 15 miles N. of Antwerp, and 22 S.W. of Breda. Pop. 6000. Long. 4. 22. E. lat. 51. 30. N. Beugerao, a town of France, in tiie de- partment of Dordogne, seated on tiie north bank of the river Dordogne, over which is a magnificent bridge, 24 miles S. by W. of Perigucux, and 48 E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 9J85. Berooo, an interior district of North Africa, lying to the east of Bcrgherme ; Wara is the chief town. Berg-Reiciienstein, and Berostadt, two towns in tlie circle of Prachin, Bohemia, situate in a mining district, on the frontiers of Bavaria. Bergues, a fortified town of France, in the department of Nord, on the river Colmo, at the loot of a mountain; 5 miles S. of Dun- kirk. It has several manufactures, and is the entrepot of the corn, cheese, and lace, of the surrounding country. Pop. 5968. Beriiamporb, a town of Bengal, made memorable as being the first place at which the disturbances that preceded the Indian mutiny took place, on February 26, 1857. Bkrja, a busy, flourishing, and increasing town of Spain, in Granada; 50 miles S.B. of Granada. It lies under the Sierra de Gador, and is in the heart of the lead mines, of which many hundreds are open, the hills being quite honey-combed; the finest ore sometimes yields 70 per cent, of pure lead. Latterly, some fine smelting and flattening houses have been erected on the coast, and worked with English machinery. Berja is full of new houses, a thinpc rare in Spain ; in them live the wives and families of the mi- ners, while they are mostly lodged in the hills. Pop. nearly 10,000. Berkhampstead, a town in Hertford- shire, with a market on Saturday. Roman coins have been often dug up here; and on the north side arc the remains of a castle, the residence of the Kings of Mercia. In 697 a parliament was held here, and Ina's laws published. Here William the Con- queror swore to his nobility to maintain the laws made by his predecessors. Henry II. kept his court in this town, and granted to it many privileges; and James I., whose chil- dren were nursed here, made it a corpora- tion; but this government was dropped in the civil wars. The church is a handsome Gothic structure. It is seated on the west branch of the river Gade, on the Grand Junction Canal, and near the Birmingham railway; 26 miles N.W. of London. Berkeley, a town in Gloucestershire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Tues- day. It has a trade in timber, coals, malt. f BER 101 BER was taken In 1814, s place by e into the ivhen lUey 3oners. It n S.W. of 22. E. lut. in the dc- the north which is u by W. of lux. Top. of North rme; Wara Jeuostadt, a, Bohemia, 1 frontiers of Trance, in liver Colme, sS.ofDun- !S, and is the 1 lace, of the 8. engal, made ice at which the Indian • 26, 1857. id increasing miles S.E. of ■ra de Gador, ad mines, of en, tlie hills 10 finest ore jf pure lead, nd flattening he coast, and ry. Berja is in Spain; in es of the mi- odged in the in Hertford- iay. Roman here; and on IS of a castle, ' Mercia. In jrc, and Ina's am the Con- maintain the p. Henry II. il granted to it [., whose chil- it a corpora- _.s dropped in is a handsome on the west 1 the Grand Birmingham mdon. cestershire, go- arket on Tuea- er, coals, malt, an and cheese, which is benefited by means of a canal from Gloucestershire. Here in an an- cient castle on a rising ground, in which Ed- ward II. was murdered. Berkeley has the lionour of giving birth to the justly celebra- ted Dr. Edword Jcnner, the discoverer of vaccine inoculation. It is seated on the little Avon, near its confluence with the Severn; a branch of tlie Bristol and Gloucester rail- way also passes through the parish; 15 miles S. W. of Gloucester, and 114 W. of London. Berkeley, a frontier county of Virginia, bounded on the north by the Potomac river, which separates it from Pennsylvania. Pop. in 1820, 11,211, being about 350 less than in 1810, and in 1840, 10,972. Martinsburg, 192 miles N. by VV. of Richmond, is the chief town. Berks, or Berkshire, an inland and very irregular shaped county of England : its length is 48 miles, its breadth 29, and its cir- cnmlerence nearly 208 miles. The river Thames, by a very circuitous course, divides it on the north and east from the counties of Oxford and Bucks, and it is bounded on the west by Wiltshire, and south by Hampshire. Reading, 39 miles west of London, is the chief town; but the assizes for the county are held alternately at Abingdon. At the east end of the county, on the south bank of the Thames, is the castle and extensive domain of Windsor, a residence of the kings of England, and one of the most state'" and magnificent abodes in Europe, or the world. The other principal towns are Maidenhead, Newbury, and llungerford. The county has but few manufactures; some sacking is made in the vicinity of Abingdon, and some ribbons and silk plush in the vicinity of Heading; but its supply of colonial, foreign, and manufactured productions, is obtained by means of a sur- plus of grain, flour, malt, wool, some cattle and sheep, and a considerable quantity of oak timber. In this county arc also Frog- more, Cumberland Lodge, Cranbourn Lodge, and other residences of the royal family, with numerous seats belonging to the nobility and gentry. It returns three members to parlia- ment. Berks, an interior county of Pennsylvania, bounded on the north-west by the Blue Ilidge of the Allegany Mountains, and intersected from the north-west to south-east by the Schulkyl River. Pop. 64,569. Reading, 52 miles E. by N. of Harrisburg, is the chief town. Berkshire, a county forming the whole western boundary of the state of Massachusets, bordering on the state of New York. Pop. 41,745. Lenox, the chief town, in the centre of the county, is 129 miles due west of Boston. Berlamoxt, a town of France, in ..he de- partment of Nord; C miles E. S. E. of Quesnoy. Berlebubg, a town of Germany, in the Electorate of Hesse, with a castle, seated on the Berlebach, near its confluence with the Edcr; 20 miles N. W. of Marburg, and 70 S. E. of Casscl. Berlin, a city of Germany, capita! of tlio Electorate of Brandenburg, and of the whole Prussian dominions; one of the largest, best l)uilt, and best governed of any in Germany. It is defended partly by wails, partly by palisades, and has sixteen gates. The streets are straight, wide, and long; and its largo squares, magnificent pidaces, churches, and other buildings, are scarcely to be equalled. The magnificent avenue of lime trees, " Unter dem linden," is 2082 feet long, and 1 70 broad. It is 12 miles in circutnferonee; but within this inclosure are numerous gardens; and many beautiful houses are let in stories to mechanics. The pop. in 1847, 408,502. The royal palace contains a fine library, a rich cabinet of curiosities and medals, and the supreme colleges of government. Near the palace stands the magnificent cathedral. Here are also several academies and hospi- tals, an astronomical observatory, a superb arsenal, and a royal cloth manufacture. Berlin has a flourishing trade, occasioned by its numerous manufactures of silk, wool, cotton, camel's hair, linen, Prussian blue, cutlery, and porcelain ; and by its enamelled, inlaid, and embroidered works. It is seated on the river Spree, from which there is a canal to the Oder on the east, and another to the Elbe on the west; but it has extensive w.'tpr communications, and a railway to Potzdam. This city was taken, in 1760, by an army of Russians, Austrian s, and Saxons, who were obliged to evacuate it in a few days. In 1806, ten days after the battle of Jena, the French entered this city, and Buona- parte held a court in the palace. It is 100 miles N. of Dresden, and 185 N. W. of Breslau. Long. 13. 22. E. lat. 52. 31. N. Berlin, a town in Rensselaer county, state of New York, on the E. bank of the Hudson River; 15 miles E. of Albany. Pop. 1794. It is also the name of several other towns in different parts of the United States. Bermeo, or Bormeo, a busy, fishing-town of Spain, in Biscay, the ancient Flaviobriga, on the Bay of Biscay, near the Cape of Machicaco, with 4000 amphibious inhabi- tants; 15 miles E. of Bilboa. Bermuda Hundred, or City Point, a port of Virginia, in Chesterfield county. The exports from this place are collected at Richmond, 20 miles above it, and to which it is the out-port. City Point, from which it is named, is on the S. bank of James River, four miles S. S. W. of the town. Long. 77. 31. W. lat. 37. 16. N. Bermudas, or Somers Islands, four is- lands in the Atlantic Ocean; 600 miles E. of Carolina, and surrounded by rocks. They were discovered by Juan Bermudas, a Spa- niard, in 1527; but not inhabited till 1609, when Sir George Somers was cast away upon them; and they have belonged to Britain ever since. They abound in cedar wood, with which 127204 Tl K It ;o2 BER a iiuinUsr of Hiniill vessels me built. Some siiniir 1111(1 colFce Is ciiltivnted for exportation. The}- lire much sulijeet to hurrii-unes and tornadoes. Pop. 9(»00. The i)rincipnl is- land is culled St. George, and tlio town, of the same name, is in lat. 32. 22. N. and 64. 33. \V. long Herx, or Bernk, the largest of the cantons of ^Switzerland, \mnn 1 .50 miles long and 7.5 broad. It is the most fertile country in Switzerland, and divided into two principal parts, culled the German and Roman; but the last is most commonly called the Pays de Vuud. It is intersected from S. to N. by the river Aar; on the S. E. part are the lakes of Thun and Brienz,and on the N W. it extends to lake Ncurchutel, and tu that of Geneva. The religion is Culvinistic. I'up. in March, 1850, 4.58,225. See Appendix. Berne, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Berne. Here is a celebrated academy and a rich library. It is a strong place, in a peninsula formed by the river Aar; it is estimated to contain 20,000 in- habitants. The houses are built of freestone, and pretty uniform, particularly in the prin- cipal street, and there are piazzas on each side, with a walk raised four feet above the level of the street, very commodious in wet weather. The streets are traversed by a canal, and the public buildings are magnifi- cent. In the arsenal are preserved the figure and armour of the celebrated William Tell, in the act of taking aim at the apple nn ' s son's head. Berne was taken in 1798 I V the French. It is 70 miles N. E. of Geneva. Long. 7. 25. E. lat. 46. 57. N. Bernard, Grand St., a mountain on the Peimine Alps, cm the frontiers of Piedmont; 15 miles N. N. W. of Aosta. On the summit, at a height of 1 1,000 feet, is a large convent, where the monks assist and relieve travellers who may have lost their way, or met with accidents; the 'ogs which aid them in these duties are jusuiy celebrated. It was by this passage Buonaparte conducted his army into Italy in 1600. Little St. Bernard, to the S. W., is7'.94 ft. in height. Beknard Castle, or Barnard Castle, a town in the county of Durham, with a mar- ket on Wednesday, and manufactures of stockings and camlets. It takes its name from a castle built by Bernard Baliol, king of Scotland, who founded an hospital here. It is seated on the river Tees; 24 miles S. W. of Durham, and 246 N. N. W. of London. Bern AW, a fortified town of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark. The principal com- merce is in beer, of which large quantities are brewed. It is seated on the Fancho; 15 miles N. N. E. of Berlin. Besnay, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure, seated on the Carantonne; 20 miles S. W. of Rouen. Pop. 6500. Bernbdro, a town of Uj)per Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt, seated on the Saulc; 22 m. S. W. of Magdeburg. Fop. about 2500. Bkrncastle, a town of Germany, re- markable for good wine; scatod on the Mo- selle; 18 miks N. K. of Treves. IlERNfiniEs, or Bkii.ndriks, a town of Franconin, in the principality of Aii'hstand mango^ and the suiTounding country is fertile. Pop. 30,000, chiefly Mohammedans. Buooj, a town of llindostati, prorinee of Cutch. It has a handsome appearance, from its white buildings and templf s. It is badly fortified. Pop. 20,000. Buopacl, a district and town of Hindos- tan, in the province of Malwa, on the Ner- buddah river. The valleys are fertile. The town is surrounded by a wall. Bhobeohaut, " the great pass," through the W. mountains of Hindostan, opening a carriage communication with the Deccan. Bhubtpore, a town and fortrep^ of Hin- dostan, in the province of Agra. The Bri- tish took it by storm, in 1805. It is 38 miles N.W. of Agra. BiAFBA, a country of Gtiinca, io the S. E nil) 105 DIE crshiro. a good I waro{ [. It is f Wor- return! dcpart- iOU; 12 ) canton ,3 miles n of the brunch- ilt inoRt- gli, with csiJency yhar dis- rhe tem- Moham- e depart- opal see> ) inscrip* ir. It is a bill, at few miles Toulouse, Qg. 3. 12. ■n jf Ke- le capital, jidence of op. a.'iout ;>stan, and lame; lat. dies N.W. extent of supplied, ivities; the Moslem ital, and « osomed in mango, tile. Pop. iroTince of ance, from It is badly )f Hindos- 1 the Ner- rtile. The I," through opening a Deccan. ep" of Hin- The Bri- is 38 miles £0 the S. £ 'i'S of Benin, of wliich little is known; but it \a said to have a capital of the huuic nunic, on the river Cunicroiius, which cntcrH the Atlan- tic in long. 11. 30. E. lut 3. 28. N. UiALA, a town of Gallicia, uu the frontiers of UilcHJa, op|)OHite to liilitis ; it purliciputcs in the linen mnnufacturu of the district. I'op. about 2300. It is the name of three other. small towns in diti'crcnt parts of Ucrmuny. BiALYHTOCK, a Considerable town of Uus- sian I'olund , seated on the Biala, a branch of the Vistula river; 15 miles E. of Wilna. Pop. 8218. BiANA, a town of Ilindostan, province of Agra ; a decayed town, though still of im- poi'tance; 50 miles S.W. from Agra. BiARKiTZ, a maritime town of France, 5 inilei S.W. of Bayonno; a favourite resort of the emperor and empress. BiuB, a county of the newly-formed state of Alabama, North America. Pop. 3676; Ccntreville, 112 miles N. by E. of Cahwuro- ba, is the scat of judicature for the county. BiBUKAcu, a town of Wirtemburg, with a manufacture of fustians, seated in a fertile valley, on the lleuss; 20 miles S.S.W. ol Ulni. Pop. about 4500. BioaA, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thu- ringia, much frequented on account of its mineral spring. It is 9 miles S. of Querfurt. BiOESTEU, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Friday ; 1 1 miles N.N.E. of Ox- ford, and 54 W. by N. of London on the mail coach road to Leamington uaU Warwick. BiCKANEER, a fortified town of Hindostan, capital of a circar, in the country of Ajmeer. It is 42 miles W. of Kagore. Most of the buildings are mere mud huts, painted red; at one corner is a strong citadel. The adja- cent country is very arid and desolate. Long. 74. 0. E. lat. 5.'7. 12. N. BiDACUE, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle, seated on theBidouse; 12 miles E. of Bay- onne. Pop. about 2700. BiDASSOA, a river of Spain, which rises in the Pyrenees, and enters the Bay of Biscay, at Fontarabia. This river was a long time a subject of dispute between France and Spain, but it is now common between the two na- tions; the duties paid by those who pass from Spain to France belonging to the latter, and by those who pass the contrary way to the formei. BiDDUBa, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg; 30 miles N.N.E. of Luxemburg. BiuEFORD, a seaport of England, in De- vonshire, governed by a mayor, with a mar- ket on Tuesday. It has a trade in coal, culm, timber, and oak bark, also in the her- ring and Newfoundland fisheries. It is seat- ed on both sides of the Torridge, over which is an ancient Gothic bridge of 24 arches; 16 miles S. by W. of Ilfracomb, and 201 W. of London. BiDDEFOBD, a seaport of the United States, in the state of Maine. The county courts are Honictiincs held hero. It is situate on the Hca const, at tiio mouth of the Saco; 1 4 mi lis S. S, W. of Portland. Long. 70. 35. W. lut. 43. 2G N. BinuKNoub;. See Naoara. liwxuivH, or BiDJEEuiiuR, a town of Ilindostan, in Allahabad, with a fort on A stec]) and lofty rock ; 50 miles 8. of Benares. BiKDENKOPF, a tpwn of the grand duchy of Hesse, situate on the N. bank of the Lahn, near its source; 15 miles N. W. of Marburg, BiEEF, a town of Poland, in Cracovia, re- markable for its mines of vitriol; seated oa the Weseloke ; 50 miles S. E. of Cracow. BiEL, or BiENNE, a town of Switzerland, capital of a small territory, lately subject to the bishop of Basil. It stands near a lake of the same name, on the river Suss; 17 miles N. W. of Bern. Pop. 2150. Biela, a town of Piedmont, and capital of a province of the same name, bounded on the W. by Aoust. The town is situate near the river Ccrva; 24 miles W. of Vcrcelli. Pop. about 8300. Biela, a town of European Russia, in the government ot Novogorod ; a place of com- merce in com, cattle, and candles. Pop. 3000. Biela w, a populous town of Silesia, with considerable manufactures of linen and cotton ; 15 miles E. of Bunzlau. Pop. about 7000. BiELEF, a town of Russia in Europe, gov. Toula, on the Oka; 56 miles S. W. of Toula. Next to Toula, it is the most important town in the government; the inhabitants carry on a considerable commerce. Pop. 7000. BiELFELD, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Rjvvensbcrg. The linen made and bleached here is much esteemed. It is noted also for its tobacco pipes. It is 18 miles N, of Lipstadt. Pop. 5800. BiELOOROD, a town of European Russia, gov. Koursk, on the Donitz; 80 miles S. of Koursk. It consists of an old and new town, and <'.ree suburbs; it takes its name, white town, from a neighbouring chalk hill. Pop. 8000. BiELOT, a town of Russia, in the govern* ment of Smolensk; 60 m. N.E. of Smolensk. BiELozBRSK, a town of Russia, in the go« - vernment of Novogorod, on the S. side of the lake Bielo; 210 miles N. E. of Novogo- ~od, and about the same distance E. of SC Petersburg. Pop. about 3000. BiELSK, a town of European iiussia, pro- vince Bialy stoke; 70 m. S. S. W. of Grodno. It is well built, has a handsome cuslom-house, and gave its name to the palatinate, of which it was the capital, till 1795. It is one of the towns from which the Jews are excluded. Pop. 2000. BiERVLTET, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the West Scheldt, and on a small island of its namcf 20 miles N.N.W. of QttMlt BIL 106 BIL I r :'l ftli- #' BiGOAR, a town of Scotland, in Lanark- j phirc, witli the ruins of a collegiate cliurcii; ' 10 miles S. E. oi' Carnwath. The inhi.hi- : tants are chielly cotton weavers. Pop. 1454. | BiGGi.r'SWAKE, a town in Bedfordshire, j with a market on AVednesday; seated on the i Ivel, jver which is a stone bridge, and which is navij^able up to the town. 10 m. E. S.E. of Bedford, and 45 N.N.W. of London. BiGORRE, a late province of France, bound- ed on the N. by Armagnac, E. by Commingcs, W. by Berne, and S. by the Pyrenees. >See PVRENEES, Ul-riiR. BiGiiouN, a river of the Missouri teiTitory, North America, rising from the Rocky Moun- tains in the lat. of about 41. N.; runs N. into the Yellow Stone, which falls into Jie Missouri, in the lat. of 48. N. It is repre- sented as flowing through a fertile, but at present an unii habited country. Big Sandy, a ri'er which divides the state of Virginia from tliat of Kentucky, falling into the (>!iio, opposite Burlington, in Law- reiH'e county, state of Ohio. BiGUBA, a kingdom on the W. coast of Africa, watered . y the Rio Grande. The capital is of the same name, seated on the N. bank of the river, about 100 miles from its. mouth. Long. 13. 50. W. lal. 11. 12. N. Bihar, a county of Up; c Hungary, bor- dering on Transylvania. It is intersected by the Korosh river. Groswarden is the ' apital. The E. part is mountainous, and inhabited by Wallachians. Pop. about 223,000, chiefly Hungarians. BiuAiz, a town of Croatia, on the frontiers of Bosnia; 65 miles S. E. of Carlstadt. BiJANAGtrR, or Ali'atna, an ancient and celebrated city of Hindo;;taii, province Beja- poor, on botii banks of the Toombuddra; that on the S. E. is only properly called Bijana- gur, 117 miles S. S.E. of Bajapoor. It w&s formerly the metropolis of a kingdom which comprised the two Carnatics, and is said to have been 24 m'ies in circumference. It is built in a plain, surrounded and encumbered by huge massos of granite; the streets fol- low the windings of the chasms between these iiiu,sscs. The ancient battlements ano turrets are still in high preservation. The chief buildings are the temples of the Hindoo qods. It is still the residence of the rajah. BiJNEE, a territory of India, prov. Bengal ; on the borders of Assam, belonging partly to England. Bilbao, improperly Bilboa, a town of Spain, the capital of Biscay, on the Nervion, over which is a new iron suspension bridge. The river disembogues at Portugalete, dis- tant 6 miles, and has a dangerous bar. The name, in Basque, is Ibaizabel, and this is the narrow river, whose windings are the Bilboes, in which the mariners of ancient times feared to be caught. Bilbao, being in a gorge of hills, is damp, and pulmonary diseases are prevalent. Pop. about 15,000. The city is purely mercantile, and possesses no flne art; many of its older churches ami con vents were destroyed during the recent sieges, or since suppressed. The principal streets arc straight, clean, and well built; the houses lofty and substantial. No wheel carriages are allowed. The hospital, commenced in 1818, is un- finished. The river at the Punta de Ban- dcras, presents a considerable show of busi- ness, but Santander has risen at the expense of Bilbao; for during the recent sieges, many of the merchants removed their establish- ments from these disturbances. During the recent civil wars between the Carlists and Chr tinos, Bilbao was twice besieged ; on June 10th, 1835, by Zumalacarreguy, in which he lost his life, and again for 60 days after Oct. 23, 1835. There is some talk of a rail- road hence to Madrid. 50 miles W. of St, Sebastian, and 72^ leagues N. of Madrid, by way of Aranda, and 88 by way of Valladolid and Segovia. Long. 2. 44. W. lat. 43. 14. N. BiLDESTON, a town ].■' Suffolk, seated ov the river Breton; 12 inh ; S.E. of Bury, and 6^ N. E. of London. It has two fairs annua.'y. Pop. 836. BiLEDVLGERiv, (Bekd-el'dgerid, the coun- try of dates,) a country of Barbary, bounded cii the N. by Tunis and Algier, E. by Tripoli, S. by Guergula, and W. by Tuggurt. The air is hot and unhealthy. The country is mountainous and .sandy, producing little sus- tenance, except dates, which are exchanged with the neighbouring countries for wheat. The inhabitants are deemed treacherous, thievish, and cruel. They arc a mixture of ancient Africans and Arabs; the former liv- ing in towns, and the latter in tents. BiLiTZ, a town of Silesia, witl ' a c^'.iile, and considerable manufacture of cloth ; situate on the Biala, on the verge of Poland; 18 m. E. N. E. of Teschen. Pop. ^bout 3400. BiLLERicAY, a town in Essex, with a mar- ket on Tuesday; seated on a hill, 9 m. S.W. of Chelmsford, and 23 E. of London. Bii.LERiCA, a town of the United State;, in Massachuscts. It is a pleasant place, oi- elevated ground, and has considerable manu- factures. The Middlesex canal, and the Boston and Lowell railroad, pass through the E. part of the township; 18 miles N. W. of Boston, and 7 S.S.E. of Lowell. Pop. 1632. BiLLiTON, an island in the East Indies, on the N. of the sea of Java, abounding in iron ore. It was ceded to the British in 1812. Long. 108. 0. E. lat. 3. 0. S. BiLLOM, an ancient town of France, in the department of Puy de Dome, seated on an eminence ; 15 miles E. S. £. of Clermont. Pop. 4467. Bii^^AH, a vast burning desert of Africa, between Fezzan and Bournou, which cara- vans are ten days in passing. The town, of the same name, is near the salt-lakes of Domboo. BiLSAH, a town of Hindostan. in Malwa, capital of a circAr, noted for producing ex- I celient tobacco. It is situate near the source BIO 107 lilR of the Betwa river; 120 miles cast of BiLSEN, a town of Belgium, in the prov. of Limberg, Near it is Munster Bilsen, a celebrated temporal foundation and abbey for noble ladies. It is situate on the Dcmer; 15 miles N.N.W. of Liege. Pop. 2700. BiLSTEiN, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Westphalia, situate on a mountain ; 24 miles S. S. E. of Arensburg. BiLSToiv, a niarkpt town of Staffordshire, two miles S. E. of Wolverhampton. It has a navigable canal, communicating with the Staftbrdshire and Worcestershire canals, f.nd several great rivers. Near it arelargf* mines of coal, iron-stone, &c. ; also furnaces, forges, andslitting-mills; and manufacturesof japan- ned and enamelled goods. The Grand Junc- tion Railway passes near it. BiMiNi, one of tiie Bahama islands, nonr the channel of Bahama; 8 miles long, and nearly as broad. It has a good harbour. Long. 79. 30. W. lat. 25. 0. N. BiMLKPATAM, atownofHindostan, on the coast of the Circars; 12 miles N. of Vizaga- patam. BiNAROB, or ViNAROs, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated near the Mediterranean, at the mouth of a river, which forms a snu.il harbour: 7 miles N. by E. of Peniscola, and 23 S. of Tortosa. BiNCH, a fortified town of Belgium, in Hainault, in the river Haye. It produces cutlery, lace, paper ; marble and coal are found' near it; 9ra. E. ofMons. Population 4500. BiNGEN, a lown of Germany, seated at the coniiuence of the Nnhe with the Rhine; 15 miles W. by S. of Mcntz. Pop. 5000. BiNGENHBiM, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Riiine; 16 miles N. N. E. of Frankfort. BiNoiiAM, a town of Nottinghamshire, in the vale of Belvoir, with a market on Thurs- day; 9 miles E. of Nottingham, and 124 N. by W. of London. BiNoiiAMPTON, a town of the United States, in New York, at the junction of the Chenango and Susquehanna rivers. It is connected i)y the Chenango canal to the Erie canal atUtica, and the '.'iew Yor"? and Erie railway passes through it; 138 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop. in 1840, 2800. BiNGLBT, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesday; seated on the Aire. The worsted, paper, and cotton manufactures are carried on here, and there is also a good trade in malt; 14 miles S. E. of Skipton, and 202 N.N.W. of London. BiuBio, the largest river of Chili, which Vises in the Andes, runs through an ariu plain, and, passing the city of Concepcion, enters the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 86. 56. S. It is the oundary between Chili pnd the country . . ihe Araucan Indians. BioRNEBURO, a town of Russian Finland, near the mouth of the Kune, in the Otilf of Bothnia; ;;> miles N. of Abo. Long. 22. i. E. lat. 61. 42. N. BiR, El-Bir, Beer, or Bikedgik, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeek, with a castle. It stands on the E. bank of the Euphrates, near a high mountain, in a fruitful country; 60 miles N.E. of Aleppo. This is the point wliich was proposed for the steam navigation of the Euphrates to commence, the merchan- dise being conveyed overland from the Gulf of Iskcnderoon, to which this is the nearest part of the river. Bi\BOOM, a town of Ilindostan, in Bengal; 66 miles W.S.W. of Moor^hedabad, and 115 N.N.W. of Calcutta. Bird Islands, in the Caribbean Sea, E. of Cura5oa. BiRKENFiEi-T), a town of Germany, in the county of Sponheim, in the circle of Upper Rhine; seated near the source of the river Nahe; 25 miles E.S.E. of Treves. It is dis- tinguished for its cattle fairs. Btrkeniiead, a seaport town of Engln»u1^ county Chester, on the W. sliorc of tlie Mer- sey, directly opposite to Liverpool. Wet and dry docks for the accommodation of the shipping have been constructed here, and has raised this place greatly both in size and con- sequence. It was made a parliamentary borough, with one member, in 1861. BiRMAii, an extensive empire in Asia, to the E. of the Bay of Bengal; containing the kingdoms of Birmah, Cassay, Arracan, and Pegu, and all the W. coast of Siam, to the l)romontory of Malay, extending from the 10th to the 24th deg. of N. lat. The kingdom of Birmah, frequently called Ava, from the name of its ancient capital, has Pegu on the S. and occupies both sides of the river Irra- waddj^or Errabatty.to the frontiers of Assam on the N.; on the W. it has Arracan and Cassay, and on the E. China and Upper Siam. This kingdom was conquered in 1752, by the king of Pegu, who carried the Birman mo- narch prisoner to Pegu, and caused him to be murdered therein 1754; but Alompra, a Bir- man of low distinction, who was continued by the conqueror as chief at Monchaban, a small place to the N. of Ava, revolted against the Pcguese, got poi .ession of Ava in 1755, and, after continued battles, with various success, became the conquerorof Pegu, in 1757. This deliverer of his country continued in astateof warfare to his death in 1760; and his successors have since added the other countries, which now form the Birman Empire. The climate ot Birmah is very salubrious, the seasons being regular, and the extremes of heat and cold seldom experienced. The soil is remarkably fertile, produc' , - rice, sugar-canes, tobacco, indigo, cotton, : d ali the tropical fruits, ia perfection ; and on the banks of the Irrawaddy, which runs S. through the whole country, is produced pure amber, and the finest teak timber in the world. The kingdom of Bir- mah abounds in minerals; it has mines of gold, s'lver, rubies, and sapphires; and aftbrds '■ %^ BIR 108 BIS m 'i fi »ii 1 i ■ ■ 1 ' 1 1 ;■ 1 i ^^^|B ■ 1 ill nmethysts, garnets, chi-ysolites, jaspar, load- stone, and marble. The general disposition of the Birmans is strikingly contrasted with that of the natives of Ilindostan, thougli sepa- rated only by a narrow ridge of mountains, in several phices admitting of an easy inter- course. The Birmans arc a lively, inquisitive rice, active, irascible, and impatient; but the character of their Bengal neighbours is known to be the reverse. The passion of calousy, which prompts most eastern nations to immure their women, and surround them with guards, seems to have little influence on the minds of the Birmans; for their wives nnd daughters have as free intercourse with the other sex as the rules of European society admit. The Birmans are extremely fond both of poetry and music. Their religion is, in fact, that of the Hindoos, though they are not votaries of Brama, but sectaries of Boodh. Their system of jurisprudence is distin- guished above any other Hindoo commen- tary, for perspicuity and good sense. The emperor of Birmah is a despotic monarch, ...id, like the sovereigns of China, acknow- ledges no equal. The prevailing characteris- tic of the Birman court is pride. There are no hereditary dignities or employments in the government, for all honours and oflSces, on the demise of the possessor, revert to the crown. A white elephant is here paid almost divine honours, and has a palace, and allowed rank next to the king, and above the queen. The capital of the kingdom, nnd metropolis of the empire, is Ummerapoora, in lat. 22. N. and 96. E. long., and the principal seaport is Rangoon. Hostilities commenced between the Birmese and Anglo-Indians, in 1824, and at the close of 1825 continued with equi- vocal results to both parties, llangoon, the maritime capital, surrendered to the English on the 1st of Feb. 1825. BiRsiiNGHAM, a large, inland, populous, and important town of England, in Warwick- shire, bordering on the counties of Worcester and Stafford. It is a place of great anti- quity, and has long been celebrated for its works in every kind of metal, and the manu- facture of hardware, fire-arms, cutlery, japanned wares, and trinkets. The era of its pre-eminence, however, is comparatively recent: its commencement may be dated subsequent to the war of 1776 — 1783; since when it has more than duuibled in extent and population. The Staffordshire border abounds in iron and coal of the finest quality, which contributes essentially to the excellence and facility of most of its manufactures. The town is considered peculiarly liealthy, the chief part being built along the ridge of a liill, having a dry, sandy soil. The streets are regular, and the buildings spacious. The church of St. Philip, built in 1711, is a Btately and fine edifice ; there are three other churches, besides several chapels. It has several sectarian meeting-houses, a well- endowed public school, a handscmo theatre and an extensive suite of baths. The .per- spective of the town, especially on the E. side, is Acry imposing; and, independent of its innate imj)ortancc, being nearly in the centre of the kingdom, it is a place of vast intercourse. It has a caiml basin at its highest level, from whence cuts diverge in every direction, by which the manufactures of the district arc conveyed to all the ports of the kingdom, for distribution over every part of the habitable globe. Its principal improvement is the magnificent railway be- tween it and London, one of the greatest and most important works ever executed, and which communicates, by means ol the Grand Junction Railway, with Liverpool, Derby, York, Slieffield, &c., the North Mid- land, and the Midland Counties Railways, forming a chain of communication Avith all parts of England. The surrounding country is very fertile, and its markets on Monday, Thursday', and Saturday, are in consequence, exceedingly well supplied with all the essen- tials of subsistence. Birmingham, notwith- standing its size and importance, had no representatives in parliament, until the pass- ing of the Reform Bill: it now returns two members. It is governed by a mayor, tOAvn- eouncil, and aldermen. In 1643, Birming- ham was besieged and taken by Prince Ru- pert, and ordered to be burnt to the ground, but, owing to some propitious circumstances, the conflagration did very little damage. In 1665, or 1666, the town suffered severely from the plague. It began shortly after this period to be considerably enlarged, though in 1700 it consisted of only 30 streets; whereas there are now upwards of 300. Within 2 miles of the town are the Soho Works, celebrated as the engineering estab- lishment of Boulton and Watt. It is 109 miles N.N.W. of London, by way of Coven- try or Warwick, from each of which it is distant 18 miles; and 116 byway of Oxford, from which it is distant 58 miles. BiRNAM, a hill of Scotland, in Perthshire, celebrated by Shakspcre in his Macbeth, 1580 feet above the level of the sea. It was an- ciently a forci-t and part of the royal domain of Scotland. BiKR, or Parsons Town, a parish and town of Ireland, in King's County, near the borders of Tippcrary. Close to the to:est of the Basque provinces, (which see.) The country is in some parts mountainous, but well covered with wood, and yielding abun- dance of iron ami lead. The plains and val- leys are well cultivated, yielding ample sup- plies of all that is essential to the comfort of the inhabitants. The Biscayans are a brave, choleric people, possessing a character, and speaking u language, distinct from that of every otlier part of Spain ; and through all the mutations to which Spain has been ex- posed, during a period of 2000 years, by the irruptions of llonums, Carthaginians, Moors, &c., Biscay has retained its ancient Canta- brian laws and independence, aud at the present time forms an independent republic under the protection of Spain, rather than an integral part of the kingdom. It admits a corregidor and commissary appointed by the crown, but permits no taxes to be levied, without the sanction of the province, and yields none to the crown but as gratuitous donations, and sanctions no title of the king but that of lord. The language is a dialect of the Celtic, called the Euskarian, by some considered as derived from the Tartarian or Mongolian. Pop. 111,4.13. Hee Appendix. Biscay, Bay op, a large bay of the Atlan- tic Ocean, washing the N. coast of Spain, from Cape Ortegal, and the W. coast of France. During a prevalence of westerly winds, the swell of the Atlantic Ocean sets into tin? bay, and renders the reach of the British Channel, to vessels from the S. and S. W., exceedingly difficult, and, if the gales are powerful, quite unattainable until they subside; there being, however, plenty of sea- room, it is IV position of tcdiousness aud la- bour, rather than of danger. Biscay, New, a name given by the Spani- ards to a part of the W. coast of Mexico; now incorporated with the intendancy of So- NORA, DUKANGO, and GUADAl-AXiUA, (all of which see.) BisoEGLiA, a seaport town of Naples, ?rov. Terra di Bari, on the Adriatic; 12 miles ;. S. E. of Barletta. It is ill-built, and sur- rounded by lofty stone walls; the scat of a bishopric, has a cathedral and several other churches; it has little external trade. It is Bupposed to be the site of a Roman city, but ro antiquities hav ; been found to boar out this supposition. Pop. 10,000. BiscHOFSTEiN, a towu of Prussia Proper, about 50 miles S. of Konigsbcrg, and 5 B. E. of fleilsburg. Bi8(uioE'8HEiM, a town of the duchy of Wurtzburg, seated on the Tauber; 20 miles S. S. W. of Wurtzburg. Another, seated on the Uhoni; 44 miles N. by E. of Wurtzburg. ButuuuirsLACK, a town of U^jpor Ouruiola. with a good trade in linen and worsted; 17 miles W. by N. of Laybach. BiscnoFSWERDA, a town of Upper Saxo- ny, in Misiiia, seated ou the Weiscritz: 18 miles E. of Dresden. BisciioFSWERiJER, a town of Prussia, in the province of Oherland, ou the river Ossj 28 miles N. E. of Culm. BisciioFZELL, a town of Switzerland, in Thurgau, with a castle; seated at the con- fluence of the Sitter and Thur; 12 miles S. of Constance. BisciiWELLER, a town of France, depart- ment of Lower Rhine. Pop. 5854; who manufaclure leather, cloth, &c. ; 10 miles from Strasburg. BiSENTz, a town of Moravia, near the frontier of llnngary ; 15 miles S. W. of Hra- discli. Pop. about 2600. Bishops- AncKLAyo, Stortford, Waltham, and Wearmouth. See Auckland, &c. Bisuops-Castle, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Friday, much frequented by the Welsh. It is seated near the river Clun; 8 miles S. E. of Montgomery, and 15'J W. N. W. of London. There are about tldrty-six other towns and villages with Bishop, or Bishops prefixed to their names, iu diUurent parts of Eng- land. BisiGNANO, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a castle; seated on a hill, near the river Boccono, 1 G miles N. of Cosenza. Great numbers of silkworms are raised in the vicinity. Pop. 10,000. BisLEY, :> town in Gloucestershire; 3 m. S. E. of ud. It has a large church, standing ou an eminence. P()])ulation much employed in tiiO woollen manul'acture, BisNAOUR, or BiJVAGui: towii of Hindos- tan, in the country ot . .more. It was the capital of the ancient kingdoi" of Narsinga and formerly a largo city. It is stated on the S. bank of the Toombudra; 28 miles S. S. E. of Sanore, and 105 N. by W. of Chitteldroog. Long. 76. 0. E. lat. 15. 2o. N. B:sNEE, a town of Bootan, capital of a district on the borders of Bengal and Ar.sam. It is 50 miles E. N. E. of Rangamutty, and 130 S. E. of Tassasudon. Long. 90. 45. E. lat. 20. 27. N. BissAGOs, or Bejdoas, a cluster of vol- canic islands and shoals, on the W. coast ' : Africa. The largest, called Bissao, is 80 miles in circuit, inhabited by Portuguese and Negroes, and well cultivated. Its N. end is opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande. Long. 15. 10. W. lat. 10. 58. N. BissuNPODR, a towu of Hindostan, capital of a circar iu Bengal; 74 miles N. W. of Calcutta. BisTRicz, a free royal town in the N. K part of Transylvania, on the river Bistricz; 142 miles N. E. of Coloswar. Also the name of another town in the circle of Frera, Moravia. BiicuE, a fortified towu of France, in th« B L A 110 BLA i ' ' f I . Kh l-<:t m m department of Moselle, with a citudel on a rock, whiih is vaulted and casematcd in the interior. It is seated at the foot of a moun- tain, near the river Schwell); 30 miles N. by W. of Strasburg. Pop. 3077. BiTETTO, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari; 11 miles S. o. W. of Bari. Pop. 500(J. BiTONTO, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari. It is deseribcd as a fine town, and the people as being better off than in most cities nn the coast. It is the seat of a bishopric; ttie environs produce an exoellent wine. In 1734, Ihe Spaniards here gained a signal victory over the Austrians. Pop. 12,000. BiTTEKFELD, a town of the kingdom of Saxony, seated on the Mulda; 14 miles S. of Dessau. BizERTA, or Benzart, a seaport town of Tunis; 40 miles N. N. \V. of Tunis. It is defended by walls and two castles, but being commanded by a neighbouring height, it has little real strength. The neighbouring coun- try is exceedingly fertile in corn, &c., and, if possessed by any others than the Turks, it would become a prosperous and wealthy place. The harbour, once one of the best in the Mediterranean, can now be approached by small vessels only; but it might easily be put in a good state. Pop. 12,000. Blackbukn, an extensive parish and bo- rough in the centre of the county of Lancas- ter, England, and on the E. Lancashire and Lancashire and Yorkshire liailways. Parts of tlie parish arebleakand dreary, but itis partly situate on the great coal strata, which supplies a'lundance of fuel. The town of Blackburn is seated in a valley, on both sides of a stream called the Derwent, over which there are four bridges, and it is skirted by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. It is connected with the Lancasiiire network of railways. Its chief prosp rity is the cotton manufacture, of which it is one of the earliest seats. James Hargreaves, of this place, invented the spin- ning jenny in 1767. It has ajl the attendant occupations of bleaching, dyeing, iron found- ing, and machine and reed-making. Markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays. It has a free grammar school with an endowment of about 151)1. per annum, and also a female chirity Bchool with nearly a similar endowment; four churches, two of them handsome, and several meeting-houses ; 12 miles E. by S. of Preston, and 23 N. W. of Man- chester. It sends two members to par- liament. Black Fouest, a mountainous and woody district of Germany, part of the ancient Hyr- cinian Forest, extending N. from the fit)n- tii'rs of Switzerland, for about 100 miles pa- rallel with the N. course of the Rliine. It is in some places rich in iron anil other metals; and its wood is very valuable, as well for fuel, as for building, both of houses and ves- sels for navigating the Rliine. Blackiieatii, an elevated and spacious plain, the ascent to which is 5 miles E. of London Bridge. It is partly in the parish of Greenwich, and the upper part of the park of the hospital of Greenwich, is part of the plain. It is intersected by the great high road from London to Dover, and is celebra- ted in several periods of English history. The Danes encamped upon it in 1012. In 1390, the celebrated Wat Tyler asscii.bled 100,000 men against the government, to avenge an insult olfered to his daughter by a petty tax-gatherer at Dartford. In 1450, Jack Cade assembled his forces on the same spot; and in 1497 it was the scene of a con- test between Henry VII. and Lord Audley. It is surrounded by detached, and ranges of handsome buildings, residences of some of the more opulent classes connected with the transactions of London. It commands some line prospects, and in the summer season, es- pecially, is a beautiful and interesting sj)Ot. In the side of the ascent from London, is a cavern consisting of seven large rooms, which communicate by arched avenues; the sides and roofs of rocks of chalk; and it has a well of clear water, 27 feet deep. Bi-ackness-Cabtle, a fort of Scotland, in Linlithgowshire, built on a kind of peninsula on the Frith of Forth; 9 miles N. E. of Lin- lithgow. It consists of four bastions, and is one of the forts which, by the Articles of Union, are to be kept in repair. Blackpool, avillage in Lancashire, 3. ni, W. of Poulton; much resorted to for sea- bathing. It lias a branch to the Pruson and Wyre Railway. Black Rivien, the name of several rivers. 1st. In Mayo, tvpliind. falling into Lake Mask, 2nd. In the S.W. part of the island of Jamaica, falling into the Caribbean Sea. 3d. In Upper Canada, falling into Black Iviy, Lake Superior, 4th. In Orleans county, Ve''.nont, falling into Lake Memphramagog. .5th. In Windsor county, ditto, falling into the Connecticut. 6tli. In Virginia, falling into the Nottoway, on the frontiers of North Ca- rolina. 7th. Intersecting Darlington district, South ( 'irolina, falling into the Great Pedee. sth. F,!l!iiiEN, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, bordering on the maritime county of Brunswick. It is intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 8022, of whom 3413 are people of colour. Elizabeth, 98 miles S. of Raleigh, is the chief town. Bladenoch, a river of Scotland, which rises in the hills in the N. part of Wigton- phire, and after a winding course of 24 miles, enters Wigton Bay. Several islands are formed in its bed, which arc famous for the resort of eagles. Bladensbdro, a to^vn of Maryland, in George county, on the E. side of the Potomac, 9 miles from its mouth at Washington, and 38 S.W. of Baltimore. The American army sustained a defeat by the British at this place, on the 24th of August, 1814, in at- tempting to arrest the progi'ess of the Bri- tisli towards Washington, which they after- wards entered, and burnt most of the public buildings. Blain, a town of France, in the de)iai't- ment of Lower Loire; 22 miles N.N. W. of Nantes. Blair Athol, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with a castle; the seat of the Duke of Athol; 36 miles N.N.W. of Perth. Blair Gowrib, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with a manor-house, built in the form of a castle; 22 miles N.N.E. of Perth. It has some cotton manufactures, and a rail- way is in progress to Cupar. Blaisois, a late province of France, bound- ed on the N. by Beauce, E. by )rleanoi8, S. by Berry, and W. by Touraine. It now forms the department of Loire and Cher. Blai8()n, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Mayenneand Loire; 8 miles S.E. of Angers. Blakelt, a seaport of the United States, in Alabama, situate on the E. side of tlie Tensaw river, opi)osite Mobile. The town stands in a healthy and pleasant spot. Blamont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meurthe, seated on the Vezouze; 12 miles E. of Lnnevi'le. Blanc. See Mont Blanc. Blanc, Le, a town of France, department Indre, pleasantly seated on the Creuse; 33 miles W. S. W. of Chateauroux. It is di- vided by the river into two parts, both of which are ill built. It is a very ancient place, frequented by the Roman Legions, and was once fortified; but of this few traces remain. Pop. 3847. Blanco, a celebrated cape on the W. coast of Africa; lat. 20. 46. 26. N. long. 17. 4. 10. W. It is the extremity of a rocky ridgo called Gib-el-reid, or White Mountain. Blanco, a cnpe of Peru; 120 miles S.W. of Guiaquil. Long. 81. 10. W. lat. 4. 24. S. BLANi>FORn, a corporate town in Dorset- shire, with a market on Saturday. In 1731, almost all the town was burnt down; but it w.^s soon rebuilt, and a neat town-hull of Portland-stone, on columns, in which is a pump, was erected in remembrance of that dire disaster, and provision against the like. It has a considerable manufacture of thread and shirt-buttons, and is seated on the river Stour, near the Downs; 18 miles N.E. of Dorchester; and 103 W. by S. of London. Blandfoud, a town of Massachnsets, in Hampshire county ; 25 miles S.W. of North- ampton, and 116 W. by S. of Boston. Blandford, a town of Virginia, in Prince George coimty. It has a large trade in to- bacco, and is situate on the E. branch of the Appamattox; 4 miles N.E. of Petersburg. Blandford is also the n.Tmc of several other towns in different parts of the United States of America. Blanes, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near the mouth of the Tordera; 20 miles S. of the Gironne. Blankenbero, a town and fort of the Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the German Ocean; 8 miles N. E. of Ostend. Blankenbero, a towli in the principality of Sehwartzenburg, circle of Thuringia ; 5 miles N.W. of Saalfield. Blankenburg, a town of the duchy of Brunswick, on a rivulet of the same name: 37 miles 8. S. E. of Brunswick. On an ad- joining hill is an unprepossessing palace of the dukes of ikunswick; and at a short dis' BLE 112 BLO tance are the remains of a castle cut in tlie rock by Henry tlie Fowler, a.d. 919. Pop. 3300. Blakkenesse, a town of Holstein, on the N. bank of the Elbe; 9 miles W. by N. of Hamburg. Pop. about 2000. Blankeniiayn, a town of Saxony; 10 m. S. W. of Jena. Pop. about 1850. Blantyke, a parish of Scotland, county Lanark, 8 miles S. E. of Glasgow. The ma- nufactures of cotton, &c., have made great progress in this town of late years, and very creditable endeavours are made to improve the social condition of the work-people, by the establishment of schools, a library, and other institutions for their benefit. Blarnky, a parish and town in the county of Cork, Ireland. The town is situate about 4 miles N. W. of Cork, on a branch of the river Lee, which works a paper-mill : the cotton manufacture was atfempted to be in- troduced about 1820. Here is a castle, on the top of which is the famous Blarney Stone. Blas, San, a seaport town of Mexico, on an island at the mouth of the Rio Grande, or Santiago river, which falls into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 21. 30. N., and 104. 46. W. long. It is very unhealthy, and from this cause has greatly declined; its pop. of 20,000 having dwindled down to 3000, in 1848. Mazatlan has correspondingly increased. Blaubeuren, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg, with a castle on a hill. Great quantities of fustian and linen cloth are made here. It is seated at the con- fluence of the Ach with theBlau; 11 miles W. ofUlm. Blaye, a seaport of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, on the E. bank of the river of that name; 34 miles N. N. W. of Bordeaux. It has a good citadel, and a fort on an island in the Gironde, or Garonne, which is here 2^ miles wide. Its trade con- sists in the wines of the adjacent country. Its harbour is much frequented, being the out-port to Bordeaux, as Gravesend is to London; ships bound to Bordeaux having guns on board, leave them at Blaye. Pop. 3266. Blekingen, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, on the coast of the Baltic. It is 90 miles long and 21 broad ; and, though mountainous, is one of the most agreeable countries in the kingdom. The principal trade is in potash, pitch, tar, tallow, hides, and timber. The chief town is Carlscrona. Blenheim, a village of Suabia, now in the Bavarian circle of the Upper Danube, Heated on the Danube; 3 miles N. of Iliichstat. It is memorable for the signal victory over the French and Bavarian!}, gained August 2nd, 1704, by the Duke of Marlborough. The Austrians were de- feated by the French near this place in 1800. Blenheim, a hamlet in the parish of Wood- •tock. Oxfordshire, in which is the noble man- sion and demesne conferred by the nation on the first Duke of Marlborough, for hia vic- tories. Blere, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre and Loire, on the river Cher; 18 miles E. by S. of Tours. Adjacent is the castle of Chenonceau, the residence of the celebrated Diana de Poitiers, which still continues to be one of the most interesting objects in France. Pop. 2978. Blessington, a parish and town in the county of Wicklow, Ireland. The parish contains quarries of granite, which are very extensively worked. The town is 14 miles W. by S. of Dublin, on the border of Kildare. Bletchingly, a village of Surrey, seated on a hill ; 4 miles E. of Bycgate, and 2 1 S. of London, on the line of the South Eastern Railway. Blktchley, a parish in Buckinghamshir ;, Ij mile W. of Newport Pagnell, at the point where the Oxford and Bedford Railways in- tersect the North Western Railway. Bliswortu, a parish in Northamptonshire, 4^ miles from Towcester, 63 from London, at the junction of the Peterborough with the London & N. Western Railway, which latter line pusses through a remnrkahle cutting. Blockzyl, atown of Holland, inOveryssel, with a fort ; seated at the mouth of the Aa, on the Zuyder Zee, where there is a good harbour ; 8 miles N.W. of Steen wich. Long. .5. 39. E. lat. 52. 44. N. Blois, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Loire and Cher, and lately an episcopal see. The cathedral is a large struc- ture, seated on an eminence at one extremity of the city; and on another eminence at the other end is a magnificent castle. In this castle Louis XII. was born; and here, in 1588, Henry HI. caused the Duke of Guise, snd his brother the Cardinal, to be assassi- lated. Here are some fine fountains, sup- plied by an aqueduct, supposed to have been erected by the Romans. The principal com- merce is in wine and brandy; and the chief maimfactures are serges and ticken. It is seated on the Loire, over which is a hand- some bridge; 37 miles E.N.E. of Tours, and 100 S.S.W. of Paris. Pop. 11,423. Bloniez, a town of Poland, in Masovia; 20 miles W. of Warsaw. Bloomington, a town of the United States, in Indiana. It has several public buildings, including the Indiana University, founded in 1827; 49 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. Blore, a village in Staffordshire; 10 miles N. of Uttoxeter. Its heath is famous for a battle between the houses of York and Lan- caster, in which Nevil, Earl of Salisbury, for York, with 500 men only, defeated Lord Aadley with 10,000. The latter was killed, and on the spot is erected a stone cross to his memory. Blossbcrg, a town of Pennsylvania, 133 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. In its yicinity is tlie colebrated bituminous coal-mine. A A BOB ltd BOG railroad cotinects it with Coniiiifr, in New York, nnJ tlicnco there is continuous navi- gation to All)any. Bluefielos, a town on tlio E. const of Central America, tlie cy]iitnl of the MoMiiiiro territory, at the mouth of the river of the Kiimc name. Lat. 1 1 19. nortli, lung. 83. 40. west. Blhe Mountains, several mountains so cnlletl in ditterent j)arts of the world; viz. 1st. Intersecting the island of Jamaica from E. to W.; North Teak is 8180 feet ahove the level of the se.a. 2nd. The most easterly ridge of the Allegany, in the state of Pennsyl- vania, extending in a S. \V. direction, from the Delaware to S. of the Suscjuehannah river; altitude 3000 to 4000 feet. 3rd. A more southern branch of the same ridge, extending in the same direction from the N. of the Potomac river, through the state of Virginia into North Carolina; Otter Peak is 3103 feet high, and is the highest point in all Virginia: the passage of the Potomac river through this ridge is peculiai'ly grand. 4tli. An extensive range in New South Wales, dividing the districts on the coast, from Batli- urst plains. .5th. Intersecting the island of Java in various directiuua. Br.uE SuLriiiiit Springs, a watcring-])lace in the state of Virginia, and much resorted to. There is no village except the range of buildings for visitors, in a valley surrounded by picturesque mountains. They are 22 miles W. of the White Sulphur Sjjrings, which are still more frequented, and 227 miles N. by W. of Kichmond. Bi-YTH, a large parish and town at the N. W. extremity of the county of Nottingham, bordering on Yorkshire. The town is 5 miles N. of Worksop; it has a market on Thursday. Bi.YTH, a town of Northumberland, Eng- land, situate at the mouth of a river of tlic same name, which falls into the German Ocean; 14 miles N. N. E. of Newcastle. It has a railway to North Shields, and a large trade in coals. There are two other rivers of this name in England:, viz., one in tlie county of Suffolk, falling into the sea at Southwold, and another in the county of Warwick, falling into the Tame, below Coleshill. BoAi), a town of Hindostan, in Orissn, on the river Mahanuddy; 65 miles S. S. E. of Sumbulpour, and 115 W. of Cuttiiok, BoMBio, a walled town of Italy, in the Milanese, on the river Trcbia; 25 miles S. E. of Pavia. It is a bishoji's see. Pop. 4000. BuBENiiAUSEN, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darmstadt, with a castle; seated on the Gersbrentz; 43 miles S. E. of Erankfort on the Maine. BoBEK, a river of Germany, which rises in Silesia, on the borders of Bohemia, Hows N. by Lowenhurg, Buntzlau, and Sagan, and joins the Oder below Crossen. BoBERSBERo, a towu of Brandcuburg, in the New Mark, and duchy of Crossen ; seated on the side of a hill, by the river Bobcr; 6 miles S. of Crossen. BoBiNGEN, a town of Bavaria; 9 miles S. of Augsburg. Pop. about 1500. BoBRAWA, a town in the circle of Brunn. Moravia; 4 miles S.W. of Bistitz. BoBRETZ, a town in the county of Liptnu, Upper Hungary, among the Carpathian Mountains. Pop. about 1700. BoHRYSK, a town in the palatinate of Minsk, Lithuania; situate E. ofthoBohrigia river, just above its confluence with the Berezina. Boca, signifving a mouth, is a term which has been prefixed by the Spaniards, to the names of several straits or sea-passages in ditterent parts of South America: the most celebrated is the north strait, between the island of Trinidad and the coast of Cumana, called the Boca del Drago, or Dragon's Month. Boca Tigris, n strait in Canton river, China. BociiETTA, a chain of mountains in the territory of Genoa, over which is the road into Loinbardy. On the highest mountain is a strong pass that will hardly admit three men to go al)rcast; and this is, properly, the Bochetta. It is the key of Genoa, and was forced by the Frencix in 1796, and by the Anstrians in 1800. BooHOLT, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, ')n the river Aa; 40 miles W. of Munster. There are rich iron mines in the vicinity. Pop. 4000. B()ci..ENnEiM, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Hildesheim, on the river Nette; 13 miles S.S.E. of Hildesheim. BocKiNO, a largo village in Essex, adjoin- ing to Braintree. Its church is spacious; and here is a great manufacture of baize. BocKUM, a town of Westphalia, in the rcg. of Arnsberg, 26 miles S.E. of Wesel. I'op. 4200. iJouEN See. Sep, Constance, Lake of. Boi>MiNj.a borough in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. The summer assizes are held here. It has some manufactures of serge, an;rows a considerable quantity of flax, which, as well as their wool, is manufactured into linens and cloths, for domestic use, and some on the side of LusatiaanAnoLA, one of the Society ]^^lands, in the Paeilie Ocean ; 4 leagues N. W, of Otahu. Long. 151. 52. W. hit. 10. 32. S. Uot.iiiic, a town of France, dep. Lower Seine; 18 miles N. N. E. of Havre. It is ft ImnilfSDnic, thrivinj,? town, with a flourishing niaiiulacture of cotton; also linen and woollen gDod.s, leather, &e. Iho work-jjcoplc are uU in f^Dod circumstances, and contented. Pop. 9302. JJoi.ciiEUKSK, a town of Kainstchatkn, on the river BL)lch(jireka,22nulesfroni its month, in theseauf Okotak. Long. 150. 37. E. lat. 52. r,-i. N. IJoi.i, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia; 85 miles N. W. of Anj^ora. It is seated on an eminence, by a rich and fertile plain, on t!)e site of the ancient Iladrianopolis. It is a poor place, chiclly inhabited by Turks; it is on the route from Eizeronm to Constan- tinople. There are mineral baths in the iicighbonrhood. Top. 0000. (?) BoLiNGUROKE, a town in Lincolnshire, v.ith a market on Tuesday. It was the birtli])lacc of Henry IV. ; 29 miles E. of Lincoln, and 133 N. by E. of London. Boi.ivAu, or San Tome de Axgostuka, capital of the province of Spanish Guiana, in the rc])ublie of Venezuela. It is seated on the Orinoco, aliout 230 miles from its mouths, and Avas built in 1704, after the old town of San Tome', nearer the sea, had been pillaged by the English. French, and Dutch. Through its inconvenient position, and the biidness of the navigation of the river, it is not a flourishing i)laec; it is well built, bnt badly paved. Pop. about 8000. The name was changed to Bolivar in 1840. Bolivia, or Upper Peru, a new republic of South America, bounded on the E. by Brazil, S. by La Plata, or the Argentine republics, W. by the Pacific and Chili, and N. W. by Peru. In 1778, when the Peruvian viceroyalty vyns divided, the districts of La I'az, Potosi-Chnrcas, and Santa Cruz, were added to the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayrcs. These now form the republic of Bolivia. Peru was the last of the Spanish colonies that suc- ceeded in throwing off the yoke, which was accomplished by the brilliant victory of Aya- cueho, on Dec. 9th, 1824. Since that time there liavo been ninny changes in these two republics. Of its present position, but little satisfactory is known; but it is said that its political constitution is similar to that of Peru. l{es])ecting its population, nothing can bo more vague than the estimates, which vary from 500,000 to 1 ,500,000. It is divided into 9 departments, of which the areas, in sipnirc miles, subjoined, arc mere estimates: l^EIMUTMBNT, Area. 30,000 20,(KI() 12,0(10 411,000 12,000 Department. A USA. I.a Mnr . . . ('ii)tl . . . . Tiiiija. . . . I'otosi. . . . Oiiiro . . . . 1 (Muiqulsiica. . <'i>('lm'/uuiba . l.a faz . . . 8tn. Cruz do) la ijiji'ia . ) 24,000 IS.flOO 65,000 159,000 In former times, this country was one of the most productive in the world in the precious metals; at present it is much less so. Many mineral treasures exist among its mountains; bill the great dif!iculty,distance, and expense of transport, prevent their being profitably worked. Chuepiisaca is the seat of the cen- tral government. BoLKENiiAYN, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Scliweidnitz, a few miles W. of the town of Scliweidnitz ; the inhabitants are chiefly employed in the linen manufacture. BuLKowiTz, or Poi.KwiTZ, a town of Si- lesia; 12 miles S. ofGlogau. Bologna, a city of Italy, capital of the Bolognese, and an archbishop's see. It is about 5 miles in circumference, and contains 70,000 inhabitants. It has long been distin- guished as a school ofscience; the university being one of themost ancient and celebrated in Europe. An academy of arts and sciences was founded in 1712, and contributed greatly to that fume which the city has acquired. As a school of painting, it is immortalized by the number of masters it has produced; there are here 74 churches, besides convents and nunneries; and these, as wellas the numerous mansions of the nobles, are most munificently furnishtd with their best productions. Nor have the exertions of art been confined to ihe sphere of jjiiinting; the city exhibits some of the finest monuments of architecture, such us the palace of Caiiraria, the marble fountain in the Piazza-del-Gigante, and in fact almost every building of any note. In the centre of the city are the two celebrated leaning towers. The academy of arts and sciences is a building of great magnificence, and the public theatre is one of the largest and most beautiful in Italy. The church of St. Petronius is the largest in Bologna, but is more remarkable for its pavement, where Cassino drew his meridian line, 180 feet long. The trade of Bologna is very considerable, being situated ina fertilecountry.andhaving an easy conveyance of its produce by a canal to the Po. The exuberance of the adjacent country enables the inliabitants to furnish all Europe wiih the greatest delicacies in BOL 117 BOxM Icaciea in confectionery, distilled waters, osi^ciiocs, &c.; oil, wine, ilax, licinj). and silk, also t'iiriii»h almiuliuit sources of tnido and employment. Tiic Ileno, which jmsscs by the city, turns no \o.Ha tluin 400 niills for sillc-works. It is situated at the font of the A|)])cniiiiics; 22 miles S. E. of Moiiena, iiiid 175 N. \V. of Uoino. Long. 11. 21. E. lat. 44. UO. N. It was taken possession of by tiio French in 1 796, but restored to the states of Uonic at the seneriil pence in 1815. IJoLOONESK, a province of Italy, bcninded on the N. by the Ferraresc, W. by Modcna, S. by Tuscany, and E. by Iloinn>;nu. It is watered by nuuiy small rivera, and produces all sorts of grain and fruit, particularly rich muscadine grapes. Some miles before the entrance into Lologna, the country seems one continued garden. The vineyards are not divided by hedges, but by rows of elms and mulbcrry-trces; the vines hanging in festoons from one tree to another. Tiicro are also mines of alum and iron. Bologna is the capital. There are about 300 other towns, containing a population of about 210.000. BoLSENA, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, on the lake of its name; the ancient Volsinium, 18 miles N.N.W. of Viterbo. Pop. 2000. BoLSOVER, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Friday. It has a spacious castle on the brow of a hill, and is noted for the manufacture of tobacco pipes. It is 6 miles E. of Chesterfield, and 145 N. N. W. of London. BoLSWAERT, a town of Holland, in Fries- Land, near the Zuyder Zee; 10 miles N. of Sloten. Near this town, which is about 2 miles in extent, was formerly an abbey of the Cistertians, where the Munstcr Anabap- tists took refuge in 1534, and where William, count of Holland, was buried in the 14th centurj-. Bolton- LE-MooRs, a large ann8. Under the Reform Bill, it sends two members to parliament. The Earl of Derby was executed here, in 1651, for proclaiming; Charles II. There are 12 other towns and villages named Bolton, besides Bolton on tlia Sands, in dill'crent parts of Kngland. BoMAitsuNO, a fortified town on tho Aland isles, at tho entrance of tiie Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic. It was, after a fierce bombardment, taken from the Russians by the allied British and French, August 16, 1854. BoMAL,a town of the Netherlands, in Lux- emburg, on the river Ourt; 20 miles S. of Liege. UojinAY, (Dom-bnhia, good bay, Portu- guese,) an island, c:,y. and presihio. Pop 10,034. Burlington, 90 nii'cs H. by E. of Frankfurt, is the chief town. HooNi;, a county in the central part of t!;o Htate of Indiana, generally level, and inter- spersed with wet and dry prairies. Tiie ca|)i- tul is Lebanon. Pop. in 1840, 8121. Also a county in the N. part of Illinois, consisting of (iruirio and timber land, with excellent soil. Cajiital, Bclvidere. Pop. 1705. Also u county in the state of Missouri, drained by the Itnck and Cedar Creeks. Cai)ital, Coliiiniiia. Pop. in 1840, 13,5G1, including 3(H»H slaves. IJiioNKViuLE, n town of Missouri, situated on the S. bank of the river Missouri, and standing on limestone ruck. It has consi- derable trade, and exports cattle anil provi- sions; 50 miles N.W. of Jell'ersou city. Pop. in 1840.2)81. BooNsuoRoircH, jv town of the United States, in Madison county, seated on lied Uiver. which runs into the Kentucky; 38 ni. li. S. E. of Lexington. BooKiiANi'ooR, a city of Hindostan, prov. of Candeesh, formerly the capital of a large andv/ell-built-city, mostly of brick, and jnivcd with stone. It is famous for its delicious trapes. BooKO, an island of the E. Archii)elago; 75 miles long from E. to W., and 38 broad; M miles W. of Ceram. llice, sago, tropical iruits, the best cajepi . '>", and a profusion of aromatic woods, &c., are found here. B(J09NAii, a town of Iiindu«lan, in Ben- gal; 93 miles N. E. of Calcutta. BooTAN, or BiioTAN, a mountainous coun- try of Hindostan Proper, lying between the province of Bengal and Thibet. Area 65,000 sijuare miles. Pop. about 1,500,000. It is a feudatory province of Thibet, and abounds in mountains covered with verdure, and rich with abundant forest trees; there is scarcely a mountain whoso base is not washed by some torrent, and many of the loftiest bear populous villages, amid orchards and plan- tations, on their summits and on their sides. The southernmost ridge of the Bootan moun- tains rises near a mile and a half above the plains of Bengal, in a horizontal distance of only 15 miles; and from the summit the astonished traveller looks on the plains below as on an extensive ocean. The Booteas are nmch fairer and more robust than their neigh- bours the Bengalees, with broad faces and high cheek-bones ; their hair is invariably black, and cut short; their eyes small and black, with long pointed corners ; and their skins remarkably smooth. The houses are built on props, and ascended by a ladder: the lower part, closed on all sides, serves for hold- ing stores, and accommodating hogs, cows, and other animals. The capital is Tassasudon. Boothia Fklix, a district in the Arctic regions, discovered by Cai)tain Sir. John Uuss, in 1829. It lies to the \V. of the (iiilf of Boothia, a continuation of Prince Regent's Iidet, but the S. shore is unexplored. It is rennirkablc as containing the northern mag- netic pole, in hit. 70. 0. 4. N. long. 90. 45. W. BooTi.E, a village in Lunenshiro, contigu- ous to Liverpool, which it sui>iilics with tine fresii tfater, from abundant and uevur-fuiliiig I'prings, near the sea-shore, BofAL. See Biioi'AUi,. Boi'*i»CKN, a town of Suabia, on the river Kger; 19 miles N. W. of Donawcrt. BiH'i'AKT, a town of the Prussian States, Seated at the foot of a mountain, near the Khine; 8 miFes S. of Coblcntii. In the mid- dle ages it was an imjierial city, but it is now a flirty, unpromising place. Pop. 3800. BouAiis, a town of West Gothland, Swe- den; about 10 miles E. of Gottenburg. BoKiiA, a town of Aleutejo. Portugal, ly- ing between Estremoz and Villa-Vicosa. BoHciiOLK, a town on the VV. side of the bishopric of Paderborn, Westi)halia, now part of the Prussian Stiites. Bout), or BoiT, a town of Franco, in tho dejiartment of Corre/.e. It was the birtli- l)lace of Marmontel. BoKUEAUX. jSVe Bouudeaux. BoKUENTowN, a towu of Ncw Jersey, in Burlington county, on tlve \V. side of the Delaware; 6 miles below Trenton, and 23 N.E. of Philadelphia. It is a very neat and healthful place. The Cufr.den and Ainboy railway passes under iKc streets. Josejih Bonaparte (Cemit de Survilliers) resided here, and built a splendid mansion. It is mucli resorted to in the summer by tho Plii- huk'lphians. Boi'G, a town of Denmark, the chief place in the lalund of Femern, witii a fort, on Fe- inern Sound. Long. 11. 17. E. lat. !j4. 27. N. BoUOENTUYCK, or BEIKiENTHYClI, a tOWll on the S. VV. side of the Lishopric of Fader- born, Westphalia. BoKoiiETTO, a town on the E bank of the Adige, at the southern extremity of thj bislioprie of Trent. Also tlio name of a vil- lage I.i the vicinity of Mantua, where a severe battle was fought between the French and Austrians, in 1796. BouoiioLM, a fortified town on tho W. side of the isle of Oland, in the Baltic, part of the province of East Gothland. Bona, Baug, or BiiuoiipLziiAusEx, a town in the county of Ruvensburg, West- phalia. BoKGNB, a large lake or inlet ot the sea, between the states of Mississippi and Loui- siana, communicating with the Gulf of Mexico, and inland with LakePontchartrain. BonGo, a seaport town of Russian Finland, lying between Helsingfurt and Lovisa. In lat. 60. 21. N. and 25. 45. E. long. BoRGo, Rd8z, Prunt, and Pa8S, threo towns contiguous to each other, near tho ROR 120 ROR ft'! if If l\ source of the Bistritz river, on the eastern Criinti.r of Transylvnnin, bordering on the liiikowine. Tliey have Siilt-.si)riiigs, nnd ' sonic nuinufactures of eartlicnware. Tlie I pop. is considerable, principally Wallai-hians. ! BoRGO, St. Donnini, a walled town in the duchy of Parina, so called from the martyr- dom of Donnini, who was beheaded here in 304. It is a bishop's see, and is situate about midway on tlie road from Placcntia tc Parma. Pop. 4000. IJouGO Di St. Sefoi.cko, a town of Tus- cany, in the I'lorentino, with a fort, seated near the source of the Tiber; 12 miles N.K. of Arezzo. In 1 789, about 1000 of the inha- bitants were destroyed by an earthquake. BoRGOFORTK, a town of Italy, in the Man- tuan, on the ri -er Po, at the influx of the Of^lia, 10 miles S. of Mantua; and nine others, all iuconsideraliie. BoRuOjOr BuRooD'OsMA.atownofSpain, surrounded with walls, and coiitiiinin^ about 200 families; 33 miles W. of Soria, and 40 S. E. of Burgos. BuRGO 1)1 St. Angei.o, a fortress of the island of Malta, a little to the E. of Valctta. BoRjA, or Bergosa, a town of Spain, in Arragon, in a fruitful spot, near Alount Ca yo, at the foot of the Pyrenees ; 42 miles W'.N.'W. of Saragossa. Borj', a town of Columbia, situate on the head waters of the river Amazon. 300 m. E. by N. of Paita, and 90 W. by N. of Jean. Long. 76. 30. W. hit. 4. 15. S. BoRJA, a town in the ])roviiicc of Buenos Ayres, near the frontier of Brazil. It was founded by the Jesuits. BoRisoGLEUSK, a town of Russia, situate on the banks of the Verona, near the S. end of the province of Tamboy, about 300 miles S. E. of Moscow. It is also the name of a town in the province of Jaroslav, on the W. bank of the Volga, a few miles N. of the city of Jaroslav. Pop. of each about 3000. iioRissow, a town of Russian Poland, on the banks of the Berezina; about 45 miles K. of Minsk. It is only worth notice from the (lisast(!rs of the retreating French army in 1812, in the passage of the Berezina. BoRKELOW, a strong town of Holland, in the county of Zutphen, remarkable for hav- iujr bee:? tlie subject of two wars: one in 1665, agii>;ist the Bishop of M.mstcr, nnd the other with France, in 1672. It is seated on the river Borkel, 15 miles E. N. E. of Zutphen. lioRKEN, a town of AVestphalia, in the principality of Munster, with a collegiate church; seated on the Aa; 38 miles W. of Munster. BoRKUM, an island of the kingdom of Ha- nover, lying between the E. and \V. channels of the Ems river. It is partly inundated at high water. It has a town of the same name, the inhabitants subsisting chiefly by fishing. The steeple of the church is used for a lighthou«u. BiRMio, a town of Austrian Italy. About a mile from the town are mciieiiial butlis. It is seated at the foot of the mountains, on the river Frcdolso, near its confluence with the Adda; 40 miles S. E. of Coire. Pop. 5500. Long. 10. 20. E. lat. 46. 17. N. RoRMio, or BoRMiDA, a largo river of Piedmont, which rises in the territory of Finale, runs N., intersecting the duchy of Montlerrnt, fulling into the Tanaro, a little Ijciow Alessandria. BonNA, a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle of Leipsic, with a maimfacture of stuffs; seated near the river Plcysso; 13 miles S.E. of Lcipsic, on the road to Altenburg. Borneo, an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, discovered by the Portuguese in 1 52 1 ; lying between the lat. of 4. 10. S. and 7. N., and 109. 15. to 119. 25. W. long., being in its extreme length 775 miles, and 650 in extreme ' breadth ; a surface greater than that of any island in the world, except Australia, being about 202,500 square milejj, or nearly five times larger than Great Britain. Althouj^h under the equator, the air is not so exces- sively hot as might be expected, being fre- quently refreshed with showers nnd cool breezes, the thermometer varying from 82. to 94. of Fahrenheit. In the monsoon, from April to September, the wind is westerly, nnd the rains are constant and heavy, at- tended with violent storms of thunder and lightning. The rainy season continues for eight months, nnd during that time all the flat country, from ten to twenty miles from the coast is overfli,wcd, and the air rendered very unhealthy. For this reason, the inha- bitants build their houses on floats, which they make fast to trees. They have but one floor, with partitions made with canes; and the roofs arc covered with palnictto-leavos, the e.nves of which reach within four or five feet of tlie bottom. Some of their houses arc built upon pillars, a sufficient height ■from the surface not to be deluged. The countries on the coast are inhabited by a mixture of Malays, Javanese, and Macassars. The natises of the interior parts of Borneo are the Dyaks, who are the real natives of the country. The coast regions are occupied by various' settlements of Malays, who havij much oppressed the less warlike Dyaks. They are an interesting race of people, and one of their curious customs is that of pre- serving the heads ofthose slain, and of which each Dyak is obliged to procure one. These are all hung up in the principal house of theii villages. Besides the oraog-outang, which seems to be a native of the soil of Bor- neo, arc ape.s, monkeys, bears, goats, deer, horses, buffaloes, and other horned cattle, tigers, nnd the elephant; whilst on theoth'T side is a class of beings with apparently no other claim to the character of man but thn^ of the power of articulation; and yet, amidst this unsocial and unapprecinting rnce of be- ings, Nature seems to have bestowed, in lavish BOR 121 BOR prolusion, all her most dclcct.ible gifts; with iron, tin, and various otiior metals, for purposes of utility, goUl, diamonds, and va- rious other precious gems for oruiiment, abound. It is here that the saliin}j;aue, a species of swallow, constructs its edible nest, wliich is exchangiid, to gratify the luxurious Ijalates of tlic Chinese, at a nitu double its weight of silver. In the vegetable kingdom, in addition to rice and maize for substantial subsistence, the sensations of taste and smell are here to be gratiiicd in the highest possi- ble degree. Cassia, cinnamon, fraidvincenso, and myrrh, are indigenous productions of tiie country. The luuius canip/wratiis yields an endless abundance of its fragrant and in- fl:unniable substance; whilst iigaric, musk, aloes, and various otlici' substances and i)iams, arc dispersed over the country in endless profusion, to aid the domestic and social economy of man, and to serve as alternatives in case of accident or disease. On the other hand, the ])crnicious and poisonous class of plants and roinilcs are also conmion ; and the natives ajjpear equally adc[it at np])lying them in revenge against their enemies, as in the application of alteratives to avoid their conseiiuences. Thus, whilst the soil of Bor- neo appears susceptililc, by social arraTige- ments and duo cultivation, to subsist, in a high degree of comfort and enjoyment, a fourth of the whole population of the globe, the total number of inhabitants are supposed not to exceed 4,000,000, divided into numc- I'ouH petty sovereignties. AVitli the exception, however, of the coast, very little is known as to the extent and condition of the population. The English East India Company formed some settlements upon the coast, towards the close of the 17th century; but, in 1706, the Dutch drove the English entirely from the country, and tor more than a century were the onlj' European nation that maintained any direct intercourse with the island. During the wnr, subsequently to the pi,'a( e of Amiens, in 1802, when in their turn t!io Dutch were driven from all their jjositions in Asia, the English again established themschcs on the coast of Bon and were nniking progress in the arts ol • .itivation and social economy, when, by treaty, in 1 SI fi, the Duti'h were rein- stated in their possessions, and Borneo ngaiu exposed to their exclusive line of policy. But Lhrough the recent cession from the na- tive '."hiefs to our couutrvmau, James Brooke, the sovereignty of the district of Sarawac, on the N. W. coast, has been assumed by biin nnder the tii!e of rnjah. Keeent disturbances, however, have greatly impaired its prospe- rity; but there is still hope that Sarawac, in connection with our now settlement of the ishunl of Labuan, near the city of Borneo, will beconie of great im])ortance. As far as our knowledge of the country docs ex- tCTuI, whilst the coast on all sides is low and swampy, the interior seems mn<'h in- tersected by mountains; a river, called the Banjar, has its source in the centre of tlse country, about two ilegrees north of the equa- tor, runs south into the sea of Java; and there arc two or three rivers running from E. to W., falling into the sea on the west side; but tlie north and east coast appears deticicnt in the essential of rivers for internal communication by water. There are, how- ever, s ;veral fine harbours and roadsteads round the coast; the principal is Bander- massing, at the mouth of the Banjar; San> bar, at the south-west point; Sambas, on tlu west coast; Borneo, at the north-west; and I'assir, at tiie south-east. BouNEo, Biti NAi, or Bruni, the capital of the island of Borneo, the largest of the Asiatic archipelago. It is a city built upon the waters. The houses are all built onpilea, and occupy the shores and the centre of the riverBruni, at LOor 12 miles from its mouth. At high water, the dense mass of houses havo no connection with the shores, and the streets a.^ filled with an immense number of boat,"). One of the most amusing parts of the city is its immense floating Bazaar. It is alfirnied that the colony was first formed by some Malays from Johore, in Malacca. The pre- sent jiopnlation of Bruni is estimated at 22.500, anil is in hit. 4. 52. N. long. 114. 55. E. BouNiiiinr, a town in the electorate of Cologiu'; about 15 miles W. by N. of ]".onn. Pop. about 1100. Also a town of thj Ne- therlands; about 10m. N. E. of Dendermonde. BoKNiioi.M, an island of Denmark, just within the Baltic; of an oval form; about 20 miles in length, and 14 wide, and nearly sinrounded by rocks. The soil is stony, but fertile, with excellent pasture; and there are mines of coal, and quarries of marble. It lies 24 miles S.E, of the southern extremity of Sweden. The chief town is Ronne. on the W. side; the north end has a lighthouse on it. I?ouN'os. a town of the proviiice of Seville; about 1 5 m. N. E. of Cadiz. Pop. about 3000. Bon>fou, an extensive empire in the in- terior of North Africa, having Iioussa on the west, and Nubia on the east. It consists of as'.umberof oases, or fertile spots, interspersed with arid wastes. The clinuite is said to be eharat ,zed by excessive, though not by unii'orm heat. Two seasons, one commencing soon after the middU' of April, the other at the same jjcriod in October, divide the year. The lirst is introduced by violent winds from the south-east ami south, with intense heat, a deluge of sultry rain, and such tempests of thunder and lightning as destroy multitudes of the cattle, and many of the people. At the commencement of the second season, the ardent heat subsides; the air becomes soft and mild, and tlie weather perfectly serene. Maize, rice, the horsi;-bean, cotton, hemp, and indigo, are cultivated; and there are figs, grapes, iipricots, i»omegranates, lemons, limes, and melons. The most valuable tree j is called redeynah, in form and height like an olive, the leaf resembling that of the lemon. liOll 122 BOS \ ,ii; aud bearing a nut, tlie kernel and sliell of which arc ia great estimation, the t'onner as a fruit, tlie latter on ueeount of the oil it produces. Horses, asses, mules, dogs, horned cattle, goats, sheep, and eauiels (the liesli of whicii is much esteemed,) are the common animals. Bees arc so numerous, that the wax is often thrown away as an article of no value. The game consists of partridges, wild ducks, and ostriches, the fiesii of which is prized above every otlier. Tiie other ani- mals are tlie lion, leopard, civet cat, wolf, fox, elephant, buil'alo, antelope, and caine- leopardaiis ; and there are many snakes, scorpions, centipedes, and toads. The com- plexion of the natives is bhiek; but they are not of the ne;^ro cast. The dress of the greater part consists of shirts of blue cotton, manufactured in the conntry, of a red cup, brought from Tripoli, and a white muslin turban, from Cairo. Nose-rings of gold are worn by the principal people. But the only covering of the i)oorer sort is a kind of girdle for tile waist. In their manners the peojde are courteous and humane ; they are passion- ately fond of play ; the lower classes of draughts, and the higher excel in chess. More than thirty diilerent languages are said to be spoken in Bornou and its dependencies; and the reigning I'eligion is the Mahometan. The monarchy is elective. The sultan is said to have five hundred ladies in his seraglio, and his stud contains likewise five hundred liorscs. His dominions extend beyond the desert into the fertile country of Negroland, of which he possesses a large portion. He has a vast army, which consists almost en- tirely of horse: the sabre, pike, and bow, are their weapons of olience,aud a shield of hides is their armour. BouNou, the capital of the empire of tlie game name, with a piilace like a citadel. The ■whole city is surrounded by a high wall, en- compassed with a ditch; but the other towns of the kingdom are open. The principal trade is in gold-dust, slaves, horses, ostriches' feathers, salt, and civci. It is seated on the Yen; 750 miles E.N.E. of the mouth of the Niger. Long. 14. 5. E. hit. 19. 45. N. BoRO BuDOR, the chief temple of the Ja- vanese; situate about 60 miles from Sania- rang, nearly in the centre of the island. It is dedicated to Boohd, and contains several hundred subordinate id(jls. BoKODiNO, a village of liussin, near the river Moskwa; about 90 miles W. of Mos- cow. It will long be memorable in the an- nals of Hussia, for the despiirate conrtict be- tween the French and Russian armies, during the march of the former towards Moscow, on the 7th of September, 1812, when iiliout 30,000 men on each side were either killed or wounded. BoHOUGHBuiDGE, a towu in West Yurk- shire; market on Saturday. The earl of lianciister and the rciiei iiriny were here d,;- feated by the troops of Edward II., and the eari being taken ])risoner, was at once be^ headed. It is 18 miles N. W. of York, and 206 N by W. of London. BoKoviTCHi, a town of Russia, on the S.E. side of the province of Novogorod; border- ing on Twer; seated on the S. bank of the Msta river; about 170 miles S. E. of St. I'e- tersburgh. Pop. 2600. BouowiSK, or B0KOV8K. another town of Russia; about 60 miles S.W. of Moscow. BouKiANO, or BoRRiAL, a town of Spain, in Valencia, near the mouth of tha Minjares; 21 miles N. of Valencia. Pop. about 4000. B0KRI8, in Ossory, a village in the parish of Aghaboe, Queen's County, Ireland; 63 m. W. by S. ol' Maryborough. Boiutos, a parish in Queen's County, Ire- land, which includes the town of Mary- borough, by which name the parish is some- times called. See Mahybdrough. BuRHu.Mi:i Isi.es, four beautiful isles in the S. part of Lake Maggiore, N. Italy. On Isuia Bella there is a fine palace and gardens. BoKRowKALE, a village in Cumberland ; 6 miles S. of Keswick. It stands at the end of a narrow and crooked valley, and is famous for mines of wadd, or black-lead, a substance almost peculiar to England, and the vicinity of Malaga, Spain. Borrows roNESs. See Bo'ness. BoRROu, a county in the N. i)art of Upper Hungary, bounded on the E. by the Shajo branch of the Slieif river. It is one of the most fertile districts of the country. Pop. about 95,000. Mishkoltz is the ca[)ital. BosA, a seaport on the W. coast of Sardi- nia, and a bishop's see, with a castle, on a river of the same name; 17 miles S. S.E. of Argeri. Long. 8. 25. E. lat. 40. 16. N. Pop. 3500. BosoAW'ESf Island, an island in the Paci« fie Ocean; about 10 miles in circumference. Long. 175. 10. W. lat. 15. 50. S. Bosco, or Bosciii, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on the Orbe; 5 miles E. of Alexandria. BoscoBEL, a village in Shropshire, 9 m. S. E. of Newport, where Charles II. was con* ccalcd in an oak, after the battleof Worcester. BosuuANA, or Bechdana, an extensive tract of country in the interior of S. Africa, extending through about 5 deg. of lat. from ii5. to 20. S., iiiliubited 'i)y numerous tribes of people, of whom at present very little is known. They seem, physically consiilcred, to be of the same stcjck as the Cadi'cs, but somewhat more advanced in social economy, which seems to improve northwards. Hence it may be inferred, that civilization and im- pniveinent in Africa gradually extended it- self from the north. The chief town, as far as the country is at present known, ia Laka- too, represented to have contained about 15,000 inhabitants, reduced to 7 or 8000 dur- ing the 2nd decennary of the present century, iiy the continued intestine broils of the dif- ferent tribes. They cultivate varioua kind* BOS 123 BOS of grain, and look upon fish, as an article of food, with horror. As far as pretension to worship jwevails, the people arc idolaters; bnt they seem indiil'ereiit to worship of any kind: polygamy is {general; the elder men have usually one youn;^ wife, and another who is past child-bcnring. Mahomedism appears not to have readied tlieni. Tlicir dress is principally of skins, which they tan into leather; and, in the more northern parts, they appear to have made sonic ]>ro- gress in the smelting and working of iron. i'ee Caffkakia. Bosna-Serai, the capitid of Bosnia. It has a considerable trade vvith Didniatia, and manufactures of swords and cutlery. It is of considerable extent, and inter.spel■^ed with gardens; 125 miles S.W. of lielgradc. Pop. 60,400. Bosnia, a compact and naturally fertile district of European Turkey, lying between the lat. of 42. 18. and 45. 10. N., and the 16th and 2]i.st of W. long It is bounded on the W. by the Austrian pi-ovince of Croatia; N. by the Saave river, which falls into tbe Danube, and divides it from Sclavonia; on the E by the Turkish province of Sorvi'' ; and S. by the N. cud of Albania and Dulm.i- tia. It has some nu)untain districts, and is intersected by several rivers, running from the N. into the Saave; and the Narcnta, which rises in the S. part of the province, runs S. through Dalmalia, into the Adriatic at Narisi, a few miles N. of llagusii. Its area may be stated at about 1 5,000 S([uare m. ; yet the population is supposed not to exceed 800,000. As a frontier district, it is princi- pally occupied by Turkish soliliery, who are sanctioned ;n subsisting them.sclvcs upon the proilucts of the occupiers of the soil; and, as the soldiery of the province amount to 40 or 50,000, they of course tend to subdue all excitement to agiicultiu'id exertion; and thus, although the vine and the olive would yield fruit in abundance, one of the finest districts in En. ipe is kept a wilderness, by an undisciplined, lawless, and ruthless horde of soldiery. The principal towns are Bosnia Serai, the capital ; Banjaluka, Svornik, Traunik, (the scat of the jiacha,) and I'ris- rendi. As far as any external conmicrcial intercourse is maintained with Bosnia, it i.s principally through Didnnitia from Uagiisa. The greater part of the province f irrnerly belonged to Hungary. The inhabitants are principally Sclavonians, sjicaking the Scla- vonic with great purity, and profes.sing the creed of the Greek church. Bosi'iiouus, the narrow strait, 20 miles in length, and from 1 to IJ broad, which unites the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora. Jr, is sometimes called the Strait of Constanti- nople. It is of exceeding beauty, ond the shores are lined with splendid kiosks and houses of the Constantinopolitans, for almost its wli(dc length. BossiNV, or TiiEVENNA, a village in Corn- wall, seated near the Bristol Channel ; 17 miles N.W. of Launceston, and 233 W. by S. of London. BosT, a strong town of Persia, capital of Segistan, or Seistan. It is seated on the Heerniund, and on the route of the caravans Irom Ispahan to Caubiil; about 170 miles W. S.VV. of Candahar. Long. 64. 15. E. lat. 32. 30. N. B(j.sTAN, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the N. part of the province of Alaiieul, situate near the eastern confines of Caramania, and near the source ofa river which falls into the Levant at Adanah. Pop. above 8000. BosroN, a borough and seaport town of Lincolnshire, England. When the idle, the crafty, and the vicu)U,s, sought subsistence and refuge, and the ojjpressed and indigent relief, from monastic institutions, Boston ranked among the most important towns ia the country, having had not less than ten fraternal establishments; all of which were annulled, and the inmates disperscil, under the general denudition of those institutions by llenry VII [. After this reverse, when England exchiinged her agricultural produc- tions and raw nniterials, for the haberdashery and other manufactures of Germany and Holland, Boston became one of the principal market.-! in the kingdom for wool, which used to be exported in large quantities to Holland and the llansc Towns; but, on the exportation of wool being totally prohibited, Bcjston was doomed to a further reverse, and gradually declined until towards the close of the last century. It has, .since the commence- ment of t!ie present century, gradually been rising in population and iniportance. The town is situate on both the banks of the river Witham, over which is a handsome bridge, of one arch, of cast iron, eighty-six feet in span, a few miles above the entrance of the river into the sea called Boston Wash, with which river, and by canals, it communicates with a considerable portion of the interior of the country; and, in addition to its very con- siderable trade in grain for the London mar- ket, it carries on a direct trade with the Baltic for deals, hemp, tar, &e. The parish church, founded by St. Botoljth, in 1309, is a very .stately edifiec,lieing 382 fict in length, supported by Corinthian pillars, lighted by pointed windows, nml its .steeple ascended by fiteps, corresponding in number with the months, weeks, and days in the year. The stecjile or tower is 2G.'5 feet in height, sur- mounted with it lantern, which serves as a beacon for many niiies out at sea, and tli,; country being very level inland, it forms .i beautiful and interesting object in the per- spective, many miles distant. T'he town is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve alder- men, and eighteen coinnion councilmen. with subordinate olHcera, who are vested witli the admiralty jurisdiction of the adjoining coasts. The corporation, since 18oi), iiava erected a commodious fish -market, wJiicii in BOS 124 BOS km m ahuiuhiiitly 8ii)>|)lic(l, nml Iiu'kc ([uaiititics aro conveyed into the interior tujimtioH of Nottin>;luuu nnd Leicester. Tlie niiirkcis for grain, &c., iirc on VVeiinesdays and Sa- turdays. It is lit tiiu junction ol'tlio present Gt. Nortliern and E. Lincolnshiro llys., and returns two memlierii to parliunient. It is 36 miles S.K. of Lincoln, and 1 1 ti N. of London. UoSTON Dkki's, is the sea clianncl of the inlet called the Wash, leading from the (icr- nnm Ocean hy the Lincolnshire coast, up to the port of Boston. The ()pi)ositc side wiiich washes the coast of Norfolk, is called Lynn Decjis. The liottom of tlu; Wash is a larm; shoal, partly dry at low water; and even the Deeps are the reverse of what their name implies, not admittinj;, at the most, vessels of more than 200 tons burthen. It is proposed to recover ft Iar<;c portion of this hay from the sea, by moans of an embankment.' Boston, the chief town of New Eiij^land, Nortli_ America, N. of New York, and the seat of the lej.;islative government of tlie state of ALissaehuscts. The old town is hcautil'ully located on u peninsula of an irregular form, about 5 miles in circumference, united on the S. side with the miiiri land by an isthmus nearly a mile in length, and aboi'it the eighth of ft mile broail; sitiuite at the head of a spacious bay, anil surroumled inlaiul, at a distance of 5 to 7 miles, with a range of hills running in a semicircular direction, beauti- ftdly diversitied with foliage, and forming altogether a very prepossessing scene. The bay is about 10 miles in length, formed by Alderton Toint S., and Nahant I'oint N. Between these points, nearest to Alderton, is a cluster of small islands, ou the most southern of which is a lighthouse, in the hit. of 42. 22. N, ami 70. 53. W. long., being 10 miles E. of the town. Ou this island is the signal station foranm)Uiicing to the town the number and descri|>tion of vessels ap]u-oach- ing from sea; and between it and Alderton Point is the principal ship chaimel into the bay,whieh contains about eighty small islands, mostly uiiiiduibited, hnt several of them af- fording pasture for cattle and sheep. On one of them w itliin about 4 miles of the town, is a fort and garrison, }>ecidiarly w ell adaptecl to protect the town from any external attack, and for the maintenance of all maritime re- gidations, the ship chaimel being within i)is- tol-shot of the N. side of the i.sland. Having passed this island, a vessel is considered with- in the harbour, which has been known to have been frozen so as to enable persons to travel ou foot from the town to the fort; but this is of rare oceurrence, and the harbour may be considered accessible at all seasons of the year, and as atlording secure accom- modation for 500 sail of vessels of the largest capacity. There is siiliicieut depth of water for ships of 500 to (!00 tons burthen, proceed- ing quite up to the town, and discharging their cargoes directly upon the ipinys. A tongue of land projects into the harbour from the main ])art of the town, on wliicli is a spring of line fresh w:;ter, which siijiplics all the shipping of the port, under local and judii'ious re!.'ulatioiis. The ground is of sudicieut width to allbrd convenient quay room and jiassage between it and a range of warehouses tJriginally constructed of wood, but since 1800 substantially rel)uilt four sto- ries high, of brick. This iscalled Long Wharf, and is the princii)al focus of the coast- ing ve.«sels. It leads from the harbour in a directliiic uj) the principal streetof the town, called Slate-street, in which are all the in- surance ollices and banking cstablishineuts, in and about which the prineii)al merchants and traders assemble daily. At the uit|)(r cud of tliirf street is the old state-house, and contiguous is the court-house, record, and post-ollice.s. Since 1806 vast improvements liave taken ])lace S. of Long Wharf; several extensive ranges of warehouses have been built, iucluiling anew custom-house, publie sale-room, ami ob.servatoiy. The house in which the legislature of the state hold their sittings is on the W. side of the town ; it is a spacious edifice of brick, and, having nu elevated site, and being surmounted with a dome, is a very iiromiuent object. The pri- vate residences on this side of the town are sjtacious nnd handsome, and exceeded by none in all America. In the nuirkct-place, N. of State street, is a pfunlerous editice, sup]>orted by pillars, called Faiieiiil Hall, in which the town meetings arc held. It has two theatres, several literary and benevolent institutioiiH, and about one humlred places for religituis worship ; and, independent of the neck, it is couneeted with the main laud by live bridges ; the first is on the N. side of the town leading to Charlestown, a populoiis and important place ; and, although not within tlie civil jurisdiction of Boston, com inereially it may be regarded as an integral part, the two being as closi'ly identified as Southwarknnd London. This bridge is up- wards of 1500 feet in length ; the second on ihe W. side of the town, is about two-thirds of a mile in length, leading to Cambridge, distant about 4 miles, at which is the principal university in all America ; the third is on ibc S. side of the town ; and a foui-th con- structed is between those of Charlestown ami Cambridge. These bridges arc all of wood, but arc well constructed, and the last twc are as substantial and elegant as the mate- rials of which they are cou.'^tructed admit. They are all privateer joint-stock properties, aiul encumbered with tolls. South Boston extends about 2 miles along the 8. side of the harbour, and is elegantly laid out. About its centre are the Dorchester Ileight.s, cele- brated in the revolutionary history. East Boston is on an island, and connected with old Boston by a steam ferry, nnd to Chelsea by a bril.i('0. of Henjauiin Frank- lin, anil as tlie jilaee whieii enj^endered the revolution that led to tiie indcpendenei; ol' llie United States. It was founded in IG.'iO, and tiie first cinu'ch was iiuilt in KilW. Al an early period after tlie eonledera\' Soiirii Wai.i; ■. Long. 151. 21. Vu lat. .34. 0. S. HoTANY Island, a small island in the racilicOcean, tothe S.E. of New Caledonia. Long. 107. 17. E. lat. 22. 27. S. Bdtksdam;, a town in SiiU'olk, with ii rnarki^t on Thursday ; seated in a valley ; 15 miles N. E. ol Bury, and 80 of Londoa. lJi>Ti;Ti)iiKr, an interior county of Virgi- nia, lying between the two most easterly riilges ol the Allegany Mountains. The Roanoke and .lames Rivers have both their sources within this county; and it is bounde 1 on the N. by the valley over which is the na- tural bridge, 00 feet in length, and 200 feet above the surface of the water. (.S'w Ckpaii C;iti:i;ic.) 1*1)1). 11,079. Eiiicastlo, 194 miled W. of Richniond, is the chief town. Bothnia, (ji:i.r ov, a large gulf of the Baltic, forming its northern continuity, extending in a N. by 10. direction, from tlio Isle of Aland, in the lat. of Oo., to Tornea, in the lat. of 06 N., and having an average breadth of about 3 degrees of long., between 17. and 25. E. It is bounded on the W. by Sweden, and E. by Einland. It is com- jilelely frozen over in winter, and affords a convenient communication between Russia and the coasts of Sweden. Bothnia, IOast, the northern province of Finland, extending from Finland Proper, in the lat. of 62 N., to the line of the arctic circle, which divide:! it from Lajilanil; lying on the E. shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, between 21. and 30. of E. longitude, bounded on the E. by the Russian i)rovince of Olonetz; containing an area of about 28,000 sqiiar •, miles, but having only about 70,000 inhabi- tants. It is generally low and marshy, in- tersected by lakes and small rivers abounding with fish — some salmon. The eli'niite is generally unfavourable to vegetal. on. It has, however, some herds of small horned cattle, and bears and other furred animals are common; and it exports some fir timber, deals, tar, and pitch. It is divided into 28 parishes, under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the see of Abo, which favours the tenets of Luther. The inhabitants, with some little exception of Swedish, speak the Finnish lan- guage. The chief towns are Kazana, on the E. side, and Ulcaborg, Brahestad, Carleby, Jacobstadt, Wasa, and Christianstadt, all on the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia. This pro- vince, with FinlanU, was ceded by Sweden to Russia in 1809. BOU :26 BOU i 'M *)■ •J ' ' fl. h 1ll»i H ■Fa ^ H mn\ ■ipHHi HI BoTUMA, Wkst, a province of Sweilen, lyiiit; between tlie W. shove of the Gulf of liutlinia and Laplimd, extciidinfj; S from Angermanland, in the lat. of C;i. 50. to that of 67. N. and 19. to 25. E. long. Its area is about half that of East Bothnia, and the population does not exceed 50,000. It differs but little in character from the eastern pro- vince; it abounds somewhat more in furred animals, which serve alike for subsistence and traffic. It is intersected by numerous streams, all running from W. to E, into the gulf. The four principal, rising from the mountains which divide Lapland from Nor- land, give name to as many districts and towns: viz. Tornea, at the head of the gulf, Luicii, Pitea, and Umca, at the S. extremity of the province, all upon the coast of the gulf. It contains some veins of copper and iron; but its chief exports are timber, deals, and tar. It is under the ecclesiastical juris- diction of the see of Hernosand. Bom WELL, a town of Scotl.ind, in the county of Lanark, situate on the E. bank of the Clyde, between Hamilton and Glasgow. It is distinguislted for the battle fought in its vicinity in 1C79, between the covenanters and the royal forces commanded by the Duke of ^lonmouth, when the former were completely defeated BoTTESFORD, a villago in Leicestershire, on the confines of Nottingliamshireand Lin- colnshire; 7 miles W. by N. of Grantham. Near it, on a lofty eminence, is Belvoir Cas- tle, the ancient scat of the dukes of Rutland. In the church are several handsome monu- ments of that noble family; and many Roman antiquities have been I'ound in the neighbour- hood. Box WAR, a town in the N. part of the duchy of Wirtemburg, on a river of its name; 15 miles S. S. E. of Heilbron. Bop. about 2000. BoTZEMBUROH, a town of Brandcnburgh, in the Ucker Mark; 9 miles S.W. of Prentzlau, and about 50 N. of Berlin. It has a manu- facture of silk. BoTZEN, a large town in the interior of the Tyrol, beautifully located near the junction of the Talfer and Eisach, branches of the Adigc river. It has some manufactures of Bilks, and has four fairs annually, numerously attended. The surrounding country produces excellent wine. It was taken by the French in March, 1797, but retaken by the Austrians immediately after. An Austrian commandant resides here. It is about 30 miles N. N. E. of Trent. Pop. about 9000. BouoiiAiN, a fortified town of France, in the department of Nord, divided into two ])arts by the Scheldt. It was taken by the allies in 1711, under v*»e Duke of Marl- borough, but retako' the year following; and was invested by the Austrians in 1793, but soon relieved. It is 9 miles W. of Valenciennes. Pop. 1148. BoucuART, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indrc and Loire, situate on an island in the river V'ienne; 15 miles S. S. W of Tour:^. BouciiEMAiN, a town of France, in the de- pnvtmcnt ol Mayenne and Loire; 4 niiles S. of Auficrs. BouciiEs Du Rhone. See Ruone, Mouths OF THE. BoucLANS, a town of France, in the de- partment of Doubs; 8 miles E. ofBesan^on. BouuRY, a town of Switzerland, in the county of Ncufchatel; 4 miles S. W. of Neufchatol. It was the birthplace of Marat. Bougainville's Strait, in the South Pacific tlcean, between an island of the same name and the N. end of Solomon's Island, in the lat. of 7. S. and 156. E. lonj?. Bouillon, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, with a castle, on an almost inac- cessible rock. The French took it in 1676, when Louis XIV. gave it to the Duke of Bouillon. In 1794, this town was taken by storm, by General Beaulieu, after defeating a considerable body of French republicans, and given np to pillage. It is seated near the river Semov, on the frontier of France; 6 miles N. N. E. of Sedan, and 46 W. by N. of Luxemburg. BouiLLY, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Aube; 7 miles S. of Treves. BouiN, an island on the coast of France, belonging to the department of La Vendc'e; area 3 square leagues. It is of a triangular shape, low and marshy, producing corn and cattle, and large quantities of salt. Pop. 2700. Boulat, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Moselle; 13 miles N. of Metz. BouLOGNE-suR-MER, a seaport of France, in the department of Pas de Calais. It is divided into two towns, the Upper and the Lower; the former is strongly fortified; hut the latter is merely surrounded with walls. The port has for a long time been so shallow that no ships of burden could enter it; but, owing to some recent improvements, it is represented to hold ten feet at low water; and a large basin has lately been constructed to contain seventeen feet. The harbour is l)rotccted by a mole, to which very strong fortifications have been added. Under Buonaparte, Boulogne was miule a port, and no merchant vessel, privateers, nor even prizes were admitted, unless loaded with ordnance or military stores, being the principal depot of the armaments which he intended lor the invasion of Britain. Since the peace in 1815 it has been much resorted to by the English, a great number of whom permanently reside here, wliich, with the influx of visitors from England, facilitated by the South Eastern Railway, and the ex- cellent steam navigation from Dover and Folkstone, and its railway to Paris, through Amiens, &c., render it a flourishing town. Buonaparte commenced the erection of a tower, apparently intended to bo carried to BOU 127 BOU e depart- ctz. if France, lis. It is r and tlio ified; but ■ith walls. ,0 shallow ;r it; but, !nts, it is )\v water; )nstructed larbour is ;ry strong Under a port, tcers, nor ss loaded being the which he in. Since h resorted of whom with the facilitated ,1 the ex- Oover and is, through ling town, ction of a carried to n great height, on wiiicli tiui Kruiifii liuve rctciitly erci'ted his statue. It is 20 miles S. VV. of Calais, in hit. 50. 43. N. and 1. 37. hi. long. I'op. 25,732. Tliurc is also aiiotiier town of the same name in I-'rance, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne, having several tanneries. It is twelve miles N. by W. of St. Guuilins. HouNARUASiii, a village in Asia Minor, province of Anadoli, near the Dardanelles, the undoubted site of ancient Troy. The ])liiin of the Troad may still be traced, al- though some alterations have taken place in the various streams, &c.; but the main fea- tures remain to this day, ami afford a proof of the veracity of the Homeric poem. Bourbon, an island in the Indian Ocean, 50 miles long and 35 broail, lying 400 miles E. of Madagascar. It has not a safe har- bour, but there are some roads for shipping. On the S. E. is a volcano. It is a lertilc islanil ; producing, in particular, the finest ' cotton, and excellent coffee. The Frencli settled here in 1672. It surrendered to the English, after the capture of the isle of France, on the 3rd of Uecembcr, 1810. But Bourbon was restored at the general peace, in 1815 ; shice when, the culture of sugar, colfee, and cotton, has been pursued with };reat avidity, by the aid of slaves obtained from Madagascar. It also produces a variety of woods, resins, gums, and flints. Wild goats and hogs abound in the mountains and woods. The cattle in the plains arc numerous, and the coasts supply abundance of fish. On the whole, this island affords, ' not only all the means of subsistence, but of enjoyment, in a very high degree. Pop. about 100,000. St. Denis is the chief town, in hit. 20. 52. N. and 55. 30. E. long.; about 100 miles S. of the Isle of France, which see. Bourbon, an interior county in the N. W. part of the state of Kentucky. Pop. 14,478. Paris, situate in a fork of the S. branch of the Licking river, 40 mdes E. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Bourdon-Lanoy, a town of France, on the \V. side of the department of Saoae and Loire, celebrated for its hot mineral waters, and a large marble pavement, cal- led the Great Bath, which is a work of the Uomans. It is 28 miles S. \V. of Autun. Pop. 2800. BouRBON-L'ARcriAMBAUD, a town of France, in the department of Allier, cele- brated for its hot baths, and for giving name to the family of the kings of France. It is situate near the river Allier ; 15 miles W. of Monlins. Pop. 3017. BouRBONNE-LES- Bains, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, famous for its hot baths ; 18 miles E. N. E. of Lau- gres. Pop. 3200. Bouhbon- Vendee, a town of France, capi - tal of the department of Vendee, on the right bank of the Yon. It is on the site of lioche- jur-Yon, a strong feudal castle, having near it a miserable little town. Pop., which is rapidly increasing, 5257. BouRBOuuo, a town of France, in the department of Nord, seated near the river Aa, and on a canal that communicates with Calais and Dunkirk; 10 miles S. W. of Dun- kirk. Pop. 2527. BouRUEAUx, or BoKoEAUx, an ancient, large, and fine town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde. It is built in the form of a crescent, on the W. bank of the river Garonno. The town has twelve gates ; and the public edifices are noble, and the streets regular and hand.some. The castle called the Trumpet, is situated at the entrance of the quay, and the river runs round its walls. Most of the great streets lead to the quays. The quays are lour miles in length, and the river, over which has been erected a mag- nificent bridge, is considerably broader than the Thames at London Bridge. On the op- posite side, a range of liilLs, covered with woods, vineyards, churches, and villas, ex- tend beyond the view. Almost in the centre of the town, a fine equestrian statue in bnmze, was erected to Louis XV. in 1743. The beauty of the Garonne, and the fertility of the adjoining country, were probably the causes which induced the Romans to lay the foundation of this city. The ruins of a very large amphitheatre yet reu'.ain, constructed under the Emperor Gallienus. During the irruptions of the barbarous nations, and ]>articularly in those which the Normans re- peatedly made, Bordeaux was ravaged, burnt, and almost entirely destroyed. But when Henry II. of England united it to his do- minions, by his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, he made it a yirincipal object of his policy to rebuild and restore it to its an- cient lustre. Edward, the Black Prince, brought his royal captive, John, king of France to this city, after the battle of Poic- tiers, in 1356 ; and held his court and re- sidence here during eleven years. His ex- alted character, his uninterrupted series of good fortune, his victories, and his muni- ficence, drew strangers to Bordeaux from every part of Europe. Here his son, Rich- ard II., was born. Bordeaux contains up- wards of 95,000 inhabitants, and is one of the first cities in France for magnitude and beauty; and is justly esteemed as one of the most agreeable abodes in Europe. The ca- thedral, and the churches belonging to the late religious orders, the Dominicans and Chartreux, are much admired. Bordeaux is the scat oi" an archbishop. The town has a university, and an academy of arts and sciences ; and a considerable export trade, particularly in fruit, wine, and brandy. It is connected with Biyonne, Paris, and the rest of France by railw \ts. In March, 1812, Bordeaux was entered by the English after the battle of Orphes, but evacuated on the re- storation of the Bourbons. It was the birth- place of Ausonius. It lies 87 miles S. of r.ou 128 BOU Roi^hellc, niul 325 S. W. ofPiiris. Long. 0. 34. W. lilt. 44. .50. N. 'J'hcre is ii villnj^e o( the siiniu name, duimrtniuiit of Drunie, 18 miles N. of Nyons. It was the Mrtlipliue ofCiiHiUibon, nnd contiiinH 1200 inli!il)ifiints. UouKu-ioN-liiiAHSK, tlio eapitiil of tlie de- partment uf Ain. Near it is the ma<;nifi(-ont L-hurch and monastery of the Aii>jtistins, which contains the mausoleum of Margaret of Austria, nnd of Charles V. Tiie princii)al conimerce is in corn, horses, eattle, and white leather. It stands in a marsiiy but fertile country, on tlie river Hessousse; 3fi miles N. K. of Lyons, and 233 S, S. K. of Paris. It was the birth-i)lace of Lalande, Pop. about 8818. Boorq-bur-Mer, in the department of Gironde, with a tide harbour on the Dor- 1 dogne, near the point of land formed by the junction of that river with tlie Garonne, on its north side. It has a great trade in j wine, and is 15 miles N. by E. of I3ordeau.\. ' Pop. 2700. i BouRO AciiARD, and Theroude, depart- ment of Eure; Sr. Andeoi., of Ardeehe ; Aruental, of the Kiione, D'Aui.x, of Soin- mc; Deols of Indre ; Lastic, of Isere ; D'OiSANSof ditto ; DePeage, of the Drone; La Heine, of the Seine, &c., arc all incon- siderable. BouRGANEUF, a town of France, in the" department of Crcuse. Here is a lotty tower, faced with stones, cut diamond-wise, erected by Zisim, brotlier of Bajazct II., emperor of the Turks, when ho wi>8 obli- ged to exile himself, after tlie loss of a de- cisive battle. Bourpmeuf is seated on the Taurion ; 20 miles N. E. of Limoges. Pop. about 2900. BoDROAS, a town in Turkey in Europe, pach. Koumelia, on the N. shore of a gulf of the same name, on the Black Sea ; 1 30 miles N. W. of Constantinople. It has a cele- brated manufacture of pottery. Pup. 6000. BouROEs, a city of Irance, capital of the department of Cher, and an arclii- episcopal see, with a university founded by Louis XL, the Nero of France, who was born here. In extent, it is one of the greatest cities in France. The princi])al manufactures are cloth, woollen stuffs, and stockings, but the trade is inconsiderable. It is seated at the conflux of the Auron and i Yevre; 25 miles N. W. of Nevers, and 125 S. of Paris. Pop. 19,646. BoDRGET, a to\vu of Savoy, on a lake of ' the same name, near the lihonc; 6 miles N. of Chambery. BoniGNEUF, a seaport of France, in the department of Lower Loire. Tlie chief trade is in salt, made from the adjacent salt marshes. It stands on a bay, to which it gives name ; 20 miles S. "W. of Nantes. It has an oyster fishery on the coast. Pop. 2700. Long. 1. 51. W. hit. 47. 3 N. BouRooiN, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Isere. Some hemp is grown in the vicinity, nnd it lias some manufactures in chintz. Poj). 4325. BouRGiii iL, a town of Prance, in the do- ])artnieiit of Indre and Loire; 22 miles W. (if Tours. It has a Itenudictiiic abbey and castle. Pop. about 3000. Bouiii.os, a large lake or bay Ivinp be- tween the Kosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile. On the cast capo is a town called Ziottr^Oi), in the lat. of 31. 36. N. und 31. 27. E. long. BoiiRMONT, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Marne, on a steep mountain; 20 miles E. by N. ofChaumoni. Bourn, n town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday. It has a navigable canal to Boston, and is seated at tlic source of a rivulet that runs to Spalding. The chief trade ia in leather and wool, 35 miles S. of Lincoln, and 97 N. of Lonclon. Boiiiio, one of the Molucca island.s, in the Banda Sea, between Celebes and Ceram ; about 90 miles lon;^ and 30 broad. Some mountains in it are extremely high, nnd the sea on one side is unconinunily dcej). It is rei)rcsented as being exceedingly fertile, yiel- ding abundance of rice. One of its peculiar ve;,'etable jiroductions is the melaleuca cati- golia, from the leaves of which the cajeputa oil is extracted, which forms one of the prin- cipal articles of tratlic. The nutmeg, clove, cocoa, banana, and ebony trees, as well as the orange, lemon, citron, &c., are also com- mon to the island. The natives, who live mostly in the interior, are represented to bo as rude and unsocial as those of Borneo, to whom they bear a close aflinity in feature, manner, and character. Wild boars, gouts, and hog deer, range in the woods, which are also much infested with reptiles, and some of an enormous size. There is a town of the same name, on the shore of a commodious bay, called Cajeli, on the N. E. part of the is- land, in hit. 3. 25. S. and 127 E. long., where the Dutch have a fort; whoso policy pre- cludes alike all social improvement among the natives, whilst it constitutes a barrier to the attainment of all knowledge of the details of their number.s, economy, and resources. Some Mahometans, and natives of other islands, who live in subservience to the Dutch, inhabit the towns upon the coast. Pop. 60,000. BouRTHES, a town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais ; 12 miles S. E. of Boulogne. BoussA, a town on an island, in the Niger, in the interior of Africa ; the place where Mungo Park was killed. It is a large and strong place. Pop. 16,000 or 18,000. Lat. 10. 14. N. long. 6. 11. E. BouTON, an island of the Indian Ocean, about 180 miles in length from N. to S., and 25 in breadth. It is in part moun- tainous and woody, but in other parts ex- ceedingly fertile. The natives appear to be of Malayan origin, professing the Ma- hometan faith. It is governed by a sul- BOW 19)9 BOX tan, who lives in considcrublo stiUc, ami whoso authority extends over sumo snmll isiiiiKls contiguous. Forts arc constructed on several iiuicccssibic heights, in (lillereut parts of tliu ishind. It is siiid to produce cotton of a very superior quality, which the natives manufacture into clotii. Tiio N. point of tlie island is in hit. 4. 21. S. and 123. 5. E. long. The Dutch uttein|)tcd to cstahlish tlicmsclvcs upon this ishind ; but tlicir perfidy led to a general mas- sacre, and tiicy liavo not since renewed tlio attempt. 'Oherc is a town of the same name at tlie N. W. extremity of the island, at which tlio sultan usually resides. Tliere is also another island (a small one) called Btiuton, off the Maiav coast, in lat. 6. 25. N. and 99. 15. E. lony. BouroNNE, a river of France, rising in the department of Deux Sevres, becomes naviga- ble at St. Jean D'Angely, and falls into the Charcnte, about 10 miles above Kochefort. There is a town of the same name, on the N. bimii of the river; about 18 miles W. of St. Jean D'Angely. BouviGNES, a small fortified town of the Nctiierlands, on the W. bank of the Mouse ; about 14 miles S. of Namur. BouzDOOAN, a town in the S. W. part of Natolia; about 18 miles N.W. of Mclasso. BuuzoK, a town of Asiatic Turkey, near the N.E. confines of Caramania, and near the source of a branch of the Kisil Irmak river, which falls into tiie Black Seu. BouzoNviLLi:, a town of France, in the department of Moselle, on the river Nied; 27 miles N.E. of Metz. BovA, a town of Najjles, in Calabria Ultra, at the southern extremity of the promontory of Italy. The inliabitauts are supposed to be descendants of Albanians, great numbers of whom are scattered over the adjacent country. Pop. of Bova about 3500. BovELLES, a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme; 6 miles W. S. W. of Amiens. BovENDEN, or Bawarden, a town in the principality of Callenberg J about 3 miles N. of Gottingen. BovENSE, or BoRGENSE, a town on the N. coast of the island of Funen, from whence there is a ferry over to Klukring, in Jut- land. BovES, a populous town in Piedmont; a few miles S. of Coni. BoviGNES, a town of the Netherlands, in Namur, on the river Meuse; 10 miles S. of Namur. BoviNO, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated at the foot of tlie Appennincs; 15 m. N.E. of Benevento. Pop. 5000. Bow, or Stkatford-le-Bow, one of the out-parishes of Loudon, on the E. side. The church is 4 miles from the Royal Exch.inge. Bow is situate at the S. E. extremity of tlic county of Middlesex, separated from Essex by the river Lea. CSee Blaokwali..^ The church is very ancient ; and an old stono bridge over the river is supposed to have hcen the first erected in England, and the curve or bow of the arch to have given name to the town. Over tiiis bridge is the great out- let from London, to the thnio eastern coun- ties of England, viz., Essex, iSutrolk, and Norfolk. Bow, one of the Society Isles, at the S. E. extremity of the cluster, in hit. 18. 23. S. and 141. 10. W. long. It was discovered by Captain Cook, on his first voyage; but, with 130 fathom of line, no bottom could bo found foranchoragc. It seemed barren ; but from appearance of smoke, it was conjectured either to be inhabited or volcanic. BownoiNiiAM, a town of the state of Maine, United States, on the W. side of the Kennebec Iliver. It ha^ a considerable trade in lumber and ship building; 21 miles S. by W. of Augusta, and 12 N. of Bath. Pop, in 1840,2402. Bowes, a town at the N.W. extremity of the county of York, situate at the foot of the mountains on the frontiers of Westmore- land, on one of the Koman military ways, now the high road from London to Carlisle Its antiquity is further manifest, from a stono in the church, which, at the commcneement of the last centui'y, was used as a comnuiiiion- table, on which is an adulatory iuKcrijition to the emperor Atlrian. It holds a market on Fridays; 53 miles S. by E. of Cuiiisle; and 250 'N. by W. of London. Bowi.ing-Green, a town of Kentucky, United States, on the Big Barren Kiver, a branch of the Green Hiver, which is accessi- ble to steam-boats of 200 tons. It has con- siderable trade, principally export of tobacco; 144 miles S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. in 1840, 1400. BowMORE, a town of the Isle of Islay, on the coast of Argyleshire, on the E. coast of Loch Indal. BowNES, a village in Westmoreland, on the E. side of Windermere-water; 9 miles VV, by N. of Kendal. It is a great mart for fish and charcoal, and pleasure-boats used in navigating the lake. It is near the ter- minus of the Kendal Uailway. BowNESS, a village in Cumberland, at tho W. end of the Picts' Wall, on Solway Frith, 13 miles W. by N. of Carlisle. It was a Koman station,c.'illedBlatumBulgium; and from hence Antoninus began bis Itinerary. BoxBEKO, a town of Germany, in the Grand duchy of Baden, with an ancient castle on an eminence; seated on the Tau- ber; 13 miles W. of Mergentheim. BoxBOiiouGii, a town of Massachusets, between the Concord and Nashua rivers. It lias some manufactures, and hops arc extcTi- sively cultivated; 28 miles N. W. by W. ot Boston. BoxTEi,, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, seated on the river Dommel, and furnished with sluices. Here the British and ► u I i 'ti :4 i f -4 1 ,1 M '<■ i v| II. >! BRA 130 BRA Dutch troops, under the Duke of York, were defcatud by the Frcncli in 17U4. It is 8 ni. S. of Bois Ic Due. Top. 2650. UoYDTON, a town of the state of Virginia, U. States, liandoipli Maeon college, founded in 1833, is 1 mile W. of it; 1U9 miles S. S. W. of Kichmond, and 222 miles from VVush- iiigton. BoYLJ, a populous parish and town of Ireland, in the county of Hoseonimon, on the frontier of Sligo. Here are the ruins of an abbey, near the lake Key, and manufac- tures of linen and yarn. It has extensive barracks; seated on the river Boyle; 94 m. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. 3433. BovNE, a river of Ireland, which rises in the N. part of the county of Kildare, crosses the county of Meath, past Trim and Navan, and enters the Irish Channel below Drog- heda. In this river, and on its banks, James II. VIS defeated by William III. in 1690. BozoLo, a fortilied town of Italy, in the Mantuan; seated on the Oglio; 15 m. S.W. of Mavtua. BozRAii, a township of Connecticut, con- taining two flourishing manufacturing vil- lages, near the Yantu river, which affords water power; 33 miles E.S.E. of Hartford. Pop. In 1840, 1067. Bra, a large town of the Sardinian States, in the province of Alba, situate near the junction of the Sturawith theTanaro river; 10 miles S.E. of Carmagnola. Pop. about 7000. Cherasco, with a further population of about 11,000, is situate on the opposite bank of the river. Braan, a river of Scotland, in Perthshire, which descends from the hills E. of Loch Tay, and flows into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon tliis river is a grand scene, at a place called the Rumbling-bridge. Under an arch, thrown over a narrow chasm, between two projecting rocks, the river is precipitated in a fall of near 50 feet. Brabant, a territory in the N.W. ])art of Europe, lying between the lat. of 50. 30. and 51. 35. N. and 4. and 5. 10. E. long., divided between Belgium and Holland. Brabant, North, a province and kingdom of Holland, 90 miles long, and 45 m. broad. It was made a duchy in the 7th century, and was considered as tlie first state of the king- dom of the Netherlands. This portion of tlt# duchy was seized by the republic of Hol- land, in the 17th century, when it acquired tlie name of Dutch Brabant, and in 1810 was annexed to the French empire, but was restored to the Dutch. Principal towns are Bois le Due, Bergen-op-Zoom, and Breda. Brabant, South, a province of Belgium; 63 miles in length, 36 miles broad, and con- tains a pop. of 711, y22 in 1849. It is beauti- ful and fertile. It was separated from IIol- liind by the Belgian insurrection in 1830, and is now the principal province of the kingdom. Brussels is the capital. BiiACADALE, a town and parish on the W. coast of the isle of Skye, one of the Hebrides, or Western Islands of Scotland. Bracciano. a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter; celebrated for manufac- tures of paper, the ruins of Veig, and some warm baths in its vicinity. It is sitmited on a lake of the same name; 25 miles N. of Rome. Bracciouano, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore; 7 miles N.N.W. of Salerno. Bracken, a frontier county on the N.E. siy Mi\ Ividder and ot!"'r authorities: — Pkovinces. Pop. in 1844. Rio Grande do Sui KiD.OOO Siiiita OatlKiriiiii . Ci;,2i8 Sun Paulo . . . 32(i.902 Eio de .laneiro . 43C,4S3 CityotIliodeJ.i. luiiro . . . Minas Gcraos . G.i.yaz . . . Matte Grosso . Kspii-ito Santo ."uliia , . . J 180,000 , 7G0,ono , 40,01)0 , 411,000 , 050,000 PnOVINOES. I?it. forward Sorjjine . . . Alayoaa . . . Pornanibuco . Parahiba Rio Grando Norto . ■ Ceara . , , Piauliy . . Maranhant . Pari . . . Total Pop. in IH44. 2,70:t.'.'O.'i . . 120,000 . . 1 20,000 . . 000,020 . . 100,000 ^°} 40,000 ! '. 1(0,000 • . '0,000 . . 217,024 . . 250,000 . 4,4.'>0,249 Carry forward 2,703,205 Be.sideB these, there arc the wilderness re- gions of Guiana, N. of the Amazon, and of iSolimoens, a vast territory, ill- sxplored, W. of the Rio Madera, and t;. of the Amazon, extending to the limits of Brazd.. There are 88 titles of nobility in Brazil, but they are not hereditary. The form of government is an hereditary monarchy, with a general assembly of national representa- tives. The national religi(m is the lionnin Catholic; but other faiths arc tolerated. Monasticism is ou the decline, iind irrcligion and infidelity is sprf>ading far and wide. Education is in a very backward state, and the morals of the people are consequently not of a very high chariicter. The first discovery of Brazil has been claimed for a Martin Behmen, who is said to have visited it in 1487; but the credit of making it known to Europeans is assigned to the rorcuguese adnnral Pedro Alvades Cabral. who sailed from Lisbon on the 9th of March, l.'iOO, with a squadron of thirteen sail, destined for the East Indies ; when, stretching more than usual to the westward, to avoid the storms that ppivail otfthe Cnpc of Good Hope, he accidentally discovered this 'iue territory, in the hit. of 16. S., on the ^-vth of April; and having communicated with the natives, who manifested a social dis- position, anchored his s(piadron in the Bay of I'orto Seguro, and, on the following day, landctl and planti.il the cros.s, and took pos- session of the tciritory in the n.ime 'if Ema- nuel, the then king oll'drtugal. For nearly fifty year-, however, it was hut little appre- '"'ated ; there being no indications of gold, jilver, or gems, upon the coast: it was merely availed of as a place for transportation for criminals, the shijjs conveying them carrying back nothing but the red wood so important in dyeing, (called from its appearance bmzii.% a glowing fire or coal, and hence the nanio of the country.) Its capabilities would j)ro- bably have I'cmained much longer undis- closed, but for the banishment of the Jews from Portugal in 1.549; who introduced the sngar-caue from Madeira, which flourished to such a degree as soon to render it -n ob- ject of great importance. The celebrity of the colony became sufficiently general, by the close of tiie century, to excite the jealousy and cupidity alike of the French, Spatiiards, and Dutch; and in 1624 the Dutch des- patched a s';iiadron, under the command of admiral Willikcns, who succeeded in taking P'>ssession of St. Salvador, or Bahia, the then principal settlement, and proclaimed the possession of the whole territory; and, after having published a manifegto, allowing liberty of conscience to an who were disposed to subscribe an oath of fidelity to the Dutch republic, and plundered the town, he returned to Holland. The Spaniards next sent a formidable squadron, who completely dis- lodged the Dutch; but, m 1630, the Dutch again returned to the charge with a force of not less than forty-six armed sliips, and, after seven or eight years of continued war- fare, succeeded in extending their inflnenoe over more than half the country; but their oppressive and exclusive policy became so obnoxious to the settlers as to render their tenure exceedingly precarious; so that, after various collisions, and alternations of success between Dutch, Spaniards, and Portuguese, towards the close of the seventeenth century, the Dutch, by treaty, ceded all their interest to the Portuguesf ; and the influence of the Spaniards having been previously subverted, at the commencement of the 18th centin-y the whole territory came into the possession of the Portnguese, with whom it remained for more than a century, silently advancing in eultiv.itiim and importance, though, com- paratively speaking, but little known to the world, until the events of the twenty years' war, growing out of the French revolution in 1793; led, in 1807, to the emigration of the Portuguese court from Lisbon, under the protection of a British squadron, to seek shelter at Rio Janeiro. Since 180(1, however, cultivation has been r ii'sued with greater avidity, and, its superior advantages once established, it will probably increase in estimation, whilst the infatuating pursuits in search ofdiamonds and gtdd will subside. The revolutionary spirit, so widely spread over all Spanish America during the first and second decennaries of the present century, extended itself into Brazil. Per- nambuco, in 1817, revolted against the go- vernmentj and the wliole country manifesting BRA 135 IJRE vest the led, tiiiy ssion lined icing om- tho ears' utiun m of r the seek been evior uitily Uin-' nitiier an oroportionably great with the induc- tion. The natives who inhabit the inland jiarts are copper-coloured, strong, lively, and gay, and suliject to few diseases. Tiiey are divided into a great number c;' tribes, each of which have their peculiar customs, which tliey scrupulously observe ; and among some of which, it is said, cannibalism prevails. The number of tribes i:; probably between 200 and 300, but their extent is generally unknown. IJuAZoniA, a town of tho state of Texas, on the right bank of the Brazos river, and about 30 miles from the sea. It is a place of considerable trade, and has about 500 in- habitants. BuAzzA, an island in the Adriatic, near the coast pcars by tiie Roman coins that arc often dug up; and its ( iicc magnificent castle is now in ruins. It con- tains 4 churches, one of which is collegiate; and in that part of the town called tlie Wat- ton is a fine arsenal. To the east of the town is a considerable lake, well stored with tisli, whence runs a rivulet into the Wye. It is seated at the confluence of the Hondey with the Uske, which falls into the Bristol Channel, and with which it communicates by a canal to Newport, near the mouth of the Uske; a railway also connects it with Mcrthyr Tydvil ; 34 miics N. W. of Monmouth, and 171 W. by N. of London. It sends one member to parliament. BuEDA, a strongly fortifiee, St., a parish of the island of Jersey, English Channel. The clnirch is near the coast of Brelades I ay, and roman- tically situated. Pop. 2069. Breme, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, near the confluence of the Sessia with the Po, on the frontiers of Montferrat; 28 miles W. of Pavia. Bremen, a duchy and maritime district of Germany, in the circle of'Ijower Saxony, lying between the Wcser and the Elbe; the former of which separates it from Oldenbcrg, and the other from Holstein. The country is fertile and populous, but in winter is sub- ject to inundations. It formerly belonged to the Swedes, but was sold to the Elector of Hanover, in 1719. Stade, on the S. bank of the Elbe, is the seat of regency. It is about 2100 square miles in extent; contains a population of about 170,000; and nov/ forms part of the kingdom of Hanover. Bremen, one of the three free German Han- scatic cities, on the Weser, whicli divides it into the Old and New Town: the former is the largest, and in it stands the cathedral. A I)ri(ige across the river connects the two divisions; it hasacathedral,and 8 churches: a magnificent town-hall, an exchange, museum, &e. The manufactures are considerable, consisting chiefly of linens, snuff, tobacco, leather, soap, &c., and there are also about 100 distilleries. A new and excellent har- bour has l)e(Mi con-triictcd on the E. side of the river, and it has a railway to Hanover, ^c. The exports are greatly increasing, the Bremen merchants having corrcsjionding establishments in inanv nlaces of the Western »— ii W ii^WW I B R E 137 BRE W.i\-l(l. It 1.! the capitui of the mljaccTit dis- crict, which is intersected by cii'v^'s. and very fertile. It is {governed by a senate, scleciing its own incmbe.'s from a list proposed by the burj,'esses. Tt pulation, 49,700 ; including the district, 72,020; 60 miles S.W. of Ham- burg, UuicMENVoiiD, ii rown in the dncliy of Bre- men, defejidcd by a '^astle. The chancery of the rluchy is kept ! ere. It stands near the Oste; 32 miles N, by E. of Bremen. BuEMGARTKN, a town of Switzerland, in the free lower bailiwicks, be> ween tlie cantons of Zurich and Bern. 'I'hc inhabitants deal chiefly in paper; and it is seated on the Renss; 10. miles W, of Zuriea. Bp.kso, a town of Italy, in Bl•e^:ciano, seated on the Ogiio; 3G miles j'J. of Brescia. Po]). about 2000. Bken' r A, a river wliich rises in the princi- pality of Trent, passes by Hassano and l^udini, and enters tl:e Gulf of Venice, a little S. of Venice, streams ])L;rt of intersect the the province, centre and S(iuthcrn all falling into llio Oi^lio, and Lake Gar,000. It lui.'-: some dreary spots; but on the wliole it may be considered a fer- tile district, producing corn, wine, and oil, in ai>un(lance. The vine, olive, and mulberry, all luxuriate in its soil; and the lakes ami rivers supply abundance of fish. It exports some silk ; but its manufactures do not nnich, if at all, exceed the demand and consumjition of the province. Besides Brescia, the capital, the other principal towns are Breiio, Chiari, Orci, N(.)vi, and Salo. It was formerly a part of the republic of Venice; but is now under the dominion of Austria. Bkescia, an episcopal city, and capital of the preceding province, situate in a si'aci(>u3 und fertile plain, between tiie rivers Meia and Navilo, on the hi^jli road from Bergamo to Mantua. It is well fortiiSed, and is on the rail- Brentfokd, an n])pendnge to London; 7 »'OJ"i connecting Venice with Mdan, &c. It has twelve churches andtbirty convents. The cathedral and the palace are adorned with beautiful painting.s, and in th j former is shown the standard of Constantine. Here are seve- ral flourishing manufactures, and its fire- arms are particularly celebrated. This city has been taken and retaken several times by the Austnans and French. Pop, 35,000. A stream, called the Garza, runs through the city, afterwards falling into the Mela. It is about .')() miles N, of Parma, to N. W. of Mantna, and 30 S. E. of Bergamo. liiiKSELto, a town of Italy, in the Mo- dencso, on the river Po; 27 miles N. W, ot Modena. I5i(E.'? a college. This city became the S. by Mantua and the Cremonese, W. | subject to the King of Prussia in 1741. It by Bergamasco, N. by the country of the Orisons, and E. by the principality of Trent, the Veronese, and Mantua. The Oglio has its source in the N. extremity of this pro- vince; runs S. for about 30 miles, when it forms the lake of Jeso, and afterwards the boundary between Bergamasco and the Cre- monese. The Cliiese in; -rsects the E. side, faJiinu' into the Oglio at the S. E. extrendty wa.s trvlicii !>y the Ausiri ■•.•-..-. ir. :7.i7, but re- gained the same year. It was for some time besieged by tlie French, and surrendered to them in January, 1807., and iigain in 181.'5; but reverted vo Piu.ssiu after the peace of 1814. It is 112 mil.'S N.. E. of Prague, and lO^ N. of Vienna. Long. 17. 2 E." bit. 51. 6. N. The principality conttdox about 493 sq. miles of area, and 1,174,6:^9 mhabitants t^\ TM of the provinces the Smela and everal other Pop. of thn city, 112,194 ut the end of 1849 tfPb BRI 138 BKI sm: 15 1^" ,:; \ ^!ill Bresle, a vlvcr of France, wliidi divides the department of Lower Seine from that of SomtTH!, aiul eutera the English Chunuel at Trcport. BuEssAY Sound. See Brassa. BuEssE, 11 late ]irovinee of France, bounded on the N. by Burgnndyaiui Frunche Curapte, E. by Savoy, S. by the Viennois, and W. by the Lyonnois, It now forms the depart- ment of Ain. BuESSfiJiB, a town of France, in the de- partment oi' Two Sevres; 35 miles N. W. of .Voitiers. Pop, 1894. BitEST, a maritime town of France, in the department of Finisteire,. Trior to IGSl, it was an in,-iin;uilieaut iisliing town ; but, hav- inj' one of tiie most commodious and secure hitrbours in Europe, it was availed of l)y the French gt)veri)ment, under the administration of Eichelieu, in the I'eign of Louis XIV,, for a marine station, and it is now the ciiief na- val depot of France. Situate on a promon- tory at the western extremity of the kingdom, it is equally convenient for the equipment of expeditions to all parts of the coast, or of the world. The English made an ineifectual attempt to take it in 1694 ; and during the twenty -three years' war, from 1793 to 181.5, it compelled the Eiiglisli to maintain a large block.iding squadron olf the harbour, witii- out doing the least possible injury to Frsncc. The exten.sive occupations attendant on the building, re|.iiiring, and equijS'ee Cape Brf.tov. Brettev, a town of Germany, in the late paliitinateofthelihine, on the frontier of Wur- tcmberg ; 20 miles S. of Heidelberg, and about 20 N. by VV. of Stuttgard. Poj), 2,500. It was tlie liirthplaee of Molancthon, and is now inchided in the territory of the duchy of Baden, circle of the Ptintii', and Enz. Bkkvaud, or BuKVOORv, a strong town of Jloliaad, in the county <)f Ziitplten, witli a castle ; situate in a morass; 24 miles S.E. of Zutphen. Brewood, a town in Staffordshire, with a market oti Tuesday -, 10 miley S. by W, of StafVori), .and 129 N. \Y. of London. BmANi;oN, a town of France, on the Tdu- tier of I'lcilujoni, in the department of Upper Alp.s; with a castle on a craggy rock, and other strong forlilications. In its neighbour- hood manna is gathered from a sort of ash- tree. It has a handsome church, and a noble ))ridge over the Durance; 20 miles N. of Embrun, and about 70 E. by S. of Turin. Pup. .34,55. Bkia,n<;onnet, a fortress of Savoy, near the town of Moustiei-, sit mite on a rock inac- cessible every way, exceid by the side of a river, where it is ascended l)y two or three hundred steps. The common passage from Savoy to Italy is by tliis fortie.ss. BiUAiVSK, an interior town of Russia, in the province of Orel ; situate on the Desna, an eastern branch of the Dnieper; about 250 miles S. \V. of Moscow. Pop. aiiout 6000. It has an anoual fair very numerously attended. Briauic, a tow;! of France, in the depart- ment of Loiret ; seated on the Loire, and has a canal between that river and the Seine. It is 40 miles .E. S. E. of Orleans. ErtinGEND, a town of Wales, in Glamor- ganshire, witli a market on Saturday, and a woollen mariufaeture ; seated on the Ograore, uriver abounding in trout and salmon ; 7 miles W. by N. of Cowbridge, and 18i W. of London, BuiDGENOETH, .a borough in Shrop.shire, with a market on Saturday. It has two chm-ehes, and a free school that sends and maintains eighteen scholars at the University of Oxford. It was formerly fortified W'ith walls, and had a ca.?lle, now in ruins. Its trade both by land and water, i.s consi- dei"ai)le. It is seated on both banks of tho Severn, over which is a handsome bridge of six arches. The upper part of the town is 180 feet above the beil of the river, and commands an extensive and delightful pro- spect. Au annual fair, on the 29th of Oc- to!)er, is very numerously attended, and the quantities ofcattle, sheep, butter, f.'he»!.se, and bacon, in'ought for sale, is very great. It had formerly some manufactures of wor.sted, whicli have declined. It has a large grain market on Saturday. It return.? tivo mcni- hers to p.xrliament, and is 23 tniles S. E. of Shrewsbury, and 139 N, W,of London. Bridgefout, a city of the United States, in Connecticut. It stands on the W. ,sido of an arm of Long Island Sound, into the i>e.ad of winch the Pequanoek r. enters. Thfi city, incorporated in 1836, is neatly buiit, and has considerable manufactures, parti- cularly ofciirriage.s,andsi,.ddles. The Ilousa- tonie railway connects it with West Stock- b»"idge, and thence it is connected with Bo.ston and Albany. The harbour is good for coast- ing vessels, 75 miles S. S. W. of Hartford, 17 rnilen W. S. W. of New Haven, an iKWATER. a town of Vermont, U, S., watereO by the Queechey river, albinling considerable water jiower. An inexhausti- ble (juarry of steatite or uoapstono is much Worked here; 78 miles S. of A(i/iil|/(ijier ':'op, 1363. BniDLiNOTow, commonly called Huatj no- ton ; a seaport in East Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. The harbour is coin- modi IS, and defended by two strong [ders. Its mineral waters arid ucei/iiiM/odiilli/iis for sea-bathing, draw much company in siuii- nr-.r; and its tnulB ii coriH'detHble, ami has radwnys to Bcurbiffr*' nnd Dull. It, is seated on a creek S. of Ktninbf/n/ngli head; 40 m. E. N. K. of York, and ilOO if. of London. Bkidimut, a boroMjib in Dov'^itsliirc, with a ni;a-ket on Wednusdaj and Sutiirday. It is seated about 3 nules from the shore of tho British Cluumel, between the rivers Brit and Bride, which unite just below the town, and form aconvenient harbour, which, since 1822, has been improved so as to admit vessels of 200 to 300 tons burthen. It was formerly celebrated for its luanufactures of cordage, sail-cloth, twine, and netting ; and Henry VI II. granted it a monopoly for making all the cordage lor the national marine, which it retained for about sixty years ; but its manufactures are now inconsiderable. It builds and owns some shipping, and carries on a little external, as well as coasting trade. It returns two members to parliament. It is 12 miles W. of Dorchester, and 135 W. by S. of London. Briui'out, a town of Vermont, U. S., on Lake Champlain, opposite Crown Point. The water of the place is very strongly impreg- nateil with Epsom salts; 79 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. in 1840, 1480. Bkieo, a fortified town of Silesia, capital of a circle of the same name, vi^ith a Lutheran cathedral, and several other churches for Pro- testants and Catholics. Here is a manufac- ture of cloth. It was taken by the Pru.ssians in 1741, and its ancient castle burnt down during the siege. It is seated on the Oder; 25 miles S. E. of Breslau. Pop. about 1 1,500. Bkieg, or Bkig, a handsome town of tho Valais, seated on the Saltina river, which falls into the Khone on the S. side, about 28 miles E. of Sion. It suffered much from an earth- quake in 1755. BitiEL, or Brieli.e, a fortified seaport of South Holland, capital of the island of Voorn. The Dutch took it from the Spaniards in 1 572, which was the foundation of their republic. It was the birthplace of Van Tromp, and is seated at the mouth of the Maese; 13 miles W. of Rotterdam. Long. 4. 9. E. lat. 51. 54. N. Pop. about 3000. Brienne, a small town of France, in tho department of Aube, distinguishi^d for its military school, at which Napoleon Buona- parte received liis education. It is about 20 miles E. of Troyes. BaiKNTz, a town of Switzerland, in tho canton of Bern, famous for the cheese made in its neighbourhood. It is situate on a lake of the same name (9 miles long and 3 broad); 42 miles 8. E. of Bern. l?uiKZE?f, a small town of Brandenburg, III till! Middle Mark, on the frontier of An- halt; about 2h miles S. of Potsdam. BuiETZEN. tice Wrie/.eh. Brieitx, St., a town of Eraiae, capital of the dci)arttnent of Cotes du Nord, and a tiishop's sec, with a handsome quay and com- nitidions harbour. It i.s seated among hill.s, near the English Channel ; 38 miles S. VV. of St. MjiIo. Pop. 11,382. liKiFiY, a town (.if France, in the depart- ment of Moselle, near the river Mause; lit miles N. W. of Metz. Pop. ISOO. Bkigq. Set Glamiiouubriogb if BRI 140 BRI (i , . lAl i: li BuiGA, La, a town in the Col tie Tunde, on the frontier of Nice; a few miles S. of the town of Tende. UuiGiiTON, (or Brifthtliclmstono,) borough of England, county of Sussex. It stands at the foot of the South Downs, and extends for a considerable distance along the coast. It was little noticed till sea-bathing was strongly recommended in several disorders; and, from its being nearer the metropolis than almost any other part of the sea-coast, it gradually increased in attraction as a watering-jdace, till it has become one of the principal resorts of gaiety and fashion in the kingdom. In 1784, thel'riiice of Wales, afterwards George IV., erected at Brighton, for an oc- casional residence, an edifice, called a marine pavilion, which he afterwards converted into a pplendid palace, where he spent a great portion of every year; it has since been pur- chased by the town. Up to this period the buildings were comparatively mep.n ; but since that time, the imjnovements have been such as to render Brighton a splendid town. It extends from Kemp Town on the E. for upwards of 2^ miles, to Brunswick Square on the W. Midway between these places is the magnificent chain-pier, 1154 feet long, and 13 wide, suspended by means of chains over four towers of cast iron. The parish church, situate en an eminence at the N.W., was formerly at a small distance from the town, which has now almost entrenched upon its sacred enclosure. The other places of worship connected with the Establishment, are the Chapel Royal, St. James's Chapel, and Trinity Chapel, and ten others, situate in various parts of the town and its suburbs, besides the church of St. Peter's, recently erected, which is one of the most beautiful ornaments that Brighton has to boast of, Here are also a Komun Catholic chapel, a Jews' synagogue, and several meeting-houses for the (lill'erent denominations of dissenters. Besides the accommodations for sea-batiiing, warm, cold, and vapour baths, of the most elegant and commodious construction, have also been erected; while the park furnishes a beautiful ride, and the spa all the varieties of artificial, mineral, and medicinal waters. Here, are also two assembly rooms, a hand- snnie theatre, (opened in 1807,) a celebrated race-ground, &c. It is connected with the metropolis by moans of the Brighton and South Eastern Railway, which has afforded such facilities, tiiut great numbers of the metropolitan merchants have their resi- dence here; tmd tlic town has thereby nnen immensely Increased in both extent a\id population. It sends two members to luuliuinent. It is 17 miles W. by N. of iWnehy Head, 50 E.by N. of Portsmouth, and 52 S. from Loudon. BuiGUTON, a town of Pennsylvania, on the W. side of Big Bcmmt River, 4 miles from the Ohio; a beautiful and flourishing j)lace. Pop. 902; 231 m. W, by N. of Harrisburg. Brightside, Bierlow, the W. quarter of the parish of Sheffield; which see. BnioNAis, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Rhone. During the summer season 't is the favourite resort of the citizens of Lyons, who have here many elegant villas and country houses. It is seated on the small ri\Tr Garron; 9 miles S. of Lyons. BiiiGNOLLES, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, famous for its prunes. It is seated among mountains, in a pleasant conntrv; 20 miles N.N.E. of Toulon, Pop. 5052. ' Briguega, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, an old and once walled town. Pop. 4800. Here General Stanhope aiid an Eng- lish army were taken prisoners, in 1710. It is seatec' on the Tajuna; 43 miles N. E. of Madrid. Brillon, a town of the province of West- phalia, on the river Alme; 27 miles E. by S. of Arensberg, Pop. 3301. BniNinsi, (the ancient Brcndusitjm,) a maritime and archiepiscopal city of Naples, in the province of Otranto, situate just within the entrance to the Adriatic, in the lat. of 40. 39. N. and 18. 20. E. long. Its harbour at one period was the most commodious and secure in the Mediterranean ; but during the commercial career of Venice, it became ne- glected and inaccessible, except for small vessels. Within the present century, efibrts have been made to render it again conveni- ent and useful; but, so long as the subduing and precluding line of policy of the present government of Naples prevails, all efforts at social improvement will be made in vain. The adjacent country, like the harbour, pre- sents an aspect of desolation. Itissurrounded by extensive forests of olive-trees, and some mulberries, from which silk is gathered. Pop. of the city about 9000. It is about 190 m. S. E. of Naples. Virgil died at Brindisi, B.C. 19. Brioni, islands in the Gulf of Venice, opposite Pola, famous for their marble quar- ries. Brionne, a town of France in the province of Normandy; 32 miles from Rouen. BniotiDE, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Loire. Near it is a small town called Church Brioude, on account of a famous chapter. Brioude stands on the Allier, over which is a bridge of one arch, 182 feet in span. It is 32 miles N.W. of Puy, and 34 S. by E. of Claremont. Pop. about 5247. Jt was the birthplace of La Fayette, distinguished for his enthusiasm in the cause of the Americans to obtain their independence. BuiSACn, Old and New. Old Brisach is on the E. bank of the Rhine, and was for- merly the chief town of the Brisgau; but the fortifications were demolished in 1741, and the ordnance removed to Friburg, about 15 miles in the interior. New Brisach is a for- tified town on the opposite bank of the river, Bill HI BRl sach Ifor- tho I and lit 15 for- liver, in the French department of the Upper Kliine; al)()ut 40 miles S. of Strasburg, and 250 E. by S. of Paris. Brisbane, an incorporated city, and capi- tal of the colony of Queensland, Australia. It is beautifully situated on the left bank of Brisbane river. It is a bishop's see, and has two or three churches. The popula- tion (1861) is about 7,000, and is rapidly increasing. BiasGAU, a territory in the circle of Sua- bia, of about 1000 square miles in extent, intersected by the line of the 48th degree of N. lat. and 8. of E. long., extending eastward from the Kliine into the Black Forest. As a frontier district bordering on France, it bus been exposed to ravage in all the wars between that nation and Austria, and has been the scene of several bloody contests. At an early period of the French revolution, in 1793, the French reduced nearly the whole of the town of Old Brisach to ashes, and in 1796, after a severe action, possessed them- selves of Friburg, the capital, but which they wore oblij,'ed to abandon the same year. After various changes of sovereignty, it was wholly ceded by Bonaparte to the grand duke of Baden, in 1805; confirmed by treaty with Austria; and, in the new subdivisions of the territory of the States of Baden, in 1810, the Brisgau was divided between tiie three circles of Wiesen, Treisam, and Kin- zig, the names of three rivers by which the territory of Baden is intersected. BuissAC, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Maine-et- Loire; seated on the Au- bence; 13 miles S. of Angers. Bristol, an ancient maritime and eccle- siasticiil city and county of England, situate at the S.W. extremity of the county of Glou- cester, at the conlluence of the little river Fronie with the Lower Avon, which divides it from Somersetshire on the S., aliout ten miles above the confluence of the Avon with the Severn, into the arm of the sea called the Bristol Channel. Bristol was known at a very early period; and about the year 430, it is mentioned as one of the fortified cities of Britain. It was known to the ancient Britons by the name of Caer Oder nant Baden, or tl'p city of Ostoriiis, in the valley of Bath ; and by way of eminence it is sometimes cal- led Caer Jirito, the British city, and by the Sa-Kons Brightstowe, pleasant place. It is adverted to both by Gildas and Nenuius, in the fifth and seventh centuries, and from the period of Henry II. in the twelfth, to the middle of the eighteenth centurj', it ranked next to London, as the most pojiulous, com- mercial, and important place in the king- dom. Since the latter period it has declined, and been greatly exceeded in population, commerce, and importance by Glasgow, Li- verpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Birming- ham. As into all the rivers falling iuco tiie Bristol Channel, the tides rise to a great heiyht, and occasionally rush in with cpusi- I derable fury, the springtides at Bristol rising I to the height of forty-two feet; the ebbs and neaps were consequently attended with great inconveniences and detentions. This cir- cumstance, since the completion of the canal navigati(m of the inland counties commu- nicating with Liverpool and London — neither of which ports arc materially affected by the inequality of the tides — tended to divert a considerable portion of the West India trade and refining of. 'ij.'iir from Bristol. It, how ever, retains a certain portion: the importa- tion of sugar, on an average of the six years 1819—1824, was about 27,000 hogsheads per annum. It also imports a considerable quantity of wool, fruit, and wine, direct from Spain, Portugal, and France; and maintains a partial intercourse direct with all other parts of the world, except the East Indies, to which, up to 1826, it had not sent more than one or two ships. From 1809 to 1822, about 600,000/. had been expended towards the improvement of the harbour. In the lat- ter year, another act was granted for its fur- ther improvement; and in 1825, numerous arbitrary and oppressive town dues were abolished, or duly regulated ; all of which are as well caliAilated to revive and maintain its commerc'al prosperity, as to add to the conifovt, iriterest, and character of the city at large. The docks, &c., have been lately purchased by the city, and a great reduction of the dues has been, or will be, made — a measure likely to do more for the prosperity of the city, thananv other improvement dur- ing the present generation. It has some ex- tensive works in cojiper and brass, and manufactures of ghir-s bottles, lead, painters' colours, &c. &c. The principal resort of visitors is the suburb of Clifton, about a mile W. of the city, the houses and terraces of wliich are magnificent, and are arranged on difierent acclivities above the Hot Well, the waters of which are considered efficacious in consumptive cases. There is a railway be- tween this place and London, called the Great Western Railway; and from here, the steam navigation of the Atlantic was attempt- ed to be established, but it was soon aban- doned. Besides the cathedral and the church of St. Mary Redditfo, it has sixteen other churches, and five episcopal chapels, some of them beautiful, and most of them fine edi- fices. There are several dissenting meeting- houses; thirteen fellowship companies, some of whom have elegant halls; several hospitals, and other public buildings. Being sur- rounded by a very fertile as well as ])ictiiresque country, its niivrkets are abiindantly supplied with every kind of fish, Hcsli, fowls, vegeta- bles, and fruits, on Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays ; and two annual fairs in M-rch and September are very numerously attended. It has a distinct jurisdiction, and returns two members to parliament. It is 13 m. W.N.W. I of Bath, 34 S. S.W. of Ghmcester, and 114 1 W. of London. Long. 2. 30. W. lat. 51. 27. N. ii BRI li2 BKO I ' g 1 ' I . Bristoi-, a maritime county of the stntcof Maxsac.imsets; bounded on tlie S. by Buz- zards' Bay, and W. by the state of Rhode Island. Pop. 60,164. Taunton, tiie chief town, situate near the head of a river of the same name, nearly in the centre of the coun- try, is 33 miles S. of Boston. New Bi'dford, on Buzzards' Bay, is the other principal town. Bristoi,, a Miiall maritime county of the *tatc of Khode Island; bounded on the W. by the upper part of the preceding county, nud on the E. by Naragansett Bay. I'op. 6467. Tlie chief town, of the same name, situate near the S. end of the county, was distinguished for the part whidi it took in the slave-trade, previous to its abolition by the American government. It owns about 16,000 tons of shipping. Pop. 3490. Bristol, a town in the S. W. jiart of On- tario county, state of New York; 217 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1953. Bkistoi., a town of Connecticut, United States. Tlie soil is fertile, but it is more dis- tinguished as a manufacturing town, clocks and buttons being largely made here; 17 m. B.W. of Hartford. Pop. in 1840, 2109. Bristol, a town of Pennsylvania, on the W. bank of the Delaware, 20 miles above Philadelphia. It is a beautiful village, with a brancii of the Pennsylvania canal terminat- ing here. A great amount of coal passes through it. Pop. 1438. BuisTOL Bay, a -uaeions bay, formed by two projecting poinis of the W. coast of N. America. The mouth of a river called Bris- tol river, falling into the head of the bay, is in the lat. of 58. 12. N. and 157. 33. W. long-; and Cape Newnham, which forms the N. point of the baj-, is in lar. 58. 34. N. and 161. 55. VV. long.; and the island of Oonalaska, oneof the Aleutian grou]), off the S. point of the bay, is in lat. 53. 54. N.and 166. 22. W. long. Bkistol Channel, an arm of the sea, be- tween the south ct)ast of Wales and the north coast of the counties of Somerset and Devon, leading into the river Severn and Lower Avon, on which the city of Bristol is situate. Britain, New, a country of N. America, comprehendingall the tract north of Canada, Commonly called the Esquimaux country, in- cluding Labrador, and New North and South Wales. It is subject to Great Britain; and lies between 50. and 70. N. lat. and .' ind 100. W. long. There are iimumerable I's and morasses, which are covered with and snow a great part of the year. The priu cipal settlements belong to the English Hud- son Bay Company. See Esquimaux, Hud- son Bay, anil Labrador. Britain, New, an island in the South Pa- ciiie Ocean, to the east of New Guinea, ex- plored by Dampier, who sailed through the strait which separates it from New Guinea; anil Captain Carteret, in 1767, sailed through a channel which divides it on the north-east from a long island, called New Ireland. New Britain lies in long. 152. 20. E. and 4. 0. S. The shores of b jth islands are rocky, the inland parts high and mountainous, but covered with trees of various kinds, among which are the nutmeg, the cocoa nut, and different kinds of palm. The inhabitants are black and woolly-headed, like negroes, but have not their flat noses and thick lips. BuiTisii America comprises the whole of the north part of the northern division of the western hemisphere, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, extending south in the long, of 83. W. to the lat. of about 42 N.; but fur- ther w^st it is bounded on the south by a conventional line, dividing it from the United States of America, in the lat. of about 48 N., and the Columbia river. This extensive ter- ritory, of several millions of square miles, will be found more particularly elucidated under the ten heads, as specified under the head of British Empire. British Empire, the most extensive, in- fluential, and, with the exception of China, the most populous empire in the world. Brivb, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Corr^ze, with manufactures of silk handkerchiefs, muslins, gauzes, &c. It is seated on the Correzc, opposite the influx of the Vezere, in a delightful valley; 12 miles S. W. of Tulle. Pop. about 6000. Briviesca, a town of Spain, in Old Cas- tile. It is the ancient Virovesca, and is a square, regularly built town on the Oca; 24 miles ftoin Burgos. Brix, or Brux, a considerable town of Bo- hemia, at the north end of the circle of Saaz; about 8 miles S.W. of Bilin, and 40 N. W. of Prague. Pop. 2500. Brixen, a town of the Austrian empire, province Tyrol. Beside the cathedral, there are one parochial, and six other churches. It was taken by the French in 1796, and again in 1797. It is seated on the Eysach, a: the influx of the liientz, 38 miles S. byE. of Inspruck. Pop. 3600. Brixham, a small seaport in Devonshire, on the W. side of Torbay, celebrated for its fishery. A quay has been built for the pur- pose of supplying ships of war with water. The Prince of Orange, afterwards William IFL, landed herein 1688. It is 4 miles N.E. of Dartmouth, and 166 W. by S. of London. Brizen, or Britzen, a town of Branden- burg, in the Middle Mark, on the Adah; 18 miles N.E. of Wittenberg. Broach. See Baroach. BiioADALBiN, a town of Fulton county, state of New York; 38 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 2738. Broadstairs, a village in Kent, on tlie sea shore; 2 miles N. of Eamsgate. It has a small pier, with a harbour f( r light vessels; and is a fashionable resort for sea-bathing, more retired than Ramsgate. Broadwater, a village in Sussex, near the sea-coast ; 4 miles W. of Shorelmm. BttO 148 BRO lure, \y its Ipur- latcr. lliam .E. lilon. Ideii- 18 linty, Tany. Icsea lias a ksels; near RiioD, BrtODT, or BnoDO, a strong town of Sclavonia, on the river Saave, which divides it Iroin the Turkish province of Bosnia, wliere the emperor gained a victory over the Turks, in 1083. It is 45 miles S.SV. of Es- DcL'k, and about 120 W. of Belgrade. Long. 18. 30. E. lat. 45. 10. N. Ukoij II ln, or Hun Buod, a town of ^lo- ravia, on the frontiers of Hungary; 10 miles E.S.E. of Ilradisch. Top. aliout .'JOOO. Brod, Boumiscii. See BoiiMiscii, Biioi), Deutscii, a town of Bohemia, on Ihc river Saziiwa j 20 miles S. by E. of C/.a? lau. BiioDEUA, a town and fortress of Ilindc Stan, in Guzcrat, celebrated for its linens, indigo, and laec. It is 62 miles S.S.E. of Ahmcda- bad. Long. 73. 11. E. lat. 22. 1.5. N. Brody, a town of the Austrian states, N.E. part of (Jalic'ia; 52 miles E. by N. of Lcm- berg. Its name, which signifies a dirty place, is very characteristic; the houses are mostly built of wood, streets unpaved and filthy. Nevertheless, it enjoys a considerable trade, being a free commercial city, i. e., it does not pay any duties on its imports and exports. Tlie chief trade is in cattle, hides, tallow, wax, &e. In it is a large castle belonging to Count Botocki, on whose estate the town staudfs. l'o|). 25,000, of whom 18,000 are Jews. Bkodziak, a town of Lithuania, on the river Berezina; 100 miles S. of Polotsk, and 40 W. of Mohilow. Brokk, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, capital of a county of the same name ; seated on the lloer; 11 miles N. of Dussel- dorf. Butif.k:, a village of North Holland; Smiles from Amsterdam. It is one of the most sin- gular and picturesque jilaees in the world. The streets are paved in mosaic work, with variegated bricks; and no carriages ever enter them. The bouses are painted on the out- side, and each has a terrace and garden to the street, enclosed by a low railing; the gar- den adorned with Cbiinv vases and shell- work, with borders composed of minute par- ticles of gi.xss, of ditferent colours. Behind the houses are meadows full of cattle, in which the inhabitants carry on a great trade. Pop. about 800. Broken Bat, a bay of New South Wales; 1 8 miles N. of Port Jackson. It is formed by the mouth of a great river, called the liiiwkesbury, and is a good harbour. BuoMBERG, a town ol Prussia, grand ducby of Posen, on the river Brabe, and the Kbnigsberg, Danzig, &c., railway. A canal which unites the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula rivers with this town, is of great importance to the interior trade of the country. Pop. 8000. Bromley, a town in Kent, with a market on Thursday. Here is a college for 40 poor clergymen's widows; and near the town is a niaiis'ion, formerly a iialaee, of the bishops of Kochester, where there is a chalybeate spring. Bromley is seated on the Uaveusbournc; 10 miles S. by E. of Loudon. Bromley, a town in Stafford si lire, with a market on Monday. It was formerly called Abbots-Bromley, and afterward Paget Brom- ley, being given to Lord Paget at the disso- lution of the abbevs. It is 7 miles E. of Staf- ford, and 129 N.W. of London. Bromsqhove, a corporate town in Wor- cestershire, with a market on Tuesday. Hero are manufactures of sl'.eeting, nails, and needles; and a grammar-school founded by Edward VI. It is seated on the Salwarp; 1.1 miles N. N.E. of Worcester, i;5S. W. of Birmingham, and 116 N.W. of London. Broomwicii, West, a town in Stafford- shire, contiguous to Wednesbury, and 7 milei' W. by N. of Birmingham. Population ex- tensively occupied in Che various branches of the hardware manufacture. Bromyaud, a town in Herefordshire, with a market on Monday ; seated near the Fromc, amid fine orchards; 13 miles N.E. of Here- ford, and 125 W.N.W. of London. Bronti, or Bronte, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, at the foot of Mount JKtun, on the W. side. It was conferred, with its territory, by the king of Naples, on Lord Nelson, for bis naval services, after the bat- tle Ol" the Nile. Brooke, a frontier county, at the northern extremity of Virginia; bounded on the E. i>y Washington county, Pennsylvania, and W. by the Ohio river. Pop. 7948. Wellsburg, on the E. bank of the Ohio, 400 miles N.W. of Richmond, is the chief town. Brookfield, a town.ship of Madison county, New Yorli ; 93 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 3695. BroOkkield, a town of Massachusets, in Worcester county. Here are iron ore, and largequnntiticsof stone which yield copperas. It is seated on the Quaboag; 17 miles W. by S. of Worcester. Pop. 2472. There are seve- ral other towns and villages named Brook- field, in different parts of the United States. Brookhaven, a township of New York, in Suffolk county, Long Island; 60 miles E. of New York. Pop. 7050. Brooklyn, a city of New York, in King's county, at the W. end of Long Island, near East lliver, which separates it from the city uf New York. It is the second place in ])opulation in the state, and the seventh in the United States. The ground on which the city is built, was orif^inally quite uncen; and though much of its beauty has been impaired by levelling, it still is the finest situation in the neighbourhood of New Vork. It is one of the finest built cities in the United States, and from its proximity to the business portion of New York, it is a favourite place of residence for the merchants, &c. It is connected to that city by four steam ferries. The streets, with the exception of Fulton street, are strait, broad, and at right angles to each other. The public buildings are handsome, and there are several scientific institutions. The United Statea navy yard BUO lU BRU mr. i h 11 IS here at Wnllaboiit Hay, and covers forty acres; half-u mile E. of it is the naval hu.spt- till, and in the 8. part of the city is the Greenwood cemetery. Tl.o Atlantic Dock Comuany are constriictinf^ a large basin of 42^ acres at lied Hook Point. The pop. lias most rapidly increased. Between 1810 and 1840, the increase was 21,000, and the census of 1840 gave the pop. as 36,233, that of 1S45, probably at 55,000. BuooKi.YN, u town of Massachuscts, in Norfolk county, separated from Boston on tlic E. by a narrow bay. Large quantities of fruits and vegetables arc produced hero for the Boston market. BuooKLYN, the chief town of Windham county, Connecticut; 40 m. E. of Hartford. Bkookville, the chief town of Eranklyn county, state of Indiana. It is finely located between the E. and W. forks of the White Water river, which falls into the Miami, a litile above its entrance into the Ohio; 71 miles S. E. by E. of Indianopolis. BRooME,a south frontier countyofthestate of New York, bordering on Siisquehannah county, Pennsylvania, and the S. E. corner borders on the Delaware river. It has some mountain districts. Pop. in 1840, 22,338; in 1845, 25,808. Binghampton, on the N. bank of the SusquehannaJi, 148 miles W. by S. of Albany, is the chief town. Owega, Westvi.'e, Lisle, Collcsville, and Oquago, are the oilier towns of the county. BuooME is also the name of a township in Schoharie county, New York; 35 miles W of Albany. Pop. 2404. BuooM, Loch, Gueat and Little, two lakes or arms of the sea, on the W. coast of S(;otland, in Uoss-shire. They contain seve- ral good harbours, have been long noted for excellent herrings, and are esteemed as the best fishing stations on the coast. Ulla- pool, on the N.E. coast of the Great Loch, is a good harbour, and at the head is the town of Lochbroom. Broon, or Broni, a town of Italy, near the S. frontier of the Milanese, where the French defeated the Austrians in 1800. It is 10 miles S.E. of Pavia. Broos, a town of Austria, province of Transylvania. Here is a large castle. Pop. 3300. ' Bkora, a river of Scotland, in Sutherland- shire, which issues from a lake of the same name, and forms several cascades in its course to the town of Brora, where it enters the sea. Brora, a village of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of Sutherlandshire, with a small har- Dour at the mouth of the Brora; 14 miles N.E. of the Dornoch. Brosei.ey, a town of Shropshire, with a ma-';et on Wednesday; it is situate near the Severn, on the W. side, in a very interesting and important district, abounding in coal, iron, and lime. The celebrated iron-works of Uolebrooke Dale arc in the parish, and immediate vicinity of the town, on the banks of the river, ovcrwliich there is an iron bridge, of one arch, leading to Madely, which wai the first of its kind erected in the kingdom. It has also an extensive porcelain manufac- tory, and another of tobacco pipes. The coal of this district contains much bitumen, and in 1711, naphtha was discovered issuing from a spring of water, but it has totally disajiijcar- ed since 1755, Broscley is 6 miles N.N.\V. of Bridgenorth, and 146 N.W. of London. Brouage, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charente. It has the most considerable salt-works in France, and stands near a bay of tlic sea; 17 miles S. of Kuchelle, BuoucA, a town of Sicily, in Val di Dc- mona, on the Gulf of Catania; 15 miles S. of Catania. Buouoii, a town in Westmoreland, with a market on Thursday. Near it is a cotton spinning manufacture; at the foot of a moun- tain. It is 8 miles E. S. E. of Appleby, and 261 N. N. W. of London. Brougham, a parish in Westmoreland, the site of the Itonian Station Brovoniacum; 2 miles S. E. of Penrith. The castle, now in ruins, is supposed to have been originally Roman. In the vicinity is the seat of the present Lord Brougham and Vaux. Broughton in Furness a town of Lanca- shire; mucii blue slate is exported from this place; 283 miles from London, on the White- haven and Furness Kailway. Broussa. See Burba. Brouwershaven, a seaport of Holland, on the N. side of the island of Schonen; 9 miles S. W. of Ilelvoetsluys. Long. 3. 50. E. hit. 41. 38. N. Brown, a frontier county of the state of Ohio, bounded on the S. by the Ohio Kiver, which divides it from Mason county, Ken- tucky. Pop. 22,715. Ripley, seated on the bank of the river, 100 miles S. S. W. of Co- lumbus, is the chief town. Brownsville, a town of New York,United States, near the Black and Perch rivers. It has several manufactures of iron and other articles; 5 miles W. of Watertow, and 168 N. W. of Albany. Pop. in 1840, 3968. Brownsville, a town of Pennsylvania, in Fayette county. The trade to Kentucky renders it a flourishing place, and many boats are built here. The vicinity abounds with monuments of Indian antiquity. It is seated on the Monongahela, at the mouth of Red- stone Creek; 30 miles S. S. E. of Pittsburg. Pop. .3000 to 4000. Bruc de Guignols, a town of France, de- jiartmcnt Donlogne; 10 miles S. W. of Pe- rigueux. Pop. 1250. Bruc usual, a town of the duchy of Baden, circle of Pfinz and Enz. It has a large salt- work, ami is seated on the river Satz; 5 miles S. E. of Philipsburg. Pop. about 6000. Bruok, a town of Saxony; 35 miles N. by W. of Wittenberg. ; prov. 6 mil Bin ntthe of Gone Bruc dcpartn Pop. ab Brui clectora the city walls, castle : Bavaria, Brum of Ilrad Alountai miles E. Brum in Gueli to Zi'tph Brum- r"riince, i 10 miles Brunl Tyrol, si( (lie i-iver its vicinit of Brixer BllUNI. BRU 115 BRU re- adeii, 1 salt- milea BnuoK, a town of Austria, on the river Lcytii; 20 miles E. S. E. of Vii-nna. IJuucK, or JJuiio, a town of Swit/erliind, in Ar;;iiii, with a rollctio; sciitcd on the river Aar; 22 miles S. E. of IJasci. Uuauic, or ritucK, a town of Bavaria, on the river Amiiier; 12 miles \V. of Munich. Another in the ruUitiiiate; 22 miles N.N.E. of J{alisl)on. BuuoK, or PuucK, a town of Germany, in Stiria, capital of a eirelo of its name. !t stiuuls on the river Muehr; 24 miles N.N.W. of (rnita, and 82 S. \V. of Vienna. ]5iiuE, ft river in Somcrsetsliire, wliich rises in Selwood Forest, on the horders of Wilt- shire, and flows through the county, hy Bur- ton and Glnstonhury, into Brid^cewater Bay. BiMio, or Buio, a town of Switzerland, in tlie Viduis; seated on the Ivhone; 39 miles E. of Snn. BuLo IS, a city of Belgium, in West Flan- ders. J , .v>is jnce a great trading town; hut in the H ,h ntury tho civil wars drove the trade tii., . Antwerp, ajid tlien to Amstev- diun. Ti.j inhabitants are estimated at 47,000; hut it is not populous in proportion to its extent. Its situation still commands some trade, for it has railways and canals to Brussels, Cologne, Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend, Sluys, Nieuport, Fumes, Ypres, Dunkirk, &c. Bruges has been often taken. It is 14 miles E. of Ostend. Long. 3. 13^. E. lat. 51. 12. N. BncGOE, or Buugqen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the iirincipality of Hildeshcim, on the river Lcync; 12 miles S. W. of Uil- desheim. BiiuooEN, a town of the Prussian States, prov. of the Rhine; seated on the Sehwalm; 6 miles N. E. of lluremonde. Top. 750. B HUGNETo, a town of the territory of Genoa, nt the foot of the Appennines; 35 miles E.S.E. of Genoa. Bkuodiere, La, a town of France, in the department of Turn; 5 miles S. of Cashes. Pop. about 4000. BiuiiiL, a town of the Lower Rhine, in the electorate of Cologne; about 9 miles S. of the city of Cologne. It is surrounded hv walls, and is well built, with a magnificent ciistle in its vicinity, built by the Elector of Bavaria, in 1725. Pop. .about 2000. BiiDMAC, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Ilradisch, at the foot of the Carpathian Alountains, on t.ie frontiers of Hungary ; 20 miles E. of Hradiseh. Brummen, a popuh ha v'lla.-e of Holland, in Guelderland, on th; road uom Amheiin to Zi'tphen. Brumt, or BniiMKTn r. frontier town of France, in the department uf the Lower Uliine -, 10 miles N. of Strasburg. Pop. 2800. Bkdseg, or Beuneckex, a town of the Tyrol, situate in a fork of two branches of the river Rientz; it has medicinal baths in its vicinity, and is about 10 miles E. by N. of Brixen. BuuNi. See Boknbo. Bkunv, or BiMNV, a town of the Austrian States, ciipital of Moravia, and a bishop's see. It is defended by a strong fortress, called Spilberg, built on an cinin(.'nee; and has ma- nufactures of cloth, velvet, and plush. Tho Prussians besieged it in 1742, Imt wore ol)liged to niisc the siege. It is seated nt the con- tlnenecof thcZwittaii and Sehuiirt/. ; '^^ miles S. W. of OInnitz. Long. 10. 38. E. hu. 4<). 13. N. Pop. 40,000. ButiNNEN, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Schweitz. Here the cantons of Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden, formed tho alliance which was the foundation of the re- public of Switzerland. It is seated on tho Waldstraedter Sec; 2 miles S.W. of Schweitz. BnuNsnUTTLE, a town of Germany, in llol- stein, near tho mouth of the Elbe; 13 miles N. W. of Gluckstadt. BuuNSWicK, Ducnr of, a territory of Ger- many, in the S. part of the circle of Jjowei Saxony. This territory formed the patrimony of the family of Guelj)h, who trace their de- scent from the Maniuis of Este, who died about the middle of the 10th century. In 1540, it was divided by Ernest, the then duke, between his two sons; one founding the duke- dom of Brunswick Luncburg, and tho other of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel. The Duchy, which is tho i2th in order in the Germanic Confederation, and 12th in the Diet, is divided into five districts, as follows: Districts. Al!E«.> ^ %^^^ ^^"^V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I LilM |Z5 2.0 m 140 IL25 HI 1.4 I ■mil m 1.6 %. <^ V ^' Hiotographic Sdences Corporation 33 VyCST MAIN STRHT WEBSTIR.N.Y. MStO (716) •73-4503 ^ V s? \\ i\ '^ i BRU 146 BRU and for the continuance of its freedom it long find strenuously contended; but towards the close of the 17th century, yielded all its pre- tensions, and became the ducal residence in 1764. It is 47 miles W. by N. of Magde- burg, 37 E. by S. of Hanover, and about 110 S. by £. of Hamburg; in the lat. of 52. 16. N. and 10. 30. of £. long. Pop. about 36,000. Brunswick, New, a province of British iVmerico, extending from the Bay of Fundy S., in the lat. of 45., to the frontier of Canada, in the lat. of 48. N. ; bounded on the W. partly by the Schoodie river, and partly by a conventional line running from the head of tide- water in the above river, which divides it from the united state of Maine, in the long, of 67. 45. W., to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the long, of 64. It is joined to Nova Scotia, at the ti. E. comer, by an isthmus about 15 miles in breadth, and contains an area of about 25,931 square miles. In 1834, the population was estimated at 119,557. In 1848, the following was its divisions and popu- lation: CODIfTIML Restigouche . Gloucester . . Northumberland Kent .... Westmorland Albert Pop. 4,214 10,334 19.493 . 9,769 j 23,581 Kings 19,285 Carried forward 86,676 COONTIBI. Pop. Brought forward 86,676 St. John .... 4.1,942 Queens .... 10,U67 Siinbury .... 5,680 York 18,660 Carleton. . . . 17,841 Cliarlotte . . . 24,237 Total . 208,003 It is intersected from the N. by the river St. John, wluJi falls over a rapid into the Bi;y of Fundy; the rapid impedes the navigation from and into the bay ; but above, it is navi- gable for vessels of 100 tons burthen for a hundred miles; and vast quantities of masts and logs of timber arc floated down for ship- ment in the bay, which is spacious and secure. St. John's, the chief town of the province, is situated on the E. slioro of the bay, imme- diately contiguous to the river of the same name. It has several rivers running from W. to E. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on which side of the province are several spacious bays, such as Chaicurc,Mlrainichi, Bichibucto, &C, from whence vast quantities of timber are shipped to Great Britain annually. A few tribes of native Indians are scattered over the province. It possesses in general a capable soil, but cultivation has made but little progre.ss; the inhabitants depending more on the forests and the fishery, in ob- taining a supply of manufactures and other foreign productions, than on agriculture. Besides St. John's, the other chief towns are St. Andrew's, on the E. bank of the Schoodie, and St. Ann's, or, as it is now called, Frede- ric Town, which is the sent of the provincial government; about 80 miles up the river St. John. Bbitnswick, a S. frontier county of the state of Virginia, bordering on Northampton county, North Carolina. Tiie 8. W. corner jets upon the lloanoke river. Pop. 14,346 (two- thirds of whom are slaves). LawrencevilU is the chief town. Brunswick, a maritime and frontier county at the S. extremity of North Carolina. It is bounded on the N. and E. by Cape Fear River. It is a swampy and desolate district. Pop. 5265, of whom 21 10 are people of colour. Smithville, near the mouth of Cape Fear River, 255 miles S. by E. of Raleigh, is the chief town. It has also a town of the same name about 30 miles up the river. Brunswick, a seaport of the state of Geor- gia, chief town of Glynn county, with a safe harbour, capable of containing a numerous fleet of men-of-war. It is seated in a fertile country, at the mouth of Turtle River, in St. Simon Sound; 60 miles S. S. W. of Savan- nah, and 10 S. of Uaricn. Long. 81. 0. W. lat. 31. 10. N. Brunswick, New, a city of New Jersey, in Middlesex county. Its situation is low. but many houses are now built on a pleasant hill, which rises at the back of the town. It has a considerable inland trade; and, over the Rariton, is one of the most elegant bridges in America. Rutger's College, formerly call- ed Queen's College, is a handsome building. New Brunswick is 60 miles N. E. of Phila- delphia, on the high road to New York. Pop. 8693. Brunswick, a town of Rensselaer county. New York, 11 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 3051. Brunswick, a town of the United States, in the state of Maine, situate on a spacious plain on the S. bank of the Androscoggin River, which here falls over a succession of rapids, forming some beautiful scenery, as well as holding out great advantages for mill-sites. It has a college, founded by the legislature of Massachusets in 1794, called Bowdoin College, after the name of a liberal l)enefactor. It is about 30 miles N. £. of Portland. Pop. 3547. Bruny Isle, an island off the S. E. point of Van Diemen's Land; about 30 miles in length, indented by Adventure B*iy. Brussels, (Bmxelk), a deservedly cele- brated city of South Brabant, and capital of the kingdom of Belgium, situate on tliebanks of the Sienne, which affords a facility of com- munication by water to Antwerp. During the domination of Austria over this part of Europe, it was the seat of the Austrian go- vcmor.and head-quartersof the commissariat of the armed forces ; and during the success- ful career of Napoleon Buonnparte, itwnstlie chief town of the department of ihe Dyle, annexed to the Fre .'li cinjiire, and adopted as a favourite station by that distinguished individual. On the Netherlands being an- nexed to Holland, at the peace of 1814, Brus- sels was made the scat of government of the two countries alternately, year by year, with the Hague. It has since tSat period under- gone great improvements, and is nov/ the seat of government, and rosidencn of King Leo- BRU 147 BRU pold. The city is about seven miles in cir- cumference, surroantlcd by a wull, wliicii, however, ortere little or no security agtiinst the now efficient mode of warfare. It was b<)iiil)iirdcd by Marshal Villeroy in 169», v.lieii about 400 houses and 14 churches were dcMtiitycd ; a disaster, together with its hav- ing been exposed to the ravages of war in every contest that has prevailed in this part of Europe from that period up to 1814, it has not t horoughly recovered. During the career of Antwerp and Amsterdam, as the chief voiuinercial cities of Europe, Brussels and the Hurrounding country was equally distin- guislied for the extent and excellence of its miiimfactures in linens, silics, &c., ai. well as in cottons, since the introduction of the ma- nufacture into this part of Europe; and the carpets and lace of Brussels were proverbial fur their fineness and superiority over the whole trading world ; and although it has greatly declined from its former pre-emi- nence, partly in consequence of the frequent V ars to which it has been exposed, but more from the manufacturing energy of the Eng- lib'ii, which, during the 23 years' war, from 1793to 1815, attained an ascendancy in every branch over the manufactures of the whole world, it still retains some extensive and re- sj>ectablo establishments for the manufac- ture of lace, cumbrics, and cottons, and for the ])rinting of calicoes, &e., &e. The site of Drussels, selected by St. Gery, Bishop of Canibray, at the commencement of the 7th century, was very judicious, being at the foot of the first uscunt from the great level called the Pays de Bos, or low countries. The buildings extend up the ascent to a height of 100 to 200 feet, affording to the upper part of the town an extensive and beautiful pro- spect over the surrounding territory ; whilst tlio lower part possesses every advantage of traffic by the canals which intersect the level Country. It is also connected with Mechlin, and by the system of railways with all parts of Belgium, which also extend to the Ilhine eastward, and to Paris on the S., rendering it a chief centre for continental travellers. The market-place is a handsome square in the lower part of the town, surrounded on three sides by very stately houses, the win- dow-frames of which, being gilt, produce a very imposing effect. On the S. side is the town-hall, a very ponderous edifice, with a long sloping roof, and a range of projecting windows. It has a beautiful spire, towering in the airtothe heightof 364 feet, surmounted with a figure of St. Michael, on copper, 17 feet in additional height. In ..lo upper part oi the town, overlooking the market-place, is a square, surrounded by ranges of very elegant and uniform buildings of stone, principally occupied as hotels ; an avenue from the N. side of the square leads to the park, surrounded on all sides by very handsome buildings, among which are the residences of the ambas- sadors and the opulent classes; at the upper end i\re the king's palace and the house of. assembly of the states-general of the king;- dom. TiiO park itself is a kind of public garden, intersected by beautiful alleys, bor^ dered with trees, and ornamented with name- rous statues of white marble. Tho cathedral, dedicated to St. Gudule, also in the upper part of the town, is a very ponderous edifice, which, like the town-hall, interests mure b^ its magnitude than the beauty of its archi- tecture, or justness of its projiortions. Tha interior is disfigured by the exhibition of nu- merous collections of catholic mummery, and works of art, dispersed about the edifice without any regard to order or taste. It has sixteen chapels or recesses; and were the numerous works of art judiciously arrangeeing si- tuate in the bosom of a very fertile district, its markets are exceedingly well supplied with all the substantial articles of subsistence. In regard to the iinjiortant considerations of salubrity and mildness of temperature, it is second to no city in Kiirope; and it has al- ways been a favourite resort for the English. During the commonwealth, it was the occa- sional abode of Charles II., and his brother the Duke of York. The inhabitants are Ca- tholics, and speak the French language, but all religious tenets arc tolerated. The popu- lation has increased considerably since 1814, and may be estimated at 106,000. It u ^S BRZ H8 BUG milcH S. of Antwerp, about the same distance £. by S. of Ghent, and 148 N. by £. of Paris. BauTair, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. Here are manufuctures of silk and hosiery; a free-school, founded by Edward VL; and a stately alms-house, consisting of the ruins of a priory, with an income of nearly 3000/. per annum. It is seated on the river Brue; \2 miles S. £. of Wells, and 100 W. of London. Bkutus, a township of Cayuga county, New York, lying between the S. shore of Lake Ontario and the Erie Canal; 172 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 2044. Brux, a town in the N. part of the circle of Suuz, Bohentia. Bruteres, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Vosges; 11 miles K. N. £. of Epinal. Pop. 1900. Brtam, a small maritime county of the state of GeorgiKy bounded on the N. by the Ogeechee river, which divides it from Chat- tam county; the Canuouchce rivir intersects it from the S. W. corner, falli.:g into the Og- eechee about the centre of the N. side. Pop. 807 whites, 7 free blacks, anc 3182 slaves. The court-house of the county is about 1.5 miles S. of Savannah, and 206 S. E. by E. of Milledgeville. Brzeso, or FoLESiA, Palatinate of, n district of Russian Poland, lying between the rivers Bug on the W., and Dnieper on the E., intersected by the line of the 52nd degree of N. lat. ; and also from W. to E. by the Prz- sypiec or Pripet river, with numerous brandies falling into the Dnieper. These rivers, from a total absence of all regard to free the ob- structions of their currents, tend to make Brzesc a marshy and dreary district, which, under social and reciprocal arrangements, might easily be made to rank amongst the most fertile in Europe. The Pina, a branch of the Przsypiec, is united by a canal to the Machawiza, a branch of tho Bug, falling into the Vistula, thereby uniting the waters of the Black Sea with those of the Baltic. Brzesc Litov, the chief town of the above district, is situate at the confluence of the river Machawiza with the Bug, opposite to Tlicres- pol. It is a considerable place, the see of a Greek bishop, and celebrated fur its being tho chief place for the instruction of Jews destined for rabbinical pursuits, and its mag- uiHcent Rynagogue. It is strongly fortified, and has a castle on nn eminence; about 100 miles £. by S. of Warsaw, and 250 S. E. of I )i)ntzic. Brzeso is also the name of another town, capital of another palatinate of the same name, lying between the rivers Wartha on the 8. W. ond Vistula on the N. E. The town, seated near the Vistula, is about 90 miles W. by N. of Warsaw, and 1 50 due S. of Dantzic. Brzezant, a town in the S. E. ])art of Austrian Gallicia, seated near a small Inko communicating with the Dneister river. Pop. about 5000. Brzesnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of Saaz, on the frontier of tho princi- pality of Micssen, with munufucturoHof luce, fire-arms, and hardware; 24 miles W.N. W. of Saaz. Another, in the N. part of the circle of Pruchin; 18 miles W. N. W. of Pisek. Bsiiiurai, a yillnge and district of Pales- tine, near the celebrated cedars of Ldiunon, on the Nahr Kudesha, which fulls into the Mediterranean. Bd, a town of Franco, department of Euro ct Loire; 9 miles N. E. from Dreux. Bd-Reoreo, a river of Fez, North Africa, on which the town of >31a, or Salce, stands. BcA, au island in the Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatio, culled likewise Par- tridge island, because fiequented by those birds. It is joined by a bridge to the town of Traon ; about 20 m. W. S. W. of Spalatro. BuARCOS, a town of Portugal, in lieira, on the sea coast, at the mouth of the Mondcgo; 27 miles S. of Aveira. It suffered greatly by the earthquake which destroyed the greater part of Lisbon, in 175^ BcccARi, or BcciiARi, a seaport of the Austrian empire, on the coast of Morlachia, at tho head of the N. E. part of the Gulf of Venice, declared by the emperor, in 1780, a free oort for commerce with the East Indies; but the favour might just as well have a])plicd to trading with the moon, for any advan- tage that has resulted from the declaration. It is 12 miles E. of Fiume. Pop. about 3000. Buciianess, the most eastern promontory of Scotland, to the E. of Peterhead, in Aber- deenshire, in long. 1. 34. W. lat. 57. 27. N. Near this promontory are the Bullers of Bu- chan and other stupendous rocks and preci- pices, much admired for their awful grandeur. BuciiARiA. See Bokharia. BcGHAU, a town of Suabia, with a nun- nery, seated on a small lake, called Feyder See; 25 miles S. W. of Ulm. BncHAU, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz; 26 miles S. W. of Sauz. BuciioLz, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark, seated on the Dahme, near the frontier of Lusatia; 23milesS. S.E.ofBerlin. BuciioRtsT. (^Bucharest, city of joy,) a strong city of Europe, since 1698 the capital of Wallachia, where the hospodar commonly resides. The patriarchal church is large, ad- joining to the palace of the archbishop; and in a square, near tho centre of the town, is tho great church of St. George, the patron saint of Wallachia. The inhabitants are es- timated at 60,000. It is seated on the Dom- horiza, which falls into the Danube; 35 miles S. S. E. of Tergovist, and 200 N. by W. of Adrinnople. BuciioKN, a town of Suabia, seated on the N. bunk of tho Luke of Constance; 18 miles N. W. of Lindau. BiTCiioviNB, or BuKoviNA, a circle of Moldavia, in Austria, u mountainous district, cold but salubrious Pop. 130,000. Capital, Czernowiu. See Bu'vowine. nn "9* "fW" 'HHt i B BUG 119 BUD int of Eure BrciiswEii.Eu, a town of Frnncc, depart- ment, of Lower Kliiiie. Pop. 2500. llucKimN, a villiijio in lluntingdonshire; 5 miles 3. W. of lluntin'.'don, ami 61 N. of Lonilon. Ilurc is a superb to'.luce of the bishops of Liueohi, nnd suvcra' of tho prelates have i)e»!n interred in tho chi reh. niTCKF.iiciio, a town of Westphalia, in tho comity of Seliancn1)ur<;, with a castle, on the river Aa; 3 miles E.S.E. of Mindcn. Bl'ckkmiam, Old and New, two towns in Norfolk, witli a market on Saturday; 12 milcH E. by N. of TIjetford, and 93 N. E. of London. BuoKiNOiiAMsniRE, an interior counter of En(;land, bounded on tho S. by tho river Thames, which divides it from Berkshire, E. by thecountiesof Miildlesex, Hertford, and f^ed- ford, S. by Northampton, and VV. by Oxford- shire. The S. part is intersected by tiie Ouse river, runningfromW. to E. into Bedfordshire, working several corn and paper mills, but is not navigable within the county. The Lys- 8cl runs from S. to N. into the Ousc, and the Coin, which divides the county from that of Middlesex, runs from N. to S. into the Tliamcs. Tiie Thame, wliich rises in the centre of the county, runs W., falling into the Thames in Oxfordshire. Tho N. part is in- terseeteil by a range of chalk hills, and the Grand Junction Canal runs through theS.E. part of the county, being carried over the river Ouse by an aqueduct three quarters of a mile in length. The county may be consi- dered divided by the chalk hills into two ex- tensive plains; the S. part producing wheat and beans of superior quality, and the N. part appropriated more to pasture. In addition to its ciialk, which is distributed over all the inland counties for whitewashing, it bos veins of fuller's earth and ochre. This county has long been celebrated for its corn and cattle: formerly tine flocks of sheep were fed in the vale of Aylesbury, but the breeding of these useful animals has been for some time on tho decline. t\.t present this vale feeds oxen for the London market, i,o which it also sends immense supplies of butter weekly. There is a small proportion of arable land in the northern division of tho county; ond not much in any other part, ex- cept the Chiltern districts, which are usually cultivated with wheat, barley, oats, beans, and sainfoin. In the neighbourhood of Aylesbury, ducks are reared very eorly in the spring, and sometimes at Christmas, which, being sent to London, sell at a high price. The only ma- nufactures of consequence in thi« county are those of bone, lace, and paper. The former is carried on at OIncy, Newport Pagnell, and Hanslopc, and tho latter principally in the neighbourhood of Wycombe. At Amersham there is a manufacture of sacking, and of white cotton goods; and at Marlow are some largo works of copper, brass, and brass wire, uid mills for making thimbles, and pressing tape and linseed. This county is adorned with several magnifirent scats; and in various parts iioman roads and military stations are traced, and Konnin antiquities have been occasionally discovered. Tlie principal towns are Aylesbury, Buckingham, Marlow; and, of a secondary class, Amersham, Wycombe, and Wcndovcr. It sends three members to parliament. BiiCKiNOiiAM, a borough, and one of the principal towns in tho preceding county, is situate on the N. bank of the Ouse, by which it is nearly surrounded, and over wliich there are three bridges. It is a place of consider- able antiquity, having been fortifled by Ed- ward the Elder in 918, against the incursions of the Danes. In 1837, the remains of a Roman villa were discovered within two miles of tho town ; and near this spot are two tumuli or burrows, supposed to be Roman; but they have not been opened. It had for- merly a castle in the centre of the town, on the site of which, towards the close of the last century, an elegant new church was erected. The summer assizes for the county are held here. The town hall is a spacious edifice of brick. A great number of calves are fat- tened, and large quantities of butter made for the London market, in this part of the county; lace is also made here. Market on Saturday ; 16 miles N. of Aylesbury, 26 N. E. of Oxford, *23 S. W. of Northampton, and >5 N. of London, on the Banbury Rail. BncKiNOiiAH, an interior couniy of Vir- ginia, forming nearly a square, the W. and N. sides of which are bounded by James River. Pop. 18,786. The court- house,. in the centre rf the county, is 64 miles W. of Richmond. BucKiNonAHsniRE, a connty of Lower Canada, in the district of Trois Hivi^rcs, on the S. bank of the St. Lawrence. Bucks, a frontier county of the state of Pennsylvania, bounded on the N.E. and S.E. by the Delaware river, which divides it from New Jersey, and on the S.W. by Montgo- mery county, the S.W. corner jetting upon Philadelphia. It is divided into twenty-seven townships, containing together about 410,000 acres, and a population of 48,107. Bristol, the chief town, in the S.E. part of the county, on tho bank of the Delaware, is 142 miles E. of Harrisburg, and IS N.E. of Philadelphia. BncKSFORT, a flonrishing town of the state of Maine, United States, on the E. side of the Penobscot river. It has a fine harbour, and considerable shipping, and has been very suc- cessful in the lumber trade. It Is 15 miles S. of Bangor, and 58 miles N.E. by E.of Au- gusta. Pop. in 1840, 3015. BuGTRus, a town of Ohio, on the S. bank of the Sandusky river. It stands in a rich prairie land, 62 miles N. of Columbus. Pop. 1634. Bud A, or Ofen, the capital of Lower Hun- gary, situate on the side of a hill, on the W. side of the Danube, over which is a handsomrt suspension bridge to Pesth. The inhabitants BUB 150 BUE are estimated at 40,00(1. Tlio churchcR and public buildings uro liiiiidsoine. In the adja- cent country are vineyards, vhich produce excellent wine. Prior to 1526, when it sur- rendcriid to the Turks, it was the residence of the kings of Hungary. From that period, for 160 years, it was an object of jealousy and contention between the Turks and the Chrisfiun powers of Europe; when, in 1686, it surrendered to the latter, who strengthened the fortlHcutions, by whom it has since been retained wit) iit interruption. It suffered greatly by fi.c in 1810, when 600 houses were destroyed; but their places have since h«en supplied with improved buildings. It is about 130 miles E.S.E. of Vienna, and 180 N. N. W. of Belgrade. Long. 19. 5. E. lat. 47. 30. N. BuDANiTZA, a town at the N.W. end of Sclavonia, near the south bank of the Dravc; 23 miles S.W. of Funf kirchen. BuDDEOAUM, a town of Ilindostan, in the province of Agra, with 4000 inhabitants. BuoK, a hamlet in Cornwall, on the Bris- tol Channel, with a lighthouse. Bddelich, a town of Germany, in the ter- ritory of Treves ; seated on the Traen ; 12 m. KN.E. ofTrcves. Bddkricii, or Bunicii, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Cievcs, seated on the Khine; 22 miles S. E. of Cleves, and 4 S.E. of Wesel. Budin, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Rakonitz, with a castle; 9 miles S. by W. of Leutmcritz. UuDiNOEN, a town of Geimany, in Wet- to ravia, with a castle; situate on the Sam- bach ; 25 miles E. N. E. of Frankfort on the Maine. BuuiNZP, a town of Sclavonia; 18 miles S.W. ofEssey. BuDissEK. See Bautzen. BnnoA, a strong seaport of Dalmatin, and a bishop's see. It sustained a siege by the Turks, in 1686; and ^ 30 mil. s S.E. of Ita- gusa. Long. 18. 58. E. lat. 4i. 10. N. Bl'ukio, a town of Italy, in the Bolognese; 8 miles E. of Bologna. BuDUKKan^K, a province of central Asia, now a dependency of the khan of Koondooz; between lat. 36. and 38. N., and 70. 30. and 72. 30. E. long. It consists of the valley of the Koocha, a tribatary of the Oxus. It con- tains ruby mines, and cliffs of lapis lazuli. This district suffered greatly from an earth- quake in 1832. BcDWEis, a fortified town of Bohemia, in the circle of Budweis, and lately a bishop's see. It has various manufactures, and a good trade in corn and horses. It is seated on the Muldau; 75 miles S. of Prague. Pop. 7400. BuDWEiB, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Znain ; 40 m. S. W. of Bunn, and 65 N.N.W. of Vienna. Bi.EN Ayrb. See Bonair. BcENos Ayres, i; republic of S. America, extending from the 13th to the 41st degree of S. lat., comprising an area of abo'it 1,096,440 square miles: constituted a vice- royalty of Spain in 1778, but from the period of July, 1806, to July, 1821, it continued in perpetual collision, when at the latter period It was constituted an independent repiil)lic, by the title of the United Proiu'ncfa of South America. It is sometimes called the Artfcn- tine Repuhlic, or Rt'public of La Plata, from the river. It is divided into 13 provinces, and is bounded on the N. by Bolivia, W. by Chili, S. by Patngonia, on the N.K. by Bra- zil, and E. by Uruguay. Tlir? valley of llio Plata river comprehends the northern part, while to the S. arc the level plains covered with tall gras.s, affording pasturage to nu- merous herds of wild cattle lind horses, and which stretch away into the unpeopled dis- tricts of Patagonia, in the S., and are called pampas. The western part, at the foot of the Andes, is cxccedngly cold in winter, while the heat is oppressive in summer. On the coast, violent and sudden winds arc com- mon. The soil is exceedingly various in such an extensive tract, but it is generally fruitful, and produces much valuable timber, and fruits of numerous varieties. Gold and silver are found in the northern districts. The provinces are independent of each other, but are all subject to a governor, captain- general, and house of representatives; and all inter« nal disputes were settled by the treaty of August 27, 1828. 8TATBS, OB Pkovincei. Buenos Ayres Santa Fi . . Entre RIos . Corrientea . Cordova . . Santiago . . Tucuman . . SalU . . . Catamarca La Rioja . . San Luis . . Mendota . . San Juan . • Total.. . For. in 1837. 200,000 20,000 30.000 40,000 8.5,000 60,000 4.5,000 60,000 35,000 20,000 2a,000 40,ono 3S,000 678,000 Capitals. Buonoi Ajres Santa V6 Parana Corrient«t Cordova Santiago Tucuioan SalU Catamarca La RiQja Jan Luis Mendoia San Juan The area is about 726,000 square miles. The above population is probably underrated, and exclusive of about 50,000 Indians. The relations of the separate states, was in mme degree changed by the war between the republic and Brazil, respecting Uruguay, which was established as an independent state in 1 828. In 1 839, the president, Gene* ral Rosas, invaded Montevideo, and in 1842, again attacked this place. France and Great Britain interposed, but without effect, and the greatest injuries have been inflicted on the commerce of the two countries. A treaty, with great concession to llnsas, was concluded by England, Nov. 24, 1849, and the English force left on Feb. 24, 1850. Tho French treaty is Still in negotiation. The principal exports B D E 151 BUG arc hides, tallonr, gold, nnd silver. Tl>o chief towns are Buenus Ayres, the capital, Santa 1 nufactured productions of Europe and Asia, as well as of every other commodity, from every quarter of the globe. The population, which, at the commencement of the present century, was estimated at about 40,000, is now above 110,000. Buffalo, a city of Erie county, state of New York, situate at the mouth of a small river of thesame name, at the E. end of Lake Eric. The land rises by a gentle ascent, 2 miles from the water, to an extended plain; and from the elevated parts of the city there are fine views. The city has broad and re- gular streets; Main Street is 2 miles long, and is finely built, the other parts of the city are built with neatness and taste. There are three public squares. The harbour of Buffalo is spacious and safe, and once had a bar, now obviated by a long pier. One inconvenience, however, to which it is liable, is obstruction from ice. There arc a large number of steam boats and other craft employed in the navi- gation of L. Erie. Thecommencementof the rapid growth may be dated from the opening of the Erie canal, connecting it with Albany and the Hudson, though, as it stands, as a great gate between the east and the west, it is a great depdt for the Western county, and had flourished accordingly. It is connected with Black liock and Niagara Falls by railroads. It was originally laid out by the Holland Land Company in 1801, and was entirely burnt by the British in 1814. It is 288 m. W. (or 363 by the Erie canal) from Albany; 73 W. from Rochester, and 22 8. S. E, from Niagara Falls. Pop. in 1810, 1508; in 1830, 8658; and in 1840, 18,213, Buo, a river of Poland, rising near Leopol, or Limberg, running N., dividing Austrian Gallicia firom Russian Poland to Brzesc. It then takes a westerly course, between Gal- licia and Prussian Poland, falling into the Vistula a few miles below Warsaw. BuoiA, or BujKiA, t. seaport of Algiers, in the province of Const antina, at the mouth of the Aduso, on a bay c' the Mediterranean. It has a strong castle ; but Sir Edward Spragge destroyed several Algerine men-of-war under its walls, in 1671. The harbour is safe and more capacious than that of Algiers, but its entrance is equally dangerous. The principal trade is in instruments of agriculture, made of iron, obtained from mountains near the town. It is 122 miles E. of Algiers. Lone. 6. as. B. lat. 36. 49. N. . BUL 152 BUN r, I BuoiB, a town of Eg}'pt, situate on the west Hliorc of the Red Seii, iilinost oppoaitu to Zidon, tlio port town of Meccu, and nbout 110 miles W. of it. Long. 36. 6. E. lat. 22. 15. N. Buoui':, a town of France, department Dordogne; 16 miles W. N. W. of Sarlat. It is well built, and carries on various woollen manufactures; it also sends great supplies of wine to Bourdcanx. Pop. 2437. Bi'ii/rii, or BuAhT, a town of Wales, in Brecknockshire, with a market on Monday and Saturdi'.y. Here was an ancient castle, whose keep, its lost remains, was burnt down in 1C90. In this neighbourhood the Welsh made their lost stand for independence, and were defeated by Edward I. in 1283. Builth bas a manufacture of stockings. It is seated on the Wye, over which is a bridge into Ilad- norshire; 12 miles N. of Brecknock, and 173 W. by N. of London. Buis, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Drome; 40 miles E. of Orange, and 65. S. S. E. of Valence. Bditraou, a fortified town of Spain, in New Castile, on the frontier of Segovia, celebrated for the wool collected in its envi- rons. It is seated on the Lozoya; 40 miles N. of Madrid. BujALANA, a town of Spain, province Cordova ; 22 miles E. of Cordova. It is well built, and has four convents, a college, two hospitals, &e. It has some woollen manu- factures. It is supposed to be the site of the ancient Calpurnio. Pop. 14,500. Bdkuaria Great. See Bokhaba. BuKUABiA Little. See Casiiock. Bdkowimb, a district in the north-west part of the province of Moldavia, bordering on Gallieia, comprising about 4000 square miles, and various nations, among whom are about 2000 gypsies. It is under the domi- nion of Austria. BcLAO or BouLAO, a town of Egypt, on the Nile; 2 miles W. of Cairo, and tlie port of tlmt city. On the north side of it is the Calisch, whoso banks are cut every year, to convey the waters of the Nile by canal to Cairo. BuLAM, or BooLAM, an island on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Bio Grande. The soil is good; and a settlement of free blacks was formed here in 1792, but abandoned the following year. Long. 14. 30. W. lat. 11. 0. M. BuLOARiA, a province of European Tur- key; bounded on the north by the Danube, V'liich divides it from Wullochia and Bessar- abia; east, by the Black Sea; south, by Ro- mania and Macedonia; and west, by Scrvia. It is mountainous, but fertile in the inter- vening valleys. The people are very rude and uneducated, but hospitable, and well- disposed, and singularly free from crime. Pop. 1,800,000. Sofia, or Sophia, on the fron- tier of llomania, 2S0 miles N. N. E. of Con- fitanti loplc, is tlic capital. BrjLL's Run, a small strenm, 25 nuUf S. W. of Wasliiiigton, United States, nt ar which, on July 22, 1861, occurred the first general battle between the armies of tiiu North and South, in the present civil war, in which the forces of the Northern States were seized with a sudden panic, and took to a precipitate and inglorious flight. Bn.N'COMnB, a large dreary connty, nt the western extremity of North Carolina; bmiii- dod on the north by Tennessee, and soutit by South Carolina. Pop. 10,034, of whom 1199 are slaves. Ashvillc, in the centre of the county, 273 miles W. by b. of lialeigh, is the chief town. BuNDBLCUND Of B&KDELA, a circar of Hindostan, lying south of the Ganges, in the province of Allahabad; inhabited by a trilio ofBajpoots. It is a mountainous tract, ami contains the celebrated diamond mines of Paunah, with some strong fortresses. Chat- terpour is the capital. It was annexed to Benares in 1804. BuNOAT, u town in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Waveney, which is navigable hence to Yarmouth. It has two churches, and the ruins of a nunnery and a castle. It is 36 miles N. by £. of Ipswich, and 106 N. E. of London. BcNGO, a kingdom of Japan, in the island of Ximo. The king of this country was con- verted to Christianity, and sent a solemn em- bassy to the Pope in 1583. The capital is Fumay. Long. 132. 0. E. lat. 32. 40. N. BuNirA, a mountain of Greece, between Junna and Livadia, extending to the Gulf.of Zeitun. The ancient name was Qi^ta; and it is famous for the pf>i;8 of Thermopylo;, (so called from the hot baths in the neigh- bourhood,) where Leonidas, and his 300 Spartans, resisted for three days the whole Persian army. BuNKBRsHiLL. See Breeds Hill. BcNPooR, a town or village of Beloochis- tan, capitiil of province Kohistan; 14 miles N. of the Bashkurd mns. It is small, and ill-built; the citadel of the chief is built on an extraordinary mound, said to be artificial. BuMTiNOFORD, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Monday; 31 miles N. by E. of London. BuirrwALA, a town of Hindostan in Canara ; which has a great inland trade; situate near the Netrawari; 10 miles E. of Mangalore. BuNTZLAU, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Jauer. It has a manufacture of brown pottery, with gold and silver flowers, and is seated on the Borhert 23 miles W. by N. of Lignitz. Pop. 3300. BcNTZLAU, a circle in the north part of Bohemia, between Leutmeritz and Konigin- gratz; bounded on the N. by Lusatia, and S. by the Elbe, which divides it from Eaurzim. It contains about 1850 square m. and in 1831 it had 387,898 inhabitants. The Iser inter- 1 sects it from N. to S. falling into the Elbe. BUR 153 BUR 25 niilrs ktcN, iK'iir tliu first 18 of tho ;ivil wiir, rJortliL-ra !n panic, ingloi'iuu'i ty, nt tlic m; 1)01111- ind Hoiitli of whom centre nf iuiuigh, is circiir of P!e», in tho by a tribo tract, antl mines of C8. Chat- nnexed to li a market ney, wiilch It has two lery and a >f Ipswich, I the island ry was con- iolcmn em- i capital is [40. N. between the Gulf.o( CEta; and lermopylosi the neigli- 1 his 300 the whule Hill. Beloochis< i; 14 miles small, and is built on )e artificial, rtfordshire, niles N. by inCanara; lituate near angaluvc. in the prin- afactnre of ver flowers, nilefl W. by irth part of id Konigin- latia, and S. Kaurzim. and in 1831 Iser inter- tbeElbe, BuNTZLAO, Alt, a town of Bolicmia, seat- ed on tiic Elbe; 16 miles S. S. W. uf Juu}; Buntzlau. BuNTZLAU, Jdxo, a town of Bohemia, ca- pital of tho circle of Buntzlau. It wa -t royal town under Rodolpiius II.,and is seated on the Iser; 28 miles N. N. E. of Prague. BuRUWAN, atownofllinilostan, capital of a district in Bengal ; seated on tlio north bank of tho Dummoodu; 60 miles N. W. of Cal- cutta, to wiiich it is connected ty a rail- way 182 miles long, opened b'eh, 8. 1855. The district is one of the uiost fertile iu India. Top 51 ,< 00. BuREN, atown of Holland, iu Ouelderland, with a fortified castle; 22 miles W. of Nime- gucn. Pop. 3500. BuREN, or BuBREK, a to\m of Westpha- lia, in the principality of Padcrbom, seated on the Almc; 10 miles S. by \V. of Padcrborn. BuREN, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Bern, seated on the Aar; 6 miles S. by VV. of Soleure. BuRFORD, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Saturdav . Here are manufactures of saddles, dussuls, and rugs. It is seated on tho Windrush; 17 miles W. by N. of Ox- ford, and 72 VV. of London. Bnao, a town of Holland, in the county of Zutphon; seated on the Old Yssel; 18 miles E. by N. of Nimeftuen. BiTRo, a town of the Prussian states, pro- vince of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Alag- deburg; on the River Ihle; 12 miles N. N. E, of Magdeburg. It has a very extensive wool- len manufacture, and some dye and stuff works. Pop. 13,500. Burs, or Boro, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Borg, with manufactures of gun- barrels and woollen stutfs; seated on the Wipper; 18 miles S. E. of Dusseldorf. BuROAU, a town of Suabia, with a castle which gives name to a marquisate, ceded to Bavaria in 1805, and now forms part of the circle of the upper Danube. It is seated on the Mindcl; 6 mrles E. of Guntzburg, (the capital) and 22 N. N. W. of Augsburg. BuROUORF, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, with a castle, seated on an eminence, on the river Emmen ; 8 miles N. £. of Bern. Bdrodorf, a toym of Lower Saxony, in Luneburg, with a castle on the river Awe; 15 miles S. of ZcU. Boroh, a village in Cumberland; 5 miles W. N. W. of Carlisle. Near it is a column, erected to denote the spot where Edward L d icd, when preparing for an expedition against Scotland. BDRoiiAinr, atown ofGermany, in the prin- cipality of Fulda, on the river Haun; Smiles N. N. E. of Fulda. BaaoLENOENFEL, B, tovm of Bavaria, in the principality of Neuberg, seated on the river Nab; 16 miles N. W. of Itatisbon. Bdroos, a city of Spain, capital of Old Castile, and an archbishop's see. It has an antique castle, once the abode of the kings of Castile; and the cathedral is one uf tlie most magnificent Gothic fabrics in Europe. The squares, public buildings, and fountains, are fine. It is venerable looking, dull, damp, and cold. The population hasdecaycd from 50,(100 to 12,000. Its chief support now arises from the trafhc of travellers going t ^ Madrid. In 18I2tlie allied army, under Lord Wellington, entered Burgos, after the battle of Salamanca, and besieged the castle near three months, during which they made several at- tempts tocarry it by assault, but in vain ; and the allies were ultimately obligccr1an ], 8 m. S.W. of Koswick. It in about a mile and n quarter lon)r, and nearly half a mile broiid. On the W. side it is terminated bjr a moun- tain, culled, from its ferruginous colour, the Red Pike; a strip of cultivated ground ailorns tbo E. shore; at tho N. end is tho village of nuttcrmcro; and a group of houses, culled Giitcsgnrth, is seated on the S. extremity, nndorun amphitheatre of mountainous rocks. Here Honister Crag is seen rising to a vast height, flanked by two conical mountaii>;>, Fleutwith on the E. and Scarf on the W. side. Numerous mountiii'A torrents form never- failing cataracts, that thunder and foam down tho rocks, and form the lake below. This luke is called tho Upper Lake; and, near a mile from it, to tho N.E., is tho Lower Lake, called alsoCromuck-wutor. Tho river Cocker flows through both these lakes to Cocker- mouth. BuTTKRwoRTn, an appendage to the town of liochdale, in Lancashire. See Rochdale. BuTTETANT, a town and parish of Ireland, in the county of Cork. The town is 4 miles N. of Mallow. Bdtton Bat, the north part of Hudson Bay, through which attempts were made by Sir Thomas Button, to discover the N, W. pas- sage to China, when he lost his ship, and came back in a sloop built in the country. It lies between 60. and 66. N. lat. BUTTSTADT and BUTTBLSTADT, tWO tOWnS of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, seated on tho Loss; 1 6 miles W. of Naumburg. BuTZOAon, a town of Germany, in Wet- teravia, seated in a marshy but fertile plain; 10 miles S. of G lessen, and 25 N. of IVank- fort. Pop. about 3200. BuTzow, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg-Sohwerin, seated on the War- na; 17 miles S. W. of Rostock. BuxADEWAR, a strong fort of the country of Bootan, at the entrance of the mountains from Bengal. It stands on the top of a rock; 20 miles N. of Chichacotte. BcJXAR, a town and fort of Hindostan, in Bahar, on the S. bank of the Qungos; 72 ' aiif(o. Long. 12. 2. E. int. 26, and again in Vt02, but in both instances without efl'ect. During the domination of Spain in Mexico and South America, it was not only the chief station of the national marine, but the grand depot of all the mciopolized commerce of those extensive regions, and it consequently ranked, up to the period of 1778, among the most considerable and important of the com- mercial cities of Europe. In 1778, the com- merce of the Americans was opened generally, to all the seaports of Spain, when Cadiz ex- perienced some decline; it however retained a pre-eminence over all the other ports, and continued to hold a high commercifll rank, until the events of the war growing out of the French revolution in 1793, led not merely to an interruption of the commerce of Cadiz, but to an almost total extinction of all ex- ternal ini^rcourse. It was bombarded by the Englisii, without effect, in 1800. Its liarbour was the rendezvous of the con bined fleets of France and Spain, previous to the fatal battle with the English off Cape Trafal- gar, in October, 1803. On the ebullition of the Spaniards in favour of the late king Fer- dinand, in 1806, in opposition to the govern- ment established by Napoleon Buonap ute, under his brother Joseph, the wreck of the French fleet, then in the harbour of Ca« 'iz, surrendered to the ebullitionists ; and, on Soville being taken possession of by a French force in the followmg year, Cadiz became the seat of the Central Junta, and afterwards of the Cortes, the Ftcnch maintiiining a large armed force in its vicinity, occasionally bom- barding it from that period up to 1812, when they finally withdrew, and it once again en- deavcured to resume its wonted activity and importance in commerce; but during its sus- pension a revolution had taken place, more or less, over all South America; its commerce diverted into new channels; and, as such, the merchants of Cadiz found that every enter- prise bad to be formed anew. The time was unpropitious; and the commercial as well ns Bociiil policy of Spain were incompatible with the time and circumstances, and Cadiz con- tinued to droop, whilst distrust and dissatis- (iiction pervaded the whole country} to such a height had the spirit of distrust and disorder attained, that on the 10th of March, 1820, near 1000 of the inhabitants of Cadiz fell a prey to the fury of the soldiery. In the follow- mg year, when a party sprang up in Spain, demanding of the king the assembling of the Cortes, and the fulfilment of the constitution, the citizens of Cadiz identified themselves with the constitutional party; and, on a French army of 100,000 men entering the country in 1823, to protect the king in his absolute and despotic authority, the consti- tutionalists removed him and the court from Madrid, first to Seville, and ultimately to Cadiz, as to a place impregnable to all the force which the French could bring against it. A large French naval force now blocka- ded the harbour, and on the Ist of October of that year, treachery triumphed over pa- triotism, and accomplished what fleets and armies could not have effected. The French became masters of Cadiz, released Ferdinand from the shackles of the constitutionalists, and proscription and teiTor agam reigned with uncontrolled sway over Cadiz and all Spain. The aspect of Cadiz, viewed either from the harbour, or from the opposite shore of the bay, is very imposing; on entering it, how- ever, the streets are narrow, and the houses have a gloomy appearance; the great square of St. Antonio is, however, an exception. It has several churches, some of them spacious and fine edifices, numerous convents, and other religious houses, an extensive hospital, and custom-house. Its greatest inconveni- ence is its destitution of good water, with which essential commodity the city Is supplied from a considerable distance, being conveyed in butts, at a great expense of labour and cost. Large quantities of salt are made in the vicinity. It has no manufacture c'eserv- ing of notice; indeed, not only its prosperity and importance, but its subsistence, may be considered as depending altogether on its ex- ternal commerce; and as such, it suffers in an equal or greater proportion than any other part of Spain, by the unsocializing policy which pervades that delightful country. Ca- diz is about 60 miles S. of Seville, 45 N. W. of Gibraltar, and 320 S. by W. of Madrid; the observatory being in the lat. of 36. 32. N. and 6. 17. W. long. Pop. 58,523. Cadolzbcrg, a town of Bavaria, circle of Bezat; 8 miles W. of Nuremberg. Cadope, a town of the Austrian Venetian territory, the birthplace of Titian, the pain- ter. It is seated on the Piavc ; 15 miles N. of Belluno. Cai/Samd, or Cassand, an island of Hol- land, on the N. coast of Flanders, at the mouth of the Scheldt. The land is fertile, and the inhabitants make a large quantity of excellent cheese. The chief town is Cas- Hundria. Caen, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of CalvMlos. It has a celebrated CAE 159 CAF d discrder rch, 1820, ;adiz fell a the follow- j in Spain, iling of tha institution, themselves and, on a itering the (ing in his the consti- court from timately to ) to all the ing against iow blocka- of October ed over pa- i fleets and The French I Ferdinand tutionalists, ain reigned kdiz and all either from I shore of the ing it, how- tne houses great square kCCption. It lem spacious invents, and ive hospital, t incouveni- water, with ty is supplied ng conveyed labour and are made in ituvecBserv- ts prosperity nee, may be ler on its ex- suffers in an n any other zing policy luntiy. Ca- :, 45 N. W. of Madrid; |of 36. 32. N. Id. iria, circle of Ian Venetian In, the pain- Il5 miles N. land of Hol- Iders, at the M is fertile, le quantity of t)wn is Cas- jal of the de- la celebrated university, and a castle with four towers, built by the English. The abbey of St. Ste- phen was founded by William the Conqueror, wlio was buried in it. The river Orne, which falls into the English Channel, runs tiirough the city, to whit'ti the tide brings up large vessels. Its manufactures of lace, silk, cot- tons, fine earthenware, &c., &c., are very im- portant and valuable; it is a thriving and inipioving place. It is 65 miles W. by S. of liouen and 125 W. by N. of Paris. Long. 0. 22. W. lat 49. 1 1. N. Pop. 39,886. CAERLEON,a town of Monmouthshire, with a market on Thursday. Many liuman an> tiquities have been found here, and it has the ruins of a castle. It is seated on the Usk; 19 miles S. W. of Monmouth, and 146 W. by N. of London. Caermartiienshire, a maritime county of South Wales, 48 miles long, and 25 broad. It is bounded on the S. by the Bristol Channel, on the W. by Peihbrokeshire, on the N. by Cardiganshire, and on the east by Brecknock and Glamorganshire. The air is wholesome, and the soil less rocky and mountainous tiian in most other parts of Wales, and conse- quently it is proportionately more fertile but!) in corn and pasture. It has also plenty of wood, and is well supplied with coal and limestone. The principal rivers are the Towy, Cothy, and Tave; of which the first abounds with excellent salmon. It has nu- merous ancient forts, camps, and tumuli. Near Caernuirthen, towards tlic E , may be seen the ruins of Kastelk l^rry, and several vast caverns, supposed to have been copper mines of the Romans. Near this spot is a fountain, which ebbs and flows twice in twenty-four hours. The county and city send each a member to parliament. Caermartuen, a borough of Wales, ca- pital of Caermarthenshire, with a market on Wednesd ay and Saturday. It is seated on the Towy, over which is a strong bridge, to which vessels of 200 to 300 tons burden may come up. It was fortified with a wall and a castle, now in ruins; and on the E. side of the town, near the river, arc the remains of a monastic building of considerable extent. Caermar- then is a county of itself, governed by a mayor. There are iron and tin minos in the neigh- bourhood. It is :a4 miles S. E. of Cardigan, and 220 W. by N. of London. CAERNARVONgi'iRB, R couuty of North Wales, of an oblong form, the S. part project- ing into St. George's Channel, the north being bounded by the Irish Sea, or what would now more properly be called Liverpool Bay, from the celebrity of the town of that name: the Menai Strait divides it from the Isle of An- glesey, on the N. W., and tlie river Conway divides it from Denbighshire on the E., whilst part of the S. E. aide borders on Merioneth- shire. This county being the most rugged distric. of North Wales, may be truly called the Cambrian Alps. Its central part is oc- cupied by the famed Snowdon, rising to the height of 3571 feet above the level of the sea, and the prospects around are rude and savage in the highest degree, but not without a mixture of beauty, where the dimensions of the vales admit the varieties of wood, water, and meadows. The soil in the valleys, on the side of St. George's Channel, is pretty fertile, especially of barley; great numbers of black cattle, sheep, and goats, are fed on the mountains; and the sea, lakes, and rivers, abound with a variety of fish. Copper mines have been worked in various parts of these mountains, as well as lead; and quantities of stones, excellent for hones, are dug near Snowdon ; to the dreary region of which the rich Tale of Conway below forms a pleasing contrast. It sends one member to pari lament. Caernarvon, a borough and seaport of Wales, capital of Caernarvonshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated within the Menai Strait, near its entrance into Caernar- von bay, and carries on a considerable trade with Ireland, and the principal English ports, to which it exports vast quantities o^ slates. It has a celebrated custle, built by liaward I., in which his son, Edward II., the first prince of Wales, was born. Caernarvon is governed by the constable of the castle, who is always mayor. Here are sait-water baths, and ele- gant hot and cold baths, which are much frequented during the season. It is 7 i' les S. W, of Bangor, and 244 N. W. of Lond n. Long. 4. 20. W. lat. 53. S. N. It sends one member to parliament. CAERFiiiLLr, a town of Wales, in Gla- morganshire, with a market on Thursday. The ruins of its celebrated castle more re- semble that of p city than a single edifice; a circular tower about 75 teet in height, inclines 1 1 ft. 6 in. from its base. It is seated between the Taafe and Rumncy; 7 miles N. of Car- diff, and 160 W. of London. Caerwent, a village in Monmouthshire, 4 miles S. W. of Chepstow, and about 2 miles from the bank of the Severn. Caerwys, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, with a market on Tuesday ; 5 miles W. of Flint, and 212 N. W. of London. Caffa, Kaffa, or Tiieouosia, the largest town of the Crimea, with an excellent road and harbour. It was taken in 1266, by the Genoese, who made it one of the most flour isliing towns in the E. of Europe. It was t ken from the Venetians in 1297, bntsooa re- covered; however, in 1474, the Tartars, as- sisted by the Turks, finally expelled them. It was the last post in the Crimea of which the Genoese retained the sovereignty. Caffa was the Theodosia of the ancients; a name which has been restored to it since the Kus sians became possessed of the Crimea, in 1770. It suffered by its capture by the Kupsians, but has bcgui to revive, though the superiority of Kertche wUl prevent its rising to its former importance. Caffa is seated on a bay of the Black Sea, at the foot of some high raoun> tains ; 65 miles E by N. of Sympheropol, and mmmmmmm 1 1 I CAP 160 CAI ISO S. E. of Precop. Long. 35. 23. 37. £. lat. 45. 1. 37. N. Pop. 7250. Caffa, Strait of, the ancient Cimmerian Bosphorus; a strait that forms a communi- cation between the Black Sea and the Sea of Asoph, and a separation between Europe and Asia. Cafiristin, or Kettore, a mountainous country of Asia, lying between the N.E. part of Persia and Tartary. The valleys are in- habited by various independent tribes, pos- sessing manners and speaking a language Eeculiar to themselves, but of which very ttle is known. Caffraria, or Kaffraria, a country on the E. coast of South Africa, extending from the latitude of about 30. S. to the Great Fish liiver, in the latitude of about 34., which divides it from the country of the Hottentots: it.s western boundaries are not ascertained. The Cafires are tall and well proportioned, and, in general, evince great courage in at- tacking lions, and other beasts of prey. Their skin is a jet black, their teeth white as ivory, and their eyes large. The clothing ^of both sexes is the same, consisting entirely of the hides of oxen, which are as pliant as cloth. The men wear tails of different animals tied round their thighs, pieces of brass in their hair, and large ivory rings on their arms; they are adorned also with the hair of lions, and feathers fastened on their heads, with many other fantastical ornaments. They are fond of dogs, and have great pride in their cattle, which pay the most perfect obedience to their voice. Their exercise is hunting, fighting, or dancing. They are expert in throwing lances, and, in time of war, use siiields made of the hides of oxen. They sometimes make incursions into the English territories of the Cape of Good Hope. The women are employed in the cultivation of their gardens and corn. They raise several vegetables which are not indigenous to the country, as tobacco, water-melons, kidney- beans, and hemp. Their huts are higher and more commodious than those of the Hotten- tots, and their lands more fertile, but thc'r oxen, and almost all their animals mO much smaller. Industry is the leading trait in the ciiaracter of the Caffres, who arc distinguished from their neighbours to the south, by their fondness for agriculture. They have a high opinion of the Supreme Being, and of his power; they believe in a future state of re- wards and punishments; but think that the world had no beginning, and will be everlast- ing. They have no sacred ceremonies, and, consequently have no priests ; but they have a kind of conjurors, whom they greatly revere. They are governed by an hereditary king, whose power is very limited; but being per- mitted to take as many wives as he pleases, he has a larger portion of land to cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend and feed. The distance of the different hordes makes it necessary that they should have in- ferior chiefs, who are appointed by the king. They are divided into several tribes, of which the Koozas are those to whom "Caffro" (infi- del) is now more specifically applied. They have continually threatened the eastern fron- tier of the colony, which has ltd to much warfare. Caoatan Sooloo, an eastern island, lying off the N. E. point of Borneo, in the lut of 7. N. and 118. 36. E. long. It is about 20 miles in circumference, and governed by a rajah. Caoatam, a districtth ! most northern part of Lu9onia,thechiefof the Philippine islands It is a fertile and populous district, in the lat. of 19 N. Caoatan Isles, a group of small islands in the Mindoro Sea, between Borneo and the Philippines, in tbelat. of 9. N. and 12 1 £. long. Caoliari, a fortified city and seaport of Sardinia, capital of the island, and an arch- bishop's see, with a university and a castle. Here are numerous churches, beside the ca- thedral, three of which are collegiate. It stands on the S. part of the Island, at the bottom of a gulf of the same name, which forms a large and secure harbour, and ex- ports considerable quantities of olive oil and salt. It has also a royal manufactory of to- bacco, and others of cotton, leather, soap, &c. Long. 9. 8. E. lat. 39. 20. N. Pop. about 26,000. Caonete, Canete, or Guarco, a town of Peru, capital of a district of the same name, extending about 24 leagues along the sea coast. It is situate near the sea; 80 miles S.E. of Lima. Long. 76. 16. W. lat. 13. 10. S. Cauawba, or Cahada, the chief town ot Dallas county, and once the seat of the legis- lative government of the state of Alabama. It is seated at the junction of a river of the same name with the Alabama river; 915 ra. S. W. of Washington, and about 180 N, of New Orleans. Cahir, a town of Ireland, county Tip- perary, on the Suir; 96 miles S.W. by S. of Dublin. The town is well built, and the church is a fine building. Pop. 3408. Cahir is also the name of a small island off the S.W. coast of the county of Mayo, in the lat. of 53. 44. N. and 9. 63. W. long. Camors, a city of France, capital of the department of Lot, and a bishop's see, with a university. It is seated on a pcninsullt made by the river Lot, and built partly on a craggy rock. There are three bridges over the river. The cathedral is a Gothic struc- ture, and hns a large square steeple. The town has a manufacture of fine cloths and ratteens, and furnishes excellent wine, of tho kind called vin de grave. It was taken by assault, in 1580, by Henry IV., by means of petards, which were first employed here. In one of the suburbs are the remains of a Ro- man amphitheatre. Cahors is 60 miles N. of Toulouse, and 315 S. by W. of Paris. Pop. 10,944. CJaicos, or Catcos, the southernmost of the Bahama Isles. See Baiiauas. CAI 161 CAI Cai-fono, a city of China, capital of the province of llo-iian. It is 8ituate on a jjhiin, 6 miles from the river Iloanho, or Great Yellow River, above 3(m miles above its en- trance into the sea, wliii. is higher than the plain, and kept in by ra, ! dikes, that ex- tend above 9C miles. Wi.n the city was besieged by the rebels, In 1642, they cut the dikes of the river, which drowned 300,000of tlie inhabitants. Some of the ruins still re- n;ain, which show that its present state is far inferior to its former magnifieence. Its juris- diction comprehends four cities of the second ciiiss, and 30 of the tiiird. It is 350 miles B.S.W. of Pekin, and about 850 N. by E. of Canton. Long. 114. 28. E. lat. 34. 53. N. Oaiffa, or Kaifa, a seaport ' ." Syria, in Palestine, defended by a wall and a citadel. It stands on the S. side of the bay of Acre ; 8 miles S.W. of Acre. Caiman, or Caymans, three small islands lying to the N.W. of Jaruaicn, between it and the S. coast of Cuba, The N.E. point of Grand Caymans is in kt. 19. 12. N. and 81. 26. W. long. The inhabitants of Jamaica come hither to catch turtle. Caikngokm, a mountain of Scotland, at the S.\V. extremity of Banffshire, on the bor- der of Inverness. It rises in a conical form 1750 feet above the level of a small lake near its base, which is the source of the Aven, and 4050 feet above the level of the sea; its sides clothed with firs, and its top generally covered with snow. It is famous for beautiful rock- crystals, much esteemed by lapidaries; about 30 miles E. of Fort Augustus. Cairo, {El Kahira, the victorious, Arabic,) or Gbani) Cairo, a large city, capital of Egypt. It consists of three towns, about a mile apart; Old Cairo, New Cairo, and tlie port termed Bulac. The population is esti- mated at 240,000. Old Cairo is now reduced io a small place. New Cairo is a mile fi-om the river, and 7 miles in circumference. The streets are narrow; and the finest houses are built round a court, in which they make the best appearance, having few or no windows next to the street. The castle stands on a steep rock, and is surrounded by thick walls, on which are strong towers. Joseph's Well, made by a vizier of that name, about the year 1 100, is the most cu . ious part of the castle: it is snnk in the rock, 280 feet deep, and 40 in circumference, with a staircase carried ronnd ; and a machine, turned by oxen, raises the water (which comes from the Nile) into a reservoir, whence it is again raised by a similar machine. There are many other reservoirs for water ; and nu- merous bazaars, where each trade has its allotted quarter. There are several public bagnios, very handsome within, and used as placesof refreshment and diversion, especially for the women, who go there twice a week; but the wives of great men have bathsathomc. There is a palace and harem, a mint, and arsenal, a cannon foundry, and many other manufactories, all called into existence by the late pacha, Mehcmet Aii; and who engrossed the commerce of the city. The Kaliss, a canal which conveys the waters of the Nile into the city, is 20 feet broad, and has houses on each side of it. As soon aa the waters begin to rise, they clo.se the mouth of the canal with earth, and place a mark, to show the time when this and all other canals in the kingdom are to be opened, which is done with great solemnity. There arc not less than 300 mosques in Cairo, the lofty minarets of which present a very picturesque appcar- ajice. It was a place of very great trade before the discovery of the Cape of Good IIoi)c, and is still the centre of tliat of east- ern Africa. The chief manufuetures arc sugar, sal ammoniac, glass lamps, saltpetre, jiunpowder, red and yellow leather, and linen made of the fine Egyptian flax. This city was taken by the French, under Buona- parte, in 1798, and retaken by the British in 1801. It stands on the E. bank of the Nile, about 120 miles S. E. of Alexandria, and about the same distance hom the two mouths of the river at Rosetta and Damietta, and has a railway to Alexandria. Cairo, v, town of Piedmont; 25 miles W. of Genoa. It was the scene of a sanguinary battle between the French and Austrians in 1^94, and in 1796 was taken by the French Poj). about 4000. Cairo, a town in Greene county, state of New York; about 5 miles W. ot Hudson. Cairo, a town of Illinois, on the point ot land formed by the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The situation is impor- tant, but the land is low, and liable to be overflowed, and is thus bad for a town. It is intended to commence the Great Central railroad here, extending northwards through the state; 233 miles S. by E. of Springfield, and 867 from Washington. Cairoan, or Kairwan, an inferior town of the kingdom of Tunis, and next to the city of Tunis for trade and number of inha- bitants, which are vaguely estinmted at 50,000. It is situate near a sandy desert, where are found many vestiges of former magnificence, and on the river Magrida; about 60 miles S. by E. of Tunis, and a few miles W. of Siisa. Caistok, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Monday. Near it are the remains of a monastery, and many Roman vestiges. It is 12 miles S.W. of Grimsby, and 156 N. of London. Caitiinebs-siiire, a county at the N.E. extremity of Scotlund; 35 miles long, and 20 broad; bounded on the N. by Pentland Frith, which divides it from the Orkneys, E. and S.E. by the German Ocean, and W. by Sutherlandshirj. The S. angle is occipied by mountains; and a vast ridge of hills forms the S.W. boundary, ending in a pfomontory, called the Ord of Caithness, which runs out into the sea, in the lat. of 58. 10. N. The CAL U2 CAL reflt of the county may be deemed an im- mense morass, interspersed with some fruit- ful spots, producing oats and barley, and otiiers affording pasture for sheep and blacic cattle. Its other chief products are butter, cheese, yam, skins, feathers, and kelp. It Bends a member to parliament alternately with Buteshire. English is chiefly spoken on the coast, but in the highlands the Gaelic prevails. Thurso, on the N., and Wick, on tlie E. coast, are the chief towns. Cajana, or Kajana, one of the seven prin- cipal towns of East Bothnia. Cajazzo, a town of Naples; 25 miles N. of the city of Naples. Cajelli, Bat of. See Boue /. Calabab, Old and New, two rivers in the Bight of Benin, on the coast of Guinea, on the W. coast of North Africa. Since the restriction of the slave trade to the S. of the Equator, this district has carried on a more extensive trade in palm oil and bar wood, and some elephants' teeth, than any other j>art of the coast. The town of New Calabar IS situate at the mouth of a river of the same name, in the lat. of 4. 10 N. and 6. 42. of E. long. Duke's Town is at the mouth of the Old Calabar river, which enters the Bight about 80 miles eastward of the New Calabar. It is much frequented by the ships trading for palm oil. These rivers form part of the Delta of the mysterious Niger, which de- bouches at the Kiver Nun, near to them. Calabazo, or Calabaco, an interior town of Venezuela; about 150 miles S. of Caraccos. It contains about 5000 inhabitants. Calabria, a promontory and province of Naples, forming the foot and southern extre- mity of Ital^, extending from 37. 53. to 40. 5. of N. lat., and being about 40 miles in mean breadth, between the long, of 15. 40. and 17. 30. £. A ridge of mountains, the Appennines, intersects the whole territory from N. to S., and numerous streams fall in^o the sea on both coasts. It gives the title of duke to the eldest son of the king of Naples. It is di- vided into two parts: Citra, N., bordering on the Basilicata, contains 385,360 inhabitants, and Ultra, S., contains about 583,800. This country abounds in excellent fruit, com, wine, oil, silk, cotton, and wool. In 1783, a great part of Calabria Ultra, as well as of Sicily, was destroyed by one of the most terrible earthquakes on record: beside the destruc- tion of many towns, villages, and farms; tbove 40,000 people perished by this calamity. The principal towns are Bova, at tiie £, ex- tremity; Reggio, Rosamo, St. Eufemia, Cas- tigiene, and Paula, on the W.; and Bossano, Cariato, Catanzaro, and Squillace, on the E. coast; and in the interior, Cossano, Bisag- nano, Cosenza (the capital), Policv.stro, Mi- leto, and Oppido. CALAHOBRA,an episcopal town of Spain, in Old Castile, on tht tide of a hill, which ex- tends to the Ebro; 90 miles E. of Burgos. It waa the birthplace of Quintilian. The celebrated warm baths of Arncdillo lie about 4 leagues up the course of the Cid, and are muiili frequented. Pop. about 6500. Calais, a seaport of France, in the depart- ment of Pas de Calais, with a citadel. It was taken by Edward III. of England, in 1347, after a siege of more than 1 1 mouths, which has given riuO to some historical, as well as dramatic fiction. In 1557 it was retaken by the Duke of Guise. It was bombarded by the English in 1696, without receiving much injury. The fortifications are good, but its greatest strength is its situation among the manheR, which may be overflowed. In the centre of the town is a spacious square, sur- rounded by good buildings, aud the church is aitately edifice ; theharbour, whichis formed of two wooden piers running into the sea, only admits small vessels. Ou the N. pier is a pil- lar erected to commemorate the landing of Louis XVIII. from England, in 1814, after 2S years of exile. Calais derives all its import- ance from its contiguity to the English coast ; being only 22 m. from Dover. It is the ter- minus of a branch of the Northern railway. It id 25 m. W. by S. of Dunkirk, 20 N. by E. of Bou- ]ugne, and 145 due N. of Paris. Pop. 10,866. Calais, St. a town of France, in the de partment of Sarthe; 54 miles E.S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 3783. Calais, a town of the state of Maine, at the head of the navigation of the St. Croix, or Scoodie river, nearly opposite St. Andrew's, New Brunswick. It has an upper and a lower village, 2 miles apart, and connected by a railroad. The falls in the river here afford considerable water power, and below them is a bridge over to the British side ; 200 miles E.N.E. of Augusta, 786 from Wash- ington. Pop. in 1840, 2934. Calahas, a town of Persia, on the coast of Mekran; 60 miles E. of Guadal, and 290 W. of Tatta, on the western branch of the Indus. Calahata, a town of European Turkey, at the head of the Gulf of Coron, in the Mo- rea, on the river Spinarza; 36 miles W.S.W. of Misitra. Calahianbs, a cluster of islands, the most westerly of the Philippines, and to the N. of Borneo. They are 17 in number, and moun- tainous, but produce great quantities of wax, honey, and edible bird.s' nests. The princi- pal island is Paragoa, in the lat. of 12 N. and 120. of E. long. Calanore, a town of Hindostan ; 70 miles E. of Lahore; distinguished as the place where thecmperorAkbur ascended the throne of India in 1556. Calataoiromb, a large town in the interior of Sicily; about 50 miles W. by N. of S;'ra- cuse. It is a clean town, and well built; many of the public buildings are handsome. It is the seat of a bishopric, and has a royal college, an hospital, &c. The people are very ingenious and industrious. A grand fair ii held in October for cattle, cloth, wax, honey C AL 163 CAL &c. It has also munufacturcs of fine earthen- ware. Pop. 21,616. ! Calatatui), (iin. BiVnlis,) a city of Spain, in Arrugon ; 45 miles S.W. of Saragossa. It IS well and regularly built, and has a large square, an episcopal palace, two hospitals, a hull for the meetings of the Junta, &c. Tiiere are three bridges over the river Jalon, on which it stands. It has manufactures of sxap. It is the second town of Arra^on. The city has an imposing look, imbedded nMiong the rocks, and has a noble castle. It is of Moorish ori;;in, and was built from the remains of ancient BUbilis, the birth- ^lace of Martial, which lies about two miles east from it, at Bambola. Population about 10,000. Calatanisetta, a town of Sicil' , capital of a province oiaame name; 62 miles S.E. of Palermo. It is well built, and has a fine square; it is defended by a cnstle. In its environs are twosalscs, which emit hydrogen gas. Calatrava, a town of Spain, in La Man- cha, the chief place of the military order of the knights pf Culatrava. It is seated near tlieGuadiana; 90 miles S. of Madrid. Long. 3. 10. W. lat. 39. 4. N. Calbb, or Kai TIE, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Saale; 16 miles S. by E. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 3000. Calbe, 11 town of Brandenburg, in the Old Mark, with a castle; seven miles S.W. of Stendel. Caldkrga, a town of Ilindostan, in Gol- conda, formerly a vast city, and the residence of the sovereigns of the Dcccan. It is 85 miles W. of Hydrabad, and 110 E. of Visia- pour. Long. 77. 20. E. lat. 17. 25. N. Calcar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleve; seated near the Rhine; eight miles S.E. of Cloves. Calcasiu, a river in the western part of Louisiana, forming aconsidcrable lake before it falls into the Gulf of Mexico. Calchaoua. See Colchaoua. Calcinato, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, where a victory was gained over the Aus- »r;,.r,8 by the French, in 1 706. It is eight m. is.iu. of Brescia. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal, and the teat of the Governor-general of the British dominions in the East Indies, is situated on the eastern bank of the river Hoogley (the western arm of the Ganges), about 100 miles from the sea. Its name is derived from Cutta, a temple dedicated by the Hindoos to Caly, the goddess of time, which was situate be- tween the villages of Chuttanutty and Go- bindpore, where the agents of the English East India Company, in 1690, obtained per- mission of Aurungzebe to establish a trading fictory, which, in 1696, in consequence of the disturbed state of the province of Bengal, they were allowed to fortify. In 1 698, Prince A7een Ooshan, grandson of Aunin*K'>!ebe. granted a lease to the agents of the English company, of the villages above mentioned, in perpetuity, upon which they strengthened the fortification, and gave it the name of Fort William, ; \ compliment to the English monarch of that time. From this period Calcutta gradually increased in population and importance up to 1756, when it was at- tacked by the soubah of Bengal, with an army of 70,000 horse and foot, and 400 ele- l)hants, when the besieged were forced to abandon their posts, and retreat into the fort ; on which the enemy's troops entered the town, and plundered it for 24 hours. An order was then given for attacking the fort, the garrison of which defended themselves bravely for some time; but many of them being killed and wounded, and their ammunition almost exhausted, they were at last obliged to sur- render, and were all, to the number of 146, crammed into the Black Hole prison, a dun- geon about 18 feet square; from whence only 23 came out alive in the morning; the rest were all suflFocated from want of air. Cal- cutta, liowever, was retaken the next year; and, after the victory of Plasscy, the inhuman soubah was deposed, and put to death by his successor, and the whole of the province of Bengal transferred to the Engli.sh East India Company. Immediately after this victory, the erection of a new fort, about a mile below the old one, was commenced, which is supe- rior in extent and security to any fortress in India, containing commodious accommoda- tion for 4000 men. From this period Calcuiti rapidly increased in extent and population In 1798,thonamber of houses was 78,760, ex- clusive of the forts, since which time they have increased m'>re than one-half; the num- ber of inhabitants, composed of people from all parts of the world, amounting to 600,000 or 700,000. The part inhabited by the Eng- lish is elegantly built; but the greatest part is buili after the general fashion of the cities of India. Their streets are exceedingly con- fined, narrow, and crooked, with a vast num- ber of ponds, reservoirs, and gardens, inter- spersed. A few of them are paved with brick. The houses are built, some with brick, others with mud, and a still greater number with bamboos and mats, all which different kinds of fabrics, intermixed, form a very un- couth appearance, and are very readiiy de- stroyed by fire. The brick houses are seldom above two stories high, with flat and terraced roofs; those of mud and bamboos are only one story, and are covered with thatch. Dur- ing the administration of the Marquis of Wellesley, at the commencement of the pre- sent century, amagnificent palace was erected at the distance of about a mile from the fort. The line of houses that surround two sides of the esplanade of the fort is also magnifi- cent; they are all on a large scale, and de- tached from one another. From the necessity of having a free circulation of air in a climate 8o extremely hot t the aj>proach to the housok CAL 164 CA 1.1 (\ 1 1 is generally l>y a fiiylit of stei)s, with great projei'ting porticoes, or surrounded by eoion- imdcs and areudes, which give them much the npppeiiranco of Grcciiin temples. Since the conimeucement of the i>reseiit century, Calcutta has been greatly improved, both in ai)pcarance and in the salubrity of its air; the streets luxve been properly drained, and the ponds filled; thereby removing a vast purfaco of stagnant water, the exhalations of which were particularly hurtful. Contiguous t'> the old fort is the spacious square, on one sidcof which is thecollege,tJunded also under the administration of the Marquis Wellesley, in 1801 ; another side of the square is occu- pied by buildings appropriated to the use of the junior servants of the company, and the remainder is occupied by some of the princi- pal traders. Calcutta is the residence of a bishop, vho, assisted by three arch(^ aeons, is entrusted with the ecclesiastical affairs of all the British possessions in Asia: the cathe- dral is a spacious edifice. Here is likewise a supreme court of judicature, in which jus- tice is dispensed according to the laws of I'yiigland, by a chief justice, and three puisne judges. The natives of the province still retain their Hindoo laws, as well as religion, and courts arc duly appointed for the admi- nistration of justice accordingly. The south- ern part of Calcutta is occupied almost en- ti 'cly by Europeans, who have adopted a crylc of building at once magnificent in its appearance, and well adapted to the climate. Kvery house is detached, enclosed with walls, and fronted with an elegant veranda, shading a flight of steps. The northern part is chiefly inhabited by natives, whose dwellings are, for the most part, mere mud or bamboo cot- tages. The mixture of European and Asia- tie manners that may be observed in Calcutta is curious; coaches, phaetons, single horse chaises, with the palanquins and hackeries of the natives, the passing ceremonies of the Hindoos, and the different appearance of the fakirs, form a sight more novel and extraor- dinary, perhaps, than any other city in the world can present. The Hoogley is naviga- ble up to the town, for ships cf 400 to 500 tons, but those of greater burden lie at Dia- mond Point, about 50 miles below, their car- goes being conveyed to and from the town l)y lighters. Independently of its commer- cial intercourse with England, Calcutta main- tains an extensive intercourse with China, as well as with almost every port in Asia, and islands in the eastern seas, with which an in- terchange is effected in every commodity that mankind possibl;^ can desire. The railway system and its advantages are now in progress of adoption from Calcutta. The Burdwan railroad, 182 miles long, was opened March 26th, 1855, and otherr are proposed to a more convenient port down the Hooghly, &c. The control of the governor-general and council of Bengal, 3t Calcutta, extends OTer the presidencies i( Madras, Bombay, and Bencoolen ; the extent of the civil establish ments attend- ing the administration ol ho extensive an empire, in addition to the military and comn^rrcial affairs of the place, necessarily give an importance to Calcutta beyond that of any city in Asia, except those of China and Japan. The new fort is in the lat. of 22. 35. N. and 88. 28. E. long.; 1030 miles N.N.E. of Madras, and about 1100 E.N.E. of Bom- bay. Caldas, the name of several small towns in different parts of Spain and Portugal, which, like the Badensof Germany, implies their contiguity to hot or medicinal springs: one 25 miles N. by E. of Lisbon, another 10 miles IT. E. of Castel Branco; another con- tiguous to A.Iontalcgre, GO miles N. £. of Oporto; another 15 miles N. of Barcelona; another 25 miles N. of Vigo. Caldeu, a river which rises on the W. borders of Yorkshire, flows by Halifax to Wakefield, and eight m. below joins the Aire. Oaldeka, La, a seaport on the coast of Chile, the terminusof a railway to the foot of the Andes for mining purposes. The place is destitute of water. Lflt. 27. 5. S. Caldolzuuuu, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Anspach, with a castle; 18 miles N.E. of Anspach. L is now included in the Bavarian circle of Bczat. Caldwell, an interior county in the west- ern part of Kentucky, bounded on the S.W. by the great Cumberland river. Pop, 10,3G5. Eddyville, on the N. bank of the river, about 30 miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 200 miles S.W. of Frankfort, is thecliief town. Caldwell, the chief tn. of Warren county, state of New York; 43 miles N. of Albany. Pop. 693. Caledon, a town in the parish of Augh- loe, (sometimes called Caledon,) S. part of the county of Tyrone, Ireland. Caledon, a town of South Africa, in the Cape colony. It is a small neat village, at the foot of a rugged black mountain, and near it are some hot springs. Caledonia, a county in the N. part of the state of Vermont, the S.E. part of which is bounded by the Connecticut river, which di- vides it from New Hampshire. Pop. 21,891. Danville, in the centre of the county, about 20 miles N.E. of Montpelier, is the chief town. Pop. 2633. Caledonia, a to\vn of Livingstone county, state of New York, lying to the W. of Genesee River, and S. of Erie Canal; 240 miles VV. of Albany. Big Spring, remarkable for the abundance of its water, is in this township. Pop. 1987. C.' LEDONiA, New, an island in the Pacific OccDM, to the E. of New Holland, discovered by Cook, in 1774. It is 260 miles from N.W. to S.E., and 70 broad. The inhabitants are strong, active, and well made; their hair is black, and much frizzled, hut not woolly; ■ CAL 165 CAL olen ; the 18 attciiil- icnsivo uii litary ami lecessarily syond tliat Cliina and , of 22. 35. C8 N.N.E. . of Bom- nall towns Portugal, ly, implies al springH : another 10 other con- 8 N. E. of Barcelona; an the W. Halifax to ns the Aire. ;he cuHst of » the foot of The place S. :onia, in the castle; 18 iw included in the west- m the S.W. Pop. 10,305. [river, about the Ohio, is the chief Ten county, of Albany. of Augh- 3. part of rica, in the village, at untain, and part of the af which is which di- ■op. 21,891. unty, about the chief ane county, of Genesee miles VV. ,ble for the townsliip. the Pacific discovered from N.W. ibitants are leir hair it ot woolly; their beards are crispand thick; they besmear their foccs with black pigment, and their only cuvering is a wrapper, made from the bark of a tree, or of leaves. Their houses arc cir- cular, like a bee-hive, formed of small spars and reeds, covered with long coarse grass, and the floor laid with dry grass. They de- ])ijsit their dead in the ground, and decorate tlie graves of their chiefs with spears, darts, paddles, &c. They are of a pacific disposi- tion, and their women chaster than those of tiie more eastern islands. They cultivate the soil with some art and industry, but sub- sist chiefly on roots and fish. Flantuins and sugar-canes are not plentiful; bread-fruit is . scarce, and cocoa-nut trees are but thinly planted but yams and taras are in great abundance, lii 1855 it was taken into pos- MMion by the French government, irho had several missionary establishments on its N. E. coast, and it is intended to make it a regu- lar French colony. The S. end, cal led Queen Charlotte Forelaod, is in long. 167. 12. £., lat 22. 15. S. CALKNBERa, a principality of Lower Sax- ony, a part of the duchy of Brunswick, U divided into two parts by Wolfenbuttle. The S. part is intersected from E. to W. by the Werra, and the chief town is Gottingen. The Lene has its source in this part, near the banks ol the Werra, and ram N. through the principality of Wolfenbuttle » it afterwards intersects the north part of North Calenbcrg. The Weser also intersects the S. part of North Calenbcrg from S. E. to N.W., the chief towns being Hanover, Neu- stadt, and Hameln. The aggregate extent of the surface may be estimated at about 1700 square m. Pop. 139,230. The soil is generally fertile, and, under social and reciprocal ar- rangements, Calenbcrg might be made to yield a surplus produce sufficient to command an abundance of tropical and other luxuries. CALnoTTN, a county in the S.W. part of Florida, on the Apalachian River. Capital, St. Joseph. Pop. 1142. Caliiocn, a county in the S. part of the state of Michigan. It is watered by the head branches of the Kalamazoo river, and by St. Joseph's river. It has some valuable quar- ries of sandstone. Capital, Marshall. Pup. in 1840, 10,599. Calhoun, a county in the W. part of Illi- nois, between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Pop. 1741. Caliiuco, a town at the S. extremity of Aruucan, opposite the N. end of the Isle of Chiloe, in the South Pacific Ocean, inhabited by Spaniards, Mestees, and Indians; 180 m. S. of Valdivia. Long. 73. 37. W. lat. 41. 40. S. Cali, a city of Colombia, in the valley of Popayan, on the W. bank of the river Cauca. The govemorof the province generally resides here. It is 90 miles E. of Bonaventura, and 200 W. by S. of Santa Ftf. Long. 77. 5. W. lat. 3. 15. N. Calicut, a city of Iliudostan, capital of a province of the same name, on the coast ot Malabar. It was the first Indian port visited by European shipping; being discovered by the Portuguese, in 1498. Here is a manu- facture of plain cotton goods. The name of calico, applied to cotton goods, was derived from this place. Much salt is made here, by the natural evaporation of the sea water. The principal exports are cocoa and betel nuts, black pepper, ginger, and turmeric. It is seated at the mouth of a river; 85 tnile* S.W. of Seringapatam. Long. 75. 52, E. lat. 1 1. 12. N. It was formerly much more con- siderable, having been much encroached upon by the sea. California, Upper, or New, a county of N.W. America, comprised between tlie paral- lels of 32. and 42. N. lat., and between 109. W. long, and the Pacific Ocean, comprising an area of 400,000 square miles. It now forms a portion of the United States, being ceded to it in 1848, in consequence of the Mexican war. To the N. it has the recently acquired territory of Oregon ; to the E. the Indian or western territory of the United States; and to the S. the republic of Mexico. The country was first discovered by Ca- brillo, a Spaniard, in 1542, and its N. part was called New Albion by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578. The name California is of very un- certain origin. The principal town, San Fran< Cisco, is on the S. side of the opening into one of the most magnificent harbours in the world. Until the late acceasion of importance, it re- mained a comparatively insignificant place. It now boasts all the advantages of sudden prosperity. Its area (Mar. 1852) is 146,285 sq. m. The pop. in July 1850, was 103,000. The country up to a recent period was vciy imperfectly known, but few travellers having been through it. The principal river is the Rio Colorado, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and falls into the Gulf of Cali- fornia at its head. East of this, the country is separated from New Mexico by the Ana- huac Range. This part is composed of high table lands, perfectly barren, and utterly des- titute of water, the river being brackish and slimy. The basin of the river Gila, which forms its southern boundary, is also destitute of trees, and in great part of any vegetation whatever, and rains are in no part to bo rp- lied on. The central part is a semi-desert, its northern portion forming what is called the Great Basin, 400 miles in extent from E. to W., and 250 N. and S., a dreary waste, having in its northern part a succession ot isolated sharp and rugged mountain ranges, 6000 or 7000 feet high, runninc N. and 8. Its plains are described as frightfully forbid- ding and unearthly; one part, the Great Salt Plain, which is crossed by the route to the settlements, has a snow-like surface, from the saline incrustation. There are several lakes within this area; as the Timpanogos, or Great Salt; the Pyramid; the Yntah Lakes, ^c. On the last, which is in the N. part of CAL 166 CAL the territory, is, or was, a settlement uf Mor- mons established in 1847. Tiiis singular icct, einij^rutud in a body from Nuuvoo, on tlie Missouri, and after incredible suiTuriii;,' reached Califurnia, being the pioneers of the present gold movement in this euuntry. The Great Busin is separated from the coast re- gion of California by the Californian range, tlie pass through which 7200 feet high, is near the Pyramid Luke, but re(iuircH great caution. Between these mountains and the coast range, a collection of rugged mountains, lie the Su- cramiento and San Joachin valleys, the most important part of Upper California. The river Sacramicnto traverses tiie former from N. to S., inclining to the E., from which side it receives its principal tributary, the largest among which is the Feather Uiver, which joins it about 90 miles above the bay of San Francisco, into which it falls. The Fcatiier River is about 100 miles in length; it has several mountain streams running into it, and has many important gold placers on its banks. The American Fork joins the Sa- cramiento at New Helvetia. It has a large body of water, and its banks are fertile and cultivated. New Helvetia is a settlemeni; 75 miles above San Francisco, established by Captain Suter, a native of Switzerland, who was the first that benefited by the enormous golden treasures every where distributed. The discovery was made at a mill-head of Captain Suter's, though it has recently been shown that proposals for working these wash- ings were made by some Russian officers more than 20 years previously. The southern part of the valley above named is traversed by the San Joachin river, which proceeds noitii- ward from the Tula and Chintache Lukes, receiving all its tributaries on the east side. This valley is very fertile, but the climate though salubrious, is by no means favourable to agriculture. There are two seasons; the wet, December to March, and the dry the remainder of the year. At New Helvetia, it is not unusual for the temperature to rise as high OS 114° in the sliade in the hot months. Some parts of the interior country are covered many feet thick with snow during the cold months. The climate 30 miles from the coast undergoes a great change, and in no part of the world is there to be found a finer or more equable one than in the valley of the San Juan river, which flows northward into the Bay of San Francisco, and on whose banks were several of the Jesuits* missions. Gold, for which California has acquired ■nch sudden celebrity, is found in almost cve^ part. Along the streams falling into the Sacramiento and the San Joachin Rivers, it has been most worked. It has been lately found as far north as 500 miles firom S. Joa- chin. It is procured by the usual process of washing, and every part of the San Joachin Valley has produced gold of 20 carats fine. Of the quantity produced it is difficult to form a calculation, but in 1849, it was estimated at from 100,000,000 to 200,000,000 dollars. The wonderful facility of procuring wealth, which up to the end of 1849, had mduced above 90,000 people to emigrate thither, has caused many great singularities in the social organization, but which from tlu ir changea- ble character, cannot be noticed here. It is probable, however, that when the great de- posits of gold UTe ransacked, which may be at a very uncertain period, California will be reduced to the level of ordinary gold-pro- ducing countries, as Sil>eria, &c. In 1708, it was first colonized by the Spaniards, and several missions among the native Indians were establishing chiefs in the neighbourhood of the coast, and it at first formed a province of Mexico. In November 1836, the people of Monterey revolted and expelled the Mexi- can functionary, and soon aflcnvards the excellent missions were destroyed and com- paratively abandoned. Its internal relations were unimportant after this, until its acquisi- tion by treaty in 1848 to the United States of America, of which it is the newest portion at present. See Appendix. Califobnia, Lower, a promontory in the Pacific Ocean; separated from the W. coast of North America by the Vermilion Sea, or Gulf of California ; extending N. W. from Cape St. Lucas, in the lat. of 22. 44. to lat. 33. N., being about SO miles in average breadth. It was discovered by Cortes, in 1536; and is said to have been visited by Sir Francis Drake in 1 578. Toward the close of the seventeentb century, the Jesuits formed several settle- ments here, and endeavoured to govern the natives with the same policy and authority that they exercised in their missions in Pa- raguay. They seem studiously to have de- preciated the climate and soil of the country ; but on their expulsion from the Spanish do- minions, the court appointed Don Joseph Galvez to visit this peninsula. His account of the country was favourable: he fonnd the pearl fishery on its coast to be valuable, and be discovered mines of gold of a very pro- mising appearance. The pearl fishery was conducted up to a late period, but with diminished success, and the missions, under which the chief part of the native Indian population were gathered and nominally converted to Christianity, have very much declined since the troubles consequent on the revolutionary movements in 1837, occurred. Loreto was considered the capital, but some of the ports, as San Josef, were of more importance. Pearls, tortoise- shell, a few hides, dried beef and fruits sent to Mazatlan or San Bias, constituted the prin- cipal overplus of the prndnce. What the population may be at present, it is very diffi- cult to estimate, as most of the presidi6s have been depopulated by the gold-seeking of Upper California. Prior to these changes it might be about 14,000 or 15,000. Calimma, or Calihmo, an island of the Grecian Archi^eUgo, near the coast of Asia' CAL 107 CAM 00 dollars, ng weal ill, 111 mduueJ ;hither, liaH 1 the social r changca- lere. It is I great de- Ich may be ifornia will y gold-pro- Iii 1708, niards, and ive Indians rlibourhood , a province the people i the Muxi- rwards the d and com- lal relations its acquisl- lited Stiites trust portion ntory in the lie W. coast lion Sea, or /^. from Cape ) lat. 33. N., ge breadth. .536; and is ■ancis Drake seventeen! b veral settlo- i govern the id authority sions in Pu- to hav( dc- the country; Spanish do> boa Joseph Hia account le found the Eilaable, and a very pro- ved up to a success, and chief part oi* sre gathered Christianity, the troubles movements insidered the IS San Josef, Is, tortoise- [ fruits sent tedtheprin- What the is very diffl- he presidi6s ;old-sceking lese changes HM). land of the oast of Asia' 7 inilus N. W. of Stanchio. Long. 26. 46. E. lat. 36. i*6. N. Oalix, a town of Sweden, in West Both- nia, on a river of the same name, near its entrtmcc into the Gulf of Bothnia; 22 miles W. of Torneu. Callau, a town of Algier, in the province of Moduaru, which has a considerable trade, and the greatest market fur carpets in the country. It is 40 miles E. of Oran. CALLANf^ a town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, on the frontier of Tipperory; 7 miles S. W. of the city of Kilkenny, and 72 S. W. by S. from Dublin. Callander, a town of Scotland, in Perth- shire, seated on the river Teath; 30 miles W. S. W. of Perth. It derives its chief sup- port from the transit of travellers visiting the scene of Sir Walter Scott's poem of •♦ The Lady of the Lake." It is a neat and thriv- ing place. Callao, a seaport of Peru, with the best harbour on the coast, and a large and safe roadstead, defended by the islands of Callao and St. Lorenzo. In the port every commo- dity is to be procured that vessels may be in need of. The town was almost totally de- stroyed by an earthquake, in 1746. It is seated on h river of the same name; 6 miles W. of Lima, of which it is the port, and has between 2000 and 3000 inhabitants. Long. 76. 58. W. lat. 12. 2. S. Callk, a town of Algier, in the province of Constantina, where the French have a fac- tory established for a coral fishery, and tratle for grain, wool, leather, and wax. It stands on a rock, almost surrounded by the sea; 36 miles E. of Bono. Callianee, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Aurungabad; 24 miles N. E. from Bombay. It is populous, and has con- siderable trade. It is surrounded by ruined fortitications. Callinoer, a fortified town of Hindostan, in the province of Allahabad, formerly capital of Bundelcund. It was ceded by the Mah- rattas to the English in 17'J3. It is 20 miles N. of the Diamond Mines of Punnah, and 150 W. by S. of Benares. Callington, a town of Cornwall; market on Wednesday; situate on the Lynher; 12 m. S.of Launceston,and 216 W. by S. of London. Calloha, or Cailluho, a town of Peru, relebrated for its silver mines; 50 miles N. by E. of Arequipa, and 170 S. of Cusco. Calhar, a strong seaport of Sweden, capi- tal of Smaland, and a bishop's see. It is celebrated as the place where the deputies of Sweden, Denmark, and Nonvay were ap- pointed to assemble for the election of a king, according to the Union of Calmar. On an eminence, half a mile from the town, is the ancient castle, now converted into a distillery. The chief exports are deals and tor. It is seated near the Baltic; 190 miles S. S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 16. 22. E. lat. 56. 4l V. Pop. 534e. Caluccb, or Kalhuob, a people of central Asia, in Mongolia, a branch of the great Mon- gol or Mogul nation, and the only one that has retained the language and customs. Sea Kalmccs. Calne, a borongh in Wiltshire; market on Tuesday. It has eight or ten extensive employers in the manufacture of woollen cloth, and in the vicinity are many fulling and com mills. It is seated on a river of the same name; 25 miles E. of Bristol, and 88 W. of London. It returns one member to parliament. Calfee, or Kalpee, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Agra, on the Jumna. It is a depdt fur the transit of cotton, &c., from the S. VV., and is famous for its paper and candy; 45 miles S. W. of Casonpore. Calthobpe, a village in Leicestershire, on the river Avon, said to be the site of the Ito- man station Tripontium. Here are traces of encampments, through which the Bomun road passed. Caltura, a town on the W. coast of Cey- lon, with a fort. A great quantity of arrack is made here, and other manufactures car- ried on. It stands at the mouth of a large branch of the Muliwaddy; 28 miles S. by E. of Columbo. Long. 79. 56. K lat. 6. 44. N. Calvados, a maritime department of France, on the English Channel. It is so 04illed from a ridge of rocks of the same name, near the coast of what was heretofore called Normandy, extending 12 miles in length. It contains an area of about 2200 square miles, and 501,775 inhabitants. It is intersected from the S. to the sea by the river Orne. It is a fertile province, and ex- ports a considerable quantity of clover seed. Caen, on the banks of the Orne, is the chief town. Calvebt, a county of the state of Mary- land, lying between the Patuxent river and Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 9229. St. Leonard's, on the shore of the Chesapeake, 71 miles S. of Annapolis, is the chief town. Calvi, a town of Naples, in Terra di La- voro; 8 miles N. of Capua. Calvi, a town of Corsica, on a craggy mountain and gulf of the same name, with u strong fortress, and a good harbour. It was taken by the English m 1794. It is 38 miles W. S. W. of Bastia. Pop. 1500. Calvisano, a town of Bresciano ; 1 2 miles S. by E. of Brescia. Pop. about 3000. Calvisson, a town of France, in the pro- vince of Languedoc; 9 miles from Nismes. Pop. 3000. Calw, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg, with aporcelain manufacture, and a great trade in stuffs. It is 20 miles W. by S. of Stuttgard. Pop. 3500. Cam, a river which rises in Hertfordshire, flows by Cambridge into the Isle of Ely, and there joins the Ouse, to which river it is navi • gable from Cambridge. Caman V, a town of Peru, capital of a jori** CAM 168 CAM f r li dktiuii; gitiiato on a river of the sumo name, near tlie Pucitic Ocean ; 70 miles W. of Arc- quipii, in lat. 16. 10. N. and 73. 15. W. lout;. Camahan, ail ittiiind of Anihia, on tliu Red 8cii, wiioro there is a fishuij for wliitc vor.ll niid pourl oysters. Long. 42. 22. K. lat. 15. 6. N. Camakkt, a town of France, in the dc- |)tirtmciit of Finisterrc. In nn expedition u^^ainst Brest, in l')94, the English landed here, and lost a great numher of men. It stands on a bay ot tlio same name; 8 miles S. of Brest. Caharinbs, the most southern province of tiie Isle of Luzon, of wliieh Caceres is the chief town. Camaboub, an island, or cluster of islands, of France, in the mouths of the Rhone, sepa- rated by canals, and fortified. Tlie wliolc contains 80 square miles; the land is fertile, but the air is unwholesome. Camdat, the southernmost province of Abyssinia; inhabited by a people called Seb- u-adja, who are a mixture of Tagans, Chris- tians, and Mahometans. It is abundant in fruits. Caubat, a considerable city of Hindostan, in the province of Uuzerat. It stands on a gulf of the same name, and was the Camanes of Ptolemy. Here are three bazaars, and four public cisterns, capable of supplying the whole town with water in times of the great- est drought. Its products and manufactures are considerable; I'or the country abounds in corn, cattle, and silk; and cornelian and agate stones are found in its rivers. The inliabitants are noted for embossing. It is 72 miles N. of Surat, and SO miles B. of Ah- medabad, of which it is the port. It belongs to the English, and is included in the pre- sidency of Bombay. Pop. 10,000. Long. 72. 34. £. lat 22. 17. N. Cambebq, a town of Germany, on the south-west frontier of the electorate of Hesse; situate on a hill ; 17 miles £. by S. of Nassau, and 20 N. W. of Frankfort on the Maine. Cambebwell, a parish in Surrey, con- tiguous to London, on the south side; and to which it forms an appendage, being occu- pied principally by the private residences of those engaged in the business of the city. The church is 2a miles S. of London Bridge; an additional church, after the model of one in Rome, was erected in 1825. Cambodia, Camboja, or Cambota, a coimtry of Alsia, extending from Cape Cam- bodia, in the China Sea, south, in the lot. of 8. 40. to Laotchua, or Laos, in the lat. of about 17. N.; bounded on the east, at the south end, by Tsiompa; and further north, by the coun- try of the Kemoys, wliich divides it from Co- chin China; and on the west, from the 8th to the 14th degree of latitude, by the gulf of Siam; and further north by the territory of Siam; being of an average breadth of about three degrees of longitude, between 101. and 106. £., comprising an aggregate extent of surface of about 100,000 square miles. At fur as any knowledge of this countrv hai been obtained, it nppcurs to be exceedingly rich, alike in vcgotiiMc, animal, and mineral productions: whilst the unsocial habits of tho people, who appear to be n mixture of Ja- panese, Cochin-Chinese, Malays, and native* uf the Eastern island*>, preclude nearly all intercourse with Europeans. In the 17th century, the Portuguese, Dutch, and English, each unsuccessfully endeavoured to establish an intercourse in this country; and all suc- ceeding attempts, except to a trifling extent surreptitiously, appear to have met with dis- advantageous results. It is intersected by a noble river of the same name, which rises in Chinese Tartary, runs through Thibet, and the west side of Yun-nan, tho south-west province of China, and Laos, and throujih tho Cambodian territory, in a south-easteiii direction, fulling into the China Sea, by se- veral channels, between the latitudes of 9. and 1 1. N. In Thibet this river is called the Matchou, in China the Kiou Lotiff, and through Laos the Matf Kung; and the eastern chan- nel, into the sea, is sometimes called the Ja- panese. The chief town of the country, called also Cambodia, is situate on the western bank of the river, about 240 miles above its en- trance into the sea. Cambodia appears to be thinly peophd, but of the number of its inhabitants n^.' estimate has been formed. They appear to manufueture both Bilk and cotton ; and the country producing every pos- sible article necessary for subsistence and comfort, and also to gratify th^ most luxuri- ant sense, either of taste, smell, ur ornament, there is but little inducement on the part of the Cambodians to cultivate an intercourse with tho Europeans, more especially on the overbearing, higgling, and selfish principle which they seem to have exercised over all Asia. As far as the Cambodians do main- tain an external commerce, sandal wood, elephants* teeth of the finest quality, cam- phor, and the gum called cambogia, or gam- boge, from the name of the country, constitute the chief articles of export. It was divided, in 1820, into three parts, one of which is still independent; another became tributary' to Siam, the third to Cochin-China. Saegon is the chief trading port. See Siam. Cambobne, a town in Cornwall. In the neighbourhood are some of the chief copper mines in the country; it is pleasantly situated, and is a neat town. Cambray, a fortified city of France, ca- pital of the department of Nord. The linen manufacture is extensively carried on in this district, and the term cambric was derived from the finer qualities of linen, which ema- nated from this city. It has since been ap- plied by the English to the fine fabric of cotton as well as of linen. Cambray has also some manufactures of lace and leather. It is seated near the source of the Scheldt, which runs through the city; 18 miles S. by W. o/ TT CAM 1(!9 CAM Valenciennes; 35 S. by E. of Lisle, nnd 102 N. N. E. of Puris. The furtification was «>no of those rctuincd Uy the uliius for five yeurs after the ^)Ciu;e ot 1815. Camuria, un interior county of Pennsylva- nia, lyinj; W. of the main ridge of the Alle- piiiy mountains. The S. W. branch of tlio Siisqiu'hannah river rlRos in tliis county. The railroad from HollideysburR terminates nt Johnstown, in the S. part of tliis county. Pop. 11,256. Ebensburtr, intheccntreof the county, 143 miles W. by N. of Uarrisburg, is the chief town. Cambkia, a town in the state of New York, near the great fulls of Niagara; 310 miles VV. by N. of Albany. Pop. 2099. Camukidoesiiirb, an interior county to- wards the S. E. part of Englund, being about 50 miles in extent from N. to S. and 20 to 25 from W. to E. It is bounded on the S. by a, rangeof hills, which divide it from the coun- ties of Bedford and Essex, having the counties of Suffolk and Norfolk on the E., and Bed- ford, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Lin- coln, on the W., the northern exti'emity juttingupon the Boston Wash. The river Ouso intersects it from E. to W., whilst the Nen forms the boundary between the counties of Northampton and Lincoln, and the Cam, which rises at the foot of the hills which form the southern boundary, falls into the Oiisc ai)out the middle of the county. After de- scending the hills from the S., the country is one entire level, and that part was formerly little better than a swamp; some parts of it, however, by well-directed efforts in draining and embanking, since the middle of the last century, has been converted into rich and verdant pastures, which yield great supplies of butter and cream-cheese for the London market. It has no manufactures of any kind; but, in addition to its butter, it yields a surplus of calves, cattle, sheep, and wool, and large quantities of wild fowl. Its sup- ply, however, of foreign and manufactured productions, is obtained in exchange for the expenditure of the students at the university of the town of Cambridge, and rents ab- stracted from different parts of the country, on account of the endowments of the several colleges. The only other place in the county deserving of notice, besides the town of Cam- bridge, is the city of Ely. It returns three members to parliament. Cambridge, the chief town of the preced- ing county, and seat of one of the univer- sities of England, is situate in the S. part of the county; 17 miles S. of Ely, 23 E. of Bed- ford, 28 W. of Bury, and 51 N. by E. of London. It is a corporate town, governed by a mayor and thirteen aldermen; but its importance is derived from its university, which dates its foundation by Sie;:;cbert, King of the East Angles, in 630. It acquired, however, but little celebrity until after the period of the collisions between the barons ftnd the court bad subsided, in the 13th cen- tury, from which period, to the close of the Itjth century, twelve colleges and four halli were founded, by the names, and in the or- der of date 'is follows, viz. : — OOI.LEGKS. 1. St. Peter's in 1257 2. Qonville and Caius 1348 3. Corpus Christ! 1350 4. King's 1441 5. Queen's 1448 6. Christ's 1505 7. St John's in l.WQ 8. Magdalene 1519 O.Trinity 1546 10. Jesus 1576 11. Emanuel 1584 12. Syd. Sussex 1598 HALLS. 1. Clare in 1326 1 3. Trinity in 1350 2. Pembroke 1343 | 4. Catharine 1475 These institutions, founded in ages of mo- nastic influence, and when architecture was the ruling passion of those who possessed the means of indulging cither in acts of benevo- lence or vanity, claim the attention of the present age, some for their monastic fea- tures, gome for the history of their foun- dations, and others for their architectural beauty. Most of them have chapels and libraries attached, some of them extensive and valuable, and the chapel of King's Col* lege is justly esteemed as the most beautiful Gothic edifice in the world. It is 304 feet in length, 71 broad, and 91 in height; the effect of its proportions, and beauty of its decorations, cannot here be described. In 1807, another college was founded, pui-su- ant to the will of Sir George Downing, whose name it bears; and, in 1810, Viscount Fitzwilliam bequeathed a very extensive and valuable cabinet of works of Nature and Art, nnd ample funds for the foundation of an observatory, and a building for the reception of his collection for the use of the university at large, which has been erected on a mag- nificent scale, and completed in 1842. This munificent donation excited a general spirit of improvement both in the town and univer- sity; several of the colleges have been en- larged, repaired, and beautified ; several old buildings in the town taken down, judicious sites for the new buildings selected, and those edifices more particularly deserving of at- tention for their architecture, laid more open to the view. In addition to the libraries at- tached to the several colleges and halls, there is also one common to the university, in a splendid building of recent erection; a senate-house, and schools for public examina- tions, which, together with fourteen parish churches, a county hospital, and other public buildings for county purposes, afford an extent of varied architectural display of great interest. There are also six bridges of stone over the river Cam, which, in addition to their conve- nience, add considerably to the general pic- turesque effect. The town and university each send two members to parliament. The town market is abundantly supplied on Wed- nesdays and Saturdays; and in a field called CAM 170 CAM Sturbiuh, or Stourbridge, about two miles fruin tho town, oao of tiio Itirgust fairu in KiiKinuU is liuIU, for u t'ortiiigiit, coiuiuunciug on tho 7th of 8cptcinl)cr. Camukiuoe, tliu sunt of tho chief univor- ■ity ill tliu United Stittoii of North Ainericii. 'i'lic town in ill Middlesex county, Musgiiciiu- auttH, and eontuiiiH a total population of 8409. The collegiate buildingn of Harvard Uni- versity uru situate about three miles fruin liubiuN (which see,) at the N. E. end of u plain, similar in extent and axpiict to Cluphuin Common, in tho vicinity of London. It was founded in 1683. The buildings consist of four uniform ranges, four stories high, of brick ; in one of them is a library containing 53,(IUU volumes of books, and some philosopliical apparatus. Lat.42.22.N.long.71. 7.38.\V. Ca.muuilla, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, surrounded by a wall, and seated near the sea; 14 miles W. by S. of Tarragona. CAMUUita, a town of Saxony, *m the E. bank of the Saal; 18 miles N. by E. of Jena, uud 32 S. W. of Lcipsic. CAMurNA,an island lying between the S.E. promontory of Celebes and the Isle of Bou- on. It is about 60 miles in circumferenee. Camuun, a county in the N. E. part of North Carolina, about 23 miles from N. to S., and 4 in breadth; the north end borders on Virginia, and forms part of the Great Dismal Swamp; and the south end jets upou Albe- marle Sound, between Pasquotank and George Bivers. Pop. 6603, of whom 1661 are slaves. Camden Court House, or Joncs- burg, is the capital. Camokn, a maritime county of the state of Georgia; bounded on tho south by St. Mary's liiver, whidi divides it from East Florida. It is about 20 miles in extent each way, bounded on tho west by the Great Swamp of Oke-lin-o-caw. The St. Ilia river inter- sects it from the N.W. corner, running to the centre of the county, falling into the sea at the N. E. corner. It is very productive in rice and cotton. Fop. 007.5, of whom 4049 are slaves, and 22 free blacks; beside the population of the town of St. Mary, and the townof Jetferson, in the centre of the county. Cahden, a city of the United States in New Jersey, on the E. side of the Delaware, opposite Philadelphia. It consists of three parts, a central, and a northern and southern suburb, from each of which there is a ferry across to Philadelphia. Ships of the largest class come up to the lower village. The Camden and Amboy railway leading to New York city terminates here, and there is also another S, to Woodbury. Pop. 337 1 , in 1 840. Camdkn, a town of South Carolina, on the E. bank of tho Wuteree river, which is crossed 1 ^ miles S. W. of the village, by a long bridge. The soil around it is fertile in cotton and com, but liable to be overflown. Peaches, apples, and melons, are abundant. Two celebrated battles were fought here in 1780 and 1781 : 2. miles W. of the town is a large Indian mound ; 33 miles N. E. of Columbia, and 473 from Washington. Pop. 1000. Camukn, a town nn tho W. side of Penob- scot Bay, state of Maine. Camkl, a river in Cornwall, which rines two miles north of Cainelford, flows south almost to Bodmin, and then north-west to i'adstow, where it enters the British Channel. Its bunks were the scenes of soma blood/ bullies between tho Britons and Saxons. Ca.iiei.foki>, a town in Cornwall; market on Friday. A great quantity of yarn isspnii in this place and its neighliourhoud. It is seated on the Camel; 14 miles W. of Laun- eeston, nnd 206 W. by S. of London. Cameuino, a town of Italy, in the mnr- i|uisate of Ancona, and an archbishop's see. It is soated on a mountain near the river Chicni 5 miles S. W. of Aiicoua. Foj). 4900. Camf .i's Peak, on tho W. coast of Africa, ,m the Old Calabar river, 13,00u I'eet high, and neara river of the same name, which flows into the bight of Biafra. CAHiLLCs,atowiishipofOnandago county, state of New York, containing four town's, viz., Elbridge, Jordan, Camillus, and Ionia. Tho town of Camillus is 1 55 miles, and Jur- dan 167 miles W. of Albany. Camin, a seaport of Further Fomerania, and onco a bishop's see, which was secula- rized at the peace of Westphalia; but it still has a flne cathedral and a chapter; 38 miks N. of Stettin. Long. 14. 52. £. lat. 53. 64. N. Pop. aiOO. Camimia, c, town of Portugal, in Entre- Doiiro-e-Minho, with a fort; seated at tho mouth of the Minho; 12 miles N. of Viana. Cahoruta, one of the Nieobar isles off the west coast of Malay; in tho lat. of 8. N. Caiifaona, or Campania, a town of Na- ples, in Principato Citeriore; 40 miles S.E. of Naples. CaMPAOMA DI BoMA, or TtRRITOKT OF KoME, the most south-west of what were the ecclesiastical states of Homo, extending fVoni the river Tiber, for about 65 miles along the shore of the Mediterranean, to the Neapoli- tan province of Lavora, being about 50 miles wide; bounded on the E. by Abruzzo. This extensive district, lying between the 4l8t and 42iid degree of north latitude, was the ancient Latium, and was once the most populous and fertile district in the world, but now pre- sents ui.e general scene of desolation. Tho Pontine marshes, which are constantly emit- ting the most noisome vapours, comprise a great portion of the south-east part of the province. Besides the city of Rome, on tlio banks of tho Tiber, at the northern extremity of the province, Albana, Velletri, and Pipemo, all on the western side, still exhibit marks of former greatness; whilst the ruins of tem- ples, baths, and other stately edifices, are aeen scattered in all directions. See Romb. Caukan, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Pyrenees, on the river Adour; CAM 171 CAN 13,000 one of tlio most dcliK'itful spots in the south of Friinrc. Top. 4'K)0. Cami'uell, an interior ccMnty of VirKiiiiii; M fertilo district. Pop. 21,030, nearly hull dC whom are slaves. The court-house, in tlie centre of the county, is !44 miles W. hy 8. of Kiehmond. Lynchburg is the ctipitiil. Oampokll, a frontier county in the north- east part of Tennessee. It contains an urea of about 230 s(|iiiiro miles, and a population of 6149. Jacksborough ia the chief town. ('▲uroKLL, a county of Kentucky, pop, 5214. Campdblltowk, a town of New South Wales, 33 milc.4 from Sydney. It hiis u church, court-house, and u considerable num- ber of houses. Uampublton, a borough and seaport of Scotland, in Argylesliire, situate on u buy, toward the south'extremity of the peninsula of Cantyre. It has a considerable trade in the distillation of whisky, besides being the general rendezvous of the fishing vessels that annually visit the western coast. It is (>5 mibs S.S.W. of Inverary. Long. 6. 82. W. lat. 55. 28. N. Pop. 4869. Campden, a corporate town in Glouces- tershire, with a market on Wcdnesdnv; 22 miles N.E. of Gloucester, and 90 W.N.\V. of London. Campeaciit, or more properly CAMPEcnfe, a town of Yucatan, on the west coast of the buy of Campcachy, in the Gulf of Mexico, defended by strong forts. The port is large, but shallow, and has a good dock. It is noted for logwood, which, however, does not grow very near it. It was taken by the Eng- lish in 1659; by the buccunccrs in 1678; and by the freebooters of St. Domingo in 1685, who burnt it, and blew up the citadeL Long, 90, 33. W. lat. 19. 51. N. Cahpen, a town of Holland, inOverysscl, with a citadel, and a port almost choked up. It is seated near the mouth of the Yssel, on the Zuyder Zee; 8 miles W.N.W. of Zwoll. Fop. about 6000. Cahpebdown, a seaport of Holland, about 25 miles S. of Tcxel Island; famous for the signal victory obtained by Admiral Lord Vis- count Duncan, off its coast, over the Dutch fleet, on the 11th October, 1797. Cahpo Basso, a town of Naples, in the Molise. In 1805, it suffered greatly by an earthquake, and most of the inhabitants were destroyed. It has a considerable trade in articles of cutlery, und is 12 m, S. of Molise. Pop. about 6000. Cahpo FoRSiio.a village of Italy, in Friuli, with an elegant castle, where a treaty of peace was concladed between the Austrians and French, in 1797. It is 2 miles S.W. of Udina. Cahpo Mayor, a fortified town of Portu- gal, in Alentejo, on the frontier of Spain ; 1 4 miles N. by E. of Elvas. Pop. about 5000. Cahpo St. Pietbo, a town and castle of Italy, in the Paduano, on the river Menson; 12 miles N. of Padua, and nliout the snm4 distance N.W. of Venice. Pop. aliout 3000. Campum, a town of Naples, in Abruziso Ulteriore; 23 miles N. by E, of Aquilo. CAMniEO()N,a town of Spain, inCutulonia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, am! cu the river Ter; 45 miles N. of Dureulona. Casipsib, a village of Scotland, on the 8. confines of Stirling^shiro; 9 miles N. of Glas- gow. It has extensive printworks, and manu- factures, and a br. to the Glasgow railway. Cautuuh River, a river in South Africa, in the province of Uitenlmge, which fulls into an extensive buy of the same name; in lut. 33. 50. S. long, 25. 25. E. Canaan. See Syria. Canaan, a town of Columbia county, stnto of New York, on the E. side of Hudson Ilivcr; 25 miles \V. by S, of Albany. The railroads from W. Stockbridgo to Hudson and Albany, pass through it. Pop. 1937. Canada, u vast territory of N. America, lyin^ between the 42nd and 54th degrees of N. latitude, and tho G4fli and 98th of W. longitude. This extensive country appears to have been first made known in 15.'<5, by Jacques Courtier, commanding a fleet fitted out from St. Mulocs, under the auspices of thu French government. Three or four attempts, during the fifteen years from 1535 to 13.')0, were made to establish a cnluny upon it, but all proved unsuccessful. In 1607, the first permanent establishment was formed by M. dc Clmmplain, from France, who founded the city of Quebec, on the site of the Indian vil- lage Hochclaga; but for more than fifty years it remained without any laws or social ar- rangements, tho settlers being little better than hordes of banditti, living in constant collision with the native Indians, with whom tho most sanguinary conflicts frequently oc- curred with alternate success. In 1663, at which period the European inhabitants did not exceed 7000, the Ftench government utfscted to extend its paternal regard to tho colony, and appropriated a train of civil offi- cers to organize and administer a code of laws on the principle of those then prevailing in France. This arrangement produced some excitement and indications of improvement; but both were of short duration. The colli- sions with the natives were renewed, and their frequent incursions upon the lands of tho settlers, which were often staineiJ with acts of cruelty, operated us a check to all social enter- prise; so that at the endof another half cen- tury, the number of settlers did not exceed 20,000. During the earlier part of the 18th century, the colony made some progress to- wards improvement; but the object of the French government seemed to be extension of territory, rather than social arrangement, and as such, in addition to the collisions in which it was so frequently involved with the natives, it involved itself also with the out- posts of the English, who then possessed the territory now forming the United States of CAN 172 CAN w North America; and, on war being declared between France and England in 1756, tlic English prepared toexpel the French entirely from the North American continent, in which they completely succeeded in 1759. At this period, the number of settlers in Cunaihi amounted to about 70,000. During the first fifteen years after its surrender to tiio Eng- lish, it made but little progress either in po- pulation or improvement; the prejudices of some of the older settlers being inimical to the English laws, introduced immediately ailer its surrender, led in 1775 to a revision of the civil code, more conformable to the usage and prejudices of the inhabitants. Tlie revolt of the other Anglo-American provinces taking place about this time, occasioned a considerable accession of population to Ca- nada, which progressively increased up to the period of 1792, when a further important arrangement took place in its internal admi- nistration : the territory was divided into two great parts, denominated Upper and Lower Canada, with separate jurisdictions, and a council, and an assembly of representatives established for each. But dissensions having sprung up between the two states, and which led to some warfare, they were declared, in 1840, to be but one state, under the title of the Vke-Royahy of Canada, and will be go- verned by the same laws and customs in each, which were before different ; but, for conve- nience, they will be described under their original denomination. Canada, Lower, or East, although the least favoured in climate of the two, is by far the most populous, owing to its nearer con- tiguity to the sea, and earlier settlement. This division extends from the United States' territory, in the lat. of 45. to that of 52. N.; and W. from the 65th degree of long, to the Ottawa river; the part, however, which is in- habited and under cultivation, lies witiiin much narrower limits, comprising a tract of territory about 700 miles in length, and 150 in mean breadth, lying in a N. E. direction, from the lat. of 45. N. ond 74. 30. of W. long. The geographical bearing of this ter- ritory has been owing to the noble river St. Lawrence, which intersects it in that direc- tion, its whole extent, falling into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at the N.E., the settlements extending alung both banks of tiie river, and intersected on both sides by innumerable tri- butary streams and rivers, some of them of great magnitude. The most considerable of those on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, trtking tliem in order from tlio W., arc, 1st, the Cliambly, which runs oul of Lake Clianip- lain, falling into the St. Lawrence about 60 miles below Montreal; 2nd, the Tortu ; 3rd, the St. Francis; 4th, the Nlcolet; 5th, the Beeancour; 6th, the Beaurivnge; and 7th, the Chaudiere, which falls into the St. Law- rence, about 20 miles below Quebec; E. of the Chaudiere, the waters chiefly flow to the &, or E. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The N. bank is intersected, at the distance of every fifteen to twenty miles, by rivers of greater or less magnitude; the most consi- derable is the Piekouagamis, which, after passing through a lake of considerable extent, is called the Sagncnay, and falls into the St. Lawrence about i50 miles below Quebec. At the new organization of the government, in 1762, this territory was diviclcd into the four districts of Montreal, Trois Rivers, Que- bec, and Gaspd: the first three extend on both sides the river; and the latter, which is called the district and county of Gasp^, com- prises all the S. E. part of the territory S. of tiie St. Lawrence, bounded on the E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and S. by the province of New Brunswick: the first three districts Avere further subdivided into twenty counties, eleven on the S., and nine on the N. side of the river, as follows, beginning at the S.W., viz.: — 1. Huntingdon. 2. Bedford. 3. Montreal. 4. Kichelieu. 5. Surrey. 6. Kent. 7. Buckingham. ^ 8. Dorchester. rS 9. Hertford. a 10. Devon. ® . 11. Cornwallis. 12. York. 13. Effingham. 14. Leinster. 15. Warwick. ! 6. St. Maurice. 17. Hampshire. 18. Orleans. 19. Quebec. 20. Northumber- land. Of these, the first eight, which all lie within, or S.W. of the river Chaudiere, are the most fertile, and afford the most favourable spots for agricultural and commercial enterprise. The counties of Cornwallis and Northum- berland each extend from the lat. of about 47., the former to the district of Gaspd, and the latter borders on Labrador, all of which at present may be looked upon as one great wilderness. With this subdivision of terri- tory, and a new organization of the govern- ment of Canada in 1792, a more steadfast career of improvement seems to have been pursued than in any former period. Inci- dental circumstances, however, rather than any measures of foresight, or well directed exertion, contributed to give it an interest and importance which it otherwise might never have obtained. For some years pre- vious to 1807, England had been accustomed to draw a supply of timber, to the extent of 150,000 to 200,000 tons per annum, from the United States of America, when in that year the United States' government adopted the most extraordinary policy ever before heard of, in proscribing its citizens from all external intercourse. This circumstance forced the English upon Canada, and the other British American provinces, for a supply of that es- sential commodity; and in 1809, when the folly of the measure of the United States' go- vernment became too apparent to be any longer continued, so reciprocal had an exten- sive intercourse between C>\nada and Eng. u. CAN 173 CAN land, as well ns between Canada and the Wewt Indies, become, that, on the United States at- tempting to renew tlicir intercourtie, th^y fuund all the ports of the Britisii West India islands shut at^uinst tiieni, and in all the ports of England, so high a duty on all sorts of wood from their territory, that it amounted to an entire prohibition. Never did presump- tion so eflcctually recoil u])ou its autliors as did that ridiculous pretension of proscription of the United States' government, in 1808. It destroyed at once and for ever the em- ployment of 100,000 to 200,000 tons of ship- ping annually, whilst it threw an advantage to a corresponding extent into the hands of tlie Canadians, and the other British Ameri- can provinces. And it was not only the marine that was affected by the measure; a great number of the most active and intol- li,:ient of the citizens of the United States, living on or near the borders of Canada, moved within the British territory, and directed an extensive and valuable branch of commerce in pot and pearl ashes, and other commodi- ties, through Canada, which would othe: ise hove found its way by the Atlantic coast. This extensiion of commercial intercourse brought a vast accession of population : tiie immber of inhabitants which, in 1775, did not exceed 90,000, in 1814, according to a capitation tax, amounted to 335,000; and the number has since been cradually increasing, and was, according to the census of 1834, .549,005. One of the most distinguishing characteris- tics of Lower Canada is its climate, in the in- tensity of cold in the winter, and of heat in summer, and the suddcr transition frc. one to the other, without producing any injurious effect upon the constitutions either of the in- habitants, cr other parts of the animal crea- tion. The frosts begin about the middle of October, the sun continuing to render the days mild and agreeable fot three or four weeks, when the snow storms set in, which continue for about a month, with variable winds and hazy atmosphere, until about the middle or end of December; by which time the whole country is covered with im average depth of snow of three to five feet. An invariable season now commences; an uninterruptedly clear sky prevails for about twenty weeks, the thermometer ranging, the greater part of the time, from 20 to 25 below zero, sometimes descending more than 30 below, when the frost suddenly breaks, and, in the course of a few days, about the end of April, or middle of May, the snow as suddenly disappears. All the energies of the husbanclman are now directed to prepare the earth f' seed, and in the short space of a month the most luxuri- ant verdure and vegetation are spread over all Canada; the thermometer, sometimes in June, ranges as high as 95 or 100, prevailing through the summer from about 75 to 80. Although the severity of the winter preclude! the earth firom yielding any produce, yet it essentially facilitates the conveyance to mar- ket of its summer products: a tract once biatcn upon the snow, which is easily efTectcd after the storms have ceased, enables a horso to drag, on a sledge, t*. twofold weight, twice or tlirice the distance in a day, which ho would be able to draw in the best constructed carriage, on the bust jxissible road. In any country this facility of conveyance would bo a great advantage ; but in Canada especially, where the rapidity of vegetation, and the abundant produce of the sunimer, claim all the attention and all the energy of the popu- lation during that season, it more than couu- terbalnnces the severe and long duration of the winter, inasmuch as it suprrsedes the ne- cessity of cost and labour in the construction of bridges and roads, and renders conveyance easy by routes, and over tracts that would otherwise be impassable; and, so far from being deemed severe or inconvenient, it is re- garded by the Canadians as the season of social intercourse and »'. tivity. The basis of the commerce of Canada is in tlie produce of its forests, which, since 1817, supplied England and the West Indies with an ave- rage of about 300,000 loads (of 50 cubic feet each) of timber annually. Its next source of supply for export is the skins of the innu- merable wild animals which inhabit the forests, comprising the bear, stag, elk, deer, fox, mar- tin, wild cat, and various others, including hare and rabbit, as well as a great variety of the weasel speci'M; and the banks of the nu- merous lakes and rivers supply large quan- tities of otter and beaver skins. The aggre- gate value of this branch of commerce to Canada, may be estimated at from 100,000/. to 150,000/. annually, varying in some mea- sure according to the caprice of fashion. Fox and otter skins, which at one time sold in London for 10/. or 15/. a skin, at other times obtain only two or three to five pounds each ; the others occasionally varying in nearly like proportion. Another great arti- cle of production for export is pot and jiearl ash ; which, with a few other articles of minor importance, constitute the whole of the ex- ports; amounting, in the aggregate, including the freight of a portion of the wood in Cana- dian-built vessels, to a money value of about 800,000/. The exclusion of a market for the surplus of grain, which would easily be sup- plied, is, however, more than counterbalanced to Canada by a large military force and civil establishment, which is maintained in that country out of the taxes levied on the people of England ; these maintenances, in addition to its exports, enable the Canadians to draw from England a supply of manufactured and Asiatic productions to the amount, in money value, of about 1,400,000/. annually, whilst the direct intercourse of Canada with the British West India islands, enables it to ob- tain a liberal supply of the products of those luxuriant climes. From these circnmstancep, it if easy to conceive that Canada afiPorda y if i. CAN 174 CAN i ii ! W \\ u great advantage to agricultural enterprise and well-directed exertion. The inhabitants C()n,uist chicHy of the descendants of the ori- ginal French settlers, and have preserved their language and customs to the present day. French is the general language; and the great subdivision of the estates under seig- neurial laws, is a remarkable feature in this part of Canada. The upper division of the vice-royalty has been the principal resort of later emigrants. The legal establishment consists of a Court of Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Court of Appeal; and the civil and criminal law is administered by a chiefjustice and two puisne judges ; the chief justice is also president of the legislative coun-il. The ecclesiastical affairs of this country are nnder the i uperin- tcndence of a catholic bishop resident at Quebec, and an assistant bishop, nine vicars- general, and about 200 cures, who are sup- ported chiefly out of grants of land made under the French government, and an assess- ment of one twenty-sixt!» part of all grain produced on the lands held by Catholics. The protestant establishment consists of a lord bishop, also resident at Quebec, nine rectors, and several curates or clergymen, supported in part out of the civil list, and an appropria- tion of one-seventh of all the lands held by Protestants. The protestant bishop has also a seat in the legislative council, by virtue of his appointment: no distinction is otherwise made on account of religious profession, catholic and protestant being alike eligible to a seat in the executive or legislative coun- cil of the assembly, as well as to all other civil or military appointments. Numerous tribes of native Indians still inhabit ill the western and interior parts of this vast coun- try, though their number has been much re- duced since 1780, about which period the small-pox raged with such destructive fury as to entirely depopulute several hundred thousand square mi'es of territory. Since the abatement of that dreadful catastrophe, and the conciliatory measures of the Cana- dian government towards them, although they still withhold themselves as much as ever from the society of the settlers, they have maintained a much more social intercourse, with but few att>.i.ipt3 at open hostility; and it is the Indian population who contribute so essentially to the traffic in furs. The prin- cipal towns in Lower Canada are Qukbec, MoNTB!iAi^ and Trois Rivieees, each of which nee for more circumstantial details of their commerce, &c. Canada, Upper, or West, in its most comprehensive sense, comprises a tract of countr extending from the Ottawa, or Grand River, which divides it from Lower Canada at its junction with the St. Lawrence, in the long, of 74. 30. W. and 45. of N. latitude, to the K .W. extremity of Lake Winnipeg, in the lat. of 59. N. and the 98th of W. long., bounded on the S. by a chain of lakes which discharge their waters into the sea by tho great river St. Lawrence, and on the N. by the Ottawa River, in a N.W. direction, to the longitude of about 82., when it borders, by undefined limits, on the Hudson Bay and N.W. territories. However, like Lower Ca- nada, the part under cultivation, and which at present more particularly merits attention, lies within comparatively narrow limits, in a S.W. direction, along the N. bank of the St. Lawrence and N. shores of Lakes Ontario and Krie, from the Ottawa River beforeraentioned, at its entrance into the St. Lawrence, to the Straits of Erie and St. Clair River, between the Lakes Erie and Huron, in the long, of 82. 30. W., being about 570 miles from N.E. to S.W., and 40 to 50 in breadth, including about 10,000,000 of acres of as fertile land as any in all N. America. The S.W. extremity extending to the 42nd degree of latitude, it is not subject to such severity of winter as the lower province; numerous streams, af- fording the most advantageous site for the erection of mills, fall into the lakes, and two considerable rivers in the eastern district fall into the Ottawa, and two others run in a S. W. direction, falling into Lake St. Clair, between the Strait of Erie and the St. Clair River. The southernmost of these rivers is called the Thames, with a London on its banks, destined, probably, at some future time, to rival in population and importance its namesake in Britain. Upper Canada is divided, for judicial and local purposes, into eight districts. About one-third of the lands were granted in free and common soccage, prior to 1825, about 500,000 acres of which are already under cultivation ; one-third more being reserved for the crown and clergy, leaves about 4,000,000 of acres of fertile land, in the immediate vicinity of settlements already formed, for future grants; in addi- tion to which, millions of acres in the rear, northward, covered at present with the finest timber of oak, hickory, beech, walnut, maple, pine, &C., &c., present a rich field for exer- tion, and the supply of future ages. The population of this province has increased, and continues increasing, in a greater ratio than the lower one. The population, which in 1783 did not exceed 10,000, in 1814 amounted to 95,000. Since that period, the progress of the population has ♦■"en as nn« der:— YBtR. 1«25 1830 1832 1834 1836 Pop. , 158,027 210,437 261,060 320,693 372,502 Year. 1839 , 1841 . 1842 , 1847 , 1848 , Pop. 407,515 465,3.'>7 486,055 710,745 717,560 Its civil and religious institutions are similar to those of the sister province, with the ex- ception of its being settled since the expulsion of the French; there are so fendal tenures or lands held in seigniorage, which is the case with all those granted to the original French CAN 175 CAN Bottlers in the lower yirovlnce. The inhabi- tants also of Upper Canada, being emigrrnts from the United States, Scotland, and Eng- land, are principally Protestants, and as such iliere are no special enactments or reserva- tions for the Catholics. The government and people of the United States of North America have long viewed this fine province with a longing and a jealous eye; anth Novctnher, 1407, pro- ceeded to India, and hinded ut Calient, on the '2:iiid of May, 14!)8. On each side of ilic Cajic of Good Uojie is a bay, froiiiicnted alternately ns the winds prevail; that on the east siilc, in the Southern Ocean, is called False Hay, availed of during; the prevalence ol north and north-west winds; and that on the west side, in the Atlajitie Ocean, is called Tahle Bay, wliieh allbrds tolcralilo shelter dnrinir the prevalence of south and soiitli- east winds. They are, liowcvcr, both destitute of eonvenient Imrbuurs. There are two other bays north of Table Bay; Saldanha, in the lat. of 'M. 7. S., and St. Helens, in 32. 40., both of which have more convenient har- bours than either of the other two; but, beinjj delieient in frc.sh water, they are not much fieiiucnted. On the shore of Table Bay, in the lat. of 33. .06. S. and 18. 28. E. hiuff., is the chief town of the colony, called Cape Toirn, (\vpkTown. the capital of tlieCapo colony. It •■stands on the S. side of Table Bay, in lat. ;VX 5f). S. long. 18. 28. E. It is" sur- rounded by black and dreary mountains. To ilie south-east of the town are smne vine- yards, which yield the famous wine called Coustantia. Tiie store-houses built by the Dutch East India Company arc situate next tli'j water, and the private buildings lie beyond tliein, on a gentle ascent toward the moun- tains. The castle, or principal fort, which connnnnds the road, is on the east side; and nnother strong fort, called Amsterdam fort, is on the west side. The streets nre broad and rci;ular; and the houses, iu general, are built of stone, and white- washed. There are barracks for 2000 men, built on one side of a sjiacious plain, which serves for a parade- There are two other large squares, in one of which the Tnavket is lield,andtheother serves to assemble the numerous waggons and vehi- cles bringing in the produce from the coun- try. There is another large building erected by the Dutch for a marine hospital, and a bouse formerly the dwelling of the govern- ment slaves; the government house, a town hall, and a Calvinist and Lutheran church, constitute the remainder of the public build- ii;gs. The Table Mountain, so called from the flatness of its main summit, ri.scs from immediately behind the town, to the height of 3592 feet above the level of the sea, having a collateral peak on the east, 3315 feet iu hi iglit, and another on the west, 2160 feet. The profitable productions of the country, taken as a whole, are wine, grain, all the European and most of the tropical fruits, ve>;etabl"s of every description, cattle, and sheep. At the foot of the Table Mountain are considerable plantations of the protcaar- (jriitea, or silver tn^e, (a species of the prutea ' peculiar to this spot,) the stone pine, and the I white poplar. Avenues of oak ndorn the country houses; and this tree prows rapidly throughout the colony, but rarely to any per- fection as timber. It is constantly cut down with the rest of the few forest trees of the Ca]>e for fuel. The markets are well supplied with fish from the open sea, and from the numerous inlets of the coast. Cai'i: of Good Hope Coi.onv, a British teriitorv, embracing the whole of the south- ern portion of the African continent, deriv- ing its namn from the foregoing Cape, and forming an important colony. The Cape of Good Hope was first touched at by the Dutch in 1600, and in ICiO they established a settlement at this place, of which they held undisturbed pos.session for near ISO yenri. The cape or jiromontory, which gives name to the territory, is about 13 leagues W.N.VV. of Cape Agulhas, which is the ex- treme 8. point of the Afi'ican continent; and the territory extends north w.ard to the lat. of about 30. S., and eastward from the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, in 18. to that of the In- dian Ocean in 28. of E. long. This exten- sive territory was taken from the Dutch by the English,'in 179.'); but restored to Holland at the peace of Amiens, in 1802; retaken in 1806, ami confirmed to Great Britiiin by the Corgrcss at Vienna, in 1816; and it now forms part of the British dominions. The colony is divided into two province."", the Eastern and Western, over each of which a lieutenant-governor is appointed ; the seat of the former is at Graham's Town. The Governor's residence is at Cape Town. The Western province is divided into 8 districts, viz., Cape Town, Capo District, StcUenboscii, Worcester, Clanwilliain, Zwcllcndam, Beau- fort, and George. The Eastern province contains the 5 districts of Colesberg, Albany, Somerset, Gvaaf Keiiiet, and Uitenhage, of which the population, &c., in 1838, was as follows : — DUTRICn. cc 1 li $ n ^1 1. H C'npn Town ,.., Cttue DiRtiiut .. Stpllenh.i8ch.... WorcenUr Clnnwilli:im. .. Zwellt'tidam.... Betiuturt .Ueor^-ti Coltwltenr Albany Sumeni^t Grnaf Reinet .. Uitenhatpe S,SIH 2,2Hu 24,000 1ited by a race of 8avii};;es, called by us Hottentots, but whicb name, however, is quite foreign to tlieir laii- giirige. They were filthy in their habits, an aliDgcthcr in a very low statoof civilization, bu^ mild and inoft'eiisive. IJut of the encroach- Bokkeveld and llagge veld Karroos; the Dra- ; incntsofthe Dutch settlers upon them, wo have kenstcin or Hottcntot-IIolland chain; a third ample and hhocking accounts; thistrentmenC running S.E. and E. for more than 200 miles almost obliterated them and the progress of under various names, and cut by a few nar- row and deep transverse valleys; and the fourth, the great Zwartberg, running gene- rally ]iaraUcl with the last. The Great Ka- roo, which is 70 or 80 miles broad, is bounded on the N. by a great chain of mountains cul- led the Nicuwoeld and Siieeuw Bergen, the last of which are the higlust in the colony. civilization led the Dutch to the eastward oa far as the Sunday River, where they came in contact with a very dilfercnt nice of men, the warlike Amakosa, commonly called by us the CatFers, or Kaiirs, (infidels,) with whom they had some tierce and sanguinary con- flicts, at first occasioned by the treachery and cruelty of the boers, as the Dutch settlers The lii^iliest summit, the Sjiitzkop, or Compaa j were called. At the time of the English Berg, N. of the village of Grauf Reiiict, is | conquest in 1795, the great Fish River formed from 7000 to 10,000 feet above the level of, the E. limit of the colony, and the frontier the sea. These mountain chains rising in , was occupied chiefly by boers. The CalTers successive stages from S. to N., appear higher • had crossed the frontier, and settled between and more imposing when seen from the S. this And 1806, and from their cattle-stealing than from the N. The easternmost district propensities, they were expelled hostdcly iu of the colony, that of Albany, is for the most 1811. In 1817, the governor. Lord Charles part a region of undulating hills. The rivers Somerset, entered intoatreaty with Gaikn,ona 1 of the colony are numerous, but none of them . of the chieftains, for mutual protection from J. have a sufficiently permanent depth to be . theft or injji^iry, but in I8I9, they attacked ii available for navigation. The principal of ~ " " ^ them which discharge themselves into the sea on the S. coast, are the Brecde, Gauritz, Campoos, Sunday, Baskinans, the Great Fish, and tlie Keiskamina Rivers. There are seve- ral of minor importance, but all are of the character of tiuTciits, being much reduced in the dry season, and impetuous and formida- ble at the opposite period, when by flowing usually through deep ravines, and in the absence of bridges, they rentier travelling very precarious and inconvenient. The ge- neral character of the country is sterile and uninviting. The environs of Cape Town are picturesque, and some of the S. W. districts have a considerable degree of fertility, but the general characteristics of the scenery are rocky and mountainous, naked plains, &e., no trees, verdure, nor water. The coun- try to the E. of the Fish River, has much more variety and beauty than the colony in general, and improves still more as you pro- ceetl eastward toward Natal. The N. parts of the colony, as far as the Orange River, are barren and desolate iu the hii'hest de- gree. In the eastern part of the colony, the pro- gress of emigration has been much retarded Graham's Town in «, most daring manner, but were repulsed, and the consequence was, a large increase of colonial territory, and the Albany district was formed and colonized, in 1820, from Algoa Bay. A portion of the district was ceded to Guika, under the name of the neutral ground, and for fifteen years no serious hostilities occurred between the Gaffers and their European neighbours. But the resumption of the neutral ground, tlio Kat River territory, has been one of the great sources of discontent and irritation to the Caffcrs, so that on 2 1st and 22nd J j. 1834, they burst in upon the E. frontier of the co- lony, ravaging every thing before them, and continued so until January 1835, and the later history of the colony is a series of expe- ditions formed, treaties made and broken by the expelled races, marauding expeditions, &c., ending in a cruel war, which lasted un- til they were defeated and humbled in a vigorous campaign under Sir H. Smith, in 1846; in 1851-2 they broke out again; other disturbances have since occurred, and parts of their country have been annexed to the colo- ny. Famine has recently made great havoc amongst them, and reduced their numbers. In 1819, an attempt was made to establish by the aboriginal inhabita-'ts, the Cuft'ers, or ! a settlement at Algoa Bay, but the seasons Kafirs. The country of the Amakosa Carters borders on that of the Amateiiibu, or Tam- bookies, to the N., and on that of the Ama- pondu to the N.E.. Farther along the coast, around and beyond Port Natal, is the coun- try of the terrible Zooloos, or Amazoola, a tribe of Caffers, which, after a serious war in succession cutting off" all the crops, the settlers were all subjected to the extreme of privation. By due attention to the nature of the climate, and application of the soil to purposes for which it is best adapted, the Cape territory is doubtless susceptible of being rendered subservient to the highest degree fare, was erected into the British colony of of comfort and enjoyment of the settlers. NvfAi., which see. j Cape May, a maritime county, forming a CAP 182 CAR proiiioiitDry iit tho S. cxtrumity of tlio Ktnte of New Jersey. The cape, at tho extreme S. point, is in lat. 38. 57. N., tho W. side bciii;; washed by Delaware Bay, niirukuHliiro S., ill tlie lat. of 51 44. N. and 5. 17. of W. lont?., and BiirdMoy Island, off tiic S.W. point of Cauruarvoniiliire N., in tiio lat. of 52. 44. and 4. 39. of W. lon^.; the main coast of ('aornarvonshiro being in the long, of about 4.; it gives a stretch of about 40 miles from W, to E., and 60 from S. to N. within the bay. Cakuona, a town of S)iain, in Catalonia, with acnstle. Near it is a mountain of solid rock salt, of which are made vases, snuff- boxes, and trinkets; ami there are vineyards that produce excellent wine. It is seated on the Cardencro; 65 miles N. W. of Uarcc- lona. Pop. about 3000. Carelia, or liussiAN Finland. See \Vi- BURO. Carentan, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mancho, with an ancient ca.stle; 8 miles from the scti, aud 21 W. of Buycux. Pop. 2860. Cares, or Karbis, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, situate on Mount Athos; 17 miles S.E. of Salonica. Cauew, a village of Wales, 4 miles E. by N. of Pembroke; noted for the noble and extensive remains of its castle; situate on a gentle swell above an arm of Milford Haven. Carfaonanu. See Castbl Nuovo di Carfagnano. Cariiaix, a town of Frnncp, in the depart- ment of Finisterre, on the river Yerj 19 m. S. of Morlaix. Cariaco, a city of Vcncaucla, containing a population of about 7000. It is about 38 miles E. of Cumana. Cariacod, an island, dependent on Gre- nada, between it and St. Vincent. Cariati, a town of Naples, on the sen const, in Calabria Citeriore, near the Gulf of Taranto; 25 miles N. of Severino. It is the scat of a bishopric, but looks desolate and miserable; it is, however, beginning to im- prove. Poj). 8000. ("ARinBEAN Sea, that part of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Cuba, St. Domingo, and Porto liico, on the N., and the N. coast ot the republics of Colombia on the S., and extending W. from the 62nd to the 84th deg. of W. long. Caribbee Islam db, the most eastern islands of the West Indies, divided into Windward and Leeward Islands. See Indies, West. Caribou, a considerable island in Lake Superior, towards the E. end, claimed by the United States, as being wholly within their boundary line. Carical, a to^vn of Mindostan, in the Car- natic, where the French had a settlement, which was taken by the British in 1760. It stands at the mouth of a branch of theCavery ; 8 miles S. of Tranqaebar. CAUlriNAN,orCAUMf.NANO,att)WnofPit,d' miiiit, in a district of the same namf\ in tlu S. part of the province of Turin, with a cax- tle; seated on thu river Po; 12 miles S. of Turin. It produces a good deal of silk, and is also noted for its confectionary. Pop. about 7000. Carimon, an island in thu Straits of Ma- lacca, at the entrance into the China Sua, in the lat. of 1. N. and 104. E. long. Cahimon Java, a cluster of islands to the N. of Java, at tlio principal of which ships touch for refreshment, in their voyage to Borneo. Long. 110. 12. E. lat. 5. 56. S. Carinacou, the chief of the Grenadilla Islands, in thu West Indies; 16 miles N.N.E. of Grenada. It produces much cotton, and has a good harbour. See Grenada. Carini, a town of Sicily, scatcil on a point of land near the sea; about 16 miles N.W. of Palermo; it was the birtli])laco of Lais. Pup. including the canton, 8684. Carinola, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro; seated near Mount Mnssico; about 8 miles from the sea, and 25 miles N.W. of Naples. Carintiiia, DrcHT op, an interior prov. or division of the Austrian empire; lying be- tween the lat. of 46. 21. and 47. 6. N. and 12. 30. to 14. 50. of E. long., comprising an area of about 3500 English square miles; the W. end borders on the Tyrol, and it is boundcvl on the N. by the bishopric of Saltzburg and Upper Styria, E. by Lower Styria, and S, by Ui)per Carniola and the Venetian temtory. The river Drave, wliich rises in the Tyrol and falls into the Danube at Belgrade, inter- sects Carinthia in its whole extent from W. to E., receiving several tributary streams, both from the N. and S. ; there are also several lakes. It is a mountainous and woody dis- trict, the mountains yielding abundance of iron, lead, and copper, as well as quicksilver, bismuth, and zinc, and also the purest mar- bles, and a variety of gems; whilst thu forests abouiKt with the finest timber, the valleys afforl fijmc excellent pasturage, as well as feitiio lands for tillage. It is divided, for local j urisdiction, into two parts. Upper, West ; and tiowcr. East. The principal towns in tJie upper part are Gmund and Villach, and in the lower, Clagcnfurt, (which is the capi- tal of the duchy,) Wolfisberg, Wollenmarck, Pleyburg, &c. The inhabitants, who speak chiefly the Sclavoniau language, are of tho Ilomish church. Carisbroor, a village contiguous to New- port, in the Isle oi' Wight, remarkable for its castle and church, which are both very an- cient. The church had once a convent of monks annexed, part of which is now a farm house, still retaining the name of the priory. The castle stands on aii eminence, and wa? the prison of Charles I. in 1647, before he was delivered to the parliament forces. It is now nominally the seat of the governor of the Isle of Wight. CAU 1H5 CAR OahISTO, or Castlr Koiiao, mii (-{liscnpnl town of Qrcoce, at tliu ^^. uxtrcinity ot tlio iiilutul of Nugropont. Lun^;. '24, 35. E. hit. 3M. 34. N. Cakukbt, Oi.n ami New, two towns on le npartinent.s iicwn out uf the roci(; ainoiiK otiicrs a spaciuiis tuinpic (Icilivatcil to Buildiia. i CAKLiN(iFoui>, u populou'4 paHHli And town in the county of Loutli, Ireland. The parinli coHiprlHua a proniutitory lictwccn Dundaik und Curlingford liaya. Tlie town is situate uu the S. shore of tlie bay of Curlinglord, und is noted for its oyster (ishery; it is a cor- porate town, and returned two muuibcrs to the Irisii parliament It is 8 miles S. of Newry, n id 52 N. of Dublin. | C.vuL.sLB, a city, bishop's see, and capital i of the county of Cumberland, England, is situate at the junction ofihree rivers, Caldew, Putterill, and Eilen, i'.bout six miles above the entrance of the Utiitod streams into Sol- way Frith, fud 13 miles from the S.W. fron- tier of Scotland. Carlisle has held a distin- gu'shc'. rai.k among the cities of England in every period of British history, and is sup- posed to liave been first founded by Lull, a native Briton, long before the irruption of the Romans into England. The contiguity of Carlisle to Scotland, during the less social habits and distinctiveness of interest of the people of that country, frequently exposed it to their depredations ; to avoid which, the Romans, on their possessing themselves of this part of England, erected a wall from Solway Frith to the German Ocean, which included Carlisle on one side, and Newcastle on the other, within its southern limit!). After the departure of the Komans from England, Car- lisle was surrounded with a wall, by Egfrid, king of Northumberland; and aflerthe Nor- man conquest, it was further protected by a citadel and castle, built by William Rufus, having three gates, called the English, Irish, and Scottish, with reference to their bearing on the side of each respective country. These defences, however, did not prevent it from falling into the possession of the Scots, who held it alternately with the English, from the period of William Rufus to that of Henry VII. It was constituted a bishop's see by Henry I., destroyed by fire by the Scots in the reign of Henry III., and experienced the same disaster twice in the following reign, lu 1.568, the ca.stle was made the prison-house of the unfortunate Mary of Scotland; in 164.5 it surrendered through famine to the parlia- mentary forces, and in 1745 fell into the pos- session of the partisans of the Pretender, but was immediately after retaken by the Duke of Cumberland, who demolished the gates and part of the wall; and it has since tlul '. period enjoyed an uninterrupted tranquillity. Since thv rominencement of the )>rescntcun« tury it bus undergone great im|)roveincnt'4: on the site of the citadel two cotnmodiout court-houses have been erected, the county gaol rebuilt, a handsome stone bridge built over the Kileii, with other improvements, which have rontributed to render it one of the most agreeable and interesting cities of England. The castle is still ke}it in repair, and serves, with other purposes, for a maga- zine, and an armoury of about 10,000 stand of arms. The catheon an extended scale, whilst the ar- rhitcctural and external appearances of tho city indicate great prosperity. The convey- ance of its commodities of commerce has been facilitated by a canal to the Solwuy Frith; it likewise participates in tho advantages of tho railways which now communicate with nil parts of tho kingdom; and it is a point of nniou and interchange for tho mails to all parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Its corporation consists of a mayor, twelve aldermen, &c. It returns two members tu parliament, and is 101 miles S.E. of Glasgow, 91 S. by W. of Edinburgh, and 303 N.N.W. of London. CA!tL.ai,E, a town of Schoharie county, state o( iiew York. Pop. 1850; 40 miles W. of Albany. Caumsle, a town of Pennsylvania, capital of Cumberland county. The village, founded in 1751, is regularly laid out, and neatly built. Dickinson college, now under the in- fluence of the Methodists, occupies a com- manding site. There are now 9 churches. The (Cumberland Valley railway passes through it, and half-a-milo W. are the U. States' barracks, built in 1777; 15 miles W. by S. of HaiTisburg, 103 from Washington. Lat. 40. 12. long. 77. 10. W. Pop. in 1840, 4351. Carusle Bat, on tho S. coast of Jamaica, W.coastof Barbadocs, and islandof Antigua. Carlo, an island off the coast of East Bothnia; about 20 miles in circumference; it is opposite io tho harbour of Leaborg. Carlopaqo, a town of Croatia, in the Adri- atic Sea, at the foot of a craggy rock, near the channel that separates the island of Pago from the continent. The commerce consists chiefly of wood. Pop. about 10,000. It is 46 miles S.E. of Buccari. Long. 15. 13. E. lat. 44. 55. N. Carlos, St. a city in the republic of Ve- nezuela, situate on one of the branches of the Apure river; about 85 miles S.W. of Valencia. The inhabitants are principally descendants of settlers from the Canary Isles ; CAR 1H6 CAR who are more industrious and social than those from Spain. Under thu newly formed government of Venczuelii, St. Carlos pro- niiseo to become a flourishing place, being situate in a very fertile country, aifording great inducements to agricultural enterprise. Pop. in 1826, about 10,000; but since that period it has greatly increasi'('. Carlos uk Monte hey, San, once the chief town of New Culifornia, on the W. coast of N. America, m the la'., of 36, 36. N. and 121. 34. of W. long. It is beautifully situated within a small bay of the same name, first discovered by Cabrillo, in 1 542. It was after- wards visited by the Count n the Khenish railroad, and is about 42 miles N. by E. of Strasburg. and about the same distance W, by N. of Stuttgard. Cahlstaut, the capital of Croatia, with a fortress; seated on the Knlpu, a branch of thfi Save, at the influx of the Corona; 180 miles S. by W. of Vienna, and 45 E.N.E. of Fiume. Pop. 6300. C/rlstaut, a town of Sweden, capital of Wermeland, and a bir.hop's see. It stands on the N. side of the lake Weser, and on the island of Tingwalla, which is formed by two branches of the Clara. The housei are built of wood, and painted ; the episcopal palace is also of wood, and has an extensive front. The inhabitants carry on a trade in copper, iron, and wood, across the lake. It is 55 m. W. of Stockholm. Pop. 2600. Carlstadt, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, seated on the Maine; 1 3 miles N. by W. of Wurtzburg. It CAR 187 CAR md the hoc a ar.l a , foyivl -.1, &c. le Jews lip, un- 11,300. 3f Swo- in 1680 set from It of its ty of its lefendeJ part o" ds upon itly in a end ove.r ale, close red; and onewa'l. repairing cannon, peii, sails, ansferred habitants n.S.S.W. . 56. 7. N. t town of en manu a timbei- ,a. Pop. srn part of aden, and vemment. t has not sequent tj possession "ts are laid dace is in :ofty spire, ler public ly, btnlt of imposing 10,500. It about 42 about the ard. ,tia, with a branch of )rona; 180 E.N.E. of capital of It stands and on the ned by two ti arc built )pal palace nsive front, i in copper. It is 55 m. mia, in the ed on the rtzburg. It is now included in the Bavarian circle of the Lower Maiiie. Pop. about 2200. Carmagnola, a town of Nortli Itiily, with a citadel; seated on a stuiill river, whicii runs into the Po; 14 miles S. of Turin. Pop. o200. CAKMEf,, a mountain of Syria, in Palestine, iiboi"' 2000 feet above the level of the sea, nn t e N. side of the Bay of Acre; note a town of Italy, in Au«trian Friuli, on a mountain near the river Indri; 7 miles N.W. of Goritz. Carmona, « town of Spain in Seville, with many remains of ancient walls, inscriptions, &e. The gate toward Seville is one of the most extraordinary pieces of antiquity in all Sp.ain; and its castle, now in ruins, was for- merly of immense extent. It is seated on a high hill; 24 miles E.X.E. of Seville. Pop. 20,200. Carnac, a village of France, depai'tment Morbihan; 20miles S.E. of L'Orient. Here are some very extensive and remarkable re- mains, almost similar to those at StonehengCi they consist of 11 ranges of vast pranite stones, of great thickness, and varying from 9 to 15 feet in height; in some cases, two of them stood upright, enpporting another placed on them. It :j said, there are more than 4000 of cncm. They are as difficult a pro- blem for tiie French antiquaries to solve, as Stonehenge is for the English. An immense amount of ancient golden ornaments and trinkets was found here some years since. Caknatic, a territory o Hindostan, ex- tending along the E. coast from Cape Como- riii, the southern extremity of Asia, in the lat. of 8. 4. N. to near the mouth of the Kistna,in thelat. of 16. N., varying in breadth from 50 to 100 miles; bounded on the W. by the Mysore, and on the E. for about two Je-r of lat., by the Gulf of Manara and Paiks Strait, which divides it from the N. end of the islf nd of Ceylon, the remainder of its eastern boundary being better known by the name of the coast of Corornan lei. The prin- cipal towns on the coast, beginning from the S., are Negapatam, Pondicherry, Madras, I'uUieiit, and Gangapatam, and those in the interior, beginning also from the S., are Tine- vclley, Madura, Tritchinopoly, Tanjore, Ar- cot, Nellore, and Ongole. Numerous streams and rivers from the westward intersect this territory, the principal of whicii are the Cau- very, Cuddalore, Paliare, and Pennar. The soil is various in quality, being in some places exceedingly fertile, and in others sandy and barren, and the inhabitanii occasioDally ex- posed to great privation for want of water. iSince 1801, it has been uninterruptedly pos- sessed by the British, and included iu the presidency of Madra.s, which seo. Carnawl, or KuKXOUL, a town of Hin- dostan, in tiic province of Delhi. Hero, in 1739, Konli Khan giiincd a victory over the army of the Great Mogul; and in 1761, tho Seiks, under Abdalla, defeated the Mahrattas. It is seated at the junction of the Ilissa* canal with the Jumna. It is 80 miles N.W of Delhi. Carnesvili.e. See Frankfort. Car Nioobar, an island in the Bay of Ben'^al; it is tlie most northern of the Nico- bar Islands; about 40 miles in circumference, and covered with tmibcr. The '•limate is very insalubrious. Lat. 9. 10. N. long. 93. O.E. Carxiola, Duchy of, a territory of the Austrian empire, lying between the lat. of 45. 30. and 46. 30. N. and 13. 25. and 15.40. of E. long , comprising an area of about 4600 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lo'ver Carinthia, the S. W. point jntting upon the Gulf of Trieste. It is intersected from i,he N.W. to the S.E. by the Save river, which receives several tributary streams, both from the N, and S. In feature, character, and productions, it is very similar to Carinthia (which see,) somewhat more diversified and fertile, and, having the advantage of a nearer proximity to the sea, the inhabitants are somewhat more active and enterprising. It is divided into four parts, viz., Upper, N.; Inner, S.W.; Middle and Lower, S.E. Lay- bach, in the middle district, is the chief town. For commercial purposes it has the advantage of the port of Fiume, as well as Trieste. Carolatu, a town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, seated on tho Oder, 14 miias N.W. of Glogau. Carolina, a town o( Spain, in Andalusia, the chief of a new colony of the same name, in the Sierra Morena. It stands on a hill, towering above the whole settlement; 20 m. N.E. of Anduxar. In 1768, the < jlonization of these once wild hills was planned, and a number of Germans and Swiss were invited to .settle, under promise of pecuniary assist- ance and certainimmunities;all these pledges were broken, and the colonists were reduced to the greatest distress. Population ii now 2800. Carolina, North, one of theUnited States of North America, lying between the lat. of 33. 50. and 36. 30. N. It is bounded on the E, by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the W. by a chain of the Allegany Mountains, runniuK in a N.E. direction: a conventional line ol 36. 30. of N. lat. from tho 76th to the 82nd of W. long, divides it from Vii^inia, and another conventional line, in a N.W. direc- tion, from the long, of 78. 40. to 79. 50. and from thence due W. under the line of 35. of N. lat. to the long, of 84. W. divides it from South Carolina; its area, according to Ame- rican computation, comprise! 48,000 squitn CAR 188 CAR If' miles. Although it has upwards of 200 miles of sea coast, besides being indented by several very large inlets, it does not afford one good harbour; indeed, a ledge of sand-banks flanks the coast its whole extent, rendering the na- vigation very dangerous in stormy weather, and almost inaccessible at all times; it con- sequently partakes more of the character of Bn interior than a maritime state. Some lit- 3e external intercourse, however, is main- t;iined through Wilmington, situate on Cape Fear river, which intersects the centre of the state from N. to S., falling into the sea in the lat. of 34. N.; and the productions of the western part of the state are facilitated in their conveyance to market, by the Yadkin and Catawba rivers, which intersect tliat part between the long, of 80. and 82. W., running S. into South Carolina. The Neuse, Tar, Boanoke, and Chowan, are other rivers which intersect the N.E. part of the state, falling into the great inlets of Pamtico and Albe- marle Sounds, which it is proposed to con- nect with Chesapeake Bay by means of a canal through the Dismal Swamp. The coast for about 70 miles from the shore is level and swampy, but westward the ground gradually rises into a mountainous country, being in paits beautifully diversified. The gold mines of this state, which have ex "ited much in- terest, are on the Yadkin river, and the gold is found in the usual manner, by washing. The first mine was found in 1814, and pro- duces annually between 200,000 and 250,000 dollars. The swamps are favourable to the growth of rice, and the pitch-pine flourishes in them in the utmost luxuriance, yicldini; an unbounded supply of timber, tar, and tur- pentine, whilst the upper country is favour- able to the growth of every kind of grnin, as well ns to cotton and tobacco, and yields a variety of vegetables and plants, some of them of a medicinal nature, peculiar to itself; and as population increases. North Carolina will doubtless prove a country of great capa- bility and resources. The internal improve- ments in this state are not so numerous and extensive as in some other states. The Wil- mington and Balcigh railroad, 161^ miles long, connects with the Portsmouth and Koanoke railway: if was finished in 1840. TIk "ialeigh and Gaston railway, 85 miles long, connects with the Petersburg, Green- ville, and Roanoke railways. North West canal. Dismal Swamp canal, the Weldon and Clubfoot and Harrow canals, are the princi- pal. In 1820, i. vas divided into 62 counties, and the population which, in 1790, was only 393,751, is now 753,419, of whom 245,817 arc slaves. Kaicigii, nearly in the centre cf the state, is the seat of the legislative assem- bly. Wilmington, Fuyctteville, and New- burn, are the other principal towns. Carolina, Sl)1!TH, another of the United States of North America, being divided from N'jrth Carolina by a conventional line, as Already described, extending S.S.W. alon;: the Atlantic coast, from the lat. of 33. 50. to the Savannah river, in the lat. of 32. 2. ^. The I 'vannah river, in a N.N.W. du-ection, until it cuts the S.W. point of North Carolina, separates it from tliQ state of Georgia, its area being 25,000 square miles. The gene ral features, character of the soil, and pro- ductions of this state, are very similar to those of North Carolina; but having the ad- vantage of several fine navigable rivers, and some tolerably good harbours, to facilitate an external commerce, whilst North Carolina ranks among the least. South Carolina ranks among the most important states of the union. The Yadkin river rising in North Carolina, which when it enters this state is called the Great Pedee, and after being Joined by seve- ral trib-^tary streams, falls into Georgetown Bay; and the Cahawba, which also rises in North Carolina, and in this state is first called the Waterce, and afterwards the Santee, is united by a canal to Cooper River, which falls into Charleston harbour. Numerous streams, intersecting all the N.W. part, rnila with the Santee about the centre of the state, and be- tween the Santee and the Savannah are ihe Edisto, Bigslake, and Coosahatchie Rivers; so that there is hardly five miles in the state without the advantage of water communica- tion. Between the mouths of the Santee and Savannah Rivers, the coast is flanked by a chain of islands, on which is produced the valuable cotton ca'led Sea Island. The swamps produce vast quantities of the finest rice, the seed of which was first introduced from Madagascar, at the close of the seven- teenth century; and, previous to 1790, indigo was cultivated to a great (.xtent, and with proportionate advantage; but since that pe- riod, tliQ culture of the cotton plant in the upland country, has superseded every other pursuit, and has been carried to an extent without any precede at. South Carolina is divided into twenty-nine districts, and the population, which in 1790 was 240,073, is now 594,398, including 327,038 slaves. Gold is found in considerable quantities in this state. The principal internal improvements of the state are the Santee, tlie Winyaw, ana the Saluda canals, and some others of minor importance. The South Cai'olina railroad from Charleston to Hamburg, 135f miles in length, will, when the chain is completed, extend to Cincinnati, a length of 718 miles. Another portion of it lies within the state between Branclicville and Columbia, 66 miles. Columbia, nearly in the centre of the state, 507 m. S.W. by S. of Washington, is the seat of its legislative assembly. Cliaileston is, how- ever, the chief and most important town of the state; the other principal towns are Beau- fort and Georgetown. Caroline, a county of the dtato of Mary- land, bounded on the E. by Kent county, state of Delaware, and on the W. '>y tba Tucknpo and Choptank rivcib, which fall into Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 7806, of whom To? i? (3» CAR ISO CAR ■;■> are slaves. Denton, the cliief town, is 65 in. E. hy S. of Annapolis. Caroline, an interior county in the E. part of Virginia, bounded on the N. E. by tlie Rappahannock river, and S. W. hy the North Anna river. Its area is about 20 miles each way, or 400 square miles, and is toler- ably fertile. Pop. 17,813, of whom 9314 are slaves. Bowling Green, 44 miles N.N.E. of Bichmond, is the chief town. Caroline is also the name of a town in Tonikins county, state of New York, near the S. cud of Cayuga Luke; 176 miles W. of Albany. Pop. in 1840, 2093. Caroline Islands, a range of islands on the North Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1686 hy the Spaniards, in the reign of Charles II. They lie to the E. of the Philippines, between 138. and 135. E. long, and 8. and 11. N. lat. They are about 30 in number, and popnlous; the natives resembling those of the Philip- pines. The most considerable island is Ho- goleu, about 90 miles long, and 40 broad: the next is Yap, at the W. extremity of this chain, but not above a third part of that size. They have been little visited by recent navi- gators. Caroon. See Cairoon. Caeoon Beleo, extensive ruins in central Egypt — perhaps of the famous labyrinth of Egypt. The ruins of Kasr Caroon, near the lake of Cai'oon, about 2 miles distant, are very interesting. Caroont, a river in South America, a tributary of the Oroonoco. It has a very rapid current, which renders it quite unnavi- gable. Caroor. See Carura. Carora, a city of the republic of Venv- zuela, situated about 15 miles E. from the lane of Maracaibo. It is intersected by a stream called the Morero, that runs E. into the Caribbean Sea. The inhabitants, about Ki.O'-tO in number, subsist principally by me;' lit of cattle and mules, which they drive '.' ii»- coast for transhipment to the West :ii;ii '"lands. The surrounding country jjiio.tuv Li a variety of odoriferous balsams anc ■• omuics, which, under bocial arrange- ments, nmy be made to constitute in exten- sive and reciprocal external commerce. Carpathian Mountains, a grand chain which divides Hungary and Transylvania from Poland >iii the N. and N.E., and from Moravia on the N.W.. extending about 500 miles. Cari'bndolo, 1." town of the Bresciano, on theChiese; 15 niiK'.H S.SE. of Brescia. Pop. about 4000. Carpentaria, Gulp of, a large bay on the N. coast of New Holland, discovered in !6' ) Dv a Dutch captain, named Carpenter. That part of the country which borders on the E. side of the bay is also called Carpen- taria. It has about 1200 miles of coast, which is but little known. It is frequented by Chinese junks, to tisb for the bicho-de-la-mer, or sea slug, which supcrabound at the en- trance of this bay. Carpestuas, a town of Frsnce, in the de- partment of Vaucluse. It was formerly the capital of Vcnaissin, and a bishop's lice. It is seated on the Auson, at the foot of a moun- tain; '4 miles N.E. of Avignon. Pop. 9224. Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, with a fortified castle, and a good trade. It stands on a canal to the Sccchia, 8 miles K. of Modena. Cakpi, a town of Italy, in the Veronese, where a victory was gained by the Austrians over the French, in 1701. It is seated on the Adige; 24 miles S.E. of Verona. Carrara. See Caraka. Carbiuee Islands. See Caribee Is- lands. Carrick on Shannon, a town of Ireland, capital of the county of Leitrim. It is a small place, seated on the Shannon; 85 miles W.N.W. of Dublin. Carrick on Soir, a town of Ireland, in Tipperav}', once famous for its woollen cloth, called ratteen. It is seated on the Suir; 22 miles S.E. of Cushel, and 10 W.N.W. of Waterford. It is now a poor miserable pliiee. Cakkickfeugcs, a borough and seaport of Ireland, chiel' town of the county of An- trim, with a castle. It is seated on a bay of its name in the Irish channel; 95 miles N. by E. of Dublin, and 8 from Belfast. It is pretty well built, and shows no evidence of the squalid poverty too often met with in other parts of Ireland. Tanning is carried on to a considerable extent, and it has distil- leries, and some manufactures. The Scotch I descent of the people is apparent in many points ; they are industrious, frugal, and honest. It sends oue^nember to parliament. Pop. 8860. Carrickmacross, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monnghan; 19 miles E.S.E. of Monaghan, and 44 N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. 2979. Carrion de lob Gondes, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the frontiers of Old Castile. It is seated on the river Carrion; 18 mllcc N. of Placcntia, and 40 W. of Burgos. Carroll, a newly formed county, at the western extremity of Tennessee, bordering on Wood Lake, contiguous to the Mississippi river. Pop. in 1840, 12,362. Carroll, a county in the north part of the state of Maryland. It is fertile and wealthy. Westminster is the capital. Top. in 1840, 17,241. Carroll, a county in tha N.W. part of Georgia, drained by the Tallapossa river, producing some gold. Pop. in 1840, S2S2. Carroll, a county in Mississippi, between the Zazoo and Big Black rivers. CarroUton is the capital. Pop. 10,481. Carroll, a fertile county of Kentucky, in the N. part of the state. CarrolUon is thA o»r pital. Fop. in 1840, .3966. CAll 190 CAR Carroll, a county of Ohio, in the E. part of the state. The soil is very fertile. Capi- tal, Carrollton. Pop. 18,108. CAitROLL, a county of Indiana, travcraefl by the Wabash river, and the Wabash and Erie canal. Pop. in 1840, 7819. Cakron, a river of Scotland, in Stirling- shire, which rises on the S. side of the Cainp- sie hills, and flows into the Frith of Eorth, below Falkirk. Two miles from its source it forms a fine cascade, called the fall of Auchinlilly; and near its mouth commences the Great Canal from the Forth to the Clyde. Carron, a village of Scotland, in Stirling- shire, on the river Carron; 2 milcb from Fal- kirk; celebrated for the greatest iron-works in Europe. These works employ about 3000 men; and on an average, use weekly 1200 tons of coal, 400 tons of iro;istone, and 100 tons of limestone. All sor; ■ Vi' 'von goods are made here, from the mos. t irticle to the largest cannon; and the fa.. ace of ordnance called a carronade, hence ceived its name. The trade in coke and lime is also considerable. These works were erected in 1761, and are carried on by a chartered com- pany. Carrocge, a newly erected town, duchy of Savoy; 2 miles S. E. from Geneva. Carstairs, an improving village of Lan- arkshire, Scotland, at the junction of the Glasgow and Edinburgh branches of the Caledonian Ruilwny; .3 miles E. of Lanark Cart, two rivers in Scotland, in Renfrew- shire, distinguished by the appellation of Black and White. Tlie Black Cart issues from the lake Lochwinnoch; the While Cart descends from the N.E. angle of the county ; and they .both flow into the Gryfe, a few m. before its confluence with the Clyde. Cartago, a city and capital of Costa Rica in Guatimala, and a bishop's see. It stands on a river of tlie same name, 50 miles from its mouth, in the Pacific Ocean, and about ttie same from Lake Nicaragua. Long. 84. 1 >. W. lat. 10. 15. N. Cartaoo, a town in the republic of New Granada, in Colombia, province of Popayaii, aHout 100 miles W. of St. Fe de Bogota. Pop. about 5000. Cartama, a town of Spain, in Granada, at the foot of a mountain, near the river Gua- dala Medina; 8 miles N. W. of Malaga. Carter, a frontier county at the N.E. ex- tremity of Tennessee, bounded on the E. by the iron, yellow, and stone mountains, which divide it from North Carolina. It is inter- sected by the Watonga, a branch of the Ten- nessee river. It contains about 170 square miles, and a population of 5372. Elizabeth Town, on the W. side of the county, 284 miles E.by N. of Murfriesborongh, is the chief town. Carteret, a county of North Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, S. of Pani- tico Sound.. It is a swampy and dreary dis- trict. Pop. 6591, of whom 1860 were slaves. Beaufort, 164 miles S.E. by E. of Raleigh, is tiie chief town. Cauteret Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, seen by Captain Carteret in 1767. It is six leagues long, from E. to W. Long. 159. 14. E. lat. 8. 26. S. Cautersvili.e, a town of Virginia, in Powhatan countv, seated on Jauies River? 40 miles W.N.W'. of Richmond. Carthage, Cape, a promontory on the E. coast of the kingdom of Tunis, near which stood the famous city of Carthage, razed by the Romans; and some of the ruins are to be seen on the coast. It is 10 miles N.E. of Tunis. Long. 10. 20. E. l.it. 36. 50. N. Carthage, a town of New York, on the N.E. side of the Black river. The Long Falls hero furnish great water power; 152 miles N.W. of Albany. Carthage, a pleasant village, in Ohio; 8 miles N. of Cincinnati, and 116 S.W of Co- lumbus. From its pleasant situation, and be- ing in the centre of the county, it is the place chosen for large public meetings. An an- nual agricultural fair is held here. Carthagena, a seaport of Spain, in Mur- cia, built by Asdrubai, a Caribaginian gene- ral, and named after the city of Carthage. It is the see of a bishop, and a great mart for merchandize. It has the best harbour in Spain ; also the most considerable docks and magazines. The principal crops of barilla are produced in its vicinity and a fine red earth, called almagra, used in polishing mir- rors, and preparing tobacco for snuft'. Car- thagena was taken by Sir John Leake in 1706, but the P/ukc of Brunswick retook it. It is seated ohagulf of the samename; 27 miles S. of Murcia. It was taken by the Romans under Scipio, with whom it continued to flourish. It was nearly destroyed by the Goths ; and S. Isidore, who was born here in 595, speaks of it as then desolate. After tiiat, it again rose to eminence, from the excellence of its natural harbour, and strong position ; but it is now much decayed; it contains scarcely 30,000 inhabitants, instead of the 60,000 of 1786, when Charles III. endeavoured to force a naval establishment. Here were fitted out the fleets which were destroyed at St. Vin- cent and Trafalgar. The port of Curthagena is now almost deserted ; the hospital.s, arsenal.*, rope-walks, foundries, and dock-yards are things that were; there is no navy, and com- merce prefers Alicante. The tunny fishery, and the export of barilla, and mining, are the chief resdiiices of the inhabitants. A glass factory has recently been established by an Englishman. During the peninsular war, it wiis garrisoned by the English, and conse- quently did not share the fate of almost every other town at the hands of the French. Long. 1. 0. W. lat. 37. 35. N. Pop. 30,000. Carthagena, a city of South America, in the republic of New Granada, of which it is the capital. It is situate on an island off the shore of the Caribbean Sea, in the lat. of 10. i CAS 191 CAS 25. N. and 75. 27. of W. loiijj.; about 70 m. S.S.W. of the mouth of the Magdalena, and ISO N.N.E. of the Gulf of Darien. It has a commodious and safe harbour, and for nearly three centuries has ranked nmong the most considerable cities of America. It was tKc port first "-sorted to by galleons from Spain, during the monopoly of the commerce of America with that country. It lias experi- enced various alternations of fortune, having been several times captured, and was an ob- ject of severe contention between the royalist and republican forces, from 1815 down to the period of the final extinction of Spanish do- mination in America in 1823. The island is united to the main land by two wooden bridges. The houses are chiefly built of stone, and it has several churches and convents, some of which are elegant edifices. Its har- bour will doubtless contribute towards its re- taining its high rank among the cities and seaports of the new republic. Pop. about 24,000. Cartmel, a town of Lancashire, with a market on Monday. It has a spacious old church, with a curious tower, being a square within a square, the upper part set diagonally within the lower. It is seated among the hills called Cartmell Fells, not far from the sea; 14 miles N. by W. of Lancaster, and 254 N.N.W. of London. Carcka, or Caroor, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort, in which is a large temple. Much sugar- cane is raised in the vicinity. It is seated on the Amarawati; 8 miles above its confluence with the Cavery, and 37 north-east of Dara- poram. Carwar, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- vince of Canara, and a British settlement. It is seated near the mouth of the Aliga ; 50 miles S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 74. 14. E. lat. 14. 52. N. Cartsfort, a town of Ireland, county of Wicklow : there is a free-school. Casac, or Cazac, a country in the domi- nions of l?ersiii, on the frontiers of Armenia, governed by princes of its own, nominally sub- ject to Persia. The inhabitants arc descended from the Cossacs, and represented as a rude and barbarous people. Casac, or Cazac Lora, is the name of the capital. Casaorande, a town of New Mexico, in the N. part of New Navarre. Here is an im- mense edifice, supposed to have been built by the ancient Mexicans for a fortress : it con- sists of three floors, with a terrace above them ; and the entrance is at the second floor; so that a scaling-ladder was necessary. Long. 113. 23 W. lat. 33. 40. N. Casai.e, a town of N. Italy, kingdom of Sardinia, lately the capital of Lower Mont- ferrat, and a bishop's see. Its castle, citadel, and all its fortifications, have been demolisheil. It is seated on the river Po; 37 miles N E. of Turin. Pop. about 16,000. Casals Mauoiorr, a town of Italy« in the duchy of Milan, on the river Po: 20 miles E. S. E. of Cremona. Pop. abou- 4900. Casai.e Nuo\ a, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Ulteriore. An earthquake happened here in 1773, by which upwards of 4000 in- iiubitaiits lost th>.'ir lives. It stands near the sea; 1 1 miles N. by W. of Oppido. Pop. 4000. Casan urino, a city of Naples- 4 miles from Najdes. Pop. 3000. Casbin, or Carwiv, a town of Persia, in Irac Ajimi, where several of the kings of Persi.i have resided Nadir Shah, built a palace here, enclosed by a wall a mile and a half in circumference; and the town is sur- rounded by another, 4 miles in circuit. It carries on a great trade, and is seated near the S. shore of the Caspian Sea, in a sandy plani ; 280 miles N. W. ol Ispahan. Long. 50. 10. E. lat. 36. 8. N. Pop. estimated at 40,000. Cascais, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- duni, at themouthof thc'L';ijo,on the N. bank, near the rock; 17 miles W. of Lisbon. Pop. 2500. Cascante, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the Queylcs, the ancient Cascantum. Pop. 3000; 6 miles from Tudela there is a mineral spring. CASCHAT7. See Cassovia. Casco Bay, a bay of the state of Maine, be- tween Cape Elizabeth and Capo Small Point, leading into the harbour of Portland. It is 25 miles wide, and interspersed with small i-slands. Long. 69 30. VV. lat. 43. 40. N. Caserta, a town of Naples in Terra di La- voro. Here is a nil^nificent unfinished royal palace, and a grand modern aqueduct, which furnishes a great part of the city of Naples with water. Most of the buildings were greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1803. It is 15 miles N. of Naples. Pop. about 16,000. (?) Casey, an interior county of the state of Kentucky. Pop. 4939. Liberty, the chief town, is 68 miles S. of Frankfort. Casiian. See Kasan. Cashel, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of Tipperary, and an archbishop's see. It had formerly a wall ; and part of two gates are still remaining. It is generally speaking a poor mean-looking place. The old cathedral is supposed to have been the first stone edifice in Ireland. A synod was held here by Henry I. in 1 158, by which the kingdom of Ireland was confirmed to him. The new cathedral is an elegant edifice ; it has several other public buildings, and bar- racks for infantry. It sends one member to parliament; and is seated on the cast bank of the Suir; 43 miles N. N. E- of Cork, and 86. S. S. W. of Uuhlin. Pop. 7000. Cashour, or Kashoar or Little Bok- hara, a country of UsbecTartary, which com- mences on the north and north-east of Cash- mere, in Hindostan (from which it is sepa- laiuil by the Himmaleh mountains), and extends to 41. N. Int. Great part of it is a sandy desert the other parts are populous CAS 192 CAS , i mil :^^r^ ^B ; illil I HI I P ijJHHIl ami fertile. The Tartar inhabitants arc chiefly employed in /eeding cattle. The musk aniniuls arc found iu this country. See Buk- hara. Casuour, a city of Usbec Tartary, for- merly the capital of the country of the same name. It has a good trade with the neigh- bouring countries, and stands at the foot of the Himmalch Mountains. It was taken by the Chinese about 80 years since, and is the farthest west place of note in tlic Chinese dominions. Long. 73. 25. E. lat. 41. 30. N. Cashmere, or Kashmir, a province of Iliiidostan, subject to the king of Candahnr, or sultan of the Afghans ; bounded on the W. by the Indus, N. by Mount Himmaleh, and £. and S. by Lahore. It is an elevated valley, 90 miles long and 50 broad, lying be- tween the 34tli nnl 35th degree of N. lat. and 73. to 76. of K. long., surrounded by steep mountains which tower above the regions of snow. The periodical rains, which almost de- luge the rest of India, are shut out of Cash- mere by the height of the mountains, so that only light showers fall here; but these are sufficiently abundant to feed some hundreds of cascades, which are precipitated into the valley. The soil is the richest that can be conceived, and its jn-oductions those of the temperate zone. Numerous streams, from all quarters of the valley, bring their tribute to the Chelum, a large navigable river, running from cast to west, falling into the Indus. It contains several small lakes, in some of which are floating islands. But the country is subject to earthquakes; and, to guard against their most terrible effects, tlie houses are mostly built of wood. Among other curious manu- factures of Cashmere is that of shav " s, 80,000 of which are annually produced; and the de- licate wool of which the finest are made is the produce of a species of goat of this country, or of the adjoining Thibet. Here are bred a species of sheep called Hindoo, which are em- ployedin carrying burdens. The Cashmerians are stout and well made, but their features are often coarse and broad: the women are of a deep brown complexion, gay and lively. They have a language of their own, said to be anterior to that of the Sanscrit; and a re- ligion too, it is thought, different from that of the Hindoos. All Caslimere is holy land, and miraculous fountains abound. In addi- tion to their shawls, in the manufacture of which about 16,000 looms are supposed to be eniployeil, corn, saffron, otto of roses, and some drugs, form the chief articles of com- merce. Tlie population in 1832 was estimated at 800,000, but famine, cholera, and war, reduced it to 200,000 in 1836. Cashmere, or Sbrinaghor, a city of Hin- dostan, capital of the province or valley of Cashmere. Here are many fountains, reser- voirs, and iemplcs. The streets are narrow and dirty. The houses, many of them two and three stories high, are slightly built of brick and mortar, with a large intermixture of timber; and on the roof is laid a covering of fine earth, which is planted with a variety of flowers. This city is without walls, and seated on both sides of the Chelum, over which are several wooden bridges; 285 miles E.by S. of Cabul. Pop. 40,000. Long. 74. 47. E. lat. 33. 23. N. Caspe, a town of Spain, in Arragon, where Ferdinand IV. was elected king of Arragon in 1412. It stands at the confluence of the Guadaloupe and Ebro; 58 miles S. E. ol Saragossa. Pop. 9100. Caspian Sea, a large inland Scaof Western Asia; bounded on the S. by the Persian pro- vince of Mazanderan, in the lat. of 36. 40., and N, by the Russian go vemment of Astracun, in the lat. of 46. 50., thus being about 700 miles in length from S. to N.; itsea.stern and western boundaries are very irregular, ex- tending from the long, of 46. 30. to 57., whilst the mean breadth does not extend 260 miles. The eastern coast is indented by several bays, the more prominent of which are Calkan, in the lat. of 39., Alexander, in 43., and Mert- voi, or Koultjouk, in 45. N. The Persian pro- vince of Korasan extends along the E. coast to the bay of Balkan, and further N. the E. coast is occupied by the Turcomans, Kirgees, and other Tartar tribes; and the W. coast by the governments of Gillian, Baku, Derbent, and the Caucasus. Numerous rivers flow into this sea from all points, the most important of which p.ie the Oural and the Volga, the for- mer nt Its N. extremity, and the latter at the N. W. It contains several islands near both the eastern and western coasts; and the depth is very irregular, being in some places unfa- thomable with a line of 450 fathoms, whilst in other places the navigation is difflcult with vessels drawing only 10 feet of water; the water is as salt as that of the ocean, with a bitter taste, which taste is ascribed to the prevalence of the naphthaon the western coast. ( See Baku.) It is 25 feet below the level of the Black Sea. Its waters have no visible outlet; their equilibrium must therefore be maintained either by subterraneous channels, or by evaporation. Salmon, sturgeon, and other fish, abound in all parts of this sea^ and seals are extremely numerous. Of birds properly aquatic, it has the grebe, the crested diver, the pelican, the cormorant, and several species of gull; while geese, ducks, storks, herons, crows, &c., frequent the shores. The Russians are the only people who derive much benefit from this great natural basin, although so well calculated to facilitate an extensive and reciprocal intercourse between all its surrounding nations; and, were a communi- cation to be efTectcd with the Black Sea, by means of canals, Europe at large might par- ticipate in the advantages of an extended in- tercourse. Cass, a county in Georgia, in the N. W. part of the state. Capital, Cassbille. Pop. in 1840, 9390. Also a county in Michigan, on the borders of Indiana, with a fertile soil. CAS ins CAS N.W. i*op. in ;an, on e soil. Japital, Cassopoiis. Pop. in 1840, 57 10. Also, i\ county in Indiana in the central part of tlic state, and traversed by the Wabash and Erie t!anal. Capital, Logansport. Pop. 5480. Also anothercountyin Illinois with avcry fer- tile soil, with timber and prairie. Capital, Virginia. Pop. 2981. Cassandua, a town of Turkey in Enroic, in the province ot'Mnccdonia, on a ponintiu'a; ")0 miles S.E. from S.ilonica. Cassandria, a town of Holland, on the S. W. side of the island of Cadsand, at the mouth of the Zwin; 3 miles N. of Sluys. Cassano, a town of Italy in the Milanust.', with a castle. Here Prince Eugene, in 1 "D.j, was checked in attempting to force the pas- sage of the Adda; and in 1799 the French were defeated by the Austrians. It is seated on the Adda; 15 miles N. E. of Milan. | Cassano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore; 24 miles N. W. of Rossano, and 50 E. S. E. of Policastro. It is well built, is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral, &c. There . are some manufactures of cotton, silk. Sec. , Pop. 5000. CAS8AY,orMcNNEEPOOR,acouiitryofIndia beyond the Ganges, between lat. 24. and 26. N., and long. 93. 95. E. Area about 7000 square miles. It consists of a fertile valley surrounded by a wild and mountainous coun- try. Iron is the only metal found; salt is procured from springs by evaporation. The ( limate is on the whole healthy ; but during the winter fogs are very prevalent. Herds of elephants frequent the valley; the hills are covered with fine forest trees, but the want of means of conveyance prevents the timber be- ing made available. Ilice is the chief object of cultivation; tobacco, the sugar-cane, indigo. Sec. arc also gi'own. There are various manu- factures of necessary articles. It is an inde- pendent state ; the capital is Munneepoor. Pop. 20,000 (?) Cassel, a city of Germany, capital of Lower Hesse, and seat of the court and gov- erninent of the electorate of Hesse. It is di- vided into the Old Town, Lower New Town, and Upper New Town ; the former towns are chiefly built in the ancient style, but the last is very regular and handsome. The inhabi- tants arc estimated at 31,000; and they have manufactures of linen cloth, hats, porcelain, &c. Here is a college, founded by the land- grave in 1709. The castle or palace, the gardens, the arsenal, the foundry, and the cabinet of curiosities, deserve the attention of travellers. It was taken by the French in 1760, and restored at the peace in 1763. It is seated on the Fulda ; 40 miles S.E. of Fader- born. Long. 9. 35. E. lat. 51. 19. N. Casset-, a strong town in Germany, situate nn the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with which it has a communication by a bridge of boats. It was taken by the French in 1792, and re- taken by the Prussians, in 1793. Cassel, a town of France, in the depart- 11 cut of Nord, with a fortified cotitle. It stands on a mountain, rising like a siigar-loa/ from the centre of a vast plain, whence may be seen thirty-two towns, and the German Ocean, though 50 miles distant. It is 10 mile.s N.E. of St. Oiner, on the road from Lisle to Dunkirk. Pop. 4495. Casselle, a populous town of Piedmont, about 6 miles N. of Turin, having a variety (if manufactures; number of inhabitants about 9000. Cassina, or Kasrna, an extensive empire, in the interior of North Africa, to the W. of J}ornou. It resembles Bornou in climate, soil, and natural productions, and in the colour, genius, religion, and government of the people. It is bounded on the S. by a largo r'vcT, flowing to the eastward — the Yeu oi Tchiidda. Cassina, or ILvsiina, the capital of the em- ])irc of the same name. The chief trade is in senna, gold dust, shaves, cotton cloths, goat skins, ox and butFalo hides, and civet. It is 750 miles W.S.W. of Bomou, and about the same distance E. of Tombuctoo, and N. by E. of Old Calabar, on the coEfitof Guinea. Long. 11. 35. E. lat. 15.40.N. Cassiqciauk, a river of Siuth America, in the Republic of Colombia, furming a com- munication between the Amazons and Oroonoco. It is a principal branch of the Rio Negro. Cassis, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Mouths of the Rhone, with a small port on the Mediterranean; 9 miles S. S. £. of Marseilles. It has a good trade in Muscatel wine, made in the vicinity. Pop. 2000. Cassovia, or Kaschau, a strong town of Upper Hungary, with a fine arsenal, seated near the river Herat; 85 miles E. by N. of Schemnitz. Long. 20. 55. E. lat. 48. 40. N. Pop. about 8000. Castagnola, a town of Piedmont, on the river Po, 8 miles S. of Turin. Castamena, or Kastamoni, a to^vn of Asiatic 'iurkey, in Natolia, formerly a large city but now much reduced in size and mag- nificence. It is 240 miles E. of Constanti- nople. Long. 34. 22. E. lat. 41. 32. N. Castanowitz. See Costainitzo. Castel a Mare, a town of Naples, m Principato Citeriore; it stands on the site of the ancient Stubise, at the foot of a woody mountain, on the bay of Naples; 15 miles S. E. of Naples. It is the seat of a bishopric ; and has a cathedral, a royal palace, five churches, a royal dockyard, barracks, &c. There are various manufactures of linen, eW.i, '.cather, &c. The port is small and de- fended by two forts. Here Pliny the elder fell a victim to his curiosity to obsei"ve the eruption of Vesuvius, at the time of the destruction of Uerculaneum and Pompeii. Pop. 15,000. Castel-a-Mare, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, on a bay on the N. coast; 30 miles W. by S. of Palermo, ''op. 8102. O CAS m CAS i Castbi. Akraoonebe, or Cabtbi. Sarpo, A fortified seaport of Sardinia, and a bishop's 960. It was the first place tal. lany, in the S. S. W. of Naples, in . N. W. of in the Man- lont; 7 miles 4700. a town of ;h of a river. W. by S. of )wn of Spain, of the city of vestiges of ilous, having sU built and ranee, in the nence, at the of the Canal Carcassone. in the dachy rst; 9 mile's !any, in the name, which id produces h by east of of Italy, in iken by the ich defeated n 1796. It op. 6300. ost opulent lin was for« le two pro- the former Moors some of Spain, and Bisciiy, 1. by New in extreme miles, and divided into name of the four chief towns. The superficies and popu- lation of each province is as follows: viz. — 1 Provinces. AUEA So. Miles. Pop. w 1838. Burgos N. SorIa K. Scgovlk 8. Avlla 8. W. 7.7.12 4.118 3,.'ini 2,(X)U .Ml. 182 ll.i,6l!> 131,8.^4 137,903 Old Castud 17.972 929,568 The Ebro ri.ses on the N. pnrt of Burgos, and forms the boundary of Old Castile, on the side of Biscay and Navarre. Several streams fall into the Ebro, but the waters of Old Castile rim chiefly to the westward, into the Douro. The chief production of this part of Spain is wool, of wliich commodity about 6,000,000 lbs. arc annually exported to England. The go- vernment, however, is a bar to all social exer- tion, in this as well as every other part of Spain. Castile, New, lies to the S. of the pre- ceding province, niid is divided into five in- ferior provinces, os follows ; viz. — PROVINCE! isQ^Ml'lls. Pop. 1X18.38 Guadalaxara . . . . N. Madrid N.W. Cueiiya E. Toledo S W La Mancha 8. 1.970 1,330 11,4)0 8.803 7,620 1.59..175 32n,0'iO 334.182 2X2,197 277,788 ! New Castile 31,193 1,373,942 ' The Tagns, Gu.idiana, and Lucar, all afford to New Castile tlie lulvantage of a facility of intercourse; but the chief riches of this pro- vince arc its flocks of .sheep, which, under the regulation of the " Mesta," preclude all ngricultural improvements. See each of the inferior provinces. Castii.lon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde ; seated on tiie Dor- dogne; 25 miles E. of Bordeaux. In 14.51, the French won a hard-fought battle over the English, under the walU of this place. Pop. 2900. Castine, a seaport of the state of Maine, chief town of Hancock county, situate on Pe- nobscot Bay; 6.5 miles W. S."\V. of Machias. It was taken by the British in 1814, but re- stored at the peace in 1815. Long. 69. 0. \V. lat. 44. 26. N. Castle Cary, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday; 12 miles S.E. of Wells, and 113 W. by S. of London. Castle Rising,, a town in Norfolk. The market is now disused. It is 5 mile? N.E. of Lynn, and 103 N.N.E. of London. Castle Blayney, a town in Ireland, county of Monaglian; 68 miles from Dublin. Here is the magnificent seat of Lord Blayney. Castlb Cumkr. a town in Ireland, county of Kilkenny; 52 miles from Dublin. Near the town are some extensive coliierici. It is a regularly built town, with a largo church, town-^ail, Ac. Pop. 2.500. Castlk Connel, a town in Ireland, coanty of Limerick, near the Shannon; 114 miles from Dublin. Castle Dermot. a town in Ireland, county of Kildare, on the river Lane; 4.'J miles from Dob'iin. In the vicinity are many ccclesias- ticid ruins. Castlk-Douola', a town of Scotland, county of Kirkcudbright; 18 miles from Dumt'ries. It is neat and well-bailt, and is seated in a thriving agricultural district. It lias risen in importance since the transfer to it of the important market for corn and cat- tle, from Rhone House, a neighbouring vil- lage. Pop, 1500. Castle Island, a town in Ireland, county of Kerry; 197 miles from Dublin. Here is an ancient castle. Castle Reaoii. a town in Ireland, county of Roscommon; 1 1 2 miles from Dublin. Castlebar, a parish and town inthe county of Mayo, Ireland. A considerable portion of the inhabitants are employed in the linen manufacture. The town is also the seat of assize, and a chief place in the county, having a spacious church, a handsome court-house, gaol, and cavalry barracks. It is situate at the E. end of a small lake; 1 1 miles E. by N. it 50,000 inhabitants; 200 miles due N. of Patna. See Nepaul. Catanduane?, one of the Philippine Is- lands, lying off tiio S.E. coast of Luzon ; it is about 30 miles in sxtent from N. to S., and 20 in breadth ; the Inhabitants are much cm- ployed in building oi boats for the neigh- bouring islanders. Catania, a celebrated ci*.y on the E. coast of Sicily; it is a place of great antiquity, but has suffered greatly as well by the eruptions of Mount JRtna, as by earthquakes; it was nearly overwhelmed with larafrom the form ur. in 16i}9, ai\d in 1693 an earthquake destroyed a great portion of the city, and buried 18,000 persons in its ruins; it appears, however, to iiave risen from each succeeding dis.istcr w ith increasing miigiiiticence, and in 1825 rankuii among the finest cities in Europe. It is the Hie of a bishop, and seat of the only univer- sity in Sicily. The principal sqtnire. fbrnjcd by the cathedral, college, nnd tiiwn-liull, is very grand; it has about thirty convents, and 50 churches, some of them fine cdilices; a museum of natural history and nntiquities, the remains of a Roman amphitheatre, and other vestiges of ancient splendour, render it a place of peculiar interest to an intelligent nnd inquiring traveller. It is situate at tho foot of Mount ^tna, on tho south side; thirty-five miles north of Syracuse, in the lat of 37. 26. North, and 15. 5. of £t\8t long. Pop. 52,433. Catanzaro, a city of Naples, capital of Calabria Ulteriore, and the see of a bishop. The chief manufacture is silks of varitms kinds, and these, with corn and oil, are the principal articles of trade. It is seated on a mountain, near tho Gulf of Squillace; 43 m. S.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 12,000. Long. 16. 48. E. lat. 39. 0. N. Cat.vrauous, a county towards the W. extremity of the state of New York, liordering on Pennsylvania. The conrt-houso of tho county is 317 miles W. of All)any. Catacba. See Catabaw. Catawissa, or Hcgiiesburo, a town of Pennsylvania, in Northumberland county, situate at the mouth of the Catawissa Cro<;k, on the east branch of the Susquchannah; 25 miles E.N.E. of Sunbury, and 100 miles north west of Philadelphia. Population about 2000. Cateau. See Chateau Cambresis. Catharinbuug, a town of Russia, capital of a province of the same name, in the go- vernment of Perm- The chief gold mines of Siberia are in its vicinity, and above 100 founderies, chiefly for copper and iron. It is seated at the foot of the Ural Mountains, on the E. side, near tho source of the Iset; 310 miles W.S.W. of Tobolsk. Long, 61. 25. E. lat. 56. 45. N. Catharineslaf, a government of the Russian empire, divided into two provinces, namely, Catharineslaf, which includes New Russia; and the late government of Asoph, and Taurida, which includes the Crimea. Catiibrineslaf, a town of Russia, ca- pital of a government of the same name. I It was built by the Empress Catharine, I and is seated near the confluence of the : Kiltzin and Samara with the Dneipcr; 178 miles N. E. of Cherson. Long. 35. 15. E, lat. 47. 23. N. Catharina, Santa, the principal island I on the coast of the S. part of Brazil, with a ; harbour defended by several forts. It is 27 luilea long, but not more than six broad, but CAT 198 CAU i ^ pxccedingly fertile: it forms a pnrt of tlio l»ruziliiin repuliiic. I'lip. iilxnit .10,000. Tlio cMcf town is Nossii Seiiliorii do Destcrro, iho rcsiilciu'C of the governor of the province. It \h about half way down tiiu iHland, and is na- turally a noble liarbour, and is an excellent place of refreshment for shipping. Lut. a". 35. S. long. 48. 2'). W. Catiiarina, Santa, the smallest province of the empire of Hra/il. It comprehends the island from which it takes its name, and an extent of about 2(10 miles of sea coast. It has three towns, Nnssa Senhora do Destcrro on the island, S. Francisco on another island, and Laguna on the continent. The inhabi- tants attend to cattle-breeding and fishing rather than to cultivaticm. Its trade and manufactures are inconsiderable. Coal has been reported in 1841. In 1844, the popu- lation consisted of 53,707 free, and 12,511 slaves. Catoche, Cape, the N.E. promontory of Yucatan, where the English adventurers from Jamaica first attempted to vvt log-wood. Long. 87. 30. W. hit. 21. 25. N. Catrine, a town of Scotland ; 1 4 miles E. nf Ayr, on the river Ayr. Here is a flourish- ing cotton manufacture. Catskill, an incorporated town of Greene county, state of New York, situated on theW. bank of the Hudson river, nearly opposite to the town of Hudson; and 36 m. S. of Albany. A ferry here crosses the Hudson, and the Catskill and Canajoharie railroad is in opera- tion. Pine Orchard, a favourite summer resort, is on the brow of the Catskill Moun- tains, and the ' Mountain House,' an hotel, is at an elevation of 2212 feet above the Hud- son. The scenery here is wild and magnifi- cent, and there are two romantic waterfalls. The Mountain House is 12 miles from Cats- kill village. Pop. of Catskill, 5339. Cat8kii,l Mountains, North America, state of New York. They are a branch of the Apalachian chain, and are about three thousand feet in height, abounding in beau- tiful scenery. Cattaiio, a town of the Austrian state.s, with a castle, seated on a gulf of its n.ame, in the Adriatic, which forms two extensive and secure harbours. The town is built at the extremity of the inner basin, surrounded by rocks, and strongly fortified. It is twenty- four miles S. of Scutari. Long. 19. 15. E. lat. 42.12. N. Cattbgat, a gulf of the German Ocean, between Sweden and Jutland; extending for about 120 miles from N. to S., and 70 irom E. to W., through which the Baltic Sea is entered by three straits, called the Sound, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt. Cattaio, a town of Italy, in the Faduan; 6 miles S. of Padua. Catterick, a village in West Yorkshire, near Richmond. It has a bridge over the rjver Swale, and a Roman highway crossed t'.ie river here, on the banks of which are tho fouiulations of great walls, and a mount cast lip to a vast height. Catwyck, a village of Smith Holland, on the German Ocean, near which the river Kliine is lost in the sands. It is G miles N. by W. of Le} '-^n. Catzen DLNuoo EN, a town and castle of Ger- many, in tho circle of U])per Rhine, which gives name to a county. The town has an inm mine near it; and is 10 miles N.E. of St. Goar, CAi'n, a town of Germany, with a citadel; seated on the Rhine; 2 miles N. by E. of Bacharach. Cauca, a river of Colombia, rising near Popayan, in the lat. o( 3. N., running N. through the valley of Popayan, between the second and third ridges of the Andes, falling into the Magdalene, about 120 miles above the entrance of that river into the Caribbean Sea, in the lat. of II . N. Caucasia, a government of Asiiitic Russia div- led into the two provinces of Astracan and vaucasia. The province of Caucasia comprises the Cuban, and all that district to the E. and S., now in the possession of Russia, between tlie rivers Don and Cuban, and be- tween the Black Sea and the Caspian, extend- ing as far as the confines of Georgia. Caucasus, a chain of mountains extending from the mouth of tho Cuban, in the Black Sea, to the mouth of the Kur, in the Caspian. Their tops are always covered with snow; and the lower parts abound in honey, corn, wine, fruits, gum, hogs, and horned cattle. The Caucasian monntains are inhabited by seven distinct nations, each speaking a dif- ferent language; namely the Turcomans, tie Abkahs, the Circassians, the Ossi, the Kisti, the Lcsgius, and the Georgians. CAUi>EHEC,a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lowe; Seine; 18 miles W. by N. of Rouen. Pop. about 3000. Cacdete, a town of Spain,on the frontiers of Muicia and Valencia; about 50 miles W. of Denia. Pop. about 6000. Caudiiully, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Coimbetore. It is the first place of any note above the Gants, and a principal thoroughfare between the countr/ below and that above those mountrins. Tho inhabitants are chiefly traders. It is 60 miles S.E. of Seringa patam. Caughnawaoa, a town of the United States, m Montgomery county. New York; situated S. of the river Mohawk ; 30 miles W. by N. of Schenectady, and 206 N.N.W. of New York. Caoolinakv, a town of Hindostan, in Ben- gal, lying between ihe Ganges and Burram- pouter ; 30 miles N.W. of Dacca, and 146 N.E. of Calcutta. Caulabauoh, a town of the Affghar terri- tory, on the \V, biink of the Indus; 110 miles N. uf Moultun. CA V 191) CAY Cadnb, n town of Frnncc, in tlio ilcpait- incnt of Turn; -20 miles E.N.E. of Ciistrcs. Pop 2r)00. Cauni'uok, or Cawni'okk, a town of Ilin- duHtun, capital of u diHtritt ol tliu Haiiiu iiuine, )irovince of Alluhuoud. Tliiii district is u luriile pluiu Lctwcun the Uiiugvs and Jumna rivers. It was tlio (.cono of tlio cruel masHiicrc, on Juno 27, 1857, of 450 pcr.sunH, hy an act of treiicliury which will make the name of Nana Suliib ever execra- ble. It was subsequeiitiv the ba>e of man)' military opurationH, and especially of the advance of the heroic band, under General llavelock, for the relief of I.ucknow. CxuTERKsa, a villn!];u of France, in the de- partment of Upper Pyrenees, at the foot of the mountains; noted for its mineral water; 18 miles S.W. of Bagncres. Cauverv, or Cavert, a considerable river of Ilindostan, which rises among the western GautH, flows by Scringapatam, Uliawanikudal, and Tritchinopoly, and enters the Bay of Ben- gal, by a wide delta of mouths, which em- braces the province of Taujurc, in the lat. of 11. N. Cava, a town of Naples, in Principato Citcriore, at the foot of Mount Mutuliua ; 3 miles \V. of Salerno. Pop. 24,000. Cavaillon, a town of France, in the de- partmentof Vaucluse; seated on the Durance; 20 miles S. E. of Avignon. It is a very ancient place. Pop. about 7000. Oavalieui, an island in the Archipelago, between the S.W. point of iiic island of Negropont and the continent of Greece. Long, 24. 17. E. lat. 38. 7. N. Cavaixa, a town of European Turkey, on the coast of Rumelia; about 90 miles E. of Salonica. Pop. about 3000. Cavan, an interior county of Ireland, in the S. part of the province of Ulster. It has several lakes; two on the S. side discharge their waters eastward by the Blackwatcr river into the Boyne, and others westward into Donegal Bay through Lough Erne, which jets upon the northern boundary of the county. The Lagan river, wiiich falls into Dundalk Bay, also intersects its S.E. part; it partakes but partially of the linen manufacture. The ciiief town of the same name, is situate in the centre of the county; 30 miles due W. of Dundalk, the same d istance S.S. E. of Armagh, and 68 N.N.W. of Dublin. As the seat of assize Ijr the county, it has a court-house, jail, and a free grammar-school, founded by Charles I. The county sends two members to parliament. Cavargbre, a town of the Venetian terri- tory, on the S. bank of the Adige, near its entrance into the Gulf of Venice. Caverpatam, a town of Hindostan, in the Carnatic, seated on the Fanaur; 80 miles W.S. W. of Arcot. There is another town of the same name at one of the mouths of the Cavery river, a few miles N. of Tranquebar. Caviana, an island of South America, at the iniiuth of the river Amazon, 9 » iniics in cii'cuinrereni'c, ami of a triaii;;ular I'mii, with its base to the ocean. It lies under iiic cquU nuccial line, in long. SO. 20, W. CAViri;, a seaport on the \V. coast of tho island of Luzon. See Manilla. Cavou, a town of I'ieilniont, in tho pro- vince of Pignerol; 8 miles S. by E. of the town of Pignerol. Pop. about 7000. Cawooo, a town in East Yorkshire, on the river Ousej 12 miles S. of York. Here are tho ruins of a very ancient castle, a munufac- turo for hop-bagging, and a good ferry over the river. Ca-xamarca, a town of Peru, capital of a territory of its name, in the province olTrux- illo. Hero tho Spanish general Pizarro, in I5,'}2, perfidiously seized tho inca, Atahuulpa, and tho next year, after a mock trial, caused him to be publicly executed. It is 70 miles N.E. of the city oi Truxillo. Long. 78. 20. W. lat. 7. S, Caxamarqitilla, aiiother considerable city of Peru, also in the province of Truxillo; about 40 lailcs S.S.E. of Caxamarca. Caxata-mdo, another city of Peru, in the province of Tarma; about 200 miles S. by E. of Caxamarquill;i, and 140 N. by E. of Luna. Caxton, a ti. VII of Cambridgeshire, with a market on Tuesday; 10 miles W. by S. of Cambridge, and 49 N. of London. It was tho birthplace of Caxton, who introduced the art of Printing into England; and also of Matthew Paris, the historian. Cayaoan Sooloo. See Cagayan Sooloo. Cataiiooa, or Cuvauooa, a county of tho state of Ohio, bordering for about 35 miles on the S.W. shore of Lake Eric, being about 8 miles in mean breadth. It is intersected by three or four streams or rivers, falling into the lake, the principal of which, of tho same name as the county, enters the lakcin the long, of 82. 20.W. It is deep enough to receive large sloops from the lake; and is navigable for boats to its source, whence there is only a short portage to the Tuscarawa branch of the Muskmgum, which is also navigable, and runs S. into he Ohio at Marietta. It is proposed to connect these two rivers by a canal, and thereby unite the waters of the great chain of lakeswiththeGulfofMexico. Pop. 26,506. Cleveland, at the mouth of the river, 174 miles N.E. of Columbus, is the chief town. Catamba, a town of Peru, in the province of Quito; 30 miles N.E. of Quito. Caycos, The, an assemblage of islets inter- spersed over a large bank, a part of the Baha- ma group. They are uniniportart. Cayenne, a rich town and island on the coiist of Guiana, capital of the French settle- ments there ; latterly the penal abode for French state prisoners. The island is about 50 miles in circumference, separated from tho continent by a very narrow channel. The surface is low and marshy, and covered with forests. Cayenne pepper, sugar, coffee, cloves, and the smgularly elastic gnm called coout- I CED 200 CEL ' clioiio, aru tlm principal coinmudicies. Tiie li'icneli settled iieie in 1625, but left it in 1654, and it was 8ucces.sivu[y in the possession of the English, French, and Dutch ; but the lat- ter were expelled by the Freneli in 1677. It sunondered to the English in 1809, but was respired to France at the peace of 1814. Long, 52. 15. W. lat. 4. 56. N. See Fkench Guiana. Cayes, Les, or Aux Cayes, a town of Iluyti, on the S. coast. It has some hade, and WHS nearly destroyed in the dreadful hurricane, Aug. 1831. Lat. 18. 11. N. Long. 73. 44. W. Cayte, atown of Brazil, in the gove* ninent of I'ara, near the moutli of the Catcy])evra; 105 miles N.E. of Pura. Long. 48. 12.' W. lat. 0. 50. S. Cayuga, a county of the state ofNew York, the N. end of which borders on Lake Ontario, extending S. aboit 50 miles, and about 10 miles in mean broadih. The population is .'>0,338. Auburn, the ihicf town, is 169 miles W. by N. of Albany. CAvrGA Lake bounds the W. side of the above county for about 25 miles, extending about ten miles fu.*her S. into Tomkins county. It is three to four miles wide, and discharges its waters at the N. end through Seneca River into Lake Ontario, from which the N. end of Cayuga Lake ' aistant about 25 miles. The Erie canal runs past, near the N. end of Cayuga. There is a town of the Bar' 3 name on the E. bank, 5 miles W. of Auburn. Cayuta, a town of Tioga county, state of New York. Cazadiiok, a town of France, department of Gcrs, on the banks of the Adour; 80 miles N.N.E. of Bayonne. Cazekovia, the chief town, of Madison county, state of New York, situate on the bank of a small lake, a few miles S. of the line of the Erie canal; 110 miles W. by N. of Albany. Top. 4153. Uazbres. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper GaTonne; about 35 miles S. W. of Toulouse. Cazimir, a town of Little Poland, ,'n the palatinate of Lublin, seated on the Vistula; 80 miles E. of Zarnaw. Lung. 22. 3. E. lat. 51. 0. N. Cecil, a county of the state of Marylanv^, at the head of Chesapeake Bay, forming the N.E. extremity of the state ; bounded W. by the Susquehannah river. Pop. 17,232, 1352 if whom were slaves. Elkton is the chief town, which see. Cedar Cuvek, a water of James River, in Virginia, in the county of Rockbridge; re- markable for its natural bridge, justly re- garded as one of the most magnificent natu- ral curiosities in the world. It is a huge rock, in the form of an arch, 90 feet long, 60 wide, and from 40 to 60 deep, lying over the river more than 200 feet above the surface of the water, supported by abutments as light and graceful as though thi>y had baen tha work of Corinthian art. Thi'^ Liii'i(,r, gives name to the county, and affords o coinmodi- ons passage over a valley, which cannot be crossed elsewhere tor a considereble distance. It is about 100 miles W. of Richmond, and 160 S..J.W. of Washington city. CEi>An Point, a seaport of Maryland, in Charles county. The exports are chiefly tobacco and maize. It is seated on the Po- tomac; 12 miles below Port Tobacco, and 40 S. by E. of Washington. Ckdogna, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, at the foot of ti\e Appeanines; 20 miles *' .N.E. of Conza. CEFALONiA,or Ceph ALONi A, tho most Con- siderable of the Ionian Isles, in the Mediter- ranean, on the coast of Livadia, opposite the Gulf of Lepanto. It is 40 miles long, and from 10 to 20 broad, fertile in oil and Musca- dine wine. The capital is of the same name; on the S. E. coast. Long. 20. 56. £. lat. 38. 12. N. Pop. 63,200. Ckfalu, a seaport of Sicil) in Val di De- mona, "r^A a bishop's see, v.dth a castle; seated Oi. a promontory 40 miles E by S. of Palermo. Long. 13. 58. E. lat. 38 15. N. Pop. about 5500. CKLA^o, a town of Naples, in Abmzzo Ulteriore, near a lake of the same name; 30 miles in circumference. It is 15 miles S. of Aquila. Celaya, or SiLAO, a town of Mexico, situate on a spacious plain 6000 feet above the level of the sea; a few miles N. N. W. of the city of Guanaxuato. Celbridge, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare; 10 miles W. of Dublin. Celebes, or Macassar, a ver ' irregular and singularly-shaped island in the Eastern . Sea, lying between Borneo and the Mo- luccas. The centre of the island is inter- sected by the line of 120. of E. long, and 2. of S. lat. From this centre four tongues of territoryproject, terminating asfollows: viz. — Lst. long. 1st, at Bonthain, 5. 34. S. 120. 32. E. 2nd, at Cape Lessen, 4 54. S. 121. 28. E. 3rd, at Cape Talabo, 0. 48. S. 123. 57. E. 4th, at Cape Rivers, 1. 15. N. 120. 34. E. 5th, from Cape Rivers another tongue projects eastward, in nearly a straight line, wholly N. of the equator, to the long, of 125. 5. E. The centre from whence the tongues respectively diverge, comprises an extent of territory of about 1 50 miles from N. to S.; and lib from W. to E.; the mean breadth of the projections, each being about 55 miles, gives an aggregate extent of sur- face of about 75,000 square miles. Tne Portuguese, who firsi doubled the Cape of Good Hope into the Eastern Seas, in 1493, formed a settlement upon the S. W. point of Celebes in 1512. The Portuguese were ex- pelled by the Dutch in 1667, by whom the possession was called Mtunssar, who held it CER 201 CER nndi^t'irfaed till after the commencement of the piescut ccnlory. It is divided iuto six kinj|doms, viz.: — Goii, Sclindrin, Mandiir, Wayoo or Tuadjo, Bony, and Jopin. Tlie total population of Celebes is sup))oscd to amount to about 3,000.000, under the sur- veillance of several seimrate rajuhs, among whom polygamy and the other sensualities of Miihometuuism generally prevail. The principal river of the island, the Chrinraiiu, (alls into the Bay of Bony or Buggks, which see; and see also Tone, Tominie, CASiBTNA, and BocTON, otlier bays and islands connected v.itli Celebes. Celi, or Maria Zet.l, a town of Styria, with a celebrated abbey, seated on the Saltza; 17 miles N. N. E. of Brack. Ceneda, a town of Italy, in Trevisano; 18 miles M. of Trcviso. Cenis, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in Savoy, which is a noted passage from the S. of France to Turin. The summit of the pass, which is about 9000 feet above the iovcl of the sea, is 35 miles W. N. \V. of Turin. The facility of intercourse by this route was much improved by Napoleon Buonaparte. Centrb, a county of Pennsylvania, being, In conformity with its name, in the centre of the state. Its shape is an irregular square, about 35 miles each way. The main ridge of the Allegany mountains terminates in a bluff towards the N. side of the county, near to which runs the VV. branch of the Susque- hannah river, a branch of which bounds all the W. side of the county. Bald Eagle Creek intersecting it from S. to N. eastward of the mountain ridge. Fop. 20,492. Bellfonte, 121 mik. N. W. of Harrisburg, and 150 W. N. W. of Philadelphia, is the chief to^vn. Centreville, a town of Maryland, chief of Queen Anne count} ; 48 miles E. S. E, of Baltimore, and 95 S. S. W. of Philadelphia. Ceph alonia. See Cefalonia and Ionia. Ceram, one of the Molucca Isles, extend- ing from 128. to 130. 51. of E. long., being abovt 35 miles in mean breadth, between thelat. of 2. 51. and 3. 55. S. The island of Amboyna, on which the Dutch have their principal spice plantations, lies off the S. W. end of Ceram, on which island, in the true spirit of their characteristic policy, they endeavoured to destroy all the spice »rees, in which despicable attempt they succeeded to a very great extent. Sago is now the pro- minent production of Coram. Tiie salangan, whose edible nests command such an exor- bitant price in China, is common in the isl.'ind. CcflDAOna, a district of the Pyrenees, partly in Spain, in the province of Catalonia, and partly in France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees. Puycerda is the capital 3f the Spanish part, and Mont Louis of the French." Cbbe, St. 1 town of France, in the F. E. somerof tho department of Lot: 37 miles N. E. of Cahors, and 280 S. of Paris. Pop. about 4000. Cerenza, or Gercenza, a town of Na« pies, in Calabria Citcrioro, seated on a rock; 10 miles N. by W. of Severino. Ceret, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eastern Pyrenees, with a magnifi- cent bridge of one arch over the Tet. Here the conmiissioners of France and Spain met, in 1660, to settle the limits of the two kingdoms. In 1794 the French deftated the Spaniards near this town. It is 14 miles W. S. W.ofPerpignan. Csrionota, a town of Naples, in Capita- nata, celebrated by Horace for its excellent :)rcad. Near this town is the ancient Salapia, the ruins of which are still called Salpe. It is 20 miles S. of Manfredonia. Pop. about 12,000. Cerigo, (the ancient Cythera), an island of the Mediterranean, lying off the S. E. promontory of the Morea: it formerly be- longed to the Venetians: the French took possession of it m 1797, it surrendered to the English in 1809, and at the peace ot 1815 was included in the Ionian repnblic, under the protection of England. It is about 17 miles long, from N. to S., and 10 in breadth, mountainous, and but little culti- v (ted. The inhabitants are principally Greeks, whose clrief occupation is in attend- ing to their flocks of sheep and herds of goats. There is a town of the same name near the S. end of the island, containing about 12U0 inhabitants; the extreme S. point of the island is in lat. 36. 9. and 22. 57. E. long. Cerigotto, (the ancient ^gilid), a small island, lying between thi S. E. point of Cerigo and the N. W. point of Candia. Lat. 35. .51. N. and 23. 44. W. long. It is un- productive, and has but few inhabitants. Cerilly, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Allier; 25 miles W. ofMoulins, and 40 S. by E. of I3ourges. Cerina, a seaport, (the ancient Cerynia\ on the N. coast of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, with a castle on an immense rock. The chief exports are barley, silk, cotton, oil, and carob beans. It is 20 miles N. W. of Nicosia. Long. 32. 55. E. lat. 25.45.N. Cerne Abbas, a to*vn in Dorsetshire, with a market on Weilnesday. It is surrounded by high chalk hills, and on the side of one o( them is cut the figure of a man, 180 feet in height, holding a club in his right hand, and extending the other. Here was formerly a stately abbey, and part of its remains is now converted into a house and barn. It is seated on the river Cerne ; 7 miles N. N. W, jf Dorchester, aii^ ^0 W. by S. of London. Cernetz, a tow>. of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, with a mineral spring { seated on the river Inn ; 24 miles S. E. of Coire. Cebrito a town of Naples, in Terra di G E U 202 CEY , ^ Jjavoro, with a cntliedral and collegiate clmrcli; 5 miles N. N. E. of'Teiesa. • Cektosa, a lown of Italy, in the Milanese, with a cclel'inited Carthusian monastery ; 5 miles N. of Puvia. Cekveba, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a university. It is built on an eminence, and has a pop. of 4500. Philip V. transfer- ri'd the university of Lerida, which recently has again removed to Barcelona; 34 miles N. by W. of Tarragona. Cervia, a town of Italy, in Romagna, leated near the Gulf of Venice, whence tanals are cut to admit sea water, from hrhich much salt is made. It is 10 miles S. E. of Ravenna. Cervin, Mont, the most conical point of the Alps, in Savoy, contiguous to Mont Blanc. Cervinara, a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Ulteriore ; 12 miles S. W. of Benevento. Cesena, a town of Italy, in Romat.rna, seated on the Savio; 18 miles S. by E. of Ravenna. Cesenatico, a seaport of Italy, in Ro- ruagna. In 1800, the inhabitants having arrested a messenger with despatches, the English set fire to the moles of the harbour, and destroyed sixteen vessels. It is seated on the Gulf of Venice; 16 miles S. E. of Ravenna, and 8 E. of Cesena. Cessieaux, a town of France, in the de- partment of Isere; 27 miles E. S. E. of Lyons, Cette, a seaport of France, situate on a tongue of land stretching along the coast of the department of Herault, on the Gulf of Lyons. A considerable quantity of salt is made from the water of the inlet. It has a miumfacture of soap, and sugar refinery, and exports a considerable quantity of brandy ; the canal of Langucdoc falling into the inlet, occasions Cette to bo the medium of an ex- tensive intercourse between the eastern and southern departments of France. Pop. about 8000. The lighthouse is in lat tS. 24. N. and 3. 42. W. long, and about 18 miles S. VV. of Montpelier. Ceuta, (the ancient Ahyla), a town of Fez. at the N. W. extremity of Africa, op- posite to Gibraltar, from which it is distant only 14 miles. It was taken from the Moors, by the Portuguese, in 1409; it fell into the hands of the Spaniards in 1 640, was confirmed to them by the treaty of Lisbon in 1688, and in whose possession it still con- tinues. The Moors besieged it in 1694, and maintained a close blockade before it, ontlic land side, for nearly thirty years, when they ultimately retired with great loss. Its fort- ress, like that of Gibraltar, to which it is considered a counterpart, may be regarded as impregnable; and, as such, they are poetically termed the Pillars of Hercules. It lias a tolerably good harbour for vessels not of very large bunhcn; in the lat. of 3fi. 54. N.and 6. 16. W long. Cbva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort It was taken by the French in 1 796, and re- taken by the Piedmontese peasants in 1799. It stands on the Tenaro; 8 miles S. E. of Mondovi. Pop. about 5500. Cevesnes, a late territory of France, in the province of Languedoc. It is a moun- tainous country, and now forms the depart- ment of Gard. Ceylon, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying oft' the S. W. coast of the promontory of Hindostan, from which it is separated by the Gulfof Manara and Polk's Strait, about 90 miles in breadth. The form of Ceylon has not inaptly been compared to that of a pear, the N. part forming the stem. Ii is 270 miles in extreme length, from Point de Galle, in the lat. 6. 4., to Point Pedro, in 9. 50. N., and 120 in extreme breadth be* tween the long, of 80. and 81. 62. E. The early history of Ceylon is involved in obscurity; but supposing it to be the Tapro- bane adverted to by Strabo, Pomponius Mela, and Pliny, it must have ranked high in population tind influence among the na- tions of Asia, for ages antecedent to the Christian era, having sent an embassy over land to Rome in the reign of the Empcroi Claudius. It appears to have been visited by S'ime Nestorian missionaries, in the 9th century. About the mi lofty range of mono tain '> divides the island CEY 203 CEY m nearly into two parts, and terminates com- pletely the etTucts of the monsoons, which set ill periodically from opposite sides of them. The seasons are more regulated by the monsoons than the course of the sun : for the coolest seaaon is during the sunmier Bolstice while the western monsoon pre- vails. Spring commences in October, and the hottest season is from January to tiic be- ginning of April. The climate on the coast, is more temperate than on the conti- nent of Hindostan, but in the interior of the country the heat is many degrees greater, and the climate often extremely sultry and unhealthy. The finest fruits grow in vast plenty ; but there is a poisonous fruit called Adam's apple, which in shape resembles the ♦quarter of an apple cut out, with the two insides a little convex, and a continued ridge along the outer edges, and is of a beautiful orange colour. Pepper, ginger, and carda- moms are produced in Ceylon, with five kinds of rice, which ripen one after another. One of the most remarkable trees in the island is the talipot, which grows straight and tall, and is as big as the mast of a ship; the leaves are so large as to cover 15 men; when dried, they are round, and fold up like a fan. The natives wear a piece of the leaf on their head when they travel, to shade them from the sun; and they are so tough that they are not easily torn. Every soldier carries one, and it serves for his tent; other trees and shrubs, some valuable for their timber and others for their resin, gums, and flowers, are interspersed over every part of the island ; but the most important of all its vegetable productions is the cinnamon tree, the bark . of which is distributed over every part of the habitable globe. Ceylon also abounds with topazes, garnets, rubies, and other gems; besides ores of cop- per, iron, &c., and veins of black crystal. Common deer, as well as Gumea deer, are numerous; but the horned cattle arc both very small and scarce, six of them weighing altogether oidy 714 lbs., and one of these only 70 lbs. Yet the island produces the largest and best elephants in the world, which occasionally formed an extensive branch of traffic to different parts of Hindos- tan, but since cultivation has become of greater importance, they have been de- stroyed in great numbers. The woods are infested by tigers: they abound also with snakes of a monstrous size, among which is the boa constrictor, one of which has been known to destroy a tiger, and devour him at one meal. Spiders, centipedcp, and scorpions, also prow to an enormous size. Among the curiosities of the insect tril)e, the mantis, or creeping leut, is met with, having every mem- ber of common insects, though in shape and api)Parance it greatly resembles a leaf : it is of a green colour. The sea-coast abounds with fish. Alligators, and all the lizard tribe, hre also numerous. The aborigines of Ceylon consist of two classes of people, the Cingalese, and the Veddahs. The latter are still in the rndest stage of social life; they live embosomed in the woods, or in the hollows of the moun- tains: hunting their sole employment, and providing for the day their oidy car-*. Some of them acknowledged the authority of tho king of Candy, and exchanged with the Cin- galese, elephants' teeth and deer flesh, fol arrows, cloth, &c ; but this practice is no! general, for two-thirds of them hold no com- munication with the Cingalese, and have an utter antipathy to strangers. They worship a particular god ; and their religious doctrine seems to consist of some indistinct notions of the fundamental principles of the Brami- nical faith. In some places they have erected temples; but for the most part they perform worship at an altiir constructed of bamboos, under the shade of a banyan tree. The Cin- galese, the subjects of the ki.igs of Candy during the existence of their reign, appear to have been, beyond time of memory, a race of Hindoos, instructed in all the arts of civil life, and maintaining, if not an ascendancy, a co-equality of influence and importance with their continental neighbours. The dis- tinction of castes into nuietecn gi-adcs, pre- vails among them as scrupulously as among the Hindoos. In their devotions they are Pagans ; and, though they acknowledge a supreme God, they worship only the inferior deities, among which they reckon the sun and moon. In their tempi* s are images, well executed, though their fi^jures are monstrous; some are of silver, cop|H r, &c. The diliorent sorts of gods hfi various priests, who have all some privil' Their houses are small and low, with wullo aiade 'if hurdles, smooth- ly covered with clay, anplied, none being allowed to be made in any other place. It is situate opposite Ava, the de- serted capital, on the N. side of the Irrawad- dy, which here turns N. and parts it from Ummerapoora, the present capital. CuAORBS, a imall and unhealthj town on the north coast of the isthmus of central America. It was proposed as the terminus of the railroad or canal which was to con- nect the two oceans. The northern ter« minus of the Panama railroad, 80 milea in length, is at Aspinwall in Navy Bay, a few miles to the E. It was entirely opened on January 28, 1855. The fort of Chagres was taken by Admiral Vernon in 1748. Long. 90.17. W. ; lat. 9.10. N. Chais Died, a town oi France, in the de- partment of the Upper Loire, Avith a cele- brated Benedictine abbey; 12 miles E. of Brioude. Chalain New, a town of Asia, kingdom of Ava, and chief town of a district in Bur- mali. It is walled, and is very ancient. Chalco, a town of Mexico; 18 miles S.E. of the city of Mexico. CiiALEOR, Bat of, a spacious bay on the W. side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which divides the district of Gasp^, Lower Canada, from the province of New Brunswick. Miscou Island, at the entrance of the bay, is in lat. 48. 4. N. and 64. 14. W. long.; from which point the bay runs about 80 miles further west, being about twenty miles in breadth, indented on the N. by Cascapedia, and on tlic S. by Nipisiguit Bay. It receives several rivers, the principal of which is the Risti- goucho, at its head. Along the coast are numi ions inhabitants whose occupation is fishiufT and ship-building. CiiALLANS, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vendue; situate about 12 mik'S from the coast, and 21 miles N. of Sables d'Olonne. Challone, a town of France, in the de partment of Mayenne and Loire, situate on the S. bank of the Loire ; 30 miles E. N. E. of Nantes. Pop. about 5000. Chalons stm Marne, a city of France, capital of the department of Marne, and lately an episcopal ee. It contains several public buildings, au situate on lies E. N. E. of France, Marne, and itnins several nbitants, who in shalloons s an academy belles-lettres. Marne, over ome, and two E. ofRheims, Murg railway* 1 Chalons snR Saone, a city of France, in the department of Saonc and Loire, with a citadel, and lately an episcopal see. It is the staple of iron for Lyon and St. Eticnnc, and of wines for exportation. Here are various indications of Konian magnificence, particu- larly the ruins of an amphitheatre. The city contains the old town, tlie new town, and tliu suburb of St. Lawrence. In the first is the couri or Justice, and the cathedral. It is, on tlie railroad, 70 miles N. of Lyons, and 170 S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 9000. CuALca, a town of Prance, in the depart- ment of Upper Vienne, with a castle. Richard I. of England, while preparing to besiege this place, received a wound in his shoulder, by an arrow, which proved mortal. It is 15 miles VV. S. W. of Limoges. Cham, a town of Bavaria, seated on the river Cham, at its confluence with the Regen; 27 miles N. E. of Ratisbon . Pop. about 2000. Chabibeks, a county of Alabama, United States, in the E. part of the state having the Chattahoochee River on its E. border. La- fayette is the capital. Pop. 17,333. Cjiambeksburg, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of Franklin county, with two ))rcsby- turian churches; situate in a hilly country; 30 miles S. W. of Carlisle. Ciiahbbrtin, a village of France in the department of Cote d'Or, celebrated for its delicious wine. It lies to the S. of Dijon. Chambery, the capital of Savoy, with a castle and ducal palace. It is fortified by walls and ditches, and watered by many streams, which run through several of the streets. There are piazzas under most of the houses, where people may walk dry in the worst weather. It has large and handsome suburbs; and in the neighbourhood are some baths, much frequented in summer. In 1742 the Spaniards made themselves masters of tliis capital, but it was restored by the peace of 1 748. It was taken in 1 792 by the French, who were dispossessed of it in 1 799, but re- gained it in 1800. It is seated at the conflux of the Lessc and D'Albon ; 27 miles N.E. of Grenoble, and 85 N.W. of Turin. Pop. about 12,000. Long. 6. 50. E. lat. 45. 33. N. Chambly, a fort of Lower Canada, on the river Chambly, or Sorel, issuing from Lake Champlain. It was taken by the Americans in 1775, and retaken by the English in 1776. It is 15 miles E. of Montreal; and a little higher on the same river is the fort of St. John, which is a frontier garrison. CiiAMNEiSKOi, a town of Asiatic Russia, lying S. of the S. end of Lake Baikal, near the frontiers of Chinese Tartary, CiiAMOUNi, one of the elevated valleys of the Alps, about 3300 feet above the level of the sea. It '.s at the foot of Mont Blanc, on the N. side, and is watered by the Arve, and celebrated for its herds of goats. There is a village of the same name in the bosom of the valley, on the banks of the Arve ; 42 ni. E.N.E of Chambery, and 35 S.E. of Geneva. CuAMOND, St., a town of France, in the department of Rhone, with a castle; on the river Giuz; 17 miles S. of Lyon. CuAMPAONE, a late province of France, 162 miles long and 112 broad; bounded on the N. by Ilainault and Luxembuir^, E. by Lorrain and Franche Compte, S. by Bur- gundy, and W. by the Isle of France and Sois- sonnois. It now forms the departments of Ardennes, Aube, Marne, and Upper Marne. Champagne, an interior county of the state of Ohio; about 20 miles in length, from E. to W., and 10 broad; it is intersected from N. to S. by Mad River, a branch of the Great Miami. Pop. 16,721. Urbane, 50 m. W.N.W. of Columbus, is the chief town. Champagnei, a town of France, depart- ment of Upper Saone; 8 miles from Lure. Pop. 2200. Champion, a town of North America, United States, state of New York, at the Long Falls on Black River, with a trade in corn. Pop. 2206. Champaneer, a city and capital of a dis- trict of the same name, in the province of Malwa, Hindostan; it was formerly the capi- tal of the rajahs of Guzerat; ruins of temples and mosques remain to attest its former consequence. It is 45 miles due east of Cam bray. Champlain, a lake of North America, which divides the N. part of the state of New York from that of Vermont. It is 90 miles long, in a direction due N., and 18 in its broadest part; the mean width is about 6 m., and its depth is sufficient for the largest ves- sel. It contains many islands, the principal of which, called North Hero, is twenty-four miles long, and from two to four wide. It receives the waters of Lake George from the S.S.W. and sends its own waters a N. course, through Chambly River into the St. Law- rence. The land on its borders, and on the banks of its rivers, is good. During the war declared by the United States against Eng- land in 1812, each party maintained a naval force of three or four vessels, which came to an engagement on the 14th of September, 1814. when the British squadron was defeated and taken. Although this lake lies between the lat. of 45. and 47. it is frequently frozen over, so as to afford a passage on the ice for two or three months in the year; it is united with Lake Erie by a canal. See Albany. Champlain, a town of New York, in Clin- ton county, situate on Lake Champlain, near its N. extremity. In 1777 abattle was fought here between the British, under General Carl- ton, and the Americans, under General Ar- nold, in which the latter were totally defeated. Pop. 3632. It is 92 miles due N. of Albany. Champlemy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievrc, near the source of the Nievre; 25 miles N.N.E. of Nevers. Chanac, a town of Fiance, in the province ofLanguedocj 8^ mi!<%s from Meude. Pop. 20('0. CHA 206 CHA Chanak Kalessi, a town and Turt on the Parilanellcs, Turkey in Asia. rop. 2500. CiiANCAY, a seaport of Peru, cajutal of a distriet of the same name. It lias a conve- nient port; 45 miles N. by W. of Lima. CiiANDA, a town of Hindostun, in Berar, seated on a branch of tlic Godavery; 78 m. S. of Nagpour. Long. 79. 54. E. lat. 20. 2. N. Chanuereb, a town of Plindostau, capital of a district in the Malwa country, near the river Betwha. It is the residi;ncc of a rajah, and 170 miles S, of Agra. Long. 78. 43. E. lat. 24. 48. N. CiiANi>ERNAGonE, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal. It was the principal French settle- ment in tlie East Indies, and had a strong fort, which was destroyed by the English in 1757; and in 1793, they again dispossessed the French of lliis settlement. It is seated on the W. side of the Hoogly, 15 miles N. of Calcutta. Chandor, a town of Hindostan, in the country of Baglima, taken by the English in 1804. It is 90 miles W.N.W. of Aurungabad. Long. 74. 38. E. lat. 20. 8. N. Ciiandraocti, a town of Hindostan, in Slysore, with a fort on a high peaked hill. The vicinity produces sandal-wood of a good quality. It is seated near the Varada, on the confines of the country; 110 miles N. by E. of Mangalore. Chanel begins the name of numerous other towns in dilferent parts of Hindostan. It signifies the moon. Chandui, a seaport of Colombin, near the N. point of the Gulf of Guayaquil, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 2. 23. S.; it is incon- siderable. CiiANG-iiAi, a town of China, in the pro- vince of Kiang-nan. In this town, and the villages dependent on it, are more than 200,000 tveaversof I'loth. It is situated near the sea coast, 18 miles N.E. of Sonkiang. Chanmanning, a city of Tibet, which has been the residence of the grand lama. It is 130 miles W. of Lassra. Long. 89. 45. E. lat. 31.0. N. CiiAN-Bi, or SiiAN-SEE, a province of China, the N. end bordering on the great wall, and the S. on the Great Yellow River; bounded on the E. by the metropolitan province of Petcheli, and W. by Chensi, or Shen-see. The climate is salubrious and agreeable, and the soil generally fertile, though the N. part is full of mountains. Some of these are rough, wild, and uninhabited; but others are cultivated with the greatest care from top to bottom. They abound with coal, which the inhabitants pound, and make into cakes with water, a kind of fuel principally used for heat- ing their stoves, which are constructed with brick, and in the form of small beds, so that tlio people sleep upon them. The country a\)ounds with musk, porphyry, marble, lapis lazuli, and jasper, of various colours, and iron-mines, as well as salt-pits and crystals, are very common. Here are five cities of the first class, and eighty-five of the second and third. The capital is Tai-youen-fou. CnANTii.LY, a town of France, in the de- partment of Oise, celebrated for a great pot- tery; also for a fine forest and magnificent hunting-seat. It is 17 miles N. by E. of Paris. CnAN-TONG, or SiiAN-TONQ, a maritime province of the N. of China. It contains six cities of the first class, and 114 of the second and third; besides which there are, along the coast, several forts and villages of considera- ble note on account of their commerce; and a number of small islands in the Gulf of Leaotong, tlie greater part of which have very convenient iiarbours. This province has large manufactures of silk, and a kind of stuffs peculiar to this part of China. It is traversed by the Imperial Canal. The caj)!- tal is Tsinan. CiiAO-uiNO, a city of China, in the prov. of Tche-kiang, wliich has eight cities of the third rank under its jurisdiction. It is situate near the sea coast; 730 miles S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 38. E. lat. 30. 10. N. CiiAo-TCiiEO, a city of China, in the pro- vince of Quang-tong, situate between two navigable rivers, and celebrated for a monas- tery of the bonzes in its neighbourhood. It is i40 miles N. of Canton. CiiArALA, a lake 15 miles in breadth, and 55 in length, in the province of Guadalaxara, Mexico, which discharges its waters by the Rio Grande de Santiago, into the Pacific Ocean ; the E. end of the lake is about 200 miles N.W. of the city of Mexico. Chaparanc, or Desaprono, a city of Tibet, seated near the head of the Ganges; 90 miles westward from the Lake Mansaroar. It is 1 60 miles N.N.E. of Sirinagur. Long. 79.22. E. lat. 38. 10. N. Ciiapel-en-le-Fkitii, a town in Derby- shire, with a market on Thursday; seated on the confines of the Peak; 17 miles S.E. of Manchester, and 167 N.N.W. of Ix)ndon. In 1821 it had three establishments for spin- ning of cotton, and two for the manufacture of nails. Chapel Hii.l, a town of North Carolina, in Orange county, with a university esta- blished by the state ; seated on an eminence ; 20 miles N.W. of Raleigh. CnAi'EL IzoD, a village on the bank of the Lill'ey, on the W. side of Dublin. Chapei.le Blanche, a town of France, in the department of Maine et Loire. Pop. 3500. CiiAPMER, a town of France, in the de- parf inont of Lower Charente. Pop. 2800. Chara.^m, or KiiARisM, a fertile country of Usbec Tartary, bounded on the N. by Tur- kestan, E. by Bokharia, S. by Chorasan, and W. by the Caspian Sea. It is divided among several Tartarian princes, of whom one takes the title of khan, with a degree of pre-emi- nence over the rest. Khiva is the capital, and the usual residence of the khan in win- CIIA 207 CIIA nd and the dc- jat pot- nificent E. of laritime nins six J second long the nsidera- ce; and Gulf of ch have [>rovince 1 a kind \a. It is :he cnpi- he es is prov. of tlie „ situate by E. of D.N. the pro- veen two monas- hood. It adth, and idalaxara, ers by the lie Pacitic about 200 a city of 10 Ganges; Vlansaroar. ur. Long. in Devby- ; seated on iles S.E. of of London. its for spin- nanufactuie th Carolina, 'ersity esta- u eminence ; the bank of blin. of France, in .oire. Pop- 7, in the de- Pop. 2800. trtile country icN.byTur- liorasan, and ivided among lom one takes ! of pre-enii- 3 the capital, khan in win- ter; but during the suinmer he generally en- camps on the l)anksof the river Amu. CiiAitCAS, one of tl.e Unitcii Provinces of S'lUth America, lyins; between tlic hit. of 18. and 21. S. and tlie 61st uiul 70th of \V. long. Clmquisaca, or La Plata, is the chief town, near to whicli the main biuncii of the Pilco- niayo has its source; it is bounded on tlieW. and S. by the Province of Potosi, and is in the centre of tiie chief silver mining district. Chard, a town in Soinersetsiiire, witli a market on Monday. It stands pre-eminent overall the country between the two seas; and has a copious stream, which is easily di- vertible into eitiicr the English or Bristol ChanncL It is 12 miles S.S.E. of Taunton, and 139 W. by S. of London. CiiARENTR, a department of France, in- cluding the late province of Angoumois. It is named from a river, which rises in Limosin, and runs by Angouleme, Saintes,and lloche- fort, into the Bay of Biscay. Angouleme is the capital. Pop. about 325,000. Charenfc, Lower, a maritime depart- ment of France, consisting of the two late provinces of Aunis and Saintonge. llochc- fort, Rochelle, and Marennes on tlu- coasts, and Salntes and St. Jean d'Angely, are the principal towns in this department, and in which the isles of Re and Oleron are included. It is a fertile district, ana exports a consi- derable quantity of brandy. Pop. 395,000. Charenton, a town of France, about 5 m. S.E. of Paris, celebrated for its iron-works. There is another town of the same name in the department of the Cher. CuARiTE, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nievre, with manufactures of wool- len and hardware. Here is a priory of Be- nedictine Clunistes, which once, in a season of scarcity, sultsisted the whole town by its bounty; and hence it derives its name. It is seated on the E. bank of the Loire; 15 miles N. by W. of Nevers. Pop. about 4000. Charitox, a county in the N. part of the state of Missouri, United States. The river of the same name passes through it. Key- tesville is the ctipital. Pop. 4746. Charkow. ^ee Kuarkoff. CuARi.BURT, a town 5 miles from Wood- stock, in Oxfordshire, England. It holds four large cattle fairs annually. The greater part of the population are employed in the manufac- ture of gloves, and other articles of leather. CiiAKLEMONT, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, seated on the river Blaekwater; 6 miles S. of Uuncannon, and 68 N. of Dublin. CiiARLEMONT, a fortified town of France, on the frontier of tiie Netherlands, in the department of Ardennes; seated on a craggy mountain, by the river Meuse; 20 miles N. E, of Kocroy. Pop. about 4000. CuARLBHOi, a town of Belgium, in the county of Nauiur. It has been ot\eu taken. It is seated on the Sambre; 18 miles W. of Numur, and 32 S. of Brussels. Charles, Cate, r promontory of Virginia, forming the N. point of the entrance ot Chesapeake Bay. Long. 76. 14. W. lat. 37. 12. N. Charles, Cape, thcN. point of an island in the South Channel of Hudson's Strait, leading into Hudson's Bay. Long. 74. 15. \V. lat. 62. 46. N. Charles, a county in the S. W. part of the state of Maryland, lying between the Patuxent and Potomac rivers. Pop. 16,023, '9182 of whom were slaves. Port Tobacco, ' at the head of an inlet of the Potomac, 65 miles S. of Baltimore, is the chief town. Chari.es City, a county of Virginia, gk ten m |v CHA 208 CHA 1 'I city run parallel to each otlicr from river to river, intciiioctod by others at right an^^les. XI coiitaiuH about 20 places of religious worship, a city hull, theatre, and scvenil other public imildiugs. It is the toeus of all the commerce oi the state, and of part ot Morih Carolina aud Georgia. Fort Sumter, in tiie harbour, was bombarded by the Seces- Hioiiists in the early part of 1861, and the Union troops in U capitulated without losing a man. The population in 1790 was IG,360, and is now 29,261. For the extent of its commerce see Carolina, South. CuAHLESTOWN, a towu of Mtissachusetts, united to Boston by a wooden bridge, about i 1500 feet in length, over Charles Kiver. The I marine hospital, state prison, and United \ States' Navy yard, are all on the Charles- town side of tiie river. It has six or seven places of religious worship; also some of the most commodious private wharfs of any belonging to the port; and, being the outlet of Boston to the States of New Iluinp- siilre and Maine, it constitutes a very im- portant section of the port of Boston, which see. Breeds Ilill, or Bunkers Hill, cele- brated in the history of the revolutionary war, lies on the E. side of the town ; it is ocrclyan undulation of the soil, not exceed- ing 30 feet above the level of the sea. A line granite obelisk, 220 feet high, has been erected on it, to connncmorate this impor- tant event. Pop. 11,484. There are several other towns named Charkston and Charlestown, in diti'ureut parts of the United States. Chaklestown is also the name of the principal town in the island of Nevis, and of a town of the island of Barbadoes. Charlestown, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, much frequented by invalids, lor the benefit of goats' whey. It is seated near the Dee; 28 m. W. by S. of Aberdeen. CtiARLBTiLLK, a towu of Ireland, on the K. boundary of the county of Cork. It has n Roman Catholic school, supported by voluntary subscriptions; it has 11 other 8<:.'iools. It is situate on the high road fcom Limerick to Cork, about 20 miles dis- tance from each, and 108 W. S. W. of l>ublin. CuARLEViLLE, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes. Here is a mag- nificent square, and in the centre a hand- some fountain. It has extensive manufac- tures of fire-arms, and is seated on .he JNIeuse, opposite Mezieres; 25 miles W.N. VV. cf Sedan. Fop. about 8000. Charlotte, a county of Virginia, extend- ing for about 25 miles along the N. side of trie Roanoke river, being about 12 miles in breadth, intersected by several streams fall- ing into the Roanoke. Pop. 11,595. Marys- yiile, about 70 miles S. S. W. of Richmond, >" the chief town. Chaklottk, a town in Monroe county, Kew York, situate on the W. bank of the (icncssce river, at its entrance into Laka Ontario; 240 miles \V. by N. of Albany. Pop. about 20U0. Also the name of a town in Vermont, on the E. bank of Lake Champ- lain. CuARLOTTKNnrRo, a town of Branden- burg, in the Middle Mark, with a royal ])ulace, and magnificent gardens. It was built by Sophia Charlotte, the first queen of Prussia, on the river Spree; 4 miles W. of iScrlin. (.Juarlotte-toavn, the capital of the isle of St. John (now Prince Edward Island), in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It stands on a point of land, on the S. W. side of the island, which forms two bays. Long. 62. 50. W. lat. 46. 14. N. Charlotte-town, the capital of Domi- nica, formerly called Roseau. In 1806 it was nearly destroyed by a hurricane. It is 21 miles S. E. of Prince Rupert Bay. Long. 61. 28. W. lat. 15. 18. N. Charlottesville, a town of Virginia, United States, capital of Albemarle county. It stands on Moore's Creek, and, though iiTL-gular, is well built. It derives its chief importance from the University of Virginia, founded in 1819 on the plan of Mr. Jofter- sui), and is munificently cn'^owed. It is 85 miles N. W. of Richm ^nd, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. Charlton. There are upwards of twenty villages of this name in England. It is also the name of a town in Saratoga county. New York; 24 miles N. of Albany, pop. about 2000, and of another town m Worcester county, Massachusetts. Charlton Row, a tow. ip in the parish of Manchester. See Manchester. Charues, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vosges, seated on the Moselle; 8 miles E. of Mirrcourt. Charmocth, a parish in Dorsetshire, 3 miles N. E. of Lyme Regis. On Christmas Eve, 1839, a severe earthquake occurred, which dislodged a largo portion of land to the extent of four miles along the coast. CuAROLLES, a city of France, in the de- partment of Saono and Loire, with a ruin- ous castle; seated on the Reconce; 24 miles W. N. W. of Macon. Pop. 2518. Charost, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre, seated on the Amon; 6 miles N. E. of Issoudun. CHARRonz, a town of Fiance, in the de- partment of Vienne; 25 miles S. of Poitiers. CiiARTRE, La, a town of France, in the department of Sarthe; 13 miles S. W. from Calais. Pop. 1551. Cuartres, a city of France, capital of the department of Eure and Loire. The cathe- dral is one of the finest in France, and its steeple is much admired. The principal trade consists in corn. It is seated on the Eure, over which is a bridge, the work of the celebrated Vauban; 45 miles S. VV. of Paris. Pop. about 13,000. C CIIA 209 CITA fthe itho- its cipal tlie votk B. W. CiiARYBDis, n famous whirlpool, in the Strait of Messina, on the const of Sicily, opposite the celebrated Scyllo, in Italy. According to the theme of ancient poets, it was very formidable to mariners; but it is said to have been entirely removed by the great earthquake in 1783. CiiATAiioucHKE, a rapid river of the state of Georgia, which rises in the Apalachian mountains, on the frontif^r of Tennessee, and runs S. for 300 miles to East Florida, where it is joined by the Flint, and then their united stream takes the name of Apaluchi- cola. It separates the state of Alabanin from that of Georgia, for about 100 miles before it enters Florida. CiiATEADBniAND, a town of France, in the N. part of the department of Lower Loire; 35 miles N. by E. of Nantes. Pop. about 3000. ('iiATBAU Camdrksis, a town of France, in the department of Nord, with a palace be- longing to the Bishop of Canihray. A treaty was concluded here in 1559, between Henry II. of France, and Philip II. of Spain. It is seated on the Scille; 14 miles S. E. of Cambray. Pop. about 4000. Chateau Cm NOV, a town of France, in the department of Nievre, with a consider- ahie manufacture of cloth; seated near the source of the Yonne; 36 miles E. by N. of Novrcs. Pop. 3300. Chateau Dauphin, a strong castle. of Piedmont, near the source of the Po; 16 miles W. by N. of Saluzito. Chateaudun, a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, with a castle, built by the famous Count of Dunois; seated c-n an eminence near the Loire; 30 miles N. of Blois. It was entirely burnt down in 1723, but was speedily rebuilt. Pop. about 6000. Chateau du Loir, a town of France, in the department of Sarte, famous for a siege of seven years against the Count of Mans. It is seated on the Loire; 22 miles S. S. £. of Mans. CuATEACGAT, a towu of Franklin county, state of New York, situate midway between Lake Cham plain and the St. Lawrence; 210 miles N. by W. of Albany. Population, 2824. There is a small river of the same name, falling into the St. Lawrence. Chateau Gontikr, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne, with a castlo, a mineral spring, and a trade in linens. It is seated on the Mayenne; 22 miles N.W. of Angers. Pop. about 5500. Chateau Landon, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, with an Augustine abbey; seated on a hill; 30 miles S. of Melun. Chateauliw, a town of France, in the department of Finisterre, with a consider- able trade in slates; seated on the Auzon; i2 miles N. of Quimper. Chateau Meillant, n town of France, in the department of Cher; 8 miles from La Chatre. Pop. 2281. Chateau Necp, a town of Franco, in the department of Charento, on the river Cha- rente; 12 miles from Angoulenie. Pop. 2300. Chateau Renard, a town of France, in the department of Bouches du Ilhone; 16 , miles from Tarascon. Pop. 3200. Chatbauroux, a town of Franco, ropital of the department of Indre, with a ctstle. I* has a manufacture of cloth, and iron mines in its vicinity, and is seated in a pleasant plain, on the Indre; 35 miles S. W. of Bour- ges, and 148 S. by W. of Paris. Pop. about 8500. Chateau Salins, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe, with extensive salt-works; 16 miles N.E. of Nancy. CirATEAU Thierry, a town of France, in the department of Aisne, with a castle on an eminence. It is the birthplace of the celo- brER, a village contiguous to Ax- minster, in Somersetshire, England. It is situate in a delightfully picturesque part of the county, on the S. W. side of the Mendip hills, and is deservedly celebrated for the excellence of its cheese. In 1839 a series of caves was discovered, in which are some very curious stalactitious formations. The river Chedder takes its rise from sevcr.al springs near the town, and runs, through the ad- joining plain land, into the river Axe. Cheduba, an island in the Bay of Bengal, on the coast of Birmah : 45 miles long and 10 broad. It yields abundance of rice, and the most western point is in long. 93. Oj. E. lut. 18. 56. N. CuEGO MuDDi, a town of Hindostan, in the country of Cutch, at the mouth of the Caggur ; 23 miles S. W. of Bhooj, near the mouth of the eastern branch of the Indus. CnEiToiiE, or Chitore, a town of Hin- dostan, in the territory of Oudipour. It was the capital of the ranna, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, in the days of his greatness; and was a fortress and city of great extent, situate on a mountain ; but it has been in ruins since the time of Aurungzebe, in 1681. It is 46 miles N. N. E. of Oudipour, and 88 S. S. W. of Aginiere. E. long. 74. 50. and 24. 35. N. lat. Che Kiang, "'ce Tchk Kiako. CiiEi.iouT, a town of Abyssinia, in thcpro- vince of Tigrd with one of the finest churtliu* in the kingdom, ornamented with paint- ings, and has been the residence of the ra« or sovereign. CiiEi.M, a town of Poland, in Bed Russia, capital of a palatinate of its name, and a hi* 8ho))'s see. In 1794 tho Poles were defeated by I he Prussians near this town. It is 100 miles E. S. E. of Warsaw, long. 23. 29. E. lat. 51. 20. N. Chelmsford, the conntj town of Essex, with a market on Friday. Hero is a stately church, a magnificent shire-house, theatre, and barracks, an excellent conduit, and a free school, founded by Edward VI. It is situate at the conHuencc of the Cam with the Cholmcr; 29 miles E. N. E. of London. Tho Kastern Counties Railway intersects tho town, and crosses the Cam on a viaduct of 18 arches, each of 30 feot span, and about 40 feet high. Chelmsford, «i tcvrii of Massachnsctts, in Middlesex county, situate on the S. side of the Merriraac, over which is a curious bridge, at Patucket Falls, which connects this town with Dracut. It is 28 miles N. N. W. ot Boston. A canal from tho Merrimac to Bos- ton harbour commences at Chelmsford, which contributes considerably to its importance and interest, having an extensive quarry of very fine granite in its vicinity. The pre- sent important town of Lowel belonged to this town until 1824. Pop. 1697. CuiiLSBA. a parish lying along the N. bank of the Thames, to the S. W. of London, and to which it forms an integral part. This section of the metropolis is distinguished for its hospital for the support of decayed and maimed soldiers, founded in tho time of Charles II. ; its chief promoter was Sir Ste- phen Fox, who contributed 13,000/. towards the building; it was finished in tho time of William and Mary, The building is a quad- rangle, the wings extending towards the ri- ver; tho base which is nearly 800 feet in ex- tent, is entered from the centre of tho north front, into a noblo vestibule; tho E side is appropriated to a chapel, and the W. to a hall, in which the pensioners dine; the wings, which are divided into wards, are each 360 feet in length, 80 wide, and three stories high; the infirmary, and other out-buildings, and gardens, cover an area ot'nearly SOacrus. Sir Christopher Wren, was the architect ; and, in respect to proportion and con- venience, the edifice is worthy of his high reputation, and produces an imposing eflect; but being built mostly of brick, it is inferior in magnificence to tho marine hospital at Greenwich. The number of in-pensioners is usually about 500; the out-pensioners vary in number, averaging perhaps 70,000 or 80,000. In 1801 a military asylum, con- tiguous to tho hospital, was established for the education of 1000 children of non-com- missioned officers and soldiers, towards the CUE 212 CUE ■upport of which the whole army contribntcH one day's piiy per anti.; tlio building, which is principally of brick, cost about 150,000/. ClielMca is also distinKuishcd for its botanic garden, formed by Sir Hans SlDane, and presented by him, in 1721, to tlio Apothe- caries' Company of London, on condition of piiying a quit-rent of 5/. per a))num and pre- senting annually to the Royal Society fifty different specimens of plants grown in tlio garden, until tho number of new specimens amounted to 2000. The hospital is about two miles VV.S.W. o' Westminster Abbey, and four miles in tho same direction from the Koyal Exchange. Cheltenham, a borough in Gloucestershire, England, situate in a fertile vale near the foot of the ColdswoM Hills; 94 miles N. \V. of London, on the road to Gloucester. Till within the present century it was an incon- 8ideral)le place, participutini^ partially in the woollen manufactures' of the neighbouring district. It acquired some distinction bv the discovery of a medicinal spring in 1740; and, being visited by George III. in 1788, it became somewhat celebrated; the population, however, in 1801, amounted only to 3076, since which it has greatly increased in numbers and importance, and is one of the chief re- sorts of gaiety and fashion in the kingdom. A theatre was erected in 1803; baths, assem- bly-rooms, libraries, public walks, and other attractions, have progressively been extended for the arjommodiition of an increasing popu- lation. It is connected by a branch line with the Oioat AVestern liailway at Swindon. Its waters, which increase in quantity in pro- portion to the demand for them, and increase of visitors, operate both as aperient and resto- rative, being impregnated with salts, sulphur, steel, and calcareous earth. The parish ch urch is an ancient and venerable structure ; there are several sectarian places of worship; its market, on Thursday, is well supplied with every necessary. It returns one member to parliament. CiiELiTM, or Jalcm, a river of Asia, the westernmost of the five eastern branches of tho Indus. It rises above Cashmere, flows through the province of that name into the Punjaub, and joins the Chunaub, 16 miles below Kooshaub. This river is the Hydaspes of Alexander. Chelva, or CuuLiLLA, a town of Sjiain, situate on the N. bank of the Guadaluvier; about 20 miles N. W. of Valencia. Chemille, a town of France, in the pro- vince of Anjou; 20 miles S.S.E. from Angers. Pop. 3300. Chemnitz, or Kemnitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, surrounded by walls and ditches. It has four suburbs, ai i a castle about a mile from the town. Gi'oat quantities of cottons, and other fine Si-uffs, are made bore; and the bleaching business is consider- able. It is situate on a riverof the same name, SS m. S . W- of DresdeUi and about the same distances. E. ofLeipsic.and isconncctcd with both by a railway. Pop. about 1 0,000. Chkmnitz, a town in tlie circle of I.eit- miritz, in Bohemia; about 42 miles S. E. of Dresden. Chbmurg, a county in tho S. part of the State of New York, taken from Tioga in 1836. It is watered by tho Chemnrg river which ciitors the Siisqiiehannah, and other streams. The Chemurg Canal passes through the county, as docs the line of the New York and Erie railroad. Elinira is tho capital. Pop. in 1840, 20,732. CiiEMCKO, a town in the foregoing county, and on the Chemurg river. In the S. E. part of the township is Spanish Ilill, covered with the remains of fortifications and entrcneii- ments. Pop. 2377. Chenango, an interior county on tho S. side ofthe state of New York; it is intersected bj V river of the same name, which flows from N. wo S. into the Susquehunmih; the popula- tion is 40,785, the county being divided into seventeen townships. Norwich, 111 miles W. by S. of Albany, containing 4145 inhabi- tants, is the chief town; there is also a town of the same name at the entrance of the river into the Susquchiinnah, in tho adjoining county of Broome, near the frontier of Penu- sylvania; 148 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Chenapatam, or Chinnypatam, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, near which is a hand- some stone fort. It has manufactures of sugar, glass, and excellent music-wire, and a great trade in the produce of tho palm g.r- dens in its vicinity. It is 40 miles E.N.E. of Scringapatam. Chencour, or Chenkon, a towi: of Arme- nia, on the frontiers of Georgia, with a beauti- ful castle, grand caravansaries, and several mosques; 169 miles N.E. of Erivan. Chen-si, or Shen-si, a western frontier province of China, lying between the lat. of 32. and 38. N. and 103. to 110. of E. long. It is bounded on the S. by the province of Setchucn, and on the E. partially by tho province of llonan, but mainly by the Hoang- ho, or Great Yellow River which divides it from Chan-si, on the N., partly by the great wall which divides it from Chinese Tartary; and on the W. by the dreary country of the Moguls, containing an area of about 147,000 square miles. The Hoang-ho, in the eccen- tricity of its course skirts the N.W. part of the province, running in a northerly direction, whilst on the E. it runs a course due S. Numerous streams intersect this province in all dhociions, some falling into the Iloang-ho, on the \V., and some into the same river o:i the E., and others into the Kiaiig Kicn, or Great lliver, which intersects the province of Setchuen. A province so extensive, as may 00 expected comprises much diversity of soil and features. It abounds with drugs, rhu- barb, musk, cinnabar, wax, honey, and coals, of which last it contains inexhaustible veins. It has also rich gold miucs, which for political CITE 213 CUE the ang- es it eat ury; the ,000 cen- tlie ion, S. c in -ho, ;r on 1, or ccof miiy ' soil rhu- :oulii, cilia, itlcul rpnsons, aro not allowed to uc« opened. It produces littlo rice, liiit pleiitiiul crops of wlioiit and niilliit ; but. it isoccasiontilly Hulijoit to loll;; diuuglits, wlieii clouils of locusts, from the forests ol Monjjul Turtuiy, destroy tlie en- tiro vejzctiitioii of exteiisivo districts; tlio iiihiiliitiiiits, iiowcver, make food of ti.e locusts, and estceiui'd them us a deiiciicy. The popu- Uuioii is cstiiimtud at upwards of 30,000,0(10. ClIEV-VAN(J, CllIN-YAN, or MoUK-DEN, 0, city of E istern Tiirtury, capital of a proviiico of the same name, otiierwise c.dled Lenotimij. It is situ.ite on the bank of u tine river, run- ning; 8. into tiio Gulf of Leaotoiig. Tlio walls arc 10 miles in circumference; and it is or- namented with scver.il public cdiftceo, and iirovided with arsenals niid storehounes. It IS 3.)0 miles K.N.E. of Pekin. Long. 123. 5. E. hit. 41. 55. N. CiiEPBLLo,nn Island in the Bayof Panama, about 20 miles from the city of Panama, which it snp|)lic3 with provisions and fruit. CiiEi'8TCW,a town in Monmouthshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Wyo, near its confluence with the Severn. It was surronndcd by a wall, traces of which aro observable; and on ti perpendicular rock are the remains of a large castle. Here was also a priory, part of which is converted into a church; and com- paratively, it was in former times of much gnniter consequence than at present. It is ' ff the port of entry for nil the towns on the rivers Wye and Lug, and fits a few ships an- nually to the Baltic and British America, for timber, deals, &c.; ships coastway a consider- able quantity of tiinbo'* bark, &c. and has t vo ship-yards, where vessels of 500 to COO tons are geuerally in course of building. The spring tides rise to the height of 60 feet; which is coiiseciuently attended with great incon- venience, and preclude it from materially ex- tending its commerce. There is a fine bridge of iron over the Wye, erected at the expense of the counties. It stands on the S. Wales Railway, about 10 miles N. of Bristol, and 130 W.N.W. of London. CiiEK, an interior department in the centre of France, including part of the late province of Berry. It receives its name from a river which rises in Auvergne, and flows into the Loire, below Tours. Bourges, 126 miles duo S. of Paris, is the capital. It contains about 3000 square miles, and 230,000 inhabitants. CiiEiiAsoo, a fortified town of Piedmont, inpital of a fertile territory of tlio same name, frith a strong citadel. It is seated on a moun- tain, at the confluence of the Stura with the Tanaro; 24 miles 8. S. E. of Turin. Pop. about 11,000. CiiEnnouRO, a seaport of France, in the department of Manelie, with an Augustine abbey. Here was a sea-fight between the Eng- lish and French, in 1692, when the latter were beaten, and upwards of twenty of their men- of-war burnt near Cape la Hogue. The English landed here in 1758, took the town, with the ships in tho basin, demolished the fortifications, and ruineil tho works for improving the harbour. These works were resumed on a stupendous scale by Louis XVI., by commencing the famous diguo, but their progress was interrupted by the revolution, resumed again under Napoleon Buonaparte in 1803, and tho works destroyed by the fury of the elements in 1808; after wliieli M new plan of operations was resolved upon, by excavating a basin out of the rei?', of iho violenee of the ocean, which, by 1813. was So f;;r occomplished as to hold nfly sail of the line, hi ving fifty feet depth of water. Tho principal feature of the port is the im- mense artiflcial island, tho diguo, or break- water, which has been in course of construc- tion for a long series of years. It is of much larger dimensions than that of Plymouth, and has a circular fort in the middle. Other works of corresponding magnitude have since been completed, and it now appears destined to become the chief naval station of France, and to rival in extent and magnificence every establishment of tho like kind in the world. Its situation is very advantageous either for despatching a fleot to any part of the world, west or south; or for command- ing the channel between France and England, being about 70 miles duo S. of the S. sid^ of the Isle of Wight, and 190 W. N. W. of Paris; in N. lat. 49. 39. and 1. 37. W. long. CiiBRiBON, a seaport on the N. coast of the Island of Java, about 150 miles E. of Bata- via; it exports largo quantities of coffee. Cherokees, an Indian tribe, occupying an extensive tract of country between the Chat- tahoochee and Tennessee rivers, comprising the N. W. part of Georgia, and the N. E. of Alabama. Tho Cherokees were among the bravest and noblest of tho American race; but they Vve progressively declined in num» bcrs and influence, as that of the Europeans has increased. Cherokee, a county of North Carolina. It has some valuable gold mines, and other metals. Some of the land is fertile. Pop. 3427. Also a county in Georgia, drained by the Etowah River. Canton is tho capital. Pop. in 1840, 5895. Also a county in Ala- bama, a hilly country, with some fertile soil. Jefferson is the capital. Pop. in 1840, 8773. Ciieroniso, a town of European Turkey, on the N. E. coast of the Island of Negropont, 25 miles E. of Negropont. Cheroy, a town of France, in the depart* ment of Yonne; 10 miles W. of Sens. Chekryvallev, an incorporated and flou- rishing town of New York, in Otsego county, at the head of a creek of its name; 18 miles S. of Canajohary, and 53 W. by N. of Al- bany. Pop. 3923. It is a place of great in- tercourse, being situate at the intersection of several turnpike roads. Cherso, an island in the gnlf of Venice, between the coasts oflstriaand Croatia. On the S. it is separated from Oscro by a very CHE 214 CUE narrow channel, and the two islands arc united by a bridj^e. Tiie soil is stony; but it abounds in cattle, wine, oil, and honey. It has a town of the same name, with a good harbour. Long. 14. 45. E. hit. 45. 10. N. Tiie two islands contain together a popula- tion of about 1 1,000, and were ceded to Aus- tria by the treaty of Canipo Forinio, in 1797, after having for nearly eight centuries formed a part of the Venetian rej)ublie. Cheuson, or KiiEKSo.v, a government i"* the S. i)art of European Russia, on the N. shore of the Black Sea, between tlie rivers Dnieper and l>niester. Area, 25,000 to 30,000 sq. miles. Pop. in 1838, including the military colonics, 765,000. The climate is in extremes, and agriculture does not flourish. Commerce is very extensive, and centres at Odessa and Kherscn. Cherson, or Kherson, the capital of New Russia, in the government of Catherineslaf, found( d by Catherine II. in 1778, on the N. bank of the Dnieper, 10 miles below the in- flux, of the Ingulec. The church and many of I he houses are built of stone. Here is a dock, from which several men-of-war and me "chant ships have been launched; but ow ng to some sand-banks in the river, the naval estnlilishment has been transferred lien;e to Niculaef, and its coninierce to Odes- sa. In 1787 the empress made a triumphant joui ney to this capital, and here met Empe- ror Joseph II. At this place, in 1790, the phil .nthropic Howard fell a victim to his indefatigable humanity; and a monument was erected to his memory by the Russian admiral. Cherson is 50 miles E. of Ocza- kow. Long. 32. 38. E. hit. 40. 37. N. Chertsy, a town in Surrey, with a market on Wednesday. Here was fi )rmerly an alibey, of which only a jjart of the walls now re- mains; it was the tirst burial-place of Ihnry VI., who was afterwards removed to AVInd- Bor. It is seated near the Thames, over which is a handsome bridge; 20 miles W. by 8. of Lonuon. Chesapeake, tlie largest and safest bay in the United States. Its entrance is between Cape Charles, in Maryland, and Cape Henr\', in VirgMiia; 12 miles wide. It extends 270 miles to the N.; is from 10 to 40 niiles broad, ai I generally 9 fathoms deep; containing several islands, vind many commodious har- boiirs. It receives the Siisqueli.Tniuih, Poto- Jiiiic, llappaiiinnock, York, and .Tames rivers, which are all large and navigable. Chepham, a town in Buckinghamshire, with a market on Wednesday, and manu- faetures of lace aiid wooden ware. It stands in a vale, 27 miles N.W. of London. Cheshire, a county palatine of England, bounded on the N. by the river Mersey, which divides it from Lancashire, N.E. by York- 6hire,E. by Derbyshire, S.E. by Staflbrdshire, S. by Shropshirelj W. by the river Dee, which divides it from Denbighshire and Flintshire, and N, W. by the Irish Sea, into which pro- jects a peninsula, 13 miles long and 6 broad, formed by the mouths of the Mersey and the Dec. This county extends 30 miles nom N, to S., and 42 from E. to W., without includ- ing tlie peninsula just mentioned on the W., and a narrow tract of land, which stretches between Lancashire and Derbyshire, to York- shire on the N.E., and contains 673,280 acres. Antecedent to the invasion of Britain by the Romans, this part of the country was occu- pied by a tribe called the Comavii; and Cheshire was constituted a county-palatine by William the Norman, who conferred it upon his nephew, Hugh Lupus; but the suc- ceeding palatines, exercising an authority incompatible with justice to other parts of the country, such as affording s.anetuary, &c., Henry VIII. abrogated most of the privileges of this palatinate; and in 1830, it was de- prived of the remainder. Its principal towns, besides the city of Chester, are Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Nantwich: Stockport, at the N.E. extremity of the county, and the surrounding countrj-, participates largely in the cotton manufacture; Maccles- field and Congleton are extensively engaged in the silk manufacture; Nantwich is cele- brated for its salt springs ; and ship-building is extensively caiTied on at the city of Chester. In addition to the rivers Mersey and Dee, the county of Chester is intersected by the rivers Wever and Bollin.and contains several small hikes well stored with fish; it is also intersected by several canals, affording it a facility of communication with all parts of the kingdom. The river Dee is united by a canal of one entire level, about 14 miles in length, from the city of Chester to the Mer- sey, about 12 miles above Liverpool; other canals diverge from the city of Chester to Northwieh, and into Wales. The Trent and Mersey Canal (see Runcorn and Preston) intersects the heart of the county, whilst the Duke of Bridgewatcr's is carried nearly pa- rallel with the Mersey to Manchester; and the Peak Forest Canal intersects the N.E. end of the county. The E. and N.E. parts of the county supply abundance of coal and various mint 'als; but the distinguishing cha- racteristics of the county are its salt and cheese; the supply of the first is inexhausti- ble, and celebr.ated for its purity; whilst the cheese stands unrivalled for the excellence of its quality. The salt is produced both in a rock or solid state, and f)y evaporation of the water from the numerous springs. The quantity consumed in Great Biitair since 1779, has averaged about 65,000 tons per annum, produced chiefly by evajroration ; and the* quantity exported since that time has averairedabout 250,000 tons per annum, in the proportion of about 35,000 tons of rock, and tiie remainder produced by evaporation. The S. and W. parts of the county are the mo.st productive in cheese, and are those in which the salt springs abound. This p.art of the county is rather level than hilly, and subdi- CHE 215 CHE viiled by hedgerows, well stocked with tim- ber, into comparatively very small enclosures, intersected by numerous paved roads; whicii ini])ly either a Konian origin, or perliaps were found necessary on account of the sandy na- ture of the surface. On the N. and E. side of the county, about 100,000 persons are em- ployed in tiie silk and cotton manufacture. See CoNGLETON, Macclesfield, and Stock- pout. It returns four members to parlia- ment, two for each of the divisions, northern and southern. Cheshire, a county of New Hampshire, bounded on the W. for about 50 miles by the Connecticut river, which separates it from Vermont; it is about 20 m. in mean breadth, and is, upon the whole, a tolerably fertile district; the. S. end borders on Massachusetts. Pvine, celebrated for the battle fought on uj E. bank, on the llth Septem. ber, 1777, when the American army sustained a severe defeat. The county is about 35 m, from N. to S., and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 57,515. West Chester, on the E. border of the county, 18 miles ''••om Philadelphia, on the great western road to Pittsburg, is tha chief town. Chester District, a county or district in the N. part of the state of South Carolina, bounded on the E. by the Catawba river, and W. by Broad River, distant from eaci) other about 25 miles. This district is abont20 m. from N. to S. : and contains a population of 17,747. The chief town of tho same name id CO miles N. by W. of Colombia. It- CUE 2:6 cm There arc several otlier towns named Ches- ter in different parts of the United States of North America, among whicii are the following, with their distance and bear- ing from the chief town of the state in which they are respectively situate, viz.: — In Rockingham county, New Hampshire, 20 miles S. by K.; Windsor county, Vermont, 70 S. ; Hampden co. Massacimsctts, 70 W.; Orange county. New York, 1 10 S. ; Warren county, New York, 86 N,; Morris county, New Jer- sey, 33 N. ; Burlington county, New Jersey, 30 N.; Delaware county, Penn- sylvania, 85 W. by N. ; Shenandoah co. Virginia, 190 N.W. ; Cumberland co. Virginia, 45 W.; Kent county, Mary- land, 67 N.E. by E. Chesterfield, a borough in Derbyshire, England, with a market on Saturdays. Next to Derby it is the most important trading town in the county, and situate in a fertile and most romantic district. It has mines of coal and iron in its vicinity, and a canal com- municnting with the Trent below Gains- borough. Earthenware is manufactured in j the neighbourhood to a great extent. It has also silk and other mills; net factories; and I has also recently been much improved by new streets. It has two churches, one very ancient, and noted for its crooked spire; four meeting-houses; also a handsome town-hall, a theatre, assembly rooms, baths, libraries, an ancient gramm.ir school, and a very large market-place. The North Midland railway passes it. It is 150 miles N. by W. of Lon- don. 12 from Slieffield, and 26 froniNotting- nuTu. Chesterfield District, a frontier dis- trict of South Carolina, bordering on North Carolina; bounded on the E. by the Great Pedee river, and W. by Lynch's Creek; it contains 450 square miles, and a population of 8574. The ciiief town, of the same name, is HI miles N.E. of Colombia. Chesterjicld is also the name of several towns in the United States of North America, the chief of which arc as fol- lows, viz. : — In Essex county, New York, 158 miles N.; St. Lawrence count}', New Y"ork, 230 N. by W.; Cliosliirc county, New Hampshire, 70 S.W.; Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 85 W. The bear- ing and distances are from the chief towns of the respective states. Chesterfield Inlet, an inlet extending about 200 miles westward from the N. end of Hudson's Bay; the entrance to the inlet is in lat. 63, 30. N. long. 90. 40. W.; its mean breadth is about 15 miles. Ciikster-le-Street, a parish in the county of Durham, containing 18 townships. The parish abounds in coul, and is intiT.-ected by the river Wear; the township of Chestcr-le- Strcel, is situate on the W. bank of the Wear; .6 m. N. of Durham, and 18 S. of Newcastle. CiuiSTERTOwN, a port of the United States, state of Maryland. Here is Washington Col« lege, incorporated in 1782; 45 miles E. S.E. of Baltimore. Cheviot Hills, a ridge of mountains in Enghxnd, which runs from N. to S. through Northumberland and Cumberland, famous for its free chase, formerly much used by tha English and Scotch gentry. These hills aro now chiefly wild and open sheep-walks; goata also arc fed among tiiem, and some of the finest cattle in the kingdom, in parts of tlie Scottish border. Near these many an obsti- nate battle has been fought between the Eng- lish and Scots, before the two kingdoms were united ; among which may be numbered the encounter between the Earls Percy and Douglas, celebrated in the ancient ballad called Chevy Chase. The altitude of the peak called Cheviot Hill, which is about 20 miles W. by N. of Alnwick, is 2658 ft. above the level of the sea; other peaks of the range rise 300 to 400 feet higher. Chevrbs, a town of France, department of Charente; 8 miles from Rochefoucauld. Pop. 1300. Chiapa, a province of the republic of Guatimala. This province extends from the lat. of 14. 50. to 17. 30. of N. hit., and lies between t'.o long, of 90. 20. and 92. 50. W., being about 180 miles in extreme length, but the mean breadth not exceeding more than about 100 miles. The Andes run into this province in broken ridges at its S. E. extremity; but, towards its more western boundary, the grand moimtain chain may be said to be completely divided. The Tabasco river rises at the toot of the termination of the mountain chain, runs first in a W. N.W, direction, and afterwards takes a northerly course through the province of Tabasco, into the Bay of Cam peachy, thereby affording an advantageous opening with the Atlantic Ocean, there being no river of any note run- ning out of Chiiipa into the Pacific Ocean. With the exception of the S. E. part, Chiapa may be considered a level rather tlum a moun- tainous country, and exceedingly fertile. Nearly all the animated creatures and vege- table productions common to the tropical section of this division of the globe are com- mon in Chiapa. Its forests will supply abun- dance of cypress, cedar, pine, walnut, ami other timber, whilst the cultivated parts will yield abundance of cotton, cocoa, coflte, sugar, and cochineal, with a boundless variety of aromatic resins, gums, and dyes, to con- stitute fit and ample equivalents to exchange for the varied useful productions of European art. See Villa IIermosa. Chiai'a, the chief town of the preceding province, is situate on the W, side of the river Tabasco, near the N. W. extreminy of the province, in the lat. of 17. 5. N. and 92. 40. of W. long. The number of inhabitants ia estimated at 20,000, chiefly Indians; hence it is called Chiapa dos Indios, in contradistinc- tlou to another town about 20 miles W li OIIl 217 cm Ircceding I the river |y of the II 92. 40. litnnta is 1 hence it ndistinc- lea W called Chiupa doa Espagnols, in consequence of its being inhabited chiefly by persuns of Spanish descent; the latter is sometimes called Ciudad Ileal, and is the sec of a bishop, having a stately cathedral, and several monas- tic establishments; its population is, however, inconsiderable, not exceeding 2000. Cjiiauenza. See Ci.aep^nza. Chiari, a town of Italy, in Brescianc, where the Austrians defeated the French in 1701. It is situated between two rivers which full into the Oglio, on the E. side; 15 miles N. N. E. of Crema. Pop. 8000. CiiiAHOMONTt:, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ndto, seated on a mountain; 25 miles \V. of Syracuse; it gave the surname to the familv of the virtuous and iimiable Pope Pius VII. Chiavari, a town of the territory of Genoa, situate at the mouth of the river falling into the gulf; about 20 miles S. E. of Genoa. It has several manufactures. Population utout 8000. Chiavenna, a town of North Italy, capital of a country of its name, subject to the Gri- sons. It is a trading place, especially in wine and delicate fruits, being the principal com- munication between the Milanese and Ger- many, The governor's paliico and the churches are magnificent; and the inliabi- tantsare Roman Catholics. Here are the ruins of a once celebrated fortress, on the summit of a rock; and close to the town is a rock of asbestos. It is seated on the banks of the river Maira, which falls into the N. end of the Lake of Como. Pop. about 3000. The district, which is mountainous, contains a population of about 18,000. Chicaqo, a river of the state of Illinois, North America, which enters near the S. end of Lake Michigan, and is composed of two branches: the N. branch 40 miles long, and the other only about 6. They are sufficiently deep for a harbour to vessels navigating the Lakes. CuicAoo, a city of the state of Illinois, and capital of Cook county. It is beautifully situnted on ievel ground, above the reach of floods between the junction of the N. and S. branches of the Chiciigo river, and extends along the shore of the Lake Michigan for about a mile. An artificial harbour has been made to prevent the accumulation of the bur. Numerous steam boats ply between here and Butfalf), and other places on the Lakes. At the back of the city is a fertile prairie, and on the river and lake shore, are extoi\sive tracts of fine timber. The canal now in j)ro- gress from this place to the Illinois i ivcr will add to its importance. It is 204 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. Pop. in 1840,4470. Chicasaws, or CuiciCASAwa. See Indian rERUiTOur. CiiicnACOTTA, a fortified town of Bootan, on the S. frontier, fre(iuontly taken and re- linquished by the British India troops, in the war with the BooteciW in 1 772. It is 84 miles S. by E. of Tassasudon. Long. 89. 35. E. hit. 26. 35. N. Chichester, a city, and the capital of Sussex, and a county of itself, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday, and sends two members to parlia* nient. It is a bishop's see, and has seven churches, beside the cathedral, a spacious edifice, 410 ft. in length, with a tower, sur- mounted by a spire rising to the height of 2S7 feet. The city is walled round, and had formerly four gates. It exports com, malt, &c., has some foreign commerce, and a manu- facture of needles. The haven affords fine lobsters. It is seated in a plain, on the river Levant, near its entrance into an arm of the English Channel. The south coast railway goes through this city; twelve miles east- north-east of Portsmouth, and 61 south-west of London. Chiclana, a town of Spain, province of Andalusia; seated on a canal which is con- nected with the Cadiz harbour; 17 miles from Cadiz. Pop. 10,000, CiiiELEFA, a town of European Turkey, in the Morea, near the Gulf of Coron; 14 miles W. of Colokythia. Chiem-See, a lake of Bavaria, 35 miles in circumference. In the midst of it are two islands; on one of them is a convent of Bene- dictine nuns, and on the other an Augustine monaster}'. It lies 22 miles W. N. W. of Salzburg, and discharges its waters by the river Alza, in^ northerly direction, into the Inn, Chieri, a town of Piedmont, surrounded by an ancient wall, in which are six gates. It has four grand squares; many churches and religious liouses, and considerable manu- factures of cloth and silk. It is 7 miles E. of Turin. Pop. about 11,000, CiiiETi. See CiviTA di Chirti. Chio.well, a village in Essex ; 10 miles N. E. of London. It is noted for a free-school, founded by Archbishop Harsnett, where William Penn was educated. CHiiiuAnuA,acity in the province of Coha- !.arai30. Curico. Cauqiien<3s. Concepcion. Valdivia. San Carloj. The several provinces are mostly divided from each other by ranges of hills, each in- tervening valley being intersected by one or more streams of water, contributing alike to the beauty and fertility of the country, which, as a whole, for diversity, beauty, and gran- deur of feature, is unequalled in the world. Although the soil and climate of Chili are alike congenial to the culture and breed ot all the fruits, grain, and animals conducive to the well-being, comfort, and enjoyment of society, its more distinguishing feature is the abundance of its mineral productions, in gold, silver, copper, tin, and iron. Such, however, for nearly three centuries, was the subduing and perverse policy of the Spa- niards, that, with means to command every possible comfort, the inhabitants of this fine and fertile territory were kei)t in a state of barbarism, and on the verge of want. Tiie ties of Spanish bondage, however, now ap- pear broken, never to be united. The first movement of resistance to Spanish authority took place in 1809, which, for some time, appeared likely to succeed without interrup- tion; but in 1814 a Spanish force from Peni subdued nearly the whole country, and held it again in subjection until 1817, when a force in the cause of independence, under the command of General San Martin, en- tered Chili fi'om Buenos Ayres, and turned again the tide of victory against Spanish do- mination; and on the 12th of February 1819, the Chilians formally renounced all obliga- tion to Spanish authority, and declared themselves independent; which the battle of Maypo, in the following April, not only con- firmed to them, hut enabled them to extend their arms, in pursnit of their oppressors, ir Peru. Santiago, or St. Jtigo de Chili (as it is sometimes written), in the province of Maypocho, in the lat. of 33. 20., is the chief city, and to which Valparaiso, distant 100 miles \V., is tlie seaport. The other seaports are Cofiapo, Coquimbo, Concepcion, and Valdivia, all of which see, under their re- spective heads ; as well as those of the several provinces respectively, for a more ample elucidation of the nature and extent of the present state of their productions, commerce, &C. &c. iiMWaL-rBiTi.Taifc,' tOKl cm 219 CHI of Chilka, a lake in the Deccan of Hiiulo- Btan, which bounds tlie five Circurs on the N. It lies on the const of the Bay of Bengal, and seems t)ie elfect of the breach of the sea over a Hat sandy surface, whose elevation was something aiiove the level 01 the country within. It communicates with the sea by a veiy naiTow but deep opening, and is shal- low within. It is 40 miles long and 14 broad, with a narrow slip of ground between it and the Eca. It contains many inhabited it-lands. On the N. W. it is bounded by a ridge of mountains, a continuation of that which ex- tends from the Maliannddy to the Godavery river, and shuts up the Cirears towards the continent. CiiiLicoTHE, the chief town of Ross county, Ohio, and second in rank in the state; seated on a point of land formed by Point Creek, and the W. bank of the Scioto river, 70 miles, by the water-course, above its entrance into the Ohio; it has several mills and mainifac- tures in its vicinity. The Grand Canal passes through the town, and adds much to its commerce. It is 45 miles S. of Columbus, the capital of the state, and 90 E. by N. of Cincinnati. Pop. 3977. CiiiLLON, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, at the end of the lake of Geneva. On a rock in the lake is an an- cient castle, which has lately been used as a state prison. It is 5 miles E. S. E. of Vevay. CniLMARY, a town of Hindostan, in the district of Kungpoor, Bengal, on the Brah- maputra river. It has a trade in rice and cotton, and is a place of pilgrimage. Chiloe, Island and ARCHiPiiLAGO of. The island of Chiloe forms the southern ex- tremity of the territory of Chili; separated from the province of Araucan on the N. by a channel 4 to 5 miles wide. It is 140 miles in length, and about 50 in mean breadth; separated on the E. from the main land by a gulf about 50 miles wide, containing 4C small islands, 15 uninhabited, forming the Archipelago of Chiloe, The total popula- tion in 1832 was 43,830. San Carlos is the capital. Castro, seated at the head of a bay, Dpening into the Archipelago, is the princi- pal town. CniLPANZiNOO, a considerable town, 2500 feet above the level of the sea; 65 miles N. by E. of Acapulco, on the road to Mexico. ' Cun-QrEs Y Masqies, a district of the province of Cuzco, Peru, lying E. of the Apurimac river, having a ridge of the Andes for its E. boundai-y. It is a fertile district, containing about lf.,000 inhabitants. Parino, in the lat. of J 2. 45. S. and 71. 35. of W. long., is the chief town. ('hii-teun, a ciiain of chalky hills in Eng- land, passing from E. to W., out of Ilort- fordshire, through the middle of Bucking- hamshire, to the Thames at Henley. This district formerly belonged to the crown, wliioh, from time immemorial, has had the rnmiiml olBce of steward of the Chiltern IlLindreds, by the acceptance of which a commoner vacates his seat in parlianui.u Chimay, a town of Belgium, in the forest of Thierarche. Near it are mines of iron, with foundcrics and forges. It is seated near the French frontier; 12 miles N. W. of Rocroy. CiiiMBORAzo, the highest peak of the Andes, in the province of Quito, Colombia; hit. 1. 30. S. On the 23rd of June, 1797, this mountain was ascended by the Prussian traveller, Humboldt, to the height of 19,300 feet above the level of the sea, when a chasm several hundred feet wide prevented the sum- mit being attained; the extreme altitude of which is 21,440. At the height attained the cold was intense, and respiration rendered difficult by the extreme tenuity of the air. The peak is about 100 miles N. N. E. of Guayaquil, and presents a most magnificent spectacle for many leagues out at sea, in the Pacific Ocean. Chimera, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, with a fort; seated on a rock, at the entrance of the Adriatic; 24 miles S. of Avhma. China, an empire of Asia. In its most extended sense, it reaches E. and W. from the Sea of Okhotsk to Kokhan and Budak- shan a distance of 3350 miles, and N. and S. from Tonquin to Asiatic Russia, about 2100 miles, enclosing an area of about 5,300,000 square miles, and including all the table land of eastern Asia, about a tenth part of the habitable globe, or one-third of the continent of Asia. But these limits em- brace the various Chinese possessions, which will be found described under their respec- tive titles of Tibet, Mongolia, Chinese Tar- tary, &c, China Proper is about 1 500 miles average breadth from N. to S., and about 1400 from E. to W., and its area has been esti- mated at between 1,297,999 and 1,482,091 square miles. It has about 2500 miles of coast line, and is about eight times as large as France, and eleven times that of Great Britain. The N. and N.E. part of China Proper is bounded by a wall, which divides it from Mongol Tartary, and the W. by Kokonor and Sifan, provinces of Thibet, at present but little known; and the S.W. pro- vince of Yunnen borders on the Bi-man Em- pire, and the territory of Tonquiii. Every part of this extensive ten-itory appears to bo intersected by streams of water, fulling into two grand rivers, both rising in Thibet, and falling into the sea, one in the lat. of 31. 30., and the other in lat. 34. N.. The most north- erly of these is called the IIoano-ho, or Great Yellow River, and the other the KiANG-KEou, or the Great River (each of which see under their respective heads). There are also several lakes in the interior; two S. of the Kiang-keon, called Tong-tong and Poyang, each contains about 300 square miles of surface; and in the latter arc several islands. The coast also, from the Gulf ot cm 220 cm rl v; Ml ■ -I Tonquin to tlie luoutli of the Great River, is flanked byacliuiii ut small ishtnds; ami, ns forming an integral part of Cliina Proper, arc the iitlnnds of Hainan and Formosa; the former at the S. extremity of the empire, in- tersected by the lines of 19. of N. lut. and 113. of E. long., and the other intersected by the line of the tropic of Cancer, and the 121st of E. long.; and as dependent islands, are the Lekeyo, or Loo Choo Islands, the principal of which is 150 miles in length from W. to S., and 30 to 40 in breadth, in the long, of 129. E. and thelat. of 36. N. Between these and Formosa is another group, thirty or forty in number, nearly all of wliich are inhabited. Mountain ridges run in various directions over nearly every part of China Proper: but there are none remarkable for their altitude; and, in an aggregate sciise, it may be considered a level rather than a mountainous country. In the N.E. part of China Proper is an immense plain, above 700 miles in length, and from 150 to 500 miles in breadth. It is bounded on the N. by the Great Wall, in which part it is dry and sandy, but is ex- tremely populous altogether, and also, with some few exceptions, exceedingly fertile and well cultivated. It is to her mighty rivers that China owes much of her fertility, and her vast means of supplying her enormous population. The Iloang-ho, or Yellow River, 80 called from the large quantities of yellow clay which it brings down, so much so as to sensibly diminish the depth of the Yellow Sea, into which it flows, and which will at no distant period become dry land from the same cause. But the Yang-tse-kiang is the principal river of China; and with its ex- tended course of 2300 miles, its innumerable tributaries, and the numerous canals con- nected with it, it becomes the main artery for the internal communication with the entire countr}'. From these circumstances, the im- portance of the new European trading port, near its mouth, Shang-hae, may be inferred. The other rivers, though far exceeding in magnitude any of those in Europe, arc too numerous even to be particularised here. Respecting the political divisions of the empire, it is believed that tolerably accurate statistics are collected by the imperial go- vernment. It is divided and sub-divided in the most systematic manner. Formerly it was separated into fifteen provinces; but in the Emperor Ivien-long's reign, the two largest were subdivided, so that there are now eighteen. The areas of each of these, according to Lord Macartney's estimate, is shown in the ensuing tables. The population of China has long been supposed to be by far the most dense in the world, in comparison with its area. We have several enumerations at ditferent periods, but there are suoh great discrepancies be- tween them, that it must be confessed that no great depcudeuco can be placed on their accuracy. Still it is beyond question that tiiC amount is most enormous, and the following may perhaps be a correct enumeration ; — rnoviHCES. Chl-le Kinog-tan { Gan-lit-vuy Kiiing-Re Kuli-Kiuii Chu-Kiiing Hon-rili lloo-nati Shtin-timg lio-nun Bhan-BO Bhcn-ae Kan-siih Szu-chuim Kwant^-tung KwaiiK-BO Vun-iian Kwui-Chou CAI'ITAI.3. Araa In ■q. nilluH ■ rih-kln.orPeklnl N*aiikin.f. iir K' ■j„.iihiK-(\lh Oan-kinff-f.rfi ) N'an-cbang-l\ih Kuh-cliau I llatig-choii-Aih ' Woo-chaiig-fiili Cliang-aha-fuli Tsi-nnu-fuh Kae-tuiig-tuh Tae-yuuM-fUh Legan-ftxh I Lan-chow-ftih( Chill-too- Aih Canton Kwci-lue-(\ih Vimnan-tuh Kwci-yang-fuh Pop. W I8I3L Tolala 58,049 92,061 72,1701 S3,4S0 30,160 1«,770 6A,I0I lu.ooa 16fi,800 7!l,4:i6 7H.2MI 107,060 64,5J4 17,990,874 37,843,:i0I 34,I6M,0'>0 30,4a«,0il9 14,777.410 8B,2.«i,7a4 27,:i70,OOH l(l,U,W,507 2H,ur)H,7il4 23,037,171 I4,0()4,'il0 10,aor,25ti I.\H«,l2.'i 2l,43.'),C7H 10,174,030 7,313,80.'! 5,501,320 5,2M,2lU 1,297,909 357,680,100 .M0,595,4:!a To P. lit 1H17. 40,000,000 54,404,041 40,^01,092 43,»I4.^68 22,0119,400 37,»0'.l,rfi5 30,i 2,040 2li,N50,008 41,700,021 33.l73,.'.2a 2O.lb6,072 I4,098,4!l0 21,»7H,1'-H) 30,S(i7,375 27,(il0,lJ3 10,.^14.4^0 8,oo\:i(io 7,6>5,U25 Of all the communities at present existing, that of China is unquestionably the most an- cient, and, from a very early period, had ob- viously made great jirogress in the arts of social life; but of the origin of the community nothing satisfactory is at present known. Of their origin, the most rational supposi- tion is, that the Chinese were among the first portion of the wandering tribes spread over the northern hemisphere, dispersed from some of the populous districts of that time, who formed themselves into a social com- munity; whilst an examination of the locali- ties and natural advantages of the territory of China proper, as well with reference to the natural fertility of its soil, as the variety, and adaptation to the wants of a social com- munity, of its indigenous productions, will sufficiently account for the numerical extent and peculiarity of manners of its population. By the writings of Confucius (the only Chi- nese that appears to have obtained immorta- lity among them), who flourished 520 years before our era, China had then attained nearly, if not quite, as high a degree of so- ciality and refinement as prevails there at the present time; and, indeed, the moral character of the people, which may be con- sidered the surest foundation of, and best se- curity for, the permanence and well being of every community, appears progressively to have increased in turpitude since the time of Confucius ; and, that China has not experi- enced the fate (viz. subjection or dissolution) which has befallen every other nation, on the perversion of moral order, is to be ascribed entirely to the local barriers of deserts and mountains with which it is pro- tected, and not to any efficiency or superior agency of the people. But, in fact, in tho twelfth century, China Proper may be con- sidered as having been subjected to the arms of the Mongol Tartar chief, Genghis Khan, who subverted the then ruling power, and established a Tartar dynasty in the govern- ment of China: but notwithstanding this I tli(; p. T'"i[TrHi~n 'r cm 221 cm cli.ingc in the rullnj? power, instead of the ' ti'iritory of China jiuiding itself up as a do- ^ pendent province of Turtury, the superior fertility of China brought Turtary into its Buhservience; tliercby reversing the usual re- | salt of conquest, in the conquering becoming the dependent} and the dynasty of Genghis I also gradually declined in influence, until it I bcraiiie entirely supplanted again by one of Chinese origin, which ruled undisturbed until ' tlieconiiaeiieenientof the 17tli century, when ' a host of Mauchoo Tartars from the N. E. ' part of Asia poured down their arms, and by whom the ruling power in China was again subverted, but with the same re- sult to the country as in the former instance, ilie revolution having only extended itself to the central government, and substitution of R Tartarian tor a Chinese sovereign. The Manchoo dynasty is now threatened with sub- version by a Chinese rebellion, headed by a nativechief, who professes aspurious Christia- nity, They have taken Nankin, Slianghae, in 1854-5, and other important places, and are apparently in the ascendant. Amid these va- rious changes, no material alteration appears to have been etiectcd in the character, habits, or manners of the peojile. The districts on tiic sea coast arc generally the best inhabited, and tho ricliest : the tracts along the Yang-tse-kiang the most fertile. Large and flourishing cities are only found where a ready water communication with other parts of the empire can be carried on. The greatest sameness exists in ail tho cities. In the larger Ones are a few well paved streets, lined with shops; but the greater part of the streets are very narrow, extremely fil- thy, and planted with mere hovels. The suburbs of many cities are much l.irger than the cities themselves; and it is by no means extraordinary to see an immense walled space without any houses, where formerly a city stood. Villages and hamlets have a beauti- ful appearance at a distance, but on entering them one sees nothing but a heap of houses irregularly tiirown together, the outside fair to behold, but the inside without furniture or comforts, and more filthy even than a Stable. This does not apply to one district only, but it is common to most. Although Hie fields and gardens are beautifully laid out, there yet appears in them little attention to elegance or pleasure. The gardens are very few; and a Chinese grandee delights more in artificial landscapes laid out in a small com- pass, than in an extensive park and flower garden. Utility is studied in preference to pleasure. The grandeur of natural scenery is in many parts of China as striking as in ma- ny parts of the world. Mountains, crags, rivulets, and valleys, both picturesque ami romantic, are found in most provinces. Com- manding situations are chosen for temples, the haunts of superstition and idolatry. These serve likewise fortaverns, stages, pul>- lic halls, and gambling houses. The build- ing of houses is; regulated by law: none is al- lowed to exceed a certain dimension. Pub- lic halls have little to recommend them; tho Chinese were never great architects; they imderstood the building of dwelling houses but not of palaces. The climate is very various in the differ- ent regions of this extensive territory. In the N., though in tho latitude of southern Italy, tho climate of Pekin in winter in that of Norway, and in summer that of Cai- ro. In the Western districts, the mountaiiu have great influence in diffusing cold, whilo the sea moderates it on the East coast. In the South, at Canton on the Tropic, the heat in July, August, and September is ex- cessive, causing frightful tornatloes, called typhoons, which do not extend far from Canton. After this season, the transition from the day heats to night fogs and cold are greater than in any other part of the globe. Tho climate of the interior is gener- ally not of such extremes, and enjoys a much more equable temperature. The W. frontier districts of Yun-nan and Sze-chuen are said to be unhealthy, and are the plaee-i whither criminals are banished, re-clie-lee, the N. E. province, is low, flat, and marshy on the coast, but more hilly in the interior; the pop. are more depresseil than in any other pro- vince. Shan-se is more scantily peopled than other parts. Shan-se and Kan-suh were formerly united ; the former contains some nnworked gold mines, but neither of them are so important as other portions of the em])iro. II<" nan is one of the most fer- tile districts of the great plain, and is called tho garden of China. Kiang-se is the great drainof China, containing the Poyang Lake; but has fertile and well cultivated valleys. It has also very extensive manufactures, in- cluding the important one of China ware. Iloo-nan is traversed by the Yang-tse-kiang and is extremely fertile. The tea grown in the vicinity of the capital of Iloo-pih is su- perior, as is the bamboo paper made there. Kevei-chou is called the Switzerland of China, and in its south part are some intractable tribes, who have preserved theirindepcndence and make predatory incursions into tlie neighbouring in'dviiices. Slian-tnng in tho north is bleak and barren, but sup])lies the whole empire with coal. The Kiang-tsii and Gan-hwuy provinces were once united in the province of Kiang-nang, and are both crossed by the great rivers, the Iloang-ho, and Yang-tse-kiang; and from their iiniioit- ant situation, and great local and artificial advantages, they may be considered as the best territory in China. The staple pro- ductions are grain, especially rice, cotton, green teas, and silk. Che-kiang is the small- est pi'ovince, but is most assiduously cultiva- ; ted, jirodncing abundance of tea. Fo-kien consists of barren hills and sandy plains, hut the former, by unremitting industry, produ- ' ces vast quantities of tea; ami also Ciiina CHI 2S2 CHI J ^' hi ! oranges. Quang-tong has many valuable products, but not tea, though Canton (its capital) is the great entrcpdt for that article. Kwang-se is principally mountainuus, and produces gold and other metals. Its inhabit- ants differ in language and habits from other Cliinese. Yun-nan is mountainous, and fur- nishes the copper for Chinese coinage. Sze-chuen,'the western province, is the lar- gest; plains, mountains, and extensive des- erts are its chief features. In some of the provinces of China, part of the exactions for the support of the govern- ment are levied in kind — in grain and rice. This fact, whilst it serves to show somewhat the nature of the soil in the respective pro- vinces, leads to the consideration of a feature in the policy of China, peculiar at this time to itself, but which appears in past times to have been acted upon both in Egypt and in Borne; viz. that of storing of grain to meet the exigencies of occasional dearth. The average stock maintained in China for this purpose is about 30,000,000 of Ski, equal to about 2,000,000 of English tons, in the pro- ])ortion of one-sixth rice, and the remainder in grain, chiefly maize and wheat ; and Although this quantity is not more than equal to two months' subsistence for the aggregate population, yet, when it is considered that China proper extends through 20 degrees of latitude, partly witliin the tropic of Cancer, and 25 degrees of longitude, in which exten- sive range itisnotlikely that ascarcity would, at most, pervade more than one- fifth part, if so much, at one time, it is probable that the quantity in question has proved, by the experience of centuries, adequate to its pro- posed object ; and it is unquestionably a measure, if duly regulated, worthy the adop- tion of every social community. As there is scarcely a town, or even a vil- lage in China, which has not the advantage eitlier of an arm of the sea or a canal, navi- gation is so common, that almost as many people live on the water as on land. The Great Canal runs from N. to S., from the city of Canton to the extremity of the em- pire; and by it all kinds of foreign merchan- dise entered at that city are conveyed directly to Fckin, a distance of 825 miles. This canal is about 50 feet wide, passes through or near 41 large cities, and has 75 large sluices to keep up the water, besides several thousand bridges. China owes a great part of her riches to these numerous canals, which are cut through any kind of private property, not even excepting the gardens of the emperor. Among the fruits peculiar to China, and in addition to the orange, lemon, lime, citron, pomegranate, and the vine, in great variety, are the tse-tse, a kind of fig; the li-tclii, of the size of a date, its stone covered witii a soft juicy pulp, of an exquisite taste, but dangerims when eaten to excess ; the long- yen, or dragon's-eye, its pulp white, tart, and juicy, not so agreeable to the taste, but more wholesome than the li-tchi. Of escu- lent plants they have an infinity unknown to Europe. They cultivate also the bottom of their waters; the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivulets producing crops unknown to us, particularly of the pi-tsi, or water-chest- nut, the fruit of which (found in a cover formed by its root) is exceedingly wholesome, and of a very delicate taste. Among the trees peculiar to China are tho tallow-tree, the fruit of which is white, the size of a small walnut, and the pulp has the properties of tallow; the wax-tree, producing a kind of white wax almost equal to that made by bees; the tsi-chu, or varnish-tree, which produces the admirable Chinese varnish; the tie-ly-mou, or iron-wood, the wood of which is 80 hard and heavy that it sinks in water, and tho anchors of the Chinese ships are made of it; the camphire-tree ; tho bamboo reeds, which grow to the height and size of a large tree, and besides being used as natu- ral pipes to convey water, are employed for numberless other purposes; the tea-plant, &c., with cotton, betel, and tobacco: the flowering shrubs, flowers, herbs, and medi- cinal plants, are exceedingly numerous. In the mountains and forests are wild animals of every species: but that valuable quadruped the musk-deer, is peculiar to this country. Of its birds, the most beautiful in Cliina, and perhaps in tho world, is the kin-hi, or golden fowl. Gold and silver are said to be common in several parts of the empire; but the work- ing of the mines is interdicted, to prevent, as is pretended, the produce leading to a derangement of their general systenj ofpolicy. The mountains also, chiefly in the N. and W. parts of the empire, contain mines of iron, tutenag, copper, and quicksilver, as well as quarries of marble, coal, lapis-lazuli, jasper, rock crystals, granite, and a kind of sono- rous stones, of which musical instnimcnts are composed; and here is potters' earth, of such various and superior kinds that the fine porcelain of China is unrivalled. The number of domestic animals appears to bo very limited, and animal food, though not interdicted either from state or religious scru- ples, as is the case over a great part of Hin- dostan, is very uncommon. The most singular characteristic in the civil policy of China, is the total absence of all state religion and priesthood, which is supposed to have been subverted for the two-fold purpose of preventing a priesthood from sharing in the influence of the govern- ment, and the people from congregating in too large numbers ; and tho latter notion seems also to have precluded the tolera- tion of public theatres. Both religious worship and dramatic representations are, however, universal throughout the empire. Of the former, every house has its own altat and collection of gods, tho form and num- ber of which are generally in proportion to the taste of the head of the family to select. CHI 223 CHI in the sence of hich is for tlio esthotxl govcrii- ting in notion tolera- ligious ns are, empire, vn altar d num- rtion to select. and of his ability to purchase; hence their classes. The natives in the interior, apart religious worship may be said to resolve it- from the contamina^cion of European vices self into one of their most extensive branches ' at Canton, are certainly superior to those more of manufaeturo. In like manner the dra- known to us. With the recent events which matic representations are all of a family ' have changed the character of European con- nature, tlie performers consisting of stroU nexion with this nation, most people are fuml- ling companies, who engage themselves for liar. A misunderstanding with Commia- un evening to any one that can afford to pay sioner Yeh in 1856, respecting a small vessel, tliem. Connected with the question of re- led to hoitilities, which resulted in the occupa- ligion, the civil policy of China tolerates tion of Canton by the British forces, and the polygamy. It appears, however, not to be capture of the commissioner, in 1858. After so extensively indulged in, as in other parts much equivocation, a treaty was signed at of Asia and Africa. Burials are not per- 1 Tien-tsin for opening certain ports, and for mitted in cities or towns, and their sepul- the residence of a British minister at Pckin. chres are commonly on barren hills and Similar treati<^s were likewise mail wiih mountains. They pretend to have a great France, Russia, America, &c. On June 25, veneration for their ancestors ; and some 1859, by a treacherous attack by the I'ci-ho keep images of them in their houses, to forts on the squadron conveying tiie British which they pay a sort of adoration. They minister, our forces wore disastrously worsted, have laws, wiiich regulate the civilities and This led to more vij^orous measures, and, in ceremonious salutations they pay to eaeli 1860, a combined French and English army other; for which reason they always appear marched victoriously on Pekin, which reluc- to be extremely good-natured, whilst low cun- tanfly opened its gates to them; terms of sub- ning and deceit is their ruling passion: and mi sion were exacted which, it was hoped, yet, while infanticide is not uni'requent among them, they are not destitute of social aft'ec- tions in their families. In person, the com- plexion of the Chinese is a sort of tawny, and they have large foreheads, small eyes,' short noses, large ears, long beards, and black hair; and those are thought to be the most hand- somewhoaretho most bulky. Thewonienaf- fect a great deal of modesty, and arc remark- able for their little feet. The men endeavour to make a pompous appearance when they go abroad; and yet their houses are mean and low, consisting only of a ground floor. The Chinese, as is well known, are remarkable for their industry, and every inch of ground is most assiduously cultivated, but in these operations, industry usurps the place of inge- nuity and science, so that they are of the rudest description. In manufactures they are highly distinguished ; their porcelain, their silks, carvings in ivory and mother-of-pearl, are well known in Europe, where they cannot be excelled. The government is of an en- tirely different character from those which are established in other parts of the world. The emperor, to whom divine honors are paid, theoretically is supreme, his will is law, and he is held to be the father of the entire na- tion. In reality his power is limited, and the chief defect of the constitution appears to be the want of effectual control of the inferior agents. All offices are honorary. The mandarins are all selected for their acquirements, and are subdivided into a great number of classes. The government is represented in the most opposite terms by different authors, as a des- potism employed to vex and crush the people. would secure a firm peace, and an English envoy took up his residence in Pekin. The recent death of ihe emperor may, however, produce fresh complications. CiiiNCHA Islands, a small cluster of rocky islets lying off the coast of I'eru, and now frequented by shipping for the guano, a ma- nure produced by seafowl, with which they are covered. The trade first commenced at Ichabo, a rocky islet off the S.W. coast of Africa. The Chinclia Islands belong to Peru, and are in lat. 13. 38. S. long. 76. 25. W; 100 S.S.E. of Lima. Chin-cih. See Quin-nono. Chingi.epot, a town of the C.irnatic, near the sea-coast; about 40 miles S. of Ma- dras. CinNACHW,orCHEENYCiiiN,thechieftown of the district of Jenilah, in the N.W. part of Nepaul, at the foot of the Ilimmalaya moun- tains. CiiiNANT. See CncNAUB. CiuNciiiLLA, a city of Spain, in Murcin. It stands on an elevated situation, on the high road from Valencia to Madrid. It has mines ofsilvcr in the neighbourhood, and an ancient ruined castle,146 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 10,533. CiiiNCHOou, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Anrungahad, celebrated as the re- sidence of an incarnation of the Deity — the residence of whom is a Ltrge mass of buildings throngeil with Brahmins. Lat. 18. 38. N. long. 73. 55. E. Pop. 5000. Chinon, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre and Loire, with a strong castla in which Henry 11. of England expired. or else administered with inflexible modera- : Chinon is the birthplace of Kahelais and of tion and humanity. The Chinese character is Quillet. Itisseatedon the Vienne; 10 miles also represented in most opposite terms, by ; N. of Richelieu, and 150 S.W. of Paris. It someasofavery degraded description, and by has some manufactures, and contains about others in much more favourable terms. 5500 inhabitants. The truth perhaps belongs to both these | Chine, La, a town in Canada; 7 miles cm 224 cm 1 1 I I i! li I from Montreal, on tlie La Chine Canal, wliich connects the navigation and commurco of the two Canadas. CiiiNSURAii, a town of Ilindostan, in Ben- gal, with a fortress, formerly belonging to Holland, but latterly transferred to Britain; seated on the Iloogly ; 1 7 miles N. of Calcutta. It was formerly tho principal settlement of the Duteti in Bengal. CiiiNY, atown of Belgium, in Luxemburg, on tho river Scmoy; 40 miles \V. by N. of Luxemburg. CiiiouRLio, a town of European Turkey, inUomania; the seoofa Greek bishop; seated on a river of tho same name; 47 miles W.N. W. of Constantinople. Ciiiozzo, or CiiioGoiA, a town and island of Italy, in the Gulf of Venice. Much salt is made here. The town is built on piles, and has a harbour, defended by a fort; 18 inileii S. of Venice. The island contains about 20,000 inhabitants. CiiiFioNA, a town in Spain, in Andalusia, situate on a rock near the sea; 5 miles ■W.S.W. of St. Lucar de Barmeda. CiiiPrENHAM, a borough in Wiltshire, with a market on Saturday. It has three estab- lishments for the manufacture of fine woollen doth, and sends two members to parliament. It is seated on the Lower Avon, over which is abridge; the Great Western Railway inter- sects the town, 21 miles E. of Bristol, CuiPPEWAT, a river falling into tile Mis- sissippi, from tlie N.E., about 70 miles beloW the falls of St. Anthony. It has its source near one of the rivers falling into the W. end of Lake Superior. Chippewa, a new territory of the United States, between Nebraska, Dakotah, the liucky Mountains, and the British posses- sions, with an area of about 130,000 square miles, and a pop. of 8,000 to 10,000. Chipping, a Saxon word, signifying market or fair, precedes, in all formal proceedings, the names of several towns in England, such as those of Barnet, Norton, Ongar, &c. &c.; but the prefix is now fallen into disuse, in com- mon parlance, except in thecaseof Ciiipping- NoKTON, which is a neat town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Wednesdays. The church is an elegant structure of Gothic architecture. It is 73 miles W.N.W. of London, on the road to Worcester. CiiiQCiToa, a division of Bolivia, in South America; inhabited by a tribe of independent Indians, and produces some honey and wax, A branch of tho Andes traverses this dis- trict, CiiiRiQui, a town of Colombia, on a river of the same name, 12 miles N. of its mouth, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 83. 28. W. hit, 8. 30. N. Chirk, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire, on the top of a hill near Wrexham. It had for- merly two castles, one of which seems to have been a magnificent structure. In the vicinity, the EUesmere Canal is carried over tho vale and river Cciriog, by a magnificent aqueduct. CiiiSHE, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the strait that parts the C(Uiti- nent from the Isle of Scio. It was anciently called Cysus, was celebrated for the great victory which the Romans gained here over the fleet of Antiochus, in 191 B.C., and has been distinguished by tho destruction of the Turkish fleet by the Russians, in 1770. It exports largo quantities of raisins, and is 40 miles W. of Smyrna. Long. 26. 16. E. lat. 38. 24. N. CuiswicK, a village in Middlesex, on the Thames; 7 miles W. by S. of St. Taul's, Lon- don. Hero is a celebrated villa of the Duko of Devonshire, where C. J. Fox and Canning died ; and in tho churchyard is a monument of Hogarth. CiiiTORE, the chief town of a district of the same name, in the province of Raj poo- tana ; about 100 luiles S. by W. of the city of Ajimere. CuiTPOOR, a ccmsiderable town of Guze- rat, about 30 miles-N. E. of Mangalore, on the shore of tlie Arabian Sea. It has ex- tensive mail' tares of chintzes, CiiiTRO, « iviTRo, a town of European Turkey, Macedonia, on the W. shore, near the head of the Bay of Salonichi. Here the mother, wife, and son of Alexander were murdered by Cassandcr. It is 36 miles S.S.E. of Edessa. Chittagono, a province of Asia, lying between the Bay of Bengal and Arracan. It was conquered from Arracan by Aurung- zebe, in 1666, and now belongs to the Eng- lish East India Company. Islamabad is the chief town. Pop, 790,000. CiiiTTEi.DROOG, Or Chaltrakal, a strong fort and town of Hindostan, capital of the N, E, district of Mysore, The plain of Chit- teldroog is 10 miles long and 4 broad, aur • rounded by rocky hills, on one of which stands the fort. Tho town formerly occupied a great portion of the plain, and is still a considerable place, but now confined entirely within the walls, which are near the foot of the rock. Hyder, who obtained possession of this place by treacherj', strengthened tho walls ; and other works have been since added, so as to render it totally impregnable against any neighbouring power. After tho final defeat of Tippoo, in 1799, it belonged to the rajah of the Mysore ; and the English keep a garrison hero. It is 48 miles N.W. of Sera, and 117 N. by W, of Seringapatam, Chittenden, a county of Vermont ; bounded on the W, for about 38 miles by Lake Champlain, between the lat, of 44. and 45. N. It is about 18 miles in mean breadth, and is divided into 24 townships. The pa- pulation is 22,977. Burlington is the chief town. I CiiiTTENANGO, a towu of Ncw York, lying ' 1 mile S, of the Erie canal, in Madison county. The Syracuse and Utica railway ii Clio £25 Clio I the P alno pnsaca tlic town, where there U a depi'it. Tliero is a niinonil (sulj)liureou.s) sprinjj, 1 mile S. of the vilUit,"?. 1^0 miles W. iN.VV. of Albany. Pop. aliout 1000. Chittenanoo Cri:ek, a stream in Onan- diigoeouiity, NewYork, huvinc;,in the course of about 10 miles, a full of 80 feet, into Onciila Lake. CiiiTTORE, a town of Ilindostttn, in the ftroviiiee of Unjpootana, on the summit of a lill formerly famous for its splendour and riches; 68 miles E. N. E. of Odeypoor. CiiivAS, or CniVAZzo, a fortitled town of Piedmont, on the river l*o; 12 miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop. about 5500, CiiiusA, a strong town of Italy, in the Sardinian donunions in the Veronese, on the E. bank of the Adi),'c, in a narrow pass; 14 miles N. N.W. of Verona. Also of another town in Piedmont, about 10 miles S. E. of Coni. Pop. about 6000. CuiDsi, a town of Tuscany, in the Sicnnesc, on the river Chiano; 35 m. 6. E. of Sienna. CUIHTAJA. See KlUTAIA. CiiMiGLNiK, a town of Poland, in Podolia, on an island formed by the river Bog; 80 miles N. E. of Kuminieck. Long. 27. 50. E. lat. 4'J. 44. N. Ciioco, a bay of Columbia, in the Pacific Oican. There is a town named Biienavcn- tuni, at the mouth of a river falling into this b.iy. in the lat. of 3. 50. N. Ciioco is also the name of a district in Colombia, lying between tlie two first western ridges of the Andes, between the Clh and 8th degrees of N. latitude. The river Atrato in- tersects this district from S. to M., fulling into the Gulf of Darien ; the head waters of this river were united in 1788 by the Canal de llasp.iliira. witli the river St. Juiin, fall- inq; into the Pacific Ocean, about 20 miles N.\V. of Ikienaventura. CiiocTAWs, a numerous and powerful tribe of Indians. By a treaty with the United States of North America, in 1820, the boun- daries of their territory enclosed about 17,000 square miles in the states of Mississippi and Alabama, intersected by the Talahochee, the Yazoo, and several other rivers; but so surrounded as to be comi)letcly subservient to any dictations which the United States Government thought proper to prescril)e. The/ have since been located in the Indian Tiiituric^RV, which sec. Ciiocznr, a town and fortress of Molda- via, situate on the S. bank of the Dneister; 110 miles N. N.W. of Jassy, and 15 S.W. ol Kaminieck, in Podolia. Choezim was the seat of repeated conflicts between the Turks and Poles, during the integrity of Poland, and, since its dissolution, between the Turks and Rusiiians, till it was finally ceded to the latter power in 1812, and it is now included in the government of Podolia. Pop. 25,000. CnoisEDL, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Marne; 12 miles N. E. of Laugres. Ciioi,LKT, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Mayenno and Loire, with a ea>lle; 27 miles S. S.W. of Angers. In its vicinity are extensive woollen, cotton, and linen manufactures. Pop. about 4800. CiioLM, or Koi.M, a town of Uussia, in the government of Pskov, on the river Lovat; 180 miles S. of Petersburg. Cnoi.MoaoR, or Kolmogor, a town in the government of Archangel, situate on an Is- land in the river Dwina; 30 miles S. of the city of Archangel. Ciioi-ui.A, a city of Mexico, in the intcn- tianey ot Piiebla, and about 7 miles W. of the city of Puebla. Previous to the iiTuption of the Spaniards into Mexico, Choluhi was the seat of government of an independent state, which, in conjunction with three othcc adjoining republics, had resisted the autlw rity of the Mexicans for several centurie* Cortes halted at Cholula, on his way to the city of Mexico, in 1519, at which time it con- tained about 200,000 inhabitants, who carried on extensive manufactures of cotton cloths, jewellery, and earthenware. It was also the chief place of religious resort in all Alexico, having a temple which vies with the I'yra- mids of Egypt in extent and nu\gniliccnee; and had at that time not less than 400 other places of worship. Cholula is now compara- tively an inconsiderable place, having only about 15,000 inhabitants, being eclipsed in splendour and importance by Puebla. Chonad, or CsoNAi), nn ci)i.scopal town of Hungary, and ca])ita! of a county of tlie same name. It is seated on the S. bank of the N. brjinch of the Maroseh river, 25 mileo above its entrance into the Tliciss,at Zegedin. C110NO8, an island of the South Pacific Ocean; 20 miles long, and 5 broad; lying off the W. coast of Patagonia, and one of the Chonos Archipelago. CiioKASAN, or K110RAS8AN, a province of Persia, extending from the lat. of 31. to .'iS. N., and from 53. to 62. of E. long, containing an area of about 80,000 square miles. It is bounded on the \V. by the Great Salt Desert, Mazenderan, and the Caspian Seaj N. by the Bay of Balkan and the Desert of Karakum: N. E. by the main branch of the Jihon, or Oxus river; E. by the territory of Balk; S. E. by the Lake of Zeresh, oj* Durra, which divides it from Seistan; and the extreme S. projects upon the Desert of Kernmn. A ridge of the Gaur mountains intersects the E. side of the province, from S. to N. ; and E. of this ridge is the Magrab river, which fall. into the Oxns at Amol. Another river, with several tributary streams, rises near Herat, in the S. E. corner of the province, and runs in a N. W. direction into the Bay of Balkan. Meshid, in the lat. of 37. 35. N. and 57. 15. E. long., is the capital of the province, and has a pop. of 30,000. CiiORi.EY, a town in Lancasliirc, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the line of the Liverpool, Lancaster, and Leeds Cd« cnR 226 CIIR "k 1 • 1' '(\ \\ iinl; 22 miles N. W. of Miinchcstcr, on the road to Preston, from wliidi it is (listant 'J miles. It tins ti con.siilcraMu mnnufacturi! of calico, muslin, and fustian. In tliu nei^h- bouiliood uro quarries of nshlar, flap:, and millstotiu; and mines of coal, lead, ami alum, uiid -ilso earbiiuate ot barvtes It is on tho Munclicster and Preston Uailway, CiioRLTON-Ilow, n towuslij]) ill tlic parish of Manchester, on the S. W. side of the town, distant about 3 miles. See Manciiicstku. There are live vilhijjcs in dillereiit jiarts of Ennlund named Chorlton, nil ineonsidcr- iiblc. Chowan, a county of North Carolina, con- taining; about 100 ."(I'lMro miles; bounded on the E. by the Chowiiu river, at its influx into Albcmiu-Ie Sound. Pop. GC'.X), of whom 3;J65 were slaves. Edcnton, 183iudes E. by N. of Haleit,'!!, is the chief town. CiiowBivNT, or Atukutun, ft township in the parish of Leijii), Lancashire. See Ll:igii. CnouuAU, a town of Asia, in the province of Mukran, Beloochlstan, on tho Indian Ocean, .at the mouth of a gulf of tho same name. Lat. 25. 17. N. long. GO. 23 S. CiioULE, a town of Hindustan, on tho const of CoBcan, with a harbour fur small vessels, which is fortihid. It is 24 miles S. of Bombay. CnuisruuuG, a town of West Prussia, with n castio on a liill, situate on the Surge; 15 miles S. E. of I^Iarieiiliuiir. CiiRiSTCiiuucii, a bonni;;h in ilamp'-hirc, with a market on Monday, and a considerable l«ade in knit silk stockings ami watch strings. Jt returns one member t« Parliament. Hero arc tho remains of a castio and priory; and the church is a large and iut'iresting struc- ture. It is seated on the little Avon, oppo- site the influx of the Stour, about half a mile above tho entrance of the united stream into the British Channel; 25 miles S. of Salisbury, and 100 S. W. of London. CnuisriAN, a western county of Kentucky, the S. end of which borders on Tennessee. It is watered by several streams, which after being united into one, rim W. into Cumber- land River. Pop. 15,587. Hopkinsvillc, in tho centre of the county, 212 miles S. W. by "W. of Frankfort, is the chief town. CimisTiANA, a town of Delaware, in Ne--- castle county. It stands on a navigable creek of its name, and is the greatest carrying place Letwecn the navigable waters of tlie Delaware and Cliesapeake, which are here oidy 13 miles asunder. Pup. 3275. It is 4 miles S.W. of Newcastle. Christianbuug, a town of Virginia, chief of Montgomery county, situate on the \V. side of the Allegany mountains, near a branch of the Kainiaway; 170 miles W. S. W. of lliehnKjud. Long. 80. 50. W. lat. 37. 5. N. CiiKisTiASBuuG, a fort of Guinea, on the Gold Coast, subject to the Danes, long. 1. 50. E. lat. 4. 10. N. Christian FELi), a tov/n of Denmark, in the Duchy of Slcswick, built by a society of Moravians, under tho pmtection of Christian VJI. All articles manufactured here are of excellent (luality. It is 8 miles N. of lluders- Icbcn. Ciiristiania, the capital of Norway, and an episcopal see, in the government of Augcr- huys, situate at the extremity of a fertile valley, forming a semicircular bend along tlia shore of the Bay of Biorning, which forn.s the N. extremity of the Gulf of Christiauia. It is divided into the city, the suburbs of H''aterlandt, Peterwigen, and Fienlingen; tlie fortress of Aggerhuys, and the old town of Opsloe. The city was rebuilt in its pre- sent situation by Christian IV. alter a plan designed by himself. The streets are carried at right angles to each other, and nnifcirndy40 feet broad. It covers a considerable extent of ground, but had in 183.'), 23,121 inhabi- tants. Tlie castio of Aggerhuys is built on ft rocky euiincnccon the W. side of the bay, at ft small distance from the city. Ojisloe was tho site of tho old city, burnt in 1624; it contains tho episcopal palace. Christiania has an excellent harbour, and its principal exports are tar, soap, iron, copper, deals, and alum. It is 30 miles from the open sea, and 290 N. by W. of Copenhagen. Long. 10. 49. E. lat. 59. 55 N. CuRisTiANorKL, k Strong seaport of Swe- den, in Blekingen, seated on the Baltic; 13 miles N. E. of (jarlscrona. Long. 15. 47. E. lat. 50. 20. N. CiniisTiANSANM), \ scnpott of Norway, capital of a provinco of the same name, which is famous for iron mines. It is seated at tho mouth of the Torrisdals, on tho N. shore of the Scagerak, opposite the Isle of Fleekeren; 110 miles E. S. E. of Stavangcr, and 120 S. S. W. of Christiania. Long. 8. 40. E. lac. 58. 25. N. CiiRisTiANSTAD, A fortified town of Swe- den, in Blekingen, built by Christian IV. of Denmark, when the country was in the power of that crown. The chief trade is in alum, pitch, ar..l tar; and it has mamifarturcs of cloth, r.iid silken utulls. The town is seated in a ina''.jhy plain, on the river llelge, which is nav',:able only for small craft; 67 miles W. by S. of Carlserona. Lung. 14. 10. E. hit, 56. 25. N. CiiRiSTiANSTAj, a soapoi't of Russian Fin- land, at the mouth of a river, on tho Gulf of Bothnia; 155 miles N. by W. of Abo. Long. 21.23. E. lat. 62. 40. N. CiinisTiANsuNK, a town of Norway, in tho Island of Fosscn, with a commodious har- bour and wharf, The chief trade is in tim- ber. It is 30 miles W. S. V/. of Drontheirn. CnnisTiNKiiAJi, a town of Sweden, in Wer- mchmd, at the E. end of the lake W'enner; 30 miles S. E. of Carlstadt. Christini, St., the principal of the Islands called MurqiK'sas. See Marquksas. Christmas Island, an island in thePaeifiu Ocean, so named by Cook, who first landed here on Christmas day, 1777. It is 45 milue CIIU 227 CIIU liles E. .11 ner; incis icifio ided in circtimrcrcncc, uninliabitcd, and dcstitiito of fresh water; but Imo abiindunco uf iiuo turtlo. Long. 157. 30. \V. liit. 1. 59. N. CuRiSTMAS Hound, a bayon tbo S. coast of Ticrrii del Fiieco, so imincd by Cook, who pa.ssud licru tlie 25th Duccmlmr, 1774. The country is barren, and tho refrcslimcnts to bo pot here arc chiefly wild fowl. Long. 70. 3. \V. lat. 55. 22. ». CuRisTOPiiE I'E Laguna, St., the enpital of the Island of 'JVneriffo. llcvo the (Miurts of juslieo are held, and the governor has u paliU'o, but he commonly resides at 8t. Cruz. It stands on an eininenco, in ni' extensive fertile plain, and has several fountains sup- plied with water from the nolKlbouring hei;j;iits, by an aqueduct. The hike from whieh it has been supposed to take its name is now a very inconsiderMblo piece of water. Lonu;. 16. 1 1. \V. lat. 29. 29. N. CiihisToi'iiEu, St., or St. Kitts, one of the Leeward Islands, in the West Indies; 60 miles W. of Antigua, the N. W. end being divided by a narrow strait from the small island of Nevis. It was formerly inhnbited by the French and Enij;lish; but in 1713, it was ceded to the latter; taken by the French in 1782, but restored to the English again in the following year. It is 15 miles lony and 4 broad, with high mountains in the middle, whence rivulets flow. Between tho moun- t tins arc dreadful rocks, horrid precipices, ai-.'i il.ick woods, and, in the S. \V. parts, hut sulphurous springs at the foot of them. IJiisscterro is the capital. Pop. in 1847, 23,177. CiiRiSTORF, a town of Bohemia, in the N. part of the circle of Bunslau; 6 miles S.S.E. from Krottau. CiiRDBEitG, a town of Austrian Poland, in tlic palatinate of Sandomirz; 52 miles W. of Siimlomirz. CiiuuDiM, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, which is remarka- ble for a great number of fish ponds, and an excellent breed of horses. It rtands on the river Chrudinka, 10 miles above its entrance into the Elbe; 46 miles E.S.E. of Prague. Chucuito, a town of Peru, on the W. side ol Lake Titicaca, called also the Lake of Chu- cuito; 130 miles N.W. of Pa/. Long. 70.26. \V. lat. 16.20. S. Chudleigh, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. The ne .hbourhood is famous for its cider, and for a .stupendous rock of bluish limestone, called Chudlei'^h marble, in which is a large cavern. Tliis town was almost entirely destroyed by fire in 1807. It is seated near the Teigii; 9 miles b.W. of Exeter, and 185 W. by S. of London. CiiUOANSKKAi, a town of Ilindostan, in tlio j)rovince of Cabul, on a river of the same name; 80 miles E. of Cabul. Long. 70. 8. E. Int. 34. 5.';. N. CuuKOTSKiJA, or TcnoNKCHi, a province of Siberia, and the most easterly of the domi- nions of Russia. It extends from 156. to 197. E. long., and front (',:). to 73. N. Int.j and is separated from America by liuhring's Straits. CnuMi.Rion. a town in Devonshire, with a market on Thursday; seated on tbo river Taw; 21 miles N.W. of E.xeter, and 194 W. by S. of London. CiiUMUUL, a conslderahlo river of Ilin- dostan, rising near Ougein, in Malwii, and, after a winding course of about 400 miles, falls into the Jumnali, about 90 miles below Agra. CiiUHLA, or SuuMLA, R city of Turkey in Europe, province of Br.lgaria; ■')2 miles W. from Varna. Pop. 30,000. It was tin; scene of a sanguinary conflict between ilie Kiissiaiis and Turks, in 1828, in which the liussiaiib were victors. CiiuKAu, a fortress of Ilindostan, in Alla- habad, built on a rock, fortilied all round by a wail and towers. It was unsuccessful!/ attempted by the English, in 1764; but in 1772, it was ceded to them by the nabob of Oude. It is seated on the S. bank of tbo Ganges; 15 miles S. of Benares, and 140 W. by S. of Patna. CiiUNAUu, or Chinaub, a river of Asia, the chief of the five eastern branches of the Indus. It rises in the Tibetian mmintaiiis, runs through Cashmere, ami joins the Indus 20 miles below Moultim. This river is tlio Acesiiies of Alexander. CuuNG-KiNO, a city of China, of the first rai;k, in the ])rovince of Setchuen; it is beau- tifully located on a mountain, in the fork of a river, which runs from N. to S. into the Kiang-kioti. CnuN-NiNO, another city of China, of tha first rank, in the province of Yun-nen. Chun- ning may be considered the frontier city of China on the side of the Birm.an empire; it is seated on a stream, which falls into the Kiou-long, or Great River of Cambodia, and is only a few miles distant from another stream, which falls into the Maj'gue, or Great lliver of Siam. Tt is in lat. 34. 37. N. and 100. 15. of E. Ion,-. CiiuN-TE, a chr of China, in Pe-tchcli, with nine cities of the third rank under its jurisdiction. It "8 210 miles S.S.W. of Pekin. CiiUPRAH, a large town of Hindostan, in Bahir, on the N. bank of the Ganges; 28 m. W.N.W. of Patna. Pop. about 30,000. Chuquisaca, or La Plata, a city of Sonth America, the capital of the roi)ublic of Boli- via, being the seat of the general government. It is built in a beautiful valley, 9000 ft. above the level of the sea. It has a cathcilral, and 8cvcralsubstanti.il buildings, about 2.'i, 000 in- habitants, several institutioiss for education, including a universitv, and a mining schooL Lat. 19. 25. S. long. 67. 5. W. Chur. See Coire. Ciidubar, a seaport of Persia, on the coast of Mekran; it is seated on the E. shore, near the entrance of a bay of the same name, in the lat. of 25. 16 N. and 60. 24. E. of long. 7J CIL 228 CIN ii .i isJi- If! m il Ciirucii, SrATi:s ok. Sie I'ori.DOM. CiiUKOii. Tlicvc art; 30 towns imd villages in didcrcnt parts of Eiiglixnd, tlic miinus of wliich are preceded by Cliiireli, but none that claim any particular notice; the most considerable are Cluircii Stu-.n- ton in Devonshire, 'ind Stretton in yiirop- sliirc. CiiusAN, an island o(T the cast coast cf C'hiiia, which gives its name to the surround- ing archipelago. The group is very numer- ous, and is a dependency on the provint^e of Chc-l'.t'.g, the coast of which is in sight from uie islands. The largest island is 50 miles in circumference, and 21 in its greatest length. It is covered with mountains, in the midst of which extend fertile valleys, llice, cotton, tea, the tallow-trce, some varieties of pulse and fruits, aio its principal productions. The climate cannot be called salubrious, but its eflects were consiiierably diminished by the sanatory precautions adojjtcd by the British during their military occnpation. Ting-hac is the capital of the island. The barracks, the hospital, and the dilferent English establish- ments were between the walls and thesliore. At that period the appearance t'f the city wis somewhat anomalous — neither English nor Cli.iiesc. Its possession would he of great importance to the English, who, at the termi- natio!! of hostilities, excnanged it for Hong Kong, not so advantageous in position, but which loss is counterbalanced by the ai'ja- ccnt port of Shang-hae, now opened to Fjum- pean commerce. Chusan was taken by the English forces in 1840, and was retained by them until the stipulated ransom was paid hv the Chinese in August 184G. Ting-hae is in hit. 30. 3. N. lung. 122. 4. E. CiiusiSTAN. See Ivl'sistan. CiAMPA, or TsiOMi'A, a snnUl kingdom of Asia, bounded on the iT. by Cochin-(Mnna, S.E. by the China Sea, W. and N.W. by Cambodia. It is more elevated than Cambo- dia, but not so fertile; having tracts of saml intersected with rocks. The productions are cotton, indigo, and bad silk; anr)5, and rebuilt by King Joseph. It is 12 miles N.W. of Lisbon, by tie iii'i...bit,Mits of which place it is much frecpiented as an occasional retreat; and is distinguished for the convention concluded at it, on the 2'>nd Aug. 1803, between the English general, Dalrymple, and the French general, Junot. l-op. 4500. CioTAT, La, a seaport of France, in tlie de- partment of Mouths of the Khoiic, defcndecl by a strong fort. It is famous for MiiscaJine wine, and seated on the 13ay of Lacpieo; H miles S.E. of Marseilles. J'op. 5382. CiucAUS, five ])rovincos of the Dcccnn of Hindostan, on the Bay of Bengal. They were originally denominated Northern, from their j)n>itiMii in respect to the Carnatic. Under the iMogiil dynasty the government of these provinces was vested in the Nizam of the Decean, and was assigned to the French in 1753, for arrears of pay claimed by them for auxiliary troops, with which they had ,sn|)- plied the Nizam. In 1759 they were con- ipierod from the French by the English; flud in 1705 were fornndly ceded by ihe Great I^Iogul, Shah Alum, to the English Ivis.t India comi)risc about 7000 sipiare I'lilcs of terri- tory, between the mouths of the Kistna and Goilavery river.s, ami the line of 10. to 17. of N. hit.; and the lil'th, Cicacole, e.Mciul.s in a N.E. direction al.aig the sho<'c of the Bay of Bengal, from the Godavery ri.cr, in the lat. of 17 N. for ahoiit 280 miles, to the lako Chilka.and is abouttiO miles in mean breadth. This is the district from whimce 500.()(>0 to G0t),000 jiieccs of cotton maiintactnred goods were formerly imported into laigland, under the name of long cloths, salamiiorcs, and ca- lieoes; and handkerchiefs, under the mime of niiii-ulipatains, &c. ; it is also fertile in maize. Cicacole is now divided into two distri'j?';, viz., Ganjam, Vizagapatam; and the o.'h.i- four Circars, resolved into three districts, viz., IlA.TAMUNDnY, Mazllipatam, and GuNTooit, the area and i)opulation of which may be estimated as follows: — DlSTIlICTS. Al!EA, .Sq. .Miles. Tiur IN ; 1S37. 1 r.anjam Vizaptaiiatam liiijainumlry Masiilipataui Uuutoor ,3700 scon 4fi;io 4810 4!)C0 6SS.n79 1,1)47,414 , 67S..W9 j 332,039 19,313 1 1 Total . . . 23,7 oO 2,.')C5,379 CiiJOAssiA, a country of Asia, lying be- tween the 44tli and 45tli degrees of N. lat., find longitudinally between the Black Sea, Sea of Azof, and the Caspian ; its precise boundaries are very nndefinc 1: the Cauca- sian mountains, dividing it from the territo- ries of the Abklias, may be considered as forming its boundary on the S.; but the lia- Itits of the people being completely predatory, they acknowledge no boundary but that pre- scribed l)y the force of arms. It contains the districts of Great Kabarda, Little Kabard.i, Beslen, Temirgoi, Abasieh, Bseduch, ILitu- kai, and Bshani. It is now nondnally subject to Uussia; but they maintain their indepen- dence in detianee of the numerous attemiits of the Russians to subdue tiicin; and, from the peculiarly advantageous local circum- stances of this couiury, and the extraordinary eourngc and military genius of its iidiabitanis, it might become very formidable were they united under one chief; but they are entirely a ])redatory jieople, divi^lcd into many dif- lerent and liostili! tribes, and want that spirit of unity necessary to make their power etVec- tual. The Kai)indi;ins are the most power- ful race, and their superiority has introduced a general imitatimi of their manners among their neigbbonrs, so thiit from a description of these, an idea may bo formed of all the rest. They are divided into three classes, lh« princes, the tisdens or nobles, and the vassals r peo]de. The pc( plo are divided into cer- "r ' - . C(niipany, duriog the governorship of Lord tain jiorlions, wdio are each governed by a Clive. Fonr of these ])rovinces, viz.. Gun- | ])rinceiy family, the eldest of whom is consi- toor, Condapilly, Ellore, and Iviyaujuudryi j dcred as chief, aud the judge, protector, uud ^ m CIR 230 CIU ■i,. If. M'^ father of the vassals. His person is sacred, but he cannot bo a hmdholdcr. His property is nothinfi^ more tiian ins arins, horses, shives, and wiiat tribute he can occasionally exact from foreign powers. In times of peace they are with dilliculty distinguished from their subjects, their dress and food being the same, and their houses little better. The usdens are chosen by the princes from among tlie people, and are their otliecrs, the executors of the law, and ministers of the legislature. Eoth the usdens and the peojile are proprie- tors of land. There does not ajipear to be any written law: the ))eople are governed by a kind of common law, founded on a col- lection of ancient nsagcs. They have a few nianniiietures ; and their tillage produces scarcely snllicient for their own subsistence. The i)rincipal articles of commerce are sheep and horses, particularly the latter, which sell at a high ])rioe, being much esteemed. The balance of trade would, however, be con- tiidcraiily a!;ainst them, were it not for the slaves tiny make in their predatory ex- cursions. They have no money, and all their commerce is carried on by exchange. They almost universally subsist by robbery, being trained to it *'rom their ^.'I'v '"'•adie. This disposition iiatnrally proi;, atown of the state of Oiiio, United States, It was commenced in 1810, on the site of an ancient fortification on the E. bank of tlic Scioto river. The Ohio canal passes through it. It is regularly built, and the country around is very fertile, and has great water power ; 26 miles S. of Columbus. Top. in 1840, 2972. CiHENCKSTKU, Commonly called Ciceter, ft borough in Gloucestershire, returninic two nunnbers to parliament, with a market on . iloiiday and Friday. The ruina of the walls ' are yet visible. It had also a cnstle and an ' abbey ; and here three lionian Roads, the j Foss, Irnnn, and IcknikI, crossed each other. It is one of the greatest marts in the county for wool; and has a manufacture of curricrii' , knives, highly valued, and two public brew I cries ; the chin-ch is a very stately edifice. It is seated on the banks of the little river Churn; 18 nules S. E. of Ghmeester, and 89 W. of London. It communicates both with I the Severn and the Thames, by a canal. The I Cheltenliam branch of the Great Westera railway has a station here. C'lKiE, a town of Piedmont; seated on the Doria, near the foot of the Alps; 8 miles N. N.VV. of Turin. Pop. 3500. ClUTKNlTZ. (bee CziRNITZ. CiSMAH, a town of Lower Saxony, in ITol- stein; seated near the lialtie; 17 miles N, of Travemunde. Cittaui;lla, or Ciudadella, a seaport, and the capital of Minorca, surrounded by walls and bastions, with a good harbour at the N.W. point of the island. Long. 3. 11. E. hit. 39. 58. N. I CiTTADELLA, an inland town of the Vene- tian territory; 25 miles N. W. of Venice. : Pep. about eooo. I CiTTA Di Castello, a city of Italy, with . a castle ; cajjitiil of a distric. of the same ■ name W. of the Appennincs ; -.eated on the , Tiber, 27 miles S.W. of Urbino, CiTTA NuovA, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, on the Gulf of Ve- nice; 10 miles S. ofLoretto. CiTTA NuovA, a seaport of Istria, and a bishop's sec; seated on an isthmus, at the mouth of the Qneto, which forms a good harbour; 26 miles S. S.W. of Capo d'lstria. Long. 13. 47. E. lat, 45. 32. N. CiTTA or CiviTA ViiCeniA, a fortified city of Malta, formerly the capital of the island, and still the seat of the bishopric. The most remarkable edifices are the palace of the grand master and the cathedral. Here are extensive catacombs, about 15 feet below the surface of the rock in which they are cut ; they contain streets formed with such regu- larity, that the title of Subterranean City has been given to this place. Nes^il^^Eaiw^3e! amTn«#w i 3f i -:^^■7y^ CLA 231 C L A ii anil liiis lictl'^ iutei'coiirse with nilicv jdaccs. Tlic hospital louiiihul by cardhuil Loroiiiiuiia is ii inihlc pile. Pop. iiluiut 10,ii(Mj. It is •> uii!c'.sti-om tlicGuadiiina, iiiid *J8 rt.of Madrid. CiUDAD liK\L, a city oC Cliiapu. Sec Chiai'a i>os Esfagnuls. (JiUDAU lioDuiGo.atown of Spain in Loon, and a bishop's soe; seated on llie river Af-'uada, over which a. bridge cominuniciitLS witii 11 yuljiirb, and leads a lew miles over the plains to J'ortujial. It was founded in 1150, l)uc tliere ii little worth ncticing in it. The caiiiedral was founded in 11 HO, ar)d eniarjicd in 1 j;58. It was taken by the .Vrciich in 1 b 10, and retaken by the English in 1811 ; 50 miles S. W. of Salamanca. CiviTA CAsrKj.i.ANA, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. IVter; scavi-d on a lii;^)! ruck, at the tool of which is a rive'' that ilows into the 'J'ilicr; 25 miles N. of Uo.nu. CiviTA Cm En, a city of ^'apifis, eiipital of Abruzzo Oitcriore, and an archbishop's sec. It ODtains four churelics and nine convents, and is situate on a mountain, near tlie river Pescara, a few miles above its entrance into the j\driatic; 28 miles E. of Aquila, and &G N. of Naples. CiviTA 1)1 FuinLi.atown of Italy, in Friuli ; seated on thcTsatisona; 10 miles E. of lldina. CwiTA ni Fknna, a town of Naples, in A'luuz/.o Ultcriore, near the river Saliuo; 25 miles N.E. of Aipiila. CiviTA I >iC'ai.l;, a town '/f Naples, in Ab- ruzzo Uiteriore, on the river V^eliuo; 10 miles W. of Aquila, CiMTA ^Iadonia, a town of Naples, in Calaii\ia Citcrii.re, near which .ire the ruins of tlm famous city of Sibaris. fr is seated on the Gull of rarciit", iir the influx of tiie Crati; 31 niih's N. ijy E. of Cosenza. (^iviTA Ve( caiA, a strong s"ap(>rt of Italy in the jiatrinioiiy of ''^t. Peter, wiih an arsenal. Tlie iliief exports are, pu/.zulana, and a su- perim- kind of alum, prepared at Tolfa. Here the pope's galleys are stationed, and it is a free imrt. it was taken by the, Fn-nch iu 17'J8, and retaken by the AustriatiS and Kus- Bians in 1799. It is 35 miles N.W. of Home. Long. 11.4G. E. lat.4-2..5. N, CiviTioLi.A, a touii of Naples, iu Otranto; 5 niiles N. of Tarant). CiVltAV. Sec SlVUAY. C'LACiv.MANNAXsiiiuE, ft countj of Scot- land, bounded ou the S. and S.VV. by the Fcn-rh, and on all other sides by Perthshire. It i> '.) miles long and G broad ; produces good corn and pasture, and plenty of coal and salt. It has also veins of lead, cobalt and antimony. Alloa is the principal town. Clackmanni'-.i and Kinross send one nuimhcr to parliament. Clackmanna V, a pari:di ami town of the above_ county. The parish comprises nearly four-lifths of thecoiiuty, and contains about 80(1 acres of woodland. 'i"'.e town is seated on ati eminence, and lias a harbour formed by the Devon, at its influx with tlie Forth. Ou the top of u hill, I'JO I'cct above the level of the Forth, is a square tower which derives its iiaine from the illustrious H(jbort 13ru.'e, wiioso threat sword and ca':ijue are here pre- served. It is 27 miles W.N.W. of Kdinburgh. Ci.AGENJUUT, or Kt-AGi:.vi'L'iiT, a town (^f the Au'itrian emjiiro, capital of Lower Carin- thia. It hua a strong wall, and contains six churehes and three convents. Here is a manu- facture of cloth, and a considerable one ot white lead. This town was taken by the Freneli in 1707, iind again in 1809, when they demolished the fortifications. It stamls on the river (Jhin. wliich fails into the Drave; 148 miles S.W. of Vienna. Population about 10.000. Ci,.\iu, St., a lake of North America, be- tween the Lakes Huron and Erie, 90 miles in eireumference. It receives the waters of the Lakes Superior, JNIlehigan, and Huron, and also of the ri\erThames, from Upper Canadii, in the lat. of 42.. 32, N. and discharges tliein through the strait called Detroit, into the Lake Erie. Ci.AiK, St., a county in the state of Illinois, the W. side of which borders on the Missis- sijipirivcr, inthelat. of 38.30. N. Pop. 7092. Cahokin, oti the bank of the river, 81 miles S. W. liy \V. of Vand.dia is tlie chief to^vn. St. Clair is also the name of a town.'^iii]! in Allegany county, and anotiier iu Bedford county, botli in Pennsylvania. Claiuac, or • ;i,AvuAO, a town of France, in the depaiinent of Lot and Garonne. Corn and tob icco are cultivated, .and a great deal of wine and brandy made here. It is seated in a valley, on the river Dor!;j 13 miles N.U^ofAgen. Pop. about COOO. CLAUinoiiNE, acounty ol'iha state of Missis- sippi; liounded on the L-1. by the .IJig Kiaek, and N. by the Vazoo rivers, and oii the W., for about; 25 miles, by the M'ississijipi river, between theIat.o!'32.and .^.•},N,. Pup. 13,078. P.trt Gibson, 118 miles N.W. by W. of Monti- cello is t'ne chief town. Claiueorne, is also the name of nnotlicr county, on the N. frontier of tiie eastern pari; of the state of Tennessee. Pop. 9474. Ta7,c,- wtlJ, N. of the mo\iiicain ridge, and 222 miles E. N. E. of Muiircc.-borongh, is the chief town. Cf.AMKrr, a town of France, in tlie ilejjart- mcnt of Niivre. .Cefore tiie laio revjluiion, the chapel of an hospital in the suburb was I lite provision for tl;e bishop of .Getldehcm, who w.is fixed liere in 1180, after the (''iris- tians iuid been driven from I'm-, Ho]/ L.iml. Clainecv is scai-cd at the eo ifluenee of the Pucvro'n with the Yonne: .35 miles N. '^.V,. of Nevcrs. Pop. about 5300. Cr.ANK, .'t town of Ireland, county of Kil- daro, on the Liffey. Ci.AruAM, a village in Surrey, an appen- dage to the British metroj) ilis; -l miles H. of London Bridge. It is con)p;,scil of a mimler j of very ne.it htnisea, built round an cxteiisivo ; common, presentin j,- a very rural, picturcsciuo, 1 aud iutcrccllng scotia. I <„ C L A m CLA Ci^Af ION, UiTEtt aiul Lower. See IIack- NEV. Claka, St., a small island of Porn, in the Bay of Guiiy;i(iui!; 70 miliis S.W. of Guaya- qui'l. Loiifj-. 82. 20, W. iiil. 2. 20. S. Clakk, a town iu Salfulk, with a market on Tuesday. Hero are the ruins of a caaile; also of a ])riory, tlie house of which is now oeciijiicil by a fanner, and the eliapcl is a barn, (Jhin; has a inanufaciiirc of baize, and is seated near tlie Wtour ; lil'r.een miles S. of Bury 8t. Edmund, and fifty- five N. E. oi Ijondon. Cla.ui;, a marititno eounty in tlie provinee of Munster, on the W. coast of Ireland, boun- ded on the N. by Galway Bay, and S. by the Slianuoii. It coistains a. good deal of monntaiiii'us surfaee; the valleys, howevei", are very ferlile; and it breciis more horses than any other county iu Ireland, beside a great numlnr of cattle and sheep, Ennis, 1 13 miles Yv. by S, of Daljiin, is tlie capital. Althou;j;h it lias 70 iviiles of sen-coast, it i;as no fieiiniiited harbour, its principal outport beiri;^ Limerick. It sends two meu\borii to parliament. Ci,AKi;. a parish and t(jwn on the N. bank of the rfiiannon, in the precedingr county. T)ic town is at the head of a bay, in the Shannon; 3 miles S. of Ennis. There is also another parish of the same name in the county of Gel- way, iutei'sected by the river Clave, wl.'eh fulls iiito Lough Corrib; about 5 miles N. of tlie town of Galway. Ci.AiiKMoiJNT, a town of New Hampshire, in (/heshire county, .'■ituate on Surgar Iliver, at ifs conilux witli the Connecticut; 90 miles W. N. \V , of Portsmouth. Pop. 32 1 7. Ch.AUE.s'i)u\, a viliiigc in Wilishire; 3 miles E, of Salisbury. Here was once a royal pa- lace, in which the purliiiment was several times convened; the lirst time by lleary 11. in 1 i 64, who enacted the laws called the Gun- stituiiuns of Clarendon, l)y which tlie power of the clergy was restraitiod. Clauknza, or Ciiiaufnza, a small village and Cape of Greece, N.W. purt of t!\e Morcja. It gives the tit!e to liu; Eiijij.isli Dukes of Cla- rence — one of the Dukes olChiarenza liaviiig mfirried into the Kainaidt family, a desecn- daut of which (Philipiai) was '|uecn to Ed- ward III., whose third son Lionel, bore the title, which has Eince been given to the third son of the kings of England. Cr.AUioN. a town recently commenced in the piiai woods in Pennsylvania, on the Sus- (juehannah and Wnti'rford turnpike roitd, iMt miles W.N.W.of Harrisbur'?. Po[).223;). Ci.ARirZA, a tow)i of European Tin'key, it! JiHMia, at the month of the Peneo, in the Guif of Salouica; twenty-six miles E. of LarissM. Claukb, the name of several counties in dillirent ]iarts of the United Stiites of North America, tlie principal of which arc as follows, \r/.. with the nu'uber of inhabitants in eai h. Biid tlie distance and bearing of tho chief tow a from the seat of government of each respective state: — InOeor«i,i . . lOAV? WntkinsvlIlcOa N. hy W. Alali.nua . . S.tilO Woodstown 7.'i S.W. Kentucky. . 10,S(L' Winchester 7 N. W, of Li'ndoti, c LEUKEN .vi;i,i,, ouM of fhi' out parisbci, forming an integriil jDirt ftftlM' ttrltUli metro- polis, lying on the N. mdo, A great iiortiiiii vf the inhabitants are employed as liipidaries, working jewellers, and in idl the various bniiiches of the niauufacturo of clockp, watches, and time-keepers, which arc here made in greater perfection than m any other part of tlu! world. In this district are e.cteu- sive distilleries, several iron foundries, and various other manufactures, as also the worka of the New Kiver Company, which supply a great portion of the metnipolis with water, conveyed hy pipes into the several houses. Clerkcnwell cmitains also a very elegant and spacious edifice, in which the sessions for tho county of Middlesex are held ; two extensive prisons, one approjjriated as a house of cor- rection fiu' juvenile otlemlers, and the other, wliicli has recently been much enlarged, t j general puri)oses. It was formerly distin- gni.shed for an extensive establishmint of ihj Kniglits of St. John of Jerusalem, which was destroyed by the rebels under Wat Tyler, in 1381, except the principal gate tower, whicfi still remains entire, and forms one of the most interesting features of antiquity connected with the metropolis. It has four churches. The general aspect of this division of tho metropolis is not in any way imposing to tho eye; but, in the extent and value of iits pro- ductions, it is entitled to rank among tho most important. Clerke, or SiNDE Isles, two islands nesir the entrance of Behring's Strait, between the coasts of Kamstchatka and North America, They were seen hy Cook in 1773, and so named in honour of«Captain Clerke, liis second in command. They were both in- habited, and not unknown to tho Russians. Long. 1G9. 30. W. lat. 63. 15. N. CleutiKjNT, a city of France, capital of tho department of Puy de Dome, and a bishop's see. It is seated on an eminence, and some- times called Clermont Fcrrand, since tho town Montfenand, about a mile distant to the N.E.,was united under the name of suburb. The cathedral, public srpiarcs, and walk.s, are very fine, but the streets are ^ -row, and the houses built of sl'-ne of a gh-omy hue. In the neighbourhood are some mineral springs; and that of the suburb St. Allyre has formed a natural bridge over the brook into which it falls, tio that carriages can pass over. (Merinont is the birthplace of the cclc- br.itcd Pascal, and has niamifiictufjs of rat- teens, druggi'tH, serges, ami leather. It is 215 miles H, by E of Paris, and 10 W. of Lyons. Pop. in 183(1, including tho .suburbs, ii'j.m. CLt/isfONT. n town of France, in the de- partment of -Mciisr, on an eminence by tho river Ayr; J2 miles W by S. of Verdun. Ci ERMOXT. a town of France, in the de- partment of Oisc, on an emini-nco near tho Bresche, 37 miles N. of Paris. Vlermont Is also the name of several other inconsider- able towns in different parts of Franco. CLiAnMONT, a county in the state of Ohio, the 8. iinl of which is lioundcd hy the Ohio river. It is about 30 miliis from N. to S., and 20 from E. to W. Tho population ij 23,10G, Williamsburg, on a branch of the .J ■ I >!! Ii lifl I'A ^v CLI 234 CLO Miami river, about 18 miles from the Ohio, anil 30 E. of Ciiicinimti, is the cliief town. Ci.KKMONT, a town of New York, in Co- Ioinl)ia county; 4"; miles S. of Iludijon, and 117 N. of New York. Toi). 1231. Clekmont he Loiieve, a town of Franco, in the liepartment of llerault, witli manuiiio- tures of clotli and hats; seated on an emi- ncnee near the Loguere; 80 niilos S.S.E. of Lodeve, and 24 \Y. of Alontpelier. Pop. uiiout C)!J0O. C'l-ERV, a town of France, in the depart- ment oi Loiret, once famous for the pilgrim- at;es to our Lady of Clery. Here is tiie tomb of Louis XL, who appears in white marble as tin; saint and the patriot king. It is 9 miles S.S.W. of Orleans. Cleveland, a city and port-of-cntry of the state of Ohio, capital of CuyahoL'". county. It is the emjiorium of northern Oliio, and is, next to Cincinnati, the most important town of the state. It possesses a command- in}: situation on Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, and derives its chief im- portance from being at the N. extremity of the Oiiio canal. It occupies a gravelly plain, 80 feet above the lake, and consists of very wide streets, crossing each other at right angles, having a public square of ten acres in tiic centre. The harbour is one of the best on Lake Eric, and is formed by the mouth of the river, improved by two piers faced witli masonry. It is the great grain mart of the greatest producing state of tiie Union, and exports enormous quantities by the numerous canals by whicli il is connected witii Canada and other places. Ohio city, on the opposite side of tlie Cuyahoga river, constitutes, virtuallj', one yhwc with Cleve- land. It has, however, a separate incorpo- ration. It derives its name from General Moses Cleveland, an agent of tlie Laiul Co., who first surveyed the place. It was ineor- ])or:ited as a village in 1814, and as a city in 1830. It is 130 miles N.W. of Pittsburgh, 140 X.E. of Ci)luml)us, 200 by water from Bulfalo, and 130 from Detroit. Pop. in 1840, 6071. Lat. 41. 31. N. long. 81. 4C. W. Ci.EVES. a duchy of Westphalia, border- ing on the S.E. part of Holland, divided into two parts by the Hliinc. It is a fine country, variegated witii hills, woods, fields, towns and villages, and the chief rivers arc the Illiine, Lippc, and Ilocr. The capital is Wesel. Cjleves, a city of Germany, and the capi- tal of tiie ducliy of Cievcs. It is seated on the eastern side of three hills, 2 miles W. of the llliinp; and hutt a castle, built in tlie tiuMMif Julius Ciusar. It is 70 miles N.N.W. of ('ulogiu', nnil about the sami.-. distance V. \\ 8. ol llultii-dam. Pop. about 5000. I'l.ii-'P, a Haxon word, implying a rock or high ground. There are eight villages in dill'crent parts of England, so named pro- bably from their situation (in a relative -bense) on high ground. There are three others named Clifford, in reference to their contiguity to a fordalde stream; and 22 named Clifton, imjilyiiig towns on a clil?, or high ground. None of these demand any particular notice, c.xce]it Clifton, contiguous to Bristol, to which city it forms a beautiful and interesting a])])endage; as its name im- plies, it is built on an einincnec, at the foot of which, on the N. bank of the Lower Avon, is a iiot well, that contributes greatly to its advantage, by the numerous visitors who seek to avail themselves of tlie benefits of its restorative properties. The buildings of Clifton are in general elegant and commodi- ous, and, from their elevated site, command extensive and beautiful prospects. Hee BlUSTOT . Cli^nton, a county at the N.E. extremity of the Stat of New York. It is bounded on the E. for about 35 miles by Lake Champ- lain, which divides it from Vermont. Platts- burg, on the sliore of Lake Champlaln, 170 miles N. of Albany, is tlie capital. Clinton, an interior county in the S. W. part of the state of Ohio, in which one of the branches of the Little Miami river has its source. Pop. 1.5,719. Wilmington, in the centre of the county, is the chief town; 75 miles S.W. of Columbus. Clinton is also the name of several town- ships in difi'crcnt parts of the United States of North America, named probal)ly. as well as the preceding counties, in reference to George Clinton, who was vice-president of the United States from 1805 to 1813. Tho most considerable is in Duchess county, on the E. bank of the Hudson river, 70 miles N. of New York. Pop. 1830. At Clinton, in Oneida county. New York, 102 miles W. of Albany, is Hamilton College, endowed by the Slate, and which promises to become nourishing seat of instruction. Clintonville, a village of the state ot New York, on the N. side of Au Sable River. The Peru Iron Co. have extensive works at this place; 10 miles W. of Port Kent, on Lake Chaniplain, and 153 N. of Albany. Clitiieroe, a borough in Lancashiro, seated on the E. bank of the river Kibble, the foot of Pendlc Hill, on the confines of Yorkshire. It is a place of some antiijuity, iiaving the ruins of a castle, built by the Lacys in 1178. It coiKmunicates by a col- lateral cut with tho Leeds and Liverpool Canal, wliieii facilitates the conveyance of large quantities of lime, dug in the vicinity of the town. It has a spring of water im- pregnated with sulpluir. It holds a market on Saturday, and four fairs annually, and returns one member to parliament. It is 30 miles N. l)y W. of Manchester. Clogiier, a parish in the county of Ty- rone, Ireland. The city, now much decayed, was the sec of a bishop, but is now united to Armagh. It is 20 miles W. by N. of Ar- magh,' and 76 N.N.W. of Dut)!in. Clon. There are 102 parishes and towna • 1 t \ i CLQ 235 COB ; IS 'y- to ir- ill Ireliind bcfiinninp; with Clan, amontcin coiifiiies of the county of Galway, Ireland. It is a miserable place, containing onlv .'31 houses; 36 miles E. of Galway, and 70 W. of Dublin. Clonmkl, a town partly in tlie county of Tippcrary, and partly in that of Waterford, Ireland. It is seated on the banks of the river Suir, over which is a bridge of twenty arches; 22 miles W. .\.W. of the city of Wa- terfnrd, and 82 S. \V. of Dublin. It is the assize town for the county of Tippcrary, and returns one member to the parliament of the United Kingdom; it had considerable manu- factures of woollens, and there is a lunatic and orphan asylum, several schools, and other public buildings. It was the birthplace of Sterne. Clontarp, a town on the N. shore of Dub- lin JJay, two miles E. of the city of Dublin. It has several neat residences in its vicinity, and is memorable in Irish history for the last battle fought bet\veen the native Irish and the Danes, in 101.5, which led to the expul- sion of the latter from Ireland. Cloppexkuuo, a town of Westphalia, in the ])rincipality of Munstcr; 32 miles N. E. of Lingen. Closteii Neuburg, a town of Austria, with an Augustine convent of regular canons. It has a yard for ship-buihling, and is seated on the Danube; 7 miles N.N.W. of Vienna. Ci.osTEii s.KVE-*', .>r Kloster Zeven, a town of the Dncliy of Bremen, memorable for a convention entered into between the Duke of Cumberland and the Duke of Riche- lieu, commander of the French armies, in 1 758, by which 38,000 Hanoverians laid down their arms and were dispersed. It is 19 miles S. of Staile. Ci.orTD, St., a town of France, 5 miles E. of Paris; celebrated for its palace, which was the favourite residence of Napcdeon Bonaparte. Ci.ovE, or Clois a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire; 5 miles S. W. of Chateaudnn. Cr.oYNK, a town of Ireland, on tlioE. sltorc of Cork harbour, in thi; county of Cork, and a bishop's sec; IG miles E. of Cork. Clun, a market town in Shropshire, on the river Clun. It gives the title of Barmi Clun to the Dukes of Norfolk; 5^ miles S. S. W. of Bisli(.)>'s Castle. Ci-usuERT, a town and fortress of South Holland, near an arm of the sea called Hid- lands Dicp. In 17!)3 it was taken by tho Frcneb, who were obliged to evacuate it soon after; but it surremlcred to them in 17'J5. It is 9 miles S. E. of Williamstadt. Ct.u.NV, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Saoneand Loire, with a late famous Benedictine abbey, seated on the Grosiio; 13 miles N. W. of Macon. Cluses, a t.jwi. of Savoy, in Faucigny, seated on the Arve; 22 miles S. E. of Ge- neva. Clwvd, a river of Wales, which rises in the middle of Denl'iglisliire, runs N. through a beautiful valley of the same name, and, having entered Flintshire, flows into the Irish Sea, 6 milcS below St. Asaph. Clyde, a river of Scotland, which rises in the S. part of Lanarkshire, passes by Lanark, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dumbarton, and Port Glasgow, to Greenock, where it enters an arm of tho sea called the Frith oi Clyde. Tills river runs, for several miles, between high rocks, and in its course forms several cataracts: it is deservedly celebrated for its romantic n'.id diversified scenery, ami has several extensive cotton and other works on its banks. At Gla.sgow it becomes navi- gal'Io; £,n.i, 6 miles below that city, it is joineii by the Great Canal from the Forth. Cltue, Frith of, an inlet of the sea, be- tween tho coast of Ayrshire and the Isle of Arran, which opens into the North Channel, between the N. E. end of Ireland and Scot- lan(L Clyde, a town of New York, on the Clyda River, and the Erie canal; 174 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 1000. CoANGO, a tributary stream of tlic great river Congo, in South Africa. It rises in Matamba, and runs a course nearly due N., falling into tho Congo, about 100 miles abovo the Cataracts. It is supposed by some to bo the main branch of the Congo. CoANzo, a river of Afxnca, which rises in tho interior parts, crosses the kingdoms of Matamba and Angola, and enters the Atlan- tic in lat. 9. 20. S. Coast Castle, Cape, the principal settle- ment of the English on the coast of Guinea, with a strong citadel. The Portuguese first formed an establishm.ent here in 1610, but were .soon after dislodged by the Dutch, who, in their turn, surrciulered it to the English in 1601. It is in the lat. of 5. 6. N. and I. 51. of W. long. Coatbridge, a village in Monkland parish, Lanarkshire, at the junction of the Perth branch with the Caletlonian Railway. It has rapidly risen from tlie iron works around. CoBAN, a town of Central America, o ;d capital of Vera Paz. It is situated in an un- dulating and luxuriant valley, covered with plantations of sugar-cane, bananas, &c. It contains about 14,000 inhabitants, chiefly aborigines, and said to bo more wealthy and orderly than in any other purt of the countrT. iW 111'; I COB 236 COC CcniiK, tli.i raiiitiil of tlie territory of Dar- the population is 139.440. The fcuchil j)rin. ftir, in Ziiiiiirn, North Africa, situate on tiic cipks were nholislied in 1809, and in 1826 :) I' borders of Nu'.iia; l.'jO miles W. S. W. of Seiinanr, and 5()t) S. 10. of ^latiiau. Long. 28. 8. E. hit. 14. 11. N. CoBiiAM, a vilhifio ill Surrey, on the river Mole; 7 miles S. W. of Kingston. It lias several handsome villas, two medicinal springs, and a uianufaeture of iron and cop- per. CoBi, called l)y the Chinese Shamo, a vast desert of Asia, extending from the 75th to the UOth degree of E. long., and lying he- tween the 35th and 45th of N. hit. The western part of this vast district borders on Jincharia, and the S. W. on Thibet. Tiio Cliinese ])ri)vince of Kan-suii (which see) projects into this desert, and the N. E. part stretches towanls the frontiers of Asiatic 1? \ssia; hut its limits arc on every side too imperfectly defined to admit of any precise description. ConiJA, or T/A War, a town of Bolivia, on the coast of the deserj of Atae.iina, with a good harbour for vessels carrying the metal from the neighbouring mines. It is 250 miles S. of Ariea. Long. 34. 44. W. lat. 22. 20. S, Coni.KNr/, a strong city of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, situate at the con- flux of the lilune and the Moselle; with a bridge of boats over the former, and a stone bridge over the latter. In the time of the Ronnms it was the station of the first legion, by whom it w.is illeut- termere, Cromack-water, and Lowes-water, and joins the Derwent below Cockcrmouth. CoCKEKMOUTH, a borough in Cundjcrland, with a market on Monday. It stands on tlio Cocker, at its conflux with the Derwent, and Iretwecn two hills, on one of which is a handsome church, and on the other the re- mains of a stately castle. It has manufac- tures of woollen and linen, and a railway to Workington. It returns two members to p.irliament, and is 36 miles S.W. of Carlisle, and 305 N.N.W. of London. CocoNATo, a town of Piedmont, the birth- place of Columbus; 20 miles E. of Turin. Cocos Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, oc- cuj)ied by some British settlers, and producing a large supply of cocoa nuts. Con, Gate, is the northern extremity of a peninsula, more than 120 miles in extent, ani, a town of Ilindostan, in Coim- betore, seated near the Gavery, a little above the influx of the Noyelar; 23 miles S. E. of Bhawanikndal. CoEi'ANO, a seaport in the Asiatic archi- pelago, im the S.W. end of the Island of Timor. It is the princi])al jiort of the islaml, and a great resort of the Malays, wlio fish COH 288 COL for the hicho-dc-la-nuT olF tho N. const of Aiistraliii; ami also tlie chief place of export for the Timor ponies to Australia, and other jjorts. It lies \V. of Port Kssinntoii, North Australia. Fort (loueordiu is in hit. 10. 13. S. ami loiif,'. 12;j. 45. K. C'oKSFKi r. a town of \Vi'st])lKillii, in the, j)rincipality of Munstcr, near the source of the Hnrkei; 18 miles W. of iMunster. CoEVoKDiCN, a ibrtiiieil town of Holland, on the eonliue.s of Dreiithc, Westphalia, and Ovcryssel, and one of tlie strouffest places in the whole eoiuitry. It stands in a inoruss, on the river Aa; 33 miles S. hy 10. of Gro- iiin^en. It is the cii]iit:il of Drcnthe. (JoKVMANS. a town in Alhauy county. New York, on the \V. h.ink of the Hudson river; 14 miles S. of Alhany. I'op. 3107. CoKi'KE. ft CO. in the centre of Tennessee, witluv fertile soil. Capital, Manchester. Pop. in 1840, whites, 7057, slaves, 1105, total, 81 84. CoGOKsiiAi.L, a town in Essex, with a mar- ket on Saturday, and a manufacture of haize and silk; seated on the N. bank of the river IJlackwater; 7 miles W. of Colchester, and 44 E.N.K. of London. Cognac, or CouiNAC, a town of France, in the department of Cliarente, with a castle, where Francis I. was born. It is celebrated for excellent bran son; about threc-(|Uiirters of a mile hitrlier up, the Moiiawk, being al)OUt 350 yards wide, pours down its waters over a precipice, in an unbroken sheet, a height of 70 feet perpendi- cular, and, next to K iagara, f >rnis the grandest natural object in the state of New York. CoiMHETOKE, a province of the peninsula of Ilindostan, lying S. of Mysore, to which it was lately suiiject, but ceiled to the Eng- lish on the linal defeat of Tippoo, in 1799. It is 110 miles long, and 70 broad; and is di- vided by the river Noyelar into two districts, N. and S., of which IJliawanikudal and l)a- raporam are the chief towns. CoiMHEToiiE, a town of Ilindostan, the an- cient cajiital of the jirovinceof the same 'lame. It was taken by General Meadows in 1790, ani,Aii, or Cor.oK AM, a town nf ITinclostnu, in Mysore, with a large mud I'ort, and the ri'inains of n hill fort. It is the liirthidacc of llyder Ali, who erected here a liaiidsoinc mausoleum for his father; and near it is a mi)si[iu', anil a college of Mnssulinan ])riests 'J'lic chief manufactures are cotton cloths and muslins. It is 40 miles E.N.K. of Mauiralore, and 140 W. of Madras. Long. 78. 9. E. hit. la. 9. N. l/'or.UF.Nr:, a town of Tripoli, on the S.W. part of the Oulf of Sidra; 90 miles S.S.li. of Mcssurata. Cor.iiEuo, a fortified seaport of Farther r'/iiiv,. \nia. It has a collegiate church, good !i','ai anmnfacturcs, and considerable salt- ^.• '■ . The Uiissians hud siege to this town in .',58 and 17C0, without success; but it surrendered to them, after a long picge, in 17()1, and was restored at the sidjsequcnt j)eace. It is seated at the mouth of the I\r- sant, on the BaVie; GO milesN.E. of Stettin. Long. 15. 37. E. hit. 54. 7. N. CoLCHAOUA, a province of Chili, extend- ing from tlio I'acilie Ocean to tlie Amies, in the lat. ol'34. 30. S. It is intersected by two or three rivers, falling into the Paeifie; but it has no ])ort or harbour of note. Pop. about 15,000. St. Fernando, about 50 miles from the sea, and 100 S. of St. Jago, is the chief town. CoLCiiESTnn, a borough and market town in the county of Esse.x, jjleasantly situate on a gentle eminence, on the W. bank of the river Coin, about 8 miles above its entrance into the English Channel. It is a place of antiquity, supposed to have been a lioman station; and was formerly surrounded b^- a wall, some vestiges of which still remain ; and contained a castle of great strength, supposed to have been built by a son of Alfred the Great, the rcmainsofwliich served for a house of correction for petty oiFcnders. Prior to the civil war, in the time of Oliver Cromwell, the wall, ca.stle, and fortifications were entire, and held out with great obstinacy against the parliamentary forces, until after Charles I, was beheaded in iC:-', ii; which year it sur- reiidcred. The ttwn sustained great damage during the siege. Ir is m .v by far the largest raid most importai.' town "n the county, and lias undergone greai iinprovcmcnt within the jireseut century: a spr.cious quay has been <;onstrueted, and the river made navigable up to the town for vessels of 90 to 100 tons burthen. It is a port of entry for vessels from foreign parts, and has 11 custom-house a little below the town ; but its external com- merce is very inconsiderable. Its chief traflic '•' e.\port is in oysters and grain, which it sends to the London market in great quantities, and receives in return every description of shop goixls for the snjtply of the town, and distri- bution over the surrounding country. It had formerly extensive manufactnnis of woollen studs {/taizc,) but its manufacture is now trilling. No small shareof its prc.-cnt import- ance is derived from the extensive intcrcourso ol' which it is a centre point between r.ondon, Harwich, Ipswich, Yarmouth, and Norwich, with all of which it is connected by railways. It is divided into 10 jiarislies, and lias as many churches; but four of ilicni are not used, and only three are entitled to notice for their architecture. It has three briilges over the Coin, a spacious market-place, town-ball, corn-exchange, and a theatre. It has also an hospital, free gramtnar-scho()ls, water- works, two public libraries, a botanical and philosophical institution, and several dissent- ing meeting-houses. The town is govi-rned liy a mayor, recorder, town-clerk, 12 aldiT- mcn, 18 assistants, and 18 common-council- nien ; and returns two metiibcrs to jjarlianu'iit. Its markets are on Wednesdays and Satur- days. Pop. 16,1G7. It is 5rmiles K.N.H. from London, 21 W. by S. of Harwich, and the same distance S.S.W. of Ijiswich. Colchester, a township in Delaware county, New York; 91 miles S. of Albany. Pop. io"!). CoLcnESi/EK, a town of Virginia, in Fair- fax county, on Ocquoquarn Creek; 3 miles from its conflux with the Potomac, and 16 S.W. of Alexandria. CoLCHESTEU, a town of Connecticut, in New London county; 20 miles N.W. of New London. Pop. 2101. CoLCiiESTEK, a town of Vermont, in Chit- tenden county, on a bay of Lake (vham])lain, at the influx of the Onion; 6 miles N. by E. of Burlington. Pop. 739. CoLDiNG, or KoLUixo, a town of Den- mark, in Jutland, Ibrmerly the residence of many Danish kings, who adorned it with several edifices. The harbour is choked up, and its commerce nearly annihilated. It is seated on tlicThucths, near its entrance into a bay of the Little Belt; 30 miles E.N.E. of liipcn. CoLDiNGiiAM, a town of Scotland, in the County of Berwick, anciently noted for a ininnery, rebuilt by Edgar, king of Scotland, ill 1098. Ebba, one of the abbesses, re- nowned in tradition for her charity, gave name to the neighbouring promontorv called St. Abb's Head. It is 9 miles N.S'.W. of Berwick. CoLuiTz, a town of Upper Saxony, in !RIisnia, with manufacturesoflinen and stulfs; seated on the Mulda; 22 miles S. E. of Leipsic. Cold Si-rixg, a town in a romantic situa- tion on the E. side of the Hudson river, in New Y'ork, about one mile above West Point. The West Point foundry is situated here, and has extensive maehinerv and fur- fc V, iM ^^ ^* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 ■JO ^^" MHH ■^ IM 122 ^ 1^ |2.0 •UUb PhotDgrafiiic ^Sciences Corporalion k A /./ \£rjig \ iV '& ; <> .!*\ was ^l /iST MAIN STRUT WIBSTH.N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4503 ? COL 240 cot tinces attached; 100 miles S. of Albany. Pup. in 1840, 1250. (/OLDSTKKAU, a town of Scotland, in the county of Berwick. Here General Monk first raised the Coldstream regiment of guards, with which ho marched into £ng- land, to restore Charles II. It is seated on the Tweed, over which is a handsome bridge; 13 miles S.W. of Berwick. Cole, a county in the state of Missouri, on the S. bank of the Missouri river. Capital, Jefferson city. Pop. in 1840, 9286. CuLBAOARA, a to^ra of Hindostan, in the province of Coimbetore. It has two large temples, and is a considerable mart for tlie traders between Seringapatam and the country below the eastern Gauts. It is 34 miles S.E. of Seringapatam. CoLEflRooK Da T,E, a village in Shropshire, on the banks of the Severn; 2 miles N. by E. of Broselet, which see. CoLERAiN, a town of the state of Georgia, in Camden county. A treaty was concluded here, in 1796, between the United States and the Creek Indians. It is seated on the St. Mary river, 35 miles W. by N. of the port of St. Mary, and 14 S. by E. of Louisville. CoLERAiNE, a borough' of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry ; seated on the banks of the river Bann, about 4 miles above its entrance into the Atlantic Ocean. It parti- cipates largely in the linen manufactures, and its fabrics and bleaching are in the highest esteem. The fall of the river Bann precludes it from atfording much commer- cial advantage to Coleraine; but this defect is in some measure compensated for by its salmon fishery, which is the most valuable in Ireland. A harbour has been formed at Port Kush, fourraile^ N. E. of the mouth of the Bann. Coleraine has a railway to London- derry, Dublin, &c., seuds one member to par- iJHinent, and is 25 miles E. by N. of London- derry, and 138 N. by W. of Dublin. CoLCRAiNE is also the name of a town in Hamilton county, Ohio, on the E. bank of the Miami river, about 1.5 miles above its en- trance into the Ohio, and 10 N. of Cincin- nati. There is also a to\vnship of the same name in Franklin county, Massachusetts. Coles, a county of Illinois, drained by the Kuskaskia and Embarrass rivers. It bus extensive ])rairie8. Capital, Charleston. Pop. in 1840, 9616. OoLBSHiLL, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Wednestlny ; seated on a hill, by the river Cole; 10 miles E. of Birming- Imm, and 105 N.W. of London. The church is an elegant structure. CoLFORD, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Tuesday; 5 miles E.S.E. of Monmonth, and 124 W. by N. of London. It has several iron forges in its vicinity. Colin. See Kolin. CuLiMA, a town of Mexico, in the intend- ancy of Guadalaxura, on the frontiers of Yulladolidi it is seated at the foot of a vol- canic mountain, about 300 miles due W. of the city of Mexico, under the banks of a tmall river, about 30 miles above its en- trance into the Pacific Ocean, in the lut. of 18. 40. N. The intervening country be- tween the town and the sea is very fertile. Pop. of the town about 2500. Colkino, a city of China, of the first rank, in the N.W. part of the province of Yun-nan; 1160 miles S.S.W, of Peking. Coll, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the W.N. W. of Mull; 13 miles long and 3 broad. The greatest part is covered with heath, and abounds with rab- bits; and many black cattle are fed here. The castle of Coll is a strong square-built structure, and still in tolerable repair. Collaiiuas, a district of Peru, lying be- tween Lake Titicaca and the Pacific Ocean. It is a very mountainous district; the Andes here diverging into several ridges, among which the Apurimac and other streams, forming the head quarters of the noble river Amazon, have their source. Cailloma, in the lat. of 15. 40. S., is the capital. CoLLE, a town of Tuscany, on a hill near the river Elza; 10 miles N.N.V.". of Sienna. There are five other towns of the same name in different parts of Italy, all inconsiderable. CoLLEUA, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, on the Unstrut; 19 miles N. by W. of Weimar. Colleton, a maritime district of South Carolina, S. of Charleston ; it is intersected by the Eduto river, and is fertile in rice and cotton. Pop. 25,548, of whom 19,246 were slaves. CoLUN, a town cf Prussia, kingdom of Bohemia; 27 miles E. from Prague. Pop. 4400. CoLLiocRE, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eastern Pyrenees, with a castle. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1 793, but retaken the next year. It has a small port on the Mediterranean; 16 miles S.S.E. of Perpignan. CoLLON, a well-built town of Ireland, in Louth county, with a stocking manufactory, and an extensive bleach-field ; 29 miles from Dublin. CoLi/UMPTON, a town in Devonshire, with a marketon Saturday,and a considerable trade in woollen cloth. It is seated on the river Culm; 12 miles N.N.E. of Exeter, and i6(* W. of London. CoLMAR, a town of France, capital of the department of Upper Rhine. It is surrounded by a wall, flanked with towers, near the river 111; and has various aanufactures; 42 mil(;s S. by W. of Strasburg. Pop. 13,867. CuLMAR, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Holstein; 5 miles S.E. of Gluckstudt. CoLHARS, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Alps; 20 miles E.N.E. of Digne. CoLMiTz, atown of Austria; 4 miles S.S.W> of Drossendorf. COL 241 COL CoLW, a river which rises near Clare, in RiiflTolk, passes by Ualsteud and ColciicHter in Essex, and after a course of abont 40 miles, enters the Gkrman Ocean, at the £. end of &Icrs«7 Island. In the inlets and pools at the mouth of this river, are bred the famous Colchester oysters. There are several small rivers of the same name in England. CoLNBBooK, a town in Buckinghamshire, seated on the river Coin, which falls into the Thames; 17 miles W. of London, on the road to Bath. CoLNB, a town in Lancashire with a market on Wednesday. It is a place of great anti- (|uity, having been selected for a Roman sta- tion by Agricola. It is situate ncnr the border of Yorkshire, within about a mile of the Liver- pool and Leeds Canal. It was formerly a great place for hand-loom weavers, br.t since the introduction of the power-loom, they have been reduced to great distress, and consequent demoralization. The vicinity abounds in coals and slate. It is 21 miles N. by E. of Manchester. CoLOCTTHiA, a town of European Turkey, in the Morea, on the W. side of a bay to which it gives name; 36 miles S. of Mistra. Long. 22. 24. E. lat. 36. 38. N. CuLOOZA, or Kalotsha, a town of Hun- gary, on the E. bank of the Danube, and an archbishop's see; 57 miles S. of Buda. CoLoGNA, a town of Italy, in the Paduaii ; 26 miles W. by S. of Padua. Pop. about 6000. Cologne, a late archbishopric and elector- ate of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhino; bounded on the N. by the duchy of Cl'>yes and Gelderland; on the S. by the arch- bishopric of Treves; and from the S., in a N.N. W. direction, for about 90 miles, by the Rhine, Which divides it on the E. from the duchy of Berg; and on the W. it in divided by a very irregular boundary from the duchy of Juliers. It is not more than about 15 miles in mean breadth, and contains a good deal of forest and some mines of coal and iron, and parts are very fertile in corn, wine, and flax. Pop. about 220,000. It held a distingoished rank in the Germanic confederacy, as early as the 4th century, and at the general parti- tion in 1814, it was transferred to Prussia. Besides the city of Cologne, the other prin- cipal towns are Kemper, Lunne, Nuys, Brnl, Meckennheim, Bonn, &c. Cologne, the chief town of the preceding territory, and one of the most ancient and ce.ebrated cities of Europe; it is seated on the W. bank of the Rhine, in lat. of 50.55.N. and 6. 65. of W. long ; 295 miles W.S.W. of Berlin, and 105 E. of Brussel Antecedent to the ascendency of the Romans over western Europe, the site of Cologne i^ supposed to have been the capital of a tribe called the Ubii; and at a subsequent period, to have given birth to Agrippina, the mother of Nero; in leference to whom the Romans named it Cohnia AtpippincB. It joined the Hanseatio league at an early period of its formation ; and IP the 13th century ranked high as a commercial city. Alter that period its com- mercial activity yielded to the influence of priestcraft and indolence. Persecution fol- lowed. In 1485 the Jews, and in 1618 the Protestants were expelled the city; so that in 1794, when the French took posses- sion of it, the ecclesiastics amounted to about 2000; and, besides the university, founded in 1388, nine collegiate churches, two abbeys, and an archiepiscopal seminary, it contained no less tiian 126 other monastic and religious establishments. The walls of the city are about seven miles in circumference, but a considerable portion of the area is now con- verted into gardens and vineyards; and al- though the perspective of the city on all sides is very imposing, on inspection it proves to be low and ill built. The town-hall, cathe- dral, and some of the churches, are, however, stately and flne edifices. Cologne is connec- ted with Duytz, on the opposite bank of the river, by a bridge of boats, and contains with- in itself almost every branch of manufacture for domestic use, and still carries on some traf fie up and down the Rhine; but its chief com- mercial prosperity is owing to the railway from Belgium, France &c., which herereachits the river. The city was transferred to Prussia in 1814. It was the birthplace of Rubens. CoLOMBE, St., the name uf about 20 towns in different parts of France, all inconsidcraliic. CoLOMBET Avx J-:lles Fehhes, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe, and chief place of a canton in the district of Vese- lize; 15 miles S. W. of Nancy. Colombia, an extensive territory, forming the whole northern part of the southern divi- sion of the western hemisphere, commonly called South America, and includes what, previous to 1811, constituted the vice-royalty of New Granada, and the captain-general- ship of Caracoab, or Vembzitbla, each of which see. Its extreme length from N. to 8. Colombia extends from the shores of the Caribbean Sea, in the lat. of 12. 30. N. to the Tungaragua, the main western branch «f the great river Amazon, in the lat of 5. S. and longitudinally from 59. to 83. W. From the 59th to ihe 68th of W. long., how- ever, it extends only to 3. of N. lat., and its mean long, on the western side, or side of the Pacific Ocean, will not exceed the line of 79. W. These limits will give an aggregate ex- tent of surface of about 1,200,000 sq. miles, or an area fourteen times the extent of Great Britain ; but over this wide domain the hu- man inhabitants are supposed not to exceed £,000,000. In its north-western extremity, it includes the Isthmus of Panama, which alone includes an unbroken range of sea coast of nearly 3000 miles in extent, with several spacious and commodious harbours. On its eastern extremitv it is bounded by the Esse- Suibo river, which divides it from French luiana and the English and Dutch settle- ments of Demerara, Rerbice, and Surinam ; COL 212 COL from the 59th to the 65th degree of W. long^ it is bounded on the S. by a monntain ridge, which divides it from Portuguese Ouiana, the most nortliern part of Brazil j whilst the Tungaragua, or, as it is aderward' called, the Maranon river, divides it from Peru; the whole of its western boundaries being washed by the Pacific Ocean, and its northern by the Caribbean Sea, and the N.E. by the Atlantic Ocean. The earlier history of this territory will be found more particularly adverted to under the heads of New Granada and Vene- zuela. A futile attempt was made by a Ge- neral Miranda to revolutionize Venezuela in 1806; but it was not till 181 1 that the people generally exerted themselves in favour of independence; from which period up to 1819, various sanguinary conflicts ensued between the European Spaniards and the natives, with alternate su^'cess. It was on the 17th of December, 1819, that the two territories of New Granada and Venezuela became united under the title of the Bt'iu'olic of Co- lombia, and a popular represen ative govern- ment, divided into legislative, executive, and judicial. On the 6th of May, 1S2I, in con- formity with the fundamental law, the instal- lation of the general congress took place in the city of Bosario, of Cucuta, but the seat of government was afterwards established at St F^ de Bogota; and it was at Curabobo, on the 24th of June of that year, when the last battle was fought, that decided the down- fal of Spanish domination, and the indepen- dence of the Colombian republic. The ter- ritory was at first divided into four ])art8, vvi., Quito, Cundinamarca, Venezuela, and Spanish Guyana. Bnt in 1831, the three states of Ecuador, Venbzdbla, and New Granada, separated from each other, form- ing distinct republics, which see. The aggregate features of the Colombian territory are, in the highest degree, grand and imposing. The Andes, in a parallel ridge of about 200 miles in extent, between which is a valley 20 or 30 miles wide, at an elevation of about 9000 feet above the level of the sea, enter at the S.W. extremity, in which direction the peaks of Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Antisana, rear their majestic heads, all S. of the equator; and in the lat. of 2. N. the chain diverges into three ridges, the most easterly of which takes an E.N.E. direction towards the shores of the Caribbean Sea, with which it runs parallel through seven degrees of longitude to near the Delta of the Orinoco, opposite to the island of Trinidad. It is on the eastern declivity of this ridge, which is culled the Venezuelan chain, at an altitude of 8000 feet above the level of the sea, in the lat. of 4. 45. N., that St. Fe de Bogota is situate; between this and the central ridge, which is called the Chain of Santa Martha, runs, for a course of 650 miles, the fine river Magdalena; and between the chain of Santa Martha and the main ridge, runs the river Cuuca, which unites with the Magdalena at the foot of the Knol of the Santa Martha chain, about 150 miles above the entrance of the Magdalena into the Caribbean Sea. From the lat. of 6. N. the main ridge of the Andes takes a N. by W. direction into the isthmus that unitea the two grand divisions of the western hemisphere, whilst another colla- teral ridge runs nearly due N. towards Car- thagena; between these two ridges runs the Atrato, N. into the Gulfof Darien, the head waters of which river are contiguous to those of the St. Juan, which runs S. into the Bay of Choco in the Pacific Ocean ; which rivers seem to form the most favourable means for eflfecting a water communication between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. See Chooo. East of the Andes, the country is intersected by innumerable streams, those in the S. part running into the Maranon, or Amazon, and those in the N. part into the Orinoco, which see. From the extreme N., the country is indented by a s]iaciou8 bay, called the Gulf of Maracaibo, which leads by a narrow strait into a spacious lake of the same name. This lake, which is about 180 miles in length, and 70 in width, is bounded on the K by the Venezuelan chain of the Ande', and on the W. by a ridge which di- verges from it in the lat. of 8. N., and with the lake forms a very distinguishing feature of the country. Numerous islands flank the coast of the Caribbean Sea, from the long, of 61. to the Gulfof Maracaibo, in the long, of 70. : the most easterly and important of these is Trinidad, in possession of the English; and near the entrance of the Gulf of Mara- caibo is Cnra^oa, in possession of the Dutch. The rest may be considered as forming part of the Colombian territory, the most import- ant being Margarita. The principal seaports on the side of the Atlantic and coast of the Caribbean Sea, are Cumana, La Guayra, (the outport of Leon de Caraccas,) Maracaibo, Carthagena, and Portobello; and, on the side of the Pacific Ocean, Panama, Bay of Choco, and Guayaquil ; and the most important towns in the interior, besides St. ¥i de Bo- gota, are Loja, Jean de Bracamoros, Cuenoa, Rio Brambo, Quito, Popayan, Merida, and Angostura. Colombia is not remarkable for any pecu- liar productions either animal or vegetable. Its capabilities for supplying all that can contribute to the comfort and enjoyment of man are, however, of the first order, while the elevated plains on the western side of the territory afford the most agreeable tempera- ture of climate. The S.W. section of the territory is rich in minerals, including both gold and silver; but the most distinguishing feature of surplus production, hitherto, has been horses, mules, and homed cattle, which hHve been exported in large quantities to Jamaica, and all the other West India islands; these, with an inconsiderable supply of cot- ton, wool, cocoa (the best in the world,) cof- fee, tobacco, and indigo, and some dye-wools, OOL 213 COL with silver to tlie uniount of about 2,OU0,0UO to 3,000,000 of dollars, making an average return of about 1,500,000/., constitute about tliu collective extent of its external com- merce. CoLOMBER, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Upper Saonc, an niso the name, jf othertowns. Columbia, a new colony on the weittern Bide of British N. America, between tlie Rocky Mountains and the Pacific. The Fraser and Thompson rivers are rich in gold, and the dis- trict about the latter is exceedingly fertile. A governor bus been appointed, aud a bibhop. It ia a most promising colony. CuLUMniANA, a county of the state of Ohio. It is squai'e of about 35 miles each way; the S.n. corner jets upon the Ohio river at the point where it divides the state of Ohio from that of Virginia, the £. side being bounded by Beaver county, in the state of Pennsylvania. It is intersected from the N.W. by Little Beaver River, which falls into the Ohio at the point of union with Beavcr county. The fertility and lo- cal advantages of this county may be inferred from the increase of popubition since 1810, when it was 10,870; in 1820, 22,033; and is now 40,378. There is a town of the same name in the M. part of the county; but the chief town is New Lisbon, on the N. bank of the Little Bcnvcr River, in the centre of the county; 185 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. Colombo, or Colombo, the maritime capital of Ceylon. In 1805 its site was the residence of a powerful native chief, on whose territory the Portuguese first settled in 1517, and founded the present town in 1638; tlie Portuguese, in 1 658, were expel- led by the Dutch, and they surrendered it to the English in 1796. The fort, up- wards of a mile in circumference, stands on the extremity of a peninsula, and is strong both by nature and art. The town is built more in the European style than an/ other garrison in India, and nearly divided into four equal quarters by two principal streets, to which smaller ones run paraP.el, with con- necting lanes between them. The natives, who are very numerous, live in the old town, without the walls of the new, like most nf tlie maritime cities of the east. Its in- habitants comprise some of all nations, and the aggregate population is very consider- able. Here is a school for the propagation of the Cliristian religion, and a botanical garden. Columbo is the chief place for the staple trade of the island. The articles ex- ported are cinnamon, pepper, arrack, and coir rope, or cordage; also cocoa-nuts and oil, wax, honey, cardamoms, coral, ivory, fruit, &c. Columbo is situate in a rich dis- trict on the W. coast, towards the S. part of the island. I^ng. 79. 45. E. lat. 6. 55. N, It contains 31,549 inhabitants. CoLOHBRETES, IsLES, off the coast of Spain, in the province of Valencia; 29( ttiles from Cape Oropcsa. They are four- teen in number, and the principal one, which has a harbour, is apparently the extinguished crater of a volcano, which has afforded ■belter to the Moorish corsairs. CoLcuuus, a small county in the S.E. part of North Carolina, in the swampy dis- trict, through which runs the line dividing N. from S. Carolina. Pop. 3941, of whom 1086 are slaves. Columbus, a city of the United States, capital of Muscoga county, Georgia. It is on the E. bank of the Chattahoochee river, at the head of the steamboat navigation; 3 miles above it the river falls 111 feet. It is regular in its pluii, and has some factories, and cotton factories are erecting. Its growth has been rapid, and it is still increasing. A large number of steamboats navigate to New Orleans and other places. It is 275 miles above Appalachicola Bay, and 124 W.S.W. of Milledgeville. Fop. in 1840, .^1 14. Columbus, the chief town of liVanklin county, in the state of Ohio, and seat of go- vernment of the state. It is pleasantly situ- ate on a gentle eminence, on the E. bank of the Scioto river, just below the junction of the Whetstone; 45 miles above, or N. of, Chillicothe, and 418 W. by N. of Washing- ton. Pop. 6048. Coldmna, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Moscow, and an archbishop's see; situated on the S.E. firontier of the province, at the confluence of the Moskwa with the Oka river, .50 miles S.E. of Moscow.' CoLYTON, a town of Devonshire, with a market on Thursday; seated on the Cole, at its confluence with the Ax; 17 miles E. of Exeter, and 171 W. by S. of London. Com, or Kom, a town of Persia, in Irac Ajemi, with several beautiful mosques, and some grand sepulchres, especially those of Sell I. and Abbas IL The trade is consider- able; and the chief articles are fruit, both fresh and dry, the best soap in Persia, ex- cellent sword blades, white porcelain, silks, and velvets. It is seated near the foot of a mountain, and on the banks of a river, in a flne plain; 110 miles N.N.E. of Ispahan. Pop. 15,000. CoMAocuio, a town of Italy, in the Ferra- rese, seated in a lake of the same name, ly- ing between two mouths of the river Po( 27 miles E.S.E. of Ferrara. CoHAKA. See CUMANA. CoMAYAGi'A. See Vaixadolid. Combe Martin, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on an inlet of the Bristol Channel, surrounded by lodes of iron and lead, the produce from which is shipped for Wales and Bristol. It is 6 miles £. of Ilfracomb, and 9U2 W. of JiOndon. Combouro, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ille and Vilaino; 25 miles S.S.E. of St. Maloes: it was the birthplace of Chateaubriand. CoMBicoNUH, a town of Uindostan, situ- ate on the banks of the Cavery river, about 20 miles above its entrance into the sea. It was the capital of the most ancient of the Hindoo dynasties; it is now inconaiderable, COM 215 CON but several ruina still remain to attest its for- mer greatness. It is about 15 miles N. by E. of Tanjore. CoHERcoLLT, a town of Bcn^l, near the S. bend of the main branch of the Ganges; about 100 miles N. by E. of Calcutta; it is one of the stations or factories of the English East India Company, for collecting of silk and cotton manufactures. CoMiLLA. a town of Ilindostan, in Bengal, and chief place of the country of Tippera. It is seated jn a river that flows W. into the Burampooter; 58 miles E.S.E. of Dacca, and 185 E.N.E. of Calcutta. Conines, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nord, on the river Lys; 8 miles N. from Xiille. It has a trade in linen, &c. Pop. 3582. CoHiTAH, a town of the republic of Gua- temala, on the frontier of Chiapas. It is notorious for its smuggling trade, and is the place of transit for most of the European goods used in Central America, smuggled in from Belize and Guatemala. Fop. about 10,000. CouHXNDO, or CoMHAMi, a kingdom of Guinea, on ^he Gold Coast, formerly a part of the kinguom of Fetu. The natives are of a warlike disposition, and so numerous that the king is said to be able to raise an army of 20,000 men. The capital, where the king resides, is called Grand Commendo, or GuiTo; 4 miles to the S. of which, on the sea- coast, is Little Commendo, where the English and Dutch have forts. It lies to the W. of Cape Coast Castle, in the lat. of 4. 54. N. and 8. 34. W. long. CoMBiFRcr, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meuse, with a castle seated on the Meuse; 16 miles E. of Bar le Due. Fop. about 36U0. CoMMOTAU, or Chomittoit, a town of Bo- hemia, in the circle of Saaz. Its alum pits, and the great quantities of fruit and vegeta- bles raised her , are the principal part of its trade. It is 58 miles N. W. of Frague, on the road to Chemnitz. CoMO, a city of Austrian Italy, in the Mi- lanese, and a bishop's see. It is surrounded by a wall, backed by a conical eminence, on which are the ruins of a castle. The cathe- dral is a handsome edifice of white marble, hewn from the neighbonring quarries. The inhabitants have manufactures of cotton and silk, and carry on some trade with the Gri- sons. Pliny was bom here, and speaks of the delightful scenery of its environs. It stands at the S. W. end of the Lake of Como ; 24 miles by railway N. of Milan, and 80 N. E. of Turin. Fop. about 15,000. CoHO, Lakb of, a lake of Italy, in the Milanese, extending from the city of Como in a N. N. E. direction for about 35 miles: it varies in breadth from 1 to miles, and re- ceives from the N. the river Maira, and from the E. the Adda, both of which rivers fall into the lake at its N. E. end, and dischorfte their waters by an arm from near the centre, on the 8. E. side; this arm extends for about 20 miles, from 1 to 2 miles wide, and is called Lake Lecco, when i' again narrows, and resumes the name of the Adda, till it falls into the Fo, after a further course of about 60 miles, a few miles above Cremona. CoMoRiN, Cape, the most southern point of Hindostan, in the lat. of 8.4. N. and 77.45. of E. long. CoMORM, a strong tower of Hungary, capi< tal of a territory of the same name. It is seated on an island called Schut, formed by the confluence of the Wag with the Danube ; 70 miles E. S. E. of Vienna. The citadel is deemed one of the stronsest in Europe, and had never surrendered to any besieging force. The town was taken by the sultan Solyman, in 1543; and has since then been exposed to various conflicts and ravages, alike from war, fire, and earthquakes. It has about 17,500 inhabitants, who cany on a considerable traffic with the surrounding country. CoHORo Islands, five islands in the In- dian Ocean, between the coast of Zanguebar and the N. end of the island of Madagascar. They are called Hinzeuan, Mahotta, Mohilla, Angezeio, and Comoro. See Hinzdan. Grand Comoro rises to the height of nearly 8000 feet above the level of the sea. CoMFiEONE, a town of Frnnce, in the dn- partment of Oise. Here is a palace, in which the kings of France often resided. The Muid of Orleans was taken prisoner here by the English, in 1430. It is seated near an exten- sive forest, on the E. bank of the river Oise, over which is an elegant bridge, a little below the confluence of the Aisne, and 45 miles N.E. of Paris. COHFOSTELLA, Or SANTIAGO DE COMPOS- TELLA, a city of Spain, capital of Galicia, nnd an archbishop's see, with a university. The public squares and churches are magnificent. It is pretended that the body of St. James, the patron of Spain, was buried here; and pilgrims visit his wooden image, which stands on the great altar of the cathedral. From this city the military order of St. Jago had its origin. It is seated in a beautiful plain between the rivers Tambra and UUa; 35 miles S. by W. of Corunna, and 300 N.N.W. of Madrid. Fop. about 12,000. CoMFOSTELLA, a town of Mexico, in Gua- dalajara; capital of the district of Xalisco. There are several mines of silver in its neighbourhood. It is 110 miles W. of Gua- dalajara, and about 50 from tiie shore of the Pacific Ocean, in the long, of 105. 42. W. lat. 21. 15. N. CoNOAN, a low tract of country on the W. coast of the Deccan of Hindostan. From this tract rises abruptly that stupendous wall of mountains, called the Gauts. It lies be- tween the Portuguese settlement of Goannd \ Bombay, in the lat. of 16. and 19. N., and I was furmeiiy designated the Pirate Coast, .. in oonsequence of the frequent piracies com- CON 246 CON mittcd upon it during tho 17th and 18tli centuries. The pirates were extirpated by a united British and Mahratta furce in 1756, and tho territory guaranteed to the Peishwu of tho Mahratta.s, in whose sovereignty it titill continues. It is about 40 miles wide, lind intcrseetcd by several small rivers; and the eoost is indented by numerous bays and harbouf^, the prineipal of wliich are as fol- lows, beginning at tho N., viz. — Choul, Ban- coote, or Furt Victoria, Dabul, Zigar, Gheria, and Uajpoor: off Dabul lies the small island of Soverndroog, which was the main point of rendezvous for the pirates. It is di- vided into N. and S. districts, which to- gether have an area of 12,270 square miles, end a population of 1,044,120. CoNCAKNBAu, a town of France, in the department of Finisterre, with a castle; seated on a small inlet of the sea; 16 miles S.£. of Quimpcr. CoNCEPCiox, Bay and Town op, in Chili. The Bay of Concepcion is one of the most commodious on the whole western coast of South America. It is about lU miles each way, open to the N.W., the entrance being divided into two channels by the small island of Quiriquina. Both channels have suffi- cient depth of water for the largest vessels; the eastern is about two miles wide, and the western about one mile and a half. The S. side of tho island of Quiriquina atfords very good anchorage; but the S.W. extremity of the bay is mere convenient. On the shore of this part of tho bay is the town ofTalca- huana, nearly on the site of which the town of Concepcion was originally founded by Yaldivia in 1550; and it wat), for a consider- able time, the capital of all Chili; but hav- ing repeatedly suffered from the attacks of the Araucanians, the scat of government was transferred to St.Jngo; and having snf- fered greatly by an earthquake in 1730, and totally destroyed in 1751, the town was re- built on the Is. bank of the Biobio river, at a distance of about 6 miles S.E. of tho site of the former town. Next to St. Jago, it is the most populous town in Chili; and in 1826, contained about 13,000 inhabitants. Previously to 1835 it possessed a massive cathedral, and as many as 20,000 people ; but the cathedral and the greater part of the city were in that year totally destroyed by an earthquake. Its manufactures and trade, it is said, at present are of little importance. It is situate in the province of Puchacay, in the lat. of 36. 43. N. and 73. 5. of W. long. CoNGEFTtON, a soaport of the province of Veragua; seated near the shore of the Carib- bean Sea, on tho river Veragua; 95 miles W. by S. of Portobello. Long. 81. 40. W. lat. 8. 48. N. Conception, one of the large bays of the island of Newfoundland, at the S. E. end, in tho lat. of 47. 30. to 48. N., and 52. 30. of W. long. Conception del Pao, an interior town of Colombia, in the province of Venezuela, situate on the border of the great plain t/f Orinoco; about 140 miles S.S.W. of Cumana. Tho inhabitants drive considerable herds of cattle to Barcelona and Cumana, for exporta- tion to the West Indies. CoNciiAOUA, a gulf and harbour on tho PaciKc coast of tho republic of Guatemala. It is a safe port, and the only one between this and Acapulco. Conchas, a river of Mexico, in the inten- dancy of Durango, which has its source near St. Cruz, in the lat. of 28. 40. N.; runs S. for about 70 miles, then in a W.N.W. direc- tion for about the same distance, and then due N. for about 1 60 miles into tho Rio dol Norte. CoNciZB, a town of Switzerland, on the W. bank, near the S. end of the Lake of Neufchutcl. Pop. about 2500. CoNCOBELLO, a towu in the interior of South Africa, in Anziko, the residence of n prince; seated on the river Zaire, and borders of Congo; 150milesS.W. of Monsol. Long. 15. 54. £. lat. 2.5. S. CoNCOHD, a town of New Hampshire, in Bockingham county; seated on the W. bank of the Merrimac, over which is a handsome bridge. It is tha seat of the legislative go- vernment of the state; 54 miles W.N.W. of Portsmouth, 70 N. of Boston, to which it is connected by a railway, and 502 N. E. of Washington. Concord, a town of Massachusetts, in Mid- dlesex county, with a handsome court-house, and thrf;e bridges ever the river Concord. This town was the seat of the provincial con- gress in 1774, and the spot where the first opposition was made to the British troops in 1775. It is 18 miles N.N.W. of Boston. Concordia, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Modena, on the river Sechia; 5 miles W. of Mirandola. Concordia, a town of Italy, in Friuli; 28 miles S.S.W. of Udina. Concordia, a parish of Louisiana, extend- ing N. from tho entrance of Bed River, about 140 miles along the W. bank of the Missis- sippi; being alK>ut 15 miles in mean breadth. Pop. of this vast tract, only 9414, of whom 8003 are slaves. CoNDANORE, a town of Hindostan, in Gol- conda; 24 miles E. of Adoni. CoNDAPiLLT, a town of Hindostan, capital of one of the five Circars. It is situate near the bay of Bengal, N. of the Kistnah; 80 miles S.S.E. of Bajamundry. Long. 80. 30. E. lat. 16.37. N. CoNDAPODH, a town of Hindostan, in Gol- conda; 20 miles S. by W. of Hydrabad. CoNDATCHY, a towu on the W. coast of the island of Ceylon, off which is the prin- cipal pearl fishery. It is S. of the island of Manar, in the lat. of 8. 45. N. CoNDATiR, a town of Hindostan, and the principal post of Guntoor, one of the five Cir- cars. It is strontfjy situate on a mountain; CON 247 CON ;apital near i; 80 BO. 30. iGol- l. ast of prin- ind of 30 miles S.W. of Condapilly, and 65 N.N. W. of Origolc. CoNDii, a stronfi; town of France, in the department of Nor J, with a fortress. It sx: - rendered to the allien, after enduring the rigours of fiunino in 1793; but was retaken in 1794. Condd ia seated on the Scheldt, at the influx of the Haisne; 7 miles N. hj K of Valenciennes, and 26 S.E. of Lisle. Pop. almtit 6000. CoND^ a town of France, in the depart- ment of Calvados; seated on the Noireau; 28 miles S.S.W. of Caen. Pop. 6450. CoNDBCEDO, or La Descomociua, a cape of Yucatan, on the £. shore of the Bay of Carapeaehy ; 100 miles W. of Merida. Lonj;. 91.27.W. lat.20.30.N. CoNDEScrAS, a town of Peru, capital of a district, in which is gathered a species of wild cochineal, that forms a great article of trade. It is 85 miles N.N.W. of Arequipa. Condom, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Gers; seatec' on the Baise; 26 miles N.N.W. of Auch, aiif ' 28 S.E. of Bordeaux. CoMDoiiE, or PrLO Condoub, a fertile is- land in the China Sea, near the coast of Cam- bodia; 9 miles long, and 2 where broadest; aiid is surrounded by seven islets. Buflalocs, hogs, vc(retables, and water are to be had here. The English had a settlement hero in 1702; but the factors falling out with the natives, most of them were murdered, and the rest driven thence in 1792. It has a spacious buy on the E. side. Long. 107. 20. E. lut. 8. 40. N. Con DRIED, a town of France, in the de- partment of Rhone, celebrated for excellent wine; seated near the Rhine; 18 miles S. of Lyons. Pop. about 4000. CoMECDH, a county of Alabama, in the south part of the state. Cotton is the chief production. Capital, Sparta. Pop. in 1840, 8197, including 3817 slaves. The Conecuh River rises in Alabama, and traversing the county, runs through Florida, into Pen- sacola Bay. It is navigable for upwards of 100 miles, but flows through a poor country. CoNBWANGO, a town of Pennsylvania, on the Allegany lUver; the soil is fertile. Also a town in New York; 316 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 1317. CoNEQDENESBiNO, a towu of Pennsylvania, settled chiefly by Germans and Irish; 10 m. \V. of Butler. Pop. 2698. CoNFLANS, a town of Savoy, near the con- fluence of the Isere and Doron; 18 miles E. of Chumbery. CoNFLANS, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Saone; 12 miles N. of Vcean, which indents it with numerous bays, giving it from 300 to 400 miles of sen coast, flanked by numerous islands. It has a good deal of mountainous territory, and several lakes. It contains live counties, viz. Oalway, lloscommon, Mayo, Sligo, and Leitrim; and 3,658,546 English acres. CoNNBAMT, a town in the S.E. comer of Ohio, at the entrance of the Conneant Creek into Lake Erie, and owns considerable ship- ping. Pop. 2642. CoNMBOTicuT, one of the United States of North America; bounded on the E. by a conventional line, from the lat of 41. 20. to 42. N., which divides it from the state of Rhcde Island, N. by the line of the 42nd deg. of N. lat. from the long, of 71. 53. to 73. 30. W. ; this line divides it from the western part of the state of Massachusetts; on the W. it is divided from the state of New York by another conventional line, in a direction nearly due S., to the lat. of 41. N,, the whole of its southern boundary being washed by the waters of Long Island Sound: these limits give an area of about 4675 squaremiles — nearly 3,000,000 of acres. The •urface of Connecticut is agreeably diversi- fled by gently-swelling hills and valleys, pre- senting to the eye of the traveller a con- stantly varying prospect ; and in the western part of the state, the hills rise to a height to claim the denomination of mountains, more CMpecially so in the county of Lichfield; and the state is intersected I'rom N. to S. bv three fine rivers; the most easterly is the Thames, the next the Connecticut, and the most westerly the Housatonick; these, with their niiraerouH tributary streams, intersiect every part of tho state, contributing alike to the diversity and fertility of the country. The first settlements in Connecticut were made on the bank of the river of that name by a band of emigrants from Massachusetts, in 1634. A short timo after, another band of emigrants from England established them- selves at Newhaven, at the head of a small bay, near the mouth of the Housatonick river. The two settlements were united under a charter granted by Charles II. in 1662. In 1673 Connecticut formed a con- federacy with Massachusetts and Plymouth, under the name of the United Colonies or New England. The earlv settlers expcri* enced much interruption from the Indians, who have long since been driven far beyond the limits of the state. An attempt was early made to infringe npon the condition* of the charter, which occasioned continued contentions during the reign of the Stuarts: but on the charter being confirmed by Wil- liam and Mary, in 1688, the province con- tinued to increase in population and pros- perity, and contributed essentially and efl^cctually to all the expeditions of the Eng- lish against the French, in Canada, and other parts of America, especially towards the capture of Louisbourg in 1 745. During the revolution of 1776 — 1783, although Con- necticut manifested less virulence towards England than some of the other provinces, she acted a steady and determined part in favour of independence. To the war de- clared by the United States against England, in 1812, the state of Connecticut displayed a marked and decided opposition; and in 1814-15 a convention assembled at Hart- ford, the capital of the state, with the view, as is supposed, of proposing to secede from the confederacy; but a treaty of peace being signed at Ghent, on the 24th of December, 1814, prevented the intentions of the As- sembly being announced. The charter of 1662 continued to form the basis of ihe government of Connecticut until 1818, when a new constitution, resembling those of most of the other states, was adopted. (iS^e United States.) Although limited in extent of territorv, Connecticut is a very efficient member of the United States' confederacy; the industry, well-directed ex- ertion, and social order of the people, not being exceeded by any in the union; and, while she exhibits no pre-eminent traits of «>hara<podrome. The number of houses in Constantinople is pro- digious; but in general they are mean, and all of them constructed of wood, and the roofs covered with hollow tiles. The public edifices alone aie built of masonry, in a very solid manner. The streets are narrow, badly paved, and dirty; and the people are infested with the plague almost every year. The inhabitants, who are variously said to amount to from 300,000 to 400,000, are half Turks, two-thirds of the other half Greeks or Armenians, and the rest Jews. Hero are a great number of an- cient monuments still remaining; particu- larly the superb temple of St. Sophia, built in the sixth century, which is converted into a mustpic. Between the two moKqucs ot Sulti :. Sulyman and Bajazet is the old sera- glio, in which arc shut up the wives of the de- ceased sultanx, and also such women as have dis|>1ea8ed the grand seignior. Tnc bazaars, or bezcsteins, are large Muare buildings, covered with domes supported by arcades, and contain all sorts of goods, which are there exposed to sale. There is a market fbr slaves; the Jews are the principal merchants, who bring them here to be sold ; great numben of girls are brought from Hungary, Greece, Candia, Circassio, Mingrclia, and Georgia, (ot the service of the Turks, who generally buy them for their seraglios. The great square, near the mosque of Sultan Bnjazet, is the place for public diversions. T.ie gulf on the N.E. oftlMj city is the ha rbouv, which runs up from the point of the seraglio to the village of Aijub, about 4 miles in length, and half a mile wide where broadest. Aijub may bo reckoned one of the suburbs, and has a mosque, in which is the tomb of Hultun 0th- man, the founder of the empire. The suburbs of Galata and Pera are on the other side of the harbour. Tiic former extends along the entrance of the harbour, and is chiefly occu- ))icd by merchants; and adjoining it, on the £., is a caimon foundry, called Tophana. Peru stands behind these, on an eminence, and is the place where the foreign ambassa- dors reside. It was burnt down some years since. The palace of the British embassy is a fine brick building. On the opposite ifido of the Bosphorus, in Asia, is the suburb of Scutari, or Skoutari, which is surrounded with very extensive cemeteries. The cir- cumference of this city is 14 miles, and 24 with the suburbs included ; and as they are built on ground which rises gradually, there is a view of the whole town from the sea. The city is surrounded by walls of freestone, here and there mixed with bricks, and flanked with 250 towers. There are 22 gates, 6 on the land side, and the rest toward the har- bour and sea. The palaces, mosciues, bag- nios, and caravanseries, are many of them magnificent. Constantinople is 780 miles in a direct line S.E. of Vienna. Long. 28. 35. E. lat. 41. l.N. Constantinople, Sthait or, anciently the Thrac'ian Bosphorus, and forming the communication between the Propontis, or Sea of Marmora, and the Euxineor Black Sea. It is 20 miles long, and a mile and a quarter where broadest; and forms the separation here between Europe and Asia. At its en- trance or the W. side is situate Constantinople, and on iiio other Scutari. Both its banks are lined with villages, where are seen some very handsome houses, almost entirely built of wood, and variously painted ; those belongine to the Turks are in white or red; those ot the Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, are of a blackish brown, for they are not allowed to employ the colours of the Mussulmans. At its termination in the Black Sea are two forts coo 351 COP opposite each other, to dcrond tho passnt^o. 6r« Uu8I*II(>UUS. CoNSTANTiNAW, a towii of Polftnil, in Po- (loliii, on tlio river Hog; 8 miles S.W. ot Cliniiclnik, niid 72 N.K. uf Kuiiiinieck. CoNOTAKriNow, iiiiother town of Poland, hi Vulhniiii, on tlio rivor Sulucza; 30 milc!i W. by N. of the former. CuNHrBOHA, a town of Spnin in La Mnnrlin. It has two churelicff, a palace, and sereral lio- man antiquities; on a hill are tho remains ot its ancient custlo, 38 mileH S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 8000. CuNTESSA, a seaport of European Turkey, in Macedonia, advantii^eously located at the head of a gulf of its name, at the influx of the Strimon; 60 miles E. hy N. of Snionichi, «nd 246 VV. of Constantinople. Long. 24. 8. £., and hit. 40. 52. N. CoNTRES, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loir and Clier; 10 miles S.E. of Ulois. CoNTY, a town of France in tho dcpart- mcntofSomnio; seated on tho Seille; 14 miles 8.S.W. of An.! n'(. CoNVKKSANO, tt towH of Naples, in Terra di Uiiri; 12 mites S.E. of Bari. Conway, (i. o. Chief River,') a river of Wales, which flows through a fertile vale of tho same name, along the whole eastern bor- der of Carnarvonshire, and enters the Irish Sea nt Aberconway. Conway, a borough, situated on the estu- ary of the above river, in Carnarvonshire, 13 miles £. by N. of Bangor. Here are ruins of a tine castle built by Edward L It is chiefly agricultural, although some improvements have been lately made to render its port mure convenient; its trade,howevcr,i8 very limited. Conway, a town of New Hampshire, U. S. on the Suuo. A mineral spring is here, and magnesia and fuller's earth are found; 68 ra. N.N.E. of Concord. Pop. 1801. CoNZA, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, and an archbishop's sec. It suf- fered so much by an earthquake in 1 694, that the place where the cathedral stoo4,i3 hardly known. Its principal commerce is in marble. It is seated near the head waters of the Ofanti river; 52 miles E. of Naples. Coocu Bkyhar, a district of Bengal on the frontier of Bootan, which exhibits a melan- choly proof of two facts frequently united; the great facility of obtaining food, and the wretched indigence of the lower order of inha- bitants. It became tributary to the English in 1772. Bcyhar, the chief town, is 260 miles N. by E. of CalcutU. Cook, a connty in the State of Illinois, on Lake Michigan. Capital, Chicago. Pop. 10.201. Cook's Inlet, an extensive arm of the sea, on the N.W. coast of Ameri' \ discovered in 1778 by Captain Ccok, who traced it 70 leagues from its entrance, in long. 152. W., and supposed it to be the month of a large river; but it was fiirther explored in 1794 by Captain Vancouver, who found itsterminaliou to 1)0 in lung. 148. 43. W. lat. 61. 29. N. Cook'h Stkait, a strait dividing the two islands of which Now Zealand is com], osod ; it is ubont 4 or 5 leagues broad. Cooi-Eit, n connty of the state of Missouri, and on the \V. frontier of the United States, territory. It lies S. of tho Missouri river, and is bounded on the £. by a mountuin ridge, which divides it from Wayne county, and is intersected from W. to £. by Orange river. Pop. 6959. Boonsville, on the 8. bank of tho Missouri, in tho lut. of 39. S. is the chief town. CoopBRSTOWN an incorporated town of New York, chief of Utsego county, situate at the S.W. end, r.ml I'u utlot of Luke Otsego; 12 miles N. W of Chen j^ Valley, and 64 W. by N. of Albany. Coos, a county I • ming the whole of tho N. part of the state of Now Hampshire. It is about 90 miles in length from N. to S., and 28 in mean breadth ; it is Ixtundcd on the E. by the state of Maine, and W. by the Connecticut river which divides it from Ver- mont, and N. by the ridge of tnountains which divides the United Status territory from Lower Canada. This county takes its name from a tribe of Indians who fcjrmerly inhabited these part.. On the southern conlines of this county is a ridge of mountains called tho White Mountains, which rises to the height of about 6500 feet above the level of the sea; through them is a pass in oiiO place not more than 22 feet wide, which appears cloven down to its very hose, in a perpendicular line on one side, and, on the other, in un angle of about 45 degrees ; thn lugh this notch orgap, as it is term- ed, a turnpike road has been constructed from the banks of the Connecticut river to the Atlan- tic Ocean at Portland, a route much availed of for the conveyance of heavy produce on the sledges in the winter season; and thus, whilst it forms one of the grandest natural features of the world, it is rendered subservient to the medium of an extensive and an advantageous intercourse. Coos connty is at present but thinly inhabited. The population, however, which, in 1810, was only 3991, is now 9849. Lancaster, on the E. bank of the Connecticut river, 117 miles due N. of Concord, is the chief town. Coosa, a connty of Alabama with a fertile soil; capital, Rockford. Pop. in 1840, 6995, including 2125 slaves. CoosAWATCHiB, a towu of South Carolina, in Beaufort district. The courts formerly held at Beaufort are held here. It is seated on the Coosasv, over which is a bridge; 20 miles N.W. of Beaufort, and 60 W.S.W of Charleston. CooTEHiLL, a town oflreland in the county of Cavan; 74 miles from Dabiin. It has ■ good linen market. CoPEMHAOEM, the Capital of Denmark, built on a morass, and surrounded with several small lakes. It was founded b; COP 252 COP I ]\ ■ome wandering fishermen, in the 11th ccn- turj, and in now accountea the best built city of the north of Europe. It became tlie seat of the court and government of Den- mariL in 1443. The streets are well paved, with a foot-way on each side. The greatest part of the buildings are of brick, and a few of fireestone; the 'luuses of the nobility are in general splendid, and built in the Italian style. The harlwur is capabU of containing 600 sail; and the streets are intersected by broad canals, which bring the merchanditie close to the wareliouses on the quays. Co- penhagen contains four royal palaces, twenty- two churches, a great number of public build- ings, and a university, and in 1845, 126,787 inhabitants. The palace, called Chrlsttans- burg, built by Christian VI. and burnt down in 1794, was an immense pile of building of hewn stone, the wings and stables of brick stuccoed. The hospital of Warlow is large and convenient, containing 350 beds, occupied by as many poor. The church is so placed, that service may be heard by those who are confined to their bed. The exchange is a large Qothic building; vessels are brought very near it by means of canals; and here the merchants assemble. The new royal market is the largest square in the city, and almost entirely composed of stately buildings, as the academy of painting and sculpture, the theatre, the great hotel, the artillery- house, &C., and in the centre is a marble equestrian statue of Christian V. In the N. suburbs is an obelisk of reddish stone erected in 1793 by the city, to the honour of Chris- tian YI. on his abolishing vassalage; and around its pedestal are four female figures of wiiite marble. The citadel is a regular fortification, with five bastions, a double ditch full of water, and several advanced works. This city owes its present beauty to the fire of 1728, which destroyed five churches and sixty -seven streets, having been rebuilt in a better style. It sufiercd greatly by fire in 1794, again in the following year, and lastly, in 1848. The new y "xrt of the town, raised by FredericV., is extremely beau- tiful. It consists of an octagon containing four uniform and elegant buildings of hewn stone, and of four broad streets leading to it, in opposite directions. In the middle of the area stands an equestrian statue v.; Frederic V. in bronze, as large as life, which is justly admired. Ihe round tower, built by Chris- tian IV., and designed for an observatory, is a singular structure, not having a single step in it, though very lofty: its ascent is by a spiral road near 14 feet wide; and one of their kings has driven in his carriage up and down it. On the interruption to the commerce of Holland, by the events of the French revolution in 1793-4, Copenhagen became the principal entrepdt for the com- merce of the north of Europe; for which no place can be more advantageously situated ; Itut Denmark Idcoming involved in the con- tentions of that period, and joining in a confederacy with Russia and Sweden against the naval ascendancy of England, an English fleet, in March, 1801, was despatched to bom- bard Copenhagen, when, after considerable damage being done to the town, and 28 ships of war taken or destroyed, an armistice was entered upon, which led to a treaty of peace with all the northern powers; but not with- out operating as a severe check to the com- mercial enterprise of Copenhagen; and in 1807 the British Government, anticipating the designs of the French on the fleet and naval stores in the harbour of Copenhagen, sunt a fleet of seventeen ships of the Hue, with frigates, &c., and a considerable army, to take possession of the island of Zealand, Copenhagen, &c., which the Danes opposed, and the city was bombarded for three days, when 300 houses, the cathedral, and part of the university were destroyed, and as many more buildings greatly damaged; and with this event, the ephemeral importance of Co- penhaigen, as a great commercial entrepdt, may be considered as terminating. Eighteen Danish ships of the line, fifteen frigates, six brigs, and twenty-five gun-boats, with all the naval stores in the arsenal of Copenhagen, were delivered up by capitulation, to Admi- ral Gambler and Lord Cathcart. The city is five miles in circumference, seated on the E. shore of the isle of Zealand, at the en- trance into the Baltic Sea, about 25 miles within the strait called the Sound: 340 miles S.W. of Stockholm, and 500 N.E. of London. Long. 12. 35. E. lat. 55. 41. N. See Ahak. CoPEMHAOEN, a village of the state of New York, on the Deer River, which, half a mile below, has a fall of 175 feet perpen> dicular — a great curiosity; 149 miles N.W. of Albany. CopiAPO, the most northern province of Chili; bounded on the N. by the great desert of Atacama, E. by the Andes, and W. by the Pacific Ocean ; being about 260 miles firom N. to S., from 24. 20. to 28. of S. lat., and about 90 miles in mean breadth, abonading in mines ofgold, iron, copper, sulphur, tin, and lead. The chief town of the same name, stands on the S. side of a river, also of the same name, at its entrance into the Pacific Ocean; 490 miles N. by E. of Valparaiso. Long. 70. 50. W. lat. 27. 20. S. On the Andes, in a parallel line with the town of Copiapo, is a volcano, called the Volcano of Copiapo. CoppBNBRUOoB, a towu of Hanover, in the principality of Collenberg; 10 miles £. by N, of Hamelin. CoppER-HiNB River, a river of North America, which runs from 3. to N. into the Icy sea, in the long, of 111. 5. W. and 69. 7. of N. lat. CoppET, or CoPET, a town of Switzerland,, with a cnstle, on the W. bank of the Lake of Geneva; lo miles N. of Geneva. The castle COR 253 COR rince of desert bjthe from at., and ading lur, tin, name, of the Pacific , in the .bjN, North [ito the 69.7. and barony became the property of M. Neckar, celebrated for hia pretensions as a financier in the time of the French revolution; both he and his daughter, Madame de Sta los, and 55 W. by S. of the port of Vera Cm* Cobra, a kingdom of Asia, hounded on the N. by Chinese Tartary, on the E. by the sea of Japan, on the S. by a narrow sea, which separates it from the Japanese iiUnd% COR 254 COR u:iil on the W. by the Yellow Sou, wliicli 8C|tiirates it from China. The W. coast is (hinkcd by iniiutnerabie ishmds. It is a peninsula, being surrounded on every side by the sea, except towards the N, It is governed by a king, tributary to the emperor of China, and is divided into eight provinces, Hien-king, Ping-ngang, Iloang-hai, Kiang-yuen, King- ki, Tchu-sin, King-chun, and Tchuen-su, which contains 33 cities of the first, 53 of the second, and 70 of the third rank. Pop. 8,000,000. The towns are populous, knd the inhabitants follow nearly the same customs, and are of the same religion, with theCiiincse. The country abounds in corn and rice, of which last they have two kinds, one of which delights in water, and the other, which is the better sort, is cultivated on dry ground, like corn. There are mines of gold and sil- ver in the mountains, and good pearl fisheries on the coast. The Corcaus are well made, ingenious, brave, and tractable. They are fond of dancing and music, and show great aptness for acquiring the sciences, which they apply to with ardour. They are less fastidious and less ceremonious than the Chinese, but equally jealous of admitting strangers into the country. Men of learning are distinguished from other people by two plumes of feathers, which they wear in their caps. Their women are less confined than those in China, and have the liberty of ap- pearing in company with the other sex. In China, parents otten marry children without their consent, but in Corea they choose for themselves. Tliey never bury their dead till three years after their decease, but keep them in coffins for that time. Corea extends from N. to S. from the lat. of 34. 30. to 42. 30. N., and from E. to W. from 125. to 129. of E. long. Kiiing-ki-tao, nearly in the cen- tre of the kingdom, rs the capital. CoRFE Castle, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated on a peninsula in the British Channel, called the Isle of Purbeck, on a river, between two hills, on one of which stands the castle, for- merly a place of great importance. Great quantities of fine clay and stone are shipped here for the Staffordshire potteries. The town is governed by a mayor, and every alder- man that has served the office has the title of baron. It is 18 miles S. by E. of Dorchester, and 116 W. by S. of London. Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Albania, at the entrance of the Adriatic. Here is made a great quantity ofsalt; and it abounds with vineyards, lemons, and olives. It was anciently known under the several names of Scheria, Phacia, and Corcyra. The Corcyrians were an independ- ent people, coeval with the proudest epoch of the Greeks. In the 14th century, the island became subject to the Venetians, in whose possession it continued until 1797, when it was ceded to the French, by the treaty of Campo-Vormio. It capitulated to the Turks and Gussians in 1729, and. with sixother islands, was constituted independent, under the title of Iom^vn Kupublio (which see.) CoRPn(the ancient Corcyra,) the chi.»f town of the preceding island, is situate on the E side, on the shore of a spacious and secure harbour, for vessels of easy draught of water. The fortifications are very strong. It is the seat of government of the whole of the Seven Islands, or Ionian Republic, and contains about 17,000 inhabitants. Lat. 39. 37. N. long. 19. 56. E. CoRiA, an episcopal town of Spain, in Es- trsmadura; seated ou the Alagon; 120 miles W.S.W. of Madrid. CoRiifoA, a town at the N. extremity of the coast of Coromandel, having a commo- dious harbour a few miles N. of the main channel of the Godavery river; in the lat. ot 17. N. Corinth, Isthmus of, a neck of land which joins the Morca to Livaditi, and reaches from the Gulf of Lepanto W., to that of iEgina, E. The narrowest part of it is 6 miles over; and on a mount here, called Oneius, were for- merly celebrated the Isthmian games. There are still the ruins of a town upon it, and of the temples dedicated to the Sun, Pluto, Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bacchus. Julius Cffisar, Caligula, and Nero in vain attempted to cut a channel through the isthmus; they therefore built a wall across it, called Hexa- milia, because it was six miles in length. This was demolished by Amurath II., rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled i. second time by Mahomet II. Corinth, a town of the Morea, situate on the northern declivity of a mountain, sloping towards the Gulf of Lepanto and the preced- ing isthmus, to which it gives name. During the zenith of Grecian glory, Corinth justly ranked among tlic most important and mag- nificent cities of Greece; its temples, theatres, and fountains were the admiration of every beholder; and in the proportions and richness of their columns and porticoes, architecture was perfected, leaving nothing for after ages to perform in that noble art but to copy : and and the Corinthian pillar or column now, more or less, adorns every city of the civilized world. Corinth fell a prey to the fury of the Iloman arms under Mummius, in the year 146 B.C.; and although Julius Csesar endea- voured to restore it to its former grandeur, in whose time it was visited by St. Paul, it has progressively sunk into a place of insig- nificence. It fell into the hands of the Vene- tians during their ascendancy, but the Turks became masters of it in 171 5, and in their possession it continued till the Greek revolu- tion. It had formerly a port on the Gulf of A<'.gma, called Cenchrea, as well as on that of Lepanto; but the former is now little used The ancient citadel. Aero- Corinthus, still re- mains entire, and, to a well-disciplined garri- son, may be considered impregnable. Corinth cou 255 COR is the seatof aOroek metroj)oIitan and bishop. I'op. about 3000. It is 65 miles E. by S. of Patros, and 48 W. by S. of ^ thens. Cork, a maritime count forming the S.W. extremity of Ireland, hu ng upwards of 100 miles of sea-const, indented with seve- ral very spacious and safe bays and liarbuurs, opening into the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 35 miles in mean breadth from S. to N., and is intersected from E. to W. by two fine rivers, the Blackwater and the Lee, with five or six others of inferior note. The following are the principal bays and harbonrs, beginning at the west: viz., Bantry, Dunmanny, Balti- more, Glandore, liogs, Clonakilty, K'lsale, Cork, and Youghal. Besides the city of Cork, the principal towns in the interior are Cliarleville, Mallow, Doncraile, Michclstown, Bandon, Cloyne, &c. Bandon, Kinsale, Mal- low, and Youghal, each return one, and the city of Cork and the county each two mem- bers to the parliament of the United Kingdom. The agriculture of this county, both in tillage ' and pasture, has been much improved since ' the middle of the eighteenth century, and, in conj unction with the adjoining interior county of Tipperary, supplies large quantities of salt beef and pork, more especially the former, and exports large quantities of butter; and since 1800, it has also exported a consider- able quantity of grain. Some woollen manu- factures ore carried on for internal consump- tion in the eastern part of the county. Cop.K, City of, and capital of the preced- ing county, supposed to have been founded by the Danes in the sixth century, is beauti- fully and advantageously situate on the banks of the river Lee, about 5 miles above its en- trance into Cork harbour. Cork, in conjunc- tion with Ross, is a bishop's see. The city is divided into twenty two parishes. Next to Dublin, Cork is the largest and most im- portant place in all Ireland. During the twenty-four years' war, from 1793 to 1815, Cork harbour was one of the chief rendezvous of the British navy; and the extensive de- mand which that war created for salt provi- sions, led to Cork becoming the largest and must celebrated market in Europe for that article, and it still continues to 'le the chief source of supply, not only of the national, but of the commercial navy of the United Kingdom; and, for long voyages, and tro- pical climates, is preferred by the ships of all nations. As the chief commercial town of the south-west of Ireland, it concentrates the surplus production, not only of the whole county, but of the greater part of those of Kerry and Tipperary, which it also supplies with such British and foreign productions as are received in exchange. Since the coramence- niunt of the war in 1793, the city has under- gone great improvement, both in regard to public and private buildings. There are five bridges over the Lee; that of St. Patrick is a fine structure. The exchange, castom-house, und town-hall, are all fine edifices. It litis two theatres, several hospitals, and other pub- lic buildings. The cathedral, erected between 1725 and 1735, is a stately edifice, and some of the parish churches are of a like character. The barracks, on the N. side of the city, sit- uate on an eminence, present a very imposing a^spect. Cork has a public brewery on a verv extensive scale. C(irk is 1 65 m. by railroad S. W. of Dublin, and 20 from Bandon, in the lat. of 51. 54. N., and 8. 28. of W. long. Cork, Cove of, named Queenstown on the occasion of Queen Victoria's visit in 1843. Tiic seaport of Cork, which is entered by a deep and narrow channel, and defended by a strong fort on each side, is about 9 m. from the mouth of the river Lee, and about the same ex- tent in breadth. At the upper end is an island, culled Great Island, from 4 to 5 m. long from W. to E., and from 2 to 3 m. wide. At the W. end of this island is Queenstown, formerly c died Cove, and at the entrance of the channel between Great Island and the main land, are two small islands called Haulbowline and Rocky Islands, strongly fortified ; and thus, whilst the natural positions of Cork harbour are such as afford accommodation for the whole British marine, secure from the effects of the elements, the fortifications render the ship- ping and the town equally secure from the irruptions of an enemy; and, the surrounding shore being studded with neat and commo- dious residences, render the whole as pictur- esque and agreeable as it is important in point of security and defence. CoRLEONE, a large and well-built town of Sicily, in the Val di Mazzara. It is 24 miles S.S.W. of Palermo. Pop. in 1831, 13,788. CoRLiN, a town of Further Pomcrania, with a castle. It has considerable woollen manufactures, and is seated on the Pursant; 10 miles S.E. of Colberg. CoRMANTiN, a town of Guinea, on the Gold Coast, large and populous. Here the Dutch have a fort, which was taken by the English in 1665. Long. 0. 15. W. hit. 5. 30. N. CoRMERT, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre and Loire, with a Benedictine abbey; seated on the Indre; 8 miles S. E. of Tours. CoRNA, a town of Asiatic Turkey in Irak Arabi; seated on the Tigris, near its conflux with the Euphrates; 35 miles W.N.VV. of Bussora. CoRNETO, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of Saint Peter; seated on the Miirta; 3 miles E. of the sea, and 10 N. of Civita Vecchia. CoRNHiLL, a town of the county of Dur- ham, in Norhamshire; seated near the Tweed, over which it has a larsje bridge to Coldstream, in Scotland. It is 12 ailcs S.W. of Berwick, and 333 N.N.W. of London. CoRNioLiANo, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanese; 15 miles E. of Milan. Corning, a town of New York, U. S. on the S. side of the Chemung river, and on the line of the New York and Erie railroad. It RW mrmm m COR 256 cou i) is also connected with the Erie Canal, by a canal; and a railroad to BloHsburg, Penn. 40 miles long, connects it with tlic coal region. These advantngcs have already made its trade to be extensive, 213 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Cornwall, a county forming the S.W. ex- tremity uf England, projecting into the At- lantic Ocean. It is bounded on the E.N.E. by the river Tamar, which divides it from De- vonshire, being washed on all its other sides by the sea. The S. coast, for about 70 miles, borders on the entrance to the English, and the N., for about 90 miles, on the entrance to the Bristol Chaniicl. At its easier or E.N.E. extremity, it is about 42 milt-s w/de, but gra- dually narrows towards the W. to about 15 miles, when it diverges, at a distance of about 60 miles, into two points; the most southerly called the Lizard, in the lat. of 49. 58. N. and 6. 1 1. of W. long., and the other the Land's Knd, in the lat. of 50. 4. N. and 5. 42. of W. long., the intermediate space being known by tlie name of Mount's Bay. It contains 866,474 acres, and returns two members to parliament for each of the divisions, Eastern and Western. Tiie distinguishing character- istics of this county are its minerals, semi- metals, and clays, which are found here in greater variety than in almost any other part of the world. Gold, silver, iron, cobalt, anti- mony, mangancbo, and Inpis calaminaris, are all found to a certain extent, and some in abundance; but the predominaring produc- tions are copper and tin, with which are mixed mundic and arsenic; in the supply of which upwards of 100 mines are in constant work. Some of the r ines are worked to a vast depth ; but the perfection of the means applied, as well in bringing the ores to the surface, as in smelting, &c., renders the operations compara- tively easy, and the proceeds a source of great wealth to the parties engaged in them, and of general advantage to the county. The mining business is entirely regulated by a code called the Stannary Laws, enacted by a court of stan- naters, or proprietors. These laws divide the tinmen into ten divisions, under the superin- tendence of one warden. A vice-warden is appointed every montli ; and there is a steward for each precinct, who holds his court every three weeks, where a jury of six persons de- cides disputes, with a progressive appeal, however, to the vice- warden. Ion -warden, and lords of the Duke of Cornwall's council. The mines are under no other jurisdiction excepting in such cases as affect land ol life. In addition to its minerals, a vein of soapy earth, and of potter's clay, estimable in the manufacture of porcelain, add considerably to the resources of the county. The shaping of granite for building, and moorstone for grinding of corn, gives employment to great numbers; and, in rddition to these resources, the coast of Cornwall is annually visited by shoals of pilchards, which, in fish and oil, yield an average produce of 60,000/. per aunam. The ocrupations of mining and fishing, up to the middle of the eighteenth century, prevailed to such an extent in this county, as to render agriculture almost en- tirely neglected, and to give it a rudeness and wildness of character distinct from that of every oth-. part of the kingdom ; but since that period agriculture has been progres- sively improving, and potatoes and grain are now included among its surplus produc- tions, which, in the aggregate, may be con- sidered as exceeding 500,000/. per annum in amount. What are denominated the duchy lands are very extensive, and the income de- rived from them, together with the duty on tin ore, form the only remaining parts cf those immense hereditary revenues, which were anciently appropriated as a provision for the heir apparent to the crown. Pre- viously to the invasion of Britain by the Romans, Coniwall was inhabited by a tribe called the DamnoniU with whom the Phoe- nicians are supposed to have traded largely for tin. The descendants of that tribe, and the succeeding inhabitants, continued longer to retain the language, manners, and cus- toms of antiquity, than in any other part of England ; which, up to this time, can hardly be said to be extinct. The coast is, in many parts, extremely rugged, and ridges of granite intersect the western part of the county, whilst the valleys are beautifully diversified with verdure, shrubs, and plants, among which the myrtle is common, with several peculiar to the district. The coast abounds with marine vegetables, which are much used for manure. The blocks of broken granite appear in remote ages, according to the supposition of some persons, to have been much used in the construction of rude temples for religious worship. Near the Land's End is a block from 90 to 100 tons in weight, so nicely poised as to be move- able with the hand; there are several others of less magnitude similarly poised ; these are termed loggin stones. The principal ports on the N. coast, are Padstow and St. Ives; on Mount's Bay, Penzance and Helstone; on the S. coast, Palmoutli, Truro, Fowey, and Looe; Plymouth Sound, bounding the S.E. extremity of the county. The principal towns in the interior are Redruth, St. Austle, Pen- ryn, Bodmin, Launceston, &c. The assiTCs, &c., for the county, are held alternately at Bodmin and Launceston. Streams of water intersect the county in all directions, and add considerably to its diversity and pic- turesque beauty. Some woollen, and a few other manufactures, are carried on in diffe- rent parts of ihe county, but they are incon- siderable. Cornwall, a township in Orange county, New York, situate along the W. bank of the Hudson river; 105 miles S. ol Albany. Tha United States' military academy of West Point is here. Pop. 3925. Also the name of a township in Addison county, Vermont; and of a town in Lichfield co., Connecticut. ^St COR 257 C OR eenth i this 9t cn- lencBS 1 that t since ogres- grain roduc- e con- lum in duchy me de- luty on laris cf , which revision 1. Prc- by the ■ a tribe le Phoe- I largely ibe, and d longer md cus- ir part of in hardly in many at" granite 5 county, liversified s, among th several t abounds ire much )f broken iording to , to have ,n of rude Near the 100 tons be roove- fral others jd; these •ipal ports I St. Ives; flstone; on »wey, and ,theS.E. fipal towns Lstle, Pcn- [he assi'ses, Imately at Vb of water ftions, and and pic- land a few „ in diffc- jare incon- [ge county, lank of the Lny. ThB ^ of Wesl the name Vermont} Lecticut. CoRMWALL, a town of Connecticut, on the Housatonic river. A foreign and useful mission school was established here in 1718; 89 miles W. by N. of Hartford. Pop. in 1840, 1703. Cornwall, a town of Stormont county. Upper Canada, situate on the N. bank of the St. Lawrence ; about 50 miles above Montreal. Cornwall, Cape, is about 5 miles N. by E. of the Land's End. ConNWALL, New, a county in the western part of North America, extending from Gard- ner's canal, in lat. 53. 15., to Frederick's Sound, lat. 37. 6. N. CoRNWALLis, \ town of Nova Sco la, seated on the S. shore of the basin of ml les at the head of the Bay of Fundy; about 10 miles N.W. of Windsor, and 45 N.W. of Ilaliftix. CoRNWALLis, a county of Lower Canada, extending for about 160 miles along the S. E. bank of the great river Si. Lawrence ; bounded on the N.E. by the district of Gospc. It is at present but thinly inhabited. CoRO, a town of the republic of Venezuela. It is advantageously situate at the entrance of an isthmus, at about an equal distance from the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Maracaibo. It contains about 10,000 inhabi- tants, who carry on a considerable trade in mules, cattle, &c., with Curnfoa, and other islands in the Caribbean Sea. laces, a fine short grass fur the feed of sheep; and others are devoted to the growth of corn. The sides of this long range are beautiful as they sink into the vale, from the hills of Htinchcomb imd Nibley in the S., to that of Bredon in the N,, which has been celebrated in ancient rhyme. CoTiiEN, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of the principality of Anhalt-Cothen, with a castle. It is 12 miles S.W. of Dessau, Long. 12. 9. E, lat, 51, 48. N. Pop. 6200, CoTiGNAC, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Var, on the river Argens; 33 miles N.N.E. of Toulon. CoTiONOLA, a fortified town of Italy, in the Fcrraresc; 25 miles SS.E. of Ferrara. CoTOPAxi, one of the highest peaks of the Andes, remarkable for the frequency and vio- lence of its volcanic eruptions, at a height of 18,898 feet above the level of the sea. It is about 35 miles S.E. of the city of Quito. CoTRONA. See Crotona. CoTTENHAM, a parish in Cambridgeshire, 7 miles N. of Cambridge. It is celebratecl for its cheese dairies; and as being the place where, in 1109, Geoffrey, ab!)0t of Crowland, sent his monks, who established courses of lectnres, which resulted in the regular acade- mical education at Cambridge. CotiLAN, a seaport of Hindostan, in Tra- vancore, with a good harbour, and a naviga- ble river. It stands on a peninsula; 60 m. N.W. of Travancore. Long. 76. 24, E, lat 8, 51. N, CouLOMHiERS, a town of France, depart 'W COV 260 COV mcnt of Seine and JIarnc. Trades in cheese, corn, lioisuii, nn. 4422. Palestine, on the W. bank of tho Wabash, 80 miles E. of Vundalia, is the chief town. In tho interior of Ohio, intersected by the Sandusky rivi-r, which fulls into Lake Erie; tiie Scioto, fulling into the Ohio, rises in the adjoining county. Pop. 13,152. Crawforuville, a town of Indiana, on the S. side of Sugar Creek, and the seat of Wabash College; 45 miles N.W. by W. of Indianopolis. Pop. in 1840, 1327. Crayford, a village in Kent, on the river Cray; 2 miles W. by N. of Dartford. Hero are some calico-printing grounds, and a manufacture of iron hoops. Creci-en-Ponthieu, a town of France, in the department of Sonune, province of Pi- cardy, on the river Maye. Pop. l.';87; 15 miles E. from Montreuil. Hero the French, under Philip VI., were defeated by Edward III. of England, in tho famous buttle of Crccy, on August 26, 1346. Crediton, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday, and a considerable manufacture of serges. Tlic church is a noble structure, and was fui merly a cathe- dral. The town was almost all destroyed by fire in 1769. It is seated between two hills; 8 miles N.W. of Exeter, and 180 W. by N. of London. Cree, a river (if Scotland, which risefl in the northern partj o' the counties of Wigton and Kirkcudbright, forms the boundary between them, and enters the head of Wigton Bay. Cheek, or Muskogee Indians, once the most numerous tribe of Indians of any within the limits of the United States of North Ame- rica. They inhabited an extensive tract ot the country between the states of Georgia and Alabama ; their diminished numbers, how- ever, have all been removed to the Indian ter- ritory, W. of the Mississippi. Their connlry •bounds with creeks and rivulets, and hence they derived their name. Creetown, or.FERRTTOWN, a small port of Scotland, in Earkcudbrightshire. Here several sloops arc constantly employed in the coasting trade. It stands on Wigton Bay, near the influx of the Cree; 12 miles W. by N. of ICirkcudbright Creolingen, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Anspach, on the Taubcr; 22 miles S. of Wurtzburg, and 30 N.W. of Ans- pach now included in the Bavarian circle of the Lower Mayne. Creil, a town of France, in the dey. of Oise, on the river Oise; 5 miles E. of Senlis. CRE 263 CRl iwn. 1 the E. ig upon 1 tlic N. r. of lu- np; wi'st- i\)out eo th. r*'l'- k of li>o a, is the ill by the akoEric} ses in Uiq idiaua, on ^e seat of by W. of ti the river ird. Hero Is, and a ' France, in nco of Pi- . 1587; 16 the French, by Edward a battle of ihire, with a considerable jhurch is a rly a catlic- Icstroyed by ,n two hills ; 10 W. by N. ariseflinthe Wigton and lary between Igton Bay. ]J8, once the Lf any within (Korth Aine- >e tract oi the Jeorgia and abers, how- |e Indian ter- Iheir connirjr Is, and hence la small port thirc. Here nloyed in the IVigton Bay, TmilesW. by Lconia, in the . Taubcr; 22 J.W. of Ans- xian circle of In the dcr- of iB. ofScnlis. CitEiLBiiKiM, a town of Fraiu'oiiin, in the principality of Aiispachjoii the river Jaxt; '22 niilcH a.W. of Anspuch; now included in the liuvarian circle of the lU-xat. OiiBMA, a fortitled town of Italy, capital of Crcinasco, a bishop's see. It is well built and populous, and seated on the Serio; 30 Miilus S. of Bergamo. Top. 4000. CuKMAScu, u small territory of Italy, in the S. part of the province of Bcrguniusco. It is nL'iirly surrounded by the Duchy of Milan, and fertile in corn, wine, flax, and hemp. Crcma is the capital. CuEMiBU, a town of France, in the depart- ment of I.sure, at the fout of a mountain near the Bhone; 20 miles N. £. of Vicnno. Chemnitz, or KnEMiMTz, a town in the N. part of Lower Hungary, iiotod for its gold and silver mines; 17 miles N. of Sc^homnitz The silver mine of Bachcrstollen is one of tile principal mines of Austria, and hero all the Hungarian gold and silver is coined. Po]). about 4000. Ckemuna, a city of AuHtrian Italy, capital of the Crcmoncsc, and a bishop's see, witii a custle and a university. The streets are l)roud and struigiit, adorned with some small squares, a few palaces, 40 parisli churelics, and 43^onvcnt8 of both sexes. It stands in a dcligiitful plain, watered by the Uglio, about a quarter of a mile from the Fo, over which is a bridge of boats, defended by a fort. A canal pusses through the town, and forms a communication between the two rivers. Cremona has been several times taken. It bus considerable manufactures of silk, and is peculiarly celebrated for the manufacture of violins, during the 17th and 18th centuries. A tower, 372 feet in height, attached to the Duomo church, forms a prominent object over all the surrounding country. The Ro- mans established themselves here in 291 u.c. It is 48 miles S.E. of Milan, and about the same distance S. by W. of Mantua. Pop. 28,500. Crbmonese Territory, in the Lombardo- Vcnetian kingdom, subject to Austria, ex- tends from the S. in a W. N. W. direction, for about 45 miles, between the river Po on the S., which divides it from the duchy of Parma, and the Oglio on the N. , which di- vides it from Bresciano ; the £. and borders on the duchy of Mantua, and the W. on the small district of Cremosco. It is a very fer- tile country. Cremsier, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle and a convent, seated on the W. bank of the river Marsch ; 1 8 m. S. S. E .of Olmutz. Crept, a town of France in the department of Oise; 17 miles S. of Compeigne. Crescentino, afortified town of Piedmont on the N. bank of the river Po; 20 miles N. £. of Turin. Crest, a town of France in the department of Drome, on the river Drome; 16 m. S.S.E. of Valence. Crete. >Se« Camdia. Ciii:VKi,nT, n town of tJ.rniany, at tlie N. extremity uf the territory of Cologne. Near this place the French were defeated by the Hanoverians, in 17.'>8. It has voiisidurablo manufactures of linen. It is 32 miles M. N. W. of Cologne, and 7 from Duscldorf. Pop. about 7000. CuEUSE, an interior department, nearly iii the centre of France, so named from a river, which crosses from S. to N., and flows into the Vienno. It contains the late province of Murche. Pop. in 1836, 276,234. Guc :t is the capital. CuEUSEN, a town of Franconio, in the prin- cipality of Bayreuth, 7 miles E. of the city of Bayreuth. CREiTTZif ACH, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, on the Nahe, 25 miles S.W. of Mentz. Crewe, a township in the parish of Rar- thornley, Cheshire, with a pop. of 280 in 1831; bat, from its being at the junction of the London & North Western Railway, with branches to Chester, Warrington, Manches- ter, and other places, the traffic through it is enormous, and a station has been erected commensurate ^rith its importance; 157| m. from London, 31^ from Manchester. CKEWKEKNE.a townin Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. It has considerable establishments for the manufacture of sail- cloth. It is seated near a branch of the Par- ret; 25 m. S. of Wells, and 132 W. S. W. of London. ' Crickeith, or Cricoaeth, a town of Wales, in Caernarvonshire, with a market on Wednesday; 18 miles S. S.E. of Caernarvon, and 244 N.W. of London. It contributes with Caernarvon, in sending one member to parliament. Crickuowell, a town of Wales, in Breck- nockshire, with a market on Thursday. Near it are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is seated on the Usk; 10 m. S. E. of Brecknock, and 153 W. by N. of London. Crickladb, a borough in Wiltshire, with a market on Saturday; seated near the Thames, and the Stroud canal; 25 miles W. by S. ot Oxford, and 84 W.by N.of London. Crieff, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with manufactures of paper and thin linen, seated on the Erne; 18 miles W.of Perth. Crih, a town of the Crimea, supposed to bu on the site of an ancient city that once gave its nameoi Crim Tartary,or Crimea, to the whole peninsula oJthc Taurida; afler having, under the name of Cimmerium, been the capital of a famous people, who gave laws to the greatest part of Europe. The modern town called, Eski Krim (Old Crim) by the Tartars, is seated at the foot of an insulated mountain; 10 miles W. of Caffa. Crimea, or Tadrida, the ancient Tanrica Chersonesus, a peninsula of Europe, bounded on the S. and W. by the Black Sea; N. by the province of Catharinenslaf, with which it communicates by the Isthmus of Prckop ; and r CRO 264 CRO t'/ I'- r.i I K. Ity the Msa uf AHopli hiuI the Htruit uf Calt'n. Towurda tlio end jI' the 11th century the Oenuoie Hettlod in this country ; but thuy were expiiUed l>y the Grim Tartars, in 1474. iSm Cacfa. These Tartars had been settled in tlie Crimea above two centuries before the expul- siou uf the Gunueite. They were subjects to Batu Khan, grandson of Lingis; and their conquest was annexed to the Itingdom of Ku- san till the death of Taniurlitie, in 140erorB. In 1087 it was conquered bv Ladis- aus, king of Hungary, and passed into the hands of Austria oy its being made an in- tegral part of Hungary in 1 102. It is now divided into six counties, and the S.E. part into 'X districts. It is in general a moun- taino ountry; containing some mines of iron f copper, and the best timber in Eu- rope. ^.10 valleys are tolerably fertile, and the mulberry, prune, vine, and olive are in- terspersed over most parts of the country, and, in parts, flourish luxuriantly. Honey is collected in great quantities on the banks of the Drave. The port of Fiume, at the S.W. extremity of the province, supplies the interior with such foreign productions oe the inhabitants can comnuuuf, in exchange for their surplus produce, which is limited both in value and extent. The capital of the country is Carlstadt, and the other prin- cipal towns are Warasden, Agram, Petrinia, Ogulin, Zettin, &c. &c. See Moblachia. Croob, St., Croix, St., or Cruz, Santa. There are several towns, villages, and rivers of this name both in Europe and America, but all inconsiderable. Croibio, or Croisil, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, seated on the Bay of Biscay, between the mouths of the Loire and Vilaine; 35 miles W. of Nantes. Croix, St., a river of North America, which forms the N. E. boundary of the United States, and runs into the Bay of Passamaquoddy, in the lat. of 45. 0. N. and 67.0. of W. long. Croix, St., or Santa Cruz, one of the Virgin Islands, in the Caribbean Sea ; about 20 miles long and 9 brood; area, 81 square miles. The soil is tolerably fertile, but subject to droughts; producing sugar, &c. , but the quantity is very variable. Pop. 3200 whites, 20,000 slaves. About one-third of the slaves belong to the king of Denmark, as mortgagee of estates; but they are being gradually emancipated as in the other Danish islands. The English possess many of the largest estates in the island; lying 40 miles E. by S. of St. Thomas, and about the same distance E.S.E. of Crab Island, off the S.E. end of Porto Rico. Columbus landed upon this island in one of his early voyages. It was successively held by the Spaniards^ English, and Dntch. In 1651 it was bought CBO 2G5 CRO America, of the Bay of K. and le of the Sea; area, 81 ly fertile, S sugar, e. Pop. me-third tenmark, being le other >8s many lying 40 ^bout the 1, off the J landed voyages, laniards, bought a for the kni);hcs of Miilta, who sold it in 1664 to the French Woiit Indiu Company, by whom it was sold to the Uunos in I6'J6', who iiuld it till 1801, when it wag taken by tiie EngllNh, and restored aflcr tlio naval action of Copun« hagen in the same year; retaken in 1807, and restored again at the general peace uf 1819. The chief town is ChrLstianstuidt, on tiio N. ciiiiHt, with tt tine harbour, defended by a fortress. CiioJA, a town of Kuropcan Turkey, in Albaniti, seated near tlie Uulf of Venice; 13 uiilcs N. by C. of Durazzo. It was once the residence of 'ho kings of Allianio. CKOMACR.-WATER, or Crdhack-watbr, a lake in Cumberland, between liuttcrmere- wator nnd Ix>we8-watcr, receiving the former at its 8. end, bj the river Cocker, and the latter at its N. end. It is four miles long, and half a mile overt with three small isles, one of them a rock, and the other covered with wood. Haifa mile from the S.W. end is a waterfall, called Scale Force, between the mountains of Mell break and Bleacragg. At the N.E. corner ii a stone bridge over its outlet, the Cocker. It abounds with char and red trout. Cromartt, a county of Scotland, sixteen miles long and six broad, comprehending part of a peninsula on the S. side of a frith, to which it gives name. On the S. and W. it is bounded by Koss-shire. It is divided into five parishes. The highlands are healthy, and on the coast it is fertile and well culti- vatec^ It sends one member to parliament in conjunction with Itoss. The towns arc Cromarty,Kirkmichacl,Ke8oli8,andUrquhart. Cromarty, a seaport of Scotland, and ca))ital of the preceding county. The har- bour is one of the finest in Qreut Britain, and has a commodious quay. Here is a consi- derable manufacture of hempen cloth, and a coasting trade in corn, thread, yam, fish, and skins of various sorts. It stands at the mouth of the Frith of Cromarty; 16 miles N.N.E. of Inverness. It joins with Kirkwall and four other places in sending one member to parliament. Long. 3. 50. W. lat. 57.S8.N. Ckomer, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It formerly had two churches, one of which, with several houses, was swallowed up by the sea. The inhabi- tants are chiefly fishermen; and the best lobsters on this part of the coast are taken here. It is seated on the German Ocean ; 22 miles N. of Norwich, and 129 N.E. of Lon- don, and is frequented in the summer season for sea-bathing. Crohford, a village in Derbyshire, on the river Derwent; 2 miles N. of Wirks- worth. The Arkwrights have erected an extensive cotton mill at this place, and con- nected it by a canal with the Erwash and Nottingham canals, and thereby with the river Trent. Crompton, a township in the parish of Oldham, Lancashire* jS^ Olduam. Cronach, a town of Bavaria, in the priii« c!|)ullly of Uaniltcrg, near which is a moun< tain fortress, called Rosenberg. It is seatid near the river Cronach; 11 miles N. of Culm* bach. Cronboro, a strong fortress of Denmark, on the Isle of Zealand, near Elsinore, which guards the passage of the Sound. It is situate on the point of a peninsular prunion- tory, opposite llolsinborg in Sweden, little more tiian 2 miles distant. In 1658 it was taken by the king of Sweden, and restored in 1C60. In this fortress is a palace where Queen Matilda was imprisoned till she was permitted to retire to Zeil. Not fur ft-om this, at Barienfelt, is Hamlet's Garden, said to bo the spot where the murder of his father was perpetrated^ Cromenhkro, or KRONnERO, a town of Germany, in the late electorate of Mentz; seated on a mountain ; 9 miles N.VV. of BVankfort. Cronstaot, a seaport and fortress of Russia, on the island of Retusari, in the Gulf of ii'inland. The harbour is the chief station of the Russian fleet. Here are great magazines of naval stores, docks and yards for building ships, a foundry for casting can- non balls, and an extensive marine hospital. The Man-of- War's Mole is enclosed by a strong rampart, built of granite, in the sea, iind Peter's canal, lined with masonry, is 1050 fathoms long, CO broad at the bottom, and 100 at the top; it is 24 fathoms deep, and in this manner stretches 358 fathoms into the RCtt. It is most strongly fortified, and was considered impregnable by the combined fleets of France and England, in I8M-5. The townoccupfestheE. part of the island, and the inhabitants are estimated at 54,7 1 7. It is 22 m. W. of Petersburg, of which it is the outport* Crook, a township in Bmncepeth parish, Durham, on the Stockton, Darlington, and Wear Valley Ry., 5^ m. fr. Bishop Auckland. Crooked Islands. A singular group of the Bahamas, containing a surface of 320 square miles, and, in 1842, a pop. of 804. Crooked Lake, in New York, is 18 miles long, and 1^ to 1 mile broad. It flows into Seneca Lake, and has a canal thence to the Erie canal. Cropani, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore; 9 miles E.N.E. of St. Severino. Crosne, a town of Austrian Poland, in the Palatinate of Lemberg; 80 miles W.S.W. ofLemberg. Crossen, atown of Brandenburg, in the New Mark, capital of a duchy of the same name, with a strong castle. It is seated on the frontiers of Silesia, near the conflux of the Bober with the Oder, in a country abounding with wine and fruit; 23 miles S.E. of Frank* fort. Cross-fell, a mountain in Cumberland, 6 miles E.S.E. of Kirkoswald. Its extreme altitude is 2902 feet. At different elevations there are two extensive pltuns; and a tliird nmn CRO 266 CUB / ft on the summit coiitiuns several Iiundrud Hores covered witli moss and other vegetable (iruductious. The view from this height comprehends a great part of six counties. A. tew yards below the summit Is a spring called the Gentleman's Well. Crossmalina, a town in Ireland, county of Mayo; about 90 miles from Dublin. CuoBTiiwAiTE, an extunsive parish in Cumberland ; 1 miles S.E. of Coekermouth. The rugged mountains about here are rich in cupper, lead, and plumbago. There are also some woollen mills in this parish. Crotona, or CuoToN, a seaport of Naples, on the E. coast of Calabria Ulteriore, and u bishop's see, with a citadel. It has a trade in grain, cheese, oil, and silk, and is 15 miles (S.E. of St. Severiuo. Lung. 17. 27. E. lat. 39. 9. N. CuuToY, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Somme; on the E. side of the mouth of the Somme; 35 miles N.W. of Amiens. Ckouch, a river in Essex, which rises near Ilorndon, and enters the German Ocean be- tween liurnham and Foulness Island. The WalHcet and liurnham oysters are the pro- duce of its creeks and pits. Crowland, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday. Here was formerly- an abbey of great note; and some stately ruins yet remain. The town consists of four streets, which are separated by water- courses, and connected by a curious triangu- hir bridge for foot passengers. The chief trade Is in fish and wild ducks, which are plentiful in the adjacent pools and marshes. It is II miles N. of Peterborough, and 93 N. by W. of London. Crowle, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Monday; seated on the Isle of Axholni, near the river Dun; 18 miles N. of Gainsborough, and 167 N. N. W. of Lon- don. Crown Point, a fort and town of New York, in Essex county. The fort wa« erected by the French in 1731, on a point that runs N. into Lake Champlain. It was reduced by the English in 1759, taken by the Ameri- cans in 1775, and retaken by the English the year after. It is 1 23 miles N. of Albany. Pop. 2212. Cjioydon, a town in Surrey, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It has an hospital and free-school, founded by Archbishop Whit- gift; and in the church are some monnmcnts of the archbishops of Cantcibury, who had hero an ancient palace, ^^hil h was alienated from the see in 1780: the building and ad- *oining premises are now occupied by some cotton manufactures. Addington park and house, about 3 miles from Croydon, were bought and annexed to the see of Canter- bury, as a more suitable residence for the archbishop. About a mile and a half N.E. of the town is Addiscombe college: a mili- tary school for cadets for the East India Company's service. The summer assizes are held here and at Guildford alternately, (.-"roydon is seated near the source of th« AV^andle; 10 miles S. of London. A railroad is now established from London to this place, from whence the Brighton and South Eust- ern lines are continued, and a line to Epsom. Crovlakd, an ancient town and parish in Lincolnshire. It has a curious triangular bridge, of the age of Edward II. The first great school established after the Norman conquest, was founded here. Chozen, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Finisterre, situate on the promon- tory which forms the S. boundary of Brest Harbour, 16 miles N.W. of Chateaulin. Pop. about 8000, mostly sailors and fishermen. Culacuan-Ben, a mountain of Scotland, between Loch Etive and the N. end of Loch Awe, in Argyleshire. It has two conical peaks, one of which is 3962, and the other 3390 feet above the level of the sea. CuucES, a small seaport in the Gulf of Mexico, about 15 miles W. S. W. of Porto Bcllu. Crumlau, or Crumad, a town of Bohe- mia, in the circle of Bechin, with a castle; seated on the Muldau; 12 miles S. by W. of Budweis. Ckumlaw, or Cromau, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Znaim, with a castle; 10 m. N.N.E. of Znaim. Cruz, St., a seaport of Marocco. The T^^rtuguese had a fortress here, which was taken from them by the Moors in 1536, and the emperor caused it to bo destroyed in 1773. The harbour is safe and commodious. It is seated on a bay of the Atlantic; 130 miles W.S.W. of Marocco, ond G5 S. of Mo- gador. Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 30. 28. N. Cruz, St., a seaport on the south-east side of Tenerilfe, and the general residence of the governor of all the Canary Islands. It has a well-built pier and quay, and is defended by several forts and batteries. Long. 16. 16. W. and lat. 28. 27. N. Cruz, St., a town of Bolivia, capital of a jurisdiction, and a bishop's see. The coun- try is woody and mountainous; but the town stands in a fertile valley, near the river Gua- paix; 160 miles N.N.E. of Plata. Long. 65. 15. W. lat. 17.26. S. Cruz, St., a town on the N. side of the island of Cuba; 50 miles E. of Havana. Cruz, St., an island in the Pacific Ocean. See Croce, St. Cuba, an island in the West Indies, the principal of the Spanish possessions. This island, the largest, most westerly, and the richest of the Antilles archipelago, w«8 dis- covered by the immortal Cristobal Colom- bo, on October 27th, 1492. Its greatest length, in a straight line, E.S.E. and W.N.W. is 624 geographic miles, or 718 British miles. Its greatest breadth, which is between Puerto Sabinal and Puerto del Ingles, in the meri- dian of 77. 18., is 117 mi'os, and the least 22 miles, in the meridian of Puerto del Muriel, CUB 207 ci: R alternntely. )uvce of th« A rnilrotid to this place, South Eust- ne to Epsoiu. and parish in U8 trianguhir [I. Tlie first the Norman in the depart- the pronion- dary of Brest iteaulin. Pop. i fishermen. 11 of Scotland. !I. end of Loch is two conical and the other le sea. in the G»»lf of S.W. of Porto town of Bohe- with a castle; ilcsS.byW.of own of Moravia, a custle; 10 m. Marocco. Tiie here, which was ors in 1536, and bo destroyed in nd commodious, ic Atlantic; 130 ,nd 65 S. of Mo- 30.28. N. e south-east side residence of the lislands. It has ind is defended Long. 16. 16. via, capital of a see. The coun- 118 ; but the town irthe river Gua- lata. Long. 65. N. side of the of Havana, le Pacific Ocean. (Test Indies, the Issessions. This lesterly, and the Tipelago, w«8 dis- [ristobal Colom- , Its greati'st I.E.andW.N.W. llSBiitishmiles. 1 between Puerto ties, in the men- 1 and the least 2'2 Lierto del Manel, and 28 in that of the Havana; its medium breadth may be taken as 60 gco<;ra|)liic in. Its area is 33,605 squnre geographic miles, including the surrounding islands. It con- tains 1 1 cities, 10 chief towns, 94 secomlary towns, 163 villages, and 2-tl rural districts.' In its civil territorial division, it contains two provinces, Havana and Cuba, and tln'se provinces are divided into six governments, wiiich are subdivided into 22 districts. Its mUitaiy divisions are three, Occidental, del Centra, and Oriental, and these again into 19 sections. For the marine, it is divided into the^i'e provinces of Havana, Trinidad, Kcmedios, Nuevitas, and Cuba; each of which is subdivided into a certain number of districts, comprehending the whole of the islands and dependencies of Cuba. Population. — The census of Cuba of 1775, gave a population of 170,370; that of 1791, 272,140: that of 1817, gave 551,998, and tliat of 1827, 704,487: viz., 311,051 whites; free coloured, 106,494 ; slaves, 286,942. The census of 1341, gave a total population of 1,007,P24. Of these, 418,147 were whites; 15..,e38, free coloured; total free population, 571,129. Of the slaves, negroes, 275,382 were miles, and only 150,139 females; total slaves, 436»495. Excess of free over slave population, 134,634. There is a garrison of several battalions, and a smr" marine force. The climate is hot, iiumid, and subject to frequent and sudden changes of temperature. The constant breezes from between N.E. and S.E. moderate the otherwise oppressive heat of the climate. There are but two seasons, known as the rainy and the uvf. The first commences in April, more co-nmonly in May, and sometimes as late as Juno, and ends in September or October. The second compre- hends the rest of the mouths, although in some years it prevails longei, causing great mortality among the flocks. The mean tem- perature of the year at the Havana, and on tlie north coast, is 89" of Fahrenheit: in the hottest months, 96"; in the coolesC months, 80'. In Cuba, the mean tcmperatura of the yearisgi": in the hottest months, 96^'*; in the coolest, 82^ <*. Extremes of temperature at the Havana and the north coast, 76° to 99"; in Cuba, 78" to 101" of Fahrenheit. We have no accounts of the present extent of cultivation in Cuba; but by comparing the exportable produce of 1830, with that of i842, and by various estimates, we consider it probable that the lands under sugar, coffee, Jobacco, and gardens, may be fairly estimated at 54,000 caballerias, or 1,728,000 acr . In 1840, there were 1238 sugar estates, employ- ing 138,701 persons; on 1838 coffee planta- tions, 114,760 persons; and on 42,549 farms, 893,993 persons. Total, 647,454 agricultural labourers. If we compare this extent with tlie remaining vast area of the fertile soils of Cuba, which are still uncultivated, and the produce whleh the whole island at present yields, it can scarcely be an exaggeration to say. that Europe might draw as much coffee and sugar from Cuba alone, as the quantity at present consumed. In 1760, the produce of coffee and sugar together, in Cuba, amounted only to about 5,000,000 lbs. Forty years after- wards, this was increased to above 40,000,000 lbs. In 1820, tlie exports increased to above 100,000,000 lbs. In 1841, the export of these two articles was, sugar, 812,129 boxes; code*, 1,'.^ 1)0,9 20 J arrobas. In agriculture, especially in the cultivation of sugar and coffee, the inhabitants have made great progress since the year 1809, when the trade of this island was emanci- pated from the restriction of trading to no foreign country whatever. The administra- tion of Cuba has, since that period, published, with app.irently great care, official returns of the population, revenue, and trade of the colony. The coasts are in general e . .eedingly foul, presenting reefs and shallows, which extend from two to two-and-a-half miles into the sea, and make the approach to the land both difficult and dangerous for such as are not intimately acquainted with the channels of entrance. Within these reefs there is often a good sandy beach ; but for the greater part of the circ.i'Tiiference of the island, there is a belt or zone of low land, very little raised above the level of the sea, subject to floods and inundations, and lowctnt all seasons of the year, as to be always in a state approach- ing to mud, which makes access to the coast, and the ordinary communication between the interior and the sea next to impossible in tiie rainy season, and not veiy easy during any month of the year. There is, nevertheless, a considerable number of harbour ports and bays, surglderos, esteros, and einharcadcros, comprising, in the first class, some of the best, safest, and most accessible harbours in the known world. On some parts of the coast, the sea, during spring tides and the season of the equinox, forms extensive salt lagoons, which in dry years produce such quantities of marine salt, as to suffice for the consumption of the popu- lation. Tliese lagoons are more common on the northern than on the southern coast, and might provide for the means of curing vast quantities of fish, which are said to be abun- dant, but it appears that no fishery of any note has yet been established. The narrow form of the island, and the Cordillera of mountains which divides it into two unequal sections throughout its whole length, leaves a very limited course for its rivers and streams, more especially those which belong to its northern jide. In the rainy season, they become torrents, but din- ing the rest of the year, they are nearly dried up. Along their banks, they are generally lined with u belt of underwood, called ctjas, and at their mouths the embarcaderos, sunjt- dcros, and other shipjting p'aces are esta* Itlished. CUB 2G8 CUB h ill ■ ' i It docs not appear that much gohl or silver has ever been found in Cuba. The copper mines, near Santiago, mentioned on p. 730 hereafter, were worked and abandoned in the 1 7th century. Three companies were formed some years ago to reopen and work these mines, which have been executed by gieat outlay, and by the aid of steam engines, with consi- derable success. The ore has been chiefly exported for smelting to Swansea. A cop- per mine in the neighbourhood of Santa Chala has been opened by an American company; but from its inconvenient access, it has been worked with far less advantage than those near Santiago. Coal has been found within 10 miles of the Havana, but from the excciable loads, al- though of excellent quality, and found on the surface, thisccal cannot be brought into com- petition as regards price with English coal. The first line of railway of any considera- tion which has yet been laid down in the W. Indies, is that which connects the Havana with one of its most important sugar districts, and having its inland terminus at the town of Guines, 45 miles distant from the capital. The works are exceedingly well executed, and do great credit to the engineer, Mr. Alfred Cruger, of the United States. Tlie expense of travelling is of course greater than it would be in £urope and America. There are four other very minor railways, all constructed by Americans or Englishmen. The other roads are generally execrable, and the means of transport are both difficult and expensive. Steam-boats have for some years been es- tablished for carrying passengers beiwcen Havana and the other po.ts of the island, and this mode of visiting all places on the sea- coast has become convenient and speedy. No foreigner can land in Cuba without procuring security to the government for good behaviour from a responsible inhabitant. The island was first made known to Eu- ropeans by Columbus, in 1492; and, from the great extent of its coast from E. to W., was at first supposed to form part of the western continent. It was, however, ascer- tained to be an island in 1508, by Nicholas Ovando, who saued round it in that year; and in about three years after, it was taken possession of by a Spanish force from His- paniola, under the command of Don Jago de Vel.tsquez, who took the native chief pri- soner, and roasted him alive, and afterwards extirpated the natives; after which the island remainel, with but little interruption, in possession of the Spaniards until 1741, when an unsaccessful attempt was made upon it by thoEiglish; to whom, however, it surren- dered on the 13th of August, 1762, after a despeiate resistance of the Spaniards for about two months. See Havana. It was restored to Spain in the following year, and has remained in their quiet possession up to the present time, having been but little af- fected by the events which led to the entire subversion of Spanish domination over every part of their continental possessions in the western hemisphere. Since the period of 1791, when the mania of the French revolu- tion extended to the neighbouring island of Hispaniola, numerous planters of that island fled to Cuba. One interruption to its tran- quillity, was an attempt at invasion by Lopoz in 1851, which ended in the dispersion of the adventurers, and execution of their leader. Cuba, a town of Tortugal, in Alentcjo, 30 miles S. by E. of Evora. Cuuaoda, asmall island off the N. coast of Colombia, between that of Margarita and Cumana. Here the Spaniards, in 1509, es- tablished a fishery of pearl; but the banks disappeared in 1524. The island is barren and nitrous. Long. C4. 10. W. lat. 10. 56. N. Cdban, a river which issues from the N. side of the Caucasian mountains, divides Circassia from part of Taurica, and flows into the N. extremity of the Black Sea, near the entrance to the Sea of Asoph. It receives several tributaiy streams from the S. Cuban, or Cuban Tartaht, a county in the Russian province of Taurica; bounded on the W. by the Sea of Taurica; N. by the river Don, which separates it from Europe, E. by the desert of Astracan, and S. by the river Cuban, which divides it from Circassia. CncKFiELP, a town in Sussex, with a market on Friday; 13 miles N. W. of Lewes, and 39 S. by W. of London. CuDDALORE, a towu of Hiudostau, on the coast of Carnatic, near the place where Fort St. David once stood. It was taken by the French in 1758, and again in 1783. It is 20 miles S.S.W. of Fondicherry. Long. 79. 55. E. lat. 11. 41. N. CuDDAPA, a town of Hindostan, capital of a circar of the same name, ceded by Tippoo, in 1792, to the Nizam of the Deccan. It is 133 miles N.W. of Madras. Long. 78. 57. E. lat. 14. 23. N. CuDKKFiN, a town and bailiwicl^ of Swit- zerland, in the canton of Bern; 21 miles W. of Bern. C CELLAR, a town of Leon in Spain, in a fertile country, lying on the slope of a hill which is crowned by a fine castle. Pop. 3000. It had 10 churches and 3 convc" Cuen<;a, a province of Spain, c theE. side of Now Castile, intersected by the river Xucar. In the 15tli and 16th centuries, it was densely peopled by rich busy traders in its staple, wool, but now all is desolate and poverty stricken. This district is one of the most thinly peopled in the Peninsula, having scarcely 300 souls to the square league. It is cultivated in the southern part, and pro- duces corn, hemp, &c.; while the northern and eastern portions are devoted to pasturing sheep. The principal produce is wool. Pop. 296,750. Cuen9A, a city of New Castile in Spain, a bishop's see, and the capital of the preceding provinco It is romantically seated on • CUL fteft CUM lation over every 5S8e88ion8 in tlio e the period of B Frencli revolu- ourtng island of era of that island )tion to its tran- ivasion by Lopoa dispersion of the of their leader. gal, in Alentcjo, 'off the N. const of )f Margarita and lards, in 1509, cs- l; but tbe banks /island is barren , W.lat. 10.56.5J. ssues from the N. lountains, divides aurica, and flows he Black Sea, neat Asoph. It receives from the S. iTAKT, a county m Taurica; bounded Taurica; N. by the ,es it from Europe, acan, and S. by the es it from Circassia. in Sussex, with a ilesN.W. of Lewes, [Ion. )f Hindostan, on the he place where Fort it was taken by the [in in 1783. It is 20 lerry. Long. 79. 55. Hindostan, capital e, ceded by Tippoo, the Deccan. It w Iras. Long. 78. 5T. „ bailiwick of Swit- fof Bern; 21 miles Leon in Spain, in a Ithe slope of a hill |e castle. Pop. 3000. 1 convc^ ISpain.c.. .heE.side IdbytheriverXucar. luries, it was densely laders in its staple, Isolate and poverty ^8 one of the most [Peninsula, having 5 square league. It hern part, and pro- [while the northcm devoted to pasturing tduce is wool. Pop. hv Castile in Spain, lital of the preceding Itically seated on • hill, about halfway between Madrid and Va- lencia, on the confluence of the Jucur and HuGcar, and 3400 feut above the sea. It is now only a shadow of the past; its i)rosperity was blighted by the French invasion, and only contains 3000 inhabitants. Tlie cathe- dral is one of the most remiukable in Spain, being a museum of fine art, and near it is the bishop's palace. The town was once remark- able for Its colleges, printing presses, niauu- factories, art, science, but all has been swept away by the French, and nothing hut deso- lation left. It is 76 miles from Madrid, and 88 from Valencia. CuEN9A, a town of Colombia, in the repub- lic of Ecuador, ami capital of a jurisdiction of the same name, in the province of Quito; bounded on the W. by the shore of the Bay of Guayaquil, and E. by the Andes. Tiie town is situate in a valley, about midway from the foot of the Andes and the shore of tlio bay, and 176 miles S. by W. of the city of Quito. Pop. about 18,000. CuERNAVACA, a town of Mexico; 40 miles S. by W. of the city of Mexico, on the road to Acapulco. In the time of Cortes it was the capital of an independent state. It is situate on the southern declivity of the Cor- dilleras, 5400 feet above the level of the sea. The climate is delightful. CuBVAS, a town of Spain, in Granada. It is about 8 miles from the Mediterranean, and almost surrounded by the river Almanzor. It derives its name from some very decj) and ancient caverns near it; 51 miles N.E. of Almcria. Pop. 9500. CuiABA, a town of Brazil, in the province of Mutto Grosso; seated on the W. bank of the river Cuiaba, which falls into the Para- guay, in the long, of 56. W. and lat. of 15. 35. S. The population is estimated at 30,000. There is a tolerably productive gold mine in the vicinity of the town. CuiLLT, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, on the N.E. side of the Lake of Geneva; 8 miles E.S.E. of Lausanne. Cdlenburo, or Karlenbouro, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, on the S. bank of the river Leek; 16 miles S.S.E. of Utrecht. CtTLiACAN, a town of Mexico, seated near the source of a river of the same name, which, after a course of about 50 miles, falls into the • .ulf of California, in the lat. of 24. 20. N. Pop. in 1835, 11,000. It is celebrated in Mexican history under the name of Hueicol- huacan, and is the capital of a populous and fertile district. CuLLAH DB Baza, a town of Spain in Granada, 65 miles E. by N. of Granada. It lies in a ravine below the ruins of the Moorish town, and in a valley of maize and vines. It is a straggling place; half the dwellings are mere boles dug in the hill-side, in which the rustics burrow like rabbits, and they look all fur in their sheep-skin jackets. Fop. 5000. Here in 1311 the Spaniards were dreadfully l)oateu by the French. CtJLLEN, a town of Scotland, in Banffshire, at the mouth of the Culan or Cullcn. It has manufactures of linen and damask, and a trade in fresh and dried flsh. Near it are seen three lofty spiring rocks, formed of flinty masses, called the Three Kings of Cullen. It is 13 miles W. by N. of Banif. It unites with Bantf, &c. in sending one member to parliament. Cur-i.FRA, a town of Spain, in Valencia, at the mouth of the Xucar; 21 miles S. of Va- lencia. Pop. about 4000. Cdlm, a city of Prussia, capital of a pala- tinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a Catholic university. It is seated on the E. bank of the Vistula; 85 miles S. of Dantzic. Long. 18. SO. E. lat. 53. 24. N. Culm, is also the name of a town in Bohe- mia, in the W. part of the circle of Saaz. It was near this place where the French gene- ral Vnndamme was defeated by a corps of Austrians and Prussians, in August 1813. CuLHBACii, a town of Franconio, formerly the capital of a principality of the same name. Near it, on a mountain, stands the fortress of Plassenburg, where the archives of the prin- cipality were preserved; but they were remov- ed to Bayreuth in 1783. Culmbaeh is seated near the Weiss branch of the Maine; 13 miles N.N.W. of Bayreuth. Pop. about 3800. CuLHORE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry, on the coast of Lough Foyle; 5 miles N. by E. of Londonderry. It is stated, in a return made to parliament in 1821, to be extra-parochial, and exempt from tithe, and parish and county rate. CuLNA, a town of Hindostan, in the presi- dency of Bengal, on the Hoogly. It is the port of the Burdwan district; 48 miles N. W. of Calcutta. CuLPEE, a town of Hindostan; an un- healthy station on the Hoogly; 33 miles S. of Calcutta. CuLPEPER, a county of Virginia, bounded on the N.W. by the Blue ridge of the Alle- gany mountains, and on the E. by the Rap- pahannock river. Fairfax, 72 miles N. by W. of Richmond, is the chief town. Pop. of the county 1 1,393. CuLROSS, a borough of Scotland, in Perth- shire, in a district almost surrounded by Clackmannanshire. Here is a princely ab- bey, built in 1217. It is situate on the Frith of Forth; 20 miles S. of Perth; and 21 W N. W. of Edinburgh. CuMANA, a town of the republic of Vene- zuela, on the navigable river Manzanares, over which there is a bridge; it is in 10. 57. N. lat. and 64. 10. W. long. Its climate is veir hot, being only fifty-three feet above sea-level, and seldom refreshed by rains. It is built at the foot of a volcanic mountain, in an arid plain, and is subject to earthquakes. It if the capital of a province of the same name. Pop. of the province 50,67 1 ; of the town 8000. The inhabitants grow cotton, coffee, sugar, &c. Innumerable flocks of sea-fowls of rarioiu CUM 270 CUM ( I species frequent tlie neighbouring Gulf of Cnriaco, wliich is about 30 miles long from E. to W., nnd from 8 to 10 miles witle, su\d titfords good shelter for ships of any size. COMANOCOA, a town of the republic of Vene- sucla, in one of the most fertile districts of the province of Cumana, It is seated in a valley of the same name, about 45 miles S.E. of Cumtma, in 10. 16. N. lat. nnd 64. 15. W. long. , The air is healthy and tolerably cool, and the fruits grown here are reported tlie best in the province. Top. of the town and adjacent district about 5000. Cumber, or Comber, a parish and town in the county of Down, Ireland. The town is pleasantly seated at the head of a small bay of Strangford Lough. CcMDt!:itLAND, a maritime and mountain- ous county of the N. of England; bounded on the N. by the river Liddel, which sepa- rates it from Scotland, and on the E. by the counties of Northumberland and Durham, S. by those of Westmoreland and part of Lancashire, and E. by the Irish Sea. It con- tains 974,720 acres, and is divided into the eastern and western divisions, for each of which it sends two members to parliament. This county contains a good deal of dreary moor, but some of the valleys, intt rsected by streams of water and interspersed with lakes, are exceedingly picturesque, and very fertile. The two principal rivers are the Eden and Derwent, which abound with salmon and char. The mountains and moors are rich in minerals, especially coals and lead. It has also a very valuable bed of plumbago, or black lead. Sea Fell, the highest peak of the mountains, rises to a heiglit of 3166 feet above the level of the sea. Skiddaw and II(.'lvellyn also each rise to heights exceeding 3000 feet, and five or six others approximate to 3000 feet. Carlisle is tlio capital, where some considerable manufactures of cotton are carried on. The county also yields a surplus of cattle, and about 200,000 chiililrons of coals annually. The seaports arc White- haven, Workington, and Maryport; and the principal towns in the interior, Aldston, CockermoHth, Penrith, and Wigton. Cumberland is also the name of severaW counties in different pai'ts of the United States of North America, viz. 1st. In the State of Maine, of which Port- land is the chief town, and seat of government of the state. (es h ih)m the island lose of the twelfth ingland, who ^■ Cyprus. In 1*80 the Venetians, at he place and scene ish dramatic poet Sliaksppre. The Venetians surrendered it U> the Turks in 1570, in whose possession, up to 1826, it still continued, when it vos taken possession of by Mehumet AH, Taclia of Egypt, but was wrested from him by tlie combined powers and restored to the Porte. Its present population is supposed not to ex- ceed 70,000, about one-tliird of wFiom are Turks and tlie remainder Greeks, who have three bishops and one archbishop. The prin- cipal towns are Pafo, or liaffb, at the W. end, Miissarea and Mancorta, or Famagousta, at the mouth of the Podia, towards the end, and Cerina, on the N. coast of the Island, and Lesscossia, or Viconi-i, the capital, in the in- terior. Cyprus is still rich by nature, in mineral, animal, and vegetable productions: the vine and olive, with a variety of other plants and flowers, esculent, ambrosial, and medicinal, luxuriate in a perfection equal to any part of tlic world, and suiierior to most parts. The wines possess a strong aperient quality, and require forty years to duly qualify them for the palate. The inhabitants carry on various manufactures in silk, cot- ton, and wool, and their carpets are deser- vedly esteemed for the variety, richness, and bciiuty of their colour. Cyk, St., a village of France, 2 miles from Versailles; celebrated for an abbey founded by Madame de Maintenon, who was the al>i)css till her death, in 1719. There are a number of towns and villages of this name in different parts of France, but all inconsiderable. Cz. For places sometimes written with Cz, see Cs, and TscH. CzASLAU, or TcHASLAu, a circle of Bohe- mia, bordering on Moravia, the N. end jet- ting upon the Elbe; containing about 800 square miles of territory. It is intersected from E. to W. by the Yasawa, which river falls into the Moldau, and from N- to S. by another river which falls into the Elbe. Pop. about 180,000, chiefly agricultural. The chief town, of the same name, is seated in the N. part (if the circle, 8 miles S. of the Elbe, and 45 £. N.E. of Prague. The church has the highest tower of Bohemia. Near this place the king of Prussia gained a victory over the Austrians, in 1742. CzENSTOCHOw, or CzESTociiow, a town of Prussian Poland, near the frontier of Silesia and the source of the Warta; near which there is a celebrated convent, fortifled and (garrisoned. It sustained a siege against the Swedes in 1657, and near it a battle was fought in 1665, between the royal h/my of Poland and Lubomirski, to the disadvantage of the foimer. It was garrisoned by the French in 1812. It is fifty miles N. N. W. of Cra- cow. CzBRcossi, or St. Czvukosst, a town of liussia, in the Ukraine, with a castle; seated near the Dneiper; 85 miles S.E. of Kiow. Long. 32. 5. E. lat. 49. 20. N. CzERNBTZ, a town of European Turkey, in Wallachia, near the Danube; 140 miles W. by N. of Bucharest. CzEKMiTZ, or Kabchau, a town of Car- niola, remarkable for its lake, which produces grass and corn every year. The lake is sur- rounded by mountains, and in dry seasons is from 20 to 25 miles in circumference; but when full, it Is 40 miles round, and contains several islands, on the largest of which is a village. When tha water subsides, buck- wheat is sown on the dry parts, and becomes ready for the sickle in six weeks; and the pasturage is not hurt by the water if it does not stay too long. The town is situate at the N. part of the lake; 20 miles S. by W. of Laybach. CzEBNiGov,' or TcnEUNioov, a govern- ment of European Russia; bounded on the W. by the Dniester. The chief town, of the same name, is seated on the N. bank of the Desna, which falls into the Dniester; 450 m. S.S.W. of Moscow, and 75 N. by E. of Kiov. Pop. abont 6000. CzBRSKO, a town of Prussian Poland, in the palatinate of Mosovia; seated on the W. bank of the Vistula ; 30 m. S.S.E. of Warsaw. CzERWENizA, a town of Upper Hungary, famous for mines of opal, a noble gern not yet discovered in any other region of the globe. It is 15 miles N. of Cassovia. CzoNOR8i>T, or Alt-Czon'Orai>, a town of Hungary, at the conflux of the Theiss and Korosh; 18 miles N. of Zegedin. Cz begins the names of several other towns in Poland, Russia, and Austria. D. Daber, a town of Hither Pomerania, in a circle cf its name; 16 miles N.N.E. of Star- gard. Dabul, a town of Hindostan, on the coast ofCoNCAN, (which see,) with a trade in pep- per and salt; seated at the mouth of a river; I 75 miles S. by E. of Bombay. Long. 72. 63. . E. lat. 17. 50. N. Dacca, two districts of Bengal, lying be- 1 tween the main branch of the Ganges and | the fiurrampooter rivers. TheM districts are, Dacca, area, 1870 square miles, and with 512,385 inhabitants in 1828; and Dacca Je- lapore, area, 2585 square miles. Pop. 583,375. Area combined, 4455 square miles. Pop. 1,095,760. The chief town, of the same name, is seated on the banks of a small river, which communicates with the Burrampooter. It was once the capital of Bengal, and defended by a strong fortress, the remains of which ap- pear. It had a great trade in muslins and other cotton manufactures of the most deli- mmmm DAH PTi DAL ! cnto texture, mnnufnctured from the cotton produced in the province, but now anniliilated by thechan^^es in tlic position of its people. The country round Dacca lies low, and isal- wiiys covered with verdure daring the dry months. It is 150 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Long. 90. 32. E. lat. 23. 42. N. Dachau, a town of Bavarin, where the king has a palace; seiitcd on a hill near the river Ammer; 10 miles N.N.W. of Munich. Daolet's Island, an island about 9 miles in circumference, in the Japanese Sea, at about an equal distance from the Isle of Niphon and the coast of the Corca, in the lat. of 37. 25. N. It was visited by La Perousc. It abounds with timber, which the Coreans are supposed to ujc in the building of boats. Daoeniiam, a village of Essex, England, on the N.bank.')f the Thames, from the tide- waters of which it is secured by an embank- ment. In 1703 the embankment gave way, and inundated 5000 acres of ground, which were reclaimed in 1715. Daghistan, a province of Georgia, lying ^letwcen the W. shore of the Caspian Sea and tiie Caucasian mountains. It is intersected by several small rivers failing into the Cas- pian. The inhabitants are a brave and hardy race, and successfully resisted the arms of Nadir Shah in 1743. Its sovereignty is claimed by Russia, but the resoluteness of the inluibitiints renders it nominal rather tliun real. It has two considerable tovjns, Taskcr and Dcrbent, on the shores of the Caspian. It is a fertile district, and, under social institutions, might be made an agree- able country. It is intersected by the line of 42. of N. lat. Dago, or Dagoe, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of Livonia; 7 miles N. of the Isle of Oesel, near the entrance to the Gulf of Finland. It is 20 miles in circumference, and has two castles called Dagerwort and Paden. Long. 22. 56. E. lat. 58. 44. N. Daoon. See llANGOO>f. Dahl, the finest river of Sweden, which flows through Dalecarlia, or Dalarne, and on tlie S. confines of Gastricia, and enters the Gulf of Bothnia south of Gefle. Near Es- carleby, not far from its mouth, it forms a celebrated cataract, little inferior to that of tiie Rhine at Luuffcn. Dahlak, an island in the Red Sea, near the N. end of the coast of Abyssinia; 40 m. i long and 6 broad. It is fertile, populous, and remarkable for a pearl fishery. The in- habitiuits are blacks, and great enemies to tlie Mahometans. Long. 40. 10. E. lat. 15. 44. N. Daiiomet, a kingdom of W. Africa, on the coast of Guinea, supposed to reach 180 miles inland, though no European has penetrated aiiove half the distance. The country is fer- tile, yielding a plentiful supply of farinaceous vegetables and tropicai fruits; also indigo, cotton, sugar-cane tobacco, palm-oil, and a variety of spices. The religion of Dahomey consists of a jumble of superstitious ceremo nios, of which it is impossible to convey any satisfactory idea. The government is perhaps the most perfect despotism in the world; for the polity admits of no intermediate degree of subordination between king and slave, at least in the royal presence, where the prime minister prostrates himself with as much ab- ject submission as the meanest subject. The king maintains a considerable standing army, commanded by an agaow, or general, ami their subordinate ofiieers, who must hold themselves in readiness to take the field at tiio command of the sovereign. On extra- ordinary occasions, all the males able to bear arms are obliged to repair to the general's standard; every cabocecr marohing at the head of his own people. Sometimes the king takes the field at the head of his troops; and, on very great emergencies, at the head of his women. In the different royal palaces in Dahomey, are immured not less than 3000 women; several hundreds of whom are trained to arms, umler a female general and other officers. The general character of the Daho- mans is marked by a mixture of ferocity and politeness; the former has recently been frightfully exemplitied in the slaughter of above 3000 slaves, to celebrate the accession of the present sovereign. The leopard and hyena are common in this part ol Africa, and commit great ravages, as sometimes docs also a species of white ant. Grewhe, or Griwhee, in tlie Int. 6. 17. N., and 3. 6. of E. long., is the principal seaport. Pop. about 6500. Aboraey, about 90 miles inland, is the capital, Dakotah, a new territory ot the United States, west of Minnesota. The Missouri river divides it into two nearly equal sec- tions. The area is about 135,000 square miles, and the estimated population (1860^ 8000. It contains much fertile land, salt- lakes, coal, &c., but timber is scarce. Dalecarlia, or Dalarke (signifying the valley), an interior province of Sweden, in the division of Sweden Proper, between Nordland and the mountains of Norway. It is 270 miles long, and from 40 to 120 broad. The principal productions are wood, com, and hemp, and it contains many mountains, in which are mines of silver, copper, and iron. The capital is Fahlun. The manners of the people are distinct from those of otlier parts of Sweden. Dalheim, a town of the Netherlands, in the ducliy of Limberg, capital of a territnry of the same name, seated near the Meuse; 15 miles N.W. of Limberg. Dale, a county of Alabama, on the Choc- tawhatchie river. The surface is level, and generally ban'en, except some very fertile river swamp. Capital, Daleville. Pop. i.i 1840, 7397. Dalia, Daland, or Dalsland, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, to the W. of Wer- meland and Lake Wenner. It is 8a mileii ( ( c r a SI tl I N< 111 bl vi ri w B br D, nil Bl ti( Sii DAL 27 J DAM United ;is8oari lual sec- squave (i8tio: id, salt- lands, in Iterritiiry leusei 15 Le CUoo fvel. and fertile 'Pop. in orovince lof Wer- ii mileb long and 40 brond. The N. part is full of mountains, forusts, and lakes; but to tlio S. it produces coin suniiiotitfor the inhabitants (Jiittle, fish, butt'ir, and chcusc are the ohiuf articles. Tlie caiiital is Duleburg, or Anial, on the shore of tliu lake. Dalkeith, a town of Scotland, in Edin- buryhshiro, with a yrcat market on Thursday fur corn and oatmeal. Here is Dnlkeitli- hoiise, the mngiiiticcnt seat of the Duke of Buceleueh. It is seated on a strip of land between the N. and 8. Esk; 6 miles S.E. of Edinburgh. Dalla, or Di:Li.i, a district of low land at tiic delta of tlic Ira waddy river; a town of tlio same name on theE. bank of the main branch of tiie river, about 40 miles W.S.W. of Uangoon, manufactures a great quantity of salt. The soil is capable of being rendered very productive. It is at present much iu- fcsteil with wild animals. Dallas, a county of Alabama, watered by t!ie Alabama and Cahaba rivers, which uijite in it. On the margins of them the soil is very fertile. Capital, Cahaba. Pop. in 1840, 25,199, including 17,208 slaves. Dalmatia, a country of Europe, anciently l)art of Illyrieum, stretching, in a N.W. di- rection, from the lat. of 42. to 44. N., along tlie E. shore of the Adriatic Sea. It is a country of great antiquity, and formerly ex- tended inland to the lat of 45. S9. N., and in- cluded parts of Croatia, Bosnia, and Albania; the whole was incorporated with Hungary in tiie 12th centurj'. The Venetians afterwards made inroads upon the sea-coast, and in tl e loth century the wlioie country, now com- monly culled Dalmatia, became subject to that republic. It was ceded to Austria by the treaty of Campo Fortnio, in 1707; Austria ceded it to France in 1805. It fell again into the possession of Austria at the general partitioning in 1814. This portion of Dalmatia, which is ill now understood by that name, has 200 miles of sea-coast, within the latitude above mentioned, w.th an area of about 5800 square miles, and, in 18 12, contained 401,541 inhabitants. It is bounded on the E. by the Bocana river, which sepa- rates it from Albania, on the N. by Bosnia and Croatia, and W. by Moklachia (whi^•h see). It has several islands lying off the coast, the principal of which are Brazza, Lessino, t/urzola, Sabbioncello, and Meleda. It has HDme mountainous territory, containing marble, gypsum, iron, an** other minerals; but parts are wry fertile, and the mulberry, vine, and olive flourish in considerable luxu- riance. The principal river is the Narenta, which rises in Bosnia; and either this or the Bocana might easily be united with collateral branches of the Save, near its union with the Danube, and thereby open a water commu- nication by meims of the latter, with the Black Sea on one side, and the interior cf yv;rmany on the other; but military despot- Sin aiidcatbolic subjugation arc incompatible with social improvements. The principal towns on the coast arc Cattaro, Ragiisa, and Spalatro, and in the interior Krin and Mostar. See Appendix. Dalme, a town of Prussia, at the S. ex- tremity of the Middle Mark; 45 miles S. of Berlin. Pop. about 3000. Dalrt, a village of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 7 miles N.N. W. of Irvine. It has a cotton manufacture, and near it are vuluablo coal mines, and a strong sulphurous spring. Dalsland. See Dalia. Daltok, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Saturday. Hero are the remains of an ancient castle, and near it are the mag- nificent ruins of Purness Abbey. It is seated in aclmmpaign country, not tarfrom the sea; 6 m. S.W. of Ulverston, on the Whitehaven, he. Uailway, and 2G5 m. N.N.W. of London. Damanhuk, a town of JJgypt, near the canal of Alexandria; 32 miles E. S. E. of Alexandria. Dauar, a town of Arabia Felix, in Ye- men, with a university; 60 miles S. by E. of Sana. Damascus, or (as it is called by the Arabs) Siiam, a city of Syria, capital of a Turkish pachalic, and the see of a Greek aichbishop. The form is an exact square, each side being a mile and a half long, and is sup- posed to contain from 120,000 to 150,000 in- habitants, among whom are great numbers of Christians and Jews. It has three walls, now almost entirely ruined; and of the several suburbs which it formerly had, tbere remains only one, which extends three mdes in length. Several streams flow across the fertile plains of Damascus, which water all tli gardens, supply the public fonntuins, and ine carried into every house. The houses are built of wood, with their fronts inward, where there is a coiti't; in the streets there are only walls to be seen, but the insides are richly adorned. The most remarkable buildings are the cara- vansaries, which consist of long gtiUeries supported by marble pillars, and surrounding a large S(iuare court. 1'lie castle is like a little town, having its own streets and houses; and the famous Damascus steel was kept here in a magazine. The mosques, of which there are about 200, are extremely handsome edifices, the most stately of which was a Christian church. One street runs across the city and suburbs in adiiect line, on each side of which are shops, where all sorts of ricli merchandise are sold. Several manu- factures arc carried on here, among which that of sabres and knives has been the most famous. Damascus is one of the most an- cient places existing; it is mentioned by Abraham 191' years before the Christian era, as the place near which he encountered the forces of Chedorlaomer, king of Elara {Persia), and rescued his nephew Lot, with consider.ible treasure, which the Elamitee had taken from the cities of the plain. Il afterwards became the capital of an inde- DAM 276 DAN 'M' f Hi ill "1 I ; ilf l' f pendent kingdom, and lit n lutcr period be- ciinio subject to tiie JewH. It was coiujuorcd b}' tlic lioinans; and, alter tlio fall uf the Uo- niiin empire, Dum(u>euH bceamc tlio seat of tlic grand euiipli of the Saracens, who surren- dered it to tiiu Turliitih emperor Selim, the itiird of tlio Ottoman dynaiity, about 1515. It iia3 continued subject to the Turks since tiiat time. Tho paeiialic, wiiich oxtendu from tlio desert of Arabia, through five de- grees of latitude, to Aleppo, is considered the most valuulileund important of all the Turk- ish possessions. In 1860, it was tho scene of a cruel massacre of 8000 Christians by the Muhomraedans. See SruiA. Uamuseus is seated GO miles from the sea, at Beirut, in the lat. of 33.30. N.; 130 miles N.N.E. of Jerusa- len), and 170 S. by W. of Aleppo. Damaun, a seaport of Hindustan, in the province of Guzerat, at tho entrance of the Gulf of Cambay. Aurungzebo besieged it about tho middle of tho i7th century, with an army of 40,000 men; but the garrison Riillyinr; out on a part of his camp, guarded by 200 elephants, so terrified those animals by their fire-arms, that they turned on their masters, and trampled to death half his army. Tho rur-soes (^see BACiin) have a celebrated temple hero. It is subject to the Portuguese, and 60 miles S. of Surat. Long. 72. 47. E. lat. 20. 18. N. Damboolloo, a town of the island of Ceylon; 34 miles N. of Candy; celebrated fur its cavern temples, which are in cxcelleut preservation. Dameqan, or Damoan, a town of Persia; seated near the S. shore of the Caspian Sea, in tho district of Mazanderan. It is sup- posed once to have been tho seat of govern- ment of the Parthian empire. It is 90 miles E. by S. of Ferrabad, and 300 N. by E. of Ispahan. Damoartin, or Damqard, a town of Hither Pumerania, witii a castle seated at the mouth of tho Kecknitz; 18 miles VV. of Stralsund. Damietta, a town of Egypt, and a Greek archbishop's see, with a good harbour, at one of the eastern mouths of the Nile. It has several squares, various grand mosques, and public baths faced with marble. The rice mezelaoui, the finest in Egypt, is cultivated in the neighbouring plains. Hero are like- wise Indian stuffs, silks, sal ammoniac, wheat, &c. The Christians of Aleppo and Damas- cus carry on the principal trade, which, till the dominion of Ali Pacha, was considerable, but has been transferred by him chiefly to Alexandria. He bos also established a mili> tary school here. During tho crusades, Dami- etta wag frequently an object of contention. It surrendered to the French in 1798, since which period it has been on the decline. It is about 90 miles E. of Alexandria, the same distance N. by E. of Cairo, in the lat. of 31. 26. N. and 31. 50. of E. long. Fop. about SO.OOO. Daum, a town of Further Pomcrania, which has a considerablo trade in steel maiui- faiturcs. It is seated on the 8. end of a lake of the 8ame name, near tho mouth of the Oder; 8 miles E. S. E. of Stettin. Pop. about 2000. Damme, a town of Belgium, in Wist Flanders; seated on the canal between Sluys and Bruges; 5 miles N. by E. of Bruges. Damme, or Api'inoedam, a town of Hol- land, in Groningen; seated on tho Damstor, near tho mouth of tho Ems; 14 miles N. E. of Groningen. Dami'ieh's Land, in tho lat. of 19. S., on tho W. coast of Australia; so called from tho navigator of that name, who visited it in 1688. Danuurt, a village in Essex, England, 5 miles E. of Chelmsford, and 16 W. of tho sea. It stands on the Iiigiiest ground in tho county, and tho spiro of tho church serves as a sua-murk. Danbury, a town of Connecticut, in Fair- field county, with two churches. This town, with a large quantity of military stores, was burnt by the British in 1777. It is 20 miles N. N. W. of Fairfield, and 65 N. N. E. of New York. Dancali, a country in the E. part of Abyssinia, at the entrance to the lied Sea. The soil is unproductive; and its chief riches consist in fossil salt, and honey. It is go- verned by a prince nominally tributary to tho negus, or emperor of Abyssiiua. Bailur is the principal town. Panoala. See Donoola. Danger, Isles of, three islands in the Pacific Ocean, scon by Byron in 1765, but so surrounded by rocks and breakers, that it was unsafe to land. Long. 169. 28. W. lat. 10. 15. S. Dannemora, or Damhora, the most cele- brated iron mine in Sweden. It produces from four to five thousand tons of iron, of the very best quality, annually. It is about 30 miles N. of Upsal. Dannenbiiro, a to^vn of Lower Saxony, in tho duchy of Luneburgh ; capital of a district of the same name ; seated on tho Jetze, near tho Elbe; 30 miles E. by S. of Luneburgh. Danzic, or Dani'ziq, a city of Europe, very advantageously located on the W. bank of the Vistula, about 5 miles above its en- trance into tho Baltic Sea, in the lat. of 54.2 1 . N. and 18. 38. of E. long. It is supposed to have been first founded by tho Danes in the 12th century, and for some time continued a free and independent city. In 1454 it be- came subject to Poland, retaining, however, all its municipal institutions, and long con- tinued to rank as the chief commercial city of the N. of Europe, included in .he Hanse- atic league. At the commencement of the 18th century it contained upwards of 100,000 inhabitants, more than 20,000 of whom were carried off by a pest, in 1709, In 1734 it DAN 277 DAN 3St celc- broduccs I iron, of lis about [ixoTiy, Ul of a on the by S. of (Europe, bank J its en- |f54.2l. losed to in tho tnued a it be- bwever, ig con- |al city lanse- lof the |oo,ooo iwere I734 it offered protection to Stanislaus, kiiiR of Po- land, when it wm besieged by tho Uussians liixl Suxons, to whom it was obliged to sur- render. In 1793 it was taken possession of by a Prussian force, who lield it till 1807, when, after a long siege, it surrendered to tho French, who, in their turn, were forced to surrender it to a united Kussian and Prussian force, after the disastrous campaign of 1812-13; and in the following year (1814) it was confirmed in full sovereignty to Prus- sia. Tho easy narigatiou of the Vistula, and three or four considcrablo rivers, combined with the railway which connects with Konigs- bcrg and all Germany, affords to Dantzic great commercial advantages. Tho chief again bears N. to Oalatx, near which it re* reives tho waters of tho numerous rivers of Moldavia and Bessarabia, falling into tho Ulack Sea on tho E., by several channels be- tween the lat. of 44. 40. and 45. 30. N. in 29. 20. of E. long. Tho meridional distance from tho source to tho mouth of this river is 21 degrees of long., between tho lat. of 45. and 49., equal to about lOOU English miles, but tho course of tho stream, by its continued windings, may be estimated at from 1750 to 1800 miles. It is navigable to Ulm, within 150 miles of its source, and has a number of steam vessels communicating with the Black Sea and its ])ortR. In tiie archduchy of Aus tria it forms several islands. Under the head J loduct of the interior country is grain, of of Dalmatia it is shown that it might easily which article Dantzic has occasionally cx- ]iortcd 500,000 quarters of wheat per annum ; >ind tho vicinity of the city contains very extensive granaries. It is also capable of aftbrding very extensive supplies of timber, fcarl-ash, flax, and hemp. It has several yards for ship-building, all on the small island in the river Motlau. It has upwards of twenty churches, chiefly Lutheran, and several other public buildings. It is nearly surrounded by water, and two streams in- tersect the city, dividing it into three parts. The fortifications are very strong by nature, and rendered formidable by art. It is 90 miles W.S.W. of Konigsberg, 2.50 N.E. of Berlin, and 190 N. by W. of Warsaw. Danube, German, " Duna," i.e. deep wa- ter, (the lower part called Jster by Strabo,) the noblest river of Europe; has its sources in tho territory of tho grand duke of Baden, on tho eastern confines of tho Black Forest, in the lat. of 48. N. and 8. 15. of E. long. It pursues a winding course in a N.N.E. di- rection to Ulm, where it receives the Iller from the S., and becomes navigable. From Ulm it bears N. into Bavaria, to tho lat. of \ 49. at Ratisbon, previously receiving the united waters of the Wartasch and Lech from ' the S.; and, before passing Batisbon, it re- ceives the waters of the Altmucht and of tho , Nab from the N. From Ratisbon it bears to be made to communicate with tho Adriatic. It contains a great variety of flsh, and is cele- brated for its 8tur;;eon. Its free navigation lias been secured by the treaty with Russia, Turkey, and the Western Powers, in 1856. Danube, Upper, Circle of, from tho S.E. part of tho circle of Bavaria, lying be- tween 48. and 49. of N. lat. and 10. and 11. of E. long., and comprises the S. part of tho circle of Suabia, tho county of Fuppenheim, and tho principality of Nouberg. It is wa- tered by the Iller, Mindel, Wcrtach, and tho Lech, all running from S. to N. into tho Da- nube, which gives name to the circle. The Iller might readily be united with tho Lake of Constance, and thereby open a water con*- munication between the Danube and tha Rhine. It is a district of capability and of resource, under a well-directed exertion of agricultural pursuit. Tho principal towns are Gunsburg, Dillengen, Hochstadt, Donaii- wert, Pappenheira, Neuberg, Eichstadt, Nord- lingen, &c. &c. Danube, Lower, Circle of, another cir- cle of the kingdom of Bavaria, comprises tho E. part oi Lower Bavaria, and tho bishopric of Passau. It lies on both sides of the Da- nube, between the lat. of 12. 30. and 13. 40. E., in the same parallel of lat. as the Upper Circle. Tho Iser and tho Inn intersect the S. part, which is considered the most fertile the S., past Ilstadt into Austrin, previously district of all Bavaria. Passuuis tho capital; receiving tho Iser, Ian, and Salza, all from the S. Its course through the archduchy of Aus- tria, past Vienna to Presburg, is rather cir- cuity W. of I{l('l|[||l)||(|. I'tlj). 1^1)1). IJanvilm:, Q tiiwiiof Kiv.tuiky, in Morci-r roiiiicy, sitiiiito in a fcrtilu pluiii; 35 niiicM 8.S,W. of Lexiiif^toii, iiiiil 70 S.IC. of Louis- ville. Daiivillo i-s also the name of three or liiiir ofher towiishiim in (lid'erent parts of llie Uiiitctl States of North Amcriea. DARAnuiiKiii), a town of I'crsia, in Fars, snid to havo heen fonmled hy Darius. It is hirjic, hut not jiopuliius, and surrouniled by luxurious groves of orange and lemon trees. Near it suit is found of variouscolours — wiiite, bhiek, red, and green, A considerable nia- iiufueture of glass is carried on hero. Though much declined, it has still a population of h^OOO to 20,000. It stands 140 miles H.S.E. of Sehiraz, on the road to Orniuz. Long. 54. 66. E. hit. 28. 50. N. Daraii, or DuAsa, a countiy of Barbarv, bounded on the N. hy Sus, E. hy Tulilet, S. by Zaharn, and W. hy the Atlantic. A river of the same name flows through it, which en- ters the Atlantic on the S. side of Cape Non. The jtrineipal produce is indigo and dates. The iniiahitants are Arabs and Mahomcdans; and some of tho districts arc dependent on Maroeeo. Dakapouam, a town of Ilindostan, capital of the S. part of Coimbetorc. It has a large mud fort, and straight and wide streets. Much cotton and tobacco are cultivated in tho vicinity, and tho garden and rice grounds arc considerable. It is seated at about an eqm.*l distance from tho Malabar and Coro- niandel coasts; 42 miles E.S.E. of Coimhe- tore, and 106 W. of Tanjoro. Long. 77. 40. E. hit. 10. 47. N. Dakda, a town and lution of about 2''),0 lO. It is al>out 18 luilrs 8, of Fninkfort-on-tlic-Muine, and the same distance S. K. of Mcntz. Daunky, a town of France, in the dc- pnrtnioiit of Vosgcs; 21 miles W. S.VV. of Kpiiial. Dahoca, a town of Spain, in ArKiigon. with seven parish churclies, one of which is (dllcgiate. It stands between two hills, on the Xiloca; 48 miles S.S.W. of Saragossa. DARKAWAr, a town of llindostan, in the country of Tattn, at the month of u river of the same name, a branch of the Indus; 74 miles W. S. W. of Tattu. Long. 67. 31. E. lat. L»). 32. N. Uakt, a rivyr in Devonshire, which rises at the foot of Dartmoor Hills, crosses Dart- moor to Ai liburton and Totncss, where it is nuvi<;alile I'or small vessels, and enters the Enulisb Channel at Dartmouth. DAnTFOKD, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Saturday; seated on the river Darent. Here was a eel bratcd nunnery, which Henry Vlll. coiivurtc 1 into a royal palace, and is now become a gentleman's seat. The first pape'-mi!; 111 England was erected here by Sir John Spilman, to whom Charles I. grant- ed a patent, with 200/. a year to encourage the manufacture. On this river was also the first mill for slitting iron bars to make wire. Dartford is distinguished in English history »s the place where, in 1391, the insolence of a taxgatliercr to the daughter of Wat Tyler provoked the father's resentment to such a degree, OS led to his exciting 100,000 men to arin.'^, >vho threatened the subversion of the goveramcnt of liichnrd II. Ty ler was killed by the treachery of the lord-mayor of Lon- don. The princip'.il business of the town is connected with its gunpowder-mills, paper, oil, and flour mills, and also largo engineer iiig establishments. It is 15 miles E.S.E of London, on the high road to Dover, and on the North Kent railway. Dartmook, an extensive forest in Devon- shire; bounded on the N. by bleak hills, comprising about 53,900 aercs, and is wa- tered by the river Dart. Many sheep arc bred here, but of a small kind, and black cattle, which thrive well on the coarse her- bage. Daiitsioutii, a borough and seaport in Devonshire; market on Friday. It stands on the side of a craggy hill, by the river Dart, near its entrance into the sea, and has a spa- cious bay, defended by a castle and strong battery. The dock yards and quay project into the river, and the rocks on each side are composed of a purple-coloured slate. The town contains three churches, and has a con- siderable trade to the south of Europe and to Newfoundland, as well as a share in the coasting traffic. It was burnt in the reigns of Richard I. and Henry IV. by the French; but they were repulsed in a third attempt afterwards, chiefly by the xalour of the wo- men, who fought so bravely, that, after n great slaughter, tliey took M. Custol, the French general, three lords, and twenty-thne knights, prisoners. It is 25 miles S. of Exe- ter, 204 W.S.W. of London, and returns one incinl>er to parliament. Dartmouth, a seaport in Massachusetts, in Bristol county; situate on tho Accushnut, falling into liuzziird's Hay; 70 miles S. ot Boston. Long. 70.62.W. lat. 41.37. N. Dauton, a town in Yorkshire; 3 miles N. of Barnsley, and 175 from London. Dahwar, a fortress of Uiiidostan, in tho country of Sanore; taken from Tippoo by tho British in 1791, and afterwards restored to the Mahruttas. It is 45 miles W.N.W. of Sunore, and 90 E. of Goa. Darwev, Ui'i'EB and LowEn, two town- shijjs in the parish of, and contiguous to, Blackburn, Lancashire. See Blackhurn. Dassel, a town of Germany, in tho prin- cipality of South Culenburg; 48 miles S. by W. of Hanover. Daui'uin, an interior county of Pennsyl- vania; bounded on tho W., for about 40 miles, by the Susquehanna river, being about 20 miles in mean breadth. The Blue Mountain ridge intersects this county from W. to N. by E. Pop. 30,118. Harrisburg, 97 miles W. N.W. of Philadelphia, is the cliief town and seat of government of the state. Daiti'Iune, a late province of France, ex- tending 40 ''jngues from N. to S. and 36 from E. to W. J bounded on the W. by the Uhone, N. by the Rhone and Savoy, S. by Provence, and E. by the Alps. The heir apparent of the kings of Franco derived the title of dau- phin from this province. Two-thirds of Dauphincarc intersected by mountains, which atford good pasturage; plenty of timber, fir- trees in particular, fur the building of ships; and very scarce simples. In these moun- tains, which are brunches of tho Alps, are bears, chamois, nmrmots, eagles, hawks, &c., and mines of iron, copper, and lead. The vvlleys atford wheat, and the hills in the vicinity of the Rhone, excellent wines, olives, and silks. The principal rivers are the Rlione, Durance, Isere, and Drome. It now forms the departments of Drome, Isere, and Upper Alps. Daventrt, a town in Northamptonshire, governed by a mayor; with a market on Wednesday, and formerly a manufacture of whips, but now a small trade in shoes is the only one. It stands on the Roman highway called Watling-^treet, on the side of a hill; 16 miles W. of Northampton, and 72 N.W. of London, 5 miles from Weedonon the North Western Railwav. It is distinguished for its cheese fairs in April and October. David's, St., a city of South Wales, in Pembrokeshire, with a marke.ton Wednesday. It was formerly an archbishop's see, and, in King Arthur's days, the metropolitan of the church of South Wales, and continued so till King Henry I., at which time Bernard, who DAX 280 DEA :ii^ Wflsthc forty •seventh archbishop of St.Dnvid's, hccair.u suffragan to the see of Canterbury. The situation of the town being very un- healthfu], and the soil of the adjacent coun- try very barren, it has nothing now to boast of but its cathedral, which is 300 feet long, and about 127 high, and supposed to be the highest iu Britain ; tiiough the E. end is in ruina, the western part and choir are in good repair. St. David's is at present a bishop's sue, yet only a single street of miserable cot- tages. It 18 seated on the Illen, near the coast; 24 miles N.W. of Pembroke, and 255 W. by N. of London. David, St., a village of Scotland, in the parish of Dalgety, Fifeshire, with a harbour in Inverkcithing bay. It has a considerable manufacture of salt, and exports an immense quantity of c^al. David, Fort St., an iCnglish fort on the coast of Coromandel, which was taken and destroyed by the French in 1758, and has not yet been rebuilt. It is 80 miles S. of Fort St. George. Davidson, an interior county of the state ^( Tennessee, about 30 miles square. It is in- tt'S'jcted, from E. to W., by Cumberland liver, and contains a population of 30,509. Nashville, on the S. bank of the river, is the chief town. Davies, an interior county of the state of Indiana; 25 miles from S. to N., and 15 wide, intersected by White River, which falls into the Wabash. Pop. 6720. Daviess, a county in the western part of Kentucky; bounded on the S. and W. by Green river, and on the N. by the Ohio, which separates this county from the state of Indiana. Owcnboro', on the S. bank of the Ohio, is the chief town. Ancther town, called Vienna, is seated on fhe N. bank of Green river. Th<^ extent of this county is about 25 miles each way. Pop. 83'i\. Davis' Stkaits, an arm of the sea betweew Greenland and North America, discovered by Captain Davis in 1 08/), when he attempt- ed to iind a N.W. passaj.'e. This sea com- prises a space between the lat. of 58. and 68., N^. and from 50. to 70. of W. long., and is the entrance to Baffin's Bay. Davos, a town of Switzerland in the canton of Grisons, capital of a district in which are mines of copper, lead, and e" /er. It is 14 miles E. of Coire. . , AWLisH, a village pleasantly situate near Teignmouth, on the shore of the English Channel, in Devonshire. It ?8 a go. 'd deal frequented in the summer season for sea- bathing. Dax, or Dacqs, a town of France, in tbo department of Landei"; ^nd lately a bishop's see. Here are some famous hot baths, thn ipring of which discharges 36 cubic feet of water in a minute. It is surrounded by walls, flanked with towers, and seated on the Adour; 24 m, N.E.ofBayonnc It is the seat of a pre- fect, and contained, in 1836, 4776 inhabitants. Dayton, a town of the United F.atci, capital of Montgomery county, Ohio, on the Great Miami river. In and near '.he town are four cotton factories, a gun-barrel fac- tor, an iron foandry, an extensive paper- mill, and numerous other branches of industry . which render it a busy place. It has ten churches, and other public buildings, and is connected with Cincinnati by the Miami canal, Tt is 68 miles S. by W. of Columbus. Pop. in 1840, of the township, 6067, and of the town in addition, 4268. Dead Sea, the ancient Lacus Asphaltites, a lake of Palestine, celebrated in sacred his- tory. It is called by the Arabs Bahr Lout, or the Sea of Lot, f;om its having been thn site of the cities of the plain, Sodom, Gomor- rah, Zeboim, &c. Up to a recent period our knowledge of this interesting locality was limited to the observations of those numerous travellers who had visited its shores, but who had no means of inquiring into its actual features. Many of the received opinions havo been found to be erroneous: that its waters are fatal to fish, and its exhalations to birds in flying over it, &c. but these statements have been disproved. Its waters are intensely salt, bitter, and nauseous, though exceedingly limpid. From its great density and its peculiar locality, its surface is not moved by a slight breeze; hence from its stillness, and the ab sence of living thing.", it derives i*,8 name. But the waves which are raised on it are most furious, and would be de!>trtir>tion to any slight Loat sailing on it. It is about 55 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. The most remarkable feature is its great depres- sion below the level of the Mediterranean. This was first suspected and ascertained in 1338, and the repeated measurements between that and 1846, give an average of 1416 feet below the level of the sea. Another measure- ment gives 1312 feet. Its extraordinary depth is also another remarkable feature. It is divided into two portions, the principal to the N. separated by a peuinsula from the southern and smaller part. The bottom of the northern part is nearly a level plain, at a depth of 1200 or 1300 feet below the sur- face of the water, and is covered with crystals of pure salt. The southern part is as shallow as ^he other is deep, not exceeding 18 feet. The shores of the northern portion consist of nearly perpendicular hills, 1200 or 1500 feet high on the W. side down to the water's edge, and still higher mountains on the E. side, presenting a desolate, barren, and scorched aspect. Near the mountain of Uzdom (So- dom) the American expedition in 1848 saw a large, rounded, turret-shaped column, of solid rock salt, capped with crystallized car- bonate of lime; and Lieut. Molyneux in 1847 observed a curious broad strip of foam, ex- tending in a straight line N. and 3. throughr out the whole length of the sea, some mUee to the W. cf the direction of the Jordan. It has no visible outlet, and recoives fix 11 DEA 281 DEC P.ates, >, oil. the tie town rrel fuc- 5 paper- iidustry . has ten [8, and is ) Miami olumbus. 7, and of phaltites, icred his- ahr Lout, been tito 1, Gomor- )eriod our ality was luraerous ;, but who its actual lions havo its waters to birds in lents have insely salt, cceedingly ts peculiar by a slight nd the ab i«;s name, on it are fraction to 3 aboui 55 dth. The at depres- terranean. Ttained in Its between 1416 feet . measure- ;aordinary ie feature, principal , from the bottom of j1 plain, at w the sur- ith crystals as shallow ;g 18 feet, consist of . 1600 feet Iter's edge, le E. side, , Bcorched idom (So- , 1848 saw jolumn, of .llized car- ux in 1847 foam, ex- j. through- [ome mUet Tordan. iccives ux streams besides the Jordan, but gives none. Asphaltum, (or Jew's pitch) is found floating on its waters, and shells are found on its beaclie . South of the lake is the remarkable valley of El Glior, extending in a S. direction to tlie lied Sea, and of which the valley of the Jordan to the N. is a continuation. The Jordan, which has been ascertained to me- ander above 200 miles ii: its course, hus the extraordinary fall of abo 'c 1 000 feet from Lake Tiberias. The whole of the natural features of this most interesting region afford incontrovertible testimonies to the truth of Holy writ. See Jordan. From Jericho, to- wards the W. ..ide, the whole way is a suc- cession of terraces, which fall toward it; and it is IV miles W. of Jerusalem, and may be uiscerned from that city. Dbadman's Head, a cape on the S. coast of En;jland in Cornwall, between St. Mawes and Fowey. Deal, a town in Kent, with i market on Thursday, .[t is seated between the North and South Foreland, and is a member of the cinque port of Sandwich; governed by a mayor. It has no harbour, but the sea be- tween the shore and the Goodwin Sands, called the Downs, is generally a secure road for ships, where they usually ride at their leaving or entering the river Thames. The port is defended by two castles, Deal, or Wal- mer castle, to the S., and Sandown castle to the N. ; and also by sevpri'l batteries. Deal has long been famod fa its intrepid and skilful pilots. The Goodwin Sands are an extensive and very dangerous quicksand, lying off this town, and which, with westerly winds, are a serious obstruction to the navigation. The town of Deal is 9 miles N. of Do' er, and 74 E. by S. of London. Dean, a celebrated forest in Gloucester- shire, which originally included all that part of the country which lies between the Severn and the shires of Monmouth and Hereford, and contained 4 market towns and 23 parishes. It is fertile in pasture and tillage, ben;"3 very fine oaks, and has rich mines of iron and coal. It was oiice reckoned the chief support of the EnglisI; navy; but, having been much thinned by frecjuency of felling,and narrowed by increase of cultivation, it was near los- ing all features of its former character, until within the present century, when a still ex- tensive tract, containing a population exceed- ing 7000, has been replanted and replenished with deer, and divided into six walks, extra- parochial, over which propor rangers have been appointed. There is a village without the boundary of the present forest, 1 mile N. of Newidiam, called Little Dean, and con- tiguous with Mitchel Dean, at which a mar- ket was formerly held on Mondays. There are 10 other villages in different parts of England name Dean, all incon- Bidorable. Dearborn, a frontier county at the S. E, extremity of the state of Indiana. Lawrcnce- ville, the principal town, is seated on a point of land formed by the junction of the Miami v/ith the Dhio river. The county is about 30 miles from S. to N., and 15 in mean breadth. The N.E. pait borders on the state of Ohio, and the S.E. on that of Kentucky. Pop, 19,327. Dearborn. This name, ader one of their military officers, the United States' govcni- ment has also given to one of the head water brunches of the Missouri river, in the lat. of 46. N. and 34. to 36. of long. W. of 'Vash- ington. Dearbornvii-le, a village of the state of Michigan, on the S. branch of the Range river. There is an arsenal of the United States situated here; 10 miles W. of Detroit. Deba, u town of Thibet, Asia, standing 14,924 fjet above the level of the sea; it con- tains many temples. The houses are built of sv me. Debalpoor, a town of Hindostan, capital of a district in the country of Moultan. It is situate on the great road from Delhi to Moul- tan, nsar the river Setlege; 80 miles S. of Lahore, and 170 E. by N. of Moultan. Long. 73. 32. E. lat. 30. 5. N. Deben, a river in Suffolk, which rises near Debenlmm, and flows to Woodbridge, where it expands into a long narrow arm of the Grer- man Ocean, a little to the N. of Harwich. Debeniiam, a town in Suffolk, with a mar- ket on Friday; seated on the side of a hill, near the source of the Deben ; 24 miles E. of Tury St. Edmunds, and 83 N.E. of London. Debreczin, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of a district of the same name, and one of the most populous a"d important trad- ing towns in all Hungary. It is one of the most singular places in Europe ; notwithstand- ing its size it resembles a large village iither than a town. Shoes, tobacco pijies, and red- clay pipe bowls, soap, prepared sheep-skins, are its principal manufactures. It has an immense fair every three months. The prin- cipal portion of the population are Magyars, and amount to 45,730, cliiefly Calvinists. I^ was taken by the Turks in 1684, and the Austrians retook it the same year. It is 107 miles E. ofBuda. Long.2I.6.E.lat.47.30.N. l^ECATUR, a frontier county of the state of Indiana, lying between Tennessee river and the state of Tennessee, and another in Georgia. Deccan, an extensive tract in Hindostan, which, from the signification of its name, the South has been supposed to include the wi.ole region S. of Hindostan Proper. But, in its more accepted sense, it contains only the countries situate between Hindostan Proper and what is termed the Peninsula; namely, the provinces of Candeish, Dowlatabad, Vi- siapour, the North part of Golconda, Berar, Orissa, and the Circnrs. It is bounded on the N. by the river Nerbudda, by Bengal, and by Bnhar; and the river Kistna forms its separation on the S. from what is called tiio peninsula of Hindostan. All this vast (i D r. E 282 DEL A ; m country was once the southern province of the Moguls, who did not pass the Kistnu till a recent pi'nod. Canileish, Visiapour, and a part of Dowliitabiul, lioriir, and Orissa are «ul)ject to the Mahnittiis. Tiie English have part of Orissa and of the Cirears, the domi- nions of tlie Nizam of the Decean comprising Goloonda, the principal part of Dowlatabad, and the western part of Berar. His territo- tDriesnrabouudedontheN.W. by the Poonah Alahrattas, N. by the 13erar Mahrattas, E. by the Cirears, and S. by the Carnatie and ^ly- 8ore. By a family saccession iu 1780, the Ni/.am became possessod of the districts of Adoni and Tachore, and of the Gunto or Circar; and by the peace of 1792, and parti- tion of 1799, ho had a share of the countries belonginfj to Tippoo Sultan, including Ko- paul, Cuddapa, Gangecoha, Gootj', and Gur- rumconda. His dominio'is, without includ- ing the cessions, ate supposed to be 430 m. from N.W. to S.E. by 300 wide. The capital is HydrabaiJ. Dkcize, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nievre; «eated on an island, at the conflux of the Airon with the Loire; 16 ni. S.B. of Nevers. Di'CKENDonp, a town of L( .ver Bavaria; seated oa the Danube; 27 miles N.W. of Passau. Deddincton, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Saturday; 16 miles N. of Ox- ford, and 69 W.N.W. of London. Dediiam, a town in Essex, with a market on Tuesday, and a manufacture of baizn. It has an ancient large church, with a curious steeple, and a free grammar-school, endowed by Queen Elizabeth. It is seated on the Stour; S miles N.N.E. of Colchester, and 58 N.E. of London. Dediiam, a town of Massachusetts, chief of Norfolk county; seated on Charles river; 11 miles S.W. of Boston. Dee, a river of Wales, held in great vene- ration by the ancient Britons, and the theme of many a poet since. It issues from the Lake of Bala, in Merionethshire, whence it flows through a fine vale across the S. part of Denbighshire to tlio N.W. part of Shrop- shire, its the W.borderof Cheshire, passes on to Chester, and flows thence to the Irish sea, making abroad estuary, which separates Ch'^shire from Flintshire. The Dee is navi- gable from near '''.Uesmere, in Shropshire, to Chester, where uie continuity of the navi- gation is broken bf a ledge of rocks, running across the river; but by embankments made here, much land has Ireen gained from the tide; and a narrow channel, titter for naviga- tion, has been formed from Chester half-way to the sea. See Cuesteb. Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises on the W. border of Aberdeenshire, amid the mountains of Mar forest, and flows E. through a wild country, till it reaches the fertile vale o'' Braemar, whence it proceeds to Aberdeen, below which it enters tlu German Ocean. DEt, a river of Scotland, which rises in the W. part of Kirkcudbrightshire, receives the Ken bt'low New Galloway, and runs into the Irish Sea, 5 miles below Kirkcudbright. DEEi'iNo.or Makket Deeping, a town in Lincolnshire with a market on Thursday, seated on the banks of the river Welland. in a fenny county ; 6 miloa E. of Stamford, and 90 N. of L<>?Mon. Deeping, St. James's, contiguous to the above. Deer, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen- shire, on a river of its name; !0 miles W. of Peterhead. It has a trade in fine yam, and near it are the remains of the abbey of Deer. Dbekfield, a town of Massachusetts, in Hampshire couiity, seated on the Connecti- cut, near the influx of the river Deerfield; 15 miles N. of Northampton, and 80 W. by N. of Boston. There nre uve other towns of the same name in different parts of the United States of North America. Deerhuust, a village in Gloucestershire: 3 miles S.of Tewkesbury ; subject to frequent inundations from the Severn. Here was a ce- lebrated monastery, which was afterwards made a cell to Tewkesbury Abbey. Dkek Island, in Penobscot Bay, state of Maine, containing about 1100 inhabitants. Defiance, a town of Ohio, at the junction of the Ma^jrace and Auglaize rivers. It is well seated for commerce, though now but a small place, being on the Wabash and Erie canal, and at the junction of >'he Miami and Waba h canals; 152 miles N.W. of Colum- bus. Pop. 944. Deizahau, atown of Persia, in Irac Ajeini; 90 miles N. of Ispahan. De Kale, a county .n the northern part of the state of Geited Sti^e?, ItatP of Kcw Iln its coMifs |es, the >T.E. York, and In a ditoctioa dnc S. it separa>,es Pennsylvapia from New Jersey, ami, a few miles below PUiladeli)hia, the state of Delaware from New Jersey, till it enters the head of Delaware 15ay, at Bom- bay Bar, in the hit. of 39. 15. N , where it is al)(>iit 5 miles wide. At Phihulelpliia it has suffieient depth of water for a 74 giui ship; is na-^igable thence for sloops up to the Pulls of Trenton, a distance of about 30 miles; for boats that curry eight or ten tuns, 40 miles higher. Delawark Bay, into which the preceding river falls, is formed by Cape Henlopen, on the W.. on winch is a li;;ht-house, in the lat. of 38. i5., sad Cape May on the E., in the lat. of 39. N., the two capes being about 18 miles distant, narrowin;^ to about 10 miles. Hi liombay Bar, which is considered as form- iiii;, the entrance to the river. The bay, and its entrance, is interspersed with numerous ghouls, tlie ship channel heing on the side of Cape Henlopen ; and, about midway between Bombay Hook and Philadelphia, the ship channel runs between two small islands, cal- led Pea Patch, on which formerly were two strong forts. At tlie entrance of the bay, on the 8. siite, witliin Cape Henlopen, the United i States' government are constructing a mag- 1 nificent breakwater, together 1700 yards long, to ' 'ni a harbour on the same plan as those of Plymouth and Cherbourg. Delaware, State op, one of the United States of North America, extends from the lat of 38. 27. to 39. 50. N., being bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and Delaware Bay, and separated on the S. and W. by eonvcntional lines from ihe state of Mary- laml. a!ul on the N. by another conventional bouiiilary from the state of Pennsylvania. At its soiulicrn boundary it is about 30 miles wide; ba: ii.^ mean breadth does not exceed 20 Ml . , V 1 n g a area of about 2000 square m . Itisui '» ii( o Hiree counties, Newcastle, Kent, .■:■•■[ f,ai isx; Kent subdivided into five, . ii., .;>- ): .r two counties each into ten (hundreds oi ; jwifdiips. The first perma>- ncnt settlers from i^iir-'pe on this part of the western continent were Swedes, who emi- grated in 1627, and who made considerable pr()y;ress in colonizati iho Indians reced- ing westward into Indiana, (see Drlawaue Count V, Indiana, ) when, in 1655, their nu- tlioritv was extinguished by the Dutch, who, in their turn, surrendered lo the English in 1 66+, The Dutch, however, gained an ascen- dei!"\ in 1673, but in the following year the tli; V, )untieswere confirmed to England by t' liv. In 1682, it was granted by Charles H. ; le th n Jihike o( York, who in the same J ear transferred it to William Penn, who landed at Newcastle on the 24th of October, and, from that time to the period of llie American revolution, it formed part of the state of Pen isylvania, under the title of the Three Lower Counties upon Delaware, In 1704, however, a separate house of sembly *as Chtttblished, but under the same govern- ment as Penn.sylvania. It was one of the first sections ot the then British possessions to assort its independence, which was esta- blished in 1/76 under the executive authority of V president and privy council of four mem- bers. In 1792. a new constitution wasadojjted simihu to the other states ofagovernor, senate, and liouse of assembly. The population, which in 1790 was 59.094, is 78,058, of whom 2605 are slaves; at the former period there were 8887 slaves, and 3889 free blacks. Do- ver, nearly in the centre of the state is the seat of government. For other towns, rivers, local relations, productions, manufactures, &c. &c., see each of the three counties, under their respective heads. Delaware is also the name of five conn- ties in the different states of North America, us follows: — 1. In the state of New York, bordering on Pennsylvania, in which the Susquehanna as well as the Delaware rivers both have their source. It is a somewhat mountainous dis- trict, but its fertility and local advantages may be inferred from its increase of popula- tion, which in 1800 was 10,281, and is now S-jjSgo. Delhi is the chief town. 2. In Pennsylvania, bounded on the S. by the state of, and E. hy the river, Delaware, and N. by the county of the city of Phila- delphia. It is the smallest county in the otate. Pop. 19,791. Chester, 15 miles S.W. of Philadelphia, is the chief town. 3. In the centre of the state of Ohio, in- tersected by the Scioto river, and Walnut, Alun; and Whetstone crtoks. It is a square of about 28 miles each way. 'J'he pop., which in 1810 was only 2000, is 22,060. The chief town, of the same name, is sealed be^veen the main branch of the Scioto and Whetstone Creek, 25 miles N. of Columbus. 4. An extensive tract in the centre of the state of Indiana, extending 100 miles from S. to N., and 70 from E. to W. White lii- ver, the head waters of which are occupied by the Delaware Indians, has its source in the N. part of this county, and Indianopolis, nearly in its centre, has l)een adopted for the seat of government of the state. Pop. 9683. And 5. A thinly populated county in Iowa, with only 168 inhahitants. Delft, a town of South Hclland, well built, with canals in the streets, planted on each side with trees. Here are two churches, in one of which is the tomb of William I. Prince of Or.inge, who was assassinated. It has a fine arsenal, and once had a consi- derable manufacture for earthenware, but now, nearly all the "Delft ware" in use ou the continent, is imported from England. Delft is the birthplace of the renowned Grotius. It is seated about midway between Kottcrdam and the Hague. Pop. iu 1837, 15,987. DELFTanAVBN, a fortified town of South Holland, on thd K. side of the Maew, with DEL 284 DEM a canal to Delft. It is between Rotterdam and Schiedam, about 3 miles from each. Dblftzyl, a town and fortress of Hol- land, in Groningen, with a good liarbour. It is seated on the Demster, at its entrance into the mouth of the Ems; 12 miles W. by S. of Emdcn. Long. 6. 58. E. lat. 58. 18. N. Drlhi, a province of Hindostan; bounded on tha N.W. by Laliorc, N.E. by Sorinagur, E. by Qunshal, &c., S. by Agra, and W. by Moultan. Having been the seat of continual wars above 60 years previous to 1806, when it fell under the influence of the English, it had become almost depopulated; and a tract of country that possessed every advantage that could be derived from nature, contained the most miserable of inhabitants. The country is level, arid a-r? randy. It is sus- ceptible of very great i' " ■rr'^nt by irri- gation. The British govti-' 'ave there- fore paid great attention to lestoration of the ancient canals, and the construction of new ones. Prosperity has therefore been restored. Delhi, the capital of the province of the same name. It is the nominal capital of all Hindostan, and was actually so during the greatest part of the time since the Mahome- dan conquest in 1193. In 1738, when Nadir Shah invaded Hindostan, he entered Delhi, and dreadful were the massacres and famine that followed: 100,000 of the inhabitants perished by the sword; and plunder to the amount of £62,000,000 was said to be col- lected. The same calamities were endured in 1761, on the invasion of Abdalla, king of Candahar. In 1803 the Mahrattas, aided by the French, got possession of this place; but they were afterwards defeated here by General Lake, and the aged Shah Aulum, emperor of Hindostan, was restored to his throne. On May 11, 1857, the native troops mutinied, and the ISnglish residents were murdered, under circumstances of the deep- est atroc'ty, beneath the walls of the palace and under the eye of the king. The British forces laid siege to the city, and the muti- neers held out stubbornly till the following September, when, on the 14th, the place was stormed with great heroism, and finally cap- tured on the 20tli. The aged king was trans- ported to Rangoon. There are many splendid remains of palaces, with baths of marble. The grand mosque is a magnificent edifice of mar- ble and red freestone. At Cuttab Minor, 15 miles S.W. of the city, is a noble monument, 242 feet high, built by the khan Cuttabadeen, in 1 194, to commemorate his conquest of Delhi, which is seated on the W. bank of the Jumna, 350 miles N.W. of Allahabad, and 1500 N.W. of Calcutta. Long. 77. 40. E., lat. 28. 37. N. Delhi, the chief town of Delaware county, ill Hio state of Ne»p York, seated on the N. bank qT the Mohawk branch of the Delaware river; 70 "liJles W.S.W. of Albany. Top. 2554. Delitz, a town and castle of Upper Sax- ony, in Misnia. Great quantities of worsted stockings are made here. It is 15 miles N. by E. of Leipsie. Dellamcotta, a fortress of the country of Bootan, which commands the principal pass over the mountains. It was taken by storm in 1773, by a detachment nnder the com- mand of Captain John Jones. It is 55 miles S.S. W. of Tassasudon, and 200 N. of Moor- shedabad. Long. 88. 46. E. lat. 27. 2. N. Delmeniioust, a town of Westphalia, capital of a district in the duchy of Olden- burg; seated on the Delm, near the Weser; 8 miles S.W. of Bremen. Delos, or Dim, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, formerly celebrated for the temples of Diana and Apollo, whose birth- place it is said to be. It is 6 miles in circum- ference, but now little more than a desert rock, covered with ruins, and uninhabited. Long. 25. 12. E. lat. 37. 38. N. Delphi, or Delphos, a town of European Turkey, in Livadia, once famous for the oracle of Apollo, which people came from all parts to consult. It is seated in a valley near Mount Parnassus; 18 miles W.S.W. of Livadia, and now called Cdstri. Del Ret, a tract of country on the coast of Brazil; about 100 miles wide, and 800 from N. to S., between the mountains of Pa- raguay and the Atlantic Ocean. At its S. extremity are two lakes, called De los Patos and Mini, each about 160 miles long, and from 10 to 50 broad, with a fort at each end. The principal place on this extensive coas is the island of St. Catherine, in the lat. jf 27. 30. S. This coast is now princi- pally included in the province of Rio Grande. Delsburg, a town of Switzerland, in the late bishopric of Basil, on the river Birs; 10 miles N.W. of Soleure. Delta, a part of Lower Egypt, enclosed between the mouths of the Nile and the Me- diterranean; so called, it is supposed by some, from its triangular form, resembling the Greek letter of that name, and by others, as implying a maritime and swampy district; hence the term Delta is now generally ap- plied to the mouths of all great rivers having diverging branches, such as the Indus, Ganges, Mississippi, &c. Delving, a town of Lower Albania, seated about 15 miles from the coast of the Adriatic, opposite Corfu. It is the residence pf a pacha, and has about 10,000 inhabitants. Dembea, an interior province of Abyssi- nia, of which Emfras is the capital, in the lat. of 12. N. and 37. 30. E. long. In the centre of the province is a lake, supposed to be 450 miles in circumference, and contain- ing many islands, one of which is a place of confinement for state prisoners. Its watera appear to form one of the principal sources of the Nile, Jie Bahr-el-Azrek; but this part of Africa is at present very little known. Dbmkraua a river and colony of South \| DEN 285 DEN of Upper Sox* ities of worsted is 15 miles N. f the country of J principal pass taken by storm inder the com- s. It is 55 miles JOO N. cff Moor- lat. 27. 2. N. of Westphalia, Jiichy of Olden- near the Weser; I of the Grecian ibrated for the llo, whose birth- miles in circnm- than a desert md uuiuhahited. . N. own of European famous for the jople came from seated in a valley miles W.S.W. of istri. ntry on the coast !8 wide, and 800 mountains of Pa- [)cean. At its S. died De los Patos ) miles long, and h a fort at each on this extensive Catherine, in the 1st is now princi- ice of Eio Grande, witzerland, in the the river Birs; Egypt, enclosed Nile and the Me- is supposed by form, resembling me, and by others, ■ swampy district; low generally ap- ;reat rivers having as the Indus, Lower Albania, . the coast of tha It is the residence _0,000 inhabitants. Dvince of Abyssi- tho capital, in the , E. long. In the lake, supposed to |)nce, imd contain- vhich is a place ot iners. Its waters principal sources ;rek; but this part f little known, d colony of South America, in British Guiana. TIic entrance to the river is in the hit. of 6. 48. N. and 63. 2. of VV. long. It is navigable for about 100 miles inland, and at its entiaiue forms a very comnrxlious harbour, impeded, liow- ever, by a 1. , not admitting vessels ilrawing more than 1 8 feet of water. 'Jhc plantations lie on both banks of tlie river. They were originally formed by the Dutcli, but fell into the huiuls oftlie English in 1796; restored at tlie peace of Amiens in 1802; retaken on the renewal of the war in the following year, and confirmed to England at the general peace ill 1814; sincowhich the cultivation has been greatly extended, and, next to Jamaica, is now the most populous and productive of all the British colonies in the West Indies and Soutli America. See Guiana, British. Demianskoi, a town of Siberia, in the go- vernment of Tobolsk; seated rathe Irtysh, nt the influx of the Dcmiauha; 100 miles N.N.E. of Tobolsk. Demmin, a fortified town of Anterior Pomerania, seated on the banks of the Rib- nitz; 27 m. S. of Stralsund. Pop. about 3000. Demona, a town and fort of Piedmont, on the river Stura; 10 miles S.W. of Coni. Dbmona Val. See Dimona. Demotica, or Domotica, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Rouinelia, where a Greek archbishop resides. It was the residence of Charles XII. for some years; and is situate near the Marisca; 12 miles S. of Adrianople. Pop. about 8000. Denain, a village of France, in the de- partment of Nord, where a victory was gained over prince Eugene, by Marshal Vil- iars, in 1712. It is seated on the Scheldt; 6 miles S.W. of Valenciennes. Denbigu, a borough of North Wales, capital of Denbighshire, with a market on Wednesday. Its ruined castle, with its vast enclosure crowning the top of the hill, forms a striking object. Denbigh has a consider- able manufacture of gloves and shoes. It is situate on the side ofa rocky hill, above tlie vale of Clwyd, on a branch of the river of that name; 27 miles W. of Chester, 5. S. of St. Asaph, and 218 N.W. of London. It returns one member to parliament, in con- junction with Ruthin, Wrexham, &c. Denbighshire, a county of North Wales, Dounded on the N. by the Irish sea, N. E. by Flintshire, E. by Cheshire, S. by Salop, Me- rioneth, and Montsomcryshires, and W. by the river Conway, which separates it from Caernarvonshire. It is 48 miles long from S. to W., and 20 in its broadest part, but its mean breadth does not exceed 14 miles. Area 405,120 acres. This county contains so'ue picturesque and beautiful scenery : be- sides the Conway, the Clwyd and Elwy also fall into the Irish sea, whilst the Doe, run- ning in a meandering course from E. to W., intersects all the S. part of the county; and the vale of Clwyd, for 20 miles in extent, is aeservcdly celebrated for its fertility as well as for its picturesque beauty. Its surplus products consist principally of cattle and butter, a partial supply of grain, some woa; and, nt immercial navy I proporlionMto ;tion. Tlie in- nmerce of IIol- ;nts of the war in 1793, pro- inraark the ein- pmmerce of the 1 and advanta- lie entrance to favour, ijut mark became itention of tlie rmament frus- hy the almost tional marine, ce of Amiens, ncwal of war, Denmark for iportance, and replenish and !; but the spirit were Buch as . in 1807, ano- mnihilated her wer for resuni- n the East and ,f the English ms offered to ;hat power to France, with id. This pro- jdcn, involved Icessity of en- ; but although iconsidcrable, jr the battle of 1813, which states of Eu- jconcile Den- ly to Sweden, by proposing to cede to Denmark the island of Rugon and Swedish Poineriiiiia; but in tiie general partitioning which took place af- ter the peace of Paris, in 1814, Norway was ciinfirmcd to Sweden, the island of Hugen and Fomerania to Prussia; whilst Denmark was contirmed in the possession of Ilolstem of Luncnberg, and reinstated in her former possessions in the West Indies. As sovereign of Ilolstein-Lunenberg, Den- mark is a member of the Germanic confede- ration, her quota of troops being 3600, oc- cupying the tenth place in the diet, and having three votes; but the question of this sovereignty, the king of Denmark having exercised regal rights over the duvhy of IIol- stein, has led to a civil war, barely suppressed in 1849. On May 25, 1848, a new constitution was adopted by the Danish diet. This diet, or Voiksthing and Landesthing, is composed of 109 mcmhers, chosen by the people in Jut- land and the islands, 5 in Iceland, 1 in the Feroe Islan2d July 10, 1849, and ((gain July 2, 1850; but difficulties ensued, uud hostilities recommenced July 24, 1850. The following is an estimate n^ her terii- tory and population; (See also Appndi-t.) Provinces. Zealand, includ- 1 injt the islands. ) : Jutland ' Uuchy of SleswlcU. " Holstein . " Lauenlmit,'. Total, Abba, I Pop. i Pop. &v|. niilcs.j in lSUl-3 I in 1H34-5 SOIO 3151 3)(IS 4 '4 21,836 531,832 393,142 27fi,3:t9 3 .5.348 l,.'>2G,fiGI 692,821 830,976 33S,192 435..VI6 35,680 2,033,205 L In 1840 the population of the foregoing territory, including Iceland, was 2,194,950. The manufactures of Denmark are very limited. The ancient literature of Denmark i.s rich in the elucidation of Scandinavian an- tiquity, and their traditions, whilst they vie with the heathen mythology in preposterous- ness, are exceedingly amnsing for their quaintness. For the higher order of mental cultivation, at the present time, there is a university at Copenhagen, on an extensive scale, and under liberal regulations; another at Kiel, in Holstein, and a college at Oven- see, in the island of Fuiien. The manners and customs of the superior classes differ but little, whilst the manners of the people at large are more social and orderly than in most parts of Europe. For some time after the adoption of the tenets of Luther, the pe- 'lal statutes against dissenters were very severe, but the most complete toleration in rel'(!renceto religious pretensions nov •^'•evails. DtNN'i.wirz, a village of Bra - iburg. where the French experienced a severe de- feat in 1813; 2 miles from Jutterbock. Dennis, a township on the peninsula of cape Cod, in Massachusetts. Salt has been long made here by evaporation; and a con- siderable quantity of shipping is owned hero; 81 miles S.E. of Boston. Pop. in 1840,2942. Denny, a town of Scotland, Stirlingshire; 30 miles from Edinburgh : it )>osse.sses abund- ance of coal and freestone, and manufac- tories of woollen cloth and i)nper. Dentila, a country of Western Africa, situated to the W. of Konkodoo. It is famous for its iron, in preparing which the nuti\i's employ as a flux the ashes of the bark uf the kino tree. Denton, a town of Maryland, capital of Carolina county.; situated on the E. side of Choptaiik river; 37 miles S.S.E. of Chester. D'Entbecasteaujc's CiiANNKL, astiait, ou the S.E. coast of Van Diemen's Land; about 30 or 40 miles long. D'Entrecasteaux's Port, or Port North, a harbour near the S. extremity of Van Die- men's Land. Deo»i;r (the mansion of the gods), a town in the province of Bahar, Hindostan; 170 miles N.N. VV. of Calcutta. The name i.4 applied to several hill-forts in different parts of India. Deounei-la, a town of the Mysore, sup- posed to have been the birthplace of Hyder AH; it surrendered to the English under Lord Cornwallis, in 1791. It is 20 mMes N. by E. of Bangalore. Deptford, an appendage to the metropo- lis of England ; situate in the county of Kent, on the S. bank of the Thames: the market place is 4^ miles E. of London Bridge. The town is intersected by a stream called the liavcnsbourne, on the banks of which are some extensive flour mills; a bridge over this river, near its entrance into the Thames, connects Deptford with Greenwich on the E. It contains the princii)al storehouse for victualling the national marine, and also se- veral slips for building and repairing the largest ships of war. It has also two float- ing docks, a basin, and two ponds for masts, and extensive workshops for the manufac- ture of cables, anchors, and blocks. In the reign of Henry VIII. a society was incorpo- rated here under the title of the Master, Warden, and Assistants of the Guild of the most glorious and undivided Trinity; which society was invested with the power of ex- amining [he masters of the king's ships, the appointment of all pilots, ballasting of all ships in the port of London, and the erect- ing and maintaining lighthouses, buoys, beacons, ilc, in the river Thatnes, and within certain limits on the E. coast of England. The business of this society was transferred to an elegant edifice in tlit "icinity of the Tower in London, in 1788; but in 1685 an hcspital with 56 apartments, and another in 1788, with 25 apartments, wds endowed here DER 2Sd DER lor decayed masters of vessels and pilotH, and their widows, with very comfortable al- lowance. Deptford is divided into two pa- rislici*, St. Nicholas and St. Paul ; tho church of the latter, erected in 17.')0, is an elegant and spacious structure. With the exception of the importance which Deptford derives from its extensive government estahlishments, it is an uninviting part of the metropolis. Dera Ismael Kuan, an inland town of Afghanistan, capital of the district of Da- maun, belonging to the dominion of the Punjaub. It stands in a large wood of date trees, about 100 yards from the W. bank of the Indus, 200 miles W. of Lahore. Derhknt, a district or khanshij? in the province of Daghestan, Persia, o.tending about 20 miles along the W. shore of the Caspian Sea, and 15 miles inland; the chief town, of tho same name, which implies a door locked, or an impassable place, is sup- posed to have been built by order of Alex- ander of Macedon, as the portal of Persia from the north. The town extends from the shore of the Caspian to the foot of a lofty mountain, and is surrounded by a strong wall flanked with numerous towers; and, to a well organised garrison, might defy any assault. It surrendered to the Russians in 1722, when it was defended by 230 pieces of ordnance; the Russians held it till 1735, since when it has several times changed masters, and, since 1806, has again been occupied by the Russians; the inhabitants of the district, however, acknowledge no so- vereignty but their own will, and the town is now deemed but of little importance; it is inhabited by about 900 families — Persians, Tartars, and Armenians: the harbour is nearly choked up. It is in the lat. of 42.8. N. and 48.10. ofE. long. Derbyshire, an interior county of Eng- land, extending about SG miles from N. to S., and 20 in mean breadth, and contains 720,640 acres. The greater part of its W. side is bounded by the river Dove, which divides it from Staffordshire; the NW. corner is bounded by the county of Chester, and the N. by the county of York; and the coun- ties of Nottingham and Leicester bound it on the E. and S.. The noble river Trent, and the Trent and Mersey canal, intersect the S. end, whilst the Derwent, falling into ♦ he Trent, intersects the heart of the county from N. to S.; the N.W. part of the county is mountainous, several of the peaks rising to the height of upwards of 1700 feet; and Holme Moss, the highest point, to 1859 feet above the level of the sea. Near the centre of the county is a rich vein of lead ore {see Wirksworth); it also contains several veins of iron; in the mountainous district of the N.W. corner of the county are several ex- tensive caverns, which attract numerous visitors, and produce a beautiful variety of spar and petrifactions, which are extensively wrought into vases and other ornairents. See Peak. It abounds also in numcrousmino- nil springs, (See BtJXTON and Mati.ock), and parts of the county are esteemed as the must beautifully picturesque of any in the kingdom: the S. part of the county is rich in pasture, and yields a very considerable surplus of cheese and cattle, and other agri- cultural produce. The county also contains several tan-yards, participates partially in the cotton, silk, and hosiery manufactures, and extensively in the manufacture of nails. See Belper. Besides the Trent and Mersey canal, already mentioned, another extends from the S. extrem^^^y of the county into Warwickshire. Two others, the Derby and Erewash, intersect the S. E. part of the county, another extends from Chesterfield in the N.E. into Yorkshire, and another inter- sects the mountainous district of the N.W., running through Cheshire into Lancashire. The happy combination of agriculture, mines, and manufactures of the most useful and valuable description in this county, with tho great facility of conveyance afforded by its several canals, tend to render it one of the least demoralised and deranged parts of the country. The principal towns in Derbyshire, besides those previously mentioned, are Derby, the county town, Alfreton, Ashbome, Bakewell, Chapel-in-le-frith, Dronfield, and Tideswell. It sends four members to parlia- ment, for the northern and southern divi- sions. Derbt, the chief town of the preceding county, is situate on the W. bank of the ri- ver Derwent, about 10 miles above its en- trance into the Trent; 28 miles N. of Leices- ter, 15 W. of Nottingham, about 30 E. of StaflTord, and 126 N.N.W of London, on the mail-coach road to Manches.ter, from which it is distant 60 miles, Derby is a place of considerable antiquity, and was created a royal borough by Edward I., in 1.305. It consists of five parishes. The church of All Saints is a stately and elegant structure, having a beautiful Gothic tower 178 feet in height. About the year 1735, an extensive silk-mill was erected nere, the model of which was surreptitiously obtained from Italy; it Wiis for many years the only establishment of the kind in England, and is still one of the most extensive; and, in 1 750, a porcelain manufacture was est.iblished, which is now in high repute for the elegance of its pro- ductions. In 1803, a military depdt was established here, suitable for the arming and equipment of 15,000 men, which has since been turned into a silk-mill; and in 1810 a county infirmary was erected on an exten- sive scale, and rendered very complete in all its interior arrangements. Besides the ori- ginal silk-mill, Derby has now 16 others, and several for spinning of cotton, on a . tolerably extensive scale; four paper-mills, five tan-yards, fourteen malting-houses, and two public breweries; five establishments for the manufacture of silk-stuffs, and six for 1) E K 289 DES ousmino- ati.ock), lud AS tho ny in the ity is rich nsiderablo )ther agri- o contains .ally in the tures, and nails. See id Mersey jr extends )unty into Derby and irt of the stcrfield in )ther inter- the N.W., [jancashire. ;ure, mines, useful and ty, with the rded by its one of the parts of the Derbyshire, tioned, are , Ashbome, onfield, and rs to parlia- uthern divi- sinall wares of cotton, &i-.; five fur the manufacture of hats, eleven for hosiery, two bleuch-gruundH, nine nianiifactnres of shot, white-luad, and painter's colours; three soap- houses, five foundries, and seven for working of 8par and petrifactions into various orna- ments; with some of almost every other oc- cupation attendant on an active and social state. This variety of occupation, since the comroen jment of the present century, has rendered Derby one of the most flourishing towns in the kingdom. A public promenade, or artioretum, has lately been presented to t'le town, and was opened in 1840. But the principal improvement is its magnificent railway station on the North Midland rail- way, which is the largest in England: the covered way for the carriages is nearly a quarter of a mile in length, and its other ar- rangements in a corresponding stylo of mag- nitude. The general aspect of the town is respectable, and in its principal part assumes a feature of importance; the county hall, and other county buildings, are stately; it hus a spacious assembly-room, and a literary and philosophical society; a range of alms-houses for clergymen's widows, two others for lay persons, and several dissenting places of worship. Derby was formerly surrounded by a wall, and contained a castle and three monasteries, no vestiges of any of which now remain. Tlie Pretender' army from Scot- land entered the town in i745, but withdrew after a very short stay. Derby returns two members to parliament, and holds seven fairs annually, and a weekly market for corn, &c., on Fridays. The river Derwent is naviga- ble from the Trent up to Derby, in a N. N. W. direction, but the town communicates with the Trent and Mersey canal, by a cut in a direction due S., and with the Erewash canal («ee Erewash) in a direction nearly due E., which affords an easy conveyance to all the S.E. parts of the county. Derbt, West, a township, 4 miles N. of Liverpool, Lancashire. See Waltos and LlVERPOOI.. Dkrbt, a town of Connecticut, in New- haven countiy; seated on Housatonie, which is navi;{able hence to the sea; 14 miles N. W. of Newliaven. Derbt, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dau- phin county. Here is a cave divided into several apartments, and adorned with stalac- tites. It is situate on the Swatero, 2 miles above its conflux with the Susquehanna, and 10 S.E. of Harrisburg. Derby is also the name of a township in Vermont, on the E. side of Lake Memphra- magog, and bounded on the N. l>y the conventional line which divides the United States' territory from Lower Canada. Dbrehah Market, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday. The church is a very ancient structure, with four chapels, and a curious stone font. The poet Cow- per is interred here. It is sixteen miles west of Norwich, and 101 north-nortli-oost of Dbukus, a town of European Turkey, in liumania, on the const of the Black Sea; 30 miles N.N.'.V. of Constantinople. At soma former period a wall appears to liavo ex- tended from this place to Erekli, 100 miles W. of Constantinople, on the coast of the sea of Marmora. Deruv. See LoMnoNVERRT. Dervel, a town of Ayrshire, Scotland. Here are extensive lime-works, colliurics, and manufactories. Derwent, the name of four rivers, in dif- ferent parts of England: 1st, rising in the Peak district of Derbyshire, and, after a course of about 50 miles, in a direction S.E. by E., falls into the Trent, about 10 miles below the town of Derby, from whence it is navigable; 2nd, rises near Whitby, in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, and, after a winding course of about 25 miles, is joined by the Rye, when the united stream runs nearly due S. for about 35 miles, falling into the Ouse, about 6 miles below Selby; 3rd, rises at the foot of Kilhoge Law Mountain, and for about 15 miles, in an irregular course, forms the boundary between the counties of Durham and Northumberland, when it intersects, for abjut 7 miles, the N.W. comer of the former county, Tailing into the Tyne about 5 miles fii.uvo Newcastle; 4th, rises on the border of Westmoreland, intersects the S.E. part of the county of Cumberland, and after a course of about 30 miles, through Derwent and Bas- senthwaite waters, and past Cockermouth, falls into the Solway Frith at Workington; this river abounds in excellent fish. Derwent-watbr, near to Keswick, in Cumberland; is of an oval form, 3 miles in length, and a mile and a half wide. It is surrounded by rocky mountains, broken into many fantastic shapes. The precipices sel- dom overhang the water, but are arranged at some distance; and the shores swell with woody eminences, or sink into green pas- toral margins. The lake contains five islands; one of which, near the centre, is famous for having been the residence of St. Herbert, the ruins of whose hermitage are yet remaining. Desaquedero, a river and lake of the La Paz, Upper Peru, communicating with the S. end of the lake Titicaca. Desbada, or DzsiRADA, a small island, 2 leagues E. of Guadaloupe, of the French West Indies. It rises with a steep ascent, and then spreads into a tableland of lime-stone rocks, in which caverns occur; it is without water. Pop. 1568, including 1070 negroes, who have been set free by the new French Republic. It was the first land-mark of Columbus on his second voyage. Lat. 16. 40. N. and 61.20. of E. long. Deseada, Cape, the N.W. point of Tf rra del Fuego, forming the S.W. point of en- trance into the Straits of Magellan from the u f' DET 290 DEV Pacific OccaR. Lat. 03.48. and 74.18. of W. long. Dii:sKAD\ River. See Pout Db»irb. Des Moines, acuuntv of thu statu of luwa, on tho W. side of tho MisHUsippi. It con- gists of timber and prairie in Uuu proportion. Burlington is tlio capital. Pop. in 1840, 6577. Des Moines, a river of Iowa, forming its boundary with tho state of Missouri. It rises in the Uotcau des Prairies and enters the Mississippi, and is navigable for 100 miles. Db Soto, a county of Mississippi state. United States, drained by tho Coldwater and other rivers. Capital, Hernando. Pop. in 1840, 7002, including 3021 slaves. Dessau, a strong town of Upper Saxony, capital of tho principality of Anhalt-Dessau. It lias manufactures of cloth, stockings, and hats; and is seated on the Muldo, at its con- flux with the Elbe, 37 miles N. of Leipsic. Pop. in 1837, 11,749. Detmold, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Lippe, with a fortified castle; seat- ed on tho river Wehcra; 17 miles N.N.W. of Padcrboin. Pop. about 2400. Detroit, a city of the United States, capi- tal of Wayne county, Michigan. It is plea- santly seated in a healthy situation on a river or strait of the same name, that forms a com- munication between the lake of St. Clair and Lake Erie. On the river the plan of tho city is rectangular for 1200 feet back. From this point 8 avenues radiate from an open area called tho Grand Circus, and divides the town into triangular portions. Tliero are several public squares, and the city is well drained by sewers. The State Houses, the City Hall, and its 1 1 churches, are, many of ttiem, fine buildings. Detroit is admirably situated for trade. Tho navigation is open i'or 8 moTiths in the year, and many of the largest class f steamers belong to this place. The central railroad from Detroit to Ann Arbor is finished 44 miles. Tho city was incorporated in 1815, and has several times suffered severely from fire. It is 302 miles W. of BuflTalo, 18 miles above the W. end of Lake Erie, and 524 from Washington. Lat. 42. 19. 53. ; 82. 58. W. long. Pop. in 1 810, 770; 1820, 1422; 1830,2222; 1840,9102. Dettemheim, a small town of Bavaria, in the district of Pappenheim, in tho circle of the Upper Danube; it is seated on the E. bank of tho Altmuhl, and is remarkable as the place from near which Charlemagne, in the 8th century, undertook to unite by a canal tho waters of tho Altmuhl with the Rednitz, and thereby tho Danube with the Ri>ine. Dettlebach, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, now included in the kingdom of Bavaria, circle of the Lower Maine; seated on the Maine; 8 miles E. of Wurtzburg. DETTmoBN, a village of Bavaria, in the ter- ritory of Hanau, circ^o of the Lower Maine; 4 miles S.E. of Ilanau. Hero Qeorgo II. gained a victory over tiio French, in 174S. There are three smnll towns of this name in tho Duchy of Wiirtcmbcrg. Deva, a town of Spain in Guipnzcoa, on tho sea coast, a cliainiing and ]iluasantiy seated town of 3000 souls; 19 miles from St. Sebastian. DEVA,a considerable town of Transylvania; seated on the S. bank of tho Murosch; about 12 miles S.W. of Carlsburgh. Deval Cottt, a town of Upper Hindostan, on tho E. bank of the main branch of tho Ganges ; 1 miles S. of Gangotry, in tho lat. of 32. 40. N. Devai'rataoa, or Dgdfrao, another town of Upper Hindostan, on the E. bunk of tho Ganges; a few miles S. of SERiMAonR, (which see,) and near tiio junction of four united streams from the N., with the Ganges, and where the water is esteemed most sacred by tho Hindoos. Tho town contains the celebrated temple of Itamachandra, the re- sort of numerous pilgrims, wlio contribute to tlie support of numerous Brahmins who form the principal population of tho town. It sullercd considerably by an earthquake iu 1803. Deccak, a district of Nepaul, bordering on the province of Oude; a town of the same name is about ninety miles N. of tho city of Oude. Dlvelto, or Zaoora, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Romania, tho see of a Greek archbishop; situate on tlie Paniza, near its entrance into the Gulf of Foru.s, in the Black sea; 58 miles N.E. of Adrianople, and 106 N.N.W. of Constantinople. Long. 27. 22. E. lat. 42. 35. N. Devemisii, a parish of Ireland, county of Fermanagh, situate on Lough Erne, or Holy Island ; in this parish stands tho most per- fect of the ancient Irish pillar towers, 70 feet high, and the ruins of two churches. Devemter, a city of Holland, the capital of Overyssel, with a college. It is surrounded by strong walls, and seated on the Yssel; 60 miles E. ot Amsterdam. Pop. 13,639. Deverom, a river of Scotland, which rises in the S.E. of Banffshire, and enters the ocean at Banff. It forms tho boundary be- tween the counties of Aberdeen and Banff for about 50 miles. Devicotta, a town on the coast of the Car- natic,at the mouth of theColran,orN. branch of tho Cavery river, in the lat. of 11. 40. N. This place surrendered to the English in 1749, and for several years was one of the principal factories of the East India Company on that coast; the entrance to the harbour is impeded by shoals. Devil's Bason, a harbonr in Christmas Sound, at the S. W. extremity of Terra del Fucgo, opening into the South Pacific Ocean, in the lat. of 5.5.25. S.; the harbour is sur- rounded by rugged rocks of such a repulsive aspect, and so lofty, a? to preclude the raya M..MuMm aBr' DEV lJHraV»„.o.Ti,K.r„,, , c„ , k/fcShorel rock Thfn'l '"'' ™ "■= E. «f »evon. at the mouS of t ft Tam.?°- "'^ *''« 'nrl^eySiprJ';'^'''"^ «nd repairing! J? I ^"'It of stone, 450 feet iS 1. '"/« ''""^O' »"cr, r;„,t L'll:'''"'"'"'""'''')' into the J 'I^k""'" ^W^. of HydfpLk Sr"'?" " «"d on he E " 5 ""^ ^'^'''"^ %hthour T'-t?"^ 4- 9- "• long. W.of G "inL-V^' «6. t'ie ocean holJP' '^''"'■•' f'-om the furv np ? "'® ^"^'o' Channel WSwVl''"^''»"co DEU 292 DKX I fhoro oftlio Bristol Channel, Ih about 70 m., but ita iiiuiiii length and broudth is nhunt 50 miii'N, giving thu largest urcu of any county in England, cx(;cpt tJioso of York and Lin- coln. It contuiiiH 1,654,400 arriH, and scndn Four nieniliurs to parliament for tho nortlu rn and Hontliern divlHions. It is thu fourth county in order of population, and tho most agricultural of any in tlw] kingdom; although it has tho finest harbour in the world, and several other convenient ones, and intersected liy nunierouH streams, favourable for mill site*, and other manufacturing operations, relatively it is one of tho least commercial and manufacturing counties in tho kingdom. The S.W. part of the county contains a dreary tract called Dartmoor, containing upwards of .'33,000 acres; tho highest elevation of this moor is 1519 feet above the level of tho sea; the other parts of tho county, more particu- larly tlic S. and W., arc exceedingly fertile. Its principal uurfacc produce is cattle, of a re- nuukiibly fine breed, either for dairying or for feeding, and of beauiiful symmetry; ti.^ N.E. p.art of tho county contains veins of ci)j)per, lead, nmngancsc, gypsum, nnd of biad.stone; antimony, bismuth, and cobalt flic also found in small quantities; it has also ijuarries of beautiful marble nnd granite, iiono of which, however, are worked to any great advantage. The principal manufac- tures of the county are serges, kerseys, shal- loons, broad-cloth, blond Ince, and porcelain; there is also a considerable ship-building trade nt Barnstaple. The woollen cloth manufac- tures at Tiverton and Great Torrington, and the wool-combing at Chumleigh, were for- merly extensive, but have now much decayed or vanished. Besides the Tamar, which di- vides the county from Cornwall on the S.W., the other principal rivers falling into the English Channel are tho Dart and tho Exe, anil into Biddeford Bay, on the side of the Bristol Channel, tho Torridge and the Taw; Devonshire contains one city, Exeter; and eight boroughs, viz., Ashburton, Barnstaple, Dartmouth, Hoiiiton, Plymouth, Tavistock, Tiverton, and Totness, which each return two members to parliament. It contains twenty-five other market towns, and upwards t>r400 villages. Exeter, which see, is the scat of assize and other local business of the county. Devon, a river of Scotland, which rises in the S.E. part of Perthshire, and, after a course of 40 miles enters tho Forth at Clackmaman, only 8 milesdistant from its source. In Perth- shire it forms some romantic waterfalls, called the Devil's Mill, the Bumbling Bridge, and the Caldrou-linn. Deuren, a town of the Prussian states, in the duchy of Juliers, with manufactures of cloth and paper, and some iron works. It is 14 miles E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Fop. about 8500. Deittz. Sm Duytz. Deox Posts, a late duchy of Germany, lying W. of the Rhine; it is about 30 mile* in length from N. to S., and 13 in mean brenilth, and tolerably fertile. It was ceded to Franee at tho peace of Luneville, in 1802, assigned to Austria nt the general partition- ing "'ler the peace of Paris, in 1814, and by Aust.ia exchanged with Bavaria for other districts on the E. li ivow forms part of tho Bavarian circle of the Khine. Del'x Ponth, tho chief town of tho pre- ceding district or duchy, is seated at tho con- fluence of tho Ilornbach with Erlbach, a short distance above the entrance of tho united stream into the Blise, near the S. end of the duchy. Its castle, the former residence of tho grand duke, is a stately edifice; and it has two spacious churchen, an academy, and an orphan house, and was formerly celebrated for a printing establishment, since removed to Strasburg, which produced a valuable edi- tion of tho Greek and Latin classics. Pop. 1300; Deux Ponts is 55 miles E. by N. of RIetz, and 65 N.W. by N. of Mentz. Lat. 49. 15. N. and 7. 22. of E. long. Dewanqdnge, a town of Bengal, on tho \V. bank of the Burrampooter; 110 miles N N.W. of Dacca. Dewarcote, a town and district of North Hindustan, between the Ganges and * Jumna; the town is seated on the W. T of tho main branch of the Ganges; 175 1 N. by W. of Delhi, and 90 N.W.of Serin..b.... DEWsnuRon, or DEwannRr, a parish and town in tho West Riding of York»ilii."o, Eng- land. The parish includes the townships ofOsset,Soothill,andCliflon-cum. The town of Dewsbury is a place of great »\ntiquity, being mentioned as early as 626, when Pau- linus, the first archbishop of York, preached Christianity to the inhabitants of tho sur- rounding country; it is now distinguished as the scat of an extensive commerce, having upwards of 50 establishments for the manu- facture of blankets, carpets, and other heavy woollen fabrics; and Heckmondwike, ad- joining, has 40 other establishments for the like purpose. Tho cloths nade, chiefly of the coarser descriptions, arc shoddy fabrics, that is, they are formed from refuse woollen rags, which, being torn to f heir original state of wool by machinery, nro re-spun, and then woven into carpets, druggets, army and navy clothing, &c. &c. It is connected with Leeds, Halifax, Wakefield, &c., by an extensive sys- tem of railways. Dewsbury is seated near the N. bank of the CaUler river; 5 m. W. by N. of Wakefield, on the road to Halifax. Dexter, a town of the state of New York, at the mouth of the Black rirer, whence is extensive water power, and an uninterrupted navigation to Lake Ontario. The United States' government are constructing piers for the improvement of the harbour. It is of recent origin, but has several factories. Dextervili-e, a village of the state of New York, on the north side of the outlet of Cbautauque Lake. It has great water power, DIA 293 DIE t 30 mile* a in moaa Wiis ceJcd e, in 1802, I jmrtition- J4, mill l)y , for oitu'.r piirt of tlio of tho pro- 1 at tho con - ►ftdi, a short tiio united \. end of the rcsiJcnco of fico; and it jiwlcniy, and lycelebnited ICO removed ralup.hIo eili- issics. Pop. E. by N. of kluntz. Lat. sngid, on tho r; 110 miles [riot of North pros nnd ' the W. T jes; 1751 , of Serinins"'. -, a narish and jrk»iiii.*o, Eng- [he townships m. The town [eat »^ntiquity, !6, when I'au- ork, preached s of the sur- idistinguished Uerce, having for tho manu- . other heavy mdwike, ad- nents for the [do, chiefly of oddy fabrics, Bfuse woollen [original state )un, and then ■my and navy with Leeds, [Xtensive sys- seated near j 5 m. W. by Halifax. ,r New Yolk, sr, whence is minterrupted The United ■ucting piers irbour. It w factories, the state of the outlet of water powen and furnishes annually a great quantity of tinihur and wood. It is of ruceiit origin, hut proniisinK. Dkynsu, a town of Flanders; seated on tho a. bunk of the Lyt; 9 miles W.S.W. of Ghent. Darnxn, x town of Upper Ilindostnn, on the frontier of Delhi, in tho pruvinuo of Su* rin.igur. DiiSAioNB, a town of France, in tho N. pr»n of the department of L'Ardecho; 23 mik'i W.N.W. of Valence. Pop. about S5UU. Dkzbnsamo, a town of Brcsciano, situated at the S. end of Lake Oarda; 15 miles E. of UrcHcia. Pop. about 3500. Dbzful, a populous town of Persia, in tho province of Kurdistan; seated on tho banks of the Abzal, over which is an elegant brid<;o of twenty-two arches. Dezful is 130 miles N. by E. of B!\s.sora; the Abzal falls into the Ahwas, which joins the Tigris, at its junc- tion with tho Euphrates. Pop. 14,000. DiiAR, a town of Uindostan, in tho pro- rince of Malwa, surrounded by a mud wall. Pop. 37,865. DiioLPooR, a considerable town in tho province of Agra, Hindostan, on the river Chambul. between Agra and Delhi. DiADiK, a town of Armenia; seated near tho source of the Euphrates, and frontier of Persia; 80 miles S.S.VV. c«'T:..mn. DiAKOVAn, a town of Sclavonia; about 20 miles SS.E. of Essig, on the road to Brodo. Pop. about 3000. Diamond Harbour and Point, on tho Hoogly river. See Calcutta. Diamond Isle, a small island lying off the S.VV. point of Pegu, and S.E point of the Bay of Bengal, in the lat. of 15. 51. N. and 94. 12. ofE. long. Diamond Point, the N.E. point of the is- land of Sumatra, at the entrance to the strait of Malacca, in tlio lat. of 5. 18. N. and 97.48. of E. long. Diano, a town of Naples W. of the Appen- nines, in Principato Citra; 15 miles N. by E. of Policastro. Pop. about 4500. DiAKBEKiK, a district of Asiatic Turkey, in the province of Algezira, the whole of which, extending from 33. 20. to the lat. of 39. N., was formerly called Diarbekir; and the pusha, or governor of the province, is still called the Pasha of Diarbeck. It form- ed the ancient kingdom of Mesopotamia; but the district of Diarbekir is now confined between the 37th and 38th degrees of N. lat.; it lies E. of the Euphrates, and is intersected by numerous streams, forming the head waters of the Tigris. It is beautifully diver- sified with mountains nnd valleys, and, to a social people, would form a most delightful residence. Diarbekir, the chief city of the preced- ing district, or, as it is called by the Turks, Kara Amid, which signifies a black wall, in reference to a lofty wall of black stone with which the city was formerly siirrounrome; situate on the N. bank of tho river Drome; it is the seat of a prefect, and contains 3509 inhabitants. It produces ex- cellent wine, and has a mineral spring in its vicinity. It is 30 miles S.W. of Greno- ble, and 80 S.S.E. of Lyons. DiEBUROH, a town of Hesse Darmstadt ; seated on the N. bank of the Gerspienz river ; 7 miles E. by N. of Darmstadt, and 18 S.S.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Maine. DiEQO, St., a town on tho const of New California, United States, in the North Pa- cific Ocean, capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It stands in so barren a country, that in tho dry season cattle are sent up- wards of 20 miles for pasturage. The port atibrds excellent anchorage. Long. 116. 53. W. lat. 33. 12. N. DiEKiRCH, a town of Belgium, in tha grand duchy of Luxembourg, on the river Saure; 17 miles N. from Luxembourg. Pop. 3100. DiKMEM, a town of Holland, iu the pro- r^ST^fWCrT; rrsras^r= ^z T .xi f^T^ktiMSi msmasm wmm mmmmm DIE DIN Vincc of North Holland : 5 miles S.E. frum Amsterdam. Pop. 1000. DiEPiiOLTZ, a town and castle of Wcst- i.halia, caoitalof a county of the same name, t iias manufactures of coarse woollen and linen oloth, and stands on the river Huute, near the lake Dummer; 30 miles N. W. of Minden, and 38 S.S.W. of Bremen; the county comprises about 265 square miles, and contains about l.'iiOOO inhabitants ; and now forms part of the kingdom of Hanover ; the inhabitants subsist chiefly by breeding of cattle, which they drive down to the irarkets of Holland. Dieppe, a seaport to^vn of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a gofd harbour, formed by the mouth of the river Arques; an old castle, and two piers. The principal trade consists in fish, ivory toys, and laces. It in wi',11 built, the houses prin- cipally of brick, and consists of two parts, the town it&elf and the suburb called Le Poliet, which are divided by the harbour. Its port is enclosed by two jetties, and the town is well supplied w"'th water. I^ has become a favourite watering-place, and has a hand- some establishment for sea-bathing. It was bombarded by the English in 1694, and is situated on the coast of thf "inglish Chan- nel, opposite to Brighton. Dieppe is 60 miles N.N.E. of Havre, 35 N. of Rouen, and 9fi from Paris, to which there is a railway; i,ne lighthouse at the entrance of the harbour is in lat. 49. 55. 34. N. and 1. 4. 29. of >1 long. It 19 the seat of a prefect, and contains a population of 18,248. DiERDORF, a town of Westphalia, ca^^ital of the upper county of Wied. 'vith a castle situate on the Wiedbach ; 10 miles N.N. W. of Coblentz. DiERMSTEiK, a town of Austria, with an Augustine convent, and the ruins of a castle, in which Richard I. of England was impri- soned. The Frer.ch were repulsed here by the Austrians a;.d Prussians in 1805. It is seated on the !^«. bank of the Danube; 17 miles N. of t3t. Polten, and 45 W. 'ly N. of Vienna. DiESEN, a to^vn of Bavaria, on the vV. side of the laice Ammersec; 10 miles S.E. of Landsberg. DiESENiioFEN, a town of Switiorland, in Thurgau; seated on the Rhine, S mi!es E. of Schatfhausen. DiEST, a town of Belgium, in South Bra- bant, wii'i considerable manufactures of cloth, Btock.'nga, &c.; seated on tiie Demer; 32 miles E..V.E. of Brussels. Pop. in 1836, 6963. DiuTZ, a town of Germary, in the Wester- wald, capital of a county of the same name, with a strong castle. It is seated on the Luhn, 18 miles above its entrance into the Rhine, near Coblentz. DiEUZE, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Meurthe, with wells of s;dt water, which produce much salt. It is seated on the Seille; 22 miles N.E. of Nanoy, and 50 W.N.W. of Strasburg. Pop. about 3600. DiEZ, St., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Vosges. It had a celebiated shnp- ter, whose canons were obliged to produce proofs of nobility. It is seated near the source of the Meurthe; 30 miles S.E. of Lune- villc, and 45 S.W. of Strasburg. It is the seat of a prefect, and contains 5732 inhabitants, DiGiiTON, a town of Massachusetts, in Bristol county; situate near Taunton river; on the N. side of the river is an ancient in- scription, never satisfactorily explained; 7 mill , S.S.W. of Taunton. DiGNB, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Lower Alps, and a bishop's see. It is famous for its hot baths, and seated on the Bleone; 30 miles S. by W. of Enibrun, and 70 N.E. of Marseilles. Pop. 3621. DiHONG, a river of Upper Assam, East Asia, the W. branch cf Brahmaputra; the navigation is intercepted by rapids, and its source is unknown. Di, jy, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Cote d'Cr. The public struc- tures, and particularly the churches, are very fine. The spire of St. Benigne is 322 feet in heiglit. In front of the Palace Royale is the ancient palace of the dukes of Burgundy; and at the gates of Dijon is a chartreuse, in which soree of those princes are interred. Dijon is seated in a pleasant plain, which produces excellent wine, between two small rivers; 48 miles N.E. of Autun,and 175 S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1836, 24,344. Dili. See Delos. DiLLENBURo, a town of Germany, in the Westerwald, capital of a count/ '^'"ihe same name, rich in mines of copper and iron. It has a fortress, on a mountain, the usual re- sidence of the Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg; and is seated on theDillcn; 14 miles N.N. W. of Wetzler. Long. 8. 27. E. lat. 50. 42. N. DiLLiNGEN, a town of Suabia, with a Ca- tholic university; seated on the Danube; 1> miles N.W. of Augsburg. Now included iu the Bavarian circle of tho Upper Danube. DiMOTDC, or DoMOTiCA, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek archbishop's see; seated on a mountain, sur- rounded by the Mcriza; 12 miles S.W. of Adrianople. DiNAOEPCOR, an inland district of Hindos- tan, N. of the Ganges, bounded W. and N. by Purneah, E. by Rungpoor, and S. by Ra- gishaye ; area, 5374 square miles. Pop. in 1822, 2,341,420, two-thirds of whom are Ma- homedans. It is level, but undulating, and is chiefly cultivated with rice. The inhabi- tarts generally are very poor. DiNAGEPOOH ("the abode of beggars"), capital of the above district, stands between two tributaries to the Ganges. It is a very poor place, but is comparatively clean. The vicinity is a sandy soil, badly supplied with water; 86 miles N.N.E. of Moorshedabad. Pop. 30,000, chiefly Mahomedans. DIS DIX and 50 3G00. depart- ;d jhnp- produce tear the ofLune- It is the labitants. isetts, in on river; icient in- ained; 7 of the de- ihop's sec. seated on Embrun, 3621. jam, East utra; the Is, and its I of the de- bUc struc- ;s, are very 322 feet in jyale is the Burgundy; artreuse, in e interred. )lain, which I two small ,nd 175 S.E. lany, in the the same id iron. It e usual re- DiUenburft; ilesN.N.W. 50.42. N. with a Ca- banube; \'i included iu Danube, vn of Euro- a Greek juntain, sur- les S.W. of ;t( ofHindos- W. and N. ,d S. by Ra- _es. Pop. in hom are Ma- lulating, and The inhabi- If beggars")! Vnds between It is a very clean. The lupplied with oorshedabad. Ina. DiNAN, a town of France in the depart- ment of Cotes ilu Ni^rd; beautifully seated on a craggy hill, by tlie river Rtince; 20 miles S. of St. Male. The streets are nar- row, ill-built, and dirty. It is the se&t of a prefect. Pop. 7356. DiNANT, a town of Belgium, in the pro- vince of Namur, with a castle and eight churches. The chief trade is in leather, and in the vicinity are quarries of marble and mines of iron. It is seated near the Mouse; 15 miles S. by E. of Namur, and 44 S.W. of Liege. Pop. 5000. i3iNAPonE, or DiNAPoOR, a military can- tonment of Hindostan; 11 miles W. of Patna, on the S. bank of the Ganges. The military buildings are large and handsome. DiNASMODTHY, or DiNAS MOWPDA, a town of Wales, in Merionethshire ; governed by a mayor; with a market on Friday. It stands at the foot of a high precipice, on the river Dysi; 18 miles S. by W. of Bala, 196 N.W. of London. DiNDiGui,, a province of the peninsula of Hindostan, 86 miles long, and 40 broad, I3'- ing between Coimbetore and Travan core, and chiefly fertile in rice. On the defeat of Tippoo, in 1799, it became subject to the British. DiNDiGUL, a town of Hindostan, capital of the province of the same name, with a fortress on a rock. It is 40 miles N. by W. of Madura, and 77 S.E. of Coimbetore. Long. 78.2. E.lat. 10.24. N. DiN«ELFiNGEN, a town of Bavaria ; seated on the Iser; 20 miles E.N.E. of Landschnt. DiNGLB, a se'iport and borougii of Ireland, in the - ounty of Kerry. The chief exports are butter, beef, corn, and linen. It is seated at the head of an inlet, on the N. side of Dingle Bay; 28 milejW.S.W. ofTralee, and 164 S.W. of Dublin. Long. 10.38. W. lat. 51.58.N. Dmo'-^ALL, a borough of Scotland, in Ross-shire. Some linen yarn is manufac- tured here, and there is a lint-mill in the neiglihourhood. It is seated at the head of the Frith of Cromarty; 18 miles W. of Cro- marty. In conjunction with Furkwall, &c., it returns one member to parliament. DiNKEi,spijiiL, a town of the S.E. extre- mity of the ,;ircle of buabia. It has a foun- dation of Teutonic knights, and a trade in cloth and reaping-hooks. It is seated on the Wernitz; 25 miles S.S.W. of Anspach, and is now included in the Bavarian circle of the Rezat. Pop. about 6500. DiNwiDDiE, ft county of Virginia, lying between Appomattox and Nottoway rivers. It is about 18 miles square. Pop. 22,558. Dinwiddie Court House is the capital. D1PPOLDI8WAI.DA, a town of Saxony, 12 miles S. by W. of Dresden. D18ENTI8, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Gr" .,\8, with an abbey founded ui the seventh ctntury. It is situate near the source of the Lower Khia«{ 10 miles W. by o. of Iluntz. D1811LEY, a village in Leicestershire; 2 miles N.W. of Loughborou;;h, rendered fa- mous by a native grazier and farmer, Robert Bakewcll, (who died in 1795), from his suc- cessful experiments and practices in the im- provement of live stock, more particularly sheep. Dismal Swamp, Great, cxt'jnds about 30 miles from N.to S., and 10 broad, between the Chesapeake and Albemarle Sound, partly in Virginia and partly in North Carolina. It derivcfl its name from its dismal aspect, being impervious, in most parts, from trees and brushwood; there is a pond in the centre, about 15 miles in circumference. The terri- tory abounds with noxious reptiles and wild animals. Within the present century a canal has been cut through it from the Elizabeth river, falling into the Chesapeake, to the Pasquotank, falling into Albemarle Sound ; this is calculated to change the face auU character of the whole territory, but its ori- ginal dismal features are immortalized by the Irish bard, Moore, in his Epistles from America. There is another swamp between Albemarle and Pamtico Sounds, culled the Little Dismal Swamp. Diss, a town of Norfolk, on the border of Suflfolk, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the river Waveney, on the side of a hill; 19 miles S. of Norwich, and 85 N.N.E. of London. DissEiT; or TissEN, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Osnaburgh, where are salt works, which belong to Hanover. It is 16 miles S.E. of Osnabn-gh. DiTMARSON, a district of the duchy of Hol- 8tein,lyingon the coast of the German Ocean, between the rivers Eyder and Elbe; it con- tains no towns of importance. DiTTEAn, a town and fortress of Hindostan, in Bundelcund, on the frontier of Agra; about 120 miles S. by E. of the city of Agra. Diu, an island of Hindost.vn, making the S. point of Guzcrat, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cambay, three miles long and one broad. On it is a fortified town, of the same name, built of freestone and marble; and it contains some fine hurchcs, erected by the Portuguese, about the time they took posses- sion of the island in 1515. The trade of the town, once so important, is almost entirely removed to Surat. It is 180 miles W. by S. of Surat, and 200 N.W. of Bombay. Long. 71.5.E. lat. 20.45. N. DiXAN, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, seated on the top of the conical hill, and in- habited by Moors and Christians. Their chief trade is stca' : children, and carrying ti. im to a market . Masuah, whence tliey aro sent to Arabia or India. It is 34 m. S of Masuah. DixocovE, a British fort on the Gold Coast of N. Africa; 40 miles S.W. of Cape Coast castle. DixMtrmE, a fortified town of Belgium, in Flanders, celebrated for its excellent <"hees« ■■ DOD 298 DOM I •i I 1 ,' and butter. It is sciited on tho 'Ypcilec; 13 miles N. of Ypres, and II S. of Ostend. DiziER, St., a town of France, at tho N. extremity of the department of the Upjter Marne, seated on the Marne; 13 m. N.N.E. of Joinville, and 120 E. of Paris. The Marne is navigable from here to Paris, which ren- ders St. Dizier a place of considerable com- merce. Pop. about 6000. Djebail, Gebail, or Gebile, a town of Syria, seated near the coast, on the site of the ancient Byhlos, about 25 ra. N. of Berus. It was a place of some importance during the reign of Solomon, the Byhhs having had at that time several vessels employed in the conveyance of wood for the building of the temple. The town was taken possession of by the cruNaders in 1100, and at present con- tains from 5000 to 6000 inhabitants. Ojebel, or Gebel Hai>t)a, Gbbel Saade, and Gebel Amer Kemir, places of Maho- medan devotion, S. of Mecca. Djesiha, a small island in Japan, before the harbour of Magasaki, in the form of a fan, which is the only spot allowed to the Dutch to trade with that singular people. Djidda. ISee Jidda. Dneper, or Dnieper, a river of European Russia, (the ancient Borysthenes,) rising near the northern frontier of the government of Smolensk, in the lat. 56. 20. N., and after a course of about 800 m. in a direction nearly due S.; falls into the Black sea at Otchakov, in the lat. of 46. 30. N. It is navigable from above tho city of Snioleiisk the whole of its remaining course, but is impeded by rapids within about 200 miles of its entrance into the Black sea; it receives a great number of tributary streams both from the E. and W. ; the principal of those on the E. are the Sotz, tiie Uiput, and the Deszna; and from the W. the Berezyna, and tlie Przypiec; by the latter, and a canal, the waters of the Black sea are made to communicate with tho Baltic. See Brzesc. Dniester, a river of Europe, (the ancient Tyras,) rising on tho N.side of the Carpathian Mountains in Austrian Galicia, in the long, of 23. E.; and from the long, of 26. 20. to 29. E., in a direction S.S.E., it divides the Polish palatinate of Podolia from Moldavia, when it takes its course nearly due S. for about 100 miles past Bender, and, dividing Bessarabia from the Russian province of Catharinenslaf, falls into tho Black sea at Akcrman, 100 m. W. of Otchakov; it is navigable tho greater part of its course. DoBRZiN, a town of Poland, in the palati- nate of Ploczko, or Polock ; seated on a rock near the Vistula; 14 miles N.W. of Ploczko. DocKOM, a town of Holland, in V»', Fries- land, near chc mouth of the river Ee ; 10 m. N.E. of Lewarden. DoDBROOK, a town of Devonshire, with a market every third Wednesday, and noted as being the first place wliere white ale was ^ brewed; 208 miles VV.S.W. of London. j Dodge, a county of tho state of Wisconsin, United 8tates, containing 756 square miles, with only 67 inhabitants in 1840. Doebeln, a town of Saxony, 35 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. upwards of 4000, chiefly employed in manufactures. DoEL, a town of Belgium, in Flanders, on the river Scheldt, opposite Lillo; 7 m. N.W. of Antwerp. DoBSBURO, a to^vn of Holland, in Guel- derland. It has been often taken; and tho reduction of it, in 1586, was tho first exploit of tho English forces sent by Queen Elizabeth to the assistance of the Dutch. It is seated on the Yssel; 10 miles S.S.W. of Zutphen. Dofab, a town on the coast of Arabia, in the Indian Ocean, seated on the E. shore of a hay of the same name: it is the residence of a sheik, and exports some gum, olibanum, and other drugs, Lat. 16. 16. N. and 54. of E. long. DoQGER Bank, a sand bank in the Ger- man Ocean, between Flamborough Head and the coast of Jutland; it is about 200 miles from W. to E., and 30 to 50 broad, having from 15 to 30 fathoms depth of water; it yields abundance of excellent cod to the English and Dutch fishermen. A sanguinary, but .adecisive sea fight, between the Dutch and English, took place on this bank, on tho 8th August, 1781. DoGLiANi, a populous town of Piedmont; 18 miles N. by E. of Mondovi. DoL, a town of France, in tho department of Illo and Vilaine, situate on a morass; 5 miles from tho sea, and 1 1 S.E. of St. Malo. Pop. about 3900. Dolce Aqua, a town of Piedmont, in tho county of Nice, with a castle, seated on the Nervia; 5 miles N. of Vintimiglia. Dole, a town of France, in the department of Jura, on the river Doubs. It contain* several public buildings, evidences of Roman magnificence. Under the ancient regime of France it was the capital of Francho Compto, until 1674, when Besan(;on was made the capi- tal. It is now the seat of a prefect; and con- tnins964( inhabitants. Itis70m.N.by W.of Geneva, and 30 S. E. of Dijon. Pop. 7843. Dole, La, one of the loftiest peaks of the Jura chain of mountains, rising to the height of 5600 feet above the level of the sea. DoLGKLLT, a town ot Wales, in Merioneth, shire, with a market on Tuesday, and a manu- facture of coarse woollen cloth, undyed, called webbing. It is seated on the river Avon, at the foot of tho mountain Cader Idris; 12 miles S. E. of Harlech, and 208 N. W. of London, on the road to Caernarvon, from which it is distant 39 miles. The summer assizes for the county arc held here. DoLLART, The, a* bay or lake seperating East Friesland, in Grermany, from Croningeu, in Holland. It was formed by an inundation of the sea, in 1277, when 33 villages are said to have been destroyed. DuMFROKT, a town of France, in the de- f i DOM 297 DOM Wisconsin, are miles, miles S.Vu 30, chiefly anders. on r tn. N.W. 1, in Guel- n; and tlio irst exploit n Elizabeth [t i? seated Zutphen. Arabia, in B. shore of le residence I, olibanura, 1. and 54. of in the Ger- Hh Head and It 200 miles having from er; it yields the English quinary, but e Dutch and k, on the 8th of Piedmont; e department a morass; 5 of St. Malo. dmont, in the seated on the jrlia. te department It contains ces of Roman ent regime of nche Compto, nadethecapi- I'ect; and con- in.N.byW.of Vop. 7843. peaks of the to the height tiie sea. in Merioneth* r, and a manu- iindyed, called :iver Avon, at der Idris; 12 208 N.W. of •narvon, from The summer here. ike separating >m Croningeii, an inundation llages are said I, ce, m the de- partment of Orne, seated on a craggy rock, by the river Maycnne; 35 miles M. W. of Alen^on, and 65 £■ of St. Maloes. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 1670. Domingo, St., or Hispaniola, or IIatti, an island of the West Indies, extendinjf from Cape Engano, in the long, of 68. 20. W., to Cape Tiburon, in 74. 26. W. It is now politi- cally divided into the republics of Hayti or Haiti, and Santo Domikoo, but for conve- nience we here describe them together, as they have scarcely yet had a separate existence. The E. end of the island is separated from Porto Rico by the Mona,or Porto Rico chan- nel, about 120 miles wide; and the northern promontory of the W. end is separated from the Island of Cuba by the windward passage, about 60 miles wide; and the southern promontory of the W. end is about 100 miles distant from the E. end of the island of Jamaica. The estimated length of the island is nearly 400 miles, and from 60 to 150 broad. Its area is about 29,000 square miles, or 18,816,000 acres. Near its centre rise the Cibao mountains, the highest of which are estimated at nearly 9000 feet above the sea: lower ranges ramify from these, chiefly from east to west. On the east, highlands rise among extensive plains, in parts without trees. Tliese places afford good pastures; the highlands, especially along the southern coast, which extend about 80 miles from the town of St. Domingo to Higuey, being about 30 miles in breadth. This plain is very fer- tile, watered by the Yuna down to the btiy of Samana. The peninsula of Samana on the north side of this bay, is joined to the mainland by a low isthmus, covered by the sea at spring tide. Ahmg the northern shores west of Samana, the mountains rise abruptly from the sea to a considerable elevation, with here and there a few slopes along the shores of lower lands. Behind these the wide and fertile plain or valley of Santiago, is drained by the river Yaguc. Along the southern and northern shores of the western part of Hayti, small tracts of level and cultivable lands oc- cur only in detached portions, but between the hilly ridges and the vallej's, or rather plains of Artihonite and Cul de Sac; tiie one is irrigated by the Artihonite, the other covered partly by the salt lake, Laguna de Henriquillo, and has no outlet, and by the frcsii-watcr lake Snumache. Tlie region be- tween the mountains of Cibao and the south- ern coast, comprises high hills and ravines, with but few inhabitants. This island was discovered by Colu.nbus, on the 6th of December, 1492, after >-aving touched on the Bahamas on his first voyage, and is memor- able for being the first spot in America which was colonized by Europeans. Columbus landed at St. Nicolas-le-mole, at the extrem- ity of the N.W. promontory, where he left 38 of his comrades; returning to Spain the following month. At this time the country was called iZa^ri by the nativeii; Columbus gave it the nr.me of Espanola, or little Spain ; hence Hispaniola, The avarice of the set- tlers soon excited the just indignation of the native inhabitants, whose resentment, how- ever, was readily subdued by the more ample and destructive means of warfare of the Spa- niards. Columbus returned to Spain in 1496, leaving his brother Bartholomew in command of the settlement, who soon after removed to the southern coast, and founded the city of St. Domingo, which afterwards gave name to the whole island. The number of settlers from Spain increased rapidly, by whom the natives were compelled to the severest labour, which soon brought on disease and prema- ture death; and so fatal to life was the cruel policy of the Spaniards, that after a lapse of 20 years, an clHcient labourer scarcely re- mained on the island; under this exigency about 40,000 of the inhal itants of the Ba- hama Isles were decoyed irom their homes to become labourers or slaves in St. Domingo ; but such was the perverse policy of the Spa- niards, that notwithstanding this acquisition, and 1,000,000 of native inhabitants — and some historians carry the number as high as 3,000,000 — which the island was supposed to contain on its first discovery in 1492, by the middle of the following century scarcely 150 remained alive; whilst the Spaniards had progressively sunk into indolence, and the island reduced again to a wilderness. The French obtained a footing on the W. end of the island about ilie middle of the 17th century, and rcsumedthe culture of tlie sugar- cane, which 1 been early introduced by the Spaniari cm the Canary Islands, but had been entiii ' net;locted by them. By the treaty of Rjswick, in KiOl, Spain ceded to France all the W., or ;i!. nt a third part of the island. After this ])erio of seTcral hiin- of Asoph. This ind auch numer- arigable, except g of the snows ; y, except in tlio le Sea of Asoplu IS held to be tiia [lich is now cx- , which rises in ire, receives the is by Kintore and Old Aberdeen. !, which rises on wrs by Penistonc, ster, and Thorn, s termination in parisli of Ireland, is seated on the the Isle of Man, uU of Galloway. ; station between POKT PaTUICK. id exports some to Scotland, but ce is very incon- ms not equalling 1, at the entrance ;ed by railway tO ghthouse iu the f W. long. of 13 extensive •eland. Ireland, county larl to the Hely . of the United of the state of I side of the Mis- ; of the La Four- |)f New Orleans 3NB8CHIKOHN, • border of the ality of Fursten- Jce of the prince; lalace are some loir about 30 feet \t of being called It is 13 miles Iwn of Bavaria, „ Danube, at the files N. by W. of Iver the Danube, which causes Donawcrt to be a place of con- siderable >ntercoursc. Pop. aiiout 2500. DoNCASTER, a handsome town in the S.E- part of the West Killing of Yurksliirc; it is situate on the great high road from London to York and Edinburgh, on the S. bank of the river Don, over whiclj are two handsome bridges. It is a corporate town, with con- siderable funds, governed by a mayor, re- curder, and common council, and formerly sent members to parliament. The principal street is about a mile iu length ; the man- fcion-houso, in whicli the mayor and justices hold their sittings, is a spacious and elegant building; there is also a town-hall, theatre, dispensary, hospital, and two or three other public buildings, and the chiu'cli dedicated to St. George is a noble edilico. Donciister liflf five tan-yards, sevend flax dressers, and some manufactures of sacking, carpets, nails, &e., and its trade in corn is consider- able; but the agrecableness of its locality renders it more celebrated as a ])lace of gaiety and fashion, than as a manufacturing or trading town. The annual races are amongst the gayest in the kingdom, and the frequent balls and concerfs held in the man- sion-house make ic the resort of all the elite of the surrounding country. It is passed by the Great Northern, and by the Laneashiro and Yorkshire Railwav. It is 158 mile* N. from London, 18 N.E. of Sheffield, 20 S. E. of Wakeiield, and 37 S. of York. Market on Saturday. DoNDUA. Head, the southern point of the island of Ceylon, in the lat. of 5. 55. 30. N. ami 80. 42. of E. long. The land is low and densely populated, but appears to have been of greater importance than at present, there being the ruins of a magnificent Hindoo temple in the vicinity. See Matura. Donegal, a maritime county forming the N.W. extremity of Ireland; it is about 70 miles in extreme length, but, being indented by numerous bays and harbours, it has about 150 miles of sea coast; the principal bay is called Lough Foyle, and divides Donegal from the county of Londonderry, opening by a narrow strait into the N. chan- nel. Lough Swilly is another capacions bay, opening into the Atlantic Ocean, and Done- gal Bay forms the southern boundary of the county, which is bounded on the E. i-nd S. E. by the counties of Tyrone and Ferma- nagh. The river Finn intersects the centre of the county from W. to E., and then takes a northern course into Lough Foyle. Area, 1,165,107 imperial acres, of whi'ch 644,371 are bog and mountain. Donegal is a moun- tainous and rather dreary district, and its iidnibitants may be considered the rudest in Ireland, the greater portion speaking only tneir vernacular language. The mountains contain various minerals; kelp is made upon the coast, which yields also a silicious sand used in the manufacture of glass; the spin- ning of flax, the linen manufacture, and dis- tillation of spirits, prevail over the greater part of the county; the principal towns are Litfonl, Kaphoe, Johnstown, Letterkenny, Ball/shannon, Donegal, and Killibegs; at Ballyshannon is a valuable salmon fishery. It contains the ruins of several castles and other works of antiquity; and returns two members to parliament. DoNEOAL, a town and parish of the pre- ceding county; seated at the head of a bay 111 miles N.W. of Dublin, and 25 S.W. of Litrord. Donerailb, a town and parish of Ireland, in the county of Cork. Near it are quarries of beautiful variegated marble. It is situate on the Awbcg, which falls into the Black- water ; 19 miles N.W. of Cork, and 113 S.W. of Dublin. DoNOA, a country in central Africa, on the N. side of the Donga Mountains, and watered by the Bahr-el-Abiad, or White Nile. DoNQOLA, a town of Nubia, capital of a province of the same name. It is seated on the Nile, among mountains; 500 miles N. by W. of Sennaar. It is called Marakah or New Dongola, and is increasing. Pop. probably 6000; Lit. 19. 7. N. long. 29. 55. E. Old Dongola, once the capital, is now a miser.' able place. Its mosque is in a commanding situation. The country is celebrated for a fine breed of horses, and the inhabitants for their skill in horsemanship. The province now is a portion of the Egyptian pasha's dominion. It was taken possession of by Mehemet . Ji in 1822. DoNjoK, a town of France, in the de- partment of Allier; 24 m. S.E. of Mculins. DoNNiNGTON, a towu in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday. Much hemp is cul- tivated in the neighbourhood. It is 8 miles W.S.W. of Boston, and 106 N. of London. There are seven villages of the same name in different parts of England — the prin- cipal one in Leicestershire. DoNNVBROOK, a village in Ireland, county of Dublin, 2^ m. from Dublin, celebrated for its annual saturnalia or fair. DoNzr, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nievrc; 22 miles N. of Nevers. DooA£, a term applied by the Hindoos to tracts of land lying between two rivers; the most celebrated tract is tl:at lying between the G.angcs and Jumna, in the provinces of Allahabad, Agra, and Delhi. DooN, a river of Scotland, which issues from a lake of the same name in Ayrshire, and enters the Frith of Clyde, 2 miles S. of Ayr. DooRNSPTK, a town of Holland, In the province of Gelderlaud, on the Zuyder Zee. Pop. 2100. DoosHAK, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Seistan, of which it is the capital. It stands near the Helmund river. The modem city is snmll and compact, but the ruins of the old city cover a large extent of ground. The inhabitants who are more polished than DOR 302 DOR II f >. It I , r I'ij i l| i &t ' the other people of Seistan, have a good bazaar. The country around it is produc- tive,* 50 miles £. of Zurrah. Lut. 31. R. N. long. 63. 10 £. DoRAK, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the side of a mountain; 28 m. S. of Sana. DoRAT, a town of France, in tlie depart- ment of Upper Vienne; seated on the Abran, near its junction with the Sevre; 25 m. N. of Limoges. DoKCHGSTER, a borough and the capital of Dorsetshire, England, governed by a mayor; with a market on Wednesday and Saturday; it sends two members to parliament. It was formerly much larger, and the ruins of the walls are still to be seen in some places. It has three churches; and a fine terrace- walk, planted with trees, almost surrounds the town, which has no manufactures, but is famous for excellent ale. A little to the S. is a Roman amphitheatre, constructed of chalk and turf, supposed to be the most per- fect in the kingdom. One mile to the S.W. is Maiden Castle, another work of the Ro- mans. There are three ramparts and ditches, nearly oval, and the whole area is 115 acres. Dorchester is seated on the river Frome, about 10 miles from the sea at Weymouth, 53 E. of Exeter, and 120 W. by S. of London, at the end of the South Western Railway. DoucaESTEii,atown in Oxfordshire, which was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It was a bishop's Bee till 1086, when William the Conqueror translated it to Lincoln; and it had five churches, though now but one, which wus the cathedral; 10 miles S.E. of Oxford, and 49 W.N.W. of London. DoRcnRSTER, a county of the state of Maryland, lying between the Nanticoke and Choptank rivers, on the E. side of Chesa- peake Bay. Pop. 18,843. The chief town is Cambridge, on the S. bank of the Chop- tank ; 60 miles S.S.W. of Baltimore. There is also a town of the same name con- tiguous to Boston, Massachusetts, which see, on the S. side of the town, and another on Ashley river. South Carolina, and two or three others in dilferent parts of the United States. DoRDOGNE, an interior department in the S.W. of France, comprising the late province of Perigord, and part of the Limousin ; a river of the same name intersects the S. part of the deportment; the Vizere, Ille, and La Drome, all falling into the Dordogne, in its course to the Garonne at Bourg, intersects other parJ;s of the department, which is in general fertile, and yields some delicious wines. It is divided into fivearrondissements, the principal towns of which are Perigueux, the capital, Bergerac, Nontron, Riberac, and Sarlat; the other principal towns are Belves, Monpont, and Eaciderfil. Fop. in 1836, 487,502. DoRESTRO. See Silistria. Dorking, a beautifully picturesque town m Surrey, England, with a market on Thnrs- days; celebrated for a remarkably fine breed of poultry; a vast quantity of lime is burnt in tiie neighbourhood. It is 23 miles S.S.W. of London Bridge. Dorv, a village in a detached part of Wor- cestershire; 3 miles S.E. of Camden in Qlou- cestershire. The Roman fossway runs through it, and abundance of coin, both Romau and British, have been found here. Dornburo, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principaHty of Weimar, with a castle; situate on a hill, by the river Saale; 14 milea E. of Weimar, and 40 S.W. of Leipsic. Dornoch, a borough on the E. coast of Scotland, capital of Sutherlandshire, at the entrance of a frith of the same name, over which it has a ferry to Tain. It is a small place, and half in ruinn, but was formerly the residence of the bishops of Caithness; and part of the cathedral is kept up as the parish church. It is 40 miles N. of Inverness. Long. 3. 48. W. lat. 57. 52. N. It unites with Kirkwall, &c., in sending one member to parliament. DoRPT, or DoRPAT, a town of Russia, In the government of Riga, with a university; seated on the Ember, between the lakes Wo- sero and Pepas; 60 miles S. of Narva, and about 50 E. of Pernau. The town is well built, and consists of three parts, the town, and the suburbs of Riga and Petersburg. The university was originally founded by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632, was afterwards removed to Pcmau, but re-esta- blished here by the "^mperor Alexander in 1802, on the site o. .i old fortress. It is much esteemed as a seat of learning, and its famous astronomical observatory containing the finest instruments of the age, is under the superintendence of the celebrated M. Struvd. Lat. 58. 22. 44. N. long. 26. 42. 19. E. The town is on the high road between Riga and Petersburg; 150 miles N.E. from Riga, and 17pS.E.from Petersburg. Pop. about 10,000. Dorsetshire, a maritime county of Eng- land, having about 70 miles of coast in the British Channel; bounded on the W. by De- vonshire, N. by the counties of Somerset and Wilts, and E. by Hampshire; it is of an irre- gular form, having an extreme length of 55 miles from W. to E., and 35 in extreme breadth; but the mean lines do not much exceed half that extent, the superficial area being only 643,840 acres. The soil is gene- rally rich and fertile, though in some parts very sandy; the northern part, which is di- vided by a range of chalk-hills from the southern, affords good pasturage for cattle; while the southern part chiefly consists of fine downs, and feeds incredible numbers of sheep. The chalk-hills, which run through every county from the S.E. part of the king- dom thus far, terminate at the further extre- mity of this; but, on the coast, chalk-cHffs extend beyond it into Devonshire, 10 miles W. of Lyme. From the Hampshire border DOR 803 DOU ketonThnri- ,bly fine breed lime is burnt , miles 8.S.W. JpartofWor- mdcn in Glou- yrunsthrougli ih Romau and ier Saxony, in with a castle; Uale; U miles f Leipsic. he E. coast of ndshire, at the mo name, over It is a small t was formerly i of Caithness; kept up as the N. of Inverness. . It unites with jno member to m of Russia, In th a university; m the lakes Wo- J. of Narva, and he town is well parts, the town, and Petersburg, lally founded by den in 1632, was nau, but re-csta- ,r Alexander iii ; fortress. It is ilearning, and its atory containing age, is under the rated M. Struvd. 42. 19.E. The etween Riga and V from Riga, and op. about 10,000. L county of Eng- \s of coast in the mtheW.byDe- of Somerset and ; it is of an irre- sme length of 55 , 35 in extreme es do not much k superficial area [The soil is gene- ;h in some parts lart, which is «u- t-hills from the turage for cattle; liiefly consists of dible numbers ot lich run through partoftheking- tho further extre- ■oast, chalk-c\iff9 jnshire, 10 miles [ampshire border lo the neighbourhood of Blandford, a heathy common extends, whlcli causes an exception to the general character of fertility which this county merits; but the rich vales to the S.\V. make ample amends. The greatest altitude of the county is 669 feet above the level of the sea; the climate is mild and congenial. The principal rivers are the Stour, Piddle, and Frome. Here is plenty of fowl of all sorts, swans, woodcockn, pheasants, par- tridges, fieldfares, &c. The principal towns on the coast are Lyme Regis, Melcombe Re- gis, Weymouth, Bridport, Wareham, and Poole; at the two latter some ships aro built, and some foreign trade carried on; and Poole was formerly celebrated for its exteu- sive interest in the Newfoundland fishery; and considerable manufactures of cordage, twine, and coarse woollens were formerly carried on in the vicinity of Bridport and Poole; but the commercial and manufactur- ing concerns of the county have of late years declined, and are now relatively insignifi- cant, the shipping being principally employed in carrying; and the rental, taxes, and sup- ply of shop goods for the consumption of the county, are now paid out of the surplus pro- duce of sheep and lambs for the London market, some cattle, wool, and stone, from the quarries of Portland and Purbeck, am freight of shipping; some trifling manufac- tures also contribute to constitute an ex- change; and the western part of the coast abounds in mackerel during the season. The principal towns in the interior are Dorchester (the capital,) Corfe castle, and Shaftesbury. It return s three members to parliament. There are thirteen other market towns, and upwards of 200 villages in this county. DoRSTEN, a fortified town in Westphalia, in the county of Recklinghausen; seated on the Lippe; 15 miles E. by N. of Wesel. DoHT, or Dordrecht, a city of Holland, province of S. Holland, on an island formed by the Meuse, which is here called the Merwe. The island was formed in 1421, in November of which year an inundation destroyed 72 vilLiges, and drowned 100,000 persons. In 1457 Dort was nearly destroyed by fire, and is further celebrated for an assembly of pro- testant clergy from all parts of Europe, in 1618-19, called the Synod of Dort, which condemned the tenets of Arminius. The building in which this synod was held, still exists, but is degraded into a low Sunday theatre. Here are several Lutheran and Cal- vitiist churches, a fine council-house, an ex- cellent academy, and the mint of S. Holland. It hiis a good harbour, and a great trade in corn, wine, and timber; of the latter, im- mense rafts are floated hither from Ander- nach, in Germany. It was formerly the chief depository of Rhenish wines; but its commerce has much declined of late years, having been transferred to Rotterdam. The father of the celebrated de Witt was burgo- foftster of Dort, and Vossius was once super- intendent of its academy. The natural situa* tion of Dort is such, that it has never been taken by an enemy; but it surrendered to the French in 1795. It is 10 miles S E. of Itottcrdam. Long. 4. 45. E. lut. 51.54. N. Pop. about 20,000. DouTMDNi), a strong town of Westp'.ialia, in a nook at the S. extremity of the upper bishopric of Munstcr. It was lately imperial, and is seated on the Enister; 15 miles 8.W. of Ham, and 30 S. by W. of the city of Mun- ster. Pop. about 4000. DoTEKOM, or DuETCKOM, a town of Hol- land, in Gelderland, with a foundry for bomI>s and cannon-balls: seated S. of Yssel; 10 miles S.E. of Doesburg. DouARNENEz, a towu of Fi'aDce, in the department of Finisterre; seated on a bay of the same name, at the entrance of the Eng- lish Channel; 8 miles N.W. of Quimper. DouAY, a city of Fiance, formerly the ca- pital of the department of Nord, with a fine arsenal, a foundry for cannon, a military school, a citadel, and three famous colleges; to which a great number of the Roman Ca- tholic youths of England and Ireland are sent for education. It was taken by the Duke of Marlborough in 1710, and retaken by the French in 1712, after the suspension of arms. It is 110 miles N. by E. of Paris, 70 E.6.E. of Boulogne, and 18 S. of Lisle, to which it is connected by a canal. It is the seat of a prefect, and contains 19,000 inhabitants. DoDBS, a department of France, on the frontier of Neufehatel, in Switzerland. It comprises the eastern part of the late pro- vince of Franche Compte, and is watered by a river giving name to the department, which falls into the Saone a little above Chalons. Doubs is a woody and mountainous district, interspersed with fertile valleys; the moun- tains yield a considerable supply of iron, the forests abundance of timber, whilst sheep and black cattle abound in the valleys, yielding a considerable supply of butter and cheese; the latter is celebrated by the name of grue- yere. The vine is also cultivated with suc- cess, and to some extent; it has been pro- posed to unite the river Doubs with the Ille, falling into the Rhine, and thereby unite the waters of the North sea with the Mediterra- nean. The department of Doubs is divided into four arrondissements; Besan^on, 210 m. S.E. of Paris, is the capital; and the chief towns of the other three arrondissements are Baume, Pontarlier, and MontbcUiard ; there are two other considerable towns, viz., Quingey and Ornans. Population in 1836, 276,274. DouB, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Mayenne and Loire, with a consi- derable manufact'ire of druggets and tam- mies. Near it is i. »'ast Roman amphitheatre, cut out of the solid rock. It is 9 miles S.W. of Saumur. DovoLAS, a village of Lanarkshire, Scot- land, seated on a river of the same name^ DOV 304 DOV of falling into the Clyde; 29 milca S.S.E Qlaa^'ow, on tlie roud to Carlisle. DoDO[.A8, tlie chief town of the Isle of Man. The streots arc in general narrow and dirty, but have been improved a great doal of late years, in consequence of the influx of visitors from Liverpool and elsewhere. It is seated at the mouth of two united streams, on the £. side of the island, in the lat. of 54. 12. N. and 4. 26. of W. long. See Man. DonoLAS, Cape, a promontory on the W. coast of America, the W. point of the en- trance of Cooic's Inlet. Its summit forms two very high mountains. Long. 153. 30. W. lat. 58. 56. N. DouLAiNCODRT, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne; 10 miles S.W. of Joinville. DouLLENS, a to^vn of Fiance, in the de- partment of Somme ; with two citadels; seated on the Antie; 15 miles N. of Amiens; it is the seat of a prefect. Fop. 2720. DocNE, Do0N, or Donne, a town of Scot- land, in the parish of Kilmadock, Perthshire, with the ruin of a huge square castle, whose tower is full 80 feet in height. Here is a manufacture of pistols; also an extensive work called the Adelphi cotton-mill. It is seated on the Teith; 8 miles N.W. of Stir- ling, and 32 S.W. of Perth. DocRDAN, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Olse, with a manufac- ture of silk and worsted stockings; seated on the Orge; 25 miles S.W. of Paris. DouRO, n river of Spain, rising near Soria, in Old Castile, in the long, of 2. 30. W. It rises to the W. of Soria, and from thence runs S. for about 20 miles, when it takes a course nearly due W. past Aranda into Leon, past Zamora to the frontier of the Portu- guese province of Traz os Montes; it then lakes a course S.S.W. past Mirandi, and for about 60 miles forms the boundary be- tween Leon in Spain, and Traz os Montes; it then takes a course N. by W., dividing tlie latter province and Entre Douroe Minho from Beira, falling into the sea a short dis- tance below Oj)orto. The meridional dis- tance from its source to its entrance into the sea, is about 300 miles, while the course of the stream will be nearly 600 miles ; it re- ceives numerous tributary streams both from the N. and S. Dove, a river of Derbyshire, which rises in the Peak, near Buxton, parts the county from Staffordshire, and, after a course of about 40 miles, joins the Trent, 4 miles be- low Burton. Dover, Straits of, between the S.E. point of England and the N.W. extremity of France, leading from the Atlantic Ocean, through the English channel into the North sea: the narrowest part of the strait is about twenty English statute miles, and the two usual points of intercourse about 23 miles, Dover castle being in 1. 19. 7., and Calais in 1. 51 I of E. long., being a difference of 32 minutes of long., which in the lat. of 0L ifl equal to 19 geographical, or 23 English sta- tutc miles. The straits extend from the S.W. in a direction N.N.E. for about 45 miles, intersected by the lino of 51. of N. lat. Dover, Town op, which gives name t>> the preceding strait, is seated on the English coast, in the county of Kent, and is cele- brated in every period of English history; by the ancient Britons it was called Dour, by the Komans Dubris, ami by the Saxon's Dovre; and the Romans regarded it as clavU et repayulum totius regni — the lock and key of the whole realm. It is sometimes spelt Dovor, but without authority. Dover may doubtless still be regarded as the great outlet and portal of the realm on the side of north- ern Europe, and, from its peculiar local sitniition and advantages, to be still entitled to iiigh consideration. Since its connection with the chain of railways under the title of the South Eastern Riiilway, Dover has con- siderably increased in importance and pros- perity, of which numerous buildings give tes- timony. It is again likely to assume its ancient importance among our seaports, which had in some measure declined with the growth of steam navigation, from the construction of the magnificent Harbour of Refuge in Dover Bay by the British govern- ment. This important national work will en- close a space nearly a mile in length to the E. of the present harbour, which will then be converted into floating docks. Dover is still the medium of conveyance for the mails, and of all messengers and travellers intent on despatch, between England and France, for whoso accommodation packets proceed to and from Calais and Boulogne with every tide; and the intercourse is still very great, constituting the chief support of the town, which extends for near a mile along the shore, and is divided into two parts; the eastern part is called the town, at the extre- mity of which, on an eminence, is the castle, supposed to have been flrst founded by Julius Cassar ; the west part is called the pier, and is overhung by a range of chalk clifTs, which seem to threaten an immediate overwhelming of all below. The heights to the N.W. of the town, 300 to 350 feet above the level of the sea, are fortified with trenches, subterraneous works, and case- mates for the accommodation of 2000 men, and in clear weather presents fine prospects of the coast of France. Dover is one of the (five) cinque ports vested with peculiar pri- vileges by the 32 Henry VIII. cap. 48, on condition of furnishing a certain number of ships equipped and manned for the national defence: one of the privileges was, each port returning two members to parliament, by the title of Barons of the Cinque Ports. Dover post-office is 71 miles S.S.E. of Lon- don Bridge, by way of Canterbury, from which it is distant 16 miles; it is divided into two parishes; it holds two weekly mar- r f 1 DOW 305 DOW ,t. of 61. to nglish 8ta- from the about 45 ^.ofN.lat- j8 name tv> the English ,nd is cclc- i history jby ,<1 Dour, by the SaxonB d it as clavia jck and key letimcs spelt Dover may 3 great outlet iidoofnorth- neculiar local J still entitled ts connection Icr the title of Jover has con- nce and pros- dings give tes- te assume its our seaports, declined with ,tion, from the cnt Harbour of British govern- lal work will en- length to the b. ich wiUthenbe 8. Dover IB Still or the mails, and rellers intent on and France, for kets proceed to ^gne with every \ still very grea^ ■ortofthetown, ' mile along the two parts; the u,„ at the extre- fnce, is the castle, rst founded oy art is called the ' range of chalk ■n an immediate The heights to ioo to 350 feet are fortified with Vorks, and cnse- ion of 2000 men. >t8 fine prospecM ,ver is one of tuo an. cap. 48, 0" bertain number of fd for the national 'res was, each port he Cinque Ports. es S.S.E. of Lon- 'cauterbury, fro^ t-tes; it is divided ^ two weekly mar- kets on Wednesdays and Saturdays. The Ciistle is a very extensive edifice, and inter- esting from its antiquity, and the historical events connected with it; it occupies 35 ftcrcs. The most ancient parts of tins are a li Jinan pliarc t or watch-tower, and adjoin* iiijj; to it the ruins of one of the most ancient churches in the kingdom. Besides the cas- tlo und two churches, the otiier public build- in;;s lire a town-hall, tlicatrc, and military ho pital, viutuallin^^-ofHce, and custom-house; the business of the latter is confined almost exclusively to the inspecting the baggage of the passengers arriving by the packets. The liarbour will admit ships of 500 tons burthen, but the town carries on little foreign trade. 'I'o the VV. of the town is the celebrated cliff mentioned by Sliakspero in King Lear, which is now cut through by a double tun- nel, for the South Eastern Railway. Dover, a flourishing town of New Hamp- shiro, on the W. side of the Piscataqua river. It is the oldest town in the state, having been first settled in 1623. The beautiful village of Dover is built around the lower falls of the Cocheco, which suddenly descend 32.J feet, producing unequalled water power, and are at the head of Lide water. Consi- dcra))le shipping is owned hero, and it is aliout 12 miles from the ocean; 12 miles N. W. by N. from Portsmouth, 60 S.W. from Portland, and 60 N. of Boston. Pop. in 1S20, 2871; 1830, 5449; and in 1840, 64 58. Dover, a borough in the state of Dela- ware, capital of Kent county, and of the state. It stands on high ground, 10 miles from the entrance of Jones Creek, in Dela- ware Bay. It is regularly laid out, with wide streets, and has some neat buildings. It lias a splendid monument to Colonel J. llaslett, who fell at the battle of Princeton. Tiie trade of the place is chiefly in flour with Philadelphia; 50 miles S, of Wilming- ton. Pop. in 1840, 3790. Dover, a township in Dutchess county, state of New York. It is in part mountain- ous. The town stands on a beautiful plain : 20 miles E. ofPoughkeepsie, and 74 S.by E. of Albany. Pop. 2000. Dover, a town in the state of Ohio, on the \V. side of the Ohio canal, and also on tlic Tascarawas river, across both of which tlicre is a bridge. It is regularly planned; !t3 miles S. of Cleveland by canal. Pop. in l!S40, 22-17. DovRAPiBLD Mountains, a chain of mountains dividing Norway into the N. and ^- divisions, and also separating it from hwetlen. Their greatest altitude is about 800 feet. DowLATABAD.formerlycalled Amednagur, a province of the Dcccan of Hiiidostan; in- tersected by the Giulavery river; bounded on the N. by Candeish, W. by the Gauts, S. Iiv Visiapour and Golconda, and E. by the lioiur. Aurungabad is the capital. DowLATAnAD, ouo of tho celebrated hill- forts of Hindostnn, and formerly the capital of the preceding province. The fort is 420 feet above tho level of tho plain. In the be- ginning of tho 14th century, tho Emperor Mahomet III. caused a great nuinher of the inhabitants of Delhi to emigrate S. of the Qodavery river, and attempted to make Dowlatabad the seat of government of hid empire; but the project did not succeed, and his successor returned to tho ancient capital. Dowlatabad, nevertheless, continued an im- portant place, and capital of the province, until the time of Aiirungzcbc, who fixed his residence at Aitrunoabad (which see), about 10 miles to tho S.: it is now included in tho territories of the Nizam of tho Dcccan. Down, a maritime county on tho N.E. coast of Ireland, opposite to the Isle of Man , it is bounded on the '> ^ by the Lough of Belfast, which divides it from tho county of Antrim; S. by Carlingtord Bay, which di- vides it from tnccounty of Louth; and on the W. it is bounded by the county of Armagh. It is 53 miles in extreme length from S.W. to S.E., and about 25 in mean breadth, the N. E. being indented by Strangford Lough, con- taining 011,404 acres; a canal from Carling- ft)rd Biy to Lough Neagh, bounds the W. end of the county, and tho river Lagan, fall- ing into Belfast Lough, w.^ters tho northern side, tho river Bann intersecting the S.W. Down is the fifth county in Ireland, in order of population, both collectively and relatively, and although it is one of tho least produc- tive counties in tho country, a great portion of its surface being occupied as bleach grounds, the industry of the inhabitants in the linen manufactures, enables it to com- mand an equal or greater share of comforts than in most other parts of Ireland; the S. imrt of tho county is mountainous, Slieve Donard Peak rising to the height of 2800 feet above the level of the sea: various mi- nerals are found in different parts of the county, but none are worked to advantage, the linen m.anufactures absorbing all the labour and exertion of its inh.abitants, about an equal portion of whom arc Protestants, emigrants, or descendants of emigrants, fi-om Scotland. Remains of antiquity are com- mon in every part of tho county. The prin cipal towns arc Downpatrick (the capital and a bishop's sec), Newton Ardcs, Bangor, Donaghadee, Killyleagh, lIillsborou;]fh, Dro- more (another bishop's see), and Newry, at the head of Carlingford Bay, which is tho largest and most considerablo tr.iding town in the county. It sends two members to parliament. Down, or Do^VNI•ATRICK, the chief town of the preceding county, is pleasantly locat- ed on the banks of a stream falling into the S. end of Strangford Lough; 74 miles N.N E. of Dublin, and 23 S. by E. of Belfast: it is a bishop's see, in conjunction with Con- nor, in the county of Antrim, and, besides ^m* DUA soc DRE P i«i- l! I ■; ! the cathedral, has three other places of reli- gious worship; its other public buildings consist of a diocesan school, hospital, town- hall, court-house, and ruoI. Down is colo- brnted aa the supposed place of interment of Ireland's adopted saint, St. Patrick, and a well in the vicinity, dedicated to that saint, is held in high Tcnerntion. Down partici- pates in the linen manufacture. It returns a member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. DowNHAM, Market, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday; seated on the •ide of a hill, about a mile from tiio river Ouse. It has a great trade in butter, which is sent up the river In boats to Cambridge, and thence conveyed in waggons to London, under the name of Cambritlgo butter. It is II m. S. of Lynn, and 86 N. by E. of London. There me four villages of the same name in different parts of England. Downs, a famous road for shipping, on the E. cDast of Kent, between the North and South Foreland. See Gooowm Sands, and Deal. DowNTON, a town in Wiltshire, which has now no market; seated on the Avon; 6 m. S.E. of Salisbury, and 88 W.S.W. of London. Draaburoh, a town of Carinthia, on the river Drave, near the frontier of Tyrol. Dracct, a town of Massachusetts, in Mid- dlcs-jx county, on the N. bank of the Merri- ma ;, at Patucket Falls ; 28 miles S.W. of Execer, and .30 N.N.W. of Boston. Dbadatb, or DuRno, a town of Nubia, with a harbour, on the Red Sea, and wells of good water in the vicinity. It is 36 miles N.N.W. of Suakem. Draociomah, a town of France, capital of the department ofVar; 10 miles N.W. of Frejus, 40 N.E. of Toulon, and 420 S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. 8774. Drakenstein, an extensive valley in the Cape of Good Hope territory. See Stbllen- BOSCH. Dramb, a town of Macedonia, near the ruins of Philippi, and about 20 m. N.N.E. of Emboli. Dramburo, a town of Brandenburg, in the N. part of the New Mark; seated on the Drage; 15 m. E. by N. of New Stargard. Drammen. The two towns of Stromsoc and Bragnas, on each side of the Drammen river, falling into the Bay of Christiana, in Norway, are called Drammen. See Strom- 60E. Drab. See Darah. Drave, or Drau, a river which rises in Germany, atlnn!chen,in Tyrol, flows through Carintliia and Styriii, then along the con- fines of Sclavonia and Lo-.er Hungary, uml, after a course of abi^ -. 300 miles, joins the Danube a little below Essig. Dratton, a town in Shropshire, England, with a market on Wednesday; it is seated on the banks of the river Tern, at the N.E. end of the county, on the road from Shrews- bury to Newcastle. It has three tan-yards, two paper-mills, and two manufactures of hairclotli; 161 mile' I^ W. of London. Dresden, a C.ity of Germany, ond the ca- Cital of the kingdom of Snxony. It is divided y the Elbe into the old and new town, which are united by a grand bridge, and surround- ed by strong fortifications. It hns a castle, an academy of painting and sculpture, and a magnificont church for the Roman Catho- lies, with n tower 378 feet in height, ono Cal- vinist, and eleven Lutheran churches. The houses are built of frccNtono, almost all of the same height ; and, though the palaces are few, it is deemed the handsomest city in Germany. The palaces of Holland and Japan are full of curiosities from that country and Ciiinn; and the picture gallery may claim precedence over every individual gallery in Italy. The royal palace has a tower 355 feet in height. Dresden is deservedly cele- brated for its manufacture of porcelain; the repository for which is in the castle. Here arealsomanufiicturesof gold an'', silver lace, jewellery, paper-hangings, and wind instru- ments of music, &c,, &c. The arsenal con- tains specimens of the first invented fire- arms, and a carious collection of arms of ull ag38 and countries. Tlio other public build- ings of Dresden are the house of assembly of the Saxon diet, an academy for the young nobility, a military school, and several cdi- flccs for charitable institutions. It was tak<:.i by the king of Prussia, 1745, and r.giun in 1756, but retaken in 1759 ; and it wna bombarded by him in 1760, for nine daya, when he was obliged to raise the siege. Dresden is further rendered memorable for its neighbourhood being the principal theatre of operations between the allied and French armies, during the greater part of the year 1815. The Russian and Piussian troops having entered it in the month of March, were obliged to quit it in May, after the bat- tle of Lutzen; and Buonaparte afterwards held his head quarters here for a long time. On the 26th and 27th of August of the same year, the allied army, 200,000 strong, under Prince Schwartzenburg, attempted to carry the town by assault; but Buonaparte having arrived from Silesia, with his guards, the night before the attack, repulsed them with great loss in killed, wounded and prisoners. It was at this time the celebrated General Moreau received a mortal wound, while in conversation with the Emperor of Russia The allies, in consequence of this disaster, immediately commenced their retreat iiiti Bohemia; and the French being too eager to profit by their success, had sent General Vandaninie with about 30,000 men, into tlif mountains of that country, to cut off their retreat. But on their arrival near Culm, they were assailed on all sides; and, after a furious conflict, the whole Hrniy was nearly destroyed, and the commander, with tlio whole of his staffj were made prisoners; aud DRI 807 DRO in-ynrds, ;turc8 of on. il the cn- ^rn, whiib Burrountl- i ft custlo, plure, JV"<1 an Catho- t. ono Cal- .hc8. The most ftU of ;hc palftcci nest city in •ountry and may claim ^l gallery in V tower 355 jrvedly celo- yrceUin; the astle. Here ,.'. silver luce, wind instru- arsenal con- nvented fivc- of arms of all f public buiW- e of assembly for the young d several cdi- B. It waa takca and r.giun in and it was for nine days, 1,86 the siege, id memorable the principal I the allied and f atcr part of the [Prussian troops pnth of March, [v, after the bat- arte afterwanls ■for a long time. Tust of the same To strong, under '•mptcd to carry lonaparte havmi; \\m guards, the 'ilsed them with , and prisoners, abrated General wound, while m ,cror of Buss.a of this disaster, kcir retreat nH'^ eingtooeuger U sent Geuer a .03 men, into lh« to cut oft tl.c.r '•ival near Culm, [cs; and, after ft „rmy was neavjf fandcr, with J le prisoners; luo on the Gth of November, aflcr tin battle of Lcipsic, Marshal St. Cyr, who reiiiiiined in Dresden with a French force of 39 000 men, after a fruitless attempt to negotiate a retreat, was compelled to yield to an uncopditional Burreuiicr, Prior to the spoliation by Prus' sia in 1756, Dresden contained about 65,000 inhabitants; from which period it progres- sively declined down to 45,000 in 1810; but since the restoration of peace in 1814, it has gradually increased, and in 1837, contained a population of ('i'.i,500. In the vicinity are several line gardens and public promenades, which serve to render Dresden one of the most agreeable abodes in the north of Europe. It is in the lat. of 51. 2. 50. N. and 13. 43. of W. long.: 230 miles N.N.W. of Vienna, 240 N.N.E. of Munich, 100 S. by E. of Berlin, 190 E. of Cnssel, by way of Leipsic. from which it is distant Q5 m. It is a principal station of the Norih Germany railway system. DitKUX, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure and Loire, with u considerable manufacture of cloth for the army. It is seated on the river Blaise, at the foot of a mountain; 48 miles W. by S. of Paris. It was burnt by Henry II. of England, in 1186, taken by Henry V. in 1421, and is funthcr celcl)rntcd for a battle fought in its neigh* I uriiood on the 18th of December, 1562, betu een the army of the King of France and ; iVotestants under the Prince of Cond6, when the latter were defeated. It surrend- ered to Henry IV. of Franco in 1593, and is now the seat of a prefec with a popula- tion of 5394. UuiESEN, a town of Brandenburg, in the Now Mark; seated on an island formed by tlic river Net/.c, near the Polish frontier* 20 miles E. of Laniisberg. IJiiiFFiELD, a town in East Yorkshire, wi'tli a market on I hursday, connected by branches with the Hull and Selby and North Eastern R'ways. It is 28 miles E. by N. of York, and 22 N. by AT. of Hull. The neighbourhood is very productive in com, but thinly inhabited. Dkino, a river of Albania, formed of two Ktrcams, one flowing from the frontier of Bosnia, on the N., is called the White Urino, and the other from the frontier of Macedonia in the S., in called the Black Drino; after each running a course of about 100 miles, the united stream, after a further course of about 50 miles, falls into the Gulf of Drino in tlie Adriatic, by several mouths, at Alcssio. DiijKo, or DiiiNizzA, another river which rises in the N. part of Albania, and runs parallel with the White Drino for a consider- able distance in a contrary direction into Bosnia, and, after dividing Bosnia from Servia for about 30 miles, nnd a course of about 150 miles, falls into the Save, about (0 miles above Belgrade} thi» river seems to aironl a favourable opportunity for uniting the waters of the Save, and thereby the 1 >iiniit)e, with the Adriatic. See Ddlcigno. Dhissa, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Polotsk, at the conflux of the Drissa with the Dwiiia; liO miles W.N. W.of Pol' t^ik. oml 272 8. of Petersburg. Drista. See Silistria. Drivastro, a town of European Turkey, in Albania; 20 miles N.E. of Dulcigno. Drooiieda, a seaport on the E. roast of 1 'eland; seated at the head of u bay on the ba.^ks of the river Boync, which hero divines the counties of Mcath and Louth; Di'oghcda being a tu»r. and county of itself, with a separate jurisdiction. It is a respectable town, and carries on a considerable trade in butter, grain, nnd coarse linens; the harbour is tolerably commodious, but its entrance is impeded for ships of large burthen, by a bar. It is divided into three parishes. Oliver Cromwell took it by storm in 1649; and it was near here where the decisive battle was fought between the forces of William and James, in 1691, when the latter were defeat- ed. See BoTNB. Drogheda is 24 miles N. of Dublin. It returns a member to the par- liament of the United Kingdom. Droitwicii, tt borough in Worcestershire; market on Friday. Here are famous salt springs, which were in great celebrity at the period of the Norman conquest, from which is made much peculiarly fine white salt. It is seated on the Sal warp; 7 m. N.N.E. of Wor- cester, and 1 1 6 W.N.W. of London. It is connected with the river Severp by a canal, and with Birmingham and Worcester by canal, and is on the Oxford and Worcester railway, and by these means the salt is dis- tributed over all parts of the kingdom. Droitwich is divided into four parishes, and returns one member to parliament. Drome, an interior department in the S.E. of France; bounded on the W., for 65 miles, by the Rhone, which divides it from Ardeehe; it is about 35 miles in mean breadth, bounded on the N. and E. by the departments of Isere and Upper Alps, and S. by Vaucluse. It derives its name from a rj,ver which inter- sects its centre, nnd falls into the Rhone. The Isere intersects the N., and the Argues the S. part -f the department, which is com- prised of the western part of the late pro- vince of Dauphinr. It is divided into four arrondissements, the chief towns of which are Valence, Die, Montelimart, and Nyons; the other principal towns arc Romans, Le Crest, and Le Buis; Valence is the capital. Pop. in 1836, 305,500. DiiOMORE, a town nnd parish in the county of Down, Ireland; the town is a bislioij's see, the palace of the prelate is a stately edifice. It is 20 miles W. by N. of Downpatrick, and C6 N. of Dublin, on tiie road to Belfast. Dronero, a town of Piedmont, at the foot of the Alps, on the river Maira; 14 miles S.S.W. of Saluzzo, and about the same dis- tance W. by N. of Coni. It contains six churches, and has a fine bridge across the river. Pop. about 6500. Dronfield, a town in Derbjshire ; 156 ■lapiBBS t^ ll HLll,L.J»,IIU_II.IHIAU-l. DRU 308 DUB miles from London. Here is a free grammar- gchool, and a chalybeate spring. Dkontueim, or Tbondvem, or Tronjkm, tlic most northerly of the four great dioceses of Norway, extending from the lat. of 62. .5. to 65. 20. N., being about 80 miles in mean breadth; it is intersected by Bcveral small streams, andthe coast is indented with numer- ous inlets and bays, and flanked witii numerous islands ; although a dreary district, the in- dustry of the inhabitants counteracts, in a considerable degree, the inhospitality of its position and climate. It is divided into 80 parishes, containing a population of about 250,000, having considerably increased during the last and present century. The chief town, of the same name, is seated on a point of land, formed by a deep inlet, about 40 miles from the open sea, in the lat. of 63. 26. N. and 10. 22. of E. long.; 253 miles N.E. of Bergen, aliout the same distance due N. of Christiana, iind 360 N.W. of Stockholm. It was the re- sidence of the ancient kings of Norway, and is now the principal trading town of the dio- cese, and exports a very considerable quantity of fir timber and deals, some pitch, tar, peltry, &c. It is the residence of the bishop of tlie diocese; the cathedral is a stately edifice; the houses are mostly built of wood, but the streets are commodious, and in the summer season it is not an unpleasant residence. Pep. about 9000. DuosENDORF, a town of Austria, with an ancient castle; seated on tiie Teya, on the frontier of Moravia; 10 miles N. of Horn. Drossen, a town of Brandenburg, in tlie New Mark; 14 miles S.E. of Custrin. Drum, the name of two parishes in Ireland, one in the county of Mayo, and the other in Roscommon ; there are also about thirty other parishes and several villages in ditFereut parts of Ireland beginning with Drum, such as IJrumara, Drumboe, Drumcannon, &c.&c. Prcmsna, (i town of Ireland, in the county of Lcitrim; seated on the E. bank of the Shannon; 4 miles S.E. of Carrick, and 73 from Dublin; it is rather a neat t(jwn. DuusE.VHEiM, a town of France, in tl>e (department of Lower liliine; seated on the Mottcr, near the hhinc; 15 miles N. by E of Sfnsbnrg. DiiusvS, a community of people in Syria, v.-liich haci its origin in a fanatical persecution of a c.\liph of Egypt, against the Mahomedans. Aboui the beginning of the 11th century, the caliph and his prophet (a native oi Tersia) both met a violent deatli, and such of their disciples (the Druses) as adhered to their tenets, fled for refuge to the mountains of Lebanon and Antilibanus; from whence tliey successively made war against the crasad!ic edifices deserving notice, are the. castle, 'he residence of the viceroy, built about the be- ginning of the 13th century; tlie university, the cathedral of Clirist Church, and the col- legiate church of St. Patrick, and the churches of St. George and St. Werburgh ; the custom house, stamp and post offices, courts of law, and Queen's inns, the bank of Ireland (for- merly the parliament house), linen hall, royal exchange, and commercial buildings; the royal barracks, severa' hospitals, ISparoehial, 2() Roman catholic, and several seet^riim places of worship, and an elegant theatre. The harbour is formed by a pier, run from the S. bank of the river, for near 3 niiics into the hay, terminated by an elegant light- house. The entrance of thj harbour is, hoivcver, impeded by sand-banks. There are railways in operation between Dublin and Belfast, Lon(lon('erry, Coeraine, Guhvay, Wieklow, Limerick, Waterford, Cork, and all interinciiiiite iduces. T\v(j canal,'* I'acilitate i lie commerce of the city with the interior ; the royal camd into the county of Meatli, and the grand canal into the county ol Kildare, where it divcrge.% one branch to the ISItaa- uon. and the other to the B..rrow, thtrehy DUB 309 DUF svcr, the rkii, with m \\\ rc- ess; they eucc, oc- 3m ttaiie, iiail; Bai- iiuS tlicir tiiuivtcil at trained to ,rabic. In s, and V>ar- ) town" and liiiants. ,wn iu the Bouvce of a n the pvin- isantiy loca- hs; 10 miles le county on ,out 30 mWiiS ican breadth, a city of the 1 Ireland, and hitcctural dis- ,e British do- other respects Manchester, the hanks of nee into a bay irfacc. It is an )f the only uni- o its principal As of the rivet nearly 3 m-les , quays on botu fcnient distances he other pubhc e the castle, *he lit about the be- . the university, ;ch, and the col- an'l the churches ivch; the custom ",^coavts of law, I of Ireland (lor- , linen hull, roy>|^ II buildings; the ltals,l8paroch'«" Icvend sectunnii Tele-ant thcMlve. a pier, run fv;;'" for near 3 nu.cB an elogant l.t:ht- J tV. h.irboui- IS lanks. There are T^on l>ubl'» tt"a eraine, 0>^i^^ lihc interior ; tue ly of Moath 'U'J lounty ot IviW " . ii.,ir<>w, t'*^'*-^? uniting the ports of Liiiicnck and Water- ford witli Dublin. A raiiroad now con- mcts tiie liarbuur of Kingstown, formerly iJiiiiiearv, witli the ciiy, and which ol)- viatts much of tlie inconveniences cf tiio port. On the N. W. side of the city is the Piuiiiiix Park, a royal demesne, al)oiit 7 miles ill circumference, containing a residence for the viceroy, and anotlier for the chief Bccrctary; and also an observatory; and, on an eminence on the S. bank of the river is Kilmaiiihani hospital, for tlie invalids of the army. The city is i)ounded by a tine road, caded the Circular, about 10 miles in its course, similar to the Faubourgs of Paris; within the city are five spacious squares, three on the S. a:iii two on the N. side of the river; and tho principal street, called Sackville Street, 170 feet wide, is entitled to rank among the finest iu Europe; in the centre is A ])illar 130 feet in height, to commemorate the naval achievements of Nelson. Prior to the union of Irelaiid with England, Dublin was the seat of the legislature, and most of the nobility and members of parliament had residences there; some of them, very exten- sive and elegant, have since been converted into Iiotels, hospitals, and to other public purposes. The local government of Dublin consists of a lord mayor, 24 aldermen, and . 24 common councilmen. There is a con- ..Iderable manutacture of broad silks, and some woollen manufactures are also carried on within the city, with various other manu- factures for domestic purposes. Its population at ditlerent periods has been stated as follows : — In 1G82 64,483 1728 146,075 1753 128,570 1777 138,20S 1793 182,37(1 In 1813 176,610 „ 1821 185,881 „ 1831 203,650 „ 1834 240,300 „ 1841 238,531 The university returns two, and the city and county each ^wo, members to the parliament of the United Kingdom. The general ex- terior aspect of Dublin is p^rand and imposing, and the general character of its inhabitants h'ii.ik, hospitable, ai prepos3essing. On close investigation, liowever, it proves to contain more abodes of wretchedness and misery than is to be found in any other city of the lik(> extent, in any othci part of the worhl. Dublin, in its most ccnnpriihensive sense, contuins 26 parishes, 17 within the city hounduvios, and 9 between the city boundaries and tlie Circular road. Tlie civil govonimcnt is vested in the lord mayor, re- corder, 2 sliLTill's, 24 aldurinen, and a com- mon coiiticil composed of representatives from the 15 ;:uilds. It is divided into four districts, each submitted to the care of a police ni! tiistracy, who have, an oflice and court within their respective districts. The observiitory in the Phoenix Park, aliout 4 miles \V. of the custom house, on the N. bank of tiie river, near its entrance into tho bay, is in tho lat. of 53. 23. 7. N., anil 6. 20. 30. of W. long. The bay is formed by IIowth Hill on tlie N. and Kinostown on the S- See each, under their respective heads, for distance from Holyhead, the nearest point of communication with the British coast, &e. &c. There are four townships called Dublin in the United States of North America ; three in Pennsylvania, and one in Ne«r Hampshire. Dubois, a county in the S.W. part of the state of Indiana, watered by the E. fork of the White river. Capital, jasper. Pop. in 1840, 3032. DuHUQOE, a county of the state of Iowa, on the \V. side of the Mississippi. Pop. 305'J. Tiie capital, of the same name, is on the W. bank of the Mississippi, and is regularly and handsomely built, and i.s the commercial centre of the mineral region. Lead ore is found in the limits of the town, and for miles aroum' : 1605 miles above New Orleans, and 324 miles below the Tails of St. Anthony. Pop. about 1300. Dunuo, a town of Russian PoLind, in tha province of Volhynia; seated on the banks of a branch of the Przypiec, near the fron- tier of Galicia; it was formerly celebrated for its great annual fair. It is 24 miles S.E. of Lucko. Pop. about 6500, chiefly Jews. DrcKENFiELD, n township in the parish of Stockport, Cheshire. See Stockpout. DuDDiNGSTox, a pleasant village on tho S. side of Edinburgii, Scotland. DcDEUSTADT, a towu of Germany, in the territory of Eichsfeld; 18 miles E. of Got- tingen. Pop. about 4000. Dudley, a borougli of Worcestershire, England, insulated iu the county of Stalford; 10 miles W. by N. of Biniiinglnini, and 1 19 from London. It is a place of antiquitj', having the remains of a castle, first built by Dodo about the year 700; the neighbour- hood abounds in coal, iron, and limestone, and the town participates largely in the ! manufactures of the district, having about ; 20 establishments for the mannfacturo of nails, anvils, vices, tracery, and other heavy , iron work; 10 other establishments for the : manufacture offenders and fire-irons, 5 glass- ; houses, and 2 other cstatilishments for glass- cutting; 3 malt and collei'-mill makers, 20 i miiltiiig-houses, &c. &c. It has 2 churclies; ! that of St. Thomas is a beautiful structure, with a lofty spire. Market on Saturday. I It returns one member to jiarliameiit. Dudley, a town in Woreester county, i Massachusetts, near the frontier of Connecti- cut; 20 miles 3. of Worcester. ! DuENAS, A village of Leon in Spaif, 13 miles from Valladolid, where a noble caimi, planned in 1753, and comjileted in 1832, is intended as a jiortiou of a system which should connect tho Atlantic with tho Medi- terranean. I DuFFEt-, a town of the Netherlands, a fcTf miles N. of Mali: Pop. about 3000. f' i'i '.1^ m Pi a DUM 310 DUM DiJiSBDRO. See Durguuita. Duke of York Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Commodore Byron, in 1765, lyin;? N. of the Friendly Islands. Long. 172. 30. W. lat. 7. 56. S. Duke of York Island, an island in the Pacilic Ocean, lying between Kew Britain and Ne^v Ireland; bo named by Captain Carteret, in 1767. The natives go entirely nuked; are stout, well made, and of a light copper colour; their hair is woolly, but they di'uss it with grease and powder, and make it hang straight. Tlieir hats are made chiefly of bamboo, and placed under the shade of cocoa- nut trees with a fence before them, witiiin which the plaintain, banana, yam, sugar-cane, &c., are cultivated. The island produces, besides the plants above mentioned, betel-nuts, mangoes, bread-fru^t, and guavas. Here are also dogs, hogs, pouUry, and some spices. The nutmeg was seen by Captain Hunter, who anchored in Port Hunter Bay, in this island, in 1791. Long. 151. 20. E. lat. 4. 7. S. Duke's Countt, in the state of Massachu- setts. See Martha's Vineyard. DuLAS, a village of Wales, in the Isle of Anglesea ; 10 miles N.W.of Beaumaris. It stands on tlie Irish sea, at the mouth of a river of the same name ; and is much fre- quented on account of the corn and butter trade, and for fern ashes and kelp. There are several small rivers in different parts of Wales, named Dulas, and also a village in Herefordshire. DnLciGNO, a town of European Tui'key, in Albania ; seated at the moutii of the river Bosnia; 15 miles S.W of Scdtari (which see). Long 18. 66. E. lat. 42. 23. N. Pop. about 8000. Duleek, a town of Ireland, in the county of Meath, formerly the see of a bishop, but now an inconsiderable place. It is seated near the S. bank of the river Boyne ; 3 miles S.W. of DroghedtH and 21 N. by W. of Dublin. DuLKBN, a town of the Prussian states, lying about midway between the Rhine and the Maese ; 20 miles N. by W. of Juliors. Pop. about 4000. DcLMEN, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster; 14 miles S.W. of Munstcr. Pop. about 1800. DoLVERTON,a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday, and manufactures of coarse woollen cloths and blankets. It is seated near the Ex ; 20 miles S. of Mine- head, and 165 W. by S. of London. DoLWicH, a beautifully sequestered vil- lage u: Surrey ; 4 miles S. of London. It is famous for a college, founded by Edward Allcyn, a comedian, called the College of God's Gifl ; to which is attached a gallery, containing a beautiful collection of paintings; the village is seated in a vale. liUMARiNO, a town of the island of Borneo, on the E. coast. Long. 11 7. 30. E. lat. 2. 10. ii • Dumbarton, County of, sometimes called Dunbarton. formerly Lennox, formed of a narrow strip of territory between the lowlands and the highlands of Scotland, extending W. from near tlie Frith of Forth, for about 25 miles, to the mouth of the Clyde, and then N. for about 23 miles more, between Loch Long and Loch Lomond, the mean breadth not exceeding 5 miles ; the Grand Canal from the Clyde to the Forth runs along the E. part of the county, which is divided into 12 parishes : the principal towns and villages are Cumbernauld and Kirkintilloch, in the £. part; Kirkpatrick, Kilpatrick, Dumbarton, Cardross, Bonhill, and Kilmarnock, in the centre; and Boseneath, Bow, Lup, and Arro- quhar, in the N. It returns one member to parliament. The cotton manufacture is car- ried on in the central part of the county, and illicit distillation in the N. Dumbarton, the chief town of the preced- ing county, is a royal burgh; seated on the N. bank of the Clyde, at the junction of the Leven, the outlet of Loch Lomond: on a point of land formed by the junction of the two rivers is a caitle, occupying a very com- manding position, and formerly deemed the key of the passage between the lowlands and the highlands, on the W., as well as com- manding the navigation of the Clyde. The town consists principally of one long street, in the form of a crescent, parallel with the Leven, over which is a handsome bridge of five arches. It has a handsome church, with a lofty spire, erected at the close of the last century. Its principal manufacture is glass ; a portion of the inhabitants are employed in the coctoii manufacture in connexion with Glasgow. It has a convenient port for small vessels, and a qnay ; is on a railway between Glasgow and Loch Lomond ; and, with Renfrew, &c., it sends one member to parliament. It is 12 miles W.N.W. of Glas- gow. DuMBLANB. See Dunblane. DuMBooc, or DoMBOo, a salt lake on the north frontier of Bournou, in the interior of North Africa, from whence much salt is car- ried to Agades and other parts of western Africa ; there is a considerable town, of the same name, on the W. side of the lake, whicli is S. of the tropic of Cancer, in the long, of 21. 50. B. DuuDUM, a military village and extensive cantonment of Hindostan, 6 miles E. N. E. of Calcutt.a, it is the head-quarters of the Bengal artillery. The buildings adjoin a largo plain used as a practice ground. Dumfries, a county of the S. of Scotland, being about 65 miles in extreme length from E. to W., and 30 in mean breadth, its super- ficial area being 672,000 Scotch acres; it is bounded on the N. b^ the counties of Ayr, Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh ; E. S.E. by the English border, W.S.W. by Kirkcudbrightsliire, and S. by the Solway Frith ; it is intei-aected from N.'to S. by threo DUN SII DUN ncs called tned of a > lowlands jndingW. about 25 ^ aud then ircen Loeh in breadth md Canal s along tba ivided into ind villages :h, in the E. Dumbarton, lock, in the }, and Arro- ; member to icture is car- » county, and ,f the preccd- eatcd on tho notion of the amend: on a inction of the g a very com- [y deemed the 5 lowlands and ' well as com- e Clyde. The ic long street, jallel with the some bridge of ae church, with ^ose of the last facture is glass; ire employed m jonnexion with lient port VA 8 on a raUway Lomond; and, >ne member to .N.W. of Glas- faU lake on the . the interior ot luch salt is car- ,arts of western ,le town, of the I tho lake, which I in the long, of ie and extensive lmle3E.N.E.o T.rsoftheBeiig.'d uinalargopl'i'n in S of Scotland, |me length fvom |eadih,its8UFr- iotch acres; It" ■counties of Ayr, Ibv theSolway ]N:toS.bytJ»'^«« considerable riversi, abundant in salmon and trout, viz. t!ie Nitli, Annan, and Ksk, all run- ning h-om the N. into Sohvny Fritli, and is divided into 44 ])iinshes, including four royal burghs, viz. Diiintric'?, Annan, Lochmabon, and Sanquhar, and sends one member to parliament. A great part of this county is mountainous, overspread with heath, well stocked with game, and ad'ording pasture to numerous herds of sheep and black cattle, which are driven into England in great num- bers ; the valleys, watered by the three rivers before mentioned, and the coast bordering on the Frith, arc feitilo both in pasture and tillage ; the mountains in the N.W, part of the county contain a bed of rich lead ore, yielding a small portion of silver ; coal and lime abound over the greater part of the county, and on the English border both cop- per and iron have been found ; tho county also contains a vein of antimony, and two mineral springs. It has no manufactures of importance. DoMFUiES, a royal burgh, and cliief town of the preceding county ; seated on the E. bank of the river Nith, where that river forms the boundary between the couniics of Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, and about 9 miles aliove its entrance into Sohvay Frith. Dumfries is a port of entry, but its external coininerco is inconsiderai)le (except coast- wise); it derives its cliief importance from being the assize town for the county of Kirkcudbright, as well as for Dumfries, and from being tho seat of the commissary and sheriff court, and of the presbytery and synod, while the agrceableness of its locality renders it the focus of gaiety and fashion for ail the S.W. part of Scotland. It has two bridgesover tiicNith.one of them ancient, the oilier modern and elegant, two churches, a Ciuholic chapel, and four dissenting places of worship. Its other public buildings are the town-house, guildhall, infirmary, house of convciioii. and lunatic os^mm. In conjunc- tion with Sanquhar, &>;., it sends one member to parliament. Dumfries l.^ ' tnring and commereiiil town in Scotland; independent of its extensive co.asting trade, it imports a large qnantiry of flax and other products direct from the lialtic, and employs several ships in tiic Greenland whnlo fishery. Its mannfactures consist of sail-cluth, cotton, baggings, osnabnrgs, and other heavy linen fabrics, and coloured sewing threads. The town consists of four principal streets, di- verging from a square iu the centre; the public buildings are a town-house, trades- hall, iufirmnry, orf)lian and lunatic asylum, three churches, and a theatre, and is the junc- tion of the Perth and Newtyle and Arbroath liailway. Duudee was erected into a royal burgh in 1165, and has been exposed to the repeated ravages of the contending parties which have prevailed in Scotland since that period ; the last time it suffered from such cause was in the time of Cromwell, when it was taken by assault, and given up to pillage by the troops under General Monk, who shared 60/. a man from the booty they ob- tained. It is 22 miles E, of Perth, and 42 N.E. of Edinburgh. Lut. 56. 27. N. and 3. 3. ot W. long. DuNDONALi), a village S. of Irvine, in Ayr- shire, Scotland, abounding in excellent coal. The cotton manufacture is also carried on in the village. DuNFKRMLiNE, a royal burgh of Scotland, in Fifesliire; seated near the S.W. extremity of the county; about 3 miles from the N. shore of the Frith of Eortli. It is celebrated for its once magnificent abbey, which fell a prey to the plundering army of Edward I., and as the place of interment of Malcolm Caumore, the founder of the abbey, seven other Scottish monarclis, five queens, and several of the most eminent persons who figure in Scottish history. Dunfermline has been celebrated in later times for its exten- sive manufacture of fine table-linen, and still ranks among tiie most insportant manufac- turing towns of Scotland. The town is well built on an eminence, and commands some beautiful prospects of the surrounding coun- try; its public i)uildings consist of a town- house, an elegant guildhall, &c. It returns one member to parliament, and is 17 miles N.W. of PMinburgh, on the Stirling Kailway. DuNGANNox, a town of Ireland, in the S. E. part of the county of Tyrone. It returns a membertotlie imperial parliament. Itia 1 1 m. S. by \V. of Armagh, and 73 from ])ublin. UuNGAKVAN, a towH of Ireland, seated at the head of a bay in the county of Walcr- ford; althougli the harbour is safe and con- venient, it is not a port of entry; its princi- pal trade consists of potatoes and fish, for the Dublin market. It returns one member to the parliament of the United Kingdom, and ia frequented, in the summer season, for sea-bathing; the principal olyect of the town is the ruin of an ancient castle; 17 m. W. by S. ot Waterl'ord, in the lat. of 62. 2. N. and y. 35. 01 W. long. DoNGENESs, a celebrated promontory, forming the S.E. point of the county of Kent, England, at the entrance to the Straits of Dover; the light-house is in the lat. of 50. 55. 1. N. and 0. 57. 48. of E. long. DiJNGivEN, a town in Ireland, countj- of Londonderry. Here are the ruins of a very ancient church, and also of a castle; 183 m. from Dublin. DuNKELD, a town of the highlands of Scotland, seated on the N. bank of the river Tay, in a delightfully romantic part of the county of Perth, It was the capital of an- cient Caledonia; and, at an early period, a Pictish king founded here a monastery of Culdees, which was converted into a bishop- ric by David I., in 1130, and, for a length of time, held the first rank in Scotland. The choir of the cathedral is still entire, and serves for the parish dmrch. At a more re- cent period it was much frequented as a place of fashionable retreat, and for obtain- ing goats' whey; but this practice has ceased. The town and surrounding country is claim- ed by the Duke of Argyle, as his exclusive property; and as such, he has converted the wrole of the adjacent vicinity to his own immediate purpose and gratification; there is an elegant bridge of seven arches over the Tay. Dunkeld is the chief market town of the highlands; it is 15 miles N. of Perth, on the line of the military road to Fort Augus- tus and Inverness. DuNKiKK, in French, Dunkfrqub, a sea- port of France, in the department of Nord. It was taken from the Spaniards by the Eng- lish and French in 1658, and put into the hands of the English, but sold to the French by Charles 11., in 1662. Louis XIV. made it one of the best fortified ports in the king- dom; but all the works were demolished, and the basins filled up, in consequence of the treaty of Utrecht, in 171 3. The French afterwards resumed the works ; but they were ordered to be demolished at the peace of 1763. They continued thus till the peace of 1783, when the works were again resumed; and the next year it was declared a free port. The English attempted to besiege this place in 1793, but were obliged to retire with loss. Dunkirk is divided into the old and new town, is well built, uninteresting, has a spacious market-place, and an elegant mo- dern built, church ; as a seaport it is now but of little note, and snfl'ers from th« want of good water. It ia the seat of a prefect; 16 miles E. by N. of Calais. Pop. in 1836, 23,608. Dunkirk, a village of N'w York, on Lake Erie. The harbour luis been much improv- ed, and is greatly resorted to. It is intended to be the termination of the New York and Erie railroad; length, 470 miles. Dunkirk i is 362 miles W. of Albany. I DuNi.EART. See Kingstown. I D(.'N5iow, a corporate to\i'nin Essex, with j a market uu Saturaay. It is saated ou a DUN DUR )montor7, y of Kent, Straits of lat. of 50. county of s of a very le; 183 m. zhlantls of )f the river part of the pital of an- y period, a onustery of to a bishop- a length of tland. Tlio entire, and ,t a more rc- [ucnted as a [ for obtain- ;e has ceased. ;Ui7 is cUiim- liis exclusive converted the jr to his own cation; there •ches over the arket town of . of Perth, on Eoit Augus- FKQXJB, a sea- iient of Nord. JsbytheEng- put into the to the French „ XIV. made ;s in the king- e demolished, onsequence of The French but they wore the pence of 11 the peace of ;i\in ri;sumed; •ed a free port, icge this place to retire with o the old and ^■resting, has a n elej^ant roo- iport it is now Ifrom the want of a prefect; Pop. in ISiiO, lYork.onLako %iuch ivnprov- [ It is intended ■^cwYork and lies. Dunkirk I in I'^scx, wu seated on a ith hill; 13 miles N.N.W. of Chelmsford, and 38. N.E. of London. DoNMOW, LirrLB, a village 2 miles from Duninow. It had once a monastery, built in 1103, and part of the priory now forms the purisli church, Tliis place is famous for tlic tenure of its manor; namely, that whatever married couple will go to the priory, and swear they have not repented of their mar- riage, within a year and a day after it took place, shall receive a flitch of bacon. The first grant of this description took place in tlio rcijj'n of Henry VI., and the last in 1751. DuKXEr IIkad, an extensive promontory of Scotland, in the county of Caithness. Its N. cxircniity, in the Pentland Frith, is the most nortliern point of Great Britain. Long. 3. 29. W. lat. 58. 42. N. It gives name to a bay on the W.; on tiic E. shore of which is a village of the same name. See Thukso. Dunning, a town of Scotland, in Perth- shire; 59 miles from Edinburgh, uear the Scottish Central Railway. DuNNOSB, a cape in the English Channel, on the S.E. side of the Isle of Wight, DuNSE, a town of Scotland, the largest in Berwickshire, Here is a woollen manufac- ture, and celebrated mineral well, similar to that of Tunbridge, in England. It is situate under a hill, near the river Whiteadder; 14 miles W. of Berwick, and 40 E.S.E. of Edin- burgh. It is the birthplace of Joannes Duns Scotus, in 1274, It has a branch to the N. British Railway. DuNSiNANK, or DiNsiNNAN, u hill 6 miles N.E. of Perth, in Scotland, 1024 feet above tlie level of the sea; immortalized by the Eii;,'lish poet Shakspere, in his drama of Macbeth, Dunstable, a town in Bedfordshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is of great an- tiquity, having been ruined by the Danes, and restored by Henry I., who made it a Lorougli, but no members were ever sent to jj.'uliaineut. The church is the remainder of a priory, and opposite to it is a farm house, once aroyal mansion built by Henry I. Dun- stable consists principally of one long street, and is celebrated for its manufacture of straw for bonnets, &c. It is seated on the verge of a r.vngc of chalk hills, which extend across the counties of Bedford, Buckingham, and Oxford. Lar;;e quantities of larks are caught in its vicinity, and .sent to the London mar- ket. It is 33 miles N.N.W. of London, uear the London and Birmingham railway. Dunstaffnage, a castle of Scotland, in Argyle.shire, one of the first seats of the Piciish .>ind Scottish monarchs. Here was lo'i;^ preserved the famous stone, used aa the coronation seat of the Scottish monarchs, wliieh was removed to Scone by Kenneth II., and thence by Edward I., in 1206, to Westminster Abbey, where it now remains as an ai')ioiuiii;;c to the coronation chair, Souie ul tliv; ancient regalia still continue in the castle; and near it is a small roofless chapel, of elegant architecture, where several of the kings of Scotland are said to be inter- red. It stands on a promontory, almost in- sulated, at the entrance of Loch Etive ; 24 miles N.W. of Inverary. Ddnsteb, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Friday. It has a castle, on a steep knoll; and atone corner of the terrace is an ancient turret, supposed to be part ot tlie original castle, built in the time of Wil- liam I. A priory stood on the N.W. side of the castle, part of which now serves for the parish church. It stands on the edge of a vale, near the Bristol channel; 20 miles N. W. of Taunton, and 161 W. of London, DuN.^YICII, a villago in Suffolk. It was formerly a bishop's see, and had many churches, which have been swallowed up by the sea; 24 miles S. of Yarmouth, and 100 N. of London. There are numerous other towns and vil- lages in England, the names of which begin with Dun, a Saxon word, signify- ing a down, or level place, or country. DcPLiN, an interior county, in the S.E. part of the state of North Carolina, watered by the N. E. branch of Cape Fear river. Pop. 11,182. Durance, a river in the S.E, of France, which is formed near Brianyon, of the rivu- lets Dure and Anee, and flows by Embrun, Tallard, Sisteron, Manosque, Cavaillon, and Avignon, into the Rhone. DauANGO, a town of Spain, in Biscay; 14 miles S.E, of Bilboa. It is an important military point, and was the scene of some of the infamous incidents of the Carlist war ia 1839. Pop. about 3000, DtJKANGo, a division of Mexico, extending from the lat of 24. to 32, N., comprising the greater portion of the late province of New IJiscny; intersected from S, to N. by tlio main ridge of the Andes. Its superficial area is computed at 129,247 square miles, and a population of 159,700. Tiie ciiief town, of the same name, is seated near tiio S, end of the province, in the lat. of 24, 10. N. and 104, of W. long,, at an elevation of 6854 feet above the level of the sea. It h about 520 miles N,W. of the city of Mexico. Pop, about 12,000, DoRAzzo, a town of European Turkey, capital of Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has a ruined fortress, and a good harbour on the Gulf of Venice; 50 miles N, of Avlona, Long, 19, 30, E. lat. 41. 25. N. Pop. 5000. DuRBUNQA, a town of Hindostan, in Ba- har, near the Gogary; 50 miles N.E. of Patna. DuRBUT, a town of Holland, in Luxem- burg; seated on the Ourtlie; 25 miles S. by W. of LicL;e, and about the same distance E. by S. of JNamur. DuREN, or Deuren, a town of the Prus. siuu states of the HUinc, on the E, bank of DUR 814 DUS ^ II Ik r the Roer, in the duchy of Julicrs; 15 miles E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pup. about 4700. Durham, a maritime county on the N.E. coast of England, bounded on the S. and S. W. by the river Tees, which divides it from Yorkshire. The western extremity of the county juts upon Westmoreland and Cum- berland, and on the N. the rivers Derwent and Tyne divide it from Northumberland. The lino of coast from the mouth of the Tees to the Tyne is about 32 miles; but in its ex- treme extent from N. to S. the distance is 36 miles, and from E. to W. about 40 miles, and contains 702,080 acres. Ail the W. part of the county is mountainous, some of the peaks rising upwards of 2000 feet above the level of the sea; from these mountains rises the river Wear, which, by its circuitous course and collateral streams, waters all the interior parts of the county. The chief cha- racteristic of this county is its coal mines, which yield about two million tons annually, chiefly for the supply of London, and the E. and S.E. parts of England. The rivers and coasts abound in salmon and other excellent fish, while the E. and S.E. parts of the county yield a surplus of agricultural pro- duce, both in grain and cattle; it owns also a considerable extent of shipping, employed chiefly in the conveyance of its coal, which, together with some lead, iron, and mill- stones, constitute its chief commerce. The principal towns besides the capital, of the same name, are Stockton, Darlington, and Barnard Castle, on the N. bank of the Tees ; Gateshead and South Shields, on the S. bank of the Tyne ; Monk Wearmouth, Bi- shop's Wearmouth, and Sunderland, at the mouth of the Wear; Bishop's Auckland, Chester-le-Street, &c., in the interior. It is divided into the N. and S. divisions, and re- turns two members for each. DoBHAu City, the chief place and capital of the preceding county, is seated on the banks of the river Wear, about the centre of the county, on the line of the great high road from London to Edinburgh; 10 miles from the sea in a direct line, about 20 from the mouth of the Wear, by the course of the stream, 14 from the Tyne at Newcastle, 19 from the Tees at Darlington, 242 in a meri- dional line, and 255 by the line of road N. by W. of London. It was created a bishop's see by a king of Northumberland, prior to the conquest; who, out of devotion, confer- red the whole county of Durham upon St. Cuthbert, a monk of Lindisfarne, its first bi- shop, and his successors for ever. This grant was confirmed by William, the Norman con- queror, who constituted it a principality, or county palatine ; hence the county is some- times designated the principality of Durham. The cathedral was founded towards the close of the llth century, and is a magnificent edifice, upwards of 400 feet in length, seated on an eminence, 80 feet above the surface of tha river; the principal tower is 214 feat in height. Besides the cuthcdrul, there are six other churches, three of them fine edi- fices; two Roman Catholic, and several dis- senting places of worship. Durham has also a stately castle, founded by William the Norman, now occupied by the bishop and the university, and several public buildings more immediately belonging to the city; while the guol, house of correction, courts, and governor's house for county purposes, have all been recently rebuilt in a handsome style. The university of Durham, recently founded, is endowed with ample revenues, derived from the cathedral and bishopric. There are three bridges over the river; and, on the whole, the city of Durham presents a very interesting and imposing aspect, and is celebrated in English history. It returns two members to parliament; market on Thurs.; it has no manufacture of importance. It has a branch to the York and Newcastle Railway. There are several towns named X>uMum in difierent parts of tiie United States of North America; the only one deserving of notice is in Stafford county. New Hampshire. Near it is a rock computed to weigh 60 tons, so exactly poised on another rock, as to be easily moved with a finger. It is situate on Oyster River, near its junction with the Fiscataqua; 16 miles W. of Portsmouth.. DuRKiiEiM, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine; seated on the river Hardt; 17 miles S.W. of Worms. Ddbkheih, or Tubkhbiu, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, where the French gained a victory over the Austrians in 1675. It is 4 miles N.W. of Colmar. Ddrlach, a town of Suabia, capital of Baden-Durlach, with a castle. It was for- merly the seat of government of the grand duke of Baden, who transferred his residence to Garlsruhe, since the peace of 1814. Here are manufactures of poit:elain, cloth, and stuffs. It isseated on theGies.scn; 15 miles N.N.E. of Baden. Long. 8. 35. E. lat. 48. 58. N. Pop. 4900. DuKSLET, a corporate town in Gloucester- shire, with a market on Thursday. It had formerly a considerable woollen manufacture, but it has greatly declined. It is 13 m. S. W. of Gloucester, 20 W. of Cirencester, and 108 from London. Dubtal, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Mayenne and Loire. The chief trade is tanning. It is 16 m. N.E. of Angers. DusKT Bat, a bay on the S.W. coast of New Zealand, in the Pacific Ocean. The country here is steep, and the hills near the seaside are covered with intricate and inipo netrable forests. Abundance of excellent refreshments are found here; and it contains several coves and harbours. Long. 166. 18. E. lat. 45. 47. S. DnssARAu, a town of Hindostan, province ofGozerat. Pop. 7000. EAS 315 EAS Du89i:ldorf, a strong city of Westphalia, capital of tlie duuhy of Berg. Contiguous to the palace is a celebrated gallery of paint- ings. Dusseldorf was taken by the French in 1795. It is seated on the river Dusscl, near the Rhine; 25 miles S. of Wesel. It WHS included in the cessions to Prussia in 1815, and is now the capital of a circle, with about 365,000 inhabitants; those of the town 20,000. Long. 6. 40. E. lat. 51. 12. N. Dutchess, a county of New York, extend- ing fur 45 miles along tlie £. bank of the Hudson river, and 22 in breadth. Fough- keepsic, the chief town, seated near the banks of the river, is 60 miles N. of the city of New York, and 73 S. of Albany. Pop. 52,398. DcxBUBT, a town of Massachusetts, in Plymouth county, on the W. shore of Mas- sachusetts Bay, with a harbour for small ves- sels, and a lighthouse at the S. extremity of the beach. It is situate S. by E. of Plymouth, 3 miles across Plymouth Bay. DuTSBuao, a fortified town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleve, with a Calvinist uni- versity. It has a considerable trade with Holland, and is seated on the Roer, near the Rhine; 12 miles S. by E. of WeseL DuTTZ, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, with a Benedictine abbey. It is in- habited chiefly by Jews, and seated on the Rhine, opposite Cologne. DuYVELAMD, One of the islands of Zealand, in Holland, E. of Schowen, from which it is separated by a narrow channeL DwiauT, a missiouary station in the Che- rokeo Nation. It stands on the W. bank of Illinois river, or Red river, 4 miles above ita junction with the Arkansas. DwiNA, a river of Russia, which runs from S. to N. into the White sea, at Archangel. DwiNA, another river of Russia, which issues from two lakes; one in the govern- ment of Tver, and the other in the govern- ment of Pskov, runs S, by W. to Vitepsk, then W.N.W. past Polotsk and Dunabourg, dividing the ancient province of Livonia on the N. from Samigalia on the S., and, after a course of 450 miles in a meridional line, and upwards of 600 by the course of the stream, falls into the Gulf of Riga at Dunamunde, a few miles below the city of Riga. Dter, a county in the W. part of Tennes- see, on the E. side of the Mississippi. The surface is rolling. Capital, Dyersburg, on the N. branch of the Forked Deer river. Pop. 4484. Dtnapook, a to^vn and fort of Hindostan, in Bahar, near which is a diamond mine. It is seated on the Ganges; 10 miles W. of Pntna. DrsABT, a burgh of Scotland, in Fife- shire, with a good harbour. It has a consi- derable trade in coal, a salt work, a manu- facture of checks, and some employment in ship-building. It joins with Kirkaldy, King- horn, and Burntisland, in returning one member to parliament, and is seated on the N. shore of the Frith of Forth; 16 miles N. by E. of Edinburgh, and 20 S.W. of St. An- drews. E« Eaolesham, a village of Scotland, in Ren- frewshire; 9 miles S.W. of Glasgow. It has bleaehing-grounds, uud a considerable cotton manufacture. Ealing, with Old Brentford, a village in Midiiiesex, on the Great Western railway. Eaoowe, one of the Friendly Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Tasman in 1643, and by him named Middleburgh. The land gently rises to a considerable height, presenting a beautifiri prospect of extensive meadows, adorned with tufts of trees, and intermixed with plantations. Long. 174. 30. W. lat. 21. 24. S. Eari.ston, a town of Scotland, in Berwick- shire, Near it, on a rocky bank, stands Cow- denknowe?, an old building, now somewhat modernized ; and on the adjacent knolls may be seen the remains of its broom, so re- nowned in Scottish ditty. Earlston is seated on the river Leader; 35 m.S.E. of Edinburgh. Earlt, a county of Georgia, on the Chat- tetoochee river. Capital, Blakeley. Pop. in 1840, 5444. Ear.v. See Erne. Easdale, a small island of Scotland, near the coast of Argyleshire, to the S.E. of Mull ; celebrated for its slate qnarries, which abound throughout the whole island: it is also tra- versed in many places with basaltic veins r.nd thin layers of quartzose and calcareous stones. Easinowold, a town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Friday, and a great trade in bacon and butter. It is 13 miles N.N.W. of York, and 208 N. by W. of London. Eastbodrnb, a town in Sussex, noted for plenty of the birds called wheatears, and as a place of resort for bathing. Near it is a cha- lybeate spring. In 1707 a tesselated pave- ment and a Roman bath were discovered here. It is seated near Beachy Head, in the English Channel; 15 miles E.S.E. of Lewes, and 61 S.S.E. of London. East Cape, the most eastern extremity of Asia, on the W. side of Behring Strait, nearly opposite Prince of Wales Cape, on the con- tinent of America. Long. 92. 20. E. lat. 59. 17. N. East Chester, a township of New York, with a convenient harbour on Long Island Sound ; 1 5 miles N.E. of New Yor£ Pop. in 1840, 1502. ) EBE 31G Ecr v. East Fki.iciana, a parish of Louisiana, wntcrctl by tiio Aiiiito river, and Thomson's and Coniitc Crecits. Tiio soil is fertile, area 560 square miles. Capital, Clinton. Top. 11,89;(, ineliidin{r 7871 slaves. Eabtiiam, a town of Massachusetts, on the narrow part of Cape Cod. The soil is sterile, and the inhabitants eiigaged in tho fisheries; 97 miles S.E. of Boston. East Looe. See Look, East; and so with other places, tho names of which arc prccicdcd by East. Easter Island, or Tkapy, an island in the PaciKc Ocean; 12 leagues in circuit. It has a hilly and stony surface, is naturally barren, and affords neither safe anchorage, fresh water, nor wood for fuel. Rats are the only quadrupeds, and there are but few birds. The natives are industrious, and plant paper- mulberries and bananas, with regular lields of potatoes and yams. This island was seen by Davis in 1886; it was visited by Kogge- win in 1722, and by Cork in 1774. Long. 109. 47. W. lat. 27. 6. S. Easton, a town of Pennsylvania, built on a point of land formed at tho junction of the Delaware and Lehigh rivers. There are some fine bridges over the rivers; and the Delaware, Morris, and Lehigh canal forms a junction here. Lafivyctte college is also seated here ; 58 miles N. of Philadelphia. Pop. in 1840, 4865. Also a town in Talbot connty,Maryland,and another in Bristol county, Massachusetts, &c. Eastpout, tho most eastern point of the United States of North America. The town is beautifully located on Moose island, in Passamaquody Bay, and is favourably situate for carrying on an extensive traffic up the Passamaquody, and other rivers falling into the Bay of Fundy. Lat. 44.43.N. and 10. 5. or about 530 statute miles in a meridional line N.E. of Washington, in the long, of 67. 14. W. of Greenwich. East Windsok, a town of Connecticut, on the E. side of the Connecticut river. It consists principally of one very long street. Here is the theological institute of Connec- ticut; 7 miles N.E. of Hartford. Pop. in 1840, 3G00. Eastwood, a parish of Renfrewshire, Scot- land, seated on the border of Lanaikshirc; participating largely in the cotton manufac- ture. Eaton Socon, a town in Bedfordshire, England; united with St. Neot's, in Hun- tingdonshire, by a handsome bridge over the river Ouse ; 55 miles N. of London. Eause, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Gers; 17 miles S.W. of Condom. Pop. 4000. EuEi.TOFT, a town of Dcnmhrk, in Jutland, with a good harbour, on a bay of tho Catte- gat; 16 miles N.E. of Aarhus. KnKNEZEK, a town of the state of Grcorgia, capital of Effingham county, situate on the Sttvanua; 25 miles N-N.W. of Savanna. EiJENFURTir, a town of Austria, on tho Leyta; 22 miles S. of Vienna. Euehuacii, a town of Germany, in tho Lower Rhine, with a Cistertian abbey; seated on the Necknr; 11 miles E. by N. of Heidel- berg; now included in the territory of Uaden. Ebermanstadt, a town of Franconia, in tho principality of Bamberg, on tho Wiaent, near its entrance into tho Kednitz; 13 miluit S.S.E. of Bamberg. Eni^itSTEi.v, a town and castlo of Suabia; 8 miles 8. by E. of Baden. Eberville, a town of France, in the de- partment of Puy do Dome, with a Benedic- tine abbey; seated on tho Seioulc; 8 miles N. of Rioin. Ebingen, a town of Wirtemberg, noted for its cheese; 7 miles S. of Hohenzoliern. Pop. 3800. Eiiuo, a river of Spain, the ancient Ibci us, which rises in the mountains of Asturias, on the confines of Leon, about 60 miles from the shore of tho Bay of Biscay, runs E. across tho N. part of Old Castile, and afterwards, in a direction E.S.E., forming tho boundary between that province and those of Biscay and Navarre: it then, in a S.E. direction di- vides Arragon into nearly two equal parts, intersecting the S. part of Catalonia, and, after a course of 300 miles in a meridional line, and about 400 by the course of the stream, past Logrono, Calahorra, Tudela, and Saragossa, falls into the Mediterranean, a few miles below Tortosa. There are several islands off its mouth, and a canal runs paral- lel with it through Arragon, used more for irrigation than navigation. The river is but little used for navigable purposes, on account of its numerous shoals and rajnds. EccLEFECUAN, a towu of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire, noted for its great monthly market for cattle; 5 m. N. of Annan, and 15 £. of Dumfries, on the Caledonian Railway. EocLES, a parish of Lancashire, oonsistiiig of five townships, on the W. side of Man- chester (which see). Ecclesall BiERi.ow, a township in the parish of, and contiguous to Sheffield, on the S.W. side. See Sheffield. EccLESFiELD, a towu and parish; 5 miles N. of Sheflaeld. See Sheffield. Eccleshall, a parish and town in Staf- fordshire, with a market on Friday. Tho bishop of Lichfield and Coventry has a castle here. It is seated on tho river Sow; 7 miles N.W. of Stafford, and 148 of London. The parish consists of 21 smtdl townships. Ecclesiastical State, or States of thb CntiRcu. See Roman States, &c. Eghternach, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, on the river Sour, surrounded by mountains; 18 miles N.E. of Luxemburg. EciJA, an episcopal and populous town of Spain, in Andalusia, with manufactures of leather and shoes, and a trade in wool and hemp. It is seated on the Xenil ; 62 miles E, N.E. of Seville. Pop. 34,000. EDE 317 EDI ou tho in tho ; SCrtlCll llciilcl- f Binlen. :oniii, ill Wiscnt, 13 mileii Suabia; n the Ie side: here is shown t!ie apartment in which was born James VL, of Scotland, afterwards James . L of England. In the High Street is the collegiate church of St. Giles, a fine gothic structure, which has four places of public worship under its roof. Near this is the building in which the Scotch par- liament were convened: it is now occupied by the courts of justice; and has a magnifi- cent lofty hall. The palace of Holyrood House forms a grand quadrangle, with a court in the centre surrounded by piazzas: the N.W. towers were built by James V., and the whole was completed in the reign of Charles II. A spacious gallery here is hung with the pic- tures of 1 1 1 monarchs, from Fergus I., who reigned in 403, to James VI. — the greatest part of them imaginary. In the N.W. tower is shown the chamber where Queen Mary sat at supper, when Rizzio was dragged from her side and murdered, and the private stair- case by which Ruthven entered with the as- sassins, to perpetrate the savage deed. Ad- joining are magnificent ruins of an abbey, founded by David I., and converted by Charl es II. into a royal chapel. The university, which was founded by James VI., in 1680, is celebrated throughout the world; and its medical school in particular is entitled to the first rank. The High School of Edinburgh has also been long famous for the scholars it has produced. Of the other buildings a few only can be noticed; the royal exchange, the ri'.t,'i.stur office, the physicians' hall: Herint's hospital, for tho education of 140 poor boyi, Watson's hospital, royal infirmary, the publio dispensary, and some other public charities. The city of Edinburgh is divided into 11 parishes, and 4 in the suburbs, and returns two mcml)crs to parliament. The churches, both presbytcrian and episcopal, and other places of worship, of various denominations, are numerous, and some of them beautiful edifices. It is now nearly united by its sub- urbs to the port of Leith, on tho Frith of Forth, the principal residence of the mer- chants. Therr uic two mineral springs near tho village of Stockbridge, on the N., much frequented for scrofulous diseases, &c., one called St. Bernard's Well, surmounted by a beautiful temple erected by Lord Garden- stone; tho other, St. John's Well. Edin- burgh, as a whole, is a beautiful, picturesque, and interesting place. It is governed by a lord provost, a dean of guild, a guihl council, and 25 common souncil. Here are 14 incor- porated trades, each having its deacon or warden. Its principal importance is derived from the courts of justice, and the university and medical schools, which render it the fo- cus of scienci 1 literature, and of polite society. Its manufactures are inconsidenilile. Two miles to the S. are the remains of Craig- millar Castle, the residence of James V., during his minority, and of Queen Mary, after her return from France in 1 562. Edisto, a river of South Carolina, which, after a course of about 140 miles, falls into the Atlantic Ocean by two channels, about 40 miles S. of Charleston. The island, formed by the divergence of the stream, contains about 3000 inhabitants, the greater part of whom are slaves. Edko, a lake and town of Lower Egypt, 15 miles S.W. from Rosetta. Eduontok, a village of Middlesex, Eng- land; six miles N. of Shorediteh church, London, on the great high road to Edin- burgh. Edwards, a county on the E. frontier of the state of Illinois; bounded by tho great Wabash river; 35 miles from S. to N. and about 30 in mean breadth: the little Wabash intersects the W. side of the county; and, towards the S. part, between the two rivers, 40 miles above their entrance into the Ohio, is an English settlement, founded by an ad- venturer of the name of Birkbeck, in 1813; being a level county, the settlement is de- signated Birkbeck^s Prairie. Eecloo, a po ulous town of Belgium ; 1 1 miles N. by W. of Ghent. Efferdino, a town of Austria, with a castle seated near the S. bank of the Danube; 12 miles W. of Lintz. Effingham, a village in Surrey; 12 miles N.E. of Guildford. It was once a much larpcr place, and supposed to have contained six- teen churches ; wells, cavities like cellars, have been frequently found in the neigh- bouring fields and woods; and in the present EGM 319 EGY )r boys, c public hariiien. into U returns hurclies, 1(1 other inationn, beautiful Y its 8Ul>- Fritl) of the mcr- rings near &c., one inted by a 1 Garden- ill. KiVm- licturesquo, erned by a liUl council, re U incor- , deacon or 18 derived le university ler it the fo- ,nd of polite consideraMo. linsofCraig- ,f James v.. :jueen Mary, 11562. rolina, which, lc9, falls into lannels, about island, formed Bam, contains [reatcr part ot ^owor Egypt. Ldlcscx, Eng- Vditch cliuv':". [road to Edm- , E. frontier of ' by the great h S. to N. and le little Wabash Te county; ««<>> fthe two rivers, '. into the Ohio, Uedbyunad- tttleroent is de- lof Belgium; 11 Austria, ^ith * : of the Danube, fenrrcy; 12 miles fceara«cbl'^'-?'=* 1 contained six- lies like cellars, fd in the neigh- lud in the present > i church nre some ancient stalls and monu- ments. KvFiNOHAM, a county in the state of Gcor- pia, bordering on the Suvannaii river ; its area comprises about 500 square miles. Pop. 3()7S, of whom 1433 are slaves. Springfield, the chief town, is 20 miles N.W. of the city of Savannah. EoELN, a town and r-astlo of Germany, in the duchy of Miigdeburjr, on the river Bode; 16 miles S.S.W. of Magdeburg. EoENBURO, a town of Austria, noted for good wine; 13 miles S.W. of Znaiin in Mo- ravia. EoER, a river in Germany, which rises in the principality of Culmbach, running in an E.N. E. direction through the circle of Sanz, and, after a course of about 120 miles, falls into the Elbe, near Lcutmeritz. EoER, a fortified town at the western ex- tremity of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, with a castle and college. It was taken by the French in 1742, but they were forced to evacuate it the next year, through famine. Here are manufactures of leather, hats, cloths, and stuffs; and its mineral waters are famous. It is seated on the Egcr; 90 miles W. by N. of Prague. Long. 12. 27. E. lat. 50. 5. N. Pop. about 8000. Kgerseo Szai.a, a town of Lower Hun- pnry, seated on the banks of the Szain, which fails into the S. end of Lake Balaton. Ego, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the S. of Skye, .5 miles in lennth, and from 2 to 3 in breadth. It is partly flat, and partly hilly and rocky, with some basaltic pillars. The low grounds are fertile. EoG Harbour River, and Harbour, GiiEAT and Little, the former forming the S., and the other the N. boundary of Glou- cester county, New Jersey ; the harbours opening into the Atlantic Ocean, in the lat. of 39. 17. and39. 30. N. Egiiam, a village of England, in Surrey; 18 miles from Hyde Park Corner, London, on the great western road. On a plain, ad- joining the river Thames, in this parish, known as Runnymede, the barons of England conferred with King John, and compelled him to sign Magna Charta, 19th June, 1215; which WHS done on a small island, still called Miisna Charta Island. EoLiNGrN, a town of Snabia, capital of a lordship of tiio yame name; 8 miles N. of Dillengen. Kglisau, a town and castle of Switzerland, \n the canton of Zurich ; seated on the Rhine ; 13 miles N. of Zurich. Egjiont op den Hoef, a village of Hol- land, in the province of North Holland ; 3 m. W. by S. of Alkmaer. It appears to have w-eii a considerable town, but was destroyed 111 1573, by the enraged Spaniards, after their failure before Alkmaer. It now exhibits ex- tensive and picturesque ruins, perhaps the W. on the sen-coast; and Egmoiit Binnen, nearly two miles to the S., where a bloody but undecisive battle was fought in 1 799 bo« tween the allied English and Russian army, and the French and Dutch. Eokemont, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Huturdny. On the W. side is an artificial mount, with the ruins of a castle: and 3 miles S.E. of the town, in the woodea vale of the Calder, arc the remains of the Calder abbey. Egremont is seated near the Irish sea, on the river Eden; 5 mila> S.S.E. of Whitehaven, and 289 N.W. of London, near the Whitehaven and Furness Railway. Egypt, a country comprising the N.E. ex- tremity of Africa, having about 400 miles of coast between Alexandria and El Arisch, in- cluding the indentations of lakes and bays. Cajie Bourlos, its N. extremity, is in lat. 31. 36. N., from which point it extends inland to the frontier of Nubia, in the lat. of about 24.31., giving a length of about 500 miles, while its boundaries E. and W. are very un- defined. It is divided from Asia, at its N.E. extremity, by an extensive desert, and fur- ther S. by the Gulf of Suez and the Red sea See Suez. It is bounded on the W. by the deserts of Barca and Libya, and parts of Africa but little known, and in its extreme limits from W. to E. may be considered as comprising al)out 2 degrees of long, or 122 statute miles, between 31. and 33. E.; the inhabited parts, however, do not exceed more than 15 to 25 miles on each side of the Nile, which runs in a direction N. by W. through the whole extent of Egypt, except for about 120 miles above its entrance into the Medi- terranean, where it diverges into two main, and numerons collateral channels. This is called the Uelta of the Nile; comprising an area of about 12,000 square miles, studded, over the greater part, with towns and villages. This country, so celebrated in history for its fertility, its policy and arts, appears first to have obtained pre-eminence under the re- nowned Sesostris, about 1720 years antece- dent to the Christian era. For nearly four centuries prior to this period, Egypt appears to have been divided into several petty so- vereignties, under what were then termed Ilycsos, or Shepherd Kings, of whom Aniasis al Thctmosis was the first who gained an ascendency over his compeers: this ascen- dency was acquired about 100 years prior to that of Sesostris; and it appears to have been the descendants of Amasis who were ruling in Egypt at the time of the dearth in western Asia, when Jacob and his family established themselves in the valley of Gessen, or Goshen, E. of the Nile. From the descendants of Amasis and Sesostris spr.ang the race of the Pharaohs, who ruled over Egypt for twelve centuries, until Cambyses, king of Persia, be- came master of it, 525 years ii.c; and in their time all those wonderful structures were only ruins in all Holland. Near it are two I raised, and wo is perfected, which we cannot other villages; Egmont op Zee, a mile to the I behold withoi.c astonishment. These arc the EG Y 820 EGt '' ' I if! f*yratni(lH, the lftl>yriiitlifi,tIicimmcnso grottoes It the Thclxiid, tlic ubcliHks, tcinpluM, and poiit- puiiH paluccH, tlio luko Mdiiis, and the vuHt cii- ntilH wliich Herved both for trade nnd to irrigate the land. Afler this corxiuust, CamhyNCii dc- niolisliud the tein|)lc8, disinterrcil the remains ut' AinasiH, and burnt them, and peracciited the |)rie.us. Tliis country continued under tliu Persian yoke till the time of Alexander (>r Mucodon, who, having conquered Persia, huiit the city of Alexandria. Ho was suc- ceeded hy Ptolemy, the aon of Lngos, 324 years ii, o. Ten kings uf that name succeeded each other, till Cleopatra, the sister of the lust Ptolemy, ascended the throne ; when Egypt became a lioman province, nnd con- tinued so till the reign of Omar, the second caliph of the successors of Mahomet, who drove out the Iloinans alter it had been in their liands 700 years. When the power of the caliphsdeclincd, in the 13 century, Saladin set up the empire of the Mamelukes, which in time became so powerful, that they extended their dominions over a great part of Africa, Syria, and Arabia. Next, al)out l.'iTO, Kgypt yielded to the arms of Sclim, the second em- peror of the Turks. The present inhabitants are composed of four different races of people : the Turks, who .issume to bo masters of the country; tlie Saracen Arabs, who were con- quered by the Turks; the Copts, who are de- M'.i'iiiled from the first Egyptians that became Ciiristians; and the Mninehikos!, who wee originally Circassian or Mingrelian slaves, and, being the only military force, continued for centuries to bo the real masters of the country; and Egypt luid been for many years distracted by the civil wars between the dif- ferent contending beys, by which its twenty- four provinces were governed. The famous Hassen All, the Turkish admiral, gained several "ietorics over them in 1786; but though lie repressed, he could not totally subd no them. Tiio French invaded Egypt in 1798, under Gen. Buonaparte, who defeated the beys in several engagements ; but after the departure of IJuonapurte, and a strong British forte arriving to aid the country, the French were expelled in 1801. But the Turkish pacha, Mehemct Ali, finding the power of the Ma- melukes broken by their conflicts with the French, invited tlicin to his palace, under pretext of an entertainment, and then com- uieneed a general slaughter of them. A few escaped, but the power of these tyrants of Egypt, and the possessors of nearly all the land, was broken, and has now been reduced to insignificance. The complexion of the Egyptians is of a dusky brown ; they are generally indolent and cowai'dly; and the lower class are disgustingly filthy in their persons: the richer sort do nothing all day but drink coflco, smoke tobacco, and sleep; and they are ignorant, proud, haughty, and ridiculously vain. But the Copts are an ingenious people, and have great skill in business. From March to November, the heat, to a European, is almost insupportable | nut the other months arc mure teinpcrato. The south winds, which occur at intervals, from February to the end of May, arc by the natives called Khamsin, or poisonous winds, or the hot winds of the deserts; they are of such extreme heat and aridity, that no anima- ted body exposed to them can withstand their fatal influence; and for the threo days that they generally last, the streets are deserted. The sands are so subtle, that they penetrate into the closets, chests, and cabinets; which, with the hot winds, aro probably the cause ot ophthalmia being so very common here. It rains very seldom in Egypt; but that wani is fully supplied by the annual inundation of the Nile. When the waters retire, all the ground is covered with mnd; then the corn is harrowed into it, and in the following March (hero is usually a plentiful harvest. But some lands arc never fallow, and yield three harvests annually; particularly in Lower Egyjit, where sowing and reaping aro going on incessantly, wherever the water of the river can be ob- tained for irrigation. There is no place in the world better furnished with corn, flesli, fish, sugar, fruits, nnd all sorts of garden vegetables; and, in Lower Egypt, oranges, lemons, figs, dates, almunds, cassia, and plan- tains, are produced in great plenty. The ancient fertility of Egypt has been much extolled ; that it was more so than at present, is problematical. The fact has lately been elicited, that the valley of the Nile, and the breadth of the cultivable land, has consider- ably and progressively increased, from the deposits of the Nile, which have in somo places covered the ancient remains to the depth of seven feet; thus widening the an- cient valley in proportion to the depth of the deposit. Lentiles form a coiisiderablo article of food to the inhabitants of Upper Egypt, who rarely enjoy the luxury of rice; and onions, remarkably mild, and of the purest white, continue to be a favourite diet among all classes. The animals of Kgypt are tigers, hyenas, antelopes, npcs, black cattle, fi le horses, large asses, crocodiles, hip- popotami the cameleon, the cerastes, or horned '. iper, and a kind of rat called ichneu- mon; dagles, hawks, pelicans, water-fowls of all hiiids, and the ibis, which resembles a duck, and was deified by the ancient Egyp- tians, on account of its destroying serpents and noxious insects. The pyramids of Egypt, so justly celebrated as evidences of human labour and art, are all built on rocky and sandy plains; the largest is 500 feet in height, and covers 11 acres of ground. They are situate on the south part ot the Delta, or Lower Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile. Egy])t is now spoken of as divided into threo parts — Lower, or the Delta, Middle, nnd Upper. During the reign of some of the Pharaohs, Thebes in Upper Egypt, in the hit. of 2.5. 25., appears to have been the caplt;d of the whole country; afterwards transfein.d E II R 321 EIS tablet iiTiite. by tho winds, nro of inima- il their ya tluit •Sertoli, nctrate wliicli, nvuso ot lerc. It , wnni is in of the 1 ground arrowed clicro is ine lands harvests pt, where jessantly, m be ob- ) place in jrn, flesh, ,f garden , oranges, and phin- nty. Tlio eon much at ])rcsent, lately been , and the to Mem]>lii», in thclaf. of 29.; and during the t 'iijn ol'tlio I'tolemioH tlic hi at of the empire „aH transferred to Aiexundria; whilst at the />re.sent time Cairo is tiie seat of government, l/'iider Meliemct All, who has ruled since 1 708, l-'nypt has made advanccM in enterprise and cultivation, almost without a precedent; ami cotton, wool, indi;;o, HU}^ar, and grain, are again forming the basis of an extensive external connnerce. llis guvernment, how- ever, was tlespotii', and his system monopoly; all the commerce was in his own hands; the niaiinfacturcr and the agriculturist deposited their produce in the public stores, and received a moderate remuncraildn for tlicm. Tho p.i- cliathon retailed them forhisown|)rofit. lie instituted European tactics in his army, and the usages and sciences of nioro civilised life into his government; and introduced iii.\ny European men of science into the prin- cipal utlices of the government. lie was open t'l imv suggestions, formerly thought incom- 1 atililo with the Mussulman character. Tiio dis'.niction of the Mamelukes raised Mehemct Ali to almost a))Bolute power, wliich ho soon nl'tcrwanls assumed, and by tho force of arms wrested the provinces of Syria, Candia, an inhabitants. KiiiiKNBHKiTSTF.iN, ('tho broad stone of lioimnr" ) a fortress of Germany, in the circle fully 8iipi)licd with, water from n well 280 feet dec]). In the vale of Klireiibreitstein is an old palace which belonged to the Elector of Treves. This fortress surrendered to the French through famine, in I'Ui), after a blockatle of abovo 20 months. EiiiKNHTOcK, or KvnKNSTocK, a town of Ujipcr Saxony, in the circle of Er/.eberg, near tho N.W. frontier of Bohemia 60 miles S. by E. of Leipsic. Pop. 3200. EiciiSFKLi>T, a territory of Germany, nt tho N.E. extremity of the circle of tho Lower llliine; surrounded by Brunswick, Tiiuringia, and Hesse. It produces much flax and to- bacco. Ileiligenstadt is tho capital. It ia now divided between Prussia and Hanover: it formerly belonged to the Elector of Mcnta, and contained a population of 90,000, on a surface of r.boiit 600 sipiaro miles. Stadt Worbis and Mulhuusen are the other princi- pal towns. EiciisTADT, a town of Bavaria, in tho circle of Ucgensburg, capital of the dominions of tho Duke of Lciichtcnbcrg. It is well built, and stands on tho river Altmuhl. Here is tho summer residence of tho ducal family, a cathedral, palace, seminary, ninsciims, &e. it has four suburbs, and at 1 mile distant is a castlo on a height called Willibaldsburg, on tho site of a lioman fortress. The prin- cipality, of which it is the cn])ital, has about 217 square miles, and a pop. of 24,400. Tho town is 41 miles W.S.W of Katisbon. Pop. 7500 in 1840. Eii- Locii. See Linniie, Locir. EiLENiiURO, a town of Upjur Saxony, in M^snin, situate on tho Mulda; 12 miles N.E. of Leii)sic. Ei-MEo, one of tho Society Isles, in tlio Pa- cific Ocean; lying 12 miles W. of Otalieitc. Tho products of tho two islands, and the manners of the people, are much the same. Eimco has stoop, rugged bills, running in dill'crent directions, leaving 'argo valleys, and gently rising ground about their sides. Tlia hills, tliough rocky, are g< nerally covered with trees almost to the trps. EiNUECK, a fortified tQvn of Hanover, in tho principality of Grubenhagcn. It was formerly celcb'Mted for its beer, and row has manufactures 0-' cloth, and all kinds of stuti's; and in the mountains near it are mines of silver, iron, copper, and lead. It is siniato 17 miles N. of Gottin^ccn, and 45 S. ol' llaa- ovcr. Pop. about 5400. Eisenach, or Evsexacii, a town of Upper Saxony, at the western extremity of Thurin- gia, capital of a principality of the same name, witli a celebrated college. The duke resides in a castle within the town; and there is another on a mountain out of it, called Wart- burg, which, in 1521, was for some time the asylum of Luther. It is seated on the Nessc, at its conflux with the Ilorsel; 16 miles \V. of Gotha. Long. 10. 21. E. lut. 61. 0. N Top. with its suburbs, 9325. Y !' m ELB 823 E L B ■;{'; ^^ f EiSENARTZ, or EiSENiTz, a town of Ger- many, in Styria, famous for its iron mines; 34 niiles N.N.W. of Grutz. EisENBERO, another town in Tlinringiu; 35 miles S.VV. of Leipsic. Pop. 3300. EiSENSTADT, a towp of Hungary, with a magnificent palace; 5 miles N.W. of Olden- bur;;, and 27 S. of Vienna. EiSLEBEN, a town of Ui)per Saxony, capi- tal of the county of Manslicid, with a (lecayed castle. The celebrated liUther was born and dieah'. ;ec In the churches of St. Andrew and St. Awx are tiie superb burial plac s of tiie ancient counts of Mansfield. Eislcbcn contains many breweries, and derives mu, h profit from the nciijhbourinn; iron mines. It is 28 miles N.N.W. of Naumburg. Lon^. 11. 47. E. hit. 51. 32. N. EissFELD, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Col)urg, with a castle. It has manufactures of vitriol, &c., and stands on the Werra, near its seurce; 7 miles E. of Hildburghauscn. Ejea. de LOS Caballeros, a town of Spain, in Navarre. It is about 40 mil",;; N. VV. of Zaragoza. Pop. 2000. Ekaterinburg. See Catiiarinbuhci. Elba, an island in the Mediterranean sea, between Italy and the island of Corsica, and separated from Tuscany by the ciiaiincl of Piombino. It was known to the Greeks by the name of ^Ethalia, and to the llomans by that of Ilva. The form of the island is very irregular; the length from E. to W. is about 14 miles, and the greatest brcalth, which is at the W, end, is between 8 and 9 miles: it contains a population of about 14,000 souls. The whole island presents numerous mountains, separated by deep val- leys, and some plains of consideral)le extent ; the S.W. part is the most elevated, and is composed of biack and white granite, sus- ceptible of a fine polish. Elba has been re- nowned for its mines of iron and loadstone, for a period beyond the reach of history. Aristotle speaks of them as opened from time immemorial: it has idso quarries of fine marble. On the N.E. part is the mountain, or mine of iron ore, which supplies most of the forges of Italy. The tower of Voltorajo stiMids on this mountain, on a sluiggy rock. The view from this tower is wonderfully fine every way, as the eye overlooks the whole island, that of Corsica, many sr-attored islets, the channel of Piombino, iind a great range of continent. On the E. side of the mountain stands Rio, n village inhabited by nonc^rs. Ui .;r it breaks out the only rivulet in i'jli)a, which does not run above a mile before it falls into the sea; but the water gushes out of tfie rock in such abundance, that it turns seventeen mills in that short course. The soil of Elba is very shallow, with seamy room for cultivation, and few ])i;ices level enough for corn, producing little more than :ix months' provisions for its iidiabitants: btit the island is so situate that it can, in sp- J of a blockading fleet, be always sup- plied with ])rovisions, and the garrison with reinforcements. The v.iiie is good, if made with care, and properly kept; the fruit of its Standard trees are excellent, though not in great plenty; orange and lemon trees thrive very well in the sheltered valleys and n:ir- row plains near the sea. There are several s]Miiigs of excellent water in the islaiul; and the climate is much milder than the adja- ceut continent, for it produces many fruits and plants that cannot stand the TiLsciin winters. Among tiie animals and I uls are wild hoars, heilgehogs, partridges, quails, canary-birds, nightingales, ortolans, iti:. This island was held with Piombino. by the Api)iani, as a fief of the eni])ire, till Cl^arles V. thought proper to transfer it to Cosmo I. dnke of Florence, that he might rescue it and. the adjacent coast from the Turks ami i'rench. Before the French revolution, it was subject to the IVince of Piombino, ex- cept Porto Ferrnjo and Porto Longone, the former belonging to the Duke of Tuscany, and the latter to the king of Naples; but in 1801 the French became possessed of the whole island, which owes its celebrity to ihe circumstance of its having been ceded liy the powers of Europe in full sovereignty to Napoleon Bonaparte, after the surrender of Paris to the allies in March, 1814. Jle landed at Porto Ferrajo, the cajiital of the island, on the 4tli of May in that year, but on the 26th of February following, he eni- liarked again for France, and reached Paris without encountering the least obstruction; alter which the island was wholly ceded to the Grand Duko of Tuscany •. it 's now incorporated with the new kingilom .if Italy. Porto Ferrajo, on the N. side ot t!iu iaiand, is in lat. 4::. 50. N., and 10, 15. of E. long. Elbe, a river of Enro[ic, rising on the S. side of the Eclineekoppe, one of the Kei- sengebirge mountains, on the N.E. frontiir of Bohemia, bordering on Silesia, in the lat. of 50. 30. N. and 1". 35. of E. long., lluws S. for about 40 miles past Konigingratz to Pardubitz, in the circle of Chrudim, from whence it takes a meandering course in a X. \V. direction to Melnick, where it receives the Moldau from the frontiers of Austria on the S.: from Melnick it continues a windiii;,' course through the circle of Leutnieritz. iu which it receives the Eger from the IroiitiiT of Franconia, on the W.S.W., and then en- ters the circle of Meissen in Upper S.iXwiiv, still numiiig in a N.W. direction past Dres- den in the duchy ui' Saxony to jMagdchur::; from whence it takes a dirccticni N. by K. to Ilavel berg, where it receives the ILivel; from llavelbcrg, it intersects, in a N.W. ili- rection. the Old Mark of Braiidcnbiirg, ami tlien divides Mcckleiitmrg Schwcriii. twi the duchy of Saxe Lnuciibiirg on the N.. fnjm Ijineburg Zell to Hamburg; Iroin whence it becomes uavijjablo for ships uf smm~s& Wt^wj ' -JWM WB ELB 323 ELG lys sup- on with if iniule iiit of its 1 not in cs tlii'ivo vi\(l n-.ir- t suviviil the iiiijii- iuiv t'niit'* c T'.isi"iii V, -lis are Urns', ^''ii"- ino. hv tl>e Cosmo I. ,t rescue it Turks and voUilioii, it )mbin(), ex- A>n?one, the of Tuscany, pics; hut in lesscd of the lehriiy to the uen ceded by -,vcvei'^uty to surrender ot , 1814. Ho ('ariial ot l\>o tlu\t year, hut awius, he eni- f readied Tans it ohstrneuiiii; rholly i;*!'!^'' ^"^ . it 's now kingdoni nf K. bide ol tne 10. 15. of tj- ^isiuRon thcS. ,0 of the llti- N.E. frontu'V c-»iii, ill the Uvt. E. h.nft., 11^'^^'^ :oui;;i"K«-'^'f ;; Cliru.liu>, l>-o"> course iu a iM- ,,ve it receives rsof A"^t'''";."" .hiuesawhulu,^ lA'utmeni/-. i" „u ttic i'voiitier r and tli^'" '^"' tvliei- Sakv.iiv, .tlon past l)-s- Vo Ua-.U-.hu>' . irection N. hv '• •,ves the n:.veU [. in a^-^^- , .,;u,dcuhuvt:, 'i ■ SchNVCvn;- '^^'^ h.nr.r on the >•; 'lUmhurp; 'vom Jblo for Bh>r «f the largest burthen, dividing for about 70 miles tlie ducliy of Ilolsteiii on the N. from Bremen on tlic S., and, after a course of 380 miles in a meridional line, and up- wiirds of 720 miles l)y the course of the ■treaui, falls into the North Sea ot Cuxhaven, ill the lat. of 53.52. N. aud 8. 4(5. of E. long. The Elbe is rendered subservient to the pur- poses of mvvigation, and, by itself aud nu- merous collateral brandies, receives anil distributes produce along various lines of I ?uiUry several hundred miles in extent. See LuuEC. Jm.herfeld, atown of Illicnish Prussia, in '•,hel has some good streets and scpiares. liic principal church has a ma- jestic dome. There is a nnigniticent old castle, belonging to the Duke of Arcos. A large qiumtity of the dates are exported to England, under the name of Barbary date.s. Barilla is also largely made and exported. Pop, including the suburbs, 22,828; 15 miles W.S.W. ofAhcant. Er.cniNGKN, a village of Suahia, on the N. bank of the Danube, aliont 5 milcfi N.E. of Ulm, where a battle was fought between the Piench aiiil Austrians, in 1805, which ob- tained for Ney, one of Buonapartes gene- rals, the title of Duke of Elchingen. Elda, a town of Spain, in Valeiu'ia; 20 miles W.N.W. of Alieant. Elei'iiasta, called by the natives Chnri- poor, an island on the W. coast of Ilimlos- tan; ■) miles from Bombay. It contains one of tlie must celebrated temples of the Hin- doos. The figure of an elephant, of the na- tural size, cut coarsely in stone, appears on the landing-place, near the foot of a moun- taiii. An easy shipe then leads to a subter- ranean temple, hewn out of the solid rock, 80 feet long anil 40 broad, the roof supported liy rows of pillars 10 feet high. At the further end are giLrantic lisures of the three Hindoo t Indies, one of the principal on tiie Ba- hama hank. It proia, capital of Saaz, Nvitb a It 50. B. l''^- the department P'.red i;reai>> '" .„ of Louis XI ' „U These CN- "rnvolberstvuc •They arc "^ flertcd, and partly in ruins. It i.« 1.5 m. N. of Aurun<^at)ad. Lat. 19. 58. N. long. 75. 23. E. ELniiN, a town o'' Ireliuid, in the count}' of llo.seonnnon, and tlio .sec of a hi.shoi); 16 miles N. of Ko.scoinnioii. Eluicu, a toivn of L'ppcr Saxony, in Thu- rirsyia; the caj)ital of t,lic •wniity of llohen- Btein. It stand.s on the rivir Zorijo; 12 m. M.N.W. of Nordhau.sen. Long. lo. 43. E. iat. .'■)1..38. N. Ei.sri,i;r, a town of We.'itpltaHa, at the coiifiux of tiie Ilnntorf with the Wcser; 13 miles E.N.E. of Oldenburg, and l.> N.W. of Bremen. ELSiNHimo. See IlEr.siNDraGH, I'^LMMoiiE, or TlELSiy(;oR, a town of Dvn- miirk, seated on the Sound, in flie f.^le of Zeahind, It is the most commercial place in Denmark, next to Copenhagen, hcin^ the rusiiUiiiee of a consiiierahle number of foreign meroh.iiit.s, and the consuls of the priiicipid nations trading to the Baltic, A little to the E. is the fortress of Kronborg, which guards the Sound. Every vessel, as it pa.'iscs, pays a toll at Elsinorc; in return for which, tlie crown takes the charge of constructing lighthouses, and erecting signals to mark the s'lo ils and rocks, fnmi the Cat- tegat to the entrance into the Baltic. Elsi- nore has no harbour, but a good and s.ife road. It is well known to English readers, being the scene of Sliakspere's Hamlet, a drama, foundi;d on fact, but so buried in re- mote anticpiity, as to be ditfieult to discern tiie truth from table. It is 22 miles N.. of Co- ,)enlnigen. Long. 12. 30. E. lat. .56. 2. N. tSee CkonbouCt. Elstek, WiuTr, and Rt.ACK, two rivers of Up])er Saxony: the Hrst rises near tlie nor- tlieru frontier of Franconia. and ritim N. neaily parallel with, and E. of the Saal, into wliicli it falls ahont 18 indcs N.W. of Lcip- sie; this river proved very disastrous to the French troops, on their retreat alter the bat- tle of Lcipsie, in October 1813. The Black Elsier rises near '.he Spree in Upper Lusatia, and after a winding course E. of the fAbv, falls into that river in the duchy of Saxony, Ei.si i:itiii;uo, a town on the VV, bank ol the While Elster, neav its source; 7 miles N. of Planne. Ki.sTEitWERnA, a town and castle of Up- per Saxony, in ili.snia, on the E. bank of tiic Blaek' Elster; 24 miles N. by VV. of Dresden. Ei.sTow, a pari.sh in Bedfordshire, 2 milts S. ol' Hedlord, celebrated as being the birth- plaei'of John IJunyan. Ei.T'iAM, a town in Kent, with a market on .ilonday. Here are the remains of a once ii'ihfj palace, in which the kings of England, down to the time of the Connnonwealth, of- ten resided; it was then totally destroyed by the fanmirs, except its stately i all whieh still remains; John of Elthani, son of Ed- ward II., was born here. It la 8 miles S.W. ol Lundyn Bridge. Ei.vAs, a strong frontier town of Portugal, in Alcntejo, and a bishop's sec, with a cas- tle. Here is a cistern so largo, that it will hold water enough for the town for six months. The water is brouglit by a Moor- ish aqueduct, 3 miles in length, which, ia some places, ia snjjported by several stones of arches. On the side of it is a forest of olive-trees, among wdiich are walks and lino mountains. Elvaa was bombarded by the French in 1706. A royal academy for young gentlemen was founded herein 1733, It is seated near the Guadiana; 1 Smiles W". of Badajos, and 118 E.of Lisbon. Pop. aboiiS 1 6,000. Elwaxgex, a town of Suabia, near the S. frontier of Franconia, with a castle on a mountain; seated on the Jaxt; 18 milesN.W. of Nordingen. Ely, a city in Cambridgeshire, and a bishop's sec, \\ ith a market on Thursday. It is seated on the Ouse (which is navigable hence to Lynn), in the fenny but exceedingly- fertile tract called tlie Isle of Ely. The spr!t)g assizes are held here. It is a county of itself, including the territory around it, and had a distinct civil and criminal jurisdiction, of which the bishop was the head, which has been recently abrotrated. It hn.s a fine cathedral, and an episcopal palace. It is at the junction of tlie East Anglian, Yarmouth, and March branches of the E. Counties Ry., and is 17 m. N of Cambridge, and 67 N. by E. of London. Ely, or Elie, a town of Scotland, on the S.E. coast; of Fifcshire, with a good harbour, but it has but iittle trade. It is opposite to North Berwieir, and forni-i the N. point of entrance to the Frith of Foith, I'.i.viti.*, a town of the state of Ohio, and one, of the pleusantest places in t)ie state. It is se.'it.'.'d in a plain between two braache.'? of the Blaek river, on each of which is a fall; 116 nd!(;.« .N.N.E. of Columbu.s. i'op. 1636 in 1840. Elze, a town of Lower Saxony, in tho principality of Hildesheim: seated on the Leina: 12 miles S.W. of HiiSesheim, and 20 S. of llunovcr. E.M!J(;!.\', or J.EMUOLI, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, and a Greek arch- bishop's see. It is the ancient Amphipoli.s, and is sometimes called Christopolis. ii is seated on f.lie Strumona, at its entrance into tlic Gulf of Conics.sa. Long. 23. 55. E. lat, , 4,0. 5'.1. N. EiinRTiN, a city of France, in the depart- ment of Up;A.'r Alps. It has a fortress built by I.ouis XIV., and is seated on a craggy rock, near the river Durance; 17 mile.i E of Gap. It is tlie seat of a prefect, and con- tains .3002 inhibitarits. Emden, a strong town of Hanover, capital of E. Friesland. It has a good harbour and a safe road at the mouth of the Enis; and considerable manufactures of stockings, voap, leather, and cotton. The greatest part of the inhabituuts are Calvinists, but the.r« ai4 f?V'>l'^»-*««™^»«»< E N G Oi. i6 ENG ^ s t t'- .1 IIP nome Lutherans, Papists, and J(?\v,s. It was a free port uiulertl.'c jjrotcctioiiof ilie D'nitcd Provinces, but \\\ 1T44 tlioy soltl tlicir ri;;h!- to the King ot" Prussia. It was a Udiuial port daring tlic cariy part of tlic war l)etwe(;ii England and France, which bi'gau in 1793. It is now inciiided :n the kiri^Join of Han- over, of which it is the second town in .size and importance; population, about 12,000. It is ii8 ni. li.N.E. of (ironingon, luul 47 VV. N.W. of Oldcuburj^*. Long. 7. 8. E, lut. 53. 20. N. EiiMEKtUNGEN, a town ofSuahia, inBris- Kau, and chief town in. the inarquisatc of Hochberg: seated on the river Ens; 10 miles N. by W. of Friburg. E.MMEUitnc, a strong town in Germany, in the duci\y of Cleve. It has a considerable trade with Uolhnid, and is seated on the illiine; 22 miles N.W. of VVe^el. E.MMKTTSiuiKO, u town of Maryland, 60 rniles N.W. of Annapolis. Mount St. Mary's coHego (Jlomau Catliolic) is near it. E.MS, a river of Westpludia, which rises in the territory ofPaderborti, and, nfieracoar.se of about 150 miles in a N.N. W. direction, flows, at Eniden, into the Dollurt, a bay of tile GcriDun Oetan. Ems, or Emus, a town of Germany, in Ty- rol, near which are soniis baths iinprtgnar- d witli suiph\jr. It is 10 miles S.E. of the Lake of Co\istance. F/NcmiYSEN, or Enkhutzen, a town ot North Holland, on the. Zuyder Zee. It was once a flourisliing pluee; but, its harbour being now obstructed l)y sand, it has lost its former consequeuci'. It W'ls taken by the Eii^'lish in 1709. It is 27 miles N.E. of Am- Bterdatn. Endincen, a town of Suabia, in Br";,gnu, near the Jlljint; 7 rniles N.N.E. of Uld Briaaeli. ENriELD, a town in ^Middlesex, with a market on Saturday. It was once fainous for an cxteu;aBLiioL.M,a seaport of Sweden, in Seho- ncn, on a bay of the Cattegat, with good an- chorage near ttie entrance to the Sound. In 1078 it was talien by the Danes, aft^r an obstinate defence. It is 44 miles N. by W, of Lund, L(mg. 12. ,57. E. lat. ,56. 22. N. Eis'(.iKKS, a town of Germany, in the VVes- terwald; capital of a county of its name; seated near ihe Rhine; 5 miles N.W, of Co- blentz. ENanEiH, a town of Belgium, in Ilainault, 15 miles S,W. of BrusscLs, on the road to Towrnaj', It gave tlie title of duke to one of the Bourbon family. E,VGin.v, EcriNA, or Mcxsk^ (its ancient name,) an island of Greece, in the Gulf of Egina, between Livadia and the Morea. It ha.s a town of the s.ame name ; 22 mile,i a. S. W. of Athens. Long. 23. 39. E. lat. 37. 45. N. England, the southern part of the island of Great Britain, is a very irregularly-shaped territory, extending in its extreme length, from the Land's End in C(»rnwall, in the bit. of 49. 57^. ami long, of ,5. 41. 31. to Ber- wick, at tlie mouth of the Tweed, which di- vi.les it froi,\» Scotliirid, in the lat. of .55.46.21. N. and 1. .59. 4 1 . of W. long. The meridional distance between tucsc two points i.s ,'506 geographical, or 425 Erij^iish statute miles; this line, however, intersects the entrance to the Bristol Channel, South and North V\^lles, and tlie Irish sea; the extreme meridional lino that could bo drawn on Engli.sh ground from N, to S., would be from Berwick to St. Alban's Head, in the county of Dorset: this line would measure ,'566 stiUute rniies; and the extreme length from W. to E. would be irom the Land's End, Cornwall, to the Dud- geon liglit, on the N.E. coast of Niai'"!!;, wdiich would nicasure 359 statute miles. The four S.E. counties of Somerset, Dorset, De- von, and Cornwall, however, form a promon- tory ; and, as the superficial area of Erigl.iial, b)' actual fiurvey proves to be about ,'J7,(?ii! square miles, taking the length from .V. to S. to be 30fi miles, the mean breadth I'.eiu VV. to E. will be within 1.50 miles. Tin; s'/a OR the 8. is called the Engli.sh Channel, an 1 divides England from the N. W. const of France; the .'•ea at the S.E. point is calliil the Straits of Dover,, and divides England from the N.W. point of France and the Ni- therlands; the sea on the E. coiist of Ei:|i'- land is ca!li'(\ the North sea, or Geni; m Ocean, and divides England Irom Holland, Germany, and Dcnmaik; tlie sea on the -N. W. coa,s't of r.iigland is called the Iri.'^li i^t*. and divides Englaml from the N.E. com tot Ireland. Wales, North and South, Seniid the centre of its western side; and tie ' ''" S. W. counties before mentioned, pruj(.i.t Uu; ,A.tlautie Gcean. y!8 S Bw»*ft^w mmm Willi ENG 327 ENG in ai;l»«- iiml. III ;. by w. 22. N. t\io Wes- ts uiiine; VV, of Co- Ilahiault, le roiul to o to one ot its ancient he Gulf of Movea. It , . 22 mile.'} ^39. E. li^t- ,fthc ialtni'^ •erne leu'^illi, vU, in tlie lilt. , 31. to Bcr- ed, NvViieli «U- t. of 55.46.21. 'ho meviilioiuu puinis !.■» f>^ [suitute mil'-'; ic entvan(;c to N^onlnWalcM, ne meri<\i«.'i''^ ;ngl'"^» ground Vicvwiek to St. of Dorset: tins itc iniies; "'Hi ,0 E. woulo be. ai, to the V)ii 1- ,1 of N.vt;;'.!^, ,uemi\e,«. "^ ,(..{:, Dorset, I'e- Form IV pvonuiu- rca of En;i-1'''"'; a\)Out .'V.'A't-'' th from N. 1*1 ■ breadll! v.'^^'^i miles. The ? '^^ li Cliannel, uu i N.W. const; " ■pciint 19 '••^l''^' ,ivid.3 Eni.'>:\'>;' nee au'l the ^>• E, coast ot y--^'K sea, or Gevu: "A ,i trom Ho '>u>a, le sea on .t 'c >• U the Irish K.V JheiM.i^. c".'-;;; |(\ South, " '"_. ami vl ■' ' .Hi ill ll Of ilu; work.s of iiiiin, in adaptinji; the na- tural reiiourccs of Eiij;l;iud to liis use, it would be iiu|)o.ss!ljle lierc t(.* dilate. In the dcHcription of the respective countit's, wo have (i;iveu those Meccs.sarily cureoiy notices of tlieir principal fcalures. The pojiulation of England lias progres- sively and immensely increased, bnt of its exact amount, prior to 1801, we have no knowledj^e beyond surmises. At the time ot tho Nonnari conquest, it wa.s probably Tlio details of the 1 \st, in 186 about 2,150,000. In 1377, the amount per- haps might have been about 2,500,000. In Elizabeth's reign, it might have b(ii;n4,500,000, or 5,000,000, and at the revolution in 1696, it was supposed to be 5,500,000. England is divided into forty counties, and these are subdivided into hundreds and parishes. The following table will show the extent and population of the several counties as iiscertained by the several censuses after 1801. l> me given in tlie Appendix. Increase Increase IncreoAe norease C0UNTJE3. 1801. per Cunt. ISU. |.r CcuL 1821. 83,716 131,977 134,068 per CouL 1831. per Cunt 18». Bn'fortl f;.i3,n3 lO'i.^l.'i 107,414 11 8 9 70,213 118.277 117,000 19 11 14 14 10 9 95,483 145.389 14«,529 13' 10-2 6-4 107,937 160,220 15.5,989 lle.-!-,7 3;,5G8 5 14 12 91.073 lll.t;54 42,208 10 16 15 10.1,243 129.714 48,771 7 10 9 111211 143,341 53,lt2 2-9 ;i-6 lOM 114,438 157,237 58,699 Kent 307,021 C7'!,731 MO.iiHl 2;js,.V)7 SIS.IW 273,371 i:!l,757 l.'i7.ini 140,3.')0 10!>,020 21 23 16 14 17 36 7 7 9 16 373,095 828 .109 1.-Sii4iy 237,S91 9,5.1.276 02,127 2r)l,'l9!) 1)I..V)3 i7-'.lGI 102,900 14 27 10 19 20 15 IS 15 1.5 15 420,010 1.0.i2.S.59 171.571 283,053 1,144 5.11 71,SJ3 311,308 162,4S3 19,-<..9';5 18C,i<73 12 27 11 12 19 36 13 10 12 20 479,155 1.3.16 854 197,003 317,465 1,35^,110 9S,130 3'0.054 179, ,136 2:2,9,'2 225,327 144 24-7 9-5 14-2 16- 30-9 5-7 10-9 12-2 10-8 548,161 1,667,064 215,855 362,717 1,.576.616 134,349 412,621 1 ',.9,061 250.268 249,773 I.ancn?tov l.'ii'iM cr ,. l.iju'olii,, .« Mi.iiiU'Si'X .Muiiniuuth Norfolk SiMtl.iii\i\itiin .Nothi;iiiln.rl.ul(l NoUiiighain Oxford 9 119,191 15 136,971 11 152,150 01 161,573 Hutl nd iC,3.i6 I6v,n.'i;i 271,7Vi 21!).(;.-i6 23;i,ir,,) 210.1.(1 26'/.OJ3 159,311 16 12 12 21 11 20 i;* 16,3S0 191,29'' aol.lhO 21.5,OKO 29.5. 15.1 214,211 8/1 ''ll 1(/0.||'-.I 13 r, 17 I.'i5 17 !5 23 18,487 206,1. -,3 3-.-) 314 2":!. 29^ 315 S95 270,5 12 S'iS.O.'iH 213,019 6 8 13 11 19 22 17 19,385 222,938 404200 314, '80 410,.I2 296 117 4Ki;,i:tl 272,3 10 10- 7-2 7-8 )2-9 2r2 /is 19-7 10- 121.340 239.014 4*':.O02 3)4,1*40 510,21*6 31:-. li"/ ,58i,';ii 2j9,770 S,-,lop snniiivet ... .. , ... Sontli.'imiiton\,l'..iits) Stid'oid Suffolk Mirn.'y Sussex .. , W.v,^ ..; • i-^diiorcland 201.100 41 617 H.'i.l07 ia9,3;i;) 110,9:/2 10 10 r, la a'lH,v:ir, 45,!/J:( l93.»-.;h IW) 646 ■J) l-> !;> 15 27t..192 .' 1 .,15 :» 22! l.-,7 184,424 23 7 8 15 336.610 6,^041 249 1 -,6 211,365 19-4 2 5 82 10'4 402. 1-M 460,007 i.13,484 A urtrostOT York (E.ist R n^) .. 16 131,(17 14 151,010 10 168,891 14-6 193,676 City of York and Ainstcy 24,;i93 12 27,10 ( la 30,451 17 a5,362 8-3 38,322 York (N nr^h Ridiiji,). ^or!t I Wrtst Riding),, ISd.-ill 7 III imnni 055,01' II 22 187 152 801,271 3 23 190.756 976,3.^0 7-2 I8'2 201.662 1,1,>4.924 ENGLAND 8.331,4.11 14 5 U,51-i,.1i; i 170 11, ,•(!), 417 10 13,091,005 14-5 14 9.9.5,.508 ^ie surpiissed. The improvement in the vege- table products of this isiaiKl is not less strik- ing tiian in the animal. Nuts, acorns, cralis, and a few wild berries, v.erc almost all tlie variety of vegetable food which its wooils couhrboast. To other countries, and to the efforta of culture, it ia indebted for cora, Ej. breed, are supe- ' licu'y of flesh, > en the several ined to degrees raeitv, rarely to •mestic pouUr\, muncroas; tl>c of the pheasant, htingale, cannot Lent in the vcgc- is not less stnk- |ls. acorns, crali*. almost all t.ic vhieh its ^vood3 ,tries, and to t!.« .ebted for corn, esculent roots, plants, and all its garden fruits. The seas, as well as the rivers of England, are stocked with a great variety of fisii, which yielil a plentiful article of pro- vision to all r'lnks of people. Of the eavly history of England but little is known prior to its becoming a province of the lloman empire, during the first century of the Christian era. Tiie first invasion of England hy the Romans was under Julius Cicsar, in the year 55, at which period the country was inhabited by a very numerous but hardy and rude race of people, denomina- ted Britons, living in tribes and subject to an austere and rigorous prieithoo was aKsaileiincii)al towns are, Lagos, Lape- da, and M meao, on the S. bank of the Min- ho, which divide." tiie province from the S]»anisli province ot Galieia; Fort do Lima and Viana, near the mouth of the Lima, BarcoUos, between Braga and the mouth of the Cabado, Guimaraens and Amarante on the S.E., and Oporto on the N. bank, near the mouth of tli.' Douro, which separates the province from Beira. Ei'EiuEs, a town of Upper Hungary, capi- tal of the county of Saros, celebrated for its mines of salt. It is seated on the Tatza; 20 miles N.K. of Cassovia. Long. 21.13. E. lat. 48. 50. N. Pop. about 7500. Epernay, a town of Erance, in tlie de- partment of Marne. It was taken by Henry IV. in 1592, when Marshal Biron was killed while the king's hand was on his shoulder. It is the chief town of the champagne wine districts, and its wine vaults, cut in the chalk rock, are expensive and curious. It is 17 m. N.\V. of Chalons, on the Paris and Siras- bourg railway, with a po])ulation of 54 Ei'ERNON, a town of France, ni the partmcnt of Eure and Loire; 15 m. N.N.. of Chartres. EriiEsns, an ancient and ruined city, near the modern village of Aiasluk, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 38 miles S.S.E. of Smyrna, anciently one of the most splendid cities of Asia Minor, and the most frequent- ed emporium of that continent. Of its for- mer splendour there is nothing to be seen but heapa of marble, overturned walls, co- lumns, capitals, and pieces o*" statues. The fortress, which is upon an eminence, scenic to have been the work of the Greek em- perors; and also the a(pieduct, part of which is yet standing, sup|)orted by |)illars of tine marble. The eastern gate has three basso- relievos, taken from some ancient monu- ments; that in tho middle was constructed by the Uonnuis. The most remarkai)lo structure was tiie Temi)le of Diana, deemed one of the seven wonders of the world, and which the primitive Cliristians had convert- ed into a church; but it is now so entirely ruined, that it is not easy to lind the gnmnd plot. Ephesus is seated near the mouth of the Cayster, which formerly arturded a good harbour for ships, but is now almost choked up with sand. The present inhabitants are only Greek peasants, who live in extreme wretchedness and insensibility. It is 30 miles S.S.E. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 23. E. lat. 38. 8. N. Efhrata, or ToNKERSTOWN, ft town of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster county, and the principal settlement of a sect called Tunkers (Dippers), who are of German extraction, and first appeared in America in 1719. It is 22 miles N. of Lancaster. Pop. 2803. Epinal, a town of France, capita' of the department of Vosges. It is famous for its paper-mill; it is seated on the river Moselle, near the mountains of the Vo.sges : 65 miles S.W. of Strasburg, and 195 E. by S. of Paris. Pop. 1836, 8742. EriNGEN, a town of South Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden; 20 miles S.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 3000. Ei'iRUS, a sandjak of Turkey in Europe, in the pachaiic ot Albania. It is inhabited principally by Arnauts. Epi'INo, a town in Essex, with a market on Friday. It is famous for excellent butter; it is seated at the N. end of a forest of the same name; 17 miles N.N.E of London. Epsom, a town in Surrey, which has, from the number of opulent people residing ia and near it, a daily market. It is celebrated for its mineral waters and salts; and on its neighbouring downs are annual horse-races. It is connc i,i;d with London by a continua- tion of the Croydon railway. It is 15 miles S.S.W. of London. Epwouth, a town in Lincolnshire, in the isle of Axholm, with a market on Timrsday, and a manufacture of sacking. John Wes- ley was bom here. It is 11 m. N. of Gains- borough, and 106 N.N.W. of London. Eqcador. See Colombia. Erbacu, a town of Wirtemberg, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is 22 miles W. by S. of Wertlieim, and 35 S.S.E. of Frankfort. ErbiI/, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pachaiic of Kurdistan. It occupies a hill in the midiit of fruitful plains, near the ancient Arbela, the scene of the defeat of Darius, by Alex- ander the Great, a. c. 331. 3 I E li I S&l ERI KuKici.i, 11 tovvii of Kuriipeaii I'lU'Wcy, on thy N. sliore ut'ilie Sea of Miiriiiipni, ')'> miles W. of Con.stiiiitiiU)])lo. It was tlio iinciunt Meraclia, ami euiitains tlic ruins of uii um|ilii- tiiuatrc, built i)y tliu emperor Severus; anil n wall at some former time extended from this place to Derkus, on tlie shore of the Black Sea, a distance of about 55 miles, the object of wiiich seems to have l)een the pro- tection of Constantinople from the nortliurn oarbarians. There is another town of the same nunc, on theS.VV. shore of the Black Se.i; 130 miles E. by N. of Constantinople. EuFUKTii, a city of Upper Saxony, for- merly a free imperial city, and the capital of Tliurinj^iii, with a nnivcrsity and two stroni;^ fort>*. It has three fine libraries, one of w'licli belonj^s to the papists, another to the university, and a third to the protestant mi- nisters. The inhabitants are computed at 15,000. A fire haiipenod here in 173(i. which burnt down 180 houses, and several churches. Pop. in 1836, 8742. In 1806 it was taken by tlie French; and in 1814 it surrendered to the allies. It is seated in a fertile oountrv, on the river Gerar; 58 miles W.S.W. ofLcipsic. EiuBOL, Locii, in Scotland, an arm of the sen, on the N. coast of Sutherlandshire, in the long, of 4. 30. \V., capable of attbrding a safe retreat to the largest vessels. It re- ceives several streams: particularly that which flows from a lake called Loch Hope. EuiciiT, Locii, a lake of Scotland, lying in the counties of Inverness and Perth. It is 24 miles in length, and one in breadth, sur- rounded by lofty mountains and rugged elitl's, and its banks covered with heath and a few straggling birches and alders. Its outlet, at the S. extremity, is the river Erieht, which flows into Loch liannoch. EuiE, Lakk, one of the great clinin of lakes in Nonh America, lies between 79. and 84. W. long, aii'l 41. and 43. N. hit. Its length is 260 miles, a.id 40 its medium breadth. It is upwards of 650 miles iu circumference, and navigable for ships of any burden. Its depth in the centre is 120 feet. It is 565 feet above the level of tide water in the Hud- son at Albany; and it is 330 feet above the level of Lake Ontario, into which it dis- cliargos its waters by the falls of Niagara, riie coast on both sides is generally favour- ttl)le for batteaux and canoes; yet in some places, chiefly on the S. side, there are rocks that run several miles in length. Some of these, near the mouth of the Cayahoga, rise 40 nr 50 feet perpendicular out of the water, nnd [)roject over the lake so as to inspire dread in the boldest breast, when they are approached. This lake, at its N.VV. end re- ceives the waters of the great chain from tlie N.W. by the river Detroit, and discharges them by the river Niagara, over the great falls at its N.E. end, into Lake Ontario. It forms the boundary line between the United States and Britisli North American ferrit >- ries, both parties claiming an equal right u( navigation. The navigation on this lake \h very great in amount. A large number of steamers and other ships are always travers- ing it, excej)t in winter, when it is frozen over for a consiilcrable period. It is the. outlet of a large chain <-f connecting canals, which reniler its navigation of great import- ance, and which is consequently fast increas- ing. The Erie Canal is the ])rincipal, 360 miles long, connecting it with the Hudson river and the Atlantic at New York, and it is coinieeted with the Gulf of Florida by the Ohio canal; 334 miles long to the Siioto. During the war of 1812-1815, the Ameri- cans had a squadron of 9 vessels, carrying 56 guns, and the British, one of 6 vessels, carrying 69 guns; on the 10th September 1813, after an action of three hours, tho wh(de of tho British squadron surrendered to the American Commodore Perry. Erie, a county on the N.VV. extremity of the state of Pennsylvania, the W.N.W. sido is washed by the waters of the lake, the W. end borders on the state of Ohio, and the E. end on that of New York. Its area is about 750 square miles. Pop. 31,344. A town of the same name, seated near the shore of tho lake, is 315 miles in a meridional lino N.N.W. of Philadelphia. EiiiE, a county on the N.W. extremity of the state of New York, bordering on the E. end of the lake and Niagara river, bounded on the N. by the Tonnewanta, and S. by the Cattaraugus river; this county was divided off from Niagara county since 1810, and contains a population of 62,465. Buffalo, opposite the British Fort Erie, is the chief town; 265 miles W. of Albany. From Buf- falo a railway extends to Niagara falls, and the Eric canal passes throu^ h the county. EuiK, a county in the N. part of the state of Ohio, having Lake Erie and Sanduskey bay for its N. boundary. Capital, Huron. Pop. in 1840, 12,599. EuisKAY, a small island of the Hebrides of Scotland, at the S. end of South Uist; noted for being the flrst place upon which Charles Stuart landed, in his wild attempt to gain the British crown. Eritii, a village in Kent, on the Thames; 5 miles E. by S. of Woolwich. Great quan- tities of corn and wood are shipped hence, and here the East India ships, in their pas- sage up the river, generally discharge a part of their cargoes. EitiVAN, a city of Asiatic Russia, once tho capital of Persian Armenia, in a province of the same name, and the seat of an Armenian patriarch. The city is defended by a for- tress, in which is the governor's palace, and by a castle, on the river Zuengui, near the lake of Erivan, which is very deep, and 60 miles in circumference. The Meidan is aa open square, 400 paces over, in which are very fino trees. Tlie baths and caravaasarica ERIi .332 ESC ■\ !/ u ',' have tlicii" hcnutics, but tlio clmrclics of tlio Cliristians tire smtill, iind Imlf under ((rtnind. It is sealed on the l);iiiks of ilie Arus river, wliich runs past Siiirvan into tlio .Caspiitn Ben, t'roiii wliieli it is disi ..it iibont 130 miles, and about tlio same distance from Gonich, on tile S.E. sborc of the Blacii Sua. It has Eoinc trade, priiicipiilly in the fruits of the district, which are exported to Persia and Gcort:ia. The llussians attempted to tnko tliis place by storm in 1808, but were repulsed With threat slaughter, but succeeded in 1827, since which time it has been in their pos- session. Pop. 11, .300, mostly Armenians. Long. 44. 10. E. lat. 40. 20. N. EuKELENS, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Julicrs; seated on the Kocr; 10 miles N.W. of Julicrs. Pop. about 2300. Erlan, or Eklau, a populous town on the, frontiers of Lower and Upper Hungary; fiO miles E.N.E. of Buda. It is the sec of an archbishop. Tiie cathedral and archiepis- co])al palace are stately edifices, and the vi- cinity is fertile and highly cultivated. Pop. 18,247. Erlanoen, a town of Bavaria, with a uni- versity and a palace. It is divided into the old and new town ; and the latter is one of the handsomest towns in Germany. The principal manufactures are hats, gloves, and stockings. It is seated on the llcdnitz, 12 miles N, of Nuremberg, and is now included in the dominions of the king of Bavaria. Pop. 8800. Long. 11. 2. E. lat. 49, 38. N. Ernani. See IIeknani. EuNE, a river of Scotland, which issues from a lake of the same name, in Perthshire, flows by Cricf, and joins the Tay, a little be- low Abernetby. Erne, a river of Ireland, which issues from a small lake on the N. border of the county of Longford, flows N. through that of Cavan, and N.W. through Fermanagh into Donegal bay. In the latter county it forms a lake, called Lough Erne, 30 miles in length, con- taining several islands; and on one in the middle part, where the lake is very narrow, stands the town of Enniskillen. Ernee, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Mayenne, on a river of the same name; 15 miles N.N.VV. of Laval. Erodu, or Erroad, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Coimbetore, with a large mud fort. Mucli coarse cotton cloth is made here and in the vicinity. It is seated on a canal from the Bhawani, E. of the Cavery river; 75 miles W.N.W. of Tritchinopoly. Errol, a town in Perthshire, Scotland, 43i miles from Edinburgh. The population are employed in the making of linen, and the salmon fishery. Grain is also exported hence in large quantities. Erromango, one of the new Hebrides in the S. F'.cific Ocean; 70 miles in circumfer- ence, with low shores. On the W. side is a promontory that separates two bays ; and Captaiu Cook, from the treacherous behaviour of the inhi'.itanfs, named it Traitor's Hctid. Long. 1G9. 19. E. lat. 18. 47. S. Eiivr, a town of France, in the depart* maiit of Aube; 17 miles S. by W. of 'J'roycs. KuzKUUM, or Aitz liouM, the capital of Turkish Armenia, with Armenian and Greek episcopal sees. It was once strongly fortified, but of these none now remain but the citadel, within which most of the Turkish inhabitants live, and the inner stone wall surrounding the city. The streets of the city, which may be regarded as a suburb of the citadel, are narrow, crooked, filthy, and infested by hungry dogs. The houses are chiefly of mud. The environs are singularly destitute of trees. It has two Armenian churches, a Greek church, and about forty mosques. Its ba- zaars are poor and small, but the markets arc well supplied. It was once the great thoroughfare for the overland commerce be- tween Euro]ie and the East, but this has greatly diminished of late, from a variety of causes, chiefly from the (act of the great part of the Christian population having emigra- ted. The great manuliietui e of copper uten- sils has also been almost abandoned for the same reason. Since the establishment ot ' steamboats on the Black sea, its commerce has begun to revive, and it has stdl a con- siderable transit trade. It is a principal halting place for the pilgrim caravans, from Tehran, &c. to Mecca. Its pop. has fluctua- ted exceedingly: it had once, before the ra- vages of a plague some years ago, 100,000; reduced at the time of the Russian invasion in 1829, to 70,000 or 80,000; and in 18.35, it was (probably under-estimated) at 15,000, but is now on the increase. It is situate be- tween the two sources of the Euphrates, at the foot of a chain of mountains; 104 miles S.E. of Trebisond, on the S.E. shore of the Black sea. Long. 41. 36. E. lat. 39. 58. N. EuzQEBERO, Circle of, a populous dis- trict of Upper Saxony, forming the S.W. part of the margraviate of Meissen, or Mis- nia; bounded on the S. by the Bohemian mountains. It abounds in valuable minerals. Freyburg, Altenburg, and Chemnitz, are the principal towns. EscALONA, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile; surrounded by walls. It is situate on an eminence, in a I'ertile country, near the Albreche, a tributary of theTagus; 20 miles N.W. of Toledo, and 32 S.W. of Madrid. Escambia, a county of Florida, deriving its name from the E.^^cambia river. The ca- pital is Pensacola, which has a flne harbour. The surface near the shore of the Gulf of Mexico is level, but rises in the interior. It is barren, and covered with pines. Pop. in 1840, 3993. EsciiwEGEjr, a town and castle of Ger- many, in the landgraviate of Hesse Cassel; seated on the Werra; 25 miles E.S.E. of Cassel. EsccRiAL, or El Escorial, a village ol Spain, in Npw Castile; seated on the Gua- BSM f-"'."od, al;,l^^i, ^ *^V^"'''J '" the neigl,. I'.^i^^^'u^o St. Lawrcn "o on V^ " K''ili'oi., victory was Kai.,..,! «n A- " . '"'''""^ ''•'/ tlio "1 l""g .squure of 744 r"V"^"'""'- ^' i« this inia "'''"part is the arc ed •,,,,,! ''V":"'"-'^'"^"-k- ." magnificent sepulc -e Sj'', "'..^^'"^'h i« '^•'"1,' buiit i„ imitatS, o 1 '^"""i^'»". n"' '" be keiH "yo-y ensued than durini St '"'''"'' "'o'-° ««"Vi'-'e«. «.ul this eSh l'"''f'^'"S'«-o world was pcrisliiMir /'^hth wonder of the Pu'-^o to stay in uned aPr.? ""L"* ^be roval "rij^pedofUs 31 V ,'•"'•"■ '' '""' ''^"" J837 above 100 oVL h ':"'"'^ '='•«» ^"d in t"ken to Madrid ft f, '''" ^"•■'"'•<=« ^ere ;? '':=.*of.t'„,,",f '',:',?'■'<» -•>.», «''i'-e, formTd bv thn •°"'*'l''' '" ^'linbnr-.h- ^«'«=;rcleth9 tovv^ of SI''':, ^''«/ almost <^"«'' side of the emWn ^'■"'"'' P''^^'"'S on ""'1 unite a L b • n ?.°" ''^'''^ '^ ^fand." enters the F i . „f 'i^^^,/''*^ '«"•"• 'i'he river , EsK, NoRr If ^« '' "' Musselburgh. Jr."'« bills cl^err'n "'''''' ^'^«'=^nd \h fo'-mm- divides th. '^'■'"' "^' ^"ff"s- '^''•"^^bire, for sTven 'miu"'''^' !'"" ^^'"^''r- iT'"^ ""'e to the N V.':""'^"'^'''-''^ the i'"^''-- after travorsnlL, ^l'"':'"''^-- the "'' ^"nnty, enter! thf '''''°'*'' ^•■«"''tb of »an;e to^vn.' '^° ^'^^' «» the W. of the !nSl!i"o'rth^ '°'''"o*''' Asiatic Turkey ^';'> Long. 31 T^ u\T^'' E-S-E. of *' a department of South America, republic <.f r i > • t"wn, of th,: a neLmo •''''• '^^^^ *^'""«f '''^^■kv''btnd,atL''r^;,J^„^/""'-'on« ^barging itself iutothSi^f'; '"'' ^'''- ?"l'I'osed to be the unci^'',' 'I '°''"' "'' ''-'.^-pt, '•?"n ancient toil , '^"",'l"''i«- ii^re , "fv-e.l, within it Mv l.i.'^J''' "'""" ^^"" I""- ' «'>'Pbics, of n.en abo, ri ''7""' "'' bi^ro- t';",<^eiling is a< orned wi '.? f'^'J'''^^''^ ""<- With beautiful colours "r^t' ''"'"'"'■■'' "'« town wasanotb r ; ""^ ^- '*ble of 'vith luY.-oglv,E;, "',■"' '■''-■'''^ '^"^■'^'•'-''l «"-oyed for its SjwT, ;^---. but de- "'"' '^ mile to he ? ■« t r '^^•^''""^' ^li, o' St. Helena, uhich co, ^.•^"'""' "'""''stery cent tombs. Esn, . J "'''' '""".^ "••ngnifi- 'ml^'« «. of cS'T^«'>"'b'-' Viler 300 I 25. 17. N. ^""°- -Long. 32. ai). E. J,u. Esoi'us. See Tf>«,.» "]-H ofTv^i^or;^"!!'"''^'''!" f'e depart. '«7. and contains 3261 nV"' "* " 1""«- Esr-iNosA IIP T-. ?, '"habitants. , Spain, in Old ?„st°l/^t'r'7'' * '°^^" of I watered by the 'IW i .^^ '''easant vallev ' t''« Elu.o;Vo mflerfrom'i'''''' """" ''•"'« i"ii' J^sPiuiTa sTsTonT ^""'""der. «f i^a^il, betw^K^rsIt*:;' '"° ''"'P'""' tbe S., and IJio Doce on h ifbapuana on province of Porto T "'° ^-^ baving the Geracs on the w. a^R, ""r'''^^" ^^''^ S- It is one of the ?o,f^ A'^'^"'^""" "^n the eonimereial of all the S.^r"'" '""' '«"•'«« and its civilizp,) ,V^^ . 4^"'2'b-'in provinces '■s almost e t?e v'7" •"""," ('•"-OOOin 1844) Ji'^toria, ZTLlTofv' ?'" ^^'^ '^^^ "'|,<="Pit«l of the prmLce '"'"" ^""'"' '» ^"SSrr,rif„-f --^^ seaport of mouth of the Ca vmlo^ ", m ^l'"''"' "' 'be I^->g. 8. 21. W lTi{\T^^' ^^' «' Oporto. cbicflnShr^r Lai'!' r'' ''""'' America, of Hudson's U .^ ^.o "''/•";' ^'"^ ^''"'•'-i , Esquimaux ky' ,* "hich see. r^abrador, at the enV. , "^ ™ "'« ». coast of Belleisle Vrom''the'Srof°sl'%'^'"'''^ °^ islanXin'th^'eVulf ofs'/ r ''"''''' ^'^ •""'"ll entrance to the b-xy -Lawrence, off the t4t1;cS>ShA^'y"^.^"""o^Aus- with a strong c st'le j '"'' " "* 'be capital, over the J)rfvc h ti, T "' " T"''^" ^'■'''^e .tbe n.arshes, 8 m les in ?''''>"""-'"-.^ ""d '» breadth, ;ft,™J"ar^^''''' """^ «" 'eet d'stant from eac oM.n ^"'"'''■^'''^'"'■le p-s. and severSlS'h.o 7 " •''"'-'■' bere, between the Turks ,» ''rp '"*-■" ^""^'bt seg was taken from the T ^'^''"""'s. Es- wliich time it ha,^ 1® ^ "'''^ "» ' 687, since the HouseV; An, S' '" It' '" *'" ''""'"o? • '* . 01 -belgrad^ ■ til IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 7" // ^>A V if ^^ LL 1.25 2.0 ■u 140 jjKj '^IV'** Sdaices Corporation 33 WiST MAIN STRUT WEBSTH.N.Y. MSM (716)«72-4S03 'cd with a red earth from Almazarron, which conduces to the finenes!) of the wool; they are shorn in May, the fleeces averaging about 25lb8. in weight. The country is very beautiful and worthy of attention, but from its depopulated condition it is seldom visited. Badujojs, near the Portuguese frontier, is the capital ; and the other principal towns are Plazenciu, Coria, Alcantara, Albuquerque, Truxillu» Merida, Olivenasa, Xere.s, and Llerena. EsTREMAniTKA, tlio metropolitan province of Portugal, lying on both sides of the Tagns* its area is about 700 square miles. Pop. 826,680. The part S. of the Tngus is moun- tainous and unproductive, whilst the N., nU though ii. parts mountainous, is exceedingly fertile ; the vine, olive, orange, lemon, and other delicious fruits, as well as corn, millet, and legumes, abound; besides Li.sbon, the capital of the province, and of all Portugal, the other principal towns are Leyria, Thomar, Abrantes, Santarem, and Alenqner, all N. of the Tagus, and Setuval, near the coast on the S. EsTRBMoz,a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, and oneofthestronge-st in the kingdom, being surrounded by ten bastions. An earthen- ware is made here, greatly esteemed; and in the vicinity are quarries of beautiful marble. It is 18 miles W. of Elva.s, and 100 £. of Lisbon. Pop. 6270. EszGK, or EszEG. SipsEssEO. Etam"ES, a town in France, in the depart- ment of .Seine and Oise; se.-ited on the river Lo<;t, or Etampes; 15 miles E. of Chiirtics, and 23 miles S. of Versailles. Pop. 7399. Etaples, a town of France, in the depart- mcnt of PuH de Calais ; situate on the Eng- lish Channel, near the mouth of the river Canche; 13 miles S. of Boulogne. Etata, or Etaweh, a town of Hindostan. in the province of Agra; situate on the E^ bank of the Jumna, which is here 60 feet high. On the to|>, near the river, are the remains ofa fort. It is 62 miles S.£.of Agra. Long. 79. 1 6. E. lat. 26. 4.<>. N. Ethiopia, a name by which a vast region of Africa has l)epn .distinguished by some geographers, who have divided it into Upper and Lower Ethiopia. The fii.4t includes Nubia, Abyssinia, and part of Guinea; the ppnw ETT SS6 EUP 1! ! ■t *, t second, all the countries S. of tho equinoctial Hue, afl Cungo, Monumugi, Monumotiipa, &c. Ethiopia appturs tu liuve once been a great and powerf"! empire, but the dctuila of its iiistory are luMt in tlie vortex of time. Tho Egyptian empire woh probably founded on tlic ruin of tliut of Ethiopia. Etienne, St., u town of France in the department of Loire. Besides the manufuc* tares of arms, hardware, and cutlery, (the most considerable in France,) the weaving of ribbons forms a considerable article of commerce. Coal is found in the neighbor.r- hood, and also a soft stone, fit for grindstones. It is the seat of a prefect; 20 miles S.E. of Montbrison, and 32 S.W. of Lyons. Fop. in 18'i6, 41,534. There arc about a dozen other towns in ditfcrent parts of France, named after Saint Eticnne (Stephen), all inconsider- able. Etive, Loci , s. navigable inlet of the sea, on the W. coat of Scotland, in Argyleshire. It is 20 miles ii' length, but of very unequal breadth; and i>:s banks are indented with creeks, which afford safe anchor.age. About 7 miles from the entrance it contra ".ts into a narrow channel, called Connel, where a ridge of rocks occasion, at particular times of the tide, a violent current. About 2 miles below is the ancient castle of Dunstati'iiage. Etna. See ^tna. Eton, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng- land ; seated on tiie N. bank of the Thames, opposite to Windsor, to which it is united by an elegant stone bridge over the river. Eton is celebrated for its school, founded by Henry VI. in 1440, for the education of 70 scholars, a portion of which, when duly quali- fied, arc annually elected to King's College, Cambridge. In addition to the 70 founda- tion scholars, there are generally 300 to 400 of the sons' of the opulent classes, called oppidans, receiving their education at Eton. The buildings are commodious and elegant; their light Gothic turrets form a beautiful and interesting contrast to the massive and mnjcstic towers of Windsor Castle, from which Eton is separated only by the river. Eton is 22 miles hein. Buonaparte, in violation of tho estab- lished law of nations, sent a military force into the territory of Baden, then at peace, and arrested the Duke D'Eughcin, who was drugged to Paris and shot. Ettenheim is 25 miles S. by E. of Strasburg. Ettlingev, a town of Siiahia, in the duchy of Baden, ou the river Albe; 4 miles S.S.VV. of Durluch. Eu, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a strong castle, and a harbour for small vessels at Treport. The principal trade is ia serges and lace. It is seated on the river Bresle, near the Eng- lisli Channel; 15 r.iilcs N.E. of Dieppe. En-Ho, or I'recious-river, a river of China, in Pc-tchc-li, which flows N.E. into the Pei-ho, at Tien-sing. Much grain is conveyed by this river for Pekin, and it is also important for its connexion with the N. extremity of the Grand Canal. EuLE, a tow n of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaunsim, with a gold mine; 11 miles S. by E. of Prague. Eufatori A, or Kosloff, a town of Russia, in the Crimcji, or government of Tuurida, situate on the W. side of a salt lake, and near the Black sea, 68 miles S. by W. of Perecop. Long. 33. 16. E., lat. 45. 12. M. It was taken by the British on Sept. 14, 1854. Euphemia, St., a town of Naples, on the W. coast of Calabria Ulteriore, on the gulf of the Mediterranean to which it gives name; 27 miles S. by E. of Cosenza. Euphrates, a noble river of Western Asia, which rises from three sources in Turkish Armenia. The principal head is about 35 miles S.E. of Erzerum, and is call- ed by the Turks Bin-gheuil Frut, or 1000 springs; and on the opposite side of t'le mountains from whence these springs flow, the Baksi, a branch of the Aras, w'lich falls into the Caspian Sea below Sliirvnn, also has its source : another branch of the Eu- phrates rises about 35 miles N. by W. of Erzerum ; these two branches unite in tlio long, of 40 E. and lat. of 39. 50. N., and about 40 miles W. by S. of Erzerum, from whence the united stream becomes naviga- ble for boats. Another branch rises on tlie frontier of Persia, in the long, of 43. 40. £., and runs a course nearly due W. to the long, of 39. 25. and lat. of '39.; the united streams are then called the Frat, and flow in a direction S.S.W. to Semisat, in the lat. .37. 8. N. and long, of 37. 20. E., being within 60 miles of the Gulf of Iskcnderun, at the N.E. extremity of the Mcilitcrranean; from this point the Euphrates flows in a S.E. di- rection through twelve degrees of longitude in Asiatic Turkey, falling into the Gulf of Persia, in the lat. of 30. N. and long, of 48. 40. E. The meridional distance from the source to the mouth of this ■oble river is about 600 inilcs, but the course of the stream |) I ■£CB ^ aa? V. TT Y , distin(;uished as 0U8 Duke D'Eng- ition «>f the cstiib* ; a military force m, then at peace, Snphein, who wa» Ettuuhcim is 25 It- tnbia, in the duchy e; 4 miles S.SAV. n the department itrong castle, and .sscls at Treport. serges and iacc. It isle, near the Eng- .E. of Dieppe. iivER, a river of h flows N.E. into Much grain is )r Pekin, and it ia (lexion with the N. anal. nia, in the circle of no; 11 miles S. by F, a town of Russia, innent of Taurida, if a salt lake, and miles S. 1)V W. of E., lat. 45. 12. N. h on Sept. 14,1854. 1 of Naples, on the leriore, on the gulf ihichiigivesnamej inza. river of Western three sources in principal head ia zerum, and is call- euil Frat, or 1000 positc sitle of t'>o these springs flow, le Aras, w'lich falls elow Siiir>ni), also branch of the Eu- miles N. by W. of nchcs unite in tho of 39. 50. N., and of Erzerum, from ni becomes naviga- branch rises on tlio he long, of 43. 40. jailv due W. to the of"39.; the united he Frat, and flow in niisat, in the lat. 37. !0. E., being within Iskcnderun, at the lediterranean; from flows in a S.E. di- Icgrccs of longitude ig into the Gulf of N. and long, of 48. distance from the this ■oble river u course of the stream ETT 836 EUP * ' f: '( M rv'' I .jp^ ^Ifl' ' ■ l ' Br' '■ ,l|, V IP BJi 1 KVli b-r.r.en to SoS "35'"';: r'""; ''''•«'^^' •noiith, and for «tP«m ,'"'''^' '^ro™ its f ucted, «. fkr «fC Tr "'"' P'"°P"'J' <=«"- it h«8 been prop„«ed as tlw"""'" "'" ' '^^ »• tween Europe audlndLrfr" "■""'« »«• tor this are about to u',„! '^ ^-'i'-'^'uieB boundarjto,t8c„,rane«m^''T "' "•^"'^«™ amaritinie,depari„"cn?p?J'"™'' '''"''«'• ""»« of Prance, bor£r?n^"" /L'^'"""' ^«P»"'ncnt rivers, the Eure and ' K%"*'"«l'^^«'n the two ri«e in the departmon ^^'r' ^""i«f which the S., and thrES'fo'theN^""^ ''°^'"e to the preceding article Pnn •' "V'««cribed in Europe, one of the f5 v^'^' " 'f-*.^' 286,368. ;.''° globe; 'the exTrme'S.K'J'-","'°"^ °^ 'ollow: viz. Cape Mfltnnnnu- winch are as «"«! 9.2.W.; Cupe Nor h V ' -. '" ^^- 3- N. ropa Point i^ThesS' oTrl ''I '■'•°'» E"" d-v'-'c" Europe fJom S N S-'^™"""-. which Africa, in the Jat. of 36 7 N I'/f ^^;'"''^J^ «f 'ong-, to the K'..^. ij •■"• """ 5. 20. of W he angle of which is N V u ■' ^'"* ''"c, 'ntersect the Ru ft ^' n'n ' • '"^.^•' ^''""'•i Finland, and tlfe lakes r^""''* '*''^"^ «""e that could bedrawn from « p''if of Bothnia- and ?« I ^- u''°'"® ^^ the 2"?0 geo,naphi"o"r 2423 r.-r"''' ''e m'les. Europe L L; »¥^'"''» "atute 3.387,019 or 3 eoi 001 '° "obtain ''oundedontheN h?^,'''l'r« ""''e"- It is "•eAtlantiJScean ^r'" ^^j'' «««• W. by to 35. E. by tSXH^'''"'°"ff•°''5•^V^ •'oraiimting feature nf ^ ^^'*- ^''^ P^e- 7""tai„ridgesrS °iJ."'-°P° " variety, J,^'r« are none remm-tib « f"'' m '"• ^'^™"««"'. ,^''« Appennines cirn,.H • ir^"" '''"'"'^e ?'"' other mountar^oS"^"' ^**"^' ""'•'»'. '"«'e'-/speciesoArta '"!■""'"' «'»"»"'! EUX ■•'hute,! over evcrvDar/nf ■;?'«'''' "»'» '''8- .•^^'•^^■•^ ar'' numerous 1"" ''"'■^•'- '^'''e (Inted under the hcnds of »/,^ names, as will a/so /L '""'" ''•"Poctivo 'h-'-eh which th"eylw° Sr."' '•""•"'•io» EuRviLLE, a town of p.. '^^''*'"'''- Partment of Unpl-r Mnr. ."''• "' "'« ^e- St. Dizier. "^ "^ *^""'<= ' 6 miles S. E. of EuSKIItCIIPv o < 'ongportV,"„J'y;;J -';'ch ^orms.with a bour of St. Angu,tin« in n''"'^« to "•« h^r- EusTATu St fl,^?l ".^'Jl'" Florida. ,;"•!-; lo'nTles N.{^'*"o? "s '"r,''!"'='' u^^^' i'"9 small isinn,! \^ i '^'' Christopher's, n-tch in 1635 i?i«T ^r' "•="'«'! ^y the cumferenccand iVsa.^lT'^^" ""'«=" '»«=!>•- square miles, ianni'r ''""''''" '''*°"' '^O i't sea, likeaconicalEn/'"" ?'""° '''"'""ce •ts .appearance on an" „nT? bntitchanges having a level surface fi?.*'''""8 "« 8h««:8. with cane-fieldraXtvlT' '""^''' ''°^<='-ed town, during the war Lr • T" g''"»nds. It, traffic to an unprrceden ^'f^ °" " contraband •'er taken byTlS"ri''''«"'' ^'>«P'""- "•nonnted to about rTnL^".''"''^' *" '781, was soon after taken bV?LT" V"' "'""'^ "tored to the Dntrh.^ "'.■^'■<'"<'''> and re- English in 1801, and Lr'''/'*'^^" ^y the « the general peace of is u'^'t.'^ '^° ^"'^h «f this island'^hM raridlv /''^ Prosperity commerce is now caSed '^„ •""•"'' •' ''"'« diture exceeds its reTl °"' 1"'' "» expen- very few sugar pia„S.°' '^'■° "e now food, such My™ir '■ '''*''^««'cles„f 13,700. ^*'"''' *<'•• are raised. Pop. "ferSidVofi^E frT'^" ""•- ofLubec. '*"*''e;20mdesN.N.\V. ''ivid^Euro^e from ?• ' V''''«° '""'«»'> 'ea, tndes of 41. and47 ^t^'«' ^.^'*"''^" ^^elatU 'ong. of 28. to4l. 25 Sw^i'"'^'"« ^- ^o™ the from W. to E of finfi"^""«''''"c™e length British statute mis on^ffivP-'''''^'' "' ^''o; coasts of Romanii liZS ^^'i* washes the ^» «*' Azof,into which flow's w^'^";."'" *''« ^ea of ixirt of the EuxineJ«r .^^'■^'"'•• thcN.E. siaandthetSrySAft,'=°"«''>fC'>cas. extremity waslesthecoastofM^''' "'.^ '"«^«"' contributes to tl.o wSeS L .W'"'^"'''c'» several streams ho !„!» • '''° ^'"""e by is the Kioni or PhaSt V s^*"""*"' °^^^'"'ch coasts of the Turkish 'nj;. • '"""' washes the Roum. and iSfa ^.TT"' "^ Armenia, waters of the jSi V^k^ '"?"''''"'° '^e --^'-tofSi^ssMga ipii L0^5l■'Ui.■ F>rBI.l.Si.U'.0 f- V \V \ EVO 888 KXI Marmrirn, nml from tlionco by the Dardanelles, tlio ftiicicnt IlelicKpont, or Thraciun BoHplio- niR, into tho Qrecimi Archipelago. Tlio navi- gation uf tlio Eiixinc nppcara to liave been niont Kciicral in \mnt than at tho present time, the riineniuians, E(;yptian8, Greeks, Homans, Venetians, and Genoese all appearing to liavo maintained an extensive intereourse with the inliahitants on its shores. In 1476, when the Turks drovo the Genoese from the Crimea, they precluded all intereoiirso tiirongh the HiraitH of Constantinople, and claimed an cx- riiisivo right of navigation within. In 1774 the UiiHsians, and in 1784 Austria, obtained by treaty an equal right of navigation, which nt the ]>eace of Amiens was extended to all nations; and, since the peace of 1814, a con- siderable traffic has been carried on from the port of Odessa, between the rivers Dniester niul Dnieper, with the Mediterranean and with England: but the other ])arts of its ex- tensive shores are but little frequented, and hut little known, though doubtless susceptible ol affurdingarich field for well-directed enter- prise and exertion. EuzBT, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Oard, and chief place of a canton, in tho district of Uzcs ; 9 m. VV. N. W. of Uzes. EvANSViLLE, a town of Indiana, capital of Viii(&. Se« Effbrdino. E VERFELD, or Eltkrfei.i), a town of West- phalia, in the duchv of Berg, near the river Wipper; 18 miles £. of Dusseldorf. EvERGHEH, a populous townof the Nether- lands; 7 miles N. of Ghent. Evesham, f. borough in Worcestershire, England, governed by a mayor, with a market on Monday. Here are three cliurchcs, and it liad formerly an abbey, of which some remains are still visible. A remarkable battle was fought here in 1265, between Prince Edward, afterward Edward I., and Simon de Montfort, carl of Leicester, in which the earl and most of his adherents were slain. Evesham is seat- ed in a fertile vale, and is nearly surrounded by the Avon. '1 he vale is mostly appropriated to gardens, and supplies vast quantities of fruit and vegetables for the Worcester, Bath, Bristol, and other markets. It has also some extensive flonr-n^ills worked by the v/ater of the Avon. It is 14 mili'S B.E. of Wor- cester, and 100 N.W. of London, on the Oxford Olid Worcester railway. It returas two members to parliament. EvoiiA, afortified city of Portugal, capital of Alentejo, and a bishop's see, with a university. Sonio remains of the ancient Homan wall are visible; part of a temple of Diana, of which there are seven entire pillars standing, is now converted into butchers' shambles $ and the famous arpicduct built by Scrtorius still con- voys a noble stream of water to the city. Evora is seated in a pleasant country, surrounded on all sides by mountains; C5 miles E. by S. of Lisbon. Long. 7. 50. W. lat. 38. 28. N. EvonAMnNTB,atown of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, situate on a rock; 8 miles W.8.W. ol Estrcmoz, and 2.3 N.N.E.of Evora. Evrei;x, a town of France, capital of tho department of Euro, and a bishop's see. Tho cathedral Is a handsome structure. The trade consists in com, linon.and woollen cloth; and it has manufactures of cotton, velvets, and tick It is seated on the Iton ; 25 miles S. of Rouen, anil 55 N.W. of Paris. Pop. in 1842, 10,263. EwELL, a town in Surrey, contiguous to Epsom, with a market on Thursday; 6 miles W. of Croydon, and 13 S.S.W. of London. Ex, a river rising in the forest of Exmoor, in Somersetshire, and leaving that county, below Dulverton, runs through Devonshire, by Ti- verton, E.xeter, and Topsham, whence it forms an estuary to the Eiiglisli Channel, at Ex- mouth. Exeter, a city and county of itself, and tho capital of Devonshire, on tho river Ex, with a market on Tuesday and Friday. It was for- merly tho seat of tho W. Saxon kings, who resided in the castle, called liougemont, from the colour of the hill on which it is built. It was encompassed by w^alls, and had four gates, two of which arc now pulled down. With its suburbs it contains 24 churches bo side tho cathedral, which is a magnificent fabric. It formerly carried on an extensive commerce in woollen stuffs to Spain, &c. ; but its commerce and manufactures have materi- ally declined since the close of the 18th centu- ry, and its present importance is derived from the agrceableness of its locality, occasioning it to be much resorted to by the neighbouring gentry. An elegant bridge crosses the river. The public buildings consist of a guildhall, county hall, hospital, lunatic asylum, &c, &c. It returns two members to parliament. It is situate 9 miles above the entrance of the river into the sea; 43 miles E. of Plymouth, 87 S.W. of Bath, and 1 C8 W.S. W. of London, and has s railway to Plymouth and Bristol. Exeter, a town of New Hampshire, on Exeter River, a branch of the Piscataqua. It has several manufactures, and the saddlery business is carried on to a great extent. Some vessels are built here, the river being capable of floating down those of 500 tons. The pub- lic edifices are two congregational churches, a celebrated academy, and a court-house. It is 15 miles S.W. of Portsmouth, and 34 N. of Boston. Pop. 2925. Exeter, a town in North Carolina, in New Hanover county, on the N.E. branch of Cape Fear river;' 30 miles N. of Wil- mington. ExiDEinL, or Exciderfii., a town of France, in the department of Dordogne; 20 miles N.E. of Perigucux, and 32 U. of Limoges. FAI 33U FAI toriiiH still ron- thecity. Evora ', sHiTountU'd on nilcHE.by 8. of 38. 28.N. irtugftJ. '" Alon- lilcs W.8.W. ol ivora. c, capital of iho shop's see. The ture. The trade uollcn cloth ; and velvets, nn'lt't-''' lilcs S. of Rouen, in 1842,10,263. y, contiguous to hnrsdny; 6 miles W. of London, rcstof Exmoor.in hat county, below Bvonshiro, lyTi- i,whence it forms Channel, at Ex- y of itself, and the 10 river Ex, with a iday. It was for- Snxon kings, who llougcmont, from lich it is built. It 111), and had four now pulled down, lis 24 churches bo 1 is a magnificent id on an extensive , to Spain, &c.; but itures have materL- e of the ISthcentu- [nco is derived from cality, occasioning the neighbouring a crosses the river, tsist of a guildhall, lie asylum, &c., &c. to parliament. It 10 entrance of the IS E. of Plymouth, ^S.W. of London, louth and Bristol. Hampshire, on jf the Piscataaua. !S, and the saddlery ;reat extent. Some iver being capable 00 tons. Thepub- igatioual churches, |nd a court-house, irtsmouth, and 54 North Carolina, in h the N.E. branch [miles N. of Wil- Biini^ a town of ent of Dordogne; Lux, and 32 8. of ExiLLBB, a strong town of I'letlniont, with a fortified ciutlo on a mnuntuin, which uruarJs one of the jnwseH into the country. It is seiUed on the river Doiro ; 37 miles W.N.W. of Turin. Kx.MuuTii, a town in Devonshire, on the K. HJilcof the mouth o( the river Ex; 10 niiiis S.S.Ii. of Exeter. It is much frequented fur liie licnetit of sea-bnthing. Ext'iNA I8I-E9, a group of the Bahama Islands, tlio chief product '>f wliici; is salt. Area, 220 square miles. Top. in 1842, 1384. KvBKNSCiiirz, a town of Moravia, in the circle olZnaini, on the river Ollawa} 12 miles S.\V. of Brunn. EvDER, a river and canal that separates Jntland from Ilolstcin. The river ritics in llolstein, and flows W. by KcndHburgh, Fredcricstadt, and Tonningen, into the Ger- man Ocean. The canal passes E. from liendsburgh to a bay of the Baltic, a little N. of Kiel. These jointly afford a safe in- land navigation across the country, between the Baltic sen and German Ocean. Eyb, a borough in Suffolk, with a market on Monday. Here are the ruins of a castlo and a Benedictine abbey. It is a mean place; 20 miles N. of Ipswich, and 89 N.E. of Lon- don. It returns one member to parliament. EvEMouTii, a town of Scotland, in Ber- wicksiiire, with a harbour for vessels of small burden, and a trade in corn and meal. It is seati.-d at tiic mouth of the I^yu; 8 niiles N. by W. of Berwick. KvLAt;, Duixjil, a town of Prussia, in llie province of Oberland, at tliu S. end <>r a luke; 47 miles E. by N. of Culm, and 9i) S.S.W. uf Konigsberg. ErLAt;, PuL'saiAN, a town of Piussia, in the province of Natangen. On February 8, 1807, a most bloody battle was fought hero between the French ami Uussians, which termin.itod in favour of i he former. It is 24 miles S. by E. of Konigsberg. EvMouTiKiiS, a town of Franco, in tlio do* partincnt of Upper Viennc, with a consider- able trade in skins, leather, and rags; seated on the Vienne; 20 miles N. of Limoges. ErNuiiuvKN, a town of Holland, in North Brabant, at the conflux of the E^nds with the Douimel; 13 miles S.E. of Bois le Due. Etrkcouut, a town of Ireland, in tho county of Galway ; 8lin Tame, a nier> liaiit of London, purpoHcly fur tin reception of ■onto glaoa, taiien by one of his vchmcIs, in a Hliip going to Uomo; it has 28 windows, beutitirully painted, with Bu)>jcct8 cliiifly Hcriptural, duHigned by the famouH Albert Durer. It is seated near the Coin; 25 miles 8.E. of Gloucester, and 80 W. by N. of Lon- don. Kair Havbn, n seaport of Massaclinsctts, separated from New Bedford by the Acuslio- rett river, and connected to it by a very long bridge. It has considerable 8hi,'ping em- ployed in the whale fishery; 69 miles 8. by K. of Uoston. Top. in 184U, SOSL FAiitiiBAD, the N.E. point of Ireland, ri.sing 636 feet above the level of the xea, in lat. 55. 3. N. and 6. 10. of W. long. It is op- posite to KauKhlin island. Faik IsLK, a small ishmd in the Northern Ocean, between the Shetland and Orkneys, from both of which its high towering rocks nrc viMblo. On the £. side, the Duke of ^[cdina Sidonia, admiral of the Spanish Ar- mada, was wrecked in 1588. Faisans, an island in the rifcr Bidassoa, which separates Franco from Spain. It is also called the Isle of Conference, because Louis XIV. and Philip IV. here swore to ob- serve the peace of tlio Pyrenees, in 1C60, after twenty-four conferences between their ministers. It is considered as a neutral place, and situate between Andaye and Fontarabia. Fakeniiam, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Thursday, situate on a hill, by the river Yaro; 9 miles from the coast; 20 N.W. of Norwich, and 108 N.N.E. of London. Falaisb, a town of France, in the depart- ment of CalradoR, with a castle, and one of the finest towers in France. It is the birth- ])lace of William the Conqueror, and has a good trade in serges, linen, and lace. It stands on the river Ante; 20 miles S.E. of Caen, and 115 W. of Paris: it is tlie scat of a prefect. Pop. in 1836, 9396. Fa LB, a river in Cornwall, which flows by Grampound and Trcgony to Falmouth, where it forms a fine haven in the English Channel. Falkenau, a town in Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, with manufactures of alum, sulphur, and vitriol; seated on the river Ejrra; 12 miles N.E. of Egra. FALKENnEKO, a town of Sweden, in Hol- land, at the mouth of the Athran, on the Cattegiit, opposite to the Isle of Anholt; 17 miles N. by \V. of Ilalmstadt. FALKUNnuuo, a town of Brandenburg, in the New Mark, with a castle, seated on tTie .Ornge; 32 miles E. by N. of New Stargard. Fai.kenburg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Oppeln, with a castle; 14 miles b. by E. of Brieg. Falkenstein, a town in Germany, in a county of the si'me name. It stands a little to the N. of Winweiler; 24 miles W. by S. of Worms. Fai.kenhtkin, a town in Vogiland, ncnr the N.W. frontier of Bohemia. FALKiofiNO, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland; 56 miles E. of Uddcvalla. It is memorable for a battle fought in 1388, l)etwcen Margaret, Queen of Denmark, and Albert, King of Sweden, when the latter was de- feated and taken prisoner, with bis son. Falkirk, a populous town of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, tumous for its trysts held thrice a year; at which 60,000 head of black cattle have been sold at one tryst. It is seated near the Carron iron-works and the Great Canal; 12 miles S.K. of Stirling, near the Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Central Rys. The royal army was defeated near this place in 1746. FALKLAMO,a towurf Scotland,in Fifcshirc, with some l hie Fale, at its entrance into the Engli:ih OuunneU 14 FAO 841 FAR ;Uand, near icn, In W. niUa. U \t >88, between and AUiert, tcr wiu «lo* litR 8on. ScoUantl, in 8 held thvito t black cattle ,H Hcatcd ncnr Great Canal ; le Eainburgli . Tlio royal ace in 1746. il.inFifcsUirii Here are the which James of which have eiico. Itis-iO large islands, )cr of smaller, ccan, to the K. rhe smaller of 1. of the other, I channel called vnds were pro- )avis is deemed j2. They were ns, in 1594; and made a settle- Spaniards forci- This atfair was the English re- |71 it was aban- olonizcd by us, res was settled Lit destroyed by [n 1833, it was I at Port Lon'8. [ch period it has 'iment. The is- ivation, from the ;li they are sub- \ the great herds inple supplies to number of set- If Massachusettt lanch of Narra- Int water power, Employed in the ^ Boston. Pop- the E. coast of Wor, withamar- loble and extcn- h with a number Itranceisdefcnd- Ics and Penden- It traffic, much Itionofthepost- lurop'-, the Wert Ind- or, fie rale, dish Oiuinneu W miles N.N.E. of the TJz.ird ^' ,int, 10 S. of 'I'ruro, ami 2(19 W.S.W. ol Loudon. Long. h. 2. W. lilt. fiO. 8. N. Fai.moutii, a townof the island of Jamaica, on the N. coast, and on the H. tilde of Murtlia Brae harbonr. Jiong.77.3.'). W. hit. 18. ai.N. Falmouth, a town of the i8lund of An- ti^na, on tliu S. coast, with a fortiliud tiurbour. Li>n^'. 02. 0. \V. lilt. 10. 55. N. Falmouth, a Mcupoit of Massnchusetts, In naniiit.kljlo county. In 177.> this town wiis liiu-MRd by the lii'ilisli. It is situate on thu \V. side of a sniuU buy, 70 miles S.S.E. of Boston. Long. 70. 32. W. lot. 41. 36. N. There arc two or three other towns named Falmouth, in dillereut parts of the Uni- ted States. Falsb Bat, a bay between the Cape of Good Hope and Cape False, frequented dur- ing the prevalence of the N.\V. winds in May. Long. 18. 33. E. hit. 34. 10. S. False Cape, a promontory, 20 miles E. of the Cape of Good Ilope. Long. 18. 44. E. lat. 34. 16 S. ITalster, a fertile island of Denmark, 60 nil' M 'u circumference, near the entrance of thu Baltic, off the N. end of Zealand, and be- tween the islands of Moen and Laland. Ny- koping is the ca|>ital. Its area is about 185 iijuare miles; and population 19,400. FAL8TERuo,a townof Sweden, in Schonen, cliietly known for its lighthouse, at the en- trance of the Baltic from the Sound ; 22 miles S.S.W. of Lund. Long. 12. 48. E. lat. 65. 22. N. Famaousta, a town on the S.E. coast of the island of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, with a harbour once defended by two forts. It was taken by the Turks in 1 570, after a siege of 10 months, when they flayed the Venetian governor alive, and murdered the inhabitants, though they surrendered on honourable terms. The town, which is now poor and in ruins, has very numerous decayed ctiurchcs, and the harbour is choked up. It is 02 miles S. by E. of Nicosia. Long. 33. 59. E. lat. 35. 7. N. Famars, a village of France, in the de- partment of Nord; near which the French were defeated by the allies iu 1793. It is 3 miles S. of Valenciennes. Fano, a fortified town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbiuo, and a bishop's see. Ilere are an ancient triumphal arch, handsome churches, and tine palaces. It is seated on the Gulf of Venice; 18 miles E. of Urbino, and 32 N.W. of Ancona. Pop. about 7500. Fanoe, an island of Jutland, at the en- trance of the Little Belt from Cattegat. Fantees, Fantin: the Gold Coast of Africa, from Cape Three Points to Anconah, was formerly called Fantin; but, since 1811, it has more commonly been called Ashantee. The Fantees occupy the coast, and the Ashantees the interior. Sse Asdanteb. Faoua. See Foub. Faocxt, a town of France, in the depart' mcnt of Morbihan; 31 miles N. by W. of l/Orient. Farbiiam, a town in Ilanipshiro, with A market on alternate Munihi) .s. Sioojis and Nniallcr vessels are built here; and it has u eonbidcrablo trade in coal, corn, canvas, and ropes. It is seated at the N.W. point of Portsmouth harbour; 5 ndles N.N.W. of Gosport, and 73 W. by S. of London. Tho Gosport and Southampton railway pass-ts through Farcliam common. Farewell, Cape, tho most southerly pro- montory of Grcenlaml, at the entraneo of Davis* Strait. Long. 42. 42. W. lat. 59. 38. N. Farewell, Cape, ajiroinontory of the N. end of tho island of Now Zealand. Long. 172.41.E. lat. 40.37. S. Farolai, St., a t 471,348 imperial acrea. R^a FER 3 It F E R « \i J: ' 1 ii 1 1 : J] ■ 1 ■ 1 !f Oiiu-sixih of its ui'cii in stiiiiiiiur, and one- fifth in winter, is ooci'picil by Lough Erne, which discliarges its waters into Donegal l»ay, dividing the county into nearly two equal parts. In the centre of the county, the water narrows so as to admit of the two parts being united by a bridge. See Ennis- KiLLEN. The linen manufacture, and the raising of cattle and hemp, are the chief employ of the inhabitants. The county is navigable throughout by means of Lough Erne, but its uneven sunace and numerous bogs render it difficult for travelling. Ennis- killen is the capital and only town of impor- tance in the county. It returns two mem- bers to parliament. Feumo, u town of Italy, in the Eoman States, and an archbishop's see, with a good trade in corn, wool, &c. It has a harbour on the Gulf of Venice, and is 17 miles S.E. of Macerata. Long. 13. 50. E. lat. 43. 7. N. Pop. including its suburbs, 19,000. Feumosella, or Formosella, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon ; seated on the N. bank of the Tormes, near its en- trance into the Douro. Fermoy, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork; seated on the banks of the Black- water; 142 miles N.W. of Dublin, on the road to Cork, from which it is distant 17 miles. Tliis place has risen from nn incon- Kiderable village, since the commencement of the war in 1793. Fernandez. See Juan Fernandez. Fernandina. See Xaoca. Fernando Nouoniia, an island in the S. Atlantic; 100 leagues from Cape St. Roque, the N.E. point of the province of Pcrnambuco. It belongs to Brazil, and is used as a penal settlement. Long. 32. S3. W. lat. 3. 56. S. FERNANDO Po, nn island of Africa, in the bight of Biafra, 20 miles from the African coast, about 40 miles long, and 20 broad. It is mountainous, and its highest point, Clarence Peak, is 10,700 feet high. It was selected as a military and naval station by Great Britain in 1827, from its supposed sa- lubrity, and its proximity to iiie slave-trading ports. But it was soon found to be nearly as unhealthy as other parts of the Guinea coast, and was consequently abandoned about 7 years afterwards. There are some few European residents still at Clarence town, the chief settlement on the 17. side of the island. Lat. 3. 53. N. long. 7. 40. E. FEBNEr, a village of France, in the de- partment of Ain, a few miles N.W. of Ge- neva, celebrated as having been the residence of Voltaire. Ferns, a to^vn of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, and a bishop's see united to Leighlin. It is seated on the Bann, near its coniiux with the Slaney ; 1 7 miles N. of Wexford, and 30 S.S.W. of Wicklow. Ferob Islands, a cluster of 22 small Islands in the Northern Ocean, between the Slictltiiul Islands and Iceland, in 5. and 8. W. long, and 61. and 63. N. lat.; subject to Denmark. Hovcntccn are habitable, each of which is a lofty mountain, divided from the others by deep and rapid currents. Some of them are deeply indented with secure harbours, nil of them steep, and most of them faced with tremendous precipices. They produce agate, jasper, and beautiful xoolites. The surface consists of a shallow soil of re- markable fertility, yielding plenty of barley and fine grass for sheep. No trees above the size of a juniper, or stunted willow, will grow here; and the only quadrupeds are sheep. Vast quantities of sea-fowls frequent the rocks, and the taking of them furnishes a perilous employment for the inhabitants. The exports arc salted mutton, tallow, goose- quills, feathers, eider-down, knit woollen waistcoats, caps, and stockings. To the S. of these islands is a considerable whirlpool. Pop. .5265. Ferozabad, or Firczabad, a cityofPer- { sia, in Farsistan, formerly of considerable repute, and yet contains a number of fine tombs, gardens, and buildings. It is seated in a fertile county; 60 miles S. by W. o. Shiras, on the route to Ormus. Long. 53. 0. E. lat. 28. 50. N. Ferrara, a city of Italy, capital of a de- legation of the same name, in the Iloman States, and an archbishop's sec, with a strong citadel, and a university. Its broad streets, and number of fine buildings, evince that it was formerly a flourishing place, but the present inhabitants are few, in propor- tion to its extent. In the middle of the city is a palace, surrounded by walls flanked with towers and ditches. The cathedral is remarkable for its antiquity. In the Bene- dictine Church, Ariosto the poet is interred. Ferrara was taken by the French in 1796; in 1799 it was retaken by the Austrians, but shortly after surrendered to the French. Its celebrity is almost all derived from its asso- ciation with Ariosto, Tasso, who was impri- soned here, Guarini, Bentivoglio, &c. It is seated near the Po; 25 m. N.E. of Bologna. Pop. 25,000. Long. 1 1 . 36. E. lat. 44. 50. N. Ferrara, or Ferrarese, a duchy of Italy; bounded on the N. by the Po, which divides it from Polesino di Rovigno, W. by the Mantuan, S. by the Bologncse and lio- magna, and E. by the Gulf of Venice. It had its own dukes till 1.597, wnen Clement VIII. united it to the apostolic chamber. The air is unwholesome, on account of the marshes, which the abject condition of the inhabitants precludes from draining. Fer- rara is the capital. Ferrendina, a town of Naples, in Ba- silicato, near the river Basianto; 25 miles S.W. ofMatera. Ferbintosh, or Ferintosh, a village of Scotland, shire of Ross, whose inhabitants possessed the privilege of distilling whisky, duty free, till 1786, when it was abolishedt FEV 345 FEZ FuiiRO, or HiERRO, the most wcstwai J of the Canary islands; about 18 miles iu cir- cumference. It is not fertile, but produces some corn, su^ ^ fruit, and legumes. 'I'hc inhabitants mat 'ise of water collected in cisterns during ti rain^ season, for there is no spring in the island. Voyagers speak of a fountain-tree in the middle of the island, and that in the night much water distils from its leaves. Ancient geographers have taken their first meridian from the W. extre- mity of this island. Long. 1 7. 52. W. lat. 27.'47. N. Fekkol, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia, on a bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the best in Europe The magnificent dockyard, once one of the finest in the world, is now deserted and decaying, a sad emblem of Spain herself. The population of the town has dwindled down to some 13,000, and is poverty-stricken and unem- ployed. The town is surrounded on three sides by the sea, and 8tron<;ly fortified on the other. It is 28j miles N.E. of Corunna, and 305 N.W. of Madrid. Long. 8. 4. W. lat. 43. 28. N. Ferrybridqe, a large village in West Yorkshire, on the S. side of the Aire, over which is a noble bridge; 21 miles S. by W. of York, and 174 N. by W. of London. Ferrtfort, a village of Scotland, in Fife- shire, on the Frith of Tay ; 4 miles below Dundee, and 9 N.N.W. of St. Andrews. It has a considerable manufacture of brown linens,' and a ferry over the Tay, well fre- quented before the bridge of Perth was built. Fbrrttowk. See Creetown. Ferte 8CR AcBE, a town of Fr.ance, in the department of Upper Marne; seated on the Aube; 22 miles W. by S. of Chaumont, and33E.S.E. ofTroyes. There are seven or eight towns in France named Ferte, all prch.^ed to some other name, as in the case of Aube, to dis- tinguish them from each other. Fesxenbero, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Oels; 14 miles N.W. of War- ttjnburg. Festinioo, a hamlet in North Wales, county of Merioneth. It is near the junc- tion of the rivers L vyrhyd and Cyufoel, on which are several beautiful ca.scade.s. FErHARD, atown of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary; 8 miles S.E. of Cashel, and 86 S.S.W. of Dublin. It was formerly for- tified, but the walls are now ruined ; it wa^ also anciently a borough. Fethard, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, on the W. i>iile of Bannow Bay; 14 miles S. by E. of New Ross. Fetersham, or Faversham, a town in Kent, on a creek falling into the mouth of the Thames, much frequented by small ves- sels. It is a member of the port of Dover, and governed by a mayor. The church is in the form of a cross, and the interior well worthy of obser ration } and hero is a freo grammar school, founded by Queen Eliza- beth. It has a market on Wednesday and Saturday; is famous for oysters; and has some gunpowder mills in its neighbourhood. Here are the remains of a stately abbey, built by King Stephen, who was interred m it with his queen and son. James II. em- barked here in disguise, after the success of tlie Prince of Orange; but the vessel was detained by the populace, and the king con- veyed back to London. Fevcrsham is 9 miles W. of Canterbury, and 47 E. by S. of London, on the Chatham and Dover Railway. Feurs, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loire, seated on the Loire; 13 miles E.N.E. of Montbriijon. Feystritz, or Windiscu Fistritz, a town and castle of Germany, in Lower Styria, on a river of the same name; 17 miles N.N.E. ofCilley. Fez, or Fas, a kingdom of Barbarj', at the N.W. extremity of North Africa; bound- ed on the W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Algier, and S. by Ma- rocco and Tafilet. It extends upwards of 4U0 miles from E. to W. and is about 150 in brtmdth, is divided into nine provinces, and foims part of the empire of Marocco The country is full of mountains, partici larly to the W. and S. where Mount Atlas lics; but it is populous and fertile, producing citrons, lemons, oranges, dates, almonds, olives, figs, raisins, honey, wnX, cotton, fiax, pitch, and com in abundance. The inhabitants breed camels, beeves, sheep, and the finest horses iu Barbary. At the extreme N. point is the town and fortress of Ccuta, garrisoned by the Spaniards. See Ceuta. The principal places on the Atlantic coast are Salee and Laranche; Melitta and Tangier, on the coast of the Mediterranean; and in the in- terior, Mequincz, Fez, and Teza. Fez, the capital of the kingdom of Fez, and one of the largest cities in Africa. It is composed of three towns called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New Fez. Old Fez is the most con- siderable, and contains about 88,000 inhabi- tants. New Fez, founded about the 13th century, is principally inhabited by Jews, who tr.ide v/ith the Moors, notwithstanding the contempt with which they are treated by them. Old Fez was founded in 793, by Sidy Edris, a descendant of Mahomet and Ali, whose father fled from Medina to avoid the proscriptions of the caliph Abdullah. The palaces are magnificent; and there are nu- merous mosques, one of which, called Caru- bin, is one of the finest edifices in the empire. The houses are built of brick or stone, and adorned with mosaic work : those of brick are ornamented with glazing and colours like Dutch .iles, and the wood-work 2,nd ceilings are carved, painted, and gilt. The roofs are flat; and cver^ house has a court, in which is a square marble basin. Here are two col- leges for students, finely built of marble, and adorned with paintings. Th« hospitals and '4 FEZ 846 FIF ; ii public baths ure numerous, many of whiili are stately structures. All the traders live in a separate part of the city; and the ex- change, full of all sorts of rich nierclmiidise, is as large as a small town. The gardens are full of all kinds of fragrant flowers and shrubs. The Moors of Fez are clothed like the Turks; and, though more polished than their countrymen, are vain, superstitious, and intolerant. The saints, whom they pretend to have been buried in the city, serve them for a pretext to forbid its entrance to Jews and Christians; and an order from the em- peror is necessary to gai admission. Arabic is better spoken here than in other parts of the empire ; and the rich Moors send tiicir children to the schools at Fez, where they gain more instruction than they could do elsewhere. Fez is the centre of the trade of this empire; and hence caravans go to Mec- ca, carrying ready made garments, leather, indigo, cochineal, and ostrich feathers, for which they bring in return silks, muslins, and drugs. Other caravans go to Tombuctoo, and the river Niger. They travel over such dry barren deserts, that every other camel carries water. Their commodities are salt, cowries, wrought silk, British cloth, and the woollen manufactures of Barbarv. Fez is seated in a circular valley, watered by a river, and surrounded by mountains; 160 miles S.S.W. of Gibraltar, and 240 N.E. of Murocco, Long. 4. 45. W. lat. 33. 40. N. Fezzan, an interior kingdom of North Africa, lying between the great deserts of Zahara and Libya; bounded on the N. by Trij,oli, to the pacha of which province Fez- zan pays an annual tribute of 40U0 dollars. It is an extensive plain, encompassed by mountains, except to the W.; and to the in- fluence ot these heights it may be owing, that here, as well as in Upper Egypt, no rain is ever known. Though the character of tlie surface (which in general is a light sand) and the want of rain, may seem to announce sterility, yet the springs are so abundant, that few regions in the N. of Africa exhibit a richer vegetation. The greatest length of the cultivated part is about 300 miles I'rom N. to S. and 200 from E. to W. From wells of 10 or 15 feet deep, with which every gar- den and field is furnished, the husbandman waters the productions ol his land; among these are the date-tree, the olive, lime, apri- cot, pomegranate, fig, maize, barley, wheat, pompions or calabash, carrots, cucumbers, onions, and garlic. Among the tame ani- mals are the sheep, cow, goat, camel, ass, and a species of the domestic fowl of Europe. The wild animals are the ostrich and ante- lopes of various kinds. A multitude of noxious animals infest the country; snakes, acorpions, and toads swarm in the fields, gardens, and houses; the air is crowded with mosquitoes; and persons of every rank are overrun with vermin. The heat of the cli- mate in summer ia intense, and the S. wind is scarcely supportable even by the natives; and in winter a penetrating N. wind prevails, which drives to the fire even the natives of the northern country. Tempests of wind are frequent, which whirl up the sand and du< so as to give a yellow tinge to the at- mo.sphere. Tlie towrts are chiefly inhabited by husbandmen and shepherds; for, though they also eontnin merchants and artificers, yet agriculture and pasturage are the princi- pal occupations. The houses are built of clay with a flat roof composed of boughs of trees, on which a quantity of earth is laid. The natives are of a deep swarthy complex- ion; their hair is a short curly black; their lips thick, their noces flat and broad, and their skin emits a fetid efiluvia; they are tall, and well shaped, but weakly, indolent, and inactive. Their dress is similar to that of the Moors of Barbary. In their common in- tercourse, all distinctions of rank seem for- gotten ; the ahereefi or governor, and the lowest plebeian, the rich and the poor, the master and the servant, converse familiarly, and eat and drink together. Generous and hospitable, let his fare be scanty or abundant the Fezzaner is desirous that others should partake of it; and if twenty persons were unexpectedly to visit his dwelling, they must all participate as fur as it will go. When they settle their money transactions, they squat upon the ground, and, having levelled a spot with their hands, make dots as they reckon: if they are wrong, they smooth the spot again, and repeat the calcahition. Gold dust constitutes the chief medium of pay- ment; and value in that medium is always expressed by weight. In religion they are rigid but not intolerant Mahometans. The government is monarchical; and its powers are administered with such a temperate hand, that the people are ardently attached to their sovereign. Mourzouk (which see) is the capital. Jf'iANO, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St Peter. It is seated on the Tiber; IS miles N. of Rome. FiAKONo, a town of Istria, on the S.W. coast; 17 miles N. of Pola. FiAScoNB, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter; noted for fine muscadir.e wine; seated on a mountain near Lake Bol- sena; 12 miles N.W. of Viterbo. FicuERULOLO, a fortified town of Italy, in the Ferrarese; seated on the Fo; 12 miles W. of Fcrrara. FiCMfLLBERO, a mountain in Francoma, one of the highest mountains in Germany. It extends from near Bayreuth, to Eger in Bohemia, about 16 miles, and is covered with pines and other trees. FiELEWiER, an island near the W. coast of Norway; 22 miles long and 4 broad, with a town of the same name; 48 miles W.N.W. of Dronthiem. Long. 10. 40. E. lat. 63. 44.N. Fife, a maritime county on the coast of Scotland, forming a peninsula bntween the FIG 9^ FIN ho ■natives; id prevails, I natives of ts of wind 3 sand and to the at- y inhabited for, tliough d artificers, J the princi- ire built of of boughs iarth is laid. dy complex- black; their broad, and tliey are tall, ndolent, and ir to that of common iii- nk seem for- nor, and the the poor, the se familiarly, Jenerous and or abundant ttthers should persons were ing, they must II go. When sactions, tliey laving levelled 5 dots as they ;y smooth tlio (iliition. Gold ;dium of pay- ium is always igion they arc metans. The ,nd its powers (imperate hand, lached to their ch see) is the the patrimony the Tiber; 15 on the S.W. , in the patri- jine muscadine ear Lake Bol- bo. >wn of Italy, m Po; 12 miles in Franconia, s in Germany, ith, to Eger in is covered with the W. coast I 4 broad, with miles W.N.W. E.lat.63.44.N. ,n the coast of la bntween the friths of Forth and Tay: it extends from the mouth of the river Forth, in a N. N. E. direction, about 40 miles, and is about 12 miles in mean breadth; it is watered by nu- merous streams, the principal of which is the Eden, flowing through the contra of the county in a N.E. direction, into St. Andrew's bay. From the earliest period, the security afforded by its peninsular position appears to have occasioned it to have been the most densely populated part of Scotland; it seems to have constituted the stronghold of the Picts, during their conflicts with the Cimbri, or more ancient Scots. But it attained its greatest distinction in the errly part of the Ifith CCL iry, when its ad^ mlageous posi- tion obtained for it the r tccial favour of James V., who incorporated several of its towns, and conferred upon them royal privi. leges : 13 of these royal burghs still continue incorporated, but most of tliem are now become inconsiderable, and several othcis have become dissolved, from their inability to sustain the expense of civic parade; and, since the commencement of the 18th century the whole county has declined in impor- tance, relative to other counties of Scotland ; and, whatever benefit the county of Fife mtiy have derived at former periods firom royal favour, it now obviously militates agiiiist its social advancement. Some linen manufactures arc carried on in the S.W. parts of the county, (see Donfbrmlime,) but as a whole, it is an agricultural rather than a manufacturing district; it produces coal and lime in abundance, and copper, lead, iron, and other minerals are also found in diifcr- eiit parts of the county, though but partially worked; a beautiful grey marble, cornelian, agates, and jasper, are occasionally met with, and fishing on its coasts and its rivers is as- sidaonsly pursued by the inhabitants. It returns one member to parliament. Cupar is the assize town. FiQARNOLo, an island in the Gulf of Ven- ice, near the coast of Istria. Long. 13. 47. E. lat. 45. 18. N. FiQEAC, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lot, with a Benedictine abbey; seated on the Sclle; 22 miles E. of Cahors. It is the seat of a prefect, and contains 4650 inlialjitants. FioHio, or FiHio, a town of Barbary, in Bileilulgerid, at the foot of Mount Atlaa, on the S. The inhabitants carry on a great trade with the merchants of Marocco and Fez, and with the negroes. It is 240 miles E'.S.E. of Mequinez. Long. 1. 5. W. lat. 32. 20. N. FiouERAS.or St. Fbrsanpo db Fiodbras, a strong town and important fortress of Spain, in Catalonia. It surrendered to the French in 1794, without firing a shot. It is 10 miles S. by W. of Kosas, and 25 due S. of rerpignan. Pop. 7422. . FiouERo SOS ViNHos, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, much celebrated for its wme; seated among mountains, near the frontier of Beira and the river Zcze.'c; 23 miles N. of Tliomar. FiLr r, a town in Yorkshire. Off the shore of this parish is a lobster fishery. FiNALR, a sea port of Genoa, with a strong citadel, two forts, and a castle. It was tlie capital of a marquisate, and annexed to the duchy of Milan in 1602, but sold to the Genoese in 1713. In 1746 it was taken by the king of Sardinia, and restored in 1748. It is 30 miles S. W. of Genoa. Long. 8. 25. £. lat. 44. 14. N. lop. about 7000. Finale, a town of Italy in the Modenesc, on an island formed by the river Penoro; 22 miles N.E. of Modena. FiNCHLET, a parish in Middlesex, 8 miles from London. General Monk here drew up his forces in 1660, to effect the restoration. FiNDON, or Finnan a fishing village on the E. coast of Scotland in Kincardineshire, 6 miles S. of Aberdeen. It is a poor place, but has long been celcbiated for its prepara- tion of smoked haddocks. FiNouoRN, a town of Scotland, shire of Elgin. It possesses a thriving foreign and coasting trade in corn, salmon, yarn, &c. FiNDLAY, a town of Ohio, capital of Ha* - cock county, on the S. side of Blancharu's Fork of the Anglaise river. Laid out in 1823; 90 miles N.VV. of Columbus. FiNDLAY, a town of Pennsylvania in Al- leghany county. The surface is hilly. Pop. in 1840, 1367. FiNisTERRE, Cape, a cape of Spain, form- ing the extreme N. W. point of that country, projecting into the Atlantic Ocean, from the province of Galicia. It was thought by the ancients to have no country beyond it, and therefore they gave it a name which signifies the Land's-end. Long. 9. 1 7. W. lat. 42. 54. N. FiNiSTERKB, a maritime department of France, which includes part of the late pro- vince of Brctngne. It is the most westerly part of France, and bounded on three sides by the sea. On the N. it forms the boundary to the entrance of the English Channel. It is divided into five arrondissements, of which Quiraper, Brest, Morlaix, Chateaulin, and Quimperle, are the seats of the prefects. Pop. in 1842, 576,068. The other principal towns are Lesneven, Landerneau, and Carhaix. Quimper is the capital. Finland, a principality of European Rus- sia, extending from the lat of 60. to 66. 30. N., and in its extreme breadth from the long, of 21. to 31. 30. E. It is bounded on the S. by the Gulf of Finland, and W. by the Gulf of Bothnia, N. by Lapland, and E. by the Rus- sian provinces of Wiburg and Olonetz; it formerly belonged to Sweden, and was divi- ded into two great parts, the N. called East Bothnia, (see Bothnia,) and the S., Finland Proper, which contains several considerable towns, of which Abo is the chief, and capital of the whole countiy (see Abo.) The other towns are Nystndt, Raumo, and Biomeborg, on the shore of the Qulf of Bothnia, and Hel* '\ FIS 348 FLA lu r gingf'ois, Borgd, and Louisa, on the sliorc of the Gulf of Finlaml. Tliure arc ulso four or five considcriible towns in tiio interior. About one third of the areiiof Finhind Proper is composed of lakes. The contiguity of Finluuii to the maritime capital of tlic Rus- sian empire had long rendered it an ob- ject of jealousy to that power, and in 1S08 they overran it with so formidable a force as to compel the Swedes to consent to a formal cession of the whole country, and it now forms one of the fifty governments of the llussian empire. It is divided into eight districta, containing together a pop. of 1,411,953. FiNMAKK, the most northern section of Europe, jetting into the Arctic Ocean: it formerly belonged to Denmark, but with Nor- vrny was ceded to Sweder., in 1813. The coast is flanked with islands, and indented with bays. It comprises about 400 miles of surface, but the inhabitants, a mixed race of Fins and Laplanders, do not exceed 26,000, who principally inhabit the coast, fishing and hunting constituting their chief employment; the S. part, bordering on Lapland, is moun- tainous. North Cape, its extreme northern limit, and also of Europe, is in the lat. of 71. 10. N. and 25. 50. of E. long. FiNow, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker Mark. It has a canal, by which the Oder and Havel are united. It is 28 miles N.W. of Custrin. FioNDA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na- tolia, atid a bishojt's see ; on the Gulf of Satalia; 25 miles S. W. of Satalia. FioiiENzo. See Fekentino. FiouENzo, St., a seaport on the N.W. coast of Corsica, defended by walls and a tower. It was taken by the English and Cor- sicans, from the French, in 1794. It is 7 miles W. of Bastia. FinosEPODK, a town of Ilindostan, in Moultnn; seated on the Setlege, at the in- flux of the Beyah; 20 miles W. of Depal- pour, and 150 E. by N. of Moultan. FiscuHAUSEN, a town of Prussia, with a r>iyal castle; seated on the Frische Haff; 21 m. W. of Konigsberg, and 5 N.N.E. of Pillau. Fisu River, Great, a river of Africa, which rises in the unknown interior regions, divides Caffraria i. m the countryof the Hot- tentots, and enters the Indian Ocean in long. 28. 22. E. lat. 33. 24. S. FisnER Island, in Long Island Sound, opposite to Stonington harbour in Connecti- cut. It is 10 miles long and 2 broad, with a fertile soil, and is aimexed to the township uf Southold, in Long Island. FiSHERSOW, a town of Scotland, Edin- burijhshire. It is separated from the town of Musselburgh by the river T k, over which is an ancient bridge. FisiiGUAUD, or Aberowatn, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday. Here is a good harbour, which has been lately improved, with every convenience for ship-building, and a considerable irudc in herrings, com, and butter. It is situate on a steep cliff, on a bay of St. George's Channel ; 1 6 miles N.E. of St. David, and 249 W. by N. of London. FisuKiLL, a town of New York, in Dutchess county, on a creek of the same name; 5 miles E. of Hudson river, and 66 N. of New York. Pup. of the township 10,437. j FisiNES, a town of France, in the depart- : ment ofMarne; 20 miles S. of Laon, a town c** (xrcat antiquity, and has a trade in wool, corn, and wine. Pop. 2500. I FissATO, a seaport of Barbary, in the pro- I vince of Tripoli; &0 miles N.W. of Tripoli. I Long. 12. 10. E. lat. 33. 50. N. I FisTELLA, a fortified town in Marocco. The ! inhabitants carry on a great trade in fine j garments. It is 125 miles N.E. of Marocco. Long. 5. 55. E. lat. 32. 27. N. FiuM. See Fatoum. FiuMB, a seaport of Austrian Istria, with a castle, and many fine churches and con- vents. It is noted for wine, good figs, and other fruits; and has a sugar refinery, and a wax manufacture. Tiie harbour is formed by the river Fiumara, which enters the bay of Carnero, at the extremity of the Adriatic. Itis37milcsE ii Capo d'Istria. Long. 14. 12. E. lat. 45. 38. N. Pop. about 9000. Fladstrand, a seaport of Denmark, in N. Jutland, with a harbour defended by three forts, just within the entrance to the Catte- gat. it is30miles N.N.E. of Alburg. Long. 10. 29. E. lat. 57. 33. N. Flamborocgh, a factory of the Hudson Bay Company, on Hayes river, 70 miles from its mouth, on the W. side of Hudson Bay. Long. 90. 5. W. lat. 56. 8. N. Flamborouoh Head, a lofty promontory, on the coast of Yorkshire, whose sno^v-white cliffs rise from 300 to 450 feet tbove the level of the sea, and are the northern ex- tremity of the chalk cliffs of Albion, aflbrd- ing shelter to innumerable multitudes of sea- fowls. The lower parts contain vast caverns, and on the summit is a lighthouse; 9 miles E.N.E. of Burlington. Long. 0. 2. W. lat. 54. 8. N. There is a village of the same name contiguous to the cliffs. Flamstead, a village in Hertfordshire, England. It was a place of some importance in the time of the Romans being in posses- sion of England. The house in Greenwich Park, in which is the Royal Observatory, and from whence the English meridional line of longitude is drawn, is commonly called Flamsteei House, after the name of its first astro- nomer. /Sfec Greenwich. Flanders, a country of Europe, now in- cluded in the kingdom of Belgium; bounded on the North by the month of the Scheldt, and N.W. by the North sea or German Ocean, lying between the lat. of 50. 40. and 51. 20. N. and 2. 15. to 4. 15. of £. long. The early history of this countiy is involved in considerable obscurity; it has, however. FLA 319 FLE ngs, corn, !p clitf, on nilcs N.E. f London. 1 Dutchess ue; Smiles Sew York. the depart- lon, a town lo in wool, in the pro- of Tripoli. irocco. The lido in fine of Marocco. Istria, with C8 and con- ,od figs, and finery, and a ir is formed Iters the bay the Adriatic. Long. 14.12. ooo. jnmark, ml*, ided by three to the Catte- Iburg. Long. ■ the Hudson 70 miles from Hudson Bay. promontory, se snow-white set tbove the northern cx- Jbion, affiord- titudes of sea- 1 vast caverns, ouse; 5 miles ;. 0.2. W.lat. of the same lertfordshiro, le importance Ing in posscs- W, in which is h. from whence le of longitude lied Flamsteed ■its first ustro- [rope, now in- lum; bounded " the Scheldt, , or German ■of 50.40. and I. of E. long. Iry is involved \as, however. for several centuries ranked among the most fertile, populous, and civilized parts of £u- ^ rope; it was formerly known unrlcr three di- visinTis of French, Austrian, and Dutch Flan- ders; the French, or S. part, was comprised in the late province of Artois, now the de- partment du Nord, or North. The Austrian comprised the centre, from E. toW.; and | the Dutch the coast of the mouth of t!ie Scheldt; the whole country was overrun by the French in the early part of the war, which commenced in 1793, and confirmed to them j by the treaty of Campo Forraio, in 1797. After the treaty of Lunevillc, in 1801, Aus- trian and Dutch Flanders was divided into two departments — Lys, on the W., and Scheldt on the E., and incorporated with the j French empire. At the general partitioning oC this part of Europe, which followed the peace of 1814, these two departments were ceded to the new kingdom of iliei's'>therlands, I and were included in the kingdom of Bel- gium on the erci-tion of that state in 1831, '•■ and are now called the provinces of East and ' West Flanders. I Flanders, East, comprises about 1260 ' square miles, and contains about 7.58,906 | inhabitants. It is divided into four circles, of which Ghent, Dendermonde, Oudenarde, and Eccloo, are the chief towns; the other places of note are Sluys, Ardenberg, Phil- lipina, and Siis Van Ghent, on the shore of the mouth of the Scheldt; and Deynsc, Renaix, Grammont, Sotteghem, Alost, and Wattcrcn, in the S. The river Scheldt, which rises in the French department of Aisne, enters the S.VV. corner, running N. by E. to Ghent in the centre of the province, and then nearly due E. till it changes its course to the N., forming the boundary of the province on the side of Brabant; to- wards the S. the surface is slightly undu- lated, but northward it is an entire level, intersected by canals, communicating both with the North sea and the mouth of the Scheldt. Flanders, West, is bounded on the S. and S.W. by the French department, on the N. and N.W. by the North sea; the area of this province is about 1500 square miles, con- taining 627,1 28 inhabitants. Bruges, Fumes, Ypres, and Courtray are the chief towns; the other places of note are the seaports of Nieu- jHut and Ostcnd: the latter is regarded as the maritime portal of this part of Europe; this, like East Flanders, is a level country; in the S.E. part fine thread, lace, and linen cambrics are manufoctured to a great extent for exportation ; over all the other parts of the two provinces, fishing, agriculture, and mannfaeturcs are assiduously pursued, and tend to render the inhabitants among the most social and best conditioned in Europe. 1 he language of the common people is pe- culiar; but in the towns the French is most generally spoken. The Roman Catholic re- ligion prevails through both provinces: the clergy are, however, a tolerant and rcspectn* ble body. See Belgium. Flatbusii, a town of New York, chief of King's county. Long Island. The Americans were defeated near this place by the British in 1 776. It is situate amid garden grounds; 5 miles S. by E. of New York. Flat-Holm, an island belonging to the parish of Uphill, in Somersetshire; on it is n lighthouse, 80 feet high, with a revolving light. Flattert, Caps, on the W. coast of N. America, discovered by Cook, in 1778; and 80 named because he was disappointed at not finding a harbour. Long. 124. 57. W. lat. 48. 25. N. Flaviont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cote d'Or, with a Benedictine abbey; seated on a mountain, by the river Ozcrain; 27 miles W.N.W. of Dijon. Flicchb, La, a town of France, in the de- partment of Sarte. Here was a noble college built by Henry IV., at which Descartes was educated ; the centre is now converted into a town-house, nnd one of the wings rebuilt as a prytaneum, or military school for sol- diers' children. It is seated on the N. bank of the Loire, and is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 5833. It is 80 miles E.N.E. of Nantes. Flbckeroe, Jostkroe, or Fleckeren, an island in the Skngerak, near the coast of Norway; a few miles E. of Christiansand. Between the island and the continent is a most excellent harbour, defended by a for- tress. Long. 8. 18. E. lat. £8. 4. N. Fleet, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcud- brightshire, which issues from a small lake of the same name, and enters Wigton Bay, below Gatehouse. On its W. side are the vestiges of a camp, a druidical circle, and a vitrified fort. Fleet^vood, Port, a new promising sea- port town, at the mouth of the Wyre river, Lancashire. Piers for a harbour and a light- house have been erected here, 15 miles S. of Lancaster, to which it is connected by the Preston and Wyre railway, a branch of the Liverpool and Manchester railway. Fleming, a county of Kentucky, in the N.E. part of the state. The surface is partly mountainous, partly undulating »nd fertile. Capital, Flemingsburg. Pop. in 1840, 13,268. Flensboro, a seaport of Denmark, iu tlie duchy of Sleswick, with a strong citadel, and a harbour at the head of a bay in the Little Belt, at its entrance into the Baltic. It is a place of great commerce; 15 miles N.N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 47. E. lat. 54. 52. N. Pop. about 15,000. Fleurance, c town of France, in the de- partment of Gers, on the river Gcrs; 3 miles N. of Auch. Fleurus, a town of Bclginm, in Namur; 6 miles N.E. of Charkroi. Here, in 1690, a victory was gained by the French over the allies; and in 1794 the Austrians were de- feated in a general attack of the French posts FLO 350 FLO Hi J I '^ I S Flib, or V^iELANo, an iHltuuI on tlie coast of Holland, N. of the Texol, nt the middle of the entrance of the Zuydcr Zee. Flint, a countjr at the N.E. extremity of Wales; bounded m a N.W. direction, by the cHtuary of the river Doe, and N. by W. by the Irish sea. It is the smallest county in Wales, its superficies bcin({ only 243 square miles. It is, however, rich in coal, copper, and lead, and, since the commencement of the present century, the cotton manufacture has been introduced. It returns one mem- In^r to parliament. The principal towns are Mold, Holywell, Hawardcn, and St. Asaph. Flint, formerly the chief town of the county, thou(;li now a small place. It has the county gaol, but the assizes are held at Mold. Here are the remains of a royal castle, in which Richard II. took shelter on arriving from Ireland; but on leaving it, he was deli- vered into the hands of his rival, afterwards Henry IV.: it Htands on a rock close to the sea, and is governed by a constable, who is also mayor of the town. Flint has no mar- ket, but is well frequented as a bathing-place. It is seated on the estuary of the Dee; 12 miles W.N.W. of Chester, and 195 N.N.W. from London, and contributes, with Holy- well, &c., in sending one member to parlia- ment. lYiNT, a river of the state of Georgia, which rises in Campbell and Do Kalb coun- ties, runs S.W., and joining the Cliatahoochee, at its entrance into East Florida, forms the Apalachicola. Flix, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, strong both by nature and art. It stands on a peninsula formed by the Ebro, and the side where the river does not pass is covered by mountains, and defended by a castle. It is 23 miles N. of Tortosa. Flouuen, a field in the parish of Kirk- newton, Northumberland, 5 miles N.N.W. of Woller, on which a battle was fought be- tween the English and Scots, in 1513, in which James IV. was killed, with many of his nobility, and 10,000 men. Florao, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lozere; 13 miles S. of Mende, and C5 N. of Montpelier. It is the seat of a pre- fect. Pop. 2450. Florence, or Firenzb, a celebrated city of Italy, capital of Tuscany, and an arch- bishop's see, with a citadel and a university. It was first founded by the soldiers of Sylla, embellished and enlarged by the triumvirs, destroyed by Totila, and rebnilt by Charle- magne. The circumference is about six miieK, and the fortifications consist of only a wall and a ditch, with two or three forts which command a part of the town. It is divided into two unequal parts, by the river Arno, over which are four handsome bridges. The quays, the buildings on each side, and the bridges, render the part through which the river runs by far the finest; but every part is full of wonders in the arts of painting, statuary, and architecture. The environs are beautiful, rich, and popnlouB. Some of the Florentine merchants, formerly, weru men of great wealth ; and one of them, in the middle of the fifteenth century, built that noble fabric, which, from the name of its founder, is still called the Palazzo Pitti. It was afterwards purchased by the Medici family, who made some enlargements; and it thence became the residence of the grand dukes of Tuscany. The Palazzo Vecchio, or old palace, contains a room 172 feet long and 70 wide, for public entertain- ments. The beauties and riches of these pa- laces, in all that is masterly in architecture, literature, and the arts, especially those of painting and sculpture, have been often de- scribed ; but before they were plundered by the French, in 1800, all description fell short of their contents. The celebrated Venus of Medici, the standard of taste in female beauty and proportion, stood in a room called the tribune ; this, with other masterpieces of sculpture, was carried away to Paris, but re- stored, with most of the other works of art, at the general peace in 1815. There are other rooms, whose contents are indicated by the names they bear; as the cabinet of arts, of astronomy, natural history, medals, portraits, porcelain, antiquities, &c. Beside the Medicean library, begun by Julius de Medici, and greatly augmented by Duke Cosmo I., there arc several other copious li- braries, especially those in the two Benedic- tine and Carmelite convents. The Florentine Academy, and the Academia della Crusca, were instituted to enrich the literature and improve the language of Tuscany; the latter is so named because it rejects, like bran, all words not purely Tuscan. The cathedral, the churches, and other public buildings, ccmtniu paintings and sculptures by the first masters in Italy; and the chapel of Lorenzo is, perhaps, the most expensive habitation that ever \vas reared for the dead, being in- crusted with precious stones, and adorned with the workmanship of the best modern sculptors. The manufactures of Florence are chiefly woven fabrics ; and it has a con- siderable domestic trade. Florence is 54 tn. E.N.E. of Leghorn, which is its outport; they are connected by the Leopolda railway. The Maria Antonia railway connects it with Pistoia, Lucca, &c. Population, 106,899. Florence, a town of Alabama, capital of Lauderdale county, on the N. side i}( the Tennessee river, just below the Muscle shoals. Steamboats ascend to the place, and it has great advantages for trade; 135 miles N. by W. of Tuscaloosa. Pop. about 2000. Florbnt, St., a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, with a Benedictine abbey;' seated on the Loire; 20 miles W.S.W. of Angers. Fi.orentin, St., a town of France, in the department of Yonne, at the conflux of the FLO 351 FLO cnTiroT\» Rre Some of the f, wcw men ;hem, in the jr, built that name of it« J7.0 Pitti. It r the Medici mcnts; and it of the grand azzo Veccliio, )om 172 feet ilic entcrtain- es of these pa- ra architecture, Bially those of been often de- s plundered by ption fell short •ated Venus of tj female beauty •oom called the nasterpieces of ;o Paris, but re- ar works of art, 15. There are ;9 are indicated i the cabinet of history, medals, ies, &c. Beside in by Julius de lentcd by Du^o other copious U- ;he two Benedic- Thc Florentine lia della CruscI^ le literature and iscanv; the latter •cts, like bran, all The cathedral, public buildings, )tures by the first jhapel of Lorenzo ensive habitation ,e dead, bein« in- nes, and adorned the best moilern ut«8 of Florence and it has a con- Florence is 54 «n. isitsoutport; they [.eopolda railway, ilway connects « 5ic. Population, Jabama, capital of ,he N. side gt the r the Muscle shoals, place, and It haj o; 135 miles N.l>y about 2000. ^ of France, in tne and Loire, with* ;d on the Loire; 2" tn of France, in th« tbeconBuxofthe Armance and Armancon; 15 miles N.E. of Auxerre, and 80 8.E. of Paris. Florentino, one of the three provinces of Tusteiiny; bounded on tlic N.W. by the re- pnhlic of Lucca and the Modenese, N.E. by the Appennine8,andS. bytlieSlennese. Pop. about 680,000: besides Florence, the capital, the other principal towns are Leghorn, Pisu, and Pistoia. Flores, or Manqbtle, an i.^knd of the Kast Indies, one of the ciiain that forms the S. boundary of the Java and Banda seas; 180 miles long and 45 broad; lying to the E. of that of Sumbawa. On the 8. side, near the E. end, is a town named Larantuea. Long. 121.56. E. hit. 8.20. S. Flores, a fertile island, one of the Azores; so called from the abundance of flowers found upon it. Lagens is the most populous tiiwii, but Sta. Cruz is the capital. Long. 31.0. W.lat. 39.34. N. Florida, a country of North America, the southernmost state of the United States, forming a promontory extending from St. Mary's river, which divides it from Georgia, in the lat. of 30.40. to Cnpc Sable, in 25.2. N., between 80. and 83. of W. long. This p;irt of America was first made known to \ Europeans by Cabot, in 1496. It appears, I Iiowever, not to have been revisited until 1512, when Ponce de Leon drew so flattering a picture of its fertility and capabilities as to | render it an object of considerable attraction to all the maritime states of Europe; and it was, for upwards of two centuries, an object | of repeated contention between the French, | Spaniards, and English. In 1 763, it was ced- ed by treaty to England, in whose possession it continued until 1779, when it was overrun by a Spanish force from Louisiana; and in 1783 it was ceded back to Spain, between which power and the United States of North America it continued an object of contention until 1819, when it was ceded to the latter power: the ces.sion being ratified in 1821, it was taken possession of by the United States in July of that year, and now forms the state of Florida, having been admitted into the Union in 1845. Since it has been in pos- session of the United States, it has been the Scene of a constant and extensive warfare with the Indians. The Seminoles were sub- iucd in 1818, but a portion of them who re- fused to emigrate, have carried on a tedions and harrassing warfare up to nearly the pie.scnt time. The area, comprised within the present limits of the state, is about 385 miles long, and from 50 to 250 miles wide, containing 57,000 square miles, or 37,000,000 acres. The state is divided into West, Middle, East, and South Florida, and the Appalachicola districts, and these again into 20 counties. Tallahassee is the seat of government. The face of the country is uneven, but it has no inountains or high hills : a large portion of it is covered with pine forests, and the bor- ders of the streams are usually skirted with hummocks or hillocks of hard timber. A large portion of Florida consi.sts of pine barrens, much of which has a poor soil, but has fertile tracts capable of producing sugar, rice, cotton, tobacco, &c. Majestic cedars, chestnuts, magnolias, and cypresses, are found. The peninsula, which constitutes tiic S. part of the state, presents a singular alternation of savannahs, hammocks, lagoons, nnd grass ponds, called altogether the ever- glades. There are numerous streams which d ischarge their waters into the Gulf of Mexico, and some into the Atlantic, and a river of considerable magnitude, rising from a lake .50 miles in circumference, in the lat. of 26. N., flows parallel with the Atlantic coast, at a distance of about 30 miles, and fails into the Atlantic, in the lat. of 30. 10. N. This river is at intervals two to five miles wide, and is navigable for vessels drawing eight or nine feet water 150 miles from its mouth. Its aggregate population is 13,651, the greatei portion of whom are concentrated at St. Au- gustine, the principal town, seated on the Atlantic cr iu the lat. of 29.48. N. South Florida pro. <8 some of the finest tipibei in all America, either for ship building, or for carpentry purposes. At present it forms the chief article of commerce; but as popu- lation increases, cotton and other products common to the tropics, will probably bo cultivated with success, and, to an industrious and enterprising people, it will doubtless yield an abundance of all the necessaries of life. Cape Siible, the southern extremity of the territory, is 135 miles N.N.W. of Havan- nah. A cliain of islands, or rather sand- banks, flank nearly the whole line of coast, both on the side of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, and extensive shoals and reefs of sand bound the southern extremity. There are two or three commodious harbours on the W. coast, within the Gulf of Mexico; viz. St. Juan, Charlotte Harbour, and Spirito Santo, or Hillsborough. There are several railroads in the state: one from Tallahassee to St. Mark's, 22 miles; another from Lake Wicomico to St. Joseph, 1 2 miles; another thence to lola on the Ap- palachicola, and several others projected. Pensacola, the chief town, has the best har- bour in the Gulf of Mexico, with sufiicient depth of water for s'iips of the largest class, under the influence 'A' the enterprising and migratory disposition of the people of the United States, both West and East Florida may fairly be anticipated rapidly to increase in population, productions, and importance. Florida Cape is on the E. coast of East Florida, in the gulf of the same name, in the lat. of 25. 41. N. and 80. 5. of W. long; 90 miles N.E. of Cape Sable, and about 30 W. of the N.W. end of the Great Bahama bank. Near it is a lighthouse on Kay Biscayno. Florida, Gitt.p of, is the passage out of the Gulf of Mexico into the Atlantic Oceaiit FOC 3o2 FOL j; 1- between the N.W. coast of the island of Culia, and the Bahama bunk nnd ishinds on *he E., nnd tlio j)roinontory of Florida on the W. Through the passage tlio great body of waters, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi, Colorado, und Rio del Norte, set, in a continual stream, running at tiie rate of 4 to 5 miles per hour: the stream continues to run along the eastern coast of North America, to the lat. of 4!2. when the current is dispersed by the great bunk of Newfoundland. The gulf passage is from 30 to 130 miles wide, the narrowest part being between Cape Florida and tho Great liuliuma bank before mentioned. Florida Kets, or Martyus Islands and liEGFs, are the shoals and sand-banks flank- ing the southern extremity and £. coast of tiie promontory of Florida, as previously de- scribed. Flour, St., a city of France, in the de- partment of Cantal, and a bishop's see. Good knives are made hero, and it has n considcrublo trade in corn. It is seated on a mountain; 53 miles S, of Clermont, and 108 N. by W. of Montpelicr. It is tho seat of a prefect. Pop. 4980. Floyd, a county in the S. part of Virginia. Capital, Jacksonville. Pop. in 1840, 4453. Also a county in Georgia; the soil is fertile on the river banks. Capital, Rome. Pop. 4441. Also a county in the E. part of Ken- tucky, with a hilly and broken surface. Capi- tal, Prcstonburg. Pop. 6302. Also a county in Indiana, on tho N.W. side of the Ohio. Capital, Now Albany. Pop. 9454. Fi.csniNO, a strong seaport of Dutch Zea- land, in the island of Walcberen, on the N. side of Western Scheldt, the entrance of wliich it defends. It has a good harbour, and a great canal, which is deep enough to admit loaded vessels, runs through the town. The stadthouse is a su|)crb building, after the model of that of Amsterdam. Flushing was tho birthplace of Admiral De Ruyter, and has a capacious harbour and basin for ships of the largest burthen. It is one of the naval depots of the Netherlands. Its trade consists chiefly of smuggling. Pop. 6000. It is in lat. 51. 27. N. and 3. 34. of E. long. Flushing, a town of New York, in Queen's county, Long Island, situate on the E. side of Hell-gate; 7 miles E. by N. of New York. Pop. 4124. Fluvanna, a county of Virginia, N. of James river, at the foot of the first ridge of the Allegany mountains. The population is 8812. Columbia, the chief town, at the S.E. corner of tho county, is 52 miles W. by N. of Richmond. Fochabers, a town of Scotland, belonging to Banffshire, being seated on the E. side of tho river Spey. It is 8 nUles E. by S. of Elgin, and 22 W. of Ban (f. FocHAN, a populous village of China, in the vicinity of Canton. FoouEA, or FoaoiA, a seaport of Asiatic j Turkey, in Natolia, with a castle. The Ve- maians beat the Turkish fleet near this plac(\ in 1650. It is seated on the Gulf of Smyrna, at the influx of tho Hermus; 28 miles N.W of Smyrna. Long. 26. 39. E. lat. 38. 44. N. FoKDWAR, a town of Hungary; seated on tho W. bank of tho Danube, opposite Co- locza; 40 niilcs S. of Buda. Pop. 2500. FooARAS, a town and castle of Transyl- vania, on tho river Alauts; 30 miles N. by E. of Hermanstudt. FoooiA, a town of Naples, in Capitanai i. It is a staple for corn and wool, and seated near tho Cerbero; 20r..ilcs S. of Manfredonia. It suffered greatly by an earthquake, fn 1732. Pop. about 21,000. FooLiA, a river of Italy which rises on th« confines of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Ur- bino, and enters the Gulf of Venice at Pesaro. FooLizzo, or FooLiNO, a town of Pied- mont; 5 miles N.W. of Chevasso, and 13 W. of Crescentino. Fooo. See Fdeoo. Four, or Fora, an island of Denmark, about 12 miles in circumference, near the coast of Sleswick, in the German Ocean; 65 miles N. of Heligoland. Pop. about 5500. Long. 8. 31. E. lat. 54. 44. N. Foix, a late district of France, in Langue- doc, adjoining the Pyrenees. It now forms with Couserans, the department of Arriege. Foix, a town of France, capital of tho de- partment of Arriege. Here is a manufacture of coarse woollen cloths, and some copper- mills. It is seated on the Arriege, near tho foot of the Pyrenees; 42 miles S. by E. of Toulouse. F«>-KiEN, a maritime province in the S. of China; bounded on the N. by Tche-kiang, W. by Kiang-si, S. by Quang-Tong, and E. by the China sea. The climate is warm; and yet tho air is so pure, that no contagious diseases ever prevail. It produces musk in abundance, precious stones, quicksilver, iron, and tin; also gold and silver, but it is for- bidden to dig for these. It has fine plains; and industry fertilizes even the mountains, the greater part of which are cut into terra- ces, rising above each other. Its valleys are watered by springs and rivers from the moun- tains, which the husbandman distributes with great skill, to refresh his rice: he has even tho art to raise his water to the tops of tho mountains, and to convey it from one side to the other, by pipes made of bamboo. The people speak a different language in most of the cities, each of which has its par- ticular dialect. The language of the man- darins is that which is spoken every where ; but few understand it in this province; how- ever, it produces a great number of lite- rati. It contains nine cities of the first, and sixty of the third class. Fou-tchou is the ca])ital. See China. FoLGSHiLL, a parish in the county of the city of Coventry, lying on the N. side of the city, and intersected by tho Coventiy oaael. FON 353 FOR TheVe- thifl plact; if Smyrnii, lilcs N.W 38. 44. N. Bcatcd on poHite Co- . 2500. if Transyl- csN.byE. [Japitanai i. and seated anfredonia. ,ke, in 1732. rises on the uchy of Ur- :e at Pesaro. vn of Pied- ),andl3W. )f Denmark, ce, near the n Ocean; 65 about 5500. B, in Langue- It now forms t of Arriego. ital of tlio de« I manufacture some copper- kege, near the 8 S. by E. of ce in the S. of f Tche-kianp, Tong, and E. late is warm; no contagious luces musk in icksilver.iron, , but it is for- iw fine plains; he mountains, cut into terra- Its valleys are romthemoun- listributes with he has even the tops of ■y it from one ,:ie of bamboo, t language w ich has its par- re of the man- 1 every where ; irovince; how- jmber of hte- ,f the first, and fu-tchott iB t'-e s county of tne , N. side of the oventry oaaei. Popnlation almost exclusively empluycd in the ribbon manufacture. FoLlONO, s town of Italy, in the duchy of Umbria; famous for its awuetmeats, paper- mills, and silk mnnufucturus. If is seated on the W. side of tiie Auunniims, near a fertile plain ; 69 miles N. of Uomu. FoLKiNOiiAH, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday. Here arc tlie ntiiis of an ancient castle. It is sentcd on a rising ground; 18 miles W.S.W. of Boston, and 106 N. ofLondon. Pop. 744. FuLKESTONB, a town of Kent, with a market on Thursday. At various times four of its churches have been destroyed by the incur.->iMns of the sea. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in fishing. Dr. \Vm. Harvey, the far-famed discoverer of the cir- culation of the blood, was born here in 1578. Since the railway has been constructed, it has greatly improved, and numerous hand- some terraces and houses aff'ord accommo- dation for summer visitors. Its harbour has been decpencil and rendered accessible for ■team boats communicating with the French ports opposite. It is a member of the port of Dover. It is seated on the English Chan- nel; 8 miles S.W. of Dover, and 72 E. by 8. of London, to which it is connected by the South Eastern liailway. FoMDi, a town of Naples, in the Terra di Lavora; seated on the Appian Way, near the sea coast; 65 miles S.S.W. of Rome. FoNO-TBiANO, or FoNTCHEOO, a city of China in the province of Chen-si. Its district contains eight cities of the second and third class. It is seated on the Hoio Ho, which falls into the Yellow river; 500 miles S.W. of Peking. Long. 106. 57. E. lat. 34. 36. N. FoNO-TAMo, a city of China, in the pro- vince of Kiang-nan. It encloses within its wallj several fertile little hills; and its juris- diction comprehends five cities of the second, and thirteen of the third class. It is seated on a mountain which overhangs a river falling into the Hong-tse Huu; 70 miles N.E. of Nankin. Long. 116. 58. E. lat. 32. 52.N. FoNS, a town of France in the department of Lot; 5 miles N.W. of Figcac. FosTAiNBLBAU, a towii of France, in the department of Seine and Marne; celebrated for its fine palace, and a bunting seat of the sovereigns of France. It stands in the midst of an extensive forest; 35 miles S.S.E. of Paris. It is the seat of a prefect. Fop. about 8000. Fontaine l'Evbque, atown of the Nether- landc, in the territory of Liege; 6 miles W. of Charleroi. FoNTANETTO, a town of Piedmont; 7 miles E. of Crescentino. F0NTARABIA,Or FCENTERRABIA, a SCaport of Spain, in Biscay, on the frontiers of France, from which it is separated by the river Bid- nssoa, which forms a harbour at its mouth, in the Bay of Biscay. It stands on a penin- sula, at the foot of the Pyreneau mountains, and was once so strong, both l>y nutiiro and art, as to be accounted the key of Spain on that side; but it opened its gates to the French in 17U4. It is now a miserable and dilapida- ted spot. It is 22 miles S.W. of Bayonn», and 62 E. l.v N.of Bilboa. Long. 1.47. W lat. 43. 23. N. FoNTKNAT LE CoMPTE, R town of Fmnco, in the department of Vendrfe. It has a wool- len manufacture, and its fairs aro famous for cattle. It is seated on the Vendee; 25 roilei N.E. of Bochclle, 55 W. by S. of Poitieia and 215 S.E. of Paris. It is the scat of a prefect. Pi)p. 6389. KoN TENOY, a town of Belgium, in Ilai- nault; 4 miles S.E. of Tournay. It is cele- brated for a battle between the allies and the Kreneh in 1745, in which the former were defeated. FoNTEviiAOLT, a towu of Fraucc, in the department of Mayenne and Loire. Here is a famous abbey, in the church of which several kings and queens of France lie in- terred. It is 7 miles S.E. of Saumur. FoRA, an island of Denmark, on the W. coast of S. Jutland, between those of Sylt and Nordstrand. It is of an oval form, 20 miles in circumference, and the chief place is Utersen. See Fohr. FoRCHKiM, a strong town of Franconia, in the principality "f Bamberg, with a fine ar- senal. It surrciid.:red to the French in 1 796, but the Austrians compelled them to aban- don it soon afterward. It is seated at the conflux of the Wisent and Rednitz, 16 miles S.S E. of Bamberg, and is now included in the territory of the king of Bavaria. Ft>KDHAM,a town of the state of New York, on the line of the Harlem railroad, with a depot. The St. John's (li. C.) college, was founded here in 1841 ; 12j miles from New York city hall. FoRDiNGBRinoE, a town in Hampshire, witii a market on Friday, and a manufacture ofchecks and bed ticks; seated on the liittle Avon ; 10 miles S. of Salisbury, and 88 W. by S. of L(mdon. FoRDwicii, a member of the town and cinque-port of Sandwieh. It is now a small old-fasiiioned village, but possesses a cor))o- ration, who arc entitled to the fishery of the river Stour, which is celebrated for its fine trout; 2 miles E.N.E. of Canterbury. Foreland, North, a promontory of Kent, the E. point of the isle of Tlmnet. It is the most southern point of the port of London; and a line thence extended N. to the point called the Nase, in Essex, forms the mouth of the Thames. Here is a lighthouse up- wards of 100 feet high. Long. 1. 29. £. lat. 51. 22. N. FoKELANO, South, another promontory of Kent. It is called South, in respect to its bearing from the other Foreland, which is 13 miles to the N., and on it are two beautiful modern lighthouses. Between these two capes is the noted roadstead, cal I ed the Downs. 8a FOR 854 FOR iv 1 1 1 1 ' II' Ui FoKKHT 'i'owNS, four towiiu of Simliiii, in Jli'iH;;iiti, Nitiiiitc on tlio Rliino and the con- fiiiuH of Switzurliind, nt thu entrance of tlio liliick Furi'Ht. Iheir niinics nro Wuldgchiit, Lniiltvnimrgh, Scckingcn, iind Uhcinfuldun. ruRCAR, a hurKh of Scotland, capital of Aii(;ii.s-sliii'c. It contains many neat modern liiiii.sc!*, and hnn munufacturcs of coarse linens and bIiocn. It is bituate in an extensive plain, nearly in the centre of the county; 14 niilcf) N. Ity E. of Dundee. It contributes, witii liiv(!rl)crvie, &c., in sending one mom- Itcr to parliament, and has a railway to Ar- broath. FouPARsniRR. See ANOirssiiiRB. FoiiOKS, a town of France, in the deport- ment of Lower Seine; celebrated for its mi- neral waters. It is '24 miles N.E. of l{ouen. Ponio, or FoNTARio. See. Isciiia. Foni.i, a town of Italy, in the Roman states ; seat(!d on the frontier of Tuscany, in a fertile country, near the river Rones; 11 miles S.S.W. of Ravenna. Top. 16,000. FoRMBNTERA, un island in the Mediterra- nean, belonging to the crown of Spain. It is situated to the S. of Ivica, from which it is separated by a channel 4 miles wiilo. Formosa, Tae-wan, or Taiouan, nn is- land in the China sea, lying between 120. and 122. E. long, and 22. and 2.5. N. lat., and sopnrnted from the province of Fo-kicn, in China, by a channel about 80 miles wide where narrowest. It is 280 miles from N. to S., and 70 in its broadest part, but is greatly contracted at the S. extremity. It is subject to the Chinese, who, however, did not know of its existence till the year 1430. A chain of mountains, running its whole length, di- vides it into two parts, the E. and W. The Dutch built the fort of Zealand, on the W. part, in 1643. They were driven thence in 1G61, by a Chinese pirate, who made himself master of all the W. part. In 1682 the whole island submitted to the emperor of China. It contains extensive and fertile ])Iain8, wa- tered by a great number of rivulets from the mountains. It produces abundance of corn and rice, most of the Indian fruits, many of those of Europe, tobacco, sugar, pepper, cam- phire, and cinnamon. Wholesonio water is the only thing wanting in Formosa. The in- habitants rear a great number of oxen, which they use for riding, from a want of horses. This island was almost totally destroyed by a furious hurricane and dreadful inunuution of the rea. Taiouan, at the S. \V. end of the island, is the capital. F0BMO8A, Cai'E, the point of land between the Bights of Benin and Biafra, in the Gulf )f Guinea. Lat. 4. 15. N. and 5. 10. of E. long. One of the Bissagos Isles, on the W. coast of North Africa, is also culled Formosa. Lat. 1 1. 30. N. long. 16. 10. W. FoRNOVO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma; near which, in 1495, Charles VIII. of France, obtained a victory over the princes of Italy. It is 8 miles \V.S.W. of Parma. FoRRKH.a royal burgh of 8(!otland, in Mo- rayshire, neatly built on an eminence, on the river, and near the bay of Findhnm, whiih is its nort. It has manufactures of linen and thread, anible to ow; a 66 miles 1840, 2094. ;ificiition on the land, adjoining ce to New York ed is frequented •EVENTunA, one niles in length, [th, consistini; of isthmus 12 miles ct is the barilla B wheat, barley, W. point is in ■T Pop. about S, which rises in in Dumbarton- 1 course, by Stir- le German Ocean lit forms a noblo Vorth. The Forth feo tons as far as frchant vessels ot liKemouth, where letween this nvct LaryahoTemen- In mean breadth, Iflnce from North I Ness, on the in., |vo points is about I the Queenfi/f y lie and a half, th" land from Qucens- } distance w about iline again to the [Between Queen*' Ijes-arcanumbct tatcd of which are Inch Garrie, Inch Colm, and Inch Keith: on tlio latter, and on the Isle of May, without the line of Elie Nchh, are lightiiouses, and tlicso, lis well as most of the other islands, contain ruins of castles or religious houses. 8t. Abb's Head on the S. and Fife Ness on the N., distant from each other 35 miles, are hy some considered as forming tlio points of entrance to the Frith of Forth. FoRTRosB, a burgh of Scotland, in Ross- shire situate on the Moray Frith, nearly opposite Fort George, to wliich there is a regular ferry. It is composed of two towns, Rosomarkie'and Chanonry ; the former a very ancient burgh, and the latter one a bishop's SCO. Two small parts of the ancient cathe- dral remain; one used as a burial-]>laco, the other as a court-house and prison. It contri- butes, with Inverness, Forres, and Nairn, in returning one member to parliament. It is 9 miles S.S.VV. of Cromarty. Fonr-llovAL, a town of Martinico, on the W. side of the island, with one of the best harbourp in the West Indies, defended by a strong citadel. It is the residence of the French Governor of the island. Long. 61.9. W. lat. 14. 36. N. FoRT-UoTAL, the capital of the island of Granada. iS«e St. Georob. FossANO, a town of ii'icdmont, with a cita- del; seated on the Store; 10 miles N.K. of Coni. It has manufactures of silk. Fosse, a town of the Netherlands, in Namur, situate between the Sambre and^ Mouse; 7 miles N.W. of Namur. FoMsoMBRONE, a town of Italy, in the Ro- man States, delegation of Urbino, with a castle on a mountain; near the river Metro; 10 miles S.E. of Urbino. The vicinity is very productive of fine silk. FossDM, a town of Norway, in the govern- ment of Aggcrhuys, noted for rich mines of cobalt; 35 miles \V. of Christiana. FoTiiERiNOAT, a village in Northampton- shirs; 3 miles N. of Oundle, near tho Nen. Here are the ruins of a castle in which Richard III. was bom, and Mary, Queen of Scots, tried and beheaded. In the church are in- terred two dukes of York; Edward, killed at Agincourt in France, and Richard, slain at Wakefield. FouE, or Faqua, a town of Lower Egypt; seated on tlie W. branch of the Nile; 25 miles S. by E. of Rosetta. FonoERES, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ille and Vilaine, with an ancient castle. In 1302 it was taken by .John, king of England. It is seated on the Coesnon; 25 iiiiles N.E. of Reniies, and 150 VV. by S. of I'aris. It is the scat of a prefect. Pop. 9000. FouLA, or FowLA. See Fola. FouLi, Pholet, or Foulah, a country of AlVicn, extending on both sides of the river Senegal, about 500 miles from E. to W.; the boundaries from N. to S. are unknown. It is populous and fertile. The Foulahs are, in general, of a tawny complexion, though many of them are entirely black. Some lead a wandering life, and roam about tho ccmntry with largo droves of cows, sheep, Roats, ami horses; others are dextrous at hunting wild beasts; the teeth of elephants, and the skins of lions, leopards, and ti^ent, being articles of trade. 1 heir arms are bows and arrows, lances, swords, daggers, and occasionally a kind of small fuseo. They are praised by travellers for their hospitality: nor is their humanity in other respects less commendable ; for if one of their countrymen have tho mis- fortune to fall into slavery, tho rest join stock to redeem him. Tho king of this country is called thoSirntick; and, though ho seldom ap- pears with tho badges of majesty, he has great authority, and is as much respected as any one on the coast. Foulness, a small island on the S. E. coast of Essex, formed by the river Crouch at its entrance into tho mouth of tho Thames. FouLsiiAM, a town in Nortblk, with a mar- ket on Tuesday; 18 miles N.W. of Norwich, and III N.E. of London. Fountain, a county in the W. part o( Indiana, to the E. of the Wabash river, and traversed by the Wabash and Erie Canal. CapituI, Covington. Pop. in 1840, 11,218. Four Cantons, Lake of tub. See Wald- BTVEDTCR SeA. Fourneaux Island, a small island in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 143.2. W.lat. 17. 11. S. Fou-TCHEotJ, a city of China, in Fo-kien, and the most considerablo in that province, on account of its trade, the convenience of its rivers and port, and the number of its lit- erati. It is the residence of a viceroy, and has under its jurisdiction nine cities of the third class. It is seated near tho mouth of a river falling into the China Sea; 435 miles N.E. of Canton, and 1030 S. by E. of Peking. Long. 119. 4. E. lat. 26. 4. N. Foc-TCHEOU, another city of China, in Kiung-si, formerly one of the most beautiful cities of China, but almost ruined by the invasion of the Tartars. It is 240 miles N, W. of the other Fou-tcheou, and 835 miles S. of Peking. Long. 1 15. 56. E. lat. 27. 55.N. FowET, or Fawt, a river in Cornwall, which rises 4 miles S.E. of Camelford, passes by LostwithicI, and sfter a winding course of about 40 miles, enters the English Channel at Fowcy. FowET, a seaport in Cornwall; market on Saturday, and a considerable trade in the pilchard fishery. It is seated at the mouth of the Fowey, which forms a capacious and very safe harbour; 11 miles S. of Bodmin, and 239 W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 37. W. lat. 50. 19. N. Fox Islands, or Aleutian Islands, a group of islands in the Northern Archipelago. They are 16 in number, between the coast of Kamstchatka and the W. coast of Ameri- ca; between 52. and 55. N. lat. Each island has a peculiar name; but this general name is given to the whole group, on account of Wl" FRA 356 FHA i i \ I I tho great number of black, grey, and red | foxes with wliich they abound. The dress of tlic inhabitants consists of a cap and a fur coat, wliich reaches down to their knees: SDmo wear a cap of a party-coloured bird- Bkiii, upon which is left part of the wings and tail. On the forepart of their hunting and fishing caps they place a small board, like a screen, adorned with the jawbones of sea- bears, and ornamented with glass beads, which they receive in barter from the Rus- Kians. They feed upon tlic flesh of all surts of sea animals, and generally eat it raw. | The provision intended for keeping is dried j without salt, in the air. Their weapons are liows, arrows, and darts; and, for defence, they use wooden shields. The must perfect equality reigns among them: they have nei- ther chiefs nor superiors, neither laws nor punishments. They live together in families, and societies of several families united, which form what they call a race, who, in case of attack or defence, mutually aid each otiicr. They have a good sliare of plain natural un- derstanding, and seem cold and indifferent in most of tlieir actions; yet if an injury, or mere suspicion, rouse them from this phleg- matic state, they become furious and revenge- ful. The Russians call these islands the Lyssie Ostrova, and belong to the Russian American Fur Company. There is a cluster of small, but beautifully fertile and rwnantic islands, called Fox Islands, on the coast of the state of Maine, North America. FoxFOKD, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, on the river Moy ; 8 miles E.N.E. of Castlebar. Fov, St., a town of France, in tlie depart- ment of Gironde, on the river Dordogiie; 38 miles E. of Bordeaux. FoYEHS, or Fyeks, a river of Scotland, in the county of Inverness, which rises a few miles E. of Fort Augustus, and flows into Loch Ness. About 2 miles before its entrance into the lake, is the fall of Foyers, one of the highest in the world, being 207 feet in height, in one unbroken stream. FoYLE, a river of Ireland, formed by tlie conflux of the Fin and the Mourne, at Lif- ford, in the county of Donegal. It passes by St. Johnstown and Londonderry, and, four miles below, expands into a bay called Lough Foyle, of an oval form, 14 miles long and 8 broad, which communicates with the ocean by a short and narrow strait. Fraoa, a town of Spain, in Arragon, strong by situation, having the river Cinca before it, whoso high banks are diflicult of access, and lit its back i hill, which cannot easily be ap- nroaclied with cannon. It is a poor, rough, ill paved town, of 4900 inhabitants. AI- phonso VII., king of Arragon, was killed here by the Moors, in 1 134, when he besieged this town. It is i)3 miles E.S.E. of Saragossa. Fr\oo\8, a tovni of Portugal, in Estre- madura: 7 milu.sN.W. of Santarem. Frahikghau, a pleasant and flourishing villii^c of Massachusetts, resorted to for fishing and fowling. Black lead is found. It is on the Sudbury river; 22 miles W.S.W. of Bos- ton, r p. 3030. Framlingiiah, a town of Suffolk, with a market on Saturday. It has the remains of a castle. To this place the Princess Mary retired, when Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen ; and here she found that powerful supDort, which soon seated her on the throne. It is 30 miles E. of Bury, and 87 N.E. of London. FiiAKCAViMiA, a town of Naples, in Terra de Otranto, with a trade in oil, cotton stock- ings, and snuff; 15 miles E.N.E. of Tarento. Frascavilla, a town in Naples, in Basi- licata, on the river Sino; 20 miles W.S.W. of Trusi. France, a country of Europe, extending in its extreme limits Irom the foot of the Eastern Pyrenees, in the lat. of 42. 25., in nearly a perpendicular line to Dunkirk, in the bit. of 51. 2. N.; this line gives a distance of 517 geographical, or 593 British statute miles: the most important extreme point on the W. is Brest, in the long, of 4. 29. W., and 48. 23. of N. bit., and on the E. Stras- burg, in the long, of 7. 45. E., and lat. of 48. 35. ; the distance between these two points is 12. 14. of W. long., which in the mean lat. of 48. £9., is equal to 490 geographical, or 576 British statute miles; but a line exceed- ing this by about 40 miles might be drawn in this direction within the French territory, from Point Kas, 28 miles S. of Brest, to the extreme eastern limit, 45 miles S. by E. of Strasburg: the mean line, however, fVom N. to S. does not exceed 470, and from W. to E. 420 British statute miles: these limits give a superficies of 203,736 square miles, equal to 138,506,800 British statute acres. A report made to the French government in 1817, computed the superficies to be equal to^l28 millions of acres, of which about 92 millions were in a state of cultivation, and about 36 millions of acres reported as un- productive, and unfit for cultivation. On the N.E., by the kingdom of Belgium, the province of Luxembourg, and Rhenish Prus- siaand Bavaria,this fine territory is bounded: about 100 miles of this frontier, nearest to Dunkirk, is an open plain, without any na- tural barrier; further south, the inroad is more or less impeded by forests. From the lat. of 49. the Rhine, in a direction S. by W. for about 110 miles, divides France from the territory of the Grand Duke of Baden; from the lat. 47. 40. to 43. 42., it is divided from Switzerland, Savoy, and Piedmont, by col- lateral ridges of the Alpine mountains; the S E. extremity is bounded by the little river Var, which divides France Kom the county of Nice: the meridional distance from this point to the eastern extremity of the Py- renees is i'") statute miles, but the inden* tations of the Mediterranean sea give an ex- ;!i FRA 357 FRA I flouriahtng to for fishing nd. It is ott S.W.ofBos- iffolk, with a le remains of rincess Mary 18 proclaimed hat powerful on the throne. 1(1 87 N.E. of iples, in Terra cotton stock- E. of Tarento. aples, in Basi- miles W.S.W. ope, extending he foot of the . of 42. 25., in to Dunkirk, in pives a distance British statute itremc point on g. of 4. 29. W., II the E. Stras- ., and lat. of 48. cse two points 18 B the mean lat. geographical, or lit a line exceed- might be drawn French territory, of Brest, to tlio niles S. by E. of owever, from W. and from W. to es: these limits 36 square miles, sh statute acres, •h government in Rcies to be equal which about 92 cultivation, and , reported as un- cultivation. On of Belgium, the ndRlienishPrus- ritorv is bounded: )ntier, nearest to without any na- th, the inroad IS .rests. From the iirection S. by W. France from the of Baden; from ,1 13 divided from Piedmont, by col- le mountains; the by the little river « from the count; Kstance from this emity of the Pf • 88, but the mden- an sea give an ex- tent of sea-coast on that side of France, near to, if not exceeding 390 miles. The Pyre- nean mountains, in a direction W. by N. for 250 miles, next form the southern boundary of France, dividing it from the Iberian penin- sula of Spain and Portugal; the little river Biilassoa forms the boundary at the S. W. ex- ticmity; and W. from the mouth of this river, in the lat. of 43. 22. and 1 . 47. of W. long, to the Isle of Usliant, in the lat. of 48. 28. and 5. 3. of W. long., France is bountled by the Atlantic Ocean, and N. W. from the Isle of Ushant to Dunkirk by the English Cliauncl; the meridi- onal distance from the Bidassoa to Ushant is 390 miles, and from Ushant to Dunkirk, 380 miles ; but the indentations of the sea will give aI)out 5 10 miles of coast on each side of the Isle of Ushant, and, with the S. E. boundary on the Mediterranean, an aggregate extent ofsoa- coast of about 1366 miles, andacircumference of about 2340 miles. The seaports are Dun- kirk, Calais, Boulogne, Dieppe, Fecamp, Havre, Caen, Cherbourg, St. Malo. and Mor- ia-x, on tlie coast of the Englisa Channel ; Brest, Quimper, L'Orient, Nantes, Rochelle, Rochcfort, Bordeaux, and Bayonne, on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, or Atlantic Ocean; and Marseilles and Toulon in the Mediterran- ean. Cherbourg, BresC, liochefort, and Tou- lon, arc the chief stationsof the French nation- al marine. Every part of France is intersect- ed by rivers flowing in all directions: taking them in geographical order from the N., the first entitled to notice are the Moselle and the Mouse, both of which rise in the N. E. part of France, and take circuitous courses northerly into the Netherlands, the former falling into the Rhine, and the latter into tiie North Sea: the Somme is an inconsiderable river, run- ning W.N.VV. into the English Channel ; the next in order and importance is the Seine, which also runs in a W.N.W. direction into the Engli.sh Channel, being joined in its course by tiie Mariio, Auhe, and the Oise, on the N., and by the Y onne and the Eure on the S.; tlie (3rne, and t.vo or three other rivers of interior note, also tall into the English Chan- nel. The noblest river in all France is the Loire, which rises in the S., and Hows in a direction N. by W., for about 250 miles, when it takes a direction nearly due VV. for about 2.50 miles more, falling into the Atlantic Ocean, receiving in its course numerous tribu- tary streams; the most considerable of which are the Allier, running parallel with it from the S. for about 180 miles, and the Cher, Indrc, Creuse, Vienno, and Sevre, all from the S. ; and from the N. it receives tlio Lower Loire, S.irthe, Mayenne, and a few others of infe- rior note; in the S. the united streams of the L )t, the Tame, and Garonne, with several others of inferior note, form the Gironde, wliich falls into the Bay of Biscay, being joined from the E. below Bordeaux by the Dordogne and Lie: between the Loire and the Gironde, the Charente, and between the Gironde and the Pyrenees the Adour, each with numerous tributary streams, also fall into the Bay of Biscay. The Rhone rising near Mount St. Gothard, in Switzerland, after forming the lake oi Geneva, enters France on the S.E., and, ailcr a course of about 80 miles to Lyons, first S. and then W., it takes a course nearly due S. from Lyons, for about 1.50 miles, falling into the Mediterranean; being joined at Lyons by the Saone frwn the N. and below Lyons from the E. by the Isere, tlia Drome, and the Durance : the Herault, tho Aude, and one or two other rivers of inferior note, run also into tlie Mediterranean, be- tween the Tlhone and the Pyrenees: the Seine is unite'! with the Loire by a canal, as is the Garonne with the Mediterranean Sea. The canals are executed by government, and con- sist of seven principal lines, comprising about 80 large branches. Tho principal roada are also under government control, of which there are 28 royiU roads, of the first class, and 97 ol the second. Railroads have made but com- parative small progress: the first in operation was tliut from Paris to Versailles. Since the revolution which commenced in 1789, France has been divided into 86 depart- ments, each department into three to six ar- rondissements, the total being 363; the arron- disscments into 2845 csntons, and tho can- tons into 37,040 communes. DVPARTMBRTt. Population in 1842. CAPITAL!. POPDIATION iix 1813. Ain 355,694 642,213 311,,36l 156,055 132,534 364,416 319,167 265,607 258,180 284,285 375,083 Bourg .. •• 9,039 7,700 13,»i54 3,!l9i 7,764 4.417 3,707 4,714 24,453 17,779 8,176 Aisae Alller Alps, Lower „.. Laon Moulins Digne Gap Arddche Frlvas Ardennes Arridge Foil Aube Troyes • Aude Aveyron Bodei Carry forwajd 3.364,645 10S,60S FRA 358 FRA f' ( I I I 1 i ! 1 <' 1 ' 1 •i 1 i i i- ■ : i liJ t Dbpartuents. Brought forward Bouchc9-du-Rhune . . Calvados Caiital Oiarente Charento Inferieure Cher Correze Corsica C6ted'Or C6tes du Nord Crtiuse Dordo^ne , Uoubs DrOine Eiire Kure-et-Loiru KinUterre Uard Guronne Haute Gers Girondo Ilcrault llle-et- V ilaino Iiidro Indro-et-Loire Isdrc Jura Landea Lotre-ct-Cher Loire Loire, Upper Loire, Lower Loiret Lot Lot-ct-Garonne Loz6re Maine-et-Loire Manche Marne , Marne, Upper Mayanue Meurtlie Meuse Morbihan Moselle NiSvre Nord Oise Orne Pas db Calais Puy-dc 'Dome Pyr6n6us, Iiower Pyrfiii^cs, Upper Pyr^n^s, Eastern ... Khiue, Lower Rlilne, Upper lihOue Suone, Upper s •. ■ ■ ne-et-Loirc Siiithe Seine Seine, Lower Su!ne-et-Marne 8eino-et-Oise Sevres, Ueux Somme Tarn Tarn-et-Garonn^ Var Vaucluso Vendue Vienne V ienne. Upper Vosges Yonne Totals POPCLATIOH in IH42. 3,3fi4,fil5 37-'>,047 4%, 1 98 207,4143 367.893 4(>(),24.'i 273.fi tr, 30C,48O 22l.4(;3 39,3,316 6i)7,.^72 278,029 490.264 275,997 311,498 4'.'.'>,78) 280,3'i8 67(!,0(i8 376,062 468,071 311,147 568.034 3i;7,343 54.9.417 2.'>3,()7C 306,365 5S8,6(;0 316,731 288,077 249,462 434,085 298,137 486,806 318,452 287,739 3 17,073 140,788 488.472 597,314 356,664 256,567 361,392 444,603 326,372 446,331 440,312 305,346 1,08,5,298 398.868 442.072 685,021 687,566 451,683 244,196 173„592 660,113 464,464 500.831 347,627 651,543 470„'>3.5 1,194.603 737,,')01 33,1,260 470,918 310,J03 5,59,680 351,6.56 239,297 328,010 251,080 356-i.')3 294.250 292,848 410,992 362,961 Capitals. POPCLATIOH in 1842. 34,213.039 Brought forward . Marseilles Caen Aurillao Aneuuieme La Kochelle Bourgea Tulle AJaccio Dijon St Brieux Gu6ret Perigueux Besanfon ... Valence Evrcux Chartres Quimper Nisines Toulouse Auch Bordeaux ... Montpcllier Riimes Ch,1teauroux Tours Grenob1e> Lons-lo-Saulnler Muiit-do-Marsan BloU Montbrison Le Puy Nantea Orleans Cahors Agen Mende Angris St.Ld Ch.Uons ChAumont Laval » Nancy Bar-Ie-Duc Vannes Metz Nevers LiUe Beauvois ...» Alenfon Arras Clermont Ferruid . . . . Pau TarbM Fcrpignan Strasbourg Colnmr Lyon Vcsoul Mioon Lc Mans Paris Rouen Mclun Versailles Niort Amiens Albl Montauban Draguignan Avignon Bourbon Vendue Poitiers Limoges Epinal Auxerre Total. 105,605 147,191 37.836 9,981 16,533 13,882 20,417 9,669 9,834 26,184 11,266 4 332 10,,596 24,965 11,076 10,263 14,753 9,058 41,180 76,965 9,099 99,512 35,628 32,407 13,019 24,722 2-5,526 7,9-'3 4,169 14„573 8,762 13,594 76,870 39,0'..'3 11,432 14,161 6,426 36,531 8,312 13,163 6,037 16,028 35,901 12,230 10,732 39,767 13,905 63,063 12,221 13,104 20,451 27,448 12,434 11,065 18,193 61,150 18,619 143,977 8,930 11,293 22,393 875,495 S0,,580 6,720 29,641 17,035 44,408 11,643 21,752 7,943 32,109 6,164 22,376 26,526 10,018 11,168 2,891, 074* • The population of the cepitals of the departments, is given inciualve of their respective communes. Subtracting, therefore, the amount of population dwelling In the suburban districts from the total given above, we nnd that the entire population of the 86 towns (including Paris,) at th* head of th« French dopartiuents, does not exceed in amount thai of th« British mstropoUs. FRA 8&d FRA 1831 32,569,223 1836 33,540,910 1842 34,213,922 The average population to the square mile, from the ibrugoiiij^ statcinunt, is 164. The northern part of the country is more popu- lous than the south. Of" the increase of population previous to the Great Revolution, there are but few means of judging. It is supposed that the population in 1700 was 19,669,000. Ill 1789 it was computed at 30,451,187. The following shows the amounts as ascertained by the government at the respective periods : — 1801 27,349,003 1806 29,107,425 1821 30,461,875 and in 1846, 35,400,486 (See Appendix for present Statistics.) France, as to area, is one-third less po- puloii"! than England and Wales. This ter- ritorial division is principally dependent on the rivers which intersect the country, and superseded the former division into 35 pro vinces; for military purposes it is now divided into 22 governments. With the exception of the S.E. departments bordering on the Alpine territories of Switzerland, Savoy, and Piedmont, France may be reg-arded as a level, rather tlian a mountainous country, and in many respects, alilce in a geographical, politi- cal, and social sense, as bearing a similar relation to Europe that the fine and fertile plains and people of China do to Asia. Over all the S.E. part of the country the vine, al- mond, olive, and mulberry flourish and bring fortli fruit in the highest degree of perfection, and the vine and a variety of delicious fruits luxuriate over the greater part of the country, to the 49th degree of lat. The N. and N. W. departments are productive in every kind of grain, pulse, and legumes; manufactures of silk, wool, linens, leather, and metals are car- ried on over al 1 the parts of the country ; and, since the termination of the war in 1814, the cotton manufacture has been progressively increasing, and is now carried on to a great extent. In addition to these internal resour- ces, France exclusively enjoys the abundant produce of the islands of Martinique and Giiadaloupe, in the West Indies; she also huUls in colonial possession Algeria, in Africa; Cayenne, in S. America; Goree and Senegal, on tlie coast of Africa; and the Isle of Bour- bon, in the Indian Ocean; the Marquesas and Tiiliiti in the Pacific Ocean; and draws cim- siderable produce from the Brazils, the Uni- ted States of North Anieriea, parts beyond the Capo of Good Hope, the Levant, and ■Jtlier parts of the world, in exchange for her surplus produce of wines, brandy, silks, and various manufactures. Exempt from all those extremes of climate, which in several parts of the world militate against physical exertion, as well as vegetation, France may be considered aspossessing within itself all the meu'is of commanding a higher degree of hu- man enjoyment than can be obtained in any other part of Europe, and equal to what can be obtained in any other part of the globe, yet, notwithstanding her superior natural ad- vantages and aggregate means exceeding those of Great Britain in the proportion of three to one, in point of efficiency, in every- thing calculated to promote a high decree of social existence and enjoyment, Frame is in- comparably deficient. The cause of this dis- parity in the efficiency of character of the two nations will perhaps be more apparent as the history of the rise and j)i'ogress of their seve- ral institutions and relations are elucidated and examined. For centuries prior to the Christian era, this part of Europe appears to have been in- habited by a numerous and hardy race of peo- ple, those occupying the interior being de- nominated Celts. The first important notice which history furnishes of them is in 225 n.c, when the Gauls, who inbahited part of Pied- mont and the N. of Italy, invited the people then occupying the banks of the Rhone to aid them in repelling the aggressions of the Ro- mans; and from thus being brought in con- tact with that powerful and enlightened peo- ple, they uctjuired the name of Transalpine Gauls, in reference to their territory lying W. of the Alps, and in contradistinction to the ancient Gauls, who were designateil the Cisalpines. In 106 B.C. the Cimbri and Teu- tones from the N. of Germany, marched through Transalpine Gaul into Spain, rava- ging the country on liieir way; but being dri- ven back by the Celtiberians, they divided their forces with the view of penetrating into Italy in two directions; the Teutones directed their course to the S. E., when they were op- posed by Marius, between the mouths of the Rhone and the Durance, and experienced a complete defeat, losing 200,000 men on the field of battle, and 80,000 more taken prison- ers. From this period the Romans extended their arms and their arts over the greater part of the country, and in the year 59 b.c. the Roman senate conferred on Julius Cissar the government of all Transalpine Gaul, for five years; two years after this, the whole western coast, from the Seine to the Loire, became effectually sul)dued to Roman control, and in five years more, by awarding honorary dis- tinctions to the principal cities, and distri- buting bribes to the leading chiefs, the whole country became reconciled to the Roman government. It was afterwards divided into 17 military divisions. As the power of the Romans declined, Transalpine Gaul again became exjioned to the inroad of the different tribes on the N. E. Ill the year 406 a tribe of Burgundiaiis. from the banks of the Vistula, crossed the Rhine and took possession of all that part of the the country afterwards nivm'^d Burgundy; and in 420 another tribe from Franeonia, under the command of Pharamond, entered from the N. E. From 450 to 452 it '"as ra- vaged by the Huns, under Attila, who, on lay- ing siege to Orleansi was brought to battls n I i ■I Si FRA 303 FRA u by Miiroveus, who defeated Attila with a loss of 200,000 men. In 482 Clovis, a Franco- nian and descendant of Maroveus, possessed himself of all the places in Transalpine Gaul previously hold by the Romans, and in 492, marrying Clotilda, daughter of Chilperic, king of the Burgundians, became king of the whole country now called France. Clotilda at the time of her marriage had embraced Christianity, and in 496 Clovis initiated him- self in its mysteries, through the means of St. Romi, and was baptized at Bheims on Christmas-eve of that year: heuce the coro- nation at Rheims of the kings of France, through a period of more than 1300 years. Clovis was the first of a race of seventeen kings who reigned over France in regular succession, denominated the Merovingian race, in reference to their descent from Maroveus. In 732 France was ravaged by the Saracens, under the command of Abdal- rahman, when Eudes, duke of Aquitaiiie, implored the assistance of Charles Martel, d uko of Austrasia, who brought Abdalrahman to battle between Tours and Poitiers, and defeated him, as history informs us, with the loss of 373,000 men, Abdabrahman himself being slain on the field of bat- tle. In 737 the crown of France devolved to Charles Martel, whose manly spirit, however, disdained regal parade; he rul- ed France for four years, under the title of duke; ho died in 741, and was succeeded by an imbecile named Childeric, whose au- thority in 752 was superseded by Pepin, who became the first of a race of 13 kings denominated Carlovingians. Pepin died in 768, and was succeeded by Charlemagne the renowned, crowned emperor of the Romans, or of the West, at Rome, in 800. On the death of Louis V. in 986, after a reign of one year, the crown of France descended to Charles, an uncle of Louis; but in conse- quence of his having vassalated himself to the emperor Otho III. he was precluded from iti.« accession, and the crown was conferred, by election, on Hugh Capet, who became the first of another race of 14 kings termed the Capetian. Charles IV., the last of the Ca- pets in regular succession, dying in 1334, witliout male issue, tiie crown devolved on Philip of Valois, who was the first of 7 kings of that race. In 1498 it devolved on the dake of Orleans, who became Louis XII. and was the first of another race of 6 kings. On the death of Henry III. in 1589, the suc- cession was again broken, when the crown devolved on Henry of Bourbon, in whose line it continued until the decapitation of Louis XVI. on the 21st of January, 1793. For some centuries antecedent to this pe- riod. Franco had been divided into 32 provin- ces of very unequal extent, each with a dis- tinct local administration. The period of their formation does not appear: at the time the Romans first entered France it was di- vided Into four Croat parts, viz. Xarlioaensis> comprising the S. E., Aquitania the S.W., Celtica the interior, and Gallia Bclgica the North. The divitiion into 17 provinces took place under Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, and some of the Roman names con< tinned as late as the 13th century, John, king of England, in the preamble to Magna Charta, being styled Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine; Austrasia, over which Charles Martel presided in the 8th century, appears to have comprised partof the N.E. of France, and what now forms part of the Prussian Pro* vinces of the Rhine. Subsequent to the pe- riod of the accession of Clovis, in 481, the country appears to have been exposed to a continuity of internal dissensions; and when these had subsided, the vain glory which France acquired under Charlemagne increas- ed the jealousy of the neighbouring powers, and excited external broils. In 912 N.W. coast was invaded by a northern tribe called Normans, who retained possession of that part of the country, afterwards called Normandy; and in 1060, William, the duke of this pro- vince, invaded, conquered, and became king of England. This event subsequently led to violent contests between England and France. Louis VII. in 1137, embarked in the crasa- ding mania of that period; and in 1334, on Charles IV., the last of the Capets, dying without male issue, Edward III. of England set up his claim for the French crown. The battles of Cressy and Poitiers, in 1346 and 1355, resulted from this pretension. At the battle of Poitiers, John king of France was taken prisoner, but afterwards ransomed for 3,000,000 crowns of gold, equal to 1,500,000/. ; a respite from external war followed this negotiation, but internal broils again en- sued, and in 1415, Henry V., king of Eng- land, availed himself of prevailingdissensions, to renew the claim of Edward to the French crown; and on the 25th of October of that year, the French forces experienced a decisive defeat at Agincourt. Henry followed up his victory by the capture of several of the most important towns in Normandy, and in 1420 the succession to the crown was ceded to him by treaty. In 1422 he assumed the regency of France ; b '« he dy ing at Vienne, on the 30th of August of that year, his brother succeeded him in the regency, during the minority of his son Henry VI. who was crowned king of France at Paris, on the 7th of December, 1431. The English influence had, however, previously experienced a considerable check, by the singular and daring exploits of Jeanne of Arc, celebrated as the Maid of Orleans; and by 1451, Calais was the only place in France held by the English. Her kings, however, retained the title of king of France, until the peace of Amiens, in 1801-2. After having succeeded in driving the English from the French territory, France embroiled her- self in the contentions of her northern and eastern neighbours; but a general peace per- vading all Europe during the latter part of tha ^-;i- s FRA 361 FRA I6th oentary, by the treaty of Cambray, in 1559. tho restless spirit of the French gov- ernment, during the reigns of Francis II., Charhs IX., and Henry III., the three last kings of the Orleans race, directed their wan- tonness and cruelty against their own protcs- taiit subjects. This persecution was allayed for a time by Henry IV., the first of the Bourbons, who ascended the throne in 1589, under whoso conciliatory policy tho interests of France became more consolidated than at any former period. Henry, however, was as- sassinated by a fanatic, in 1610, when fresh disorder ensued, and France again is seen involved in all the contentions of the Euro- pean states, and of Enghind with her Ameri- can colonies, which took place in the inter- val of that period. It was immediately after the general peace of Europe, in 1783, when the English Ameri- can colonics obtained an honourable inde- pendence, that the triple oppression of the crown, the nobles, and the clergy, became in- tolerable to the French people, whilst the division of the country into 32 provincial governments, aggravated the evils by retard- ing that relief which the exigencies cf o'je part of the country occasionally required, a4: the expense of the others ; consequently, in May 1788, a convocation was assembled, which led to the division of the country into 86departments,as previously mentioned, and also of the formation of a new constitution, in which the equalityof all ranks to the rights of government formed the basis. The inter- nal convulsions of the kingdom, after this event, usually termed the French revolution, forms the most tragic and bloody page in the whole volume of modern history; and a s'.aading lesson to all ages, that a settled go- vernment.in almost its worst forms,is prefer- able to the domination of mobs,and regicides, and political clubs, whose march up to the seat of authority is effected by trampling upiin the rights, the liberties, and the lives of their fellow subjects. Among those who contributed more especially to the eclat of the French armies was a young officer, of the name of Napoleon Bonaparte, who, on his return to Paris, after his successful campaign in Italy, was intrusted with the command of a vast armament to the shores of Egypt, and, when he returned in 1799, was mainly instrumental in forming anew consti- tution under a triune consulate, senate, and legislative body, in which he himself was ap- pointed one of the consuls. In October, 1801, n peace was signed with England, which proved, however, of short duration. War was renewed in 1803, when Bonaparte was appointed consul for life, with power to nomi- nate his successor; this, however, fell short of his ambition, and in May of the following year he was proclaimed emperor of France. On the Ist of October, 1805, he again head- ed a powerful army against the German States; detached the minor powers from tho Germanic confederacy, and nnitcd them to his own interest, under tho new title of the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1808, he marched an army of 80,000 men into Spain, and placed one of his brothers on the throne of that country; another brother ho had caused to be crowned king of Holland; an- other king of Westphalia; and a brother-in- law king of Naples. The whole of the Neth- erlands he had annexed to France, in 16 departments; and, on the king of Holland resigning his crown in 1809, the whole of that country, with the coast of Germany, as far as the Elbe, the states of the papal church, and the greater part of the N. of Italy, were also decreed integral parts of the French em- pire, in 28 additional departments. The emperor of Austria, imagining that the division of the French forces into Spain afforded him an opportunity of avenging the repeated defeats he had sustained, provoked a new contest in 1809, when Napoleon again broke the field against the Austrians, and on the 5th of July completely defeated them. A treaty of peace followed, in which the daughter of the emperor of Austria was ceded in marriage to the conqueror of her father's capital. Tho birth of a son, in 1811, seemed for a time to render permanent the for- tunes of Napoleon and his family; but an ill- fated ambition led him, in 1812, to march an army of 300,000 men into Russia, which after repeated and severe conflicts reached AIos- cow, the ancient capital of that empire, on the 14th of September. By order of the governor this city was secretly set on fire, and the desolation by wliich Napoleon found hini- self surrounded induced him to withdraw his forces, which were overtaken with snow storms before they couKl reach the frontiers, whilst the Russians on their rear subjected them to continued disasters, and in the end destroyed the finest army which ever assem- bled in Europe. In tlie meantime the French troops in the peninsula were exposed to fre- quent defeats; and by 1814 ''fapoleon and his troops had not only beer driven within their own frontier, but whilsl a united Rus- sian, Prussian, and Austrian army entered France from the N.E., the British, Spanish, and Portuguese armies entered it from the S.W. : and Napoleon, seeing the tide of for- tune completely set against him, immediately abdicated the throne. The island of Elba was a,ssigned to him as a residence in full sovereignty for life, witii an income of about 100,000/. per annum. Oi; the 3rd of May, 1814, Louis XVIH., who had been exiled in England during t'.e consular and imperial dynasty, arrived in Paris, to resume the throne of h i s ancestors. On the 5th of Marclk 1815, Napoleon secretly lauded at Frej us, and marched without interruption to Paris, from which Louis fled at midnight on the 20tli. Napoleon arrived tlw same evening; on tl.e 27ili the national council annulled his abdi- cation, and called upon him to resume hia .* !| FRA 3G2 FRA ; f h r I 1. 1 imperial functions. Oa tho 29th he abolish- ed tlie African slave trade; on the 12th of Juno he left Paris to take the command of an army on the N.E. frontier; but alter a whole day's severe fighting, on tho 1 8th liis line was broken, his troops thrown into confusion, and the palm of victory left with the allies, who marciied again upon Paris, which they reach- ed on the 6th of July. Napoleon again ab- dicated the imperial throne, and on the 29th of June quitted Paris never to return. Louis again resumed tho sovereignty on the 18th of July; on tho 25th of the same month Napo- leon surrendered to the commander of a British sliij) of war, and was afterwards cur- ried to the island of St. Helena, in the Atlan- tic Ocean, where he died on the 6th of May, 1821. Louis XVIIL died in September, 1824, and was succeeded by his brother, Charles Philip, (Count d'Artois,) under the title of Charles X.; whose increasing infringement of the rights of the people at length aroused uni- versal indignation, and expelled him from tiie throne he had so unworthily filled, and the country he had laboured to enslave. The form of government since 1814 resembles that of Britain — the power being vested in the king, the chamber of peers, and the cham- ber of deputies. To strengthen himself in the ehamber of peers, Charles X. increased it by creations; to weaken the people he in- vaded the elective franchise and shackled the press. In August, 1829, he dismissed M. Martignac's administration, and appointed another of ultra-royalists, under his natural son. Prince Polignac. The first act of the deputies, on the meeting of the chambers in March, 1830, was an address praying for the dismission of the ministers. The king answered it hauglitily, and dismissed the chambers. A revolution ensued on the famous three days of July, which <»verturned the monarchy, and the king saved himself by flight only. Tlie crown was then offered on certain conditions to, and accepted by Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, who (bus became King of the French, and by his firm- ness and good sense he preserved the pence and prosperity of the realm he had been cho- sen to govern. Some defects, however, in the constitution, led to discontent in the course of years, and at some reform banquets in the end of 1847, the object of these meet- ings was declared to be revolutionary. In January, 1848, much excitement prevailed, and on Feb. 8th, 1848, the ministers declared their intention of suppressing these banquets. This led to an open rupture, and on Tues- day, February 22, the first outbreak took place in Purls, and some fighting occurred. This was increased on the two following days, when some of the military revolted. Paris was then in the hands of the mob, and the palace and public buildings were sacked. The king and court saved themselves by flight to England, and a republic was pro- claimed on February 24th, and a provisional government appointed, the outrages still con- tinuing. On February 26th, M. Lamartine, of the provisional government, proclaimed " the French republic. Liberty, Equally, Fraternity," and this stayed the progress of the mob. The committee governing, which embraced some of the best names in France, now managed affairs far more successfully than could have been anticipated ; but from the discontent consequent upon the extinction of trade, a large organizid proces- sion of workmen tumultuously entered the chamber of the assembly, May 15ih, when it was declared to be dissolved , but some " na- tional workshops " were established. These proved to be nests of sedition ; and on June 22-26, the disbanding of the operatives led to another series of disaster-. The nun, after leaving Paris, returned, parading the streets. They erected barricades, and the national guards were twice repulsed in attack- ing them, and a fatal warfare was continued. General Cavaignac took the command, and the fighting was universal. The archbishop of Paris was killed while attempting to quell the insurgents. At Inst the insurrection was subdued, the total number killed and wounded being 3000 or 4000. The republic then seemed to be established, and in a subsequent election, Louis Napoleon, nephew of the em- peror, was el cted president of the republic by a large mnjority. In the following year, 1850, an unsucces.-=*'ul outbreak of the ex- treme or red republicans occurred, on June 1 J. The prince-president, meanwhile, had ingra tiated himself with the army, and a coup d'etat was determined on. On December 1, 1851, the walls of Paris were placarded with a decree, declaring Paris to be in a state of siege. The jjcoplo were paralysed ; on the morning of the 3rd they arose, and a terrific onslaught of cannon was made on them. On the 4th, Louis Napoleon was masterof France. He appealed to the people, was made perma- nent president, and declared the empire un Dec. 2. 1852, assuming the title of Louis Napoleon III. The subsequent history is well known to all. The marriage of the em- peror to a Spanish lady, and 'he birth of an heir ; the alliance of France with England and Turkey against Russia, '^ 1854-5 ; with Sardinia against Austria, in 1859 ; ond again with Kngland against China, in 18C0; the recent commercial treaty with England, and similar conventions with some other states, are all matters familiar to the memory. But the chief subject which pre-occupies the mind of Europe is the progress of a gigantic armament of France by land and sea ; and signs are not wanting at the present moment that fresh convulsions may soon shake Eu- rope suddenly. While the emperor has con- ducted France to a high point of commercial importance and prosperity, it is evident that war and aggression are very much in hw thoughts. But the recent financial ciisii', showing a deficit of ^£40,000,000, will no doubt compel moderation for a time. FRA 363 FRA Fkance, l8i.EOF,alutc province of France, DO called because it was bounued by tlie rivers Seine, Marne, Oise, Aisne, and Ourquc. It now forms the four dei)artment9 of Oise, Seine and Oise, Seine and Murne, and Seine, or Paris. France, Isle of, or Mauritius, an is- land in the Indian Ocean; 400 miles E. of Mttdajjascar. It was discovered by the J*or- tu|j;uese j but the first who settled hero were the Dutch, in 1598. They called it Mauritius, in honour of the prince Maurice, their stadt- holder; but, on their acquisition of the Cape of Good Hope, they deserted it; and it con- tinued unsettled till the French landed here in 1720, and gave it the name of one of the finest provinces in France. It is 150 miles in circumference. The climate is healthy, but the soil not very fertile. The mountains, being high, produce the best ebony in the world. The valleys are well watered with rivers, and are made very productive by cultivation, of which sngar is the principal object. The island is singularly picturesque and abrupt, and is intersected by three chains of mountains from 1800 to 2000 feet high. Of these peaks, one, the Peter Botte on tlic N., is very remarkable. Forests still cover portions of the districts of Mahebourg, Sa- vanna, and Flacq, After the alteration of tiie duties on sugar in 1825, the exports of tliat article from Mauritius (which in 1812 was under one million lbs.), amounted in 1837 to nearly 69 millions lbs., nine-tenths of which come to England. The emanci- pation of the slaves does not appear to have been so disastrous here as in the West Indies, and to supply the demand for labour, a great numberof hill coolies fromlndia were brought here, hut this has been stopped. The area of the island is estimated at 500,000 acres, and in 1836 there were 92,147 inhabitants. The town and harbour, called Port Louis, are strongly fortified; but in the hurricane months the harbour cannot afford shelter for more than eight vessels. Here are large store- houses, and every thing necessary for the equipment of fleets. Tiiis island was taken by the Uritish in 1810, and confirmed to tiiem by the treaty of Paris, in 1814. Port Louis, on the N.W". coast of the island, is in lat. 20. 9. N. and 57. 29. of E. long. See Bourdon. FttANciiB CoMPTE, a late province of France; bounded on the N. by Lorraine, E. by Alsace and Switzerland, W. by Burgundy, and S. by Bresse. It is 125 miles long and 80 broad, and abounds in corn, wine, cattle, horses, mines of iron, copper, and lead. It now forms the three departments of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Suone. Franchemont, a town of the Netherlands, m tile territory of Liege; 12 m. S.E. of Liege. Franoudb. See Denis, St. Francis, St., a tributary stream of the i great river Mississippi, rising in the state of I Missouri, in the lat. of 37. 45. N . running [parallel with the Mississippi on the W., at the distance of about 40 miles, and enters it utler u course of about 220 miles, 45 miles above the entrance of the Arkansas. Francis, St., a river of Lower Canada, rising in the lake Memphramagog, which spreads into the state of Vermont The St. Francis, after a course of about 200 miles, falls into the St. Lawrence, about midway between Montreal and Quebec, anf several othcrtowns and townshiisin dif- ferent parts of the United States. FiUNKLiN, the name of 15 counties in dif- ferent parts of tlic United States of North America, named after Benjamin Franklin, an American sage, who died at Pliihidelpliia ill the S'ltli year of his age, on the 17tli of April, 1700. Tiio following are the states, in geographical order, which liave conune- tnoratcd his name in one oftlicir counties, with the population of each, and name of its chief tow II, and distance from the capital of the stiitc. Vermont, 24,531, St. Albans, 52 N.W. Massachusetts, 28,812, Greenfield, 95 W. New York, 16,518, Malone. 2r.4 N. remisvlvunia, 37,793, Cliainbersberg, 49 S.W. Virginia, 15,832, Ilockymount, 210 W. North Carolina, 10,98(»,'Lewisburg,3.^ N.E. Georgia, 9886, Curnesvillo 110 N. Alalmma, 14,270, Kusselvillc, 249 N.W. Mississippi, 4775, Franklin, 70 W. Tennessee, 12,033, Winchester, CO S.E. Kentucky, 9420, Frankfort. Ohio, 25,949, Columbus. Indiana, 13,349, Crookville, 71 S.E. Illinois, 3682, Franklin, 97 S. Missouri, 7575, Newport, 40 S.W. Arkansas, 2655, Ozark. There are also a number of towns named Franklin, indifferent states ol the Union ; but none require particular mention. Frascati, a town of Italy, in Campagna di lioma; seated on the side of a woody mountain: it Is a bishop's see, always posses- sed by one of the six eldest cardinals; and in its neighbourhood are some of the most magnificent villas in Italy, and a seminary richly endowed by Cardinal York. The ancient city of Tuseulum is supposed to have slood above Frascati ; and between the ruins and the town, it is generally believed, was the Tuscuhim of Cicero, where some Greek monks, in the lUh century, built a convent on the ruins of his house. Frascati is 12 miles S.E. of Rome. Pop. about 4500 in- creased by visitors in summer. Fraserburgh, atownol Scotland, in Aber- deenshire, with a small but excellent harbour, and a manufacture of linen yarn. It is seat- ed on the German Ocean, a little S. of the point of Kiunaird Head ; and 38 miles N. of Aberdeen. Kratta Maggt re, a populous village in the vicinity of Naples. Fradenburo, a town of E. Prussia, in the bishopric of Ermland, on the Frisch Haff; 14 miles N.E. of Elbing, and 4 miles W. of Braunsberg. Copernicus died here in 1543. FiiADKNFEi-n, a town of Switzerland, capi- tal of the canton of Thurgau, with a good castle. It is seated on an eminence, by the river Murg; 19 miles N.E. of Zurich, and 8 W. of Constance. FnArENHTEiN, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, on the river Buberiiscli; 20 miles S.F W. of Dresden. FitAUSTADT, a town of Poland, in the pa- lutiiiatc of Pusen, which has a great trade in wool and oxen. Near this town u battle was giiiued by tiie Swedes over the Saxons, in 1706. It stands on the frontiers of Silesia; 20 miles N.W. of Ghigau, and 55 S.S.W. of Posen. Fiii.i>Eni;nr,, a town of tlie duchy of West- phalia, on the river Weuiie; 23 miles S.S.E. of Areiisi)erg. FnEni:KicA, a town of the state of Geor- gia in Glynn county; and on the W. side of St. Simon Island, with a sale and commo- dious harbour; 64 miles S.W. of Savannah. Long. 80. 56. W. lat. 31. C. N. Freoericia, or Fi:ii>ekici,\, a town and fortress of tluthind, at the entrance of the Little Belt from the Cuttcgat, in the lat. of 55. 35, N. and 9. 44. of E. long. All ships entering the Little Belt arc here brought to, and a contribution levied towards the lights and buoys on the coast of Denmark. Pop. about 3500. Fkeuerick, a county of the state of Mary- land, bounded on the N. by tlie conventional line which divides Maryland from Pennsyl- vania, and on the S. by the Potomac river, wliich divides it from Virginia: it is about 35 miles in length from N. to S. and 25 miles in mean breadth ; it is intersected from N. to S. by the Monocoey river, which springs from several sources in Pennsylvania, and falls into the Potomac. Pop. 36,405, of whom 4345 arc slaves. Frederick is the chief town. Frederick, a county in the N. part of Virginia, between the Blue and North ridges of the Allegany Mountaii. the Shenandoah river skirts the foot of the Blue Mountains on the E. side of the county, running from S. to N. into the Potomac. Pop. 14,242. Winchester, the chief town, is 130 miles N. by W. of Richmond. Frederick, a city of Maryland, capital of Frederick county. It is the second place in importance in the state, being only inferior to Baltimore. It is regularly and hand- somely built, and has some elegant buildings, and 12 churches. It is connected by a branch to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Tlio county around is exceedingly fertile, and the trade is extensive; 75 miles W.N.W. of An- naijolis, and 43 from Washington. Pop. in 1840, 5812. Frbdericbbitro, a town of Virginia, capi- tal of Spotsylvania county, and a place of considerable trade. It is situate on the S. side of the Rappahannock; 85 miles above its entrance into the Chesapeake, and 60 N. of Richmond. Fredekiosouro, a Danish fort, on tho Gold coast of Guinea, near Cape Three- points; 62 miles W.S.W. of Cape Coast cas- tle. Long. 5. 1. W. lat. 4. 30. N. Fbedebicsburo, a town of Further Po- i FRE 866 FRI I t '( III i h I ; I fc5 t mrKRiL'8iiUi{u, nn interior town ofDcn- mnrl<, in tlic isle of Zealand, with a ca.stlo and p:»Iiico; 15 m. N.N.W. of Copenhagen. FuEDRRicsiiAM., or Frudkricstadt, a seaport of Norway, in the province of Ag^er- hnys; situate at the month of the river Tistc, in a hay called the Swinesund. The harhour 18 safe and commodious; hut the largo quan- tity of saw-dust hroupht down the river, from the different saw-mills, occasions an annual expense to clear it away. On the summit of a rock, which overhangs the town, stands the hitherto impregnable fortress of Frederic- stein; at the siege of which, in 1718, Charles XII. of Sweden was killed by a musket-ball. It is HI miles S.E. of Christiana. Long. 10. 55. E. hit. .59. 12. N. Pop. about 4000. Frkdericsiiam, n town and fortress of Russia, in Carelia. It is neatly built, the streets goingofflikcradiifromacentre. Here, in 1783, an interview was held between the empress of Russia and the king of Swwlen. It is seated near the Gulf of Finland ; C8 miles W.S.W. of Wiburg. Long. 28. 18. E. 3at. 60. 36. N. FREnERfcsTADT, a towR of Denmark, in S. Jutland; seated at the confluetico of the Tren with the Eyder; 17 miles S.W. of Sles- wi",k, and 6 N.E. of Tonningen. Fredericstadt, or Fredericstew, a town of Norway, in the province of Agger- hny», fcnd the most regular fortress in this part of Norway. It has a consMerable trade in deal timber, and is seated on the Glommc; 26 miles W. of Fredericshall. Frederictom'n, the capital of New Bruns- wick, on the river St. John, which is thus far navigable for sloops; 90 miles above the city of St. John. Long. 66. 30. W. hit. 46. 20. N. Freehold, or Monmohtit, a town of New Jersey, chief of Monmouth county. Here, in 1778, General Washington attacked Sir Henry Clinton, on his retreat from Philadel- phia, and the latter lost 300 men. It is 20 miles S. by E. of Brunswick, and 30 E. of Trenton. Pop. 6303. Freetown, the capital of the colony of Sierra Leone. The harbour has three wharfs, and is protected by a battery. It stands on the S. side of the river Sierra Leone, near it« entrance into the Atlantic Ocean. Long. 12. 56. W. lat. 8. 30. N. Freiiel, a cape of France, in the depart- ment of Cotes du Nord; 13 miles W. of St. Malo. Long. 2. 15. W. lat. 48. 41. N. Frejos, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Var. By the Romans it was called Forum Julii; and had then a port on the Mediterranean, from which it is now 2 miles. It is the birthplace of that great Roman ge- neral and philosopher, Agricola; and near it some fine remainsof antiquity are still visible. It is celebrated in later times as the place Trhere Napoleon landed on his return from Egypt, in the autumn of 1799, and ogam lo March, 18 1. 'i, fr.mi the Island of Elba. It is seated near the river \rgcn8, in a morass: 40 miles N.E. of Toulon. Long. 6. 44. E. lat. 43. 26. N. Frenay lb Vicomtr, n town of France, in the department of Surtu; 9 miles S.S.W. of AIen<;on. FREnDRNDERO, a town of Franconio, on the river Maine; 8 miles W. of Wertheim. FREnDENBERO, R town of Wcstphalio, in the county of Hoya; 14 miles S. by W. of Bremen. FREirnEN9TAT>T, R strong town of Snabia, in the Black Forest, built to defend the pas- sage into that forest. In 1796 it was taken by the French. It is 23 miles S. by E. of Baden. FREroENTHAL, a town of Austrian Silesia, in the principality of Troppau; celebrated for it:) breed of horses, and manufacture of fine linen; seated near the Mohra; 24 miles W. jf Troppau. Freymero, a town of Upper Saxony, with a castle. In the environs are mines of cop- per, tin, lead, and silver, which employ a great number of workmen. Here was the usual burying-placeof theprincesof the house of Saxony. It is situate on a branch of the Muldau; 15 miles W.S.W. of Dresden. Pop. with its suburbs, 11,259. Freybero, a town of Moravia, in the cir- cle ofOlmutz; 16 miles S.W. of Teschcn, and 48 E. of Olmutz. Pop. about 3500. Frey'dcro, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Schwcidnitz, near the river Pols- nitz; 7 miles N.W. of Schwcidnitz. Freyenstein, a town of Brandenburg, in the Mark of Prcgnitz, on the frontiers ol Mecklenburg; 22 miles N.E. of Perlbcrg. Freyenwalde, a town of Brandenburp, in the Middle Mark, near which arc mineral springs, and extensive alum works. It is seated on the Oder; 36 miles N.E. of Berlin. Freysingen, a town of Bavaria, capital of a principality of the same name. The ca- thedral and palace are beautiful structures. It was taken by the French in 1 796. It is seated on a mountain, .near the Iser; 20 miles N.N.E. of Munich. Long. 1 1. 50. E. lat. 48. 21. N. Freystadt, a town of Hungary, with a castle; seated on the Waag, opposite Leo- poldstadt. Freystadt, a town of Moravia, in the principality of Teschen, with a castle on the river Elsa; 8 miles N.N.W. of Teschen. Freystat, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Glogau, with an ancient castle; 14 miles N.E. of Sagan. Freystat, a town of Austria, which has a great trade in worsted; 17 nTiles N. of Ens. FriburOjOr Freiburg, one of the cantons of Swit. srland, surrounded on all sides by the canton of Bern. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and pastures, and the famous Gruyere cheese made in this canton is deemed the FRI 30? FRI and again id fKlba. Itw I a morass; 40 e. 44. E. lat. rn of Frnncp, miles 8.S.W. Franconia, on )f Wertheim. Westphalia, in isS. by W.of own of Siiabia, icfcnd the pus- j6 it was taken lies S. by E. of Vastrian Silesia, i; celebrated for ufacture of fine a; 24 miles W. per Saxony, with re mines of cop- which employ a Here was the incesof the house 1 a braneh of the of Dresden. Pop. oravia, in the cir- 3.W. of Teschcn, p. about 3500. Icsia, in the prm- ar the river Pols- iveidnitz. Brandenburg, m , the frontiers ot [E. of TerlbcrR. of Brandcnburp, jvhieh are mineral km works. I* " lies N.E. of Berlin. If Bavaria, capital lename. Theca- .iutiful structures. ch in 1796. It« thelser; 20ni.c8 11. 50. E. lat. 48. Hungary, with a ag, opposite Leo- g Moravia, in the [ith a castle on the V ofTcschen. , il'esia, in the pro- lan ancient castie, Ltria, which iws* It miles N. of En' I, oneof the cantons Ik on all sides by I is fertile in corn, IhefamonsGruyere ■t^n is deemed the test made in Switzerland. Area, 564 square miles. Top. in 1838,91,145. Fiunuiui, or Ekeihuho, a fortified town of Swit/.urland, capital of the canton uf tliu same name. It is Heatelored the whole cluster, which he found to consist of more than 20 islands, the principal of which are Timga-taboo, or Amsterdam; Eaoowc, or Miibllebiirg; Annainooka, or Kottcnlain; Hapaec, and Lefooga. The first, which is the largest, lies in 174.46. W. long, and 21.9. S. lat. The general appearance of these islands conveys an idea of the most exuberant fertility ; the surface, at a distance, seems entirely clothed with trees of various sizes, some of which are very large, particu- larly the tall cocoa-palm, and a species of fig, with narrow-pointed leaves. On closer examination, they are almost wholly laid out in plantations, in which are some of tho richest productions of nature, such as bread- fruit, and cocoa-nnt trees, plantains, yams, sugar-canes, and a fruit like a nectarine. The stock of qnadrupecjs is scan y; but they received from Cook some valnabic additions, both to the animal and vegetable kingdom. Their domestic fowls are as large as those of Europe. Among the birds are parrots and parroqiiets of various sorts, which furnish tho red feathers so much esteemed in the Society Isles. The numerous reefs and shoals afford shelter for an endless variety of shell-fish. These islands arc all inhabited by a race of people who cultivate the earth with great in- dustry; and nature, assisted by a little art, appears no where in greater splendour. Agri- culture, architecture, boat-building, and fish- ing, are the employments of tho men ; and to the women is confined the manufacture of cloth. Friesacii, a town of Germany, in Carin- thia, with a strong castle on a mountain; seated on the Metnitz; 17 miles N.N.E. of Clagcnfurt. FuiE3i.AND,oncofthcprovinccsof Holland; bounded on the N. by the German Ocean, W. by the Zuydcr Zee, S. by the same and Ovcryssel, and E. by Overyssel and Gron- ingen. This country much resembles tho province of Holland in its soil, canals, and dikes. Leewardcn is the capital. Ilarlin- gen, on the shore of tho Zuyder Zee, is the principal seaport. FniEsi-AND, East, a province of Hanover; so called from its situation with respect to the Dutch province of Friesland. It is 4S 3ta^^ii'IAai^£i. FRO SG8 FRV ' miles long, and 43 broad ; bounded on tlio N. by tlic Ocinmn Ocean, E. by ()ldciil)iirn, S. by Munstur, and W. by Groniiit;cii and the German Ocean. Tbc country being le- vel and low, is ul)li;(ud to bo Hccurud uguinst inundiitiong by cxpcnsivo dikes. Tbc land is fertile; nnd tiie pustures teed liorned cut- tle, horses, and sheep of an extraordinary size. On the death of I'riiico Charles Ky tho Siican- dagii river and E. Canada creek. Capital, Johnstown. I'op. in 18 U), 18,049. Fti.ros, a county in the N. ji.ut of Indi- ana. Capital, Uoehcster. Pop. 1993. Also a county in Illinois, on the Illinois river. Capital," Lewiston. Pop. in 1840, 13,14-i. Fulton, a town in Oswego county. New York. A waterfall hero jiroduces great mill power. Pop. 1600. Fulton, a town of Ohio, situated on tn.. Ohio river, above and adjoining to Cincin- nati. It has great lumber trade and ship- building. Pop. 1,506. FuNciiAL, tho capital of Madeira; sitnato round a bay, on tho gentle ascent of soino hills, in form of nn amphitheatre. An old castle, which coininands the road, stands on the top of a steep black rock, called the Loo Hock, snrroiindcd by the sea ut high water; there are also three other forts, and several batteries. The streets nro narrow and dirty, though streams of water run through them ; but of late years it 1ms some- what imjjroved in this respect. The houses are built of freestone, or of liricks; but they are dark, and only a few of the best are pro- vided with glass windows; all tlic others have a kind of lattice-work in their stead, which liungs on hinges. Tiie benms and roof of tlie cathedral are of cedar. Tiie P^nglish church, in the suburbs, is delight- fully situated, and, allhongh the city itself contains notliing peculiarly attractive, yet the environs afford beautiful rides and excur- sions; and up the mountains, wliieh com- mence immediately above the beach, the jirincipal merchants and residents luivetiieir country houses. The town contains about 11,000 inhabitants. Long. 17. 6. E. lat. 32. 38. N. FuNDV, a bay of N. America, between Nev Brunswiek and Nova Scotia; remarkable for its tides, which rise from the height of 30 to 70 feet, and flow rapidly. It extends about 200 miles in nn E.N.E. direction; and, with Vert Bay, which puslics into the laml in u N.W. direction from Northumberland strait, forms uii isthmus of only 12 miles wide, which unites Nova Scotia to New Bruns- wick.- FuNEN, or FvEN, an island of Denmark; 150 miles in circumference; separated from Jutland by a strait called the Little Belt, and from Zealand, by the Great Belt. It is fertile in pasture and grain, and exporti to Norway, barley, oats, rye, and pease. Population in 1834, 151,600. Odensce, on a bay at the N. end of the island, is tho capital. FuNFKiRcnEN, or Five Ciiuuciies, an epi.scopal town of Hungary; situate in a fertile country, between the Drave and the Danube; 85 miles S.S.W. of Bnda. The 2 B -ywi'rifitrMtflniti-tri'fiiitfi^^ GAB 370 GAD In^ \ I I 1 1 cntlicdral is the most ancient pdifice in Hungary, and it also contains several re- mains of mosques and buildings erected by the Turks. Long. 18, 13. E. lat. 46. 12. N. Pop. 11,300. FuouLi, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citcriore; 21 miles S.6.E. of Solomuna. FoRNES, a town of Belgium, in Fhii.Jers, seated near the German Ocean, on the ca- nal from Bruges to Dunkirk. It was one of the borricr towns; but in 1781, Emperor Jo- seph II. expelled the Dutch garrison. It was taken by the French in 1793; it is l:s miles E. of Dunkirk. FuRNESS AnnEr, a parish in the peninsula, N. of Morecambe Bay, Lancashire, whose celebrated abbey gave name to the district. The Whitehaven railways extend into it, 7J miles S.W. of Ulverstone. FuRRUOKABAD, a town of Hindostan, 'ii the territory of Rohilcnnd; capital of a small district on the W.bank of' the Ganges; "0 m. E. of Agra, and 76 N.W, of-Lucknow. Fdrstenatt, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Osnaburg ; 13 miles S.W. of Quakonburg. FuRSTENBERO, a principality of Suabia, between the Black Forest and the principality of Constance. In this state the river Dan- ube takes its rise. Fdrstenbero, a town of Suabia, in the principality of the same name, with an an- cient castle on a mountain, near the Danube; 27 miles E. by S. of Friburg. Long. 8. 35. E. lat. 47. 53. N. Fcrstenbero, a town of Upper Saxony, in Lusatia, on the river Oder; 11 miles S. by E. of Frankfort. FnRSTENBERO, »> town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, on the river Uavel; 10 miles S. of Strelitz. FuivoTENFELD, R town of Germany, in Styria, with a castle, on the frontier of Hun- gary; 39 miles E. by S. of Gratz. FdrstenwalE; p. town of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark; sea'.ed en Iho Spree; 32 irJles E.S.E. of Berlin. jFuRaxfiNWARi/ER, R towR of Brandenburg, in the Uckcr Mark; twelve miles N.W. of Prenlzo. Forth, a town and jastlo of Lower Bava- na, on the river Cha'- 1 ; 10 m. N.E. of Cham. FuRTH, a town or' Bavaria, in Franconia, seated on the Rcdnitz; 5 miles N.W. of Nu- remberg. It is a populous place, and the seat of extensive manufactures, principally founded by Jews, which the exclusive privi- leges of Nuremberg prevent from being car- ried on in that city. The first railway in Germany was that opened between this place and Nuremberg, in 1835, 4^ miles in length. Pop. about 13,000. Fusi-TAMA, a mountain and volcano in Niphon island, Japan, rising 14,177 feet above the liKii, with an extinct crater 1100 yards in length. FuTTETfABAD, a towH of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer. It has a fort, and is surrounded by lofty brick, walls. Pop. 5000. FaxTEiiQUUR, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Agia. It is a British cantonmenr, 3 miles E. ot .b urruckabad, on the W. bank of the Ganges. Lat. 21. 27. N., long. 79. 30. E. FcTTKHPOUR, or Fattipoor a town of Hindostan, in the province of At ig. 79. 30. E. , a town of -■ra; 24 miles as a favourite ,n inlet of the .\y 40 miles in irns a tide on which is oppo- ted with bays; the resort ol tan, in the tcr- as once the ra- jf ti vast buiW- lujah Ad-dow- i death, is sai. N. Gaildorp, a town of Franconia. in tlie . lordship of Limburgh, with a castle near the river Koeher; IS miles W. of Elwangen. Gaillac, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Tarn, celebrated for its wine. It is seated on the Tarn, which is here navigable; 10 miles S.W. of Alby. It is the seat of a prefect, and contiiins .5881 inhabitants. GAiLi.oif, a town of France in the depart- ment of Eure, with a magnificent palace, be- longingt.othearchbishopofKouen. Itisll m. N.E. of Evrcux, and 22 S.S.E. of Rouen. Gainsiorough, a town in Lincolnshire, with p r.iarket on Tuesday; seated on the 'rvon;, over which is a handsome stone bridge. iL is a riverport of some conseque.ice, being accessible to vessels of sufficient size to navi- gate the sea; and serves as a place of export and import for the N. part of tlie county, and for Nottinghamsliir' , It is 1 7 miles N.W. of Lincoln and 149 N. by W. of London. Gajrloch, a large bay of Scotland, on the \V. coast of Ross-shire, which gives name to a tract of land near it. The fishing of cod, and other white fish, is here very considerable. Galacz, or Gala, a town of Eu^cpean Tur- key, in Moldavia. In 1 790 it was taken by tlie Russians, after a bloody battle. It is seated on a lake, near the conHux of the Pruth with the Danube; 55 miles W. of Ismail, and 120 5. S.W. of Bender. Long. 28. 24. E. l:it.4.3. 24. N. Galapagos, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, belonging to Colombia. They arc all volcanic, and in some places in activity. With the exception of James Island, where tlie settlement of La Floriade was established, they are uninhabited. They are chiefly known fur their land tortoises or terrapin, from which the Spaniards named them. The South Sea whalers touch here for fresh water and j)ro- visions. They lie under the equator; Albe- marle, the chief island, in long. 85. 30. W. about 9 degrees W. of the coast of Colombia. Galashiels, a town of Scotland, in Sel- kirkshire, with a manufacture of woollen cloth It is seated on the>Gala, near its conflux with the Tweed; 5 miles N. of Selkirk, on the Edinburgh ai.i Hawick Rnilway. Galaia, a suburb of Constantinople, (which see.) Galena, a city of Illinois, capital of Jo- Daviess county. It is pleasantly seated on the Feve or Bean river, and is the metropolis of the great lead region. It is 6 miles above the mouth of the river, and has intercourse by means of the largest steam boats with all places on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, it v,as first settled in 1826, and in 1841 there were produced 22,000,000 lbs. of lead in tho region. The manufacture of copper is also becoming important; 230 miles N.W. of Springfield, and 882 from Washington. Pop. about 1500. Galicia, a late province in tho S.W. part of Poland, lying between tho lat. of 48. and 51. N., and 19. and 26. of E. long. It is bounded on the S. in a direction W. by N. by the Carpathian mountains, which divide it from Hungary; the W. end jets upon Si- lesia; the Vistula river forms part of its northern, and the Bug part of its eastern boundary; the S.E. extremity is divided by the Buekowinc district from Moldavia, and the Dneister river intersects the S.E. part. This territory was forcibly seized by the Aus- trians in 1772, and incorporated into the Austrian dominions, under the appellation of the kingdom of Galicia and Lodonieria. The mountainous parts produce fine pasture; tho plains arc mostly sandy, but abound in forests, and are fertile in corn. The princi- pal nrticles of traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and lioncy; the aountry also contains mines of copper, lead, iron, and salt, of which tho latter are the .nost valuabb. Its limits com- prise upwards of 34.000 square miles; the population about 4,600,000 in 1837. It is divided into East Galicia, and West Galicia, of which the capitals are Lemburg and Cracow. Galicia, a province of Spain, forming the N.W. extremity of the peninsula; bounded on the N. and W. Dy the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by Asturias and Leon, on the S. by the Portuguese province of Tras-os-Montes, and on the S.W. by the river Minlio, which divides it from the Portuguese province of Entre-Douro-e-Minho; its extreme length from the mouth of the Miaho river, in 41. 52., to Cape Ortegal, the extreme northern limits of Spain, in 43. 46. N., is 133 statute miles, and its extreme width, from the frontier of Leon to Capo Finistcrrc, ti", extreme west- ern limit of Spain, in the lat. of 42. 5C. N., and 9. 17. of W. long,, is about 120 miles, but the mean length and breadth dofs not much, if at all, exceed 100 miles; its area, therefore, comprises about 10,000 square miles; tho population about 1,500,000. It is one of the most mountainous dist.icts in Spain, yielding abundance of fine timber,and varioire minerals. The whole extent of itr » GAL 872 GAL ; ; i 1 '{ 1 A ' n i k 1 const is iiulcnted witli fine bnys and harbours. The pp ^i)le of Galic.ia are in Pori..;;:!! and the n .,t of Spain, what the Irish are in En<^- land, labourers. The Gailegos are a rude, boorish, industrious race, and luive many peculiarities, arising from their isolated situa- tion, as few travel into Gaiicia. Ferrol, 25 miles S.S.W. of Cape Ortcgal, is one of ihe principal stations of the Spanish national ma- rine; the port of Corunna is on the S.W. Bi' divided into East and West Gallon, or KinKCUD.iRIGHTSIlIRK and WlGTONSirit It was fiimous for a ]jarticular breed of siuu'' horses called galloways. Galloway, ^TuLI^ of, the extreme S.Wi point of Scotland, in the lat. of 59. 38. N^ and 4. 50, of W. 'nv^. It forms the W. point of entrance to Luce bay, and the E. 1^ GAM 373 GAN river, at its Is.N.W. of of nnotlicr Popiili»t,ion, siilt spvinRs, U arc made. e head water r in the U\t. iig., upwards of the river, ouri into tlie border of the e 0\iio river, iinhawa from I. GaHipoii».^ miles S.S.E. ^'. E, a seaport on ich and beauti- ;, and a b-xurc '■ ;,, "i », of in ;.ie cxi-cvta- t : but a great island arc also It is 85 miles b. lo.E.i"*-*^-"-^; en European au.l tllell^spont. 1- jtweenlhcArclu- ,mora, and IS de- •e by two castles. ' is 33 miles long. LLESrOST. .uropean Turkey, preceding strait, , into the Sea of ence of a P'-^'ha, hop. Itcontiuns 30 Greeks, hcsules nountinfi togeth r open place, ^v.t^ »rry sq"a»'^ <="f ' xvope possessed bj ofConstantmople. f'Naplos, in Terra see. Thisplacei3 ,,n<\ has a mann- seatedonarocky LhebayofT^nen", land hy a binlga iesW.ofOtranto. of Scotland, 'i' '' kvest Gallow . ■ ^" fcular breed of smuA I die extreme S.W. Iclat. of 59.38. >. Ice bay, an^ "'"^ ^ point of entrance to the North Channel, be- tween the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Galloway, New, a burj^li of Scotland, in Kirkcudl)rii;htshire, on tiie river Ken; 18 miles N. of Kirkcudl)rij;;ht, and 80 S.W. of Eilinhurf^h. In conjunction with Wigton, &c. it sends one member to parliament. Galmikh, St., a town of France in the de- partment of Loire, with a medicinal spring of a vinous taste; 18 miles E. of Monthrison. Galsto.v, a populous village of Ayrshire, Sootlnnd ; seated on the river Irvine; 3 ra. E.S.E. of Kilmarnock, near the railway. Galtek Mountains, in the county of Tip- perary, Ireland; tiic highest of which, Gal- tecmore, is 3000 feet higli. Galveston, a city of the United States, in the state of Texas. It stands on the E. end of Galveston Island, on tiie Gulf of Mexico. It is the most commercial place in the state, and contains 5 churches and about 5000 in- habitants. Galwat, a maritime county, in the pro- vince of Connaught, on the W. coast of Ire- land, being about 100 miles in extreme length from E. to W.; the W. pivrt, projecting into the Atlantic Oce.an, is a mountainous and dreary district, but the iidand part is in general fertile both in grain and pasture. Next to Cork, it is the largest county in Ireland, comprising 1,510,592 acres. It is bounded on the E. by the river Suck, which divides it from Itosc.ommon ; the Shannon on the S.E. divides it from Tipperary ; Lough Corril) divides theW. from the E. pai' of the connty. Besides the county town, oi" the same name, the other principal towns are Tuam, i'ltiienry, and Loughrea. Galway, the chief town of the preceding county, is seated on the banks of the outlet of Lough Corrib into Galway Bay; 126 miles due W. of Dublin. Its importance has been uicreased by its becoming a principal port for mail steamers to and from America, subsi- ihzed by the government. The harbour is 'efended by a fort. Here is a coarse woollen ..i:d linen manufacture, but much reduced, .'ii'i a considerable trade in kelp. The sal- iiion v.\>\ herring fishery is also considerable. It is divided into three parishes, and is a county of itself, having a separate jurisdic- tion. Til j)rincipal clnirch, which is colle- giate, IS a spacious Gothic edifice ; it has several catholic establishments of friars and nuns, a county infirmary, exchange, and several othv\r public buildings. It returns two member!; to parliaiMcnt. Galway Bay extends about 20 miles from W. to E., and is from 7 to 10 miles wide; the South Arran Isles stretch across the en- traiice. Uamuh, a noble river of Africa, falling into the Atlantic Ocean by several channels, between the hit. of 12. and 13. 45. N. Cape St. JIary, the S. point of entrance to the main channel, is in the lat. of 13.8. N., and 16. 33. of W. long. The banks, for about 1 00 miles from the mouth, are low and swampy, but, higher up, the river ilows tlirougii a de- lightfully fertile counlry, intersperse a vast basin, at the hither foot of the mountain. The Ganges thus appears, to incurious spec- tators, to have its source from this chain of mountains. Superstition has given to tiie mouth of the cavern the form of the head of a cow, an animal held by tiio Hindoos in great veneration ; and it is therefore called the 1^ m 1 m GAP 374 GAR I t 1! I. II r ■-'■ Gangotrijorthc Cow's Month. From this place it takt'S a S.E. direction through the country of Sirinagur, until, at Ilurdwar, it finally escapes from this mountainous tract, in which it has wandered 800 miles. From Ilurdwar, where it gushes through an opening in the mountains, and enters Ilindostan, it flows 1200 milea with a smooth navigable stream through delightful plains to the Bay of Ben- gal, which it enters by several mouths, that form an extensive delta, in the lat. of 22. N. and between 88. and 91. of E. long. In its course through these plains, it receives 1 1 rivers, some of them larger and none smaller than the Thames, besides many of inferior note; the princij)alof which are the Gogra, Coosy, and the Burrampooter, from the N.; and the Jumna, Soane, and IJummooda, from the S. Ip the annual inundation of tliis ri- ver, which ' 1 "■! average rises 31 feet, the country is o ■. I to the extent of more than 100 milcfc ah. The Gan<4cs is, in every respect, u. of the most beneficial rivers in the world; diffusing ])Ienty imme- diately, by means of its living productions, and, by enriching the lands, affording an easy conveyance for the production of its borders, and giving employment to many thousand boatmen. It is no wonder, therefore, that the Hindoos regard this river as a kind of deity, that they hold its waters in high vene- ration, and that it is visited annually by a prodigious number of pilgrims from all parts of Ilindostan. To the British it is almost as important as it is held to be by the Hindoos, as by its i'orming the great military high- way to the north-west provinces, they have accpiired and maintained their sway. See IIOOGLY. Gakgotri, a town of the country of Siri- nagur, 10,073 feet above the sea, and a cele- brated place of pilgrimage: seated on the Ganges, where that river rushes through a cavern of the Himmaleh mountains; 170 miles N.N.W. of Sirinagur. Long. 76. 35. E. lat. 38. 8. N. GANGPOUR.a town of Ilindostan, inOrissa; caj)ital of a circar of its name. It is HO miles N.N.E. of Sumbulpour, and 160 N.W. of Cuttack. Long. 84. 10. E. lat. 22. 2. N. Ganjam, a town of Ilindostan, in the cir- car of Cicacole, on the Bay of Bengal, at the mouth of a river which is rarely navigable; near the S. end of Lake Chilka, 110 m. N.E. of Cicacole. Long. 8.5. 20. E. lat. 19. 22. N. It is now deserted and decayed. Gannat, a town of France, in the dcpart- mentofAlier; SOmilcs S. of Moulins. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 6000. Gap, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Upper Alps, and lately a bishop's see. It has a fort called Fuymorc, and is seated on the snnill river Bene, at the foot of a mountain, in which eome mineral waters ore found; 348 miles S.S.E. of Paris, and fc"^ N.N.W. of Nice. Pop. in 1836, 6561. GArsAL, a town of Uussia, in the govcrn> ment of Revel, on a small gulf of the Baltic; 36 miles W.S.W. of l{evel. Gauak. See Kaui;k. Gaki), a department of the S. of France, including part of the late provinceof Languc- doc. It has its name from a rapid river, which rises in the department of Lozerc, flows S.E. through this department, and enters the Rhone above Beaucaire. It is bounded on tlie E. by the Rhone; the S. point jets upon the Mediterranean; it partakes, however, more of the character of an interior than a maritime district. It is rich in mines of lead, calamine, antimony, manganese, gyp- sum, &c. The vine and olive, and especially the latter, flourish luxuriantly. Pop, in 1842, 376,062. Gauoa, a town of Italy, in the Veronese; seated on the E. shore of a lake of its name; 17 miles N.W. of Verona. Gauda, Lake of, one of the largest lakes in Italy, lying between the territories of Ve- rona and Brescia. It is 30 miles long, and 10 where broadest; l)ut not above 4 towards its northern extiemity, which enters the prin- cipality of Trent: its outlet is by tiie M'-icio, which runs past Mantua into the Po. Gaudefan, or Guaudafiji, a cape in the Indian Ocean, the most easterly point of Africa. Long. 51. 10. E. hit. 1 1. 40. N. Gaudei.euion, a town of Brandenburg, in the Old Mark, with manufactures of cloth, and a trade 'n hops and excellent beer; seated on the river Beise; 15 miles W. of Stendal. Po]). 4000. Gardineu, a town of the United States, state of Maine, on the Kennebeck river, opposite Pittstown. Here is an establish- ment for instruction in natural science. Pop. 5042. Gaiiinano, a town of the Bresciano; seat- ed on the W. shore of Lake Garda; 26 mile* N.E. of Brescia. Garmouth, a town of Scotland, in Moray- shire, at the mouth of the Spey, with a good harbour. Great quantities of ship-timber are floated down the river to the town, and many small vessels are built here. Wood is also a considerable article of commerce. It is 8 miles E. of Elgin. Garonne, a river of France, which rises in the Pyrenees, and flows N.N.E. of Tou- louse, and from thence N.W. past Valence, Agen, Marmande, and Bordeaux, into the Bay of Biscay, receiving in its course from the E. the Tarn, Lot, Vezcre, and Dordognc; from whence it is called the Gironde, and is united with the Mediterranean by a canal from Toulouse, called the canal of Languedoc. Garonne, Upper, a department of the S. ofFrance, containing part of the late province of Languedoc. The S. end extends to the Pyrenees, and it is intersected its wholeextent from S. to N. by the Garonne. It is fertile both in tillage and pasture; the vine is also cultivated to a great extent. It is divided into four arrondissements, of which ToulouM GAT 876 GAY the Baltic; , of France, jofLaiigue- rapid river, Lozerc, flows id enters the bounded on nt jets upon IS, liowevcr, terior than a in mines of ganese, pyp- .nd especially Pop. in 1842, he Veronese; c of its name; J largest lakes ritories of Ve- iles long, and )Ovc 4 towards inters the prin- by the M'ncio, the Po. , a cape in the isterlv point of 11.40. N. Jrandcnburg, in ctures of cloth, lent beer; seated W. of Stendal. United States, ennebeck river, is an establish- al science. Top- Bresciano; seat- [Jarda; 26 miles tland.inMoray- )ey, with a good of ship-timber the town, and here. Wood is f commerce. It V tnce, which rises N.N.E. of Tou- \r. past Valence, rdeaux, into the its course from , and Dordognc; . Gironde, and is „ean by a canal lalofLanguedoc. irtment of the S>. .the late province d extends to the ditswholeextent me. Itisferti^ ; the vine 18. "(^ ht. It is divided ,f which Tottlooi* (the capital), Villefranche, and St. Gaudens are the chief towns. Top. in 1 842, 468,071. 1 Gakuard, a county in tiie state of Ken- tucky, between the Kentucky river, Dicks river and Point Lick. The soil is liighly proiluctive. Capital, Lancaster. Pop. iu iS40, 10,480, including 3283 slaves. Garsis, a town of the kingdom of Fez, surrounded by walls, and the houses are built with black stone. It stands in a fertile country, on the Mulu; 56 m. S.E. of Melilla. Garstang, a parish and corporate town of Lancashire, with a market on Thursday. Here are the ruins of Greenhough castle; and in the neighbourhood are several cotton works. The town is seated on the river Wyre; 10 miles S. of Lancaster, and 229 N. N.W. of London. Gartz, a town of Hither Pomerania; seat- ed on the Oder; 13 miles S. by W. of Stettin. Gasconaub, a county of the state of Missouri. Iron-ore, sulphur, saltpetre and limestone, are abundant. Capital, Hcrmon. Pop. in 1840, 5830. Gascon Y, a late province of France; bounded on the W. by the Bay of Biscay, N. by Guienne, E. by Languedoc, and S. by the Pyrenees. The inhabitants are of a lively disposition, famous for boasting of their ex- ploits, which has occasioned the name of qusconade to be given to all bragging stories. This province, with Armagnac, now forms the uepartments of Landes, Gers, Upper Pyre- nees, and parts of the Upper Garonne, and Arriege. Gaspe, an extensive district of Lower Canada, lying between the river St. Law- rence on the N. and Bay of Chaleur on the S.; bounded on the E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is at present but thinly inhabi- ted, the population is, however, progressively increasing along the shore of the Bay of Chaleur, which supplies abundance of line timber. The Bay of Gaspe' is at the eastern extremity of the district. Gastein, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of Salzburg, near the frontier of Carinthia; celebrated for its warm baths, and mines of lead, iron, and gold. It is 45 miles S. of Salzburg. Gastouni, a town of Greece, in the Morea, opposite the island of Zante, and 11 miles E. from Clarenza. Pop. about 3500, employed in raising cotton and wine. Gata, Cape, a promontory of Spain, on the coast of Granada, consisting of an enor- mous rock of a singular nature and appear- ance, 24 miles in circuit. Long. 2. 22. W. lat. 36. 43. N. Gatehouse, a town of Scotland, in Kirk- cudbrightshire, near the mouth of the river Fleet. Here are considerable cotton works, and an extensive tannery. It is 9 miles N. W. of Kirkcudbright. Gates, a frontier county of North Carolina, bordering on the Great Dismal Swamp, and bounded on the W. by the Chowaa river: it comprises about 353 square miles. Fop. 8161. Gateshead, a borough in the county of Durham, seated on the Tyne, over which is a handsome bridge to Newcastle, to wliicli it appears like a suburb. There are extensive manufactories of chain-cables, &c., and of glass bottles; the celebrated "Newcastle grindstones" are quarried in this parish, and exported to all parts of the world. The Brandling Junction railway connects it with Sunderland, and a continuation unites it with the Carlisle and Newcastle line. It is 13 miles N. of Durham, and 269 N. by W. of London, and returns one member to parlia* ment. Gatton, a village, formerly a borough, in Surrey. It is 2 miles N.E. of Bycgate, and 19 S. by W. of London. Gaudens, St., a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne ; seated on tho Garonne; 13 miles E.N.E. of St. Hertrand; it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1836, 4789. Gauk/^na, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Cannra, on the sea-coast, and urincipally occupied by Brahmins. Pop. 2000. Gavi, a town of the territory of Genoa; an important frontier place toward Montserrat and tho Milanese; seated on the Lemo; 22 miles N.W. of Genoa. Gaur, or ZouF, a city of Usbec Tartary; capital of the province of Gaur; seated on the river Zouf; 120 miles S. by W. of Balk. Long. 64. 40. W. lat. 35. 5. N. Gauts, stupendous mountdns of Hindos- tan, extending along the E. and W. coasts of the peninsula. The W. ridge, called by the natives the mountains of Sukhcim, ex- tends from Cape Comorin to the river Tapty, in the lat. of 21. N., at the distance of from 40 to 70 miles from the shore, except a gap, opposite Paniany, about 16 miles in breadth, chiefly occupied by a forest. They rise ab- ruptly from the low country, supporting, in the nature of a terrace, a vast extent of fertile and populous plains, which are so elevated as to render the air cool and pleasant. (Haut, according to the original import of tho word, signifies a pass through or over mountains; and, by an extended sense, is applied to the mountains themselves. Gawelghur, a town of Hindostan; capi- tal of a fruitful district of the same name, in the province of Berar. It is a strong for- tress, and was taken by storm, in 1803, by Gen. Wellesley. Gata, a city of Hindostan; the modern capital of Bahar; 55 miles S. from Patna. It is divided into two parts. It is one of the most celebrated places of Hindoo pilgrimage, it having been the birthplace of Budha, who has a temple here, with an image very rudely carved. Brahminism has however superseded that of the rival divinity. The ceremonies are directed by the residclft priests, and are very numerous. It has also rM GEL 876 GEN [I i i: \ ■ •I ■ ^ If Si [I a cantonment for nfitivo troops. Its popula- tion is very fluctuating, but it coiiuiins about 7000 houses. Gaza, atown of Syria, in Palestine; 2 miles from the Jlediterranoan ; with a harbour and a castle. It is now very small, but, from the appearance of the ruins, it was formerly a considerable place. Here are manufactures of cotton ; but the principal commerce is fur- nished by the caravans between Egypt and Syria. It stands in a fertile country; 50 miles S.W. of Jerusalem. Long. 31. 45. E. lat. 31.28. N. Gazvi'oor, capital of a fertile and popu- lous district of llindostan; seated on the N. bank of the Ganges; I'} ni. N.E. of Benares. Gearon, or Jakon, ii town of Persia, in Farsistan, in whose territory the best dates of Persia are produced. It is 80 miles S. by E. of Shiras. Long. 5 1. 17. E. lat. 28. 15. N. Geadga, a county in the N.E. of Ohio; the N. end borders on Lake Erie; it com- prises about COO square miles. Poj). 15,813. Chardon, in the centre of the county, 145 miles N.E. of Columbus, is the chief town. Geashill, a village in King's county, Ire- land; 65 miles from Dublin. Gefle, a seaport of Sweden; capital of Gestricia; seated on an arm of the Gulf of Bothnia, which divides the town, and forms two islands. The exports are principally iron, pitch, tar, and deals. It is 90 miles N.N.W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 8. E. lat. 60. 40. N. Pop. in 183G, 8049. Geiiol, or ZiiEiioL, a town of Chinese Tartary, with a large palace, and a magnifi- cent temple of Rud'ia. Here the emperor of China received the Hritish embassy in 1793. It is 136 miles N. of Peking. Gelderland, one of the provinces of Hol- land, and the largest of them all. It lies be- tween the Zuyder Zee, the provinces of Hol- land, Utrecht, and Overyssel, the principality of Munster, the duchy of Clcve, and Dutch Brabant; and is divided into three quarters, or counties, called Nimeguen, Arnheim, and Zutphcn, iVom the principal towns. It is fertile in fruit and corn, and in many parts abounds in wood. Gelderland, Upper, a territory of the Netherlands, lying in detached p.irts, on both sides of the river Meuse; once divided into Austrian, Dutch, and Prussian Gelderland. The Austrian part included liuremonde and its dependencies ; the Dutch comprehends the lordships of Velno and Stevenswcrt; and the Prussian contains the capital, Gueldres, and its district, which is reckoned as apart of the circle of VVestphalia ; the Austrian and Dutch part, at the peace of 1814, were included in the kingdom of the Netherlands, and the re- mainder assigned to Prussia. Gelders, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Cleves, and formerly the capital of Prussian Gelderland. Here is a palace, the residence of the former dukes. It was taken In 1702, by the king of Prussia; and in 1713 j the town and its district was ceded by Franco : to that prince, in exchange for the principa- j lity of Orange. In 1 757 it surrendered to tho I French, who restored it in 1764, after demo- lishing the fortifications; and in 1794, it again surrendered to them, and, at the peace of 1814, was assigned to Prussia. It is 20 ni. S.S.E. of Cleves. Long. 16.6.E. lat.5l.31.N. Gelmiausen, a town of Germany, in tho electorate of Hesse, with a castle; seated on the Kintzig; 18 miles N.E. of Hanau. Gemappe, a town of Belgium, in the pro- vince of Hainault; 3 miles from Mons. A decisive victory was gained in the revolu- tionary war, on November 6th, 179:i, by tho Frencii army, over the Austrians, It also was the site of some warfare at the period of the battle of Waterloo. Pop. 2700. Gkmarke, a t(/wii of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Lower Rhine. It has an extensive commerce in linen, &e.; 18 miles S.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 5500. Gemhloux, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, with an ancient abbey; seated on the Orneau; 22 miles S.E. of Brussels, on tho road to Nannir. Gesiiniano, St., a town of Tuscany, in tho Florentino; seated on a mountain, in which is a mine of vitriol; 25 miles S.S.W. of Flo- rence. Gemishkhana, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the pachalic of Trebisonde. It derives its name (Silver House) from a neighbouring silver mine; 45 miles S. from Trebisonde. Pop. 6500. Gemona, a town of Italy, in Friuli, nc.ir the river Tagliamento; 20 miles W.N.W. of Friuli. Gemund, a town of Suabia; seated on tlio Rems; 24 miles N. by W. of Ulm, and 25 E. by S. of Stutgard. Gemond, a town of Germany, in the ducliy of Juliers; seated on the Roer; 24 miles S.W. of Cologne. Gemund, a town of Upper Carinthia, with manufactures of iron and steel ; 16 miles N.W. ofVillach. Gemunden, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzbnrg, on the river Maine; 22 miles N. of VVurtzburg. Gemunden, a town of Austria, famous for its salt-works; seated at the N. end of a lake of the same name, on the river Traun; the outlet of the lake is 40 miles S.S.W. of Lintz, on the Danube. Genessee, a river of the United States, which rises on the N. border of Pennsylva- nia, and runs N.N.E. through the state of New York into Lake Ontario. It has three falls, which furnii't excellent mill scats; and on its borders are the Genessee flats, 20 roiles long and 4 broad, the soil rich, and clear of trees. Genessee, a county in the state of New York; the N. end of which borders on Lake Ontario ; it comprises about 1600 square miles, and is intersected by the canal from GEN 877 GEN by Tranco primipa- ;rcd to tho I'tcr (leino- 1 1704, it ; the peaco It is 20 111. :.5l.31.N. [luy, in tlio seated on nan. in the pvo- Mons. A the revolu- .792, by tho IS. It also ho period of roo. in the pvo- n extensive lies a.E. of thcrlands, in y; seated on Brussels, on iscany, in tho ain, in which .S.W. of Flo- Biatie Turkey, It derives its ncighhouriiig 1 Trebisonde. n Triuli, near ;s W.N.W. of seated on tlie [Im, and 'i5 E. pr,in the duchy [24 miles S.W. t;arinthia, with eel; 16 miles Inconia, in tlie lie river Maine; ria, famous for end of a hM Traun; the fs.W. of LinlZ) .Jnitcd States, J of rcnnsylva- Ih the state ot It has three nill scats; niid 2flats,20ii)Ues h, and clear of p state of New fcrders on Lako It 1600 square Ihe canal from Luke Erie to the Hudson river. Pop. SOj-'iS?. Batavia, 225 miles W. of Albany, is tlio chief town. Genessei", a county in the stateof Michi- gan, watered by the Flint and otiicr rivers. Cajiitiil, Flint. Top. 4268. Gesessee, a town in New York, capital of Livingston county, half-a-milc from the Ge- nessee river; 230 miles W. of Albany. Pop. Ii8«<2. Geneva, a fortified city, cajiital of a ter- ritory of the same name, surruunded by tlic duchy of Savoy, of wliicii it was formerly a part, and the see of a bisiiop, now resident at Annecy. In 1584 Geneva concluded an al- liance with Zurich and Bern, by whicli it was an associate with Swiizcrland. During •the greater part of the ISlii century, there were frequent contests between the arijto- cratie and the popular parties; and tlio years 1768, 1782, 1789, and 1794, wire • iistinguishcd by great rcvoluti(ms. The 1:1.4 was efFectcd entirely by the influence of tlio French; and, not long after, this city iiinl its territory was made a department of Franco, under the name of Lenian; liut in 1814, alter the expulsion of the French, it was annexed to Switzerland. Geneva, >> liich stands partly on a plain at the W. •■nd of a lake, and partly on a gentle ascent, is irregularly built. It had a good arsenal, all.! a university, founded in 1368. The iiouses arc lofty; and many in the trading part of the city have arcades of wood, which arc raised even to the upper stories. Tiie inhabitants, estimated in 1838 at 28,003, carry on a great trade; and among others, the watclimaking busiii -.s is particularly ii'iurisliing. The population of the district is 60,400. Geneva is 40 n iles N.E. of Chanibery (to wiiich it has a railway), 135 N.W. of Turin, and 256 S.E. by S. of Paris. Long. 6. 9. E., lat. 46. 12. N. Geneva, a town of New York, beauti- fully situated near the north extremity of the Seneca lake, on its W. side. Geneva College and the Medical College are both at this place. Pop. about 3600. Geneva, Lake of, or Lake Leman, a liir^e expanse of water, between Savoy and Switzerland, in a valley which separates tho Alps from Mount Jura. Its length, from tli« city of Geneva to Vih- nouve, is 54 miles, and the breadth in tho widest part is 12. The water near Geneva is shallow; in other parts the deptii is various: the greatest yet found by sounding is 1012 feet. Tho river Rhone runs through it from the E. to the ^Y. extremity. (lENEviEVE, St., a county in the state of ^Ii.ssouri, on the W. bank of the Missis- sippi river, comprising about 1100 square niik's of territory: the St. Francis river in- tersects the S.W. part of the county, which contains an exceedingly rich bed of lead orp. Gengenbach. a town -^Suabia, in Bris- gau, with a Benedictine abbey; seated en a rivulet of the same name, which flows into the Kintzig; 20 miles N. of Friburg. Genoa, a celebrated city and seaport of Italy, distinguished for its trading imi)or- tance, as far back as the 11th century, about which period it began to taiic under its protec- tion the towns and territory of the adjoining coast; but the most celebrated period of ils history is from the close of the 13th to the middle of the 15th century, when the Gi - noese divided with the Venetians the exclu- sive commerce of Europe in the productions of Asia. Tluir success, however, in com- merce and banking, excited the jealousy of the Venetians, and ultimiitely involved them in open hostilities; and in 1746 it surrendered to tho Austrian jiower, whose oppression of the inhabitants was such, that the latter sud- denly rose and expelled their conquerors, who again besieged the city tho next year, but without etfect. In 17'J8 the French becamo masters of this city. In 1800 it sustained a siege by a British fleet and Austrian army, till literally starved, and was evacuated by capitulation ; but soon aftLrwards it was again delivered up to the French, on their victory at Marengo. Early in 1814 it was taken by the British, under Lord Bentinck; but at the general partitioning of Europe, which fol- lowed the ))eace of Paris in that year, tho city and territory of Genoa was assigned to the king of Sardinia, and incorporated as a state into hisdoniinions. The harbour is com- modious, protected by two moles of consider- able length; the city is about six miles in circumference, surrounded on all sides by a strong wall, and on the land side is defended by a double fortification; most of the streets are narrow and irregular, but the Balbi, Strada Nuova, and Strada Nuovissima, are spacious and elegant. Prior to the French revolution it had upwards of 30 churches, and 70 reli- gious houses, three theatres, and several other public biuldings. Many of the houses in the principal streets are adorned witli marble porticoes, and several of the churches are beautiful specimens of architecture, and their interior decorations exceedingly tasteful and rich. Tho bank of Genoa, established in 1345, considerably extended at the com- mencement of the following century ; in 1 75 1 it became insolvent for a large amount, and in 1798 was finally abolished by Bonaparte. Although Genoa now holds an inferior rank, from its relatively adv:intageous local prsi- tion, and maritime accommodation, as .iie outport and depot for the whole of Piedmont and Sardinia, it must necessarily continue a place of considerable importance. Genoa is the see of an archbishop, and the seat of a university with a valuable library, a nautical and other public schools; has several mann- factures of silks and jewellery, and ii> pa'ticu- larly distinguished iv * its manufacture of silk velvets. It is seated at the head of a spacious gulf of the Mediterranean, in the lat. of fi WM- il ■ GEO 378 GEO r !: 44. 25. N. and 8. 58. of E. lon^., 103 miles by railway from Turin, about the same distance S. by W. of Milan, 86 N.W. of Leghorn, 95 N.E. of Mice. Its popula- tion in 1838 amounted to 97,621, e.hia. A hard fought battle took place here October 1777; 6 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. in 1840, 5482. German, and Germak Town. There are several towns of these names, in diflercnt parts of the Uniteil States of N. America. German Ocean, or North Sea, is the sea between the E. coast of England, from the Straits of Dover to the Shetland Isles, and the coast of Jutland and Norway: it comprises about 8 degrees of lat., and 10 of long. Germano, St., a town of Piedmont, on the river Naviglio; 9 miles W. of Vercelli, on the line of the cunal to Ivrea. Gerjiano, St., a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, at the foot of Monte Cassino; 17 miles S.S.E. of Sora. Ger.mans, St. a borough town in Corn- wall. It was once the largest town in tho county, and a bishop's see. It stuiuls near the sea; 10 miles W. of Plymouth, ami 228 W. by S. of London. Germany, an extensive country of Europe, lying between the 45th and 54th deg. tf N. lat. and 6. to 19. of E. long.; the mean length, however, from N. to S., does not ex- ceed 530 British statute miles, and the mean breadth 460 miles, comprising an area of about 245,000 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Hungary and Poland, N. by the Baltic sea and Denmark, W. by the Nether- lands and France, and S. by Switzerland and Italy. The extreme S. point jets into tiio Gulf of Venice. Prior to tho French revo- lutionary war, which commenced in 1793, Germany had geographically been divided into 9 circles, politically subdivided into 206 archbishoprics, bishoprics, principalities dukedoms, marquisates, lordships, provinces, &c., under the government of nearly as many sovereign potentates; but the whole of them formed a great confederacy, governed by pu- litical law.s, at the head of which was an em- peror, whose power in tho collective body, or diet, WPS not directive, but executive. Tlia western Human empire, which had teriui- GER 381 GER )armstnilt. e Leo III. crowned liiin eini)eror, in St. Peter's cliureh; and Nicej)ho- rus, who was then emperor of the cast, con- sented to this coronation. The Freneli kept the empire under ei;;ht cm])erors, till the year 912, when Louis II F., the last prince of tlio lino of Charlemagne, died witiiout issue male. Coiu'ad, Count of Francoiiia, the son- in-law of Louis, was then elected emperor. Thus the empire went to the Germans, and became elective, having been here«6I 3,2U 3,710 9! 16 HUO 1,626 4,N34 l.HOl 1,421 816 9M 609 W7 2,417 318 197 164 118 340 127 6t 276 iC6 143 297 212 445 106 127 43 1(16 143 1I,73I.?>60 IO,'.H»4.Ulfl 4,:i.'W,370 l,737,.V)0 1,646,780 1,227.260 72I,.VjO 711:1,130 476,!I60 lli«,760 U7,.M0 2()'.I,(KI0 478,!tOO 187,670 146,H,'0 140,060 148,690 121,690 87,820 167,60) 6I.4SO 46,920 40,200 6^810 66,110 10,200 6,620 42,990 68,480 11,600 72,060 27,600 82,970 2:1,400 47,200 84,670 67,800 163,600 )• lU Uiiuhv oflldliU'ln 11 (ird. Du.ori.uii!iiiljiii|c. „ „ Uiulmrit 11 Pui'hy of Briiimvlck ... . llOnl. Oil of Mwikl.Mi-l I burifn ScihwuriUiM/ 14 Ptirhy of NusAU 16 Uranil IJucbr of dai*- 1 Weimar 1 KUu. of Sitxe-Coburisl Ooihf» / 17 „ 8ikxe-Melnln|r(iii 18 „ Saie-AUi'iilmrir 12 OriL Ou. of Mocklitu- 1 turgStrulIti / M „ Ul(lijiiburg&) 11 DiLof Anhrilt-Denanii... 21 „ Hamburg IS n K'lthen 14 Prlna of 8abwani-| burg-fionderBbaiiiton/ 26 „ Klulnlfitnilt 26 „ llohonioUern-l llechiiiKftii / 27 „ l.fchtoniitahi 28 ,, lloliutiKoUeni-) Slgiiinrliiiron _J 29 „ Walilc'ck 30 „ lUuat (elJurl branch) f 11 ,, KctMt(youngeri brunch) / 12 ,, Huhnuniburg- 1 Lliipo 1 33 „ l.i|i|io-UiitiMnltagne. Pop. 24.00. Gerzat, a town of France, in tho depart- ment of Puy do Dome; 7 miles N.E. from Claremont. Pop. 2500. GESECKB,a town of Germany, in the duchy of Westphalia, seated on tho Wcyck; 11 miles W.S.W. of Padcrborn. Gessenay. See Sanen. Gestricia, a province of Sweden, tho S. purt of Nordland, between Dalecarlia on the W. and tlio Gulf of Bothnia on the E. It is 100 miles long, and 60 broad, diversified by forests, rocks, hills, and dales, lakes and rivers; and there are numerous mines and forges. GeHo is the capital. Getafp, a town of Spain ; 7 miles S. of Madrid. It is a decayed town, on the road to Toledo. Pop. .5250. Gettysburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in York county; situate at the head of Rock Creek; 30 miles W. by S. of York. It is to be connected with the Baltimore and Ohio ■lailroad, 8 miles distant. Pop. in 1 840, 1 908. Gkwicz, a town of the Austrian empire, h the province of Moravia; 25 miles W. Ire n Olmutz. Pop. 2320, of whom 900 are Jews. Gex, a town of France, in the department of Ain; noted for excellent cheese; seated at the foot of Mount St. Claude, between the Ehune, the Lake of Geneva, and Switzer- land; 10 miles N.W. of Geneva. It is tho seat of a prefect. Geyss, a town of the electorate of Hesse, in the principality of Fulda; seated on the Ulster; 17 miles N.E. of Fulda. Gezak, or Ghezan, a seaport of Arabia Felix, which has a considerable trade in sennA and cofl'ee; seated on the Bed sea; 90 miles N.W. of Lohcia. Long. 43. IS. B. Uit. 16.25. N. Gb/iiu, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diurbek, on an island formed by the river Tigris; 70 miles N.W. of Mosul. Long. 40. .50. E. hit. 37. 16. N. Gezula, a province of Marocco, which it very ;iroductivc, and contains mines of iron and co|,per. Tlie inhabitants are numerous, and considered as tho most ancient people of Africa: tlicy live in tents, and are so inde- pendent that they are rather tho allies than the subjects of the emperor of Marocco. Ghana, or Gana, u city of Negroland, ca- pital of a country of the same name, governed by a sultan. It stands on tho S. side of a large lake at its outlet, which separates tho city into two parts, and soon after joins the river Nipcr, which is here called Necl il Abced, or Nile of the Negroes. It is 100 miles E. by S of Cossina. Ghautb. See Gauts. Qiieei.en, a town of Belginm, in the pro- vince of Antwerp; 7 miles E. from Turn- hout. Iloro are extensive distilleries and lace mar li'actures. Pop. 7350. Ghent, or Gand, a city of Belgium, for- merly the capital of Austrian Flanders, now the capital of tho department of East Flan- ders, and % bishop's see. It contains 90,000 inhabitants; but It is not populous in pro- portion to its extent, being 15 miles in cir- cumference. The city is intersected by many canals, which divide it into 26 isles, and over the canals are 300 bridges. It is on the chain of Belgian railways, ami has also two navigable canals; the one to Sas van Gher.t, tho other to Bruges and Ostend. Here are several linen and woollen manufactures, and it has a great trade in corn. The cathedral of St. Bavon, and the abbey of St. Peter, are magnificent edifices; in which, ns also in the churches, are some capital i)ainting8 by the best musters: the cathedral in particular cun- tf'ins one of the most magnificent collections A works of art in fresco, mosaic work, painting, and sculpture in the world. Charles V. was born here; but the inhabitants have no reason to respect his memory; for he repeatedly loaded them with heavy ex- actions, and built a citadel to awe them. Here, in 1576, was copclnded the famous treaty, called the Pacification of Ghent, the first commencement of tho separation of seven provinces from the soventeen which then formed the Netherlands ; and it was the seat of the negotiation of the treaty of peace between Enji-land and the United States ol North America, in 1814-1.5. Ghent was often taken and retaken in the wars of 1793 — 1815. It is seated on the Scheldt, at the influx of the Lis, Lieve, and Moeze; 36 miles N.W. of Brussels. Long. 3. 44. E. lat. 51. 3. N. GaEROONQ, a city and formerly the capi- tal of the kingdom of Assam. It is seated on the Degoo, near its conflux with the Bur- GIB 381 GI.T I rampooter ; 400 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Long. 93. 36. E. lat. 25. 35. N. iiiiiJUiAii, u seaport of Ilindostan, on the const of Concan. It was tic capital of Angi'ia, a famous piratical prince, whose fort here was taken by the English and ^vlahrat- tas, in 1756, and his whole fleet destroyed. It is 165 miles S. by E. of Bombay. Long. 73.8. E. lat. 16. 45. N. GuiLAN, a province of Persia, on the S.W. side of the Caspian Sea; supposed to be the Ilyrcania of the ancients. On the \V. side are high mountains, which are covered with many sorts of trees, and in the hig' ;st parts of tliein are deer, bears, wolves, leopards, and tigers. It produces abundance of silk, oil, wine, rice, tabaeco, and excellent fruit. This province was ceded to Russia, by a treaty concluded at Petersburg in 1724, but not possessed by Russia till 1780. licshd is the capital. GiiizNi, or Ghuznee, a town of the coun- try of Cabul, once the capital of a powerful empire of the same name. It is ca"v!d the second Medina, from the great number of illustrious persons who have been interred here. It has acquired some celebrity from its having been taken by storm by tli3 Bri- tish, 23rd J'ily 1839, when they lost only 17 men. It s 54 miles S. of Cabul. Long. 68.20. E. lat. 38.40. N. GiiouiiuoND, a town of the country of Cal.iil ; 42 miles N.W. of Cabul. Giant'8 Causeway, a iv. mnrkable basaltic headland in the county of Antrim, Ireland; probably a continuation of a similar forma- tion on the opposite shoie of Scotland. GiUELLO, a to'vr. of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, on the river Po; 16 miles N.W. of Parma. GiBKALTAR, a towu of Spain, in Andalusia, near a mountain of the same name, formerly called Calpe, which, with Abyla (now Ceuta), 01. the oppo.site shore of Africa, were calleil i,iie Pillars of Hercules. Tarick, a general of the Moors, built a fortress here, which he calledGebol-Taritk, that is, Mount Tarick. Since that time a to\^n has been built at tht foot of tliis rock, which is strongly fortified. It can be approached only by a narrow passage between the mountain and the sea, across which the Spaniacls have drawn a line and fortified it, to prevent the garrison from having any comnmnication with the country. Tiic rock abounds in partridges: and on the E. side, amid the broken preci- pices, is a stratum of bones, belonging to various animal.", enenscd in a reddish cal- careous stone. Gibraltar was taken from the Moors in 1462, and in 1704 U tell into the hands of the English. The Spaniards attempted to retake it the following year; and they besieged it again, in 1727, with as little success. It sustained a siege from July, 1779, to February, 1783, when the siege was finally raised, on advice being received that the preliraiuarici of peace were signed, out il may be considered as terminated on September 13, 1782, on the failure of a griind attack made by the Spa- niards, whose floating batteries were destroyed by red-hot shot from the garrison. The number and strength of the military works, and the vast galleries opened in the calcare- ous rock, excite admiration; and the fortiess, in the opinion of most engineers, is absolutely impregnable. The garrison here is cooped up in a very narrow compass, and in a war with Spain has no provisions but what are brought from Barbary and England. Tlie Strait of Gibraltar is 24 miles long, and IS broad, and a strong current always sets into the Mediterranean through the strait from the Atlantic Ocean. The reck, at the foot of which the town is situate, forms a promon- tory, and the E. boundary of a spacious bay, which affords tolerably good anchorage for the lar;jest ships of war. Pop. between 15,000 ail 1 20,000, exclusive of t..e military, of whom th re are generally five regiments. GiBKAi.TAii, a town of Colombia, in the province of Zulia, defended by some fortifi- cations. The air is so unhealthy in the rainy season, that the town is now reduced to an insignificant hamlet. Gibson, a county of the state of Indiana; bounded on the N. by White river, and \V. by the Wabash, which divides it from the state of Illinois. The S.W. point of the county is 30 miles above the entrance of the Wabash into the Ohio. Pop. 8977. Gibson, a county of Tennessee, in the W. part of the state. Capital, Trenton. Pop. in 1840, 8977, including 2969 slaves. Gien, a town of 'Aance, in the department of Loire. It is seated on the N. bank of tlio Loire; 40 miles E. by S. of Orleans. It is the seat of a prefect. Giesgen, a town of Suabia, on the river Brentz; 18 miles N.N.E. of Ulm; now in- cluded in the kingdom of Wi' .. mberg. GiERACE, a to>vn of Na^.e ;, in Calabria Ultra; seated on a mountaii, near the sea; 34 miles E.N.E. of Reggio. GiEssEN, a fortified town of Germany, in Upper Ilesse, with a citadel and a university of some celebrity. It is seated on the Luhn; 16 miles W.S.W. of Marburg. Pop. 7300. Long. 8. 43. E. lat. 50. 35. N. GiGA, or GiOHA, a small island, one of the Hebrides, lying on the W. coast of Scot- land. GiGLio, a small islard on the coast of Tuscany, with a castle; 1 > miles W.S.W. of Orbitelio. GiGNAC, a town of France, in the depart, ment of llerault, on the river Herault; U miles W. of Montpelier. GnioN. See Amu. GiJON, or Gyon, a seaport of Spam, '" Ast arias, with an ancient castle; seated on the Bay of Biscay; the Gijon district is one coalfield, which inexhaustible mine of weultji has only just attracted attention, and in 1841 GIN 385 GIR onsidered as 1782, on the ) by the Spa- ere destroyed rrison. The ilitary works, 1 the calcare- dthefortiesa, J, is absolutely ere is cooped and in a war but what are Ingland. The long, and 15 iways sets into strait from the at the foot of ms a promon- a. spacious bay, anchorage for Pop. between of t.-c military, five regiments, jlombia, in the by some fortifi- thy in the rainy li'il and eclipsed by the more modern di.-trK't«. The Higii Street extends from tlie eathe.lnil to the cross, whence the Trongate extends to the W., and the Gallowgate to the K. 'f'"! extension of the Trongate, called Ar-'vlc Street, is one of rlie most, spacious in Eai'oiii'. P'irallel with this, extending westwarii, iun Ge'-vrge, Reuent, Bath, and other strct'U, leading to the patrician locality of the W^"'*" mstit cons oi Wil in the a sta] S'piarc James inoimt f^eott, was eourt-l Oiie of ox'iian a tiiio : lin;,'toii |"ii ot! eaiuiiit t" liOn nieniii! ill laaiii '•' only 'lieeotti I'lT of 't liiis f'-- Gi i> now, "lilii.sti..!- fiiiiMeroi I- "line '') i-..ilft-; GL A 387 GLE ;nt. Oo nii^more rj^c croiis c uIkiuikI ys iiiiiDtii; 1 piisturc. t sii\>i>lit-'S •iihle. In osi extcu- MUKI'IIVR xHiiitl, (see ECtcd IVoin uvnals, ami heavy pio- e conveyed a town, l)ut lulous, and (ivn in the are Neath, ndaff. -,, a town in , Tluirsiirtv, and tinilier. lich is navi- 23 miles N. [id, couvtyof annna'i'iy. 1 in Switzor- vivers, Lintli, df, E. by ilw ,f Uri, and W. mountainous , is in tattle, itants aniunn' Pl-OtCStiUltS, larus is si'-f" owavd tlii:^'' but tbvough en the lake of ins separating ^itz. . , [and, capital ol luledbymoun- iLinth. Itl';« Itrado in cattle, ijun ware; 3i Ipulous city ol Ironi its extent, Vcvn iun"-^'^''- second, if '\»t iiin. Thcsii^; I of a long ^^''^\ liver Clyde, im' It on the Novtli, ledval,tUcneu- It is now t:l>li'tn;'tS| l„ the eathe'lra Ito tbe l'\ " T called Ar-ylf tu.us in Kn>-"r^; J, xvestwavJ, '"'• I other strc-tst wood grounds. TIio Saltmarkct leads from tlie cross to Hutchesons' Bridge across the Clvdej but its glory has departed: and lower down the river is " the Glasgow Bridge," up to which ships of large to;inage now ascend The Broomielaw and Jamaica Street form tlic mercantile focus of the city. There are four bridges across the river, communicating with the suburban districts of Hutchcson- town,theGorbals,and Laurieston; the above- named last erected being the finest. Of piihlic buildings, the cathedral, or high church, stands first, and is the most complete of the ancient ecclesiastical structures of Scotland, an.i is interesting from the fact, that Glasgow owes its origin to it. The university insti- tnted in 1450, is constantly increasing in rL'iMitation. It has been greatly enriched in the mathematical department, f)y the library of the late celebrated Dr. Robert Simson, au- tli ir of the translation of Euclid, and has r 'oeived an important addition, by a collee- tiiii of rare books and manuscripts, in every (Ip.irttnent of science, but particularly in iiK'.ilieine, bequcatiied by the late Dr. Wil- liam Hunter, who has also left hii, extensive iiMiseum to the university of Glasgow. Be- sides the anatomical preparations, the mu- st uin, for which an elegant building has lijon erected, contains a collection of shells, eoruls, insects, and fossils, made by the late Dr. Fothergill, and a cabinet of medals and C'lins, ancient and modern, the most com- [ile'e of the kind in Europe. The An- (lersonian university, the high school, &<;., niiKt be also enumerated amongst its public institutions. Of public ornaments, the mcst Conspicuous is the metal equestrian statue of William III.; the obelisk, 144 feet high, in the green, to the memory of Lord Nelson; a statue of Sir John Moore, in George's siiiuivo; also a bronze statue, by Chantry, of James Watt. In 1837, a Doric column, sur- nmanted by a colossal statue of Sir Walter Seott, with his plaid on the wrong shoulder, was placed in the same square. The new coni't-ii.juse, determined on in 1840, is also one of the attractions of the city. The royal ox'luuv^e, in front of which has bi>on erected a line equestrian statue of the Duke of SVel- lin;;toii, the theatre, the bank, and numer- ous other edifices, also deserve notice, but cannot be here enumerated. Glasgow, next to London and Liverpool, is the most com- niweial place ia the I3ritish dominions, and in inaiiufacturing extent and importance, it is only exceeded by Manchester and Leeds; the CDtton rnanul icture employs a large num- hiT ot people, &c. ; in addition to which, it liiis several glassiiouses, sugar refineries, iSe. Glasgow was ori;;;inally one parisii, but is now, fur the benefit of the poor and ease of niinisters, divided into I'i, wiili as many e'i".relit.s, and several ciiapols of ease, and liuiiierous r.:eeting-hous,-?s for dissenters. It i' 'oiuiected i\ith London, Edinburgh, i^c. I'yi'iiilwio ) 'md there ere r.vil.vnys to Taislcy. Kilmarnock, Ayr, &c. Glasgow is 44 miks W.of Edinbuigli, and 60 S.W. of Perth; the distance from London by mail is 404 miles. T'op. in 1841, about 285,000. Lat. 52. 52. N. long. 4. 16. W. Glasgow Port. See Port-Glasgow. Glastonburt, a town of Somcrsetshira. with a market on Saturday; it is seated ndar a high hill, called the Tor, and famous for an abbey, that occupied an area of 60 acre b ofwhichsomeconsideralde ruins still remain; particularly the kitchen, which is the most entire, and of a very unusual contrivance. The George Inn was formerly an hospital for the accommodation of pilgrims who came to the abbey, and to the thorn, which, it is pre- tended, was planted by Joseph of Arimathea, and blo-M)med on Christmas-evo. It was also pretended, that the bodies of .loseph of Arimathea, of King Arthur, and ol' Edward the Confessor, were buried here. The last abbot of this place was hanged on the top of the Tor, by order of Henry VIII., for not acknowledginjj his supremacy; and on this hill is a tower, which serves as a landmark to seamen. Glastonbury has two churches, and a manufacture of worsted stockings. It is seated on the river Brue; 6 miles S.W. of Wells, on the road to Exeter, and 124 W. by S. of London. Glatz, a strong town of Prussian Silesia, capital of the county of Glatz; seated on the side of a hill by the river Neiss. On the top of the hill is an ancient castle, and a new citadel. In 1742 the Prussians took the town by capi' lion; and in 17G0 the Austrians took it irm, but restored it in 1763. It is 60 mile.-* S.S.W of Breslnu, and 90E.N.E. of Prague. L<. .u. 16. -V-'. E. 1 1\ .50. 18. N. Pop. about 9000. (jLAUcnAU, a town of Frpor Saxony in Misnia, with considerable imnufactures of cotton and other stuffs; seated on the Mulda: 36 miles S. by E. of Leipsig. Gleiwitz, a town of Silesia, noteil for the culture of hops; and the weaving m cloth; 34 miles S.E. of Oppelen. Glenarm, a town of Ireland, county of Antrim; 1.^3 miles from Dul)lin. Here are the ruins of a Franciscan friary. Glen'oalough, a parish of Ireland, county ofWieklow. This magnificent glen i< ' '• brated for the ruins of its seven churcln .■^. and a noble [lillar tower; for the beautiful scenery of lake, mountain, and woodjovcrhungbyloftj^ summits, and its interesting legendary iiistory Gr.ENEi.G, a parish in Scotland, shire of Inverness, giving the title of baron to the family of Grant. Glenluce, a town of Scotland, in Wig- tondiire, with a harbour for small vessels. Gli;nn'.s Falls, a town of New York, on the N. side of the Hudson river, which, hav- ing a descent of 60 feet, here all'ord much jiicturescjue scenery, tv.ul great water power. The finest, black marhle is found here; 54 miles >< of Albany, Pop. about 1800. GLO 388 GOA Mi .,■1 , GLOGxn, or Gnoss Glogau, a town of Si- lesia, capital of a princiiiality of the same name, wliicli is very fertile, ami produces wine. Tiio town is well fortified, and for- merly stood close by the Oder, which has since changed its course, and now flows above a mile from it. Besides the Papists, there are a great number of rrotestaiits and Jews. It was taken by the king oi Trussia, in 1741. It is 60 miles N.W. ofUreslau. liong. 16. 14. E, lat. 51. 38.N. Glogau, Little, a town of Silesia, with a collegiate cimrcli, and Minorite convent; 23 miles S. of Oppelen. Glommen, the largest river of Norway, in the bisliopric of Aggerliuys, which flows into the North sea at Erederickstadt. At leasrt 50,000 trees are annually floated by this river to Frederickstatlt. Glossop, a parish of Derbyshire, which contains 18 townships and hamlets. It is the chief seat of the cotton manufacture in the county. It is 8 m. N. of Chapel-iu-lc-frith. Glouoestershiric, a county of England ; 60 miles long and 29 broad; bounded on the W. by Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, N. by Worcestershire, E. by Warwickshire and O.Kfordshire, and S. by Wiltshire and Somer- setshire. It contains 805,120 .icres; is di- vided into 28 hundreds, has two cities, and 23 market-towns. The air is sharp in the E. or hilly part, called the Cok'swold; but very mild in the rich vale that occupies the centre, through which the Severn flows. The W. ])art, which is the smallest district, is varied by hill and dale, and is chiefly occupied by the forest of Dean. The staple commodities of the county are its woollens and cheese. Its principal rivcr.s are the Severn, Warwick- shire, Avon, Lower Avon, Wye, Thames, Coin, and Lech; the Severn and Thames are united by a canal. The prin "jjal manu- facturing towns are Stroudwatcr, Tewkes- bury, and Wootton-under-edge, and the other places of note, besides the cajiital and city of Bristol, are Cheltenham, Cirencester, and IJursley. The county sends four nn uibers to parliament for the E. and W. divisions. Gloucester, a city and cai)itai of the pre- ceding county, with a market on Wednesday nnd Saturday. With Bristol, it is a bishoiAs see. It sends two members to parliament. It is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and seated on the E. sidW2, including 4409 slaves. Gnbsen, or Gnesna, in Prussian I'olfind, contains an archbishop's see, whose prelate was ji inate of Poland. It was the fii>t town i.iult in the kingdom, nnd fonner'.V more eonsidi.rablc than at present. It is 9S miles X. by E. of Brcslau, and 145 W, l)y N. of Warsaw. Lon. n of Ireland, county c river Shannon, nity of the state cf It 625 square niiics , the chief town, is mnah. Top. 63"^. Prussian rolaml. see, whose prelate It was the hij-l lom, an.l fovuier.Y present. H^^'^ andUSW.l.yV 0. E lat. 52. as. >• :an, in the Concaa, l»f;tu;se setlleniems N.sideofauisl'l':''- formed by the nvei Mandova, which is capable of receiving the l,i!\vst shi[is. The viceroy's palaeo was a n ible buildinf^; but this, as well as the city at large, is very much on the decline. The inhabitants are contented with greens, fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, rice, and fisli, is tiieir principal diet, though they have liDgs and fowls in plenty. Tiieir religion is tlio Uonian Catholic, and the clergy are nu- meroi's and illiterate. In this place was one of the last refuges of the inquisition; a de- Bcriptioii of which is given in Dr. Buchanan's Cinistian Researches. Goa has few m.anu- factures or productions, the best trade being in arrack, which is distilled from the s.'*p of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is defended bv several forts and batteries. It is 250 miles S. bv E. of Bombay. Long. 73. 45. E. lat. 15. 31. N. Go.vr.PARA, a town of Hindostan, at the N.E. extremity of Bengal, where the Euro- peans have factors, who carry on a great trade with Assam, Bootan, Thibet, &c. It stands on the E. bank of the Brahmapootra; 33 miles E. of llangamatty. GoAR, St., a small town of Germany, for- merly the capital of the lower county of Cat- zcncilenbogen. It is seated on the Rhine, under the stupendous rock and castle of Rhcinfols, which it surrendered to the French in 1794. It is 25 miles S. of Coblentz. GoATZACOALCOS IlivEH, a river of the Mexican States, v;^'iich falls into the Mexican sea, formerly the frontier of the state of Ta- basco, which has attracted attention from be- ing one of the termini of a projected grand canal across the isthmus Tehuantepec, which was in agitation from 1344-47. GoAVE, Grand, a town of the republic cf ITayti, near the sea-coast. It is 10 miles S.S.W. of Lcogane. GoAVB, Pktit, a seaport of the republic of Hayti, in the Gulf of Gonaves, and the mart to which the tnulers in Grand Goave, and other places, send their commodities. It is 31 miles W.S.W. of Port au Prince. Goniii, a country of South Africa, on the coast of the Atlantic, between the country of Cawnia and Cape Lopez Gonsalvo, under the equator. The chief town is situated about a day's j(nn-ney from the sea. The principal tr;i(ie of the inhabitants consists in elephants ind ivorv. GoiiiN, St. See Ffre. Goen, ,; t.jwn of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves; seated on the Niers; 6 miles S. of Clcves. Goci'suEiM,or GoniEK, a town of Sunbia, lately belonging to Wirtemberg, but ceded to iiavaria in 1802; 2' miles S. of Heidelberg, nn(l^ 34 N.W. of Stutgardt. GociAKo, a town of Sardinia, capital of a eounty of tile same name, with a castle; seated on the Cliirso; 25 miles E. of Algheri. Godalmimq, a corporate town in Surrey, witli 11 market on Wednesday and Saturday, and manufactures of stockings, paper, leather, &c. It is seated on the Wye, where it aeioiis roail, the Downs. GooLio, an inland port in the parish of Swaitli, in the W. Uiding of Yorkshire, 4 miles S.W. of Ilawden. It has been made ii port within tlie last fewyear.s withacustoiu- liouse, warehouses, &c. It has two docks, which, although so f;ir inland, are acccssildo by ships of eonsi\v, a town of liower Saxony, in tlio duchy of Mcoklonlicru, with u ciistic; sciitod on tiiu KIdc; 24 inilus S. Iiy hi. uf Schwcrin, GiiAc'iosA, tino of tiic A/.orcs; 10 niilos lon}r and 8 hroad. Its pro luce is wiicat, wini', biittui', und cheese. 'I'he principiil place is Phitii. Louff. 27. .Ob. W. iat. 30. 2. N. GuAOiscA, u fortified town of Schivunia, on tlio frontiers of Croiitiii; seated on tiie Save; 20 miles S.W. of I'osoga. Lung. 18. 39. E. lat. 45. 21. N. GttADiscA, a strong town of Friuli, on the confines of Cormthia; capital of a county united with Goritz, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Lisonzo; 6 miles K.VV. of Goritz. Long. 13. 32. B. lat. 46. 2. N. Grado, a town of Italy, in u small island ofthe«amc name, on the coast of Friiili; .'io miles E. by N of Venice. Long. 13. 10. E. lat. 45. 46. N GiiAFF Ketttet, ft district in the territory of the Cape of Good Hope; boiindeil on the K. by Somerset, N. by that of the Hot- tentots, S. by UiteniiaRe, and W. by Beau- fort, ropulation 16,000, principally occu- pied in rearing cattle. GiiAKTON, a county of the state of New Hampshire; bounded on the \V. 55 miles by the Connecticut river, which divides it fioin the state of Vermont; it is about 28 miles in mean breadth, and contains a population of 42.311. llaveriiill, on the E. bank of the Connecticut, is tiio chief town. Guaha.m'8 Island, a volcano that ap- peared in July 1831, off the S. coast of Sicily, from the sea, and, after ragmg for some time, left an island of cinders and Bcoriaj, 1 20 feet in height at the W. end, which, gradually subsiding, disappeared be- neath tlio waves, forming a shoal of 9 feet: this remained for 4 or 5 years, when that also dis|)erscd. Gkauam's Town, a town of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope, and capital of the eastern i)rovince. It is seated ir a hollow, and about 1000 feet abovo the level of the sea, from wliich it is distant about 25 miles. It is the second town in size and importance in the colony; and up to a recent date was an ugiyaud ill-l)uilt place, but has somewhat improved by the addition of a few better buildings. Grain Coast, a maritime country of Guinea, extending along the Atlantic about 300 miles, between the Sierra Leone country on the W. and the Ivory coast on the E. The productions are pease, beans, gourds, le- mons, oranges, dates, and palm wine; but ihe chief article is the abundance of Guinea pepper, or grains of paradise, which draws a great interior and export trade. Cows, hogs, sheep, and goats, are numerous. The Portuguese had formerly the whole com- merce of this coast, but it has long been chiefly in the haudd of the English and Dutch. GiiAir/, or GitKiTZ, a town of Upi^r S;ix(niy, with a castle on a rocky mountain, and another in the town. It hiis mnnnf.ic- tnrcs of snulF, and is situate on the Elstcr. between mountains and woods; 10 miles N. of riauen, und 50 S. of Lcipsic. Population about 6000. GuAMAT, a town of France, 28 miles N. N.E. of Uahors. Pop. 3J'J:j. GuAMMONT, a town of Holgium; seated on both sides of the Dender; 12 miles N.E. of Tournay. Pop. in 1834, 7;i89. Gkamiman Ilii.LS, a chain of hills in Scot- land, which extends, in a N.E. direction, from the mountain Benloniond, in Dumbar- tonshire, through the counties of Perth, An- gus, and Kincardine, to Aberdeen, and thence, in a N.W. direction, throutrh tliu counties of Aberdeen, Uanlf, and Moray, to the borders of Inverness, They take their name from a single hill, the MonsGrain))iiis of Agricola, where Galgacus waited the a])- proach of Agricola, and where the battb iuught was so fatal to the br.'.ve (/alcdonians. GitAMPOUND, a town in Cornwall, go- verned l)y a nmyor, with a market on Satur- day, aiula manufacture of gloves; seated on the Fal; 40 miles S.W. of Launccston, and 244 W. by S. of London. It formerly re- turned two members to parliament, but wai disfranchised in 1824, for corrupt practices. GuAN, a town of Lower Hungary, and an archbishop's see; seated near the conflux of the Gran with the Danube; 80 miles E.S.E. of Prcsburg. It was once the finest city of Hungary, and the residence of its kings, some of whose tombs are still to be seen. It is now the seat of the prince primate of Hun- gary. The superb new cathedral, the finest modern building in Hungary, the arciilii- shop's palace, &c., commenced in 1821, oc- cupy the summit of a precipitous rock, in a commanding situation. Pop. 12,885. Long. 18. 46. E. lat, 47. 46. N. GuAN, or Gr(en, a seaport of Arabia, in the province of Btihrin, at the N.W. ei'd of the Gulf of Persia, and on the borders ef Irac Arabi ; 40 miles S. of Bassora. Lon^'. 47. 4.'>. E. lat, 29. 56, N. GuANAUA. See Grenada. Gkanaua, a maritime province, formerlv a kingdom of Spain, part of Andalusia, Iimv- ing about 270 miles of sea-coast, on the Me- diterranean; the mean length of the i)roviiice from W. to E. being about 234 miles, tlie extreme breadth at the E. end is about 9") miles, but the W. part not more than 30, iw superficies not exceeding 'JCOO square ujilo". Population in 1827, 1.097,100. It is bouml- ed on the E. by the kingdom of Scviile, N by those of Cordova and Jaen, and W. I'V Murcia. Though a mountainous countrv, the soil is good ; but it has not been well cultivated since the Moors were expelled in 1492. However, it produces corn, wine oil, sugar, flax, hemp, excellent fruits, honey, wax, and mulberry-trees, which feed a yreat G UA 3or) G UA 1 of \Ji>\yt ,y mountiiir., ,iiH iiiiiimf.ic- , the Elster. I 10 niiU'S N. Topulation 28 miles N. im; sentpilcn miles N.l'i. uf • hills in Srnt- [.K. ilirection, 1, ill Duiiilii"- of Perth, An- ihcrdcen, nml , throiifh the •, and Moray, 'hey take their Ions Gniiiipiiis wttiteil the ui)- liero ilic btittU ire t/ftlcdonians. Cornwall, po- iirket on Satur- uvcs; seated on jaiinccston, and It formerly re- iament, but wa* rrupt practices. iuiij;ary, and an ,r the fbndnx of 80 miles E.S.E. he finest city of ce of its kings, 11 to be seen. It primate of Hu"- icilral, the ilnc^t Lry, the arciilii- ;cd in 1821, oe- litous rock, in a 12,885. Long- irt of Arabia, in [the N.W. ei<.l of the borders ct iBdSSora. Long. Irovince, fornienv ( Andulusiii, luiV' toast, on the Me- fhoftheprovinoc \ 234 niilec, the lend is about 9.) Imore than 30, us poo square niili^j^- |00. Itisbouua- lom of Scvi'.ly, N Ifaen, andW.l'X litainous counti), las not been «eil I were expelled m les corn, wine, oil, Int fruits, honey, Vhich feed a gre" Diniiber ofHilk-woniis. Tho forcbts produie ^all-uuts, paliii-trcus, and onks. It is iiiter- gecti^l i)y Kcvonil struains fiiliin^ into t.'ic Mediterranean, but the principal rivers run from E.to \V. into tlio Giiadal(|uivcrtiiroii'^'li Cordova iiiid Seville. Uranada was the last province in Spain occupied by tlio Moor.H. Tlie principal towns on the coast of the Mi;- diterraneaii, iiej^innin;; at tlio W., are Mar- bella, Mala;;a, AIniunacur, Motril, Adra, Aim Tia, and Vera, and in the interior Ora- Tiiida (the capital), Konda, Vclez, Malaj^a, i^iinta Ec, Uuadi.K, Ham, lluuscar, and i'ur- cliena. GitANATiA, a city of Spain, capital of the preceding province, and an archbishop's see, i.s built on four hills, and divided into four paits, in one of which is the lar^^o church containing tlio tombs of Ferdinand and I.^i* bella, who took this place from the Moors in 149i. In another is the palace of the kings of Spain, and the Alhainbnt, iin ancient pa- lace of the Moorish kind's, with so many rooms that it is like a labyrinth. In tho third is the university; the I'ourtli has no- tiiing considerable; but all the public build- in<;s arc magnilicent, and the cathedral and convents contain excellent pictures by Spa- nish masters. Tho walls and ^atcs, and the nqucducts, are mostly destroyed; and its trade is feebly carried on, without cncournge- mont or jjrotection. The inhabitants are not more than GG,000, and half of them are lawyers, ecclesiastics, and mendicants. It is seated on the Xenil, near the influx of the Oro; 220 miles due S. of Madrid, and 63 N.E. of iM,.tio stands on a rock, and is a strong place. Gratz is seated on tho W. side of the Muer, over which is a bridge to an extensive suli- urb. Tho inhabitants are estimated at 40,000. In 1797 it was taken by tho French. I( is 83 miles S.S.W. of Vienna. Long. 15. 2G. E. lat. 47. 4. N. Graudenz, a tov.M of Prussian Poland, on tho E. bank of the Vistula; 18 miles N. of Culm, and 55 S. of Da.tzic. Population about 8000. Grave, a strong town of Dutch Brabant, on tho left bank of the Maese, beyond wlikh there is a fort. It has boon oftea taken. It is 8 miles S.S.W. of Nimeguen. Gravelines, a snmll seaport jf France; seated at the mouth of the Ai', defended by Fort Philip ; 12 miles L. of Calais. Pop. 2570. Gravenmaciikm, a town of Belgium, pro- vince of Luxemburg; ISmiles S.W. of Treves. Pop. 2500. Gravenao, or Grayenau, a town of Ba- varia, in the principality of Passau, on the river Sag; 16 miles N. of Passau. Gravenwert, a town of Bavaria, in the upper palatinate; 17 miles N. of Ambcrg. Gravesande, a town of South UolLiud, where the ancient counts of Holland former- ly resided. It is about 4 miles from ihescu, and 6\V. by S. ofDelrt. Gravesend, a town in Kent, with mnr- kets on Wednesday and Saturday. It stamls on the S. bank of tho Thames, and is the common landing and embarking place lor seamen ond passengers to and from London. Here vessels deliver in their manifests, it being tho boundary of the port of Lomlon A great part of it was burnt down, with tin church, in 1727; tho latter was rebuilt m one of the 50 new churches. It is called tho corporation of Gravesend and Milton, tliesa two places being united under the govern- ment of a mayor. Tho latter place is situat ed a mile E. of the other, and has a block- house over against Tilbury Fort. They were incorporated by Queen Elizabeth ; but, long before, Richard 11. had granted them the exclusive privilege of conveying passengers to London in boats. This privilege, how- ever, since the application of stcaiii to navi* ^tmmM ^itmas^imm GRE 897 G RE with mnr- . It stiuwls and is the ^ place fur 'm London, lanit'ests, il of Lou^ou rn, with till rebuilt »i .rf called tbo lilton, tlic=« the govein- Lcoissitn'i' las a block- They were h; but, long ' them the „ passengers fvilege, hotf; |5Ht!on liiH become obsoii'c; and since 1825, 1 hj loiiscqucnco of tlie facility which rail-] way and stcam-bootH nfford Oravfupiid liai i Hioatly cxtendud on the W. side, for the uc- 1 roininixhition of an incrcaiiiig niiinl) -r ofi vi-iitors from the motropolis, the h;uik of tlio j river lieiiin hero favoiirai)ic foi ln'tliim^. It 'm I ;^2 miles K.S.K. of London. I GuAViNA, a town of Naples, in Ter.a di ' nail; 32 miles W.S.W. of liari. It has n-ne cliiirchcs, and a population of about 2000. OiiAr, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Saone. It has u trade in iron, and in Heated on the Saone; 25 miles N.D. of Dijon. L iu the scat of a profuct. Population, 6J84. GuwsoN, fill interior connty of Kentucky ; bounded on tiioS. by Green Itivcr. Popula- tiou about 44f>l. Licliticld, the chief town, is 1 14 miles S. W. of Frankfort. — Also a fron- tier county of Virginia, bordering on North Citroli'i;; ; it is intersected by New Uiver, wlii, il runs from S. to N. into the Ohio. Po- pulation, 9087. Greensville, the chief town, ia 18w miles W.S.W. of liichmond. GitEAT BiUTxiN, an island of the Atlantic Ocean, off the W. coast of Europe, extending fr.iin tiiu hit. of 49. 58. to 58. 40. N., a dis- tiinco of about 605 British statute miles, varying in breadth from 60 to 260 miles; the s.ipcrficics not exceeding88,000 square miles, tlic mean breadth will not exceed 142 miles. It is divided into tlirco great parts, Enolanu, Scotland, and Wales, which see. GuKATiiAM, a parish in Durham, 7 miles N.E. of Stockton-o \-Tee9. It has two hos- pitals, or alms-b .'-.:, one of which, the Hosjiital of God in Greatliam, is a fine build- ing, and has large revenues. Gheuenstein, a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, on the river Esse; 12 miles N. N.W. of Casai'l. GuEECE, a territory of the S.E. extremity of Europe, and, 2000 years ago, the most celelirated portion of that quarter of the globe, it having successfully combated the !iiyriad armies of Persia and the East, and extended its arts and its arms eastward to tlie bunks of the Indus. As the glory of Egypt declined, that of Greece rose to its meridian, to be eclipsed in its turn by the nseendency of Rome, till, in the 1 5th century, it became tributary to, and dependent on, the government of the Turks. Tiio main land of Greece extends from the lat. of 36.25. t)39.0. N., and is about 110 miles in mean breadth. In the days of Grecian celebrity, it was divided into four great parts, viz. Mace- duniii, Tiiessaly, Livadi.a, and the Pelopon- nesus, exclusive of the island of Candia and the Archipelago. Under the Turks it was divided into four pachalics, viz. Salonica, Joannina, E^ripos or Negropont, and Tri- ]>oli/.7,a; and for four centuries was subject to tlieir misrule .and oppression, till the Greeks T'lso with one .iccord against their tyrants, iu ISJI, and the whole territory became one Hccncof slaughter and conllicts llii; most bar- barous, till Anieriea, aided by the great powers of Europe, interfered; and, after the fortunate mistake of the destruction of the Turkish fleet, at Navarino, the sultan gave up what he was no lon};er able to maintain, and the choice of a Cbristian prince was \c(i to the Greeks, who placed the sovereignty, in 1832, on Otho I. son of the king of Bavaria. Tlio modern kingdom of Givecc con)' rises the whole of the Morea, the island of Egi'ipo or Negropont, the ancient Euboea, and conti- nental Negropont or the ancient Attica: Lepanto, and Kanlali, including the coun- tries Iving south of Epirus, now Turkish Joannnin, and of Tiiessaly, now Turkish Trikala; the N. boundary lietween Turkey and Greece having been settled by a survey and commission; and the Greek Archipelago. Total area aliout 16,000 square miles. The accounts of the population are uncertain, some have rat(!d it as 600,000, and one aiitbority at 2,120,000, but this is greatly in excess. Capo d'Istrias, who was chosen president of the Greek republic at the declaration of its in- dependence, instituted a commission who gave in 1836, for Eastern Greece, 17.5,800 Greeks, 15,000 Turks ; Western Greece, 1 16,700 Greeks, 4500 Turks; Morea, 480,01)0 Greeks, 40,000 Turks; and about 210,000 for Islands; giving a total population of 1,012,000 inhabitants; but this is pr^liably over-rated. After the establishment of the new monarchy, the kingdom was divided in 1833, into ten nomarchies, these into eparchies, and these again into 468 Deinoi, or Communes. The following table exhibits the probable popula- tion in each division: NOMES. Pop. 1835-7. Cbiev Towns. Hollas 74.V'S2 43,740 4.'i,0U0 80.310 8i;,87:i 811 H71 (ii.o.V) (iO,.->3U 4l,.VJ.-i 10i,13J Athens, Ej-lna. Zoituiin. Mlssulunghl, NnupUn, Hydra. I'ntras. Triimlizza. .Mod 1)11, Nuvarino. .Mistra. I ' Chalcia. UunimpoUs. 1 Attic) and Dcsotia .. . LocrU Hiitl I'hocis Acitrnaiiiu uiid Etulia.. Morua A I'l^olia and Corinth .... Aclmia and Ella Ai'cadia Mes.seiila ) aoonia Archi|ii'laKO Kuliooa and N. Syorados Cyuludus Total 1 Greece, for a country limited to an cxteni of 400 miles in length by t'bont KIO in aver- age breailth, comniamls all the natural ele- ments of wealth. There is noconntry, however, in central or southern Europe, whoso natural resources have been so long neglected. Turkish despotism, internal dissensions, and consequent insecurity of projwrty, have for centuries retarded the progress of agriculture, ami driven the inhabitants of the interior to rearing cattle, and those on the sea-coasts to a semi-trading, semi-marauding life. The GRE 893 GRE general aspect of the country is mueh diver- Hitlcd with hi;;h mountains, inlets, rocks, islands; with Parnassus, Olympus, Helicon, rindus, and Cithsron to the Bouth, and the snow-cliid Khodope and Arbelus in the north ; and with numerous rich valleys, rugged districts, woods, pastures, and streams. Onvnges, figs, olives, and other fruits; wild fowl ami bees, and fish are abundant. The resources of the country under the new government are very iimerfectly developed. Its numerous mines arj unexhausted and uiiworked. The wheat and maize of tiio Morea is of excellent quality. Manufactur- ing industry has hitherto been confined to articles fur domestic use. Siiip building next to agriculture, is tlie most important branch of industry. Tiie government is neaily an absolute monarchy, the adminis- tration is in seven departments. The king is assisted by a council of state, but its func- tions are purely admonitory, and each pro- vince, or nome, has a nomarch or superior, under whom are ten chiefs of the subordinate divisions. Tiie great mass of the people be- long to the Greek church, but since 1833 Greece has been independent of the patriarch at Constantinople. The priesthood are ex- emplary, but poor and illiterate. Monasteries are not so numerous as formerly. Full religious toleration is guaranteed by the constitution. The people are rather marked in tiie different divisions of the kingdom: in N. Greece they have retained their chivalrous and warlike spirit, with a simplicity of man- ners. The soil is here cultivated by Bulga- rians, Wallachs, and Albanians. E. Greece is the only place where the pure Hellenic race has maintained itself. The population of the Peloponnesus arc similar to those of N. Greece, but more ignorant and less honest. The Mainotcs (properly Spartans) form a Bcparate class, occiipying the lofty and sterile mouncp.ins between the gulfs of Laconia and Mcssenia. We have not space here to enu- nieratetlie other numerous races which occupy various districts. Greece is still a country that is very far in arrear of civilization and improvement, which can only be attributed to restrictions and maladministration. See LiVADIA, MACnOONIA, MOUEA, TlIESSALT, ami Spohades. GuEENBRiER, an interior county of Vir- ginia, bounded on the W. by the groat Ken- liiuva river. It is intersected by collateral ridges of the Allegany monitains; it contains about 1200 square miles, and a population of 8605. Greene RivEii, a river of Kentucky, which runs from E. to W., and, after a course; of alxuit 200 miles, falls into the Ohio, aijout 30 miles ab«vc the entrance of the Wabash. It is navigable 130 miles; and near it arc a number of salt springs, and three ponds of bitumen. Quantities of nitre are found in the caves on its banks, and many of the set- tlers make gunpowder. Greenw, an interior county of Kentucky, intersected by the above river; it contains about-lSOsqanromiles of surface. Population, 14,212. Grecnsbury, the principal town, on the N. bank of Green River, is 70 miles S.S. W. of Frankfort. There are several other conntics of the same name, so called probacy in com- memoration of Major-general Greene, who died in 1786; vi/.: — 8TATK. New York Pennsylvania . Virginia N. C^irolina ... Ooorgia ....... Alabama Mississippi ... Tennessee Ohio Kentucky Iiiiiiana Illinois Missouri Wisconsin Arl 19.147 I!)0 423-2 2J0 0595 504 ii.aoo 8:i6 24,024 8«i4 ICSfi 700 ili,07i> 400 17,528 4fiO 14.212 456 8321 SI 2 11.951 1(100 6372 57'i «33 1025 1586 CniEP TowRi. Catskill. Wajnt'shoro StanartsvLUe. Snow Hill. Greensboro*. Eutaw. Leakesville. Greenville. Xcnia. Greenes burg. ISloomflelci. Carrollton. Springfield. Aloiiroe. GaiusvlUe. GREENiUTriE, a hamlet in the parish of Swanscombe, in Kent, 3 miles E. by N. of Dartford. In this vicinity is a beautiful seat, once belonging to the Dartford nuns. Here are very extensive chalk-pits, the cbalk from which forms a considerable branch of com- merce, and the flints furnish a chief ingredient of the Staffordshire ware; vast quantities also of them arc exported to China for a similar use. Greenland, an extensive region stretching towards the north pole, which, whether con- tinental or insular, is regarded as belonging to North America. This country was dis- covered in the tenth century, by the Norwe- gians, who planted a colony on the sootli- western coast; and the intercourse betwei-.n this colony and Denmark was continued till the beginning of the 1.5th century; in that century, by the gradual increase of the arctic ice, the colony became complete!)' imprisoned by the Frozen Ocean; while on the west a range of mountains and plains, covered with perpetual ice, precluded all access. Tin.' settiemcnt contained several chiirclies and nidiasteries, and is said lo have extended about 200 miles, in the south-cast extremity. Tliey have b'jcn sought for without success on the east coast, which has thus been tiist explored by Captain Graah, who found the few inhabitants of this inclement region of a class somewhat superior to those on the west coast. It is, therefore, probable that the lost colonies occupied the same site as the present. In more recent times the W. coast, wnsheil i>y the waters of Davis' Straits and Bafliu's Bay, WHS chiefly explored by D.ivis and other English navigators; but there was no attempt to settle a colony. In 1721, a Norwc^'ian clergyman, named Egede, proceeded tojliis dreary country, where he continued till 1735. GRE 399 GRI preaching to the natives; and his benovolent example nas since l)ei;n f(illo«\;.I. The Danish nnd Moravian settlements are in tiie S. W. extremity . Dr. Kane, an enterprising Ame- rii'iin, in 1853-5, determined that the north cdiist of Greenland extends to lat. 79. 20, and is separated from Washington land by the lur^est ulacier in the world. Its interior is probably a solid mass of ice, protruding its cilges into the sea. The Esijuiniaux of Ame- rica resemble the Greenlandeis in their aspect, (lu'ss, and language. The quadruptjds are di'er, bears, foxes, hares, and soniy dogs re- srinbling wolves. Cape Fannvell, the S.W. po nt. is in long. 42. 42. W., lat. 59. 38, N. (.iiiEENLAW, a town of Scotland, capital of Ikiwick-shire. Though a small place, here art! the remains of two religious houses. It is seated on the Blackadder; 8 miles S.W. of Diinse, and 36 S.E. of Edinburgh. CiKEEN'icK, a chief seaport of Scotland, in K iitrewshirc, at the mouth of the Clyde, wiUi a fort for the defence of the harbour. Ikrc arc several dry docks, and the buildiuf aiul ri;;giug of ships is much followed. It has a great trade; and the fisheries for herrings arj carried on to a great extent. It is 24 miles W. by N. of (ilus-ow, to wiiich there is a railway. GuEEM'ouT, a village and harbour in New York, near the N.E. end of Long Island. Tiie harbour will admit the largest ships, and several whale ships are owned here. The Long Island railroad, 93 miles from Brook- lyn, will terminate here. GuEENSTED, a village in Essex, one mile W. of Ongar, remarkable for its little church, (built prior to the Conquest,) the walls of which are formed of the trunks of trees. GuEENSViLLE, a frontier county of Virgi- nia; bounded on the N. by the great Nottoway River, and S. by North Carolina,; superficies about 300 square miles. Pop. 6366. Hicks- iurd, the chief town, is 69 m. S. of Richmond. GuEENUP, a frontier county, the extreme N '.: point of Kentucky, with a superficies of alioiit 800 square miles. Greensboro' is the cliieftown. Pop. 6927. GiiEESviLLE, a frontier county or district .« the N.W extremity of South Carolina; Kiiiieriicies out 600* square miles. The clii.'f town, of the same name, in the centre .)t' the county, is 25 miles W.N.W. of Colum- bia._ Population, 17, 839. There are several towns of the same name in dill'erent parts of the United States. GuEENwicH, formerly a distinct town, but rii)\v iui Jiipeiidajie to the British metropolis. It is seated in the county of Kent, on the S. Ii-uik of the Thames, 5 miles below London llii'l-'o. It is celebrated for its hospital for WMiiided and decayed seamen of the national iniriiie, which is one of the finest architec- t'iial edifices in the world. It lias been built i>' separate times; the first erection, the N. "■ wnir;, having been raised bv Charles IT. ''■> i\ palueu on the tite of the old palace of Placentia, which had been a favourite resi- dence of the kings and queens of England since the time of Henry IV. Eilward VI. died here, and Henry VIII., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth were born here. In 1 649, in the reign of William and Mary, it was applied to it.s present pur[)ose, and a new building was erected by Sir Christopher Wren, who nobly superintended the work without any emolument. Since this time it has been gradually enlarged in proportion to the increasing number of pcnsitmers. Tlio buildings now consist of four distinct piles, two along the bank of the river, with a noble terrace in front, 860 feet in length ; between these two piles is a lawn 270 feet wide; the two other piles are built behind, prtycct- ing into the square or lawn, so as to form a quailrangle with an opening in the centre through which is seen a neat square building, whichisappn^priatedas a " naval asyiuni," or school for the children of non-commissioned otBcers of the navy and seamen; it was begun in the reign of James I., and finished by Henrietta Maria, consort of Charles I., under the superintendence of Inigo Jones; it was designated the " House of Delight." A beautiful colonnade runs along the buildings facing the quadrangle; so tliat altogetlier the magnificence of the edifice, and the laudable purpose for whicli it is intended, nnike it in every way entitled to the celebrity it has acquired. In 1799, the chapel, dining- hall, and eight wards, were destroyed by fire; but the whole were immediately reiniilt. On an eminence stands the royal observatory, built on the site of the ancient castle; it is from this spot the English reckon their longi- tude. Immediately contiy;uous is a spacious park, most beautifully undulated, and planted with trees, affording the most delightful nro- menades and intercstin!j;pvosi)ects. Here is a coUe^'c, called the Duke of Norfolk Col- lege, for the maintenance of 20 decayed housekeepers; and nnoflier called Queen Elizabeth College. The town is irregularly built, and, with the exception of the church, whichisanobli' structure, and the hospital, has nothing to recommend it to ])articular notice. There is a railroad between this place and London Bridge. It is a boron^zli, ami retnins two members to parliament. The ohservatnry is ill the lat. of 51. 29. N. See Blaokheatu and Di TTFoiu). GiMiKNWicii. a seaiinrt of lilioile Island, chief town in Kent comity. It is noleil for makiiig good ci(ler,and carries on tlic fisheries to advantage, it stands on the N.W. jiart of Narraganset Bay; sixteen miles S. of Provi- dence. Tiicre are ten or twelve other towns in (lillL-retit parrs of the United States of North America iiamcil dren'rnridi, but none merit any jiartlenhir notice. GitiKKFi:N. a town of Switzerland, on ft small lake of its name: 9 miles E.S.E. of Zurich. G'RE 400 CRT i\ ,. ) ■'} Greip'-'Bnbero, a town of BranJenburj;, in the Uckcr Mark, on the river Sernitz; 13 miles S.S.E. of Trenzlo, und 48 N.N.E. of Berlin. GiiBiFFENBERO, a town of Silcsia, in the principality of Jauer, with a fortress on a mountain. It is celebrated for its linen manufactures, and seated on the Queiss; 23 milus W.S.W. of Lignitz. G liEiFFENiiAOEN, a towH of Further Pomc- rania, on the river Oder; 12 in. B. of Stettin. Gre(P8wali>e. See Gripswalub. Grein, a town of Austria, on the Danube, 2a niil<;sE. of Lintz. Greitz. See Graitz. Grenada, an island in the West Indies, the last of the Windward Carribees, and 30 leagues N. W. of Tobago. It is 20 miles long, and 13 broad, finely wooded, and the soil suited to produce sugar, tobacco, and indigo. It was taken from tlie French in 1762, con- finned to the English in 1763, taken by the French in 1779, and restored to the English in 1783. In 1795 the French landed some troops, and caused an insurrection in this island, which was not finally quelled till Juno 1796. St. George is the capital. Grenade, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne; seated at the junction of the Save with the Garonne; 17 tiiiles N.W. of Toulonse. Pop. 3925. GuENADiLLAa, or Grenadines, a cluster of islands in the West Indies, dependent on Grenada, and situate between that island and St. Vincent. They are upwards of twenty in number, most of them fertile, and capable of producing cotton, coffee, indigo, and sugar The most considerable is Cariacou. Grenoble, a city of France, capital of the department of Isere, and a bishop's see, with a fortified castle. The leather and gloves that are made here, are highly esteemed. It is seated on the Isere, over which are two bridges to pass into that part called Perrierc, a large street on the side of the river. It is the head quarters of the 7th military division, and scat of the Cour-Koyalo for the depart- ments of the Upper Alps, Drome, and Isere; 31)0 miles S.S.E. of Paris, 60 from Lyons, and 100 due W. of Turin. Pop. 24,500. Gretna-Green, a village of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire, near the mouth of the Esk, and on the borders of Cumberland. Until recently it was fiinious for the- clandes- tine marriages of fugitive lovers from Eng- land, which were usually perfitrmed by two illit3rate and drunken mochiinics in the village, who had no form in the operation, excepting the entry of the names of the p.nr- ties in a school boy's copy-book. All their inquiries turned upon the length of the ap- plicant's purse, that they might know how to regulate their demand; ai^y sum, from lifilf-a-crown fo 100 guineas, was accepted. It is 10 miles N. oC Cailisle. The Glasgow Railway here diverges from the Caledonian Greussen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Tliuringia, on the river Elbe; 15 miles N. of Erfurt. Grimauo, a town of France, in the de. partment of Vur; 12 miles S.W. of Freju.s. Grimberoen, or Grumberoiien, a town of Belgium, in Brabant, with an abbey und a castle; 6 miles N. of Brussels. Grimua, or Grumha, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a trade in wool, linen, thread, and flannel; seated on the Mulda; 14 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Grimm EN, a town of Hither Pomerania; 16 miles S. of Stralsurd. Grimsbt, Great, a borough in Lincoln- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It has a large church, like a cathedral, and a good trade in coal and salt. The harbour, at the mouth of the Humber, has been improved, and in connection with its railways, it will probably rise to importance. It is 35 miles N.E. of Lincoln, and 1 68 N. of London. It returns one member to parliament. Grindenwald, p village of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern ; seated among moun- tains, at the foot of a celebrated glacier; 5 miles S.E. of Thun. Grindon, a village in that part of Durham called Norhamshire; 6 miles S.W. of Bet- wick. To the S. of it, at a place cnlied Griiidon Uigg, are four upright stone pillars, funeral monuments of the chieftains slain in a famous victory gained here over the Scois, in 1558, by the carl of Northumberland und his brother. Grinbtead, East, a town in Sussex, with a market on Thursday. Here is Sackville College, a large stone building, founded by the duke of Dorset, in 1616, for 24 aged per- sons of both sexes. It is seated on a liilii 20 miles N. of Lewes, and 29 S. of London. Grinton, a mountainous and mineral parish in the North Riding of Yorkshire, comprising the four townships of Grinton, Meibecks, Muker, and Keith; seated near the head waters of the Swale river. Grinton is 8 miles, and Muker about 20 miles, W. of Richmond. Gripswald, or Griefswaldb, a strong town of Hither Pomerania, with a good har- bour and a univoisity. It is seated on tlie river Kik, which is navigable to the Baltic; 14 miles W. of Wolgast, and 22 S.E. of Stralsund. Grisons, a new canton of Switzcrlunfl; bounded on the S. by Milan and Venice, I'., and N. by Tyrol, and W. by the cantons of Glaris, Uri and Tessin. It formerly in- ciiidcd the Valteline, and the counticB o. Cliiavenna and Bormic, now included m the Au.strian dominions. The country '•"^•^ formerly divided into three leagues, niimely, the Grcv League, the League of God's Hmisct and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions; each of them had a distinct internal govern- ment, and they were connected as onii repu '■ lie, bv an annual diet held alternately aim a Oil Loiio 5U(i( ili'i-l 'm.-rcl it is llwlia Und, .''(■•eaii, "Ito tH Unds, ^i.-ts in I'l'liuVi Guu: ' pro ' iin( fibers 1 H""' by '..r-(. i-Vdjitn the GRO 401 GRU n the do- f Frejus. M, a town ibbcy und of Upper rool, liuen, Muldaj U •omerania; n Lincoln- ay. It has ind a good jour, at the L improved, ays, it will is 35 miles London. It nt. Switzerland, nont? mouii- id glacier; 5 rt of Durham J.W. of Bet- place called stone pillaiSf 'tains slain in ver the Scoi9, mbeviand and Sussex, with is Sackville founded by 24 aged P«'"- ted on a lidU J. of London. and ni'Micnd of Yorkshire, of Grinton, seated near ivcr. Gninon miles, W. of li.DK, a stropg th a good hat- seated on tue „ to the Baltic; nd 22 S.E. of 1 Switzcvhmrt; and Venice. !'■• the cantons ot t formerly m- ,hc counties 0^ included in tht country ^^^ ■.af'ues, niitaeiyi ofOod's House, k Jiirisdicti^'"*' nternal govern- fedasonorepa;; ftcmaiclyi"'''^ towns of Chur or Coirc, Ilantz, and D ^voa. I But in ISU3 the constitution was changed | by the French, and the country made an additional canton of Switzerland. The in- habitants, amounting in 1838 to 88,506, of wliom 62,000 were Calvinista, and 24,000 were Catholics. The principal subsistence of the peasantry is by breeding oxen, most of which are sent to Milan. 'The capital is Coire. The liliine and the Inn both have tliuir source in the Grisons. Grodno, a government of Russia, former- ly included in the kingdom of Poland. Area iiiiout 14,700 square miles. Pup. about 400,000. The climate is damp and foggy, and in its S. part it is marshy. The forests lUD extensive; and rye, flax, and hemp are iis principal productions. Cattle are also rii.Tcd. Jews are numerous. The principal rivers are the Niemen, Bug, Narew, and rrii'pcc. GuouNO, a town of Lithuania, capital of tk lorcgoing government. It has tiie ap- lieavanco of a decayed town, containing a mixture of wretched hovels, failing houses, iMul ruined palaces, with magnificent gate- ways, remains of its ancient splendour. A liw habitations in good repair make the cuntrnst more striking. Hero is a college ami jihysic garden. In tlse new palace, built liv Augustus III., the diets were sometimes IilIiI; paiticularly the last, in 1793, wiiich vixs oompelled, at the point of the bayonet, til consent to tlie second partition of Poland; I'liil here, in 1795, Stanislaus III. formally n .siij;ned his crown. It is se.'itod partly in a i)lain, on the river Niemen, and partly on a mcjuntain, 140 miles N.E. of Warsaw. r.ong, 24. 25, E. hit. 53. 28. N. Pop. about SudO. , Ui'.oiiNDE, a town of Ilr.nover, near which IS 11 monmnont of stone, erected in memory of II battle fought here in 1421. It is seated w\ the Weser, 9 miies S. of Hameln. GiiOLL, a small town of Holland, in Gel- U'liand. A duty is collected here on all ini:rc!iandisc . assing through it for Germany. h is sciited on the Slink; 20 miles E. by S. ut Ziitjih, n. GaoNiNGUv, the most N.E. province of ll'illund; bounded on the E. by East Fries- Inid, W. by Fricsland, N. by the German '''•t;an, and S. by Drenthe. It is divided ' ito two parts, called Groningen and Ume- ' '^I'is. The excellency of this country con- W' ts in pastures, which feed a groat number "I ''nve horses. GiuiNiNOEN, a city of Holland, capital of '•«' province of the Haine name, with a cita- a-i and a university. It is seated on the livers llunse and Aa. and has afommuniea- /.iin, by a canal, with a bay of the German y-eaii, nt the distance of 10 miles, by which ;"^'i' qniuititios ol, und near it are some traces of a castle, which in 1176 was razed by Henry II., for the part its owner, the Earl of Leicester, had taiceu in the intrigues of his son. Grosmont, a parish in Monmouthshire, once an important borough, with a market on Tuesday; 10 miles N.W. of Monmouth. On an eminence stand the ruins of a castle, surrounded by a dry moat, once the fa- vourite residence of the earls of Lancaster. Tlie church is a fine edifice, in the cathedral form, and. with other traces of buildings, shows the ancient extent and importance of this place. Gkossa, an island in the Gulf of Venice, near the coast of Dalraatia; twenty-five mil 'S lung, and 2 broad. Long. 15. 7. E. lat 54. 18. N. GuossENHAYS, or Haan, a town of Up- per Saxony, in Meissin, with manufactures of cotton and woollen cloths, seated on the Kodcr; Smiles N. of Meissin. GuossiSTTO, a town of Tuscany, in the Sicnnese, with a castle, situate near the sea; 30 miles S. W. of Sienna. Gkotkau, a town of Silesia, in the dis- trict of Neisse. The forests round this town arr the joint property of all the inhabitants. It is 16 miles N.N.E' of Neisse, aud 30 S. of Breslau. Grotow, a town of Connecticut, on the E. side of the mouth of tho Tliames, opjiosite to New London. Fort Gris^wold is on the heights, and here is a granite monu- ment to the patriots who defended the place ill 1781; 45 miles S.E. of Hartford. Pop. 296.1. Groyne. See ContiNNA. Grdjucniiagkn, a town and castle of Ha- nov(;r. The castle is now in ruins. It is 7 miles S. by W^. of EinbecL GRiJKKNnAOEJf, a principality of Hanover, at the S. extremity of the circle of Lower Saxuiiy, coinjuising a portion of the Havtz mountains. The |)rincipal towns are Oste- rode, Grand, Chuisthal, Cellarlicld, &c. Gkuxijkro, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Hesse, where the kings of the Merovingian race, and Charlenuign*!, held their court. It is 10 miles H. of Gie.-.s('n. GKUNnuHO, or Giuj.mi5i;r'), a populous town of Silesia, in the |)rineii)ality of Glniinii, surrounded with vineyard.'.;. Here is a in.uin- fiU'ture of cliith, and a great tvailu in vine- gar and dried fruits. It is 30 miles N.W. of Gli>;rMU. (ii ..iiNDE, a town of TTatiover, in the moun- tains of llartz; 4 miles W. of (Ilnusthal. GuiJNKV, a cuuntv of Illinois, in the N.E. pnrt of the state. The capital is nut yet es- tahlishcd. Also a couniy in Missouri, in thO N. part of tho state. Capital, Trenton. 2 D l I GUA 402 GE A ! u •^i- I. ! t Grunhatn, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misniii, with a trade in copper and lead; 16 miles S. by W. of Chemnitz. GuuNiNGEN, a town in the canton of Zu- rich, Switzerland, with a castle on an elevated ruck; 10 inilbs S.E. of Zurich. Grunstaut, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, county of Lciningen; 22 miles N.N.W. of Spire, and 25 S. of Mentz. Gkuyeres, a town and bailiwick of Swit- zerland, in the canton of rriburp, with a castle on a hill. It has a great trade in cheese, and is 15 miles S.W. of Friburg. Pop. with its hamlets, 940. Grtfe, a river of Scotland, which rises in the S.W. angle of llenfrewsliire, runs over several preci])ices into the lower country, falling iuto the Black Cart, near the town of Paisley. Gdadaxaxara, an interior province of Spain, forming the N.W. part of the king- dom of New Castile. Superficies, 1250 square miles, with a population of 126,115. GDADAT.AXARA,or Guadalajara, (Arabic, WaMl-Hdjurah, "the river of stones,") a town of New Castile, and the chief town of the foregoing province; on the river Henares, over which is a bridge erected on lioman foundations. Here is the dilapidated palace of the Mendoza family, famous in Spanish annals. An attempt was made liore in 1757 to establish a cloth manufacture, but it never succeeded. There is much to interest in the place, but it is now dull and ])ovcity- stricken; 30 miles from Madrid. Pop. about 6700. GuADALAXARA, a division of Mexico, bounded on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. Superficies, 73,628 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Santiago river, or llio Grande. Ghadalaxara, a town of Mexico, capital of the preceding state. It stands in a rich und extensive plain, on the Rio Grande de Santiago. It covers a great extent of ground, and has a picturesque appearance. Its in- terior is handsome and well laid out. Tlic city is supplied with water from the Ccrro de Col, 3 leagues distant. There are some domestic manufactures carried on, particu- larly earthenware and leaiher. There is however, little or no foreign trade since the port of San Bias has been abandoned for those of Guaymas and Mazatlaii on the Pacific. It has played an important part in the various revolution troubles of Mexico, of which it may now be considered the seconil city. In 1803 the population was estimated at 20,000, and is now probably 65,000; 130 miles from the Pacific, and 275 W.N.W. of Mexico. Lat. 21. 9. N. long. 103. 2. W. Guaualoupe, a town of Spain, in Estra- madura, witii a celebrated convent; seated on a rivulet of the same name; 34 miles E. by N. of Truxillo. \juai>ah)upk, one of the Leeward Caiibbce Ihlands, in the West Indies, Vietwcen Anti- gua and Dominicii, Jt is dividid into two parts by a strait, railed tlu! Salt River. At this place the land on each side is not above four miles broad, and by this strait the sea on the N.W. coinmunicates with that on the S.E. The S.W. part, called Basse-terre, is 35 miles long, and 18 broad; and the N.E., called Grande-terre, is 36 miles long, and 12 broad. Tiie soil is exceedini^dy good, aiul well watered near the sea by rivulets which fall from the mountains, and i)roiluces larj^e quantities of sugar, cotton, and coO'eii. On this island is a volcano, called the Mountain of Sulphur; and on its E. side arc two mom lis. which open into a pit of sulphur: the blaeks who sell brimstone fetch it from tliis jut. The French settled on this island in Id:!). It was taken by the English in 1759, but re- stored in 1703; again taken by the English in 179-1, but evacuated the next year. 'I'ho English again took it in 1810, and, in order to allure tiie Swedes into the late coalitimi against France, gave them this island. It was, however, by the consent of Sweden, re- stored to France in 1814. One of the first acts of the new French republic, was to set free all the slaves in these islands. Basseterre, at the S.W. extremity of the Lsland, is tlie capital. Pop. 107,810, including 81,642 freed blacks. Lat. 16. N., 61.48. W. long. GuADAi.QuivER, a rivcr of Spain, wliich rises in the S. part of New Castile, flows through the kingdoms of Jaen, Cordova, and Seville, and enters the Bay of Cadiz at San Lucar, after a course of about 300 nales, It is navigable as far as Seville; some im- provements are being made to render it again navigable up to Cordova, as it was formerly. GuAUARRAMA, a town of Spain, in Old Cf'stile. It has a great trade in cheese, ami is seated on the Guadanuma; 25 miles X.W of Madrid. GuADiANA, a river which rises in New Castile, in Spain, crosses Estreniadin'a into Portugal, and, separating Algarve from An- dalusiiv, enters the Bay of Cadiz at Ayaaionte, after a tortuous cour.se of 425 miles. GuADix, a town of Spain, in Granadn, It is a bisho])ric, and lias a cathedral. It is a Moorish town, and has the ruins of a ciL'tl''. Pop. 9000. The whole country around the town resembles a sea, whose waves li:i™ suddenly been transformed into solid snl'- stances; the hillocks rise up into conicidand pyramidal shapes. Their marly sides iivD excavated into eaves, the homes of the pwv. These localities, onec covered with wuttT, have been ploughed by the retiring flo"|8 into gullies, by which the whole district is intersected. Guadix is renowned for us dagger-knives. Guam, the chief of the Ladrone Islaiuis, in the Pacific Ocean; 100 miles in cironni- fcrence. The Spaniards had a garrison here; but the inhabitants are almost ah n"''^'* - .^..M^ GUA 403 GUA Anti- to two r. At , aliovc the sea on llie urve, ia ,0 N.E., , iviul 12 kI, ami s wllil'll OS luv^ic et!. On [(imitiiiu inoiiihs. ic bUicks tliis I'.it. in 10:55. ), l)Ut le- , English jar. 'I'lw , in onler coalitiuii ilanil. It veden, re- f the iiist ivas to set Basseterre, ind, is the 1,642 freed ,ain, which ;stile, iiows , CortUiva, bf Caiiir. at t 300 miles, some iio- vemler it as it wiw iiin, in Ohl .■hecscaud miles 2s.^\ ses in ^'^^^^ iiaiUira imo ^ from All- Ay amuntc, Hes. ,n Grana'hi' aral. It'* , uf a citsth- aroinul the waves h;ive , solid sutv coniciil an'' with water, tiritii; fl'""" le district IS „ed for "' rone Isl""'''' .3 in ch'cii'"- tarrisoii hef«"' L ail n»y^'* iS I o jle of the country, and reputed to he skilful in bnildin;; boats. It abounds with excellent ' fruit, and lias several good harbours. Umata is the capUal. Long. 143. 15. E. lat. 13. 10. N. GuAJiANGA, a city of Peru, capital of an interior province of the same name. It is f:iiii()iis for its mines of silver. It is 180 miles E.S.E. of Lima. Long. 74.5. W. lat. j i;j.20. S. j UiiANAHANi, or Cat Islano, one of the Bahama Islands, the first land of America (liseovcred by Columbus in 1491, and named liy hiin St. Salvador. j GtUNAUE, an interior town of Columbia, in tiic republic of Venezuela, seated on a briiiieh of the Apure river; 195 miles S.W. ■ of Caraeeas, and 1 30 E. of Merida. Pop. estim,ueiirt of the dukedom of Normandy; but Ileiny I. of England annexed it to Great Britain, to wliicli it has ever since continued nn appendage, although the language, dress, m \iniers, and form of government of the an- cieiii Normans still continue. The island is about 22 miles in circumfcrince, well de- fended by natural r»cks; the surluce is consi- derably varied, generally fertile, and Inveiis a great number of small cattle. It is diviilcd into 10 parishes. St. Peter-le-1'ort, on the 1% side of the island, in lat. 49. 3;5. N. and 2. 40. of W. long., is the chief place of the islaiiil. containing more thaTi one half of t!ie total population. Being built on the slupe of a hill, it looks well from seaward. The harbour is formed by two jiiers. Guernsey, an interior county in the K. part of Ohio, containing about 6J0 Sipiare miles. It is intersected by Will's Creek, a branch of the Muskingum. The pii]i"'atiiin, which in 1810 was only 30.51, has iiiLi-eased to 27,748. Cambridge, the chief town, in the centre of the county, is 85 miles due K. of Columbus. GuETA,or IIiieta, a town of Spain, in New Castile; 52 miles E. by S. of Madrid. GuGLiNGEN, a town of Suabia, in the king- dom of Wirtemberg; situate on the Zabir; 20 miles N. of Stutgard. Guiana, or GuAYANA, comprising the whole coinitry between the two great rivers Ama- zons and Oronoco, extending W. from the Atlantic Ocean, through 16 deg. of loii^'. Priorto the war between England and Fnime, which commenced in 1793, this extensive tcrritorywas divided between Portugal, Spain, J Vance, and Holland ; the Portuguese claimed the whole country lying N. of the Amazon, to about 1.40. of N. lat. By a treaty in 1801, a line of demarcation was agreed upon between France and Portugal. Guiana, British, lies between 1. and 8. and 40. N. lat. and between 57. and Gl. W. long.; it has a coast-line of more than 400 miles, running S.E. and N.W., extending from the river Corentyn westward, to the mouth of the Oronoco; on theW. and S. its boundaries are not well defined, extensive districts being claimed either by Venezuela, or by Brazil, and some by both. Along the shores there are shallows and muddy bank^, stretching from 5 to 15 miles seaward, ren- dering the approach even of small vessels almost impracticable. The coast is low, and on a level with the sea at high wafer, from 2 to 8 miles inland; the soil is cliielly an al- luvium of blue clay, impregnated with ni.i- rineand vegetable matter; when drained und defended from the sea by cmbaiikinents, this soil is very fertile. It is on this tract thai the settlements or plantations are situated, as well as up the rivers; some few arc con- siderably inland, chiefly for cutting timher, the country along the streams being general.)' well wooded. Sugar, colfee, cotton, yam^i bananas, maize. &c., arc tlie chief objects of cultivation. The population is estini:ited at 82.824, negroes; 8076 people of mixed race; 4000 whites; and about 3100 emigrants, since 1829. Georgetown is the capital; which see. Guiana, Fkench, or Cayenne, extena. GUI 405 GUI cousi- lllTl'llS ,iv'nU-(l t\ii; lu 1 -2. 4t). isUu\il. C tut 111 p« of 11 ,iavl)our the E. Di-eck, a iifi-i".usi;d town, in s due E. ■n 1. ^^^ *• and 01. W- ,-e tlirtu 400 cxteniliiig 'ard, to the \r. and S. its 1, extensive Venezuela, Along the kiddv l>''n'^*' award, re"- [nwU vessels itislow.anJ water, fr^m tliielly an »'• hI with ma- drained awl Unicnts, this is tract thai are situatcl, few arc con- ting 1""''^^: lin" (jeneralO lotwn, yan>^. cstini:it'-"' a' /niix^'l'^^'^f: [o eini;:ra'"i; the capital- from the river Oyapoc, which separates it from Brazil, aloii;; tiic coast us far west as the rivor .Marony, for about 200 miles inland, to the Sierra Acaray, but as the situatitm of thiit ranire is very iniperfuctly known, tiie in- land boundary is not determined ; the area is conjectured to be about 20,000 s(iuare miles; it iiiiiy be much greater. Tlic country is ciiii'Hy in a wilderness state, except the island of Cayenne, at the mouth of the river of that name, where arc the chief plantations of pc'pjier, &c., introduced by the French from tiic Inclian nrchipelaKo; there are others on the iiei},'hbouring coast, and on the banks of the Orgaiiabo. In 1834 the population con- sisted of not more than 22,000, of whom thrce- foartlis were slaves, since set free by the new French republic. The abori^;ines cultivate small patches of ground, but gain their sub- si-^tciice chiefly by fishing and hunting. Cay- enne is the cai)iral, on the N. side of the above island of that name, and hius a pop. of 6000. It exports the prod uce of the cou n try. Guiana, Dutch, or Sukinam, extends along the seacoast, between the river Marony on the F.., and the river Corentyn on the W. The coast line is about 250 miles; the area of tlie country is variously estimated at from 38,000 to 50,000 square miles. Along the coast to the distance of 8 to 15 miles inland, the country is flat, and of little elevation aliove sea-level J the soil is dry, sandy, and suit, but adapted to the growth of cotton. At the back of this, the land rises higher, and beyond 40 miles the region consists of high and rocky soils, chiefly covered with trees. Along the banks of the rivers, where culti- vated, the soil is a rich black monid, used for BUgar, cotTee, tobacco, cotton, and cocoa plan- tations. The river Surinam is navigable for large ships for about 30 miles from its mouth. The ])op. is about 17,000 whites, and about 60,000 negroes and mixed races; the number of niaroons (runaway slaves) and Inilians is r.ot known. The country was first settled by soiiie Knglisbmcn in 1034, but these set- tleiiuMits were given up to the Dutch in 1 007 ; in 1808 the English took Surinam, but re- «ti;red it in 1814. The capital is Parama- Riiio; whieli see. (iuiANA, Ukaziman, incluilcs the whole of the Poituguese possessions N. of the Ama- zon, and \V. of the river Yamuiida, extending ahout 900 miles E, and W., and between 4. N. and 4. S. hit. Its W. portion is the basin of the Great Rio Negro, which having its siiiaoc in the Andes, communicates by one of its hranches, the Casitjuiari, with the Oro- iioio, and after a course of 1 100 miles, it falls into the Amazon. Its waters, perfectly pure, clour, and wholesome, seem as black "as ink; hence its name. 'J'lirce leagues above its month is the town of llio Negro, the seat of t'ovcnunent for the ])rovincc, ami the entre- l»i"it for all the exports of the river. It con- tiiins a church, and a few government build- ings, but is uuiniportaut. There are some other scattered Portuguese settlements of Por- tuguese Indians. Another of its great rivers is the Yapura, one of the largest affluents of the Amazon. The N. limits of the provinco have been the subject of much dispute. The resources, such as great rivers, harbours, fer- tile soils, and valuable forests and fisheries of this province, are more than ample for tlio population and power of a great empire. Vet, at the present day, this vast region may be considered as absolutely a wilderness, and, as far as the maintenance of the human race is concerned, scarcely superior to one great waste. The climate is very sultry and uni- form, and there is an enormous amount of rain; yet it is considered generally healthy. Lat. 1.21. S. long. 48. 28. W. Guiana, Spanish, now included within the republic of Venezuela, has, for its boun- daries, Brazil at San Josd do Maracitanos to the S., New Granada, and the province of Varinas to the W., those of Cumana, Barce- lona, and Caraccas on the N., and the Bri- tish, French, and Dutch Guiana to the EL According to Spanish historians, Juan Cor- nesso was the first European who sailed up the Oronoco in 1531; Sir Walter Raleigh, and Robert Diidlc/, visited it afterwards. In 1586, Don Antonio Berre founded a town, which he called San Tom^; this was in 1764 removed to the present Bolivar; which see. The country is now covered with herds of horses, mules, and asses, the offspring of what have been brought over from Europe. Guiana is by far the most fertile part of Ve- nezuela, but there is very little cultivation; some sugar, cotton, and tobacco are grown. It is very thinly inhabited; the pop. being 20,149, but a little more than two people to the square league. Spanish Guiana formerly comjiriscd the coast from the river Maroni to the delta of the Oronoco, and all the coun- try W. of Dutch and French. Portuguese Guiana now forms part of the republic of Brazil. GuiENNE, a late province of France, 220 miles long and 85 broad, on the S.W. coast, of which Bordeaux was the capital. It now forms the departments of Gironde, Lot and Garonne, Dordogne, Lot, and Aveyron. GuiLDFOKU,a borough in Surrey, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is .seated on the Wey, on the side of a hill, and had a castle and a palace now in ruins; here is also i)art of a monastery, which is still occupied. The summer assizes are alter- nately held here and at Croydon; but the election of members for the county is always held here. It is a well built town, with two churches, and an elegant town-hall. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and the trade in timber and corn is considerable. It is 23 miles W.S.W. of Croydon, and 29 S.W. of Loinlon, to which there is a railway. It returns two members to parliament. Guii.FORD, an interior county of North Carolina, a square of about 25 miles caclx GUI 400 GUI [; f H way: it is wuli irrigated by the head waters of Cape Fear river, and contains a popula- tion of iy,l75. MartiTiville, tiio cliiet town, is 70 milcH W.N.W. of llalcigli. GuiLFciRU, a town of Connecticut, in New- haven county; situate on a bay in Lon^ Is- land Sound; 17 miles E. by S. of Ncwlia- vcn. GuiLLAC. or Gaillac, a town of France, seated on tiic N. banic of the river Tarn, in the department of Tarn: it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 7310. It is 35 miles N.E. of Toulouse, and 15 W.by S. of Alliy. GuiMARAENS, a town of Portufjal, in En- tre-I3ouro-e-Minho, which has formerly been the residence of its kings. It is divided into the Old and New town; the former situate on an eminence, surrounded hy walls. Here is amanufrtcture of linen, in hif;h estimation. The public buildings are magnificent, and the collegiate church is said to be f()une cessa- cnuse of acted 113 Its on tlie d to tho cause of B26, tlu'jr .canst tlio ms. Tho 19, on this icridioiiid laboc, ami iial line is cipal town and in tlie miles. Tho ted as tine iclds beiu},' I yams, and lieep, goats, frc(iuenily jpards anil te ant, insi- iinbers into 3 to commit )efove I'csis- ,ve Vjecn in- c in a sinsrltf V disease aie n. Another ,y is a bat of themselves ia e branches of to the habita- of Dahomey, !5 miles from with apopn- which seems indcr the pro- powerful iiiul ' extends ISii The country [s exceedinsilv |ery variety ot ,. is the town northward of ^iboos, a very facture preat ^hosf -country il the prodiif 's ,s is the kiui?- ■ry extensive; is about 40 [t being Gatto; loth degree If Warre, ami [from this lunt St active slave elish.apeol'W ^esorlleebos, \i the town ot nee the aban- laves by the .is coast have uriculture inu' rge quantities ',(13. FrouiOW Calabar the coast extends to the S. whicli is commonly called Lower Guinea, comiirisinj? tlie kinKrcsentcd as having a very salubrious climate, and as allbrding the most favourable spot on the whole western coast of Africa for Hie residence of Europeans. Off this coast, N. of the equator, are the islands of Fernan- do Po, I'rinces, and St. Thomas; wldch also allbrd favourable situations from whence to dispense the blessings of civilization and social order. Guinea, New, or Papua, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, to tlie N. of New Hol- land, from which it is separated by Endeavour Strait: it is next in size to New Holland, ex- tending S.E. from the equator to 12. S. hit., and from 131. to 153. E. long., a length of more than 1200 miles, by a medial breadth of ])erhaps 300; the coasts of the eastern part having been but recently investigated. The norliiern part is said to have been discovered by tiie Spaniards, in 1528, who had sailed from Mexico to explore the Spice Islands. The coasts are generally lofty, and, in the in- terior, mountain rises above mountain; but the whole appears covered with such lux- uriance of wood and herbage, as can scarcely be conceived. The cocoa, sago, brvad-fruit, and plantain- tree, beside most of the trees, shrubs, and plants common to the islands in the South Paeitie Ocean, are found hero in great perfection. Tins island is the chosen residence of tho singular birds of paradise, which breed hero during the wet monsoon, and, in the dry, migrate in flocks westward, to the smaller islands, particularly Arroo. Here are also elegant parrots, and pigeons that almost equal a turkey in size. The in- hal)itants of the northern i)art are called Pa- P"as; whence the name of the country. They seem to iiave the true Malay complexion and features, but are in general of horrible ap- pearance, and great ferocity. Their language and habitations resemble those of Borneo, &c. On the W. the women seem the most industrious in nmking mats and pots of clay, wliieh they afterwards burn with dry grass or briishwood; and they even wield the axe, w'iiile the men are indolent, or engaged in the chace of wild hogs. In the interior is a race called Arafouras, who live in trees, which they ascend by a notched pole, drawing it after tliem, to prevent surprise. On this extensive territory, so favoured by nature, there is no European settlement. The chief commerce is with the Malays and Chinese, from whom they purchase blue and red cloth, axes, knives, and other instruments. Their returns are am- bergris, tortoise-shell, small pearls, birds of paradise, and other birds, which the Pai)U- ans dry with great skilL Some slaves are also exported, probably captives taken in in- tesiinc wars. GuiNi'.AMP.atownof France, in the depart- ment of Cotes du Nordj seated on thoTrieu; 18 miles S. of Treguier, and 23 W. by N. of St. Brieux. Pop. in 1836, 64G6. Guii>(;zcoA, a district of Spain, forming theN.W. part of Biscay; comprising a super- licics of 52 square leagues. Pop. 104,491. See Basque Puovinces. St. Sebastian was, but Tolosa has been made tho capital. GuiSBoiiouoii, or GuiLsnoRouQii, a town in North Yorkshire, with a market on Mon- day. It is celebrated for being the first i)laee where alum was made, as also for its once fine al)bey. It is twenty-two miles N.W. of Whitby. Gui.sE, a town of France, in thcdepartmcnt of Aisnc, with a castle; seated on the Oise; 18 miles E. of St. Quentin, and 95 N.E. of Paris. GuisT.AiN, St., a town of the Netherlands, in Ilainault; seated in marshy land, on the river lluine; 6 miles W. of Mons. Gujerat. See Guzbrat. GuLVAL,aparishin Cornwall, 1| miles from Penzance. Here is a spring, called Gulfwell, which was superstitiously supposed to give information about the absent friends of those who inquired of it. GuMBiNNEN, a town of Prussia, capital of a government of the same name in Li- thuaniiv. It has manufactures of cloth, and is seated on the Pissa, which falls into tho Pregel; 75 miles E. by S.of Konigsberg. The superficies of the government of Gumbinnen comprises upwards of 6000 square miles, with a population of about 350,000. Population of tne town about 6000. GuMURGiNiA, a populoustown of European Turkey, in Kumelia, near the seacoast; 190 miles due W. of Constantinople. Gunhelfingen, a town of Bavaria, situ- ate on tho Brenz, near the Danube; 17 miles W.S.W. ofDonawert. GuNDEVANA, a large province of Hindostan in the Deccan, comprising the N. E. portion of the table land of Central India, and chiefly included in the dominions of the Rajah of Berar, and in the S.W. part of the province of Bengal. A large proportion of it is moun- tainous, and the Nerbudda, Mahanuddy, and other large rivers rise in it. It is unhealthy, and thinly inhabited by an aboriginal and pe- culiar race, the Gonds. The chief towns are Nagpoor, Sumbhulpoor, Deoghur, &c. GuNTooR, a district of Hindostan, formerly the most southern of the circars, intersected by tho river Ki.stnah, on the western coast of the Bay of Bengal. The chief town, of the same name, is seated S. of the liistnah ; 45 miles W. by N. from Masulipatara. Sea ClKCARS. GuNTZBURQ, a town of Suabia, with acastlo. It stands on the river Guntz, near its conflux with the Danube; 6 miles W. of Burgau, and 14 E. of Ulm. N ;; i !■: hi U A A 408 II A U II ■ i * "! .:; GuNKUMiACSKN, n towti of Franootiiii, in tlu; priiuM|>iilit/ of Aiispiiclii sutited on thu Altiiiulil, uuur u forest; 16 utiles iJ.S.E. of AiispiiLli. GuiiAU, a town of Sllcsin, in tlio principa- lity of Glo(;au, with goodclolii iniinufacturcs, and a great triido in corn. In 17')9 it wus re- duced to Uiilies l)y tlie UussiiiiiH. Itiitunds on an eininuncc, by tlie river liurtcii; 19 miles E. of Gloguu. GuitCK, u town of Germany, in Cariiilliia, and lately u hi.shop's see; seated on the river Gurck; 20 miles N. by W. of Chigenfurt. GuiiCKFiELD, a town of Germany, in C;..- niola, wiili u castle on a Iiill; sitnatu on the Save; 28 miles S. E. of'Cilley. GuKGiarAN. See Geoiioia. GuuiKF, or GuRiBV, a town of Russia, in the government of Astracan, with agood har- bour; seated near the Caspian sea, between the mouths of the Ural; 210 miles E. by N. of Astracan. Long. 51. 56. hit. 47. 37. N. GruKAii, n town of llindostan, in the pro- vince of Allahabad; situate near the river Nerbudilah ; 190 miles S.S. \V. of Allahabad. Long. 80. 23. E. lat. 23. 9. N. GuuiiUMCONUA, a town o) Ilin Jostan, lately subject to the regent of Mysore, but ceded [i_. the Nizam to tlie British, in 1799. It is 73 miles N.E. of Bangalore, and 112W.N.W. of Madras. Long. 78. 36. E. lat. 13. 47. N. GusTitow, a city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mceklenburg-Seliwcrin. The chief courts of judicature for the duchy are held here; and it has an elegant ducal palace. It is situate on the Nebel; 29 miles E.N.E. of Schwerin. Long. 12. 13. E. lat. 53.47. N. Guthrie, a village of Forfarshire, at the junction of the Aberdeen and Forfar Rail- way; .50 m. from Alierdeen, 7 from Forfar. Guy's-Cliff, in the parish of Lock- Woot- ton, Warwickshire. Here Guy, Earl of War- wick retired and ended his life, in a secluded cave hewn out by his own hands. In the reign ol Henry VI. the then Earl of Warwick, found- ed a chantry for the celebration of masses for the repose of Gny and his Countess, which still remains ; in it is a colossal statue of Guy, 9 feet in height. It a most romantic spot, and well adapted for lonely contemplation. GuzERAT, an extensive province of Hindo- stan, which is a peninsula, 200 miles long and MObroail, formed by the Arabian sea and the gulls of Cambay and Cutch. The W. part is mountainous and woody, and inhabited by a wild hardy race, governed by raj.ilis o their own; but the largest and finest part l» included within the extensive empire of tlii Muhrattas. Ahmedahad is the capital. GwALioR, a fortress of Hindostan, in a dis- trict of tlio same name, in the province of A;;ni, situated on a rock about 4 miles in length, but narrow, and nearly flat on the top, with sides almost perpendicular, from 200 to 3(io feet above the surrounding plain. The ram- part conforms to the edge of the precipice all round ; and the only entrance is by steps running up the side of the rock, defended uu the side next the country by a wall and basti- ons. The area within is full of noble build, ings, reservoirs of water, wells, and culti- vated land; so that it is a little district within itself. At the N.W. foot of a mountain is the town, which is well built. This fortre.s.^ is considered as the Gibraltar of the cast; but in 1780 Major Popham took it by an unex- pected nocturnal escalade, and in 1804 it ca- pitulated after a practicable breach was niay Lord Curnwallis. On June 14, 1857, tlii- epoys mutinied and murdered severalolliceis. Seindia, the Maharajah, behaved with aduii- rable zeal and good faith, and in June, 1858, the fortress was gallantly stormed by tliO British troops under Sir II. Rose, and Seindia was restored to his throne. It is 80 miles S. of Agra. Long. 78. 28. PL, lat. 26. 15. N. GwENNAP, a parish in ("ornwall, 3 niiios E.S.E. of Rcduth. Here are several very extensive mines of tin, copper, and silver. Gwinnett, a county of Georgia, watered by the Chattahoochee, Ocmulgee, and Oco- nee rivers. Capitol, Laurenceville. Ptp. ia 1840, 10,804. Gyfhorn, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Luneburg ; seated near tlio junction of the Iser with the Aller ; 29 iniks N. of Brunswick. GvoNGTOS, a town of Hungary; 21 miles W.S.W. of Erlau. Pop. 8000. Gycla, or Julia, a town of Hungiiry; situated on an island in the river Korts, ut Korash, with a castle. Pop. about 2000. It is 92 miles W.S.W. of Colosvar. GzAT, or Ghjat, a town of Russia, in (lio government of Smolensk; 140 miles E.N.K. of Smolensk. H. Haa, a small island in the North sea, near the N. ("oast of Scotland; 3^ miles S.E. of Farout Head. Haao, a town of Bavaria, capital of a county of the same naice. It is seated on a hill- 26 miles E. bv N. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. li. lat. 48. 7.'N. Haarlem, or Haerlbh. See Harlem. ILvAsruEriiT, a village of South Hollamli 3 miles E. of Gosida. Pop. about 1200. Habelschwerdt, a town of Silesia, in tlia countv of Glatz, on the river Ncisse; 9 niilcJ S. of Glatz. Habeuouam-Eaves, a township in '!'« II A D 409 II AF iilis o' part i» of tilt il. r\ a ilia- t'A^;l■l^ lent,'tli, p, with I to aiio ic ram- ipicu all y steps iiJcil ou id basti- lO build. id culti- Litwitliiii intaiii ia J fortress east; but fin unex- J04 it Cii- vas niailo ■y Wbito. dahviitt.H 1857, tilt- alotticeis. rith adiiii- uno, ISTit*, id by tlio ndSciiKiiii lO mileh '^• •6. 15. N. 3 uiiies rural very silver. .^ watered and Oco- ttp. ia laxony, in near tlw 29 inilea 21 miles Hungnry; Kores, ur t2000. It ssia, in llio les Vi.^-^' ih Holliii"'! It 1200. llesia, ui tlie esc; 9 niiici thip in the parish of Wulk'y,iii Luiieushirc; 2 miles S.W. of Burnley, near the Lcey numerous streams, hut the princi|)al river is the Tyne. The chief towns are the three royal burghs of Haddington, North Berwick, and Dunbar. It sends one member to par- liament. IlAUDERSLEnEW, a town of Denmark, in Sleswick, with a citadel, on a small island, in a narrow bay of the Baltic; 30 miles E. by S. of Ripen. II A HIT, or IIadice, a town of Syria, on the Euphrates; 1 1.5 miles W. of Bagilatl. ILvuLEY, or H vuLEiQH, a town of SulFolk, with a market on Monday. It is seated on the Bret; 20 miles S.E. of Bury, and 64 N.E. of London. Hadley-Monken. a parish in Middlesex, } mile N. of Chipping-Barnet. On the top of the church stecpK . is one of the very few old beacon tire-pans which are still in exist- ence. At a spot where the road divides, is a column in commemoration of a battle fought here ita 1471, between the houses of York and Lancaster. Hauuamaut, a province of Arabia Felix, on the sea-coast, between Yemen on the \V. and Oman on the E. Some parts are dry and desert, others are extremely fertile, with well watered valleys. The chief products are frankincense, guiii-arabic,dragon's-blood, myrrh, and aloes. Shibam is the capital. IIaerleuecke, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, on the Lys; 23 miles S.W. of Glient, on the road to Courtray, from which it is distant 3 miles. Pop. about 30U0. Haerlem, a town of the state of New York, in a plain on the Ilaerlem river, and traversed by a railroad. Numerous convey- ances also constantly ply between it and New York; 7^ miles distant. Haff, a lake or bay of Prussia, in Poine- rania, divided into Great and Little; at the mouth of the Oder, between which a- ' the Baltic are situated the islands of Usedoin and Wallcn. It is 36 miles in length, and its greatest breadth 9 miles. IIafod, a township in Cardiganshire, 14 miles S.E. of Aborystwith. In the vicinity is the Devil's Bridge, over which is thrown a more modern arch, both surmounting a pro- found chasm, whose sides are almost perpen- dicular, and covered with trees; through ttia bottom the river Mvuach pours its roaring stream. II A I 410 II A L M' if :! Haoahtstown. Sea Ei.i/AnETiiT*)\v>f. IIaokn, II town uf Wostplmliii, in tlio county uf Murk. It liua iimiiiifticturuH of cluth, mill fitmiils uii tho Vollinc: 13 nii|i.-K B. uf Durtiiiund. Hagetman, n town of France, in the dc- Kiirtniunt of liUndeN; 18 miles H. of Mont liu Iiirsun, in tliu vicinity of whicli iiru sumo silver mines. Pup. abuut 23.5U. IIaoiak, II town of Ariibiu Descrta; IGO miles N. by \V. of Me'lina. IlAdUK, Tin:, II town of Ilolhind, (which is the usiiiil resilience of tho kiu^ iinil court,) province of S. llollmiil, wliich iniiy coin])iirc with the Imnii.soniest cities in Europe, in the mu(;ni(icenco of its pulaces, tho heiiuty of its streets, tho plea.sniitncss of its situation, anil the politeness of its inhabitants. It is sciituil 2 miles from tho sc.i, and there is a, |)ave- meiit across the sand hills, with trees on each side, which leads to Sehevclini; on tho sea- shore. There arc 14 churches, and sonic chiiritable institutions. Tho castle of Hvs- wick, from which the treaty known by that name received its n])))ellation, is about ii mile and a half S.E. of the town. It was, with Brussels, the alternate seat of government previous to the Helgic revolution, and has since been the residence of the king of Hol- land. It sulfered preatly by tho revolution under Bonaparte, but the inhabitants threw oil" the Ercmh yoke in 1813. It is 30 miles S.W. of Aiiistcrdiim, and 7 S. by \V. of Ley- den. Pop. .58,000. IIaglenau, a fortified town of France, in the department of Lower Uhiue, with a cita- del; seated on the Mutter; 15 miles N. of Strasburj^. TlnU'e are maimfaetures of to- bacco, madder, and earthenware. Pop. 8000. HA'iDiniAnAi). See Hydkrahad. IIailsiiam, a town in Sussex, .59 miles from London. Here are the ruins of Michael- ham Priory. IIaimburo, a town of Austria, with a cas- tle on a mountain, near the S. bank of the Danube; 27 miles E, by S. of Vienna. Io|). about 2700. IIaiva, or Iaina, a river of St. Donrngo, which falls into a bay of the same naPiC; 12 miles W. of St. Domingo. IIai-nan, an island in the. Ch'.na sea. to the N.of thcGulfofToniiuin,aiia to the S.W. of the provincs of Quangtong, from which it is 12 miles distant. It is 400 miles in cir- cumference. The soil of the N. part is le.el: but in the S. and E. are mountains, among which are valleys that produce two crops of rice every year. There are mines of gold and lapis lazuli, wliich last is carried to Can- ton, to paint the porcelain. Tliere are also several kinds of woods, the mosfvaluable of which is that called by the natives hoali, and by Europeans rose or violet wood. It pro- duces the same fruits as China, beside sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo. HAiN AULT, a province of Melgium ; hounded oa the N.E. by Brabant, N.W. by Flanders, S.W. by France, and E. liy tho territories of Licgo and Namur; it comprises an extent of 1700 square miles, aiul is intersected by tho Scheldt, tho Sainbre, and tho Ilaine. Its mineral productions are considerable, and there iiro several manufactures. The chief towns are Tournay, Mons, and Charleriti, It was formerly divided into Austrian and French Iluinault, and in IHI4 was ceded by Austria to tho Netherlands: in 1815 it re- ceived nn accession of Beaumont, Merbc, Lo Chateau, and Dour, formeily belongiii,' to French Iluinault. Hajosii, a town of Hungary, in Cumaida Minor; 65 miles S. by E. uf Pest. IlAjrpooR, tho chief town of the distrii t of tho same name; seated on the N.E. bai>k of the Ganges, utitscuuiluenco with the Uu.k- duck. IIakodadi, a town of Ycso islmd, Japnn, on the straits of Sangar. It has many largo temples, Sintoo and Buddhist ; the streets are regular, and the houses of one story, built of wood. It is an open port under tlie recent treaty. HALUKitbXAUT, a town of Prussia, in Lower Saxony; capital of a principality of the saiiio name, which was furmerly a bishopric. Tlio cathedral is a superb structure. It is scutuJ on the Ilotheim; 32 miles S.E. of Brunswick, on the road to Leipsic. Pop. 17,000. IIaloensliohen, New, a town of Prii>si.i, in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mnirili;- burg, on the river Ohra; 14 miles N.N.W. of Magdeburg. Haldensteiv, a town of Switzerland, in the country of G risons j seated near the Uiiiiic ; 4 miles N. of Coire. Halev, a town of Belgium, in Brabant; seated on the river Gect; 17 miles E.N.E. of Louvain. Hales, a village in Glouccstcrsliiie; 2 miles N.E. of Winchcombe ; noted for tiie remains of its abbey, which formerly was very magnificent, and had great privilc;.'es. Halesowen, a town partly in Sliropsiiiiv, partly in Worcestershire, with a market on Monday, and a manufacture of nails, anil pearl and horn buttons. The poet Slienstono was born and buried here; and near it istliu Leasowes, in the decoration of which iiii' whole fortune was spent. It is 10 miles N.E. of Kiddermin.ster, and 118 N.W, of London. IIaleswoktii, a town in Suffolk. Phu- ket on Tuesday. It has a canal to Soatli- wold, and is seated near the river BIytli; 33 miles N.E. of Ipswich, and 101 of Lomloii. Halibut Island, an island in the Pacitic Ocean, off the coast of Aliaska; so named by Cook on account of the number of fish of tliat name caughf. here. It is 7 leagues in cir- cuniference, und very low and barren. Long. 164. 15. W. hit. 54. 48. N. Halifax, a borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Market on Saturday. It re- turns two inembers to parliament. It is » very large parish, and the inhabitants are II k L iU n A M crsliii'c; 2 ■cd tor the mci-ly was rivileties. Shropsliiiv, miiiket on nails, aiul Slienstono 3ar it is tlio wliich liii- .niilcsN.l^' of Loniloii. blk. UM- to Soutli- Blytlr, 33 Loiulon. the Piicitic ) nauicil hy fish of that ■ucs in til'- run. LoniJ. Vest Ri facturo. This town is tlio great mart for fiiiaMoons and worHtedBtuft's, in ^reiit variety. It has a inuricct-iiouso, callcf, a county in the N. part of Florida. Capital, Jasper. Pop. 1404. ^ Hajiilton, a county in Indiana, U. N '" the centre of the state. Capital, Noulcrviilo. Pop. 9855. Hamilton, a county of Illinois, U. States. Caiutal, M'Leausboro . Pop. 3945. J!j ■mi^: HAM 413 IT AM it to lUo of tlia h eviii'ii- nediati'ly enoh liiiil when the defciul i: oil re-eii- ilicatious; 1 the coiu- of the ill)- cpavatiiius i)SU lio ilc- 1(1 cxjielk'il hW. to pni- On the ic- ,vever, tl'.J 1, iiiiil t'lii Mav. 181 4-. •, Hostnck, of Bremen, L'op. iUiout 9. 53. K. Una, oil tlio ojipositc to ncctcd by :i riiUivly pi I'll- X and lowi:r iconia, in the lU the Sutili;; rt. ivnover, at tlio ,vick,ofwlii>^^'i urcs ol stull-s CSS sunx'U- It is sitiuiio ith the Wl- Pop. G4U0. crn 'lai-tiiiy. untedono. 'it in the woiih the mt:l'i>i3 eem inChiiM- anditscnpH''^ 1.44. E. lilt- state of Ten- by the liver chief town i» o, hoitnde.l on intersected hy 80,143. <;'": miles S.W. J of £•. county in J; inhaliitan"- It, There "i'8 Inamc. , Ihe N. P-'^>-t 0' ,op. l-iiJ-». ^ . d-^an.,U.S.;a |ul, Noblervnl^' loisU. Stated 1. aa-i5. IIamiltox, a township of the state of Now York, on the Chcnanf;o river. Here is tlio Hamilton literary and theological iiistitntion, 90 miles \V. hy N. of Albany. Pop. 3738. Hamilton, a town of Scotland, in liaiiark- shire, with a noble se.nt belonginf,' to the dnko ol that name. It has a trade in cabinet-work and the making of shoes; and the women arc laiiious for the spinning of linen yarn, and making thread lace. It is seated on the Avon, near its conflux with the Clyde. It h.is u handsome parish church, an elegant touii-hoiise and prison, and a commodious inaiket-place. It was made a royal hurgh in I. ")48, by Queen Mary, and is contributory, 1 with Linlithgow, &c., in sending one mem- lur to parliament. It is 11 miles S.H. of j Glasgow, and 36 VV.S.W. of Edinburgh. | IIammkkkkst, a town of Norway, 60 miles S.W. from the North Cape. It is the most iinr'acrn town of Europe, and was founded in 1819 by Mr. Crowe, an English merchant. It is seated on a very secure harbour on Qiialocn S-, and has a considerable export t.a lo in lisli, oil, &o. Pop. 200. ilAMMEKSMiTH, a large village in Middle- Si'K; seated on the north bank of the Thames, over which is a handsome suspension bridge, and one of the apjjendages of the metropolis; 3_^ miles west of Hyde Park Corner. Here •TNois a nunnery, established originally as a h iardiiig-s('h<)ol for young lartics of the Ro- man Catholic persuasion; and toward the river arc a number of handsome seats and villas. Here is a charity school, a workhouse, and several ilaces of worship for dissenters. The chapel is near the centre of the town. Hero also was the celebrated villa of Bran- denburg House, in which her Majesty Queen Caroline died. Hamont. a town of the N'tln .'l;;nds, in the liUe bi.sho])ric of Liege; 20 miles W. by N. oflviiremonde. IIami'dex, Great, a parish in Bucking- liainshire, 7^ loiles W. of Chesham. It is celebrated as being the birthplace of the atriot Jolin Hampden, whose manorial re- r'llencc is in this parish. On the brow of a lut'ty hill is an immense cro.ss, cut in ch.ilk, Br.pposed to commemorate the last b.'tiile be- tween Ileiigist and Horsa, and the Britons, v.iiich was fought on the neighbouring plain of Risborough. Hami'siiiue, or County of South amp- ton, a maritime county of England; bounded r>n the N. by Berkshire, E. by Surrey and Sussex, is. by the English Channel, and W. by Dorscttihire ami Wiltsliire. It is nearly siiuiire, except a projection to the S.W; and ciiniains l,018,r)r)0 acres. This county has a |;ieut variety of soils, l)ut the principal part 1"* chalk. The Dorsetshire border has large traeis of heath ; and toward the sea are gri'at 'inimiitips of inavsh land, but very fertile; ii'i'l all the remainder is excellent land. It 1^^ n, has been benefited by the completion of liie South Western railway, wliicli occurred in 1840, and the main line is 77 miles in length. There are now Iirauchcsof it toGosjxirt and other parts, which materially increase its irnportaiu'e. The prii.jipal harbours, of which there are a great number along the roast,are Portsmonthand Yarmouth. South- O!r|)ton is deemed the county town, but the assizes are held at Winchester. It sends 2 members to parliament for each of its divi- sions, N. and S., and one for the Isle of Wight. Hampshire, New, one of the United States of North America; bounded oii the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, the Salmon Fail river, and a conventional line, extending to 4.5. 13. of N. lat., which divides it from the State of Maine; on the S. by a conven- tional line, in the lat. of 42. 40. which sei)a- rates it from Massachusetts; on the W. by the Connecticut River, which divides it from Vermont; and on the northern extremity by Lo^ve^ Canada. It lies between 71. 0. and 72 39. W. long. It comprises a sn|)erficie3 of about 9280 square miles, or 5,939,200 acres. The land, for 20 or 30 miles from tlie coast, is generally low; but, advancing into the country, it rises into hills, which, in some parts of the state, are entitled to the denomination of lofty mountains. From the vicinity of some mountains, whose sntnmits are covered with snow most of the year, this country is intensely cold in winter, but cool and i)leasant in summer. The chiet lakes are Umbagog, Winnipiseogec, Sunapee, and Sqiiam; and the principal rivers th Andros- coggin, Saco, Piscata(pia, Merrimac, Connec- ticut, Upper and Lower Amonoosiick The manufactures of tbisst^ite have of late rapidly increaseil: they consist of cotton and wool- len, glass and iron. The i)rincipal exports are pot and pearl ashes, tish, beef, live cattle, pork, Hax, and hemp. Among the curiosi- ties of this state, the Notch, or Gap, which fell in September, 182i(, is worthy of notice: it is on the W. side of the White Monntuius, near the source of the Saco, It is ii deep and narrow detile, 22 fecc wide. The moun- tain njipears as if cloven down to its base. The principal im))rovemeiits which have been made in this state relate to the naviga- tion of the Merrimac river. To this add the Eastern railroad I'rom Massaclm^etts line to Portsmouth, 15} miles; the Nashua and Lowell raiircnid, and the Boston and Maine line to Exeter. New Hampshire is divided into ten coun- 1" -. -r^^^* "'\ ■i. V% i mm *'": \i: flAN 4U II AN ir { ■' ties, viz., Cons, Chesliiro, Grafton, Ilills- b'jrougli, Kockingliiini, Merriiiiac, Sullivan, IJelliniip, Cun-ol, ivnd Stralfbrd. Tlio pre- sent constitution was adopted in 1792. Tlie legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives, tlic formtr consist- ing of 12 members, chosen annually by the people, and the latter of delegates from the tlitfeient towns. Pop. 284,574, in 1840. JIa-Mi-siiire, a county in Massachusetts; intersei;ted by the Connecticut river; bounded by the counties of Hampden, Ijcrkshiie, Franklin, and Wrncester. Its chief town, Northampton, 94 miles Vv'. of Boston, is situ- ated on the west side of the Connecticut. Pop. of the countj', 30,897. Hami'shikk, a county of Virginia; boun- ded on the N.E. by the river Potomac, and by the co\uities of Morgan, Frederic, and liardy. Pop. 12,295. Itschief town, Roni- ncy, is 214 niiies N.W. by N. of Hichmoni:. Hampstead, a village of Middlesex, four miles N.N.W. of London, formerly famous for its medicinal waters. It may be con- sidered one of the appendages of the metro- ])<)lis, being a favourite residence of the mer- chants and citizens. It is seated on the side of a hill, on tlie top of which is a fine heath that commands :i delightful prospect; and in the vicimry are many elegant seats and villas. In tlic windows of an ancient editice, called the Chicken House, are ])aintcd, in stained glass, i)ortraits of King James I. and tbe Duke of Buckingham, of the iormer of wliom it is said to have been a hunting-seat. Hami'TON, a seaport and an im))ortant naval station of Virginia, in Elizabeth county, near tlie moutli of James river; 29 miles S.E. of Williamsburg. Long. 76. 17. W. hit. 37. 5. N. Hampton, a seaport of New Hampshire, in Rockingham County, on a river of its name, near the sea. It has a canal to the Merrinmc, at Salisbury; and is 14 miles S. by W. of Portsmouth. Long. 70. 45. W. lat. 42. 55. N. IIamptok, a village in Middlesex, on the N. bank of the river Thames; 13 miles S.W. of London. It is famous for a royal palace, called Hampton Court, originally and mag- nificently built by Cardinal Wolsey, who gave it to Henry VIII. The remains of the old palace are only some of the domestic otlices, the princi]>al part being taken down in IG90, and the present i)alace erected by ■William HI. The hnildiiigs, gardens, and parks, arc four miles in circumfevence. Hampton, Little, a town on the coast of Sussex. It is a small seaport, seated near the mouth of the river Arun. Hampton-Lucy, a parish in Warwick- shire, on the Avon, four miles E.N.E. of Stratford. In 1822 a new and most elegant church was erected: it contains the most magnificent stained-glass window that has been produced in modern times. Hanau, a strong town of Germany, in ITesse Cassel, capital of a fertile county of the same name. It is divided into the old and new town, and in the former is a magni- ficent c.istlc. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs, stockings, porcelain, and tobacco; anil a trade in corn, iron, and timber. It is seated on the Kint/.ig, near its conflux with the Maine; 13 miles E.N.E. of Frankfbrt-on- thc-Maine, I'op. about 15,000. Han(;ock, a coinity on the S.E. coast of the state of Maine, having numerous bays and excellent harbours. Cajiital, Castine. Pup. in 1840, 28,605. — Alsoacounty in the stale of Georgia; area 600s(iuaro miles. ('i!))iral, Sparta. Pop. in 1840, 9659 inclusive of 5915 slaves. Also a county of Mississijipi, on Lake Borgne. Ca))ital, Shieldsboroii;;!!. Po]). 3367. — Also a county in Ohio, in the N.W. part of the state. Capital, l''i!i(ll;,y. Pop. in 1840, 9986. — Also a county of Illi- nois, to the E. of the .Mississippi river. Caj)i- tal, Carthop. Poj). 9946. Han-kow, a famous Chinese emporium, at the junction of the Hun with the Yan>;: ise rivers, extending about a mile along die latter, and 2^ miles along the former, in a triangular form. Being a purely eonnneniul city, it has neither walls nor foriitications. The town is handsome tor China, and opposite to it is the city of Wo-chang. Han-kow, in the heart of China, has an important trade, ai:ii was throw i open to British commerce by the recent trea y of Pekin. Lat. 30. 20 N., loug. 119. 46 E. ; 45 miles above Shanghai. Hang-tiiiieop, a city of China, of the first class, cai)il.al of the province of Tche-kiiui;r. It is 12 miles in circumference, exclus' ■■ nf its suburbs: contains more than a mii, :i ct inhabitants, and is the general empoririu "i all articles that pass between the UMitliiMii and southern provinces. Here are extensive shops and warehouses ; and it has a grout trade in dyed cottons, nankeens, silks, rici', and otiier grain. It is seated between a liir::e basin, that furnis the S. extrensity <>( tht! GrandCanal, and a small lakecalled Sei-hmi; 700 miles S. bv. E. of Peking. Ltnig. 119. 4<. E. lat. 30.20." N. Hanlev, a chayiclry in the parish of Sfi'ki- upon-Trent, in Sialfoidshire, 2i miles >-i;. of Newcastle-under-Lyiie. It is a iliieisi'iit of the china and earthenware maiiulaitniv. Hanover, a kmgiioni in the N. of (Ger- many; bounded on the N.E. by the ri\i- em))oriiim, B Yaii;it>e aloiiji il"^ jriiier, in a L'.oiiiiiii;'^^''''' atious. The opposite to -kow, ill llie i trade, ar.J nerce l)y ilie 20 N-, lo"& ngliai. \, of the first Tdie-kiaitj;. excliif ' ■" "' aiiiii. nof ;iiipovir'iii I't lie iiMvtlii;ni lias a ^ivciit ,, ^ilks. vice, wfuii a lariic .n.iiv "f tlie Irish of StnlM- Ih miles J*-!"" a cliii'l sw>' laiiiifai'turc. loN. ofGtt- 1,V tin- vi^''' LMliepop"- L. 119-ltotlw |r, the Ml i' ''• ■ (_)vll,llllllr' kUir,l n.becli, L„i„oustW' Lan.lw'i'"'';, country '* « .wards tl.e >• nvc numerous barren heaths; hut tlie valleys in the S. are very fertile. This country alHju,\(ls in extensive mines of silver, iron, (•Mjipci and lead. The iron mines are the most valuable. The principal rivers are the Elbe, tic Weser, and the Einbs, with their tiiliiitary streams; and the chief lakes, Steiu- liuiiii and Uummor. The corn cultivated is much the same as in Uritain. The extimsive heaths of Luiie- tiui.,' produce considerable quantities of Ihiiiey annually. Tl:e cliief niaiiafactures are tlivcuii, linen, wi.^olleiis, paper, and glass, 'fill; exports are limn, iron, copper, timber, lioisc", and bLuk cattle. The imports are linen, broad cloih, sill., and jewellery. Tni> prevailiii}^ reli,;ion is the Lutheran; bat all denominations are tolerated. The rc'li;^iuu.s creeds arctiiu> estimated; — Luthe- ruiis, 1,350,000; Caivinisrs, 102,850; llo- iuuni-iis, 212,.'i00; Jew.«, 1 i ,000; Mcnnoiiites, l^.ji). In every village chm'.'Utary schools ail' established, an; Imildings in the new town are in >: hetter style. Hanover contains a considerable nuin- l«r of pulilic buildings, among which arc the t'wtm's palace and the public librarv; the 'I'tia- found-d by Leibnitz, to whom an elc- l-'iiitnvmu'nent hash^en erected in the town, "lere are five Luihci an chmches, besides the '''•'pels of the Calvinists and Catholics, and a Jewish synagogue. It is connected with Cologne, Bremen, Berlin, Franktort, &c,, by railways. Top. about 40,000; 41 miles \V. by N. of Brunswick, and 15-), W, o< Berlin. Hanover, a town of NewHampsliire, on the Connecticut river; opposite NorA-ich, in Vermont. Dartmouth Colh.'ge, an old and respectable institution, is hero, i'op. 2Gia; 54 miles N.W. of Concord. Hanover, a town of Virginia, in a county of the same name; situate on the Famanky, the S. branch of York river; 22 miles >i.i\'.\V', of liiehmond. Po)!, of the county, 14,!)f>8. Hanover, New, a l.trge island in the, S, Pacific Ocean, opposite the N.W. cxtriMn;ty of New Ireland, It is high .ind covered with trei.'.«, among which are many i'eiinlii'ul jilan- tations; hit, of W, end, 2. 25; long. 149. 6. E. IIan-3ax. SeeTvi<')'s. Hanse Towns, the name of certain iVeo towns of Germany, which, heing iiUi'Sted with pirates and rohbcr.s, entered into a mntnul league for their protection. This association is supposed to have continued from the 13th to the 16th century. It consisted at first of only two towns, but it so incr,'',ased in strength anil reputation that at last it consisted of 06 citie*. Having at length proclaiiiiiid war against Waldemark, Jvingof Dv^nmark, witii 40 .ships and 12,000 troop.s, several morchaiits were ordered by the princes of their respec- tive kingdoms to with/iraw their ell'ect.s, and \he association for the most part was dis- solved. Several towns in Germany stiil re- tain the name, though the laws by which ibcy arc g.ovcrned jire ilisannulled, those now re maiiiing with ]),>ciiliar privileges being IIani« burg, Bremen, and Lubeck. HAN-TCJio.\a, a city of Cbin.i, of the first class, in the province of Cheii-si ; on the river Han; surrounded by mountains and forests. The articles of trade are honey, wax, iiiu>k, and cinnabar. Long. lOO. 35. E. iai. 3J. 5H. N, Haisitye, or Hannl't, a town of Beiginm, in Brabant, on rhe frontiers of Liege and Namnr; 2u miles N,X.E, of ^Naiiiur, Hanweli.., a parish in Middlesex," mil^s W. of London, on the Grer.i Western raibv.iy. It is known for its liUn.itic Asylum, which is distingnisheil as beiisg both the largest ami mo.U cnlighteucd ini-tituti-'-n of its kimi, Ha>j-yang, a city of China, of the first class; in the province of J i.>u-(|uang. Iris seated at the contlnx of the li.ui with tiio Kian-kii, Long. 1 13. 44. E. l:\*. .'JO. 3t;. N. Hai'AEE, the name u'i four of the Fricndlj Is^>?"'.;;, iu the Pncilic Occiti, They are oi similar height .and appearance, .uid connected !iy a reef of cural rocks, dry at lov/ water. The platitations are numerous ami exteii.sive. These islands extend from N. to S. ahoiil 19 miles, and lie belveein 174.24. and 174.15, W. lung., and hit. r.>.39. find I'.l. 53. R. Hap.sal, a town il Russia, in the govern- ment of lievel: seated im the Raltic, "ppositfl the ieilaud of Dago ; 45 niiius S,\Y. of lievel i .mVm. . -H«H*tf^VWtf IM P Wr W %»■> t*" y^ -«M«>«> »'^«w«»«lM(H\1H1*»' ■Aipivuw •\o«u.a»*»»»» IT A R 416 II A R '• I iil'^ ?i i t| > I I ! llAr-SBURO, an nncient castle of Switzcr- Jiimi, on a lofty fcrniiicuce, iiuar Scliiiitznach. Wiu.x is left of it is now iiiliaMted by the family of a pcrasiuit. Tliis castle was the i-rudle, as it were, of tlic ] louse of Austria, T.'liose anccstora may bo tiaced back to tho beginiiin).; of the 13th cesitury, wiien Ito- dolji!), Count of Hapsburg, was elevated to the empire of Genuany and archduchy of Austria. II vuaN, or CiiARAK, a town of Asiatic Tur- key, II. Di.irbcli, kiu)wn iu Scripture as the country of Iiaban. To this jducv Crassus retired after hi.? defeat by tlieravfliians, and not far from it he was killed. It is iia miles E. by S. of Orfa. IlAiiBOitouGH Makhet, atown in Leices- tershire, with a market on Tuesday. It is Bcatcd on the Wcliaud; 15 miles S. of Lei- cester, and 83 N. by W. ol' London. 11 AUituuG, a tiiwu of Hanover, in the diicJiy of Luneburg, with a strong casth:. It has inarmfactures of fciiks, stockings, wax, a/id tobacco; and a great trade in timber ^vil)l Holland, in 1707 it wastaken by thi; French, but retaken the same year by the Hanove- rians. It is seated on the Sceve, at its con- flux, with the Elbe, opposite Hamburg; :J9 miles N.W. of Luncbnrg. Haucouut, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados; 1;J miles S. by VY. of Caen. HAunnErfO, a tow." of Germany, in Stvna; la miles a.S.W. of Friedbcrg, and 25 E'.S.L. of Gratz. Hardkgsen, a town of the province of Calenberg, with a considerable manufacture of leather; 10 miles N.W. of Gottingen, Haki)i:ni!I)Rg, a town of Westphalia, in tlie duchy of Berg; 17 miles E.N.E. of J)us- Beblorf. Hardemiutro, a town of Holland, in Over- yssel: situate on the "Veclit; 10 miles S.W. of Covoerdcn. Haudekwyck, afoJtiSed town of Holland, in Geldcrland, with a university. It has a trade in corn and wood, and is seated on the Zuyder Zee; 30 niiles N.N.E. of Arnheini, and 33 E. by S. of Amsterdam. Long. 5. 8. E. hit. .'52. 20. N. llAKDr,, a county of A''irginia. bordering on iMaryland. Population, 7622. Itt; chief town. Moorfields, is 228 miles N.W. by N. of Iliciiniond. liAUKwoon, a villngo in West Yorkshire, on the river Wharf; fiuiles iV. of Leeds, and 204 Honi London. Here are the renuiins of an ancient castle; arid in the church is the monument of Sir AViUiam Gaseoyne, who committed Henr}', ]irince of Wales to prison, for iifVrontirig him while )je sat administering justier. Near it is Harewood-hoase, the m.ble seal, of Lord Ilarewood, Haiifi.eiir, a town of Fmnce, in the tie- pan ment of I/ower Seine, Its fortiiieatioiis hiiM>. Iiei'n lung denirlislu'd and its harbour noariy cl» >ked up. It s'anua oa a smail river. I near the mouth of the S<;ine; 3G miles N.W j of Rouen. Long. 0. 12 E. lat. 49. 30. N. I Hakford, a town of .Maryland, in a county of the same name; situate on Bush river; j 25 miles E.N.E, of Baltimore, Population I of the county, 17,120. j II AitiUARA, or .HunKvinTR, a town of Ilin- dostan, iu Mysore, with a fort, in which is a celebrated temple. It stands on the E. side i of the Toombuddra, which here separates My- sore frotn the country of the Mahrattas. in the vicinity much cotton wool is clciined and spun into thread. It is 130 miles N.E. by N. , of Mangalore. j Haui.eioii, or PIariecji, a town of Walo.^, I capital of Merionetlishiie, with a nuirket on Wednesday. It is a jtoor place, though gi)- venied by a mayor, and has a castle, built by Edward I., almost entire, on a rock project- I ing into St. George's Channel. It is 26 miles ; S.E. of Caernarvon, and 231 N.N.W. of London. j Harlem, HAARLEr^r, or Habrlkm, a for- tified city of North IJolland, niemorahle lor the siege it held out against the Spaniards in 1573, for ten months, before 't cajjitulateil. 1 It has hroad regular streets, and nanycaiiais; j and it is noted forits velvets, tlamasks.worjt(.'il I stuifs, .■\nd hleaching-gro'inids. A comiiuuii- I cation has been opened witli the .Lake of Ilar- I lein, Amsterdam, and L«yden, by means of navigable canals, and it. has al^o the tul- I viintages of railway communication '.'itli Anisterdam, Leydeii, the Hague, &c. It vm formerly strongly fortified, but public ]iio- menades have been formed of the ranipiiils, The chief public buildings are the Siailt- house, the royal palace, and some eharitalile institutions. It has fifteen churches, ciii' d' which, called the great church, i.s the larmst in Holland, and has the grandest op-,Mti in -Europe: it contains 8000 pi;, s and 08 sKfs. An imjiortant branch of trade in this city, ij that of dower-roots. These are chiefly grown ii\ a district S. of the town; and tuli]i.s, hya- cinths, rariunculii.';es, and variousothei flowovs to the amount of several millions arcnnmiall/ exported. Harlem is seated near a lake o( the same name, now being draii.-ed by .siemn engines; 12 m. W. of Auisterdani. Long. 4.37. E.'laf.. 52. 22. N. HAa;,ESTo.Nr, a town in Norfilk, with a rotivket on Wednesday; seated on the Wave- nay; 16 miles S. of Norwicli, and 99 N,E. of London. Haki.ing, East, a town of Norfolk, 89 miles from Loimon, Linen, dotli, anil yj^J are n\anulacturcd li<;re. Haum.noen, af(n'tif;ed seaport ofIIii;i"''; in Friesiand, of tvhitli, .next to Lv^wanlen, ;: is the largest and most jiopulous. It hiisf!«"" rishing manufactures ol pajier and c:>iivii«, i\na is sci'.ted on the Zuyder Z'.n-;; fiO mils N.N.E. of Amsterdam, and ir, W.of Lewar- den. Long. 5. 20. E- Lat. 53, 10. .N. Maui.ow. n town in Essex. On a c* tntrinii. 2 nuies from the town, is a tainouj iM on t.'ie s tudes sever Nonl, J't'ako B.dti, Haj of. I di Ha, I'u a v"s.-els t'ua/, '"'lice N. of iimtith. (.'a.- tern 'li-triet ( of Ciu "looehee l8-)0, ir.viu; in Peini •I'leliaiin ■yl is ;v( 'i'l, and ''■l*i- the Tlik'.s IlAKrc, park>l„|, '^^'itiickv -''-033. ^''"■.'■dun. '^''■'■•tissip,, ^'■4)11101 .U'.'n.or t ■^" miles !j !■) ,1 \-.„\Vl -w ».,a\ '^mm,' II A U 417 II AR esN.W W. N. a county ,h river; ipulation 1 of THii- ,liicU i^^ a rates ]Mt- i\ttiis. In s.E.byN'. uiiirkctt on houf:;h p.- t,k proji'f't- is 26 iiiUes N.N.W. of LEJi, a for- moraljlc for ?l)i\n)i>vils in capituliueil. nanyciiniiis; vskKrWorftod A oomiii">ii- Lake oi'Hur- by menus of aUo the a'l- ilcatioii '.^'itli f, &e. Itw>^ public I'lo- the vampiifis, e the Suiiit" inc dwritalile u-dics, vW 'It ,s the li>i':-i^'*' vvt, ov;^;Uun ;uid t)8 stop*, in this city. 1* chief! vp-own ,d tulips, hya- other fliiwovs ,sarcauinK\ily ncnv a ial^c ot i,,e,l hv sie'.im ■i).Loiig.4.;h. .rfolk, with A olnlle^V';Y• iuul 99 ^-^ „ Norf.'lk, f^ lovls, and :' "•' Lrtofll--'"*"''; L.lthasfio«; Ir and e.io '. ■•Z-e; fitji"'* Jouac^'"""""; the yth of Septcniljcr, eallcd Harlow Bush Fair, much rcsovteil ti) hy ilie iieiL;hhoiiriiig ;.';(;iitvy. It is 'iU luilo.s E. of London, on the LuikIou and Ciiniliridj^c railway. IIaumon V, a town ot Pcnnsylvanin, in Sus- qiieliainiaii county, on the N. side of Starueca (Jroi.k, a water of t!ie E. hraneh of the Sus- quLiiannah. Uetween this place and Stock- ]i')rt, on Delaware Kivcr, distance 18 miles K.S.E., tliere is a portaf^c. It is 130 miles N.W. of New Yuik, and 140 X. hy W. of riiiiadclphia. IIakmunv, a vil!a^ hcen sftveral times occupied and ahandonedi)y both Northern and S uiihcrn troops. The (Jhesa- ptakc and Ohio canal passes it, and also the Baltim>,.e am) (.)hio railroad ; 57 miles from Washinpton, and 173 N. of Richmond. llAiU'OKiiLLV, a town of Ilindostan, capital of a district of the same name, in the Aly- S'lre country ; 28 miles S.S. W. of Bijnagur. IlAnKiNCTox. a small port in Cumberland, on a creek of the Irish sea, which admits vessels of 120 tons burden up to the houses, tliial, lime, iron-stone, and firy-elay, arc sent hence to Irelaml and Seotlan 1, It is (> miles N. of Whitehaven, and 8 W.IS.W. of Coeker- iimnth. llAiiitioiiPoiJR, a town of Ilindostan, in the Mstern CMircmity of Orissa; capital of the (!i.-trietofMnhuvhnni;e. It is 90 miles N.X.l-;. of Cmtaek, anii. In 1066 a bloody battle was fought here, be- tween Harold 11. of England, and William, duke of Normandy, in which the former lost his life and kingdom. Hastings sends two members to Parliament: it is seated between a high cliii' towards the sea, and a high bill towards the land side; 24 miles E. of Lewes, and 64 S.S.E. of London, with which it is connected by a continuation of the Brigb'-on railway. Long. 0. 38. E. hit. 50. 52. N. Hatchy, a tributary stream of the Mis- sissippi, which it joins in Tennessee. Hatfield, a town of Massachusetts, in Hampshire county, on the W. siile of tli3 Connecticut, nearly opposite Hailley, to which ])lace there is a ferry. It is 5 miles N. of Novthami)ton. IlATFiELn, a town of Hertfordshire, with a market on Thursday. It formerly belonged to the bishop of Ely, in whose place Eliza- beth resided, and was thence conducted, (Hi the death of Mary, to ascend the throne. She procured the alienation of this manor; and James I. exchanged it with Sir Kolicrt Cecil, afterwards earl of Salisbury, for Theo- bald; and on the site of the episcopal jialaci; that nobleman built the magnificent seat Ciill- ed Hatfield-house. It is seated on the river Lea; 20 miles N. by W. of London. Hatiiaz, a town of Hungary, in the county ofSzaboltz; 11 miles N. of Dcbretzin. The number of inhabitants is about 4000, and chiefly Calvinists. Hatherley, or Hatiieui-eigh, a corpo- rate town in Devonshire, with a market on Friday, and a woollen manufacture. It is seated on the river Oke; 28 miles N.W. of Exeter, and 2>0 W. by S. of London. Hatras, a fort and tower of Hindostnn, province of Agra; 18 miles S.S.W. of Coel, and 35 N.E. of Agra. Hattem, a town of Holland, in Geldcr- land; seated on theYssel; 4 milisS.W. of ZwoU. Pop. about 2400. Hatteras, n -ape on the coast of North America. It extends far into the ocean, from the coast of North Carolina, in the lat. 35. 7. N. and long. 75. 30. Hattingen, a town of Westphalia, in tho county of Mark; seated on the Roer; 22 m. E.N.E. of Dnsseldorf. Pop. about 2000, Hatvan, a town and fort of Upper U""- garv; seated onamountain; 28 miles E.N.E. of Bnda. Hatzfeld, a town and castle of Gerniiiny, in Upper Hesse, capital of a county «f its name; seated on the Eder, 17 miles N.N. "• of Marburg, and 60 N.E. of Coblentz. Hausen, a town of Suabia, in Bris^mnl on the river Kintzig; 22 miles N.N.E- "' Fribnrg. HAUBHDCKyiaRTKL, oD the quarter u. II A V 419 IIAV i(\ is ft ()W the oiuinlit :e, ami :ro, be- [ucrlost nils two between lii^h liil'i it Lewis, ich it is Bripii''>n •2. N. the Mis- e. usetts, in \e of tli3 iiiUcy, to is 5 'miles lire, with ii y bell)"!!'''' Incc VA'y'-A- iductctl, I'll the throiu". ;bis mannr; Sir l{ol)cit y, forTlico- cop.il iiiiliKi; cut seat call- on tlic rivet iilon. n tlic county retzin. The t 4000, and ^H, a covpo- 1 a marlict on Ictuve. It ''. ilesN.W.of Lnilon. If Hinilostftii. i.W. of Cocl, linGelto- Vik»S.W.of last of K"rtl^ lo tlic ocean, Vinthelat. Iphalia, in tlje Itbe R"cr; ^- , about 200'^' I miles h.^-^ , of Germany. , county "f':^ Lies N.N- ^^' Iblcnt/. . , in Bri?j:«"; es N.N-E- le rovincial government; and the residtiiee of all the colonial authorities, exc'i'ptim;' the jiidj^es of the superior court, culled the " lietd Aiiilir.nn'ii," who have held their sittinjjs at Puerto Principe, as being in a more central situation with rcfrard to the rest of the Island. Tlie Havana is a place of considerable strcntfth; and besides the walls and ditches which surround it, the city is defended by six stroiij^holds, called the Aloro, the Cithanas, Number 4, the Ata- rus, the Prineii)e, and the Pnnta. The first and the last serve to protect the cntrancj of the harbour; the second is a sort of citadel; and the others are so placed as to cover tire appruaches by land. The suburbs, or barrios eslru muros, cover more ground, and contain a Im'^gt population than the city itself. The streets of the Havana cross each other at rit;ht angles, atid extend in straight lines from one side of the city to the other. In 1J84, there were only four, and the notaries ill those days commenced certain deeds with "la publiea en las cuatro calles de esta villa." In consequence of their regularity, thej do not now exceed fifty within the walls. They are all Macadamized, thanks to the enerjry of Tacon, a late governor, but their want of width has prevented the formation of side walks; unless the narrow row of flag- stones close to the houses, m.-vy be so named. Within the walls, the streets are in general so narrow, that, except where one crosses another, it is with difficulty that the peculiar carriage of the country, the volante, with its Ion;; shai'is. and its enormous pair of wheels, ,Pan be made to turn; but on the outside, "lore especially in the suburb called the Sa- i lii'L tht'y are much more spacious. The po- j I'liiation, in 1827, consisted of 46,621 whites; I 2y)62 colou.ed and black free people; and 2:i,840 coloured and black slaves; total, 194.023. Including the garrison, the present IP'inilatioii is considered little, if at all, ur.dor 1150,000. The architecture of the houses is In "aw, and they are most massively con- l«nii'te,l. In addition to the usual public |i)iiil(ling- hcCrcusc; vhoiit '2AJ0. [AU'i,ac;tY „, West In- ;,y the tern- upctherwiiH JOroiu tli'i^ svly recover. blic, formins „f the islmiil ,ic-s. It "'•"'»■ on, and \v;is oniivccntively annexion with lican .c^nh'M' SlOLA. Hat- - S.W. part ''f de. of the Bill' I Top. inlS40, nave n>ito, an{ Pop. ii> l*^"' frvancc. in '''» U W. of I'ii'l'^' i,Hl n.anutncmr- Lui.nUhecouniy list A>'P9t* ■. Uf, the Ati->'* Scotland, CK^'J I nuMihev,an.i';^ Ln Gveawt 9'^ hmarnocK. j,^ -jhe auci'i'" I tory oftho Hel)i'iilcs is iiivolvcil in iniii;li iiii- ccrtiiiiity. Thi;y wi^ix ^^oveiiii'd by i!i(l(;|)(Mi(l- cnt priiH'es of their own, niitil the (lestnutinu of the I'iets by Kenneth II., ami for several noiitMrit'S were the resort ol' pirates; and their chieftains were lon;^ Imvless nml sedi- tidiis, till tlicy were nt last hron^^ht under tlicciiiitrnlof the royal power. The indiicnce (if the indei)cn(lcnt chieftain!? oftho Western Isles was completely destroyed by the act of parliament in 1718, wliicli abolished all beri- ta'ilo jurisdictions. About 8G are inhabited. Hk,iiiud!:.«i, New, islands intheSiuth Pa- rific Ocean, lying between 14. 2). and 20. 4. S. lat. and 1G6.41. and 170.21. E. ion 1 i! if ij small river, wliich runs into tliu Oruiitus; luu luilcs S. of Aleppo. HuNDEKSUN, u ciriiiity of KcDtucky, Nui'tll America, on tlio S.IC. bunk of the Ohio, uml interstcteil by tbo Green river. I'oj). 9548. 1(8 ehicf town, of the same name, in 183 miloN W. by S. of Frankfort. HuNDKKsox, a county in tho W. part of 1'ennessec; Koil fertile for corn and tliovinc. Capital, Lexington. Area, 780 square miles. Top. 11,875. HuNUiticKS, a coMnty of Indiana. Capi- tal, I hinvillc. Arv-a, 380 square miles. Top. in 1840, 11,264. IIeneauas, or Inaoua, GREATund Little, two of the most southern of the Uaiiania Islands. Lat. of the former, S. W. point, 2U. 56. N. Ion;?. 73. 40. VV.; lat. of the latter, \V. 1 oint, 21. 29. N. long. 73. 6. W. IlEN-a-TcitEuu, a city of China, of tlic first rank, in tho province of Hou-quang. The ehicf manufacture is paper. It is seated on the river lleng; 265 ni. N. by W. of Canton. Ueni:« Leitard, n town of France, de- partment of Pas-dc Calais; 6 miles N.W. of Douay. Pop. about 2400. IlENLBV-nroN Thames, a town in O.xford- shirc, governed by a mayor; with n murkct on V/ednesday, Friday, and Saturday. The church is a large undent building, the tower of which was built by Cardinal Wolscy; the houses arc modern, and the streets spacious. The principal trade is in corn, flour, mult, and beech wood. It is seated on tho Thames, :. ror which is an elegant stone bridge; 24 miles S.E. of Oxford, and 35 W. of London. Henley, or Henley-in-Arden, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Monday; seated on tho Alnc; 15 miles S. by £. of Birmingham, and 101 W.N. W. of London. IIknlopem, Cai'e, the S.W. side of the entrance of Delaware Buy. Lat. 38. 46. N. Icng. 75. 12. W. Hennebkro, a town in Upper Saxony, in a county of the same name. Some ruins of the castle of its ancient counts arc yet to be seen. It is 12 miles S.S.W. of Meincngen. Population of the county, which comprises a surface of 850 square miles, about 100,000. Hennebon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Morbihnn, with a great trade in corn, iron, honey, &c. It is seated on the Blavet; 6 miles N.E. of L'Orient. Pop. about 5000. Henuiche-mont, a town of France, in the department of Cher; seated on the Saudre; 16 miles N.N.E. of Bourges. Pop. 2987. Henrico, a county of Virginia; bounded on the S.W. by James river, N. by Hanover, and E. by Charles City. Pop. 33,076. Its chief town, Richmond,' is 123 miles S.S.W. of Washington. Hekrt, a county of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina; intersected by Irvine, or Smith's river, and tho N. and S. branches of Mayo river. Pop. 7335. Its chief town, Martinsville, is 135 m.W.S.W. of Richmond. Henry, a county of Kentucky; boundcJ on tlie N.\V. by the Oliio, and on the E. liy Kcntncky river. Pop. 10,015. Newcastlu, its chief town, is 26 miles N.W. of Frank- fiit. Henry, is also tho name of a county in Alalianiu; h(iundeital, Morison. Pop. 1260. Also a county in Iowa. Capital, Mount Pleasant. Pop. in 1840, 3772. Also a county in Missouri, watered by the Grand river O.Mgc. Cajiital, Clinton. Pop. 4726. Henry, Cape, the t »utli cape of Virginia, at tho entrance of Chesapeake bay. Long. 76. 21. W. lat. 36. 57. N. Hei'peniieim, a town of Germany, in tho circle of Lower Rhine; situate ,400 acres, and is divided into 11 hundreds, and 221 parishes. It has one city, Hereford, two boroughs, Hereford and Leominster, and seven market towns, Leo- minster, Iloss, Weobly, Ledbury, Kington, Broomyivrd, and Pembridge, and sends seven members to purliamenti two for the city of Htreford, two for the borough of Leominster, and three for tlie county. Herefordshire is al- most entirely an agricultural county. About nine-tenths of the land are in a state of culti- vation, and it excels in almost every depart- ment of husbandry. The face of the county is rich &H.I picturesque, the climate is mild, and the soil is extremely fertile, which arises from the subsoil of limestone on which it rests. Hops are cultivated, and the apples producing the cider for which Ilcrefordshire is celebrated, grow in greater plenty than in any other county, lied and yellow ochres are often met with; fullers' earth is dug near Stoke, and on the borders of Gloucestershire iron ore is found. It is watered by several streams, the chief of which are the Wye, the Monnow, and the Liigg. Before the invasion of the Romans, Herefordshire was inhabited by the Silures, a brave people, who long checked the progress of the Roman arms; but being at last overcome, they retired into the fast- nesses of Wales. It was a part of Mercia, one of the kingdoms of the Saxon Heptar- chy. Hkreford, an ancient city, and chief town of Herefordshire; seated on the N. bank of the Wye, over which there is a stone bri<1go of six arches. It has manufactures of gloves, flannels, and hats. It was anciently defended by a castle, which is now icstroyed, and only- part of the walls remain. It has six parishes, and four churches, the principal of which is the cathedral, a largo and venerable struc- ture; and there are several places of worship fur dissenters. . It has also an infirmary, a county gaol, a house of correction, a lun'ntic I asylum, and a free grammar srihool. The city ii in general well built, the streets wide, I and tbn environs diilightfiil. It is governed by a mayor, six a'.derinvi), a common council of .31, a high steward, and a recorder. It semU two members to parliament. Ilcre- foril, from its situation on the borders of Wales, suffered much from the wars between that country and England, and, in later times, from the contests between the houses of York and Lancaster, and the civil broils in the time of Charles I. It has six fairs, and a market every Wednesday and Saturday. It is 1 35 miles W.N.W. of London, and 30 N.W. of Gloucester. Hekentiial!<, a town of Belgium, in Bra- bant, on the river Nethe; 20 miles N.E. of Louviiin. Herford, or Herfordrk, a town of Prus- sia, in Westphalia. It has a trade in ale and linen. It is seated on the Wcrra, at thu influx of the Aa; 20 miles S.W. of Minden, and 1 1 miles E.N.E. of Ravcnsburg. Pop. 6852. Hericourt, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Saone; 15 miles S.E. of Lure, and 27 E. of Vesoul. Herjadalen, a district on the N. of Swe- den, now included in Gcfleborgstsen, and bounded on the W. by Norway, and N. by Jamptland. It consists of an extensive val- ley, watered by the Ljusna and Ljunga. It is mostly covered with wood, and abounds in cattle, game an 1 fish. Territorial extent, 3200 square miles, wi..h a population of only 4U00. Herinnes, a town of South Brabant, with 3300 inhabitants; 17 miles S.W. of Brussels. Hbrisac, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Appenzcl, with manufactures of fine linen and muslin; t#iat of silk has been recently introiluccd; 12 miles N.W. of Ap- peiizel, and 8 S.W. of St. Gall. Pop. about 2200, but with the surrounding commune, 7000. Hrriura, atownof Ilindostan.in Mysore; seated on the Vedawati; 22 miles W.N.W. of Sera. Heukiher, a town of New York, chief of a county of the same name; situated on the North side of Mohawk river; 81 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Population of the county, 55,869 ; of the town, ^369. Hermanbtadt, a strong city of Transyl- vania, and a bishop's see. It has a large church, built by Maria Theresa, with a globe and steeple not easily described. In the great square is the house of the governor, in the best German style, containing many good pictures. It is seated on the Szeben; 230 miles E.S.E. of Budu, and 67 S.S.E. of Co- losvar. Pop. in 1838, 18,337. Herhsoorf, two large villages of Silesia, the one 38 miles N. by W. of Breslau, and the other 40 m. W. by S. of the same place. Hermstadt, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Woliiu, on the river Bartch; 10 miles N.W. of Trachenberg, and 38 N. by W of Breslau. Hbamunu, or Helmuhd, a river of Central HER 42 C HES Asia, province uf Aft^hanistan, Ctibool. It is furUublc during the Huniiner, hut in winter !>»• comcH a cunHideruble river, liulf a mile broinl. It Hows into the Sea ot Zcrru, al'tur a W. courHc of 350 miles. Hernani, a town of Spain in Guipuxcoa, under a fortified hill on the Uruinua. Here the Spanish Legion, under General Evans!, was repulsed, Au^;. 29, 1835, and defeated on the same ground, March 16, 1837. Population about 2500. IIerne Bat, a bamUt in the parish of Heme, county of Kent, at the mouth of the river Thames, which has arisen, in a few years, to be an attractive waterin;;-plaRO. A pier was erected in 1831, upwards of 3000 feet in length; and other accommodations, requiKitefor a con8i(lcriil)Ie population, have sprung up with great rapidity. It is connected wiih Okuterbury and London by a railway. Hkrngrund, or Hekuenguuno, a tD.vu of Upper Hungary; seated among moun- tains with rich mine.'', of copper; 28 miles N. by E. of Schcmuitz, and 4 miles N.N.W. of Ncushol. Hernhut, a village in Lusatia; 12 miles N.N.W. of Zittau. It was founded in 1722, by some persecuted Moravian brethren, in the fields belonging to Count Zinzendorf, whom they considered as their bishop and father, and they were for some time called Hurnhutter8,as this place continued their prin- cipal nursery. HtRNOSAND, a seaport of Sweden, in An- gcrmania; situated on an island in the Gulf of Bothnia, which is joined to the continent by a bridge. It was formerly a staple town, and has still a considerable trade in linen. In 1710, 1714, and 1721, it was burned by the Kussians. It is 240 milos N. by W. of Stock- holm. Long. 17. 53. E. lat. 62. 38. N. Hernosanu is also the name of an exten- sive government of Sweden, of which the preceding is the capital ; comprising the pro- vinces of Angcrmannland, Jamptland, and Medelpad, containing 18,000 square miles, with only 100,000 inhabitants. Hero, North and South, two islands in Lake Ghamplain, North America. Hekstal, or Heriptal, a to'./n of Bel- gium, in Liege; seated on the Maesc; 4 miles N. of Liego. Pop. 4750. Hertfordshire, an interior county of England, extending, in a north-easterly di- rection, about 32 miles in length, and 16 in mean breadth; bounded on the 8. by Mid- dlesex, E. by Essex, N. by Cambridge and Bedford, and W. by Buckingham, and part I f Bedford. It contains 400,370 acres, is di- vided into eight hundreds, 134 parishes, and has 19 market towns, the chief of which are St. Albans, Hertford, Ware, and lloyston. It sends seven members to parliament, three for the county and two for each of the two bo- roughs. The N. part is hilly, forming a scat- tered part of the chalky ridge, which slopes towards London. A number of clear streams take their rise from the S. side. Flint stones are scattered in great profu.sion over the face of this county, and beds of chalk are fro* quently to be met with. The soil, however, with the aid of proper culture, is favourable to wheat and barley, which come to as great perfection here, as in any part of the king- dom. The W. part is, in general, a tolerably rich soil, and under excellent cultivation. The principal rivers are the Lea, Stort, and Coin, and the artificial one called the New Rivur. The grand Junction Canal passes through the S. extremity of the county. The Northern a.id Eastern railway intersects the county Corn is the principal object ci' agriculture, and a great tr.nle in malt is ci>rried on. Tim manufactures are inconsiderable. Hertford, a borough, and the capital s,'IiiE, also a name applied to the Muttcitwan or Fislikill mountains in the otate of New York. They are a branch of the Alloghunics, of 1000 to 1685 ft. elevation, and the passage through them on the Hud- son, is grand and picturesque. UiGiiwouTii, a town in Wiltshire; 74 miles W. by N. from London ; situated near tho vale of White-horse. HiuiiEY, a city on the E. part of the island of St. Domingo; formerly of some impor- tance, hut now greatly decayed. It is situated on a river of the same name; 90 miles £. by N. of St. Domingo. IIijKLLEE, the chief town of a district of the same n.une in Bengal; seated on an is- land near the western bank of the river Hoogly, near its mouth. It has an extensive salt manufactory. Lat. 21. 51. N. and long. 88. 7. HiLBURaiiAusEK, atown of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Coburg. It is subject to the Duke of Saxe-Hilbtirghausen, who has a palace here: it is seated ou tho Wcrra; 20 miles N.N.VV. of Coburg. HiLDEsiiEiH, a city of Hanover; capital of a principdity of th same name. It was lately an imperial city, and a bishop's see. It is divided into the Old and New town : it is sea- ted on the Irneste; pop. 15,000; 2U miles S.l'i. of Hanover. i IiLLAii. See Helleh. HiLi.BBOROuoii, a countj of tho United States of North America, in New Hampshire, bordering on Massachusetts. Pop. 53,884. Hillsborough, the chief town of Orange county, North Carolina; 41 miles N.W. of Raleigh. It is also the name of several town- ships. UiLLSBOROCoii, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down; 20 mileo S.W. of Belfast. HiMMJiLEii, Himalaya, or Sv jwy Moun- tains, a vast chain of mountains, extending from the 73rd degree of E. long, to the bor- ders of China, and separating Hindostan from Tibet and Tartary. They are the Imaus and Ernodna of tha ancients, and contain the loftiest peaks in tho world. The highest points are, Mt. Everest, 29,005 ft. ; Kanchinjingn, 28,156 ft.; Dhawalagiri, 27,000 ft.; Jum- uautri, 25,500 ft.; the Letghur peak, 24,261 ft., ami several above 22,(t()0 ft. 'I'he nCiieral formation of them is gneiss. IliNc'iiiNuuooK Isle, an island on tho VV coast of America, in Prince William's Sound Lat. 60. 24. N. long. 145. 36. to 146. 10. W HiNCiiiNBitooK Isi.E, one of the New He- brides, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 38. E. lat. 17. 2.5. S. Hinckley, u town in Leicestershire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Mon- day. It has a large church, with u lofty spire; and had formerly a castle and wails, traces of which are fUU to bo seen. Here is a considerable manufacture of common stock- ings, thread, and worsted. It is seated on an eminence; 12 miles S.W. of Leicester, and 90 N.N.W. of London. IIim>eloi>£N, a town of the Netljerlands, in Fne:ly, the iia- liiil>8 uf Oiulo and Arcot, anW. rrnrinm . Ui-4lrii!ts ol' n-Ulch tho popuUdunl U doubtful J M.UIIIA.4 „._ DUMIIAY „ M.. UuubtlVil UUtiloU ..M „....,... Total, BBITiail IHDIA... ArcA ■q. niiU'S. no,3i2 85,;oo Ul,023 ft'J,>3S I'ttpul.ittun. tn,9a eu,;io,o'i I3,50f),.V-U 0,170, lii But according to an estimate upon whicli coiisiiicrable dependence may be placed, the folio ing amounts have been a "ccrtained for tiic North Western Provinces of Bengal. Districts. No. of tna. and villa. «|. III. ">■'"•■ Top. In 1M7. Inhab. toiq. m. r> ihi 3,1)74 8,77i» u.ssa 7,M» 10,23* 3*,-)65 8,874 5.ni.M.W 7,710 6.M2,8.')9 8,883, 7.i>2ii,lM 6,S« 6,71l7,i4,U8 l.-tlS-fSl 3,7.'>.>,0l8 2.H.V..4;l4 X,44«,S.Vi 6,3110,970 R7.f Sfivn 422.7 414 3 273.7 483.7 Ml'.TUt ItoliUcund , Allitliabad .... 1 UtmArc««...... 77,303 .'il,a6l 4:1,937,002 19,733,742 SSO.i The foregm« brrun) thocnn-i i{\Wy\ III S.*ititlu Uttil uc(-it|>iiUoii:' ul* l.iiliura 1 Hciuiio Laliuro m.m ft'jti,.i23 ;3...iin.niia 1 lO^DOO 9.no^.(MO 2,.VIO,UU0 3, .00,000 I.HOO.OflO 3,.'illll,(IOO 14,200,000 •aHoo 3','J(K) 3J,1M Omio Myiinre, Travmicoro, iind Cochin ... 33,Mn,000 Tolnl. lUi fiirtn, BritUli liiiliiinl sutui _..M.. / Sclndia _ .Vupiiul « ... 107,000,000 4 J, 400 63,' W) s..v)o,ooo l.-VK^OUO 1,U(XI,U00 Total nonilnnlly tndiipondvnt ... 8,000,000 Total area and population of India 1,241,4S3 113,000,000 The greater proportion of tho Hindoo population are idolaters, and are divided into three great sects: the first worship the triad, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva; the second are the followers of Boodii, whoso principal tenet is tho doctrine of transmigration; tiie Jains are the third, who chiefly worship Pa- riswanath; tho other class of inlmbitants are Mahometans, of whom there are about the eighth part of the number Hindoos. To give an idea of the modern revolutions in th« empire of Hindosttin, it is proper to observe, tliat from a pure Hindoo government, it be- came, at lust, a Mahometan state, and conti- nued to be so, under various dynasties, till the beginning of the 18tb century. The first irruption of the Mahometans was in the year 1000. From this period the provinces of Hindostan were held rather as tributary king- d')ms, tiian as provinces of the same empire; and the conquest of the Deccan, in particu- lar, was f'^;- ages an object of considerable importance to the emperors. In 1389, the Mogul Tartars, under the conduct of Timur, or Tamerlane, invaded Hindostan ; but the conquest of the country was not eit'ected till 1525, by Sultan Babcr, one of his descend- ants, who, from this circumstance, was the founder of tho Mogul dynasty; and hcnco Hindostan has been called the Mogul empire, and its chief, the Great Mogul. Tiic illus- trious Acbar, his son, failed in his attack upon the Deccan; an attempt in which many of his successors were equally unfortunate, and which tended, in the sequel, to the de- cline and dissolution of the empire. In 1615, '•mperor Jehanguire, his son, received Sir Thomas lioe, as the first English ambassador, and the Portuguese had by this time acquired considerable settlements in Bengal and Gu- zerat. In the reign of his grandson Arung- zebe, which lasted from 1660 to 1707, the empire attained its full extent; his authority reached from 10 to 85 degrees in lat., and nearly as much in long., and hid revenue ex* 1 TUN 4a<> II IN eoedod 33,000,00n/. sterling. But in thu course of 50 ycftrs ufter his death, a succcs- •ion of wuiik prinues and wicked ministerx reduced tliis astonishing empire to very nar- row limits, and deprived it of all its power and splendour. In consequence of the in- trigues of the Nizam of the Deccan, Nadir Sluih, the Persian usurper, invaded Hindos- tiin in 1738. In the reign of Achmcd Shah, successor of Mahomed Shah, the entire divi- sion of the empire took place; nothing re- maining to the house of Tamerlane, but the city and small territory of Delia. The last imperial army was defeated by the llo- hillas, in 1749. The Jats, a Hindoo tril)c, founded a state in Agra; Oude was seized by Mahomed Kooli, and the Mahrattas, beside their ancient domains in the Deccan, ob- tained great part of Malwa, Guzcrat, Bcrnr, and Orissa. The Mogul empire was now become nearly nominal; and the emperorss, from this period, must be regarded as of no political consequence, otherwise than us th'^lr names and persons were made use of, by ditfcrent parties, to promote their own views; for the name and person of the em- peror retains a considerable degree of vene- ration among the bulk of the people of Hin- dostan. Achmcd was deposed in 1753, and his successor was deposed and murdered in 1760. He was succeeded, however, by his son Shah Alum, who was alternately depen- dent on the contending powers, and more particularly upon the English, who obtained from him a grant of the provinces of Bengal, Bahir, Orissa, and the Circars. This prince died in 1806, and was succeeded by his se- cond son, Achar Shah. The Mahometans, or Mussulmans, whom the English impro- perly call Moors, are represented to bo of a detestable character. The Hindoos, or Gcn- toos, are of a black complexion ; their hair is long, their persons straight and elegant, and their countenance open and pleasant. They differ materially from all other nations, by being divided into tribes or castes. The four principal tribes are the Brahmins, Sol- diers, Labourers, and Mechanics; and these are subdivided into a multiplicity of inferior distinctions. There arc Brahmins of various degrees of excellence, who have the care of religion allotted to them, and are held sacred by the rest; some of these acknow- ledge the errors that have crept into their religion, own one Supreme Being, and laugh at the idolatry of the multitude, but insist upon the necessity of working upon the weak- nesses of the vulgar; yet the generality of them are as ignorant as the laity. Such us are not engaged in worldly pursuits are a very superstitious, innocent people, who pro- mote charity as much as they can, both to man and beast; but those who engage in the world are generally the worst of all the Gen- tnos; but, persuaded that the waters of the Ganges will purify them from their sins, and being exempt from the utmost rigour of the courts ofjustice (under the Gentoo govcrn- mentt), they run into much greater exressei. A large number of the natives were eclisted OH soldiers in the service of the late East India Company ; they wee called sepoys, or fcpahis, and were clothed and discipUncil in the European manner. But since the mutiny, which broke up the native army in Bengal in 1857-8, the number of sepoys in that presidency has been reduced to a mini- mum, though in the others they are still re- tained. But the East Indian army being now amalgamated with the Queen's, greater pre- cautions are taken against the native truo|)S having the ascendancy. Acting in concert with European soldiers, and commanded by European oflicers, the scioys have generally been found brave, faithful, and effective. The labourers include farmer^<, and all who culti- vate the land. The mechanics include mer- chants, bankers, and nil who fallow any trade ; these again are subdivided into each profes- sion. Beside these are the Hallachores, who cannot be called a tribe, being rather the re- fuse of all the tribes. They are a set of un- happy wretches, who perform all the vilest oHices of life, bury the dead, and carry away eveiy thing that is polluted. All the different tribes are kept distinct from each othei by insurmountable barriers: they are forbidden to intermarry, to cohabit, to eat with eueli other, or even to drink ont of the same ves- sel with one of another tribe. Every devia- tion from these points subjects them to be re- jected by their tribe, renders them polluted for ever, and obliges them, from that instant, to herd with the Hallachores. The members of each caste adhere invariably to the pro- fession of their forefathers; from generation to generation the same families have followed, and still continue to follow, one uniform manner of life. To this may be ascribed that high degree of perfection conspicuoug in many of the Indian manufactures; and also that striking peculiarity in ihe state ot Hindostan, the permanence of its institutions, and the immutabiiity in the manners of the inhabitants. The Hindoos vie with the Chi- nese in respect to the antiquity of their nation. Their institutions of religion form a complete system of superstition, upheld l)V everything which can excite the reverence of the people. The temples consecrated to their deities are magnificent; their religious ceremonies splendid; and the absolute do- minion which the Brahmins have obtained over the minds of the people is supported bv the command of the immense revenues with which the liberality of princes, and the zeal of pilgrims and devotees, have enriched the:r pagodas. The dominion of religion extends to a thousand particulars which, in other countries, are governed by the civil laws, or by taste, custom, and fashion. Their drew, their food, the common intercourses of hfiS their marriages and professions, are all under the iui isdiction of religion. The food of the HIN 4fll HIB ) govcrn- excessex. e eslisted lato East d Bepoys, liRcipUncil since tlie re army in ' sepoys in to a inini- ire still ro- being now renter pre- itive troops in concert manded liy c generally jciive. Tiie I who culti- iclude mer- f any traect, and never approach him without kneeling, and touch- ing the earth with their forehead. The nobles are on a familiar footing with the king, an-i must be cimsultcd on many occasions. The natives are in general tall, robust, and well made; they have long black hair, piercing cye-i, and are of a colour between olive and black. They profess Mahomedism; but the native African worship of fetiches is still very j)reva!cnt. They are courteous and hos- pitable, and all shipwrecked mariners have liccn received with the greatest kindness. The pine apples are most delicious, and the other fruits are excellent. Yams and sweet potatoes are in abundance; also goats and poultry. The bullocks arc of a moderate size, and are excellent food. This island is oft( n frequented by Europeans, and particu- larl/ by English vessels, for the sake of pro- curing water and provisions. The commo- dities in demand are arms, toys, looking- glasses, shirts, and blue and red cloth. Sal- tam is the capital. Long. 41.30. E. lat. IS. 54. S. Hiooo, a port on the south side of Niphon island, Japan, to be opened to Europeans on January 1, 1863. It will probably be the principal port for European trade in the empire. lIiKSCiinEno, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Jauer; famous for its mineral baths. In the neighbourhood are extensive bleaching grounds; and, next to Breslau, it is the most considerable trading town in Silesia. It is seated on the Bober; 23 miles S.W. of Jauer. Pop. 7000. HiRSCiiFEi.D,a town of Germany, in Ileaae Casscl; capital of a principality of the same name, depending on a famous abbey, which was secularized in farour of the house of Hesse Cassel. It is seated on the Fulda; 34 miles S. by E. of Cassel. Pop. 6450. Long. 9. 42. E. lat. SO. 50. N. HiKSCiiOLM, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, with a castle; 12 miles N. of Copenhagen. HiRSOiioRN, a town of Hesse Darmsbidt, V I uou 432 HOO with arAHtIc, Rented on the Nfeckar} 7 iniluH E. of Hciilclburjj. lIiSHANiuiA. iSe« DoMiNUO, St. llissAn, it town of llinJoiitiin, in tlic coun- try of Dellii; capital of a diatrict of ilicsuinu niiuie; Rciitvd nonr tho rircr Siirsoory; 112 miles W.N.VV. of Doliii. Long. 75.40. K. lut. an. !i. N. Hit, utown of Syria, near wliich is a spring of nnplithii and bitumen. It stands on a river of the Hiinicnamc, which soon after joins tliu Euphrates; 100 miles \V. by 8. of Bagdad. lIiTCiiiN, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Tuesday, and a great trade in malt. It has a handsome parish church, and several meeting-houses; 15 miles N.N.W. of Hert- ford, anil 34 N.W. of London. IIoAi-KiNO, a city of China, of the first rank, in llo-niin ; 320 miles S.W. of Pckin. Long. 112.34. K. lat. 35.6. N. HoAi-MOAN-F()0,a city of China, of tho first rank, in Kiang-nan. It is seated in a marsh, and enclosed by a triple wall. Tho suburbs extend to the distance of a league on cacii fsiile of a canal, and form, at their extremity, a kind of port on tho Hoang- ho. The canal, l)oing above the level of tho city, occasions IK rpetualdangerofinundation, 5I5ni. S.S.E. of I'ekin. Long. 118. 47. E. lat. 53. 30. N. HoANO-iio, a large river of Asia, also called •.'.How river, from the quantity of clay 1 it devolves. Its sources arc two hikes ;,c among tho mountains of that part of Turiary known by the ninr'O of Kokonor, in about 35. N. lat. It pursues a N.E. direction to about 42. N. lat.; and, after running due E., it suddenly bends S., penetrating China to a latitude nearly parallel to its source; and tlicn it pursues an easterly direction till it enters the Eastern Ocean, 100 miles to the N. of the mouth of tho Kian-ku. The length of its course is estimated at 2000 miles; nt 70 miles from the sea, where it is crossed liy the Great Canal, the breadth is little more than a mile; but it is so rapid and shallow as to be scarcely navigable. HoBART-TowN, or HoBARTox, the capital of Van Dicnien's Land, in Buckingham county. It is seated near the mouth of the river t)erwent, which is here about 2 miles wide. The city is about 1^ mile square; seated at the foot of Mount Wellington, wliich is 3750 foot high. Tho streets are straight, and cross each other at right angles, and have a number of handsome houses. The public buildings are numerous, and some of them are handsouic. Tho govemmenc-house is near tho harbour, or Sullivan's Cove; it is an irregular building, without architectural pretensions. The other principal buildings are the court-house, church, colonial hospital, barracks, &e. The view of the city, &c., from the harbour is magnificent, and the trade is prosperous. Population about 11,000 or 12,000. See the Appendix. Lat. 42. 5C. S.. long. 147. 27. E. HoDOKBN, a village of New Jersey, on the W. bank of the Hudson river, opposite to New York, to whieh it is connected by 3 hteam ferries. Its grounds called the Elysian Fields are beautifully laid out, and iiiueh fVo<|Ucntcd in the huinmer. llociiBEKO, acnstlu of Baden; situate on u inounta'ii; 2 miles N.E. of Emmcddingeii. HociiiiKiM, n ti>wn of Central Germany, ill the duehy of Nassau; surrounded by vine- yards, and famous for its wine called Hock; ■|5 miles S.W. from Frankfort. Top. 1910. HocusT, n town of Germany, in Nassau, with an extensive tobacco manufacture; seated on the Maine; 6 miles W. of Frank- fort, uud 17 N.E. of Mcntz. IIooiisTADT, a town and castle of Bavaria, famous for a signal victory gained near it by tlie Duke of Marlborough in 1704, and which the English call the battle of Blenheim, from a village three miles S.W. of this place. It i* seated on the Danube; 17 miles S.W. of Donawert. HuciisTAT, a town and castle of Bavarian Franconin, in the principality of Baml tk; on the river Aidch; 23 miles S.S.W.of Ham- berg. HocKiiocKiNO, a town of the U. S., Ohio, in the county of Fairfield. Pop. 3079. HoDDBSDON, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Thursday; seated near the river Lea; 4 miles S.E. of 'Hertford, and 17 K. by E. of London. Hoi>KiDA, a to\vn of Arabia, in Yemen, with a harbour for small vessels, on the lied sea; 90 miles N.N.W. of Mocha. Long. 4.3. 30. E. lat. 14. 10. N. IIoEi-TCHEOu, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kinng-nan ; famous for its tea, var- nish, and japanned work; 625 m. S. of Pckin. HoEi-TCiiEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in Qiiang-ton; I'oiO miles S. of Pekin, HoEREi.M. See Heckelum. HoFP, a town of Bavaria, in the principa- lity of Bayreuth, with manufactures of cotton, linen, and fine paper. The adjacent country has quarries of excellent marble. It stands on tho Saale; 32 miles N.N.E. of Bayrcntti. Hoff, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, with a great trade in wool; 23 railcJ N.E. of Olmutz. Hoo Island, one of the smaller Shetland islands, near the E. coast of the mainland. Hoo IsLANo is also the name of several other islands. One in Pamtico Sound, near the coast of North Carolina; long. 76. 36. W. lat. 34. 56. N. On the east side of Lake Champlain; 9 miles long, and about 3 broad. Near the coast of Virginia; lonp. 75. 42. W. lat. 37. 30. N. In Rhode Island, in Naraganset bay; 2 miles in circumference. In the Eastern sea, near the coast of Pa'*' wan; long. 11.36. E. lat. 10. 18. N. IntM Eastern sea, 40 miles in length, and 3 "> breadth; 60 miles W. of Sumatra; long. 95. 50. E. lat. 2. 30. N. In the Eastern Ka, lying off the N.F* extremity of Java; ^ miles in circumference; long. 114. SS.&l'* IIOL 438 HOL oppfiftilo to loctc'l by 3 I the KlvHimi , anU niUL'li I ; gituutc on imcdilintfuii. Ill Gcrmiuiy, idetl by vine- ciillcd Hock; Pop. 19U). f, in Nassau, Tinnufiicturc ; ^V. of Frank- lo of Bavaria, icd neiir it hv 04, and wliicn lenheim, from ;his place. It miles S.W. of lo of Bavarian of Bamlj ^re; .SAV.of Ham- he U. S., Ohio, op. 3079. tfordshirc, with d near tlie river 1, and 17 N. by bia, in Yemen, 3cl8, on tlie Ucd chiu Long. Vi. hina, of the first for its tea, var- 5m.S.ofPckin. hina, of the first lilesS-ofPekm. |UM. in the principa- ictures of cotton, idiacent country ,rble. It stand' .E. of Bayreuth. in the circle ot wool; 23 miles Laller Shetland Ftlio mainland, name of several Itico Sound, near Ina; lo^^g- !«• '*} Tthe east side o long, and abo«« Lf Virginia? lonp- lln Rhode Island, lineireumfeg^- ^le coast of /«'* Ilength. and 3 m lumatra; long'*' Ithe Eastern «e^ Ing. li*-''''" 7. 5. S. In the Eiutorn sen, near the W. coaot of Saleyor; 15 miles in lcn(;th, and 6 in breadth; lo.ig. 120.45. E. lat. 6. 12. S. On the W. const of [tidia, not f.kr from Pigeon Island; long. 74.36. E. Int. )4. 2. N. IIoo Islands, a cluster of smnll island.* near the S.W. const of Ireland, and county of Kerry, butwccn BuUiiiaskulling bny and the month of IConmaro river; 4 miles from II(ii;'.s Head. HooHTON, a township :n Lcyland parish, 5 miles W.S.\V. of Prorton. Here are the ruins of lloghton Tower, where James I. was enturtuiiicd by Sir Gilbert Hoghton with great hospitality. MoQDE, Capb La, the N.W. point of Nor- mniiiiy, near which Admiral Ruuko burnt 13 French men-of-war in 1692. Long. 1.52. W. lat. 49. 45. N. lIoiiENnERo, an ancient ca.«t1e of Suabin, in a connty of its name, now belonging to Wirtumberi;; situate near tho source of the Ncckar; 10 miles S.E. of Sothwcll. HonESi.iNDEK, a town of Bavaria, ncnr which the French gained a great victory over tlie Austriuns in 1800. It is 22 miles E. of Munich. HouENLonE, or Hoi.Acn, a district of Franconio, abounding in wino, corn, wood, anil cattle. It now belongs to the kingdom of Wirtcmberg. 1'ho castle of its ancient counts stood close by the villnj^o of Holach, ncnr UHenheim. The chief town is Ohriiigcn. HoHENMAUT, a towu of Bohemia, on the river Meytn; 13 miles E. of Chruddin. lIoUExsTEiN, an ancient castle of Saxony; situate on a mountnin, ut the foot of which is the village of Ncustadt; 5 miles N.N.E. of Nordhauscn. IIoHKNTWiEL, a fortress of Wirtcmberg, surrnuiidcd by the county of Nullcnburg. Its fortifications were destroyed by the Frcich in 1800. It stands on a mountuin; 9 miles E.N.K.ofSchnfriiau8en. HonENzoi-LERN, a town of Germany, in a principality of the same name, with a castle on a mountain, the sent of tho ancient counts of Ilolienzollern. It is seated on a branch of the Ncckar; 16 miles S. by W. of Tubin- gen. Lonj,'. 9. 8. E. lat. 48. 28. N. IIoiiNSTEiw, a town of Saxony, on the river Mulila; 1 1 miles N.E. of Zwickau. _ llo-KiE.<, a city of China, of the first ronk, "1 the pn vincc of Pe-tcheli; situate between two rivers; 85 miles S. of Pckin. Long. 116. 23. E. lat. 38. 40. N. IIoLA, a town of Iceland, and a bishop's 'ee; at the mouth of a river, on the N. coast. L^mg. 19. 20. W. lat. 65. 40. N. IIouiEAcn, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday, and aconsiderabletrnde m corn and wool ; 12 miles S. by E. of Boston, »"<1 105 N. by E. of London. HoLnECK, a seaport of Denmark, in the is- '*".d of Zealand, with a good harbour, from wnich great quantities of corn are annually 5.tported; 30 miles W. of Copenhagen. HoLDSwoRTiir, a town in DoTonshlrp with a market on Saturday; seated near the canal from Bude Harbour; between (wo branches of tho Tnmar; 43 miles W. by N of Kxcter, and 214 W. by S. of London. Hor.KAit's Ti':ui tlio 13th i-unturv it bucamo 8Ui>Jcct tu tiic lIoiiMO of Burgundy; it piisHcd uitv.- wanls to AuNtriii; and, nntiily, joined tiie otlicr provincus tinit declared for indcpcn* dencc. On tlio invasion of Holland by tliu French, in tbc beginning of 1795, the Htadi- holder with his family tookrcfugo in England. Holland was subKuciucntly under various forms of French domination. At length tho people becuino weary of this connexion. Tho events of 1813 had weakened the power that bound them; the people roso; t!' ir fetters wore broken; and " Orango boven," (up with tho House of Orange,^ resounded through the country. A provisional government was formcil at Amsterdam, on the 18th of No- vember. William Frederick, of Nassau and Orange, landed from England at the close of the same month, entered Amsterdam in the 2nd of Deecnibcr, and was proclaimed Sovereign Prince of the United Netherlands, on the luUowing day. By the act of con- gress, signed at Vicuna on tho Sl.st May, 18 in, the seventeen provinces of the Nether- lands, which hud formerly bc.n subject to the dukes of Burgundy, were re united under the Prince of Orange, as William I., king of tho Netherlands. See Netiikri.anus. Holland, a strong town of E. Prussia; Bcatctl near the river Weeskc; 14 miles iS.S.E. of Elbing. IIuLLAXD, New. See Austrama. HoLLiDATSBLHO, a town of Pennsylvania, on the Bcaver-dam-crcck. From a basin here, a railway passes over the Alleghany mountains by a scries of inclines to Johns- town 36J miles; 181 miles W.N.VV of Har- risburg. Population, 1896. Hoi.lopai.e, a river of Scotland, in the county of Sutlierlund, which rises in the mountains on the borders of Caithness, and flows N. into a bay of the North sea, forming, for several miles, in the latter part of its coursc.the boundary between the two counties. Hollywood, a town of Ireland, in tho county of Down; situate on Belfast Lough; 105 miles from Dublin. Holm Ccltkam, a town in Cumberland, simetimcs called Holm- Abbey, from tho ce- lebrated abbey that formerly stood here, the remains of which have been converted into the parish church. It is seated near the mouth of the Warer; 12 miles N. of Cockermouth, and 310 N.N.W. of London. Holmks, a county in the N.E. part of the state of Ohio. Capital, Millesburg; area, 422 square miles. Pop. 18,088. Also acounty in Mississippi, between the Yazod and Big Black rivers. Capital, Lexington. Area, 600 square miles. Pop. in 1840, 9452, in- cluding 5566 slaves. Holmes Hole, a seaport of Massachusetts, on tho N. side of Martha's Vineyard. Its har- bour is deep, spacious and safe, and is much . frequented; 89 miles S.S.E. of Boston. HuLMswonTiir, a town in Devonshire; seated between two brnnchcs of the river Tamar; 214 miles from London. lluLHTEnitoE, a town of Denmark, In North Jutland; situate on a shallow river which runs into tho North sen. Tl'.c |)rin- i ipal trade is in com, oxen, and horses. It is 24 miles W. of VVibtirg.und 68 N. of Ripen. HoLSTEiN, a duehy at the N. extremity of Germany, belonging to Denmark, 100 mili> long and 50 broad ; bounded N. by Slcswick, E. by the Baltic and tho duchy of Saxv- Lawenburg, S. by the duchies of Bremen iind Luneburg, and W. by the German Orenn. Its principal rivers are tho Elbe, the Eydi-r, and the Stor. It is a fruitful country, and well seated for trade, having some consider- able harbours, partieu) irly those of Ham- burg, Lubec, and Kiel , and from the latter is a canal to tho Kydcr, at Kensburg, by which theio is a free navigation from the Baltic to the German Ocean. The king of Denmark, as duke of Holstein, has a place in the Ger- manic diet, and in 1H34, he established in the duchy, as in the other provinces of thekin;;- dom, a provincial state, in which the laiul proprietors have representatives. This, thoujih defective, is a great concession from the ex- treme absoluteness of the Danish monarchy. Most serious disturbances and revolts Imve taken place in present times, against the power of the Danish king, who hos, it is con- tended, exercised regal power where he liiut only ducal authority in Holstein. Area, H'tOfl square miles. Population in 1845, 479,364. See Dbhuaue HoLBTON, a river of the United States, which rises in the Alleghany mountains, in Virginia, ond flows S.S.W. into tho State ol Tennessee, where it takes a more soutlierl.T course to Knoxville, and 35 miles below tiiat town is joined by the Clinch, when their united waters take the name of Tennessee. It is navigable for boats of 25 tons upwnrdi of 100 miles. On its banks are several iron- works; and tho adjacent country abounds with iron ore, and has sundry lead mines. Holt, a town in Denbighshire, North Wales; on tho river Dee. Holt, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, and an excellent free school, founded by Sir John Gresham. It is situate in a fertile district; 24 miles W.N.W. o( Norwich, and 1 19 N.E. of London. Holy Cross, a village in Ireland, county of Tipperary; on tho river Suir. Hero aro the ruins of a beautiful Cistercian abbey. Holy Island, an island on tho E. coast ol England; 8 miles S.E. of Berwick-upon- Tweed, but belonging to the county of Dur- ham. It is three miles long and two broad; the soil rocky and full of stones; and nt low water it is accessible bv horses and carriages. It has a town called Kilo, and a castle on » high rock, under which is a commodious hw- hour, defended by a blockhoii' ; On this » land ore considerable rem«'ns ir a tUM) 11 OL 435 UOS vonshiro; tlie river imnrk, In llow river The i>rin- lonc!!. It .of Ripen, itremity »( , 100 inilif y SlcHwick, ' of Siixi'- Ircmcn und lan Oceiin. the Kyiler, juntry, niul le coiisiiltT- of Hn">- jlio latter is ■p, by wliicli lie Bnltii- to )f Dcnmiuk, 1 in tlie Gcr- ilishetl ill the I of the kins- it'll tlic luiul Tliis,tlioHp:h from tlic ex- hIi monnrchv. , revolts liave , ogttiii'*' tlio hns, it is con- where he ha* n. Area, 3330 1845, 479,364. mnnutery, called riimlisruriic; and hero was aneiuntlv a bisliop'n Hce, remove' Aitli t!'o boilyof &t.Cuth>)crr,fir!)ttuChu(iter-lo-Strcet, and iifkerwiiriU to Durham. lIoLTiiBAO, a KMiport and cnpo of WalcR, in the isle of An);lc8oy. It haR lately rJNen iniu great importance an boinp^the chief point ol conimiinicution with Ireland, having bu- t(T!<«dcd Liverpool in convenience both of «rlK)ur und tliKtance; the voyn^jc across from ll')l}'hcad to Kini^ston orcnpyin(( little more tii:in six liours} wiiilu from Liverpool to Kin|;(8ttists, and Presbyterians. A fire hup- petied here in 1747, which consumed three- fourths of the town; and another in 1765, destroyed nearly 180 buildings. It is situated in a delightful vale, on the river Otter; 16 miles E. of Exeter. It sends two members to parliament. Market on Saturday. HooBLY, a town of Hindostan, in the Dcc- Can, province of Bc^apoor. It has long been a place of great trade and commerce. There are no public buildings worthy of notice; 13 miles S.W. of Darwar. Pop. in 1820, about 15,000. HoooHLT, a river of Hindostan, formed by the two westernmost branches of the Ganges, named the Cossimbazar and Jel- linghy, which unite at Nuddca. It flows by Hooghly, Chinsura, Chandernagore, and Cal- cutta to the bay of Bengal, and is the only branch of the Ganges that is commonly na vigated by ships. HooonLT, a town of Hindostan, in Ben- gal, possessing many vestiges of former great- ness. In the beginning of the 18th century it was the great mart of the export trade of Bengal to Europe, and though not of its former importance, it is still large and pros- perous. It occupies a commanding site, and a handsome Christian church is one of its most conspicuous buildings. It is seated on the river Hooghly; 23 miles N. of Calcutta. HooosTRATEN, a towu of Belgium, in Bra- bant; 15 miles N. of Herentalo. HooRN, a seaport of N. Holland, on the Zuyder Zee ; with manufactures of woollen cloths and carpets, and a considerable trade in aattie, butter, cheese, herrings, and other fish. It is 20 miles N.N.E. of Amsterdam Pop. 10,000. Hope, East, a village of Wales, in the county of Flint; contributory with Flint and Caergurle, in returning one member to par- liament. Here are the ruins of a castle. Hope, a parish in Derbyshire; 6 miles N.N.E. of Tideswellj with a market on Fri- day. It is a very picturesque place, and a great many Roman antiquities have been dis- covered, evidencing it as a Roman station. Hope, n village of the United States, in New Jersey. It is 20 miles N.E. of Easton. — Also a Moravian settlement of North Ca- rolina, in Surrey county. Hope, a river of the island of Jamaicn, which runs into the sea, 5 m. S. of Kingston. Hope Advance Bay, a bay in Hudson's strait; 100 miles W. of Cape Chidley. Hope Bay, a bay at the N.E. corner of Nootka Sound. Hope Cape, a cape of Hudson's bay, at the entrance of Repulse bay. Hope Islands, two small islands on the coast of New Holland. Lat. 15. 41. S. Hopkins, a county in the \V. part of Ken turky. Area, 750 square miles. Capitol, Madisonville. Hop. 9171. Hopkinton, a town of Massachusetts near the Boston and Worcester railroad, and the Blackstone canal. It has a mineral spring; 29 m. W.S.W. of Boston. Pop. 2245. Hopton and Cotton, a Liberty in ot Mary and St. Chad parish, Staffordshire; 3 miles N.E. of StaflTord. Here are the ruins of an acient priory j and on Hopton heath, now enclosed, a severe battle was fought m 1643 between the royal and the parlinmen- tar .' armies, both sides claiming the victo7 HOR 437 HOT ;e. Tliero notice; 13 820, about .n, formed 1C8 of ihe and Jel- It Hows by •c, and Cal- ls the only imonly na ;in, in Ben- irnier great- 8th century lort trade ol 1 not of its re and pros- ing site, and ,s one of its is seated on of Calcutta. ;ium, in Bra- iland, on the ;s of woollen derablc trade gs, and other ; Amsterdam Wales, in the vith Flint and lember to pat- if a castle. Ihirc; 6 miles larkct on Fri- , place, and a have been dis- ,nian station, ited States, in „. of Easton. o'( North Ca- of Jamaica, . of Kingston. y in Hudson's Cliidley. jj_lS. corner ot idson's bay, at Islands on the 15.41. S. »V.partofKec ■ailcs. CapiUil. Massachusetts, tor railroad, and lias » ""!!oS , Liberty m »^ Staffordshire; i •e are the ruiw Hopton heath, e was fouglit m the parliamen. king the victory tc re HoRAinAN, a to\^m of Persia, in the pro- vince of Farsi.staii ; 70 miles N. W. of Shiras. Houn, a town of Wirtcinburg, with a con- Bidcriililo trade in woolkn goous; seated on the Neckar; 21 miles W.S.W. of Tubingen. HoRKB, n mountain of Arabia Pctrea, a little to the W. of Mount Siiiai. Here are two or three fine springs, and a great num- ber of fiuit-trees. HoKN, a town of Austria, with a trade in beer made of oats; seated on tiie TifTer 48 miles W.N.W. of Vienna. Horn, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege; 3 miles W.N.W. of Rure- monde. IIohn, Cape, the southern extremity of S. America, forming part of Hermite island; on the coast of Terra del Fucgo. Long. 07. 30. \V. hit. 5.5.46. S. HuRN'Aciios, a town of Spain, in Estrema- dura, near the river Malachel ; 30 miles S.S.E.ofMcrida. HoRNBERO, a town of Baden, in the Black Forest, Avith a fortress on a mountain ; seated on the Gutlash; 12 miles N.W. of Kothwail. HoRNBUBG, a town of Prussian Saxony, ■ on the Use; 8 miles S. of Wolfenbuttcl. HoRNur, a small towii in Lancashire; si- tnated on the bank of the Wanning; 9 miles N.E. of Lancaster. The principal object of attraction is Hornby castle, erected, us it is 6U|)po8ed, by Nicholas de Mont Begons, soon after the Conquest. Here was formerly a weekly market on Friday, which has merged in the fair for cattle every alternate Tuesday. HoRNCASTLE, a towu in Lincolnshire; si- tuated in an angle formed by the confluence of the Bane and the Waring; with a market on Saturday. It was a Roman station, and part of the wall of the castle is still remain- ing. Here are a church, four meeting-houses, a dispensary, &c. It is 21 miles £. of Lia- coli), and 134 N. of London. HoRNiNO, a parish in Norfolk; 3 miles S.E. of North Walsham. Hero stood the once celebrated abbey of St. Bonnet's, at Holm; from which fact, the Bishop of Nor- wich takes the title of Abbot of St. Benedict. The chapel, now a bam, and part of the magnificent gateway still remain. HoHiNSEA, u town in East Yorkshire, nearly surrounded by an arm of the sea, and much resorted to during the bathing season. Near It is a mere, two miles long, and one broad, famous for its pike and eels. It is 16 miles N. of Hull, and 193 N. of London. HoRS8EY,a village in Middlesex; 5 miles from London. Here was anciently an epis- copal palace, and the manor has belonged to tiic see of London for many ages. lloRRT, a district of South Carolina, in the extrc.ic E. part of the state, and on the Police river; producing cotton and rice. Ca- pual,Coiiwaysboro*. Area, 1000 square miles. Pop. 5755 in 1840. HoRSENS, a seaijort of Denmark, in North Jutland, on the Cattegat, having manufac- tures of woollen goods, and a considerable trade. It is 20 miles S.S. W. of Arhusen. UuRSi'ORTB, a township in Yorkshire, with a manufacture of woollen. HoRsiiAM, a borough in Sussex. Alarkct on Saturday, noted for fine poultry. Here is the county gaol; and the si)ring assizes are held here. It returns one member to pailia- ment. It is seated on the Adur; 20 miles N.W. of Brighton, and 36 S. of London. HoRwiOH, a chapelry and populous manu- facturing village of Lancashire. 5 m. W.N.W. from Bolton. Pop. (^1851) 3,951. HosFiTAL, atowii of Ireland, in the county of Limerick. The ruins of a castle arc still visible, which was built on the site of a cum mandery of the Knights Hospitallers. HorspRiNOS, a village of IBath county, in the state of Virginia. Here arc some re- markable mineral springs, of a temperature of 1030 to 1060 of Fahrenheit, and also u hot and cold spring in juxtaposition. They are in a wild and picturesque county, and much fre- quented; 169 miles W.N.W. from Richmond. — Also the name of a village, capital of Hot- springs county, Arkansas; 6 miles N. of tho Wastita river. There are above 50 springs of a temperature varying from 110" to 150* of Fahrenheit. There are also chalybuato and sulphur springs in the region; 53 miles W. by S. of Little Rock. H0TTB»TT0T8, CoUNTRT OF THE, or HOT- TBNTOTiA, a large region in the S. extremity of Africa, extending N. from the Cape Colony, beyond the mouth of Orange river, and west- ward to about the meridian of 27. 30. which divides it from Caffraria. The Hottentots are as tall as most Europeans, but are more slender; and the characteristic mark of this nation is the smallness of their hands and feet, compared with the other parts of their body. Their skin is of a yellowish brown hue, resembling that of a European who haa the jaundice in a high degree. There are not such thick lips among the Hottentots as among their neighbours the negroes, the Caf- fres, and the Mozambiques; and their mouth is of the middling size, with tho finest set of teeth imaginable. Their hcuds are covered with hair more woolly, if possible, than that of the negroes. With respect to shape, car- riage, and every motion, their whole appear- ance indicates health and content. Tliey are excellent swimmers and divers, and practise bathing several times in the day. Tho wo- men braid or plait their hair as an additional elegance, and adorn themselves with neck- laces of shells. Both the men and women generally go bareheaded, and scMom wear any shoes. Both sexes wear rings on their arms and legs, chiefly made of thick leather straps, cut in a circular shape ; but rings of iron, cojiper, or brass, of the size of a goose- quill, are considered more genteel. Girls are not allowed to use any rings till they are marriageable. Their habitations are adapted to their wandcrng pabtoral life: they are HOT 438 II OU merdy ImU, resembling a roand beehive, from 18 to 24 feet in diameter, and so low, that a middle-sized man cannot stand upright in them. The fire-place is in tlie middle, and they sit or lie round it in a circle. The low door is the ouly place that admits the light, and the only outlet that is left for the smoke. The order of these iiuts, in a craal, or clun, is most frequently in the form of a circle, with the doors inward ; by whicli means a kiml of yard is formed, where tlie cattle are kept at night. From the atrocious system of indiscriminate slangliter practised toward them by their oppressors, the Dutch boors, or settlers, their numbers have been much reduced : they do not number more, at ])re- sent, than about 12,000. Their condition has also been much degraded, from their hardships. They are now considered to be admirably adapted for agricultural pursuits, and are found dispersed among the British colonists as menial servants. Their appear- ance has more of the Tartar than of the Afri- can race, and their language is very peculiar, differing from all other languages, in the sin- gular clucking sound in most of their words. They are now under the protection of the British government, and their condition is gradually ameliorating. Among the tribes inhabiting their territory is that of the Bosch- men, Bosjcsmans, or Bushmen, who lead a predatory life, and arc thought to be of the same stock as the CafFres. They differ from the Hottentots considerably in their stature and appearance: they are about 4 feet 6 in. to 4 feet 9 inches in height, and are perfectly black. Their principal town is Lattakoo, or Litakun, in lat. 27. lU. S. long. 24. 30. E. They excel the Caffres in their arts, and are accustomed to the chase from their earliest infancy; and acquire surprising dexterity in the use of the bow and poisoned arrow. They are governed by hereditary chiefs, who have but little authority. The other tribes are the Namaquas, Griquas, &c. In 1778, Lieuten- ant PatCi'son visited a Hottentot village, in Little Namaqna Land, in the N.W. part of the country! it consisted uf 10 huts, and about 150 inhabitants. The ensign of authority worn by their chief was a cnne, with a brass top, given to him by the Dutch East India Company. The Hottentots amused them, part of the night, with music and dancing; their visitors in return, treated them with tobacco and dacka, or hemp leaves, which they prefer even to tobacco. Their music was produced from flutes, made of the bark of trees, of different sizes. Another tribe of Hottentots, near the mouth of Orange river, were observed by Lieutenant Paterson, in his journey to the N.W. in 1 799. Their huts were loftier, and thatched with grass, and were furnished with stools made of the back- bones of the grampus. Their mode of living was in the highest degree wretched, and they were appaiently the most dirty of all the Hottentot tribes. Their dress was coinpo.icd of tiie skins of seals and j:ieka1s, the flesh of which they eat. Since these periods there have been many travellers in most parts of this region ; particularly Mr. Campbell, a missionary, who made f , large portion of the N.E. quarter of this territory known to Eu- ropeans; and, more recently, by Dr. Smith and others, in the N. ; and Sir J. Alexander, who travelled along the W, coast of Africa as far as Walvisch bay. To the E., and on the hanks of Orange river, is another tril)u, called Koras, who may be reckoned to rank higher than any of the other Hottentots known in the S. of Africa. Their features are of a superior cast; they are more cleanly in their appearance, and neater in their dress and do- mestic utensils; their huta are also con- structed with greater care, and with a view of being more durable. They seem to be a mixed breed, between the Hottentot and Caifre. The Hottentots, in general, are de- scribed as a mild, simple, affectionate, and inoffensive race; but extremely indolent in their habits, and limited in their faculties. But Christianity has been introduced throu^^a the exertions of the Moravians and other missionaries, who have endeavoured, with some degree of success, to ameliorate the condition even of some of the wilder tribes. Of the seventy species of antelo;;e enumerated by naturalists, 50 belong to Africa, and ncarlj 30 are found on the Karroos, or steppes uf this territory: they are principally gregari- ous, and are extremely cautious. Among tbe species are the spring-bok, which migrttcs in countless multitudes in search of pustur- age; the gems-bok, which has remarkably long sharp horns, and, when attacked by dogs, will sit on its hind quarters, and defend it- self; the koedo, an animal rathe larger than a deer, of a mouse-colour, with three white stripes over the back, and the male having very large twisted horns. Three species of the horse genus, the zebra, the dauw, and the quagga, are found on the arid plains; and the graceful zcrapha, or camelopard, is occasionally found in small herds, feeding on the prickly acacias of the desert. Lions aro abundant and formidable; the leopard and cheetah, the lynx, and the hyaena, prey on the numerous antelopes, and other animals. Among other species may be enumerated the rhinoceros, horse, domestic horned cattle, cemmon sheep, and a peculiar species of sheep covered with hair instead of wool. The hippopotamus, or river-horse, is fre- quently seen here. Among the birds are vul- tures, ostriches, (whose eggs are excellent food,) and the loxia, a species of gregaricoi bird. Among the insects are a species of termites, which do no injury to wood, as in the East Indies, but, by raising a number of hills, they impede the progress of vegetation. The black, or rock scorpion, is nearly as ve- nomous here as any of the serpent tribe, of which there are numerous kinds. UouAT. an island of France, betweenBell*' HOW 489 HUD isle anvithin a strong inner citadel, and the bridges which approach the city, are all paved with marble. The river is narrow at the en- trance, but is wide and imposing within, and a large fleet of galleys is maintained here. The neighbourhood of the capital is every- where in a high state of cultivation, with rice, mulberries, cotton, fruit, &c.,and thickly interspersed with villages, and is the only city in India, which has good roads, caimli and bridges in its vicinity. The royal mau- soleum is about 10 leagues N. of Hu(5, and is in grounds magnificently laid out. The population is uncertain. Lat. 16. 19. N. Long. 107. 12. E. HuELVA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the coast of the Atlantic, between the mouths of the Odiel and Tinto; 53 miles W. of Seville. IIuEN, or HvEEN, an island in the Baltic, with one scattered village; 3 miles from the coast of Sweden, and 9 miles S.S.E. of El- sinore. It is 6 miles in circumference, aiid was ceded by the Danes to the Swedes, in 1658. On it was Tyeho Brahc's observatory. Se.e Uraniburo. HuESCA, an old fortified town decayed and decaying, in the N. of Arragon, in Spain; situated in a plain on the Isuela. Its worki have gone into ruins, but it is still a bishop's see, has a university, two large schools, a cathedral, and 9000 inhabitants, with raanu- factiircs of cloth and leather. It is 30 milcJ N.E. of Saragossa. HuEscAR, a town of Spain, in Granada, with a castle; 42 miles N.E. of Guadix. HuESSEN, a town of Holland, in Gelder- land, seated on the Rhine; 7 miles N.E. of Nimeguen. 11 UL 441 II UN he northern HuETA. See Gdeta. lIuETiNBEua,a town of the Austrian states, in Cminthiu; 20 miles N.N.E. of Clftgenfurt. HuFFiNGEN, a town of Biulcn, in the prin- cipality of Furstenburg; 4 miles N.N.W. of Furstciiburg. IICQUE^BURO. See Catawihsa. Hull, or Kingston upon Hull, a bo- rough and seaport in East Yorkshire, with markets on Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday. The foundation of this town is now satisfac- torily proved to iiave been long anterior to the date commonly ascribed to it, viz. that of the period when Edward I. gave it the appellation of King's-Town-upon-HuU: its more ancient i mu was Wyke. " he prin- cipal streets are broad, well paved, a id lighted with gas. It is a county of itsell, governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve aldermen, &e.; and, including the parish of Sculcoutes, bus six churchtis, ten meeting houses for dissen- ters, and a Jews' synagcjgue. It was the first town that shut its gates against Charles I. The commerce of this place is consider- able, and it is deemed the fourth port in the kingdom. Besides its communicarion with the Yorkshire rivers and canals, it has access also to the Trent, and all its branches; and is connected with the grand chain of railways, by the Sclby and Leeds railways; so that it has the import and export trade of many of the nortlicru and midland counties. The fo- reign trade is chiefly to the Baltic ; but it was also one of the privileged ports for trading to the East Indies, and has traffic with the soutliern parts of Europe, and with Ame- rica. More ships are sent hence to Green- laud than from any other port, that of Lon- don excepted. The harbour is artificial; and here are docks for building and repairing sliips. Among the public buildings are the Trinity- house, for the relief of seamen and their widows, an armoury, a naval store- house, a custom-house, and an exchange. It is seated on the northern side of the Hum- ber, about 20 miles from its mouth, the town extending almost in a direct lino along the river Hull, and lying on a level tract of "• mnd, washed on two of its sides by the iiidl and the Humber. It is now well secured hm\ inundations, by embankments. It is 38 miles S. E., of York, and 171 N. of London. HoLLEDVpuHA, a town of Hindostan, in Cunara; seated in a plain of rice-ground to the E. of a considerable creek, which runs N. from the entrance into Ilonawera lake; 54 miles N, by W. of Kundapura. HuLPEN, a town of Belgium, in Brabant; 10 miles S.E. of Brussels. Hblst, a town of the Netherlands, in Dutch Brabant, strong by its situation and fortifications. It was shamefully surrendered to the French in 1747, and taken by them in 1794. It is seated on a plain, which may be overflowed, and on a canal that communi- cates with the Scheldt; 15 miles W.N.W. of Auiwerp. IIuLTSciiiN, a town of Silesia, near tho river Oppa, 13 miles E. of Troppau. HuMUEK, a river formed by the junction of tho Trent and Ouse. It is a large es- tuary, which divides Yorkshire fronj Lincoln- shire, and enters the Qcrman Uceuu at Spurn Ucad. HuMMBLSTO-WN, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dauphino county, on the S. side of the Swctera; 10 miles E. by N. of llarrisbur^ and 110 miles N. of Washington. Humphreys, a county of Tennessee, tra- yersed by tho Tennessee river; capital, Iley- noldsburg; area, 475 square miles. Pop. in 1840, 5793. HuNDSMARCK, a town of the Austrian states, in Styria, near tho river Muehr; 17 miles VV. by S. of Judenburg. HuNEFELD, a town of Germany, in the district of Fulda, with a collegiate church; 10 miles N. of Fulda. Hungary, a country of Europe, forming an important part of the Austrian dominions. At different periods this name has been ap- plied with a very different signification. In the fourteenth and fifteen centuries Hungary comprised part of modern Poland and Euro- pean Turkey, and was divided into ten sepa- rate governments, or kingdoms, viz. Hungary Proper, Croatia, Selavonia, Dalmatia, Bos- nia, Bulgaria, Moldavia, Galicia, and Lodo- meria, besides the principality of Transylva- nia. Several of these provinces have long since been detached from Hungary. The name is now more particularly confined to Hun- gary Proper, Croatia, and Sclavonia. The whole country forms one large plain sloping to the S. and surrounded by the Carpathian mountains to the N.W., N"., and N.E.. On the S. it is separated by the Danube and the Save from tho Turkish provinces of Servia and Bosnia. Hungary is still called a king- dom though it forms an integral portion of the Austrian empire. This arises from the royal dignity being hereditary in the house of Austria, and has been so since 1526, and in 1723 it has been on the same footing with the other states of the empire. The Hungarians hold this dignity of an independent kingdom to be of great importance. It was formerly divided into Upper and Lower Hungary; but this division has been superseded by that of tho following circles: — 1. Circle this side the Danube; 2. Circle beyond the Danube; 3. Circle this side theTheiss; 4. Circle be- yond the Theiss; 5. Province of Sclavonia; G. Province of Croatia. These are divided into counties, of which there are thirteen in the first circle, and eleven in each of the others. The principal rivers are the Danube, the Drave, the Marosch, the March, the Ko- riis, the Szamos, the Theiss, the Waag, and the Tomes. The chief lakes are Balaton and Nieusiedler See, VV., Palitsch on the S.W., and Griinzee, among the Carpathians. There are also several extensive marshes here, as that of the isle of Schut on the W., and that of HUN 443 HUN Saxetje ou the £. of the kingHoin. The greater part of the kingdom, for such it is still called, conslHts of two extensive levels, that of Upper Hungary, much the small'St, and traversed £. and W. by the Danube, and produces abundant crops of corn. The great plain of HungHry is larger than Ireland, contains 36,000 square miles, and the Da- nube crosses it from N. to S., and has scarcely a single point 100 feet above its level. Thus many of the rivers, as the Koros and the Thciss, form a succession of swamps, and, with these exceptions, this plain contains some of the richest land in Europe. The whole of its rivers, except the Poprad, fall in- to the Danube. There are some canals, the chief connecting the Theiss and the Danube. The climate among the mountains is of course bleak; but in the 3. it is m general mild; in the sandy districts extremely hot; on the banks of the rivers ai.d near the marshes there is much humidity: indeed, this is a prevailing characteristic of the cli- mate of the level part of Hungary. The country abounds in all the necessaries of life, and the wine, especially that called To- kay, is excellent. Tlicre are mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron ; and also of opal, ut Czcrwenitza, which gem is almost peculiar to this country. The trade principally consists in cattle, hogs, sheep, flour, wheat, rye, wool, and wine; and these are almost wholly sent to the Austrian provinces. No country in the world is better supplied with mineral wa- ters and baths; and those of Buda, when the Turks were in possession of it, were reckoned the finest in Europe. The internal taxes were laid by the people themselves, but recently the Austrian government have had to employ the military to collect the im- posts from the unwilling population. The Hungarian people consist of seven distinct races, the principal of which are the Magy- ars or those more peculiarly Hungarian, amounting, from the imperfect estimates, to 4^ millions, more than half of whom are pro- testants and speak a peculiar language. The next are the Slowacks, or Slavonian inha- bitants of the N.W. part of Hungary, 1§ millions in number. The Croatians are nearly as numerous. The Wallachians, also speak a peculiai language, nearly identical with the ancient Latin; are about 900,000 in number; and the remainder consist of Germans, Hasniuks and Jews, amounting al- together to ten millions, which population occupies an area of 78,822 Eng. square miles, or 133 to each square mile. The rcli<^ious classes m ^y be divided into four. The Bo- man Catholic, which is the state religion, embraces 6-lOths of the population. The Protestants 2} millions, G. jek church 2^ millions, and Jews a quarter of a million. The Koman Catholics are governed by three archbishops, the archbishop of Gran being primate, and 14 bishops. The United Greeks have 4 bishops, and the Orthodox Greeks I archbishop and 6 bishops, all of whom have had seats in the diet since 1792. By the law of 1840, Jews are admitted to all civil rights and privileges. The ancient inhabitants were thePannonians, and assumed an independent form in the II th century, under Alfred a Magyar prince, but his family becoming ex- tinct in 1301, Charles of Anjuu was elected, and a few reigns subsequently, the kingdom conipiised the whole of what is now Austria. It was attacked by the Turks unsuccessfully lot < time till the battle of Mohacz in 152ti. By the aid of Austria they were driven out by John Sobieski and prince Eugene, and filially secured to Austria by the treaties of Carlowitz and Passarowitz in 1718, siiue which it has remained on amicable terms with Austria up to within a very recent pe- riod, when the peculiarly Hungarian races, the Magyars, have raised various Insurrec- tions, and consequently caused great desola- tion throughout the country. It is for from being in a settled condition. See Austria. HuNOERKORD, a town in Berkshire, with a market on Wednesday, and a good trade by its canal navigation. John of Gaunt granted a charter by the gift of a brass bugle horn, which is blown annually for the inhabitants to elect the co. -♦able, who is the chief officer. It is seated on the Kennet; 22 miles S.S.W. of Abingdon, and 64 W. of London. HuNiNGDAN, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper lihine; seated on the Uhine. The strong fortress of Huninguen, which for a long time held out against the allies in 1815, was afterwards demolished in consequence of a stipulation in the treaty ol Paris; 2 miles N. of Basel, and 14 E. ot Altkirch. HuNHANBT, a town in East Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesday. The town is pleosantlj situated on a rising ground, surrounded by a fine wood on the N.W., within 2 miles of ihe sea, and contains many good houses; 39 milei N.E. of York, and 207 N. of London. Hunterdon, a county of the state of New Jersey on the N. of the Delaware river. Soil, very fertile. Capital, Flemingtou.Fop.in 1840, 24,789. Huntington, a town of New York, in ^Suffolk county. Long island. It is situate on a bay, in the sound; 38 miles E. by N.of New York. Huntingdon, a town of Pennsylvania, capital of a mountainous county of the same name, which abounds with limestone, iron, and lead. It is situate on the Juniatta, at the mouth of Standing Stone Creek; 23 miles W.S.\V. of Lewistown. Pop. 1145; of the county, 3,1,484. Huntingdon, a borough, returning two members to parliament, and the capital of Huntingdonshire; governed by a mayor; with a market on Saturday, and a great trade in com, coals, wood, &c. It was once a large place, said to have had 15 churches, which are niw reduced to two; and there are the HUR 448 HYD cemcteriei of two other pariHlies, in one of which i8 an ancient steeple. Huntingdon is the birthplace of Oliver (ellions were frequent, and in 1808 the British became bound to assist the Niz tin \ J T ICE 444 ICE uguinsthisciiuinii:i<,aiid itkus siace remained under our prutuction. IlruuBAUAi), a furt of Hindnstnn, in the province of Siiidu, iind tlio usuiil rcHldunco of the prince of Sinde; NituiUe near tlic Indus; 6 miles E. of Nuuscrpour, und 62 N.E. of Tuttiu [Iydra, an island of the Grecian archi- pelago, but little better than a sterile rock, the inhabitants of which are all mariners, und derive wealth from commercial entcr- ))rise. The port is fortified, and the houses are built on tiio side of u steep acclivity. Pop. in 1831, 20,UflO. It is 11 miles long, and 2 broad. II VPOLITB, St., a town of France, in the department of Gard; seated on tlie Vidourle, near its source; 12 miles S.W. of Alais. IIri>OLiTa, St., a town of Franco, in tho department of Doubs, on tho river Doubs; 4U miles E. by N. of Besatifon. II vs, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the Arabian Irak, on the Euphrates; 120 miles S. of Batj;dud. IlmiE, a borou)j;h in Kent; market on Thursday. It is one of the principal cinque ports, but is no longer of maritime import- ance, and, with Folkestone, returns one mem- ber to parliament. Tho church is of great antiquity and beauty, and contains in u v.iiilt a remarkable pile of bones, 28 feet long, 6 broad, and 9 high, the remains of Danes and Britons, killed in a battle on tho beacli, in A.D. 824. There are extensive barracks adjoining the town, and the remains of Salt- wood castle, about 2 miles distant. It is 12 miles W.S.\V. of Dover, near the South East- ern Sail way, and 71 from London. I. ' Iaqo, St., db la Veoa. See Sfanisii Town. Ibakra, the capitivl of a fertile province of the same name, in South America, in Ecua- dor, republic of Coiomhin, is situated on an extensive and delightful plain, watered on the E. by the river Taguando, and W. by Ajavi. The streets are wide and convenient, and the buildings of good construction; 42 miles N.E. from Quito. Iberville, an outlet for tho overflowing waters of the Mississippi, during the seasons of inundation, entering Lake Maurepas. It gives its name to a parish of the state of Louisiana, the soil of which is level and very fertile. Capital, Flaqucmine. Area, 350 square miles. Fop. in 1840, 8495. Ibekia, New, a village of Louisiana, in the district of Attacapas; 200 miles W. of New Orleans. Iberlan Mountains, the most extensive mountain range of Spain, beginning to the W. of Ebro, and extending to the shore of the Mediterranean. Ibiza. See IV19A. Iburo, a small town of Hanover, in the principality of Osnaburg; 10 miles S.W. of Osnaburg. Iceland, an island of the North Atlantic ocean, belonging to Denmark. It lies be- tween 63. 30. and 66. 40. N. lat. and long. 16.and23.W. It is of an irregular oval figure, about 380 miles in length, and 230 miles in its greatest breadth. The coast is indented all round with numerous deep gulfs, bays, and creeks, several of which form excellent harbours. The island is mountainous, stony, and barren; but in some places there are ex- cellent pastures. The chief riven are in the E. part; the Skalfanda, Oxarfiordf and Bru- no, all flowing from S. to N. Some are white with lime, others smell of sulphur. The principal mountains, clothed with per- petual snow, are called Yokuls; and otthcw Sntlliai, hanging over the sea on tho S.W. coast, is esteemed the highest, being com- puted at 6560 feet. Mount Ilccla, about 5000 feet in height, is the most noted, and is a volcano: there are also several other volca- noes, and the convulsions caused by them in 1783 were so dreadful and multiplied, that it was feared the island would fall to pieces; the eruptions were the most tremendous of any recorded in history. Hot springs abounl, and tho most remarkable are those about 30 miles N.W. of Hecla, called the Geysers. The principal of these sends uj), at intervals of about 6 hours, an immense jet or column of boiling water, of about 10 feet indinraeter, to the height of 60, 100, or even 212 feet. The climate is not extremely cold, but the seasons are variable. The sea, at a small distance from the shore, is seldom frozen | and very little ice is ever seen near the W. coast, notwithstanding its proximity to Green- land. Iceland is governed as a dependency of Denmark. The inhabitants were cstimatcil at 50,092 in 1824, and in 18?4, 56,000. It was formerly divided into 4 amts, or provinces, answering to the cardinal points. The N. nnil E. are now merged into one, and the W. is presided over by the governor in person. It contained 19 syssels or ghires, and theie 184 parishes. Their houses are at a distance from each other, and many of them deep in the ground; but they are all miserable hovels of turf, without windows, and those of the common class are such wretched dens, that it is wonderful how any thing in the h"™*? form can breathe in them. The established religion is the Lutheran. The island consti- tutes one bishopric, and there are 300 clergy in the island. The principal school, held at a place called Bessestadt, near the W. coast, has three masters, who teach the claasicsi theology, and the Danish language. d»- IDA 445 ILD river Doubj; ^irkcy, in th» LtuB; 120 miles nt; miirlict on rincipal cinque iritime import- turns one mcni- irch is of great ttiiins in ii v.iiilt 28 feet long, 6 niiins of Danes c on tlio bench, cnsivo barrticks remains of Salt- istant. It is 12 the South East- liondon. uls; and o» these jea on the S.W. icst, bein;? com- Iccla, about 5000 noted, and is a oral other volca- aused by them in 1 multiplied, tluit uld fall to pieces; St tremendous of »t springs aboun'i, re those about 30 led the Geysers, s up, at intervals nsc jet or column ) feet in dinnieter, jr even 212 feet lely cold, but the 3 sea, at a small s seldom frozen; iecn near the W. ■oximity to Green- as n dependency Its were estimated 18S4, 56,000. It a;nmi)iiv, and Caleuttu were in existence, ond each was governed by a president or governor, with a council appointed by the Company. In 1726 a ciiartcr was gronted which gave to these councils the powers and the exercise of penal judicattire, so that the presidents being commanders-in-chief, all power was in their own hands. In 1773, from the great increase of the territory, two hills were introduced into parliament, by which the crown laid claim to the territory, and interfered greatly with the privileges of the Company as it had (roviously existed. In 1784 Mr. Pitt's famous nilia bill cstahlishcd the board of control, ttj)pointed by the king, the president of which was, in fact, the secritar> of state fur India. Under the act of 1833, (3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 85,) the Company held, under the superin- tcnilencc of the Board of Control, the political government and patronage of British India, until the 30th of April, 1854; the charter was then temporarily renewed, but in 1858 an Act WHS passed, abrogating the rule of the Company altogether, and vesting the su- preme sovereignty of India in the queen; tlie executive being in the hand'* of a secre- tary of state and council in London, and the governor-general and council at Cal- cutta. See UiNDOSTAN, Bknu.^l, Madras, BuxnAT, eic. iNiiiAN or Westehn Tehritout of the United States, is a tract of country W. of the settled portion of the states, and has been set apart by the general government for tlie permanent residence of those Indian tribes that have been removed, diiefly from the S.W. states of the Union. Here they arc to be governed by their own choice, with- out other control from the United States, than such as may bo necessary to preserve feace on the frontier or between the tribes, t is about 600 miles long, S. to N., and from 300 to 600 miles broad, W. to E. It has the Platte river on the N., the states of Missouri and Arkansas on tlie E., the Eed river on the S., and a desert country on the W. It contains, within the habitable district, an area of 120,000 square miles, or 78,000,000 acres. The principal rivers are the Red river, Canadian, Arkansas, Neosho, Ka.:^ns, and Platte rivers. A considerable portion of it is prairie, but the margins of the streams are generally wooded. The climate is healthy, but cold in winter. The number of the diffe- rent tribes now occupying it is about 70,000, exclusive of the wild tribes of the prairies. Tiie Chtckasaws and Clioctaws, kindred tribes on the E. side of the Mississippi, now dwell together on the W., and some of them are extensively engaged in agriculture. They arc settled between the Canadian and Ar- kansas rivers. The Creek$ inhabit the tract to the N. of the Chickaiaws and Choctawi; and the Seminoles, a constituent part of the Creek nation, dwell amongst them. The country assigned to the C/ierokeei is N. and E. of that assigned to the Creeks. They are farther advanced than the rest in civilization, and have a fine agricultural country, and well cultivated farms. The Onages occupy a region N. of the Chcrokces, and arc among the least civilized of the Indians. The Shaw- n«Mare between the Osage and Kansas rivers. The Senfcan are mingled with them. North of the Shawnees are the JJelawares. Ths Kansa.% Pawnees, Omahaws, and the Olloei, who inhabit about the Platte river, are native tribes.and retain much of thciroriginal habits. The whole number of Indians now remaining in the United States' territory E. of the Rocky ■nountnins, was estimated, on November ?S, t84I, at 342,058; and this is all that is left of a once numerous and happy race. Indiana, one of the United States of North America, formed in 1816. It is bounded N. by the N.W. territory, Michigan Lake and territory; E. bv the state of Ohio; S, by Ohio river, which separates it from Kentucky; and W. by the state of Illinois. The most considciable towns are Indianapidis (the seat of government), N. Albany, the lartrtst town, Madison, Richmond,Vincennes,VevnT, Brookville, and JefTersonvillc. All then-, with the exception of Vincennes, are new and have risen suddenly into notice. The principal rivers arc the Ohio, Wabash, White River,Whitewater,Tippecanoc,Illinois,rii'in, Theakiki, St. Joseph's, and St. Mary's. The climate is generally healthy and plensnut: the principal productions arc wheat, Inilian corn, rye, oats, barley, buck-wheat, potatoes, pulse, beef, pork, butter, whisky, and peach- brandy. It is divided into 87 counties. The principal works of improvement nndertnken by this slate, is the Waba.sh and Erie canal, 187 miles; the Whitewater canal from Law- rencebcrg to Brooksville, 30 miles; the Cen- tral canal, designed to connect the Wabash and Erie canal with the Ohio, length when completed, 290 miles, and others. The Madi- son and Indianapolis railroad, 95 miles, is nearly completed. Pop. 685,8fifi. Indiana, a county of Pennsylvania. Co«l and salt are abundant in it. Capital, Indiana; area, 770 sq. miles. Pop. in 1840, 20,782. Indianapolis, capital of Marion county and of the state of Indiana. It stands on the E. side of White river, and is the centre of the most important national roads. It is regularly laid out, a mile square, with a ci^ cular area, with the governor's house in the centre. Pop. in 1840, 2692. Indian Ket, a place of fasliionaMe resort on the coast of Florida. It is a madrepore rock, artificially fertilized, and has a superb hotel for visitors. It is one mile S. of New Matacumbe', 75 S.W. of Cape Florida, and 75 N.E. of Key West. Indies. East, the name given bjr Euro- IND 449 ING , Choctawi; pari of the hem. The ei In N. and I. They are civilization, ountry, and \ages occupy ,(1 ani nmoiig Tlic Shaw- Lunsas rivers. Iicm. North wares. The d tho Ottod, or, are nntive riginnl hahits. ow rcmnining .oftlieUocliy November !>5, ill that is kit r race. States of North iH bounded N. lan I^ko and ■ Ohio} S. by ■om Kentucky, lis. The must iannpolis (tl'« ,ny, the Inrnist icennes,VcvflT, ie. All thcH', imcs, are new ;o notice. The Wabash, Wliite lc,imnoi8,rii''n. it. Mary's. The • and plcnsfliit: B wlieat, Inilinn wheat, potatoes, sliy, and peach- J counties. The lent undertaken and Erie ennal, ;anal from Law- miles; the Cen- ect the Wabash io, length when lers. TheMadi- nd, 95 miles, « 5,8f.fi. , isylvanin. Coal Capital, Indiana) ^ 1840,20,782. Marion county It stands on the is tho centre ol al roads. It.iS nare,withae'^ •s house in the ishionable resort ; i8 a madrepore ind has a supert 5 mile S. of New ape Florida, and given by Enro- peani to that vast tract of country in Asia which is situated to tho S. o( Tartary, bu- twccn Persia and China («m IIiNi>08TAN,)as well as to a great number of islands in tiio Itulian ocean, cxtcndin}^ from tho peninsula of Ilindostan as far E. as New Guinea, and frim the bay of Denial ami tho China sea OH far S. as New Holland. The must west- ern of them are the Maldives, and tho most citstern tho Moluccas; between which are luveral very largo ones, as Ceylon, Sumatra, C8, or SiNDR, a great river of Asia, having its source in a range of tho moiintaina of Tartary, between 38. and 39. of N. lat. From Thibet it takes a S.W. course, and enters Ilindostan in about 35. N. lat. It baa always been considered as tho western bar- rier of Ilindostan: t'tO miles from its source it is joined by tho Cabiil, when it is no lunger fordablc. Between lat. 25. and 26. it enters the province of Sinde, and hero wo find it ui^ain divided into two considerable branches; the principal, or western, divides into numer- ous streams, which form a delta similar to tli.at of the Nile, or Ganges: they are, how- ever, very shallow, and only navigable by boats. It is said to be 1350 miles in length, and some parts of it are capable of l>caring vessels of 200 tons; but there is very littlo commerce transported by it. Its water is very wholesome. On the E. of this river is a great sandy desert, extending 5no miles in length, and from 60 to 1 50 in breadth. iNOiTBSTONB, a Small town in Essex; 23 miles from London, on the Eastern Counties railway. Inolefingew, a town of Wiitemberg, on the Koihcr; 20 miles S.S.W. of Mergentlieim. Inoelheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt; seated on an eminence, on tho river Salva; 9 miles £. of Bingen. Inoham, a county of Micliigan. Capital, Vevay; area, 560 square miles. Population in 1840, 2498. Inoleborouoii. one of the highest moun- tains of Ennland, in Yorkshire; 8 miles N,N.W, of Settle. It is 2361 feet above tho level of the sea. Inoleton, a village in West Yorkshire, at the foot of Ingleborough mountain. It is tolerably well built, and has manufactures of cotton yarn. Near it are several collieries, which supply the surrounding country to a considerable distance with coals; 10 miles W.N.W. of Settle, and 245 N.W. of London. Inolis Island, an island on the N. coast of New Holland, near the entrance of tho Gulf of Carpentaria. Inooi.stadt, a town of Bavaria. It was one of the strongest places in Germany, sur- rounded by a mora.ss, but the fortifications are demolished. The bouses are built of stone, and the streets are large. Here was formerly a university, which, in 1800, was transferred to Munich. The population of this ancient, decayed and melancholy town Wtii reduced (in 1832) to 9000. It is seated 2o lit 11 INV 450 INV on the Diinube; 9 miles E. of Neubu'g, and 45 N. by W. of Munich. iNuuANbK, u town of France, department ofMuine-et-Loire ; situate on the Loire ; IS miles \V. S. W. ol Ani^ers. Inghe, a town of France, department of the Loiret -, 4 miles N, \V, of Orleans. Inisuannon, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, with a considerable linen inanuiucture ; seated on the iiandou ; 7 lu. a.W. ol Kinsale. Inistioge, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny ; 80 miles from Dublin. Tlie lace manufacture is carried on here. Inkeuman, a village at the head of the harbour of Sebastojiol in the Crimea, an im- portant position during the siege of that city in 1854-.'j,and the scene ofa battle on Nov. 5, 1854, in which the liussians were defeated. Inn, a liu<,'c river of Austria, wliicli rises in the Swiss canton of Grisons, flows N.E. tlirouf,'h Tyrol and Bavaria, and joins the Danube at Passau, where it is nearly 900 feet wide. It becomes navigable at Hall, in the Tyrol, and its whole course is more than 250 miles. J.Nscii, a village and parish of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire; 26 miles W.N.W. of Aber- deen. Innsbruck, or Inspruck, a fortified town of Austria, capital of Tyrol, with an exten- sive palace, formerly the residence of the archdukes of Austria. There is also a uni- versity, museum, and other public edifices. The principal manufacture is that of cotton, but it has also manufactures of silk and woollen stuffs, and all kinds of glass wares, and the transit trade from Germany to Italy is considerable. Inspruck was entered oy the French, in 1805, and was the scene of several heroic efforts of the Tyrolese against the French and Bi>,varians, in 1809. It is sesiteil in a pleasant valley, on the river Inn, over which is a wooden bridge which gives name to the town; 62 miles S. of Munich. Instkrbuko, a town and circle of East Prussia, on the Angcrap, in the government cf Guuibinnen. Its chief trade is in corn and linseed. The circle is of great extent, comprehending a population of IjO.OOO. Part of it is covered witii forests; but the soil of the rest is fertile, and the pastures here are extensive; manufactures are hardly known. The town is 50 mik-a E. of Konigsberg. It contains 5300 inhabitants. Inierlaciien, a town of Switzerland, ca- pital of a bailiwick of the same name, in the canton of Bern; 28 miles S.S.W. of Lueern, and 32 S.E. of Bern. Inverarit, a burgh of Si'Otland, and the county town of Argyieshire; situate on the N.W. side of Loch Fyne, at the influx of the Arny. It has some manufactures, and a trade .n wool, timber, and oak bark; but its chief support is from the herring fishery. It is con- tributory, with Campbeltown and Irvine, in re turning one memblcr to parliament. Near the town is Inverary castle, the seat of the Duke of Argyle; and in the neighbourhood is a considerable iron-work. Tlie planting around Inverary is vei-y extensive and admi- rably variegated ; 45 miles N.W. of Glasgow, and 75 W.N.W". of Edinburgh. Inverbervie. See Bervie. Lnvehgordon, a village of Scotland, in Ross-shire, at the mouth of the Frith of Cro- marty; 8 miles S.S.E. of Tain. It has a good harbour and a regular ferry over the Frith to the town of Cromarty. Invxrkeithino, a burgh and seaport of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a considerable trade in coal and salt. Before the entrance of the harbour is a bay, which affords safe anchorage for ships of any burden, in all winds. The harbour itself is commodious, and has two quays. It is situate on the N. side of the Frith of Forth, 18 miles N.W. of Edinburgh, and contributes, with Stirling, &c., in returning one member to parliament. Inverleithen, a village of Scotland, on the river Tweed, at the influx of the Leithen; 5 miles E. of Peebles. Here is an extensive woollen manufacture; and near it is a sul- phurous spring. Inverness, a burgh of Scotland, capital of a county of the same name; situate on both sides the river Ness, near its entrance into the Frith of Moray. It has a commo- dious harbour, and a good salmon fishery. The trade is very considerable, and the town is rapidly improving. The principal manu- factures are those of hemp and flax; and there are alsc^ woollen and other manufactures, tanneries, brick-works, &c., which furnisli e«nployment to many of the inhabitants. On an eminence are the ruins of the old castle, demolished by the rebels in 1746; and over the Ness is a stone bridge of seven arches. The court-house, nearly in the centre of tlie town, is a handsome modem building, with a fine tower, terminated by an elegant spire, which sustained considerable injury from tlie earthquake in 1816. It contributes, with Fortrosc, Nairn, and Forres, in returning one member to parliament. Near this town, on CuUoden Heath, the duke of CumberlanJ gained a decisive victory over the rebels in 1746. To the W. of the town is the hill of Craig Phatrie, on the summit of which are the extensive remains of a vitrified fort, so called from the marks of fusion which tlic cement and stones exhibit. Inverness is 50 miles N.E. of Fort William, and 1.56 N. by W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 14,324. Inverness-shire, themostextcnsivecoun- ty of Scotland ; bounded on the N. by Koss- shire; E. by the counties of Nairn, Moray, and Aberdeen; S. by those of Perth and Argyle; and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, u also includes several of the Hebrides. Inde- pendent of the islands, it is 80 miles long, and 60 broad. It comprehends the d'St"''' of Badenoch, Lochaber, and Glenaly, wbicn are subdivi''ed into 31 parishM. The pnna- IGN 451 IPS of the ivhooci anting adiiii- asgow, ind, in of Cro- a good Frith to \port of iderable sntranoe )rds safe 1, in all nodioHs, in the N. N.W. of ling,&c., nent. thmd, on Leitlien; extensive i is a sul- id, capital lituate on i entrance a commo- m fisliery. d the town ipal manu- ; and there nufactures, ch furnish )itants. On old castle, ^; and over vcn arches, intre of the ling.witlia igant si'ife- ry from the butes, with turning one is town, oil Cumberland iic rebels i" the hill of , whicii are tied fort, 60 which the jrness is 50 156 N. by irn, pal towns are Inverness, Fort William, (or In- verlochy,) and Fort Augustus. The N. part is mountainous and barren, and is the must ele- vated ground in Scotland, Ben-Nevis rising to the height of 4370 feet above the sea. This county has several considerable lukcs, and is divided, in a manner, into two equal parts, by those of Ness, Oich, Lochy, and Locbiel, united by the Caledonian Canal, which forms a communication between the two seas. The exteneive plains which surround the lakettare, in general, fertile; the high grounds feed many sheep and black cattle, and numerous herds of goats are found in every district. The mountains and forests are inhabited by great numbers of red deer; the al])ine and common bare, and other game, are also abundant Limestone, iron-ore, and some traces of diiterent minerals, have been found in this county, with beautiful rock crystals of various tints; but no mines have hitherto been worketl with much success. The prin- cipal rivers are the Spey, the Beauty, the Ness, and the Lochy. Inveruoie, or St. Ferocs, a village of Scotland, on the E. coast of Aberdeenshire, at the mouth of the Ugie ; I mile N. of Peter- head. It has an extensive bleachtield, and a considerable brewery. Near it are the ruins of Inverugie Castle. Inverurt, an ancient burgh of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire; seated at tlie conflux of the Don and the Ury. It has much improved within a few years, and joins with Elgin, Uantf, &c., in returning one member to par- liament; 15 miles W.N.W. of Aberdeen. lONA. See ICOLHKILIi. Ionia, a county of Michigan, containing an areaof 576 square miles. Pop. 1932. The capital, Ionia, is on the Grand river, which is navigable; 136 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. Ionian Islands, a recently constituted re- pablic of Europe; comprising, besides n num- ber of islets, the seven principal islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Ziiiite, Santa Maura, Itha- ca or Tliiaki, Cerigo, and Paxo; of which Corfu, lying opposite to Albania, is the most northerly. The territuriul extent of this small state is estimated at 1097 square miles, and the population, in 183G, at 204,266. The climate is in general mild, but the transitions from heat to cold are sudden ; hot and scorch- ing winds are sometimes destructive to ve- getation; and, at certain seasons, there are violent rains and thunder. They are all sub- ject to slight earthquakes, which are some- times confined to a single island. The soil in the plains and valleys is fertile in vines, corn, olives, currants, cottor loney, wax, &c. Pasturage is in general scanty; goats and sheep are reared in considerable number; but horses and cattle are brought from the continent. The wild animals are foxes, hares, and rabbits. Prior to the French revolution, these islands were subject to Venice, but were ceded to France by the treaty of Campo fcormio (1797J. After repeatedly changing masters, the republic was placed under the protection of Great Britain, by the arrange- ments of the Congress of Vienna; and a constitution for this small state was drawn up and ratified by the British government in July 1817. See Apfiendix. Iowa, one of the United States of America, bounded on the N. by the Mini Sola (Min- nay Sotor) ten-itory; on the E. by the Mis- sissippi river; S. by the state of Missouri; W. by the Missouri and Sioux rivers. It is 250 miles long, and 190 broad; area, 47,500 square m. Iowa City is the seat of government. The surface is moderately undulating, unlike other regions. The prairies extend over nearly three-fourths of the surface. The soil is generally good, and the productions are those usual intemperate climates: except on the low bottom lands, the region is heutliy. A porti(m of it is exceedingly rich as a mi- neral region. The great lead county of the N. part of Illinois . .kcnds into Iowa. Zinc and iron ore abound. The chief rivers are the Desmoines, the Checauque or Skunk, the Iowa, and numerous other tributaries of the Mississippi and Missouri. Burlington, 1429 miles above New Orleans, on the Mis- sissippi, is a place of much trade. Du Buque is the metropolis of the mineral region. The university of Iowa is at Mount Pleasant. The county formed part of the French possessions acquired (as Louisiana) by |hc U. S. in 1803, by treaty, 'x'lie first purchase of the lands from the Indians was in 1832, and the set- tlement made soon after. Iowa separated from Wisconsin as a territory in 1838, and was admitted into the Union in Dec. 1846. Fop. in 1844, 78,819, and in 1845, 81,920. lowA CiTr, the capital of the state of Iowa. It stands on the E. bank of the Iowa river which is always navigable. The neighbour- hood furnishes good stone and timber. Up to 1839, this place was the hunting ground of the Indians. The situation of the young metropolis is commanding; 33 miles W. of Blooniington, 86 S.S.W. of Dubuque, and 7& N. by W. of Burlington. Ips, a town of Austria, near the conflux of the Ips with the Danube; 22 miles W. of St. Pol ten. Ifsala, a town of European Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek archbishop's.see. Neai it are mines of alum; and red wine is an article of commerce. It is seated on the Marissu; 43 milesS. of Adrianople. Ifsaua, an island of the Grecian Archi- pelago; 15 miles N.W. of the island of Scio. To the W. is another small island culled Anti-Ipsara. Ipsheih, a town of Franconia, in the prin- cipality of BayreutL, 17 miles N.N.W. of Anspach. Ipswich, a burgh and principal town of Suffolk; governed by two bailiffs, • high steward, recorder, &c.; with a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. It re- turns two members to parliament. It wai ■m mm IRE 452 IRE l^^ H onoo suiroundcd by a wall, traeca of which arc yet to be seen. It is irregularly built, and has declined from its former consequence: it now contains 12 parish churches, several niriiting-Jiouses for di»iscnters, a library, se- veral hospitals, a free school, a commodious market-place, a guildhall, a custom-liousc, and a county jail. Much com and malt is ■eut hence to London, and great quantities of timber were formerly sent to the king's dock-yard at Chatham. It has a considerable coasting trade, a small share of foreign com- merce, and sends ships to Greenland. Yes- Kcls of largd burden are obliged to stop at some distance below the town. It is the birth- place of Cardinal Wolsey. It is seated on the Orwell; 26 miles S.E. of Bury St. £d- uiun.l, and 69 N.E. of London. Ipswich, a township and town of the United States, in Massachusetts; situated on a river of the same name, about a mile from the sea; 23 m. N.E. of Boston. Pop. 3600. Irabatty. See Irrawadut. Irac, a province of Persia, comprehending the greater part^ of the ancient Media. It is bounded S. by Fars and Khuzistun; E. by Khorassan and the Great Salt Desert; W. by Kurdistan, and N. by Azerbijan, Ghilan, and Mazanderan, and divided into five districts, \spahun, Tehraun, Naen, MuUager, and Ker- iianshah. •luAC- Arabi, or Bagdad, an important pro- vince or pachalic of Asiatic Turkey, of a trian- gular form ; it extends over an area of more than I00,000squnre miles, and comprises the whole oftlie ancient Babylonia and Chalda:a, and the greater part of Assyria Proper, and Susiana; it lies between 30. and 38. N. lut., and 40. and 48. E. long. It is traversed by the Euphrates and Tigris, which, by their inundations, aiding the natural fertility of the soil, .-nake it capable of being made one of the fin 38t countries in the world; but Tur- kish ignorance and oppression are quite sub- versive of all energy and industry. The po« pulation of the whole country does not ex- ceed 1,300,000, a number hardly equal to the population of either Nineveh or Babylon. But tno prophetic curse of desolation is upon Uie country, and its wretched, abject condi- tion, too truly show its fulfilment. Bagdad is the capital; which see. Iruit, ur Irbitskaia, a town of B«s8ia,in the government of Perm, on the river Irbit, and the frontiers of Siberia. In the vicinity is a large iron-work, which yields nearly 2000 tons of iron a-year; 142 miles N.E. of £ka- terinenburg. Ireuv, a town in Cumberland, with a mar- ket on Thursday; seated in a valley, at the source of the Ellen; 10 miles N.E. of Cock- crmouth, and 303 N.N.W. of London. Irelani), tlio second in magnitude of the British isles, is situated to the W. of Great Britain, in the Atlantic ocean. It is bounded on the N.W. and S. by the Atlantic, and on the E. by the North Channelj the Irish neu. i ami St. George's Channel, whicli separate It f'riini England. Its greatest length from N.E, to S. \V., is 306 miles, and its greatest breadth is 2U7 miles: it contains 18,484,343 English acres. Ireland is divided into four provinces; namely, Ulster, to the N.; Lcinstcr, to the E ; Munster, to the S.; and Connaught to the W. ; and these are subdivided into 32 eottnties. Ulster contains the counties of Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Cavan, Antrim, Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermanagh, and Do- negal; Leinster has those of Dublin, Lowth, Wicklow, Wexford, Longford, East Meatli, West Meath, King's county, Queen's county, Kilkenny, Kildare, and Carlow ; Munster, includes Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tip- perary, and Waterford ; and Connaught has Leitrim, Roscommon, Mayo, Sligo, and Gal- way. These are again subdivided into 316 baronies, and these into 2532 parishes. The climate of Ireland is mild and temperate, but more humid than in England. It is, on tiie whole, of a mountainous character, but well watered with lakes and rivers; and the soil, in most parts, is very good and fertile : even in those places where the bogs and morasses have been drained, there is good meadow ground. It produces corn, hemp, and flax, in great plenty; and there are so many cuttle that beef and butter are exported to foreign parts; and not only the P^nglish, but other ships, frequently come to be victualled here. The other commodities are hides, wool, tal- low, wood, salt, honey, and wax. The com- merce and manufactures have for many years been greatly on the increase : the staple branch of industry is the manufacture of fine linen cloth, which is brought to great perfection. This country is well situated for foreign trade, on account of its many secure and commo- dious bays and harbours. Its principal lakea are Lough Lean, Lough Ern, Lough Neagli, and Lough Coribb; and its chief rivers are the Shannon, Liffey, Boyne, Suire, Nore, Barrow, Blackwater, and Lee. The moun- tains are Sliebh Donard, 2309 feet, county of Down; Croagh Patrick, county of Mayo, 2510 feet; CarranTaal, 3410 feet, and Mnn- gerton, 2550 feet, county of Kerry; Logno- quilla, 3070 feet, county of Wicklow; nnd numerous others. "^^ -i mineral productions of Ireland were littl jown till oflate; some of the mines are very productive. In the royalty of GJendalough, in the county ' Wicklow, are two veins of rich lead ore, at one of which the lead is raised nt an expense of 1/. 5s. per ton; and, within twelve fatiioms, two parallel veins, equally rich, were disco- vered in 1827. Gold has been foand in thi« county. There are likewise productive col- lieries, and quarries of marble, slate, and free- stone; and numerous mineral springs, chiefly chalybeate. Formerly this kingdom had a parliament, which was subordinate to that of Great Britain; but in 1800 it was deemed ex- pedient, for the welfare of Ireland, that it should be united to Great Britain. ^' The '^ IRK 453 ISC two parliaments pnsscd acts for that purpose, and tliotwokinRiloins, at the commencement of 1801, were styled tlie United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; and 32 peers (four of them bishops) and 105 commoners of Ireland, are elected to represent that coun- try in the Imperial Parliament, assembled in England. The bud licntcnant of Ireland, as well a3 the council, is appointed, from time to time, by the kinjj. General educa- tiun has been much neglected. Great efforts have been mivde, for some years past, to re- move this, chiefly by two societies established in Britain, who have under their patronage a great number of schools, in a highly pros- perous state. The established religion is the same as in England. The Irish protestant church is under the government of four arch- bishops, viz. of Armagh, primate of all Ire- land; Dublin, primate of Ireland; Cashel, and Tuam; and eight bishops, viz. Meath, Down, Kilmorc, Derry, Ferns, Limerick, Cloyne, andKillaloe; but the great majority of the people are Catholics. The latter were long excluded all civil and military distinc- tions. This system, however, no longer exists. For pop., see Appendix. Ireland, New, a long narrow island of tiie eastern seas, N. of New Britain, extend- ing from N.W. to S.E. about 190 miles, and ill general very narrow. The natives arc Pnpuas, who go entirely naked, smearing their faces, and powdering their heads witli white clay; their huts have only an opening to crawl in on their hands and knees. Their canoes, however, are neatly formed of a sin- gle tree, sometimes 90 feet long, and fur- nished with outriggers. See Britain, Nev,'. Irishtown. See Kilkenny. Irjab, a town of Atfghanistan, in Cabul; seated near a western branch of the Indus; 110 miles S.S.W. of Cabul. IsKEN, or Ibrien. See Tarkan. Irkutsk, the largest and least populous government of the Russian empire ; com- prising all the E. part of Siberia, from the Northern ocean to the frontiers of Chinese Tnrtary, and from the boundaries of the go- vernment of* Tobolsk to the Eivstern ocean. This large territory was gradually conquered, and appropriated by the Kussians in their desultory excursion from Tobolsk. It is di- vided into the four provinces of Irkutsk, Nertchinsk. Yakutsk, and Okhotsk. Pop. in 1838, 507,300. Irkutsk, a town of Siberia; capital of the government of the same name, and the see of n bishop. It is a place of considerable commercial importance, from the caravans passing through it, which trade to China, and from its being the seat of supreme juris- diction over eastern Sibeiia. It has an an- nual and important fair in June. There are several churches and other edifices of Btone, and the wooden houses are large and convenient. The inhabitants are estimated •t 15,000. It stands on the river An^^arJ^ near the Lake Baikal; 900 miles E.S.E. of Tobolsk. luoQuois. See LAwnENCE, St. Irkawaodi, or Ikabatty, a considerable river of Asia, which rises in Thibet, flows S. through the kingdom of Birmiih and Pegu, and enters the bay of Bengal by several mouths. On its banks are produced great quantities of the finest teak timber, so much esteemed in ship-building. The principal market for this valuable timber is llaiigoon, at the most eastern mouth of the river. Irtysch, a river of Siberia, which issues from the Lake Saisan, in Chinese Taituiv, runs N.W". between the two countries, above 300 miles, then flows by Omsk, Tobolsk, and Samarof, below which it joins the 01>y. Irun, a town of Spain, in Guipuzcoa, the first from the French frontier. Its name in Basque signifies the * good town,* but it is a misnomer, as it is poor and uninteresting, and is only supported by the travellers en- tering and departing from Spain. Pop. about 4000. It has been the scene of much mili- tary adventure. It was attacked Aug. 30, 1813,bySoult,buthewascompk'telyrepulsed. It has been shown, that during the French invasion, 549,570 Frenchmen entered from Irun alone, of whom only 256,555 came out. Irvine, a river of Scotland, in Ayrshire, which passes by Newinills and Kilmarnock, to the town of Irvine, below which it enters the Frith of Clyde. Irvine, a burgh of Scotland, in Ayr- shire; contributory, with Ayr, &c., in send- ing one member to parliament. The chief trade is the exporting of coals to Ireland Here is a dockyard, a large tan-work, and manufactures of carpets, muslins, silks, lawns, &c. It is seated near the mouth of the river Irvine; 10 miles N. of Ayr, and 24 S.W. of Qlosgow, near several railways. Irwell, a river in Lancashire, which rises above Bolton, flows thence to Manchester, and joins the Mersey, below Flixton. Is SUR TiLLE, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cote d'Or; seated on the Tille; 12 miles N. of Dijon. Isabella, n town on the N. coast of His- paniola; founded by Christopher Columbus, in 1493. Long. 71. 2. W. lat. 19. 55. N. IsciiiA, an island belonging to Naples, 2 miles in circuit, lying 18 miles from Naples. It is mountainous; but abounds in minerals, sulphur, fruits, and excellent wines. It was taken by a British and Sicilian force in 1807. Fresh water is scarce, and the rain is col- lected in cisterns; but the air is healthy; and there are several hot baths, on which account it is much resorted to by invalids. Pop. about 20,000. IscniA, an episcopal city of Naples, capital of the above island ; with a strong fort. It stands upon a rock, which is joined to the island by a bridge, and is like a pyran'id of houses piled one upon another. At the end of the bridge, next the city, are iron gatea, ISL 464 ISM i:- y I which open into a subterranean passage, through which the city is entered. Pop. 3000. Long. 14.2. E. lat. 40.41. N. IsEMBURQ, Uppbh, a principality of Ger- many, on the borders of Hanau; subject partly to Hesse-Cassci, partly to Hesse-Darm- Ktadt. It is generally fertile, and contains 217 square miles, and 47,500 inhabitants. IsENBURO, New, a small town in the fore- going principality; Smiles S. of Frankfort- on-the-Maine. Isco, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, on the S.E. side of a lake of the same name; 10 miles N.W. of Brescia. IsEH, a river of Bavaria, which rises on the confines of Tyrol, and, passing by Munich and Landschut, joins the Danube between Straubing and Fassau. IsER, or IsAR, (Circle of,) one of the mo- dern divisions of Bavaria; bounded partly by the circles of the Regen and the Upper Danube, and partly by the Austrian states. It comprises most of the southern part of the old duchy of Bavaria, and is divided into 26 districts; its chief town, Munich, being the capital of the kingdom. The S. is moun- tainous, and consequently cold; the N. forms a large plain, with few elevations, possessing great fertility. Tlse principal rivers are the Inn, the Iser, and the Lech. IsERE, a department of France, including part of the late province of Dauphiny. It is BO named from a river which rises in Savoy, crosses this department by Grenoble, Moirans, and St.Marcellin,and joins the Rhone, above Valence. It is one of the richest depart- ments of France in respect of minerals; most of the metals being here procured, and form- ing the chief occupation of the inhabitants. Gold and silver were worked here till the be- ginning of the present century. At present, iron, copper, zinc, and lead, are the chief products. Grenoble is the capital. Fop. in 1836, .573,645. IsERLouN, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the county of Mark, with manufactures of iron, tin, velvets, silks, and stuffs. It is seated on the Buaren; 41 miles E. by N. of Dusseldorf. IsERNiA, a town of Naples, in the Molisc, at the foot of the Appenines. In 1805 it suf- fered much by an earthquake; 12 miles W. of Moliso. IsioNT, a town of France in the depart- ment of Calvados; 15 m. W. by N. of Baycux. Isis, See Thames. IsKAuno, a commercial and fortified town of Little Tibet on the Upper Indus; about 130 miles N.W. of Ladak, but of which little is known. ISKENDEROOK. S'C AlEXANDRETTO. IsLAY or Isla, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the S.W. of Jura, from which it is separated by a narrow channel, called the Sound of Tsla. It is 21 miles long, and 15 broad. On the E. side the surface is hilly, and covered with heath, but the greater part of the island is flat, and, when unculti- vated, covered with a fine green sward. In the centre of the island is Loch Finlagan, about 3 miles in circuit, with an islet of the same name in the middle, where the great lord of the isles resided, but the palaces and offices are now in ruing. Isla has mines of iron, lead, copper, emery, quicksilver, and black-lead; with immense stores of lime- stone, marl, coru], and shell-sand for manure. Much flax is raised here, a great number of cattle fed, and a large quantity of whisky distilled. The principal village is Bowmore, which has a convenient harbour and quay. Islamabad, a town of Illndostan, in Ben- gal; capital of the country of Chittagong; situate on the Currumpooly, near its en- trance into the Bay of Bengal. Long. 91. 55. E. lat. 22. 22. N. Pop. 12,000. Islands, Bay of, a bay of New Zealand, at the N. extremity of the most northern of the three islands that go under that name. In 1772 M. Dufresne Marion, with two French sloops, put into this bay, and, with 28 of his crew, was murdered by the natives. It con- tains Russell, once the temporary seat of government, and several missionary and emi- grant stations. Isle Aoax, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine-et-Oise; seated on the Oise; 20 miles N. by W.of Paris. Isle Bouchard, a town of France, in Iha department of Indre-et-Loire; surrounded by the Vienne; 21 miles S.S.W. of Tours. Isle Dieu, a small island uf France; 14 miles from the coast of Poitou. It was taken by the English in 1795, but soon afler evacu- ated. Isle de France. See France, Isle of. Isle Jourdain, a town of France, in the department of Gers; seated on an island in the river Save; 8 miles N. of Lombez. Isle WORTH, a village in Middlesex; seated on the Thames; 9miles W.of Loudon. Here are many elegant villas; and near it is Sion- house, the magnificent seat of the duke of Northumberland. Islington, a large village in Middlesex, N. of London, to which it now forms a suburb The New River ic received at the S.W. end of it into a large reservoir, whence its water is conveyed, in pipes, to all parts of the me- tropolis. Ismail, a strong town of European Tur- key, in Bessarabia. The Russians took it by storm in 1790; and it is said that the long siege, and the capture, did not cost them fewer tiian 20,000 men. The brave garrison merited the highest honours, but they were massacred by the Russians; and the city was abandoned to the fury of the brutal soldiery, but it has partly recovered from tliis barbar- ous devastation. Ismail is seated on the N. side of the Danube; 14C miles S. by W. of Bender. Pop. 12,000. IsMiD, or NiKMiD, (ancient Nicombdia,) a town of Asia Minor, on the side of tho bili' 1ST 455 ITA overlooking the gulf of Nicomodla. Long. 29. 34. £i iat. 40. 39. N. IsNiK, a town of Asiatic Turlcey, in Natc- lia, and a Greek archbishop's sec. It is the ancient Nice, famous for the general council held here in 325. Nothing remains of its ancient splendour but an aqued act. The Jews inhabit the greater part of it; and silk forms the principal article of trade. It is seated in a country fertile in corn and wine; 60 miles S.E. of Constantinople. Long. 30. 2. E. Iat. 40. 22. N. IsNT, a town of Wirtembcrg; with an ab- bey, called St. George. It is seated on the Isiiy; 18 miles N.E. of Lindau. IsoRDSKicK, or Kkoczk A, a town of Ser via ; 14 miles S.E. of Belgrade. Ispahan, a city of Persia, long the capital of the Persian monarchy, which is now re- moved to Tehran. It is situated in the pro- vince of Irak and wa.s formerly celebrated as the finest city in the East. It stands in the middle of a plain, surrounded on all sides by mountains at 8 miles distance, which rise gradually in the form of an amphitheatre. There is no river except a small one, called Zcndcrud, which supplies almost all the houses with water, and over which are several Kne bridges. Ispahan was in its glory during the reign of Shah Abba.s, in the 17th centuiy, but now presents only the ruins of its former greatness. Within the last thirty years, now- ever. it has begun to revive from its desola- tion, and a new palace has been erected, and the manufacture of a variety of cloths and other articles, but its trading prosperity is much impeded by monopolies and injudi- cious taxation. The population is very va- riously estimated at from 2.50,000 to 50,000, Morier stating it as 60,000, but 100,000 may be taken as the amount. This city is the em- porium of the inland commerce of Persia, be- ing the medium of communication with India, Cabul.and Turkey. It is 265 miles N.E. of Bassorah, and 300 S. of the Caspian sea. IssEL. See YssEL. IssEMOEADX, a towH of France, in the de- partmsnt of Upper Loire; 17 miles N.E. of Vuy. IssoiRE, a town of France, department of Puy de Dome; a clean and well built town with manufactures of copper articles; 19 miles S.S.E. of Clermont. Pop. in 1836, 5741. IssoDDDN, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre, with a brisk trade in wood, i^iUtle, cloth, hats and stockings. It is seated on tke Theole; 17 miles S.W. of Bourges, anil 135 S. of Paris. Pop. in 1836, 9406. IsTAPA, a town of Mexico, in the province ofCuliacan; 40 miles E. by S. of Culiacan. IsTRiA, a peninsula of Italy, between the Bay of Trieste, and the Quarnaro Isles ; bound- ^1 by Friuli on the W., and Carniola or the i*-\ being 200 miles in circumference. The wr is unwholesome, especially near the coast; but the soil is fertile. Oil and wine are abun- •Ittnt, fend there are some productive Quarries of fine marble. Thechiefrichesof thccountry, however, consist in its vast and valuable for- cstb. One part of it belonged formerly to the Venetians; but the whole was ceded to the emperor by the treaty of Presburg, in 1805. In 1809 it fell into the hands of Na- poleon, but was reconquered by the Austrians in 1814, and now forms the southern division of Austrian lUyria. The inhabitants (about 140,000) are chiefly occupied in agricuUura rearing bees, fishing, and the manufacture o. silk, leather, tallow, and salt. Italy, one of the finest and most celebra- ted countries of Europe; lying between 7. and 10. E. long., and between 37. and 46. N. Iat. On the N.N.W. and N.E. it is bounded by France, Switzerland, the county of the Grisons, and Germany; on the E. by the Adriatic sea ; and on the S. and \V. by the Mediterranean; its figure bearing some re- semblance to a boot. Its length from Aosta, at the foot of the Alps, in Savoy, to the ut- most verge of Calabria, is about 600 miles; but its breadth is very unequal, being in some places nearly 400 miles, in others not above 25 or 30. It was formerly the seat of tie Roman empire, and, afterwards, of that more astonishing usurpation, the dominion of the pope. In the middle ages the kingdom of Lombardy and that of Naples held the two extremes, and the Ecclesiastical and Tuscan states occupied the centre. In more modem times the northern part became di- vided into a great number of states, differing considerably in their extent and importance. By the treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797, the Venetian territories to the K. and X. of the river Adigo w^ere ceded to Austria; and the remainder of the Venetian states, with the duchies of Modena, Milan, and Mantua, the principality of Massa, and tha three legations of Ferrafa, Bologna, and Ro- magna, in the pope's dominions, were erected into a government by the French, and called the Cisalpine Republic. This republic was overturned in 1799, but restored '.ftcr the battle of Marengo, in 1800. In 1 i02 it re- ceived a new constitution, under the name of the Italian Republic, and Bonaparte, then first consul of France, was elected president. In 1805 the Italian Republic was erected into a kingdom, and the emperor of France as- sumed the title of King of Italy. In Decem- ber following, the Austrian part of the Vene- tian states was added to its territories, by the treaty of Presburg. The kingdom was divided into departments, and the city of Milan was the capital. But the subsequent changes which took plpce in Europe again deranged the political situation of this coun- try. The kingdom of Italy was overturned; and the country was divided into the fol- lowing states: — The Lombard©- Venetian kingdom, the kingdom of Sardinia, the Ro- man States, the kingdom of the two Sicilies, t'lo grand duchy of Tuscany, the states of Modena, the states of Parma, the duchy of IT A 456 ITA Lucca, and the republic of San Miirinn. But Austrian oppression in Loinbiirtlo-Venetia, the cruel tynuiny uf the kiii|;s of Naples', and the gross nii8(;ovurnmi.-ntof the Roniiui states and the duchies, abetted by Austria, led to the eruption of 1859, in which France siding with Sardinia, as the exponent of popular liberty, drove tiic Austrians out of T.onibard y ; and the inhabitants of the duchies rising against their tyrants, expelled them from their thrones, and then by popular vote an> nexed themselves to Sardinia. The peace of Villafranca, on July 11, 1859, after the battla of Solferino, besides the cession of Lombardy, stipulated for the restoration of the ducal go- Ternments, and the institution of an Italian coutederation, of which the pope was to be the head. But the people willed it otherwise ; the victorious career of Garibaldi dethroned the king of Naples, detached a large part of the states of the Church; and Sardinia in 1860 in- tervening to complete the revolution, the whole of Italy and Sicily, except the city of Rome and its immediate vicinity, was combined into a united realm, which in 18G1 was proclaimed as the kingdom of Italy, with Victor Em- manuel as its sovereign. The little temporal power remaining to the pope, is at present secured to him by French intervention. Italy, as to clin^ate, has been divided into four se- parate regions. Tne tirst of these embraces the basin of the Po, extending abont 260 miles in length, and 150 in its greatest breadth: here the atmosphere is uniformly serene and bright, and the climate is one of the most salubrious and delightful in the world. The second region includes what were the Tuscan and Roman territories, being screen- ed on the N. by the Apennines, and more exposed to the heats of summer than to the risours of winter. Frost and snow are hero experienced. The third district con- tains Campania Felix and its dependencies, where the air is uniformly mild and serene, and a peculiar glow of beauty pervades the landscape. The fourth division embraces the southern districts of the peninsula. Here the aloe, the palm, and other productions of a southern climate, flourish ; but, when the sirocco blows, the heats are overcoming to a stranger. The climate of Italy also ex- periences much diversity from elevation and local circumstances. The general aspect of the country is highly beautiful and pic- turesque. The Alps and Apennines di- versify this peninsula with almost every possible combination of hill and valley, rivers, lakes, and romantic scenery. North- ern Italy is broken into bold and rugged ac- clivities by the former, from the southern face of which descend the streams that form the Fo, and various other classical rivers. Towards the southern extremity of Italy, the Appennines diverge into two branches, one of which advances eastward to Capodi Leuca, and the other southward to the Straits of Messina. Several detached mountains, amorif which is the celebrated Vesuvius, here over- hang the Gulf of Naples, and discharge their licjuid fires into its waters. The Appennines are, in many parts, clothed with trees to their summits: in other places they are mure precipitous, and attain the altitude of ico and snow. The principal rivers are the To, Tiber, Adige, Brenta, Piave, and Taglla- mcnto; and there are several fine lakes, as the Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Garda, Peru- gia, Brai'ciano, and Celano. The soil, in general, is very fertile. It produces a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Europe; excellent silk in abundance; corn of all sorts, but not in such plenty as in other countries; oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, nl- monds, raisins, sugar, figs, peaches, apricots, pears, apples, filberts, chestnuts, &c. This country also yields good pasture, and abouiiils with cattle, slietp, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules, and horses. The forests are well stored with game, and the mountains have not only mines of iron, lead, alum, sulphur, marble of all sorts, alabaster, jasper, porphyry, &i\, but also gold and silver, with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees, shrubs, and ever- greens. Wine, oil, perfumes, fruits, and silks, are the principal articles of exportation, and great sums of money are expended by tra- vellers in the purchase of pictures, curiosities, relics, antiquities, &c. No country has pro- duced better politiciar", historians, poets, musici.tns, painters, and sculptors; that is, since the revival of the arts and sciences, ex- clusive of those of ancient times. The Itn- Hans are generally well proportioned, but oi their complexion they cannot boast. WitI: respect to dress, they follow the fashions oi the countries on which they border, or to which they are subject. They arc very affa- ble, courteous, ingenious, sober, and ready- witted ; but extremely jealous, vindictive, lascivious, ceremonious, and superstitious. Masquerades, gaming, horse-races, and con- versations or assemblies, are the chief diver- sions of the Italians, excepting religious exhibitions, in which they are pompons be- yond all other nations. The established religion is the Roman Catholic, but all oilier sects are now tolerated. The number of archbishops in the whole country is 38, and that of the suffragans indefinite, as may bo truly added of the inferior ecclesiastics. Their language, a corruption of the Latin, is re- markable for its smoothness, and is said to be spoken in its greatest purity at Florence. Further particulars of this country will b« found under the names of its particular di- visions, as Napi,k8, &c. A general view of its population is given in the Appendix. Italt, Austriak. See Lombahdo-vb- HBTiAN Kingdom. Itchbn, or Alrb, a river in Hampshire which enters the bay of Southampton at thi town of that name. Itairamba, a county of the state of M* sisaippi, drained by the head branches of w JAB 457 JAC rombetsbee river. Ciipitiil, Fitlton. Area, 500 square miles. Pop. in 1840, .5;i75. Ithaca, (Theaki,) one of tlie Ionian is- lands, off the VV. coast of Greece, celebrated in antiquity as the kingdom of Ulysses; 14 miles lonjj;, and 4 broad. Area, 44 square miles. Fop. in 1836, 9644. It has the ap- puuranco of a steep rugged rock, and has about one-third of its surface cultivated, cliicfly as vineyards. It has little to interest, but its associations. IiiiAL'A, a town of the state of New York, on a plain, 1^ mile S. of the head of the Ca- gu|,'a lake. It is regularly laid out, in a plea- Biint county, with vary great natural advan- tages. It communicates by water and rail- road with Pennsvlvania, and will have very considerabJe traile; 162 miles W. by S. of Albany, 40 S.E. of Geneva, and 295 from Washington. Itzkhoe, a town of Germany, in Holstein, belonging to Denmark, with a fortress. A duty is exacted here from all ships coming up the Stoer, on which river it is seated ; 1 2 miles N.N.E. of Gluckstadt, and 31 miles N.W. of Hamburg. IvANGonoD. See Narva. IvASiTZ, a town of Croiitia, seated on the Jjonin; 42 miles N.E. of Carlstadt. IvELCHESTER. See Ilciiester. Ives, St., a borough in Cornwall, sending one member to parliament; seated on a bay of the same name, celebrated for its extensive pilchard fishery. Market on Wednesday. The church is a handsome building, close to the sea. Here are also meeting-housos for Independents and Methodists, and a good grammar-school, founded by Charles I. In the vicinity of the town is Treganny cjistle, and one mile from this mansion, on the sum- mit of a lofty hill, is a pyramid, erected by the late J. Knoll, Esq., who died in 1811, and directed, by will, that at the end of every five years an old woman, and 10 girls under 14 years of age, dressed in white, and accom- panied by music, should walk in procession from the market-house to this pyramid, where they should dance, and sing the 100th psalm. For this he bequeathed certain freeholds, and vested them in the minister, to whom, and the port collector, he bequeathed 10/. for a dinner; 8 miles N.E. of Penzance, and 277 W. by S. of London. Ives, St., a town in Huntingdonshire, with a market on Monday; seated on the river Ouse, 6 miles S.E. of Huntingdon, and 69 N. by W. of London. IV19A, an island of the Mediterranean, .56 miles S.W. of Majorca, belonging to Spain. It is about 60 miles in circumference, and mountainous, but fertile in corn and fruits. A great quantity of salt is made here, highly esteemed for its whiteness. The capital, of the same name, which stands on the S. side of the island, is well fortified, and has a convenient harbour. Pop. 5720. Long. 1. 25. E. lat. 38. 52. N. IviNOHOE, a town in Buckingliamsniro, with a market on Saturday, and manufac- tures of bone-lace. It is 6 miles S.W. of Dunstable, and 33 N.W. of London. IvREA, an ancient town of Piedmont, N. Italy, in the kingdom of Sardinia, with a fort, citadel, and castle. It is a bishop's see, and contains a cathedral, four other churches, and several religious houses. It is seated on the Doria, between two hills; 20 m. N. of Turin. Pop. in 1838, including communes, 8475. IvRT, a town of France, in the department of Eure, with a late Benedictine abbey, seated on the Eure, 12 miles S.E. of Evreux, and 50 N.W. of Paris. IvRr, a town of Franco, in the department of Cote d'Or; 9 miles S.E. of Arnay le Due. IxwoRTH, a town in Suffolk, with a mar- ket on Friday; 7 miles N.E. of Bury St. Ed- mund, and 77 N.E. Of London. IzAMAL, one of the five departments of the republic of Yucatan, containing, in 1841, a population of 32,915 men, and 37,933 women, together 70,848. IzERY, St., a town of France, department of Aveiron; 6 miles N. W. of Vabres. IzEEON, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Rhone, 10 miles S.W, of Lyons. IziQiNSK, a town of Siberia, in the pro- vince of Okhotsk ; defend ed by lofty palisades, and wooden bastions, provided with cannon and military stores. The commerce consists of furs and the skins of reindeer. It is seated on the Izingin, IS miles from its mouth, and 520 N.E. of Okhotsk. IzQUiNTENANOO, a town of Mcxico, in the province of Chiapa. Tlie country about it produces cotton, and a great number of pine- apples. It is 100 miles S.E. of Cliiapa. IzTAKA, a seaport of the republic of Gua- timala, on the Pacific. There is hardly any town, but the district is important for the growth of cochineal. V ! I J. ' : if ^i Jaaiono, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Marne; 9 miles W. of Chalons. Jabaz, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- ha; 20 miles N.W. of Angura. J ABLDHKAD, a town of Silcsia, in f lie prin- : cipolity of Teschen, on tha rivar Uisaj with 1 a fort near it, called Jablunkau Schanz, which defends a defile towards Hungary. It is seated between high mountains ; U miles S.S.E. of Teschen. Jaca, a town in Spain, formerly the capi« tal of Arragon ; seated on a river of the 1 J AE 4J3 JAF •| name nmonf; tho Pyrcimes. It in n bisliop's lico, nnd ib dufcnduil by a citiulul; 45 iniius N. by E. of Sixragossa. Top. 3000. Jaci d'Aquila, n town ot'Sicily, in Viilili Dumona; 10 miles N.N.E. of Cutuniti. JacicSvIn, a county of tho United States in Indiana, laid out in 1815, nnd watered by Wiiite river. Capital, Browiistown. Pop. 8961. — Also a connty of Vir(?iiiia, area, 480 Kpiarc miles. Capital, Kipley. I'op. inl840, 4890. — Also a county in Gcor);ia, on tho Oconee and Appuliichce rivers. Capital, Jef- ferson. Pop. 8522. — Also a county in tho N. part of Florida. Capital, Marianna. Pop. 4681. — Also a county in Alabama, in tho N. part. Capital, Heliefontc. Pop. in 1840, 15,715. — Also a county of Tennessee, ija- pital, Gainsboro*. Pop. in 1840, 12,872. — Also a county of Ohio. Capital, Jackson. Pop. 9744. — Also a county in Michigan. Ca- pital, Jackson. Pop. 13,130. — Alsoacounty in Illinois. Capital, Brownsville. Pop. 3566. — Also a county in Iowa. Capital, Bellevue. Pop. 1411. — Alsoacounty in Missouri. Ca- pital, Independence. Pop. 7612. — Also a county in Arkansas. Capital, Elizabeth. Pop. 1540. Jackson, a town of Michigan, on the banks of the Grand river, which affords water power; 79 miles W. of Detroit. Pop. in 1840, 2773. Jackson, a town of the United States, ca- pital of the state of Mississippi, in Hind's county. It is on tho W. bank of Pearl river, which is navigable to it. It is built on a level spot, half-a-milc .square, and a quarter of a mile from Pearl river. A railroad, 45 miles long, connects it with Witsburg, and is continued 14 miles E. to Brandon. It is 1010 miles S.W. of Washington. Pop. in 1840, 2100. Jacksonville, one of the largest inland towns of the state of Illinois. It stands in a fine prairie, well cultivated. Illinois college was founded here in 1829 ; 33 miles W. of Sjjringfield. jACKsiNBORoron. a town of S. Carolina, on the E. side of the Kdisto ; 35 miles W. of Charleston. Jacmel. See Jacquemel. Jacobsdorf, a town of the Prussian states, in Pomerania; 3 miles S.E. of Jacobshagan, and 8 E. of Zachan. Jacobshaoan, a town of the Prussian states, in Pomerania ; 14 miles S. of Daber. Jacobstadt, atownof Iiussia,in Finland, with a convenient harbour, and a thriving trade : 50 mile N.N.E. of Wasa. JAcnRSo, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra ; 8 miles W. of Squillaco Jaen, a province of the eastern part of Andalusia, surrounded by the provinces of La Mancha, Murcia, Granada, and Cordova. Its territorial extent is 268 square leagues, and its population about 207,000. It was a small independent kingdom under the Moors. This province, though badly cultivatad. pro- duces wine, oil, silk, and corn, cspuciallr along the (iuadul(|uiver, wh ch is the lar^'i-»t river in tho province. The kinc of JSpaJu still takes tiic titio of king of Jaen, althouKli it is now included in tho government of An- dalusia. Jaev, a fortified city of Spain, in Andiiln. sia, i-apital of the above province. It stands like a sentinel nt tho gorge of tho mountain appproach to Granada. This frontier position explains its uncultivated, depopulated condi- tion. It has never recovered tho mutual ex- terminating forays, and its flacking by tiio PVeuch in 1808, yet hero is some of the ricli- est land in Spain, amply provided with water. Its position is most picturesque, lying umlur a castle-crowned hill ; the long lines of Moor- ish walls and towers creep up tho irregular slopes. The jumble of mountains almost de- prives tho city of sun in tho winter season. It is a bishopric conjointly with Bacza. Tlio l)op. is about 18,000, chiefly hard-workinj; agriculturists; it is a poor place, in the midst of plenty; 3€> miles N. of Granada. Jafa, a fertile country of Arabia, N.W. of Aden and of Hadramaut; it was formerly under tho dominion of tho Imam, but in the end of the seventeenth century the inhabitants mado themselves independent, and are non- governed by three petty chiefs, who liavo also conquered a part of the province of Ila- dramnut. Jaffa, anciently called Joppa, a town of Asia, in Palestine, situated near the coast of tho Mediterranean, with a small citadel. It was formerly a celebrated city, and is fre- quently mentioned in the scriptures. It has long been inhabited by Turks and Arabs, with a mixture of Greeks, Maronites, nnd Armenians. The houses arc small, and sur- rounded with the ruins of the ancient walls and towers. The Franks, Greeks, and Ar- menians have small convents for the reiop- tion of pilgrims of different nations. The princii)al commerce is in grain, particnlarly rice fVom Egypt. Jaffa was laid waste in the crusades, and afterwards destroyed by an earthquake. In profane history it is said to be tho place whence Perseus delivered An- dromeda. It was taken by the French under Bonaparte in February 1789, but they held possession 40 days only. It is 2 1 miles N.W. of Gaza, and 33 W. of Jerusalem, of which it is the port. Pop. 4000. Jaffna, a town of Ceylon, capital of Jaffna- patam, from whence are exported great quan- tities of tobacco, and some elephants, which are accounted the most docile of any in the world. The Dutch took it from the Portu- guese in 1 658, and it was taken by the Eng- lish in 1 795. It is seated on a river navigable for largo boats, 100 miles N. of Kandy. Long. 80. 10. E. lat. 9. 45. N. Jaffnapatam, a district in the N. part ol Ceylon, fertile in fruits and vegetables, and said to be tho most populous and healthy in the islttod- Several small islands arc puUtw JAG 459 JAM cally connected with this diMtrict, and between it and the Knndinn provinces nru numerous woods, inhabited by a saviigo race called Vcddahs, supposed to bo tho aborigines of the countr)*. Jaffkauad, a town of HindoNtan, in Gu- lerat, near tiio mouth of a river, noted for iur^'e oysters; 37 miles E.N.K. of Diu. Jauernact. See Juooeknaut. Jaoerndorf, a town and cnstio of Silesia, leated on tho Oppa, 13 miles H.W. of Trop- in. Long. 17. 44. E. lat. 50. 0. N. JaooSi'., or Santiago, tho most fertile province of Chili, extending 45 miles in length from E. to W. and 30 in breadth from N. to S. It is bounded on tho E. by the Andes, W. by Melipill»i, N. by the province of Aconcagua, and S. by the river Maypocho. Corn, wine, and fruits are produced hero in great quantities. The mountains abound in the precious metals, and here are also mines of copper, tin, and lead. The province is watered by the Maypocho, the Colina, and several other fine streams. Jaoo, St,, or Santiago, tho capital of the above province, and a bishop's see. Besides the cathedral, there are three parish churches, and eight monasteries. The inhabitants ar« chiefly native Americans and Spaniards. Here ure several canals and a dike, by means of which they water the gardens, and cool the streets. It is seated in a beautiful plain, at the foot of the Andes, on the river May- pocho, over which is a handsome bridge, which connects several suburbs with the city. It has frequently suffered from earthquakes. The commerce is considerable, and tho mar- ket!) are well supplied with all kinds of pro- visions. It contains about 60,000 inhabitants, and is one of the few, perhaps the only one, of the South American capitals, that is in- creasing in wealth and population. It has various private seminaries, a national insti- tute or college, an extensive hospital, a me- dical college, and a military academy. The Congress meei:-here every year on the 1st of June ; 64 m. E.S.E. of Valparaiso, to which it hasa railway. Long. 69. 48. W., lat. 33. 15. & Jaoo, St., a handsome town of Mexico, capital of Verogua. It has an elegant hos- pital, and stands in a fertile country, which produces maize, plantains, &c., with abund- ance of cattle ; 1 10 m. S.W. of Porto Bello. Jaoo, St., a fortified seaport on the S. coast of Cuba, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour; situate on a bav, about six miles from the sea. Long. 76. lO. W. lat. 20. 5. S. Jaoo de Cosiposxella, St. See Compos- tELLA. . Jaoo de los Valles, St., a town of Mex- 'TO, in the province of Guesteca; seated on the river Panuco; 170 m. N. by E, of Mexico. JaoodelaVeoa, St. See Spanish-town. Jaoodina, a town of European Turkey, in acn'ia;seated ontheMorava; eOmiies S.S.E. of Belgrade. JAftCA. SUX.AQVJL. Jaii.um. iSeeJiiYLUM. Jaisza, a town of Kuropean Turkey, in Bosnia, with a stront; citadel; seated on the IMena; 50 miles N.E. of Serai. Jajour, a town and fortress of Ilindostan; capital of a district of the same name, in tha province of Ajimerc. The district contains upwards of 80 villages, chiefly inhabited by a predatory tribe of Hindoos called Meena Jakutskoi, ike Yakutsk. Jalalahau. See Jklaladad. Jallinoar, a town of llindostan, capita] of a district of tho same name, in tho country of Lahore; 80 miles E. by S. of Lahore Long. 74. 10. E. hit. .30. 50. N. Jaloffs, or OuALOFFS, a people of Africa, who occupy great part of the country be- tween the lower part of the Gambia and that of the Senegal. Their territory is estimated at 4800 s(juure miles. They ure celebrated as hunters and warriors; and the cotton cloth which they manufacture, is superior, both in quality and colour, to that of the Mandingos. Jalonitza, a town of European Turkey, in Wulachiu, on a river of the same name; 95 miles S.W. of Ismail. Jalour, a town of Hindostan, in the coun- try of Ajimere; situate on a mountain diffi- cult of access; 85 miles W.N.VV. of Chcitore. Jamaqord, a town of Uussia, in the go- vernment of Petersburg; with a strong fort; seated on the Jama; 12 miles N.E. of Narva. Jamaica, the most considerable and va> luable of the British West India Islands; discovered by Columbus, in 1494. It lies 30 leagues W. of St. Domingo, nearly the samo distance S. of Cuba, and is of an oval figure, 150 miles long and 40 broad, containing 4,080,000 acres, of which 2,155,096 are cul- tivated. It is divided into thrc counties, Cornwall on tho W., Middlesex in tiie centre, and Surrey on the £. St. Jago de la Vega commonly called Spanish-Town, is the ca- pital and is the residence of the governor, although Kingston is the chief town, con- taining a population of about 33,000. Ac- cording to tho census of 1832, there were 37,000 whites, 55,000 coloured free, and 323,000 negroes or slaves : total, 415,000: number of acres under cultivation in 1828, 2,250,585. According to the census, June 3, 1844, tho number of cultivated acres was 2,155,096; white inhabitants, 15,776; black and coloured ditto, 361,657; total, 377,433. The southern shores of Jamaica, diversified as they are with hill and dale, timber and cultivation, and the Blue Mountains for a back ground, afford a delightful coup cCail, though they are usually considered as far in- ferior to the north side of the island. On the north side, the scenery differs widely from that on the south. The country rises into hills, more remarkable for beauty than for boldness, and on these are groves of pimento trees; and to enliven the scene, and add to its beauty, the bounty of nature has copious! j watered the whole district la the parish of JAM 460 JAM e^ r ;i n •\i ■ St. Anne, bcinj? tliut part first seen l)y Co- lumbus, tliu wliulo of the scenery iti superla- tively tine, so that words ciinnot convey an adequiitu iUeti of it. From the numerous ri- vulet8undwuter-fiiils,tiieishuid derives its na- tive numo Junmiea, 'the land of springs.' The priucipul mountains are ciilledtho Blue Moun- tains, wiiich lie in tiic middle of the ishind. In the countv of Surrey, this is called the Cold Ridge, and here are three remarkable |)eaks of the heit,'ht8 of 8184, 7C56, and 7076 feet respectively. Calhoun's hill, to the N.E of Kingston, is 5075 feet liigh; Yallali's Hill, on the S.E. coast, is only 2076 feet; the Bull's Head, in Clarendon, near the centre of the island, is 3140 feet. The year is distinguished into two seasons, the wet and dry; but the rains are not so frequent as formerly, which is supposed to be owin^ to the cutting down of the woods. About nine in the morning it is 80 extremely hot that it would be almost intolerable if the easterly breeze did not rise to cool the air. Sometimes the nights are pretty cool, and there are great dews, which arc deemed unwholesome, especially to new comers. The months of July, August, nnti September, are culled the hurricane months, because then they are the most frequent; and there is lightning almost every night. The best houses are generally built low, on ac- count of the hurricanes and earthquakes ; and the negroes' huts, made of reeds, will hold only two or three persons. The valleys arc embellished with plantations, so well laid out, and with such a variety of fruit-trees, as to make the country looklikeaparadiso. Homed rattle, hogs, and sheep are plentiful; but the servants generally feed upon Irish salt beef, and the negroes have herrings and salt fish. The general produce of this island is sugar, rum, molasses, ginger, cotton, indigo, pimen- to, cocoa, colfee, several kinds of wood, and medicinal drugs. It has some tobacco, but not good, and used only by the negroes; also maize, Guinea com, and pease of various kinds, with variety of roots. Fruits ar'j in great plenty, such as oranges, lemons, 'jhad« docks, citrons, pomegranates, pir.e-npples, prickly-pears, melons, pompions, gur.vas, and many others. Jamaica can boast of a bota- nical garden, containing the rarest collection of curious trees and plants, perhaps in the world. The first settlement on this island was made in 1509, by the Spaniards, who were cruel to the natives; but it was taken by the English in 1656, and a colony soon after formed by disbanded soldiers from the parliamentary army, who were governed by military laws till the restoration. The tran- quillity of this colony has been occasionally disturbed by the inroads of the Maroons, or original natives, who, however, were com- pletely quelled in 1796; and since that period the colony has rapidly increased in impor* tance. There is an ecclesiastical establish- ment in this island, consisting of 19 beneficed clergymen. Within the last few vears, con- siderable elTorts have been made by mission, uries and others; and, though the principul men of the island have manifested muih opposition, yet these efforts have already bteri crowned with very consiilerable success. The fir«t West Indian railroad was opened in 1845 between Kingston and Spanish- Town, tliougli it is to be feared that the present colonial de- pression will prevent furtlier advance. Altir the emancipation of the slavrs, the landed property in our colonies, and particularly in Jamaica, sullered considerable deterioration; and this calamity has been ruinously in- creased by the British fiscal regulations of 1848, and which bid fair to put an end to any further improvement in the agriculture and condition of the labourers in this once happy and beautiful island. Jamaica, a town of New York in Queen's Countv, with five churches; 12 miles E. Lv S. of New York. Top. 3781. Jamai.auad, a town of llindostnn, in Cii- naia, with a fort on the summit of an im- mense rock, which is accessible only by one narrow way. The town stands on the banks of a river; 30 miles E.N.E. of Mangalore. Jamama, a town of Arabia, capital of a district of the same name, lying W. of the province of Bahrein. It is seated on the river Astan; 140 miles S.W. of Lachsa. Jambi, the capital of a district of the same name, on the N.E. coast of the island of Su- matra; with a trade in gold dust, pcpjier, and canes. The town is large, and situute inland, on a river navigable for boats; 160 miles N. by E. of Bencoolcn. Jambo, a town of Arabia Dcscrto, with a good harbour on the Red sea; 72 miles S.S.W. of Medina. Jaues, a river of Virginia, which rises on the W. side of the Blue ridge of the Allegany Mountains, and, flowing £. through the state, enters Chesapeake Bay, near Hampton. James Bay. See Hddson's Bay. James Island, an island of Africa; 30 miles up the river Gambia, and 3 miles from its nearest shore. Here the English have a fort and factory. Long. 1 6. 0. W. lat. 1 3. 1 5. N. James Island, an island of South Carolina, on the S. side of Charleston harbour, opposite Charleston. Jamestown, a town of Virginia, seated in a peninsula, on the N. side of James river; 5 miles S.S.W. of Williamsburg. Jamestown, a town of Ireland, in the county of Leitrim; seated on the Shannon; 6 miles S. by E. of Carrick, and 73 N.W. of Dublin. Jamets, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Meuse; 72 miles S. of Stenay. Jamtland, a province of Sweden, border- ing on Norway, nearly of a circular form! about 70 miles in length, and 60 in breadth. The westen- part is mountainous; the eaJtern is a fine champaign country, watered w"" several lakes and rivers, which abound witn fish. The country produces excellent oatSi JAP 461 JAP ly ini88ion« c principitl !8tc(l much Ireudy liti'ii iccess. The nud in 1845 )wn, tliou|;h coloiuiil lie- nncc. AltiT tlio landed rticulurly in tcriorution; linoiisiy in- sulations of I an end to I ngriculturo in tliiii onco Dstnn, in Ca- lit of an iin- only by one on tiic banks (Ianj;iilore. ciqiitiil of ft g W. of the il on the river isu. ■t of the same island of Sii- dust, pepper, !, and siiuiite it boats; ICO in the depart- ■stenay. Iireden, border- circular form; 60 in breadth. 155 the eastern watered witj 1 abound «"» ixtelleatoaJs, and sbonnds in good turnips. The pastures arc extenHivo, and of excellent quality, but are mucli neglected. It contains alum qiiarriuii, sandstone, elate, the lapis ollarius, tine rock crystal, and lead ore. The inhabi- tants carry on a considerable tradj with the Norwegians. Jakuiuo. See Rio Janeiro. Janna, a province of European Turkey; bounded on the N. by Macedonia, E. by the Archipelago, S. by Livadio, and VV. by Al- bania. It id the Thcssaly of the ancients, and Larissa is the capital. J.vNriLi.E, a town of France, department of Eurc-ct-Loire; 20 miles S.E. of Chartrcs. Japan, an extensive and insular empire in the most eastern part of Asia; extending from long. 128. to 151. E., and from lat. 30. to 50. N. Of the internal geography and stiite of the people of Japan, our knowledge is still imperfect, though, by the closer rela- tions which we have liad with them since the treaty of August 26, 1858, we have a great variety of curious particulars con- cerning this remarkable people. The three pniicipal islands of Japan Proper have alone Iwen explored by Europeans. Niphon, or Nipon, the largest, has a very uneven surface, and but very few plains. It has a regular mountain chain ranning N.N.E.; the highest summit of which, called Fusi, according to SiuMd, is 12,000 feet high, and several of the peaks are covered with perpetual snow. These high summits are active volcanoes wliich cause frequent earthquakes throughout till' island; one of which, in 170.5, destroyed iialf of Yedo the capital, and 100,000 of its iiilmliitants. The general surface of the is- lands is of more moderate height; and from tiie shores either being exceedingly rocky or very flat, naiitieal surveyors have not been alile to approach them to observe them satis- fiietorily. Tlie rivers are numerous but not loiip, and but few of them are navigable. As iiiit^ht be supposed from its volcanic charac- ter, the metallic riches of Japan are very t,'riat, and copper is produced in abundance for exportation ; other metals are found, and a little gold and silver, which last are under the exclusive superintendence of the govern- ment, The climate is very distinct in so liirge a range of country. In the N. it is severely cold, in the S. similar to the south of France. Rain is very prevalent, falling during two thirds of the year, particularly during June and July. The Japanese empire consists of the island of Niphon or Nipon, the principal; area, 1^9,000 square miles, with Jedo or Yedo, and Shako for its capitals, and divided into 53 provinces; Kinsiu, into 4 provinces; area, 23,300 square miles, containing the town best known to Europe, Nangasaki or Nagasaki. Ine island of Sikokf, divided into 9 pro- vmces : area, 1 7,200 square miles ; capital, To- s"; the islands of Iki and Isouseina, each a proTiucej area, 800 square miles. All which islands have an area of 1 55,300 sqnare miloa. The Japanese dependencies, called the go- vernment of Mutsmai, consist of the islandn of Jas.so; area, about 62,500 square miles, capital, Matsmai; of the 8, part of Tarakai: area, 47,000 square miles; and Kunaehir, Iturup and Urup of the Kenilo islands, off Kamstchatka. The entire area of all the em* ])ire is estimated at 266,600 square miles. Agriculture is industriously and impera- tively followed, rice and tea being the chief products. Tiic manufacturing industry of the Japanese will compare with the Chinese, and their artificers in iron, copper and steel, have a high character; clocks and watches are also well made. But the -most excellent of their works is lacquering furniture with gold, silver, &c., known ns japanning, which till lately was a secret. Most admirable porcelain is also made. The internal trade is very ex- tensive, but foreign commerce i^ vigorously ojjposed in consequence of the Jesuit mis- sionaries interfering with the religion of the country in 1585. The Dutch, soon after the expulsion of the Portuguese, established, with great difficnity, a trade at Nungasakl, but weru strictly confined to one small islet off the har- bour. But, by recent treaties, commerce and intercourse with foreign nations have been materially freed and extended. There are two emperors, a spiritual and a temporal ; the former gives a luerely formal sanction to matters of state ; the Tycoon, or temporal emperor, resident at Jeddo, being the ad- ministrator of the empire. A universal system of espionage over the emperor himself, and every other official, secures universal pro- bity. There is a council of state of five of the highest nobles appointed by the Tycoon, and a minor council of eight of the titular princes, the whole of whom are under spies. The council is the executive body, and ap- points all governors, Sic. The princes of the blood have a kind of supreme position as ultimate arbitrators. The population has been very variously stated, but the most moderate estimate places it at rather more than 50 millions. The army, in time of peace, is 100,000 infantry and 20,000 ca- valry, which is increased at war time to 400,000 infantry, and 40,00u cavalry. The langua^re has no known relation to any other. The Japanese are of a yellowish complex- ion; their heads arc in general large, their necks short, and their hair, which is naturally black and thick, is rendered shining by tho use of oils; their eyes arc small, of a dark brown colour, and sunk deep in the head, and the eyelids form, in the great angle of the eye, a deep furrow, which discriminates them from other nations; their eyebrows are also placed somewhat higher; and their noses, though not flat, are thick and short. They are naturally ingenious, and have a high character for honesty and veracity. Their common drinks are all hot; they on- » V. i »', J A n 402 JAS cover their fuel, tmt of respect, arc fond of black teeth, nnd g(!t on liortiubuck on the left side. Their housus are of wood, coloured white, and never exceeil two storeyHin height. The interior in divided into apartments ut pleaiure, by moveable partitionn Hiiding in grooves. Thev have neitlter tahlcf), beds, nor chiiii'8,but Hit and lie on curpetHand matn. The dress consists of trowsers, and a loose robe of silk or cotton, fastened by a girdle; the number being increased according to (he coldness of the weather: stockings are not used; and the shoes are commonly of rice straw. The mathematical and physical sciences are yet in their infar.cvi but are highly esteemed among them, and they have several schools at ditfercnt places, in which are taught arithmetic, rhetoric, poetry, his- tory, and astronomy. The Japanese arc as fabulous as the Chinese in the antiquity of their empire; but the certain period bf.gins with the hereditary succession of the eccle- siastical emperors, from the year 660 before the Christian epoch. The religion of the country is paganism ; but there are two dif- ferent sects. There was once a great num- ber of Christians in ditferent parts of the em- pire; but in 1638 they underwent great per- secutions, and all who professed Christianity were either put to death, or forced to revert to paganism. The capital of the empire is Jeddo or Yeddo. Unhappily, the people have latterly appeared unfriendly to the foreign residents and officials: there have been assas- ■inations, and a night attack was made on the British legation in August, 1861. Jaquemel, or Jacmel, a town of St. Do- mingo, West Indies, on a bay of its name on the S. coast. The town consists of two parts ; the lower town built along the shore at the bottom of the bay, where the shipping lies, and where business is carried on; and the upper town, built on a hill immediately be- hind the lower. The view of this port from a ship's deck at sea, with its white buildings and terrace-like form, is very stril. iri^. The streets are poor and ill paved; anO. there arc not many good houses; the best building in the place belongs to the president, who is seldom there, and which therefore stands empty. The inhabitants a/e estimated at 6000 or 7000. There is a good market-place, a spacious and rather handsome church, and a strong prison. The beach extends nearly the whole length of the bay, and forms a delightful promenade; 32 m. S.S.W. of Port-au-Prince. Jaques, a navigable river of Louisiana, which falls into the Missouri. Jaques Cartier, a river of Canada, so called from the navigator who first explored the 8t. Lawrence, into which it falls in long. 71.41.W.lat. 46.38. N. Jaroeac, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loiret. It was taken by the English in 1438, and retaken by Joan of Arc, the next year. It is seated near the Loire; 10 miles E.B.E. of Orleans. jARisnEno, a town of Norway; capital of A district abounding in mines; in the diocew of Aggerhuys; 5 miles N. of Tonsbcrg. Jaknao, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Charcnte. Near this place the duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III., obtained t victory over the Huguenots, in 1569. It it seated on the Charente; 20 miles W. of An- goiilcme. Jakomitz, n town of Bohemia; seated on the Elbe; 9 miles N. of Konigingratz. Jaron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan ; ce- lebrated for abundance of palm-trees and their excellent fruit; 89 miles S. by E. of Shiras. Long. 53. 10. E. Ut. 28. IS. N Jaroslau, a town of the Austrian empire, in Poland, or Ucd Russia, with a strong cita- del. A battle was gained here bv the SweiliJ in 1656, atlcr which they took the town. It is included in the kingdom of Galirin, and seated on the Saine; 55 miles W. of Lcni- berg. Pop. in 1 838, 7964. Long. 22. 4'A. £,. lat. 50. 4. N. Jaroslavl, or Yaroslav, a government of Russia, formerly a province of the govern- ment of Moscow. Its territorial extent is estimated at about 12,800 square miles, and its inhabitants in 1838, at 916,000. It is di- vided into 10 circles exclusive of the level called the Steppes of Jaroslav. The princi- pal rivers are the Wolga, the Schckna, and the Mologa. The chief trade is in cattle and wood. The capital, of the same name, is a large commercial place, and a bishop's see, with numerous manufactures. Pop. 23.856. It is seated on the Wolga; 145 miles N.N. li of Moscow. Jasenitz, a town of Hither Pomerania; seated on the Oder; 10 miles N. of Stettin. Jasper, the name of several counties in the United States. — In Georgia; capital, Monticello. Pop. in 1840, 11,11 1.— In Mis- sissippi ; capital, Paulding. Pop. 3958.— In Indiana; capital, Rensselaer. Pop. 1267. — In Illinois; capital, Newton. Pop. 1472.— In Missouri; capital, Jasper. Jasqce, a town of Persia, in the provinre of Mecran ; which gives name to a cape in the Gulf of Ormus. Long. 57. 4. E. lat. 25. 40. N. Jasst, a town of European Turkey; ca pital of Moldavia, and an archbishop's see; with a trade in flax, com, hides, wool, wax, honey, tallow, and canvas, large quantiticj of wiiich are made in the town, and sent to Constantinople. In 1753 it was destroyei by fire; it was subsequently rebuilt and well fortified; but in 1788 the fortifications were demolished, excepting a small fort. Theinnu- bitants, once vaguely stated to have amount- ed to 80,000, have been reduced by war, pes- tilence, and fire, to beneath 20,000. Itn" been several times taken in the wars between the Turks and the Russians or AustiMM- It is seated on the Pruth; 170 miles N.M-*' of Bucharest, and 370 N. of Constantinoplfc Jabz-Berent, a town of Hungaiy, c^'" of the district of Jn miles E. from Pest in horses, corn, and rliurch in the centr 1797 inhonour of tl hero is also the rcpoi island. Pop. 15,53( Jader, a town of I cipaiityofthosameii B Inrnu scjuare, surr has nmnulactuns of a trade in flax and ) fine country, on the : ^". by S. of Breslau, JI.2.N. Jai;i.nai8, atowno ment of Vienne; 6 m Jauku, a river of I whitli rises in the plai 58.30. \V. Int. 14.42. and S.E. course, falls lat. I '.24. S. At ii beamiful pyramid of n tions commemorative Spain and Portugal, w duries of their -especti banks arc extensive sa province uiMutto-Oro! titles f^f suit. Java, an island of I to the 8. of Borneo, an end, from Sumatra, hy 1' is principally under jJutch, and is their chit J' IS 660 miles in lei breadth, extending fron «n'l 6. to 9. S. lat. M Java is mountainous, m among which are many all of which are either t'^nocs, extends E. and of the island. The sot rocky, from this cau.se ha ?equence. The north s IS flat and frequently n 'He principnl ports. R •"" small, and there i s'^amps. The seasons ai oberto March or April, tfe rest of the year. Oi C'-nateisvcrydeleterioi ?""''n and up the mou J"vahasamostluxuriai a remarkable vegetation most excellent fruits, hubandmen, and rice ii "fhepeopleianditah ofthe East Indies, altho "■e surface of the islan •J'ffee has become the g, 'ndispnncipallyintheV hers,dencyofPreange, i of the total produce. J™^ct,o„ of sugar since °«^'dmary,tEequanti JAV 4G3 JAV of the district of Jnnyzin, on the Zapyii; 40 mili'f) I:^- from Pcstli. It hits a Iuiku triulo in liiirHCH, corn, nnd ciittlu, uml u inunlauino rhurcli in thu centre of tliu town, urcituil in 1797 in honour of tiie urch(luln its banks arc ixtcnsive salt-pits, from which the province ut Mutto-Grosso derives large quan- tities of salt. Java, uh island of the East Indies, lyint; to the 8, of Borneo, and separated, at its W. end, from Sumatra, by the Strait of Sundu. It is principally under the dominion of the Dutch, and is their chief Asiatic settlement. It is 660 miles in length, and of various breadth, extending from 105. to 115. E. long, and 6. to 9. 8. lat. Most of the surface of Java is mountainous, and a mountain chain, among which arc many conical peaks, almost all of which are either active or extinct vol- canoes, extends E. and W. the whole length of the island. The south shore is bold and rocky, from this cause has no harbours of con- sequence. The north side, on the ccmtrary, is flat and frequently marshy, and here are the principal ports. Rivers are numerous, but small, and there are many extensive swamps. The seasons are, the wet, from Oc- tober to Mcirch or April, and the dry, during the rest of the year. On the north coast, the climate is very deleterious to Europeans, but within and up the mountains it is healthy. Java has a most luxuriant, and in some cases, ' a remarkable vegetation. It has a number of most excellent fruits, and other valuable products. The Javanese are a nation of husbandmen, and rice is the principal food of the people; and it also produces enough for its own consumption, but is the granary of the East Indies, although only a third of {J?"^ sufface of the island is under culture, •offee has become the great staple of Java, and is principally in the W. part of the island ; the residency of Preangers furnishing at least 4 of the total produce. The increase in the production of sugar since 1825, has been most ™«ordinary, the quantity exported in 1837 being twenty-five times greater than in 1820. Thu iniTciuso of indigo and cotfcc has even been greater than this, and Jiiva is now one o( the principal sources for these products. In 1839, government also intimated that tho cultivation of spices, previously prohibited, would bo allowed, which act must still fur- ther add to its prosperity. From these causes, Java is one of thu finest and most tlourisiiing colonics in tho world, labour be- ing very cheap, as well as tho nccussuriua of life. Java is under the dominion of the Dutch, and is divided into 19 provinces, or, including Madura, into 20, each governed by a Euro- pean resident. The colonial government at liatavia, exercises a full and complete power over all the Dutch dependencies >n the East Indies. Three subordinate judicial courts are established in Batavia, Samarang, and Sourubayu. The area of the whole is esti- mated at about 6:t,UU0 square miles. Popu- lation between g and 9 millions, including 100,000 Chinese, and several thousand Eu- ropeans. {See Appendix, Netherlands.) The Chinese are governed by their own laws, under functionaries who are responsible to the Dutch. The territories of the native princes comprise about one-f(mrth part of Java, and its population in the centre, S. and S.E. part of the island. Tho principal states are Su- suhunan, or empire of Java. Capital, Sura- knrha, and that of the sultan at Djockjocarta, The general religion is the Mahometan, The Javnresc, as a nation, are the most ad-, anccd of -try in the Asiatic archipelago. The Ja- vanese are of a brown complexion, short, coal-black hair, large checks, small eyes, and large eyebrows. The men are very robust and strong limbed ; the women are small, but of pleasing countenance, and in some districts they arc really beautiful. The men wear a piecQ of calico, which is the principal manu- facture of the island, wrapped two or three times round their middle; and the women wear them from their armpits down to their knees; but all other parts are bare. The men have two or three wives, and several concubines, according to their circumstances. The Javanese appear, from the remains of temples and inscriptions, to be of Hindoo descent, and their language is quite distinct from that of the Malays; but the professed religion of both is Mahomedism. The Ma- lays principally inhabit along the coast; they are not so well featured as the Java- nese; but the men are often very muscular and well made. They are generally indolent, but at the same time restless, vindictive, and treacherous. The Chinese are distinguished by their habits of industry, and generally by their wealth. Many of them carry on a con- siderable trade with their native country, and the several islands of the eastern archipielago. Tlicy intermarry with the Javanese and Ma- lays, and purchase female slaves for wirea and concubines. For more than a century, ^'K '^Bl t 9RjP||< |w|H| ' K^H if|| H.H JED 464 JEO I ;1 u; t hi t, Java was under tho dominion of tliu Dutch. In 1811 it was captured by the Britiiih, under Sir Samuel Auclimuty, and many important improvements were adopted in its internal admiuistrutiun. Government also did much to promote agricultural improvements, and the country pros])ered and enjoyed t-anquil- lity; but in pursuance of the treaty of Paris in 181G, it was restored to the Dutch. £a- tavia is the capital. Jaxt, one of the four circles, or depart- ments, of Wirtembcrg, deriving its name from the river Jaxt ; having Baden on the W., and Bavaria on the E. It comprises a super- ficial area of above 1400 square miles, with a population of about 260,000: the name was formerly given to a province not hnlf the ex- tent. Jaxt, a river of Germany, in Wirtemberg, which rises in the county of Oettingen, and, after flowing through the principality of £1'.- wangcn, falls into the Neckar, opposite to Wimpfen, in Hesse-Darmstadt. Jaxtberg, a small town of Wirtemberg, on the river Jaxt ; 1 miles S. E. of Mergentheim. Jatsalmeeu. See Jesselmere. Jean, St., a »own of France, in the depart- ment of Moselle; seated on the Sarre; 12 miles W. of Deux Fonts. Jean d'Anoely, St., a town of France, de- partment of Lower Charente; famous for its brandy. It was taken from the Hugnenots, in 1621, by Louis XIIL, who demolished the fortifications. It is seated on the Boutonne; 17 miies N.E. of Saintes, and 33 S.E. of Rochclle. Pop, 1836, 5342. Jean de Losne, St., a town of Fra»)ce, de- partment of Cote d'Or; celebrated for tiie bra- very of its inhabitants in opposing the imperial CountGallas, at the 'leadcfa numerous army, in 'i635. It is seated on the Saone; 15 miles S.S.E. of Dijon. Jean de Luz, St., a town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees — the last next Spain ; with a harbour. It owes its opulence to the cod and whale fishery. It is seated on a small river, near the Buy of Biscay; 14 miics S. W. of Bavonne. Long. 1. 40. W. liu. 43. 25. N. Jean de Maurienne, St., a town of Savoy ; capital of the province of Maurienne, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the river Arc; 25 miles E. N, E. of Grenoble. Li.ng, C>: 90. E. lat. 45, 17. N. Jean de Pied db Port St., e town of France, il apartment of Lower Pyrenees; de- fended by a citadel; upon an eminence, at the entrance of those passages, or defiles, in the Pyrenees, which, in this country, are called Ports. It is sealed on the river Nivo; 20 miles S. S. E. of Bayonne, and 30 N. E. of Pam- pcluna. Jed, a river of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, wiiiv,h rises on the borders of England, and {'bins the Teviot a little below Jedburgh, On ts banks are several large caverns, which were the hiding-placea of ancient border warriors. Jedbdroh, u burgh of Scotland; capital oflioxburghshire; with a market on Tuesday. Here is the ruin of a fine abbey, part of which hn-: been made the par'^ili church. A variety of woollen manufuc*<'.res are carried on here, and the vicinity is noted for its orchards. It is situate on the Jed, near its conflux with the Teviot; 42 miles S. E. of Edinburgh. Jeddah, a large town on the E. shore of the Red Sea, the landing-place for pilgrims to Mecca. Un June 15, 1858, the iuhabitanii attacked the English consuhue, murdered the vice-consul, and 20 other persons, and pil- laged the house. An English man-of-war afterwards bombarded the town, and the ring- leaders were executed. JhDDO orYBDDo,ontheE.flldeofNiphon island, is the principal city of Japan, in lat. 35» 37' N., and long. 139° 47' E. It has a line of forts towards the bay. Low hills, prettily wooded and crowned with temples, form the background of the south and west parts uf the city; while .i wooded eminence in the centre, gleaming here and there with a patch of white wall, and distinguished by the roofs of a pagoda, marks the citadel or residenoo of tho Tycoon, or king. Towering above all in the western distance, tho majestic conical volcano of Fusi-yama rises. Tho citadel ia said to measure 8 miles in circumference, and to afford shelter for 40,000 people, still leav- ing room for spacious palaces and pleasant Eceies. The houses are mostly built of wood, tiled, and of two stories. The streets are brond and clean, and thronged with passen- gers, but not imposing in appearance. They are infested ivith dogs, which are specially cared for by the iniiabitant.. The popula- tion is estimated at more than 2,000,000. Jefferson, the name of several counties in the United States, probably deriving their name from the well-known president of that name. In New York; capital, Watertown. lop. in 1845, 64,999. — In Pennsylvania; ca- pital, Brookville. Pop. in 1840, 7253. -In Virginia; capital, Charleston. Pop. 14,082. — In Mississippi; capital, Fayette. Pop. ll,f,50.— A county in Tennessee; capiul. Dandrid^e. Pop. 12,076— In Kentucky; capital, Louisville. Pop. 36,346.— In Ohio; capital, Steuben ville. Pop 25,030.— In In- diana; capital, Madison. Pop. 16,164.— In Illinois; capital, Mount Vernon. Pop. 5762. It is also the name of 55 townships in ditle- rent parts of the Union, mostly insignificant. JEK7ER80N CiTY, Capital 6f Colc county and of the state of Missouri. It stands on the S. bank of the Missouri river, on elevated gn.und, 936 miles W. of Washington. Pop. in 1840, 1174. ^, „ ,, , Jeffersonville, a post town of tlie V nitea States, in Indiana; seated on the Ohio, nearly opposite Louisville. ^ , . Jeoni-Kevi, a town of Asiatic Turkey,"* Natolia; 24 miles N.N.W. of Dcgnizlu. jEONirANOOLA, a town of European Pa- Jiey in Bulgaria; 7C miles E.S.E. of Dut* JER 465 JER jEncD, or Jorn, mountains in the N.W. part of Ilinilostun, cxtciuiiiig eastward from Attock to Bchnhur. Tiicy itr« part of the t.:rritory of the mountaineers called Giekci's, GehkcrH, or Kukarcs. JtKYL, a small island of North America, on tlic coast of Georgia} S. of the island of St. Simon. jEhxhXBxn, or Jalalabad, a town of Af- ghanistan, 8 miles E. by N. of Cabul, and 60 miles W.N.W. of Pesliawur. It is a smull town of 2000per^plc; but is increased tenfold in the cold season by tiie influx of people from the surrounding hills. It is one of the filthiest places in tie east. The Cabul river passcB about ^ of a inilc N. of the town. Lut. 34. 30. N. long. 70, 32. E. Jei.l> sorb, a town of Bengal ; seated on theSabauieeka; 50 miles S. by W. of Miilna- pour. Jellinoht, a town of Bengal; on the right bank of the Ganges, where a branch, called the Jclliiii;hy Iliver, separates from the main Btrcam; 25 miles E. by S. of Moorshedabaf'. Jemaruow, a kingdom of Africa, on the b. sideof the Gambia; about 120m. from thesea. The inhabitants are chiefly Mohamniednns. Jem.me, El, a town of Tunis, North Africa, 95 miles S. of Tunis; where there are the re- mains of a splendid Human amphitheatre, and other ruins. Jena, a strong town of Germany, in the prand duchy of 8axe-Weimar; with a castle iiiul a university of considerable eminence. Nor.r this place, on October, 14, 1800, there Wiis RRcncral a';tIon between the Frencli and Piiissians. i'i which the latter were di'feated with iinraense loss. It is seated on the Saule; 12 miles E. of Weimar. Lmig. 1 1. 37. E, lut. 50.56. N. Pop. inlS.'ja, 5817. Jekikale, a fortre.-8 of Kuropenn Russia, in the government of Taurida. It was built in 1703, by the Turks, to p. event the liiissians entoiinr; tiio. Black sea. It commands the narrowest part of the Taman strait. It was taken by the British in 1856. Oejjiskoi. See Yeniseisk. Jenitz, a town of Germany, in i.be princi- pality of Anliatt- 1 )essau ; situate on the Mul- dau; 2 nnlcs N.E. of Dessau. Jenitz, a town of European Turkey, in llacedoniai situate on a lake which commu- nicates \vi:!i the Gulf of Saloniehi, by a canal 12 miles 1 )ng. It is 24 miles N.N.W. of Sa- bnii'hi. Jennings, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, crossing the Madison and Indiana- P'llis railroad ; capital, Vernon. Pop. in 1 840, 8S29. ' r . 1 I Jekemie, a town and cape on the N. side of tiie southern peninsula of the island of St. "oming.j. The town is situate on an emi- nence, in a fertile soil, particularly excellent lor the culture of cotfee: 5 miles W. of St. wmm-o. Long. 73. 14. W. lat. 18. 42. N. Jekioiio, a town of Syria, in Palestine, once a famous city. It U now called HeruW by the Arabs, and contains only a few wretched hut!^, where some beggarly Aralis reside. It is 5 miles W. of the river Jordan, and 20 E. by N. of Jerusalem. Jekiciio, a town cf Prussian Saxony, in the government of Magdeburg: situate on the Elbe; 32 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg. Jeumaii, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan; distinguished by many majestic ruins, that exhibit vestiges of former greatness; 60 miles S.E. of Mourzouk. Jeusey, an island in the English Channel; 18 miles from the coast of Normandy, in France, ind 84 S. of Portland, in Dorsetshire. It is subject to the English, but is still go- verned i)y the ancient Normal, laws. It is 30 miles in c4rcuniference, and diflicult of ac- ccs.s, on account of rocks, sands, and the forca erected for its defence. It produces excellent butter and honey, and the S. part of the is- land is nearly covered with apple-trees, for ci'Jer. The commerce of Jersey extends to almost every European nation, and also to America. It exports to England great quan- tities of cider; also fruits, potatoes, and cattle; and in return imports corn, flour, seeds, coals, cloth, linen, glass, &c. Tlie island has greatly increased in prosperity and number of inha- bitants of late years; which circumstance is owing greatly to the immunity from customs' duties, and consequent cheapness of living: this has attracted a large population of resi- dents from England. The French have made various unsuccessful attempts to capture the i.iUind: the most remarkable one was in 1781, when a liody of French troops landchalia, it was never included in any circle of the empire. It was ceded to Oldenburg in 1814. Jbvbr, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Oldenburg; 34 miles N. by W, of Oldenburg. Jhtlum, Jailum, or Behut, a rivev of the Punjab in N. W. Hindostan, and one of the five afl[luents of the Indus. It rises in Kash- mir and joins the Chenab, and is muddy and rapid. Jidda, or Djidda, a seaport of Arabia Felix, on the Red sea, in a barren sandy district, destitute of fresh water. A very considerable trade is carried on here, this city being a mart between Egypt and India. The ships from Suez seldom proceed further than this port, and those from India were not sufi^ered to advance to Suez. The English are permitted to trade here; but, in con- sequence of the numerous exactions to which they are sulijectcd. tlie trade has greatly de- clined: 34 miles W.S.W. of Mecca, of which it is the port. Long. 39. 15. E. lat, 21. 29. N. JiLLiFKEic, a town of West Africa, king- dom of Bana; near the mouth of the river Gambia, wlicre the duties of the exports and imports are levied. JiNBALA, a town of Negroland, capital of an island so called, which is formed by two branches of thr Niger, that separate at leaving the Lake Dibbic, and unite again about 15 miles from Tombuctoo. The town is a rest- ing place for traders between Tombuctoo and the western parts of the co: itry. It stands on the W. branch of the Niger; 80 miles S.W. of Tom buctoo. Long. 0. 1 6. E. lat. 1 6. 4. N. JioNPOCR, town of Ilindostan, capital of a circar of the same name, in Allahabad. It is seated on the Goomty; and, net far from the conflux of that river with the Ganges, is the fort of Jionjwur, on a high bank com- m.anding the bridge over the Goomt}'. This place w:^8 at one time the scat of an empire; and sultan Shirk! built the great musjud, or mausoleum, which is still remaining. The stone bridge over the Goomty consists of sixteen pointed arches; and on the lop of it are many little sliops on botl; sides. Jionpour is 18 miles N. W. of Benares. Long. 82. 55. E. lat. 25. 45, N, JoACHirusTHAL, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz; noted for its mines and a nta- nufacturo ot !acc; 15 miles N. by E. of Eln- bogen. JoACHiMSTHAL, ."* town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker Mark ; 36 miles N. N. E. of Berlin. Joanna. iSee Hinzuan. JoANNiNA, properly Yanina, a city of European Turkey; capital of the pacnalte ff jon 4G8 jon .' of Albania. It consists of two principal streets crossinK each otiicr, and contained a paiucc, and sicycrul mosques and cliurclics. Its chief manufacture is Icatiier. It was tlie capital of the rebel Ali Paclia, during tlie early part of the present century, who de- clared himself independent of tlie porte, but was ultimately subdued and beheaded. Jt was set fire to by him in 1820, and almost wholly ruined. Pop. at present 12,000; form- erly it was 30,000. .locivGiUM, a town of Bavaria, province of the Hhine; situate on an eminence near the Kliine: 9 miles S. E. of Landau. Jo-Da VIE88, a ccunty of Illinois, contain- ing abundance of lead and copper ore. It is named from a general who fell in the battle of Tippecanoe: capital. Galena, the chief town of the lead region. Pop. 6180. JoHAN-OEC '. \jJ-8TAT)T, a towu of Saxony, in the circle of ,: ' .o ; celebrated for its mines, and for a arable manufacture of lace. It is 18 nui 15. S. E. of Zwickau. JoiiANNisnuao, a hill and castle of Gcr- 1 many, in the duchy of Nassau; celebrated for the vineyards in its environs, which were bestowed by the emperor on Prince Metter- nieh, in 1816. It has a citadel, and is seated on tlie river Pycli, near the Lake Spirding; 95 m. S.E. of Konigsberp, and 1 8 W. of Mentz. John, St., one of the Philippine islands, E. of Mindanao. L(mg. 12C. 32. E. lat. 9. 30. N. John, St., a small island in the West Indies, N. of St. Croix, belonging to the Danes. It has a town and spacious harbour. John, St. or Pkince Edwaud, an island in the S. part of the gulf of St, Lawreree, having New Brunswick on the W., Nova Scotia on the S., and Cape Breton on the E. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad, and fertile, witli several streams. In 1 745 it surrendered, with Cape Breton, to the English. Pop. in 1841, 32,292. The capital is Charlotte Town. Pop. 1965. John, St., a river which rises in the N. W. part of the district of Maine, flows N. E. into New Brunswick, where it soon takes a S. S. E. course, and enters the Bay of Fundy, at the city of St. John. It is navigable 60 miles for sloojis of 50 tons, and about 200 for boats; and atlbrds a common and near route from the province of New Brunswick to Quebec. Johns, Sr., a city of New Brunswick; situate at the mouth of the river St. John, in the Bay of Fundy. It is the largest and most important town, though not the capital of the colony. It has wonderfully risen with- in these last 60 years from a few straggling huts, and is now one of the most thriving senjiorts in America. The harbour is com- modious and spacious, and the town is hand- some and commandingly situated. On the opi)osite side of the river is the rising town oi Carleton. St. John's is a corporate city, a tree port, and the great emporium of New Brunswick. Pop. in 1834, 12,885. Lat. 45. ao. N. long. 66.3. E. John, St., the capital of Newfoundland; situate on the lu. side of the i.>l:iiid. Ii has a good harbour, entirely land-locked, and de- fended by several forts, in one of Hhich the governor of the island resides. Its trade jiartakes of the general character of the com- merce of the colony, and is principally con- nected with the fishery. It stands along the N. W. side of the harbour and is a Ion;; straggling place. This city has suffered vcry severely by repeated fire.s. It is now the seat of the bishop of Newfoundland and Bermudiu Pop. in 1836, 18,926. John, St., the capital of Antigua. It is one of the most regular towns in the West Indies, and has the most commodious harbour in the Leeward islands. Long. 62. 4. \V. lat. 17. 4. N. John, St., a town and fort of Lower Ca- nada, on the W. bank of Clmmbly or lliohe- lieu Hivcr, at the N. end of Lake Champlain. In 1796 it was made the sole port of entry unci clearance for all goods imported from the United States into Canada. It is 20 miles E. by S. of Montreal, and 110 N. byE. of Crown Point. Long. 73. 20. W. lat. 45. 25. N. John d'Acre, St^ See Acke, Johnshaven, a village of Scotland, in Kin- cardineshire, with a harbour for small vcs.sels; 4 miles S. S, W. of Bervie. It was foi uicrly a great fishing town, but is now more noteil for an extensiv: manufacture of canvas. Johnson, tlie name of several counties in the United States. In North Carolina; cajii- tal, Smithfield. Pop. in 1840, 10,599.— In Ttiinessce; capital, Taylorsville. Pop. 2658. — In Indiana, crossed by the Madison and Indianapolis railroad; capital, Franklin. Pop. 9352, — In Illinois; capital, Vienna. Pop, 3626. — In Iowa; capital, Iowa city. Pop. 1491. — In Missouri; capital, Warrcnsburg. Pop, 4471. — In Arkan.sas; c»!pital, darks- ville. Poj). in 1840, 3433. Johnston, a manufacturing town of Scot- land, in the parish of Paisley, from which it is 3 miles distant, county of Ilcnfrcw. It has risen more rapidly than anyplace in Scotland, as in 1782 there were only 9 houses, and in 1840 there were above 7000 persons. Tliis progress is owing to the cotton manufacture, besides which here are some foundries, brass and iron, and other mannfactures. The Glasgow Paisley and Ayr railway also pusses it; 12 miles W. by S. of Glasgow. Johnston, a town of New York, chief of Montgomery county; on the N. bank of Mo- hawk river; 24 miles W.N.W. of Schenec- tady. Johnstown, a town of Upper Canada, ex- tending nearly a mile on the river St. Law- rence. It is 50 miles N.E. of Kingstown, and 100 S.W. of Montreal. Long. 73.10. W. lat. 44, 42, N. Johnstown, St., a borough of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, on the river Foyle; 5 miles S,S,W. of Londonderry.^ JOR 469 JOU of Scot- which it \y. It has Scotliiiid, les, and in Ins. This lufacture, iries, brass |cs. Tlie ilso passes p, cliief of Ink of Mo- Sclicncc- Imada, ex- St. Law- Li nnstown, Ireland, in fer Fojloi Joiion, or Jon, a town of the peninsula of Malaya, destroyeil by the Portuguese in 1G03, l)ut subsequently rebuilt: it is seateii near the S. coast; 1.50 miics S.E. of Miilaeea Lonir. 103.30. E. iat. 1.35. N. Ji ' :Ny, a town of France, in the depart- mciii I Yonne; surrf)uiiiled by tliicit walls, an^l seated near the Yonne; 17 nules S.S.E. ol'Si-ns. Pop. .5750. JoiNViLLB, an ancient town of France, in tlie department of Upi>er Marne; situate on the Marne; 25 miles S.W. of Bar-le-Duc, and 125 S.E. of Paris. Long. 5. 20. E. Iat. 48. 20. N. Pop. 33.50, JoLL'CAR, a town of Spain, in Granada; 7 miles N.E. of Motril. Jones, a county of North Carolina; capi- tal Trenton. Pop. in 1840, 4945. Also a county of Georgia; capital, Clinton Pop. 10,0G5. Also a county in Mississippi; capi- tal, EUisville. Pop. 1258. Also, a county in Iowa; capital, Edinburgh. Pop. 471. JoNESBOROUGii, iitown of Tennessee; capi- tal of the district of Washington; seatetclicou stands on a nuvigal)lc river; 3G miles from tltc sou, nnd 1130 miles S.S.W. of Tekiiig. KAi'oswAii, a fort of Luwer llunpnry, on the river Kapos, wliieli wtushes its wuIIm'. It is 53 miles W. of Tolnn. Long. 18. 13. E. lut. 4(i. 31. N. Kakaiiissau. See Apiiiom. Kauamania. (See Cauamania. Kakasuuazar, a town of tlie Crimea; noted tor its noble antique batii, und an an- cient manufucturo of leatiier from the skins of Tauric goats. It is situate on the Karasu, in a delightful valley; 34 miles \V. of Carta. Karek, or Gabak, an island in the N.E. part of the Gulf of Persia; 5 miles long and 3 liroud; where ships bound for Bassoru ge- nerally call for pilots. Long. 50. 26. E. lat. 29. 15. N. Kahlebt Gamla, a seaport of Sweden, in East Bothnia; with a trade in hemp, salt, and ship-building; seated on the Gulf of | Bothnia, near the influx of the river Karleby ; 90 miles N. by E. of Christianstadt. Long. 22. 20. E. lat. 63. 56. N. Kakleby, Ny, a town of Sweden, in East Bothnia, on the river Lappojock; 6 miles from the sea, and 20 S. of Gamla Knrlcby. Kabs, a town of Turkish Armenia on tbo Arpah ChaT. It is a strong fortress, and it has been much decayed. Its chief interest is the g illant defence it made against a siege by the Kussians, in 1854-5, when it was forced, by | 20 miles W. of Sana the Caspian sea. It is seated on the rivulet Kiisanka, where it enters the Volga; 420 miles E. of Moscow. Top. in 1833, 57,000. Lon^'. 49. SO. E. lat. 65. 48. N. Kasciiau, a royal free city of Hungary, on the Ilernud, 123 miles N.E. of I'cHth. It is well built, with flue squares and hundhomo publio buildings. It has several manufactures, und a largo carrying trade with I'oland. Popula- tion, 13,000. Kasiimik. See Casiibiebe. KAHKA8KiA,atownand river of the United States, in Illinois; one of the first settlements made by the French in the valley of the Mis- j sibsippi. It has declined from its former im> porta nee. Kataua, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a citadel; situate in a fertile country, near a river, which runs into the sea at Aden; ', 75 miles N. of Aden. Long. 44. 39. E. lat. 13. .54. N. Katif, a town of Arabia, in the provinco of Bahrein. It is built of rock-salt, and standi! on the Gulf of Persia; 95 miles N. of Luchso. Long. 48. 38. E. lat. 27. 40. N, Kaufbeuken, a town of Germany, in Ba- varia; with manufactures of cotton, linen, fustian, and leather. It is seated on the Wcr- tacli; 38 miles S. by W. of Augsburg. Po- pulation 4350. Kauqa, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the empire of Bornou. It is seated on a large lake; 280 miles S. by E. of Bornou. Long. 23. 30. E. lat. 15. 50. N. ICaukeban, a town of Arabia, in Yemen; situate on an almost inaccessible mountain ; starvation, to capitulate after seven months' resistance. 85 miles E. of Erzeroum. Kasan, the ancient Bulgaria, a govern- ment of European Kussia, lying on both sides the Volga, and bounded by the governments of Viatka, Orenburg, Niznei-Novgorod, and Simbirsk. Its extent is 22,000 sq. m.; its pop. about 1,200,000, partly Russians and partly Tartars, though of very mixed origin. It is watered by the Volga, the Kama, the Sura, the Viatka, and the Kasanka, besides smaller streams and a great number of lakes. It wai furmerl^y an independent kingdom, bch)nging tothe Kalmucs, to whom the dukes of Moscow, with other petty principalities of Russia, were tributary. But in 1552 it was conquered by iviin Basilowitz IL, and annexed to Rustia. Kasan, a city of Russia, capital of the foregoing government, and an archbishop's see. It has an antique Tartar fortress, built of Btoni.'; scvera; churches, and 11 convents; and there are several suburbs, one of them inhabited by Tartars. At one end of the city IS a manufacture of woollen, cotton, lace, and earthenware, with large soap-works and tan- neries: it carries on an extensive trade. At a short distance from Kasan is a new admi- ralty establishment, with a navigation school, magazmes, and a dock-yard, where galliots we constructed, and sent down the Volga to ] LubUn, Kacnitz, a town and castle of Moravia, on the river Igia; 6 miles S.S.\V. of Brinn. Kaurzih, a town of Bohemia; capital of a circle of the same name, which produces much timber. It stands on a river which runs into the Elbe; 26 m. E.S.E. of Prague. Kat Sal, or Anguilla Bank, a part of the Bahama group; on one of the islets stands a lighthouse, in lut. 23. 50. N. long. 80. 27. W. ILaye Island, an island in the Pacifio Ocean, near the \V. coast of North America, 30 miles long and 4 bi'oud; discovered by Cook, in 1778. Long. 144. 48. W. lat. 59. 56. N. Kayserslautekn, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. In 1793 it was taken by the French, who the year fol- lowing were surprised in their intrenchments near it, by the Austrians, and defeated. It is seated on the Lautcr; 28 miles S.W. of Worms. Long. 7. 50. E. lat. 49. 27. N. Kayserstuiil, a town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden, with a castle ; seated on the Rhine; 8 miles S.E. of Zurzack. Kaysersweut, a town of Grcrmany, in the territory of Cologne; seated on the lUiiuc; 7 miles N.N.VV. of Dus:ieldorf. Kazimieus, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Lublin, with a castle; situate on a hill, on the Vistula; 25 miles W.S.W. of ii- fWm f^' f I U 1 1 '■^MWi Ii P l|M w I'M pi 2 M; 9 « KEL 470 KEN «' ;i I [■^ ■ U ill Ka/.roon n town of IVrttia, in l'iir.sist:m, of cuiiNulonililc extent; l)Ut iiiitiiy piirtH uf it arc ill riiius; 70 iniUs W.S.W. of Shims. Kkanu-soo. See Kianu-hi;. Kkduk, or Kkj, a town of Central Asia. in tlio province of Miikran, Helooeiiistan; on the river Dustee; in the niiiixt of an arid, sterile uonntry. The fort in on un cniincnec, and is very strong. Tiie town is decayed; lut. 'J6. 24. N. loii>ta. Pop. 2323. Kennet, a rirer of England, which rises amon;{the chalky hills in Wiltshire, becomes navijiiible at Newbury, in Berkshire, and joins the Thames at Sunning. Kensisoton, a village in Middlesex, one milo W. of London. Hero is a roval palace, which until the reign of George III., was a I'lvouiito residence of our monarchs: King Williiim, Queen Mary, Queen Anne, and George II. died here. The gardens now form u I'ushionable and extensive promenade, bav- in;; been gradually augmented to 3^ miles in circamference. Kent, acounty of England; 55 miles long and 28 broad; bounded on the N. by the Tliamcs and the German Ocean, E. by the same ocean, 8. E. and S. liy the English Channel and Sussex, and W. by Surrey. It contains 935,600 acres; is divided into 63 hundreds, and 414 parishes; has two cities, Canterbury and Rochester, and 24 market towns. In the soil and face of the country tliere is a great diversity. The banks of the Thames are low and marshy, but backed by a riin<;e of cimlky eminences,'sometimea rising to a moderate height. This kind of hard ciialky soil, inclining to barrenness, extends t'M.ie N. E. extremity of the county, and thence round to Dover, exhibiting its nature m the lofty white cliflTs which here bound the island, and produce that striking appearance «t sea which liave it the name of Albion. The few. part of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat Olid woody tract, of a clayey soil, and fertile. ilie midland and western districts are a mix- ture of lull ami vale, arable and pasture, equal ■II pleasantness to anv part of England. The niiMcralsoftliis county consist chiefly of chalk, tint, ra};stime,and pyrites; and the only min- ^n" ^^'"er of any note is that of Tunbridge >veiis. The manufactures are few; but every nrunch of agriculture is extensively prosecuted with ability and success. liesidcs the usual ol)jcct8 of agriculture, tho county produces large quantities of hops, (for which it is famous,) fruit of various kinds (especially cherries and apples, of which them are largo orchards for the London marlicts). In the 8. W. angle of tho county is Roinncy-marsh, ccl-brntcd for its rich meadows, alFording pastur.ige to vast flocks of sheep. Few coun* ties in Britain almund more in antiquities and noblemen's seats, than Kent. It is divided into tho Eastern and Western divisions, each of which returns two members to parliament. The principal rivers, besides tho Thames, are the ^Ie(lway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and Rother. Kent, is also tho name of four counties in the United States: one in Rhode Island, on tho W. side of Narraganset bay, pop. 13,U83{ another in Delaware, tho soil of which is es- teemed the richest in tho state, pop. 19,872; a third in Maryland, on the eastern shore of Chesapeake bay, pop. 10,842: and the fourth in Michigan, pop. 2387. Kentucky, one of tho United States of America; 328 miles long, and from 30 to 190 broad. It is bounded on thcN.by the Ohio,E. by Virginia, S. by Tennessee, and W. by the Mississippi; iias an area of 40,110 square miles; imd is divided irito 90 counties. The soil is amazingly fertile in the central part; to the E. and VV. it is nionntuinoiis, and the S. is principally composed of the Barrens, a sterile country destitute of water. Tobacco, hemp, cotton, and the different grains of Europe, but particularly maize and wheat, are cultivated. The trees are numerous, but of comparatively small size: the oak, beech, poplar, sugar-tree, mulberry, and ash, are common; and here are also tho pawpaw, cucumber, black mulberry, wild cherry, buck- eye, and some other kind of trees not com- mon elsewhere. The mountainous parts produce a great quantity of ginseng. Iron ore and lead are found in abundance; and there are many large caves, some of which extend above a mile under a limestone rock, supp irted by curious arches and pillars. The waicrs produce plenty of fish and fowl; espe- cially geese and ducks, which are amazingly numerous on the Ohit). The land fowls are turkeys; a species of grouse which the inha- bitants call pheasants; and quails, to which they give the name of partridges. Among the native animals are deer, bears, wild cats, wolves, beavers, otters, foxes, rabbits, squir- rels, racoons, and opossums. Most of the species ofdomestic quadrupeds, siich as horses, cows, sheep, and hogs, have been introduced since the settlement. The manufactures of this state, whicl' are considerable, consist of cloth and stuffs, bagging for cotton and hemp, iron castings, nails, earthenware, glass, lea- ther, cordage, paper, distilled spirits, oil, salt, saltpetre, gunpowder, and maple sugar. Louisville is much the largest and most com- mercial place in the state: Lexington is the oldest. Frankfort on the Kentucky river ia KER 478 KES I I' » i the cnpital. Pop, in 1840, 779,828. iuclud- iufr 182,2.>8 sluves. Ki:! viga- ble for boats 150 miles; but the strcuni in some places is rapid and dangerous, and its banks may rather be called precijiii'cs. Kenyon, a township in Winwiek parish, Liincasliire, at the jimction of tlie Bolton witli the Liverpool and Manchester railway. K.:,RA80UN, a seaport in Asiatic Turkey, on the S. shore of the Black sea. It stands on an elevated rocky promontory, ai. . is in a ruinous condition. It appears formerly to have been a place of great ' trcngth. It is the ancient Cerasus, and has now a popukxtion of 3000, half Armenian, half Greek; 88 miles W. by S. from Trebisond. Keiuiei.au, or Mesjiu Hossein, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pachalic of Irak Aral)i, near the W. bunk of the Euphrates. There is a splendid mosque and tomb of Hossein, grandson of the i)rophet, much resorte to by pilgrims; 55 miles S.W. from Bagdad. Pop. largt, but uncertain. Kercoi.ano, an ishmd In the Indian ocean ; about 80 miles in circumference. The face of ' e country is diversified with steep hills and extensive valleys, and is every- where covered with trees and verdure. Tho inhabitants are Malay. Long. 126. 30. £. lat. 4. 28. N. KeuguelenLano, an island in the South- ern ocean, which, on account of its sterility. Captain Cook, who visited it in 1779, would have denominated the island of Desolation, but tliat he v.aa unwilling to rob M. Kergue- len of tlie honour of its bearing his name. On tiic N.E. coast is a good and safe bay, named Christmas harbour. Long. 69. 30. E. lat. 49. 20. S. Kjjkkouk, a town of Kurdistan; the capi- ta' jf a government, and residenceof a pacha. It -s surnmnded liy walls, and defended by a castle; 135 m. S.S.E. of Betlis. Pop. 14,500. Kermam, the ancieiit Caramania; a pro- vince of Persia, lying on the Gulf of Persia. The northern part is btrren, but towards the S. the land is fertile. Keuman, or SiRJiAN, aoity of Persia; ca- pital of the foregoing provii^cc; celebrated for its beautiful jwttcrv, carpets, and stufis. It is 120 miles N. by W. of Bunder Abbas. Long. 55. 15. E. lat. 29. 20. N. Pop. 21,000. Kermanshah, a city of Pei-sia, cai)ital of Persian Kurdistan. It stands near the banks of the Kcrkah ov Karassu, in a beautiful plain, and surrounded by a substantial brick wall, and has a citadel. Its manufa'Jtures are principally woollen carpets and swords. Its Eopulation ( now 30,000) and importance have een steadily increasing during tl

    lis)nncnt tor making Bonio of the tiner textures lias been recciitly opened. About a tnilc and a half to the S. ol tlie town, is a remarkable arrangement of ruile granite stones, whicii form a circle, ciilli'd the Druid's Temple. It is 25 miles N.W. of Kendal, and 203 N.N.W. of Lon- duii. Kesztiiei.t, a town of Iluiig.iry, near the W. ciid of Lake Balaton; 'J8 miles S. of Prcs- Imrjj. It has an important school of agri- culture, called the Georgicon. Pop. 7000. KiiTSiCKMET, a town of Hungary; ."iO miles b.E. of I'esth. The inhabirants (36,000?) ore chiefly employed in the Liceding aiid sale of horses," cattle, and sheep. Ketteiung, a town in Northamptonshire, with a market on Saturday, and miinufac- tures of woollen articles, &c. It is 12 miles N.E. of Northampton, and 74 N.W. of Lon- don. KEUScnnEuo, or Ki ai>e, a town of Prus- sian Saxony; 6 miles S.E. of Mersburg. Kf.w, a village in Surrey; 6 miles W. by S. of London. The royal ])alacc of Kew WHS a fiivourite retreat of George III., who cnl.\r;,'i'd the gardens, and uinted them with tliose of liiclnnond. The botanic garden, chiefly for exotics, is one of the finest in the world, nnd contains a magnificent hot-house, completed in 1818, 302 feet long. Kexholm. See Wincuo. Kexuolm, a town of Russia, in Fiidand, formerly the capital of the Swedish province ' • Carclia, and now of a llussian government. Irisscatciion two islands, in the river Woxon, which horc flows into Lake Ladoga; 90 miles N. of Petersburg. Long. 30. 25. E. lat. 61. 3.N. Kkt West, a to'vn ot Florida. It is on the N.W. end of an island of the same name, otherwise Thompson's island, one of the F o- nila l»y8; it has becoino a.i important .'Sta- tion, the key to the Mexican gulf. It is finely situate for a naval station, and has a fill'! harbour. Kbvnsuxm, a town in Somersetshire, with a m.uket on Thursday, and a trade in malt; ' seiitcd on the Chow, at its conflux with the • Avon; 5 miles S.E. of Bristol, and 114 W. | of Londo I, i Khakkoff, a government of European | liuisia, N. of Ekateriuosl iv. Area, 17,450 Sipiare miles. Pop. in 1838, 1,334,000. I KiHRKOF?, or CiiARKow, a town of European Uussia, capital of the above go- ' vernment; 400 n-.iles S. by VV. of Mosct.-w. It is the seat of a university founded in 1804. lUARruM, a town of Sennaar, Eastern Africa, near the junction of the White an-^ "lue Nilcs. It is the centre of the ivory Iriileof the district, and tlie starting-jioint of (consul Pcthiiick and other travellers who •re now e: -iloring the sources of the I' Ic. i . .K"KL» a city of Bcloochistan, of which " 18 the capital, and it a place of considerable strength. T' was taken by storm by the Bri- tish, November 1.3, 1839. It is 240 miles S. by W. of Kandahar. Lat. 29. 7. N. long. 65. 45. E. KiiEKsuN. See Cheuson. KiuvA, or KiiAUESM, an independant kha- nat of Turkistan, in Central Asiiv, of uncer- tain limits, and lying S.E. of the Cas|)ian and Aral seas, and W. of Bokhani, which it some- what rcscndjics. Its chief feature is the rivet Oxns, along the banks of whicii is the princi- pal poj)ulation, the remainder of the territory consisting of sandy wastes. The chief popula- tion co'-.jists of Uzbeck Tartars, who seize many slaves, and from this cause, the Russians made a hostile descent upon it in 1835. The total ])op. is estimateil by Sir A. Burncs, at 200,000. KmvA, a town of Central Asia, the capital oftheabo'ckhi'.aat, in ajjlain near the Oxua. It is picturesque, but built of mud. Pop. perhaps 10,000 or 12,000; 290 miles W.N.W. of Hokhiirii, on the road fnjm Orenburg. Kiioic.vN, or Feugiiana, a khanat of Cen- tral Asia, S. of the Kirghiz steppe, W. and N.W. of Turkistan, and N. of Bokhara. It is chiefly mount.iinous. Its limits arc, as usual in this part of the East, very variable, but it probably will fall into the hands of Russia. The inhabitants are Uzbeks; capital, Khokan. KiioKAN, the capital of the |)receding kha- nat, is on the Sir, or Sihun (Jaxartes). It is an open town chiefly built of mud, with many mo.s(|ues. Pop. uncertain, but about 70,00 or 80,000; 230 miles N.E. of Samar- cand. KiiORASSAN. See Ciiorassah. KiiuM. arly 38,000,000, or about 946 inhabitants to the square mile, showing it to be, for its extent, the most populous in the world. It cr^nsiits of plains perfectlr watered, being traversed in its whole length by the Yang-tze-kiang, one of the finest rivers of Asia. The principal prodnctions are rice. KIE 480 KxL m ootton, particularly yellow cotton, green teas, and the mulberry tree. Its silk inunufactures are very flouriisliing. Nankiiifj, the ancient ciipital of the eni^iirc, is the principal city. Besides this, Suchau, surnamed tiie paradise of China, and Shang-hae, one of the most cele- brated seats of commerce in any age, arc in this province. Shang-liae, which commands the commerce of the interior, is the northernmost nnd principal of the Chinese ports opened to Eunith of Forth. KiLPA, St., one of the Hebrides, 28 niilcn to the W. of North Uist. It is 3 miles lung and 2 broad, fenced about with one con- tinued perpendicular face of rock, of pro- digious lioight, except at the landing-place on the S.E., where there is a narrow and steep passage to a vill.ngo on the top of a rock. The surface of the island is hilly, hut it feeds many sheep, and produces plenty of barley and potatoes. Many of the inhabi- tants liv« chiefly by fishing, and catching wild fowis. In the latter employment they are incredibly adventurous. Being let down by a rope from the summit of the pieeipito'is rocks, they clamber along their fronts, m search of the eggs and nests of various birds. St. Kilda is the most remote of the Hebrides and is about 140 miles from the nearest pomt of the mainland of Scotland. Long. 8. 3i. " • lat. 57. 50. N. KiLDAUK, ft county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Leinster, about 37 miles long, and -"^ KIL 481 KIL from 12 to 20 broad; bounded on tbe E. bj^ Dublin and Wicklow, W. by Kind's county and Queen's county, N. by East Meath, and S. by Callow. The principal rivers are the Liffey, Barrow, and Boyne. It is a very fer- tile and arable country, area 392,435 acreb, irueh interspersed with bog, amounting to 36,180 acres, including the bogs of Allen, Luilymore, &c., part of which have been reclaimed. It sends two members to par- liament. KiLDARB, a town of Ireland, capital of the foregoing county, and a bishop's see. It is chiefly supported by frequent horse-races on wbdt is called the Curragh, a fine turfy plain, containing upwards of 5000 acres, which feeds a greatnumber of sheep; 27 miles S.W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 57. W. lat 53. 9. N. KiLrENORA, a small town of Ireland, in thj county of Clare, and a bishop's see united with Killaloe; 12 miles N.W. of Ennis. KiLiA, a fortified town of European Russia, in Bessarabia; with a good trade in wool, goats' hair, tallow, wine, corn, &c. It is situated on the most northern branch of the Danube; 86 miles S.W. of Bialogorod. KiLKKNNY, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, about 40 miles long and 20 broad, containing 510,882 acres; bounded on the E. by Carlow and Wexford, W.byTipperary, N. by Queen's county, and S. by Waterford. It sends two members to parliament. The surface is in general level, and the suil fertile. It is particularly noted for its coal, which makes no smoke in burn- ing. The principal rivers are the Barrow, Suire, and Nore. Kilkenny, a city of Ireland, capital of the above county, situate on the river Nore, over wliich are two bridges. Irishtown, on the E. side of the river, is joined to it, and both to;:cther form a large and pleasant place. The cathedral, which stands in Irishtown, belongs to the bishop of O&sory. The chief niuiiufactures are coarse woollens and tine blankets. It sends one member to parliament; 26 m. N.of Waterford, and 81 from Dublin, on the Great Southern and Western railway. KiLLAL*, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, and Ibrmerly a bisho))'s see united with Achonry, now utiited with Tuani. It stands on a fine bay of the Atlantic, to which itpivesname; 24 miles N. of Castlebar. KiLLAi.OE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Claie, and formerly a bishop's see united l^ith Kilfenora, now united with Tuam. It IS seated on the Shannon, over which is a l'nd;re of 19 arches; 10 miles N.N.E. of LmiiTick, KiLLAKNET, a towu of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, with an extensive manu- ia«ture. It is much frequented on ac(!Ount J't the adjoining lake; 14 miles S.E. of Tra- Ice, and 186 from Dublin, by railway. KiLLAUNEY, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, otherwise called Lough l^'in. from its being surrounded by high mountains. It is divided 'Oto three parts, called the Lower, AT.iddle, and Upper Lake. The northern, or lower lake, is 6 miles long and 3 broad. On the side of one of the mountains is O'Sullivan's Cascade, whichfalls above 70 feet into the lake with a tremendous roar; and opposite this cascade is tbe isUiiid of Innisfallen. The promontory of Mucruss divides the upper from the lower lake, and on passing round its extremity into the up- per lake, there is a celebrated rock, called the Eagle's Nest, which produces wonderful echoes. The upper lake is 4 miles long and 2 broad; and from the mountains descend a number of beautiful cascades. The islands in this lake are numerous, and afford an amazing variety of picturesque views. The centre lake is small in comparison with the other two, mid cannot boast of equal variety; but the shores are indented with bays, sur- rounded by dark groves of trees. The E. boundary is formed by the base of Mangerton, down the steep side of which descends a cas- cade, visible for 150 yard:.; this fall of water is supplied by a circular lake, near the sum- mit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch- bowl, which is considered one of the greatest curiosities of Killarney. KiLCULLEN, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, on the river Liffey, over whiwli is a bridge; 9 miles E.S.E. of Kildare, and 25 S.'W. of Dublin. ICiLLiECiiAAKiE, a celebrated pass through the Grampian Mountains in Scotland, in Perthshire; 15 miles above Dunkclil. li.e revolutionary army was defeated In le in 1689. KiLi.iM^NDJAUo, an apparently isolnted, snow-cap; nountain of iinniciise elevation, in Eastern iVirica. It was Kiipposed to be the source of tiie wiiters of tho Wliiie Nile. Kii.LONY, a town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, 6 miles S. of h -o. KiLLouGH, or Port St. Anx, a seaport of Irel.and, in the county of Down, to the N. of St. John's Point, in the Irish sea. A rock stands in the middle of the entrance of its har- bour, covered at half flood. Here is a ni;iiiu- facture of salt; 6 miles S.S.E. ol Downp arick. Long. 5. 40. W. hit. 54. 14. N. KiLLRUSU, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, near the river Shannon; it is a mo- dern town, and has a considerable trade in grain, butter, slates, &c. KiLLYBEOS, a to wn of Ireland, in the con luy 01 Donegal, with a spacious harbour on tha N. side of Donegal bay; 12 miles N.W. of Ballyshannon. KiLLYLEAGii, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down; with a linen and thread ma- nufacture. The celebrated Sir lluiis Sloane was born in this town; it is seated on an arm of Strangford Lough; 35 miles N.E.of Newry. KiLMACTUOMAS, a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford; 12 miles W.S.W. of Waterford. KiLMAiNHAM,atownofIrelaiul, inavalleyj about half a mile W. of Dublin. It has • 2 I 'H m ^1 wm I '■ ♦ y ■\ j;l; ' ■A'U^' ■ Vi 4r i";' KIM 482 KIN (. sesoion-house, a gaol, a foundling hospital, and an hospital tor invalid Holdicrs. Hero tho knights for the county of Dublin are elected; and it was the seat of government before the castle at Dublin was appropriated to that purpose. KiLMAi.LocK, a town of Ireland, in the county of Limerick; 140 miles from Dublin. It is ti place of considerable antiquity, anil formerly of much importance, as its numerous ruined mansions, castles, &c., indicate. Kilmarnock, a populous and flourishing town of Scotland, in Ayrshire; with a market on Friday. In conjunction with Kenfrcw, &c., it sends one member to parliament. It is tlie principal manufacturing town in the county, and carries on an extensive trade: its chief manufactures are carpets, serges, blan- kets, tartans, and otlier woollen goods, sad- dlery, leather, &c. Near it are the remains of Dean Castle, the seat of the earls of Kil- marnock, in tho desolate condition to which it was reduced by fire in 1735. It is seated near the Irvine, on the Glasgow and Ayr railway, and has a railway 9^ miles lung to Troon which is its port; 11 miles N.N.E. of Ayr, and 20 S.S.W. of Glasgow. KiLMAUKS, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- shire; formerly cole I H'atcd for its cutlery ; 2 miles N.W. of Kilmarnock. KiLHORE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cavan, and, with Armagh, a bishop's see; 3 miles S.W. of Cavan. KiLRENNT. a parish of Scotland, in Fife- shire; on thu Frith of Forth; 20 miles N.E. of Edinburgh. KiLRCsii, a seaport of Ireland, in the S.W. of county Clare. It exports considerable quantities of corn, &c., and has a good her- ring Hshery and a pier; 37 m. W. of Limerick. Kilsyth, a village of Scotland, in Stir- lingshire; inhabited chiefly by weavers em- ployed by the Glasgow manufacturers. Here a great victory over the covenanters, was ob- tained by the marquis of Montrose, in 1645. It is situate on the road from iStlrling to Glasgow and Edinburgh; 15 miles JS.W. of Stirling, nnd 13 N.E. of Glasgow. KiLwiNXiMi, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- shire. Here is the elegant seat of the M >nt- goinery family, Eglintoun castle; also some remains of a magnificeiit monastery, which wasercctedhcreinlUO. The vicinity abounds in liuiestono and coal. It is seated on the Garnock, over which is a stone bridge, and near the Glasgow and Ayr railway; 3 miles N.N.W. of Irvine. KiMBOLTON, a town in Huntingdonshire; with a market on Friday. Here is p, ca.stlc, the seat of the Duke of Manchester, where Queen Catherine resided for some time after her divorce from Henry Vlll.; 63 miles N. by W. of London. KiMi, or KiEMi, «, town of Russian Lap- land; on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the Gulf of Bothnia; 10 miles ii. uf Turnoii Kin, or KArN, a town of Persia, in the province of Seistan; situate at the foot of a mountain; 60 miles S.S.W. of Herat. KiNBURN, a fortress of Russia, in the go- vernment of Taurida, on the S. side of the estuary of the Dnieper. It has been fre- quently attacked by the Turks, by land mid sea, but without siKces'-, 18 mile's S.S.E. of Oczakow, on the opposite aide of the Dnieper. KiNOARDiNE, a town of Scotland, in Perth- shire; with a commodious harbour, and a good road in the Frith of Forth, Ship-huild- ing is carried on to a great extent, and tlie coaj^ing and foreign trade is considerable; 5 miles S.K. of Alloa and 22 of Perth, near the Stirling and Dunfermline railway. Kincardine, a town of Scotland, in Hnss- shire, with a small harbour on the Frith of Dornoch; 14 miles W. by N. of Tain. ICiNCARDiNE O'Neil, a town of Scotl.inrl, in Aberdeenshire; seated on the river Dee; 23 miles W. by S. of Aberdeen. KiNOARDiNESiiiRB, or Mbarns, a county of Scotland; bounded on the N.VV. nml N. bj Aberdeenshire, E. by the German Oeerni, and S. and W. by Angusshire. Its length along the coast, is 30 miles; and its greatest breadth about 24; area, 244,480 acres. Tho N.W. part is mountainou.s, and chiefly adapted for pasture ; but to the S.ot the Gram- pians, the surface is in general fertile. The small village of Kincardine, 9 miles S.W. of Stonehaven, was formerly the capital, but Stonehaven is now the county town. It sends one member to parliament. KiNDERHOOK, a town of New York, in Columbia county, on the E. side of HiKlson river; 13 miles N. of the city of Hmlsoii. Pop. 3512. Kino and Queen County, in the state of Virginia; area, 335 square miles; capital, the Court House. Pop. 10,802. King George, a county of Virginia, be- tween the Potomac and Rappahamioc rivcis. Pop. 5927. King, a county of New York, highly cultivated with vegetables for New York market. King William Land, in the Arctic re- gions, VV. of Boothia Felix. Here wtre found the remains of Sir John Frankhns expedition, by Sir R. M'Clintock, in 1859. I King Geokge Sound, a harbour on the i S.W. coast of Australia; discovered by Ciip- I tain Vancouver, in 1791. It is safe and easy of access any where between its outer pnnil!i of entrance. Bald-head and Mount Gardner, ahtiiit 11 miles distant from each ollwr. Lou; 118. 17. E. lat. 3.5. 5. S. Kino George Sound, the imme given ^J Ci.i tain Cook, in 1778, to the bay which .e discovered on the W. coast of NorHi Ame- rica, in long. 126. 48. W. and Int. 49. 3,'..>. ' lint the natives call it Nootkii. the name n"« generally a.lopted by the EiiuiMsh. It'" ""' ' sitiiMie on the continent as Cook '"V' ''^^' _" I li> buji)pose, but ou an island, to which tap KIN 483 KIN in the )t of a ;ho go- of tlie ;n tVe- ml luid ,S.E. of I l\Tth- anil a p-tmilcl- iiiui the rubk'; 5 til, near ly. in Uiiss- Fritli of in. Scotland, iver Dee! a connty tf.aiulN. i\n Oceim, [ts lens-'th ts greiUust cres. Tlie id chiifly the Gram- rtile. The lesSAV.of apital, but rn. It sends , York, in of Hudson Hudson. ([\Q State of capiiali rirpinia, be- luuocrivors. ork, highly New Yorlt Arctic re- Hero wtfe Vrankhn s in 1859. :bour on the cvcd by Ciip- „ife and easy ^outi'r points unt Gardm'f. each other. .mepive.";y \,aY^vhad>'•■« North A"-;:- lat.49.33-^; the name n'>^^ iish. I"^"" okhadre^^ Hto which Cap tain Vancouver, in 1792, gave the name of Quadra and Vancouver Island. KiK-OAN, a city of China of the first rank, in the province of Kiang>si; seated on the KcUikianH:; 800 miles S. of Peking. Long. 11.'). 10. E. lat. 27. 16. N. KiNOiiuBN, a burgh of Scotland, in Fife- shiru; on the Frith of Forth, nearly opposite Leitii. It joins with Burntisland, Kirkaldy, and Dysart, in returning one member to par- liament. It has two harbours, one below the town and the other half a mile W. at Petty- cur, for the passage-boats between this place and Leith; 9 miles N. by W. of Leith. King's County, a county of Ireland, in the ])iovince of Leinster; 43 miles long, and about 39 in its greatest breadth; bounded on the N. by West Meath, E. by Kildare, S. by Queen's county and Tipporary, and W. by tlie Siiannon, which separates it from Gal- way and Roscommon. It is divided into 52 parishes, contains .528,166 acres, and sends two members to parliament. The principal rivers are the Shannon, and the Greater and Little Brosna; and the Grand Canal crosses the N. part of the co'iinty. It is not so well cultivated as some of the other counties, but the soil is tolerably fertile. The capital was Philipstown; its chief town is now Birr or Parsonstown. King's Lanolet, a village in Hertford- shire, where Henry III. occasionally resided. It is seated on the river Gade; 5 miles S.W. of St. Albans. KisGSBRiDGB, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday; seated on a branch of the Salcombe river, over which is a bridge to Dodbrook; 34 miles S. by VV. of Exeter, and 208 W.S.W. of London. KiNoscLERB, a town in Hampshire; with a market on Tuesday, and a great trade in mult. It was the residence of some of our Saxon kings; 54 miles W. by S. of London. KiNGscLiFF, a parish in Northampton- shire; 12 miles W. of Peterborough. King's Lvnn. See Lynn Regis. KixGSTEiN, a strong fortress of Norway. Sfe Fredeuicstadt. Kingston dpon Thames, a corporate town in Surrey, with a market on Saturday. At a iiiitional council held here in the year 838, Kinj; Egbert, and his son Athelwolf, were pi'wint; and several of the Saxon monarchs were crowned here; hence its name, which siiiicrsedcd the more ancient one, or More- |"i'd. This town sent two memi)crs to par- I'lment in the r ligns of Edward II. and III., 'lit was disfranchised by the desire of the in- '."diitiints. Queen Elizabeth founded here a 'I'ee school; and the spring assiees are held tttthisphice. It is seated on the river Thames, over which it had an ancient wooden brid{;i', ?"■?. '■''P'^i^Pd by one of stone. It is 10 miles ■W- of London. The South Western llail- ^^.iv passes near this town. KiNosToN, a seaport of .famnica, in the "^st Indies; situate on the N. side of Port Royal bay. It was built in 1698, after tha great earthquake which destroyed the town of Port Koyal, and in 1803 was incorporated as a city. It is a large town lying on aslope, with straight and moderately wide streets, but unpaved and dirty, far beyond what is usual lo such places belonging to England. Many of the houses, however, are extremely good and comfortable; thearsenaiis close to the town wharf. The situation during the day, when the sea breeze is blowing, is de- lightfully cool, but at night, both dump and unhealthy. It first rose after the calamities which occurred to Port Royal, which is on the opposite side of the harbour on a tongue of land, in 1692, 1712, and 1722. Pop. iu 1844, 32,943. If is 10 miles from Spanish Town to wl.''*h It is connected by a railroad. Long. 76. 40. W. hit. 18. 3. N. Kingston, the capital of St. Vincent, in the West Indies, situate at the head of a bay of the same name, on the S.W. shore of the island. Kingston, or Esofus, a town of New York, in Ulster county. It was destroyed by an English fleet in 1777, but has been re- built on a regular plan. It stands on Esopus creek, near its entrance into Hudson river; 76 miles N. of New York. Pop. in 1840, 6824. Long. 74. 3. W. lat. 41. 54. N. Kingston, a town of North Carolina, chief of Lenoir county; on the N. side of the Ncus; 40 miles W. by N. of Newbern, aud 50 S.E. of Raleigh. Kingston, a town of South Car-'Una, in Georgetown district; on the Wakkamaw; 30 miles N.NE. of Georgetown. Kingston, the largest and most populous town of Upper Canada; with a good harbour Here the Queen's stores are kept and guarde(i Vessels from Lower Canada go no farther than this place; and hence to York, Niagara, &c., stores and merchandiso are conveyed in boats. It is seated on Lake Ontario, ut its outlet into the St. Lawrence; 190 miles W, of Montreal. Long. 76. 41. W. lat. 44. 8. N. Kingston on Hull. See Hull. Kingstown, or Dunleary, a town in Ire- land, county of Dublin; 6^ miles from Dub- lin, to which it is connected by a railway, from which it has derived much advantage. It is an agreeable watering-place, and pos- sesses an excellent asylum harbour, coin- menced in 1817, enclosed by two piers, each upwards of 4000 feet in length, and a light- house; area 2()0 acres. King-tcheou, a city of Cliina, of the first rank; in the province of Ilon-qiiang. Ii is considered one of the keys of the empiiT, is well fortilied, and has a large Tartar gnrrison- It stands on the Kian-kn; 620 niili'S S.S.W- of Peking. Long. 111. 37. E. lat. 30. 26. N. KiNO-TF.-TciiiNo, a town of China, in the province ot Kiang-si; famous for it» lieautiful ]iorcclain. It is computed to contain alcivo 1,000,000 of inhabitants, and extends 4 miles along the banks of a river, which here forn^ KIN 484 KIR :'i : 5 i A kind of harbour: 655 miles S. of Teking. Lontf. 115. 54. E. lat. 29. 25. N. Kington, or Kineton, a town in War- wickshire, with a market on 'I'uesduy. King John kept his court in a castle he erected hero. It is 85 miles N.W. of London. Kington, or Kvneton, an ancient town in Uurefordshire; with a market on Wednes- day, and a considerable clothing trade. It is seated on the Arrow, under Bradnor moun- tain; 19 miles N.W. of Hereford, and 154 W. by N. of London. KiN-HOA, acity of China, of the first rank; in Tche-kiang, on the banks of a fine river. It has a great trade in dried plums and hams; and it is famous for good ricc-winc, and very white candles: the latter are made of a sub- stance obtained from little shrubs with a white flower, not unlike jessamine. It is 190 miles S. by E. of Nan-king. Long. H9. 10. E. lat. 29. 16. N. KiNNAiRD Head, a lofly promontory on the E. coast of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire; about a mile to the N. of the town of Fraser- burgh. Here is a castle four storeys high, on the top of which is a lighthouse. Long. 1. 46. W. lat. 57. 39. N. Kinross, a town of Scotland, the capital of Kinross- shire; seated in a plain, screened on tiie N. by the Ochill hills; and on the ri- ver Leven, before it enters Loch Leven. It has a manufacture of cotton and coarse linens. It is 23 miles N.N. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 9. W. lat. 56. 7. N. IviNROSS-siiiiiE, a county of Scotland, sur- rounded by the shires of Perth and Fife, and almost circular; about 30 miles in circum- ference. Area 50,560. It is divided into four parishes. The central part is occupied by Loch Leven, which has been considerably drained, and the country around has a rich appearance. It sends 1 member to parliament alternately with the county of Clackmannan. KiNSALE, a seaport and borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork; returning one member to parliament. It is a maritime arsenal, and has an excellent harbour, defended by a strong fort. In times of war it was very much fre- quented by East and West India fleets. Not- withstanding its fine harbour, its trade is but triHiiig, the principal dependence of the town being on its fisheries; it is therefore in a de- pressed condition. It is seated at the muuth of the BiUidon ; 14 miles S. of Cork. Long. 8. 28. W. hit. 51. 42. N. KiN-TCHiNo, the capital of the island of Loo-choo, in the China sea, and of all the islands under that appellation. The king's palace, reckoned to be four leagues in circum- ference, is built on a neighbouring mountain. Long. 127. 30. E. lat. 26. 2. N. KiN-TONo, acity of China, of the first rank; in the province of Yun-nan. The surround- ing country is mountainous, but the valleys yield abundance of rice. It is seated on the Pitltien; 750 miles W. by N. of Canton. Lull-, 100. 40. E. lat. 24. 30. N. KiNTORB, a burgh of Scotland, in Aber- deenshire; on the river Don; 13 miles W. by N.of Aberdeen. It sends, in conjunction with Elgin, &c., one member to parliament. KiNTVKE. See Cantyre. Kin- rANO, acity of China, of tl.e first rank; in Chen-si. It has always been deemed as a barrier against the incursions of the Tartars, and is strongly fortified. Tlie country around is very fruitful. It is 560 miles S.W. of Peking. Long. 107. 30. E. lat. 30. 6. N. KiN-YUEN,a city of China of the first rank; in Quang-si. It is seated on a fine river, but surrounded with crnggy mountains, inhabited by a rude and savage race of people. It is 310 miles W. by N. of Canton. Long. 108. 15. E. lat. 25. 28. E. Kiev, or Kiow, a government of the Rus- sian empire, being part of the Ukraine, or Little liussia. It was once a duchy, belong- ing to the great dukes of Kussio, and Kior was their capital. This country was con- quered by the Tartars, and came again into the possession of the great dukes, but was overrun and possessed by the Cossacks, under the protection of Poland. In 1 664, the natives, discontented with John Casirair, king ut' Po- land, submitted to Russia, and have ever since remained subject to that empire. This govern- ment is divided into twelve circles, and con- tained, in 1838, 460,000 inhabitants. Kiev, Kiow, Kief, Kiva, or Kmiva, a town of European Russia; capital ol'tlie fore- going government, and a Greek archbisliup's see; with a castle. It is divided into the Uld Town, the Lower Town, and the fortress of Petscherski, all connected by intrenchinents. Here are catacombs of considerable extent, dug, as it would seem, throuj^di a mass uf hardened clay. It has a celebrated theoloj,'ieiil academy, founded in 1661. It is seated mi the Dnieper; 180 miles N.E. of Kaminieck, and 335 E.S.E. of Warsaw. Pop. 26,000. Kio-FEOU, a city of China, in the province of Chan-tong, and district of Yeu-tclieoii. It was the birthplace of Confucius, several monuments to whose memory are still to bo seen here. KiOGE, a seaport of Denmark, in the isl« of Zealand. The English defeated the Danes here, and took the town in 1807. It is '0 miles S. W. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 15, h. lat. 55. 30. N. KioPiNG, or KoPiNO, a town of Sweden, in the government of Westeraas; 18 miles >. by W. of Westeraas. KipPEN, a town of Scotland, in Stirling- shire; on the S. bank of the Forth; 9 mileJ W. of Stirling. KiBBY, or KiRKBY LONSDALB, a towu in Westmoreland; with a market on Thursday and manufactures of carpets and blankets, u is seated on the Loyne, over which is a curious ancient stone bridge of three arches. It 'S 12 miles S.E. of Kendal, and 252 N.W. oi London. • KiKBY, or KiRKBT MooBSiDK, a town lu ■-^ KIR 485 EIB N. Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday. There are several intcrcstinf^ ruins in tlie neigiibourhood; and in tlie village of Kirk- diile, 2 miles hence, many fossil animal re- mains were discovered in 1820. It is seated oil the river Dow; 29 miles N. of York, and 22\ N. by VV. of London. Kiitnr, or Kirkby Stepiiev, a town in Westmoreland, with a market on Monday. The woollen manufacture is the chief trade here. It is seated on the River Eden; 3 milet^ S.S.E. of Appleby, and 266 N.N.W. of Lon- ilun. KinciiDEno, a town and castle of Wirtem- bcru', ill a district of the same name; seated on the liler; 9 miles S. of Ulin. KiRciiuERO, a town of VVirtemberg, with a castle on a hill, by the river Jaxt; 12 miles S.S.\V. of RotenberK. ICiuciuiERQ, a town in the Prussian pro- vince of the Lower Rhine; 41 miles W. of Muiitz. KiiicnEiM, a town of Bavaria, on the Minilel; 29 miles E S.E. of Ulm. KiRcnHAYJf, a town of the Prnssinn states, in Liisatia; seated on the Bober; 18 miles S. of Luckau. KiRcniiEiM, a iown of Wirtemburp:, with acDstic; seated on the river Lauter; 1 mile S.E. ofStut-ard. KiKDoRF, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Dannstailr; 42 miles S.S.W. of Cnssel. Kirghiz, Steite of the, a county of W. Asia, in the N. part of IndepcndentTurkistan, but\vi;en lats. 44. and 55. N. and longs. 53. and 82. E. bein<; about 1400 miles long and 1 100 l)road. Area, 1,533,000 square miles, and the probable pop. of the three hordes compDsing the Kirghiz nation, 2,300,000. Till recently we have known but little of this sinnuiar and nomadic people. These are nominally but not really subject to Russia, ami have no form of government properly so called. They wander from place to place with their camels, horses and sheep, in which their wealth, and provision consist. The Kir),'hiz Steppe is not a mere plain, but is in- tersected by mountain ridges; and also com- prisestheCasjjian and Aral seas. The climate is in the extremes of heat and cold. The Kirghiz are closely allied to the Mongols, and their language a corrupted Turkish. They are usually divided into the Great, Middle, and Little hordes, but these tsrms are mis- appjied in reference to their numbers. KiRiv, a government of Eastern Tartary; enclnsed between the sea of Japan, the nor- thern frontier of Corea, and the river of Sajrhalien. The emperor of China sends hither the criminals banished by the laws. KiRijf, a city of Eastern Tartary; capital of the foregoing province, and the residence of a Mandshur general, who is invested with the authority of a viceroy. It is situate on the river Songari, which is here called Kirin; MO miles E.N.E. of Peking. Long. 126. 20. »-• lat. 43 20. N. Kirkcaldy a burgh of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a good harbour. Here are a dock-yard forsmall vessels, and manufactures of cheeks, ticking, cotton, and leather. This was the birthplace of the celebrated Dr. Adam Smith, author of the "Wealth of Na- tions." It sends, with Dysart, &c., one mem- ber to parliament. It is seated on the N. side of the Frith of Forth; 11 miles N. of Leith. Kirkcudbright, a burgh and seaport of Scotland, capital of the county of its name; with a castle; contributory, with Dumfries, &c., in sending one member to ])arliament. The harbour will admit ships of any burden to come up to the town, and yet it has no considerable trade or manufacture. It is seated at the mouth of the Dee; 23 miles S. W. of Dumfries. KiRKCUDBRionTsniRB, Of East Gal* Low'AY, a county of Scotland, 45 miles hmg and 30 broad; bounded on the N.W. by Ayrshire, N.E. and E. by Dumfriesshire, S. by Solway B'rith and the Irish sea, and W. by Wigtonshire. Itisdividcd into 28 parishes, and sends one member to parliament. The northern parts are mountainous and unculti- vated; but there is some fertile land on the sides of the rivers, and it feeds a great number of cattle and sheep. The chief rivers are the Dee, Fleet, Crec, and Or. KiRKHAM, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Thursday. The ancient church was taken down in )822, except the tower. The manufactures are sail-cloth, cordage, coarse linens, cottons, &c. It is situated near th . mouth of the Ribhie, on the Preston and Wvre railway; 23 miles S. of Lancaster, and 226 N.N.W. of London. Kirkintilloch, a town of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, with manufactures of linen and cotton; seated near the junction of the Luggie with the Kelvin; 7 miles E.N.E. of Glasgow. KiRK-KiLisBA,atown of European Turkey in Roumelia. It is large, dirty and ruinous, 106 miles W.N.W. of Constantinople, and 30 E. of Adrianople. KiRKLEss, a village in W. Yorkshire; situate on the Calder; 3 miles from Hud- dersfield. In the park near it is the monu- ment of the famous Robin Hood. KiRKOswALD, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Thursday. On an elevated spot, a little E. of the town, are the ruins of a castle, and on another eminence, 3 miles to the S., is the famous Druidical monument called Long Meg and her Daughters. Kirkoswald is seated at the conflux of the Croglin with the Eden; 9 miles N. by E. of Penrith, and 292 N.W. of London. KiKKPATRiCK, a village of Scotland, In Dumbartonshire; 5 miles E.S.E. of Dum- barton. The vestiges of the Roman wall, built by Antoninus, extend from the Clyde at this place to Abercom on the Frith of Forth. It is called, by the country people, Graham's Dike. KIT 486 KNO KiRRTOM, or KiRTON, a town in Lincoln- shire, with u market on Satunliiy; Hituute on the top of a liill; 20 niileH N. of Lincoln, and 147 N. by W. of London. Kirkwall, a bur>;h of S('otlundj capital of Pomona, the principal island of the Ork- neys. It is contrii)utory in sending one member to parliament. It i^ built on a m-ck of land on the E. side of the island ; and the most striking object is the stately cathedral of St. Magnus, opposite which is the bishop's palace, now called a castle. The harbour is excellent, with a good outer road, defended by a fortification. Here are manufactures of linen and cotton; and groat quantities of keij) was exported. It is thirty miles N.E. of Thurso, in Caithncss-shirc. KiuN, a town of the Prussian province of Lower Ilhiiie; sitinito on the Nahej 42 miles S. by W. of Coblentz. KiRRTMuiR, a town of Scotland, in For- farshire, with considerable manufactures of brown and coarse linens. It is five miles N.W. of Forfar, and 16 N. of Dundee. KiusiiEHR, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia; formerly a considerable city, called Diocaesarea. Salt is made in the neighbour- hood. It is 84 miles N.E. of Konieh. Long. 34.15.E. hit. 39. lO.N. KiKsovA, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria; seated on the Danube; 76 m. S.W. of Ismael. Long. 28. 4. E. lat. 44. 47. N. KisMiCH, or KisiiH, a fertile island at the entrance of the Gulf of Persia; 60 miles long, and 12 broad; separated by a narrow channel from the continent of Persia. Its east end is 1 2 miles south of Bunder Abbas. KissiNGEN, a town of the Bavarian states, in Franconia, in the environs of which are some medicinal and salt springs. It is 32 miles north of Wurzburg. KisTNA, or Krishna, a river of Ilindostan, which rises in the Sukhcin mountains, not far to the south of Poonah, flows east about 500 miles, forming the boundary between the Deccan and the peninsula, and enters the Bay of Bengal by several mouths, to the south of Masulipiitam. Owing to the accumulation of sand at its mouths, it is not navigable for Bliii)s; but its inundations are of the greatest importance to the fcrtility of the country through which it passes. KisTNAGiiERi, a town and fortress of Hin- dostan ; in the province of Barramaul. Since it came into the posse.ision of the British, in 1792, it has been dismantled, to save the ex- pense of a garrison. It is situate on a rock nearly 700 feet in height; 54 miles S.E. of Bangalore, and 66 W.S.W. of Arcot. KiTTERY, a town of the district of Maine, in York county, on the Piscataqua; 16 miles S.W. of York. Pop. 2022. Kitzbicul, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol, in the vicinity of which are mines of coi)i)er and silver. It is seated on the river Acha; 11 miles S.E. of Knistcin. KiTziNOLN, a town of Bavarian Fraucouia j on the river Maine ; 10 miles E S.E. of Wurzburg. Pop. 4100. KiCN-TCHEou, a city of China of the first rank; capital of the island Hainan, on \h>- N. coast, at the mouth of the Limou. It stamls on a promontory, and ships often anchor un- der its walls. Long. 109. 38. E. lat. 20 N. KiUTAJA, or KuTAiAii, a town of Asiatic Turkey ; capital of Natolia. Near it arc some warm baths, much esteemed in several disorders. It is situate at the foot of a moun- tain, near the river Pursak; 136 miles S.S.E. of Constantinople. Pop. 55,000. KiziL Irmak, the principal river of Asia Minor (the ancient Halys). It takes lis riso in the pandjak of Sivas, and flows westward to long. 34., when it takes a N. course, and I afterwards N.E., and falls into the Euxine I near Bafra. Kladrau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, near the river Misa; 20 miles W. of Pilsen. I Klattau, a town of Bohemia; capital of a circle of the same name ; with a consideralila woollen manufacture. Part of it was de- stroyed by fire in 1819. It is 69 miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. .5700. Klinonau, a town of Switzerland, in the district of Baden, on the Itiver Aar; 7 miles N. of Baden. Knapdale, a district of Argyleshire, Scot- iand, about 20 miles long, and 16 broad. It is situate between the isthmus of Criiian and Tarbert, and is divided into the parishes ot N. and S. Knapdale. Knaresborouoh, aborough in West York- shire, w' a market on Wednesday. It sends two members to parliament. It is the ancient seat of the linen manufacture, which is nuw carried on to a great extent, but has declined. Heie is a famous spring, of a strong petrily- ing quality, called the Dropping Well, which fall'; in drops from the top of a rock. 'Hio tc>vn is situate at the top of a rocky. moun- tain, at the foot of which runs the river Nidil; 19 miles W. by N. of York, and 197 N. by W. of London. Knighton, a town of Wales, in Radnor- shire, with a market on Thursday; seated on the Teme; 10 miles N.E. of Kadnor, and 158 N.W. of London. Knioutsbriuge, a village of Middlesex, now forming a suburb of the metropolis. Kmpuausen, a seaport of Germany, in the grand duchy of Oldenburg; seated on the Jade; 39 miles E. of Embden. Knottinolet, an extensive and populoiin village in West Yorkshire; on the river Aire; noted for its great production of liinestonci 3 miles E.N.E. of Pontefract, at the junction of the Great Northern and the Lancaslnia and Yorkshire railways. . Knoxville, a town of Tennessee; cuintai of Knox tDunty. Here is a college, es-ib- lished by government, called Blount or Kiisl Tennessee college. It stands on the rivei Holstonj 200 miles S. by E. of Fraiiklort. IPM mm ^•""^^ KOL 487 KON , in ilie on tlie ; capitil ;, es-il>- iit or I'.'i'l the rivci aiiklort. Kmjtskoud, n town of Cheshire, with a mariiet on Saturiitiy. Here are some cotton- mills, and niunufiicture of sh»n, velvets, &e. it is seated on u hninch of the liirken; 25 miles K. by N. of Cluster, and 175 N.W. of Lundon. KuANO-siN, a city of China, of the first rank; in Kian<;-Hi. Here ure manufactures of ;;ood paper, and the best candles in the emi)ire. It Is 250 miles S. by W.of Nau-king. LuiM.'. 118. 20. E. lat. 28. 30. N. KoKi TCHEou, a province of China, near the S.W. extremity of the empire. It ia ul- mu8t a desert, and full of precipitous moun- tains, inhabited by barbarous races, whom the Chinese have never been able fully to subdue. In the mountains there are mines of gold, Bilver, copper, and mercury. The horses are tile iiest in China; and excellent f^amc abound. Stnll's are made of a certain herb which re- ecniblcs hemp, and are very much suited for (ummer clothes. The capital is Koci-yang. KoKi-TciiEou, or Qdei-oiioo, a city of Cliiiiu, uf the first rank; in Se-tchuen. It is very rich, and carries on a great trade. It itaiids on the great riA er Kiang-ku ; 637 miles S.S.W. of Peking. Long. 109. 50. E. lat. 31. 10. N. Koei-yono, acityof China; capitrflof the province of Koei-tchcou. It is built partly of uarth and partly of bricks, and is sur- rounilt'ii by steep mountains. Long. 108. 30. E. hit. 27. 40 N. KooK. See KiocK. KoiusTAN, a district of Persia, in the pro- vince of Mecran; possessed by a powerl'ul cliiel', who resides at Buni)oor. KouKEi.AN, a mountainous district of Hin- dostan, in the province of Lahore, on the western side of the Jhylum ri\er; possessed by jiL'tty chiefs, who are subject either to the Sciks or Afghans. KoKONoK, or IIoiioNOR, a country of Tar- tary, on the borders of China; inhabited by atriiieof Kulmucscalleil Sifans. It contains a liirpe hike, of the same name. Koi.A. a town of Russian Lajjland; in the gnvtinnient of Archangel. It has a good har- hiiuron tile River Kola, near a bay of the same name in the Frozen Ocean. Long. 32. 30. E. lat. 68. 20. N. KoLiN, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaiiraiiii; with a castle. A little to the W. of this place, in 1757, the Austrians gained a victory over the Prussians; 26 miles E.8.E. of Pratrue. KoLivAN, or KnoLTVAN, a town of Asiatic Russia; capital of adis'iict of the same na.ne. In the ^'overiiment of Tomsk. In the neigh- bourhood are some very productive copper iiiiK's. with some silver and gold. It is seated on tile rivtr Berd, at its conflux with the Oby ; «« miles E.S K. of Tobolsk. Long. 81. 20. E.lat. 5.5.28.N. Kolomna, a town of Ru.ssia, in the govem- went ot Moscow, and a bishop's see; with a trade in corn, tallow, salt beef, &c It is seated on the Occa, near the influx of the Moskwa; 65 miles S.E. of Moscow. KoM. See Com. KoNO, a kingdom of central Africa, on the borders of Guinea, from which it is separated by a ridge of mountains. The country ia populous, and abounds in horses and olo* phants. KoNO, a town of Africa; capital of the ' above kingdom; 230 miles S.S.\V. of'Sego. Long. 3. 20. W. lat. 1 1. 20. N. KoNOsuERO, a town of Norway, in the go- vernment of Aggerhuys; formerly celebrated for the richest silver mines in Europe. It is situate on both sides of the river Lowe; 36 miles S.W. of Christiauia. Long. 10. 0. E. lat. 59. 40. N. KoNoswiNOER, a town of Norway, on the frontiers of Sweden, near the river Glomme; at the foot of a steep rock, on which is a strong citadel; 42 miles N.E. of Christiania. Long. 12.8. E. lat. 60. 12. N. KoNG-TCHANO, a city of China, of the first rank; in the province of Chen-si. It stands on the river Hoei, surrounded by high moun- tains, where a tomb is seen, which the Ciii- nese pretend to be that of Fo-hi. Long. 104. 20. K. lat. 34. 56. N. KoNiEii. See CoaKi. KoNiQORATZ, a fortified town of Bohemia; capital of a circle of the same name, and a bishop's see. It has a spacious handsome market-place, an elegant cathedral, and many other handsome buildings. In 1762 a body of Prussian troops entered the town, and laid the greater part of it in ashes. It is seated on the Elbe; 44 miles E. of Prague. Long. 15.40. E. hit. 50. 10. N. Pop. of the circle, 270.000; of the town in 1838, 8024. KoNiGSHERO, a government of the Prus- sian states; comprehending the N. and W. parts of the province of East Prussia, and corresponding nearly to East Prussia Proper. It comprises a superficial area of 8960 square miles, with 491,000 inhabitants. KoNiGSBERO, the capital of East Prussia; with a university, a magnificent palace, and a public library. Tlie town-house, the ex- change, the royal mint, and the cathedral, are fine structures. The tower of the castle is very high, whence there is a beautiful pro- spect. The wall which encloses the city and suburbs is 9 miles in circumference; hut more than half this space consists of gardens and corn-fields: the population of the whole in 1838, 68,000, who are principally of the Lutheran religion. Many of the houses are large and elegant; and the trade is very con- siderable. No ships drawing more than 8 feet water can pass the bar of the river; so that large vessels anchor at Pillau, a small town on the Baltic. Kiinigsberg, though fortified, is not capable of making any serious resist .ice. It was taken by the Russians in 1758; and in June, 1807, it fell into the hands of the French; but, since the over- throw of Bonaparte, it has been under the i-ts ;Mi ^ KOO 488 KOS H. • ^h! 1 ;i '■ dominion of PiuNsia. It is on the Prepcl, near its entrance into the Frische Huff'; 170 miles N. of Wursuw, at the terminus of tlio Frussian r'way; 420 Englisii m. from Berlin. K<}Ni080Eito,atownofOermAny, inllcsjo- Cassel; 46 miles N.N.E. of Mcntz. KoNinsnGRO, a town and castle of the Ba- variiin stntes, in Franconia; 14 miles N.W. of Biirnbcrf;. KoMosnERO, a town of Ilungnry; S'jntcd on the river Gran; 70 miles E. by JN. of Prcs- bursr. KoNiosnERO, a well built town of Prussia; 89 miles N.E. of Berlin. KoNiosiiOF, ft town and castio of Bohemia; acated on the Elbe; 14 miles N. of Kiinig- gratx. Ko.viosHoFEN, a town of Bavarian Fran- conia; on the river Saale; 30 miles N.W. of Bamberg. KoNiosT-tJTTEn, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, with a celebrated abbey. It is Heated on the rivulet Luttcr; 16 miles £. of Brunswick. KoMosTKiN, a town of Saxony, on the frontiers of Boiiemia, A garrison is constant- ly maintained in the fort, which stands on a mountain, and is deemed impregnable. The town has manufactures of woollen and linen, and is seated on the Elbe; 16 miles S.E. of Dresden. Long. 14. 14. E. lat. .50. .54. N. KoNiGSTEiN, ft town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau ; with a castle on a rock ; 1 1 miles N.W. of Frankfort. KoNiTZ, a town of West Prussia; 10 miles N.W. of Culm. KoxKODoo, a county of West Afrtcn, bor- dering on Jallonkadoo, Satadoo, and Dentila. it is full of steep mountains, which, however, are cultivated even to the summit. The streams which descend from these mountains impregnate the sand and earth with gold dust, which the natives separate by a mechanical process. Koosr, a city of Persia, in Irak-njemi, with many sepulchral ruins and a beautiful mosque and mausoleum. It is otherwise insignificant. Pop. under 8000; 186 miles N. by W. of Ispahan. KooNDOOz, an independent khanat of Cen- tral Asia to the N. of the Himalayas or Hin- doo Koosh, between lat. 35. and 38. N. and long. 72. and 86. E. It at present comprises the tributary states of Budakshan, and some others of minor importance N. of the Hindoo Koosh. The Khan is an Uzbeck, and so is the army, but their rule over the natives is mild. Koondooz, the nominal capital, is in- significant. About lat. 36. .50. N. long. 69. 10. E.; but Khooloom is the largest town. KooNJOOR, a town of Hindostan; capital of acircar, in the province of Orissa; 86 miles N.N.W. of Cattack, and 103 W.S.W. of Calcutta. Long. 85. 38. E. lat. 21. 52. N. KoosHAUB, a town of Hindostan, in La- hore; seated on the Belut; 88 miles W. of Laliore. Long. 71. 20. E. lat. 30. 55. N KoPTL, a fortified town of European Russia, in the government of Mohilef; seated on the Dnieper; 28 miles N. of Mohilef. KoRDOFAN, a county of Central Africa; situate to the \V. of the Bahr-el-Abiail, be- tween the kingdom of Darfur and that of Son- naar. It is sometimes independent, ami sometimes subject to the one or the otlier ol these states. The inhabitants are said to bo extremely licentious in their manners, ami cherish amost inveterate enmity against those of Darfur. Ibeit is the capital. Korea. See Corra. KoRFAKAN, a town of Arabia, in Oman; on a bay of the Gulfof Ormuz; 110 miles N. by W. of Rcstak. KOROAN. Sf.e JORJAK. KoRiACS, a people of Siberia, who inhabit that part of the government of Okhotsk which lies around the Gulf of Penginskaia, and N. as far as the banks of the Anadir. They iiro divided into two sorts. Tho.se called simply Koriacs have a fixed residence, and the rc- scmblanco between them and the Kamtsiha- dales is very striking. The others arc wan- derers, and arc known by the appellation of Reindeer Koriacs; they roam in detached parties over these vast deserts. KoniNCHi, a valley in the island of Suma- tra, behind the range of mountains wliicli forms the boundary of the countries of An.ik, Sungei, and Indrapoor. It contains a fiiio lake, which abounds with fish, and its banks are covered with villages. KoRos, (Black,) a river of Hungary, which rises in the palatinate of Bihar, and falls into the Thesis, near Czongrad, in tlio palatinate of Bekeseh. KoROTSCiiA, a town of European Rnssia, in the government of Koursk; on a river of the same name; with a manufacture of salt- petre, and a great trade in apples; 44 miles S.E. of Koursk. KoRSOR. See Corsoer. KosEi-, or KosTA, a fortified town of Prus- sia, in Silesia; on the river Oder; 17 miles N. of Ratibor. KosiE, a considerable kingdom of Western Africa; situated on the E. side of the river Lagos, about 60 miles from its month. The capital, of the same name, is said to be of great extent, and its buildings are dcscrilcd as much resembling those of Coomassie, the capital of Ashantee. Kosi.OF. See Eupatorta. KosTENDiL, or GiiiusTENDiL, ft city of Turkey in Europe, and capital of the samljpK of the same name, pachalie of Roumelia. Near it are iron and silver mines, and a not sulphureous spring; 85 mdes S.W. of Sophia. Pop. 8500. . Kostroma, a town of Russia; capita ot a government of the same name, and a bishops see. It is surrounded by a strong wall, anil situate on a river of the same name, at its en- trance into the Volga; 380 miles E.S.b. ot Petersburg. Long. 41. 14. E. lat. 57. 40. fl. KRA 489 KUL Pop. of the district in 1838, 958,000, and of tl.e town, 9500. KoTTA, or KoTAii, a town niid fortress of Iliiidostiin, in tiio province of Rtijpootana; scitcil on tiio Chumbul. Long. 75. 49. E. lat. 25.15. N. KoruN, a city of Usbek Tnrtary, in Kash- pnr; 1 10 miles S.E. of Ircken. Long. 81. 36. E. lat. 37. 50. N. KouB-TE, acity of China, of the first rank; in tlic province of llo-nan. It is seated in a vn.st plain, between two large rivers; 312 in. S. of Puking. Long. 115.29. E. lat. 34. 30. N. KoL'KSK, a government in the S. part of European Russia, surrounded by those of Orldff, Vovonez, Kharkoff, and Tchernigar. Area, perhaps 16,000 square miles. Pop. vaguely, 1,600,000. Tiiero are no navigable rivers, but the soil is very fertile, and pro- duces much corn. KouRSK, a town of European Russia, ca- pital of the above government. It has a great trade with Petersburg for horses, cattle, tallow, &c. Pop. in 1830, 22,447 Lat. 51. ♦4. N. long. 36. 29. E. Kous, or CosB, a town of Egypt, (the an- cient Apollinopolis Parva,) on the E. bank of the Nile; once a place of great wealth and trade, being the staple of commerce between the Nile and the Red sea; ISmilesS. ofDen- (Icra, ami 45 N.N.E. of Esne. Kowyo, a town of Russian Lithnania; with a brisk trade, particularly in corn, honey, wax, &c. It is seated at the conflux of the W'ilna and Nicmen; 66 miles W.N.W. of Wilna. Pop. 3C50. KozLov, a large town of European Russia, in the government of Tambov. The chief trade is in cattle, which are sold to the Don Cossacks, and in tallow and salt meat, which are sent to Moscow. It is seated on the Voronez; 48 miles W.N.W. of Tambov. Pop. 7350. KRAiynuno, a town of Bavaria; seated on the Inn; 5 miles N.E. of Burkhauscn. KnAiNnnno, a town of Austrian lUyria; in Carniola; with a castle; seated on the Save; 20 miles N.W. of Laubach. Krantcufeli), a town of Germany, in the principality of Saxe-Gotha; on the river Ilm; 12 miles S.E. of Erfurt. Krappitz, atown of Prussian Silesia, with n ca.<;tle at the conflux of the Prudnitz with tlicOder; 14 miles S. ofOppelen. Krassoi ARSK, a flourishing town of Asiatic "ussia, in the government of Yeneseisk; with a trade in furs, and a considerable tran- sit of commodities for the trade with China and Siberia, the great road from Tomsk to Irkutsk passing through it. It is seated on a small river, which falls into the Yenisei, ^a^ S6. 1. N. Long. 92. 57. E. Pop. 3500. Krasnoiarsk, a town and capital of a dis- tfict in the government of Astracan, Asiatic Kiissia. It is situated on an island formed "}; branches of the Volga. Long. 48. 30. E. l'op.2150. !«• 46. 30. N. Krasnobi.aw, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Lublin ; 26 in. 8.8. W. of Cbelin. Kraupbn, a town in Bohemia, in thecirclo of Lcutmeritz. It has consideruble tin mines in its vicinity. It is 17 miles W.N.W. of Leutmeritz. Pop. 1750. Kremoritz. See Cremnitz. Krbmpg, a town of Denmark, in Holstein j seated on a river of the same name; 5 miles N. of Gluckstadt. Krk.ms, or Crems, a town of Austria { with alum-works, and manufacturcsof velvet, silk stuflfs, and excellent thread. It is seated on a river of the same name, at its conflux with the Danube; 38 miles W.N.W. of Vienna. Long. 1 5. 36. E. lat. 48. 24. N. Krishna, or Kistnaii, a river of llindos- tan, which divides the peninsula. It rises in the W. Ghauts, not far from Sattarah, and runs with a tortuous course E. for about 700 miles, and falls into tiio sea on the Coroman- dcl coast. KRONBEi'a. 3ee Cronendero. Kkotoschim, n town and ca-tlc of Prus- sian Poland, near the borders of Silesia; 2A miles W. of Kalisch. Pop. 4350. Kkumlait. See Crumlah. Kruszwica, a town of Russian Poland, in the palatinate of Brzesc; with a castle; noted for being the birthplace of Piast. who, from the station of a private citizen, was elected king of Poland, in the year 842. It is seated on a lake called Goplo, which sup- plies the Netz with a great part of its water; 28 miles W. of Brzesc Litov. Kteifa, asmall town of Syria, on the bor- ders of the desert; supposed to be the an- cient Adarisi; 22 miles E.N.E. of Damascus. KuARA, a province of Abyssinia; situated near the banks of the Bahr-el-Abind. It is very mountainous and unwholesome, but abounds in gold, which is brought from tho neighbouring countries. The governor is ono of the great officers of state, and has absolute power in his own province. Kdbbees, a city of Persia, in Scistan, in the midst of a great sandy desert, on the road from Kerman to Herat; 160 miles S.E. of Yezd. KuBiN, a town of Hungary, in tho Bannat, opposite Scmendria; with 2400 inhabitants, who carry on a brisk trade with Turkey. Kdbin, atown of Hungary, in the district of the Tsaikists. Long. 19. 18. E. lat. 49. 14. N. Pop. 2120. KuciiiNO, a city of Borneo, on tho N.W. coast. It is situate 25 miles up the tortuous river Sarawak ; and near it are some produc- tive antimony mines. KnFSTEiN, a strong town of Austria, in the Tyrol, with a castle on a rock. It surren- dered to the French and Bavarians in 1805. It is seated on the Inn, on the frontiers of Bavaria; 46 miles S.S.E. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. E. lat. 47. 30. N. Kui-LA, a country of Central Africa, to tho S.E. of Wangara; traversed by a river of tho '■J ? KUO 490 KUR ■; : h ■umo name. It wa.s rcpresontod to Browiio u an important Htato, but lie did not enter it. KuLHiiEiM.or KiiLziiKiH,atownof liuiU-n, in tho principality of Luiuingcn; 40 uiilus E.S.E. of Iluidclberg. KUMANIA, GilUAT AND LlTTLE, tWO diH- trlcts in tiio central part of IIun(;(ary, sepa- rated from each other hy a con8ideral)le tract of country, OH well aa hy the river Tiieisii. Oreat Knnuinia comprises aNupcrlicial ex- tent of 420 square miles, with 13,000 inha- bitants. Little Kumania is, however, the more cxtcnsivo district, compriHing an area of 1000 S(iuare miles, and a population of 41,000. '1 iio Calvinist is the prevailing reli- gion in both districts. KuMAON, a province of N. Ilindostan, in the Britisli jmsHessions of Bengal, comprising Kumaoii Proper, and part of Ghurwal. It lies on the south side of the Himalaya, whicii scp.".ratc3 it from Thibet, iid is entirely mountainous, some parts of it being 25,000 feet high. The upper part of the Gan<;es and the Kulee are its principal rivers. Area, 11,000 square miles. The population are more commercial than industrious. There are numerous Hindoo temples, and places of Hindoo pilgrimage. Almora is the capital. KuNDAfiJUA, a town of Hindostari, in Ca- nara, and the chief place in the northern part of the province. It is seated near the mouth of a river of the same name, which here expands into a lake, and forms a num- ber of isl.mds. It is the port for all goods coming from or going to Nagara; but the bar will not admit vessels that draw more than 12 feet. It is 30 miles W.S. VV. of Na- gara, and 54 N.N.VV. of Mangalore. Long. 74.45. E. lat. 13.34. N. KuNEjtSDORK, a village of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark ; 3 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort on the Oder. Here, in 1759, was fought one of the most bloody battles on re- cord, between the Prussians and Russians, in which the king of Prussia, after a great slaughter of the enemy, for upwards of six hours, was in the end obliged to quit the field, with the loss of all his cannon, and 20.000 men. KoNCAN. See Conoan. KuNKAODR, the capital of the above dis- trict, and the residence of the rajah; situate on the coast. Long. 87. 5. E. lat. 20. 50. N. KuNTiNo, a town of Bavarian Fianconia, in the principality of Eichstiidt, at the conflux of the Schwarzach with the Altmuhl; 12 miles N.E. of Eichstadt. Kdnnee, a town of HindosLan, in the pro- vince of Delhi, and district of Sirhind. It is surrounded by a mud wall and deep ditch; but it was ta'.en by the British, in 1809, with- out resista'.ce. Kt vc, a fortress of Japan, in the island of Niphon; 60 miles W.S.W. of Jeddo. KuNowiTZ, a town of Moravii*., on the Olschowa; 37 miles S. by E. of Olmutz. Kuoj^io, a town of Sweden, ia Finland; ca|)ital of Savolax, and that part of Carelia remaining to ^)weden It is Niruato on the \V. side of an extensive lake; 200 miles S.E. of Ulea, Lr)ng. 29. 10. E. lat. 63. 20. N. Kui-KKKMBKU, a miiie-towii of Prux.iian Silesia in the ])riiicipality of Jaucr; on tlic river Bober; 17 miles S.VV. of Jaucr. Kim, (the ancient < 'yrus,) a river of rcrsin, which rises in the Caucasian Mountains, pa.siiog by TetHis, and flows S.K. to the Caspi:>.n seii. KuRACiiEE, or KAiiAriii, the principal sea- port of Siiide; N.W. ilindostan, about |g miles from the W. arm of the Indus. It \i on a low sandy shore and is walled. It has a considerable trade with Cutch Boinlmy mid the Malabar coast, so that it is the most im- portant pcn't of the Indus. It was taken hy the British, Feb. 2, 1839. i'op.in 18).i. i3,UUi). KuRDA, a town of Ilindostan, in the pro- vince of Guzerat, near the N.W. frontier; about three miles S. of Theraud. Ku:u)i8TiN, a country lying partly in Ar- menia, and partly in Persia, along the eastern bank of the river Tigris, and comprehciidiiig great part of ancient Assyria. Bcluiigin;,' partly to Turkey and partly to Persia, iis limits are not precisely ascertained; but i( may be viewed as bounded on the N. by Ar- menia, on the E. by Persia, on the S. by Ara- bian and Persian Irak, and on the W. by Diarbckir, or, as it is sometime.) called, Al- gezira. It is divided into two par.;s, viz. Lo\v< r Kurdistan, or the western diviiion, wliieli ii included in the paehalic '^'' Bagdad, and corresponds nearly to the whole of uiicieiit Assyria Proper: and Ardelan, whicli extcmls from the small river Sharook to the Tuiki.^h district of Zo'i-.b. The surface is diversiliiil by mountains and valleys: and the soil is in some places fertile and well cultivated; Imt it abounds with deserts, and except in tlie neighbourhood of the towns, is barren niiJ desolate. Wheat and barley are the grains most commonly raised. The inhabitants are not subject either to the Turks or Persians. Some live in towns and villages, and otlicis rove from place to place, having tents like the wild Arabs, and being robbers like tlieni. The tribes are ruled by a number of their own princes, or chiefs. They arc ijroiul uf their descent, and demand a premium (or their daughters, on g'ving them 'ii marriage. Their character and circumstances seem to have undergone little change since the lu ist remote times. Xenophon is supposed to ryler to them under the name of Canluehai, a people who opposed the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. Their religion is partly Cliristinnitv, and partly Mohammedism. Aliunkupri 'S the capital. Kermanshah is the capital ot the Persian Kurdistan. The chief towm are Kcrkook, Solyraania, Beltis, Erbil, Amadia, Sennah, &c. , _. KijREH, a town of Asiatic Turkey, m ^a- tolia; 34 miles W. of Sinub. KoRiLBS, a long chain of islands at tne eastern extremity of Asiaj extending wtn LAB 491 LAB thoBoutliorn point ufKiiniHtohiUknto tlio islos of JuMiio, or Miit8miu, .;'< iHliind of Ja|mii. Tliey lie bctwwn 42. uml til. of N. lot., mid the wliolu luii){ili nf tliu r»nt;u is Hiiid to hu iK'uriy 900 iiiiltN. KxcluHivc ji'tlic very miiiuII ones, they are 22 in nuiiilicr. Tliey iiro imi- ncxcil to tlio Kovuriiiiiciit of I 'liutok, und pay a triliiite of furti and 8oa-culvc.% wliicli \h col- l«ettil every three ycurs: tiio UusNian i'utiio- riiy, however, can only l)0 considered ai ex- tr.riiiin); over 19, tlio tlirce most Houthirly t>cluMt.'ing rntlicr to Jupan. Tlie norther><- most, culled Shooinska, is three loa(;ueH from Capo Lopiitku; the next, named Paramousic, is I'oiiaidei'ubly larger than Shoomska. These twoiHliuids wore fir-'t visited by tlie ItussiauH, in 1713, and the rest have been (gradually discovered since that period. Some of these isinndH are fertile, wooded, and abound in fisli ami i^rtinc; while others are destitute of water, BiiJtiiiinhiibituhle, but are occasionally visited lir the islunders, for the sake of hunting foxes aiid ()tti'r« The natives are very hairy, wear loiv; ueardn, and live entirely u)>on seals, fish, and the produce of the chase. They are hos- pitable and docile; but pusillanimous, and unable to support misfortune with fortitude. Tiieir houses and customs resemble those ol tiic KainHichadales. They have some trade with the Chinese, Jn panose, and Rus- sians. KURSOUL. See CCRNOUL. KuHisTAN, or Khuzistan, a province of Penia; bounded on the N. by Irak-Ajomi, E. by Fars, S. by the Gulf of Persia, and VV. by Irak-Arabi. The N. part is mountainous, tlic S. flat und marshy. Doruk is the capital. KuTcn. See Cv 'h KuTTENBERO, a tovm of Bohemia; seated near a mountain, in which are silver mines. It is situate 5 miles N.W. of Czasluu. Pop. in 1838, 9545. KoTTOHK, a celebrated town and fortress of the N. of India; capital of a district of the same name, in tlie province of Caiiristan. It is situate on the summit of a perpendicular rock, and was with great difficulty taken by Tiinur, in the end of the 14th century; 100 miles N.E. of Cabul, and 280 N.W. of La- bore. Long. 70. 17. E. lat. 35. 27. N. KuTY, a town of Austrian Poland, in Gali- tia, ou tlie Czeremosz; with extensive manu- factures of russia leather; CI miles S.S.E. of Ilulic/.. Pop. 4250. KuvNUKK, a town and fortress of the Nc- thurltinds, in Friesland; situated on a river of the same ininie, at its entrance into the Zny- dor Zee; 23 miles 8. of Lewarden. LouKi ft. 32. E. lat. 02. 41.N. KuzNKCK, a town of Siberia) capital of a province of the same name, in the government of Kolivan. It has mauufuctures of iron, and nunds on the Tom, at the influx of the Kon- doma; 230 miles iS.S.E. of Kolivu... Liong. 85. 50. E. lut. 64. 16. N. Ktr.'M(o, a bailiwick of Switzerland, in- cluding I lie whole of the N.E. part of tho canton ol Zurich. It is divided into 47 parishes, and is very productive, particularly in fruit and wine. KvLnuRO, a town in tho iTussian province of the Lower Rhine; situated on the river Kyll; 30 miles N.N.E. of Luxemburg. Kyll, a small river of Gi' rinany, w hich rises between the frontiers of I.iinburjr iind Juliers, and fulls into tho Moselle; 4 miles below Treves. Kymmeneoari), an extensive province of Finland, equal in extent to the half of Scot- land, but containing only 1 1 5,000 inhabitants. It extends along the river Kyminene. Kyn, a small island in the Baltic, on the coast of Russia; about 5 miles in length; 40 miles N. by K. of Riga. Kynubic, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- vince of Bahar, and district of Riimgur. Long. 86. 5. E. lat. 24. 15. N. Kyneton. See ICinoton. Kyraour, a town and fortress of Hindostan, in the province of Gundwaneh. It belongs to one of tho Goand chiefs, who is tributary to the rajah of Nagporc. It is situate near the Lucknow hills; 95 miles S.E ol Rutiun- porc. Long. 81. 32. E. lat. 21. 27. N. Kj RANTY, a town of Bengal, in the district of Cooch Buhar, on the Durluh river. Long. 88. 50. E. lat. 26. 45. N. Kyract, a district of Hindostan; bounded N. by the Himalaya mountains. E. by Bootan, S. by Morung, and W. by Nepaul. It was conquered by the rajah of Nepaul in 1769, but is very little known to Europeans. Kyritz, a town of the Prussian states, in Brandenburg; 46 miles N.W. of Berlin. IJ Laab, a town of Lower Austria, on the ri- »er Teya; 39 miles N. by W. of Vienna. I*ng. 16. 20. E. lat. 48. 43. N. Laas, a town of Austria lUyria, in Car- niola, wuh a trade in salt, leather, and horses; l2nulesS. ofLaubach. . Y*?.''"*^' o"" Lasphe, a town of Germany, ;n tia- Prussian states; seatea on the Luhn; 'SmdesE, of Cologne. Lauadia, a towu of Austrian Italy; seated on tho Adige; twenty miles N.N.W. of Fer- rara. Laser, a river of Bavaria, in Franconia, which rises near Neumark, and falls into the Danube, at Sinzing, abo\ e Ratisbon. Labeb, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania; with manufactures of cloth ; seated on tho Reca; 35 miles N.E. of Stargard. Labia, a town of European Turkey, in Scrvia; 70 miles S.W. ol Nissa. LAB 492 LAC .!• ^ir' T/AniAr, a town of East Prussia, with a Stron;; castle ; seated iit the mouth of the Di'inc, near the Curlseho Huff; 25 miles N.E. of Ko- nigshcrf*. Laiikahor, a country of North America, on tiic E. side of Hudson hay. The pencral aspect of the country is most dreary : the sur- face is mountainous and rujrgcd, and covered with lartrc stones, and the soil is poor. Coarse plants, adapted to the nourishment of deer and coats, and other vild animals, aro its chii'f productions. The climate, in only hit. 57. N., is excessively cold during winter. The ice hi'gins to disoppear in May; and, about the uiitldle of July, commences hot weather, which at times is such as to scorch the faces of the hunters. Mock suns and halos arc not uufrequent; and the night is enlivened by the aurora l)orealis, wltich spreads over the whole sky. No country is better furnished with large, sale, and convenient harbours, or supplieti with better water. The numerous islands along the E. coast abound with eider-ducks and other water-fowl, and also with hares, foxes, and deer. The animals arc not nume- rous; the most common are reindeer, bears, wolves, tigers, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martens, ermines, and wild cats. Eagles, hawks,owls, geese, bustards,dueks, partridges, and all kinds of wild fowl, are numerous. The tishes arc whales, morses, seals, cod, and capelins; and in the rivers and fresh waters arc pike, perch, carp, trout, &c. During the three months of summer, there is a variity in the colour of the several animals, but in win- ter everything, animate, and inanimate, is white. The trees of Labrador arc mere shrubs, with the exception of the black, white, and red spruce, silver-fir, birch, and aspen. A few vegetables arc produced, and various kinds of fruit. A beautiful spar, called La- brador feldspw, was discovered by the Mo- ravian missionaries, who have successfully exertod themselvesin improvingthccondition of the natives. They have now three settle- ments on these inhospitable shores, the total population of which i3 about 600. The na- tives are E-iquimaux, the most disgusting of tlieirrace. The Labrador fishery is ne.ily con- fined to the S E. tract, opposite Newfound- land, and has within a few years increased six- fold, and now rivals that of Newfoundland. LAnuAN, or Labuii-an, an island of the Asiatic Archipelago, on the N.W. side of Borneo, and near the month of the Borneo or Bruni river. It .vas taken possessioi. of by the British on December 2t, 1846, and a settlement for commercial purposes formed immediately afterward. It is about thirteen miles long and four or five broad. A large portion of it is very low and marshy and has been found very unhealthy. As a situation for trr.de, it is well-seated. A few miles up the river Bruni, near the city of the same name, the ca])ital of Borneo, conl has been found, but not in abundance, and also in Labuan. Labiian has a governor ap^ointod under the British crown, and is in lat. 5. 20. N. long. 11. 5. 15. J", The setticment is called Port Vii'torla. Laut, a connideirJile town of Western Africa, in the kingdom of Foota Jalloo. It is upwards of two miles in circnmferomo, and contains 5000 inhabitants, who are cm- I)loycd in the manufacture of narrow clotlis, ami various articles in iron, silver, wnoil, leather &c., and carry on a good trade with Timbiictoo, which is four months' journey beyond. Laccadiv!-8, or LAKD1VA8, a group of small islands in the Indian Sea, lying \V. of the coast of Malabar; discovered ly Vti-o di Gamii, in 1449. They are 32 in luinliir, and are inhabited by a race of Mahonieiliins called Mo|)laj.^, whose chief traffic is in liio produce of the cocoa-palm, such as oil, cnlilcs, and cordage; and ir. dried fish. Tiiesc mo sent to the continent of India, wlieiice tlicy get rice, &c., in return; and also to Masciit, in large boats, which bring back dates ami coffee. Calpeny, one of the largest, is 170 in. W''. of Cochin. Long.73.32.E. lat.lO.O.N. LACEnoGNA. See CEnooNA. LACErEHES Islands, a group of islands on the N.W. coast of Australia: the largest about nine miles long, A long chain nf rocky reefs and great sand-banks proceed from their termination. Many whales, sea- serpents, and fishes of different kinds, are seen in the surrounding sea. Long. 1 1 7. S. E. lat. 16.43. S. Lacfodeut, monntains of Ireland, on the E. side of the county of Kerry; 12 miles E. of Tralee. Laciien, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Schwcitz, near which are .some mineral spring!!, and petrifactions: it is seated un the lake of Zurich. Lachkn, a large village of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, district of Spire; 3 miles S.E. of Neustadt. Lachsa, or Lasciia, a division of Arahi.i, occupying nearly the Avholo of the south- western coast of the Persian Gulf, and extend- ing to a considerable distance inland. Gre:it part of the interior consists of .sandy plains; but the coast is fertile and well peopled. The chief productions are dates, rice, and eottim. The asses and camels are esteemed to boot nu excellent breed, and some thousands of iho latter are annually exported to Syria. T.w extensive piracies committed by the inhahi- tants of this country were so intolerable, tlwt in 1809 the British fitted out an expeilition for the p .rpop" of chastising them. They sailed to Riis-el Kliimn, the principal port on this coast, which they took by assault, burneu 70 vessels, and made considerable plunder. Lachsa \i'as formerly subject to Turkey, h"' the inhabitants have now shaken off the yokf, and their sheikh is one of the most powertnl princes of Arabia. , Lachsa, a city of Arabia, capital of tw above province, and the residence of the shein. It is well built, and 8P;itcd on the Astan, Gulf of Ul) miiea the lake dani;urous induced _ 'ruin the river Neva «itii the '"18 and I and ro 'nnucnse ' _ I' A Dog A PiJ^'i-Tuniei ^'olklioi; I'"^'■l. Ul, is iii;'her . 5ti luilus K '•It. 60. 0. Laduon "'e I'acitit .'■'';■ E.luuil lliey wort Y*^ tuuclicu "'c native) •.•'"'ed Im, drone,«, or whcT fniit, ■'^■'•e is tile I ;i;imes of '■''miaii, Gi LAD 493 LAH which flows into a considerable bay of the Gulf of Persia, opposite the islo of Bahrcia. Louj;. 48. 40. E. lut. 26. 20. N. I Ladakii, an independent country of Asia, ' W. of Tlnbct, between int. 32. and 36. N. and ^ long. 76. and 79. E. luiving the Cliinesc pro- , vinccof Yarltund, &c., N. and N. E. ; separated oil the S.E. and S. from Kashmir by the Himalayas, and having Little Tibet on the W. Area about 30,000 square miles. Population 110,000 to 180,000, chiefly of the Thil)etian nue. It is an inhospitable country, being a succession of r.iountains, and is watered by tlic upper part of tiio lights. The climate is one of extremes, but the country is fruitful when it can be cultivated. Its native trade is uf no great amount, but hti'inf^ the great liioroughfiiro between Tibet, China, Russia, on one hand, and Kashmir, the Punjab and lliudodtim on the other, its transit trade ia vciy iinportiint. The govcriunent is despotic, the rajah is governed by the lamas, and tiie reli;.;ion of Ladakh is sul>ject to the supreme pcmiitf of tlie Buddiiists, the grand lama of Tiiibet. Moliammedanism has of late made (;ieat pn)};ress. It originally formed one of tlic provinces of the kingdom of Thibet, but was not conquered by the Chinese. Huujeut Singh took po.ssession uf it; but since his deutli it is believed that it has recovered its inJe|jenilunce- Our knowledge of tiic country has been but recently acquired. Leh or La- dukh is the capital. Lauexuuuo, a town of^ermany, in Baden ; Bcuted on the Ncckar; 8 miles N.\V. of Hei- delberj,'. Ladoga, a lake of Russia, between the Gulf of Finland and the lake Oucga. It is 141) miiua lung and 80 broad. The shores of tin; lake are flat, but the navigation is very dangerous, on account of quicksands. This iiuhieed Peter I. to cause a canal to be cut frum t!ie S.W. extremity of tliis lake to the liver Neva, by wiiich it has a communication with tile Gulf of Finland. It was begun in "18 and liiiished in 1732: it is 67 miles long, and 70 feet broad. It is navigated by an immense nuinot-r of boats. Ladoga, Ni;w, a town of Russia, in the poviTiiniciit of Peterslmrg; seated on the Volkliot; veen the lake and canal of La- diiga. Uld Ladoga, an inconsiderable [ilaee, i» liigiier np tiie Volkliof. New Latloga is SO miles E. of Peteicburg. Long. 31. 42. E. Ut. 60. 0. N. Laduonus, or Marian Islands, islands of tlie I'aeitie Oecun, lying between 144. and Hii.E. long., and between 13. and 21.N. lat. lliey wore discovered by Magellan, in 1.521. He tuuelied tirst at the island of Guam, where tlic natives stole some of bis goods, which wused iiim to name these islands the La- ufMies, or Islands of Thieves. Besides the J"lier halts natural to the soil and climate, 'i^^^ii-' IS tlie breadfruit tree in abundance. The I'^iuies of the principal islands wc Saypau, i Milan, Guam, aud Rota. Larrones is also the name of a cluster of small islands in the Gulfof Sa, at the southern extremity of China. They are the resort of pirates, who have long set the naval power of China at defiance. In 1805 they had acquired possession of the whole island of Hainan and the southern part of Formosa. La-Fayettk, a county in Mississippi, drained by the Tallahawliee river; capital, Ox- ford. Pop. 6.')31. Also a ])arisli ill Louisiana. It is low and wet; capital, Vermilion villa Pop. 7841. Also a county in Missouri; capi- tal, Lexington. Pop. 6185. Also a county ia Arkansas; capital, Lewisville. Pop. 220ii. La-B'avi;ttk, a town of Indiana on the E. side of the Wabash river, and is connected with Lake Erie by the Wabash and Eric caiiaL Pop 2000. Laonasco, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont; 24 miies S. of Turin. Laony, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Seine-et-Marne; with a lute famous Benedictine abliey; seated on the Marue; 15 miles E. of Paris. Laoos, a seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, with a castle. Olf the cape, near this t(»wn, in 1759, Admiral Boscawi-ii defeated a Fi'cnch fleet. It is 130 miles S.S.E. of Lisbon. Laoos, a town on the coast of Guinea; des- troyed by the Hritish tor slave-trading in 1851. Laoitnes of Vknice, the marshes or hikes in Italy on which Venice is seated. There are about 60 islands in these Lniruncs, which together make a bishop's see. Eurano is the most considerable, next to those on which Venice stands. Laiin, a river of Germany, which rises in Hcssc-Cassel ; and, flowing by Marburg, Wet/dar, and Nassau, fails into the Uliiiie above Cobleutz. Lahn, a town of the Prussian states, in Si- Icsi.i, near which is the castle of Lahnliaus; it is seated on the Bobe.-; 10 miles N.N. \V. of IlirselibcrLT. Laholji, a seaport of Sweden, in nallaiid, with acastle; seated on the Laga, near its eu- tfaiice into the Cattc(\ K. hit. 50. .Jl. N. LAiiiinii, apniviiiceol Hiiul(»st;in; bouuili'd on tlieW. Iiy Candahar, N. by ('asliiii(M< , I'., by Siriiiagur and Delhi, ami S. by Mniiltaii. It is railed Piiiijal),or thecountry of Five Rivers. It is extensive ami fertile; alloriliiig. in addi- tion to all the necessaiics of lite, wine, sugar, and cotton wool. In the tract between the Indus and the (Jluduin are salt mines, wliich atl'ord pieces of rock salt, hard enough to be formed into vessels, &e. .See Pu.vjau. Lauoke. a city of llindostuii, cajiital of the above ])rovince, and ot the country of tlic Seiks. It was the residence of the Moliaininedan con- querorf of Ilindostan, befor- Miey hav houses have been built. It is seated nn an eminence, near the river Clyde; 22 nnlosS.L. of Glasgow, and 30 S.W. ot Edinhnrgh; on the Caledonian railway. Lanauksuire, a county of Scotland i bounded N. and N.W. by Renfrew, Dunil'ar- to Duchy of ].iancaster: the only (liK'iiy of En|fland (that of 'Jornwidl except- ed' which is not merely titular. This c( unty comprises a variety of soil and face of coun- try; hut, u])on the whole, is one of the least fiuoiired i)y nature. The Hundred of Fur- ni'ss, which is separated from the rest by Miirccamlio bay, is a wild and rug{.';ed region, stored with quantities of iron ore and slate, ami covered with u growth of underwood, which is cut in succession, and made into chiircoal. The E. part, between the Kibble anil the Mersey, comi)rising the ancient for- ests, of Wyresdale and liowland, is moun- tainous and generally barren j but '.ho S. part of the tract between these two rivers is flat. Much of this is a fertile country, though occa-sioually deformed by black turf bogs, here called mosses, some of which are of large extent, and impassable in wet seasons. In •he N.E. part of luis division are some lofty jiilis, tiie uu. it noted of which is Pendic Hill. Tile remaining part is varied with hill, dale, ami moiir. Among its products is a species ot eoal, called cannel, highly valuable as fuel, anil c.ipable of being manufactured into can- dlesticks, cups, snutf'-boxes, &c. It is the pand seat of the cotton manufacture, which has grown up with a rapidity unoxainplcd in tl;e history of iadu.stry. As a conimercial am- iiianuliictiiriiig county, it is superior to any other ill the kingdom. Its principal manu- taeiiires are cotton goods, linen, silk, woollen, siailoons, bai/.c, serges, tapes, hardware, I'lale-frlass, Sec. Of the commerce of this euuiiiy it inny suffice to observe, that Liver- pool IS the second port in the kingdom. The I'l-incipal rivers are the Mersey, Irwcll, Kibble. '"'.vm., Ll.vci,, Wyre, llodder, Roche, Dud- "'"'i,\\ Ulster, and Ken; and it has two con- '''leittble lakes, Windermere and Coniston- mcro. It had the honour of exhibiting tha first regular canal in the kingdom, which was begun by the Duke of Hriii;,'e water, in 1758; and also of pcrlecting the present sys- tem of railways and locomotion by the open- ing of the Manchester and Liverpool railway in IS.'JO. Now, canals and railways intersect it in every direction, and are important fea- tures in its prosperity. LaN(;asteu, a borough, and the capital of Lancashire; governed by a mayor; with markets on Wednesday and yutiirday. It is seated on the J.oyno, or Lune, which forms a port for vessels of moderate burden. Tlio parish chundi of St. Miiry is a line structure, on the side of a hill, on the suiiiinit of which is )i noble castle, serving both as the siiiro- huuse and the county gaol. Here are also three chapelH belonging to the Kstablishinent, and several dissenting meeting-houses. On the top of the ciistle is a square tower, called John of Oaunt's Chair, whence there is an extensive prospect. Among the imxlern im- provements are an extensive quay, with largo warehouses, and a comnioilious and elegant bridge over the river, in place of the old luie, now in ruins. The canal froin Kendal winds round the E. part of the town, and is con- veyed over the river by an aqueduct of five arches, each of 70 feet span. Besides numer- ous other charitico, there is a county lunatic asylum, a hnndsom" stone erection, on Lan- caster Moor, ", ened in 1816. It has a cha- pel attiwhed, anu t.o hosjutal is capable of accommodating .'500 patients. Five miles from this place is Duiiald-niill-bolc, a cave at the foot of a mountain, into which a large brook runs and jmsses two miles umier grDiind before it appi;ars again: some of its vaults are so high that they resemble tlie rool' of a church, and in other parts so low that they can be passed only by creeping on the hands and feet. Lancaster depends for its supjiorl priiKtipally on its trade and manufactures, and the county business. It is noted fur the making of mahogany cabinet ware, and has manufactures of sail-cloth, cordage, linens, &c. The cotton inumilaeture is also gaining ground, and ship-building is carried on to a con.siderable extent. It returns two meniliers to parliament. It is "i.'J miles N.W. of Man- Chester, and 240 N.N.W. of London. Lancastku, a handsome town in I'ennsyl. vania; cafiital of a county of the same name. It is a pleasant and flourishing place, situate in a fertile and well cultivated country; and contains a court-house, a gaol, two hanks, and nine places of worship. A college was fomnleil here in 1787, but the builiiing>i are now appropriated toschools. Here are manu- factures of guns and otiier hardware; and about a mile distant is a large cotton manu- factory. The town has con.siileralile traile, which increases with the pojiiilation of the surrounding country. It is seated nearConi;s- togacreek, which runs into the .Susquehannah, 61 miles W. by N. of rhiladclohia. Long. 't ■ LAN 4d6 I AN 76. 32. W. lat. 40. 2. N. Pop, of the county, 84,203; and of tho town, 8417. Lamoaster, a town of Massachusetts, in Worcester county; with a large cotton manu- factory. In its vicinity is a quarry of excel- lent stones for tombs, and the best slates for houses. It is situate on a branch of tlie Nashua, which runs into the Merrimac; 14 miles N. by E. of Worcester, and 35 W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 2019. Lancaster, a town of Fairfield county, Ohio; seated on the Hockhocking; 50 miles W. of Marietta. Pop. 3272. LAN9AR0TA, one of the Canary isles, 30 miles long, and 10 broad. It is very high, and has a good harbour at the north-east end. Long. 13. 26. W. lat. 29. 14. N. Pop. 10,500. Lanciano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra; on a river of the same name. It is an archbishop's see, and had a good trade, and two great annual fairs, but these have both declined; 84 miles N. by E. of Naples. Pop. in 1832, 1 1,883. Landau, a Hmall but strong town of the Bavarian circle of the Khine; well known in military history. It was formerly imperial, but was ceded to Louis XIV. in 1680, and afterwards fortified by Vauban. In 1702, 1703, 1704, and 1713, it was alternately taken by the Austrians and French, but was con- firmed to France at the peace of 1713. In 1793 it was attacked, but without success, by the Prussians and Austrians. The French ceded it to Bavaria in 1815. It is seated on the Queich; 56 miles N.N.E. of Strasburg, and 347 N.E. of Paris. Long. 8. 7. E. lat. 49. 12. N. Pop. 6100, exclusive of the Bava- rian garrison of 6000 men. Landau, a town of Lower Bavaria; situate on an eminence on the Iser. Long. 12.37. E. lat. 48. 36. N. Landau, a small town of Germany, in Westphalia, near the Watter. Long. 9. 5. E. lat. 51.12. N. Landeck, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the county of Glatz;, 27 m. S.W. of Neisse. Lanuelles, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calviidos; seated on the Vire; 28 miles S.W. of Caen. Landen, a town of Belgium, in South Brabant; famous for an obstinate battle fought near it in 1C93, in which the French, under Marshal Luxemburg, defeated the al- lies, commanded by William III. of England; and also a battle in 1793, in which the French were defeated by the Austrians. It is seated on the river Becke; 19 miles S.E, of Lou- vain. Pop. 4550. Landernau, a seaport of France, in the department of Finisterre: with considerable manufactures of linen, leather, and paper. It is seated at the niouth of thcElhorn; 23 miles north-east of Brest. Pop. in 1836, 4035. Landeron, a town of Switzerland, in the caut'^u of I^eufuhatel, at the B.W. extremity of tho lake Neufchatel; 7 miles N. ofNeuf- chatel. LikNDES, a department of France ; bounded W. by the Atlantic, and on its other side.s by the departments of Gironde, Lot-ct-Garonne, Gers, and Lower Pyrenees. It is di\ide(l into the three arrondissements of Mont de Marsan, Dux, and St. Sever, and has an area of 3700 square miles, with 284,918 iiiliabi- tants in 1836. The principal rivers are the Adour and the Douze, which traverses it from E. to W. To the S. of these rivers the soil is tolerably fertile, producing wine, fruit, and corn, but on the N. it is perfectly sterile. It is occupied for four-fifths of its surface with an extensive tract of loose .sandy s lil, forming heaths, marshes, and waste lands, and a dead flat, from which the department derives its name. The exports are wood, turpentine, tar, wax, cattle, wool, and brandy. Landrecy, a strong town of France, in the department of Nord. It was besicged ia vain by Prince Eugene in 1712. In 1794 it was taken by the allies, but shortly after evacuated. It was one of the barrier for- tresses occupied by the allies after the second treaty of Paris. It is seated on the Cainbre; 18 miles E. by S. of Carnbray, and 19 S. by E. of Valenciennes. Landuiano, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese; 11 miles S.S.E. of Milan. Landsbeko, a town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg; with a considerable trade in cloths and wool. In 1758 it was tnkea by the Russians. It is seated on the VVartaj 23 miles N.E. of Custrin. Pop. iu 1838, 10,000. Landsbero, a town of Upper Bavaria, with a castle, near the river Leech; 20 miles S. of Augsburg. Lanosoron, a town and fort of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow; 24 miles S. of Cracow. LAND8CRONA,afortified seaport of Sweden, in Schontii; seated on an island, near tha Sound; with a good harbour between the continent and a small island. It is 20 miles N.W. of Lund, and 21 N.N.E. of Copenha- gen. Long. 12.50. E. lat. 55.52. N. Pop. 3870. Lands-end, a promontory in Cornwall, and the most westerly point in Great Britain. It is a vast aggregate of morestone; and .Ji- ^Mii LAN iW LAN of Munich. Long. 12.6. E. lat. 48.30. N. Pop. 8350. Landshdt, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Schwcidnitz. It has a flourisiiing linen trade: it is seated on the Bobcr; 22 miles 8.W. of Schweidnitz. Landshut, a town of Moravia; seated on the llorao, on the confines of Hungary and Austria; 36 miles S.E. of Brunn. Laxdstbaas, or Landtrost, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Curniola; with a castle and aCiStercian convent; situate on an island in tlie river Gurk; 30 miles S. by W. of Cilley. Lake, an island in the Atlantic; near the criast of Maine, a little to the E. of Scnttock Point; belonging to the United States. Long. 67.56.W. Idt. 44. 18. N. Lane, a river of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, whoso waters, being confined by a (Treat ledge of rocks, form the Lake of Kil- larney. It runs from Lough Lane into Cas- tleiDiiin bay. Lanebooro, atown of the Sardinian states, in Savoy, in the province of Marienne. It stands on the Arve, at the foot of Mount Oenis, and is so shut up with hills, that the 6un is scarcely visible from November to January. It is 20 miles N.N.W. of Susa. Lane-end, a town in Staffordshire, with markets on Wednesday and Saturday; noted for its extensive potteries, by which it has irrcatly increased of late years. It contains two good market-houses, two churches, seve- ral meeting-houses for dissenters, a catholic chapel, an English charity school, a mecha- nics' institute, &c. It is 5 miles E. by S. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. Lanemezan, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Pyrenees; 1.5 miles S.E. of Tarbc. Lasepax, a town in the department of Gersi 11 miles S.S.W. of Condom. Lanercost, a parish of England, in the comity of Cumberland; situate in a romantic ^■iilley; 13 miles N.E. of Carlisle. La>?e8borough, a town of Ireland, in the county of Longford, situate on the Shannon, oyer which is a fine stone bridge; 7 miles S. ot Longford, and 62 W.N.W. of Dublin. Lauoanico, (the ancient Olympia,) a town of Greece, in the Morea; situate on the small nver Carbon, (the ancient Alpheus.) It was once a city of grtat note, near which the 'cus Olympian games were celebrated; Ilia here was u fine temple of Jupiter Olym- 'i«, With a celebrated image of that god, 50 '"Its hi|,'h, which was reckoned one of the !■'*■'" wonders of the world. It is now an "le^iilerable place. It is 32 miles S.S.E. ttUiarenza, and 60 S.W. of Corinth. ?p t^f ?T^^' ^ ^"^^ of France, in the depart- 10 „? HPP**'' ^"''■°i seated near the AUier; '- miles S. of Brioud. Pop. 1920. m.m 1-?*I*' * '"^" of France, in the depart- memol Indre-et-Loire; noted for the culture 'melons, seated on the Loire; 12 mUes W. ^fiuars. Pop. 2550. Lanoelano, a fertile island of Denmark, in the S. part of the Oreat Belt. It is 83 miles long, but scarcely 5 broad. The prin- cipal town is Rudkiopmg. Area, 80 square miles. Pop. 17,000. Lanoekw, a town of Bohemia, in tho circle of Koniggratz, on the Little Elbe, with some extensive manufactures of cambric and gauze. Lanoenau, Upper and Lower, two po- pulous villages of Prussia, in Silesia; 11 miles S. of Glatz. Langenau, a long and straggling village of Germany, in Wirtemberg. It contains 3600 inhabitants, who aro mostly weavers. It is 10 miles N.N.E. ot Ulm. Langenherg, a town of the Prussian pro- vince of Cleves and Berg. It is 15 miles N.E. ofDusseldorf. Lanoenbcrg, a town of Germany, in Wir- temberg, with a magnificent castle; seated on the river Jaxt. It is 32 miles VV. of An- spach. Laxoensalza, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital of Thuringia; with a castle, and ma- nufactures of silk, woollen, cotton, &c. It stands on the Salza, near its conflux with the Unstrut; 14 miles W. by N. of Erfurt. Pop. in 1833, 7142. Langenthal, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, in the neighbourhood of which are some medicinal springs. It is 18 miles N.E. of Bern. Langenzenn, a tv>wn of Germany, in Ba- varia, on the river Zenn, and near the Red- nitz; 20 miles N.E. of Anspaeh. Langholm, a town of Scotland, in Dum- fries-shire; with an extensive cotton manu- facture; seated on the Esk, on the borders of England; 20 mucs N. by W. of Carlisle. Langogne, a town of France, department of Lozere; 21 miles N.E. of Mende. Langon, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Gironde; with an extensive trade in wine and brandy. It has a good harbour, and is seated on the Garonne; 10 miles N. of Bazas. Pop. 3350. Lanoport, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday; situate on a hill, by the river Parrett, which is navigable for barges to the Bristol Channel. It is 10 miles S.E. of Bridgewater, and 128 W by S. of London. Lanures, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Marne. Its cutlery wares are in high esteem. It is seated on a mountain, near the source of the Muriie; 40 miles N.E. of Dijon. Pop. in 1836, C191. Landguaiid Fort, a str(jng fort of Eng- land; situate on a sandy point of laud, on the Suff(dk side of the harbour of Harwich, but within the limits of Essex. It was erected I for the defence of the port of Harwich, and I has a garrison, under the command of u go vernor. L vnouedoo, a province of the S. of France, I divided, ut the revolution, into the depart- 2K '' if* y.,v. \i 'W ':^ 1 'M LAO 498 LAP 1 ■1 ! ( 1 i; 1 inents of Upper Garonno, Ande, HJirault, Gard, Lozfere, Hsiute Loire, Tarn, and Ar- dbchc. It extends on the E. to tlio lihone, and W. to the borders of Gascony, and com- pi'isus a Huperficial extent of 16,000 square miles. The Upper, or Western Languedoc, had Toulouse for its capital; and the Lower, or Eastern, Montpelier. The celebrated «i.nal of Langiicdoc, constructed by Louis XIV., is 140 miles long, and connects the MediteiTanean with the Atlantic. It com- mences at Cette, and joins the Garonne at Toulouse. Lanjan, or Lancuano, a city, and the capital of the kingdom of Laos; S. of Cliina, at least of the southern part, to which it gives name. The king's palace is said to be of vast extent, and the houses of the grandees are also large, and highly ornamented. It is situate on the W. side of the river Menam- kong; 400milesN.N.W. of Cambodia. Long. 101, 38. E. hit. 18.30. N. Lanjaron, a picturesque town of Spain, in Granada; 26 miles S.E. of Granada. It is a favourite retreat in the scorching summer for the inhabitants of the coast. Below the town is a Moorish castle, perched on a knoll. The peasantry are hard-working and poverty- Btricken, while nature all around teems with fertility. P^p. about 3000. LANMEtK, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Finisterre; 6 m. N.E. of Morlaix. Lannilis, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Finisterre; 19 miles N. of Brest. Lannjon, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cotes du Nord ; with a trade in wine, hemp, and butter. It is seated on the Guer; 39 miles W.N.W. of St. Biieux. Pop. in 1836, 5286. Lannoy, a town of France, In the depart- ment of Nord ; 8 miles E.N.E. of Lisle. Lansaugues, a town of France, in the de- partment of Herault; 19 miles W. of Mont- pelier. Pop. 1120. Lansdown, a mountain in Somersetshire; 4 miles from I3ath; 813 feet high. Lansinburgh, a village of New York, in Rensselaer county. It contains 7 churches, a court-house, a jail, and an academy; and is seated on the E. side of tiie Hudson; oppo- eise the S. branch of the Mohawk; 9 miles N.N.E. of Albany. Long. 74. 8. W. lat. 42. 43. N. Pop. 3330. Lanzo, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, on the river Stura, over whieh is an elegant bridge. It is 12 miles N.W. of Turi.i. Pop. 2225. Lao, a town of the island of Cuba; 25 miles W. of Havanna. Lao, or Leao, a city of China, of the second rank, in the province of Chan-si. Long. 1 12. 67. E. lat. 37.4. N. Laon, a decayed town of France, capital of the department of Aisne ; with a castle. The i)riueij)al trade consists in corn and wine. ,t is celebrated for a battle fought under its walls, between (he French and allies in March 1814. It is seated on a mountain, near Ar- don; 77 miles N.E. of Paris. Long. 3.37. E. 'at. 49. 34. N. Pop. in 1836, 7826. Laos, or the Shan Countkt, a kingdom of India beyond the Brahmaputra; extemling from 1 5. to 24. N. lat., and bounded by China, Burmah, Slam, Cambodia, Tunqiiin, and Cochin-China, to the last of which it is no- minally subject. It is surrounded by moun- tains covered with forests; but the countiy is in general flat, and the soil fertile, bein;; watered by numerous rivulets from the mmin- tains, and a number of canals from the Me- namkon.u' or Mecon, which flows from N. to S. through the whole region. It abounds in rice, fruit, honey, wax, and cotton ; and tlia principal drugs are benzoin and lac. Gold and silver are found in certain places of tiie river; and it has mines of iron, lead, and tin. It is very thinly inhabited, the frrenter part of the population consisting of nii{;rating tribes, who wage an almost constant internal warfare. The religion, language, and man- ners, are much the same as in Siam. Pop about 1,000,000. Lanjan is the capital. Lapland, a northern region of Europe, now belonging to Russia and Sweden; hounded on the N. by the Arctic Ocean, E. by the Wliite Sea, S. by Sweden, and W. by Norway and the Atlantic. It was formerly divided into three parts, Russian, Swedish, and Danish, (or Norwegian) Lapland. The first, the most dreary region of the whole, consisted of three districts, Bellaraorcskoi, Mareinanskoi, and Terskoi ; but these are now all included in the general appellation of the circle of Kola, which includes also the tract on the E. of the Torneo, called Kemi-Lapmark, which was ceded by Sweden in 1809. Swedish Lapland, or Lapland Proper, is subdivided into six provinces, now comprised in the government of Umea. Norwegian Lapland, or Finmark, the most northerly of all, now belongs also to Sweden. The general aspect of Lapland is mountainous. I'he principal rivers are the Torneo, which issues from a lake of the same name, and, after a course of 300 miles, tails into the Gulf of Bothnia; the Tana, and the Alten, both of which fall into the Frozen Ocean. The lakes are numerous, and many of them very extensive. The mniitime dis- tricts are of uniform and ratlier mild tem- perature; but in the interior, the winter is intensely cold: in the most nuvthern parts the sun remains below the hori/on from the 20th of November to the 10th of Janiiarv; and the whole country is covered with snow and ice, from the beginnJng of Soiitcmber to the middle of March. In summer the suii continues two months above the horizon; ami in the valleys and plains the I-.eat is excessive, favouring the production of numerous in>oi;t>j particularly musqiiitoes, which greatly m''-' the inhabitants. Barley is the common gr.nii. but rye and oats are also cultivated in some places, and a few culinary vegetahlcs art raised. The trees are fir, bkch, larch, aa/ LAP 499 LAR imall beech, which form vast though not thick forests. Metals and mincrala are found in abundance: gold has been found at Sunppa- viirii; copper, iron, lead, zinc, and plumbago are found in various places; and in the S. of Svvcilish Lapland several mines are wrought. Among the other internal productions of this "Duntry are limestone, marble, gypsum, rock- nvstiil, jasper, amethysts, and garnets. The iiiiiMi.ils uf this country are much the same as tliose of Norway; but the rein-deer may more properly be said to belong to Lapland. riie singular usefulness of this animal in a treat measure recompenses the Laplander tor the privation of the other comforts of life. The rein-deer in summer live upon leaves mid grass, and in winter upon moss, which tliey dig up from under the snow ; yet upon Fui;li scanty fare they will perform a journey ot'incnnceivable length. The animal is fixed to a kind of sledge, shaped like a small boat, in which the traveller, well secured from cold, is laced down; and, taking the reins, which are fastened to the horns of the animal, ill one hand, and a kind of bludgeon, to keep the carriage clear of ice and snow, in the otiicr, he seis out, and continues his journey witli increilible speed, the animals choosing the road and directing their course with very little trouble to the traveller. Their milk nnd clieese are nutritive and pleasant; their flush is well tasted food, whether fresh or dried; their skin forms excellent clothing, both for the bed and body; and their intes- tines and tendons supply their masters with thread and C' lage. The Laplanders are Mtlier lower i tature tlian the more south- ern Europeans. The men are of a swarthy nnd dark coni|)!i xion ; their hair is black and fhort, their mh pointed chin. The women are in i»eneral n.cII made, complaisant, chaste, «nd extremelv inrvous. In their manner of ht'e the Laplai .iers are divided into fishers and mountaineers. The former, in summer, fix their habitations in the neighbourhood of dome lake, from which the/ draw their subsis- tence, and in winter live in the woods. The hitter seek their support on the mountains, and possess herds of rein-deer, more or less nu- merous. They are active and expert in the cliase; and the introduction of fire-arms has alinnst abolished the use or the bow and arrow. R'sidesjuoking after the rein-deer, the fishery, iiiiil tlie chase, the men are employed in mak- ii-' canoes, sledges, harness, cujjs, bowls, &c. ; ii'id the women in making nets, drying the l';li find meat, milking the deer, making the (■'i«se, and tanning bides. Like the Icelan- ;iers, they consider their country the finest 111 the imiverse. They live in tents composed «i several pol s or beams of wood, which "leet atthe top and support each other; the iire-phice consists of a few stones, and is al- 'yiiys m the middle of the hut, a hole being at 111? top for the smoke to pass. When tra- velling, and exposed to the inclemency of the weather, they throw a covering over the I head, neck, and shoulders, leaving only a ; small opening, through which they see and breathe. In their dress they use no kind of linen. The men wear close brecche.^, reach- I ing down to their shoes, which are made of untanned leather, pointed and turned up be- fore. Theirdoublet is made to fit tlieir shape; it is open at the breast, and over it they wear a close coat with narrow sleeves, the skirts of which reach down to the knees, and are fastened round them by a leathern girdle, or- namented with plates of tin and brass. To this girdle they tie their knives, instruments for making fire, pipes, and other smoking ap- paratus. The dress of the women is the same as that of the men, with the exception of a few ornamental peculiarities. All the Swe- dish and Norwegian, as well as the greater number of the Wiissian Laplanders, bear the name of Christians; but their religion is full of superstition, and a compound of Christian and Pagan ceremonies. Their laiiguajje has an affinity with the Finnish, but is greatly in- termixed with others. They trade with the Swedes and Norwegians, whom they supply with the skins and furs of quadrupeds, such as ermines, sables, martens, squirrels, foxes of various colours, bears, lynxes, and wolves; and receive in return meal, cloth, spirituous liquors, tobacco, and various utensils. Lar, a town of Persia, capital of Laristan; with a castle on a rock ; chiefly celebrated lb"" the manufacture of muskets and cotton cloth. It wa? once a magnificent city, but is now in ruins. Some handsome hou.scs still remain, and the baisaar is said to be the noblest struc tnre of the kind in Persia. Pop. 12,500. Long. 52. 45. E.lat. 27. 30. N. L\RAGHB, or EL- AiiAiSHB, ft Strong town in the kingdom of Fez; with a castle, and a good harbour. Here are magazines for the refitting of vessels, but no docks for building. It is seated near the mouth of the Lucos; 46 miles S. by W. of Tangier. Laredo, a town of Spain, in Biscay; with a good harbour; 30 miles W.N.W. of Bilbao. Pop. 3000. Laroo, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire; on a bay of its name, at the opening of tho Frith of Forth, which is a safe roadstead for ships of all descriptions. The town has- a manufacture of linen and cheeks. It is 9 miles S.S.W.of St. Andrews. Largs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire with a small harbour on the Frith of Clyde, It is memorable for the defeat of the Norwe- gians, in their last invasion of this com, try, in 1263. It is 15 miles N.W. of Irvine. Larino, a town of Naples, in the Molisej 25 miles E.N.E. of Molise. LAui88A,atownof Greece; capital of Thes- saly, and an archbishop's see; with a palace, and some handsome mosques. It was tiinious as the residence of Achilles, nnd retains its ancient name. The inhabitants, estiinated at 25|000, carry on a larjje trade in dyeing yarn. :•' ^1 . f I ^;i1 XA LAS 500 LAU ()'. I } ; tanning leather, &c. It was the centre of the military operations by the Turks against Ali Pnclia. It is seated on the Peneus; 75 miles B. by W. of Saionica. Long. 22. 47. E. lat. 39. 48. N. Laristan, a small province of Persia, ex- tending along the northern shore of the Persian Gulf. The soil is so impregnated with acrid substances, and so destitute of water, that it is the most unproductive province of the kingdom. Those who inhabit the coast are addicted to pirucy, nnd Jive under their own sheiks, paying the king only a trifling tribute. Area, l(>,000squ!ire miles; the popu- lation is uncertain. Lnr is the capital. Labne, a town of Ireland, in the county of v\ntrtm ; at the mouth of a river of the same name; 8 miles N. of Carrickfcrgus. Larnica, a town of Cyprus; the second in the island, and the emporium of its com- merce, the bay on which it is situated forming one of the best roadsteads in the island. It has no good water, but is supplied from a distance by an aqueduct. Long 33. 45. E. lat. 34. 65. N. Pop. 5250. Larrt Bundar, a town of Hindostan, on the N. branch of the Indus, called the Fitty; 56 miles W. by S. of Tatta. Long. 66. 42. E. lat. 24. 43. N. Lakta. See Auta. Larvioen, or Lacuwio, a seaport of Nor- way, in the bishopric of Christiania. It is a place of considerable trade, and has pro- ductive iron-works. It stands at the conflux of two rivers, near the sea; 74 miles S.S.W. of Christiania. Lasnbbocro, a town of Savoy; on the river Arc; at the foot of Mount Cenis, the ]>assage of which is the principal support of the inhabitants. The sun is hidden from the inhabitants of this town, by the mountains, during two months in the year. It is 20 miles N.N.W. of Susa. Lass A, or Lahausa, a city of Chinese Asia; capital of Great Tibet. It is not large, but the houses are spacious, and built of stone. About 7 miles to the E. of the city is the mountain of Putala, on the summit of which is the palace of the grand Lama, the high priest of Tibet; whose authority is as great over almost all the regions of Tartary and Tibet, as that of the pope was formerly over Europe. Lassa is seated on a spacious plain, on a river that flows S. into the Sampoo; 680 miles N.N.E. of Calcutta. Pop. con- jectured to be 24,000. Long. 91. 40. E. lat. 29. 30. N. LASSAHN.a town of Prussia, in Pomerania; on a lake of the same name; 38 miles S.S.E. of Strulsund. L ASSAM, a town of Java, on the N. coast; trough winch flows a fine navigable river. It has a considerable trade; 419 miles E. of Batavia. Lass AT, a town of B' ranee, in tliu dciiavt- nicrit of Miiyenne; 12 miles E.N.E. of May- euue. Lastres, a town of Spain, in Asturias; near a cape of the same name, on the Bay of Biscay; 35 miles E.N.E. of Ovicdo. Laswaree, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Delhi; where u desperate battle was fought in 1803, between the British, under Lord Lake, and the Mahrattas, nnder Dowlat Bow Scindia, in which the latter wure totally defeated. Latacunga, a town of Peru ; capital of a district of the same name. The streets are broad and straight ; the houses only one storey high, and arched, on account of the frequency of earthquakes, one of which overturned the whole place in 1698. It contains manufac- tures of cloth and baize, &e., and exports great quantities of salt pork; the vicinity it noted for making tine red earthenware. It is situated 50 miles S. of Quito. Long. 78. 16. W. lat. 0. 56. S. Pop. 1 1,500. Latakia, or Ladikieh, (the ancient Lao> dicea ad mare,) a seaport of Syria, and a bishoi)'s see. It has beautiful remains of antiquity, and a considerable trade, especially in tobacco, though the arbour is become too shallow for large vessels. It stands on the S. side of a small peninsula; 75 miles S.VV. of Aleppo. Pop. between 5000 and 10,000. Long. 5. 42. E. lat. 35. 30. N. Ladbach, a town of Germany in Hesse Darmstadt; with a castle; 10 miles E. by S. of Giesen. Laubaqh, one of the two governments of Austrian Illyria, containing nearly 640,000 inhabitants. It is divided into the circles of Laubach, Neustadtel, Adelsberg, Clagenfui t, and Villach. Lacbach, or Laybach, a strong town of Austrian Illyria; capital of the preceding e,o- Ternment. It uas manufactures of leather and excellent cloth. In 1821 a congress was held here on the aifairs of Italy. It has de- rived considerable importance from having been for some time the terminus of the rail- way from "Vienna (264 English m. long) to Trieste, which passes hence through a very mountainous country. It is seated on a river of the same name; 38 m. S.E. of Clagenfurt Pop. 15,000. . . Ladban, a walled town of Prussian Silesia| It has a good trade in cloth, yarn, and linen. It is seated on the Quiess; 14 miles E.Mi. of Gorlitz. Pop. 5640 Laud A, a town and castle of Germany, in Baden; on the river Tauba; 18 miles S.W of Wurtzburg. Lauder, an ancient royal burgh of pcot- land, in Berwickshire; sending, in conjunc- tion with Haddington, &c., one member to parliament. The castle, originally built by Edward I. as a fortress, is now the seat ot tue Earl of Lauderdale. It is seated on a mcr of the same name; 21 miles S.E. of M"'- burgh. „_ Lauenbubo, a dudiv in the N. of Germanyt on the right bank of tiie Elhe, adjacent o Hamburg, and included, siuco 1815, m m T. A XJ 501 LAV Danish doiiiinioiiP,otwhii;ii it t'orrns thcsouth- ern extremity. Pop. In 1845, 46,486. Lauenburo, the cnpitul of the foregoing (luoliy- There is only one wing of the ancient ciistlo, where the dukes resided, now remain- in;^. Great quantities of merchandise are sent hence to Lubec, by means of the Steck- ciiitz. It stands on tlie Elbe and Steckcnitz; ,'!") miles E S.E. of Hainbur^r. Long. 10. 60. E. lilt. 52. 22. N. Pop. 3t00. Lauenburo, a town of Prussia in Pomc- rniiia; on the Leba; 37 miles \V. by N. of Dantzic. Long. 17. 48. E. lat. 54. 27. N. Lauffkn, a town of Austria, in the dnchy of Sulzbui'f;; with a fine castle; seated on the Sa'za; 12 miles N.N.W. of Salzburg. Ladffbn, a town of SwitzcrlaiKl, in the Clinton of Zurich; with a castle. Hero is a celebrated cataract of the Rhine, the parpen (licular hei^^ht of which is about 60 feet, and the breadth 300. It is 3 miles S. by W. of Schiiffhausen. LAnFFENBURO, a strong town in the S.W. extremity of Germany ; with a castle. It is seated on a rock, on the Rhine, which divides it in two parts. Here is a small cataract, noted for the beauty of the scenery; 26 miles W. of Schaif hausen. Long. 8. 2. E. lat. 47. 35. N. LAuonAnNE,atownofSouth Wales, county of Ciiermarthen ; on an arm of the sea, at the mouth of the Tave river; 245 miles from London. Ladisgen, a town of Bavaria, in the prin- cipality of Neuberg; seated on the Danube; 3 miles W. of Dillingen. LAnNCESTON, a borough and the capital of Cornwab; market on Wednesday and Satur- day, It had a strong ca.stle, now in ruins, but the tower serves as a prison; and a little without the town stands the old priory. The spring assizes are held here; the summer assizes at Bodmin. It returns one member to parliament. Here is a free school, founded by Qneen Elizabeth, and two charity schools. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Attery, which falls into the Tamar, 3 miles below the town; 28 miles N.N.W. of Plymouth, and 214 W. by S. of Loudon. Long. 4. 21. W. lat. 50. 38. N. Launceston, a town of Van Diemen's I'and, seated at the junction of the Esk and famar, at the head of Port Dalrymple, or Uiver Tamar, which will allow vessels of considerable burden to approach the town; out the navigation is intricate. It contains a c.iurch, government house, barracks, court- "ouse, ^c., and is a thriving and improving place; to the N.E. is a race-course, and to eX '^ * beautiful cascade on the South Mk. The town has but a limited supply of water, which is principally brought from the South Esk. It is 121 miles N. from Hobart ^own. Lat. 41. 30. S. long. 147. 15. E. bAtjNT, a town of Bohemia, near the river *'gar; 10 miles E.N.E. of Saaz. ^CPEN, a town of Switzerland, ia tt© ««*•. ton of B^rn, at the conflux of the Sannen and Sense; 5 miles S.W. of Bern. LAintiNOEN, a town of Germanv, on tha river Laur; 11 miles N.E. of Schweinfurt. Ladsanne, a city of Switxei,'ind, cajiital of the canton of Pays de Vaud, and a bisiiop'a see, with a famous college. It stands on a very uneven tract of land, formed by thret small hills; and the lofty parts afford the most sublime views in nature. The cathedral, the town-house, and other public buildings, are magnificent; 30 miles N.E. of Geneva, and 42 S.W. of Bern. It is much frequented by visitors, and has been the rusidenee of Vol- taire, Gibbon, and Haller. It has a railway in progress to Bern, &c. Pop. 14,1 *i6. Ladtenbdro, a town of West Prussia, in the palatinate of Culm. It is 4 miles E. by S. of t'ulin. Lauter, a river which rises in the Vosges monutains, and forms the boundary between France and Germany, on the W. of the Rhine, into which it falls at Lauterburg. Lautebbach, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, noted for excellent tin-mines; 9 miles S.S.W. of Carlsbad. Lacterbagh, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Saxe Weimar, with a trade in linen and wooUpn cloths; seated on the Vo- gelsberg, 15 miles W.N.W. of Fulda. Lacterbrunn, a village of Switzerland, ia the canton of Bern, 6 miles S. of Interlachen. It is seated in a romantic valley of the same name, celebrated for its cataract, called Staub* bach. LAiTTERBmto, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine. It stands on the Lauter, near its conflux with the Rhine; 14 miles S. of Landau. Lauzerte, a town of Franco, in the depart- ment of Lot; 20 miles S.W. of Cabors. Lap«jun, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lot-et-Garonne, 17 miles N.E. of Marmando. Pop. 1250. Laval, a town of France, capital of the department of Mayenne. It is surrounded by an old wall, and has two old castles, five churches, and three hospitals, with a monas- tery cstablishedin 1815. Linen of all kinds and qualities is manufactured here, and the neighbouring quarries produce green marble, or black veined with white. It is seated on the Mayenne, 40 miles W. of Mans by rail- way. Pop. in 1836, 15,590. Lavamunoe, a small town of Austrian riyria, in Lower Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 23 miles E. of Clagenfurt. Lavaur, a town of the republic of Franct^ department of Tarn on the Agout. It is di- vided into the old and new towp, both of which are ill built; with manufactures of silk 32 miles, S.W. of Alby. Pop. in 1 836, 4622. Laveld, or Lafeld, a village of the Nether- lands, in the province of Liege, 4 miles W. of Maestricht. In 1747 the French obtained a victory here over the allies, commanded by . the X>uke of Cumberland. W V LAW 502 LEA Lavello, a town of Nn])IcH, ia Basiliciita, 90 miles E. by N. of Nuples. Lavgnham, u town in Sutfolk, with nianii- fucturcd of humpcii cloth and woollen yarn. Uure is a spacioun markct-pluce, with a cross in the centre; but the market has long been disused. The town is situate on an emineneo, at the foot of which runs tlie river Breton ; 12 miles 8. by E. of Bury St. Edmund, and 63 N.E. of London. Lavbn/a, a town of Italy, in the princi- pality of Massa, with a citadel; seated at the mouth of the Laven/a, on the Gulf of Genoa- 6 miles W.N.VV. of Massa. Lavinoton, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Monday and Wednesday, 4 miles S. of Devizes, and 90 W. by S. of London. Lavis, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol, at the conflux of the Lavis with the Aelino; 7 miles N. of Trent. Lavouo, Tkuka di, a province in the N. W. part of Naples; bordered on the W. by the Tuscan sea, and containing 172U square miles, with 625,000 inhabitants. It is proper for tillage, whence it took its name, and is fertile in excellent wines and fruits. There are also mineral springs and mines of sulpli n i Capua is tiie capital, and Gaeta is the clu>.. seaport. L.vwRKNCE, St., a large river of North America, proceeding from Lake Ontario, from which it runs 700 miles to the Gulf ol St Law- rence, in the Atlantic. Its mouth is 100 miles wide, and it is navigable for ships of war as far as Quebec, which is StiO miles; and vessels from Europe ascend to Montreal, which is 180 miles further. Taken in coimection with the chain of inland lakes or rather seas, of which it is the outlet, the basin of tlie St. Law- rence, contains more than half of all the fresh water on the gh)be. The discliurge, by means of the St. Lawrence, howevei', is not so pro- portionably large, but exceeds, by more than luilli tliat brought down by the Mississippi. Its remotest source is that of the St. Loins, an affluent of lake Superior, which source is not far irom thai of the Mississippi, and is 1192 feet above the sea, giving a general fall for the river of above 6 inches per mile; but this is very unequally distributed; as the falls of the Niagara and its rapids form a consider- able portion of it. It is remarkably uniform in the quantity of water flowing through it, and it is tiie great conunercitil thoioiighfare of our Canadian provinces. The navigation of this river is closed from December to April by the ice; but it then forms a medium of communication, by roads being marked on it and its tributaries ; and goods are then trans- ported on it, by means of sleighs and other vehicles. See Qubbeo, Montreal, &c. Lawrence, St., Gulf of, is formed be- tween the western part of Newfoundland, the eastern shores of Labrador, the eastern extre- mity of the province of New Brunswick, part of the province of Nova Scotia, and the island •f Cape Breton. It coramunicatea witli Italy, in Lorn- re IS a custle, "liles N. from the Atlantic Ocean by three different pus- sages. Lawkknce. the name of several counties in the United States. — In Alabanui; capitnl, Moidton. Pop. 13, 3 1 3. — In Mississippi ; capi- tal, Monticello. Pop. .5920. — In Teniussccj capital, Lawronceboro.' Pop. 7 121. — In Ken- tucky ; capital, Louisa. Pop. 4730. — In ( )hioi cajjital, Burlington. Pop. 9738. — In Indiana; caj)ital, Bedford. Pop. 11,782.— In Illinois; capital, Lawrenceville. Pop. 7092. — In Arii- ansas; capital, Jackson. Pop. 283.5. LawkencB'KIRk, a town of Scotland, in Kincardineshire, with manufactures of lawn, cambric, thread, &c., and a large bleach-tiild. It is seated on the small river Leuther, 8 niiles N. of MontruM, on the Aberdeen railway. Laxemudro, a town of Ai ria, with n pn- lace; seated on the Suechar, 17 miles S. of Vienna. LAvnAcn. jSee Laubacii. L\z[ZE, a town of Nortii hardy, on Lake Guarda. J • and a port on the lake; Uii Mantua. Pop. 8500. Lea, a river of England, which rises near Luton, in Bedfordshire, flows to Hertford and Ware, and, dividing Essex from Hertfordsliire and Middlesex, enters the Thames bcluw Blackwall. Leadmillb, a village of Scotland, in La- narksiiire, situate amid mountains, in winch are rich mines of lead. It is snpjtosed to he the highest inhabited place in Britain, bciii;,' about 2000 feet above the level of tlie spii. It is situate near the Caledonian railway, 13 miles S. of Lanark, and 44 S. of Glasgow. TiEAMiNoTON Pkioiis, a town ill Warwirk- shire, with a market on Weilnesday. H' w are some Siiline springs, with warm and i'"i'l baths, a pump-room, and other accoiiiiin"!.!- tions for genteel company. Tiic town in 181 1 contained only 543 people, and 30 years atttf they amounted to 14,000; an uniiaiailtlcil increase, occasioned by the celebrity ol iis mineral waters. It has nowinaiiy noble and ii|iii- lent residents, and may be justly wmsidtMcii as one of the handsomest and best Imilt tnwiis in the kingdom. It formerly only stond on one side of the river Leam, but lius lieeii ex- tended to the other, and coiinei^ed by W" stone bridges, one, the Victoria bridge crectiil in 1840. The waters, to which it owes its existence and celebrity, embrace 1 1 strenms. uniting the sulphureous, saline and elmly- beate waters, in one spot. The ])umi'-roonis ura elegant, and the vicinity isafiiiesportingciiiin- try. The North Western Railway has a braiuh terminating at Leamington; it is seated on the Leam, near its confluence with the Avon, 2 in. E. of Warwick, and 89 N.W. of London. Leao-Tono. See Chen-yano. . Leatherhead, a town in Suirey, wmc} had formerly a market. Here is a bridge oi 14 arches over the river Mole, winch n imie above is said to make its reappearance aDO»i lirottudi 18 miles S.S.W. of London. LED 508 LEE I.EATIIEa-WATKH, Of WlTIinUKN, a fillO lako in Cmnlwrluml, lying S.E. of Keswick. It is niuiow and irrej^uliir, ubout 4 miles in lun^Jtli, skirting the foot of HelvcUyn, and re- cuiviii^; numerous torrents from that \u\go mdtiiitiiin. Tlio Kiiigiilur hcauty of this lake \» an being almost intersected in tlio middlo j by two peninsulas, whieli are joined by a neat wooden bridge. Its outlet at the N. end, joins tlio river Greta, which runs into the Dcrwent below lieswiek. Leiu, a town of Prussia in Pomerania, on ft river of the same name, which, after form- in;; a lake 13 miles in circumference, enters the Baltic sea ; 16 miles N.N.W. of Lauenburg. LuuANUN, a range of mountains in Syria, \Yiiicli, running from the table land of Ana- tdliii, t'orm.s two parallel branches, extending S.S.\V. tlnougli Syria, and unite with Mounts H ;>rcl) anil Sinai in the Arabian peninsula. The western branch of the chain, which is the celebrated Mount Lebanon, the Libanus of ttiitifiuity, runs from the Taurus mountains ol Asia Minor at the gulf of Iskenderun. The hi^jhest ])()int of this chain, which is still called l)jobel-Lil)an, is Djebel Makinel, which is upwanls of 1 2,000 feet above the sea. It extends sdiuhward, and forms also Mount Carinel. The E. chain now called Djebel-es-Sheikh, is tiie Aiiti-LibanuH, and in its highest point is SOOO feet in lat. 33. 20. under the ancient name of Mount Hermon. The ancient cedars, are now only to be found in one spot, near Bshirrai. Coal has been worked in them by Mehemet Ali at about 8 hours from Beirout. In its valleys the population chiefly consists nt'Maronite Christians. I.Kii iNoN, a town of Pennsylvania, capital ul a iiiiiiity of the same name. It has con- siilerable trade, and in the vicinity are copper and iron mines. It is seated on the Quita- philla Creek, 80 miles W.N.W. of Philadel- phia. Population of the county, 21,872; of the town, 1860. Lebanon is also the name of sever.al town- ships of the United States. 1. A post town- bhip in York county, Maine. 2. In Grafton cimnty, New Hampshire. 3. In Windham county, Connecticut. 4. In Madison county. New Vork. 5. In Hunterdon county. New Jersey. 6. In Warren county, Ohio, 25 miles S.of Dayton. 7. Thecapital of Wilson county, Tennessee, 25 miles E. of Nashville. ^ Lebanon, New, a town of New York, in v-'ilv.nibia county, noted for its medicinal Epiins; 30 miles N.E. of Hudson. It is also the name of a township in Camden county, wortii Carolina. Two miles S. of it is a new ohaker settlement. Lebida, a seaport of Africa, in the terri- tory of Tripoli, with a good harbour and an old castle. Here are the ruins of a temple and other splendid buildings. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 30 miles S.E. of Tripoli. Lebrixa, or Lebrija, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a castle, seated in a territory ah.^undmg in olive-trees, that produce the best oil in Spain; 20 miles S. by W. of Su« ville. Pop. 6250. Lbuus, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, seated on the Oder, 5 milcH N. of Frankfort. Lecasei.lo, a town in the state of Genua; 23 miles N.E. of Genoa. Li CCE, a city of Najiles, in Otranto, an>I ii bishop's see. It is the rc.ddenco of the j;o- vernor of the province, w hieh i>y some is called Lecce, instead of Otranto; 17 miles N.W. of Otranto, and 195 E.S.E. of Naples. The surrounding district is very fertile, but tiio town is unhealthy. Pop. 13,73.5. Long. 18. to. E. lat. 40. 21. N. Leoco, a town of Austrian Italy, in tho Milanese, with several flourishing manufac- tures. It is seated on the E. branch of tha lake Como, 15 miles R.N.E. of Como. Long. 9. 23. E. Int. 45. 5. N. Pop. 42:)0. Lech, a river of tho Bavarian states, which rises in Tyrol, divides Suabia from Bavaria, and enters the Danube below Donawcrt. LKOHLADB,orLKTCit[.ADE,atown in Glou- cestershire, with a market on Tuesday. A canal from the Severn joins the Thames near this town, and the traflic here on both is con- siderable in cheese, corn, and coal; and is also near tlie Great Western Railway. It is seated at the confluence of tho Lech with tha Thames, 28 miles E. by S. of Gloucester, and 76 W. by N. of London. Lechnits, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the province of Oppeln. Near it is the con- vent of St. Annenberg, much resorted to by pilgrims. It is seated near the Oder, 1' miles S.S.E. of Opi)eln. Leck, a river of the Netherlands, which branches oft' from the Rhine at Deurstede, and enters the Maese; 10 m. E. of Rotterdam. Lectodrr, a strong town of France, de- partment of Gcrs, with manufactures of leather, and some trade in corn and wine. It is situate on a mountain, near the river Gers; 16 miles N. of Aueh. Long. 0. 37. E. lat. 43. 56. N. Pop. in 1831, 3202. Ledbury, a town of Herefordshire, with a market onTucsday.and a considerablemanu- facture of ropes and sacking, but its principal trade is in hops and cider. The navigable canal from Gloucester to Hereford passes by this town, which is situate near the S. ex- tremity of the Malvern hills, 16 miles E. of Hereford, and 120 W.N.W. of London. Ledesma, a small town of Spain, in Leon; seated on the Tormes, over which is a Roman bridge; celebrated for its warm baths; 20 miles S.W. of Salamanca. Lee, a river of Ireland, \vliich rises on tho confines of Kerry, flows E. to Cork, and falls into Cork Harbour. Leeds, a borough in West Yorkshire; mar- kets on Tuesday and Saturday. It returns two members to parliament. It stands on the river Aire, over which is a stately stone bridge. It is the principal of the clothing towns in Yorkshire, and the mart for the coloured and white broad cloths, of which raet quantities ^i.i I lt:i L I-: K m LET I ftrayolil in itMtworliitli Imlls, williiii tliONpitco iil'iuilioiii', wiilmut tlio loiiNi. ('iiiiiiinliiii. I.cimIm hiM n lliMiriNliiii^ iiiiinnriK'tiii'o of i'iu'ih'Ih; kIsi) roiiiu iiiilU for tluu'utliuudrioliiici'o, aiul ■uvtTiil iiotti'rii'M. Ill tlio iiciKliliiMit'liiiiMl iii'o nuiiu'ruuM colliorit'ii, mill f^iTiit (|iiiiii(iti('N of Ciiiil iiro Nunt til York utid lliill. 'I'lii'i'O iiiilcN N.N.W. ol'llio town, on thovivor Aire, Ntiuuls tlu^ rciimiiiN of tliiil vciii'ritlilu pllf, Kirkstal AIiIm'V, finliowi'nMl in urovivs of oak. Ia'vAh luiN tliirty-oiic I'Imvclu'N, iiiiil Hovi-ral nn'of- iii^-liousoH, II cciuMiil iiillnnarv, an hoHpitnl, tliroo iiliiiH-liDuscs, 11 (wo «i-lioi>l, cliurity m*lio()1, ami a lar^o nalioiial ncIiooI, ())uwn is till' I'oiiri-luuisi* niiil jirison, mctod in 1812. 'I'iiis town iiaii canal ('oinninnica- tion with th(< Irisli Son iiiid the OrriiiMii (Voan. It in tlui oi'iilro of ii Hystcni of rail- ways, anil in I'oiuu'otod with I,(in.lon, Hir- niinj;liani, Ac, by incniiH of the North Mid- Iftiid railway; 24 miles S.W, of York, and ISt) N.W oi' London. Loii;;. 1. ;(J. W. Int. 5:«. -18. N. Iii-.Ki>8, n imrisli in Kent, witli n ensile and A iirioryj some nii lis of the hiMcr still remain; 6 III. S.W. of Maidstone, and 4() from Ijondun. lii'.KDs, a town of Virf;inia, in Itiuhmonil eouiity, on the N. side ol' the Uappnhaniiue; m miles S.K. of l<'idmouth. lii.ici'ooo, the most fertile of tho llajiaee Islands, in the South I'neille. It is not ivlmvo 7 miles ill K iiL^th, mid oii'y 2 or 3 in breadth, but is superior in many respeets to Aniia- inookn. The inhaliitnnts nio trciieherous, and have freiiiieiilly ntfempted to seize Kiiropeaii ves.^els. Long. 18.'). 40. E. hit. lO. 4"). S. Li:i;k, n town in St afford shire, with n mar- ket on NVednesday. It has n brisk trade, and nmnufneturos of bnndnna and other handker- ehiefs, ribbons, twist, mid buttons. It is scnted on the Cliiirnet; 21 miles N. of Staf- ford, nnd 154 N.N.W. of London. Lkek, or LEint, n town of Hanover, in E. Friesliiud.ou the river Leda, wliieli soon after joins tho Ems; 14 miles S.E. of Emdeh. Lkkuoam, a town of tho Netherlands, in South Hollan||^«idenlMll ]irouress in the arts ami eivili/alion. Soda nfler, lliey removed to n inoresiiitnlile sitnu- tioii, iiImiiiI 4(1 miles distant in n Nontlicra diri'i'tioii, nnd foiiniled New Lci^takoo. Oa his reliirn, in IH2i), he found this m^w town oeeupiud by about HOOD persons, colltetnl I from various tribes. The women iierliiriii most of the iigrieultuinl labour; wliilu tin; men milk the cows, make l\w clothes, ami go to war. N(^w Lectukoo is UUO miles H.V,, of Capo Town. Jii;i'.iiWAUi.i;r*. Sir Li'.wauhkn. LiiEiiwi:, a fortified town of lielginin, in Smith lirahaiit. It is seated in nmora.sH,uu the river (Joete; 12 miles K. of Liuivain. riKKWAiiii Ihi.andh, such of th(^ ('arililii'o , Islands, in the West Inilies, as coimiienciMK I'orlu Uici), and exieiid to Dominica. Leoiioun, or Livoiino, n strong city ef Italy, in the grand diicliy of Tuscany, and ii bishop's SCO. It has n good liarboiir, iiml in the greatest commci'cial di'pot of Italy. Tho ilciv.s, who are imineroiis and rich, Imvc ii handsome syiiiigogue and schools; tlieChvch nnd Armenians have churches of their uwii; and no religion it) disturbed. The iiihaliitimtit in 18.16 were 76,.197. The town is supphid with excellent water, brought troiii the iiujim- tains of Colognole by means of a long and expensive nquediict, constructed by govcrn- uiont. The streets are wide nnd slruiglit, nnd nlmost all tho houses of the same lieii,'lit. There nro so nianv canals, that somo Iwive given it the title ol New Venice. At u little distance is n lighdiouse, on a small isliiml. It is one of tho most improving towns in continental Europe, nnd during the suiniiier season is tho great resort of visiters Irem Home, Florence, &c., freiiiieiitly aiiiduntiiig to 20,000 persons. The Lcoi)ol(la ruihvuy alTords great facilities to the intercourse be- tween Leglunn and Pisa, Lucca, Florence, Sienna, &,c. The harbour is in course of en- largement. Ill 1741 this city sutlered great- ly by an earthquake. The neighbouring marshes have been remlered (it for culiuru by means of canals, which have also hecn usefifl in dissipating tho noxious eflluviii; 140 m. N.W. of Hume, and 46 W. of Floremjt'. Lkgnano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Veronese; with a fortress regularly coiistrua- ed. Tho town is populous, nnd carries on a considerable trade, particularly in gia;n which is greatly facilitated by means of a canal from the Adige to the Po. It is seateil on the Adige; 22 miles S.E. of Verona Pop. 5790. Lehii-ih, a county in the E. part of 1 mn sylvania, watered by the Lehigh river nnd it> tributaries. This river and its improvemcnis form a most important opening to the coal region, to vhich railroads are continued. The capital cf the county is Allentown. Tep- I of the county, 25,787. . i Leiunix A a town of the Austrian empire- 1. 10 1 fna Lie I in Ldwur Styriit; Nuitlud on iliu Siiliii; Hi niilix H. ofiinil/.. I.KICKNTHII, U town of MllSMIlcIlllMCltS, ill Woiri'.stci'i'oiinty ; will) ii<;(iiisic|(>riklilii itiiiini- fminii! of wool I'liiils; tiiiluH W.N.W. of WoiccsiiT. Top. 1707. I.KMM'iHTr.u, n l)oroii|{li, uml tlio capital of LciccHturHJiiic: it iH Kovi-riioil liy n uiiiyorj will) luniirkut on Hutiinliiy: it rotiiriiM two iiiuiiilKtra to piii'liiitiiuiit. In tlio oivil wiirH the wiiIIh w(!ro in ii ^ri'iit uuutHuru liitnioliNiidil ; tin; ciiNtlo wuN iil.so iliHiniiiitloil, tliu liiiil und klti'lieii Imnff tho only piirtH tliiit aro Itiftun- tiru. It liiiN lOrliiin'lK'N, 18 luootiiiK-lioitMUH for tliu (iilliircnt dcnoininationii of tllNHitnltMH, suvi'i'iil hospitiilH, a fritn miliool, iind tlircu charity Ni^iioolH. In 1821 im net wuh iihhsimI for ii^'htiii); tho town with I'lia, Thu priii- ci|>iil inaniifuctiiru id lliut of woollen Htocl<- \nf,\ iif wliinh, flcvcritl yciirH n^o, tho viiliiu aiiiDiiiitdil to (U),0(i(l/. uiiiiniilly, nnd it has of latu inucli iiicri'.iiNud. A (;aual paas(!s liuncu by L(ini;lihoroii|{li to tho rivor Truiit, and tho Midhind CountiuH railway paHscH tliiH town, uml thuro in another to Swuiiiiin^ton. At A pnrliaincnt held hero in tho reii^n of lli'iiry v., tho lir.st law wan made for tho bmniiig of hereticd. In tho meadows neiir the town are tho riiinn of an uhliey in which Cardiiml WoNey died. It in Heatv-d on tho Soar; 28 miles S. by K. of l)erl)y, and 90 N.N.W. of London. Loii),'. I. H. W. lut. 52. 38. N. ''KiCKsrr.nsiiiuE, a county of EnRliind; Iciiindiid on tho N. by Uorhy.sliiro nnd Not- tiu;;immshiro, E. by tho counties of Lincoln and Rutland, H. liy Northampton.shiro, uml W. by Warwickfihiro and Statrord-shire. It is about 45 miles lon^, and 30 broad; contains 514,.560 statute acres, is divided into six huii- ilraiSjund 216parishos; has 12 market towns; and sends four members to purliainent for the Northern and Southern divisions. Tho cli- iHiUe is teniporato, and tho country is well Watered. The chief rivers arc tho Avon, Soar, Swift, \Vreke, Anker, and Welland; it has three distinct lines of canal na-ifjation, and is traversed by the Midland Counties railway. The soil, in general, aflfords great quantities of rich grazing land, and is peculiarly fitted for the culture of beans. Towards the N. W., theBardon Hills rise to a great height; and 'n their neighbourhood is Sherwood Forest, trough and open tract; further to thoN.W. are valuable coal mines. The .lanufacturo yf stockings, the principal one ii. the conntj', •s Tery considerable; but it may be considered rather an agricultural than a manufacturing county. It is famous for its breed of large Wackcart horses, numbers of which aro con- iinuaiiygent to London; and for its fine neat Mttle aiid sheep : the latter, owing to the great care paid to crossing tho breeds, and other modes of improvement, have been brought h "" ^'?"'s'i'"g degree of excellence. More 'nan half the land is constantly in pasture, ana most of the rest, maintained in tillage, is nlsn ri'iidrrefl snbsrrviciit to the rearing rtf calilo, Tho principal olijcit of the grii/icr« hero is to fatten their culllu for tho butchiir: but tho dairy is also in Moinejtlaces uttended to; and great i|uantilies of cheese are annuully exported. Tliu Stilton cheese is iiiiido in tliri ctjuiity. Lk.kiii, a town in Lancashire, with con- siderablo niuniifuetiircs of cotton, silk, &v,i thoro are also exteiihivo coal-mineN in tho neiKhboui'hood, and large, glue and cljenii'al works. 'I'lit! Ill iilgewaler canal, and a branch of tho North Woster'i Kailwuy, give great fiiciliiioi for tho traiiKport of its produce to ManchoNter, Liverpoe/, &c. It is 12 miles W, of Manchester, und lw. Dublin is the capital. Tho principal r'.vers are the Boyne, the Bar- row, tho Liffey the Noir, and the May. LEIN8TER, New. See Zealand, Nkw. Leipa, atown of Bohemia; with manufuc turej of porcelain, glass, fine cloth, and cot- ton. It is 47 miles S.E. of Dresden. Popu- lation, 4925. Leh'Nic, a walled town of Moravia; near the rivor Bcczwa; 14 m. E.S.E. of Olmutz. Leip8io,Ciuclb OF, a province of the king- dom of Saxony; bounded E. by the circle of Meissen, S. by that of the Erzgebirge and tha principality of Altenburg, andW. and N. by the Prussian part of Saxony. It comprises 14 bailiwicks, and is the seat of considerable manufactures. Pop. 218,500. Leipbio, a city of Saxony, in the circle of Meisseat with a famous university, the only h , LEI 506 LEM H r I ii' in till! kin^;'!" ■ uk'il l'lryxsrnl);ir; luid iv sti'ijiig citU'lol, The prill jiul iiiiuiii- hiitiircs are silk, jfi)kl ami silver stalls, linen, iiiiil ciittoii priiitiiiL^, letitlier, and paper. There are three handsome collefjes belonging to the iiiiversity, iiesides the private colleges; and the exeliaiijre is a tine .strneliire. Leijisie is, next to llaniburg, tlie eluef <'iininiereial eity of'Gerniany, and is the ehief book einporiiiin of the world. It stands in a fertile hut level plain, and occupies but a small extent of gruiind compared vlth its population. It is far inferior in elegance to Dresden, but su- perior to Frankfort. It.° chief celebrity how- ever is its book trade. There are three fairi^ each year, the principal of which are the E.is- tcr and Michaelmas fairs, at which it is cal- culated that there arc no less than 8000 new '.vorks brought out annually. During these fairs, which last 3 weeks each, Leipsie is the great mart for all kinds of merchandise. There is an exchange built for the booksel- lers. A railio.id has been completed between Leipsie and Dresden, and another to Mag- deburg. The Prussian Customs' Union has been beneficial to the trade of Leipsie, but some of its foreign trad:^ has fallen otF. The population in 1837, was 47,514, nearly all Protestants. Leipsie was taken by the Prus- sians in 1745 and 17r)6. The Austrians, in 175G, besieged it in vain; they took it two years after, but were soon obliged to give it up. Lei])sic is celebrated for two of the greatest battles recorded in histoiy having been fought in its vicinity, between the Freiicli and the allied armies, on the IGth and 18th of October, 1813, which were followed by the eii|itiire of the town, and the rear-guard of the French army, on the following morning-, and also the king of Saxony and his family, who were maile prisoners. It is seated in a plain, on the river Pleisse; 64 miles W.N.W. ot Dresden, 90 S. by W. of Berlin, and 180 N.E.ofFrankfort-on-the-Mainc. Long. 12.22. E. hit. 51. 20. N. LtauA, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- diira, and a bishop's sec; with an ancient castle on an eminence. Pop. 2500. It is 77 miles N.N.E. of Lisbon. Long. 8. 52. W. hit. ;!;). 30. N. LiviszNiG, a town of Sax(my, in Meissen; with matiul'actiircs of cloth, lace, stockings, &e. It is seated on the Mulda; 24 miles K.S.E. of Leipsie, and 32 N.W. of Dresden. liKiTir, a seaport of Scotland, on the Frith of Fortli; 2 miles N.N.E. of Edinburgh, of which it is the port. It is situate at the iiioutii of the river Leitli, which form the harbour and divides the town into N. and S. Leith, width communieato by two draw-bridges. The harbour is secured by a noble stone jiier, and it is accommodated with wet and dry docks, and other conveniences for ship-build- ing, which is carried on to a considerable e.x- tent. Here are also manufactures of ropes, canvass, carpets, glass, shoes, leather, soap, and caudles, and several iron forges. There are three churches, an episcopal chapel, ilnre meeting-houses, a Kiagnitieeiitbaiiking-iioiiso, an hospital for disabled seamen, rebuilt in 1817, and numerous charities. A little K. of the town are tlie li.iths, which are constructed niioi! a grand scale, and in a style of great elegance. The harl)onr is defeiidcd byaiaar- tello tower, and to the W. of the citailel ii a battery for the protection of the sliippiii;». The commerce of Leith is very coiisiilcralilcj and the vessels employed in the Ijomluii trade are, in general, of a large size; but ilie largest ships are those employed in the (ireeii- laiul whale fishery. To foreign parts aro exported lead, gUiss ware, linen, woollen stuffs, and a variety of other goods. It retiii';i.i, with Portobello, &c., one member to r.irlia- ment. Long. 2. 56. W. lat. 55. 54. N. Leitmeritz. See Leutmeritz. Leitojusoiiel. See Leutmischel. Leitrim, a county of Ireland, in tlie pro- vince of Connaught; bounded on the N. hy Donegal Bay, N.E. by Fermanagh, E. hy Cavan, S.E. by Longford, S.W. by Roscoiii- mon, anc W. by Sligo. Its greatest len;.';t!) is about 54 English miles, and its muxiinuin breadth 20. It contains 5 baroiiici: and 17 parishes, and an areaof407,260 iMighsliacrc. The northern parts are mountainous and un- cultivated, but they abound with inexhaiistiWo veins of lead, iron, and copper ore, and luivc, likewise son^e coal mines. The S. is livA and fertile. The county is traversed by the river Shannon, and abounds with small likcj and rivers, has some productive iron -^vtirks, and feeds great herds of cattle. Agrioiilturi! is in a very backward state. It rctjrnsiwi members to the imperial parliament. Carrick is the capital. LEiTiiiM, a village of Ireland, from \vliio!i the preceding county has its name. It i- sc ted on the Shannon ; 4 miles N. of C'aniik, and 82 W.N.W. of Dublin. Lkixlip, a town of Ireland, in the cdimty of Kildare. It has a noble castle, with laivo gardens, on one side of which is a fine watii- fiill, called the Salmon Leap. Near it m the liiins of the church and castle of Confy. It is seated on the Liffy ; 8 miles W.olDuMin. LKMitiJim, a town of Austrian Pulan- formerly tlie capital of lied Kiissia and imft' of Galieia and Lodomeria. It was lornnily an imjiortant fortress, but the fortilicaiii'i ■> were denKdished in the early part ut' la-t century, and the site planted with trees. It 'i^'j still two castles. The city itself is .small mil ill-built, but it has four suburbs wimli li;'**-' spacious and regular streets. Its chief laiilj'- ings are the palace of the Arnicniaii ardi- bishop; the Dominican church, and the m'>» council-house. It has upwardsof SOclnirolKS It has many manufactures, but has none ot a commercial character. Next to Brody, it i« the chief trading eity of Galieia, and is also one of the principal corn markets (if 'l'^ Austrian empire. It is the see of a Rmni"' Catholic archbishop, and has also an Ai' LEN 507 L E O L't.irnsHV) Cavtiek om \vliii''i hiiK-. It '• menian ami TJnssinti bishop. Tt is si'atcil on the IVItov: 370 miles N.E. of Vienna, and 15G E. of Cracow. Long. 24. 2. E. hit. 49. 51. N. Li;moow, a townof T'rn«sia, in W<^'^t|^Ilali:!, and in liic princii)a!ity of Lippi'-Dotniolil; witli some cloth and stutfrnanufacturL's, a!\u a considerable trade in printing; and book- SL'Uiii};. It is seated on tlic Bcyaj 17 niiica S. of Minden. Top. 3050, Lemnos, or Stalimene, an island of the ArciiipL'laj!o,lyinKnear the Strait of Gallipoli; 15 miles lonu; and 1 1 broail. The poet^ made it sacreil to Vulcan, wlio was hence called Lcnniius PjUer. It was also celebrated fur its labyrinth, of which not a truce has been discovered. Tlie air is pnre, and the produce consists of wine, corn, oil, cotton, and a variety of fruits. A medicinal earth, Terra Lemnia, of aiiciivit c( lebrity, has been dug here down to liitj times, but its supposed virtues have boon (let'lining. It has two harbours on the S. coast, and an extensive roadstead on the N. Area about 150 square miles. Pwii of the Prussian states, in the province of L'leves anil Berg; on a riser of the same name; 20 miles E.S.E. of Dussel- duri. LeWOX. Sec DtlMUAKTON. IjKxs, 11 town of France, department of Pas •1^^ Calais; 10 miles N.W, of Doiiay. Lf.xtim, an ancient town of Sicily, pro- vince of Syriu'nse, in Val di Noto. "it is a Finall remainder of the ancient Leontium, Ml 1 .situate ut •'>•! foot of a height, on the top Pt which Charles V. built a new town, called <■ arleiitini. Lenlini was greatly damaged by nil eanh(puikp, in 1G03. It is seated on "a ■■'vtr of the. Kiiiuc name; in a very fruitful cinitry, 1 7 miles S. W. of Catania. Pop. in IMI, 7276. I'i;Nr/.ni;no, a toivn of Switzerland, in tho canton of ,Viirgau ; with a castlo and manufac- tures of liiii;,,^ cotton, and tobacco, &c. It is w>K'd on tile Aa; G.miles E. of Aargau. ■ •I.XTZ1N, 11 town of the Prussian province "I l'raii,leid)urg, near the Elbe; 74 miles N. W Herlin. Li;rnKN. a town of the Austrian states, in Upper Styria; situate on th;' Mulir; iOmileg N.W. of Gratz. Li:oiis(;:ii;z, a town of Prussian Silesiaj with 11 tr.ide in corn and yarn; 10 mih;s N N.E. of .lagcrndoi-f. Leouani;, a town and fort, with a good har- bour, on the y. silo of the peninsula of Sf. Domingo. It was taken bv the British in 1790; 20 miles S.S.W. of Port au Prince. Lkominstkk, a borough in Herefordshire, with markets on Friday, und a trade in elotli, hats, hops, leather, eider, &e. It was formerly one of the principal seats of the glove nianu- faeture, but that has declini d. It sends two members to parliament. The church is spa- ci":i'% and has a beautiful altar-piece, by Ra'n-T.s. Here are also four meeting-houses, two charity schools, ami two free schools, ono of them endowed by (.^uecn Mary. It, is seated on the liUg; 26 niilos W.of Woreoster, md 137 N.W. of London, on the Shrews- bury aud Hereford railway. Li;o.MissTi;u, a town of Massachnsetts, hj Worcester county; with a mamifaeture ot combs; 19 miles N. of Woieester, and 46 W.N.W. of Bostcm. Pop. 2009. Li;oN, an important N.W. division of Spain, still retiiiningtiietitleof a kingdom; bounded ontheN. by Asturias W. by Graliciaand Portu- gal, S. by Estremadurii,and E. by Old Castile. It is 200 miles long, and 170 broad, and di- vided' into about two equal parts hy the river Douro. It is divided into the districts of Leon, Salamanca, Paleneia, Zamora, Toro, and Valladolid. It is fertile, and produces some wine, and in the mountains copper nnd iron are found. Area, 10,573 sipiare miles. Pop. 1,210,000. Li;oN, capital of the above province, and abislioi)'s see, was fonnerly rieiicr ami more populous than at present. It .stands on the banks of the Verne.sgannd Torio, which meet just below the town. The name is aeorni])- tion of Legio, and in common with otlier ancient and now deserted capitals, it is dull and decaying. Outside the town, is tlic enor- n\ou3 but ineon)plete and heaiitilul convent of St. Marcos dc Leon. Its cathedral, which is admired for its elegant lightness, contains the tombs of 37 kings and one emperor; 1 74 miles N. by W. of Madrid. Long. 5. 17. W. lat. 42. 45.N. Pop. 5000. Lkon, Is.i.h of. au insulated tract on ilie S.W. coast of Spain ; separated iVom the mainland by a canal and ri\er, 10 miles in length, and "from 20 to 30 feet in deptli. The defence thus aiVonlcd against an eiicniy ii\ possession of the maiiilaiui (as was the case of the Freutdi in 1810) is farther strengtiieued by the salt marshes, which extend to the east- ward, and arc impassable, except alony ft cau.scway. Scr. Cadiz. L'j;oN, a town on the above island. Tho poiiulation ir.idnd.ng St. Carlos, is said to anionnt to 40,000, whose chicfsupportari.se.'} fruiu the works carried on lU the ueitjhbuur- ie.!: i Ml LER 508 LES « ,1 i 1, ri' ing nrseiiiil and dock-yard of Camcr.i.s ; U m.S.E.of'Cadiz. Lon}?. fi. 12.W.lat.30. 27.N. Leon, or Leon uk Nicauagua, a city of Mexico; capital of the province of Nicaragua. In the vicinity is a mountain, with a volcano, which sometimes occasions earthquakes. It is a commercial place, though much de- cayed; seated near the N.W. extremity of the lake Nicaragua; 40 miles from the Pacific Ocean. Pop. 14,000. Long. 87. 20. W. lat. 12. 30. N. Leon, New, a province in the S. part of the republic of Mexico, having the Gulf of Mexico on the E., Panuco on the S., and New Biscay on the W. Leonard, St., an ancient town of France; department of Upper Vienne; with manu- factures of paper and cloth; seated on the Vienne; 10 miles N.E. of Limoges and 195 S. of Paris. Pop. in 1830, snoi. Leonard^, St., on Sea, a new town on the coast ot Sussex, adjoining the town of Hastings, to which it ha« hecome a suburb, and is much frequented by visitors, for sea- bathing. Leonardtown, a town of Maryland, chief of St. Mary county : situate on Briton bay, 5 miles from its month, in the Potomac; 60 miles S.S.E. of Washington. Leonkssa, a town of Naples, in Central Italy, province of Abruzzo Ultra, in a rugged county, with a severe climate. It has several churches, and some large aimual fairs. Pop. in 1830, 7000; 14 miles N.N.E. of Kieti. Leoni-orte, a town of Sicily, 37 miles W. N.W. of Catania. It is a healthy and fine town surrounded by walls, and a good trade in corn, wine, and oil; much asphaltuni is found near it. Pop. in 1831, 10,678. Leoo-keoo. See Loo-ciioo. Leopold. See Lemuuro. Lbopoldstadt, a town and fortress of Hungary; seated on the Waag; 56 miles E. of Vienne. Lepanto, a seaport of Greece, in Livadia, and an archbishop's see. It is surroundeU with high walls, and defended by a oastle on an eminence. The produce of the adjacent country is wine, oil, corn, rice, leather, and tobacco. It is seated at tlie entrance of a {{ulfof the same name; 100 miles W.N. W. of Athens, and 300 S.W. of Constantinople. Long. 21. 46. E. hu 38. 22. N. Pop. 2000. Lepi'-h's Isle, one of the New Hebrides, m the Pacific Ocean, Long. 108. 5. E. lat. 15.23. S. Lerena, or Llerena, a town of Spain, in Estrcmadnra, at the foot of a mountain, and the source of Malachel; 50 miles S. of Merida, and 63 N. of Seville. Long. 5. 59. W. lat. 38. 7. N. Lerida, (the Ilcrda of Lucan,) an ancient town of Spain, and the second in Catalonia, and a bishop's see ; with a university and a castle. Near this place are the remains of a palace of the kings of Arragon. It was taken by Suchct, May 14, 1810. It is soatcd OD ft bill, on the river Srgra; 09 mile S.S.K. of Saragossa, and 20u N.W. of Madrid. Long. ;0.40.E. lat. 41.36. N. I Lerins, two islands m the Mediterranean, I on the coast of France ; 5 miles from Aii- tibes. That nearest the coast, which is the 1 larger island, is called St. Murgaret ; ilic ' smaller is called St. lloaorat, and has bocu I a Benedictine abbey. Lerma, a decayed town of Spain, in the province of Burgos, with a palace, now tam- ed into a barrai'k ; seated on theAranza; 23 miles S. of Burgos. Lerwick, a town of Scotland; capital of the Shetland Islands; situated on tlie sjjs- cious harbour called Bressay Sound. It wiw built above 200 years since for the rendezvous of the Dutch fishing busses and vessels pin- ployed in the herring fishery, but the tni'lo is now in the hands of the inhabitants. Nijr the N. end of the town is Fort Charloito, which commands the N. entrance to Bres-.iv Sound. Long. 0. 56. W. lat. 60. 12. N. Lescar, a town of France, department of Lower Pyrenees ; seated on a hill ; 3 m'lhi N.W. of Pau, and 42 S.E. of Bayonne. Lesionau, a town of France, dcpartiin.iiC of Ande; 11 miles W. of Narbonne. Lesina, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, 65 miles long aiul 14 broad. . t contains great quantities of different kind 3 of marble, and produces '.vin', oil, figs, aln onds, oi'.anges, saffron, alous, honey, &c., in great abundance; but s.ilt fish is the chief article of commerce. The cnpi tal, of the same name, has a good haibou' it contains 1000 inhabitants; 20 miles S. Spalatro. Long. 16. 20. E. lat. 43. 33. N. Leskeard, or Liskeard, a borougli ia Cornwall; market on Saturday, and inanu- factures of leather and yarn. It had for- merly a castle, now in ruins, and was one of the coinage towns for tin, but has dcelincJ. Besides the church, which is a large and im- ble edifice, here are three places of worsliip, for dissenters, a free grammar school, two national schools, and a charity school I'f poor children. In the vicinity are scvei:il extensive sheep-walks. It retuiiis one rntin- ber to parliament. It is 10 miles AV.N.W. of Plymouth, and 225 W. by S. of Loudon. Long, 4. 42. W. lat. 50. 27. N. Leslie, a manufacturing town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the banks of tlic Lcver._ It manufactures cotton and linen; 7^ ni. N- ''X W. of Kirkcaldy, and 9i S.W. of Cn|iarFile. Lbssines, a town of Belgium, in Il.wnaidt, famous for its linen manufacture; seated ou the Denden 28 miles S.W. of liiussels. Lestvvitiiiel, or Lostwhiiiel, a town in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, wit ' » market on Frid.ay, and a tolerable wooHcu manufacture. It has an old building pcrliiill formerly connected with the stannaries, auJ till latclv used as a gaol, which has been re- moved to Bodmin. It is seated on the river Fowejfi rthich was formerly navigable, but i^ LEV 609 LEW flow choked up with sand; 22 miles N.E. of Truro, ond 232 W. by S. of London. LetTj'.rb, a town of Naples, seated at the foot of a mountain; 12 ra. NW. of Salerno. Lettjei KENNY, a town of Ireland, county Donegal, (c-housea for dissenters; also a handsome county-hall, a free grammt\r-sc:hool, a good charity school, niid several charitable insti- tutiohs. On a hiil, about a tnilo from the town, is the race ground, wiiich is accounted one of the best in England. It is contieiaiMl hy a branch railway to the Bright'>vi and South Coast railway, in the coustruciion of wh'ch, miMiy interesting atitiquities were foiuid in the town. Near iliis town was t'i>n(;hta b.it.- tlc in 1263, when Iknry III. an 1 bis son (af- tiTward Edward I.) were made prisoners by the Earl of Leicester. Lowes is situ.ate at 'die edge of the South Dowrs, 8 miles N.K, of fh'igbton. and 49 S. of L.jndon. Long, 0. 2. E. lat. 50. O.'). N. Lewes, a tuwii of Delawnrc, in Su.^s'.'X county, situate on L;'wes C.eck, ."y ii.iles iVnm lis mouth i'; Chesapeake bav, and 16 N.N.E. •:i tJcorgefown. Lewis, one of the most conRid?ridi!cofllio Western islands of Scotland, parted by two arms of the ^ea into two division)--, the .south- ern of which is called ll.'irris, und the northern T/cwes: the f'.rmer is imuexcd to the county nt'lnverness. but Lewiii bch/rigsto Hrrint,'s. Tlicre are several | fcuiuil V!l!a{.vs, but Stornowa)'^ is the only j town. The promontory at the N. exvreinity i of the island is called the Butt oi Lewis. ' Long. 6. 32. E. iat. .08. 33. N, | Lev.-i3, a county of New York, erected ! from Oneida county in 1805. It is traversed I bv lilaek ri\tr. Chief town, Martinsbur)^. : Pop, in 184.5, 20,218. | l^KWia, a county of the N.AV. pari, of Vii'- | Kinia, formed out of Harrison county, in 181(5. ; I'op Slul. This name is common to several townships and rivers of North America. { LmviBnuuG, a town of Pennsylvania, in Noriliuvnbcrland county, on the W. branch of the Sustjuehannu ; 17 miles N.N,W. of Norihumherland. Lemi.sbuko, II town of Virginia, cliief of Greenbrier county, on the iN'. side of Green- briar ri^■er; 2.j() miles W.N.W. of Kiehmond. Lon^. 81. 15. \V. Iat. 38. 10. N. Lkwisham, a vi!lat;o in the county of Kent, which, from its pijasant .iitiiation, and its proMimity to the mctropulis, has become the residence of several opulent citizens, wlio ha\-o numy elegant h(;uses here. It is 5 miles S.E. of A'jouilon. Lk.m'istown, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of Alirtlin county, seated on the Juniata; 160 jViiles W.y.W. of Piiiladeljilua. Long. 78. 13. W. Iat. 40.3.'). N, Poll. 2058, Le.\\ist(>\, a town of Delaware, in Sussex, county, with considcfable .^alt-works for tnauufacturing salt by the heat of ihe sun. It is seated on Lewis creek, 3 miles above its entrance into Delaware bay, and tiic same distance N.N.VV. of the lighthouse on. Capo Hen 1 open. Lk.kington, a town of Kentucky, chief of Fiiyette county, and forineriy the capital of the state. It lias six edifices (or jiublie wor- ship, a university, and a laruc coin't house; n;ul ha.s a railway to the Ohio. The trade is considerable, and the inauuficturG^; nume- rou.i and flourishing, In the m: )uriiirod are the remains of two ancient Ibrtifieat.'ons, \vith ditches ami bastions ; one ci^intaining «1)0Ut six acres of laud, and the other nearly three. Pieces of earthen vcsscl.s, a manu- facture with which the Indians' were never acquaiiued, have also been ploughed up near Lexington, These, wltii the lortific.ition.i nnd the sepulchres, have been urged as an arg)imcnt that this country wa.s A)rmerly inhabited by a ])Oofiie farther advanced in the arts of life than the pr 'sent Indians^'. Lex- in,/ton stands iu a tiuo tract of country, on the head waters of Elkhori river; 24 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort, th^, present cajiiral. Pop. (3997. Lot>g. 84. 55. W, Iat. 38. 1'l. .\. Lk.\inotoh, o town of Virginia, ehii;f of Rockbridge county ; situate near the N. hraiu h of .Janie.1 river; 150 rnilcs W. Iiy N. of Kidi- mond, Lexikgtojt, a town of Massachu.'-ett.s, in Middlesex county, eelehrated for being tho place where hostilities commenced heiwefp the Urltisb troops and the .\mericans,in 1775 It is 10 miles .N.W. of Bo.ston. Leyden, a city of Holland, in South Ilii- lanil, seated on the ancient bed of the Rliiiio, which hero almost expires iu a nuiiil/tr of small channels. It is famous for the Km^f siege it sustained in 1574, against the Sjiiiii- iarils, during which 6000 of tlie inli.iliiuiiii.s died of famine and pestilence. In heiioiir of this siege a university was founde.i in 1575, celebrated for its colleges, botanical giinkii, anatomical theatre, astronomical ol)serv,it(jry, cabinet of natural historj', and valiudile '- brary; in 1807 it was almost destroyed iiv tlit blowing up of a ves.sel loaded with 40,0U')lb.s. of gunpowder. The principal ciiarch is ii sui)erl> structure, and the old ca.stle, town- bouse, custom-house, and house for oqilujiis, di".serve notice. Hero are excellent nianii- facturcs of soap nnd indigo; and tl.'C vicinity produces the best Dutch butter and cli(!i',^\"'"'>;*' ?',1 river of the same name-, UiO milc'i N,n." 8ette. Long. 8. 54. E. ]at. 0. 58. S. Liuau, a, town of CourlanJ, on M Hali';-, with a harbour for small thip.v. 'lije cnor articles of commerce are luMup an; iuihw. It is .seated en a penia.sida; 50 i"''^'' ' ;,', Mo.'iel; and 80 W. of Mittau. Lon-. 21. -■'• , E. Iat. 56, 30. N. , 1 LiUKKiA, an independent rfl-'ublic or. u^a ' coa-t of Africa; si) named from its being«">- uiEod bj' liberated caorives and Iree pm^'' LIB 511 LID about 40 uinlereiH';. it fvom K. 11)11 in tlio ,,s ol' one sow; ami ill the ye;ir, tVom iti8 The iv who psy die coiin- nvmlh of a Tiie c'.nef 111! Iwf'^'^'^- ail'! miles ,iV.s ts'beingw''': ree pe"*" lie of colour. Under the nuspicos of a colonization sueiety in America, the lirst scUlers proceeileil to Airicii in 1822. Cape Mcsurado, in hit. C, 18. N., was purchased of the natives; the plan ui a town, afterwards called Monrovia, was formed; and, asfi\;sh enii.i^rants arrived, they ' puivliiised additional tracts of country. The tliciUer jinrt of the early .settler.s from America wfie, niciiofdecided piety; and their jtist, hu- luane, and henovolent jiolicy, has j^iven them aiiiistonishinj^inllueneeoverthenativetrihe.s. Ill 1827 this sable community hail risen com- jili ti.ly above tlio presmire of urj^etit necossi- tit'S Monrovia was rapidly iuiproving in iiccoinmodations and increasing in magnitude, liiid several fresh towns were already spriiij;- iiiK up. The soil is extremely fertile; the iiativc^ of the country, without tools,witlioiit skill, and with little labour, raisinj^ more grain ;:;»! vcjittiiblcs than they can consume, and nnen morelhan they can sell. Cattle, swine, f;wls, ducks, goats, and sheep, thrive with- out feeding, and require no other care than tokeepthcin from straying. Cotton, coffee, iji'liii;'!, and sugar cane, are all the spontaneous irnmi!) of the forests, and may ho cultivated ■It pleasure, to any extent, hysuch as are dis- po?cd. The same may be said of rice, Indian coin,Gnincacorn, millet, and too many species of fruits an^ vegetables to be enumerated. Add to all this, that winter is here unknown; tlifchillsand idains are covered with perpetual verdure, ami Nature is constantly pourin;:f lier treasiirs's, all the year round, into the laps of the industrious. The trade and com- merce extend to the coast, to the interior parts of the continent, and to foreign vessels, and is: alrcaily valuable and fa«t increasing. The chief exports arc rice, palm oil, ivory, tor- tiiseshell, dye-woodi-, gold, hides, wax, and a smidl airiMiint of coffee. The imports con- sist of the products and manufactures of the four quarters of the world. The harbour is H'liloit) clear of European and American ship- l>iiit;; arid the bustle and thronging of the streets show something already of the acti- "ty of the smaller seaports of the United flutes, Mechiinics of nearly every trade arc farniii^; on their various occupations, and not ii child or yoiitli in the colony but is provided with un aiipi'opriatc school. ' The piety /,f the ''■• t settlors has rontinncd to Hpn'ad, and the 5Kiii(hird of mond>.conse(]uently remain 'J high. The Sabbafli is carefully regarded, and Hun. lav "iinoishuve ln-cn estahlislii.'d for (lie Ji^'ncfi't otthi nmive children. The chccr/lil i^\iiiih;H el eiviliziition and hap])incHS the flourishing p-ntlenieiitn-tlic s -iind of christian inslnic- ' "11, arid scenes of cliristi.in worship, wliich ""■••heunl and seen in (his land of brooding i^iian diirkiiesa— a thousiind coiiliinted frec- ""'!'; united iu founding anew Chilsfiaii •'iii'irc,li„ppy ilK^nou'lvcs, and tlie instrumcnl ',' happiM..,.n (II n(licr«--wliilc Ihcy refresh ' ''""ails, I'liiiiiol lull lo encourage the bright ■ '-t anticipations .,f Chi htl/ui pliilanthnipiHts. '• >viis recognised by most I'airojtean powers as a republic in 1848. The model of its con- stitution is based on that of the United States. LniHitTY, a county in the E, ))art of the state of (jcorgia, Ntffth America; the chief towns are Sunhury and Riceborcugh. I'op. 7241. LiiiKUTv, a town of Kentucky, in Mason county; with a ship-yard; seated on the Ohio; 1 mile above Limcston, and 5 miles N.N.E. of the town of Washington. There arc several townships of this name in the United States. LiBEuTHEN, a town of Hungary; with rich mines of copper and iron, and productive sjirings of blue vitriol; 122 miles E. by N. of "Vienna. Pop. 1420. LiHONGO, a town of Africa: on thcLufuna; near the sea; .50 miles S.S.W. of Bombi. LinoL'UNB, a town of Fraicc; department of Gironile; with manufactures of li^ht wool- len stuffs, and a trade in wine and brandy; it is seated at the conflux of the Illcr with the Dordogiie ; 20 miles E.N.E. of Bor- deaux. P(jp. 8r)20, in 1836. Lu'iiFiKi.u. See, Litchfiei-d. LunsTALt., or LicnTOLF.EN, a town of Swit- zerland, in the canton of Basel; seated on the Ergetz; 7 miles S.E. of Basel. LiciiTUNAC, a town of Germany, in IIcssc- Casscl; 15 miles S.E.ofCassel. "Top. llTjO. LicnTENAn, a town of Francoviia, in the territory of Nurcmburg; with a fortress on the Rezel; 6 miles K of Anspach. LiciJTENiiEUG, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Btiyreuth. In the neighbour- hood are medicinal springs, quarries of mar- ble, and mines of copper and iron; it is seat- ed on the Selbnitz; 18 miles N.E. of Culm- bach. LiciiTENrELS, atown of Bavarian Franco- nia; with a trade in timber; seated on the Maine; 15 miles N.E. of Bamberg. I^iciiTENSTiio, a town of the Swiss canton of St. Gall; seated on the Thur; 27 miles E. S.E. of Zurich. Long.9.5.E.lat.47. If). I*. LicHTKNSTEiN, a town of Saxony, iu the circle of Erzgebirge; with acrstleon a moun- tain; 6 mih^s N E. of Zwickuu. Pop. 20(10. LiciiTEN voiM), a town of the Netherlands, in Guelderland; 42 miles S. of Leipsic. Lii'KiNO, a countv cf Ohio, an elevatcii table land, on whi;di ir.'ii ore is extensively found: capital. Newark. P>p. .'}5,0;»r). Licoi.A, a hikeof N^iples. ; rnierly famous fir excellent fish; hut, in (5.38, an eartli((u:ikc happened, which changed one )»iii't of it into a mountain of ashes, and the other into a mo- rass. It was anciently known by the name J.iicrino, or the Lucrine Lake. LiDA, a town and castle of Lithuania, in the government of Giodno; 56 miles S. of Wilna. Long. 25. 34. E. hit. 5.3. 50 N. Linnicr,, ii river of Scotland, in Hoxburgh- shirc, and the only one in the county ilu,. (lows southward. It forms t)ie boumhiry with England for 5 miles, till it entio the Esk, (Voin Diiinfries-shirc, 3 miles alvve Longtown ill ("nmherland. LiJjjfouo, a village in Devonshircj foruieriy u i " C;>^ n ^^ S Vr ' 1* LIE 512 LIG Iti^! a borough ; with a castlo. It is Rcatcd on tlie river Lid, at the edge of Dartmoor forest; 7 miles N. of Tavistock. LiuKiOFiNO, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, on the S. side of the lake Wenner, at the mouth of the Lida; 80 miles N.E. of Gotheburg. Pop. 1640. LiKBENWALD, ft town of Pfussla, in Bran- denburg, near which commences the Finow cuniil, that unites the rivers Oder, Finow, and Havel. It is seated on the Uavel; 25 miles N. of Berlin. LiEBENWERDA, atownof Prussian Saxouy, with a castle; seated en Uie £lster; 38 miles N.N.W. of Dresden. LiEBENZELL, a town of Wirtemberg, near which is the bath of Zcll. It is seated on the Nagold; 17 miles W. by N. of Stutgard. LiEBEROSE, a town of Lusatia, with a cas- tle. It is seated on the Spreewald; 20 miles W. of Guben. LiEBSTADT, a town of W. Prussia; with a castle; 45 miles S.S.E. of Marienburg. Liechtenstein, a small independent prin- cipality of South Germany, on the borders of Switzerland, from which it is partly separated by the Rhine. Cattle breeding and cotton spinning are the chief employments of the people. Area, 53 sq. miles; and pop. 6300; being the smallest of extent and population of all the European states. The capital is Vodutz, or Liechtenstein, a small town of less than 1000 inhabitants. Liege, a province of Belgium ; bounded by the grand duchy of Luxemburg, the Belgic provinces of Namur, S. Brabant, and Lim- burg, and the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine. It is fertile in corn and fruits, and contains mines of iron, lead, and coal, besides quarries of marble. Pop. 354,000. Lieob, a large and ancient city of Bel- gium ; capital of the above province. Here tlie river Meuseis divided into three branches, which, after passing through the city, under several bridges, unite again. Liege is 4 miles in circumference, and has 16 gates: it has also 10 large suburbs, in vhich, and the city, there were formerly a great number of churches and religious houses, part of which are suppressed. The magnificent cathedral contains many relics; and the other public structures are the castlo, the council-house, the hotel de ville, and the arsenal. During the middle ages, it is said to have had a popu- lation of 150,000; but, although the numbers Bcurcely exceed a tliird of this, they are in- creasing. It is the Birmingham of Belgium, find, indeed, of the continent. Tlie ninuu- tiii lure of fire-arms is its principal trade; and hero is also the royal cannon fuumiry, from which a large qnantityori)rass and iron ord- nance has issued. Steam-engines and ma- chinery are, or rather were, Lirgcly made iit Liijre; the principal fu;;ti(ry being an ancient palni'u of the bishop-princes of Liege, in the adjacent village of Lc-aing, on tlie op])osite side of the Meuse. It belonged to Messrs, Cockerill, and was the largest establishment on the continent. The pop. of Liege, in 1836, was 58,000; but the surrounding districts are densely peopled. It is connected with tlie system of Belgian and Rhenish railways. la 1792 the French took the city; they wero driven thence in 1793, but entered it again in 1794; and it was afterwards annexed to France. In 1814, however, Liege, witfi its district, was delivered up to thealliod forces. It is 60 miles W.S.W. of Cologne. Pop. about 47,000. Long. 5. 35. E. lat. 50. 38. N. LlEGNITZ. See LiQNITZ. Tjien-tchboc, a city of China, of the first rank ; in the province of Quang-tong. Its territories border on the kingdom of Tonqniii, from which it is separated by inaccessible mountains. It is seated on the Lien-kianj;, which forms a convenient harbour for Chi- nese barks; 325 miles W.S.W. of Canton. Long. 108. 40. E. lat. 21. 40. N. LiERUE, a town of Belgium, in the pro- vince of Antwerp ; with manufactures of wool- len and cotton, besides extensive breweries and distilleries, and a trade in cattle. It is seated at the junction of the Great and Lit- tle Nethe; 10 miles S.E. of Antwerp. LiESSE, a town of France, department of Aisne, famous for an image of the Virgin, to which a great number of pilgrims used tore- sort; 7 miles E. of Laon. LiFFEY, a river of Ireland, which rises in the county of Wicklow, runsW. into Kildare, where it has a cataract near Leixlip, and then, turning N.E., passes through tlieconnij and city of Dublin, below which it enters the Irish sea. LiFFORD, a town of Ireland, in the conntr of Donegal; situate on the Foyle; 11 miles S.S.W. of Donegal. LiGNEROLLES, a towH of France, depart- ment of Allicr; 4 miles S. of Monthinon. LiGNiERES, a town of France, department of Cher; with a collegiate church, and a castle; 24 miles S. of Bourges. Pop. 2000. LiGNiTz, or Leignitz, a government of Prussian Silesia; including the former prin- cipalities of Glogau, Sagan, Lignitz, Karolath, with part of those of Jauer and Upper Lu- satia. The climate is mild, and the soil in many places fertile: it is necessary, however, to import corn. Lignitz, or Liegnitz, an ancient town of Prussian Silesia, and capit.al of the govcvn- ment of the same name; with a considerable trade in cloth and madder. It is surrounded by an earthen mound, and has four gates, but is not fortified. The old palace of the princes, though within the town, is surrounded with a distinct moat and high wall. The other remarkable objects are the castle, the couneil- house, die two Lutheran churches, the Catiio- lie church of St. John, and the superb ehiipei where the dukes of Lignitz and Bricp we« buried. Here is also an academy Unmkn dt Joseph I., for the education of the sons ot ISilesian gentlemen, whether Protestants or .■ !(' cnt town of the g-'VO'TJ; lonsiderable surrounJcti urgivtes,b«« the princes. ,unae(l «;itli The otiwt the council- <,tUeCHtho; pcrboli^pel lou.i'lc^''^, the sons otcstanw or LIM LIM CiUliolics. It is sciUcd at the confluence of till' Katzljiicli and ilic ScliwartxwuHser; .'19 miles VV. by N. of liieslau, and 181 English miles lioni Berlin, to hutli of which places it has railways. Pop. 14,()(i(). LioNY, a village of Bel}geinent between the French and Prus- sians, on the 16th June, 181.), which was the pn.lude to tlie battle of Waterloo; .3 miles K.K. of Fleurus, and 11 W.N.W. of Nainiir. LioNV, a town of France, department of Mcuso; with a castle and a colk'j:;iate church. Tlic inhabitants are estimated at about ,'!000. It is seated on the Orney; 9 miles S.E. of Bar-ic-l)nc. LiGouK, a town of the Malay peninsula ; siiliject to Siam; situate on a river of the Siune name. Long. 100. 12. E. lat. 8. 18. N. LiGUEiL, a town of France; departuient of Indre-et-Loire: 21 miles S. of Toitrs. Liuoss, a town of France; department of Somme; 18 miles E. of Amiens. J.ii.iKNTiiAL, a town of Saxony: on the river Warp; 10 miles N.N.E. of ISremen. LiLLK. See. Lisr.E. Lii.LKUS, a town of France ; department of I'.i>-ile-Calais; seated on the Navez; 17 miles X.W. of Arras. Pop. 4250. Lir.LO, a fort of Hclgium, in Brahant; on the X. side of tlie Scheldt; 9 miles N.N.W. of Antvverp. Lima, an intendancy of the republic of Poni; hounded N. by Truxillo, E. by the Aiiile«, S, by Arcquipa, and W. by the Pa- filic Ocean. Lima, the capital of Pern, and an arch- bishop's see; with a university. 1'his city was founded in 1.534, by Pizarro, who gave it the name of Ciudad dc los Reyes, or Clity of the Kings. This Spanish name it retained in nil le^-al deeds, but is better Utiown to foreigners by that of Lima, a corrui)tion of Kiinae the native name of the small river traversing the beautiful valley in which the city stands. It is 4 miles long, and 2 broad, and surrounded by brick, walls with ramparts ami bastions. The streeis are handsisne and straight : the houses are generally only one Morey high, in consecjuence of the earthquakes. They have flat roofs, and trees are planted rmnid them to keep olF the heat of the sun. file river forms canals in the streets, which run to most of the houses, and serve to water t!ie gardens, &c. The churches and convents Wore extremely rich; and many images of [he saints were of gold, adorned with jewels. The present aspect of the p'ace is that ofdecay iinil poverty : twenty-live years of civil war and C'immotiun, of which this has been long the ciiitre, have dcjnived it of many of the marks of superiority it formerly possessed. Many otiiscliurches, and all its convents have been ucpri\vdofthe riches and magnificence which oiice di:-tiugi\i.shed tlicni above even European standards. It is still, however, a place of con- siderable commerce a::d tra u modern episcopal palace, many hospitals, ami other hand- some public structures. King William was obliged to raise a siege of this city in 1690; but in 16'.»l the garrison surrendered on a very honourable capitulation. It is 40 miles S.S.E. of Galwav, and 94 W.S.W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 3.'). VV. hit. .02. 40. N. LiMESOi,, a town of the isluntl of (Jyprns, iu the Mediterranean sea. It is built ol' unburnt bricks, and is in a beautiful country. It is the see of a bishop. LiMi;8TONE, or Ma YSViLi.E, a town of Ken- tucky, in Mason county; with a glass manu- factory, a printing oflice, &c. It is seated on the S. side of the Ohio; 4 miles N. by E. ot the town of Washington, and .500 by the river, below Pittsburg. Also the name of a county in Alabama. LiMMAT, a river of Switzerland, formed by the junction of the Mat and the Linth; the former issuing irom the N.W. extremity of the Lake Wallonstudt, and the latter flowing froui the S. The Limmat flows N.W., passes through the Lake of Zurich, and unites with the Aitr below liuden. Li MOGES, an ancient town of France, capital of the department of Upper Vienne. It is divided into the ' city,' occui)ying the site of the ancient Celtic and Roman city, and is ill built; and the ' town,' of modern date well built, pleasant and healthy. It is supplied with water by an ancient aqueduct and has other lioman antiquities. Its manufactures •are glass, woollen and cotton articles, tan- neries, iron, and wax, bleaching, besides a tr.ade in wines. It liasalsoaconsiderab'.eeommerce. Top. in 1836, 23,963. It is seated on the Vienne 1 10 miles E. of Bordeaux. Long. 1. 15. E. lat. 45. 50. N. LiMosiN, or Limousin, a late province of France, divided into Upper and Lower Linio- sin, the former of which is cold and hilly, but the latter is temperate and fertile. It con- tains mines of lead, copper, tin, and iron. It now forms the departments of Upper Vienne, Uorreze. Creux, and 1 dogne. LiMoux, a town of i ^ice, department of Aude; with manuracturc.'> vooUens, leather, and soap. It is seated onu. Aude; 50 miles y,E, of Toulouse. Pop. in 1836, 6666. Lincoln, a maritime county of tlie United States, in the district of Maine; 200 miles in length, and 54 in breadth. Wiscasset is the chief town. Pop. 63,577. Lincoln, a county of Kentucky; chief town, Stanford. Pop. 10,187, Lincoln, a city, and the capital of Lincoln- shire; with a murket on Friday. It is situate on the river Witliam, is divided into tlio Ui'peranil LowcrTown, and has twosuliurlis. Formerly it contained 52 cluirchesnow reduc- ed to 15. It is a bishop's see. The cathedia! stands on the brow of tlie hill, anil is ailniiird for its rich and light architecture. 'J'hu great bell of the cathedral, called Turn of J. in- coin, i-cquired 15 able men to ring it: it wis broken while underrejmirs, in 1831. Here iiro several ineeting-hoii.-cs for the ditl'crem denominations of dissenters, a catholic clia- jiel, a national school erected in 1814, (nid several other schools and charitable institu- tions. Of the castle, built by William I., !"iv vestiges remain; but the ruins of religious houses are so numerous, that the very banis, Ktal)les, &C., are built with arched doors uiiil windows. Newport Gate, on the N. side nf the city, still remains, and is one of the no- blest remnants of Uoman architecture left in Britain. Lincoln is a county ofitself,govcriicd by a mayor. The chief trade is in coal, brought by the Trent and Fossdike; and oats and wool, which are sent by the William. It returns two members to parliament: it is I 32 miles N E. of Nottingham, .and 131 N. j by W. of London. It is on the (present) Great Northern, and the Midland railwa;'. LiNCOLNsiiiKE, a large maritime couiitv' of England ; bounded on the N. by the Huinljcr, which divides it from Yorkshire, E. by tlio German Ocean, S.E. by the Wash and Nor- folk, S. by Cambriilgeshire and Northampton- shire, S.VV. by Kutlandshire and W. by the counties of Leicester and Nottingham. It contains 1,671,040 acres; is divided into 38 hundreds, and 630 parishes; has one city, and 31 market towns: it sends four members to parliament, for the Lindsey and Kesteveii divisions. The coast is fiat, and, at low water, may be seen the submarine relies of u forest, which is a great natural curiosity. The principal rivers are the Iluniber, Trent, Wi'ham,Welland,aiidAncholm. Thiscounty is divided into three districts, called Hollan-J, Kestevcn, and Lindsey. The air is various The soil, in many places, is very rich, the inland part producing corn in great plenty, and the fens, coleseed, and very rich pastures; whence their breed of cattle is larger than that of any other county of England, cxeept Soniersetshire; their horses are also excellent, and very large; tlieir sheep are not only o' the largest breed, but are clothed with a loni,' thick wool, peculiarly fitted for the worsted and coarse woollen inanufacturcrsi and many of the unimproved fens are devoted to the rearing of geese, the quills and feathers ol which are sent iu immense quantities to the London and other markets. In the N."' part, the rivers Trent, Dune, and Idle, form an island, called Axholm, which is a rKji tract and produces much flax. To the i>- E. is a large tract of heathy land, called tlie Wolds, in which great flocks of sheep are bred. The southern portion is, for thcnioS' LIN 210 LIT part, enclosed niid well inhabited. Lincoln- eliiru lins no coiisi(lcnil)lc niiinufaetiiroH, und its trade is almost coiitined to the cxcliange of its produce for nianiiractiired and grocery go(i(l:^, and other eoiisider.il)le coimiiodities. KiNCoi.NTON, a town of North Carolina; chief of Lincoln county; 3;) miles E. hy S. of Miirniiritown, and 35 \V. of Salisbury. LiNOAU, a town of Bavaria; witli a cnstlc and wall, deemed to be Roman works. The French took possession of this city in 1796; and it became subject to Bavaria in 1805. It is a tradinj? place; seated on an island ot tlie Lake of Constance, joined tc the main- land by a lon>^ bridfte; 25 nul...s E.S.E. of Constance, und 75 t>. W. ot Augsburg, to which it is connected by a railway. LiNKAf, a town and castle ot Germany, in the principality of Andbalt-Kothen; 5 miles N. of Zcrbst. LiNDiiSNEss. See Naze. LiNDENFKLs, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt; 22 miles N.N.E. of M.inheim. LisiJFiELi), a town of Sussex, 14 miles N. of Brighton and 33 S. of London. Here are Bome excellent benevolent institutions, and one of the largest cattle fairs in the county is held here. LiNGEV, an island of the Asiatic archipelago off the cast end of Sumatra. It ])robabiy possesses some tin ores, and is healthy; 50 miles long and 30 broad. LiNmsFAiiNE. See Holy Island. LiNGES, a county of Germany, in West- phalia; divided into Upper and Lower; partly belonging to Prussia, and partly to Hanover. LiNGEN, a town of Hanover; with an ex- cellent Calvinist academy. A little to the N. of it is a passage over the Elbe, called the Lingen Ferrv. It is seated on the Elbe; 40 miles N.N. W. of Munster. LiK-KEANG, a city of China, of the first rank; in the province of Kiang-si. It is thinly inhabited; but is of some note, on account of one of its villages being the general man for all the drugs sold in the empire. It is seated on the Yu-bo; 410 miles N. by E. of Cantoi,. Long. 115. 0. E. lat. 27. 58. N. LisKiopiNG, a government of Sweden, corrc-^ponding nearly to the old province of East Gothland. It lies along the Baltic, and cuntains 3280 square miles, with 160,000 in- habitants, LiNKiopixo, a town of Sweden ; capital of tile toregoing government, and a bishop's see. h is defended by a castle, and stands on the fjvvr Stoeng, near the lake lio.xen; 112 miles B.W. of Stockholm. I'lNMTuoow, a burgh of Scotland; capital 0' bmlitjigowshire; seated on arising ground, overlooking a lake at its E. end. It returns, witli us contrihutories, one member to parlia- Jiient. It has manufactures of leather, and in ,ie neighbourhood are an extensive print- "'!',. bleachtield, and two distilleries. Hero iiie kings of Scotland had one of their noblest P'llaces, now in ruins; but the room is still shown in which Queen Mary was born. It is 16 miles W. of Edinburgh, on the Edin- burgh and Glasgow railway. LiNI.ITIlGOWSHIKK, Or VVeST LoTIlIAV, n county of Scotland; 20 miles long, and 11 broad; bounded on the N. by the Frith of Forth, S.E. by Edinburghshire, S.W. by La- narkshire, and N.W. by Stirlingshire. It is divided into 13 parishes. The surface is finely diversified with hill and dale: it is fertile in (!orn and pasture, and jiroduces coal, iron, limestone, and lead. It is passed by the Edin- burgh and Glasgow railway. The chief rivers are the Avon and Almond. It returns one member to parliament. LiNNUb, Locii, an arm of the sea, on the W, coast of Scotland, which sei)arates the counties of Argyle and Inverness. It extends in a N.E. direction from the Sound of Mull to Fort William, where it takes a northerly direction, and acquires the name of Loch Eil. Another branch, in a south-easterly direction, is called IjocIi Leven. This lake is bounded on each side by lofty mountains. The island of Lismore lies at its entrance, and in it are interspersed several smaller ones. LiNNicii, a town of the Prussian states; in the duchy of Juliers ; seated on the river lioer; 5 miles N. N.W. of Juliers. LiN-TciiEiN, a city of China, of the second rank, in the province of Cliang-tong; seated on the great canal. Here is an octagonal tower, divided into eight storeys, about 135 feet high, the walls of which are covered on the outside with porcelain ; 187 miles S. of Peking. Li.NTON, a town in Cambridgeshire, with a market on Thursday; seated on the river Granton. The chief trade is tanning; 10 miles S.E. of Cambridge, and 40 N. by E. of London. LiNTZ, or LiNZ, the capital of Upper Aus- tria, and a bishop's see: ii 'las two castles, and considerable woollen manufactures. It is a beautiful city; the houses handsome and lofty, and the streets wide and regular, though badly paved. Thci'e are few pub- lic buildings. It has no surrounding wall, but is surrounded with a chain of 32 isolated forts, recently built. It is the seat of the provincial government, has an imjjortant ly- ceum and several other public sohools, a large imperial and several other woollen manufac- tories. There is some trade with steamers on the Danube, and the city is connected with Budwcis in Bohemia, and with Gmun- den and Griitz in Styria, by railways. 'J'ho Frencii became masters of it in 1741, and again in 1800. It is seated on the right bank of the Danube, over which is a wooden bridge; 96 miles W. of Vienna. Long. 14. 16. E. lat. 48. 19. N. Pop. in 1834, exclusive of the garrison, 23,318. LiNTZ, a town and city of the Prussian states, in the late elector.ite of Cologne; seated on the Rhine; 23 miles S S.E. of Cologne. LiPAKi Islands, a cluster of islands in tho ' m\ k m ■> ■■■■'■: LIS 516 LIS rv Mediterranean, lyin^ to tlio N. of Sicily, to whicli tliey iioliticiiliy belong. They are all of voleanie origin, were fuigned to lio tlio residence of ^■Eolns and Vulcan, and formerly called ^Koli' .islands. They are lii in num- ber, and nearly as follows, in the order of their .size; Lipari, Stromiioli, Vulcano, Salini, Feliciula, Alicuda, I'amiria, Vulcanello, Vaelielusc, Lisca, l)attolo, and Tihi Navi. Tiiey produce great (inaniitius of uiiini, sul- phur, nitre, cinnabar, and most kinds of fruits, particularly raisins, currants, and tigs. Borne of their wines are much esteemed, par- ticularly the Malvasia. LiPAiu, the largest and most fertile of the Lijyari islands; about 15 miles in circum- ference. Pop. 15,000. It h.is not sulFered from subterraneous lircs forages past, though it everywhere bears the marks of ita former Volcanic state. It abounds with the currant grape: cotton also grows here ; and great quantities of pumice arc exported. It has a town of the same name, wliich is a bishop's see, and stands on the S.E. sitleof the island. Pop. 12,500. It is 26 miles N.N.E. of Patti. in Sicily. Long. 14. 58. E. lat. 38. 27. N. LiruTSK, a town of European Russia, in the government of Tambov. It has several churches, most of them of wood; and, for- merly, a cannon foundry. Pop. 6000 ; 80 miles W. by S. of Tambov. IjIPNo, a townof Polan( ; in the palatinate of Ploczko; 33 miles N.K.VV. of Ploezko. LiPouuEC, a town of Poland; in the pala- tinate of Cracow; 22 miles VV. of Cracow. Lii'i'E, a river of Westphalia, which flows W. byPaderborn, Lippstadt, Ham, and Dor- stcn, and joins the Rhine above \Vesel. Lippe-Uktmold, a principality of N.W. Gernmny, surrounded by Prussian Westpha- lia; bounded by the Prussian states and llauovcr, and containing an area of 445 Bijuare miles; in 1838, a pop. of 82,970 in- habitants. It is mountainous almost through- out, and contains large forests of oak and beech. Uetmold is the chief town. LiPPSPuiNG, a townof Prussian Westpha- lia, near the source of the Lippe; 6 miles N. of I'aderborn. LippsxADX, a strong town of Westphalia; with a good trade in timber. It st.uids on the river Li])i)e; 18 miles W. of Paderborn. Long. 8.28. E. lat. 51.41. N. LiyuK, a town of France ; department of Pus de Calais; 12 miles W. of St. Omer. LiiiiA, a town of Spain, in the jjrovinccof Valencia, (the Edcra of the Carthaginians, and the Edeta of the Romans.) It has manu- factures of linen, soap, and earthenware; also brandy distilleries; 20 miles N.N.W. of Va- lencia'. Pop. 10,256. Lis, a river of Asiatic Russia, which rises in a lake of the same name, and falls into the Yenisei. Long. 90. 14. E. lat. 62. 20. N. Lis, a river which rises in Prance, in the department of Pas de Calais, flows by Aire. St. Venaut, and Armentiores, into Flanders, where it passijs by Menin, Courtrny, anrl Deynse, and joins the Scheldt at Ghent. LiHUoN, the capital of Portugal, and the sec of a patriarch and an archbisho]); with a university. It is seated on tlie N. side of the Tagus, 10 ndles from its mouth, and built ii: the form of an am])hitheatrc, on seven hillj, not broay degrees, particuhirly towards the W., that tlie old walls now divide the two dioceses; tlicE. jjurt under the archbishop, and the W. under the patriarch. The harbour, which is capaitle of containing 1000 ships in the greatest safely, is defended l)y two forts, and before the en- trance to the city is the fort of Beleni. Near this is a grand aijnetluct, between two liiJL-i, which conveys water to a great reservoir at one of the e.'ctremities of Lisbon. In tli(! middle of tlie city, on one of the hills, is ii citadel, which commands the whole pliicc, The cathedral, on another eminence, is an- cient and gloomy; but the riches of the Por- tuguese have rendered it magnitieent. The royal palace, which fronts the river, is liirgo and niagniKcent, and contains a library, col- lected at a vast expense by John V. Lisbon was almost destroyed by an cartlKjuakc in 1755, but has been handsomely rebuilt, nj- though it has never entirely recovercil. It contains many beautiful edifices; 40 parisli churches, 99 chapels, and 258,000 iuliabii- ants. There are public walks, two theatres, and a circus for the bull-feasts. The streets arc badly paved, and generally narrow; the houses have a melancholy appearance, while, in filthiness and impurity, Lisbon may vie with Constantinople. Few cities of Europe are so scantily supplied with public builJ- ings. The Custom House, E.xchangc, unJ India House are large and handsome; but besides these, except the churches and con- vents, there are scarcely any since 1635, when the convents were suppressed. Lisbon has lost much of its monkish appearance, the buildings having been sold and converted to other uses. The foreign trade has very nuaii declined since the separation of Brazil. The exports consist chiefly of wine, corn, oil, and Iruit. It has some manufactures ofsilkipajier, soap, sugar-refining, tanning, pottery, and gold and silver articles. The clnnate is vn- riable but healthy. The po])ulation is ol a very varied character, the lower orders nuich debased and very idle. In December, 1807, Lisbon was entered by the French, who re- tained possession till August 1808, when they evacuated it after the battle of Viniiera, in which they were defeated by the British. The inhabitants are described as superstitions, vindictive, and meanly acquiescing under power; 178 miles W. by N. of Seville, and 255 S. by W. of Madrid. Long. 9. 5. W. lit- 38. 42. N. See Poutuual. LisBUKNE, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, returning one member to parliament; with manufacture* of hiCt LIS 617 LIV cloth, muslin, and ciunbric. It is one of the handsomest towns in the N. of Irclimd ; seated on till! Liij^Kiin; 8 miles S.VV. of JJeifast. LiscA, or LiscA iJiANCA,onc(jf tiic Lijmri islands; 3 miles S.W. of IStruinboli. It is u iiiiidl di'scrt s])()t. LisiKL'X, a town of Franco, in the depart- ment i)f (JalvadoH, It lias u ;j;ood trade, j)ar- tii'ularly in linen clotli ; seated on thcToinjues, 1-2 miles from tliu sea, and 40 S.W.of Uonen. l'u|i. 1 l,2r)(). Lonj;. 0. 14. K. int. 49. 9. N. iilSlvKAKD. Sue Lkskeaki). Li^i.i:, or Lii.i.u, a stroni;! city of France, in tliu (Icpartment of Nord, and one of the most conimereiul towns in Franee. The in- Imljitants were estinnited iii 183U nt 7^,U00. Its citadel is snpposed to be the strongest in pjiiri)i)e, next to that of Turin. The streets ami s(iuare8 are adorned with noblo build- ings, particularly the Grande Place and the Little S(iuare; and among the public struc- tures are the exchange, a maga/inc of vast "•'tei i, and five hospitals. It is one of the viii. seatsof the French cotton manufacture, ' » many of the operatives arc in great ii.:-.orv and poverty. The other nninufac- turesarc numerous, comprising camlets, ser- ges, linen, silk, velvet, lace, &c. Lisle was taken liy tiie allies in 1708, but was restored by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, in considera- tion of tiie demolition of the fortifications of Dunkirk. In 1792 it Bustained a severe bombardment from the Anstrians. It is seated in a rich and marshy soil, on tlie Deule; 18 miles E. of Tournay, and 145 N.N.E. of Paris. Ung.3.4.E. lat. 50.38. N. LisMORK, one of the Hebrides of Scotland ; at the entrance of Loch Mull, on the coast of Argylesliire, It is a fertile island, 9 miles long and 2 broad, and was anciently the residence of the bishop of Argyle. LisMouE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterlbrd, and a bishop's see united to Watert'ord. The cathedral is spacious and handsome, but the town is now a small place. It has a magnificent old castle, and the town h^s been improved lately by the Duke of Devonshire. It stands on the Blackwater; ■2fi miles N.E. oi' Cork. I'iso.Nzo, a river of Austrian Italy, in Frmli, which enters the Gulf of Trieste. LissA, an island in the Gulf of Venice; on tlie euast o! Austrian Dalmatia. Here is a hslie-, of pilciiards and anchovies; and it produces excellent wine, and abundance of ojland almondi,. ^i U 56 miles W. of Kagusa. lupwSoO. L -ng. 17.0 E. lat. 42.59. N. iiissA, atowi of Prussian Poland; near "'Clwders of c'.esia, In 1707 it was laid J^iiste by the liu.-^ians; but it has been re- uuilt, wuh great improvement, and carries on agreat trade. It is 65 miles W. of Kalisch. i W). 8600. Long. 16. 35. E. lat. 52. 0. N. i^issA, a village of Prussian Silesia; on the >Vei«trit7.; 6 miles N.W. of Breslau; cele- 'f>te, fur a victory gained by the Prussians 'JV" the Austrian", in 1757. LiTCiiFiELn, or Lichfield, a city of Staf- fordshire, with nmrkets on Tuesday and Fri- day, It is a countyof itstdf, and, united with Coventry, forms an episc(]pul see. It has six parish churches, besides the cathedral, which is a beautif(d structure, and walled in like a castle. Litchlield is the birthplace of two celebrated contemi)orarie-i, Johnson and Garrick. The city is governed i)y two bailitl% &c., and sends two members to p.irlianient. It is seated on a small river, which soon after- wards joins the Trent; 16 miles N. of Bir- mingham, nndl 19 N.W. of Loudon. Long. 1.44. W. lat. 52.41. N. Litchfield, a mountainous county of Connecticut, bounded N. by Massachusetts, E. by Hartford county, S.E. by New Ilavea county, S.W. by Fairtield county, and W. b^ New York ; and containing 40,448 inhabi- tants, chiefly farmers. The soil is fertile, yielding large crops of wheat and Indian corn, and ati'ording tine pasture. Litchfield, the capital of the aboro county, situated in an elevated plain. It is a good agricultural town, and contains nu- merous mills and manufacturing establish- ments; 8 miles N.N.W. of New Haven. Pop. 4088. Lithuania, the former name of an exten- sive tract of country lying between Poland and liussia, now forming the three liussiau governments of Wilna, Grodno, and Minsk. It was divided into Lithuania Proper and Samogitia, and in 1569 was united to Poland under one elective king. It is a flat country, fertile in corn, and produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast quantities of wool. LiTiz, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lancas- ter county, and a settlement of the Mora- vians; 66 miles W. by N. of Philadelphia. LiTsoiiAU, a town and castle of Austria, on the frontiers of Bohemia; 23 miles N.W. of Horn. LiTTAP, a town of Moravia, on the river March; 9 m. N.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2350. Little Falls, a town of Herkimer county, state of New York, It is near the Mohawk river, against which runs the Erie canal, and on the N. side of the township the Utica and Schenectady railroad passes. The town is in a most romantic situation; 91 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 3831. Little Rock, a city of the United States, capital of the state of Arkansas. It is on tho S. bank of the Arkansas river, 300 miles above its mouth; on a high rocky bluff, 150 to 200 feet high, and well built. Pop. 2500. LivADiA, or Lebadia, a town of Greece, capital of the above province, with a castle. It has a brisk trade in wool, corn, and rice: it is unhealthily seated on the Gulf of Le- panto, 50 miles N.W. of Athens. Long. 22. 59. E. lat. 38. 26. N. LiVENZA, a river of Austrian Italy, which runs on the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and enters tlie Gulf of Venice between the , mouth of dm Piava and the town of Caorlo. 'i.' •! ''i I t ^'' i>'i ^, ^, .^^1^ ^-V^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I lit Si u us, 12.0 Uft — 11''^ 1''^ ^ 6" ► Ffiotographic Sciences Corporation <^\ m i\ c\ \ ^ '^""-^l^' ^ ^.1^^ ;\ 23 WIST MAIN STREIT WfBSTIR.N.Y. MSM (716) •72-4503 '^ 5 LIV 518 LIT h\ .1 LiTKBPOOL, a borough and seaport in Lan- cashire, on the east bunk of the Mersey; it iH only second to Lon tude, and has quintupled its population dur- ing the last hulf century. Previous to this period, it was made up of narrow, inconve- nient streets, of dull, heavy-looking houses, a character very much changed smce that time. Liverpool occupies a space of level ground along the river, wliich is occupied by the extendive line of docks, and the accom- panying warehouses; the principal part of the town standing on a gently rising decli- vity. The docks stretch several miles along the side of the Mersey; there are also fine landing-stages, one of them be- ing of extraordinary dimensions. It is abundantly supplied with water and gas by various companies. Of public buUd- in{{s, the mnst striking are the town-hall, commenced in 1749, and rebuilt after a fire in 1795, a fine edifice; the exchange build- ings, completed in ) 809, one of the finest structures in England: in. the centre of the square is the Nelson monument, a stiff and afi'ucted composition; the sessions-house, a ^iiin stone building; the corn exchange, a very extensive pile for the custom house, ex- cise office, &c. A splendid building, called St. George's hall, newly erected on the site of the old barracks; the sador's home (lately burnt down) ; and the new post-ofiSce. Of literary and scientific institutions, the more Srominent are the royal institution ; the me- ical school in Secl-strcet; the mechanics' institute in Mount-street; the literary insti- tute in St. Anne's-street; the medical insti- tute in Mount pleasant; the collegiate insti- tutes; the athcnseum, opened in 1799; the lyccum, and the union news-room; the zoo- logical gardens, east of the town; the bota- nic garden, observatory, and a new Free l^ibrary, built and presented by Mr. W. Brown. There are also three theatres. The markets are excellent, and well sup- plied; they are nine in number, St. John's, St. James's, and St. Martin's being the principal. There are about 40 churches, and numerous dissenting chapels, and three large and well laid out cemeteries. The princi- pal manufactures, besides those connected with the shipping, which employ an immense number of persons, are fine porcelain, watches, glass, iron, salt, copperas, &c. The watch movement and tool business is almost con- fined to this part of the country, and the breweries, soap works, brass and iron found- ries, sugar-houses, &c., are on an extensive Bcale. Fe^ towns possess accommodations, fur shipping at all comparable to Liver- pool; the Albert Dock, Dry Dock, Salt- house Dock, King's Duck, Queen's Dock, George's Dock, Prince's Dock, North Duck, Brunswick Dock, and others, for an extent of several miles, are a scries of works al- (nost unexampled in the world. The es- tuary of the Mersey may be properly termed an arm of the sea, opening to tliiH port a ready access to the Western sea; und ships of any burden may come up fully laden to the town; though the sand-banks whiih enclose the channels are continuallv shiftin;;. The opening of the new Victoria channel, in 1839, nas greatly increased the facilities of entering and leaving Liverpool. It is con- nected by canals with all parts of the king- dom; and the inland trade is still mure commanded bv the extensive system of rail- ways, of which this town is the focus. The first of these is that to Manchester, which was the first one of importance opened in the kingdom, Sept. 15th, ISao. This port is now estimated to engross a fourth part of the foreign trade of Britain, a sixth of its general tratle, and to furnish one-twelfth of the shipping: its customs, amount to nearly 4,000,000/., audits exports exceed even those of the metropolis. The town is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parlia- ment. Its progress will be demonstrated bjr the increase of population within the present parliamentary borough. In 1801, it wai 83,857; in 1811, 103,851; in 1821,140,214; in 1831, 205,964; in 1841, 286,487. For present pop. see the Appendix. It is 48 miles S. of Lancaster, and 206 N.W. of London. Long. 3 W.lat. 53.22. N. LiTBRPooL, a town of New South Walci, Northumberland county, 20 miles W; by S. of Sydney. It has a straggling appearance, but IS very neat and pleasant, and has several public buildings. LivBBPOOL, a town of Nova Scotia, in Queen's county, with a harbour at the mouth of a river of its name, 58 miles N.W.of Hali- fax. Long. 64. 1 5. W. lat. 44. 10. N. LiTiNOBTON, a county of New York. It has sulphur springs at Avon ; capital, Gencsco. Pop. 35,140. — Also a parish of Louisiana, on Lake lortchartrain ; capital, Springfield, Pop. 2315. — Also a county of Kentucky; capital, Smithland. Pop.9025.— Alsoacoun- ty of Michigan; capital, Howell. Pop. 7430. — ^Also a county in Missouri; capital, Ciiilu- rothe. Pop. 4325. LiTiNGSTON, a town of New York, in C"- lumbia county, on the £. side of the Hudson, 11 miles S Df Hudson. Pop. 2100. Livonia, a province of Russia, which, with that of Esthonia, has been reciprocally claimed and possessed by Russia, Sweden, and Poland, and, for more than two centu- ries, was a perpetual scene of the most bir ->.; wars. It was final "y wrested from the Swv 00sq.m. Pop. 1838, 740,100. LiTORNO. Se£ Lgohokn. Lizard, a peninsula on the S. coast of Cornwall, and the most southern point of land in Kngland. Un it are two lighthouses. Tho Lizard Point is in long. 5. 1 l.W. lat.'^9. 58 N. Llanbeuer, or Llamfeteb, a corporate town of Wales, in Cardiganshire; with a market on Saturday, and a considerable traf- fic in horses, cattle, hogs, salted butter, and tanned and raw hides. The chief attraction of the place is the college of St. David's, founded by Geo. IV. in 1822-5, for theolo- gical students. It is seated on the Teifi, over which is a bridge into Caermarthenshire; 27 milcfi £. of Cardigan, and 209 W. by N. uf Londun. Llandaff, an ancient city of Walea, in Glamorganshire, being an episcopal see; but it is a small and insignificant place, and has no market. The body of its ancient cathe- dral was rebuilt in 1751, but without cross aisles. Near it are some ruins of the ancient castellated mansion of the bishop. It is seated on the Toafe, and has the benefit of a tole- rably good harbour, which opens into the Severn. It is 2 miles N.W. of Cardiff, andl 63 W. of London. Long. 3. 1 3. W. lat. 5 1 . 29. N. Llakdilo-vawr, or Llandeilo-fawii, a town of Wales, in Caermarthenshire, witii a market on Saturday, and a considerable ma- nufacture of flannel. Near it are the pictu- resque remains of Dynevor castle, formerly the residence of the native princes of Wales. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the river Ti)wy, 13 miles £. of Caermarthen, and 202 W. of London. LtAxnovERT, a town of Wales, in Caer- marthenshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the Towy, at its conflux with the Braun, 26 miles E.N.E. of Caermarthen, and 191 W. of London. LLAMDDDNn, a town of North Woles, four miles from Conway, on the isthmus connecting the Great Orms Head. In a veiy few years it has been built into a large and fashionable watering-place. Llanelly, a town of Wales, in Cnormai- llicnsliiro, with a considorc .le trade in iror. and coal. There are four largo collieries at Llangeiincck, which supply large quantities of coal for steam-engines and factories. And the interests of the town have just been greatly promoted by the construction of rail- ways, which will perhaps bring it to be one of the chief mining ports of South Wales. It is seated on a lately improved creek of the Bristol Channel, 16 miles R.S.E.of Caermar- thet\ and 217 W. of London. LLA:'KKon-Y-MEDi>, a town of North Wales, in the county of Anglesey, with a manufacture of snuff ; 253 m. from London. Llanfair, a town of Wales, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated on the banks of tho river Verniew, 14 miles W. of New- town, and 180 N.W. of London. Llanftllin, a town of Wales, in Mont- gomeryshire, with a market on Thursday; seated in a flat, among hills, near the river Cain. It is IS miles N. by W. of Montgo- mery, and 186 N.W. of London. Llanoaudoo-Fawr, a town of Wales, in Caermarthenshire, with a market on Tuesday ; 1 8 miles E. by N. of Caermarthen, and 195 W. of London. Llanoollbk, a to'wn of Wales, in Den- bighshire, in the Vale of Llangollen, with a market on Saturday. Near it, on a steep mountain, are the remains of Castle Dinas, once a strong place ; and about 2 miles dis- tant is the beautiful ruin of Vale Crucis ab- bey. The town stands on the Dee, over which isabeautiful ancient bridge ; 2 m. S.S. W. of Wrexham, and 184 N.W. of London. Llanidloes, a town of Wales, in Denbigh- shire, with a market on Saturday, and a con- siderable manufacture of flne flannels, &c. It is seated at the confluence of the Severn and Clewedog, ^3 miles S.W. of Newtown, and 188 N.W.ot London. Within the parish is the lofly Flinlimmon, (the "five-peaked hill,") on which are the sources of the Severn, Wye, and Rheidiol. Llanrwst, a town of Wales, in Denbigh- shire, with markets on Tuesday and Saturday. Here arc two churches, and the town is the centre of the business of the Vale of Conway. It is seated on the Conway, over which is a bridge into Carnarvonshire; 20 miles W.S. W. of Denbigh, and 220 N.W. of London. Llantrisbaint, a town of Wales, in Gla- morganshire; with a market on Friday. It is governed by a portreeve, and unites with Cardiff^, Swansea, &c., in sending one member to parliament. It had a castle which is nearly destroyed. It is 12 milet. N.W. of Cardifl; and 171 W.oflxmdon. Lladqharn, a town of Wales, in Caermar- thenshire; with a market on Saturday. It stands at the mouth of the Towy, where, on a low rock, axe the ruins of an ancient castle; and on the other side of the river are tho re- mains of that of Llanstephnn. Llaugharn is 7 miles S. W. of Caermarthen, and 223 W. by N. of London. Llbkbna, a town nf Spain, in Estrema- dura; 63 miles N. of Seville. Pop. 6495, chiefly employed in grazing cattle, and collect- ing oakgalls, &c. Llitia, a town within the French bonn- dary, but belonging to Spain ; province, Cata- lonia. Here Santiago is said first to have (reached the gospel to the Jews of Spain, t is prettily situated under its ruined castle^ LOA 520 LOO and near the source of the beautiful Scgro* The church is handsome; it was once an episcopal town, but the cathedral was entirely destroyed in 732 by the Moors. Pop. 1000. LZ.OUOIIOR, or LLvcHwvn, a corponite town of Wales, in Uiamorganshirc; un the left bank of a river of the same name, it is contributory, with Swansea, in sending one member to parliament. It was the Ijcucaruiu of Antoninus. It is 312 miles W. of London. Lo. St., a town of France, department of La Manche; with manufactures of 8ert>;cs, shalloons, ribbons, and gold and silver laec; seated on the Virc; 125 miles W. by N. of Paris. Pop. in 1836, 8820. LoAMDO, San Paulo de, capital of tlic Portuguese settlements in Angola. It has u good harbour, formed by the island of Lonndo, lying a little off the coast. The town is large and haniisonic, considering the country, but is now much ruined; containing 3000 houses, built of stone, and covi^re J with tiles, besides a vast number of huts vr ado of straw and earth. It is 260 miles S.S.W. of St. Salvador. Lony;. 13. 15.E. lat.8..50.S. LoANDO, an island of the Atlantic; noar the coast of Angola; about 20 miles Iod^, and only 1 broad, and divided from the co i- tinent by a narrow channel. Goats and sheip are numerous. It produces no grain, but yields the best water in all the neighbourhood. LoANOO, a kingdom of Western Africa, to the N. of the river Zaire or Congo. It in- cludes Loango Proper, and the districts of Mayombo, and Malemba, which are subject to the king of Loango : it is said to extend more than 400 miles along the coast, from the Zaire to Capo St. Catherine. The climate is said to be very fine, and never subject to hurricanes, nor even to violent winds. Rain rarely occurs, but the dews are sufficient for vegetation. The land is fertile, yielding, with very little of agricultural skill or labour, three crops of millet in a year. The potato and yam are abundant; and there are a great number of trees whence palm-wine is drawn. Tlie women cultivate the ground, sow, and get in the harvest. The inhabitants are well- made, mild, and tractable. LoANGU, the capital of the above kingdom ; with a harbour, at the mouth of the Quiloo. The streets are wide, and lined with palm- trees, bananas, and bacavas. The houses are oblong, and have only a ground floor; separa- ted from each other, and fenced round with a hedge of palm-twigs, canes, or bulrushes. In the centre of the city is a large square, fronting the royal palace, which forms another square, a mile and a half in compass, sur- rounded by a palisado of stately palm-trees. The principal trade consists in elephants' teeth, palm-cloth, copper, tin, lead, iron, and slaves. It is 230 miles W.N.W. of St. Sal- vador. Long. 1 2. 30. E. lat. 4. 40. S. LoANO, or IxjVANO, a town of the Sardinian states; in the territory of Genoa, near the sea; 6 miles S.S.W. of Finale. Pop. 4000. LoBAU, a town of West Prussia; with a castle, where the bishop of Culm resides; 49 miles E. by N. of Culm. LonAC,atown of Saxony, in Upper Lnsatia; which has a trade in gray, striped, and whit« linens: 13 miles S.E. of Bautzen. LonENSTEtN, a town of Saxony, in the cir- cle of Voigtiand; seated on thc.Lcmnit/, 22 miles N.N.E. of Culmlmch. Long. 1 1. 52. E. lat. 50. 21. N. Pop. 3000. LonoA, a town of Spain, in Estrcmadura- seated on the Guadiana, 22 m. E. of Budnjoz. LonsTADT, h town of Saxony, in the cirole of Meissen; 10 miles S.S.E. of Leipnic. LoncKo, a town of Prussia.t Saxony, in the Government of Magdeburg; 22 miles £, of Magdeburg. LocANA, a town of the Sardinian stnte<<, in Piedmont; seated in a fine valley, on the river Oreo; 25 miles S. of Aosta. Pop. 5792. Locarno, a town of Italy, capital of a baili- wick belonging to the Swiss. It contains three conventu, and a small Franciscan mo- nastery on a rock overhanging the valley, and commanding n view of the lake Ma}.'giore; 56 miles N. by W. of Milan. Long. 8. 31. E. lot. 46. 1 O.N. LociiABER, a district of Scotland; in Inver- ness-shire ; bounded on the E. by Badenoch, W. by Moydart, N. by Glengary, and S. by Lorn. The country is bleak, mountainous, and rugged. The inhabitants pay little atten- tion to any commerce, except the sale of their black cattle; and the only lands cultivnted are a few acres around the huts of those who tend their flocks. Here the Pretender erected his standard in 1745. LociiENiTZ, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Brandenbnrgh ; on the river Hando; 16 miles N.E. of Prentzlo. LocHER Moss, a morass of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire; 10 miles long and 3 broad, extending down by Dumfries to Solway Frith, and divided into two parts by a river callei Lochcr Water, which abounds with excelleni pike. Oak, fir, birch, and hazel trees, also anchors, pieces of vessels, &c., have been dug up in difterent parts of this moss. LocHES, a town of France, department of Indro-et-Loire; with a strong castle on a rock. In the collegiate church is the tomb of the celebrated Agnes Sorel, mistress cf Charles VII., to whose patriotic exhortations that monarch owed almost all his glory. Loches is seated on the Indre, near a forest; 15 miles S. of Amboise, and 20 S.W. of Toon. Pop. in 1836, 3600. LocBHABEN, a burgh of Scotland, m Dumfries-shire, with a manufacture of coarse linen ; seated on the W. side of the Annan, 8 miles N.E. of Dumfries. LooHRiDA, or OcRiDA, a town in the pro- vince of Albania, and a Greek archbishopi see. It is well fortified, and seated on a mil, near a lake of its name; 62 miles S.E. of DU' razzo. Long. 20. 40. E. lat. 41 . 40. N. Lo( HTA, a seaport of Sweden, seated on LOF 521 LOI a bay of the Gulf of Bothniti; 30 miles S. of Toraen. Long. 24. 1 6. E. hit. 64. 20. N. LociiwiNNocii, a town of Scotliind, in Ren- frewshire; with a considerable miinufncturo of cotton. It is seated on Castio iSeinple Loch; 6 miles S.W. of Paisley. Lociir, Loch, n lake of Seotia id, in Inver- nesf-shire; 14 miles lon^', and from 1 to S broad. Out of it flows tlie river Locliy, which about, a mile below, receives the Spean, anil theyanited enter Loch lOil, at Fort William. LocKAUTSKUUO, tt town of I'ennsylvania, in l.uzcniti county; situate on the point formed by the confluence of the Tioga with the S":s- quchanna; 60 miles N.N.VV. of Wilkesbarrc. LocKERBT, a town of Scotland, in Dum- friej-shiro, with a trade in linen and woollen cloth, and one of the largest lamb fairs in Scotland on tiie 2n(l of August, O.S.; seated iiep.r the Annan, on the railway; 12 miles E. [ly N. of iJunifrips, and 6b from Edinburgh. LoCKi'oiiT, a town of New York; capital of Niagara county. It is seated on the Erie canal, the surplus water of which furnishes iiiiinense water power. A railroad proceeds hence to Niiignrn falls and Buffalo; 277 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 9125. LocLE, a town of Switzerland, in an ele- vated valley of the same name, in the canton ofNcufchatcl; famous for watchmakers, lace- wcnvcrs, goldsmiths, cutlers, and enamellcrs; 9 miles N.W. of Neufchatel. liOUDON, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday ; 8 miles S.E. of Norwich, and 112 N.K. of London. LoDEVE, a town of Prance, department of llcraalt; with manufacture.<< of silk, hats, &c. During the late war it supplied a great pait of the clothing for the army. It is seated on the Lcr|;ues;30m.W.bvN.of Montpelier. Long 3.20.E. lat. 43.43. N. Pop. in 1836, 11.071. LoDi, a town of Austrian Italy, in the go- vernment of Milan ; capital of a province of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a for- tress. It has manufactures of porcelain ; and tiie Parmesan cheese made here is e!>.,ecmed the best of its kind. The French defeated •he Austrians at this place in 1796; at which engitgcmcnt Napoleon first displayed his heroism: in 1799 they were, however, totally •iefeated by the Russians, but regained pos- H'ssion in 1800. It is seated on the Adda; 18 miles S.E. of Milan. Long. 9. 21. E. lat. +518.N. Pop, in 1838, 15,962. LoimMEHiA. See Galicia. LoECHEs, a village of New Castile in Spain, 6 miles S. of Alcala de Ilenares, from the Dommican convent of which some fine pic- tures were brought in 1809. loFFiNOEN, a town of Germany, in Baden, w'th a medicinal bath; 3 miles W.S.W. of "umciigen. LoFFODiiN Islands, off the coast of Nor- 1* a.v ; between lat. 67. 40. and 69. 30. N. They "e elevated, and are covered with snow. *'ve of them are inhabited. Pop. 4520: en- gaged 111 the tisheiy off the coast. LoFSTA, a town of Sweden, in the province of Upland; with extensive iron-works. These works wi.ro destroyed by the Russians, in 1719, but have since been again erected. Pop. 2570. It is 39 miles N. of Upsal. Logan, a county of Virginia, capital, Logan. Pop. 4309. — Also a county in Kentucky, capital, Russrlvillc. Pop. 13,615. — Also a county in Ohio, capital, BeIlefontacii, a lake of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire; 30 miles long, and from 1 to 9 wide. It contains several islands, soma of which are inimbitcd, and a(!orncd with antique ruins, concealed among ancient yews; and others rise into high rocky cliffs, the habitation of the osprey. On the E. side is the mountain Benlomond, which rises to the height of 3240 feet ; and the river Lcven is- sues from its S. extremity. LoNATo, a town of Lombardy, in the de- legation of Brescia ; 1 2 miles E S.E. of Bres- cia, with manufactures of silk twist and salt- petre. Pop. 5600. LoNCARTY, a village of Scotland, in Perth- shire; signalized by the great victory ob- tained by the Scots over the Danes, in 970. It has extensive bleacliing grounds; and ii seated near theTny, 5 miles N. of Perth. London, the metropolis of Great Britairi; one of the largest and most opulent cities in the world ; mentioned by Tacitus as a con- siderable commernial place in the reign of the Roman emperor Nero. London stands principally on the north side of the Thames, 45 miles above its mouth at the Nore, and 15 miles below the highest tide water. It is to this that the prosperity and growth of the metropolis is mainly owing. The geological situation is in the London basin, a subsoil ot clay lying in the middle of tbo great chalk basin. To this clay, the construction of the chief portion of the houses is indebted. In these respects, it is very similarly situated to the French metropolis. On the north m» of the river, the surface is undulating and elevated; on the Southwark side, it is lo* and level. The lat. of St. Paul's cathedral ii 51. 30. 48. N. and long. 0. 5. 48. W. of Green- wich obsc 'vntory. Of the growth of London, no better evi- dence can be given than the increase of »> population. Of the early estimates we lm'« nothing satisfactory. In 1661 it vim coim- dered to ha about 460,000; in 1696,527,56Uj in the subsequent half century it ndvaiici'' slowly, and urobably did not contain more LON 523 LON than 650,000 in 1777. Since 1801. we have accurate statistics of the populHtion, and the following will fhow its progress, arranged for convenience' sake, into the modern par- liamentary divisions. DITISIOXS. .a. 1811. I ISSl. I IS31. t>««lon,Cltyof...'lS«,8W Wiatminitor, ila liS.:(IO Mirylebune, bor. V7,Mi Flniliuiy n 134,6 1 « Twr. Ilimliitt „ \M,:M CtwiM*, iiiirU'iof, ll.ilUl 8aulhwark,bor.. W,«l-t - ... 411,880 iM,9de! 1IU,0H5< 1M,.-;(I6' Iti7.l3n 237, W7 103,763 ;a.8ua Total... 88fl,19s 1,013,0U« l,CU,338 1,JKM,4A» 1HX,0U 174,3M t()l,73l WI..VH) 10,860 1X3,663 108,608 llf,"<3 140,^.14 SI.Vt,l« 3.'>7,i4H 311,371 134,117 160,613 1841. 1*0,701 m7,4<» Sli.VOI'l 4IU.73U 40, 1 TV 14i,62U IU7,4U l,6n tropulis at which all the public business of a great nation is transacted ; and is thus both the mercantile and political emporium of these kingdoms. It is also the seat of many con- liderablo manufactures; some almost pecu- liar to itself, as administering to the demands of studied splendour and refined luxury; others in which it participates with the ma- nurncturing towns in general. A variety of ^orks in gold, silver, and jewellery, the en- graving of prints, the making of optical and matheinuticul instruments, are principally executed here, and some of them in greater perfection than in an/ other country. The porter-brewery, a business of immense ex- tent, is also chiefly carried on in London. Thus London has risen to its present rank of tlie first city in Europe, with respect to wealth and population. The city is divided into 26 wards, each governed by an alderman; and from the aldermen the lord mayor is an- nually chosen. There are likewise 236 com- mon-councilmcn, a recorder, a common-ser- jeant, two sheriffs (who are also sheriffs of Middlesex), a chamberlain, a town-clerk, a city remembrancer, a water-bailiff, and many inferior officers. Westminster is governed by a liijjh steward, who is generally a nobleman, chosen by tl26 LOR H r M Innd; which, from tha Frith of Clyile, extends 20 miles N. between tho counties uf Diiin- biirton and Ar^'yie. Ii in from 1 to 2 niiiett in breadth; and near tho middle, on the Argylo dide, it Hcndd off a small brunch culled Loeii Qoil. LoNO Island, an blund of the state of New Yurie; separated from Cunneetieiit l>y Long Island Suuiid. It extends E. from the city of New York 140 miles, but is nut more than 10 bruad on a medium; and is divided into three cuunties, King's, Queen's, and Suffolk. Hence arc exported to the West Indies, &c., wliulo oil, pitch, pine-lxmrds, horses, cattle, flux-seed, beef, &c. The produce of the mid- dle and western parts of the island, parti- cularly corn, is carried to New York. A railruad runs from Brooklyn to Grccuport alonf^ the island. LoMO Island Sound, a channel in North America, from 3 to 25 miles broad; extending the w hole length of Long Island, and dividing it from Connecticut. It cummunicates with the Atlantic at both ends of the island. LoNO Lake. Sf-e Rain Lake. LoNOFOKD, a county uf Ireland, in the pn> vince of Leinster ; 25 m iles long, and 20 broad ; bounded on the N.VV. by Leitrim, N.E. by Cavan, S.E. by West Meuth, and W. by the river Shannon, wliich parts it from Huscom- r ton It is divided into 23 parishes, and sends embers to parliament. Area, 263,645 The country in general is fertile, bat .iw • jpersed in somepor^" with bogs, morasses, and forests ; the flat parts, aiong the Shannon, M'e subject to inundation. It contains several lakes, and, besides the Shannon, is watered by the Inny, the Camlin, the Fallen, nnd nu- merous inferior streamlets. Outs form the chief article of agricultural export. LoNOFORD, a town of Ireland, capital of the above county. Much linen is manufac- tured in the town and neighbourhood, and great quantities of flax sent to other parts. It is seated on the Camlin ; 70 miles (English) W.N.W. of Dublin. Long. 7. 40. W. lat. 52. 48. N. LoNOFOBOAN, a town of Scotland ; in the 8.E. comer of Perthshire; on the Frith of Tay; 4 miles W. by S. of Dundee. LoNO-MAN, a city of China, of the flrst rank ; in the province of Se-tchuen. Long. 104. 18. £.lat.32.22.N. LoNOTOWN, a town in Cumberland ; with a market on Monday; seated on the Esk; 9 miles N. of Carlisle, and 310 N.N.W. of London. LoNOUB, a town of France; in the depart- ment of Maine-et-Loirc; 7 m. N. of Saumur. LoNQCioN, a town of France ; in the depart- ment of Moselle. Here is a considerable iron forge and cannon foundry; 10 miles S.W. of Longwy, and 36 N. W. of Mentz. LoNowT, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Moselle ; with a castle. It is divided into the Old and New Town, the latter of which is fortified. It is seated on a rocky eminence, on the river Chicrs; 33 miles N. N.VV. of Mcutz. Long. 5. 44. £. lut. 49. 32. N. Toi). 2.'^00. LoNS LB SAt;LNiKR,ntown of France; capi- tal of the depurtmunt uf Juru. It derives ici name from the suit Nnrings in its vicinity: it is seated on the Sulvnn; 62 miles S.E. of Dijun. Pop. in 1836, 7684. Long, 5. .30. E. lal.46.37.N. Loo, a town of Belgium ; in West Flanders; 10 miles N N.W. of Ypres. Pop. 1525. LooDiiEAN A, atown and fort of North Hin- l»in, furtilc in corn; l.'iO niiii's S.W. uf Tunis. Long. 9. U. K. lur. 3.5. 34. N. LoKOA, nt()wnol'S|)iiiii, in Mmcin, (lividcd into tliu Upj)cr mill Lower Town. The for- mer lias iiiirrow, crooked, and ill paved rri'Cts; the luttcr is regularly niid neatly built. It contains ciglit cliurciiea, an cpis(;o- pal pulace, a royal college, and has extensive manufacturer of saltpetre. In 1802 tlie burning of an iininciisu reservoir, containing wjter for tlio pnrpose of irrigation, occasion- e>l much damage to the town, and killed 6000 people. It is seated on an eminenci! near the Scngoncra; 40 miles W.S.W. of Murcia. Pup. 40,366. Long. 1. 22. W. lat. 37. '-'5. N. Lord Howe's Gboup, an extensive group of islunds In the South Pacific, thickly co- viTcd with wood, among whi(di the cocoa- nut is very distinguishable. The natives are nl a dark copper colour; their hair tied in a Icnot on the back of the head ; and they Kcom to h.^ve some method of taking off the beard; f»r they appear as if clean shaved. Their arms and thi);hs are tattooed in the manner de- scribed by Captain Cook, of some of the natives of the islinds he visited in these seas; and 8ome nre painted with red and white streaks. Tliuy wear a wrapper round their mid.llc. Long, from 159.14. to 159.37. E. lat. 5. 30. !S. Lord Howe Islakd, an island in the Pacific Ocean; discovered in 1788 by Lieute- nant King. At its end are two high moun- tains, nearly perpendicular from the sea, the southernmost named Mount Gowcr. Long. 159.0.E.lat. 31. 36. N. Lorenzo, San, a town of Mexico, province of New Biscay; with 500 inhabitants, whose employment consists in cultivating the grape. There are numerous settlements and incon- tiderablo islands of this name in South America, .LoREo, atown of Austrian Italy; in Ro- Tisroon the Adige; 30 miles E. of Ilovigo. LoRETTo, a fortified town of Italy; in the papal states. The cathedral contains the ?»ntis8ima Casa or Holy House, in which it IS pretended the Virgin Mary lived at Nazar- ein. According '.o the legend, it was carried w angels from Galilee into Dalmatia, and ijolf * '^L**® ' '**^® ^'^^^^^ ^*' "°^^ stands, in K k T * ^ ^"''°' ^'^ chapel, is 31 feet long, 's broad, and 18 high: the inner part very «;«. but cased with marble on the outside. ihe famous Lady of Loretto, who holds the iniant Jesus in her arms, stands upon the pnncipal altar, in a niche of silver: this statue u ot cedar-wood, three feet high ; but her face ft". ""W'yl'eseen, on account of the numer- ii il j"*^ ^''^^' ^»™Ps around her. She 11} r'"> ^^'"^"^ "f sold, set off with l;i,iL'u"?f '^® ^''"•l Jesus is covered with ed -SK -'l* "^ e'"be in bis hand, and is adorn- """ "cn WweU. Those who go on pil- grimngc to Loretto, after having performed their devotion, make tliu Virgin a present; so tli.it the treasury of ihisi'hapel wu8 itnmcnHcly rich. The inhabitants of this town subsist prineipuily by agriculture and gardening, and many of them are shoemakers, tailors, and sellers of cbaplets. Loretto was taken by the Freneh, in 1796, and the church despoiled of its treasures: even the Virgin was carried away, but restored in 1802. It is seated on a mountain; 3 miles from theOulfof Veuieo, 12 S.E. of Ancono, and 1 15 N.E. of Koine. Long. 13. 30. E. lit. 43. 27. N. LoRdUEs, a town of France, in Provence; on the Argensj 16 miles W. of Frejus. L'Okiknt, a fortified modern seajtort of France ; department of Morbihaii. It is built with considerable regularity; the streets are wide, the public, squares spacious and hand- some, and the harbour large, secure, and of easy access. Formerly it was a very flourishing town, the French East India Company roak- ing it the exclusive entrepot of tiieir imported goods. It lius still some trade, and is a place of importance on account of its magazines for the navy. The chief manufacture is uf salt. Its principal feature now is its dock- yard, at whiuli more ships of war are built than at any other place in France; tiio establishments were being enlarged in 1841, &c., and then employed 5000 people. The Ikitish made an unsuccessful attempt upon it in 1746. Itisseatedonthebay of Port Louis, at the influx of the Scorf; 340 miles W. by S. of Paris. Long. 3. 2L W. lat. 47. 45 N. Pop. 20,000. LoKKouK, a town of (jlcrmany, in Baden; 6 miles H.E. of Bale. Lorraine, anextensivedistrict of the N.E. of France, one of its ancient provinces, be- tween Champagne and Alsace, and now form ing the departments of Meurthc, Moselle, Vosges, and Bas llhin. It abounds in all sorts of corn, wine, hemp, flax, and rape-seed. Lostwitiiiel. See Lestwithiel. Lot, a river of France, which rises in the department of Lozere; begins to be navigable at Caiiors, and enters the Garonne near Aiguillon. Lot, a department of France, consisting of the former district of Querey, in Guienne. It takes its name from the river Lot, which crosses it from E. toW.; it is bounded on the N. by Correze, E. by Cantal and Aveyron, S. by Tam-et-Garonne, and W. by Lot-et- Garonne and Dordogne. Its pastures feeds numerous flocks, which constitute a great part of the commerce. The climate is mild and healthy; and the soil, consisting of fut rich earth, is cultivated in a rude manner with oxen, and yields more than sufficient for its population, estimated, in 1836, at 287,003. Cahors is the capital. Lot-et-Garonnb, a dcpartmentof France, including part of the former province of Guienne; bounded on the N. by Dordogne, B. by Tarn-et-Garonno, 8. by Gers, and W by LOU 5'28 LOU Lnndoi and the Gironde. It li.ia its nunic from tho rivvrH Lot and Uuroniio. Im poii- turcs uru but inditl'-jrcnt, uiid urtiticial mea- dows are littlu known. Tlio lunu, being much covered witli huuth, in cultivated witl> oxen; and a lar);o proportion of tlio depart- ment is incapable of cultivation, coiiMixtin^ol' rugged liilltt or sandy deserts. Pup. in 183C, 346,400. Agen is tlie ca])ital. Lothian, ^e IIaudinotonsiiike, Euin- UURUII81IIUK, and Linlituuowsiiiuk. LouuKAc, a town of France, department of Cdtcs du Nurd; 25 miles S. of Ht, Itrieux. Loudon, a county of tiiu United States, in Virginia, on the Totoniac ; ncj^ining Fair- fax, Berkley, and Faquicr counties. It is about 50 miles in lengtli and 20 in breadth. Leesburg fs tho chief town. Fop. -^0,431. LouDDK, a town of France, department of Vicnne ; 30 m. N. W. of Poitiers. Pop. 5350. Louoiiuonouoti, a town in Leicestershire, with a market un Thursday. It hus a iirge church, with a handsome tuwcr, and seven meeting-houses for disscntvrs ; also a free grammar sclioui, and a charity school. The chief manufuctureu are thuse of cotton-spin- ning, lace, and hosiery. By means of tlie Loughborough canal, the river, and Midland Counties rail-road, it curries on a brisk trade particularly in coals. Many of tho houses have un old and irregular appearance, but great improvements havo lately taken place: it is seated near the Soar; 11 miles K. of Leicester, and 109 N.N.W. of London. Loi;oHit£A,atown of Ireland, in the county of Gulway, near a lake of the same name; 15 miles S.W. of Galvvay. LouiiANS, a town of France; department of Upper Saone, situate on a kind of island between the rivers Seilles, Vaillere, and Sol- man ; 18 miles S.E. of Chalons. Pop. 3550. Louis, Fort, a barrier fortress ol France; in Alsace, oa the lihino; 12 miles E. ot Ilaguenau. Louis, St., a town and island of Africa, at the mouth of the river Senegal; tho capital of the French possessions in Senegambia. It is laid out in a regular plan, about a mile long and 2u0 yards broad, with the Fort in the middle. Pup. in 1836, exclusive of the garrison, 11,606, of whom 6006 were slaves, who, we presume, have been liberated by the recent acts of the French republic. It was taken in 1758 by tho English, and ceded to them in 1763. In the American war it was taken by the French, and kept by them after the peace in 1783. The island is flat, sandy, and baiTen. Long. 16.21. W. lat. 16. 14. N. Louis, St., a seaport and forfess of St. Domingo, on the S.VV. cuust, at li:e head of a bay of its name. The exports are coffee, cotton, and indigo; 70 miles VV.S.W.of Port an Prince. Long. 73.32. W. lat. 18. 16. N. Louis, St., a city of the United States, in Missouri. It stands on the W. bank of the Mississippi river, 1 8 miles, by its coarse, below the Junction ul the Miisouri. Tlie situation of the city is tdeasant and healthy. It is ImlU chiefly on the hccond bank of the river, 40 feci higher than the first, and thus preitents a licuu- lil'ul u|)peuranceon uppruuching it. There are five principal streets running parallel with the river, and crossed by many others ut rifjlit angles. Tlio con.;)act part of the city ex- tends about a mile and ahalf aloii;; tiic river, but, with its suburbs, altogether about 5 mill!!. The cit^ is watered by steam-power from tlio Mississippi. Tho country aruund, and W. fur 15 miles, is a very fertile prairie. Tho City Hall, the Uomun Catholic Cathedral, the University, Kem]>cr College, Stc, are tho chief buildings. There are 20 cliurchca (in 1840). It is admirably situated fur cuin< inerce, and already surpasses in its trude every otner place N. of New Orleans. The Mississippi, tho Ohio and the Missouri open a vast extent of country, of which it is tho outlet. The American Fur Company have a htrgn establishment here. It was fuuiideii in 1764, as a trading post by tlie Frinih from Canada ; but during tlieirs and the Spanish possession, it remained un iiieuii- sidcruble vill.tgc. Its progress may Lc juJgeii by its population : in 1 820 it was -fJUS; in 1830, 5852; in 1840, 16,469; and in 1S45, 34,140. It is 200 miles above tlic jumtiun of the Ohio, 1132 miles by the river Iruin New Orleans, 1 100 below tho Falls of St. Anthony, 120 E. of Jcll'ersou city. Lat. 33. 36. N. long. 89. 56. W. Louis, St., a lake of North Amcrici', form- ed by the junction of the Ottawa with the St. Lawrence. It is 12 miles lon^', and 6 bruau. Louis, St., a river of North Ainericii, which has its s(jurce near the eastern iieud waters of tho Mississippi, and falls into Lui^o Superior on the west shore. It is navignlilc 150 miles. Long. 91.52.\V. lat. 46. 44. -N". Louisa, a town of European Russia, on » bay of the Gulf of Finland: 30 miles E.X.li- of Helsingfors. Louisa, a county of the United States, in Virginia; about 25 miles long, and20bioaJ; with 15,433 inhabitants. LouiSBUUo, the capital of the island of Cape Breton, British North America; with a citadel, and an excellent harbour, iieariy four leagues in circumference. It was taken by the English in 174.'>, restored to the French in 1748, taken by the English in 1758, and ceded to them in 1763. The chief source of trade is tho cod-fishery. Long. 59. 55. "• lat. 45. 54.N. Louif^nDuo, a town of North Carolina; chief of i'ranklin county; situate on the river Tar; 23 miles N. by E. of IWeigli. Long. 78. 40. W. lat. 36. 3. N. , .^^, Louisiana, a name by which a large trac of North America was formerly kaown. " is now much more limited. Original y, » was estimated to extend about 2000 miles » length, and 680 in breadth; bounded «n»ie E. by the Mississippi, S.by the Gulf of Mexi- co, W. by New Mexico, auc* i ui. •Dginuea- LOU 529 LOW nitdy N. ThU counl.y was digcovercil bv Fordinniul do Soto, in 13-11 ; trii\'or«ordiric, nnd much of its area very produc- tive; tlio norMi-westorn part a thick forest, and luw alluvial soil upon the rivers, whicii iHuf (;rcat fertility; but at a distance from 1 .0 Btrcanis the land is high, broken, nnd sterile. That part of West Florida which lies between Pearl river on the E., nnd the Mississippi on the \V. as far as 31. N. Int., b'>s beet) annexed to this state. Su<^ar plan- taiiotis lire becoming numerous; nnd the cx- |»irij, consisting of sugar, cotton, indigo, rii'o, inulasscs, sonp, tallow, wax, planks, &c., life rapidly increasing. Population in 1840, "ot4 II, including 108,4.52 slaves. Theprin- tiiKil town is New Orleans. t Ulisvule, n town of Georgia; capital of Jill'orson county; seated on the N. side of the 'J^cedice; 52 miles S.S.W. of Augusta, and 110 N.W. of Savanu.ah. Long. 82. 17. W. wt. 3142.N. LouisviLLK, a flourishing city of Ken- fiicky; capital of Jefferson county; seated on tlie Ohio, just above its rapids, at the head of whicli is a fort. Louisville is a port of entry; 60 miles W. of Frankfort. Pop. in '840,21,210; and in 1843, 28,643. Long. 85.32.\V.lat..%.4.N. liOULE, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, surrounded by antique walls, nnd seated on « river of the same name; 10 miles K.W. of "fo. Pop. .WSO. Loc-NOAN, a city of China, of the first rank; in the province of Chan-sti ; situate nwr the source of the Queyho ; £70 miles »;!5.W. of Peking. Long. 1 16. 50. E. lat. 81-46.N. LouRDB, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Pyrenees; with a castle on a fwkj 10 miles N.W. of Bagneres. iiOCRisrAN, a mountainous but fertile dis- ^«of Irak, in Persia; bordering upon Khu- '"'**'>. ii is abundantly watered, and the pastures are most luxuriant, but ngricultarn is quite nogliTtud. The inhabitants are « barliarous and indcpciulciit race, and reside always in tents. The only town is Khu- rumabad. LuiiTii, a corporate town in Lincolnshire; with markets on Wednesday and Saturday. It has manufactures uf blankets and carpel's, and also a largo sonp manufactory. Hero is u noble Gothic church, with a lotty spire; a new district church; also live mecting-houso* for dissenters, a free school founded by Ed- ward VI., and another foundeil in 1077. It has a navigation, by means of the river Lud and a canal, to the^Oermnn Ocean at Tctney Creek; 28 miles N.E. of Lincoln, nnd 141 N. of London; on the E. Lincolnshire railway. LoL'Tii, a county of Ireland, in tho provinco of Leinster; 27 miles long, and 18 broad; bounded on lae N. ny Armagh nnd Carling- ford bay, EL by the J mil Sea, W. by Mo- naglian and EL Meath, and S. by E. by Meatli, from which it is parted by the Boyne. It is a fertile country; contains r> I parishus, area, 200,261 acres; and sends two iiicinbers to parliament. LouTit, a town of Ireland, in tho county of tho same name; containing tho ruins of an ancient nbbcy, founded by St. Patrick; 18 miles N.N.W. of Drogheda. LouvAiN, acityof Belgium, in S. Brabant; with an 'dd castle, and a celebrated univer- sity, its walls are nearly 9 miles in circum- ference, but within them are many gardens and vineyards. The churches, convents, and public buildings are mngnitiuent. It was, in its prosperous days, one of the most populous and industrious towns in the country. Lnrge quantities of cloth wore formerly inadohcre; but this trade is decayed, and the town is now chiefly noted for good beer. It was taken by the French in 1740, 1792, and 1794. It is seated on the Doyle, and on tho railway between Brussels and Liege; 14 miles E. by N. of Brussels, and 20 S.S.E. of Antwerp Long. 4.41. E. lat. 50.53. N. LocTiBRS, a handsome town of France, in the department of Euro; with a conside- rable manufacture of fine cloths. It is seated on the Euro; 10 miles N. of Evreux, and 55 N.W. of Paris. Pop. in 1830, 8713. Louvres, a town of France, in the depart^ ment of Seino-ct-Oise; 14 miles N. of Paris Lowell, a town of the United States, in Middlesex county, Massachusetts; 25 miles N.W. from Boston ; one of the most flourish- ing towns in the United States, being the principal seat of the cotton manufacture, and also carpeting, and silk fabrics. A railroad to Boston, 26 miles, was completed in 1835. The Andovor branch extends from it 10 miles to Dover, New Hampshire; and the Nashua railroad extends 9 miles to the New Hampshire line. Its rise may be inferred from its increase of population, which ui 183U was 6474 , in 1840, was 20,796. LowEN&iEiii, a town uf Germany, in Wir- 2 M ' :! 1 -^ 1^' III LUB 530 LUC ! :, ;' ':\ ■ t tcmberg; capitnl of n county of flic same miine, 9 miles E.S.E. of Ilcilbron, and 33 N.N.E. ot'Stuijsiinl. LowKNSTKiN, a fort and ancient castlo of the Netherlands; in the province of Guelder- land ; situated at the W. end of the island of Bommelweit. In this castle, in 1618, Hugo Grotius was confined, and after three years' imprisonment was conveyed away by a stra- tagem of his wife, in a returned box used for the purpose of carrying books. It is 1 8 miles S.E. of Rotterdam. Lowestoft, a town in SnflTolk; with a market on Wednesday. Its church is a fine Gotiiic building; and it has, beside a chupei of ease, several dissenting meeting-houses, and two grammar-schools. Tiie chief trade is in the mackerel and herring fisheries; and it is much frequented for sea-bathing. It stands on a clilf, the most easterly point of Great Britain; 10 miles S. of Yarmouth, and 114N.E.ofr,oiidon. Long.1.45. E.lat..52.29.N. Lowes-water, a lake in Cumberland, one mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. It is of no great depth, but abounds with pike and perch. In ojiposition to all the other lakes, it has its course from N. to S. and, under the lofty Mellbreak, runs into the N. end of Cromach-water. Lowicz, a to^vn of Poland, with a strong fortress; seated on the Bzura; 42 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 2.550. IjOWndes, a county of Georgia; capital, Troupsville. Pop. 5574. — Also a county in tho state of Alabama; capital, Hayncsville. Pop. 19,539. — Also a county of the state of Missiiiisippi; capital, Columbus. Pop. 14,513, including 8771 slaves. LowosiTZ, atownof Bohemia; in the circle of Leutmeritz. In 1 756 the greatest part of it was burnt in an obstinate engagement be- tween the Saxons and Prussians. It is seated on the Egra; 5 miles W.S.W. of Leutmeritz. LoxA. See Loja. LoxA, or LojA, a town of Quito; republic of Colombia; capital of a province of the same name; famous for producing fine Jesuits' bark and cochinet\ Carpets of remarkable fineness are manufactured here, but the town is much decayed. It stands at the head of a N.W. branch of the Amazon; ISOmilcs E.N. K. of Paita. Pop. 4600. Long. 78. 16. W. lat.4.S.S LozERE, a de, .;rtment of France, corres- ponding to the ancient Gevandan. It is a mountainous barren country, and receives its name from the principal ridge of moun- tains Pop. in 1836, 141,733. Mende is the capital. LozzoLo, a town of North Italy, in Pied- mont, kingdom of Sardinia. Pop. 6350. Lo, a town of the Sardinian states; in Pied- mont; 8 miles S.S.W. of Alexandria. LuARCA, a town of Spain, in Asturia, near the sea coast; 23 miles N.VV. of Oviedo. LcBAR, a town of Russia; in the govern- inent of Volhynia; with 3000 inhabitants. LnnAir, a town of Prussian Silesia; 3U miles N.W. of Glatz. LuBBEN, a town of Lower Lusatia; seated on tho Spree, in a swampy country; 50 miles S.S.E. of Berlin. Long.l3.55.E.lat.52.0.N. LuBEO, or Ldbeck, a city, seaport, and republic of Germany ; adjoining the dutliy of Holstein. It was the head of the famous Hanseatic league, formed here in 1164, and the most commercial city of the north; hut great part of its trade is transferred to Ham- burg. Tho city is surrounded with walis, which are planted with rows of trees, but the other v-ofcnces were demolished by the French, to whom it was surrendered in 180G. Tho houses are built of stone, in a very ancient style. The town-house is a superb structiirv-, and has several towers. There is also a line council-house, and an exchange. The in- habitants are Lutherans. There are four larjjo churches, besides the cathedral. The tra le consists in the export of corn from the ad- joining country, and the import of articles for consumption ; and the manufactures com- prise woollens, silks, cotton, tobacco, soap, white lead, copper, &c. Lubcc is seated on the Trave; 8 miles S.W. of the Baltic, and 53 N.E. of Hamburgh, on a branch of tic Hamburt;h and Berlin railway. Pop. 22,5110. LuBEc, the territory subject to Lubec, eon- tains about 80 sq. miles immediately around the city ; several detached portions iu Holstein ; and the Vierlander and town of Bertjedoif, the sovereignty of which it shares with Ilaniburgj total area, 127 sq. miles. Pop. in 1838,47,200, almost all Lutherans. The land \a fruitful, but cattle and sheep are the principal produc- tions. The government of the whole is vested in the senate and house of burgesses, and has^ne vote in the Germanic confederation. Lubec, an island in the Indian Ocean; near the island of Madura. Long. 1 13. 22. £■ lat. 5. .50 S. LuBECK, a seaport of Maine, in Washington county; situated on a beautiful peninsula, on the W. side of Passamaquoddy bay ; 365 miles E. of Boston. It was commenced in 1815. and is now u handsome and flourishing towii. LiTBEN, a town of Prussian Silesia, seated on the Katzbach; 14 miles N. of Lei).'n'«- LuBLENiTz, a town of Silesia, in the princi- pality of Oppeln; 32 miles E. of Oppeln. Lublin, a city of Russian Poland, capital of a ptilatinate of the same name, and abishop s sec ;"witb a citadel. Three annual fairs are held here, each lasting a month, which are frequented by great numbers of German,Rus- sian, Turkish, and other traders and mer- chants. It is seated on the Bistricza; 85 milei S.E. of Warsow. Long. 22. 45. E. lat. 51. 14. N. Pop. 12,500, half of whom are Jews. LuBLTO, a town of Poland, palatmatc oi Cracow ; 66 miles S.E. of Cracow. Luc, a town of France, in the departmeni of Var ; 26 miles N.E. of Toulon. Lucan, a town of Ireland, in the county oi Dublin ; with a sulphureous spring m vm* LUO 531 LUC ia; seated ; 50 miles It. 52. O.N. ipovt, and e dufliy of he famiius 1164, and north; luit 1(1 to Ham- with Willis ces, but tlie the French, 180C. Tlio ■ery ancient rb stnu'turv', IS also a fine e. The in- ,rc four lar;;o The trale ■rem the ad- rt of articles actures com- ibacco, soap, ; is scaled on ; Baltic, and iranch of il^e Pop. 22,500. toLubec,cou- liately aroiui I nsiuiiolsteiii; Berccdo''')'''® rith llarabargi n 1838,47,200, and is fru'""'' ucipalproduc- whole is vested jurgesses, and confederation- Indian Ocean; ,ng.ll2-22-l^ of which arc much esteemed ; 7 miles from l)abiin. LocANAS, a town of Peru, which gives namo (0 a jurisdiction ; containing rich ailvur mines, and feeding great droves of cattle. It stands near one of tiio head brandies of the Apuri- mac; 80 miles S. of Guamanga. Lucas, Cai'b St., S.E. end of the penin- tnla of Califofiiia. It lies under the tropic of Capricorn, in long. 111. 30. W. LocAR DE Barambua, St., a seaport of Spaiu, in Andalusia, and a bishop's see. It was cnce a place of importance, but it is now dull and decaying; principally known as the port of Seville, It has a fine harbour, well de- fended, at the mouth of the Guadalquiver; 40 miles S.S.W. of Seville. Long. 5. 54. W. ldt.36.58.N. Top. 15,500. LncAR i>B GnADiANA, St., a strong town ofSpain,inAndalu.sia; ontherivcrGuadiana; 76 miles W.N.W. of Seville. Long. 7. 18.W. k.37.28.N. Lucas, a fertile country of the state of Ohio; capital Toledo. Pop. in 1840, 9382. LrcATA Islands. See Bahama. Lucca, prefecture of Tuscany, till 1847 an independent duchy, lying on the E. coast of the Gulf of Genoa. It is bounded by Tus- cany, Modena, and the Mediterranean, and contains about 430 sq. ni., and a pop. in 1855 of 2^4,430. It is mountainous, but well cul- tivated, and produces plenty of wine, oil, silk, vool,and chestnuts; the oil, in particular, is in high entcem. During the autumn its male population emigrate to Tuscany and the niarthes, to the harvest work. Most of the plaster image-makers of other countries, aie emigrants from Lucca. It has but one sea- port, Viareggio. It was formerly a republic; was constituted a principality by Napoleon in 1805, and in 1815 erected into a duchy by the Congress of Vienna, but, by failure of heirs, it fcecame incorporated withTuscany in 1847. LuocA, a city of Italy, capital ol the above duchy, and an archbiMhop's see. It is nearly 3 miles in circumference, regularly but nut strongly fortified, and contained in 1839, 24,092 inhabitants. The state palace, and tile cathedral and otlicr churches, are worthy of notice. About 12 or 13 miles up the val- '':y Me the hot-baths of Lucca, much frequen- '■i'l Hero are considerable munufaclurcs ^f silk, and gold aid silver stuffs. Lucca Wiis entered by the French in 1796, evacuated >'| n»9, and re-euteied in 1800. It is seated •" a fi'uitlul pliiiii, neav the river Serchio; 10 "now N.E. of Pisa, and 37 W. of Florence, Ol" 'ue Lcopolda railway. LroE, a spacious bay on the S. coast of bcotland, iu Wigtonshire; lying E. of the promontory called the Mull of Galloway. ine nver Luce enters its N.E. extremity, at ilietownofGleuluce. Lucri'isTEio, St., a narrow pass from the "'Uhtry „f the Grisons into Germany; dc- '•■ndedbyafort; 3m.N.ofMayenfeld; which '"taken by Qen. Massena, in March 1799. Ldcena, a town of Spain, in Cordova; 33 miles S.S.E. of Cordova, and 42 W.N.W. of Graniula. Pop. 19,716. Lucera, a city oi Naples; capital of Capi- tanata, and a bishop's see. The town hiip about 12,000 inhabitants; the houses are good but the streets narrow and dirty. Near it are the ruins of a very ancient citadel, and the cathedral, formerly a Saracenic niosqiM'., is interesting. Numerous antiquities have been found around it. It has a royal college, and great quantities of cattle are reared in the neighbourhood. The town is small, and has a manufacture of cloth. It is 73 miles N.E. of Naples. Long. 1 5. 34. E. lat. 4 1 . 28. N. LuoERXA, a town of Piedmont; in a valley of its name; 15 miles SW. of Turin. LccBRME, canton of Switzerland, ranking third in the confederation, and containin;^ n superficial extent of 587 square miles; and bounded by the cantons of Undcrwaldcn, Schweitz, and Zurich. The air is mild, and the soil uncommonly fertile. Freedom and openness of manners characterize the inha- bitants, who are Roman Catholics, and com- puted, in 1838, at 124,.521. Lucerne, the capital of the above canton, is divided into two pans by a branch of the Reuss, which here enters the Lake of Lucerne. The situation of the town is highly picturesqiui, and is well built. Its most remarkable objects are the 4 bridges over the Reuss. It has a cathedral, several churches and conveiits; that of the Jesuits has been converted into a lyceum or college. The weekly corn market is one of the largest in Switzerland. It has no manufactures of consequence, and little commerce, the merchants being principally engaged in the commission business, upon goods passing between Italy and Germany, over Mount St. Gothard and the Lucerne lake. Lucerne surrendered at the end of 1847, to the united army of the radical party, after the hard fought battles of Gislikon and Rotten- burg, and was one of the great but inglorious triumphs of injustice over the Sonderbund, or confederation for the preservation of the Swiss constitutions. Poo. fi'SO. It is 30 miles S. W. of Zurich, and 42 E.'of Berne, to which places it will have railways. Lucerne, or VValdstadter, a lake of Switzerland; between the cantons of Uiider- waH-jn, Lucerne, Schweitz, and Uri. It consists of a number of detached parts, form- ing in a manner, separate lakes. It is the l.irgest, as well as the most romantic i.ike in the interior of Switzerland, being 25 miles long, and from 2 to 4 broad; depth varying from 300 to 900 feet. Area, 300 sq. miles. Luoiiow, a town of Hanover; in the duchy of Luneburg; seated on the Jcetzc; 3C miles 8. of Luneburg. Lucia, St., one of the Caribbee islands, ia the West Indies; 27 miles long, and 12 broad. It consists of plains well watered with rivulets, and hills furnished with timber; and has several uood bays and commodious harbours. LUC m Lua "I Hi li 'h} liy the peace of 1 763 this island was allotted to rrniice. In 1303 it was taken by the ICnptisli, and confirmed to them by the treaty ol i'uris, in 1814. There are two high moun- tains, by which this island may be known at a considerable distance. Its N. end is 21 miles S. of Martinico. Fop. 16,017, includ- ing 13,348 blacks. It is divided into Basse- terre and Capistcrru. Castries is the chief town. Long. 60. 51. W. lat. 14. 0. N. LnciA, St,, one of the Cape de Verde is- lands, to the W. of that of St. Nicholas. Long. 24. 30. W. lat. 16. 45. N. Lucia, St., a town of Sicily, in Val di De- niona; 15 miles W. of Messina. Fop. in 1831," 6270. Lucia, St., a town of Buenos Ayres, on a river of the same name; 30 miles N. of Monte Video and 340 N. by W. of Buenos Ayres. — It is also the name of several settle- ments in S. America, none of which require particular notice. Luciana, a town of Spain, in Andalusia; 8 miles W.N.W. of Ecija. LuciTO, a town of Naples, in the Mulise; 1 1 miles N.E. of Molise. Luckau, a town of the Prussian states; in Lower Lusatia. It is seated in a swampy country, on the Breste; 55 miles N. of Dres- den. LUCKENWAI.D, a town of Prussian Saxony; licated on the Nute; 32 miles S. of Berlin. LncJtFOED, a town of Dorsetshire; W. of Holme; on the river Luckford, which falls into the Frome, and forms the W. boundaries of Purbeck Isle. LncKNOw, an ancient city of Hindostan, and capital of Oude. It is large, but poorly built, and the streets are narrow and crooked. The palace of the nabob is situated on a high bank near the Goomty, and commands an extensive view both of that river and the country on the eastern side. It will be long memorable for the heroic defence of a few Europeans against the mutineers, from July to September, 1857, and for the equally he- roic and successful struggle of the illustrious Huvelock to its relief. LccKPtJT-BuwDEB, a town and seaport of Hindostan, province of Cutch, on the Khoree, the W. branch of the Indus. It had 2000 inhabitants, but by an earthquake in 1819, the Indus having deepened, it has contribut- ed to the prosperity of Luckput-Bunder, 82 miles S.E. by S. of Tatta. Logo, a town of Naples, on the W. bank of the lake Cclano; 9 miles S.S.W. of Celano. LocoN, a town of France; department of Vendee; seated on a morass, on the canal of Fontcnay; 20 miles W. of Fontenay, and 50 S. of Nantes. LD90NIA, or Manilla, the chief of the Phi- lippine islands; 400 miles in length and 100 in breadth. It is not so hot as m ight be expected, being well watered by large lakes and rivers, and the periodical rains, which inundate the plains. There are several volcanoes in the mountains, which occasion earthquakes. The produce is wax, cotton, indigo, tobacco, sujjnr, coffee, wild cinnamon, sulphur, cocoa-nuts, ricc,*&c. Gold is found in variouB parts of tlie island; and horses, buffaloes, and a variety 0' game abound. The inhabitants arc, fur tlie most part, n well disposed people, and, before their subjugation, were distributed into mud villages. Under the tyranny of the Spanich government they have become indolent, an. I destitute of energy. The interior, however, is occu])ied by a savage racv, whom the Spa- niards have not been able to subdue. They carry on a small traflic in gold, wax, and to- bacco, in exchange for cattle. Area, 65,000 square miles. Fop. 1,760,000. Long. 122. 0. E. lat. 1 5. O.N. LucRiNo. See Licola. LucT, a town of the Sardinian states, 'm Savoy; 16 milesN. of Chambery. LuoAHAK, a country of central Africa; bounded on the S. by Kaarta and Bumbarra, and N. by the Sahara or Great Desert. It 'u inhabited by a race of Moors, wlio are almost strangers to agriculture, and depend fur sub- sistence on the rearing of cattle. In religion they are Mohammedans of the most bigoted and intolerant character, as was fully proved in the case of Major Houghton, who was mur- dered here; and of Mr. Park, who was kept in long captivity, and with difficulty made liis escape. Lddencheid, a town of Prussian West- phalia; with manufactures of iron and clolh; 28 miles N.E. of Cologne. LuDCERSHALL, a wrctched and decayed market town in Wiltshire; it is 15 miles N. of Salisbury, and 71 N. by W. of London. Ludlow, a borough in Shropsiiire; with a market on Monday. It has a castle, now fast going to decay, where all jusiness was formerly transacted for the principality of Wales. This castle and town were Iield for the empress Maud, against king Stephen, and besieged by him. Edward V. resided here at the time of his father's death, and was car- ried hence to London. Arthur, prince of Wales, son of Henry VII., held a court, and died here. Ludlow has a stately church, un elegant town-house, a commodious market- house, several meeting-houses for dissenterj, two alms-hoases, a free school, a cimrity school, and a national school. It returns two members to parliament. It is seated on the lemc; 21 miles from Shrew jury, and 148 from London by railway. LuuwiosBuno, a town of Germany, o Wirteraberg; with manufactures of cloth, da- mask linen, and marble paper. It is Bcateo on the Neckar; 6 miles N. of Stutgard. 1 is one of the best laid out and handsomest towns in the kingdom, but is dull. Top- '" 1837, 6900. „ . „ LuDwiGSBUHO, a town of the Prussian states, in Pomerania, near the BuUio s«», miles E.N.E. of Greifswalde. LooA, » town of Bussia, in the goven- LUN 533 LUS prince of I court, ai"! church, an ous market- dissenters, ^ a charity 'returns two .tedonthe •y, ami '** [Jertnany. i" of cloth, daj It is seateil Stutgard. » handsomcsi uu. r^p-'" the Prussian Baltic sea, J the govera- ment of Petersburg, on ii river of the same Uttiiie; 96 miles b. of Petcrsbur}^. LuoANO, a town of Italy, capital of the Swiss canton of Tessin r Tieino; with a con- siderable trade in silk. It in built round a gentle curve of tlio lake . '^ano, and backed by an amphitheatre of hiU:.. The principal church is seated on an cmiu >nce above the town. It is 17 miles N.W. of Como. Pop. 4500. Long. 8. 57. E. lat. 45. 54. N. LcoANO, a lake in the canton of Tessin ; 25 miles in length, and from 3 to G in breadth. Its form is irregular, and bending into contin- ual sinuosities. It lies between the lakes Como and llaggiore, but is above 190 feet higher than eitiier of them. LuDOE, or LuDE, a town of P. ussian "West- jilmlia; scatcdon the Emmer, 24 miles N.N.IS. of Paderborn. Ltoo, a city of Spain, in Galicia, and a bishop's see. It was the ancient Lucas An- giisti, and was then as now chiefly celebrated for its hot sulphur springs. It is seated on the Minho, 50 miles E.N.E. of Coinpos- tclla. Top. about 7000. Long. 7. 32 W. lat. 43. 4. N. Luis, St., a town of Buenos Ayrcs, in the province of Tucuman; 140 miles W.S.W. of Cordova. Long. 67. 52. W. lat. 32. 10. S. Luis de Maranham, St. See Louis, St. Luis de i.a Pas, St., a town of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan; 120 miles N. by E. of Mechoacan. Luis de Potosi, St., a city of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan, situate in the midst of rich gold mines, and all the comforts of life. The streets are neat and straight, and the churches magnificent. It is 180 miles N. by W. of Mechoacan. Long. 102. 54. W. lat. 22. 25. N. Lui-TCHEor, a city of China, of ti»e first rank; in the province of Quang-tong. It is seated in a fertile country, near the sea; 315 miles S.W. of Canton. Long. 109. 25. E. lat. 20. 58. N. LuLE A, a seaport of Sweden, in Bothnia; with a good harbour. Near it is a mountain of iron ore. It stands on a river of the same name, at the N.W. extremity of the Gulf of Bothnia; lis miles N.N.E. of Uma. Long. 22. 12. E. lat. 65. 32. N. LuMBERTON, a town of N. Carolina, chief of Robeson county; situate on Drowning Creek, 32 miles S. of Fayetteville, and 65 N.W. of Wilmington. LuMELLo, a town of the Sardinian states; f»rmerly the residence of the kings of Lom- uaniy, but now a small place. It is seated nn the Gogna; 44 miles E.N.E. of Turin. Pup. 3250. Lund, a town of Sweden, in the province , Of Seania. It carries on but little trade, and 13 prmcipally supported by its university, ' founded by Charles XL, and from him called Acatleraia Carolina Gothorum. The cathe- ' toll IS an ancient irregular building. It is 21 "»le» E. of Copenhagen, and 38 S.W. of . Christianstadt. Pop. 4120. Long. 13. 12. E. lat. 55. 42. N. LuNDEN, a town of Denmark, in N. Dits- marsch; seated near the Eyder, 22 miles W. ofRendsburg. , LuNDY, an island at the entrance of the Bristol Channel, about 12 miles from the Devonshire coast: it has a lighthouse on its summit. It is about 5 miles long, and 2 broad. Long. 4. 8. W. lat. 51. 18. N. Ln.NB. See Lovnb. Lunel, a town of Franco in the depart- ment of Gard; near the river Eidourle. It has excellent muscadine wine. It is 16 miles E. of Montpelier. Pop. in 1836, 6021. LiJNKN, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Marck; situate at the conflux of the Ze- zisk with the Dippc, 20 miles S. by W. of Munster. LuNBNBtmo, or Lunebitro, a province ot Hanover: formerly a duchy of the Germ.m empire; lying on the left bank of the Elbe. A small poition, lying on the right bank of the Elbe, now belongs to Denmark; but Hanoverian Lunenburg comprises a superfi- cial extent of 4236 squaremiles, with 265,000 inhabitants. Luneneuuo, a large fortified town; capi- tal of the foregoing province. The chief ptiblic edifices are the places for public wor ship, the palace, three hospitals, the town- house, the salt magazine, the anatomical thea- tre, and the academy. The salt springs near this place are very productive. It is situate on the Ilmenan; 36 miles S.E. of Hamburgh, and 60 N. of Brun.swick. Pop. 12,000. LuNEViLLE, a town of France; department of Meurthe. In its castle the dukes of Lor- raine formerly kept their court, as did after- wards king Stanislaus. It is one of the princi- ])ul cavalry stations in France. In 1131 a treaty of peace was concluded here between France and Austria. Luneville is seated in a plain between the rivers Vesoul and Meurthe; 14 miles E.S.E. of Nancy, and 62 W. of Strasburg. Long. 6. 30. E. lat. 48. 36. N. Pop. in 1836, 12,661. LiiNGRO, a town of Naples, in Basilicat-n, chiefly inhabited by Greeks; 35 miles N.N.W. of Cosenza. Lupow, a town of Pomerania, on a river of the same name; 15 miles £. of Stolpe. LcuE, a town of France, departmentof Up- per Saone; celebrated for a late abbey of Benedictines, converted, in 1764, into a chap- ter of noble canons. It is seated near the Ougnon ; 30 miles N.E. of Bcsan9on. LnnoAN, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh; with an extensive linen manu- facture; 14 miles N.E. of Armagh, and 67 N. of Dublin. LusATiA, a margraviate of Germuiry. 90 miles long, and 60 broad ; bounded on the N. by Brandenburg, E. by Silesia, S.bjr Bohemia, and W. by Saxony. It is divided into Upper and Lower Lusatia, formeriy two distinct states, which became subject to jSaxony, and ^^ . I. a ri'' I'S uIIIh 1! i iBIl ,|W LUX 534 LYM \ I i • \' formed a pruvinco of timt power until 1813. Chief town, Bautzen. LnsioNAN, a town of Franec, department of Vienne, seated on the Vonne; 15 miles 8. S.W. of Poitiers. Lcso, a river of Italy, which rises in the duchy of Urbino, crosses part of Romngnn, and enters the Gulf of Venice; 10 miles N. of Rimini. Luton, a town of Bedfordshire; with a market on Monday. The popiilntion is principally employed in the straw-plait mak- ing. It is situate on the river Lea ; 1 8 miles S. of Bedford, and 31 N. by W. of London. LuTTERBERo, a towi of Ilauover, in the principality of Grubinnagcn, seated on the Oder; 15 miles S. of Goziur. Lutterworth, a town in Leicestershire; with a market on Thursday. It has a large and handsome church. Wycliffe the cele- brated reformer, was rector, and died here, in 1387. Lutterworth has little trade, being principally supported by the neighbouring opulent graziers. It is seated on the river Swift; 14 miles S. of Leicester, and 88 N.W. of London. LtrrzELSTEiN, a town of Prance, depart- ment of Lower llhine, with a strong castle ; seated on a mountain, 30 miles N.W. of Strasburg. Lu r/EN, a town of Saxony, in the principa- lity of Mcrseberg, belonging to Prussia, with a castle. Pop. 1350. Near this place, in 1632, Gnstavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, was killed in a battle, at the moment of victory. Lutzen is also celebrated for the defeat of the united forces of Russia and Prussia, by Bona- parte, in May 1813. It is seated on the EI- Bter; 11 miles W.S.W. of Leipsic. Luxemburg, a province of Western Europe, bounded by the Prussian states on the Rhine, a part of the French frontier, and the Belgic provinces of Namur tnd Liege, and compris- ing a superficial area of 2700 square miles, with 328,000 inhabitants. It gives the title of grand duke to the sovereign, which is now held by tlic king of the Netherlands. The surface is mountainous and woody, being traversed by branches of the Ardennes; and the climate is cokk-r than that of the other provinces. The principal river is the Moselle. Corn, potatoes, flax, and so ne w ine are raised ; the rearingof cattle forms a a important branch of industry; and there aie manufactures of woollen and iron ; but the chief wealth of the province consists in its forest?, which occupy upwards of 460,000 acres. It is divided into the district^ of Luxemburg, which is the Dutch portion, Dietkirch, and Neufchateau. In the partition of Europe in 1815, it was ceded to the kingdom of the Netherlands, and on the separation of Belgium from that kingdom, it was claimed by both of them. By the treaty of April 19, 1839, this territory was parti- tioned between Holland and Belgium. The eastern portion, area 1000 square miles — pop. 160,000, to the former; aud the western por* tion, area 1700 square miles — pop. about 168,000, to the latter. Luxemburg, the capital of the above pro vincc, belonging to Holland, and one oi tlis strongest towns in Europe. It is divided by tiie Alzette into the Upper and I^ower Town; the ')rmer almost surrounded by rocks, but the latter seated in a plain. In 1795 it sur- rendered to the French, but was restored in 1814. It is 22 miles W.S.W. of Treves, and 130 S.E. of Brussels. Long. 6.7. E. lut. 49. 37. N. Pop. in 1830, 1 1,500. LuxEuiL, a town of France, department of Upper Saone; near which are some mi- neral waters and warm baths. It is seated at the foot of the Vosgcs ; 14 miles from Vesoul. Pop. in 1836, 3628. Luxor, a village of Upper Egypt; on ilie site of the ancient Thebes, and in which were two famous obelisks, one of which has been removed to the Place Louis XIV., iu I'uris. Lat. 25.41.N. long. 32.41. E. LuTO and Ciiillaos, a province of Pern; bounded E. by mountains, N. and N.W. by the province of Jaen, and S.E. by that of Caxamarca. It is 54 miles in length, and H in breadth, and contains 3500 inhabitants. The capital has the same name, and is in long. 77. 41. W. lat. 5. 33. S. Luz, St. Jean de, a town of France, de- partment of Upper Pyrenees; 27 miles S.W. of Tarbes. Pop. 2250. Luzara, a strong town of Austrian Italy, in the province of Mantua; where a battle was fought between the Austrians and the French and Spaniards, in 17U2, when eacli side claimed the victory. It is seated near the conflux of the Crostolo with the Po; 16 miles S. of Mantua. LuzARCHES, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise; 19 miles N. of Paris. Luzerne, a county of Pennsylvania; bounded N. by Tioga county. New York; E. and S.E. by Northampton, and W. by Lycom- ing and Northumberland counties. It is aboiit 79 miles in length, and 75 in breadth, and is divided into 12 townships. Anthracite conl abounds. Pop. 44,006. Wilksbarro is the chief town. Pop. 1718. Luzon. See LU90MA. Ltcomino, a county of Pennsylvania, drained by the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Capital, Williamsport. Pop. in 1840, 22,649. Lydd, a town of Kent; with a market on Thursday. It is a member of the cinque port of Romney, and seated in Romney Marsh; 25 miles S.W. of Dover, and 72 S.E. of London. , Ltob, a town of Norway, near a lake ot the same name; 16 miles N.W. of Christian- sand. Ltmb, or Ltmb Regis, a borough and les- port in Dorsetshire; market on Friday. « returns one member to parliament. » ^ seated on the side of a croggy hill, on then- ver Lyme, at the head o: a little inlet; ana its harbour Is formed by two very thick w«u* LYO 53a LYO called the Cobbo. Here the Duke of Mon- iimuth landed, in 1C85, for the execution of his ill-jud|^ed design against James II. It is 26 miles E. of Exeter, and 143 S.W. of L'jndon. LiMFioRr), n gnlf of Denmark, in North Jutland; which Tins a nan-ow entrance from the Cattegat, and extends 80 miles across the country, widening gradually, and forming several branches; the W. end is 20 miles long, and separated from the North sea only by a narrow bank. LvMiKGTON, a borough in Hampshire, go- verned by a mayor; with a market on Satur- day. It is seated on a river of its name, a mile from the sen; and the harbour will ad- mit vessels of 3C tons burden. T' e chief trade is in salt; and it is much re ortcd to ill summer for sea-bathing. Near it are the remains of a Roman camp; and in 1744, nearly 200 lbs wcigiit of their coins were dis- covered here in two urns. It returns two members to parliament. It is 18 miles S.S.VV. ol Southampton, and 88 S.W. of London. Ltnchboro, a town of Virginia, in Camp- biU county, on the S. side of James river; 116 miles W. of Richmond. It has extensive tjliacco warehouses. Pop. in 1840, 6395. LvNDUURST, a village in Hampshire; on thcN.sidcoftlio New Forest, 9 miles W.S.W. of Southiimpton. Here are the king's house and the kiiijr's stal'les, the latter very large; and all the lorest courts ar3 held here Lvxy, a town of Massachusetts, in Essex county; with a considerable manufacture of Women's silk and cloth shoes. It is 9 miles S.S.W. of Salem, and 10 N.E. of Boston. Pop. grjfiT. Lynn, or Lynn Regis, a borough and sea- port of Norfolk; governedby a mayor; with markets on Tuesday and Saturday. It sends two members to parliament. By the Ouse.and its associated rivers, it supplies most of the midlandcountieswithcoal, timber, and wine; anil, in return, exports malt and com in prcat quantities : it is the terminus of the E;is; AnRlian railways. Lynn has a large 11 .irkf t-place, with an elegant cross. It is 43 "lilcs W.N.W. of Norwich, .ord 96 N. by E. of r.ond(m. Long. 0. 26. E. lat. 52. 48. N. -.1ONX018, a former province of France; lyiny on the W. side of the Saone and Rhone ; 30 miles in length, and 17 in breadth. This frovince, with Forez and Beaujolois, now lurms the department of the Rhone and the Loire. Lyons, a city of France; capital of the de- pwment of Rhone, and the see of an areh- "Hiiop. Many antiquities are still observed, jvliicli evince its Roman origin. It has long wen considered as the second city of France, '" p-'",''y' '*'''^N ""'l population, and superior " raris in trade, commerce, and mnnufac- ;"ft-'s. It stands on a tongue of land, at the jnnetion of the Rhone and the Saone. The vicinity, unlike Paris and many French towns, * 'oickly populated, and the suburbs gra- dually melt into the country. It is irregularly built, and chiefly consists of narrow, dirty, und winding streets. Some of the quarters are most filthy but other parts arc magnifi- cent. Three ranges of quays and 17 bridges, nearly all modern, are upon its rivers. These sometimes rise and cause great damage by their inundation, as was the case in 1840, when the city was much injured, and the surrounding country laid under water. There are three stone bridges over the Rhone. Lyons has 55 squares, some large and regu- lar, many others much the reverse. The town- hall is its principal public building, and the finest edifice of the kind in France: erected between 1646 and 1655. The 18 churches are not remarkable. The cathedral is gothio, and its interior is simple. The hos- pitals are the largest public establishments in Lyons. The Hotel-Dieu is the most ancient and finest in France, receiving annually 12,000 in-patients. The Palais des Arts, a museum, was formerly the Benedictine con- vent. The botanic garden is much frequented, and is In the city. The beautiful ile Barbe, in the Saone, is connected with its left bank by a handsome new suspension bridge. Lyons is the principal manufacturingtown of France, and is the first silk manufacturing city of Eu- rope. Her situation is peculiarly favourable f'ji* this; the principal silk growing districts are adjacent, and her navigation causes the city to be the entrepdtof avast inland com- merce. The silks made here are celebrated, and are woven by the people principally in their own houses, and not in factories. The patterns are improved by the training the designers have in the School of Arts (Insti- tution de Itt Martinicre). The trade has fre- quent crises, which have led to serious distress, of which that of 1836-7 led to formidable riots. The other articles of manufacture are gold and silver brocade, plain, double and striped velvet, richly embroidered tafl'eta, and satin; also gold and silver laces, or gal- loons, gauze, hats, ribbons, leather, carpets, and coloured paper. The printing and book- selling of this place are the next to Paris in importance. In June, 1793,itrevolt1, or I I.IS to tiio $i(|iiiiru n>iio; in tiie wliuio territory, to 18,314,005, or 106-4 to tlio sijii'iru mile. AlAUitii DK Dios, iiii islaml in tiic Pacific Ocean, near tlio coast of Patagonia; 180 miles in circnniferenco. Madkk i>b Popa, atownofNcwGranadii, with a celebrated convent. It is much ro< Hortcd to by the pilgrims of South Atncriea, and they pretend that the image of tiio Vir- gin lias done a great many miracles in favour of the seafaring people. It is seated on the Madelena, SO miles E. of Carthugono. Maduid, the capital of Spain, in New Castile. It has but a recent history as n city. It was declared to he the court l>y Philip II., in 15G0, and soon rose at the expense of the older and better situated capitals. Its posi- tion has no single natural advantage, except the fancied merit of being the centre of Spain. It is budt on several hills, that hang over tlie Manzanarcs, at an elevation of 2400 feet above the sea. The climate is extremely unpleasant, fluctuating between the extremes of heat and cold; and, consequently, is very unhealthy. It is not a city, and has no ca- thedral or bishop. Since the death of Fer- dinand VJI., it bus much improved as a town. It is better cleaned and lighted ; and the suppression and removal of convents has opened spaces for new buildings, which are everywhere rising. It is divided into 12 dis- tricts, cotisisting of 24 parishes; has 18 hos- pitals, a cuna or casa de csposilos, a univer- sity, 9 academies, 4 public libraries, 3 muse- ums, a glorious palace, 3 theatres, a piaza de toros, 33 fountains, and 5 chief gates; and 201,344 inhabitants. The heart of the city is the Puerto do Sol, formerly the E. gate, but now built around in nil directions, and is the great centre of trattic. The musco contains about 1200 fine pictures, and some sculpture. The new museum was opened by Espartero, on the famous anniversary in Madrid, the dos de Maio, 1842, which has also some excellent works of ort. The boto- nic garden, destroyed by the ruthless French invaders, again flourishes; the same with the observatorio astronomico, but has not met with the same respect. Near the observatory is the convent of Atocha, in the chapel of which is a celebrated imago of the Virgin. The Manzanares is a poor stream, over which are four bridges; at the end of the E. one is the hermitage of San Isidro, the scene of an annual pilgrimage and jollification on May IS. The royal palace is one of the most magnificent in the world. The bibliotheca nacional is well conducted, and contains 200,000 volumes, and a fine collection of coins, &c. The royal armoury, on the S. side of the palace, is one of the finest in the world. The vast pile of San Francisco, formerly a convent, is now a barrack. The Plaza mayor, where the autos da f> and bullfights took place, is still sometimes used for the latter. There are three thcKtres. Rut few of iho ^ ciinrehes are worth visiting. There is niiich ta/k of making it the focus of a grand 83 citcnt of railways, which are to connect it wiih Uarcclona, Alicante, Citdiz, Aviles, Ciiiiao, lUdajoz, &e.; but as tha Spanish have never yet been able properly to support a cnniil or road, thcsn must as yet bo visionary. In ilm environs, which possess very few attractinm, are several royal residences, such as the Cu>a del Campo, where a great many wild aniinn!] were formerly kept for the chase. Tim r, - Hufiictures of Madrid are very inconsidiruLIc, those for hats, and the royal china niid E.ik- petro works, are the principal. The Freiuh took possession of this city in March, 1808, and on the 2d of May the inhabitiint.H rn'^u up in arms to expel them from the city, wIrii a terrible carnage took place for scvcraUiours and it was not till the arrival of more trunji^ that order was enforced among the people, On the 20th of July following Joseph Bona- parte entered it as king of Spain, but w!\s obliged to quit it soon afterwards. On tlio 2d of December of the same year it was re- taken by Napoleon, who reinstated his Lro- ther on the throne; and ho kept possossidn till August, 1812, when Madrid wns entcrcil by the British army under the Duke of Wel- lington. The French, however, again to»k possession of it in November, but (iriullyevn- cuatcd it the following year. The inhiiLi- tants joined in the revolution of 1820, whoii the king was obliged to accede to the general desire of restoring the constitution of the Cortes of 1812. Sec Spain. Madrid is mi the river Manzaiarcs, over which is a mag- nificent bridge; 265 miles N.E. of Lisbon, and 650 S.S.W. of Paris. Long. 3. 38. W. lat. 40. 25. N. Madkidbjob, a town of Spain, in New Castile; 65 miles S. of Madrid; in a plma producing much saflron, and grazing m&ny sheep. Pop. 6900. Madbioal, a town of Spain, in Old Gk- tile; seated in a plain, fertile in excellcit wine; 10 miles N.E. of Medina del Cnmp". Madrisio, a town of Italy, in Friuli; 30 miles N. of Venice. Maduogan, a town of Africa, the capital of Mocarangn, with a spacious royal palace. The upper part of the houses is in the shape of a bell. Long. 39. 40. E. lat. 18. 0. 8. Maddra, a town of Hindostan, capital "' a district of the same name belonging to the British, and included in the collectorship of Dindigul. It is fortified with square towen and parapets, and has one of the most superb pagodas in Hindostan. It is 130 miles N.»' W. of Cape Comorin, and 270 S.S.W. of Ma- dras. Long. 78. 14. E. lat. 9. 65. N. Madcba, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the N. coast of the island of Java; be- longing to the Dutch. It is 100 miles Ion?. and 15 broad, and the soil is fertile andwiiu cultivated. The chief towns are SamsMp. Farmacassan, and BancuHan. MAO 641 MAG Mailer, a lake of Swudcii, 80 milcH long and 20 broiid, between the provinces of West- mania and Sudermania. It contains several lino islands, is usually frozen during n few weeks in winter, and opens an easy com- munication, by sledj^us, between tlie interior parts of Sweden and the city of Stockholm. Maelhtroh, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Norway, in 68 N. lat. and nenr the island of J\Ioskoc; whence it is also named Muskocstrom. When it is flood, the stream runs up the country with n boisterous rapidity ; but tliu roar of its impetuous eblt to the sea ii Kcnrcely equalled by the loudest catar- acts. The intervals of tranquillity are only at tlio turn of the ebb and flood, and calm weather; and they last but a quarter of an hour, its violence gradually returning. When the stream is most boisterous, and its fury heightened by a storm, vessels have been reached by it at the distance of 5 miles. Magrna, a town of Germany, in Tyrol; 23 miles W.S.W. of Trent. Magse. See MEnsK. Maeseyk, a town of Belgium, in the pro- vince of Liege, on the river Meuse; 10 miles S.S.W. of Rurcmonde. Maeslamdsluts, a town of South Holland, nenr the mouth of the Meuse; 10 miles W. of Rotterdam. Magstkioht, a city of the Netherlands, ca- pital of the province of Limburg, about 4 miles in circumference, seated on the Meuse, oppo- site Wyck, with which it communicates by a stone bridge. The number of inhabitants in 1834, was 22,0U0. It has fine long streets, many churches and convents, a collefje for- merly belonging to the Jesuits, a council-house with its library, and considerable manufac- tiiies of woollen and cotton goods, cloth, leather, hosiery, and hardware. Near it is the lofty mountain of St. Peter, with a for- tress; and a stone quarry, with a number of subterranean passages. The other fortifica- tions, and the situation of Maestricht, are such, that it is deemed one of the strongest places in Europe. The city was besieged by the French in 1748, during the negotiations of Aix-la-Chapelie; was unsuccessfully at- tacked by them in 1793; and they became masters of it towards the end of the following year. In 1814 it was delivered up to the allied forces. It is 14 miles N.N.E. of Liege, and 58 E. of Brussels. Long. 5. 41. E. lat. 60. 51. N. ^ Mafra, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- dura, with a college, founded in 1772. In a Miuly and barren spot near this place, John "•, in pursuance of a vow, erected a building of extraordinary magnificence, as a Francis- can convent. The town is seated near the «a. 18 miles N.N.W. of Lisbon, Maoadi, or Magiieuv, a town of Hin- aostan, in the district of Mysore, seated in a •"'ly country, abounding in timber-trees, «one, and iron; 24 miles W. of Bangalore. Maoadoxa. the capital of a kintfdora of the same name on the const of Ajan on the 10. coist o,' Africa, with u citadel, an(l a good Imr'iour. It stands at the mouth of a river, niiich is supposed to have a long course, having regular inundations, that fertili/.e the country to a great extent. The inhabitants arc mostly Mohammedans; but there are also .^ome Abyssinian Christians, '^he city is « place of great commerce, receiving from Aden and other parts, cotton, silk, spices, ana drugs, in exchange for gold, ivory, wax, and other commodities. Long. 46. 25. £.. lat. 2. 10. N. Maodai.en Isles, a group of islets in the GnlC of St. Lawrence, near its entrance. Maodalkna, n large river of South Ame- rica, in the republic of New Granada, which rises in the ])rovince of Popayan, and, after a course of 900 miles falls into the sea in lat. ii.a.N. Maodekcro, a government of the Prussian states in Saxony, composed of part of the duchy of Magdeburg, with other territories. I'ho country is in general level, and the parts which are not marshy and overgrown with wood are very fertile. Its commerce is greatly facilitated by the Elbe, which traverses it through its whole extent. Maodehuro, a fortified city, capital of the foregoing government. It has u handsome palace, a citadel, with a fine arsenal, and a magnificent cathedral, which contains the su- perb mausoleum of Otho the Great. The in- habitants were computed at 51,347 in 1837. Here are manufactures of cotton and linen goods, stockings, gloves, porcelain, hats, lea- ther, soap, and tobacco; but the principal are those of woollen and silk. It is well situate for trade, on both sides of the Elbe, by which it has an easy communication with Hamburgh. In the neiglibourhood are the monastery of Bcrgin, and the salt-works of Schoenebeck, producing about 30,000 tons annually. Magdeburg has sustained several sieges. In 1 631 it was taken by the Austrians, who burnt the town, except the cathedral and a few houses adjacent, and massacred above 10,000 of the inhabitants; but it was soon handsomely rebuilt. In 1806 itsurrendered to the French, ind was not restored till 1813. Itis75 miles W,S.W. of Berlin, and 120 S.E, of Ham- burgh, at the junction of several railways. Magellan, or Maoalhaen, a strait of South America separating -Patagonia from Tierra del Fuego; discovered in 1520, by Fcr dinando Magellan, a Portuguese, in the scr vice of Spain. It has since been accurately surveyed ; but the passage, upwards of 300 miles, being dangerous and troublesome, navi- gators generally sail round Capo Horn. Magenta, a town of Pavia, in Italy, 16 miles W. of Milan. Famed for the victory obtained there by the French and Sardinians over the Austrians, on June 4, 1859. Maoqeroe, or Mageron, a large island on the coast of Norway, and the most northern land in Europe. It is separated from the cun m M, J 1 ■ ■; - MA II .".•12 MAT l\ r, ?1 ■!> I> ttn^nt on tli<' S. It^ u iiurrow uliuiniel; ami itn K- cxtrciiiii./ is uii (MiornioiiM roulv, cuIKmI North Cu|>o. LoiiK. '^5. ST. K lat. 71. 10. N. Mauiikhapici/i', u town of Iiulnuil, in tlio ronntjr of linndoinlorry; willi u coniiitluriililo linen munurucluro; l:i niilin W. ul' Anliini, •mi .')() S K. <>r I^iniliimlcny. Maoia, n liver of Swit/orlund, in tlin can- ton of TcHMin; wliivli rnns S, wiili rupidity, tliriiufjli u Miiiriiw viklloy of iu nanic, uiui cnivrs llio liilic of Mii({^ii)ro, mar Irfx-nrno. AtAUuiouK, It ]iti\o of Upper Italy, »iupii- rutii:^ |>art of tiic Anstro-Italiun KovuriiMicnt of Miliin from tlio Htiitciiof SruHillli. It lias ■oinu liuantifnl oeunury, ami llio liorroineim IhIuikIh, IhoIu lloliii unJ Maiiro, aio iiiohi fainuns. It m nioro than 300 I'lUhonis'ih'ep ill siiiiiu purls. Tiiu rivor Tcsino runs S. tliiiiii|th its wholu leiiiittii. M.uiiNitANAO. ike Mindanao. Mauliano, u town of Italy, province of Snhiiia; Muated on ii mountain near the rivor Tiher; 34 iniieN N. of Uoino. Itoug, 12.35. E. lat. -t^j.^.'). N. Magna Vaih-a, a town and fort of Italy, in the Papal {Stales; Neatod at tho mouth of tho LhI(c of Coiiiiiiaeliio, in tho Uulf of Venice; 3 miles S.E. of Cominuchio. Macnisa, (uiieiont Magnesia,) a town of European Turliey, in Aniidoli; 28 niilos N.E. of Sniyrna; once tlic capital of tho Greek cnipiic It is better built than the rest of the towns in tho |)aehnlic, and was formerly famous us productive of the loadstone; from whence tho name magnet is perhaps derived. Its pop. is estimated ut 30,000. MAOMr, a town of France, department of 8eine-et-Oi8e; 32 miles N.W. of Paris. MAiiAUALirooiiAM, or MAVALiru'uAM, a Tillii);e and collection of rock-temples on the Corouiandel coast, S. India, evidently of nnicli importance iu former times; 33 miles b.S.W. of Madras. Mahalku, or Mauali.et-el-Ivebeer, a town of E(;ypt; capital of El-Gurbis. It cur- ries on a considerable trade in linen, cotton, and sal ammoniac; and the inhabitants have ovens to hatch chickens. Long. 33. 30. E. lat. 31. 30. N. Maiiamuddt, (the large river,) a river of Hindostan, whieli rises in the N.E. part of Berar, crosses Urissa, and enters tho Bay of Bengal, by several mouths, below Cutback. These mouths form au assemblage oi low woody islands. Diamonds are sometimes found in the sand brought down by it. Maiie, a town of Hindostan, in Malabar, belonging to the French ; taken by the Eng- lish in 1793, and restored to them. It is now but of little importance. It is situate on high ground, at the mouth of a river; 5 milet S.S.F* of Tellichcrry. Mahbbooro, a town of the island of Mauritius. It is on the S.E. coast, in h healthy situation, and the chief quarters of ihu military corps. It has nn exrcllont liir- boiir, w liicli wiih iiiadc a port of entry in 189!). MAiii.nKHii.n town and castle of (iuriuun^, ill Madcii; 17 miles N. of Frihnrg, Maumoiiiiaiiaii, a town of Hindostan, in Oiixerat; 17 miles S.S.E. of Ahiiii'daliiul. Maiimudi'ouk, a town of IlltiduHtuu, in Hcngal; HO miles N.E. of Culcnlta. Maiiomiiv, a town of llindostuii, in (ha province of Oiidc; 70 miles N.W, of Luck- now, and ISO E.8.K. of Delhi. Maiion, a port and tiwn at the ca^icrn end of Minorca. It i.i a (iiio harlioiir, tliu entrance of which is narrow, and (IcfiiuliMl by two forts. It was much used hy tlio ^riti^Ic8, in Cala- bria Ultra. Oil the plain near this place, in 1806, a victory was obtained by 5000 British troops over 8000 French. It is 9 mile* W.S.W. of Squillttce. Maii>enhead, a town in Berkshire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Wed- nesday, and a good trade in malt, meal, and timber. It is seated on tho Thames, over wliich is a bridge, near which it is also crossed by the Great Western railway; 12 miles E. by N. of Reading, and 26 W. by N. of London. Maidbnoi, an island of the Pacific Ocean; 36 miles long, and 9 broad. In the W."' part of it native copper is found. Long. 167. 10. E, lat. 54. 40. N. Maidstone, a borough, and the county town of Kent; governed by a mayor, with* market on Thursday. It has a brisk trade in exporting the commodities of the county, particularly hops, of which there are nniae- MAI r)i3 MAI rnui iilnntntiotiH nrontnl i licro nn alno i>np«>r mii.s mill n iiiaiiulMiiiirc ol liiini. 'Ilir iild rliiircli ii4 n spiiiiouN iitiil IiiiiiiInkiiic tMlilUtu; then' nri' 3 iiIIu'ih, iiml m vcriil mccliiin-linu- KCN fiir (liNSfiilcrH, 11 (>riiiiiiniir iicIkmiI, v\i^\\l clmrity ncIiooIh, ^c, 'I'Iic riiiiiity k""' '■■>'I ciiiirt'lioiiNu JH nil cxIi'iiNivo nm^it of iim- ilcrn liiiililiiiKii. MiiiilKtutifl in Hcalitil on llu^ Mcilwny, over which \n n hridnn of kcncii iirclicHi 2(1 fiiil(!H \V. ()(' ('uiitMliiiiy, iiinl 'M K S.I''. •>! liiiiKluii. It ri'tui'iiR two niuiiihuni tuparliiiiiK'iit. Maiiiihi'iiuk, II town nf IliiiiKistnn, in Malwal; iu>;ir wliirli tlio Ii'i)ii|im of Iloikar were il fi' ituil liy lliu Ili'itiHJi in |HI7. It is SKi\tK<\ on lliu Kopnili ; 'JD niilcs N. of ( tujuin. Maiiami'ta, It lolly loitiVMs ol llimlostun, in M,v-»a'i't unti oik) of lliu most ccktliratdil pliicM of Hindoo \voi-Hlii|i. 'I'ho lur^c tcin|ilu iH II s(|iiarii liuililin^ of ^rcat (linictiHionN, uuii thcjewrls hclon^in); to it iini vin'y valnalile. Ill 177'J llyilor was iMnnplutuly ronlid liy tlio Malinittii chirl's ticiir this pliuHs; lunl il was Irro tliiit lliu Miilinittii chirrs Joiiii'il Loril llornw.illis, in IT'.tl. It is 17 miles N. ol' Scrin^'iipatain. M\iM.ii'./AiH, II town of Franco, ilcpurt- mi'iitot' VtiiKli'u; HiMitcil on an iNlaiul runncil liv tlio Suiirc and Auiizii; 22 iiiilcH N.IC. of liociu'iif. M.uNA, a scap irt of Greece, i.i the Morea, which five's niinie to a district which lies liu- twecii two buys of the Mcilitcrrunisnii sea. Tiiu iiiliiil)it;inls of the district, estimated at 50,000, could never, even nominally, be snb- jt^etuil til the Turks, till the end of tho ci;^ht- ecnth century, when they njirced to jiay a siimll triliiito to the porte. Tlic town is seat- «iion the Buy of Coron; 46 miles S. by W. of Misitra. Lon^;. 22. 10. H. lat. ;)(i. .14.' N. Maine, one of the United States; formerly a district of Miussachiisetts; S.'iO miles lonf?, mill 192 liroad. Area, about ;iO,0()() square miles. Pop. 501,793. It is bounded on the N.W. nnil N. by Canada, E. by New Bruns- wick, S E. and E by tho Atlantic, and W. by Now Hampshire. It comprises the 13 counties of Penobscot, York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, Washington, Kcnnebeck, fixfoicl, Waldo, Piscataquis, Franklin, Aroos- took imd Somerset. The chief rivers are the I'oniihscot, Kennebeok, Saco, Androseog-jin, St. John, and St. Croix; and it has several sniall lakes. Thou;,'li an elevated tract, it cannot be called niountainou.s, and a j^reat Pfoportionof the lands are arable, and exceed- 'ngly fertile. Hops arc tho spontaneous growth of this country. Tho trees are white pine, •Pfuce, maple, beech, white and grey oiik, and yellow birch ; these, asship timber, boards, and every species of split lumber, arc the principal export* of the country. The heat "I summer is intense, and the cold in winter ««reme; all the lakes and rivers are usually passable on ice, from Christmas till the middle »; March. A portion of this state was under flispiite between the United States, and Eng- land, but the territory was divided by ireiity, bi'lwci'ii (III! niiitciiiliii;^ partiiM. Aiiu'uhIii i* lis poliiical capital, liiit is inferior in iiiipor- tiince to I'oi'tland and other tinvniind with various kinds of game; the lofty clitl'-i, iiiipeiiding over the sea, arc the haunts of eagles, falons, and ravens; tho deep caverns underneath shelter seals and otters; and to the winding bays resort tho swans, geese, se.irfs, and other uqnatie birds. Tho sens abound with fish, such as the herring, cod, turbot, and haddock, lobsters, oysters, innasels, &c., are iilso plentiful; while tho rivulets and lakes abound with salmon, trout, &c. The hills arc covered with sheep of u small breed, and of a shaggy up|>earance; but their fleece is very soft, and extremely tine. Their horses are of a diminutive si/.e, but remarkably strong and handsome, and lire well known by tlic name of shelties. There is an immense store of peat, but no coal. They have some manufactures of linen and woollen cloth, but their chief employment is derived from tho fisheries. Lerwick is the (capital. Mainland, the principal of the Orkney islands. See Pomona. Maintenon, a town of France, department of Eurc-et- Loire; seated between two moun- tains; on tho river Euro; 11 miles N. by E. of Chartres. Maike, Lc, a strait of South America; between Tierra del Fuego and Staten Land; about 15 miles long, and as many broad. Maitland, a town of New South Wales of considerable importance, about 4 miles from the navigable heail of the river Hunter, and 120 miles from Sydney, with which city a constant communication is kept up by steam vessels. It is known as East and West Maitland : the former being the site selected by government, and the latter chosen on the banks of the Hunter by the early settlers. East Maitlend contains a Protestant church, €»• MAL 5U MAL i'' ! in 1 1 'I I tliolic chapel, and court house; also a bi finch ol the Bunk ut° Austntlusia. In West Muit- hind there is a Prutustant church, a Scotch kirk, and a Wesleyan meetinj^-house; also a branch of the Commercial Bank of Sydney. There are several good inns. Maixant, St., a town of France; depart- ment of Deux Sevres; with a trade in corn, and miinufrtctures of woollen stutFs, &c. It is seated on the Sovre Niortoise; 36 miles S. W. of Poitiers. Majouca, the principal of the Balearic isles; 40 miles long, and 3.5 broad; situate in the Mediterranean sea, between Iviya and Minorca. The whole coast is lined with strong towers. The surface is extremely uneven, and is divided by a range of moun- tains, the highest of wliich is .0114 feet. The Climate is exceedingly mild and salubri- ous. Agriculture is very rude and debased, but olives, wine, saffron, and cattle, are largely produced. Tlie foreign trade of the island is considerable. It has only two important towns, and 28 villages. The roads have been considerably improved within the last few years. Area, 1340 square miles. Pop. 181,900. Palma is the capital. Makarev, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Niznei Novogorod; situate on the Volga; 24 miles E.N.E. of Niznei Novogorod. RIakarief, or M AKAREr, a town of Russia ; in the government of Kostroma. It is seated on the river Uiiza; 140 miles E. of Kostroma. Long. 44. 14. E. lat. 58. 50. N. Malabar, a maritime province of Hin- dostan; lying between 10. and 13. N. lat.; now under the dominion of the British. The term is usually applied to the whole W. coast between Cape Comorin and Bombay, but strictly speaking it only extends as far N. as hit. 12. 30. or to where the Malabar language is spoken. It consists either of flat land washed by the sea, or of different ranges of hills, extending to the foot of the moun- tains; and it is intersected by a number of mountain streams. Its chief produce is timber, sandal-wood, cocoa-nut, coir, and black pep- per. Its principal towns are Calicut, Telli- cherry, and Cananore. The area of the pro- vince is estimated at 6262 square miles, and the population in 1836,7, consisted of 844,186 Hindoos, 282,027 Mohammedans, and 14,403 Roman Catholics; altogether, 1,140,916. MALACCA,or Mala VA, an extensive country of India, beyond the Ganges; bounded on the N. by Siam, E. by the ocean, and S.W. by the strait of Malacca, which separates it from Sumatra. It is a peninsula lying between 1. and 8. N. lat. and 98. and 104. E. long.; and to the N. it has the kingdom of Siam, and is surrounded by the sea on all other sides. It is subdivided into several native states, and also contains the British provinces of Ma- lacca and Naning, pop. 37,706; and the Wellesley pro>'inco, pop. 46,880. The inter- nal native stntes contains a pop. of 36,680, and those on the coasts 253,000; the total pop. being 84,.'586. The Malay peninsula produces tin, gold and iron ; tin being its ciiief article of export, and is very excellent. Its climate is remarkably moist, and hence the vegetation is prolific. Timber, gums, and spices are therefore produced ; and the new gum, gutta percha, promises to be a consid- erable article of export. The chief towns are Malacca and Singapore. Tlie Malays are rather below the middle stature; their limbs well shaped, their complexion tawny, their eyes large, and their hair long, black, and shining. They are fond of navigation, war, plunder, emigration, adventures, and gallan- try ; talk incessantly of their honour and bra- very, and speak the softest language of Asia; yet they are deemed the most treacherous and ferocious people on the face of the globe. The government is vested in a rajah, or sultan, with a great number of chiefs under him, v'ho generally pay very little regard to his authority. Their religion is a mixture of Mohammediam and Paganism. The inland parts are possessed by a savage and barbarous people. Malacca, the capital of the British colony, situate on the western coast of the Malay peninsula. It stands on the Malacca river, whicli divides it into two parts. On its left bank are several remains of the date of the Portu- guese domination. The principal public in- stitution is the Anglo-Chinese college founded in 1818. Since the establishment of Pennng and Singapore, the tradeofMalaccii has great- ly declined, and is now very limited. Pop. in 1832, 12,120, including 4000 Chinese and 2000 Europeans. The Portuguese had a fac- tory here, which was taken from them by the Dutch, in 1640: it was subjected to the Eng- lish in 1795, restored to tlie Dutch in 1818, but is now under the authority of Great Britain. It is seated on the strait of its nmiH'; 480 miles S.E. o;' Achoen. Long. 102. li. E. lat. 2. 14. N. Malaga, a seaport and city of Spain, in Granada, with a good harbour, capable uf containing 400 merchant vessels, and 20 sail of the line. The cathedral is a stupendous pile, begun by Philip II. while married to Mary of England, and their united arms are over the gate. The inhabitants are about 50,000, who have some trade in raisins ai'u excellent wines, and manufactures of silks, velvets, soap, paper, &c. It may be the third or fourth city of Spain. Malaga was taken by the French, in 1 81 0, and remained in their possession till 1812. It is seated on the Mediterranean: surrounded by hills; j5 miles W.S.W. of Granada. Long. 4. 25. W. lat. 36. 43. N. . Malahide, a town and bay of Ireland, in the county of Dublin, famous for its oysters, 6 miles from the capital. In the vicinity is Malahide castle, the residence of the lanw' family. . . Malambito, a town of S. America, in tne province of Cartha^ena. about 60 miles t. MAL 545 MAL isuta chief Its e the , and e new Dnsid- ns are yg aro ■ limbs r, their k, and n, war, gallan- nd bra- )f Asia; .cherons le globe. ir sultan, ler him, •d to hi3 ixture of ;ie inland )arbarou3 sh colony, he Maliy Lcca river, ts left bank the Portu- public in- ,ge founded tofPenang ;a hits threat- id. I'oP-''* hinese i""i •ehadafac- them by tlie to the Eng- tch in 1818, ty of Great ontsn;tnK; 102. 12- 1^' of Spain, in L capable o Land 20 sad V stupendous le married to Itedarmsat'; Vs are nbou ■in raisins ttji'l kures of sd^^! [v be the third [L was taken (fainedintbe' [eated f ";» by hillBj 55 [ong.1-2»-^^- Iforitsoyste"' I the vicinity/* America, |nth« 60 i^"'^^ nf Carthageno, on the W. side of the rirer Masdatena. Malauocco, a small island and tovrn of Austrian Italy, 5 miles S. of Venice. Malatla, a town of Asia Minor, on the site of the ancient Meliteno, once the capital of Armenia Minor; seated 15 miles W. of >ne Euphrates, and 90 W.N.W of Diarbekir. l/mg. 37. 50. E. lat. 37. 30. N. XIalawolly, or Malavillt, a town of liindostan, in Mysore, with a large mud fort, 8-|)arated into two parts by a transverse wall. ILre is a fruit-garden of great extent, planted bv the late sultans. Tippoo Sultan was dc- f'iited here by General Harris, in 1799. It ii 33 miles E. of Sirringapatam. Malcuix, a town in Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin; seated on the river Pecne, vrheie it forms the lake Camrow; 22 miles E. of Gustrow. Malcho, a town of Germany, in the duchy ofMeckleiiburK-Schwerin, between the lakes Calpia and Flau ; 23 miles S.S.E. of Gus- trow, Maldeohem, a town of Belgium, proviv. e of Kast Flanders. Top. 4350. It is 10 miles li. of Bruges. Malda, a town of Bengal, now decayed, on the N.E. side of the Ganges. Long. 88. 4. ... lat. 25. 3. N. IIaldes, a town of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 4 miles N. of Boston. It is CDimected with Charkstown by a bridge over Mystic river, built in 1787. .Maldives, or Maldeuve, a cluster of stiiall islands in the Indian ocean; lying S.W. of Cape Comorin, extending from the equi- noctial line to 8. N. lat. and situated betv\ , jn 7i. and 74. E. long. They consist of numer- ous coralline reefs of an oval form, usually encirclin<5 lukt.s in which aro small islands. Tliey are divided into 17 attolons, or pro- vinces, each having its se,[\irate governor and its ilistinct branch of industry, the brewers t< siding in one, the goldsmiths in another, &c. 1^'ie inliubitauts appear to be a mixture of Arabs and Hindoos from Malabar. They ■'"'i'ply ships with sails and cordage, cocoa- """n, oil, and honey, dry fish, tortoise-shell, mi especially cowries, Malhos, a borough in Essex, governed oy a mayor, wi'h a market on Saturday, and » considerable trade, chiefly in corn, salt, coal, "•on, deals, and wine. It has two parish i^iiitrches, a free scliool, u library, and a town- i';''l; and returns two members to parliament. H'sseisof moderate burden come up to the iwn, but large ships are obliged to unload « a distance below, in Blackwater '>ay. The custom of Borough English, by ,/hich the j 'Jjngest son succeeds to the burgage tenure, " sq't up here. It is seated on an eminence, , ;' ix' river Blackwater, 8 miles E. of Chelms- ";Und 37. N.E. of London. -■ULDiHADo, a town of Banda Oriental, in c^ America, with a harbour sheltered by a """' '*''»'» J of its name; seated near the N. entrance of the Plata. Long. .55. 36. W. lat. 34. 50. S. Mai.euba, a seaport on the coast of Loango, Western Africa, 50 miles S. of Loango. Malk, the principal of the Maldive islands, and the residence of the prince. Long. 73. 10. E. lat. 6.20. N. MALE.SIIERBB3, a town of Franco, depart* mcnt of Loiret; seated on the Essone, 39 miles N.E. of Orleans. Pop. 1150. Malestroit, a town of France, depart- ment of Morbihan; seated on the Ouse, 19 miles E.N.E. of Vannes. Malhah, a village in W. Yorkshire, sur- rounded on every side by mountains and rising grounds, which abound in natural curiosities; and among them, on a high moor, is a circular lake, about a mile in diameter, which is tiie source of the river Aire, 6 milei E. of Settle, and 233 from London. Malines. See Mechlin. Malivaoonqa, a river of Ceylon, which rises among the hills to y.^o S.E. of Candy, nearly encompasses that city, and, after many windings among the mountains, enters the sea at Trincomalee. Mallicollo, one of the largest of the New Hebrides, in the South Pacific, extending 20 leagues from N. W. to S.E. The inland moun- tains are vf-y high, and clad witii forests; but the soi! is rich and fertile, producing cocoa- nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, sugar-canes, yams, ediloes, turmeric, oranges, &c. Hogs and common poultry ^re the domestic animals. The inhabitants appear to be a ditfcrent race from those of the Friendly and Society islands. In many particulars they seem to correspond witli the natives of New Guinea, particularly in their black colour and woolly hair. They go almost naked, are of a slender make, hare lively but very irregular features, and tie a rope fast round their belly. At the S. end of the island is a port, named Sandwich har- bour. Long. 167. 53. E. lat. 16. 25. S. Maluno, West, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday; 6 miles W. of Maid- stone, and 29 E. by S. of London. Mallow, a borough of Ireland, in tho county of Cork, with considerable linen manu- factures, and a fine spring of tepid water. It is seated on the Blackwater, 17 miles N. by W. of Cork. It returns one meiubor t(» parliament. ALiLMEor, a town of the PrMsian pro vince of Lower Rhine, government of Aix-la Chapelle; seated on the Recht. It has a noble church and some mineral springs; 20 miles S. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. in 1838, 4212. Malmo, a seaport of Sweden, government of Malmohus, with a large harbour and u strong citadel. It has manufactures of wool- len, and a considerable trade; seated on tlw Sound, 18 miles E. by S. of Copenhagen. Pop. in 183S, 8769. Lang. 13. 7. E. lat. 55. 36. N. Malmohus, a government of Sweden, in- cluding a great part of the ancient Bchouua. ,fa i ' T MAL 546 MAN m i) ii it n W 11' I HI ■1 aHt or Scania. It lies along the Sound and the Baltic, and comprises an area of 1380 uquare lailus, with 137,000 inhabitants. Malmsbukt, a borougii in Wiltshire, with a market on Saturday, and a woollen manu- facture. Its castle is demolished, but tliere are some remains of its once celebrated abbey. It is seated on a hill, almost surrounded by the Avon, ove; which it has six bridges; 26 miles E. by N. of Bristol, and 96 W. of Lon- don. It returns one member to parlia nent. Malo, St., a seaport of France, department of Illo-et-Vilaine, with a strong castle. It has a large harbour, difficult of access, on account of the rocks that surround it, a float- ing dock or harbour, recently constructed, and is a trading place of great importance. It was bombarded by the English, in 1693, but without success. In 1758 they landed in Cancalle Bay, went to the harbour by land, and burnt above 100 sliips. St. Malo is seated on an island, united to the mainland by a cause- way; 44 milesN.N.W. of Rennes. Pop. in 1836, 9409. Long. 2. 1. W. lat. 48. 39. N. Malone, a town of the state of Now York, on tlie Salmon river, in a romantic situation. Iron ore is found in the vicinity. Pop. 3229, 214 miles N. by W. of Albany. Malpas, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Wednesday. It has a handsome church, three chapels of ease, an hospital, a grammar school, a national school, and some dissenters' meeting-houses. Its chief importance is its market for cheese. It is seated on a high bill, near the river Dee; 15 miles S.E. of Chester, and 165 N.W. of London. Malplaquet, a village of France, in the department du Nord, famous for a victory gained over the French by the Duke of Marl- borougli, in 1709. It is 9 miles S. E. ofMons. Malta, an island in the Mediterranean, between Africa and Cicily; 17 miles long, and 9 bioad; formerly reckoned a part of Africa, but now belonging to Europe. It be- longs to great Britain, and is a crown colony. It is of an irregular oval form, and the surface is an inclined plain, sloping from the N.E. to the S.W. The substratum is a soft calcareous sandstone, which is broken up, and crumbles into good soil. Cultivation is diligently pur- sued: cotton is the chief produce ; corn,orangc8, and figs are grown. It has no rivers or lakes, and the climate is unusually hot, especially during the summer. The central position of Malta, its excellent port, and great military strength render it of great commercial im- portance, and it has lately become the centre uf a very extensive system of steam-packet service. The inhabitants are very swaithy, and speak a language compounded of the Arabic and Italian, they are laborious and frugal, and make excellent seamen, and have a liigh moral character. The area of Malta is considered as 96 sq. miles, and is peopled C1838) with 108,000 inhabitants, including 4500 British ; being 1 1 i5 to the sq. mile. The Doifihboaring island of Qouo contaiiu 16,5.34 inhabitants. After the taking of Ithodes, tho emperor Charles V. gave this island to tho grand-master of the or«'; fSarthe, seated Bellesme- hBea,30Tn.l^ M 18 P«#- shop,<»»tod** bishop of Sodor and Man, who is sole barort of theiflle, nnil possesses other important ])ri- vilegcs, but has no seat in the British parlin- tnenl. Ttie air is healthy, and the soil produces more corn than is sufficient to maintain the inhabitants, who are a mixture of English, Scoti'li, and Irish. The language is a dialect of the Celtic, called Manx. The commodities of the island are wool, hides, butter, tallow, black marble, slate, linustone, lead, and iron. Some manufactures of coarse hats, cotton goods, and linen cloth, are carried on in dif- ferent parts; but its principal trade arises from the herring fishery. The duke of Athol was formerly lord of this island, the sove- reignty of which he sold, in 1765, to the Crown. The chief towns are Castletown, Douglas, Peelc, Ruthin, and Ramsay. It is 18 miles S. of Scotland, 40 N. of Wales, 30 \V. of England, and 26 E. of Ireland. Manaak, asmall isl.ind in the Indian Ocean ; on tho N. VV. side of Ceylon. From this island a bank of sand, called Adam's Bridge, runs over to the continent of Hindostan, which can be passed only by boats. The seu to the S. of this, between the continent and the island of Ceylon, is called the Gulf of Manaar. The Portuguese obtained possession of the island in 1560; but it was taken by the Dutch, in 1U58, andin 1795 by the English. Long. 7'J. 3. E.lat.9. 6. N. Manad; I, a Dutch settlement, on the N.E. point of the island of Celebes, in the Asiatic areliipelago. This settlement has never been made known to the rest of the world till visited in 1844 by Captain Belcher. It is in the bight of a deep bay, and about 9 miles from Manado Tua or Old JSlanado, which was abandoned, probably on account of earthquakes ; the whole of this part of the peninsula being volcanic, and some portions in activity. Manado is in lat. 130. 23. N. long. 124. 43. E. Manai'ar, a town of Hindostan, district of Tineveliy; situate on a point of land project- ing into the gulf of Manaar; 40 miles 8.E. of Palamcotto. Long. 78. 17. E. lat. 8. 39. N.— Also a town in the province of Tanjore. Lonj,'. 78. 30. E. lat. 16. 39. N. Manbona, a town of Eastern Africa; si- tuate on the sea coast, 60 miles S. of Sol'ala. Lon-.35. 39. E. lat. 21. 15. S. Mancksteh, a village in Warwickshire, "ear Atlierstone. It was a Roman station, «iid here several coins have been dug up: seated on an eminence near the Anker; 106 •niles from London. Mancua, La, a territory of Spain, lying S. « Old Castile, and N. of Andalusia. It is "vided into Upper and Lower, and is nearly surrounded by mountains, producing anti- mony vermilion, and mercury. It is chiefly a table land, elevated at a mean height of ^1100 feet above the level of the sea. Although apparently a plain, it is very undulating; in ™ dips, occasionally, a streamlet creates a ptrtml verdure and fertility; water is tlio Krcat want. Denuded of trees, it is e*P««»aciou8, straight, and well puvcil ; the houses elegant, and uniform. The ]iiil:ico is a magnificent structure, with a cabi- net of natural curiosities and a gallery of ])]( tares. The inhai)itant3 in 1808, were com- liutcil at 20,600, Manheirn was frequently taken and re-tiiken by the French and Aus- tiiins, in the late wars : and was finally ceded to Biiilcn in 1802. It is 17 miles N. of Spire, and 42 S. of Frankfort. Long. 8. 28. E. lat. 49.29.N. Manica, an inland kingdom in the S. E. part of Africa; bounded on the N. by Moca- raiigii, E. by Sofala and Sabia, and S. and W. by unknown regions. It is said to abound with mines of gold, and has a river and capi- tal of the same name; but it is little known to the Europeans. Manickddko, a town and fortress of Hin- dostan, in the province of Berur; 5 miles S. £. of Chanda. Manickpatam, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Orissa; 12 miles S.W. of Jug- gernaut. Manickpore, a town of Hindostan ; capi- tal of a district of the same name in the pro- vince of Allahabad ; seated on the Ganges, in lilt. 19. 40. N. long. 85. 36. E. Manilla, or Manila, the capital of th^ island of Luzon, as well as of the other Phi- lippine islands, and the see of an archbishop, who is commonly tho.Spanish viceroy. It is well fortified, and defended by the castle of St. Philip. Manilla comprises the city proper, and ten suburbs. The former is on the S. bank of the Passig, across which is a, stone bridge, and is about 2 miles in circuit, containing about 10,000 or 12,000 inhabitants. It is regularly laid out, and is handsome; and also contains most of the public edifices, the resi- dence of the Spanish captain-general, the public ofiices, and the new aduana or cus- tom-house. There are a vast number of churches and ecclesiastical establishments. The tobacco of the Philippines is excellent, and the royal cigar manufactory in Manilla employs 350 men, and 2000 women. Ma- njlla is the only port in the Spanish Philip- pines with which Spanish vessels from Eu- f'ljie, or foreign vessels from any quarter, are allowed to trade. The population is variously estimated at from 100,000 to 150,000, includ- i"!,' "000 ecclesiastics. Most of the public structures are built of wood, on account of tlie frequent earthquakes, by one of which, in 16n,a mountain was levelled; and, in 1625, a third part of the city was overthrown by another, when 3000 persons perished. This cify is seated near the lake Bahia, on the E. ?iiie of a bay, on the S.W. coast. The bay '» a circular basin, 10 leagues in diameter, and great part of it land-locked ; but the port ['^'■^'{'"'rto the city, called Cavite, lies 9 miles '" * ■■■ '' W Ou account of the pure and lu the mild temperature of the air, it is deemed the mo.st healthy of all the European settlements in the east. In 17G2, the English took this ciiy by storm, but sulfercd the archbishop to ransom it for about 1,000,000/. sterling, but great part of the ransom never was paid. Long. 120.53. E. lat. 14.36. N. Manninotree, a town in Essex, with a market on Thursday. The principal imports are deals, com, coal, and iron. It is seated on a branch of the Stour, called Maniiingtree- water, and is on the Eastern Countivs rail- way; 11 miles W. of Harwich, and 60 N.E. of London. Mannhartsbero, a mountain cliain u' Austria, beginning at the frontier of Moravia, and terminating at the Danube. The pn<- duets are com, safifron, and wine. The chief towns are Crems and Kloster-Neubcrg. Manosque, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Alps, near the Durance, with a castle; 20 m. N.E. of Aix. Pop. 5400. Mani-crrt, a town and fort of Hindostan, in the district of Dooab, seated on Issah; 54 miles E. of Agra. Manresa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia; with ;-. castle, and manufactures of silk, huts, gunp jwUer, &c.; se.ited at the conflux of the Cardoncro with the Llohregat ; 20 miles N.W of Barcelona. It was fired by Marshal Mac donald in 1811, and the grossest enormities perpetrated, which the Catalan knife avenged, and the blackened ruins yet remain a silent but crying record of the past, and a warnin;^ for the future. Pop. 13,000. Mans, Le, a town of France, capital of the department of Sarthc, and the see of a bishop. It contained in 1836, 19, 103 inhabitants, and was formerly much more populous. Its cathedral and churches are remarkable. It has excellent poultry, and its wax and stuffs are famous. It is seated on a high hill, near the Sarthe; 20 miles S. of Alen^on, and 75 W. by N. of Orleans. Long. 0. 9. E. lat. 48. 0. N. Mansaroar, a lake of Tliibet, from which the southernmost hcud of the Ganges was long supposed to issue. It was aboi c 115 miles in circumference, and lies about 79. £• long, and 34. N. lat Mansfield, a town of Prussian iinxony, in the government of Merseberg; with a de- cayed castle on a high rock; seated on the Thalbach, 8 miles N.N.W. of Eisleben. Mansfield, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a market on Thursday; a trade in corn and malt, and lately of building stone, anil manufactures of lace, hosiery, and cotton- spinning. Here are a coiumudious church, five meeting-houses, a grammar-school, two charity schools, and twelve -almshouses. Coins of several Roman emperors have been dug up near this town, and the relics recently dis- covered aiford indisputable proof that ihe Romans had a station in the vicinity. It communicates with Nottingham by a rail- way 17^ miles in length. It is seated on the edge ot the forest of Sherwood, 14 miles N. ■' ■ i;4 !?»! Ill I MAN fiSO MAR f ' i\ of Nottin^-Imm, ai>d 138 N. by W. of London. Mansfikld, a town of Tolland county, Connecticut. Population, 2276. — There me aeveral inconsiderable townships of this name •n the United States. Maksilla, a town of Spain, province of Leon ; 10 miles S.S.E. of Leon. Mansora, a town in the kingdom of Fez, seated near the mouth of thoGuir; 60 miles VV. of Mcquincz. Mansouka, a town of Lower Egypt, with a considerable trade in rice and sal-ammo- niac; built by the Sara^'ens, during the cru- sades, as a bulwark against the Christians. It is seated on the E. side of the Mile; 24 m. 8.S.W. of Damictta, and 60 N. of Cairo. Mantes, a town of Franco; department of Scine-ct-Oise, with a bridge over the Seine, the great arch of which is 120 feet wide. The wines of its vicinity are famous. It is 31 miles N.W. of Paris. Pop. 4300. Mantua, a province or delegation of Aus- trian Italy, contiguous to the duchies of Parma and Modena; fertile in corn, flax, fruits, and excellent wine. It was governed by the Gonzago family, with the title of duke, till Charles IV., taking part with the French in the dispute relating to the succession of Spain, was put under the ban of tlie empire, and died in 1708. Having no heirs, the House of Austria kept possession till 1800, when the French obtained it after the battle of Marengo; but the An.strians obtained pos- session of it again in 1814. Mantua, a city of Austrian Italy^ capital of the above province. It is seated on an island in the middle of a lake, 20 miles in circumference, and 2 broad, formed by the Mincio, and so very strong by situation, as well as by ait, that it is one of the most con- siderable fortresses in Europe. The only way into this city is by means of two moles or bridges, eiwh of which is defended by a fort and otkei'^works. The city is well built, and most of the streets are spacious, regular, and well paved. In the cathedral are paint- ings by the most celebrated masters; the church of St. Anthony is famous for relics : and the Franciscan church is one of the most elegant of that order in Italy. Here are many other churches, numerous convents, a synagogue for the Jews, who live in a distinct quarter, a university, the ancient ducal pa- lace, with its gallery of paintings, &c. Virgil was born at a village near this city. Man- tua surrendered to the French in 1 797 (after a siege of eight months), was taken by the Austrian and Aussian army in 1799; again ceded to France in 1801, and finally delivered up to the Austrians in 1814. It is 35 miles N.E. of Parma, and 70 E.S.E. of Milan. Pop. in 1837, 26,865. It has a branch to the railway from Venice to Milan, &c. Mamzanares, a town of Spain, in the dis- trict of La Mancha, province of New Castile, on a river of the same name; 21 miles from Ciudad Real. Its inhabitants are chiefly en- gaged in the culture of saffron. Pop. 91 Oft Maouna, one of the Navigator's islmids, in the S. Pacific. — Here, in 1787, Pcrouse met with his first fatal accident; Captain Langle Lemanon, the naturalist, and iiiiia sailors, being massacred by the natives. Long. 169. 0. W. lat. 14. 19. S. Maracaibo, a province of South Americaj now forming part of the Venezuelan province of the Colombian republic, and extending; N. to the Caribbean sea. The soil is iu many places exceedingly fertile, and the climate, although excessively hot, is not on the wliole unhealthy. Maracaibo, the capital of the above pro- vince; with a harbour which can only admit small vessels, owing to the obstruction of a sand-bar. It has a mean appearance, somo of the houses being covered with tiles, others with reeds. The climate is hot, and the storms of thunder and lightning that frequent- ly occur, are accompanied with tremendous rains. Population in 1801, and perhaps now, 24,000. It is seated on the outlet of the lake of its name; 60 miles W.S.W. of Venezuela, and 420 W. of Caraccas. Long. 71. 46. W. lat. 10. 30. N. Maracaibo, Lagoon or Lake, a lake of the Caraccas; in the province of Venezuela. It is 1 50 miles long, and 90 where broadest, with a circumferenceof 450; and is navigable for vessels of the greatest burden. The banss are sterile, and the air insa'-ibrious; but the water is fresh, except in stormy weather, when the waters of the sea are forced into it. It communicates with the gulf of Venezuela by a strait, which is defended by strong forts, and has several Spanish towns seated on its borders. Maracat, cr Moraoao, a town of the re- public of Venezuela; in the neighbourhood of which are plantations of cotton, indigo, coffee, corn, &c.; seated on the E. side ot the lake Tacarigua. Pop. 10,000. Maraoa, a well-built city of Persia, pro- vince of Azerbijan ; with a spacious bazaar, a glass maimfactory, and a handsome public bath; situated at the extremity of a well cultivated plain, opening to the lake of Uru- mea, from which it is distant 10 or 12 miles, and 68 miles N. of Tabreez. Poi-. 15,000. Long. 46. 25. E. lat. 37. 20. N. Maranham, a northern province of Brazil, which comprehends a fertile and populoui island of the same name, 112 miles in cir- cumference. The borders of its numerous rivers, of which the Itapicuru is the chief, are fhiitful in cotton and rice, and have pro- spered when compared with other ports The early history of the province is a record of misfortunes, cruelties, and nearly at all times of the slave trade. The population was estimated in 1 844 as 105, 11 9 free, and 1 1 1,90* slaves, total, 217,024. The French sett ea here in 1812; but they were soon expelieu by the Portuguese. St. Luis do Maranham is the chiof town. «5 MAR i55l MAR Maranham, Sak Lois dk, a city of tlio Braziliun empire, nnd capital of the foregoing province. It is better built than any other city in Brnzii, and exhibits an air of neatness nnd enterprise not to be found elsewheie. It isclei\n, regularly built, divided into 2 parishes, lilts 1 3 ciuirches, 3 monasteries, a public school, iiiul C hospitals. It ranks as the fourth city of the empire. It stands on the N.W. point ot the isiiuid of the same name, and has very coiisiilcrablu commerce in cotton, rice, and other articles, chiefly with England. Its pop. h estimated at 33,000. Lat 2.31. S. long. 44.16. W. Maranon. See Amazon. Marano, a seaport of Austrian Italy, in the province of Udiii'i; seated on the Gulf of Venice, 27 miles S. ')y E. of Udina. Long. 13.5. E. lat. 45.52. N. Marass, a town of France, department of Lower Charente; witii a brisk trade in salt, malt, corn, and mealj seated on the Sevre, in the iniilst of salt marshes; 12 miles N.M.E. of Koehello. Makaxt, or Amarant, a town of Persia, in the province of Azcrbijan, containing 2500 houses, each with a garden; situate near a river, and watered by canals. Cochineal is found in its neighbourhood. The inhabitants say that Noah was buried here. It is 50 miles N. of Tauris. Long. 47. 46. E. lat. 39. 7. N. SIarasa, a town of W. Africa, in Wangara, on tlie N. side of the Niger; 160 miles N.E. of Ghanara. Long. 17. 10. E. lat. 15. 50. N. Marascii, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caraniania; the capital of a sangiacate, and the see of a bishop. It is 180 miles E. by S. of Konieli. Long. 37. 25. E. lat. 37. 24. N. Marathon, a village of Livadia, in Greece; fonnerly a city, famous for the victory ob- tained by Miltiades, with 10,000 Athenians, over 500.000 Persians, B. C. 490. It is 20 miles N.N.E. of Athens. Ma RAVI, a lake of Eastern Africa, behind Mozambique; reported to be about 40 miles in breadth, and of much greater length. At its S. extremity is a district with a town of the same name. Long. 33. 10. E. lat. 13. 1 0. S. Marazion, or Market Jew, a town in Cornwall, with a market on Saturday. The parish church o^" St. Hilary is about 2 miles distant, but the town has a chapel of ease, be- sides several meeting-houses for dissenters. It is seated on Mounts bay, 4 miles E. of Peniance, and 279 W. by S. of London, Marbella, a town of Andalusia, seated at the mouth of the Rio "Verde; with a harbour, ilolended by an old Moorish castle; 28 miles W. of Malaga. Pop. 4282. Marblehead, a town of Massachusetts, ia Essex county, with a harbour protected by a sea wall, and defended by a battery and cita- uel. It stands on a neck of land, in Massa- chusetts bay ; 1 6 miles N.E. of Boston. Pop. 5575. Long. 70. 36. W. lat. 42. 36. N. Marbceup, a town of France, department of Eure; 12 miles N. of Conches. M.'RBOZ, a town of France, department of Ain. Tt is 12 miles N. of Bourg. Pop. 2500. Marurook, a river in Shropshire, which joins the Severn below Bridgenorth. Marburo, a town of Germany, capital of that part of Upper Hesse which belongs to the elector of Hesse-Cassel. It has a fortified castle on the top of a mountain, a university, an academy, a Lutheran, a Calvinist, nnd a Catholic church, an nospital, two infirnuiriGs, nnd an orphan-house. It was taken by tlie French in 1757; surrendered to the allies in 1759; and again taken by the French in 1760. It is seated on the Lahn; 47 niiic. S.W. of Cassel. Pop., including the suburb of Weidenhausen, 7700. Long. 8. 46. K. lat. 50. 48. N. Maucellin, St., a town of France, de- partment of Isere; seated on the Iserc, at the foot of a hill, in an excellent wine country; 30 miles S.S.E. of Vienne. March, a town in Cambridgeshire; with a market on Friday, and a considerable trade in com, coals, and timber. It is seated on the Nen, in the Isle of Ely; 26 miles N.N.W. of Cambridge, and 81 N. of London. Marchuuuo, or Marburo, a town of Aus- tri.i, in the province of Styria, of which it is the second town. It is in a beautiful country, richly planted with vines. The chief trade of the place is the traffic between Hungary and Illyria. Pop. in 1837, 4578. It stands on the Drave, 36 miles S.S.E. of Griitz. M.VRCHE, a town of France, department of Vosges; situate near the source of the Mou- zon; 20 miles S. of Neufchateau. Marcheck, a town of Lower Austria, with an old castle ; seaicl on the March, on the frontiers of Hungary; aa miles E. by N. of "Vienna. Marciiiennes, a town of Be^sivim, pro- vince of llainttult; seated on the Sani\>i-e, 18 miles E. by S. of Mons. Marciiiennes, a town of France, depart- ment of Nord, seated in a morass, on the river Scarpe; 9 miles W.N.W. of Valenciennes. Marcianisi, a town in Naples, in Terra di Lavoro; 13 miles N.N.E. of Naples. Marcignt, a town of France, department of Saone-et-Loire, near the river Loire; 3L miles W. of Macon. Marco, St., a seaport of East Florida, on a river of the same name, at its entrance into Apalache bay ; 180 miles "W.N.W. of St. Au- gustin. Long. 84. 38. "W. lat. 30. 18. N. Marco, St., a town of Naples, in Calabna Citra; seated on the Senito. It is 22 miles N. of Cosenza. Maucou, St., two small islands in the En- glish Channel, near the coast of France; 7 miles S.E. of La Hogue. Mardikb, a village of France, department of Nord; seated on a canal, to which it gives name; 4 miles W. by S. of Dunkirk. Mareb, the capital of a district of Arabia, in Yemen. It is 100 miles S.E. of Sana. Lonjj. 47. 30. E. Ut. 15. ** N. ^ ^l ''■l:f. r' • \ H MAR 552 MAR u MAnENOO, a village of Italy, in the Sardi- nian 8'iitcs and government of Milan; famous for a (lucisive victory gained by the French over the Austrians, June 14, 1800. It is 3 miles S.E, of Alessandria. MAKEN03, a county of Alabama, between the Tombigbco and Black Warrior rivers. The soil is sterile; capital, Linden. Pop. 17,264. Marenmes, a town of France, department «if Lower Charento; remarkable for the green- iiiincd oysters found near the coast. It is 25 miles S. of La KochuUc, and 270 S.\V. of Paris. Mareotis, Lakk, at the S. of Alexandria, Egypt. It was formed by the British, in their siege of that city, by cutting a communication between the canal and the present lake, and wiiich is still open, and atlords a considerable supply of water to the ancient lake, which had become almost dry. Maretimo, an island in the Mediterranean ; on the W. coast of Sicily; 12 miles in circum- ference. It has a castle witli a few farm- houses; and produces much honey. Long. 12. 15. E. lat. 38. 5. N. Margarita, an island near the coast of Cumana, republic of Venezuela, S. America; about 40 miles long and 15 broad; discover'>d by Columbus in 1498. The continual verdure renders it pleasant; but it has no fresh water. The inhabitants are principally mulattrss and the original natives. The pearl fishery was once prosecuted to a great extent; but in 1620 the Dutch landed and burned the town and ca.stle, since which it has greatly declined. Its ports are Pampatar, Pueblo de la Mar, and Pueblo del Norte. Ascension is the ca- pital. Long. 64. to 63. W. lat. 10. 56. N. Margate, a town in Kent, on the isle of Thanet; w<*'i markets on Wednesday and Saturday, and a brisk trade in corn, coals, fisb, timber, iron, tar, &c. It is a member of the port of Dover: and, owing to the great resort to it, for sea-bathing, for which its situ- ation is well adapted, it has rapidly increased in population and wealth. The harbour has been greatly improved, and the town is pro- tected from the inroads of the sea by a stone pier. It is situate on the side of a hill; 17 miles E.N.E. of Canterbury, and 71 E. by S. of London, and is the terminus of a branch of the South Eastern Railway. Long. 1. 22. E. lat. 51. 24. N. Marguerite, a small uncultivated island on the S.E. coast of France, opposite Antibes, with a strong castle in which "the man with the iron mask" was for some time confined. Long. 7. 3. E. lat. 45. 31. N. Mari, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Ross- ihire; 16 miles long, and from 1 to 2 broad. There are 24 small islands in it. Maria, a river of North America, which rises in the Rocky mountains, and, after a course of 500 miles, falls into the Missouri; 54 miles below the Great Falls. Maria, Cape, a small island on the N. coast of New Holland, in the Gulf of Carpcn« taria. Long. 135. 53. E. lat. 14. 50. S. Maria, St., an island in the Indian Ocean, near the E. side of Madagascar. It is 45 miles long, and 7 broad; well watered, and surrounded by rocks. The air is extremely moist; for it rains almost every day. It pro- duces rice, sugar-canes, legumes, pine-upples, tobacco, &c., and on the coasts are foumi white coral and ambergris. Long. 50. 20. £. lat. 17. 0. S. Maria, St., the most southern island of tlie Azores; which produces ])lenty of wheat, and has about 5000 inhabitants. It has a town of the same name. Long. 25. 9. W. lat. 8G. 57. N. Maria, St., a town of Congo; capital of the kingdom of Matamba. It stands on a ri- ver that flows into the Coanzo; 310 miles £. of Loanda. Long. 18. 0. E. lat. 8. 50. S. ]\Iarie Gai.ante, one of the Caribbcc is- lands, belonging to the French. On the E. shore are lofty perpendicular rocks; and about half its surface is barren mountains, It is indifferently watered, but produces to- bacco, coffee, and sugar. It is about 12 miles long, and from 5 to 9 wide. Parallel to tlic low northern shores runs a narrow lagoon, abo4it 8 miles long, and separated from tlic sea by a bank of sand. Pop. 13,188, includ- ing 10,116 blacks, who have been set free by the new French republic. It was taken by 11 British frigate in 1808 The S. end is 30 miles N. by E. of Dominica. Long. 61. 12. W. lat. 15. .52. N. Marian Islands. See La drone. Mariazell, or Marianzei.l, an obscure village of Austria in Styria, only remarkable for a famous shrine of the Virgin, to wliidi about 100,000 pilgrims have annually re- sorted; 55 miles S.W. of Vienna. Some most important iron foundries are 2 or 3 miles distant from Mariazell. Marie aux Mines, a town of France, de- partment of Upper Rhine; divided into two parts by the river Laber. It is 14 miles N.W. of Colmar. Pop. 4000. Marienburg, a strong town of West Prus- sia, in the government of Dantzic; with n brisk trade. It is chiefly remarkable as having been the seat of the Grand-masters of the Teutonic Knights for two centuries, and the remains of the Teutonic castl«. It is scatid on the E. branch of the Vistula; 24 miles S.E. of Dantzic. Long. 19. 1. E. lat. 54. 2. N. Pop. in 1837, 5708. Marienburg, a town of Saxony, in tlia circle of Erzgebirge; near which are mines of silver, iroTi, vitriol and sulphur. It is 35 miles S.W. of Dresden. Pop. 2600. Mariestadt, a town of Sweden, capital of the province of Scarborg; seated on tiie Lake Wenner, 35 miles S.E. of Carlstadt, and 102 S.W. of Stockholm. Long. 14. 25. E. lat. 58. 28. N. Mariemwbrder, a neat town of Wert Prussia; capital of a government and circle; MAR 553 MAR nitli appmrious pnlncc, built in tlic old Gothic tJisto. The catlicilrul is the liirgcst cliiirih ill tho kingy S. of London. Martorano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, and a bishop's see; 18 miles from the sea, and 15 S. of Cosenza. Martorel, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, at the conflux of the Noya and Lobbregat; 18 miles N.W. of Barcelona. MARToa, a town of Spain, in Andulasia, with a fortress. It is 10 miles W. of Joeu. Pop. 6000. h' « M A R 556 MAS Mj i I let I i I Maku, a town of IVisiu, in Kliorasan, re- Mtruted for it8 Hiilt-woiks; Hituutu on tiio Miir)(ii, 130 niilu8 K.N.K. of Mo.-clicd. Mauvao, a town of I'ortugiil, in Aluntcjo; b niili'H N.K. of l'(irtak*(rre. M AuvKJOi.H, 11 town of li'rnnco, Jcpiirttncnt of Lo/crc; suatud on tlic Colangu, 10 niilos N.W. of Mcnile. Tup. a7uO. Maiivii.li'., u town ot Fnincc, department ofMt^use; Huutud on tho O^licin, 3 miles N. of Jamctz. Mauy, St., a scnport of the state of Oeor- uin, in Camduu comity, at tliu mouth of St. Mary rivcrj 70 miles 8. by W. of Newport. LonR. 80. .52. \V. lut. 30. 43. N. Maut River, St., a river of the Ntnte of Georgia, nuvigahlu for vchscIs of considerublo burden for 90 miles. It« banks atford im- inenso qujintities of fine timber, suited to the West India markets. Mauy Stkait, St., a strait in North Ame- rica, about 70 miles lont;, wliich connect! Lake Superior and Lake lluron. Mauyuououuii, a town of Ireland, Queen's county, with considerable woollen manufac- tures. It is the sliire and assize town, and has an excellent gaol, and a market-house. It is situate 17 miles S. of I'hilipstown, and 43 S.W. of Dublin. Makyland, one of the United States of America, 196 miles long and 120 broad; bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Dela- ware and the Atlantic, and S. and W. by Virginia. It is divided into 20 counties, 12 of wliich are on the western, and 8 on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake: those on the W. side are Hartford, Baltimore, Ann Arun- del, Frederic, Allegany, Washington, Mont- gomery, Prince George, Calvert, Carroll, Charles, and St. Mary; those on the E., Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne, Caroline, Talbot, Somer- set, Dorchester, and Worcester. Wheat, Jnditm corn, and tobacco, are the staple com- modities of this state, which, in most respects, resembles Virginia. Inhabitants, 4(^3,232, of whom 89,495 are slaves. Annnpclii; is the capital, but Baltimore is the mure u< trade. Martlebomb, in the county of ^Middlesex, one of the metropolitan boroughs, returning two members to parliament. See London. Mabyport, a town in Cumberland, with markets on Tuesday and Friday, and a good Harbour. Here are three ship-yards, and some manufactures; and near the town is the Roman station, Virosidum, where several altars and statues have been dug up. Besides the parish church, here are five meeting- Louses and a national school. It is at the mouth of the Eden, 28 miles S.W. of Car- lisle, and 312 N.N.W. of London; connected with Carlisle, Whitehaven, &c., by railways. Mart's, St., the chief of the Scilly islands. It is about 2i miles long, and 1 i broad. New- town, or Hughtown, is the capital of the is- lands, and has a custom-house, &c., and is guarded by Star Fort. Long. 6. 12. W. lat. 49. 65. N. Makza, a town in Sicily, in Val di Noto, noi'il ior itii suit. It is 10 miles H. hy\f of Noto. Mas d'Aoenois, a town of France, ilcpHrt- mcnt of Lot-et-Garonne, on the river (Jaioniip' 24 miles N.W. of Agon, and 60 S.E. ufBur- dcnux. Mas d'Asii-, a town of France, department of Arrief^o, with a Bencdiftinu abbey; seated on the Clisse, 8 miles S.W. of Paniier-s. Mas-a-fuera, an isV. of London. RUsHANAOUR, a town of Candnhar, pro- vince of Cabul; situate on the SewarJ,« miles N. of Attock, and 130 E.S.K of Cabul. Long 71. 7. E. lat. 33. 64. N. Maskeltnb Isle, a small beautiful islam in the S. Pacific, lying off the S.E. point of MallicoUo, one of the New Hebrides. loK 167. 59. £. lat. 16 32. S. Mahmunstek, n to\f nicnt of Upper Rhine ; Culniiir. Manovia, a palatinnt liy I'rus.sian Poland, the iiiirnnil KaHsch, and t tion 318,000. The nam jiruvinee of much grea u the capital. .Mafsa, u town of Ita iif tlio same name, whi ijiiarrics of fine marble .Midcncso dominions. irritnry belonged to Tu ill 180b, to Lucca. It i Frij,'i(lo, 3 miles from tl W. of Leghorn. Long. 1 M,v88A,atownofTusi Borax and lapis luzul ntijjiibourhood. It is s near the sea, 35 miles S.\ 11. 3. E. 'at. 43. 5. N. Mass.iChdsetts, one of America, 190 miles 1 100 broad containing 7 4,800,000 acres; bourn Nlw llampsliire and Vt York, S. by Connecticut the Atlantic, and E. ! MiU!SP.',;iusi.tt8 bav. It counties: Suffolk, Norfol Hampshire, Worcester, P Dukes, Nantucket, Bristi lin.and Humpden. Th roads in operation in thil 1(1 Worcester, to the Hu Lake Ontario, parallel w to Providence, to Low Stoekbridge to the boui This state is well wate mall rivers, and prod.^ wheat, flax, hemp, copp nave been made hero ii 'P prevent, in a great m tionof them from Greai also duck manufactor. Cotton and woollen, papc oil, chocolate, and powd lier of iron-works and other mills in common , griading grain, and fu "Hire are few article tomfort and convenien- not manufactured in tl Md distilleries have lo ■""• are now declining, prosecuted with great a Jninane, and other soc Misestimated that moi "10 shipping of the Uni Massachusetts. The ii ;37,C99 Slaveryis,hap 'on IS the capital. ^ IIassachusetts Ba g'-'ng Htate, between «!. • /i." "" "'^ed, •t»te of Massachusetts, MAS 667 MAT Mahmunsteii, II town of Fmncc, di-jmrt- niciit of Ujipcr liliiiie; 25 miles 8.S.W. of Mahovia, a puliitinnto of Poland, bonndcd liv Prussinn Poland, (ho piilutiniues of Sundo- iiiir nud KuHscIi, nnd tlio Vistula. Populu- tiuii 318,000. Tlio name formerly Includcil a ]iruvinco of much groator extout. Warsaw Is the capital. Mafsa, a town of Italy, capital of o duchy iif tlio Kanic name, which is famous lor its i|iiArrics of flue murhlo. It belongs to the Moilciicso dominions. The town tind its I. rritnry belonged to Tuscany, but was given, in 180b, to Lucca. It is seated on the rivcf Frijjido, 3 miles from tho sea, and 30 N. by W. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 10. E. lut. 44. 2. N. Massa, a town of Tuscany, in tho Sicnneso. liurux and lapis luxuli are found in tho neighbourhood. It is seated on a mountain near the sen, 35 miles S.W. of Sienna. Long. II. 3. E. 'at. 43. 5. N. MASSiCUcsETTS, onc of the United States of America, 190 miles long, and from 60 to lOU brand containing 7500 s({unre miles or 4.80i),OO0 acres; bounded on tho N. by Kcw Hampshire and Vermont, W. by New Yori;, S. by Connecticut, llhode Island, and the Atlantic, nnd E. bv that ocean and Mxusn-Jauaitts bay. It is divided into 14 counties: Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, Middlesex. Ilami)shire, Worcester, Plymouth,Biirnstablc, Dukes, Nantucket, Bristol, Bcrksldre, Frank- lin, and Hampden. There are several rail- ro:i(l9 in operation in this state, from Boston to Worcester, to tho Hudson, and thence to Luke Ontario, parallel with the Grand Canal ; to Providence, to Lowell, and from West Stockbridge to tho boundary of New York. This state is well watered by a number of mull rivers, nnd produces plenty of maize, wiieat, flax, hemp, copper, and iron. Nails have been made hero in such quantities, ns to prevent, in a groat measure, the importa- tion of them from Great Britain. There are also duck manufactories, manufactures of Cotton and woollen, paper-mills, several snuff, oil. chocolate, and powder mills, and a num- hir of iron-works and slitting-mills, besides other mills in common use for sawing timber, grinding grain, and fulling cloth. In fact, tlitire are few articles necessary to the tomfort and convenience of life which are not manufactured in this state. Breweries «nd distilleries have long been established, hul are now declining, and shipbuilding is prosecuted with great ardour. The literary, humane, and other societies are numerous. It 18 estimated that more than one-fourth of the shipping of the United States belongs to Massachusetts. The inhabitants amount to '37,699. Slavery is, happily, abolished. Bos- ton IS the capital. JIassachcsetts Bat, a bay of the forc- P'lng state, between Cape Ann and Cape Y'd. It is so named, as well as the whole •tate of Massachusetts, from atribo of Indians of tho same name that formerljr lived round this bay. Massafra, n town of Naples, in Terra d'Otrunto; 16m.N.VV.ofTaraiito. Pop. 7000. Mashaoano, a town of Congo, in Angohi, capital of a province of tho same name, seated on the Coanzo, 100 miloa E.SE. of Loango. Long. 14. 30. E. lut. 9. 40. S. Masnai'a, a town of Africa, in Motnpa; near which are rich mines of gold. The Portuguese arc settled hero. It is seated on a river, 230 miles N.VV. ol Sofala. Long. 31. 55. E. Int. 18. U.S. Mahskuanu, a town of the Sardinian state*, in Piedmont; 40 miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 3G00. Masseube, a town of France, depirimont of Gers; 14 miles S. of Auch. Masuaii, a town of Abyssinia, of which it is the principal seaport, situate on an island on the coast of the Ued sea, with an excellent harbour, distributed into three divisions. Tiie houses in general are built of poles and bent gross, ns in tho towns in Arabia. Water is scarce, and the commerce is con- siderable. Pop. perhaps 2000. Long. 39. 24. E. lat. 15. 37. N. Masulipatam, a city and seaport of Hin- dostnn, in tho district of tho N. Circars, with a good harbour, and a considerable trade in chintzes, painted linens, &c. It formerly be- longed to the French, but was taken by the British in 1769. It is seated near one of the mouths of tho Kistna, 73 miles S.W. of Raja- mundy. Long. 81. 14. E. Int. 16. 15. N. Mm'xvx, a town of France, department of L'ppnv llhine, at the foot of the Vosges mountains; lOmiles N. ofBefort. Pop. 2200. ALvTA, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Near it is a lake of the same name, noted for the immense quantity of salt that it produce^ The town stands on the sea coast; 28 miles S.S.W. of Alicant. Mataoohda, acity of Texas, United States, on the left bank of tho Colorado river, 35 miles from the sea. It contains 2 churches and about 700 inhabitants. IMatala, a town and cape on the S. coant of the island of Candia; 30 miles S. of Candia. Long. 24. 51. E. lat. 34. 46. N. Matamba, a country of Africa, in Congo, bounded on the N. by Congo Proper, E. by parts unknown, S. by Beinba and Benguela, and W. by Angola. The chief town is St. Maria. Matan, or Mactav, one of the smaller Philippines, on which Magellan was killed in 1521, after he had conquered the isle of Zebu. Matanzas, a city on the N. side of Cuba, having a good harbour. The neighbouring country is rich in sugar and coffee estates, and the city has rapidly increased in commerce and importance. Inchiding tho new suburb of Pueblo Nuevo, and that of Versailles, the population in 18H amounted to 19,124, of whom 10,304 were whites, 3041 frco coloured, and 5779 were slaves. It was first founded "I i;; MAT 558 MAU ia 1693, and is uow u place of great trade, ranking nuxt to the Havana in this respect. Piracy, formerly rife liero, is now quite un- known. The castle of Severino here, is in lut. 23. 2. 48. N. long. 81. 32. 40. W. j 77 miles £. of the Havana. Matafan, Capg, the most southern pro- montory of the Morea, between the Gulf i *' C'oruu and tiiat of Colochina. Long. 22. 20. E. lut. 36. 35. N. Mataram, a town of the island of Javn. It is strong by situation, and is seated ia a fortile and populous country, surrounded by uiountains. Long. HI. 55. K lat. 7. 15. S. Matako, a seaport town of Spain in Cava- Ionia; 16 miles N.E. of Barcelona. It con- sists of a tortuous old, and a more regular new quarter, which is neat, and thp houses stuccoed and painted. It is a busy, industrious, and flourishing place, although it was terribly sacked by Duhesme in 1808. The port is cap- able of g. eat improvement, but the jealousy of Barcelona has always prevented it. It is a very pleasant picturesque place; and is defended by a castle built on an elevation outside. Pop. 15,C00. AIatera, a town of Nn plus, capital of Bosi- licato, and the see of an archbishop. It is seated on the Canapro; 35 miles W.N.W. of Taranto. Pop. 12,400. Long. 16. 34. E. lat. 40. 60. N. Materba. See HELiorous. Mathan, a town of the empire of Boraou; with a royal palace, forming a kind of citadel ; situate on a nmall river; 100 miles S.W. of Bomou. Mathibu, a town of France, depart nent of Upper Vieune; 12 miles W.S.W. ot St. Junier. Maxucra, or MuTTBA, a cehbrated town cf Hiiidostun, province of Agra, much venerated iiy the Hindoos, as the birthplace of their god Krishna. It is one continued street of temples, the resort of innumerable pilgrims from all parts of India, and is seated on the Jumna. Long. 77. 33. E, lui. 27. 13. N. M.*TLOCK, a village in Derbyshire, situate on the Derwcntj 4 miles N. of Wirksworth. It is an extensive struggling place, built in a romantic style, on the steep side of a moun- tain i and near the bridge are two chalybeate springs. A little to the left is Matlock Bath, famous for its warm baths, which are mucii frequented from April to October. Near the westerr bank of the river is a petrifying spring. It has a railway to Ambergate. Matsmai, a town of easLem Asia, the ca- pital of the islnnd of Jesso, under the domi- nation of the Jape icse. Fop. about 50,000. Mattcubetz, or Matsciibwice, a town of Poland, memorable for a great victory ob- tained by the Russians over the Poles iu 1 794 ; 83 m-'es E. of Warsaw. Matthbo, St., a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, 10 miles from the Mediterranean, and G8 N.N.E. of Valencia. Matthew, St., an island in the Atlantic; 420 miles S. by \\ . of Cape Palmas, on the coast of Guinea. It was planted by the Por> tugucse, but is now deserted. Long. 8. 10 W. lat. 1. 24. S. Matto Grosso, a province of Brazil, bounded N. by the province of Para, S. bj that of Santo Puulo and the republic ot IV rugiia>', W. by those of Peru and BoIi\iu, and £. by the Biueilian province of Goyaz, and lying between 52. and 64. of W. long,, and between 10. and 23. of S. lat. It was iin>t visited by the Portuguese in search of gold, which abounds near the sources of many uf it!i rivers. It is a great inland and wilderness province, perhaps larger than ull German)-, or containing 500,000 square miles. The larger portion of it is a terra incognita, and is generally a ' dense forest,' as its name indi- cates, only held by the native tribes, whicli are sixty-six in number. The route to it was formerly only from the sea-coast, but latterly it has been reached from Para, by aacending either the Tocandns, the Xiugii, tlie Tapajos, or the Miidi:ra rivers. It abounds in deep caverns and magnificent cataracu; it is mountainous throughout, and isb^althy. Its total population does not exceed 40,000, or one to each areti of 12 square miles. Cui- aba, lat. 15. 40. S. long. 56. 20. W., is ihc capital, in a rich gold district, but is onl;- a large villa^^e. Matuua, a seaport of Ceylon, with asmull fort. The country round is exceedingly wild, and abounds in elephants. It is seated at the mouth of the Melipu, near the southern extremity of the island; 25. r< lies K.S.E.o( Galle. Long. bC. 2«. E. lat. 5. 03. N. Matuba, a town of Hindosian, in the pro- vince of Agra; 22 miles N.E. ot Agiii, and 70S.S.E.ofDelhi. Mauuecge, a fortified town of France, de- partment of Nord ; with manufactures of arms and woollen stuffs. In 1793 the Aus- trians formed the blockade of this place, but were soon driven from their position. It was one of the fortresses occupied by the al- lies from 1 8 1 5 to 1 8 1 8. Seated oii the Sam- bre; 13 miles S.of Mons. Pov ISOO. A(LvuuH OitONK, a township of the United States in Pennsylvania, in a romantic and deep rocky ravine. It stands on the bank of the Jehigh river and canal, which latter aerves to carry away the produce of the ex- tensive coal mines of the place. Of the po- pulation, 1800, hbout 1200 are employed i:| these mines. There is also a village called Coalville, 92 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg. Mauculine, a town of Scotland, m Ayr- shire, seated on an eminence near the rivir Ayr; 9 miles E.N E. of Ayr. . Maiildah, a. town of Kindostan, m Ben- gal, situate on a river that coniraunicates with the Ganges. It arose out of the ruins of Gour, which are in its neighbourhood, ana is a place of trade, particularly in silk, 1 1» nj- N. of Calcutta. Long. 88. 16. E. lat. 25. 3. I^. Maulkom a town of France, departmeni ^UV warn MAX 559 MAY of Vendee; with an ancient caslle on n rock. It is scntecl near the river Ointj 62 miles N E. cfBucliello. jMauleon, a town of France, department of Lower Pyrenees; 20 miles W.S.W. of Pau. M.vULEON, a town of France, department of Upper Pyrenees; 23 miles S.E. of Tarbes. M- '/LMAiN, or MocLHEiN, a seaport town of India beyond the Ganges, the capital uf iliB British province of Martaban, at the mouth of the river Than-lueng, and S. of thii Burmeae town of Mai tiiban. It was founded in 1825 by Sir A. (Juuipbell. Its port is t;ood, and from its extensive command of inland navigation, it promises to become of considerable importance. The imports are chiefly British cotton goods, and the exports teak wood and rice, besides numerous mi- nor articles. Pop. perhaps 8000 or 10,000; 27 miles N.N.E. of Amherst, 100 S.S.E. of Rangoon. Lat. 16. 30. N. long. 97. 38. W. iNllcJiuE, a city of the United States, in Ohio, situate on the Maumee river, at the head of the navigation. It has inexhaustible wator power; 124 miles W.N.W. of Colum- bus. Pop. 1200, Maura, St., (ancient Leccadia), an island in the lonia.a sea, on the W. coast of Greece; 13 miles N. of the island of Cephalonia, and about 50 miles in circuit. Its surface is mountainous and rugged, and it is subject to frequent earthquakes. The chief products are wine, olives, citrons, pomegranates, al- munds, and other fruits. It forms part of the Ionian republic, and sends four deputies to the assembly. Area, 1 80 square miles. Pop. in 1836, r/,385. There are several good por; ), but no town of consequence, ex- cept the caj.itid, of the same name (or Amax"'> vhi), situate at theN. extremity of the island. I'op. 6000. Long. 20. 46. E. lat. 38. 40. N. Mauhiac, a town of France, department ofCantul, famous for excellc t horses; seated near the Dordogne, 29 miles E. of TuHe, Madrice, St., a town of Switzerland, in the Valais, situate on the Rhone, between two tigh mountains; 16 miles N.W. of Martigny. Mauritius. See France, Isle op. Maurua, one of the smaller Socitt}' is- lands, in the South Pacific; 14 miles W. of Bdabola. Long. 152. 32. W. lat. 16. 25. S. Maurv, a county in the state of Tennessee ; tapital, Columbia. Pop. in 1840, 28,186, meluding 1C,002 slaves. Mautern, <\ town of Austria, on the S. Bide of the Danube, opposite Stem; with which it is connected by a long wooden bridge. It 18 11 miles N. by W. of St. Polten. lUuES, St., a town in Cornwall; market on Friday. It has no church, but a cluvpel "M been erected at the expense of the late Marquis of Buckingham. It is seated on the K side of Falmouth Haven; 12 miles S.S.W. of Grampound, and 260 W. by S. of London. auxBK, a town of Upper Saxony, cele- omted for a victory obtained by the Austrians over the Prussians in 1759 when 20,000 Prussians surrendered themselves prisoners of war. It is 10 miles S. of Dresden. Maximin, St., a town of Fraiice, depart- ment of Var, seated on theArgens; 21 milea N. of Toulon. Pop. 3.300. May, a small island of Scotland, at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, with a light- house; 6 miles S.E. of An.struther. May, Cape, a cape of N. America, on the N. side of the mouth of the Delaware. Long. 75. 4. W. lat. 39, 0. N. Mayamba, or Majumba, a seaport of Africa, in Loango. The chief trade is in log- wood. It stands at the mouth of the Banna; 110 miles N.W". of Loango, Long. 10. 20. E. lilt. 3. 40. S. Maybole, a town of Scotland, in A 3'rshire; with a manufacture of cotton goods and coarse blankets; seated on an eminence, sur- rounded by hills. It is 8 miles S. of Ayr. Mayen, a town in the Pru.ssian province of Lower Rhine, with a castle and a colle- giate '.iiurch, seated on theNettc; 15 miles W. by N. of Coblentz. Mayence. See Mbntz. Mayenfield, a t^own of Switzerland, in the Grison county, chTef place of the League of the Ten Jurisdictions; with 900 inhabi- tants; seated on the Rhine, in a romantic valley, 22 miles S. by E. of AppenzeU Mayenne, a department of France, includ- ing part of the former province of Maine. It takes its name from a river, which flows S. by the cities of Mayenne and Laval, to that of Angers, where it receives the Sarthe, and soon after joins the Loire. Pop. in 1836, 352,586. Laval is the capital. Mayenne, the chief place of an arron- disscment in the above department, with a castle on a rock. It has manufactures of linun, woollen, and thread. It is seated on the river Mayenne; 45 miles W.N.W. of Mans. Pop. in 1836, 8790. Long. 0. 43. W. lat. 48. 18. N. Maynooth, atown oflreland, intheconnty of Kildare. Here is a royal college for stu- dents intended for the Romish church ; ilso a college for lay students of the same per- suasion, established in 1802. It is 15 miles W. of Dublin. Mayo, a countyof Ireland, in the provinco of Connaught, 62 miles long, and 52 broad; bounded E. by Roscommon, S. by Galwy, W, and N. by the Atlantic, and N.E. by Sl'i- go. It is divided into 9 baronies and 68 pa- rishes, and sends two members to parliament. The W. coast is mountainous, and thinly in- hp.bited; but the interior produces excellent pasturage, and is watered by several lake* and rivers. The fisheries are veiy productive. Mayo gives the title of earl to the family of Bourke. The principal town is Castlebar. Mato, a town of Ireland, once the capital of the county of its name, but now a poor place; 9 miles S.E. of Castlebar. Mato, one of the Cape Verd Islands; 90 miles in circumference. The N.E. end is low, MEA 5C0 MEO :( h and the land rises gradually till it arrives at a volcanic mountain, to the S.W. of wh'. h is irregular ground, soon followed by a high peak, much more lofty than the volcanic cone. The soil in general is barren, and water is scarce; but there are plenty of beeves, goats, and asses; as also some corns, yams, pota- toes, plantains, figs, and water-melons. The chief commodity is salt. Long. 23. 5. W. lat, 13.10. N. Mayouoa, a town of Portugal, in Estre- madura, near the Atlantic; 67 miles N. of Lisbon. Maysvillb. iSee Limestone. ^LvY^VAR. See Oodipour. Mazagan, a seaport ofMarocco, near the Atlantic; 8 miles VV. of Azamor, and <20 N. of Marocco. It is now almost deserted. Long. 8. >5. W. lat. 33. 12. N. Mazamet, a town of France, department of Tarn; bS miles S.S.E. of Aibi. Its pro- sperity was in"Teasing, and it had some ma- nufactures of woollen cloth, dyeing, paper, &c. Pop. in 1836,4438. Mazanuekan, a province of Persia, bound- ed N. by the Caspian sea, W. by Ghilan, S. by the lofty mountains of Elburz which se- parate it from Irak, and E. by Khorassan. It is a fertile cc mtry, and the mountains on its S. boundary are covered with timber trees; bnttheciimateis moistand unhealthy. Area, 10,000 square miles. Pop. 150,000, exclu- sive of the wandering tribes. Sari is the capital. Mazzara, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Mazzara, and a bisiiop's see. It has a capa- cious harbour, and is built on the ruins of the ancient Emporium, or Massara; 45 miles S.W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 24. E. lat. 37. 40. N. Mazatlan, a port on the West coast of America, on the coast of California. It has considerably increased of late, at the expense of the neighbouring port of San Bias, which is very unhealthy, and is the principal outlet for the valuable mining district of Sun Sebas- tian. Maziera, or Macetra, an island in the Arabian sea, on the coast of Oman; 60 miles long, und from 4 to 8 broad. Long. 59. 30. E. lat. 20. 30. N. AIeaco, a city of Niphon, in Japan, for- merly the metropolis of the whole empire. It is still the ecclesiastical capital, the rcsi- '^;nce of the dairo, or spiritual sovereign, and the centre of literature and science. The palace, and some of the temples, are of extra- ordinary magnificence. A rumbcr of the finer manufactures, particularly japan-work, painting, carving, &c., are carried on here. The town is seated in a fine plain; 160 miles W.S.W.of Jeddo. Pop. 629,000. Long. 1.53. 30. E. lat. 35. 24. N. Mbadia, a town of Hungary, in the bannnt of Temeswur. It was taken by the Turks in naS and 1789; it is 23 mile' : E. of Te.nes- war, Pop. 1400. MEADVir.LE, a town of the state of Penn- fylvania, on the E. side of French creek, It is the sent of Alleghany college; 234 miles N.W. by W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1319. Meco, 0!!e of the smaller Moluccas, in the Indian Ocean ; with a good harbour. Long 127. 5. E. lat. 1. 12. N. Meaens. See Kincardineshire. Meath, or East Meath, a county of Ire- land, in the province of Leinster: 43 miles (English) long, and 36 broad ; bounded 011 the N. by Cavan and Louth, E. by the Irish sea, S. by Kildare and Dublin, und VV. by Westmeath. It is divided into 18 baronies, and 147 parishes, and sends two members to parliament. It formerly contained several small bishoprics, which were gradually united into one see, and received the name of Meath in the twelfth century. There is no cathe- dral, and the episcopal palace is at Ardbrac- can, a village near Navan. The agriculture of this county is now improving. The soil in general is a rich fertile loam, produc nir abundance of corn, and feeding n: oero sheep and cattle. Trim is rhe capitf Meath, West, a county of Irelanu, ui U\c province of Leinster, 42 miles long, and 35 broad; bounded N. by Cavan, E. by East Mpath, S. by King's county, W. by Roscom- men (from which it is separated by the Shan- non), and N.W. by Longford. It is divided into II baronies (besides half the barony of Fore) and 59 parishes, with parts of seven others. It sends two members to parliament. It is very fertile in corn and pasturage, and has several lakes and rivers. This county gives the titU of marquis to the family of Nugent. Mullingar is the county town. Meaux, a large and populous town of France, department of Seine-ct-Marne. The market-piace is a peninsula, contiguous to the tov, n, which was formerly well fortified. In the cathedral isthetonibofthecelebrutcd liossuct, bishop of Meaux. It is seated on both sides of the Mame; 25 miles E.N.E. of Paris. Pop. in 18.36, 7774. On the Paris and Strasbourg railway. Mecca, a city of Arabia; famous as the birthplace of Mohammed. It is seated in a barren valley, surrounded by many little hills, consisting of a blackish rock. The Imuscs follow the windings of the valley, and are built partly on the declivities upon eaih side. The streets are regular, level, and convenient. The chief support'of the inhabitants is derived from the pilgrims, who flock to this place from every part of the Mohammedan world. 'Ihe principal object of veneration and pilgrimage is the Kaaba, or Beit Allah, (the House of God,) a quadrilateral tower of 34 feetuigH, enclosing the si jred stone, or Hagera el As- soud, a block of black stone, which is exposed through an opening in an immense black cloth, covering the whole of the Kaaba, except its base. The cercmouios consist in walking seven times round the Koabr, commeneinK at the gacred stone at ih. ; 6u..*.em angle, aua MEC 5C1 MED kissing and touching it with the right hand, repeating certain prayers. This stone was an object of veneration many ages ago; the same ceremonies were observed 700 years bcl'ore Mohammed engrafted them into his system. Tlie other objects of Mohammedan superstition have been destroyed by the schis- matic Wahabecs; and the whole ceremonies have much declined in the veneration of the Mussulmans. The city formerly contained 100,000 inhabitants; it now does not amount t aliovo 16,000, or 20,000, whose character is a union of fraud, fanaticism, and poverty. The famous balm of Mecca is not manufac- tured in this city, but is found and brought hither from the surrounding country. Mecca ii governed by a shereef, who is a temporal prince, and his revenue is increased by the donations of Mohammedan sovereigns. Il, is 34milesE.N.E. of Jidda, the seaport of Mecca, and 220 S. by E. of Medina. Long. 40. 13. E.Iat.21.2&.:^:. Mechlin, or Malines, atown of Belgium; capital ofa district in the province of Antwerp, and an archbishop's see. The cathedral is a superb structure, with a very high steeple. Here is a great foundry for ordnance of all kinds: and the best Brabant lace, fine linen, ilamasks, carpets, and leather are made here. Mechlin submitted to the duke of Marl- borough in 1706, and was taken by the French in 1746, 1792, and 1794. The system of railroads, which intersects Belgium in all directions, from Ostend to the Rhine, centres in this town, which therefore is a starting point forthetralBc of the kingdom. It is seated ontheDvle; 10 miles N.N.E. of Brussels, mid 15 S.S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. in 1836, 22,896. Long. 4. 29. E. hit. 51. 2. N. ■Mkchoaoan. See Vali.adolid. Meckenheim, a town of the Prussian states, ill tlip province of Berg and Cleves, situate v: 'he Erfft; 8 miles S.W. of Bone. ■ '«''Kr,ESDnRG, a duchy of Germany, ' "iid; . N. by the Baltic, E. by Pomerania, • ;■ i-nuidenburg, and W. by Holstein and " "jb T. It extends IS.'j miles in length, •' •)(■ ri'tve broadest; and abounds in corn, !'is, ,t,s. ij gfimcj. The country was, for many centnrius, imder the government of one prince; but on the death of the sovereign, in 'M2, it was divided between his two sons ; the «!'" obtaining '.,. duchy of Mecklenburg- Miwerin, and tiiu younger the duchy of Meek- Icnliurg-Strelitz. Both princes received the title of urand duke, at the congress of Vienna, "'•Sirj.iind they have each a vote at the diet "'the empire. Area, 5343 sq. m. Pop. about ■''■Im. Schwcrin »nd Strelitz arc the chief •'^^^"s. Ses Appendix. '"liriUENiiuno, a county of Virgini.a, '^' iili;i N, by Lunenburg. E. by Brunswick, • • ii.v .\(,rth Carolina, and W. bv Halifax and ^'rtrlotte counties. Pop. 20,076. Chief t'Jwn, liovdton. JJECKLET. SmCaSSAT. aiKioN, a river which rises in the N.E. part of Tibet, flows through the country of Cam- bodia, and falls into the China sea by three mouths. MECRANjOrMmcRAV, a province of Pers'a; bounded on the N. by Segistan and Canda- har, E. by Hindostan, S. by the Indian Ocean, and W. by Herman. The southern part is dry, and little more than a desert; the north- ern is less so, but animals are rare, and the soil far from fertile. Kcdge is the capital. Medea, a town of Algicr, on the site of the ancient Lamida, in a country abounding in corn, fruit, and sheep; 35 miles S.W. of Algier. Medea, or MALEDtA, a seaport of Tunis, formerly a place of importance; seated on a peninsula in the gulf of Cabes, 8 miles S. by E. of Tunis. Medebach, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Westphalia; 32 miles E. of Cassel. Medelin, a town of Spain, in Estremadu^a; the birthplace of the celebrated Fernando Cortes. It is seated in a fertile country, on the river Guadiana; 20 miles E. by S. of Merida. Medelpadia, a province of Sweden; be- tween the Gulfs of Bothnia and Jamptland. It is 100 miles long, and 45 broad, very moun- tainous and woody,but interspersed with lakes, rivers, and fertile valleys. Sundswald is the capital. Medenblick, a seaport of the Nether- lands, in the North Holland; with a good harbour. The chief commerce is in timber brought from Norway and Sweden ; and the vioinity is remarkable for its rich pastures. JSIedenblick was taken by the English, in 1 799. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee; 28 miles N. E. of Amsterdam. "^ ong.4.51. E.lat. 52.46. N. Medfokd, a town of Massachusetts, in Middlesex county; noted for its distilleries and brick-works. Pop. 2478. It stands on the Mystic, 3 miles from its mo. .h, and 4 N. of Boston. Median. See Madian. Medina, a town of Arabia Descrta, cele- brated as the burial place of Mohammed. It is a small poor place, but is walled round, and has a magnificent mosque, in one corner of which is the tomb of Mohammed, enclosed with rich curtains, and lighted by a great number of lamps. Medina is culled the city of the Prophet, because here he was protected by the inhabitants when he fled from Mecca, and here he was first invested with regal power. The lime of his death was in 637 , but the Mohammedan epoch begins in 622, from the time of his flight, Medina is seated on a sandy plain, nbounding in palm-trees; 200 miles N.W. C'f Mecca. Its port is Jambo. Long. 40. 3. E, hit. 25. 13. N. Medina, the capital of the kingdom of Woolly, West Africa. It contains about 1000 houses, and is defended by a high wall, sur- rounded by a thick hedge. Long. 12. 50. W. lat. 23. 38. N. Medina, a town and fort of the island of 2o fi M M E r)(;2 ]M E L I^ilireiii, Hour wiiicU is u bank containing the fiiK'st (lUiii'U in llic woi'ld. Tiiu iiarl)uut' will Hot ailniit vessels ul'niorc than '2tiO ton.s. It i.s suutcd ucur the Arubiun ulioru ui' tlic Vcr- «iun );nlf'. MicuiNA, ntuwn ofSpiiin, in Estrcniadiira, ecntetl at tlic loot of a mountain; 20 miles W.N.W. ol jAivna. Mkuina DHL Cami'o, II l(.wn of Spain; )iroviiii'o of Leon. It is the capital of the ('(iiiijio, one of thu finest wheat countries in the world, and once had a population of r>(),nO(), now dwindled down to aOOU. It is 2.1 miles S.S.W. of Valladolid, and 42 from Jiamora, Se^oviu, ui: miles N.W of Valladolid, and 66 S.S.E. of Leon. To; '.-(><). MUDINA 8lll t dalusia; with a i.. diz, and GO S. of Sf, l^lKDITKIiRANKAN, Africa, and Knrope wnof Spain, in An- 4 miles S.E. ofCa- . Top. 5000. sea between Asia, commnnieatinjr with tho Atlantic oeeau by the strait of Gibraltar, and with the liUick sea by tho strait of Gal- lij>oli, the soa of Marmora, and tho strait of (.'onstantino])le. Its tides are inconsiderable, niid a constant current sets in from tho At- lantic through tho strait of Gibraltar. It contains many islands, several of them larjic, us Majorca, ^linorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Si- cily, t.'audia, Cyprus, &c. The eastern part of it, bordering on Asia, is called tho Levant. Its greatest length is 2300 miles, and its greatest breadth 1200; estimated area about CiDo.oOO square miles. Tho Mcditerrai can po.s.-esses the most powerful interest to the scholar and the traveller. On its shores wore the earliest scats of civilization, art, science, and divine revelation. From tho importance of its commerce, and tho gi'cat influx of tra- vellers and tourists, it is now the sphere of a most perfect system of stoain navigation. Medw'ay, a river of England, which rises in Ashdown forest, in Sussex ; entering Kent, it flows by Tunbridge and Maidstone, und thence to Uochester; below which, at Chatham, is a station of the royal navy. Dividing into two branches, the western one enters the Thames, between the isles of Grain and Shcppey, and is defended by the fort at Sheerness. The eastern branch, called the East Swale, passes by Queeuborough and Milton, and enters the German ocean below Favcrshum. Tho tide Hows up nearly to Maidstone, and the river is navigable to Tunbridge. Medwi, a town of Sweden, in Gothland; much frequented on account of its waters, which are vitriolic and sulphureous. The lodging-houses form one street of uniform wooden buildings, painted red. It stands near the lake Wetter; 3 miles from Wad- stcna. Meelau, a town of Airier, province of Constantiinii siirrouiuled by gardens pro- ducing aliundanee of Jicrbs and cxccllviit fruit, particularly ponu^granates. it is U mih^s N.W. of Constantina. Mi:uAUA, a town of Greece, in the istliimia of Corinth ; formerly very largo, but mow iiu'imsidcrablc. It has some lino rcnuiins uf anti(iuity; 20 miles W. of Athens. MEUEN,atownofthoNcthorlands, in North Brabant; soated on the Mouse, 15 iuilu3 W.S.W. of Miinegucn. MuuNA. See liiiititAMruoTEit. MeiiaUvET el KEitEEit. iS'e t- !i and tlirco meeting-houses. It is 99 miles W. of London. M12LLE, a town of Ilanovcr, seated on the Iliuic; 15 miles E. by S. of Osnaburg. Mifl.LK, a town of France, in the depart- ment of DcuxSevresj l^milcsS.W. of Niort. Mkllingen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Aragau; seated on the Keuss, 2 miles S. by W. of Buden. Melnick, a town of Bohemia, with a castle. Its vicinity yields excellent red and white wine, and near it stands the Augustine con- vent of Schopka. It is seated on the Elbe, opposite the influx of the Mulduu; 18 miles N. of Trugue. Meloui, a town of Egypt, with a remark- able mosque; seated ou 't,he Mile, 3 miles S. of Ashmunein. Melrose, a town of Scotland, in Box- burghshire. At some distance from the town, on tiie S. side of the Tweed, are the magni- ficent remains of Melrose Abbey, founded by Diivid I., ill 1 136, part of which was used for divine service, till the new church was erected. Alexamlcr II. is suid to be buried under the great altar. Abbotsfurd, the scat of the late Sir Walter Scott, is in the vicinity of the abbey; and Dry burgh Abbey, where he is buried, is about 3 miles from the vilhige. It is 1 1 miles N.W. of Jedburgh, and 35 SL of Edinburgh, on the Hawick railway. aiELTON MowBUAY, a towu in Leiecstcr- shire, with a market on Tuesday. The line cheese, called Stilton, is chiefly made in its neighbourhood. Its chief celebrity is its lying in the centre of a fine hunting county, and being thus, a« it were, the hunting metro- polis. The church is a fine Gothic edifice, and here are two meeting-houses, a charity school, a national school, and twelve alms- houses, six of which were erected in 18'i7. It is seated in a rich grazing country, on the river Eye, over which are two handsome stone bridges; 15 miles N.E. of Leicester, and 106 N. by W. of London. Melun, a town of Frflnce, in the depart- ment of Seine-et-Marnc. It has a trade with Paris in corn, meal, wine and cheese. It is seated on the Seine; SSniles S.E. of Paris. Long. 2. 33. E. lat. 48. 30. M. Pop. in 1836, 6830. ^IemeTj, a strong town of East Prussia, with a castle, a fine harbour, and an exten- Bive commerce. It is seated on a river of the same name, at the N. extremity of the Curische Haft', and on the N.E. side of the entrance into the harbour is a lighthouse. Its principal trade is timber, especially oak plank and fir; hemp and flax. It has also a con- siderable trade in ship-building, and other commerce. It is 70 miles N.N.E. of Konigs- berg, and ISON.E.of Dantzic. Long. 2 1. 36. E. lat. 53. 46. N. Meuminqen, a town of Bavaria, defended by art, and surrounded by a morass. It has a considerable trade In fine linen, fustian, cotton, paper, salt, tobacco, and hops. Near this place, in 1705, the French republicans defeated the emigrants under the prince of Condc; and in 1800 the French (Icleiited the Austrinns, and took the town. It is scaleil in a fertile plain, near the river lllor; 23 miles S. by E. of Ulin. Pop. 7000. Long. 10. 12. E. hit. 48. 0. N. Memphis, a town of Tennessee, standing on un elevated bluff of the Mississippi, im- mediately below the mouth of the Wolf rivtr. It is regularly laid out, and its commerce is extensive, being equal to that of any town between St. Louis and New Orleans. The Charleston and Memphis rai'road is partly completed; 230 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. Pop. 3300. Mempiiramaqoo, a lake of N. America, in Canada and Vermont ; 35 m . long, and 3 bniad. Menai, a strait which divides the island uf Anglesey from the other parts of N. Wales. An elegant suspension bridge has been thrown over this strait by Mr. Telford, consisting of seven stone arches of 52^ feet span ciich, the suspension being 579 feet, and of siillicicnt height to allow the largest vessels that p:u*3 the straits to sail beneath it. It li.is nbo been crossed by a novel and magnificent railway tubular bridge, l.itcly opened, named Uii- tannia bridge, for the Holyhead railway. Menan, a river of the kint!;(l(jm of Siam, which passes by the city of Siam, and cutcis the Gulf of Siam below Bancok. Menancauow, a kingdom in the centre of the island of Sumatra. The country is de- scribed as a large plain, cleai of woud, cninpii- ratively well cultivated, and abounding in gold. Mende, a town of France, capital of the department of Lozere, and a bishop's see. It has manuf\ictures of serges and other woollen stuffs. It is seated on the Lot, 35 miles S.\V. of Puy, and 210 S.by E.ofParis. Lens,'. 3.30. E. lat. 44. 31. N. Pop. in 1836, 5109. Mendip Hills, a lofty tract in the N.E. of Somersetshire, abounding in coal, cala- mine, and lead : copper, manganese, bole, and red ochre, are also found, A great portion of these hills, formerly covered with heath and fern, has been brought into cultivation, and produces good corn. Menoon, a town of Massachusetts, in ^^ «r- cester county; 18 miles S.S.E. of Worcester, and 36 S.W. of Boston. Pop- 3.'''24. Mendoza, a city of Buenos Avres, m m province of Cugo, on the E. side of the Andes, in a plain adorned with gardens, we'd water- ed by canals. It contains four convents, a college, and a church. A river of the sa.ne name flows by this town, and finally entors the Atlantic under the name of Colorai.J. Long. 70. 12. W. lat. 34.0. S. Memdraii, a province of the kingdom Fezzan, much of which is a continued level of hard and barren soil; but the quantity of trona, a species of fossil alkali, that flMts on the surface, or settles on the banks ot ih numerous smoking lakes, has given it « i-. ^mm MEP 665 MER hiMier iniportnnce &an that of tlio moro icnilo districts. It lias ii town of the sumo niiiiie; CO miles S. of Mour/.oiik. JIiiNDuisio, a town of Switzorlnnd, can- ton of Tii'iiio; C()iitniiiin' Mescued Am, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabi ; near a large lake called Kahe- nia, which communicates with the Euphrates by a canal. It stands on the spot where Ali, one of the successors of Mahomet, was in- tirrcd; and his tomb is annually visited by Persian pilgrims. It is 1 10 miles S. of Bag- Jid. Long. 44. 50. E. lat. 32. 5. N. Messa, a considerable town of Morocco, on the river Sus, not far from the Atlantic. h is 165 miles S.W. of Morocco. Long. 10. 46. W. lat. 29. 58. N. Messina, a seaport of Sicily; capital of an intendancy of the same name, in Val di De- mona; with a citadel and several forts. It is 5 miles in circumference, and has four large suburbs. The public buildings and monas- teries nrc numerous and magnificent: there Me50churchcs, includingthe cathedral, which is much admired. The harbour is one of the siifest in the Mediterranean, and has a quay above a mile in length. A great trade is carried on here in silk, oil, fruit, corn, and excellent wine. The city suffered much by «n earthquake in 1780; and also in 1783, wben it was half destroyed. It has since been rebuilt, with elegant houses. For several years prior to the peace of 1814, Messina was the brad qiiaricrs of the British troops in Sicily. h 13 seated on tho strait of Messina, which 'eparates Sicily from Calabria ; 1 30 miles E. of lalerrao. Pop.in 1831, including the canton, •3,772. Long. 15. .35. E. lat. 38. 11. N. Messing, a town of Franconia,in tho prin- cipality of Aichstat. It is 14 miles N.N.E. of Aichstat. Mustrb, a town of Atistrian Italy, in Tre- viso; 8 miles N.W. of Venice. Mbsdrado, a considerable river of Wes- tern Africa, which falls into tho Atlantic on the Grain coast. On its banks is a kingdom of tho same name, tho boundaries of which are very uncertain. Mbsurata, a seaport of Tripoli, and the re- sidence of a governor. Caravans travel hence to Fezzan, and other interior parts of Africa; by which they carry on a great trade. It is 100 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli. Long. 15. 10. E. lat. 32. lO.N. Mbta, a largo river of New Granada, which has its rise opposite to Santa Fe de Bogota, and falls into the Orinoco, about 450 miles from its source, in long. 67. 45. W. lat. 6, 10. N. Metapdra, a town of the island of Bor- neo, in the kingdom of Banjermassing; 72 miles N.E. of Banjermassing, and 100 S.E. of Negara. Mbtelen, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Wfcdtphalia; seated on the Vechta, 19 miles N.W. of Munster, Metelin, or Mytilenb, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, anciently called Les- bos ; to the N. of Scio, and at the entrance of (he Gulfof Adramiti. It is about 40 miles long', and 12 broad; somewhat mountainous, ana has many hot springs. The soil is very good; and the mountains are in many places covered with wood. It produces good wheat, wine, oil, and the best figs in tho Archipelago. Mytilene is the capital, and has about 5000 or 6000 inhabitants, and two harbonrs. METinL, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire; with a safe harbour on tho Frith of Forth, wlience much coal is exported. It is 6 miles N.E. of Dysart. MExnvEN, a town of Scotland, in Perth- shire, where king Robert Bruce was defeated by the English in 1306; 6 m. W.N. W. of Perth. Metlinq, or Mottling, a strong town of the Austrian states, in Carniola; seated on tho Kulp, 13 miles N.W. of Carlstadt, and 40 S.E. of Laubach. Metro, a river of Italy, which rises on the frontiers of Tuscany, cros.ses the duchy of Ur- bino, and enters the Gulfof Venice near Fano. Metropoli, a town of the island of Can- dia, on the site of the ancient Gortyna, of which many vestiges remain; 22 miles S.S. W. ofCandia. Metz, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Moselle, of which it is the capital. The fortifications are excellent, and it has three citadels and noble barracks. The ca- thedral is ono of tho finest in Europe. Here are manufactures of cotton, linen, gauze, chintz, fustian, &c. ; and a considerable trade in leather, wine, brandy, &c.; also a (royal) gunpowder manufactory. The sweetmeats made here are in high esteem. Metz is the MEX 6CB MEX (; aeat of the (departmental administration, and a bidlittp'ssec, and cuntuined, in 1836, 42,793 inliabitantH. It is seated at the confiux of the Moselle and Scillc; 210 miles N.E. of Paris. Long. 6. 1. E. lat. 49. 7. N. MuDDON, a village of France, with a magni- ficent royal palace and park; seated on the left bank of tlie Seine, and one of the Ver- sailles railroads, 6 miles 8. of Paris. Meui.an, a town of France, department of Scino-et-Oise ; seated on the Seine, over which isustonebridgoof 2 larches; 26 miles N.W. of I'aris. Meulbbeek, a town of Belgium, province of E.Flanders; 14 m.S. of Bruges. Pop.7000. MsaBS, or Moers, a town of the Prussian states; capital of a small principality of the same name. It has a castle, and was formerly a place of strength: but its fortifications were destroyed in 1764; 16 miles N.N.E. of Dus- seldorf. Mkorthe, a department of France, includ- ing part of llic former proviuce of Lorraine. It is bounded by the departments of Moselle, Vosges and Meuse, and comprises an area of 2500 square miles, with (in 1836,) 424,336 inhabitants. The cl imate is temperate, and the soil in general fertile. Nancy is the capital. Meurthb, a river of France, which rises in the department of Vosges, and flows by Luncville and Nancy into the Moselle. Mecse, Maese, or Maas, a river which rises in France; inthe department of Upper Marne. It enters Belgium at Givet, flows to Charle- mont, Namur, Huy, Liege, Maestricht, Rure- mondo, Venlo, Grave, Battenburg, Kavestein, Gorcum, (where it receives the Waal,) and Worcum. At Dort it divides into four prin- cipal branches, the most northern of which is called the Merve. These form the islands of Ysselraonde, Voorn, and Overflackee, and enter the German Ocean below Briel, Hel- voetsluys, and Goreo. >' fSDSE, a department of France, including the former duchy of Bar. It is bounded by the grand duchy of Luxemberg, and the de- partments of Moselle, Vosges, Marne, and Ardennes, and comprises an area of 2500 square miles, with, in 1836, 314,558 inhabi- tants. Bar sur Orntiin is the capital. Mbwat, a hilly and woody tract of Hindo- stan, lying on the S.W. of Delhi; confining the low country, along the W. bank of the Jumna, to a comparatively narrow slip, and extending westward 130 miles. From N. to S. it is 90 miles. Its inhabitants, the Mewatti, have been ever characterized as the most savage and brutal, and are still noted as thieves and robbers. The country contains some strong fortresses on steep or inaccessible hills. It is nominally possessed by the rajah of Macherry. Mexicano, or Adates, a river of New Mexico, on the confines of Louisiana; which runs into the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico, a country of North America, now forming an independent republic; situa- ted between 48. and 113. W. long., and ex- tending from the Pacific ocean to the t'nrin- bean sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and tiie Itio dd Norte river. In general, it is a mouiitniiiiuH country, iHtcrmixed with many rich vuilc t- thehifihest mountains, many of which urcvol. canoes, are near the coast of the Pucilic oroiiii. The eastern siioro is a flat country, lull of impenetrable forests, with bops and iiionifsoii, overflowed in the rainy season, which is fruni April to September. Although a coiisi(]i.r- ablc portion of Mexico is within the torriij zone, the climate in general is temperate mid healthy. No country abounds more with grain, fruits, roots, and vegetables, many of them peculiar to the country, or at Jea.-t to America. It is also celebrated for its miiics of gold and silver, and has quiirries of jasper, porphyry, and exijuisite nuirlilc. Coeliiiieiil is almost peculiar to this country; itsiiull^'o and cocoa are superior to any in Aiacrini; and its logwood has long been an iniiiort.int article of commerce. Among the qiiaihiipeils are the puma, jaguar, bears, elks, wulve?, deer, &c. The puma and jaguar have hm\ inaccurately dcnomiinited, by ]';niii|ieaii.s lions and tigers; but they possess neitiierthe undaunted courage of the former, nor tlio ravenous cruelty of the latter. The domettic animals of Europe, particularly horned cattle, have multiplied here, almost with inerciiilile rapidity. Numbers of these, having been suffered to run wild, now range over tlie vast plains, in herds of from 30,000 to 40,000; they arc killed merely for the sake d' tiicir hides, which are annually exported, in v:ist quantities, to Europe. The inhabitants con- sist of native Spaniards; Creoles, who me descendants of Europeans; Mulattoes, tlie issue of whites and negroes; Mestizoes, de- scendants of whites and Indians; Zamboes, descendants of negroes and Indians; and African negroes, with whom are classed a mixed extraction from Europeans, Airicars, Indians, and Malays, or others of Asiatic origin. The country possesses many monu- ments of its former inhabitants. These iiave been considered to be the Toltccans, a tribe of Indians from the Rocky mountains in the north, who fixed themselves alter several mi- grations near the present city of Mexico, where they remained for nearly four centuries. Their successors were su pplanted by the warl ike Az- tecans, who, in 1160 migrated hither from tlie country N. of the gulf of California, founding the present capital, and calling it Mexico after Mexitli their god of war. Their greatest sov- ereign was Montezuma I., whose son was sub- dued by Fernando Cortes in 1519. The con- sequent successes reduced the country to a Spanish dependancy, it being made into a vieeroyalty whose chief had nearly unlimitea power. Of the remains of art left by the an- cient Mexicans, the most remarkable are tne pyramids, which are in some instances o. e\ en greater dimensions than those of Egypt, i "-V; of Cbolula is a square of 1423 feet on eacn MEX 5G9 M E Z side. A more elegant Ktructuro is in the N. [iurt of the statu of Vera Cniz. The iiioun- taiiiHiirTczcuco nro nearly eovered with ruins, ami tlie remains of an Aztec eity, called by the S|iauiiirtls LaH Casus tirandes, Ho to the S. ot'ilie liio Glhi the present N. boundury. In tiic W. part of the state of Chihuahua are biiiiilar ruins of great extent. The remains olnulile paved roads extend from these cities, Imt tlicir histories arc nothing; but a chain of Hirmises. The whole country was long under tliciUiiiiinion of Spain. The first attempt to Msuine independence took place in 1810; iinil, ul'ter a long guerilla warfare, in 1824 a feiieral government was established. In consequence of the disputes between tlie Mexican and United States, an expedition WHS sunt out to Vera Cruz, by the latter go- virnmcnt, under General Taylor, in 1847. Alter some minor occurrences, the rival ar- mies met at Buena Vista, near Sultilla, that III the Mexicans, said to be 1 7,000 strong, under Santa Anna the president; and the Aiiicricans, from 4000 to 9000 in number. A (leiuliy fight, for two days, Feb. 22, 23, 1S47, ensued, in which it is said that the Mexiciiiis lost 4000, and the Americans 2000. The vietory was claimed on both sides, but the war was tediously protracted till the Americiin army took the Mexican outposts, belure the city, on the 19th and 20th August: i:'i armistice was then agreed on, till Sept. 9, but, on the 8th, General Scott recommenced tiic siege against Chapultepcc and the citadel, and took possession of the city of Mexico on the 14th September, 1847. The president, Santa Anna, was superseded against his will, in November, and General Remon appointed in his stead. A treaty, defining the bound- aries between Calitbrnia and Mexico, was subsequently agreed to, in 1848, by which the United States took possession of the former region. For severcl years the coun- try has been a scene of anarchy and civil War; and now (1861) England, France, and Spain are combining to exact respect for liieir rights. PopcLATioN OP Mexico, 1842: — Di:partsient8. | Pop. 'Chiapas I 93,750 2 Chihuahua 3Cinaloa 4Cuhahuila.... 5Duran|{o .... I fiGuanaxuato.. 'New Lean.... I S 8. Luis l'oto"i 9 Mexico ...... I'OOaxaca .... llPuebIa l2Queretaro...! loHonora ''Tabasco ..'.'. " Tamaulipng . . ISVailadolij . 7 Vera Cruz .. I'Xallsco .... ij^Zacatecas.!.! ,»0W California |»TlaacaU ifi;*,oiio 142,000 82,000 200.000 600,000 113,410 174,9,57 !, 100,0011 v'iOO,llOO S10,(.00 6C:f>,000 46.P3G 78,056 lfi6,824 385,000 156,740 600,000 230,298 13,400 40.000 66,000 Capitals. Pop. Ciudad Real. .. 6,000 Chihuahua .... 9,3f)0 Culiacan 6,500 Monclova .... 2000 Durango 13,200 Guanaxuato .. 31,000 Monterey 8. Luis Potosi. . 15,000 36,900 Mexico 170,000 Oaxaca 25,000 Puebia 67,800 Queretaro .... 30,000 V. del iucrte.. MOO Santiago 3,000 Victoria 6,000 VMladolld .... 19,200 Ve.-aCruz .... 7..500 46,600 ZacatecM .... 31,500 Colima TIascala The un'ted population of these d •part- mcnts and territuries amnunts, Hccording to thisistiniatc, to 6,449,000; (,1^ thcApin'iidij), They consist of four riucH, in tlie pruportiou of — Indians 56, metis (leperos) 31, whites 12, negroes 1, in every 100. Mexico, the capital of the above country. It was a fiourishing city before the Spaniards entered tiie country. It is seated in a marshy plain. Instead of on " interior sea," as for- merly, the lakes Tczcuco and Xochimilco, which originally insulated the city, have been gradually diminishing. It is elevated 7200 feet above the sea. Pop., about 15."),0U0. The circumference of tlie city, exclusive of the suburbs, was formerly above 10 miles; and it contains at least 80,000 houses, with several largo temples, and three palaces. It wa8 taken by Ferdinando Cortes, in 1521, after a siege of nearly three months, and, as the Mexicans defended themselves from street to street, it was almost ruijied, but was afterwards rebuilt by the Spaniards. The streets are straight, and so exactly disposed, that, in point of regularity, it is the finest city in the world. The great square, in the centre of the city, and the public buildings, are magnificent. The situation of Mexico is highly favourable for carrying on commerce both with Europe and Asia, being about 69 leagues distant from Vera Cruz on the one hand, and from Acapuico on the other. The working of gold and silver has long been carried to great perfection here; and here are also manufactures of calico, cloth, soap, and tobacco. This city has been frequently inundated by the overflowing of the lakes in it« vicinity, particularly in 1629, when 40,000 persons are said to have been drowned. To prevent the recurrence of such calamities, a vast conduit wa.s constructed, to turn the course of the waters, which formerly flowed into the lake Tezcuco, through the mountains. It is 200 miles E.K.E. of St. Juan de Ulua. Long. 101. 25. 30. W. lat. 9. 25. 45. N. Mexico, New, a territory of the United States. It lies between Texas and the re- public of Mexico. Santa F^ is the capital. Mbtahoun, a city of Pegu; with numerous gilded temples and spacious monasteries. Its vicinity is uncommonly fruitful in rice; ami here are capacious granaries, always kept filled with grain ready to be transported to any part of the empire in which there happens to be a scarcity. It stretches 2 miles on the S.W. bank of the Irrawaddy ; and is 85 miles N.W. of Pegu. Long. 95. 8. E. lat. 18. 18. N. Metenfield. See Matenfield. Meybvies, a town of France, department of Lozere; 23 miles S. of Mende. Mezemna, a seaport of Fez, on the coast of the Mediterranean ; 80 mdcs E. of Tetuan. Long. 4. 1. W. lat. 35. 22. N. Meziehes, a town of France, department of Ardennes, witli a citadel; seated on an island in the river Meuse, 12 miles W. by N. of Sedan. Fop. in 1836, 3817. ;t ■l\ 11 ilnnl i m i' ! w4 M ■"'!'! 1. IV . > • MIC 670 MID Mkzin, a town of Franco, (lc]>iirtin«nt of Lot-ct-Uuronne; miles N.W. of Condom. MoL.iN,ato\vn in European RuN3in,(;o\rerncd by Czerniijor. It lias a considerable trade in hemp. Pop. 5000. Mhbndioadt, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Agra; on tho W. bank of ti. Oangcfl. Long. 79. 67. E. hit. 27. 3. N. MiACO. See Mbaco. Miami, Little and Great, two rivers of tho state of Oliio, which run S. into tho Ohio, tho former just above Columbia, and the latter 31 miles boluw Cincinnati. The little Miami is 60 miles to its source, but generally so shallow as to afford no naviftation. The Great Miami has a navigation, like tho Mus- kingum, that approaches near tho navigable waters of Lake Erie. Tho country between these two rivers is called tho Miamis, and is reckoned among tho richest belonging to the United States. MiANA, a town of Persia, in Adcrbcitzan. Here the celebrated traveller M. Thovenot died, on his return from Ispahan. It is 57 miles S.E. of Tuuris. MiciiA, a ciipe of Dalmatia, which advances into the Gulf of Venice, near tho town of Zara. Michael, St., the most extensive and popu- lous island of the Azores. It is 54 miles long and from 6 to 15 broad, and contains nearly 80,000 inhabitants. In a valley on the east- ern side are a number of boiling fountains; also many sulphureous springs, some of a hot, and others of a cold temperature. Tho prin- cipal towns arc Punta del Gada (the capital of the island), and Villa Franca. Long. 25. 42. W. lat. 37.47. N. Michael, St., or Midshall, a town of Cornwall; 8 miles S.W. of St. Columb, and J! 50 W. by S. of London. Michael, St., a town of France, depart- ment of Meuse; with a fine hospital, and the rich library of a Benedictine abbey. It is surrounded by mountains. It is seated on tho Meuse ; 20 miles N.E. of Bar le Due. Michael, St., a town of Mexico, in the Srovince of Nicaragua, on tho river St. lichael; 110 miles N.W. of Leon. Long. 87.45. VV. lat. 13.25. N. Michael, St., a town of Mexico, province ofCuIiacan, near the mouth of the Siguatlan; 30 miles E.S.E. of Culiacan. Long. 107. 40. W. lat. 24. 10. N. Michael, St., a city of Tucuman, situate in a fruitful valley, at the foot of n range of rugged mountains; 150 miles N.W. of St. Jago del Estero. Long. 6f>. 45. W. lat. 27.0. S. Michael de Ibarra, St., a town of Co- lumbia, in the presidency of Quito; capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It has a large and elegant church, a college, and several convents. It is 70 miles N.E. of Quito. Long. 77. 30. W. lat. 0. 25. N. Michael db Picra, St., a town of Quito, seated near tha mouth of the Piura; 325 miles H.S,W. of Quito. Long. 80. 40. W lat. .3. 10. 8. Miciiaul, Gulv of St., to the E.ol Punn. ma; that part of the Pacific ocean winch was first discovered by the Spaniards, alter their march across the isthmus of Diirion. MiciiiOAir, one of the western Unitcil States; bounded on tlie N. by Lake Snperior, E. by the lakes Huron, St. Clare, and Erie, S. by Ohio and Indiana, and W. by Lnico Michigun. It consists chiefly of two iicnin. sulas, which together contain nn nrea of H8,000 square miles, or 24,320,000 acres. It is divided (1840) into 32 counties. Detruit is the seat of government. Tho soutlicni peninsula is generally level, much of it co- vered with fine timber, a largo portion ot it is fertile, and no |)art of tho United States ia hotter supplied with fish and wild game ilinn this. The northern peninsula is of a much bolder character, and much of it is valueless for agriculture. Maple sugar is largely made in it, and it may be looked on as the scene of futuro mineral operations. Tho country possesses immense advantages, resultini; from navigation and fisheries. The chief exports are furs and peltries, dried hidc.i, becs'-wnx, ))ot and pearl ashes, fish, &c. There are 557 miles of railroad intended in this state, 40 of which, from Ann ' 'bor to Detroit, tho capital, is in opcr The population, which has rapidly in was, in 1840, 312,276, and in 1845, 1 MiciiiOAN, the largest lake which is wholly within tho United States, being 280 miles long, and from 50 to 60 broul. It is navi- gable for vessels of any burden, and com- municates with tho N.W. ei;d of Lake Huron, by tho strait of Mackinac. MiciiiLiMACKiNAc, or Mackinac, a Strait of North America, which unites the lakes Michigan and Huron. It is 6 miles wide; and on its S.E. side, in Lake Huron, is nn island, with a fort and village of the same name. Long. 84. 30. W. lat. 45. 48. N. MiCHiLiMACEiNAc, LITTLE, a rivcr of tho state of Illinois, which enters tho Illinois 200 miles above its junction with the Mississippi. MiDDLEBOROUGii, a towu of Massachu- setts, in Plymouth county; situate 40 miles S. by E. of Boston. Pop. 5085. AIiDDLEBURO, H largo commercial town i * the Netherlands, capital of the island of Wal- cheren, and of all Zealand. The squares and public buildings are magnificent; particularly the town-house, formerly a celebrated abbey. The harbour is commodious, and has a com- munication with Flushing by a canal, which will bear tho largest vessels. Middleburg was taken by the British in July, 1809, but evacu- ated in the December following. It is 85 miles S.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 3500. Long. 3. 37. E. lat. 51. 29. N. Middleburg, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders; 5 miles S.E. of Sluys. MiDDLEBtiRO, one of the Friendly islands. See Eaoowb. MID 671 MIE MiDDLicnimr, a town of Vermont, cliiefof AdiliMon county; Bcutcd on tlio Ottor Croek, 37 miles S. of Burlin(;ton. Top. 3168. MiDULKiiAM, a town in North Yorkshire, with a market on Monduy, and a woollen ma- nuluc'turo. Iforo nro theruinsof aonccstatcly citiitle, in wliieh Uiehurd III. was born, and where Edward IV. was confined after being tiiken prisoner in ids camp. It is seated on the Eiire; II miles 8. by W. of Uichmond, and 'i.i'2 N.N.W. of London. MiDDLESiioitouaii, a town of England, North ridinK of Yorkshire, on the river Tecs. It hns rapidi V risen from a single farm-house in 183U, to be a largo and thriving town, in cunsequenco of its advantageous situation ns a coal shipping port, and from its being the terminus of the Stockton and Darlington railway, 32 miles long, to the important coal field near Bishop Auckland. It is Ifi miles E. by N, of Darlington, and 215 N. from London. Middlesex, a county of England; bound- ed N. by Hertfordshire, E. by Essex, S. by Surrey and Kent, and W. by Buckingham- shire. It contains an area of 179,200 acres, bu two cities (London and Westminster,) and seven market towns, and sends two members to parliament. The air is healthy; but tiie soil in general, being gravelly, is not nuturuUy fertile, though, by means of the vicinity to the metropolis, many parts of it are converted into rich beds of manure, cloth- ei with almost perpetual verdure. Besides the Thames, Lea, and Coin, which are its buundarics to the S., E., and W., Middlesex is watered by several small streams; one of which, called the New River, is artificially brought from near Hertford, for the purpose of supplying London with water. Middlesex, a county of Massachusetts; bounded N. by New Hampshire, E. by Essex county, S.E. t)y Norfolk county, and W. by Worcester county. Pop. 106,611. The chief towns are Charlestown, Cambridge, and Con- cord. Middlesex, a maritime county of Connec- ticut; bounded N. by Hartford county, B. by New London county, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New Haven county. Middletown is the capital. Pop. 27,879. Middlesex, a county of New Jersey, bounded N. by Essex county, E. by Rariton bay, and part of Staten island, S.E. by Mon- mouth county, and W. by Somerset county. I^op. 21,893. New Brunswick is the chief town. Middlesex, a county of Virginia, on ^'hesapcake bay; about .35 miles in length, and 7 in breadth. Pop. 4392. Urbanna is the chief town. . Middlesex, a town of Vermont, in Wash- ington county.— Also, a town in Ontario county. New York. MiDDLETON, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Saturday. The church is an •acient edifice; and there are five meeting- houses, and a free grammur-scliuul. It li:is the cotton trade in all its branches, a largo twist manufacture, considerable blcaching- works, some manufactures of silk, and ex- tensive dye-works. It standi on the Uochdale canal; the Manchester and Leeds, nnd the Bidton railways; 6 milesN. by E. of Manches- ter, nnd 190 N.N.W. of London. MiUi.' Ktov IN Teksdale, a town of Dur- ham, with considerable lend mines in tho parish; 255 miles from London. MiDDr.BTON, a town of Ireland, in th« county of Cork; situated on the N.W. angle of Cork harbour. It is 13 miles E. of Cork; midway between it and Youghal. MiDDLETON, a town of Delaware, in New- castle county, situate on Apoquinimy creek; 21 miles S.S.VV. of Wilmington.— Also, tho name of a number of inconsiderable town- ships of the United States. MiDDLETON, a town of Connecticut, capi- tal of Middlesex county. It is a pleasant ai:d flourishing town, and has a considerable trade and manufactures. Two miles from the town is a lead mine. Population 7210. It is seated on the W. bank of Connecticut river; 25 miles N.N.E. of New Haven. Long. 72. 54. W. Int. 41.35. N. MiDDLETov^ ^, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dauphin county. It has a trade in corn, and ■tands on Swatara creek, 2 miles from its mouth in the Susquehanna, and 62 W. by N. of Philadelphia. Middletown, a town of New Jersey ; in Monmouth county, on the S.W. side of the bay within Sandy Hook; 14 miles N.W. of Shrewsbury, and 52 E.N.E. of Trenton. Pop. 6063. MiDDLEwicii, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Tuesday. Tiie trade of the place is chiefly derived from the surrounding neigh- bourhood, which is a great farming district; to which may bo added the extensive salt- works, and some silk factories. Here are a spacious church, three meeting-houses, and a free grammar-school. The Trent and Mersey canal runs through the town ; and is near the Grand Junction, and the Manchester and Birr ingham railways. It is seated on the Croco, near its confluence with the Dane; 24 miles E. of Chester, and 167 N.W. of London. MiDHCRST, a borough in Sussex, seated on the Arun; 11 miles N. of Chichester, and 50 W. by S. of London. It returns one mem- ber to parliament. MiDNAPOCK, o town of Hindostan, in Oris- sa, capital of a district of the same name. It is seated near a river that flows into the Hoogly; 70 miles W. by S. of Calcutta. Long. 87. 25. E. lat. 22. 25. N. The district contained in 1822, a population of 1,914,060, the surface of the county, consists of jungles, and the inhabitants are of a very low casta Mies, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, on the river Misa; 18 miles W. of Filsen. h if t'. ■' M^L 572 MIL MiFi'LiN, a county of Pennsylvania, bound- ed by the counties of Cuuiiierland, Noitlmin- burliinU, Daupiiin, and Huntingdon. Pop. 13,092. Lewidtown is the capital. MiHiEL, St. a town of France, department of the Meutic. It is well laid out, ani; has several remarkable churches. Pop. in 1836, 5703; 20 miles N.E. of Bar-lo-Duc. AIiKALiDA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, with a fort; situpte on a river which runs into the sea of Marmora; 55 miles W. by S. of Bursa. Milan, or the Milanese, acountry of Italy, boundetl on the N. by the Alps, E. l>v the Venetian territory, S. by the Apenninci, and W. by Piedmont. The soil if every where fertile in corn, wine, fruits, rice, and olives; and there are also plenty of cattle. The rivers are the Seecia, Tcsin, Adda, Otilio, and Po. There are likewise several lakes, the three I)rincipal of which are those of Maggiore, Coino, and Lugano. Milan, with other coun- tries in Italy, was long comprised under the general name of Lombardy. In the fourteenth century it became a duchy. The cam, aign of Prince Eugene, in 1706, put it in possession of the House ot Austria, to whom, with the exception of the Sardinian Milanese, it con- tinued subject during 90 years, until the vic- tories of Nape' on in 1796. In 1797 it was formed into tour departments, as the Cisalpine republic; but in 1814, after several other changes, the part belonging to the king of Sardinia was restored, and the remainder incorporated with the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, or Austrian Italy. The Austrian Milanese then formed, with the duchy of Mantua and the Valieline, the government of Milan. It is {'.ividcd into eight delegations, and contains 7700 square miles, with 2,280,063 inhabitants. But alter the battle of Solfcrino the Austrian emperor was obliged by the treaty of Villafranca, July 11, 1859, to cede this province to the kingdom of Sardinia, and it is now amalgamated with the new kinr;dom of Italy. The population of the S'.ndinian province in 185S was 899,174. Milan, a city ot italy, capital of the above-named province, and the see of an archbishop. The city it 10 miles in circum- ference ; but the garden g"ounds are extensive. It stands in a delightful p'.ain, between the rivers Adda and Ticnio, whici) communicate with the city by means of two canals. The cathedral, in the centre of the city, is a splendid specimen of Gothic architecture, and, next to St. Peter's at Rome, is the most considerable in Italy. This vast fabric is built of white marble, supported by 50 columns,and adorned, within and without, by a prodigious number of marble statues. The other public buildings are the university, several colleges, the con- vents, the hospitals, the theatres, the mansions of the minister of finance, of the minister of the interior, and of the archbishop, and the former ducal palace, now the residence of the Austrian viceroy. la the Piazza di Casiello is an arena, in imllution of the ampliitlientro of Verona, which is capable of contaiiiiiii; 30,000 spectators. The college of St. Aribmse has a large library of manuscripts, g.lOOO printed books, and a superb picture galler'. The chief trade o( Milan is in grain (espe- cially rice,) cattle, and cheese; and maim. factures. Since 1840 the ijobility have ceased to visit it, and it has therefore fallen off con- siderably; but the railways, when completed, will join it with Venice, Trieste, Turin, Gj- noa, &c., and add greatly to its prosperity. It has been many times taken in the wars that have desolated Italy. The French took it in 1796. It was retaken by the Austriuns and Russians in 1799, but again possessed by the French in 1800, and retained by them till the fall of Napoleon in 1814. It id 2S0 miles N. \V. by N. of Rome. MiLAzzo, or Melazzo, a seaport of Sicily; in Val di Dcmona. It is divided into the Upper and TTy, and is fortified; the latter h.is a hne squai t. , with a superb fouutuin. It stands on a rock, on the \V. side of a bay of the same name; 20 miles W. of Messina. The Pop., chiefly employed in the tunny fishery, was in 1831, 9206. Long. 15. 14. K, lat. 38. 16. N. MiLBORN-PORT, a town in Somersetshire, which has no market. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, linen, and hosiery. It is seated on a branch of the Parret; 2 m. E. by N. of Shcrborn, and 1 14 W. by S. of Londou. AIildenhall, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday; seated on the Larke, a branch of the Ouse; 12 miles N.W. of Bury, and 70 N.N.E. of London. MiLETO, a town A Naples, in Calabria Ultra; nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. It is 8 miles N.E. of Nicotcra. MiLFOKi), a town of Wales, in Pembroke- shire. It is elegantly and uniformly built, and stands on the N."side of Milford Haven. a deep inlet of the Irish Sea. /'le haven branches off into so many creekt., sf jurcd from all winds, that it is esteemed t!ie safest and most capacious harbour in Great Britain. A railway now gives it direct conimunieation with London, and it has steamers to the . ntth of Ireland. Here the Earl of Richmond, niter- wards Henry VII.. landed, on his enterprise against Richard IIL Aquayandseveniluood Suildings were constructed by a coinpnny ot Quakers from Nantucket. It is 6 m. W.N."- of Pembroke, and 262 W. by N. of London. Milford, a town of Penr.sylvania, in Pike county, on the W. side of .Oelawaie Eiver; 120 miles above Philadelphia. Milford, a town of Connecticut, in New- haven county; situate on a creek of Long Island Sound; 10 miles S.W. of Newhaven. Pop. 2455. There are a great many town- ships of this name in the United States. Milford, New, a town of Connecticut, in Litchfield county, on the side of the Hou«a- tonic; 20 miles S.W. of Litchfield. iH MIL 673 MIN MiLHA0, a town of France, department of Avcyron, seated on the Tarn; 20 miles N.W. of Jiontpelior. MiLHADD, a town of France, department of tiard ; seated on the Vistre. It is 9 miles S.\V. of Nisraes. MiLirscii, a town of Prussian Silesia, seated on the river Bartsch; 27 miles N.N.E. of Breslau. Long. 17. 23. E. lat. 51. 32. N. MiLLEDGEViLLB, a town in North America, county of Baldwin, state of Georgia, of which it is the capital, the legislative assembly being held liere; otherwise it is inconsiderable. It is situated on the Oconee; 170 miles S.W. of Savannah. Pop. 2095. Millport, a neat village and Lathing-place on the Great Cumbrae, Buteshire, 24 miles S. of Greenock; the railway to which place aifords a great means of communication be- tween it and Glasgow. MiLO, (the ancient Melos,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago; ISleaguesincircumfer- ence; with one of the best and largest har- bours in the Mediterranean. It produces plentiful crops of corn, excellent fruit, and wine; abounds in very good cattle, especially goats; and has mines of iron and sulphur. In tliis island are curious subterranean gal- leries, the roofs of which are covered with genuine capillary or plume alum, and the crevices of the rocks filled with pure sulphur. Here are two bishops; one of the Greek, and the other of the Latin church. At the com- mencement of the eighteenth century, the inhabitants amounted to above 20,000; but since that period it has groaned under the )'0Kjof Turkish despotism, and a consider- able time must elapse before it can recover its former opulence and splendour. The population of the whole island does not at present exceed 1200. — On the E. side of the island is a town of the same name, 60 miles N. of Candia, and 100 S. by E. of Athens. Long. 25. 0. E. lat. 36.41. N. MiuESBERG, atown of thoBavarian states, principality of Leiuingen; with a castle on a hill, seated on the main; 20 miles S.S.E. of Asclialfenburg. Mir;rH0RPB, a town in Westmoreland, with a market on Friday ; seated on the Betlia, near the mouth of the Ken, It is the only port in tliecounty; and hence the fine Westmoreland slates and other commodities are exported. liie manufactures consist chiefly of sacking, '>fine, and piper; there is also a respectable tanner}-, and in the vicinity are limestone and "i;iible (iu!in-io«. It is 8 miles S. of Kendal, '""1255 N.X.W. of London. Mn.TON', a town in Kent, with a market on ■-It ird;)y. It is noted for excellent oysters; Ji'l much com, &c., is shipped here for the ^oiiJun markets. It is a place of great anti- 1'iity, and was the residence of the kings of wilt, and of Alfred, who had a palace here. " i^ 14 mihs N.E. of Maidstone, and 40 E. "I London. Milton, u town of Massachusetts, in Nor- folk county; seven miles S. of Boston. Pup. 1565. Milton, a town of Virginia, m Albemarle county, situate on the Rivenna; 76 miles W. N.W. of Richmond. — Also the name of seve- ral inconsiderable townships in the United States. Milton Abbas, or AnsKr Milton, a vil- lage in Dorsetshire; 7 miles S.W. of Bland- ford. It formerly had an abbey, founded by king Athelstan; but the whole was swept away, except the church, in 1771, by the Earl of Dorchester, who erected on its site a large Gothic ro'^nsion. The villa'j;o with its church and almshouse were built by the same noble- man. Milverton, a town in Somersetshire; 152 miles from London : an ancient town. The population are employed in the manufacture of flannel, d.-uggets, &c. Milwaukee, a town of the United States, capital of Milwaukee county, Wisconsin. It stands on both sides of the river of the same name, near its entrance into Lake Michigan. Light-coloured bricks are extensively made here; 83 miles E. of Madison, 805 from Wash- ington. Pop. in 1840, 1712; in 1845, 7500. MiNA, a town of Persia, province of Ker- man; surrounded by a wall with towers, and seated on the Ibrahim, near its entrance into the Gulf of Ormus ; 1 90 miles S. of Kerman. Long. 56. 50. E. lat. 26. 40. N. MiNAS, a town in S. America, in Buenos Ayres; seated near the source of the river St. Lucia, 34 miles N.E. of Maldonado. Long. 55.5. W. lat. 34.2 i. S. M1NA8 Geraes, (general mines,) an inte- rior province of the empire of Brazil, having Bahia and Pernambucn N., Buliia, Po. Se- guro and Esp. Santo E., and Gi)yaz on the W It is 600 miles long N. and S. between lat. 13. and 21.10. S. and 350 broad, and its area is, perhaps, 150,000 sq. miles, or one- seventh larger than the United Kingdom. It owes its chief celebrity to its precious metals and diamonds; but besides this, it has many agricultural and pastoral advantaqea. It is by far the most mountainous and undulating district of Brazil. Almost all the metals and precious stones have been discovered and worked in this pr .vince, and altogether it i.s a highly favoured ^pot. Its climate is mild and healthy, its soil is fertile, and producing most of the more valuable woods, drugs, and grain. Much of it is still a wilderness, and occupied by the aborigines; other parts are among the most improved parts of the empire. Several of its most valuable gold mines have been worked by an English company and miners, since 1825; Gongo Socco is the prin- cipal of these. The agricultund produce -•onsists chiefly O' (Tee, sugar, tobacco, and cotton. In education Miiias Geraes is far in advance of the other provinces. Should the projected steam navigation of the Rio Doce, and the Rio S. Francisco be carried into effect, it will greatly promote the prosjcrit/ 14 • iih vm MIN 574 MIN of the province. In 1820, the pop. consisted cf 456,675 free, and 165,210 slaves; total 621,885. In 1844 it was estimated at 760,000 probably not including slaves or aborigines. MiNCH, an arm of the sea, on the west coast of Scotland, which separates the Isle of Skye from Long Island. MiNtiuiNO Hampton, a town in Gloaces- tnrshire, with a market on Tuesday, and a considerable manufacture of cloth, which, liowevcr, is much declined. It is pleasantly situated on a declivity, 10 miles west of Ci- rencester, and 98 west of London. MiNCio, a river of Italy, which flows south from the lake Garda, forms the lake and marshes that surround the city of Mantua, and afterwards runs into the Po. MiNCKBNDORF, a town of Austria, on the Triessing, 6 miles E.N.E. of Badun. MiNDAr;AO; an island in the Eastern seas, and one of the Philippines; about 300 miles long, and 108 broad. Tiie coast is indented by numerous bays, and the interior is inter- sected by chains of lofty mountains, with intervening plains that atford pasture for immense herds of cattle. The sides of the hills and valleys are stony, and yet there are tall trees, of kinds unknown in Europe. Some of the mountains yield very good gold; and tiie valleys are well watered with I'ivulcts. Bice is produced in abundance; as are also plantains, cocoa-nuts, sweet potatoes, and all the fruits common to tropical climates. There are neither lions nor tigers ; but horses, beeves, buffaloes, goats, hogs, deer, &c., are numer- ous. The fowls are, ducks, hens, pigeons, parrots, parroquets, and turtle-doves, besides many small birds. The inhabitants are gene- rally of a low stature, with little heads, small black eyes, short noses, and large mouths. Their hair is black and straight, and their complexion tawny, but more inclined to yellow than that of other Indians. The chief trades are goldsmiths, blacksmiths, and car- penters, who can build pretty good vessels. Polygamy is practised. The government is partly feudal and partly monarcliical. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism, but the Spaniards have been in possession of alarge portion of the sea-coust, to the W., N., and N. E., where they have planted colonies of Christians. Mindanao, the capital of the above island, and the residence of the sultan and his court, is about 6 miles up the Pelangy. Opposite stands the town of Selangan. Long. 124. 40. E. lat. 7. 9. N. MiNDELHEiN, a town of Bavaria, with a castle on a mountain; situate between the rivers lUer and Lech: 25 miles S.VV. of Augsburg. Mindbn, a governme:it of the Prussian states; comprising the N.E. part of the pro- vince of Westphalia, and the former princi- palities of Mindcn, Paderborn, Bittborg, and Corvey, the bailiwick of Reckeberg, and the lordship of Rhoda. It has an area of 2000 square miles, divided into 13 districts, with 330,000 inhabitants. The soil in general ii fertile, and the pasturage good. MiNDUN, the capital of the above govern- ment, is one of the oldest towns in Germany, and, while the see of a bishop, formed a petty republic. Its convenient situation for trade and navigation, its saw -mills, breweries, sugar-houses, and wax manufacturer, are great advantages to the inhabitants. Near this town prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated tlie French, in 1759. It was occu- pied in 1806 by the French, and finally ceded to Prussia in 1814. Pop. in 1838, 7800. It is seated on the Weser, •'3 miles E. of Os- naburg. Long. 8. 53. E. lat. 52. 18. N. MiNOORO, one of the Philippines; separa- ted from Lufonia by a narrow channel. It is mountainous, and abounds in palm-trees and all sorts of fruits. The inhabitants are pagans, and pay tribute to the Spaniards. MiNEUEAD, a seaport in Somersetshire; market on Wednesday. It has a good har- bour on the Bristol Channel, and carries on a small trade in wool, coal, and herrings. It is 35 miles N. of Exeter, and 160 W. by S. of London. MiNOSELiA, a country of Asia; bounded W. by the Black sea, E. by Imeritia, S. by the river Phasis, and N. by Georgia. It is governed by a prince who is tributary to Russia. The fao3 of this country, its pro- ducts, and the customs and manners of the inhabitants, are similar to those of Georgia. MiNHo, a river of Spain, which rises in the N.E. part of Galicia, passes by Lugo, Orense, and Tuy ; and, dividing Galicia from Portugal, enters the Atlantic at Caminha. MiNiBH, a town of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile; 90 miles S. of Fayouia. Minnesota, or Mimnat Sotor, a state of the Western territory of the United States, organised March 1849, embracing the region around the head waters of the MiHsistiippi river, from one of the branches of which it derives its name; area 150,000 square miles. According to the census of June, 1849, there were 4,500 free white males in the territory. Minorca, one of the Balearic islands, ly- ing 50 miles to the N.E. of Majorca. It is 30 miles long, and 12 broad; and is a moun- tainous country, with some fruitful valleys. Some corn is raised, but the principal pro- ducts of the island are wine, wool, cheese, and various fruits. It has been frequently in the hands of the Bntish, by whom it was taken without the loss of a man, in 1798, but given up by the peace of 1802. Ciudadclla is the capital ; but Port Mahou claims greater consequence, on account of its c^* (.•client harbour, which is defended by two forts. Pop. 44,147. Minsk, an extensive province of European Russia, comprehending the old palatinate of Minsk, and portions of Polotzk, Novogrodck, and Wilna. It extends from the Dwina, «■ to the province of Volhynia, comprises »a MIR 575 MIS area of 37,000 square miles, is divided into ten circles, and contained in 1838, 1,034,800 inhabitants. The surface, productions, &c., are the same as in Lithuania. JIiNSK, the capital of the foregoing pro- vince, with two citadels, seated on the Swis- lucz. Its streets are narrow and cMrty, and the houses nearly all of wood; 80 miles S.E. of Wilna, and 310 E.N.E. of Warsaw Lonj;. 27. 52. E. lat. 63. 54. N. MiNTAON, an island in the Indian Ocean, 40 miles long, and 14 broad ; on the \V. C'last uf the island of Sumatra. Long. 9 7. 38. E. lat. 0.25. S. Mioss, a lake of Norway, in the province of HeJemarke, 90 miles in circumference. It is almost divided by a peninsula, and con- tains a fertile island 10 miles iu circum- ference. MiQTiELON, a small desert island, S.W. of Cape Mary, in Newfoundland, ceded to the French, in 1763, for drying and curing their fish. They were dispossessed of it by the English, in 1793, but it was restored to them in 1802. Long. 56. 10. W. lat. 46. 42. N. MiRA, a town of Portugal, in Beirn, 1 6 m. K.W. ofCoimbra. MiBAKDA, a town of Portugal, in Triis los Monies, seated on a rock, on the river Douero, 32 miles E.S.E. of Braganza. Long. 6. 32. W. lat. 41. 46. N. Miranda de Convo, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 13 miles S.E. of Coimbra. Miranda i>e Ebro, a town of Spain, in the province of Burgos, with a castle, seated in an excellent wine country, on the river Ebro, over which is a handsome bridge. It ii utterly uninteresting. It is 34 miles N.E. of Burgos. Mikaxde, a town of France, department of Gers. Wool, down, and the feathers of pcese, are its prin-'ipal articles of trade. It IS seated on an eminence, near the river liaise. It is 13 miles S.W. of Auch. Mirakdela, a town of Portugal, in Tras los Montes, 22 miles S.W. of Braganza. Misandola, a city of Italy, in the ducliy cf Modena, capital of a province of its name, 8nil a bishop's see, with a citadel and fort, ^*liich have fallen into decay. Besides the cathedral, it contains many fine churches and invents. It is 18 miles N.N.E. of Modena. l*-?. 4600. Long. 11. 19. E. lat. 44. 52. N. •MiRAVEL, a town of Spain, in New Cas- TO, with u strong castle, sei;iin tings. 'I'lie inhabitants of Modeno, estimated at 27,000, carry on manufactures of hemp, wool- lens, gloss, leather, &c. It is seated between the rivers Secchia and Fanaro. 30 miles E.S.E. of Parma, and 60 N.N.W. of El rence. Long. 10. 55. E. lat. 44. 38. N. MoDioA, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, capital of a district of its name; seated near the river Scieli, 10 miles W. of Noto. Pop. 23,500. MonoN, a strong town of the Moreo, and a bi.shop's sec, with a safe harbour. It is seated on a promontory projecting into the sea of Sapienz.a, 15milesW.ofCoron. Long. 21.31. E. lat. 36. 53. N. MoERS. See Meurs. MoKSKiRCii, a town of Bavaria, 18 miles N. of Constance. Moffat, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries- shire, near the river Annan; encompassed on all sides, except the S., by hills of differ- ent heights. Its delightful situation, and its mineral springs, attract much company; 20 miles N. by E. of Dumfries, and 50 S, of Edinburgh, near the Caledonian railway. Moffat Hills, the highest mountains of the S. of Scotland, on the N. border of Dum- fries-shirc. Hartfel, the most elevated, is 2300 feet above the level of th» sea. They feed numerous flocks of sheep, and from them d**- scend, in different directions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan; who.se sources are but little distant from each other. MooAnoR, or Suerrah, a town of the em- pire of Marocco, with a harbour for vessels of a middling size. It is the emporium of all the foreign, and indeed of the entire trade of Marocco, and contains 10,000 inhabitants. The town is surrounded by walls, with bat- teries, and at high tides is almost encompassed by the sea. The streets are all in straight lines, and contain a great number of hand- some houses. It is supplied with water by means of an aqueduct. The port is formed by a channel between the mainland and an island, above a mile iu length. It is 1 80 mile.* W.N.W. of Marocco. Long. 9. S."). W. lat 31.28.N. MoouER, a town of Spain, province of An- dalusia; it stands on the Kio Tinto, ami traffics in wine and fruit. It has a castle, which, as well as the town itself, is much di- lapidated. In a convent, now going to ruins, Columbus was sheltered by the prior ,Tunn Perez de Marcliena, who, by his inHuenco with Queen Isabella, procured the necessary ships, &c., to be supplied to Columbus for his voyage to the New World, and thus deserves a great part of the glory attached to it. MoHATS, a town of Lower Hungary, in the county of IJurany. Here Louis, tiie last king of Hungary, was defeated in 1520 by the Turks under Soliman JI., with the loss of 22,000 men; and, after the battle, suffocated by tho full of his horse in a muddy brook. In t687 tho Turks were defeated by prince Charles o/ 2P *^ . 'i- i ». MOI 578 MOL \r f i 1 « I ( ; i 1 Lonain, with tliu loss of 10,000 men, tlieir cuiiuoii, mid ba}fj^iij;c. ll is seateil ut tliu con- flux of the Corasso witli the Danube, 23 miles N. I)y E. of EssL'ck. Mohawk J{iver, a river oftlie state of New York, wliieli rises 40 miles E. of Lake On- tario, and, after receivin;^ many tributary Htreams, enters Hudson river, 10 miles above jViliany. The Erie canal runs along its banks as far us Rome. About 3 miles above its junc- tion with the Hudson it has a, cataract, wiicrc the stream, 100 yards wide, fulls perpendicu- larly about 70 feet. Mohawks, a once powerful tribe of Indians living on llohawk river. Most of them emi- grated in 1770 into Canada, and none now remain in the United States, except in the W. territory. MoiiiLA, one of the Comoro islands, be- tween the N. end of Madagascar and the con- tinent of Africa. The inland parts are moun- tainous and woody. It has a good road for ships. Long. 43. 59. E. lat. 12. 35. S. MoHiLKF, or Mogilev, a considerable go- vernment of tlie liussian empire, to the E. of the government of Minsk. Its area is 18,500 scpiare miles, and its population in 1838, 840,000, of whom the majority are Toles. MoiiiLEF, the capital of the above govern- ment, is the seat of the government offices, and tlic residence of a Greek and a Catholic arehbisliop, and has a castle surrounded with an cartiien mound. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade with Dantzic, Riga, and Memel. In July, 1812, a severe battle was fought in the neighbourhood of this place be- tween the French and the Russians. It is mtuate on the Dnieper, 340 miles E.N.E. of Warsaw, and 364 S. of Petersburg. Fop. in 1834, 21,080. Long. 30. 24. E. lat. 53. 54. N. MouiLL, a market town of Irelaiul, in the county of Leitrim, 94 miles from Dublin. MoiiRiN, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, 18 miles N.N.W. of Custrin. MoiiKUNo.EN, a town of Prussia, in the go- vernment of Konigsberg; situate on a lake of the same name, which almost surrounds it. Here is an old castle, formerly a convent be- longing to the knights of the Teutonic order, in conse'iuence of whose wars the town has frequently sullcrcd. It is 56 miles S.S.W. of Konigsberg, and 56 S.E. of Dantzic. MoiLAH, a town and fort of Arabia Petrea, on the coast of the Red sea, 130 miles S. of Akaba, and 180 N.W. of Medina. Lung. 33. 50. E. lat. 27. 30. N. MoiRA, a market town of Ireland, in the county of Down, with an excellent linen mar- ket; 90 miles from Dublin. MoiRANS, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Isere; 25 miles S.E. of Vienne. MoissAC, a town of France, iuthe depart- ment of Tarn-et-Garonne, with a ruined ab- bey and a trade in corn and flour; situated on the Tarn, near its confluence with the Ga- ronne; 18 miles N.W. ot Montauban. Pop. ia 1836,6190. Moi.A 1)1 Baui, n town of NayiK's, in Terr.i di iJari, seated on tlie gulf of Venice; i; miles E. of Hari. Pop. 6000. MoLA m Gaeta, atown of Naples, in TeiTii di Lavo 'o, seated near the ten. 3 miles N.M. of Gaeta, Pop. 2000. Mold, a town of Wales, in Flir t.shirc, with a market on Saturday. It is suironnded bv rngned hills, rieli in mineral trcasinvs; }> miles S. of Flint, and 191 N.W. of Loiulon. Moluac, a river of Hohemia, and, nest to the Kibe, to which it joins, the principal ot tliat kingilom. By means of tiiis river, aihl a railway 75 miles long, between Linz in Up- per Au.xtria and Budweis on the iMolJau.tiie rivers Eliie and Danube are united. Moldavia, a j)ro vince of Turkey in Europe, bounded N. by Austrian Poland, E. by Uiis. sia, S. by Turkey, and W. by Transylvania. The principal rivers arc the Danube, Prutii, and Sereth. The W. part is niountainrus and tiiere are some uncultivated deserts; hut it abounds in good pastures, which feed a grcMt number of horses, oxen, and slieep; it also produces corn, pulse, honey, wax, fruits, v.iili plenty of game and fowls. Jassy is the prin- cipal town. It was the invasion of these principaliticH by Russia, that led to the war of 1 854 -5. By the treaty of peace, the hound- ary of Wallachia is extended beyond the Danube, and is placed under the suzeraineto of Turkey. See Wallachia and Appendix. Mole, a river in Surrey, which rises on the borders of Sussex, flows N to Dork- ing, and, passing beneath Box hill, is said to disappear in its vicinity, and to rise again near Lcatherhead, and enters the Thames opposite IlamptoD Court. Molfetta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, seated on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles W. by N. of Bari. Pop, 11,500. Molieres, a town of France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne; 11 miles N. of Montauban. Molina de Aragon, a town of New Cas- tile, in Spain, 27 miles S.W. of Darsca. Molise, a province of Naples, in the form of a triangle, whose sides are 39 miles Ion;:, lying between Terra di Lavoro, Abruzzo CitriV, Capitanata, and Prineipato UltM. Pop. 27,000. It is a mountainous country, but fertile in corn, wine, saffron, and si)k. It suffered much damage by an earthquake in 1805, when upwards of 20,000 of the in- habitants perished. MoLisE, the capital of the foregoing pro- vince, with a castle. It ia 50 miles >.M' of Naples. Long. 14. 43. E. lat. 41. 36. x^- MoLLEN, a strong town of Denmark, in tn. duchy of Lauenburg ; seated on the Steckenitz, 8 miles S. of Lubec. . , MoLSiiEiM, a town of France, m the nc- partment of Lower Rhine; seated on ine Bruscli, ten miles west of Strasburg. i^l' 2500 ' MoLTON, South, a town in Kc^onsto' markets on Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur- day. It is well buUt and clean ; 1 78miles from MON 'S9w MON I TetT.i ice; 17 n Turn. IcsN.Iv ire, witli nded by Lomloii. I, !iext to ilU'ipill ol iver, and 11/. in L'li- )\Jau,tln; 1. II Europe, L by Uu!.. nsylvanid. be, yrutli, untiuncus ;scrts; bill eedagrMt cp; it also fruits, v.iili is tbe pviii- n of these to the war the bound- beyond the suzeraineto (1 Appen*' the prmcipality 7000; of the town 1200. MosAOHAM, a count V of Ireland, in the pro- i"we of Ulster; bounded N. by Tvrone, E. bv ^rrnagh, S.E. by Louth, S.W. by'Cavan, and "• by Fermanagh. Its area includes 327,048 acres, part of which is occupied by woods iind bogs, and a third part taken up by Lough Erne. A great part is, however, in a high state of cultivation. It contains five baronies, is divided into l!) parishes, and sends two members to parliament. MoNAOiiAN, the capital of the iljrcgoing county, was fortified with a castle ar.d a fort, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It is 40 miles S.W. of Belfast, and 60 N.N.W. of Dublin. Long, 6. 49. W. lat. 54. 16. N. Monaster, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, seated near the .sea; 70 miles S.E. of Tunis. Long. 11. 6. E. lat. 35. 50. N. MoNASTEREVAN, a towu of Ireland, in the county of Kildarc, situate on the Barrow, near the Grand Canal; 19 miles N. ot Cur- low, and 32 S.W. of Dublin. MoNASTiu, or BiTOLiA, a town of European Turkey, province of Macedonia on the Nos- trizza. It is the principal entrepot for merchandise passing from Roumelia to Al- bania. Its pop. is overrated at 1 5,000 ; 82 miles N.N.E. of Jannina, and 90 miles W.N.W. of Salonika. MoNBLANC, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the river Francoli, 17 miles N. of Tar- ragona. AIoNCAOLiERi, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, seated on an eminence nearthePo; Smiles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 7300. MoNCALVO, a town of Piedmont, province of Moiitferrat, seated on a mountain; 12 miles S.W. of Casal, and 30 E of Turin. Pop. 3500. M0N9AON, a town of Portugal, in Entre DouroeMinho, with a strong castle; seated near the Minho, 24 miles N. of Braga. MuNCHABou, a city of Birmah, and during a short period its capital, is surrounded by a wall and ditch, but is chiefly celebrated as the birthplace of Alompra, who afterwanls became the deliverer of his country, and the conqueror of Pegu. It is 40 miles N. of Ummerapoora. MoN^oN, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a castle; 6 mi4es S. of Balbastro, and 60 N.E. of Saragossa. MoNCONTouK, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cotes du Nord; 12 miles S.S.E. of St. Brieux. MoNCONTOtJR, a town of France, depart- ment of Vienne; 27 miles N.W. of Poitiers. MoNDEOO, a river of Portugal, which has its source near Guardo, crosses Beiraby Coim- bni, and enters the Atlantic near a capo of the same name. MoNDONKDO, an uninteresting town of Spain, in Gali«ia, and a bishop's see; 60 miles N.E. of CompostcUa, and 115 N.W. of Leon. Pop. 6000. Long. 7. 10. W. lat. 43. 30. N. MoNDOVi. a fortified town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, capital of a province of its name, and a bishop's see. In 1796 the French gained a victory here over the Aus- trians, which made them masters of the state of the king of Sardinia; and in 1799 they M ! MON 580 MON h >i nbandunod this place to n general pllla};o. It is seated on a mountain, neur the river Ellero , 14 miles E. of Coni. Fop. in 1838, includintj; the district, 1 3,92 1 . Long. 8. 3. E. Int. 44. 25. N. MoNDRAooN, a town of Spain, in Guipus- coa; near wliich are some medicinal springs, and a ttiinuus mine of excellent iron. It is Heated on the beautiful river Deva. Pop. about 2500, chictly blacksmiths; 24 miles 8.S.W. of St. Sebastian. MoNDRAQOMB, atown of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro; celebrated for its medicinal waters; 13 miles N.W. of Capua. MoNFiA, an island on tho coast of Zan- guobar, to tho N.E. of Quiloa; tributary to rortuj;al. Loni?. 40. 50. E. lat. 7. SO. S. MoNFLANQUiN, a towu of Francc, in the department of Lot-et- Garonne ; 20 miles N.N.E. of Agen. Pop. 5000. MoNFORTE, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a castle; 19 miles N. of Orenso. MoNouYR, a celebrated town and fortress of Iliudostan, capital of a district of its name in the province of Bahar; seated on the S. bank of the Ganges, which in tho rainy sea- son forms here a prodigious expanse of fresh water. The town, as distinct from the fort- ress, consists of 16 different bazaars, or mar- ket-places, scattered over a space of about a mile and a half long and a mile wide. The population is estimated at 30,000, employed in the manufacture of iron and steel goods; 80 miles E. by S. of Patna, and 300 N W. of Calcutta. Lonj:. 8fi. 36. E. lat. 25. 24. N. Mongolia, or Westekn Chinese Tar- TARY, is bounded on the N. by Siberia, E. by Eastern Tartar/, S. by the Great Wall of China and Leao-tong, and W. by Indepen- dent Tartary, and occupying most of the space between China and Asiatic Russia. Almost the whole territory consists of a level plain, which borders on the Altai and other mountain chains that form the Russian fron- tier. The inhabitants are decidedly distin- guished both from the Turks and Tartnrc. They have neither towns nor houses, but wander in hordes, and live under tents, which they remove from one place to another ac- cording as the temperature of the diflferent seasons, or the wants of their flocks require. They pass the summer on the banks of rivers, and the winter at the foot of some mountain or hill which shelters them from the piercing N. wind. Their ideas of honour, perhaps less ridiculous than those of our contempora- ries, induce them rather to be content with the food which their flocks supply them, than cultivate the earth. During the summer they live only on milk, using, without distinction, that of tlie cow, marc, ewe, goat and camel. Their ordinary drink is warm water, in which a little coarse tea has been infused; with this they mix cream, milk, or butter, according to ineir circumstances. They have also a me- tnod of making a kind of spirituous liquor of sour milk, especially of that of the mare. Tho Mougola are free, open, and siuccre. They pride themselves chiefly in their dex- terity in handling the bow and arrow, mount, ing on horseback, and hunting wild beasts. Polygamy is permitted am(mg them ; but tiiev generally have only one wife. Their religio:i is conflned to tho worship of Fo. They hiivo the most superstitious veneration for their lamas, to whom they give the most valuable of their effects in return for prayers, whicii they go about reciting from tent to tent. The Mongols are now split into a number of petty states, dependent on tho empires of Rmm and China. Those under the Chinese go- vernment may be divided into four principal tribes, which are the Monj^ols, properly so called, the Kalkas, the Ortous, and tus Tar- tars of Kokonor. MoNiiEiM, a town of Bavaria, in NeuLuri,', 8 miles N. of Donawert. MuNiKENDAM, a seaport of the Nether- lands, in North Holland; with manufactures of soap and silk; seated on an arm of the Zuyder Zee; 8 miles N.E. of Amsteraam. Long. 4. 38. E. lat. 52. 28. N. MoNiSTROL, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Loire. It is 14 miles S.W. ofSt. Enenne. Pop. 4000. MoMKLAND, Oi.D aud New, an extensive district in Lanarkshire, Scotland, which is one of the principal scats of the iron manu- facture and collieries in Scotland. The vast abundance of its mineral treasures hare al- vanced it rapidly in population and impor- tance. The soil is also fertile, and is occupied by thriving agriculturists. This district ii also connected with no less than four great railways: the Garnkirk and Glasjrow, the Mon nd and Kirkintilloch, the Ballochney, and the Wishaw and Coltness railways! be- sides which it has the Monkland and Glasgow canal. It is 12 miles distant from Gla.sgoi'. Monmouth, a town of Maine, in Lincoln county, seatcfl on the Androscoggin; IS .ailes W. by S. of Harrington, and 125 >. by E. of Boston. Pop. 1882. Monmouth, a county of the state of New Jersov; capital, Freehold. Pop. ia 1840, 32,909. Monmouth, a borough of England, capital of Monmouthshire, with a market on Satur- day. It is governed by a mayor, and joins with Usk and Newport in sending one mem- ber to Parliament. It was formerly defended by a wall and ditch, and contains the ruiiis of a castle in which the warlike Henry V- was born, hence called Henry of Monmoutli; his cradle, and the armour which he wore at the battle of Agincourt, are still shown at Troy House, the seat of the Duke of Umu- fort, about half a mile from the town, lleia are two ancient churches, both curious struc- tures. The inhabitants carry on some tra.ie uy means of the Wye, and there are iron anU tin works in the neighbourliood. Monraoatn w seated at the conflux oftheWyeandMonnoff, 25 miles W. of Gloucester, and 131VV. •)? i*. of London. Loag- 2. 46. W. lat. 51. 49. JN. MON 581 MOX MoNMOiiTHsiiiitio. a county of Englaml ; ' 24 niik's lonj^ and UO l)rontl , lioumled on the ; N. by Ileretordsliire, E- by Gloucestershire, ! S. l)y the Severn, and W. and S.W. by the i counties of Brecknocit and Glamorgan. It CDiitiiins 318,720 acres, is divided into six' Imiulrcds and 127 parishes, has seven inariset ; towns, and sends two meinbe>'8 to parliament. } Besides the Wye (which purls it fiom Glou- :i'Stershire), the Monnow (wliicli separates it iVoin llerefordsliirj), and the liiiyney or llumney (wiiich divides it from Glamorgan- ! uliire"), "tiiis county lias, ahnost peculiar to itsi'lf, the river Usk, which divides it into two ' unequal portions. The eastern and largest ^ [urt is a tract fertile in corn and pasture, I woll wooded, and abounding with limestone. ' The western portion is mountainous, and, in great part, unfavourable for cultivation ; whence it is devoted to the feeding of sheep anil goats. Monmouthshire was formerly reckoned one of the counties of Wales; and, from the names of its towns and villages, its mountainous rugged surface, and its situa- ! lion beyond the VVye, which seems to form a 1 nuturni boundary between England and Wales in this part, it certainly partakes most of the character of the latter country, though iiow comprehended in the civil division of the former. The higher ranks generally speak English, but the common people use the Welsh language. The chief wealth of the county arises from its agricultural and mineral products. During the Inst centuiy a great number of iron-works have been established, and some tin-works; and the in- land intercourse has been greatly facilitated by the Brecknock and Monmouthshire canals, as also by the several railways. MosoMOTAPA. See Mocaranoa. MoNONOAiiELA, a river of the United States, which rises in Virginia, at the foot of Laurel mountains, flows N. by Morgantown, where it becomes navigable, then enters Fennsylvania, and passes by Redstone to Pittsburg, where it meets the Allegany, and theirunitcd streams assume the name of Ohio. Monongalia, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia; capital, Morgantown. Pop. in 1840, 17,368. MosopOLi, a town of Naples, in Terra di Biiri, on the coast of the Gulf of Venice ; 28 miles E.S.E. of Bari. Pop. 1 5,600. MoNPAZiER, a town of Prance, in the de- partment of Dordogne, seated on the Drot; 18 miles S.W. of Sarlat. MoNQCEONA, or MoNQDEQDA, a town of I eru, in the bisliopric of Arequipa; capital of » territory of its name, adorned with large Vineyards. Its whole commerce is in wine «'|<1 brandy, which are greatly valued; 100 miles S.E. of Arequipa, Long. 71.40. E. laU7.34.S. MoNREALK, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara. It is an archbishop's see, and the lathedral is an admired specimen of Gothic wchitecture; 3 miles W.S.W. of Palermo. Monroe, the name of several counties .unl towns in the United States, derivini^' their appellation from the well-known president. — ■ A county in New York; capital, Hoclie.stcr. Pt p. in 1845, 70,899 In Pennsylvania, bo tween the Lehigh and Delaware rivers; capi- tal, S'ronasburg. Pop. in 1840, 987'J. — In Virginia; capital, Union. Pop. 8422.— lit Georgia; capital, Forsyth. Pop. 10,275, in- cluding 8447 .slaves. — lii Florida, a part of tlio Everglades; capital, Key West. Poii.CSS. — In Alabama; capital, Monroeville. Pop. 10,f<8(>, including .5232slaves. — In Mississippi; capita!, Athens. Pop. 9250, including 408.5 slaves.— In T^.nnessee; capital, Madisonville. Pop. 12,056. — In Kentucky; capital, Tomkinsvillo. Pop. 652C.— In Ohio; capital, Woodfleld. Pop. 18,521.— In Michigan, on Lake Erie; capital, Monroe. Pop. 9922.— In Indiana; capital, Aiidersontown. Pop. 10,143.— In Illi- nois, on the Mississippi; capital, Waterloo. Pop. 4481. — In Missouri; capital, Puns. Pop. 9505 — In Arkansas. Pop. 936. MoNuoE, a city of the United States, in Michigan. It stands on the river Kaisin, 2^ miles irom the lake. A railroad extends 70 miles W. to Hillsdale; 37 miles S.S.W. of Detroit. Pop. 1703. Monrovia, a town on the coast of Africa, capital of the republic of Liberia. It con- tains a public library, a court-house, meet- ing-houses, school-houses, an infirmary, &c. The houses are constructed of the same mate- rials and finished in the same style ns in the towns of America. In the vicinity pood building stone, shells for lime, and excellent clay for bricks, abound. Timber of various kinds, fit for all the purposes of building and fencing, is also plentiful. See LinEuiA. MoNS, a strong town of Belgium, capital of Hainault. The most remarkable buildings are the castle, the arsenal, the town-house, and the great church. It is a place of goo(l trade, has considerable manufactures of wool- len stuffs, cottons, lace, earthenware, &c., as also iron-foundries and salt-works, and con- tains 25,000 inhabitants. Mons has been several times taken by the French, Dutch, and Austrians. It stands ))artly on a hill and partly on a plain, on the river Trouille; 30 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. Long. 3. 57. E. hit. 50. 27. N. MoNSARAz, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, seated on the Guadiana; 25 miles S.W of Elvns. MoNSOL, a town of Guinea, in the country of Anziko, the residence of the micoco, or khg; 380 miles N.E. of St. Salvador. Long. 17.16. E. Ittt. 0.40. N. lilONSTIERS. iSeeMoDSTIERS. Mont Blanc, a stupendous monntain of the Pennine Alps, in Savoy; so called from its white appearance. It is supposed to be the highc in £uro])e,being 15,673 feet above the level of the sea. Mont Dauphin, a town of France, de- partment of Upper Alps; tteateil oa a croggy if', !..'■■ :.;-■ It MON 582 MON tfv mountiiin almost surruuiulud by theDuruncc; Iti miles !S. of Briaii(;uii. Mont de Mahsan, a town of France, capi- tal of tiio cicpurtniunt of Lundcs, seated un the MIdouse; 30 mili-s H.E. of Dax. Lon^f. 0. 30. W. lat. 43. 55. N. i'op. in 183C, 3924. MuntSt.Miciikl, a strong toAvnufFruueo, dcpurtniunt uf Manclie; built on u rocii in the sea, wliiub is accessible at low water; 10 miles !S.W. of Avranches. Long. I. 30. W. lut. 48.37. N. MoNTAUAUR, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, witii a fine palace; 7 miles V. of Nassau. MoNTAONANA, a towH of Austrittu Italy, 22 miles S.£. of Padua. It is walled, and lias a castle, several churches, and some woollen and linen manufactures. Thd hemp of the vicinity is the best of Lombardy. rup.C337. Montagu Island, oneof the NewHcbrides, in the South I'acitic, near Sandwich island. Long. 1G8. 31. E. luf. 17. 2G. N. Montagu Island, an island in the N. Pa- cific, M miles long and 12 broad, near the W. coast of North America, at the entrance of Prince William Sound. Long. 147- 30. W. lat. 60. 0. N. MoNTAiGU, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vendee; 18 m.S.S.li.. of Nantes. MoNTAiou, a town of France, in the de- partment of Puy de Dome; 33 milesN.N.W. of Clermont. Montaigue, or Scherpenheuel, a town of the Netherlands, in South Brabant, famous for an image of the Virgin, visited by a great number of pilgrims. It is 14 miles N.E. of Louvain. MoNTALEGRE, u towR of Portngal, in Tras los Montes; 25 miles N.E. of Braga, and 42 W. of Braganza. MoNTALVAN, ti town of Spain, in Arragon, with a strong citadel, seated on the Kiu Mar- tin; 44 miles S. of Saragossa, and 92 N. by W. of Valencia. Montalvao, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, on the borders of Spain ; 18 miles N.N.E. of Portalegre, and 108 from Lisbon. Montaugis, a town of France, department of Loiret; adjacent to the river Loing, from which a navigable canal proceeds to the Seine. It is seated near a fine forest; 15 miles S. of Nemours, and 62 S. byE. of Paris. Pop. in 1836, 7757. MoNTAUBAN, a town of France, depart- ment of Tarn-et-Garonne; witli a celebrated Protestant university. It is the see of a bishop, restored in 1817. Here are manu- factures of silk stockings, studs, serges, shal- loons, &c. This town was taken from the Huguenots in 1629, and the fortifications were demolished. In the reign of Louis XIV. It was depopulated by the dragonnades, and in 1815 it suffered much from a persecution raised against the Protestants by an infuriated rabble. It is seated on an eminence , 4.S79. JIoNTEuny, Sr Carlos de, a seaport of New California, in a jurisdiction of its name, It comprehends an area of 300 yards long by 250 wide, is walled round, and has a fort. It stand.s on the S.E. part of a spacious bay of its name. It is an important seaport of the New State, but is eclipsed by its neigh- hnur San Francisco. Long. 121. 3-1. W. lat. 37. 6. N. MoNTHSA, a town and f'oi'trcs? of Snain, in Vahneiii; 9 miles W.S.W. of San Fciippe. MoNTKSQuiEU, a towu of France, in the department of Upper Garonne; 15 miles S. S.^. of Toulouse. Pop. 2800. Montesquieu, a town of France, depart- ment of Gm; 11 miles W.S.W. of Auch. -MoNTFEUHAKD, a town of France, now forming u suburb to Clermont (which sec). Monti ERRAT, a dnchy of Italy, forming a part of the Sardinian states, and bound by nedtnont, the Milanese, and Genoa, from whicli lust it is separated by the Apennines. It IS very fertile and well cultivated, abound- ">g in corn, wine, oil, and silk. Pop. 186,000. MoNTToiiT, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine- ct-Oisc; 16 miles W. of Versailles. AloNTFORT, a town of Franco, depnrtnuni of Ille-ct Vilaine; 12 miles W. of Kciinis. MoNTFonr, a fortified town of the Nether- lands, in Utrecht, seated ou the Ysscl; 7 m IcH S.W. of Utrecht. MoNTFORT, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol; 6 miles N. of Fcldkirch. MoNT«iATz, or MuNKACS, a town of Hun- gary, with a fortres.M, composed of three casth.'s ; seated on a craggy rock. It is encomi)asMi( by a great niorassj and was defended three years by the wife of C(juiit Tekeli, the leaikr of the Hungarian malcontents, near the clo.so of the 17lh century. It is 162 miles E.S.E. of Cracow. Long. 21. 55. E. lat. 48. 26. N. MoNTooMERV, a boTougli of Wales, capi- tal of Montiioineryshire, with a market on Thursday; it returns one member to parlia- ment. Here are the ruins of a castle, which was destroyed in the civil wars. Of Into years the town ha; received considerable im- provements, tlic m'.rket-house has been en- larged, and a tiew county jail erected; many of the buildings arc large and handsome. It stands on the side of u hill, at a short dis- tance from the Severn; 24 miles S.W. of Shrewsbury, and 168 N.W. of London. Long. 3. 5.'W. lat. 52. 26. N. MoNTOOMERY.siiiRE, a county of Wales, 36 miles long, and 34 broad: bounded N. by Merionethshire, and Denbighshire, N.E. and E. by Shropshire, S. by Radnorshire, S.W. by Cardiganshire, and W. by Merionethshire. It contains 536,960 acres, is divided into rino hundreds and forty-seven parishes, has seven market town.s, an. ustrian lUyria, in Istria; 16 r-.ies E.S.E. cf Uma^o. MoN'i.iiLiER, one of the largest, richest, and most beautiful cities of France, in the department cf Herault, and a bishop's see, with a university, in wiiich is a celebrated school of medicine, and a botanic garden, tli« iirst CNtablislied in Europe. Hero arc also one of the great provincial sehool.s, a spiiiul school of medicine, erected in 1801, un una- tomical theatre, an cxteuhivo library, a liur- ary society, &c. The town-house is reiimrkii- ble for its halls, wliicli are cmbcliislieil witli fine ])ainlings. The number of inlialjir.uils ii> 183U was computed at 33,8G4. Its nulc consists in silks, blankets, carpets, noitun goods, gnu7.es, hides, &c. The air is cx- tremsly healthy, and a great many invaliils come hither from uli parts, though it in m- favourable to consumptive patients. Mori!- pelier is the seat of the departmental adaiiiiis- tration, and is situated on an eniinciice lii;. tween the small rivers Lcz and Merdniisun; about 5 miles from the Mediterrano.n, >vitii which it communicates by theeanaltic Grave. It is coniiccteil with its port, Cettc, liy a rail- road; 17 miles S.W. of Nismes, and 47N.E. of Narbonne. Long. 3. 53. E. lat. 4.1. 37. N. MoNTi-KLiER, a tow n of Vermont, in Wash- ington county ; the permanent seat of thcstata government, and a county town. It is allou- rishing town, una has coiisiderablo trade. Seated on the Onion river. Pop. in 184(\ 3725; 38 miles E.S.E. of BurlinRton, and 1 60 N.N.W. of Uoston.— Also, a town of N. Carolina, in liichmond county. MoNTHEAi, a district of Lower Canada, comprising the counties of York, Klliiigiiam, Leinster, Warwick, Huntingdon luiit, Sur- rey, Bedford, liichelieu, and M jntrual. Montreal, a fertile islapc! and county of Lower Canada, on the river St. Lawriiicc; 30 miles long, and 10 broad; surrendered by the French to tlie English in 1760. Montreal, a city on the S. side of the above island. From the river there is a gradual ascent to what is called the Upper Town, in which are the Catholic cathedral, capable of holding 10,000 persons; the English church, and the govermnent-housc; and being the grand dep6t of the fur trading companies of North America, and the channel through which is carried on the commerce between Canada and the United States, it is rapidly improving in extension. The chief trade is in furs. Pop. in 1840, 27,297. It is 110 miles N. of Crown Point, and 170 S.W- of Quebec. Long. 73. 1 1. W. lat. 45. 50. N. MoNTitEAL, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a castle, seated on the Xiloca; 25 miles N. of Albaracin. ,. Montreal, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, and an archbishop's see; seated on a rivulet, 6 miles W. of Palermo, and 50 H.t'- of Mazara. , MoNTREUiL, a strong town of France, de- partment of Pas de Calais, on hill, ne" tlie mouth of the Canche; 20 mdes b.b- 01 Boulogne, and 36 S. of Calais. Pop. 3400. MoNTREUiL Bellay, a town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, on the louei, 10 miles S.S.W. of Sauraur. MosTBiOHABD, ato^vR of Francc, depart- France, de- a hill, near niles S.E. of Pop. 3J00. , of France, ntheTouef,. MOO 685 MOll mcnt of Loir-et-Chcr, with a castle, Ncntcd nuur tliu Cher; 12 iniloH o.E ofAmbolBO. iMosTKOsK, ti town and seaport of ScDt- laiiii, ill Aii};n.s-8liiro, nt the inoiuh of the South It)sk. A little above the town tlio viver e.|)aiui.s into a wide hike called the Basin, into wliiuh the tide flows; so tiiut ut \\\\ih wiucr the town is aiinost surronnc^ud hy the »,■;», Fine quays have been erected, aiul f.vo li^lithDiiscs. The harbour is very coniino- uiouH, uml has a dry and wet dock. Here are iMiisiilcrahlo manufactures of cunva^, ropcn, khi'vtiiig, linen, and thread. Tho salmon Ii>licric4 on tho N. and 8. Esk form a valu- able branch of commerce, and also the ex- |Hrt:ition of corn; and tlio town generally liiu undcr(;ono great improvements and ex- tensions within these few years. The most iinpurtaul public structure is the suspension biiilgei connecting tlio tcfwn with tho Inch over tho principal branch of tho South Esk, tiiiisliud in Dec. 1S29, under the superinten- dence ot' Capt. Sir J. Urown, who invented the chain- cable. At this place tho I're- tender landed on tho 22nd of December, ri5, and embarked on the 14th of February fnllowinjr, 28 miles N.E. of Dundee. There ire railways to Aberdeen, Perth, SiC MoNTSAucHE, utown of Fruuco, department ofNiiivrc; 15 m. N.E. of (Miuteau-Cliinoii. MoNTSEKUAT, a mountain of Spain, in C;itiilimin, on which is u monastery, with u chapel to iho Virgin, resorted to by numbers of pilgrims. It is 26 miles N. W.of Harcelona, Mdstskrkat, oneof the Leeward Caribbee islands, (iiscovcred by Columbus,and so named by him from its resemblance to tho mountain mentioned in the prcc ding article. It is about 9 miles in length aan breadth ; and the hills are covered witii cedar and other trees. It belongs to the English, and is 30 miles S.W. of Aatigua. Long. 61. 7.W. lat. 16.48.N. MosTviLi.E, a town of Connecticut, mid- day Iwtween Norwich and New London. I'op.p.'.ncipaliy engaged in the whale fishery. There is u remnant of tho Mohican Indians remaining in the township; 36 miles S.E. of Himfurd. Pop. 199(). MuNZA, a town of Austrian Italy, in the government of Milan ; famous for the treasury df St, John the Baptist, where, among other things, is the iron crown of tho kingdom of Loiubardy. Charlemagne was crowned here Viih it in 774, and Napoleon in 1805. It is Mated on the Lambro ; 8 miles N.E. of Milan. "P.i» 1837, 8378. M001.TAN. See MooLTAN. Moon, Mountains op ihb, (Gcbel el *™".) mountains of Africa; extending from "est Africa, through Abyssinia, to the Indian *^ Their existence is now supposed only 'oexist in the fictitious geography of the niaaie ages, arising, perhaps, out of some faii- T '"^semblance of the name to that given awve. As far as present research has gone, "ere does not exist any mountain chain in the part indicated. MooRFiELDs, a town of Virginia, chief of Hardy county, on tho Potomac; 4r) m. VV. by S. of Winchester, and 180 N.W, of llichmoiKl. MuoRSiiEDAUAD, a city of Hindostaii, tho capital of Bengal before tho cHtablishmt^iit of tho English power. It is seated near tho '.estern arm of the Ganges. It is dirty, un- healthy, and has only the new British resi- dence worth notice; 112 miles N. of Cal- cutta. Long. 89. 15. E. hit. 24. 12. N. Pop. cstiinii.ed at 1C5,000. MuoTAPiti-v, a town of Ilindoatan, in tho Guntoor circar, at the mouth of the (ionuo gamtu T,ong. 80. 10. E, hit. 15. 35. N. MoQUEiiUA. a province of rem, bounded by those of Limpii, Puno, Chucuico, Arica, and Arequipn. The chief products ore wine, fruits, and olives. Tho capital, of the same name, is situate in a fertile valley, nt the foot of the Cordilleras; 70 miles S. ofArcquipa. Pop. 6000. MouA, a town of Portugal, in Alcntejo, on the Odivor; 29 miles N.W. of Evora. MoiiA, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on tho Ebro; 18 miles N. of Turtossn. Mora, a town of Spain, in Now Castile; 18 miles S.E, of Toledo. MoRADAnAD, a town of British India, in the province of Delhi. It is one uf tho most populous and flourishing seats of commerce m tho Upper provinces. It has some good streets, but no public edifice of importance. It stands on the Ramagunga; 105 miles E. by N. of Delhi. The district of which it is tho capital is well watered and fertile, though there is a great deal of waste. Sugar, cotton, and wheat, are tho chief productions. Pop. about 1,500,000. Morant Point, a promontory on tho E. coast of Jamaica, on which stands a new iron lighthouse. Long. 75. 56. W. lat. 17. 56. N. Morat, or MuuTEN, a town of Switzerland, canton of Friburg, with a castle. This town sustained a siege against tho Duke of Bur- gundy, in 1476, in which his whole army was destroyed. It is 10 miles N.E. of Fri- burg. Pop. 1586. MoRATALAZ, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile; 22 miles E. of Ciudad Real. MoRATAi.LA, a town of Spain, in Murcia; 34 mil.'s S.S.VV. of Chinchilla, MoRAVA, a large river of Servia, which rises in Bulgaria, and, running through Ser- via by Nissa, joins the Danube at Semendria. Moravia, German, Mohren, a province of the Austrian empire; bounded N. and W. by Bohemia, E. by Hungary, and S. by Austria Proper. With Austrian Silesia now annexed to it, its area is upwards of (0,000 square miles, and its population in 18;}1, 4.513,074. It ia intersected by mountain ranges, but the most lofty ridges are diversified with fertile valleys and extensive plains; and it is watered by a great number of rivers and brooks. More corn is grown than tho inhabitants consume, and much hemp and flax are raised. The principal manufactures are woollens, linen. I •}■ 1 MOR m MOR cotton, iron, glass, paper, and gunpowder. From this country u sect of Cliristians takes its name, their doctrines having been first taught here, who have migrated to ctlier countries, in consequence of the intolerance of the government; the inhabitants in general are Roman Catholics. The trade of the pro- vince will be vastly facilitated by the new railway from Vienna to Bochnia in Galicia, which passes througli tbe valley ofthe Morawa, the chief river, and hiuj branch railways to Brunn and Olmutz. Brunn is the capital. MoKAW, or Marsch, a river of the Aus- trian states, which rises in the mountains between Bohemia and Silesia, and receiving the T eya, on the confines of Austria and Hun- gary, separates these two countries as far as the Danube, into which it enters; 15 miles above Presburg. Moray I'ritu, a considerable inlet of the sea, on the coast of Scotland, between Tar- betness, in lloss-shire, on the N., and Brough- licad, in Morayshire, on the S. It extends in a S.W. direction as far as Inverness, and thence VV. to the town of Beauley, where it receives the river of that name. Morayshire, or Elginsiiiue, a county of Scotland, 50 miles in length, and 20 along the cosist; bounded on the N. by the frith of Moray, E. by Banff-shire, S. by Invenicss- shire, and W. by that county and Nairiihiiire. It is divided into 18 parishes. The S. part is mountainous, and occupied by forests ; but the greater part is rich, and produces wheat, barley, oats, and flax. The chief rivers are the Spey, Findhorn, and Lossie. The county town is Elgin. Elgin and Nairn-shires return one member to parliament. MoRBEGNO, a town of Austrian Italy, one ofthe handsomest and most commercial towns in the Milanese; seated on tiie Adda, 12 miles S.E. of Chiavenna. Pop. 2000. Long. 9. .3G. E. lat. 46. 8. N. MoRUEYS, or Ommirabiu, a river of Bar- bary, which rises in Mount Atlas, Hows through the empire of Marocco, and enters the Atlan- tic at Azamor. MoRBiiiAN, a department in the N.W. of France, bounded N. by that of Cotes at Nord, and S. by the sea. It takes its name from a bay between Vannes (the capital,) and the island of Bcllisle. It has extensive fish- cries, and contained in 1836 a population of 433,552. MoRCONE, a town '•f Naples, province of Molise; 19 nnles S.S.E of Molise. MoBEA, (the ancient Peloponnesus), apen- insula of the kingdom of Greece, to wliii. h it is joined by the isthmus of Corinth. It is 180 miles long, and 120 broad, and forms the principal port of the new kingdom. The soil is fertile, except in the middle, wh^re there are many mountains; and it is watered by several rivers, of which the Alpheus,Vasili- Potamo, and Stromio are the chief. The principal towns are Tripo'.itza, Argos, Patras, and Nauidiaj but the trade is inconsiderable. It was taken by the Venetians from thcTurki in 1687, and retaken in 1715. It remaiiieJ in their hands till the erection of the kiiit,'(lum of Greece, and contained above hall'a million of inhabitants, now reduced by war, &c. lu half that number. See Greece. MouELiA. See Anton Lizaudo. MouELLA, a town of Spain, ia Valeiici.i, seated among high mountains; 80 miles N. of Valencia. It, is the capital of its hilly dis- trict, and being on the frontier of ArniKon and Valencia, becomes an important fortress in war time. It is a scrambling city, built like an amphitheatre, and girdled by Aloori li walls and towers; it rises up in tierv. toti.o point ofthe hill, which is crowned by a castle; it has a noble aqueduct. It was the chief liuld ofthe Curlist Cabrera, who here, in 1838, twice defeated the Chrisljnos, but it was boiiilwniod and taken by Espartero in 1840. Pop COM; they are a wild, rude peoi)le. Moret, a town of France, department nf Seine-et-Marne, near the Seine; li luiles S. S.E. of Melun. MoRETON Hampstear, tt towH ill Devon- shire, with a market on Saturday, and a cui:- aiderable trade; three meeting-houses, and ;i charity school. Here are the vestiges of two castles, or forts; and in the vicinity, are a Druidical temple, a large rocking-stone, and a cromlech. It is 12 miles W.S.W. of Extiii, and 185 W. by S. of London. MoRETTA, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, seated on a small river wliii'li runs into the Po, 18 miles S. of Turin. Morgan, a county in the state of Virginia, capital, Bath. Pop. in 1840, 4253.— Also in Georgia; capital, Madison. Pop. 9121.— Also iu Alabama; capital, Sumnierville. Tup. 9841.— Also in Tennessee; capital, Mon;- gomcry. Pop. 1660. — iMso in Iventuiky; capital, AVcst Liberty. Pop. 4603.-Alsa m Ohio; capital, Mc.Connclsvillc. Pop. 20,?r'.', — Vlsoinlndiana; capital, Martinsville. Top. 10, 741.— Also in Illinois; caiiitnl, Jaeksja- ville. Pop. 19,547.— Also in .Missouri; capi- tal, Versailles. Pop. 4407. MoRGANTOWN, a town of Virginia, chief of Monongahela countv, on the E. side of tiiu Monongahcla; 75 m'ilos S. of Pittsburg. 1; is the centre of an extcnsivd manufactnriir,' region, I'op. about 700. Long. 80. 10. U. hit. 39. 34. N. . , MoRGES, a town of Switzerland, m tlio canton of Vaud, with a castle; 5miles »•&•>»• of Lausanne. MoRiiANGE, a town of France, departminl of Moselle; 21 miles S.S.E. of Mciitz. MoRiGEN, a town of Hanover, on tlie '"o"' ' 2 miles N.N. NV. of Gottingen. MoKiTZ, St.. a town of the Swiss cantoa of Grisoiis, with a famous mineral siniii;;. 25 miles N.N.E, of Chiavenna. , ^ MoRLACntA, a mountainous cc :ntry, jun.; between, and fornung part of the provm^'^^ of Croatia and Dalmatia. The iMli.il)it'i";i' arc called Morladii, oi Moro-blassi, and m MOR 5S7 MOR jnul, by some, to be of Walhicliian extraction. Sccna is the capital. MoRLAix, a town of France, department of Finisterre; with a castFe and a tide harbour. The church of Notre Dame is a singular struc- ture, and tiic hospital is very handsome. It has a considerable trade in linen, hemp, and tobacco: it is seated on a river of the same name; 30 miles E.N.E. of Brest. Pop. in 1836,7300. Long. 3. .52. W. lat. 47. 35. N. Mouooco, properly Maeocco, an empire of Africa, comprehending a considerable part of the ancient Mauritania; bounded W. by the Atlantic, N. by tlie MciMterranean, E. by Algicr, and S. by the Saluira. Its greatest length is above 590 miles; but it is nowhere more than 260 broad. It comprehends 4 king- doms as follows, though Suse claims to be independent. KisaDoas. PunV. 7 7 2 Ark.1,: p__ Chief Towns. Fet .Marocco .. Suse iTafilft .... 1 88,657 3.200,000 81,380 8,000,000 28,G.')fi! 700,000 50,G07 1,000,000 1 Fez, Tangier, I Mequinez. 1 Marucco, Mo- \ gador, Aghadir : Total of Empire 1 •219,390 10,500,000 1 The soil, tiiough sandy and dry in some places, is fertile in others; and the fruits, as well as the pastures, are excellent; but the country is not properly cultivated. The iu- liabitants are Mohammedans: of a tawny complexion, robust, and very skilful in niiiim- ping a horse and wielding a lance; they are jealous, deceitful, superstitious, and cruel. There arc 8;ieat numbers of Jews, who carry on almostallthe trade, especially by land, with the negroes; to whom they send large caravans, which travel over vast deserts, almost destitute 'jf water. Besides woollen good.s, their com- modities are morocco leather, indigo, coclii- nea' ".nd ostriches' feathers ; in return for which they have silks, muslins, calicoes, coffee, and 'lfU(;s. In the deserts are lions, tigers, leo- pwds, ami serpents of several kinds. The liuits are dates, tit's, almonc's, lemons, oranges, pumegranatt id manyothers. Thereisalso ii'ich Uax and hemp, but very little timber. 1 lie emperor is absolute. In 1859-60, hos- 'ilities broke out bciveen Morocco and ^l'i>in. The Spaniards landed near Cnrta in November, 1859, and we»-e in several en- Psements victorious. Tctuan was captured, •nl the Mours were forced to submit, and 1'} an imlemnity, which, however, has not )« (1S61) been fully discharged. MoKocco, (Arabic, Marok'sh,) a city of "'I" fore;:oing empire; seated in a beautiful )i vv' '^"'■""^'l by a chain of mountanis on |'»N., and those of Atlas on tlio S. and K. iluiigii not equal to Fez in magnitude and population, it is generally considered the «PitaI, being the most usual residence of the emperor. It has nothing to recommend it but its great extent, and the royal palace. It is surrounded by strong walls: 8 miles in circumference. The mosques are very nu- merous, and some of them magnificent. The best houses are enclosed in gardens; but the gencrnlity of them serve only to impress the traveller with the idea of a miserable and de- serted city. The Jews, who are numerous, have a separate town, walled in, and under the charge of an alcaid, appointed by the em- peror. It has two gates, which are regularly shut every evening at nine; after which hour no person can enter or depart. Morocco ia 90 miles E. of Mogador, and 400 S. of Gib- raltar. Pop. 60,000 or 80,000. Long. 7. 35. 30. W. lat. 31. 37.31. N. Moron, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a castle; near it is a mine of precious stones. Pop. 7894. It is 30 m. S.E. of Seville. MoKEToi, one of the Sandwich islands; 7 miles W.N.W. of Mowee. Yams are its principal produce; but it has little wood. The c -ist, on the S. and W. sides, forms several bays. Long. II 7. 1 4 . W. lat. 2 1 . 1 0. N. Morpeth, a borough in Northumberland ; market on Wednesday. It stands on theN. bank of the Wansbeck; and on the opposite side are the parish church and the ruins of a castle. Here are also a chapel of case; a Konian Catholic chapel, two niweting-housfs, a free grammar-school founded by Edward VI.; an English free-school, erected in 1792; a dispensary, opened in 1817; and a nn;- chanics' institute, commenced in 1825. TliQ other principal buildings are the town-hall, and the new county gaol, house of correction, &c. It returns one member to parliament. It is 15 miles N. of Newcastle, and 289 N. by W. of London, on the Berwick railway. Morris, a county in the state of New Jrr- sey; bounded by Bergen, Essex, Somersci, Ilnntcnlon, and Sussex counties. Pop. 25.844. MoRRlSTo^vN, the capital of Morris county, has two churches, an academy, &c. The place is supplied with water by an acjueduct, and the Morris and Essex railroad connects it with Newark, and thus with Philadelphia and New York. Pop. about 2500. It is 28 miles N.W. of New York. MoRsoNA. a town of Naples, in the Molise; 14 miles N.E. of Molise. MouTAONE, a town of France, department of Omo; famous for its serges and tanneries. It is 19 miles E.N.E. of Alen^on, and 70 \V. S.W. of Paris. Pop 5800. MoRTAr.NE, a town in ths) department ol Nord, seated at the conflux of the Siarpo and Schclilt; 8 miles S.K. of Tonrnay. MouTAONE, a town in the department of Lower Churcnte, on the Gironde; 24 miles a.S.W. of Suintes. MoRTAi'.NE. a town in the department of Vendee, where a battle was fought between the royrii.'.t.i and republicans, in 1793, in which the former arc said to have lost t J i'li ( v ;i i'l M MOS 588 MOS I '• n\A 20,000 men. It is 36 miles N. of Fontcnay le Compte, MoRTAiN, a town in the department of Manche, on the rivulet Liinces, almost sur- rounded by craggy rocks ; 18 miles E. of Avranchcs. MonxAKA, a town of the Sardinian Milan- ese; 22 miles S.W. of Milan. MoRi'AY, or Makteuo, an island in the Eastern seas; formerly subject to the sultan of Ternate. It is 80 miles in circumference, and thinly inhabited, but full of sago trees, which arc cut by the people of Gilolo. Long. 128. 23, E, hit 2. 15.N. MouTLACii, a village of Scotland, in Baiiflf- shire. The ancient cathedral is now used as the parish church; 6 miles S.W. of Keitii. MoRViEDKO, a town of Spain in Valencia, on the site of the ancient Saguntum ; with the ruin of a Roman amphitheatre, &c. It is seated on a river of the same name ; 15 miles N. of Vv.leneia. MoSA, a town of Anibia, in Yemen; 2.5 miles N. by E. of Mociia. MosABiuiQDE, a strait or channel of the Indian Ocean : between the E. coast of Africa and the island of Madagascar. It is narrowest in the middle, where it is 240 miles over. MosAMitiQUE, or MozAMiiiQCE, a city and seaport; the principal settlenient of the Por- tuguese on the E. coast of Africa. It stands on an island of the same name, not more than three miles in length, and half as much in breadth, and about 2 miles from the con- tinent. The city is handsome, and the buildings well constructed, especially the churches and convents; the fort, or castle, is about a musket-shot from the city. The Portuguese have generally a garrison here, a well-stored magazine, and a large hospital for sick sailors, but since the endeavours to sup- press the slave trade, on whicli, most of the prosperity of the town was dependent, it has much declined. Their ships always call here in going to the East Indies ; and the harbour is so commodious, that whole fleets may anchor and provide themselves with all ne- cessaries. Pop. 2800. Long. 40. 45. E. lat. 14. 19.S. MosBAcn, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden; with a castle, and manufactures of cloth and salt; seated on the Neckar, 18 miles E. of Heidelberg. MosBURG, a town of Bavaria, seated at the conflux of the Amber with the Lscr; 34 miles N.E. of Munich. Moscow. Sec Russia. Moscow, formerly a duchy, but now a government of Russia; bounded on the N. by the government of Tver, E. by that of Great Volodimir, S. by the government of Kaluga and Resan, and W. by those of Tver and Smolensko. It is a fruitful country; and a considerable portion is laid out in gar- dens and orchards. Area, 10,000 scjuare m. Moscow, the capital o*' the above govern- ment, and formerly of the whole empire. Previous to tlie entry of the French, it was the largest city in Europe, the circiiiiiferciice within the rampart that inclosed the suljurlis being 20 miles; but its population did nut correspond with its extent. It cuiituintd within the ramparts 300,000 souls, and \v;ij the most populous city in the eini)in', not- withstanding the residence of the court was at Petersburg. Moscow is rendered memo- rable in history, for one of the most extra- ordinary events that ever took jilace. In June, 1812, the French entered Russia wiili such an immense army, that they tlireati.in:d to sweep every thing before them like a tor- rent; and it was generally expected that if they once reached this city, which would aflbrd vast resources fur their army, as well as comfortable quarters lor the winter, the object of the war would have been compli:ted. On the 8th of September, the baitlcof Hi;ro- dino took place; victory decided in lavuuruf the French ; and the Russians retreated nif the field, leaving Moscow co its fate. Tlie road being thus left open, the French entcioJ this city on the 14th of the same month, with little opposition. But a sad reverse of t'oriiMie now took place, which preserved the Kussiaii empire from ruin, and paved the way to tlie downl'al of tlie French military jiower over Europe. Count Bostopcliin, the governor, had formed the desperate resolution of setting the city on lire; which was so completely carried into efi'eet, at the time the French hail taken possession, that they were foiled in their last resource, and compelled to att<.ni]it their retreat, at. the moment tiicy tliouj;ht themselves securely entrenched lor the wia- ter. Nothing now remained but to oti'er terms of peace to the Russians, which were rejected; they next proposed an ainiistiec, which was refused; and, on the 19th of Oc- tober following, they commenced their cuhi- mitous retreat from Moscow. Tiie couiia- gration, the act of the Russian government, j destroyed upwards of three parts of the town ; j and, shocking to relate, more than 30,000 sick and wounded soldiers, w ho were in tlw hospitals, perished in the liaiiics. The old city was distributed into five divisions, all ot which, not excepting the suburbs, have b.en rebuilt, with wider streets and greater uni- formity in the private dwellings; and ili'-' popuhuion has nearly readied its former magnitude. The divisions are — 1. '1'"'^ Kremlin, in the central and highest part o. the city, surrounded by higli walls of stone and brick, two miles in circumference. Tljii* division contained tlic ancient palace of the czars, where Peter the Great was born; a'sJ the cathedral with seven towers, besides other churches, the patriarchal palace, and ''"^ arsenal. The palace escajad the conflapni' tion of 1812, but w-is damaged by tlielremii on their leaving Moscow; it has siiiee^h;<'i rebuilt, with improvements. 2. The Ktm '■ *rorod. much larger than the Kremlin, c>.'i!' MOS 589 MOS taiiied the university, the iirintiiig-house, and niiiny other public building!?, with all the tniticsmen's shops. 3. The Bielgorod, or White Town, ran round the two preceding divisions, and took its name from a white wall, by which it was formerly surrounded. 4. The Semlainogorod environed all the other three quarters, and was so denominated from & circular rampart of earth by which it was encompassed. The last two divisions ex- hibited a grotesque group of churches, con- vents, palaces, brick and wooden houses, and mean hovels. 5. The Sloboda, or sub- urbs, formed a vast exterior circle round all the parts already described, and were invested by a low rampart and ditch. These siilmrbs contained, besides buildings of all kinds, orchards, gardens, corn-fields, much open pasture, and some small lakes, which give rise to the Neglina. The Moskwa, from which the city takes its name, flows through it in a winding channel; but, ex- cc|itin<; in spring, is only navigable for r.ifts. It receives the Yausa in the Semlaino- gorod, and the Neglina at the western ex- tremity of the Kremlin ; but the beds of both these rivulets are nearly dry in summer, Moscow exhibited an astonisliing degree of extent and variety, irregularity and contrast: some parts had the appearance of a seques- tered desert; others of a populous town; some of a contemptible village; others of a great capital. The streets, in general, were vorv long and broad: some of tliem paved; odiers, particularly in the suburbs, were firmed with trunks of trees, or boarded with plunks like the floor of a moor. The places of divine worship,including chapels, amount- cil to above 1500: of these, 484 were public churches, some built of brick, i-tuccocd or wliitc-washcd, but the greater part were of wood, painted red; some had domes of cop- per, others of tin, gilt or painted green, and many were roofed with wood. Thciy were richly ornamented within ; and the pictures I'fthe saints were decorated with gold, silver. Mill precious stones. Some of their bells were of stupendous size: they hung in belfries detached from the church, were fixed im- movably to the beams, and rung by a rope '•ii'l '0 the clapper. In the cathedral of St. Mithael the sovereigns of Russia were for- Ki'Tly interred, their bodies being deposited III raised seiuilthres, in the shape of coflins, iliove the pavement. The cathedral of the Assumption oftlic Virgin Mary was the most magnificent in the city, and had long been appropriated to the coronation of the Russian ^'iv'ieigns. The tbundiing hospital, founded ;')' Catherine II., was an immense pile of I'JiMm!;, of a quadrangular shape, and capable ^} TOiuaiijing 80U0 foundlings. Since the fire, '■II-' churches and chapels are less numerous jii'i'i before, but those which have been re- imilt occupy the former sites. Moscow is •■le centre of the inland commerce of Russia, r-Mticularly connecting the trade between Kurope and Siberia, The principal manu- factures are those of silk, linen, cotton, paper, leather, and sugar. The navigation to thid city is formed by the Moskwa, which flows into the Occa, near Kolomna, and thai river communicates with the Volga and also by a canal to the Don. It has a railway com- pleted to St. Potersburgh. 45.'> miles S. E. of Petersburg. Long. 37. 33. E. lat. 55. 46. N. Pop. in 1838, 384,56-2. Moselle, a department of France, includ- ing part of the former province of Lorrain. It takes its name from a river which rises in the Vosges, waters Epinal andToul, receives the Meurthe below Nancy, and, passintr by Metz,Thionvil!e,andTreves, enters the Rhine at Coblentz. The province is a poor district, although the soil is good; the inhabitants are in poverty and dirt. Agriculture, however, has made much advance. The chief pro- ducts are corn, flax, hemp, and consider- able quantities of light wine. Iron is every v.'here abundant, and there are also manu- factories of woollen, glass, paper, glue, leather, &c. Pop. in 1836, 417,003. Metz is the capital. MoSENiA, a town of Persia, in Khusistan ; 22 miles S.W. of Sutor. MosKiRCH, a town of Germanj', in the grand duchy of Baden, where the Austrians sustained a defeat in 1800; 22 miles N. of Stutgard. MositoE.an island on the coast of Norway, so])arated from the mainland by the Vestfiord. I »n its con.'it is the whirlpool of Maelstrom (which see). Mosquito Shorf, or Mosquito Tehri- TOUY, a district of Central America, extend- ing eastward from Honduras. It has never been subjugated, and recently its king has been recognised by England as an indepen- dent monarch. It extends from Cape llondu- r.as to the Escuda de Veragna, and comprises the coasts of the Province of Nicaragu.i, Oosta-ri'-a and Verngiin. Blucfields, on the river of the same name, is the capital, and now the residence of the king. It is in progress of improvement, and in 1846 the land was re- gularly surveyed and allotted. Our informa- tion regarding the territory and its apparently important capabilities is very imperfect. Moss, a .seaport of Norway, in the govern- ment of Aggerhuvs; at the mouth of a river of its name, on the E. side of Christiania bay. Here are nnniy snu-mills, and ft large iron founilrv. 2S miles S. of Christiania. Long. 10. 48." E. lat. 58. 38. N. MossiM.A, a towii of the kingdom of Con go, at the mouth of the Ouzo, 220 ndics S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 12. 10. lat. 7. 50. S. MosTAR. a scn|)ort of Dnimatiiv, and a Greek archbishop's see; .seated on the N.ir- en/.a, 20 miles N.E. of Narenza. Long. 18. 37. E. lat. 43. 48. N. Mosul, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diar- beur; surrounded by high walls and defended by a itasile and citadel. Th« Louses arc in MOU 590 HOW i i 'V several pliicus gone to ruin; but it lius a jiroai trade, particularly in cloth, and all sorts of cottons and silks. At some distance from Mosul is a mosque, in which they pre- tend the prophet Jonah lies; on the opposite bank of the river is the village of Nunia, probably occupying the site of the ancient S'lnoveh. It is seated on the Tigris; 130 miles S.E. of Diarljckir, and 190 N.E. of Bogdad. Long. 4.1. 30. E. lat. 36. 20. N, MoTiK, one of the Molucca islands; 20 miles in circumference, and valuable for its spices. Long. 127. 0. E. lat. 0. 10. N. MoTRiL, a seaport of Spain, in Granada, with a good harbour; seated on the Mo. It is seated on a stream which falls into the Barrow; 5 miles N. of Maryborough, and 42 W.S.W. of Dublin. Mountrath, a town of Ireland, in Queen's county. In its neighbourhood are some iron- works; but the woollen manufacture forms the principal trade; 23 miles N. of Kilkenny, and 47 W.S. W. of Dublin. Modntsorrel, a town in Lciccstersliire, with a market on Monday; seated on tlic Soar, at the foot of a high mount or rock, of a sorrel-coloured stone, with which the town is chiefly built and paved. It is 7 miles N. of Leicester, and 102 N.W. of London, MouRA, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with an old castle; 34 miles S,S.E, of Evora. Population, 4000. MouRAON, a town of Portugal in Alentejo, with a castle, on the borders of Spain; 28 miles E. by S. of Evora. MouRzooK, the capital of Fezzan, with a fortress, in which is the sultan's palace. It is situate on a rivulet, and supplied with water from a multitude of springs and wells. Tiie medley which it presents to the eye, of tiie vast ruins of ancient buildings, and the humble cottages of earth and sand that form the dwellings of the present Arab inhabitants, is singularly grotesque and strange. It is sur- roundedby a high wall, with three f;ates, at which is collected a tax on all goods (provi- sions excepted) that are brought into the city. Its commerce, which is considerable, consists of foreign merchandise brought by the cara- vans from Cairo, Bornou, Mcsurata, anii other smaller troops of traders. Moimoiik is 290 miles S. of Mcsurata, and 700 N.W. of Bornou. Long. 1 5. 35. E. lat. 27. 54. N. Moustiers, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Alps, with a manufac- ture of porcelain ; seated between two craggy mountains, 9 miles E. of Rie?:. MouzoN, a town in the department of Ar- dennes, with a manufacture of serges; seated on tlie Meuse, 9 miles S.E. of Sedan. , ^ MowEB, or Maui, one of the banrtwion islands, 162 miles in circumference. A lo« isthmus divides it into two circular j3 from Dublin. .MoYiiNVic, a town of France, in tlie de noted for its salt i jf \'ic, and 16 E. of Mo/,AMiiiQUE. See Mosambiqi.'E. Mozvu, a town of llissiaii Litliu;ini;i, in tlio government of Minsk, on the river rrvnc; 150 miles S.S.E. of Minsk. Lon;;. 2;r30.E.lat..')2.1O.N. MosciSLAW, a town of Russian Lithn.inia, ill the <,'overnnicnt of i\It)hilef; foiiiierly the I i|iital of a palatinate. It is seated on the S)i/,e 30 m. S. of Sinolensko, and 64 E. liy N. of Moiiilof. Long. 32. ■'52. E. lat. 54. 28. N. Mlcidan, a town of France, in the de- Mrtmeiit of Dordogne, on the river Lie; 18 Diiles S.W. of Periguenx. Muck, one of the IIel)ridc3 of Scotland; 4 miles S.W. of that of Egg. It is 3 miles limg, and a mile broad; the soil in general is cooil, and the black cattle thrive well. Iwip is burnt on its sliorcs, and much oil ex- twcted from the livers of the sunfish. MoDANiA, or MoiiDANiKii, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia; on a gulf of the fca of Marmora. The commerce is very consiilcrabie in grain, fruit, wine, saltpetre, silli,antl tlic mannl'actures of Broussa, which are brought here for exportation. It is 17 miles N. of Broussa. Long. 29. 10. E. lat. 40.27.N. MuGiiLN, New, a town of Saxony, in ILissen, with a castle, called Rugethal ; 18 miles W. by N, of Meissen. MiGiA, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on tlieW. coast; 40 miles W.N.W. of Corapos- lella. Mi'GLiA, a town of Austrian Illyria, in I'tria, with a castle, and a harbour for W-es; 5 miles S.E. of Trieste. Mt'iii.iTz, a town <5f Moravia, in tlic circle tifOlnuit/,; 22 miles N.N.W. of Olmutz. MiTHi.isEuo, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the irovcrninent of Merseberg. with a eas- ily; situate on the Elbe, 30 miles N.W. of uresijen. MuiiLooiiF, a town of Bavaria, on the Ii"; 23 luiies S.S.K. of Landschut. MuiRKiitK, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- 'fiire, with manuf'iictnres of iron and coal tsr, on the river A vr. ?r, miles E. of Ayr. It tiM a railway to Old Cumnock, &c. MniAXAu, a seaport of Spain, in Gran.odfl, Ma bay of the Mediterranean, 40 nule,-. ft'E.ofAlmeria. Long. 1. 55. W. lat. 37.7. N. Mm.DAU, or Moldait, a river of Bohemia, 'Mch rises on the coutinea of Bavaria, and, nftc.r receiving a number of rivers, enters the Elbe, opposite Melnick. MiJHLHAU.MCN, a city of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Erfurt. It was (onn r- ly an -mporial city, but fell to Prussia in 1802, and was confirmed to that power in 1814. Here are various manufactures, and some (liurishing schools. It is seated in a fertilo country, on the Uiistrut; 29 miles N.W. of Erfurt." Pop. 9400. Long. 10. 37. E. lat, 51.10. N. MuiiLiiAi;sEX, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Khinc, with manufac- t'lros of printed linens and cottons; sealed in a fertile plain on the Hie, 24 miles S. of Co! mar. ^Iui.iVAi>r>T, a river of Ceylon, which rises at the I'orit of a liigh mountain called Adam's Peak, about 60 miles N.E. of Colombo, flows westward, and enters the sea by several branches, 3 miles from Colombo. Mull, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 28 miles in length, and in sou'.e places of e(pml breadth, separated from the main land of Ar- gyleshire by a narrow pas.sage, called the S()und of Mull. There are many good natu- ral harbours, and the ruins of several ancient ciistlcs are to be seen. The soil is for the most part rocky and barren, but the hills abound with springs, and are covered with sheep and cattle; these, with the fishery, and a considerable quantity of kelp, are the arti- cles of commerce. The only town is Tober- mory. MuLLiNGAR, a town of Ireland, capital of West Meath. It is a place of good trade. It stands on the river Foyle, 38 miles \V. of DuUin. Long. 7. 50. W. lat. 53. 30. N. MuLLUViA, a river which rises in Mount Atlas, divides the empire of Maroeco from Algier, and runs into the Mediterranean sea. MuLKOSB, a town of the Prussian province of Brandenburg, seated on a canal cut be- tween the Spree and Oder; 10 miles S.W, of Frankfort. MuNcniiEHO, a town of Bavarian Fran- conia, in the principality of Bayreuth, 16 miles E. of Culmbach. MuNCHENBERO, a town of Prussia, in Bran- denburg, with silk and woollen manufac- turi's; 34 miles E. of Berlin. MuNDA, a town of Spain, in Granada; 30 miles W.N.W. of Malaga. MaNDEN, a town of Hanover, in "le duchy of Brunswick, situate on the Wei. a, at the influx of the Fulda, where their united streams form the Weser. Good millstones are found in the neighbourhood of the town. In tho war of 1 756 it was several times in the hands of the French, by whom it was again occupied in 1805. It is 10 miles N.E. of Cassel, and 13 S.W. ofGottingon. MoNnEKKiNOEN, a town of Germany, in Wirteinberg, seated on the Danube; 9 mill 3 N'. of Buchau. MiJNDiT, a town of Hindostan, capital of a district of the same name, extending from 22 i i _) I 'j I}' MUN 593 MU.U i! to 23. N. lut., in the province of Malwah. It WHS anciently tiie capital of the province, and was then 22 miles in circuit, and contained many monuments of ancient magnificence; but it has fallen much to decay. It occupies the top of a large and lolly mountain, 25 miles S. ofUugein, and llON.N.W.ofBurhanpour. Long. 75. 47. E. lat. 22. HO. N. MuMOLORE, a town of Afghanistan, in the province of Cahul, 125 miles W. of Cashmere, and 135 E. of Cabul. Long. 71. 15. E. lat. 84. 15. N. MuNonLHAUT, a town of Bengal, with a manufacture of coarse cotton cloths, situate on the Durltth; 20 miles N.N.E. of Kungpour. Munich, one of the finest towns in Ger- many, and capital of the kingdom of Bavaria. It contained in 1840, 106,537 inhabitants. The houses are high, and the streets spacious, with canals in many of them. The palace is a stupendous structure, the interior magnifi- cently adorned ; and the cabinet of curiosities, the museum, the library, and the arsenal, meritiittention. Thecathcdral of Notre Dame contains the tomb of one of the emperors, of black marble, adorned with statues of bronze. The chief attraction of Munich, however, is its noble galleries of painting and sculpture, called the Pinacotheca and the Glyptotheca. lis university, removed hither from Iiigold- Rtadt in 1826, is the chief sent of learning in Bavaria, and is deservedly celebrated. The royal library has lately been removed to a noble building, and has 540,000 printed books, and 16,000 M.SS. Munich is celebrated ft>r the manufacture of telescopes and optical ap- paratus, and has also a royal porcelain ma- nufactory. Institutions for charitable, literary, and scientific purposes arc numerous. The large market-place, in which is the town- house, is very beautiful. Manufacturcsof silk, velvet, woollen cloth, and tapestry are curried on. Near the city are two other palaces, Nymphenburg and Sehlerbeim. Munich has often sutfered in the wars of Germany, and in 1796 and 1800 it was taken by the French. It is seated on the Iser, 33 m. E.S.E. of Augs- burg, and 62 S. by \V. of Itatisbon. Long. 1 1. 34. E. lat. 48. 8. N. It has railways to Salzburg, Uatisbon, Frankfort, Leipzig, &c. McNNEUSTAUT, a towu of Germany, m Fraiiconia, situate on the Lauer; 13 miles N. of Schweinfurt. MuNNYPOUR, a town of Birniah, capital of the province of Cassay; 210 miles N.N.W. of Ummcrapoora, and 410 E. by N. of Calcutja. Long. 94. 40. E. lat. 24. 30. N, MuNSiNGEN, a town of Gerninn^, in the kingdom of VVirtemberg, with a castle; 20 miles W. of Ulm. MuNSTER, a province of Ireland. 135 miles long, and 120 broad; bounded on the N. by Connaught, E. by Leinster, and S. and W. by the Atlantic. It contains the counties of Clare, Tip|K;rary, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry, and 820 parishes. The principal place is Cork. Mii.NSTKR, a government of the i'ru,s.>iian province of Westphalia. It contains 2820 square miles, and is divided into 10 circles or districts ; Munster Proper, Tecklenbiirg, Wiih- rendorf, Beckum, Ludinghausen, Koesfeid, liecklinghausen, Berken, Ahans, and Stein- furt. The chief rivers are the Ems and Lippe. The country is level, with some agreeable heights, but no mountains; and it has fruitful plains, fine woods, extensive heaths that feed much cattle, and good quarries of stone. Tliis government consists,, for the greater part, of the ancient bishopric of its name, whieh, un the secularization of church property, in 1802, was divided between Prussia, the duke of Oldenburg, and several other princes, all of whom became subject to Prussia in 1815. Munster, the capital of the foregoing go- vernment. The cathedral, the library of the chapter, and many antiquities, are worthy of notice. In 1 535, a tailor, Bocold, called John of Ley den, king of the anabaptists, made him- self master of the city; but it was retaken in 1536, after 14 months' siege, when John and two of his associates were tortured to deiith with red-hot pincers. The famous treaty, called the Treaty of Westphalia, which endid the 30 years' war, was concluded here in 1648, In the war of 1756 this city .sustained sevcrd sieges, and was taken in 1759. In 1806 the French laid the inhabitants under n heavy contribution, and stripped the churches of their plate. Munster is seated on the Aa; 50 miles E.N.E. of Wesel, and 52 W.N.W. of Paderborn. Pop. in 1838, 19,763. Long. 7.36. E. lat. 51. 58. N. Munster, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucerne; 12 miles N.N.W. of Lu- cerne. Munster, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons; 15 miles N. of Borniio. Munster, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Bhine; 6 miles W. of Colmar. Munster Eyffel, a town of the Prussian states, in Westphalia; 16 miles S.S.W. of Cologne. iluNSTER MEtNFEtn, a town of the PniS" sian province of Lower Rhine; 12 miles S.\\. of Cohlentz. Munster, New. See Zealand, New. MuNSTEKBEito, a towti of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Heichenbach; rich in grain, flax, hemp, and hops. It is seated on the Ohlau; 13 miles N.W. of Neibse. Long. 17.3. E. lat. 50.31. N. MuR, or Muiiu, a river which rises m t ho duchy of Salzburg, crosses Styria, and Ma into the Drave.near Canischa, in Ilunjrary. MuR DB Badrez, a town of France, in the department of Aveiron; 32 miles N. by h. of Khodez. Murano, a town of the Lombardo- Vene- tian kingdom, on an island of the same name, one of the largest of the Lagunes of Venice. Here the famous Venetian lookiiig-glasscsare made. It is 3 miles N. by E. of Venice. MuBAT, a town of France, in the dcpori MUS 593 MYS ment of Cantal, seated on the AIai(;non, near the source; 13 miles N.W. of St. Flour. MuRCiA, aprovince of Spain; bounded N. ly New Castile, E. by Valencia, W. by An- dalusia and Granada, and S. by the Medi- terranean. It is 90 miles long, and 58 broad ; and the principal river ia the Segura. The 8oil is dry, and it produces little corn or wine ; but oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar are plenti- ful. It has also a great deal of silk. The Vide of Murcia is celebrated for the variety ml rlcliness of its culture. Pop. in 1833, 4:4,315. MuBCiA, the capital of the foregoing pro- vince, and a bishop's see. The inhabitants are computed at 35,390. A number of hands are employed in the working of bassweed, and there is also an extensive establishment for twisting silk, and a refinery of saltpetre. There are fine gardens about the city, in which are the best fruits in Spain. It was fi>rmerly fortified, but these, as well as many of its other marks of distinction, have disap- peared. It is seated on the Segura, over wliichisabrulgo; 27 miles N. of Carthagena, and 212 S.E. of Madrid. Long. 1. 16. W. lat.37.58. N. McRFKEESBOKonGH, a flourishing town of Tennessee, in Rutherford county; seated on an eminence in a fertile district, 32 miles S.E. of Nashville. Pop. 1500, MuRO, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, leatid at the foot of the Apennines; 12 miles S.E. of Conaa. Mdros, a town of Spain, in Galicia, at the mouth of theTarabro; 29 miles W. by S. of Compostella. MuRTEjf. See Mobat. lIuRviEDRo, a town and fortress of Spain, in Valencia. The long lines of walls and towers crown the height, which rises above tlicancient Siiguntutn. This city was founded ky the Greeks of Zacynthus (Zante) 1384 years b.c. It was formerly a seaport, but now tlio waters have receded more than a ''ague. It was taken and destroyed by Han- niiiii'. 218 n.c; but was afterwards rebuilt W the Romans. It has ever since been used tiy Goth, Mnor, and Spaniard, as a quarry alioyeyrouml; in the same way as they used Mica, near Seville. The present town of Miirviedro {muri veterea, old walls) is strag- plinjand miserable, containing about 5000 "lUjtants, agriculturists, and wine-makers. Jms important and almost impregnable for- 'ffs, the key of "Valencia, was surrendered 10 ije French in 181 1. Pop. 6273. •HDSA, a walled town of Arabia, in Yemea; 'S nnh's E. of Mocha. Ml SCATINE, a county of the state of Iowa, ■■ ihe Mississippi river. Capital, Blooming- ''"• iup.in 1840, 1942. I p '■'^STOGEE, acouiitv of Georgia. Capital, |V||i""bHs. Pop. n\699, including 4701 "'■-'• ■ > f^^vn of Prussia, in Upper Lu- satia, with a castle, seated on the Neisse; ii& miles N.N.W. of Gorlitz, aid 52 N.E. of Dresden. MusKAT. See Masoat. MusKiNQUM. a river of the state of Ohio, which runs S. into the Ohio, at Marietta, where it is 280 yards wide. See CAVAHoaA. McssBLBUBOH, a seaport of Scotland, in Edinburghshire, near the mouth of the Esk, over which are three bridges to the suburb of Fisherrow. It enjoys many privileges, and has 7 incorporated trades. Besides the parish church, here are an episcopal chapel and four other places oi worship. The principal ma- nufactures are of salt, sail-cloth, huir-cloth, and netting. It is 5^ miles £. of Edinburgh, to which it is connected by a railway to its suburb of Musselburgh. It unites with Leith and Portobello in sending 1 member to par- liament. Mdstaoam, or Mostaoane»i, a seaport of Algiers, in the province of Tremecen, with three castles; 140 miles W.S.W. of the city of Algiers. Long. 0. 30. E. lat. 36. 20. N. Musvela, a town of Spain, in Andalusioi situate on the river Guadalquiver; 7 miles N.E. of Jean, and 50 N. of Granada. MuTEODU, a town of Hindostan, in My- sore; noted for its manufacture of the glasM used for making the rings which arc worn on the wrists of the native women. It is 34^ miles W. of Sera. Mdttra. See Mathura. MoTDEN, a fortified town of the NethcT- lands, in South Holland; seated on theZuy- der Zee, at the influx of the Yecht. It is miles E.S.E. of Amsterdam. MrcoNi, an island of the Grecian archipe- lago; 30 miles in circumference. The soil is dry, and the mountains are of great height. Here are plenty of partridges, quails, wood- cocks, turtle doves, rabbits, and wheatears also excellent grapes and figs. The liarboui is open, and deep enough for the larges* ships to ride secure from the N. wind. Long. 25. 21. E. lat. 37. 38. N. MrsoL, one of the Moluccas, of a triangu- lar form, with a bold shore. The villages are built in the water upon posts; and there are forests visited by the birds of paradise, which are caught in great numbers. Long. 130. 0. E. lat. 2. 0. S. Mysore, an extensive province of Hindos- tan, lying between 11. and 15. N. lat., and now surrounded by the British territories of the Madras presidency, while the existing Rajah is also dependent on British protec- tion. The area is estismtcd at 29,750 square miles, and the population al)out 2,500,000. The whole country is a table land, varying from 1900 to 4600 feet above the sea, with a gradual slope to the North. The country is In general dry, rugged, mountainous, and bar- ren; but there are several rivers and moun- tain torrents, which by artificial means, serve to water rice-grounds, gardens, &c. In tlie forests arc many elephants, ami tijrers arb , I P 1 N \E 594 NAG 1^ I k cuinmon,- Oxen, buiTalocs, and goats are numerous, and in the N.£. pnrt many sheup HI c bred ; but horses and asses are few. The d lief products are rice, cotton, pepper, cocoa, ami bitci-nut; sugiir-cane, butter, and oil. 'J'liu whole of this country, with some other tiiritorieH to the N. and E., and the provinces of Coimbetoro, Malabar, and Canara, were ^uhducd by Hydur All, a mussulman, who jisurped tiie throne of Mysore in 1759, and inade Seringapatani his capital. Ho was succeeded by Tippoo Saltan, who continued his father's state of warfare. On the termi- nation of a war in 1792, Tippoo agreed to Say thirty lacs of rupees, and to cede one alf of his dominions to the English and their allies, the Mahrattas and the Nizam of the Deccan. In 1799, a new war taking place, his capital was taken by the English on the 4th of May, and himself killed in the assault. A partition of his remaining territories took place, and on the 30th of Junt following. Kistna Kajnh, then only five years olJ, was placed b/ the British on the throne of his forefathers. The dominions of the Rajah of Mysore are now divided into three great (lis- tricts; Patana, to the S., Nagara.totlicN.W,, and Chatrakal, to the N.E.; so called frum the three places where the chief officers are situate. The Patana district is by far the largest, and of itself comprises a mncii greater extent of territory than was ever before sub- ject to the Mysore family. Mysore, the capital of the foregoini; pro- vince, was ruined by Tippoo Sultnn ; but since the English restored the ancient family, in 1799, and made it the rajah's seat of govern- ment, the town and fortress have been re- built, and the population is rapidly increasing, Mysore is 10 miles S. of Seringapatani. Long, 76. 50. E. lat. 12. 19. N. Mttilene. See Metei.in. Myton, a town in N. Yorkshire, 2 miles from Aldborough. K. Naa9, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare; where the assizes are held alter- nately with Athy. It was anciently the re- sidence of the kings of Leinster, but instead of advancing, its prosperity has evidently been declining during these 20 years past. It is 17 miles S.W. of Dublin, Nab, a river of Germany, which flows S. through the kingdom of Bavaria, and enters the Danube a little above Ratisbon. Nabal, a town of the kingdom of Tunis; celebrated for its potteries. Near it are se- veral remains of antiquity. It is seated near the sea, 32 miles S.S.E. of Tunis. Long. 10. 19. E. lat. 53. 13. N. Nabburo, a town of Bavaria, on the riyer Nab; 10 miles IS.S.E. of Amberg. Nablous, (anciently Neapolis,) a town of Palestine, capital of a country which was the ancient kingdom of Samaria. It is the residence of a scheik, who farms the tribute to the pacha of Damascus. Here is considerable trade, and the manufactures flourish more than in most cities of the east. The soil of the surrounding country is fertile, and produces a great deal of corn, cotton, olives, and some silk. Nablous is 24 miles N. of Jerasalem, and 90 S.S.W. of D>',mascus. Long. 35. 24. E. lat. 32. 20. N. Naco, a town of S, America, in Mexico, 50 miles N.W. of Valladolid. Nacogdoches, a town of the United States, in Texas. It stands at the head of several small streams flowing into the Angelina river. Pop. about 1000. Nadir, a town of Esrvpt, on the W. branch of the Nile; 28 miles N.NAV. of Cairo. Nakfei.s, a town of Switzerland, in the 0,'tnton of Glarus, near which, in 1 388, an uuiiiiralleled victory was obtained by 360 troops of Glarus, assisted by 50 Schweitzers, over 15,000 Austrians. In memory of his heroic achievement, a chapel was huilt on the spot, which was re-built in 1779. Ieis4niilci N. of Glarus. Naerden, a strong town of the Nether- lands, in S. Holland, at the head of the canals of the province, of which it is considered the key. In 1572 it was taken by Femande de Toledo, son of the Duke of Alva, and all the inhabitants were massacred. In 1672 it was taken by the French, and retaken by the Prince of Orange, the following year. It is seated on the ZuyderZee, 14 miles E.S,E.of Amsterdam. Long 5. 1 1. E. lat. .52. 19. N, Nagamangala, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, with a citadel in the centre, both fortified with mud walls. In the outer town, a wide street extends all round, with short lanes on each side of the outer and inner wall. In the fort are two large teinples, and a ruinous palace. It is 30 miles JS, ot | Seringapatam. NAGARA,OrHYDER-NAOAKA,ac"'V0flll dostan, capital of the city of Bednore. " I was formerly called Bidderuru, and by tn- ropeans, Biddenore; but received its present name in 1763, on being taken by Ilydcr, who l made it his principal arsenal, and a plare oil great magnitude and commerce. It a""'j wards declined, being neither the seat o»l court, nor of any public works, except n'l mint. In 1783 it was taken by the i'fP''"± and re-taken soon after by Tiri'<'o; I'"' "J his final defeat in 1799, it was ceded h) ^'J English to the liajah of Mysore. lt_i> miles N. bv E. of Mangalore. Long. -■> E., lat. 13. 48. N. Nagasaki, See Nanoasaki. Naoaz, a town of Candaliar, pioMiice NAE 595 NAN Cfthnl; on the Cowmull, 70 miles W. by N. of Attock, and 120 8. of Ciil)ul. Naoold, a town of Germany, in the king- dom of Wirtemburg, with a ruined castle; situate on a river of the same name, 15 miles W. of Tubingen. Naoore, a city of Hindostan, capital of a district of the snnie name, in the province of Agimere; SOmilesN.W. of Agimere. Long. 74.15. E.lat. 27.9. N. Naoporb, a city of Hindostan, capital of the eastern Mahratta territories. It is ex- tensive and populous, but meanly built; and, excepting a smell citadel, is open and de- fenceless; inhabitants in 1825, estimated at 151,000; 500 miles W. by S. of Calcutta. Long.79.1l.E. lat. 21,9.N. Naopouk, Ciicta (or Little,) a district of Biihar, Hindostan, constituting the S.W. British frontier, and included in the collec- torship of Ramghur. It is one of the wildest ftiul least cultivated districts of British India. Naoybanoa, a town of Hungary, and one of the royal free towns. The gold and silver iT'iies are of great produce, and money is coined here. It is 30 miles N.E. of Zatmar. Loni;. 22. 54. E. lat. 48. 10. N. Nahant, a watering place in Massachn- letts, in Lvnn township. It consists of a rocky island, connected with the mainland k a narrow isthmus of sand, just above the water, affording a delightful road to the in- habitable portion, which is washed by the tremendous surf of the Atlantic. It is much frequented for health and pleasure; 9 miles S,from Salem, and 14 E. from Boston. Nahb, a river of Germany, which rises in the territory of Treves, above Birkenfeld, and enters the Rhine at Bingen. Nahs, a town of Delhi, Hindostan, capital of a distriot of the same name; and a place of considerable strength. It is the residence of a Hindoo chief, tributary to the Rajah of Nepaul. Long. 77. 8. E. lat. 30.41. N. Naihn, a town of Scotland, and capital of Nairnshire, with a small harbour. It is fcated at the mouth of a river of the same name, on the Moray frith, 18 miles N.E. of Inverness, and 194 N.N.W. of Edinburgh. I*ng.3.6. W.lat.57. 38. N. Nairnshire, a county of Scotland, 15 Allies long, and 10 broad, bounded N. by the Moray frith, and enclosed on every side by tne counties of Inverness and Moray. It is Divided into four parishes, and sends one jiicmber to parliament in conjunction with Morayshire. The S. part is mountainous, rat towards the N. it is level, and the soil '•iiindantly fertile. N.UERA, a town of Spain in Old Castile, inw a decayed place of 3000 inhabitants, but J,nco the court of Navarre, and here St. J^trdmand was crowned. In the Benedictine 'Tv ^'^ ^^ "•^ ^^"-'"^ families of Castile «M Navarra are interred; 45 miles from "iirgos. Naubivan, 01 N AKSOHIVAN, a town of Per- sian Armenia, formerly a largecity, but ruliiod by Abbas I. who removed the inhabitants into the interior parts of Persia. Here are now some considerable bazaars, canivansuras, baths, and other public buildings. It is 85 miles 8.E. of Erivan, and 250 E. of Erzerura. Pop. above 10,000, chiefly Armenians. Long. 45. 30. E. lat. 38. 40. N. Namaqbas, a people of South Africa, a branch of the Hottentot race. See Hutten- TOT8. Nauslau, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a castle. It is situate among morasses, on the river Weyda, 29 miles E.S E. of Breslau. Nahdr, a province of Belgium, 30 miles long, and 20 broad, bounded by the French frontier, and by the provinces of Hainault, South Brabant, and Liege. It is pretty fertile, and has several forests, marble quarries, and mines of iron, lead, and coal. The rivers Mouse and Sambre divide it into three parts, nearly of equal extent. Before the French Revolution of 1789, the greater part of this province be- longed to Austria, and the remainder to France. In 1794 the whole was seized by the French, and constituted for 20 years part of the department of Sambre-et-Muuse, and was incorporated with the kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. Namcr, the capital of the above province, and a bishop's see. It has a castle in the middle of the tovm, on a craggy rock, and several forts. The inhabitants were estimated in 1836, at 20,176. Fire-arms, swords, knives, and many other kinds of cutlery are maiie here. This city was the scene of a sanguinary conflict, between the allies and the French, in June 1815, and is noted in history as the scene of many early battles. It is seated be- tween two mountains, at the confluence of the Maese and Sambre; 24 miles W.S.W. of Liege, and 32 S.E. of Brussels. Long. 50. E. lat. 50. 29. N. Nanct, a city of Francs, capital of the de- partment of Meurtlie and a bishop's see. It is divided by a canal into the Old and New Town. The former, though irregularly built, is rich and populous, and contains the palace of the ancient dukes of Lorrain; and their tombs are in a rich saloon, which adjoins the church of the late Cordeliers. The New Town, whose streets are perfectly straight, was one of the finest in Europe, even before the magnificent works with wliich Stanislaus I., titular king of Poland, and duke of Lorrai a, enriched it. The cathedral is a superb struc- ture, and there are several other elegant churches. It was occupied by the allies in 1814. Nancy is seated in a delightful plain, near the river Meurthej 30 miles S. of Metz, and 230 E. of Paris. Pop. in 1836, 29,2'J9. Long. 6 10. E. lat. 48. 42. N. NANDioRooa, a strong fortress of Hindo- stan, in Mysore. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 1799, it has been garrisoned by English troops. It is 25 miles N. by E. of Bangalore, and 64 E.S.E. of Sera. • i •it I ;'^ NAN rm NAN NANrio, nn iHliuid of tlio Grecian Arclii- pcliigo, II littlo to the K. ol' Siintorini. It is 1 6 iiiilcH ill circunifcroni'Ojbut Iiun no linrboiir, nor springs suiflcicnt to water tliu fluids. Tlio iniiabitttiits are all Orcoks, and tlioir cliiuf trado is in onions, wax, and honey. Tlio ruins of tlio templo of Apollo aru yvt to bo hocii, and consist chiefly of inarblo columns. Long. 86. 10. E. Int. 36. 15. M. Nanoasaki, or Naoahaki, n town rtnd harbour of .liipiin, on the S.W. side of Kiii> sill island. Thoontranuu is pictureH(|uo, be- tween bind high and steep, and clothed with fir and cedar. It is strongly fortified. Tlio country around is delightful and highly ' iil- tivtited, with ))lcasant hamlets, gardens, and niiuiiitain stri'ums. The port is well adapted for foreign trade, if tho temper of the Japa- nese can be conciliated. It is one of the pi>rts opened by tho recent treaties for coin- int'rco with foreign nations. Nan-kano, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si; seated on the laico Po-yang, 637 miles S. of Peking. Long. 11.3. 58. E. bit. 29. 33. N. Kankino, tt city of Cliina, capital of tho province of Kiang-nan. It is 17 miles incir- cuniference, and about 3 miles distant fro' < the groat river Yang-tso-Kiang, from wh canals are cut, so large that vessels may enter the town. It was formerly the imperial city, whence it is called Nanking, which signifies southern court; but, since the six grand tri- bunals havo been removed to Peking, it is called Kiang-nan in nil public acts. The place is greatly fallen from its ancient splen- dour, since its desertion as the capital by Kublai Khan; for it had aniagnificent palace, which is quito destroyed, as well as many ancient monuments; and a third part of the city itself is desolate. The streets are narrow, but handsome and well paved; and on each side are shops neatly furnished. The public buildings are mean, except a few temples, tho city gates, and a celebrated and beautiful tower of porcelain 200 feet high. The inlia- bit.mts were formerly estimated at 2,000,000, the citybeingabovc 30 miles in circumference. They have several manufactures in silk and wood. Here tho pliysicians have their prin- cipal academy. Nanking is seated on tho Yang-tso-Kiang river, 500 miles S.S.E. of Peking. Long. 118. 25. E. lat. 32. 4. N. Nan-ngan, a city of China, of tho first rank, in Kiang-si. It stands among planta- tions of sugar-cane, near the source of tho Kan-Kiang, and the foot of the mountain Me-lin; 200 miles N.E. of Canton. Long. 113. 33. E. lat. 24. 48. N. Nan-mno, a city of Cliina, of the first rank, in the province of Quang-si; 1145 miles S.S. W. of Peking. Long. 107. 45. E. lat. 22. 44.N. Nansemond, a county of Virginia. A part of the Dismal Swaiiip is in it. Capital, Suf- folk. Pop. 10,795, including 4530 slaves. Nan-tciiisg, a city of China, capital of Kiang-si. It has no trade but that of por- colaii:, which is made in the vicinity <■•. Jaatcheou. Tho country is so nnicli culii. vatcd, that the pastures are barclv Biiniiii 1 1 for the flocks. It is seated on tho kan-kia.i;; which flows hcnco into tho lake Poyani;; g:i > miles S. of Peking. lK)ng. 115. 30. E. Jul. 28. 36. N. N ANTKS, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Lowor Loire, and u biNliop'g see, with a university. It was formerly tlic resi- dence of tho dukes of Brotagnc, who Imilt a strong castle on tho side of the river, wiiiih still exists. Tho cathedral contains tlic tdiiilis of the ancient dukes, besides which tlicrc art n collcgiato church and 1 1 parish cliurclics. The bridges over tho Loire, in wliivli nrcsmnt islands, are almost a league in length. The suburbs exceed tho city in extent. A groat qiiantity of suit is made in the territory of Nantes, both at the bay of liourgncnf nnd in the salt marshes of Gucrando anil CniiHic. Largo vessels can come no higher tlian Paim- boeiif, which is 12 miles from Nantes; bat its quays are crowded with those of less burdin than 200 tons. It has somo builclinf;-yard) for steam vessels, nnd also large naval store- houses. Tho inhabitants in 1836 were com- puted at 75,150. It was here tImtHuiirylV, promulgated tho famous edict, in 1.198, in favour of the Protestants, which was revolccd by Louis XIV. in 1685. Nantes is 58 milei S. by E. of Kennes, nnd 217 S.W. of IVia, Long. 1. 33. W. lat. 47. 13. N. Nantua, a town of France, department o Ain ; with manufactures of gauzes, tuffitus, chintzes, &c.; situate on a lake of the same name; 18 miles E. of IBourg. Nantucket, an island and county of the state of Massachusetts, which lies 8 leagues S, of Cape Cod. It is 15 miles long and 11 Imuul, including Sandy point,wliich makes a fine road for ships. Tho island was originally conveyed by the Earl of Stirling, in 1659, to nine proprietors: it is a joint-stock property to the jtresent day, and the inhabitants (7030 in 1830) belong principally to the Society of Friends. It is one of tho principal places for tho spermaceti whale fishery, and has some few manufactures. It has also one town, nor called Nantucket, but formerly Siierbnme| 93 miles S.E.of Boston. Pop. in 1840, 9012. Long. 70.8.W. lat. 41. 16. N. Nantwicii, a town in Clicshire, with a market on Saturday. It has an eiei,'ant church, six meeting-houses, a free school, charity school, &c. The manufacture of salt was formerly considerable, but it is now con- , fined to a single establishment; and tliccliiet I trade consists in the manulacture of shoes tor I the London and Manchester dealers. IM principal dairies of Cheshire are about tins town; and it has a considerable trade in cheese. It is seated on the Weaver, ami b;. , the Chester canal, which here forms a brw:' ! basin; 20 miles S.E. of Chester, and M N.W. of London. ^ . . . J Nan-yano, a city of China, of the brst NAP 697 NAP niiik, ill tlio province (»f Ilo-tmn, HCitcrl on a 1,111 ill rivur, lUiil Hurroiinilud by niuuuluinH; 160 miles y. of llo-uiin. Nan-vono, u city ut Oliiiia of tho flrHt riiiik, ill llio pi'ovincu of (jiianKtoii^, nciUuiI nil thu Pcikiitnit, nuur its houivc; 170 iiiilus N.N.K. of Clinton. N\i'LKs, or tho Two Sicilies, until ro- iciitlyiiii iiidepundoiitund powfr|'iilkin(; latimi of each divibion was estimated as follows: — I'ROVINCKS. AllBA. So. M. I'OP. 185 1. C tv of NnolfiH >• . . ilift 2,311 ■i,lilS l.HHt 3,714 3,21)3 I,2i6 1,711 2,669 1.687 1,12') 2,195 8,fi2i l,4H6 1,787 417,824 4t2,42H 776,^87 574,850 3!I3,R74 3'J>,5II 51^833 376,760 531,512 427,275 319,677 236,931 331,331 450,935 327,6iO 388,487 I'MTlnce i)f ditto Terr* ill Lavoro Prindnato CitrA . . ....... „ Ultra CADit.inata BiilUcata MoIIm (Sannlu) Barl T'Tra d'ntranto AbriiiX3 Giira II Ultra,l .. u CalabriaCitra „ Ultra I „ H Total 3l,t07 6,843,355 The population of Naplo'< Proper was esti- mated in 173 1 at about 4,000,000; in 1819 at 5,031,191; and in 1840 at 6,177,598. In the iltscription of Sicily is included tho pnr- tu'ularii of that portion of the kingdom. See '^« Appendix. The cliniiitc of Naples Proper in general is extremely hot, especially in July, August, mill September, and is said to be one of the ino>t inconstant and unfavourable to valetu- iiiniirians. In some seasons it rains every day tur six or seven weeks together; but the mojt disagreeable part of the climate is the sirocco, or S.E. wind, which is very common in Miy, and extremely relaxing. In winter 'bcu' M saldora any ice or snow, except on ttiemoumains. The country abounds with erain, the finest fruits and vegetables, rice, "^s, uil, wine, saffron, and manna, and "Ms alum, vitriol, sulphur, rock-crystal, wwble, miuerals, and fine wool ami silk. flesides the manufactures noticed in the ac- count of the city of Naples, waistcoats, caps. Slocking,^ and gloves are also made of the °»'f or filaments of a shellfish, which are "wraer than those of wool, and of a beauii- 111 glossy green. The principal mount,a-"ns 'fe tte Apennines (which traverse this coun • try from .N. to S., branching out to the two cxtrcmiticH), and thu celubraieil volcano, Mount VesiiviiiH. The rivers arc nuinercun, but inconNiderable; the chiclaru the Garigii- anoand Volturiio. Oiiuoftluincoiiveiiiinccs to which this kingdom is exposed, is earth- quakes. Thu religion is Homan Catlio ic; and much intolerance had been shown by the late kings to religious and political dil« forenccs. Napi.ks, a largo and rich trading city of Italy, one of tho finest in the worhl, capital of the above province, with u university. It is sitiiato at thu bottom of a bay, and is built ill the form of a vast amphitheatre, sloping from the hills to tho sea. Although tho stylo i>f architecture is inferior to what prevails at Home, and it cannot vie with that city in the number of palaces, or in the magnificence of tho public buildings, yet the private hoii.scs in general are better built, and tho streets are broader and better paved. No street iu Uome equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples ; nor can any of them bo compared with tho beautiful streets which lie open to tho bay, where tho excessive heat of the sun is often tempered with tho sea breezes and gales wafting the perfumes of the Campagni Felice. Tho houses in general are five or six stories high, and flat ut tho top; on which are pliced numbers of flower vases, or fruit- trees in boxes of earth, producing a very guy and agreeable effect. On the mountain St. Elmo, ill a most pleasant bituation, is a con- vent of Curtluisiaiis, on which much expon.so has been lavished, to render tho building, tho apartments, and tho gardens, equal to the situation. Na|>les is admirably situated for commerce. The chief articles manufac- tured here are silk stockings, soap, snuif- bo.xes of tortoise-shell or of the lava of Mount Vc>uviii.s, tables, and ornamental furniture of marble. Unhappily, of lato years, one of the chief features of Naples have been its prisons. By the last Bourbon kings political offences were visited with cruel rigour, and men of rank and character, for mere suspicion, have been for long yenrs immured inloathsomedungeons; thedescrip- tions of which, since they have been thrown open, fill the mind with horror and disgust. Although tho churches and convents of Naples are not to be compared with those of Rome in point of architcf^ture, they .surpass them in rich jewels, ami the quantity of sil- ver and golden crucifixes, vessels, and other ornaments. The cathedral is a grand Gothic edifice; and of uU the palaces that of th" king is not only the most magnificent, but in the best style of architecture. The harbour, which is spacious, is protected by a mole. Tho bay of Naples is one of the finest in the world, being almost of a circular figure, about 30 miles in diameter, shut out from the Mediterranean by the island of Caprea, and three parts of it sheltered by a circuit of woods and mountains. Naples was taken bjf f 'm M .1 li i ' \ A 'f! N All 51)8 NAll 1. i tho Ficncli in January, 1799 but retaken by tliu Ikitinb lluet iiiuler Lord Nulnon in tliu Juno lullowint;. In IHU6 it was a^ain taiiun possessitm of i»y tiio French, under Mawsena; Moon after whieii Jobepii Bonaparte was licrc crowned V\\\\i of Naples; but on hiii removal to Spain, in 1808, tliu crown was conferred on Murati but in 1815 kini; Ferdinand was reHtored. Tno Do n bon dynasty, bus again passed away, after years of tyranny and mis- governineut. In \afi., 18U0, (laribaldi cross- ed from Sicily to the mainland, and rapidly sdvanciu'^' towards Naples, Francis II. fled to Qaetn, when Garibaldi triumphantly entered the city with six attendant.^. Victor Emma- nuel afterwards visited Naples, and assumed the sovcr«ij;nty on Nov. 7, 18C0. In 1861 the kingdom of the Two SicilicN was amalgamated with the now kingdoin of Italy; 1 10 m. S.E. of Uome. Long. l4. 16. E., lat. 40. 50. N. Napom dk IloH/VMA, or Naui'LIA, a sea- port of Greece, in tho Moret., and an arch- bishop's see; on a peninsula, at the head of a bay of same name. It has a large harbour, with u narrow entrance defended by a citadel. ltis20rnilcsS.S.VV.ofCorinih. Pop. 16,000. Long. 22. 48. E., lat. 37. 34. N. Nafoli ui Malvasia, a seaport of tho Morca, capital of the island of Malvasia. It has afineharbo\ir, defended by a good citadel, anil a long wooden bridge, which joins it to the mainland. It gives name to that excellent wine called Malniscyj and was the ancient Ej)l(liiiirus, iunied for tlio temple of ^Kscu- lapius. It is Heated on a rock, at the entrance of the bay of Napoli di Romania; 38 miles S.E. of Misitra. Lonij. 22. 58. E.lat. 36. 53.N. Naba, a town of Japan, in the island of Ni])lii>n, with a mag:iilicent castle; 25 miles N. W. ofMeaco. Nahainocnqe, a town of Bengal, in the district of Dccca; with manufactures of mus- lin, and a trade in grain, salt, tobacco, &e. It is seated on thuLuckia. Long. 90. 35. E. lat. 23. 36. N. Nauasimohapuka, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, with two considerable t'^'.iples. It is well built, and stands in a fertile country, on the Cavcry, immediately below f!ie in- lliix of the Kapini; twenty miles T^.S.E. of Mysore. Naisuerth, atown of Wa1p«, ir, Pembroke- shire, wirii a market on Wednesday; seated on a hill, 12 miles N.E. of Pembroke, and 242 \V, by N. of London. Nauuonne, a city of France, in the de- partment of Aude. In the time of the Ko- iimns it was the capital of that part of Gaul called Gallia Narbonunsis; and hero the emperor Marcus Aurelius was born. Some Koniun inscriptions, in different parts of the city, arc still visible; and the canal from the river Aude, through the city to the Mediter- ranean, was cut by the liomans. Narboniie is famous for its honey; and the cathedral is reniarkablo for its noble choir. It is 5 miles from *^hu Mediterranean, uud 80 E.iS.E. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1838, 10,792. Loiil'. 3 n E. lat. 43. 11. N. Nakiioroiiuii, an uninhabited islaml in tha South Pacific, on the const of Ciiili; HJuro Sir John Nurborough refreshed his nu-n wh.u Hciit to the South Sea, in the reign of Cliurii;] II. Long. 74. 35. W. lat. 46. 0. N. Naudu, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Ot- ranto, 22 miles N. by W. of Otranto. It is a substantial flourishing town, has niimcriinj churches, and has some cotton manufacturu% Pop. 6000. Narenza, a town of Dalmatia, and u bishop's see; seated on a river of the tame uame, 42 miles N.N.VV. of liagusa. Narih, a town of Siberia, in the govcra- inent of Tobolsk; surrounded by piilisuiics and wooden towers. The environs almiinil with foxes, ermines, and sables. It is seatud at the conflux of the Ket with tho Ohy; 4nu miles E. by N. of Tobolsk. Long. 81. 15. E. lat. 59. 10. N. Narnalla, a town and fortress of Ilindns- tan, province of Berar ; 33 miles W.N.W. of Ellichpour. NARNf, a town of Italy, in the states of the Church. Hero are tho ruins of a iiiarlilii bridge, built by Augustus; and also of an aqueduct that brought water from a spring at the distance of 15 miles. It is seated un the Nera; 20 miles S.S.W. of Spoleto, uiid 40 N. of Homo. Pop. 3600. Naro, a town of Sicily, in Val di Maznra, on a river of the same name. It has a roviil college, and some trade in wine, oil, and sulphur. It is pleasantly seated on n liiil; II miles E.of Girgenti. Pop. in 1631, 10,lu5. Nauova, a river of Russia, wliicii issues from the lake Peipus, flows to Narva, and enters the Gulf of Finland, 8 uiiJes lieiuw that town. It has two cataracts, poinpouslj described by travellers; but they are far in ferior to that of the Rhine at Laufl'en. Nabraganset Bat, in North America, makes up from S. to N. between the main- land in the state of Rhode island. It cm- bosoms many fruitful and beautifnl islands, the principal of which are Rhode, Canonicut, Pi-udence, Patience, Hope, Dyer's, and \h'% Islands. This capacious bay aliurds plenty of lobsters. N A RRAGUAG us,a town of the state of Maine, in Washington county, situate on a b-iy ut the same name; 16 miles N.E. of Golds- borough. Narraingunoe, a considerable trading townof British India, provinceofBengal,oua branch of the Bramahputra. The pop., es- timated at 15,000, carry on a large trade m salt, grain, tobacco, and lime; 8 miles ^.h. of Dacca. Lat. 23. 37. N. long. 90. 35. L. Narsinoapatam, a town of Hindostan, m the territory of Cattack, near the coast of the bay of .Bengal; 44 miles S. of Cuttack. Narva, a strong town of Russia, in the government of Petersburg. The houses are built of brjck, aud stuccoed white, aud it lias NA8 699 NAT more thu u|)|)uuruiicu o( a Gcrimin tliuii of a Kussiun tuwn. In tlio suburb ciiUud Ivuti- gorud urc tlio otupondous romtiins of tin tiR'iuiit fortress, built by Ivan UiiHiluwitz tlie Great, which impend over tho steep banks ol' tho Narova. In 1700 Charles XII. of Sweden obtained a victory hero over I'cter tho Great. Five years alter, tho czar took the town by asHault, and by his own personal excrtiuns, saved it from pillage and niasHacro. The principal exports are hemp, flax, timber, and euro. It is situated on the Narova; 8 miles from its mouth, and 85 W.8.VV. of Peteriiburg. Long. 28. 25. E. lat. 59. 23 N. Narwiii, a town of Ilindostan ; capital of s fertile district of tho same name, in the proviiiceuf Agra; seated near the Scinu<3 ; 115 miles S. of Agra. Long. 78. 17. E. lat. 25,40. N. Nasca, a seaport of Peru, in the audience of Lima. It has a good harbour, and stands in a territory fertile iu wine and sugar; 220 miles S.S.E. of Lima. Long. 75. 10. VV. lat. 14.45. S. Naseut, a village in Northamptonshire, famtius for the decisive victory gained by the army of the parliament over that of CharloB I. iu 1645; 12 miles N.N.W. of Northamp- ton. Nashua, a town of New Hampshire, near the W. side of the Merrimac river, and on the Nashua river. It has large water power and some cotton factories; 12 miles N.W. of 'oi?ell, and 36 S. by E. of Coucord. Pop. NA8i^iLi-E,aflourishingcityofTenne8see; capital of Davidson county; seated on Cum- berland river, 120 miles from its entrance into the Ohio river, and at the head of the steamhoat navigation. There is a university, state-house, 10 churches, and numerous other public buildings. The pop. in 1830 was 5566. In 1844, 70U0 within the city limits, but in- cluding the suburbs, 1 1,000. It is 177 miles SSAV. of Louisville, in Kentucky, and 170 miles W. of Kuoxville. Long. 86. 66. W. lat. 36. 2. N. Naskow, a town of Denmark, in the is- land uf Laalaud, with a convenient harbour; seated on a bay of the same name, 15 miles W.byN. ofMarieboe. Nassau, an independent duchy of Ger- many, formed of the several principalities which formerly bore this name. It is bounded by the Prussian territoiy on the Lo'ver Rhine, and the states of the princes of Icsse. It contains nj.ines of iron, copper ana lead, and the soil is fertile in some places, but the sur- face is for the most part woody and moun- tainous. The rearing of cattle and the culture -f the vine are the principal occupations of the inhabitants. Area, 2186 square miles. Pop. in 1838, 386,221. The Duke of Nassau liolds the ninth place at the smaller assembly •>' the German diet, and has two votes in 'he lull assembly. See Appendix. Nassau, a town of Germany, in the above duchy. Opposite the town, on the other side of tho river, and on a high mountain, foru i^r- lystoodNassauberg,ni.laceofj,'reatiiMli.|iiitv, and the original seat of the Nassau faiuily. Nassau is 32 miles W.N.W. of Frunkrort. Long. 7. 52. E. lat. .50. 10. N. Na88A(7, an island in tho Indian ocean, on tho W. side of tlio island of Sumatra; about 120 miles in circumfercnco. Long. 99. 40. E. lat. 2, 60. S. Nassau, tho capital of tho Bahama islniKli, on the N. side of tho island of Now Provi- dence. It is pleasantly seated on some slo]!- ing ground facing the harbour, with tho go- vernment house crowning it. It is one of the best towns in tho West Indies, and tliu inhabitants, generally speaking, aro wvy hospitable and attentive to strangers. Lut. 25. 5. 10. N. long. 77. 21. 14. W. ^ Nata, a seaport of Colombia, in tho pro- vince of Panama; seated in a fertile country, on the bay of Panama, 68 miles S.W, of Panam.-.. Long. 81. 5. W., lat. 8. 30. N. Natal, a district of South Africa, mado a British colony in 1843. It lies betw. en 28" 30 ' and 31» S. lat., with a coa>t-line of about 200 miles, and extends inland from 100 to 250 miles. Port Natal bay is the only good harbour, but tho bar is too shallow to admit any large vessels; but it is being deepened and improved. The country abounds in pure streams, and the soil, though various, is pene- rally fertile, producing corn, sugar, cotton, and other tropical plants; it is ul^o impreg- nated with iron. Some parts of it produce two crops yearly. The climate is delightful, and very beneficial to European constitutions. Pietennaritzburg on the Urngeni is tlie capi- tal, and near it is a magnificent cascade. Tho rainy season is from October to April Fish abound in the rivers. A bishop was appoint- ed to the dioctso of Natal in 185.3. Natchez, a town of the United States in the state of Mississippi. It is seated on tho Mississippi, 520_miles W. of Savanna, and 292 miles above New Orleans. It is the chief emporium of the state, and has by the river a great trade in the export of cotton. Pop. 4800. Long. 'il. 39. W. lat. 31. 34. N. Natchitoches, pronounced Nakitosu, a town of Louisianr.; chief of a county of the same name; on the Red River. Pop. 2000. Long. 93. 10. W. lat. 31. 45. N. Natolia, or Anadoli, a province of Asi- atic I'.irkey; comprising the W. part of Asia Minor, the whole of which is sometimes called by the name. It is about 400 miles in length, from N.E. to S.W., and 370 miles from Fm toW. It is mountainous, but generally fertile, and has considerable commerce. Pop. per- haps 4,350,000. Tho residence of the bey is at Kutaiah. Nattam, a town and fortress of Hindostan, in the district of Dindigul; 45 miles S.S.W. of Trichinopoly. Nattore, a town of Bengal, seated on the river Attrij 47 m. E.N.E. of Moorshedabad« # i N A V 600 NAZ 1 ( Naukn, ii town of Prussia, in Brandenburg; 18 miles W.N.W. of licilin. Nau-miiekg, ii town of Gcrniuiiy, in Ilesse Cassul, situate on the Eide; IG miles W.S.W. of Cassul. NAUiMBUKG, a town of Prussian Saxony, in th*^. government of Merse')urg, formerly eapi- tal of n duchy of the same name. It has a small citadel, and its cathedral is remarkable for its fine altars, paintings, and subterranean chapels. The chief manufactures are leather, soap, starch, gunpcvdur, turnery wares, &c.; and it carries on a brisk trade. It is seated on the Saale; 18 miles W'.S.VV. of Merseburg. Pop. 12,000. Long. 12. 0. E. lat. 51. 8. N. Naumhukc, a town of I'russian Silesia, in the government of Lcignitz, on the river Quels ; 1 1 miles N.W. of Lowenburg. Nauj'lia. See Napoi-i di Kosiama. Nauvoo, a city in Hancock county, in the state cf Illinois. It stands on the E. bank, and in a curve of the Mississippi river, about 181 miles p.LuVO the mouth of the Illinois river; the river is here about 2 miles wide. It was the residence of the Mormonites or "Latter Day Saints," the followers of the pretended prophet and !<. a Icr Joe Smith, one of the greatest infatuations of the age. The principal public buildings are Nauvoo House, a spacious hotel, and the Narvoo temple, not completed, and upon the model of that of Solomon. The population amounted to about 7000, besides about 3000 of the body in the vicinity. Since the prophet was killed in an att'ray, the fraternity have bodily removed to their purchase in California. Nauvoo is 124 miles N. l)y VV. of Springfield, and 891 from Wunhington. Navan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Meiith, seated at the conflux of the Black- water witli the Boyiie. It has considerable trade in agricultural produce, 7 miles N.E. of Trim, and 25 N.W. of Dublin. Navauino, a seaport on the W. coast of the Morea, with a large harbour, defended by two forts. It is memorable for the de- struction of the Turkish and Egyptian fleet, by the English, French, and Russians, in 1 827. It is seated on a hill; 10 miles N. by E. of Modon, and 88 S.W. of Corinth. Long. 21. 41. E. lat. 36. 52. N. Navarke, a province of Spain, containing the greater part of the ancient kingdom of Navarre. It is 75 miles long, and 60 broad, containing an area of 2475 square miles. Pop. scarcely exceeding 300,000, chiefly pastoral and agricultural. Though a moun- tainous country, abounding in g, me and iron mines, some valleys ]iroducc good corn and excellent wine, i'anipeluna is the capital. Navarkk, New, a former province of Mexico, now divided into various modern intei'.dancies. Navaukkins, a town of France, depart- ment of Lower Pyrenees, on the Gave d'Ole- ror. ; 2f) miles S.E. of Bayonne. Navaza, a little islet of the ^Vest Indies, between Haiti and Jamaica. It is lii^di and rocky. Lat. 18. 25. N. long. 75. 1. W. Navigatou's Islands, a clu-^ter often is- lands in the Pacific ocean; discovered hv Bougainville, and explored by Peroii.se iii 1787. They are called by tlie natives Op- oun, Leone, Fanfoue, Maouna, Oyalava, Cu- linasse, Pola, Shika, Ossaino, and Oikmu Opoun, the most southerly and e:i>terl\- n! these islands, lies in long. 1G9. 7. W. lat.' u, 7. S. Maouna, Oyalava, and Pola, iiiav Im numbered among the largest and most beautiful islands of the South Pacilic. Tiny combine the advant ;es of a soil fertile wiili' cut culture, and aclinnitethat renders dutli- ing unnecessary. The inhabitants are a strong and lusty race ; scarcely a man is to bo seen among them less than six feet lu;;!:, and the women are in proportion. In liis- positiim they arc thievish, treaeliiToiis, and ferocious. Their villages are situate on creeks, by the seaside, and liave no paths between them, so that they i)ass (rom one to anoiiier in their canoes, and thus they are almost eon- stantly o? the water. Their canoes, hon.-e?, &c., are well constructed ; and they are m.ieli more advanced in internal policy tl:an any of the islands in this ocean. See Maolxa. Naxia, or Naxos, an island in tlieGiecian Archipelago, 15 miles in length and 50 in circumference. It is fertile in grain, wine, oil, cotton, and t,ilk, and its plains uIjoiuuI with orange, olive, lemon, cedar, citron, poincj.'r!i- nate, fig, and mulberry trees. It is inlialiited both by Greeks and Latins, and has a gw.M many villages, but the popuhuion of the whole island docs not exceed I8,o00._ The highest mountain is Zia, which signifies the mountain of Jupiter; but there are no anti- quities, except some small remains of a temple of Bacchus. Naxia, the cajiital of the above island,and one of the most beautiful places in the Archi- pelago. It has two archiepiscopal Beef, tho one Greek and the other Latin. Here is no harbour, but the trade is considerable in bar- ley, wine, oil, figs, cotton, silk, Hax, cheese, salt, oxen, sheep, and mules. It stands on the S. side of the island, and is 'n^', between two hillsj 45 miles S.S.E. of Turi*. Pop. 3800. Nen, a river which rises in the Vi ■ part oi Northamptonshire, becomes navigable at Northampton, and runs into the Lincolnsluie Wash. Nenagh, a town of Ireland, in the couniy of Tippcrary, with a ruined castle, seat.'.i on the branch of the Shannon. It is wcii "tui regularly built; 19 miles N.E. of Umm^^ and 23 N. of Cash( 1. . Nbocabi«o. a towu and fort of BoffiW"Si NEII 803 N E T oil the stnut of Coiistuiitiuoplcj 12 niiies N. ofCuiistanti'iopIe. NiiOT's, Si,, a town in Huntingdonshire, with ;i iimrkct on Tlmrsilny, and acon.siilertt- bic trade in corn, &e.; seated on tlie Ouse, over wliicli is a i trong bridge; 1) miles S.S.W. of Iluntinfidon, and 56 N.N.W. of London. Nkoum)OH, a lown of IJirinah, with inanu- fsctures of japanned wave, seateil on tlie Ir- raiviuldy; 4 miles N.N.E. of Paj^ahm. Nkpaul, or Nepal, a kingdom of norilicrn Hiiulosian; bounded F. Iiy the Iliniahiya mountains, S. by the p-ovinces of Baliar, Oink', and Delhi, E. '•>}■ Hootau and the ter- riiory of the Kajah of Si Kim. Tiie soil is pivxiuctive, and in some pi ices yields two flops in the year. The mom tain.s of Nepaul contain mines of lead, copper, and iron; and, akhouph coniinerce is not tncour.igtjd, it stii'ls 10 Bengal ivory, wax, honey, resin, tini- bfr, bastard cinnamon, cardamoi is, walnuts, &.",; and takes in return, muslin, s and silks of Bengal, oarpet.s, spices, tobaccc, and Eu- ropean goods. Tiic government has been muiKipolizcd for many years by the triljc oiiiloii Gorkhap, and is es.^ientially despotic. 1)1 1814, in consequence of the repeated en- troacliiiients of the Nepaulese, the British inv.iiicil their territories, and dictated to them a trt.'ty of peace in 181 fj. By this treaty Nepnui is limited o?i the W. to the river Go- gtii; t!ie British ha^'e gained po.'^session of the provivice <>( Kumaon, and a British envoy constantly resides at Katmandoo, the capital ofNepai/l. Pop. 2,000,000. Nepean Isr, \Nn, a small island in the South Padlic, opposite Port Hunter, on the South coiit., of Norfolk island. Xepi, a town of Italy, in th?, papal .■states, rcniarkiihle for some Roman ruins, and a fine mjilern a([ueduct, sweated on the Triglia; 20 miles N. of Konie. Pop. 1500. Nerac, a town of France, departme.rit of Lf't-et-Garonne, divided by tlie river Baise iKo Groat and Little Nerac. Iti the teudal times, this was the residence of the lords of Albert, whose stupendous castle is !!ow in fiiins. Pop, in 1836, ;3G84. It is 16 miles ^VMV. of Agen, and 67 S.R, of Bordeanx. ^'EunuDDAU, a river of Hindostan, v;hicl) issues from a lake on the S. confijies of the province of AllalmlMd, flows W. for 700 miles Ml enters the Gulf of Cambay below Ba- roacn. NEKESHEtJf, a town of Wirtemburg, with > late Benedictine abbey, on a moimtain. Pilose ahbot was a prelate of the empire. It 1^ 15 miles W.N.W. of Donawert •^EiiiciA, a province of Sweden, bounded h- Suilermania, Wcstinania, Wermeland, an'! "and E. Gothland. It is now included lu the government of Orcbro. ^KRosoE, a town of France, department ofLnire; 24 miles W. of Lyons. •^ERONDEs, a town in the department of 19 miles E.8.E. < ;' Bourges. -^f-ttT8ciii.N8K, a town of Siberia, capital Cli. of a province of the same name, in the go- vernment of Irkutsk, with a fort. The ad- jacent country is mountainous, Imt yields ex- cellent pasture for cattle, and there arc some considerable lead and silver minci. It is seated at the confluence of the Nercha with the Shilka; 440 miles E, of Irkutsk. NjE87>e, 8 town of France, department of Somme, on the Lingon; 2.5 miles E.S,E. of Amiens, and 66 N. i)y E. of Paris. Nksb, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in tnver- ness-.shire, l'3 miles long, and from one to two broad. The depth is very considerable, and the high hiils on each side present a, de- liglitfiii view of wood, pa,sture, cultivated lands, and rugged precipices. It was agitated iii an extraordinary manner during the great eartlupiake at Lisbon, in 175,"). Its outlet, at the N. extremity, is the river Ness?, which runs into the Moray Frith, below Inverness, NKSTVED.a tovvuof Denmark, in the island of Zealand, 38 miles S.W. of Copenhagen. NiiTHEKLANBa, or HoLLANi), a kingdom of Europe, bounded on the W. and N. by tlie German ocean, E. by Hanover, and S. by Belgium. It is divided into tea provinces as follows: — ppo..^o«s. lA-;'-^' NorUi KoUiiud. .South HoUand . Zrialnnd ,.., Utrecht Guelderland ,.. Overynsol..., Orentho .,„ 'ivuniuu^cn , Krit'8l,iiid... Xortli ni'iib»nt . T>uf,oh l,i inl.'ur;^ Dutoli l,ux-\ eniburjf ,../ Pop. in ' < S ,* _^ Capitals, i Pop. 9381 t33,l)73| 1,166 68S U» 2,011) I,S!93 77» 1,101 1,65,11 763! 97&i MKI,65I W U!l,iii' lW,47i' 336,i0,ic«i; Us.ooo l.M,000 *"\ il.cydcn f lioiti'rjani .. \Th.> Haeiie . ,,,,! (Mid.llibarg. ■"'I ISluvf tH?.\ i:trmlit '" !Am,',-sl.i.e S.E. of Dcrt, wliieb ovevwhelraed 72 villages, and 100,000 inhabitants are sufiposed lo have perished. To prevent the recurrence of such dreadful calamities, tiie Dutch i)egun to secure their coasts, as also the bai.ks of tiie great rivers:', by dykea or mounds of e.irth. t)ie erectiiii Oi which has lieen justly consicierod one of the greatest eti'orts of human industry. Tlie cli- I ; f, -! ; ^'m m-h' NET 604 » K U mm i^H I! t ■lift* 5 jMilliMlrl :■ iiie in the maiitiine proviiu-es is bniniil and v'lilable; it» the interior it h more constant, 'i'iic summers are warmer, and tlic winierH foil) or than in En^fhiiid. The soil is in general fertile, and aj^vieultiire has been lonj^ prose- cuted with eare and sujc-ss. The i)ri!\eipal protinetions are *orn, flax, hemp, tohaceo, hops, madder, and fruit. Cattle are reared in great nunibens, and vast quantities of ex- cellent butter and eheese are made J'or exporta- tion. The principal rivers are the Uhiiie, with its dilVere.'it brandies, and the Macse. These rivers' and the multitude of eanids with whicli the country is intersected, afford im easy and safe navigution, not only to all parts of the kingdom, but to tiie W. of Germany, the N. of France, and even to Switzerl.md. The lakes are comparatively Inconsider;d'. Nk rinjRG, a town of Bavariit, sent*. ' n ""' Schwarza; 19 miles E.S.E. of Aniiier;. NEi;virA.TEAO, a town of France ..ejiiirt- ment of Vosges; seated in a soil I'onik :.! eom and good wine, on the river Meuse; 2a niiiCi S.W.ofNancv. Pop, 2700. . NKOcir.ATE.u;, a lo^vn of Belguun, ;u l-ux- emhnrg, 16 miles S,.W. of Ba.stogne, anil J" W.N.W. of Luxemburg. NBrjcviATEL, or NEi;reiUTia,.'iiMTitono. Switzerland, between the hike of Neu' liat''' and the borders of France. It is a luliviou..- trv,nnd is watered liy several lakes and r\e... he soil is not equally ferlile; Is The soil is not equally fVilile; t^"^^ '';^;;: JJ large vineyards that produce white am reu wine of excellent quality. The panfur-.- en the mountains feed a great number ci'Mou and there are plenty of deer in the lo c>u The inhabitant.^ are Protcstant.s esce .^ the t;- .• where the Catholics arc tiedoinmact- .»<•" NEU 605 NEU chiUel is one of the principal manufacturing cantons of Switzerland especially for watch- milking in various branches, and which trade is principally centred near Le Locle and Chaiix. (le Fond. From 100,000 to 120,000 wiitobcs are annually produced, which arc cxp'Tiod to all parts of the world. Printed cottoiiS and lace are also impoi-tant branches oftroia here. This district, along with that of ViiUcn^.lin, was formerly a separate princi- ralliy. On the death of the duchess of Ne- iiiDur-, in 1707, the sovereignty was claimed bv Freilcric I. of Prussia, as heir to tiie Prince of Or.!. liie, and his right was acknowledged hv th" 'nates of the country, whose ]irivileges Mil ;ii,. mces he confirmed. In 1806 Neuf- (iiiiti.! "■Hs ceded by the king of Prussia to tiie F. .ich m.'trshal Berthier, and the grant was confirmed by Napoleon. In ISU it was r6jcnc'l from this subjection, and the Con- ;ro5iJ ot Vienna acknowledged it a Swiss can- ti!i,tliunsli the nominal .sovereignty of Prussia wiw preserved. This sovereignty became the siihjeci of strong dispute in 1 856. Area, 280 Bqii'inemiies. and in 1837, 58,61 C inhabitants. Nkccuatel, the capital of the above c.-n- toii, situate partly on the plain between the kke of Ncuchatel and the Jura, and partly on the side of that mountain. The chief ar- tiiie of exportation is wine, produced from the n.iijlibouriri),' vin.jyards, and much esteemed; ai it has manufactures of printed linens and cottims. It is 2.5 miles N.E. of Lausanne, aiu2:)W.ofBern. Pop. 5000. Long. 7.0. E. at. M. 5. N. X>;i;cii.\iEL, atown of France, department of Lower Seine, noted for excellent cheese; iO mm S.E. of Dieppe. Pop. 3000. .Vecchatel, a lake of Switzerland, about 20 miles long, and 4 broad. At the N.E. cx- ireraity it lias a communication with the Lake of Bid by a narrow outlet. Nkcffen u town of Gerinany, in Wirtem- leri;, with a fortress called Hoheucuffen; 17 miles y.E. of Stutgard. Neiuaus, a low n of Hanover, in the duchy of Bremen, near the mouth of the Oste. It wsoncea place of great trade, but a sand- lank arivjiig in the harbour, at the entrance "I ilie Oste into the Elbe, it is now niiich less frniuonieil. It Id 19 miles N.W. of Stade. 1'"'). mo. • luus, a town of Bob(!mia, with a twlf, 27 miles E. by S. of Bechin. Nechauskl, atown of Hungary, seated in a marshy pliiiii, on the river Nti>r/l| 4^ miles Li^.E. of PixHburg. NuniLLY, a villiige of France, depni tinent '■ ^^'ne, 1 iiiiile VV. of Paris. The bridnu o ver '''• Seiii2 is a niastcr-])i(co of .architecture, f tl.e chiUean, built in the time of Louis . - was a fiivcmrito siiunnor rflnidonce of ^■''■•: L'mis Piiihppe. ^'iiKiiii iiRw „t,„vTiofniTinnny,inIlc ''■p'K 'in iIk; I'lvnr Fiildu ^■' I'.issel. ii au .'Hie oiiicH S.S E. Xiii 'UAGEN, a town of ( li. Piiisslan province of Lower Rhine, seated on the Moselle; 17 miles N.E. of Treves. Neumark, a town of Bavaria, on the river Roth; 17 miles S.E. of Landschut. Neumark, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carniola; 28 miles N.W. of Laubaeh, Nkumarict, a town of Bavaria, where the French, in 1796, met with the first of fiat series of defeats which led to their retreat across the Rhine. It is seated on the Sulz; 19 miles S.E. of Nuremburg. Pop. 2400, NEU.MARiiT, a toAvn of Prussian Silesia; near which, at the village of Leuthen, the Prussians gained a decisive victory over the Austrians, in 1757; 20 miles W. l)y N. of Breslau. Nbujiarkt. See Maros-Vasartei.t. Neuroue, a town of Prussia,! Silesia, in the county of Glatz, on the river Wolitz; 10 miles N.N.W. of Glatz. Pop. 3000. Neus, a river of North Carolina, which enters Pamptico Sound below Newbern, wlicre it is a mile and a half broad. Nehsatz, a strong town and fortress of Hungary, formerly called Petcrwardein Schanz. It is the see of a Greek bishop, and stands on the Danube, ojipositePeterwardein in Sclavonia. Pop. 20,231. NicusEtDi.ER, a lake of Hunpnry; 26 miles long, and 10 broad, and 16 S.S.W. of Pres- burg. It is almost surroimded by fens. In its vicinity is the castle of Esterhazy, said to rival the palace of Versailles in pomj). Neusohl, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's sec, with an old castle, in which is a church covered with copjier. In the adjacent mountains are extensive copper mines. It is seated on the Gran; 22 miles N. by E of Schcmnitz. Pop. 521. Necstapt, a town of Avistria, with a cas- tle, and an arsenal. It has the staple right over all goods coming from Italy. It stands on the frontiers of Hungarv; 28 miles S. by \V. of Vienna, Long. 1 6. 18. E. hit. 47. 50. N. Neustaot. a town oi' Bavaria, in the circle of Lower Maine, formerly the capital of tlw lower part of the jirineipality of Bayrcuth; with a castle. The library lielonging to the church contains many curiosities. It stands on the river Ai.seh ; 32 niilc.^ E.S.E. of Wurtz- burg. Long. 10, 43. E. hit. 49. 38. N. NKDSrADT, a town of the Bavarian circde of Lowei Maini", formerly in ili' princij)ality ofWnrtzburg; seiifcd on the Sa.,le, 16 miles N. by E, of Schweinfur)-. Neustadt, a ti)wn of Wirfenlinrg. seated on theKochcr; 12 miles N.N.K. of lleil'iron. Ni;i;.sTAivr, a town of Saxony, in Moi-^sen, oa])itnl of a ciide of the srinic name. It has a castle, two ciiiirclics, and a mine office, and on a mountain near it is another castlp, call- ed Arnshang. It is ,'ic.ited on the Orhi; 46 miles S.S. W. of Leip.sic. Long. 11. 49. E. laf. 50. 5. N. Nuistaot, atown of Prussia, in 'ho pro- vince of Brandenburg, Here arc vxtcnsive breweries, and manuiacturcs of doth and cut- mm U 'V h V ^ iiiii NEV 606 NEW , 't. '■ ,t ■ 1 !ery. It stands on the Tinow canal, 31 miles N.E. of Berlin. Nedstadt, a town of Brandenburg, in the mark of Pregiiitz, celebrated for its munu- facture of plate-glass; seated on the Dosse, 8 miles E.N.E. of Havelberg. Neostaut, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Ilolstein, with a castle, and a spa- cious harbour on the Baltic. It suffered f^reatly from fire in 1817; 20 miles N. by E. of liubec. Long. 10. 57. E. lat. 54. 10. N. Neostadt, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, witl. a castle; 17 miles S. of Schwerin. Nedstadt, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, with a castle, seated on the Leina; 15 miles N.N.W. of Hanover. Neustadt, a town of Germany in Bavaria, at the confluxofthe Abenstwith theDanube; 16 miles E. by N. of Ingoldstadt. Neustadt, a town of Bavaria, with acastle, seated on the river Nab; 27 miles N.N. E. of Amberg. Neustadt, a town of the Austrian states, in Moravia; 10 milesN.W. of Olmutz. Neustadt, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Oppeln, with manufactures of linen and woollen, and a trade in wines, seated on the Frudnitz; 14 miles S.E. of Neisse. Neustadt, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen; 35 miles W. by S. of Pilsen. Neustadt, a town of Bohemia; 13 miles N.E. of Koniggratz. Neustadt, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark; 50 miles E.S.E. of Dus- seltiorf. Neustadtel, a town of Bohemia; 66 miles N.E. of Prague. Neustadtel, a town of Hungary, on the Waag; 52 iiiiies N.N.E. of Presburg. Neuwied, a town of Rhonish Prussia ca- pital of the lower county of Wied; witli a fine castle, and museums of natural history, also of the Unman ant quities dug up at the site of the ancient Victoria, 2 miles N. of the town. It is seated on the Uhine; 7 miles N.VV. of Coblentz, Neva, a river of Russia, which issues from the lake Ladoja, flows to Peters- burg, where it divides into several bran- ches, and lower down enters the gulf of Finland. JSkvada, a new territory of the United States, comprising parts of Utah and ot Washington (Oregon) territory. Its area is about 175,000 squiire miles. Pop. 8000 to 10,000. It contains the Washoe silver mines. Neveus, a town of France, capital of the rtf'partnient of Nievre, and a bishop's see. It Is built in the form of an ami)hitheatre, unci ciiiitains sevonil fine buildings and a royal foundry. The chief manufiicturcs arc China, glass, and works of enamel. It is seated on tlip Loire, at the influx of the Nievre, over wliich isahanilsome bridgeof 20 arclics; 30m. N N.W. of Moulins. Pop. in 1836, 13,275. Neversink, Highlands oi', in the state of New Jersey. They arc not elevatcil, and but a small portion of them is cr.ltivated, but arc generally covered with wood. Nevis, one of the Leeward ( 'uribbcc islands, in the West Indies; divided from tlv E.ftml of St. Christopher by a narrow cliiiniiL'!. It has but one mountain, which is in tliy mid- dle, very high, and covered with larpe treis up to the top. Here is a hot bath, imuh of the same nature as those of Bath, in Kn^'lnnd. It is a small island, but very fruitful, ami sul,- ject to the English. Pop. 11,500. Cliarks- ton is the capital, on the S.W. side, deiended by a fort. Long. 62. 50. W. lat. IR. 10. N. Nevtn, or Newin, a town of Wales, in Caernarvonshire, with a market on S.itiirdny, Here Edward I., in 1284, held his triumph on the conquest of Wales. It is seated on St. George's channel; 21 miles S. by W. of Caernarvon, and 249 W.N.W. of London. New Albany, a city and caidtal of Flnyd county, in the state of Indiana. It stands on the N. bank of the Ohio river, 2 miles below the falls. It is the largest place in the stare. and is regularly laid out, and steam boatj and other ships are built here; 12) miles S, by E. of Indianapolis, Pop. 4226. New Forest, a forest in that part of Hamp- shire, which lies between Southampton water and the river Avon. It is 20 miles in length, and 15 in breadth; and has advantapes of situation, with respect to conveyance by wa- ter carriage and vicinity to the dock-yards, superior to every other forest, having in iu neighbourhood several places for sbippiiig timber. It was afforested by Wil'iam the Conqueror, and was then 10 miles longer than it is now. His son, William Kufns, was killed in this forest by an arrow, shot by Wal- ter Tyrrel, that accidentally glariced afrninst a tree, the site of which is'now pointed out by a triangular stone. Several considerable towns and villages are now included in the forest. The lord warden is appointed by letters patent, during the king's pleasure, and all the courts of jurisdiction are held at Lyndhur.st. New Providence, the principal of the Bahama islands, although inferior in extent and fertility to many of the other islands, is the most populous. It is the scut of govern- ment, and probably obtained the preference of the first settlers' from its superior harbour, and central position. It is mure hilly than most of the others, and has some fertile tracts which produce a variety of fruits, and parti- cularly fine pine apples, which arc exporieJ in vast numbers to England and the Iniua States. The most productive of us pine grounds is on Harbour island. It has several smaller articles of export, though but ittie trade. It is about 17 miles long, L. a"*! ** • by 7 broad, and the population m iS-l- ^as C208. In 1842, there were 3.)(),') males, ami 4055 fomale.s, together, 7.)C0. Na^sal^ one ot the best towns in the W. Indies, is the capiw' NEW 607 NEW New River, an artificial river of Eng- land, originally brought from Amwell, in Uertfordshire, to Islington, for the supply of tiie metropolis with water. It was finished in 1613, by Sir Hugh Middlnton, a citizen of London, who expended his whole fortune in tiie undertaking. It has since been carried np to a spring near Hertford, called Cliad- well, where the stream is also increased by a cut from the river Lea. The river, with all its windings, is 42 miles in length, and is iiiuler the management of a corporation called the New Uiver Company. New Year Islands, small islands in the Siiuth Pacific, near New Year harbour; the resort of vast numbers of sea lions, seals, and a species of vulture. New York. See York, New. Newauk, a borough in Nottini;hamshire; iroverned by a mayor, with a market on Wed- nesday. It returns two members to parliament. Near the river are the splendid ruins of its aicient castle. The church, erected by Henry IV., is reckoned one of the finest in the king- dom. There are also three meeting-houses for dissenters, and a catholic chapel. The Bchodis are a free grammar-school, and sub- scription and national schools. Here, in the miilstofhis troubles, died King John; and here Charles I., after his defeat at Naseby, piithimself into the hands of the Scotch army, who afterwards gave him up to his worst ene- mies. Newark has a good trade in malt, ciirn.and coals, manufactures of coarse linens and lace, iron and brass foundries, extensive roperies, &e. Gypsum of a superior quality is found in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Trent, over which is a bridge; 17 miles N.E. of Nottingham, and 120 N. by W. of London by the Groat Northern Railway. Newark, a city of New Jersey, capital of Essex county; with 17 churches. It is cele- brated for its cider, and has a considerable manufacture of shoes. It stands on the VV. side of Passaiek river, near its mouth in Newark bav; nine miles W. of New York. fi'P. in 1840, 17,290. Long 74. 18. VV. lat. 40. N. Xkw Bedford, a seaport town of the U"i- tcdStateSjin Massachusetts. It is regularly and ^ell laid out, and is a prosperous place. Its intiahitants are principally engaged in the 'fliale fishery; this port furnishes more ships for this purpose tliuii almost the whole world wsides. Tiie town is connected with Taun- ton hj a railway, 20 miles in length, and is ^i'iH on an arm of Bazzan bay; 50 miles si^.E. of Boston. Pop. 16,000. >>KWBERfj, a town of North Carolina, in Craven county; capital of a district of its ":""?■ It has a considerable trade in tar, P«t'li,tnrpcnti!;c, tiniber,corn,&c., and stands •■n a sandy point of land, forn.ed by the con- "w of the Nous and Trent; 'Jti miles E.S,E. I'Kaleigh. Pop. ;}690. Long. 77. 3. VV. lat. »■ 20. N. NtWBORouGn, or GoREV, a town of Ire- land, in the county of Wexford; 25 miles N. by E. of Wexford. NewBrunswick. 5cfi Brunswick, Ni-.w. NEWBURon, a town of Scotland, in Fife- sliire; with a good harbour on the Frith of Tay. Here the large vessels belonging to Perth unload their goods into lighters. The principal manufacture is linen, and there is also a considerable export of grain. It is 10 miles S.E. of Perth. Nbwburoh, a town of Wales, in the isle of Anglesey, governed by a mayor, with % market on Tuesilay; 12 iiiiles S.VV. of Beau- maris, and 2.')0 N.'VV. of London. Newruro, a town of New York, in Orange county, on the W.side of Hudson river. Shij)* of considerable burden may unload at the wharfs, and many vessels are built here. It is 32 miles S. of Kingstim, and 54 N. of New York. Population, 8933. Newbuuv, a town in Berkshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Timrsday. The manufactures of druggets, shalloons, arid broad cloths, formerly very extensive, are greatly declined; but a considerable trade is carried on by means of the Ken net and Avon canal. Here is a handsome parish chinch; also five meeting-houses, a charity school, and 65 almshouses. Two battles were fought near this town, between Charles I. and the parlia- ment, in 16*3 and 1644. It is seated on the Kennet; "le miles S. of Oxford, and 56 W. of L;;-i.uon, by the Great Western Railway. Newbury, a town of Vermont, in Orange county, situate on the Connecticut; 50 miles N.N.E. of Windsor, and 60 E.S.E. of Bur- lington. Pop. 2578. Newburyi'ort, a seaport of Massachusetts, in Essex county, with seven churches and a court-house. Large quantities of rum are distilled here, and the inhabitants have a considerable trade with the W. Indies and the southern states. The harbour is safe and commodious, and was endeavoured to be im- proved by an expensive breakwater, recently constructed, and the business of ship-building is carried on largely. In 1811 the town suf- fered severely ijy fire. It is situate on the river Merrimac; 2 miles from the sea, and 35 N.N.E. of Boston. Long. 70. 50. W. lat. 42. 48. N. Pop. 7161. Newcastle in Emlvn, a town of Wales, in Caermarthenshire; with a market on Fri- day. It had a fine castle, now in ruins. It is seated on the Tivy; 18 miles N.X.W. o( Cacrmarthen,.and 229 W.N.W. of London. Newcastle, a town of Ireland, in the county of Dublin; 10 m. W.S.W. of Dublin. Newcastle, a town of Delaware, capital ofa county of the same name; with two chur- ches. It was sealed by the Swedes, in 1627, and called Stockholm; afterwards taken l)y the Dutch, and called New Amsterdam; ami, falling into the hands of the English, it was called Newcastle. It is the oldest town on the river Delaware. There is a large e.^tab- libhniont here, for steam-engines and machi- H;i •!•! [■■ -t m 1 NEW C08 NEW ni!r7, belonging to the Newcastle and French town railroad. It i.s 35 miles S.W. of Phila- delphia. Pop. 2737. Long. 75. 38. W. lat. 39. 37. N. Newcastle, a town of New South Wales, in Northumberland county ; on the entrance of Port Hunter. It is prettily situated, and has several public buildings; but has declin- ed, preference being given to Maitland, at the head of the navigation of the river Hunter; but is now again rising rapidly. Near it is a productive coal mine. Newcastle under Ltnb, a borough in Staffordshire, governed by a mayor; with markets on Monday and Saturday, and a considerable manufacture of hats. It returns two members to parliament. The throwing of silk is a very considerable branch of trade, and here are also a cotton mill, tanneries, malt concerns, &c., and in the neighbourhood are some iron-works. Tlie villages around are entirely occupied with the manufactures of porcelain, stoneware, &c. The principal streets are broad, well paved, and lighted with gas, and the general aspect of the town is much improved of late years. It had four churches, alterwards reduced to one : and the castle, from whence it had its name, is quite de- molished. Here are several meeting-houses, a free school, and 20 almshouses. It stands on a branch of the Trent, 1.5 miles N. by W. of Strafford, and 149 N.N.W. of London, on a branch of the N. Staffordshire railway. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, a borough and seaport, in Northumberland, governed by a inavor, with markets on Tuesday and Satur- day. It is situate among steep'hills, on the Tyne, which is here a fine and deep river, so that ships of 300 or 400 tons burden may safely come up to the town, though the large colliers are stationed at Shields. The haven is so secure, that vessels, when they have pass- ed Tynemoutli bar, are in no danger either from storms or shallows. The town rises on the N. bank of the river, where the streets upon the ascent arc exceedingly steep. Many of the houses are built of stone, but some of timber, and the rest of brick. Through this ts- .ndwooilon ' arc scTcr.il which wai iigcoal,wu8 6 the use of London U se it injured [uantities of latciiy; but intinue, and een dug anil )rc than 400 ;lge of nnie the ancient 3 erected in lich was car- ood in 1771. lament; has nd nil pliicc of Durham, popul'ius Lancashire, has exten- etures on the 851)16.913. joint of con- ast of Niiiih Cook, in 42. N. 'lire, with .. branch of oucester.and I'y tcr^ .ont, chief of '•est Kivor, 28 d80W.K.\V. n the E. coast nd .52. N hit. liinic. If'^ni the 10th ccn- in" sunk into by Scliastian any disp-'-t^s the Eni;li>l> the N. P'""' the strait of t is 3.50 iiiil^'9 00 in brcaJtli. It U a mountainous, woody country, and rcry cold, being covered with snow five montiis in the year. The settlements of the British are chiefly confined to the harbours, ihe country near Placentia, and along the bays E. toward Cape Kace and thence to Cape Bonavista. On the south coast the French have a settlement at the isles of St. Pierre and Miquelon, which is very impor- tant to their bank fishery. The west coast is almost entirely uninhabited, although more adapted for settlers. Of the interior very lit- tle is known. There are several extensive lakes, and many rivers, but few animals ex- cept deer, and no remnants of its original inhabitants. In the fishing season, wh'ch be- gins in May and ends in September, it is re- burted to by at least 1 00,000 people, on ac- cmmt of the great fishing-banks to the S.E. of the island ; for here they cure the cod, which is carried not only to England, but to the Mediterranean and the West Indies. Within a few years Newfoundland has ra- pidly increased in population and industry. In 1789 the number of its inhabitants was 25,300; il is now estimated at 100,000. Tiie cutting down of wood still furnishes a large portioH of emidoyment during the winter. There is great plenty of game, fish, and fowl, but very little com, fruit, or cattle. It wan, with Bermudas, made a bishopric in 184'2, the city of St. John's being the seat of the bishop. New HANOVEn, a county of N. Carolina, on the shore of the Atlantic. Capital, Wil- mington. Pop. 13,.312, including 6376 slaves. New Harmony, a village in Indiana. founded by a German society of " Harmo- nists" in 1814. They have removed to Eco- nomy, in Pennsylvania, 172 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. New Granada. See Grandpa, New. New IIampsiiirb. See IIampsiiire, New. Newiiaven, a town in Sussex, near the momh of the Ouse, with a small harbour. The entrance of the river forms a good har- l)'jnr,and it ih intended to construct one of the niAle Ucfufje harbours in Seaford Roads off ''le town, which will most materially afTcct the interests of this town. Ship-bui'.ding is Ciirriiid on here to some extent. It is 7 mil« S. by E. of Lewes, and 57 S.S.E. of London. Newiiaven, a seaport of Connecticut, Mj'itiil of a county of its name. The half- fearlv assembly of the state is held here in wtolier. The city is on a beautiful plain, Belied by two hold rocky eminences, called Ihe Fast and West rocks, which from the ^% m to 370 feet high, afford charming views. The city extends 3 miles E. and W. ™ 2m, N. and S., and is laid out with great 'Wlarity, consisting of two parts, the old '"'■vn and new township. In the central Sfl'ijire of the old to wn is a row of three beau- Wnlcluircheg. On the W. side of the square "e the buildings of Yale college, one of the oldest and most extensive, and succc'lul in- stitutions in the United ytuies. The houMg of the city are generally of wood and while- wash, and surrounded by gardens and shrub- beries, and altogether has a quiet and rural aspect. It is connected with Hartford Uy i\ railroad. The harbour has crood nnchorn'cre. It carries on a considerable trade with New York and the West India islands, and stnnds at the head of a bay; 4 miles N. of Long Island Sound, and 78 N.E. of New York. Pop. 14,390. NRwIIoi,T.A?m, in Lincolnshire, the tcrmi- nns of the railways from E. Lincolnshire and Manchester, at the Humber, opposite Hull. Nkwinotow, an elegant modern suburb of the old town of Edinburgh. It forms the extreme sonth of the citv. New London. See Lovbon, New. NnWMARTCET, a town of Suffolk, with a market on Thursday. It is the most cile- orated place in England for horse-races, which are held several times every year, chiefly in spring and in the months of .Tuly and October; and hero Charles II. built a house for the sake of this diversion. It is 13 miles W. of Bury, and 61 N. by E. of London, to which it is connected by the Northern and Eastern Counties railway. Newmarket, a town of Virginia, in Am- herst county; on the N. side of James river, 100 miles above Richmond. New Mexico. Sea Mexico, New. Newnham, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Friday, seated on the Severn; 12 miles W.S.W. of Gloucester, and 120 W. N.W. of London. New Orleans. See Orleans, New. Newport, a borough of Ifanipsliire, re- turning two members to p.arliament, and the chief town in the Isle of Wight; governed by a mayor, with markets on Wednesday and Saturday, and a manufacture of starch. It is seated on the river Cowes, which is navi- gable for small vessels; 17 miles S. by E. of Southampton, and 9 1 S.W. of London. Long. 1.16. W. lat. 50.42. N. Newport, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Saturday, and a handsome free- school. The churcl: is of great antiquity, and was formerly collegiate: the other places of worship are, one fur Roman Catholics, and two for Methodists. Here is a spacious market-hall; and in the neighbourhood are productive mines of coal, iron, ami liiiiestoir.-. The surrounding country is very fertile, is enriched by many seats of note, and alibrds delightful views; 17 miles E. of Shrewsbury, and 139 N.W. of London. Nlwpokt, a village, formerly a borough, of Cornwall; 3 miles N. of Launceston, and 214 W. by S. of London. Nkwpoiit, a town of Monmouthshire, with a market on Saturday. It is rapidly im- proving and thriving, from the increasing trade in iron, tin, and coal, and the conse- quent manufactures. It was formevlv walled 2k t^i t >>^' NEW 610 NEW round, and defended by a cnstlc, consider- able remains of which are yet in being. Near it are the vestiges of a camp. It is seated on the river Usk; 19 miles S.S.W. of Monmouth, und 1 18 W. by N. of London. Newport, a decayed town of Wales, in Pembrolceshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday, and the ruins of a castle. It is seated at the foot of a high hill, on a bay of the same name; 18 miles N.E. of Jit. David, and 320 W.N, W. of London. Newport, a seaport of liliode island, chief town of ft county of the same name, and the Bemi>mctropolis of the state. It stands on the S. W. end of lihode island, about 5 miles fl-om the sea; and has 12 edifices for public worship, a flourishing academy, an elegant state-house, and a handsome public library. Its harbour is one of the finest in the world; and to the W. of the town is Goat island, on which is a fort. Newport has a considerable trade. It is 80 miles N.E. of New York. Pop. 8333. Long. 7 1 . 1 5. W. lat. 4 1 . 30. N. Newport, a town of the state of Georgia, in Liberty county; situate on a navigable creek, 8 miles above Sunbury, and 34 S.S.W. of Savanna. Newport, a town of Kentucky, chief of Campbell county; seated on the Ohio, op- posite Cincinnati. Newport Paonel, a town in Bucking- hamshire, with a marke on Saturday, and a considerable manufactu'.eof bonelace; seated on the Ouse, 14 miles E.N.E. of Bucking- ham, and 50 N.N W. of London. Newport Pratt, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, near the mouth of the Beatta; 8 miles W. of.Castlebar. Long. 9. 21. W. lat. 53. 53. N. Newrt, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down ; situate on the side of a steep hill, by a river of the same name, which enters Carlingford bay, 2 miles below the town of Newry. Vessels of 200 tons burden can come up to the town ; and, by means of the Newry canal to the river Bann, it has a communica- tion with Lough Neagh. Newry was burnt by the Duke of Berwick, in 1689, but is now become the largest town in the county; and the trade and manufactures are rising rapidly in importance. It sends one member to par- liament, and is 49 miles N. of Dublin. Long. 6.20. W. lat.. 54. 15. N. Newstead, an insignificant village of Not- tinghamshire, 8 miles N. by W. of Nottingham, with an abbey; a portion of which is rebuilt, and was the residence of the poet, Lord By- ron, who is buried at Hucknall Torkird, a few miles distant. Newton-in-the-Willows, or Newton in Makerfield, a town of Lancashire; seated on the N. Western line, midway between Man- chester and Liverpool, at the junction of the N. Western and N. Union lines. It has rapidly increased from this circumstance, and has two churches, besides a chapel for Cungregation- alists. A Church school has recently bteu erected. There is also a very large print- ing and stationary establishment, cniploving about 300 hands, at which the chief pun of the work in connection with the London and North Western and other railways h tx- ecuied. An extensive race-course in tho neighbourhood is used annually for review- ing tho volunteers of South Lancashire. Tim climate upon tho whole is genial; and (lurin<' summer, the walks in the environs are de- lightful. The town is lighted with ga.^, and lately a number of ornamental villas havo been built in the vicinity; 15^ miles W. bv S. of Manchester, and 187 N.W. of London Newton, a town in the Isle of \V'ij;hi, |,'u. verned by a mayor; 5 miles W. of Newport. Newton, a county in the state of Geouia; capital, Covingtim. Pop. 11,628.— Also a county in Mississippi ; capital, Decatur. Pop, 2527. — ^Also a county in Missouri; capital, Neosho. Pop. 3790. Newton, a town of Massachusetts, in a bend of Charles river, and which has here two falls afllbrding great water power. The Boston and Worcester railroad passes through it, and here is the Newton theological semi- nary. Pop. 3351. Newton Bushel, a town in DcTonshire, with a market on Wednesday, and a inuim- facture of woollen cloths ; seated on the Teipi, 15 miles S. by W. of Exeter, and 188 W.S. W. of London. Newton Douglas, or Neavton Stewart, a town of Scotland, in Wigtonshirc; situate on the Cree, which is navigable for small ves- sels to within two miles of tho tovro. litre are manufactures of cotton and carpets, which have much declined, and several tan-works. It is 8 miles N. of Wigton, and 28 E. by N, of Port Patrick. Newtown, a town of Wales, in Montgo- meryshire, with markets on Tuesday and Saturday; seated in a beautiful valley, on the Severn. It is the principal seat of the tine flannel manufacture in Wales, and is now in a very flourishing state. A new bridge lim been erected, and the town is rapidly exterid- ing itself on the opposi te shore. An extensive pottery, established in 1823, is carried on with great success. The church is an andcnt edifice; beside which there are several meet- ing-Houses, and a free-school; 9 miles S.>V. of Montgomery, and 1 75 W.N.^y■. id London. Newtown, a town of the United States, New Jersey, the seat of justice in Sussex county; 60 miles N. of Trenton. LongTo.- W. lat. 41.3. N. ^ , Newtown, a town of New York, m Qncc ' county. It is situate near Tiojra rncr; o" I miles W. by N. of Union, and 70 &h. ui j Williamsburg. Pop. 50D4. , . Newtown, a town of Connecticut, m Hir- field county; 9 miles E. by N. of D""!""}'- and 26 N.W. of Newhaven. Pop. 3189. Newtown Ardks, a town of Ireland, in me county of Down; with a consideralilc Inu' manufacture. It is situaio on the W. puiuH ^'^^ i . NIA Cil NIC of Strangford Lough; 8 luilos E. of Belfast, and 16 N. of Downpatrick. Nbwtown-Babby, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford ; seated on the Sluney, 10 miles N.W. of Enniscorthy. Nbwtown Limavadv, a town of Ireland, in tlio county of Londonderry, with a linen manufacture. It stands on the river Uoe, nciir the E. side of Lough Foyle; 15 miles E.N.E. of Londonderry. Nkw YoBii. See York, New. NKvr.ANU, a town in Sutl'olk, with a market on Friday, and a brisk trade, seated on the Sioar; 16 miles S.W. of Ipswich, and 57 N. E, of London. Nevuao, a town of France, department of Aveiron; 18 miles N. of Rodez. Neyva, a town of New Granada, near the Madaienu; 130 miles S.W. of St. Fe de Bo- ifoAN-CHAN a city of China, of the first rank in the province of Koeitcheou ; situate in A nnnontainous district. Lung. 105. 32. £. lat.;'-. ^2 N. Nf '. -• iNG, a city of China, capital of the W. pa jf the province of Kiang-nan. It is defended bv a fort, and seated on the Kian- ku; 575 mi'les S. of Peking. Long. 116. 45. E. Int. 30. 37. N. NoAN-LO, a city of China, of the first rank; fn the province of Hou-quang. It has a considenible trade, and stands in a vast plain on the river Han; 175 miles S.S.W. of Pe- kin?. Long. 112. 3. E. lat. 31. 14. N. Niagara, a river of North America, which forms the communication between the lakes Krieand Ontario, and flows from S. to N. about 36 miles. At the head of this river, on its western shore, is Fort Erie; and 18 miles below this are those remarkable falls, (Indian 0-niaw-ga-rah — the 'thunder of wa- ters') which are reckoned among the greatest natural curiosities in the world. The river is here 740 yards wide. The half mile im- mediately above the cataracts is a rapid, in which the water falls 58 feet : it is then thrown, "ith astonishing grandeur, down a stupend- ous precipice of 163 feet perpendicular, in tliree distinct and collateral sheets; and, in a rapid that extends to the distance of 9 miles below, falls nearly as much more. The fi>er then flows in a deep channel till it en- iws Lake Ontario, at Fort Niagara. It is ffossed by a wire-rope suspension bridge, tumplcted in 1848, which must be rather a i''|"niimcntof man's) r'" county of the si'.mc luti.ie, on the E. side ct the river Niagara, ;.t, its entrance into Lake Oiiiario, and opposite Newark, in Upper (.anada. The fort was erected by the French, '1 1'ol. and was taken from them in 1759, !>}• Sir William Johnson. In 1796 it was surrendered to the United States; it was »«ain taken by the British in 1803, and the town destroyed, but it haa since beea rcbuiU, and is a flourishing j)lace; IS miles below the cataracts, and 80 N.W oi Williamsburg. Long. 79. 5. W. lat. 43. 4. N. NiAg, a small island, near the W. coast of the island of Sumatra. Long. 97. 0. E. lut. 0. 40. N. NiBE, a town of Denmark, in North Jut- land, 9 miles W.S.W. of Alburg. NiBiANo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma; 16 miles S.W. of riacciiza. NiCARAouA, a province of Central Ame- rica, republic of Guatirnala; bounded on tho N. by Honduras, E. by the Atlantic ocean, S.E. by Costa Uica, and S.W. by the Pacitie ocean. It is 400 miles from E. to W., imd 120 from N. to S. It is well watered by lakes and rivers, and produces plenty of sugar, cochineal, and fine chocolate. Leon de Nica- ragua is the capital. NiCABAOCA, a lake in the foregoing pro- vince, 350 miles in circumference. It is in- terspersed with islands, and abounds in fislius, but is infested with alligators. The S.W. extremity is only a few leagues from the Pa- cific ocean, and the S.E. end comiminicates with the Atlantic ocean, by the river St. Juan. NiOABAOUA, Isthmus of, that part of the republicofGuatimala, between the liio San Juan and Realejo. It is the site of some of the proposed schemes for connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans by means of a canal. Tho chief plan proposed is, to form tho communication by the Rio San Juan, from the bay of Guatimala on the Atlantic side to the Lake of Nicaragua, a distance of 90 (or 104) English miles; then across the lake, 90 miles, to the river Tipitnpa 20 miles long, to the Lake of Managua or Leon, which is 35 miles long, and then across the istlnnus between the Lake of Leon and the port of lit^alejo on the Pacific, 29 miles across. To- tal length of the projected canal, 278 miles, 82 of which require deepening, or other works. The Lake of Nicaragua is 128^ ft. above the Atlantic, and that of Leon 285 ft. higher, the Atlantic being 19j ft. above the Pacific, but this has been controverted, as in the case of the canals at Panama, and Tehuantepec (which see.) The unsettled political state of the country through which it passes, and the consequent insecurity of property, must be a great obstacle to its con- struction, though the recent aacession of im- portance to California, hns led to a revival of the project, with some prospect of its execu- tion, (March 1850). NiCABtA an island of the Grecian Archi- pelago, between Samos and Tina, anciently called Icarid. It is 50 miles in circuitifcr- ence, and full of rocks. Long. 26. 30. E. lat. 37. 40. N. NiCASTBO, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, with an ancient castle; 17 miles S.S. E, of Cosenza. Pop. 5000. NiOE, a part of the departm3nt of the Alpes Maritimes, in France, on the shore of the Mediterranean. It was anciently V.i- " IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ I* 1.0 1.1 11.25 IIS K u 12.2 110 >' .1^' V Photograpliic .Sdeoces Corporation •^ v <^ '^ 23 WEST MAIN STRUT WiBSTIR.N.Y. MSSO (716)a72-4S03 6^ ' ) \%^ V.^ ^i^ ^.^ ^ \ iV ^ mmmmm NIC 612 NID an appendage of Provence in Prance, bat alUTtvards passed to the king of Sardinia. It wua again ceded to France in 18G0. Nice, an ancient, handuome, and consider- able town, on the confines of France and ItaljT, capital of the foregoing province. It Ims a strong citadel built on a rock, and on tlie W. it is fortified with a wall and ditch. On the E. side of the rock is the harbour, lulled Limpio, from a small river tliat runs 'uto it. Tlie inhabitants export oil, silk, wine, cordials, rico, oranges, lemons, and all sorts of dried fruits. It was taken by the French in 1792, retaken by the Austrians in 1800, but evacuated in a week ailerwards. It is very agreeably situated, 4 miles from the mouth of the Var, 83 miles 8. by W. of Turin, and 83 E. of Aix. Pop. in 1838, exclu- sive of the garrison, 33,811. Nice, a city of Natolia. See Isnic. NiCHAUCRO, a town of Persia, famous for a mine of turquois stones in its neighbourhood. It is 37 miles S. of Mcsched. Nicholas, St., one of the largest and most pleasant of the Cape Verd islands, be- tween St. Lucia and St. Jago. It is 75 miles In length, and is the residence of the bishop of the isles. Long. 14. 10. W. lat. 1 6. 32. N. Nicholas, St., a town of France, in the department of Meurthe; with a handsome church, to which pilgrims formerly resorted. It is seated on the Meurthe; 7 miles S. E. of Niincy. Nicolas, St., or Mole, a town, barbnur, and cape, at the N.W. extremity of St, Do- mingo, commanding the strait called the Windward passage. The harbour is strongly fortified by nature and art; and ships of any burden may ride at anchor in the basin, even during a hurricane. It was taken by the F>iiglish, aided by the French royalists, in 1793, but evacuated in 1798. Long. 73. 30. VV. lat. 19.49. N. Nicholas, a county in the central part of the state of Virginia; capital, Summersville. Pop, in 1840, 257.5. — Also a county ia Ken- tucky; capital, Carlisle. Pop. 8745. Nicholas Islanp, a small ishind on the N. coa.st of the island of Cuba. Long. 79. 40. W. lat 33. 50. N. Nicobak Islands, a group of 19 islands, on the E. side of the bay of Bengal. They are almost entirely uncultivated: but the co- coa-niit, the mellori or Icrum (a kind of lircad-fruit), and other tropical fruits, grow si)ontaiieously ; there are also yams and sweet potatoes, and the edible birds -nests, so much esteemed in China. Dogs ond hof;s are the principal animals. The inhabitants are tall and well proportioned, with black eyes, black l.'nk hair, and dark copper-coloured skins, 'riicse islands extend northward, from the N. point of Sumotra. The largest, which fri\os iinme to ihc rest, is 25 miles long, and ID Iii'mid. Its S, extremity is in long. 91. 3, li. IT 6. .19. N. Nicui.As, St., a town of BelMiuin* in tlio provinceof East Flanders; a handsome town, and has a considerable trade in com, cuttle, and horses. Pop. in 1836, 16,153. It is 12 miles S.VV. of Antwerp. NicoLAEFF, a city of Russia, in the (go- vernment of Cutherinenslaf; founded by Ca- therine II., on the S. side of the Ingnl, at its conflux with the Bog. The public building's, and a number of private houses, are con- structed of a white calcareous stone, but tlio rest of tin houses are of wood. This place, being of easier access by water for vesstU than KhcBBon, is now the capital of the naval establishment of the Black sea. Tlie admi- ralty, with a long line of magazines, work- shops, wet and dry docks, and every neces- sary department for shipping, are placed along the bank of the Intrul. It is 30 niilci N.N.E. of Oezakow, nnu 45 N.W, of Kher- son. Long. 32. 0, E, lat. 46. 58, N. NicoLO, St., the most considerable of tlia isles of Tremeti, in the gulf of Venice. It has a harbour, defended by a fortress, in which is an abbey with a church. Long. 15,37, E, lat. 42, 10. N. NicoLsuuKO, a town of Moravia, with a castle on a mountain; 12 miles E.N.E. of Laab, NicovoLT, a town of Turkey in Enrnpe. in Bulgaria; famous for the first battle fought between the Turks and the Christians in 1396, when the emperor Sigismund was de- feated, and had 20,000 men killed. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx of tlio Osma; 60 miles S,S,W. of Bucharest, nnd 150 N.N.W. of Adrianople. Pop. 10,000 Long, 25, 43, E, lat. 44. 16. N. Nicosia, the capital of Cyi)rus, seated near the mountain Olympus. From the time of Conslantine the 'Great, till 15(i7, it was 9 miles in circumference; but the Venetians, finding it too extensive, reduced it to 3, and fortified it with 11 bastions, and three gates; all the rest they razed to the foundation, de- molishing temples, palaces, and the most beautiful monuments. In 1570 it was be- sieged 45 days by the Turks, and then taken by a general assault. The church of St, So- phia is ft fine old Gothic structure, Tlieba- zai'r is extensive, well supplied with provi- sions, and remarkably clean, L<>np. 33. 26. E. lat. 35. 13, N. Pop. about 17,500, Nicosia, a town of Sicily, in Val di Dc- mona; 12 miles S. of Cefalu, Nicoteha, a town of Naples, in Cal.il"ia Ultra, near the coast of the Mediternnieaii; 35 miles N,N,E. of Reggio, and 135 S.E. of Naplps, Long. 16, 30, E. lat, 38. 34. i. NicoYA, a town of Guaiimala, in Cwta Rica, situate on a small river, which runs into the bay of Salinas, where there is a penri fishery. It is 98 miles W.N.W. of Cartngo. Long, 85, 49, W. lat, 10.40. N. . . NiCBAHA, a town of Turkey, in C irnmnr-a, and nn archbishop's see; 10 miles N. ot lo-j cut. Long. 36 9. E, hit. 39.25. N. NiDAU, a town of Switzerhmcr of rivers, of which the Loire, Allicr, and Yonn.}, arc the principal. It now forms the department of Nievre. N ixAJiouR, a town of Persia, in Khorassan ; 80 raiius S.E. of'Mesched. Long. CI. 32. E. lat. 35. 40. N. NixAPA, a town of Mexico, in the province of Guaxaca, with a rich Dominican convent. The country near it produces a great deal of indigo, cochineal, and sugar. It is 30 miles 8.E. of Antioquiera. Long. 97. 15. W. lat 16. 42. N. NixoNTON, a town of North Carolina, chief of Pasquotank county; 28 miles E.N.E. of Edenton, NizAMPATAM, a town of Hindostan, in the circar of Guntoor, at the mouth of the Kist- Dah; 34 miles S.W. of Masulipatam. Nizam's Dominions. See Hydkuadad. NizNBi NovoooROD. See Novoookod. NizzA uella Paolia, a town of Sardinia, in Piedmont; seated on the Belbo, 14 miles S.E. of Asti. Pop. 5000. NoACOTE, a town of Hindostan, capital of a district of its name in Nepuul It has a celebrated temple dedicated to Bhavany. Loni,'. 8.5. 30. E. lat. 27. 40. N. NoAiLLBS, a town of France, department of Vieniie, 6 miles S.S.E. of Poitiers. XoANAonR, a town of Hindostan, in Gn- terat; cai)ital of a district of its name on the coast of the gulf of Cutch. The - hief of the district, by a treaty with the British, engaged to prevent his subjects from plundering Bri- tish vessels. It is 190 miles W.S.W. of Amedabad. Long. 69. 30. E. lat. 22. 22. N. NocERA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spolcto, seated at the foot of the Apennines; 18 miles N.E. of Spoleto. NocERA DEI Paoani, s town of Naples, in Principato Citra, 8 miles N.W. of Saler- no, and 20 S.E. of Naples. Pop. 6800. NooAKA, a town of France, department ofGers, 21 miles S.W. of Condon. NooARcoT, a town of Hindostan, in Ne- paul, with a celebrated pagoda, 60 miles N.E. of Catmandu. NooENT LB RoTRou, a town of France, department of Euro-et-Loire, seated on the Huisne, 35 miles N.E. of Mana. Pop. in 1836, 5813. NooENT sna Sbinb, a town in the depart- inent of Aube, seated on the Seine; 25 miles N.W.ofTroyes. Pop. 8200. NoiR Cape, a promontory at the S. ex- tremity of Terra del Fuego. Long. 73. 33. W.lat.54. 32. S. NoiRMouTiER, an island of France, in the bay of Biscay; S. of the mouth of the river Loire. It is 12 miles long and 3 broad, and has good pastures. Pop. 7027. The princi- pal town, of the same name, is defended by a fort. Long. 2. 10. W. lat. 47. 0. N. NoLA, a town of Naples, in Terra di La- voro, once a rich Roman colony, and still a handsome place. The silk spun in itsnoigh- honrhood is much esteemed. It is 14 milaa E.N.E. of Naples. Pop. 8000 Noli, a town of Sardinia, with a fort and a good harbour, 30 miles S.W. of Genoa. Long. 8. 41. E. lat. 44. 18. N. NuHBRE DB Dies, a town of Guatimala, in the province of Darien, 30 miles E. of Porto BcUo, to which its once flourishing trade is now transferred. NoMBRE DE Digs, a town of Mexico, the most populous in the province of Zacatecas. It is 170 miles N. of Goadalaxara. Long. 104. 1 5. W. lat. 24. 0. N. Pop. 6800. NoHEKT, a town of France, i" ^he depart- ment of Meurthe, on the SeilJ 5 miles N. of Nancy. Noon, or Nuv, CArB,a promontory of the kingdom of Sus, opposite the Canary islands. The Portuguese, in their first attempts to ex- plore the W. coast of Africa, long considered this promontory as an impassable boundary. This its name imports; but they doubled it at last, in 14 12. Long. 1 1 . 50. W. lat. 28. 38. N. Nona, a seaport of Dalmatia, and a bishop's see. It wav occe a splendid city, but is now a mean place, and its harbour not capable of receiving large vessels. It is almost sur- rounded by the sea; 7 m. N. by W. of Zara. Nontron, a town of France, department ofDordogne; 21 miles N. of Perigueux. Noopour, a town of Ilindostan, in Guze- rat; 55 miles £. of SuraU Long. 73.50. E. lat. 21.11. N. NootkaSofnd. £Im Kino Georob Sound. NouBERG, a tOAvn of Sweden, in Westman- land, near which are the best iron mines ia the province. It is 34 miles N. of Stroems- holm. Long. 16. 12. E. lat. 60. 2. N. NoRCiA, a town of Italy, in the dtachy of Spoleto, seated among mountains, on the river Frcdara; 20 miles S.E. of Spoleto. Pop.4000. NoBD, a department of France, so named from its situation. It includes the greater part of the former divisions of Hainault, French Flanders, and Cambresis, and is the principal department, next to Paris, in point of wealth and revenue. The capital is Lille, but the chief maritime trade is carried on at Dnnkerqne. Area, 2820 square miles. Pop. in 183% 989,938, hieing the most populous of all the French departments. NoRDBURO, a town of Denmark, at the N. extremity of the isle of Aslen, with a castle{ 9 miles N.N.W. of Sunderbui^. NoBDBM, a seaport of Hanorer, in East N OR CIG NOB Frieblund, with a good harbour. It is 4 miles from thu C rnnun ocean, and 14 N. of Emhilen. NoKDiiAusGN, 8 town ofPfussian Saxony, in tlie government of Erfurt, witli seven Lu- theran churches, and a well-built orphan- house. It hiis a considerable trade in corn, brandy, and rape and linseed oil, and manu- fnciiirus of niarhlo and alibaster. It was •'cdcd to Prussia in 1802, It is seated on tho ■tirjie, 35 miles N.N.E. of Erfurt. Long. 10.56.E.lat. 51.30. N. Pop. in 1838, 12,163. NoKDiiEiM, a town of Hanover, situateon the Rhumc, at its conflux with the Luina; 10 miles N. of Gottingen. NoRDKoi'iNO, a seaport of Sweden, in Gothland. It is 10 miles in circumference; but the houses arc scattered, and the inhabi- tants in 1836, 11,440. The river Motala flows through the town, forms a series of cataracts, and is divided into four principal streams, which encircle several rocky islands, covered with buildings; but at the extremity of the town it is navigable for large vessels. Here are manufactures of woollen cloth, paper, and lire-arms, some sugar-houses, and a brass-fonndry. Corn is expoited hence in great quantities, and a salmon-fishery gives employment and riches to many of the in- habitants. It is 110 miles S.W. of Stock- holm. Long. 15. 50. E. hit. 58.35. N. NoHLAND, one of the ancient divisions of Sweden; bounded on the N. by Lapland, E. by the gulf of Bothnia, S. by Sweden Proper, and W. by the same and Norway. It con- tains six provinces. N<)RDLANi>, a province of Norway, having the North sea on the W. and Swedish Lap- land on the E. NoRDi.iNGEN, a town of Bavaria, fortified in the ancient manner. Here the league of the five western circles of the empire was concluded in 1 '02. In 17'JG it was taken by the French. It is a commercial place, seated on the Egor; 38 miles N.N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 6300. Long. 10. 34. E. hit. 48. 50. N. NoRDMAr.iNO, a town of Sweden, in An- germania, near a bav of the gulf of Bothnia; 24 miles S.W. of Uma, and 70 N.E. of Her- mosand. NoRDSTRAND, an island of Denmark, on the W. coast of Soutii Jutland; 12 miljs long, and 5 broad. It has a town called Ham, 28 miles W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 0. E. lat. 54. 40. N. Pop. 2500. NoRE, a noted part of the river Thames, situ.itcd off Shcerness, at the point of a sand- bank, on which is a light vcrsel. Long. 0.44. E. lat. 51. 27. N. Norfolk, a county of England, 77 miles long and 45 broad; bounded on the N. and E. by the German Ocean, S.E. and S. by Suf- folk, and W. by Caml)ri(lgcshire and Lincoln- shire. It contains 1,292,400 acres, is divided into 33 hundreds and 660 parishes, has one city and 32 market towns, and sends 4 mem- bers to parliament for the £. and W. divisions of tho county. The products vary ncoordinj? to the soil and situation. The lighter nruhju lands produce barley in gi'cat plenty; wlicut is cultivated in the stronger soils, and tiir- iiil)S are grown here in great quantities; buck- wheat is also grown on the light soils, and used for feeding swine and poultry. Tlie fenny parts yield great quantities of butter, which is sent to London under the name of Cambridge butter. The sheep are a hardy small breed, much valued for their mutton. Poultry of all kinds are very plentilul, ami the turkeys are reared here to a larger size than elsewhere ; rabbits are extremely nu- merous on the uaudy heaths; and there is abundance of game, especially of pheasants. The principal manufactures of the county are silks, bombazeens, crapes, carabltis, &c. It is watered by tiie Great Ouse, Nen, Little Ouse, Wuveney, Yare, Bure, and somesniuller streams. Norwich is the capital. Norfolk, a seaport of Virginia, capitnlof i county of the same name, it was burnt in 1776, by order of the British governor; but is now the most considerable commercial town in the state. The chief exports arc tobacco.flour, corn, staves, and lumber. Here are 8 churches, and the harbour is large enough to contain 300 ehips. The town stands on the E. side of Elizabeth river, near its entrance into the estuary of James river; 1 10 milesE.S-E. of Kichmond. Pop. in 1840, 10,920. Norfolk Island, sn island in the South Pacific, lying to the E. of New South Wales, It was discovered in 1774 by Captain Cook, who found it uninhabited except by birds. It is very hilly, but some of the valleys are :olerably large ; Mount Pitt is 12,000 feet iiigh. It is a beautiful spot, tlie climate being delicious, and the soil wonderfully productive. It would seem to be a perfect garden. Tlic whole island is covered by a thick forest, but has not much underwood; the principal tim- ber-tree is the pine, which is very useful in building, and seems to be durable. It is sup- plied with many streams of good water, which abound with very fine eels. The cliffs round the coast are 240 feet high, quite perpendi- cular; but there is no harbour, and there a great difficulty in approaching it. It was Ijrst colonised by convicts from New South \\ ales, out subsequently was again made a penal set- tlement for doubly convicted felons. This system, however, was abandoned, and the island, with its clearances, buildings, &c., have been given by the British government to the Pitcairn islanders, who have re- moved entirely to this place. Long. 108. a. E. lat 29. 5. S. Norfolk, New, or Elizabethtown, » town of Van Dieman's land, ia BucJiinglmni county, on the banks of the Dcrv.ent: 22 miles from Hobart Town. It was founded by the settlers from Norfolk Island, and the unme was afterwards changed to Elizabethtown, but the original name is the one in use. Nor C17 NOR NoRHAH, a village in tliu detached part of Durlmiii, culled Norhanisliire. Itscastlu, on the e 83.;u 87. 1 ID Iff.', 3 t3,0'0 47,90 6I,9!!I 90,173 77,929 90,903 7l>,6t» 54,516 63,139 ■ "1,946 45,A«> WH 54,262 6l,»llt 61,859 JMiO 104,471 1 118.989 69,778, 77,978 99,930 (47,1 ( (4,9 I 70,174 77,724 57,422 57,791 33,394 ( >9,S \ 51,1 ,184 }» 66,67(1 6U1I 41,938 1,156^000 l,3^4n From its rocky soil, and northern position, Norway is not populous in proportion to its extent. The inhabitants, like the Swiss moun- taineers, are exceedingly attached to their country. In Norway they have a particular code, called the Norway Law, compiled by Grieilelfeld, at the command of Christian V., the great legislator of this country. By this law— the palladium of Norway— the peasanti are free-bom. They possess much spirit ana fire in their manner; are irank, open, and nn^ daunted, yet not insolent; never fawning, yet paying proper respect. Their principw mode of salute is by offering their hand; and when they are given or paid any trifle, the peasants, instead of returning thanks by words, or by a bow. shake hands with great frankness and cordiality. The same causes which affect the populotion of Norway oper- ate likewise on the state of tillage; for ai- thongh in some places vegetation is so quicK, that the com is sown and cut in six or sevei. weeks, yet the country does not produce sum- ^ NOR 619 NOR civnt com for its own consumption. It is however, exceedingly rich in pasture, and consiquently produces much cuttle. The horses ure small, but strong, venr active, r. i' hardy. The fisheries, particularly on the W. coast, find employment and wealth for the natives, and supply the finest sailors for the Danish fleet. The principal fish are salmon, cihI. ling, and whiting: their livers also yield train-oil, and the smallest are given as winter (odder to the cattle. The extensive forests of oak and pine produce timber, spars, beams, and planks, besides charcoal, turpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure; and the birch (the bark of which is used as a covering for the roofs of houses) not only supplies fuel, bnt also a kind of wine. The general ex- ports are tallow, butter, dried fish, timber, planks, horses, horned cattle, silver, cobalt, alum, Prussian blue, copper, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers; the former so large that they appear like inlets of the sea; but the rivers are in general of a short course, except the Olommen. The mountains are sbmerous, and genorally clothed with pines and firs; the grand Scandinavian chain, which runs from S. to N., is known by dis- tinct appellations; the chief arc the ridges of Lanjjfial, Dofrafial, Kolen, and Severnoi. The wild animals are the bear, lynx, wolf, fox, and hare; but the most singular creature is the lemming, or Norwegian mouse, of a reddish colour, and about fire inches long. These ani- mals proceed in vast numbers from the ridge ofKolen to the sea, devouring every pro arms, in order to resist the entrance of the Swedish troops into their country; and the Diet elected Prince Christian, the king of Den- nark's son, who was then governor, to the ">rone. However, on the conclusion of the *u with France, the allied powers, who had previously promised this country to Sweden, « the would take an active part in the coali- tion against the French empire, now did all in their power to enforce the cession. For ">" purpose a considerable body of their troops was marched into the Danish territories on the continent to watch that power, and all the ports of Norway were blockaded by the Sweilish and Engli.ih fleets by sea, while the Swedish army, under the crown prince, en- tered Norway by land. Amidst such united efiforts, it was not to be expected that the brave Norwegians could hold out long. After the capture of Prederickstadt, and the passage of the Glommon by the Swedes, Prince Chris- tian proposed to resign his crown into the hands of the Diet; and on the 20th of Octo- ber, 1814, that assembly came to the resolu- tion that Norway should be governed by the king of Sweden, but as an integral state, preserving its constitution and laws; to which the king of Sweden assented. Chris* tianiais the capital. Norwich, a city and county of itself, the capital of Norfolk, and a bishop's see; with markets on Wednesday and Saturday. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, &c.; and sends two members to parliament. It was formerly surrounded by a strong wall, of which some ruins still remain. Many of the streets are still narrow and ill-disposed, though, during the lost ten years, considerable improvements have been effected. Besides the cathedral, which is one of the most spacious and clegantin the kingdom, hero are 37 parish churches, many of them remarkable, a num- ber of dissenting meeting-houses, and two Roman Catholic chapels. On a hill, com- manding an extensive view of the city, is the castle, an ancient and stately edifice, occupied as a shire-house and county gaol. It has re- cently undergone considerable alteration and enlai gement. Among the other public build- ings ire the Guildhall, St. Andrew's Hall, the assembly-room, the theatre, the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, the Norwich Dispensary, the Blind Hospital, Lunatic Asylum, and Doughty's Hospital. Here are also a good grammar-school, a public library, a literary institution, a museum, a society of artists, and other scientific and charitable institutions. The market-place is a spacious area, with a gradual descent. It is occupied on market days by an immense number of moveable shambles, and contrivances for displaying the neatly-trussed poultry, and other pro- visions, brought from all parts of the county, and has a very striking appearance. On the upper part, but separated by a ranr;e of shops and dwelling-houses, is a good fish market, which is well supplied. Near this city, on household Heath, are the ruins of the castle of Kett, the tanner, by whose rebellion, in the reign of Edward VI., the city was reduced to a ruinous state. Norwich has extensive manu- factures of crapes, bombazines, and stuffs of various kinds, and a considerable trade. It is seated on the river Yare: 22 miles W. -of Yarmouth, and 1 10 N.E. of London; and is the centre of several railways. Norwich, a city of Connecticut, in New London coanty, with seven churches I^ is NOT m NOV in f lirct! (livi -ions, n.iinely, Chclsoa, the Town, ami licau Hill. The oxcciitivo courts of luw Die lic>l(l nt this pliicoand New lAinil-.iu iiltor- niit(*ly. Ilorc tiro mado papor of all kinds, ■tnckingn, buttons, stono and cnrthcnwurc, and all kinds of f'ori^o work. It is ocatcd ut the Iliad of navigation on the Thames, and is connected by railway with Worcester, Mass., and Boston ; 12 miles N. of Now Lon- don. Long. 72. 7. W. lat. 41. 33. N. Pop. 7*239. — Also the name of numerous incon- ■iduruhle townships of the United States. NossBN, a town of Saxony, on the Muldau, 18 miles W. of Dresden. NoTEBURO, a town of Kussio, in the go- ▼crnmcnt of Petersburg, seated on an islanj in the lake Ladoga, at the place where the Neva issues. It has a good citadel, and was 'japital of Ingria, before Petersburg was built. It is 25 miles E. of Petersburg. Long. 31. 9. E. hit. 59. 56. N. NoTO, a town of Sicily, capital of Val di Noto. It was ruined by an earthquake in 1693, and near it another town was built, called Noto Nuovo. It is 22 miles S-W. of Syracuse. Fop. in 1831, 11,156. Lung. 15. 19. E. Int. 36. 50. N. NorriNaiiAM, a town of Maryland, in Prince George county, situate on the Pat- uxent; 26 miles S.E. of Washington. NoTTiNQHAM, a town of New Huinpshiro, llockinglmm county; 14 miles N.N.W. of xctcr. — Also the name of several townships in the United States. Nottingham, aborough,and the capital of Nottinghamshire, and a county of itself; go- verned by a mayor, with markets on Wed- nesday and Saturday. It returns two members to parliament. It is situate on the side and summit of a roek, uf a soft sandy nature, out of which many of the cellars and vaults of the town are excavated, and from which the name of the town is derived, t. & " the town of the caves." To the W. of the town, on a rocky eminence, is the castle, a magnificent modern structure, now destroyed by fire, belonging to the Duke of Newcastle, built on the site of an ancient fortress, originally erected in the reign of William the Conqueror, and afterw.ards the residence of the profligate Isal>ella, queen of Edward XL, and her paramour Roger Mor- timer. It was made a garrison by the par- liamentarians in the reign of Charles the I., but was taken by the royalists; after the civil war, it was dismantled by order of Oliver Cromwell, and was rebuilt by William Caven- dish, Duke of Newcastle. It is a handsome town, distinguished by its spacious market- place, and noted for its excellent ale. It is one of the principal seats of the silk and cot- ton stocking manufacture; the lace manufac- ture is also very extensive. It has three parish churches, one extra-parochial ; 3 district churches, & 15 meeting-houses for dissenters, two for Roman Catholics, and a synagogue fur Jews. The charitable institutions are uumcrous, and many of them pre-eminent in extent and utility of design. In the n>'i);li- bourhood are many coal-pits, which iiltonl plenty of fuel at little expense. At this town Charles I. set up his standard, nt the com- mencement of the civil wnr, which terminated in his destruction. Nottingham is seatcn on a river which communicates with the Trunt 1 mile to the S. It is 16 miles K. ol' |),i!)v, and 124 N. by W. of liondon, and has .-cvi-i ral railways. NoTriNoiiAMWiiiRR, R couuty of En.'liinii, 48 miles lot)',', and 25 broad; liDunkd .N'. hv Yorksl'ire, E. by Lincolnshire, S. by Leicesttr- shire, and W. by Derbyshire. It containj 538,680 acres, is'divided into six hundmlwasli. Almost the whole of the middle and western parts of the county were formerly ociupii-d by the extensive forest of Sherwood, the only royal forest N. of the Trcnt^ but the greater part is now enclosed and covered with thrlv- mg towns, cheerful villages, and extensive parks. The chief products of this county are coal, of which there is a great plenty, gypsum, lead, grain of all sorts, cattle, mait, hops, wool, liquorice, and wond. The ninnu- factures chiefly consist of hosiery, bobbin-net and net lace, glass, and earthenware. Nova Sootia, a British province of North America; which formerly, till 1784, included the province of New Brunswick. Itisboundcd on the S. and S.E. by the Atlantic. E. by tlie Gut of Canso, N. by Northumberland strait, and N.W. by New Brunswick and the Uy of Fundy. Its length is 235 miles from cape Sable on the S.W. to cape Canso on the y.i- Its extreme breadth is 88 miles, but the meim of the peninsular part is not more than 43: it contains an area of 15,617 square miles. It has several lakes, and a vast number of small rivers. It is a peninsula, lying S.E. of New Brunswick, and joined to it by a narrow isthmus, at the N.E. extremity ol the bay of Fundy. The French settled here before they mode any establishment in Canad:^ and called it Acadia. The first grant ul lands was made to Sir William Alexander, by James I. of England, from whom it receiv- ed the name of Nova Scotia. Since its first settlement it has more than once changed proprietors, but was confirmed to England al the peace of Utrecht in 1 7 1 3. The inhabitants consist of English, Scotch, Irish, and a few Germans. Pop. in 1838, 155,000. Its divi- sions and population in 1848 were as follows. Halifax, City and county f Og™ Cumlwrland |J'^ Colcl-wter "S" PictOU S'l.SUD Sydney and Guysborough 'J>?™ Remaining counties ' "■'"' NOV (121 NOV Thu Boil U in many parts thin and sterile, but tlivre lire Ronio tnictii not inTorior to the best lumU in Nu>v Englunil. Halifnx is the c»pital. In April, 1861, gold wa» discovered close to TanKior harbour, about 40 or 50 mili'K citst ol llulirax; and since then it has been fuiind at other pUccs, in such quanti- lies us to utiriut a liirue number of diR^erc. Juilieious urriingeinunt!! have been made, by wliieli tiie work of collecting it may be car- r.tl on orderly and succcsslully. Nova ZKunL«, or Notaia Zbhlia, an iiluml in tiie Arctic ocean; 8c|)ariited from i!u' e iiitineiit of Husxia by the strait of Wai ■ (,..ti. Tins country was diNcovered by the Kn;:lisli ill 1556. In 1595, a Dutch vessel I nig nist away on the coast, the crew were uliliged to winter here, and with great diffi- culty preserved their lives. The eastern coast whs' tirst visited in 17-12; between 1819 and 1824 the W. coasts were explored in five ex|i3ilitiuns by order of the Itussian govern- ini;nt; the eastern coa>t was visited in 1832, aciiii ill 1B34, and in 1837 ; tlic result of these ilM!OYcrics is, that more tlian the eastern hilf of the islands, as formerly represented, h.is 110 existence; and that beyond the lat. of Cupc Nassau, 76. 17. S., nothing is known. Ii rretdics in a N.N.W. direction about 400 |!eo>:raphicul miles, with an average breadth coumy of the same name, with a c.istle; Kated on a moun'uin near the Danube; 25 miles N. of Buda. NoriGRAD, a town of Austrian Dalinatiii, with a castle, seated on n lake of the saiiia name, near tlie gulf of Venice; 17 miles E. of Nona, anil 25 N.W. of Zara. NovoooHui), a city of Uussia, capital of a governiiieiit of the same nams, and formerly called Oreat Novogorod, to distinguish it from other towns of the same uppellution. It was for a long tin e governed by its own dukes, and was in fact a republic, under the juris- diction of a nominal sovereign. It was the great m.'.rt of trade between Uussia and the Hanseatic cities, and made the m ist ra|iid advances in opulence and population. Its power was so great, and its situation so im- pregnable, as to give rise to a proverb: " Who can resist the gods and Great Novogorod? " But in the 15th century this independent republic was obliged to submit to Ivan Uasilowitz I., grand duke of Kussia. It con- tinuer), nevertheless, the largest and most commercial city in Russia, and contained at least 400,000 inhaliitants. It was first de- solated by the cruelties of Ivan Basilowiiz II.; but its splendour was not totally eclipsed until Peter the Great built Petersburg, to which he transferred all the commerce of the Baltic that had before entered here. It now contains scarcely 8000 souls ; and a vast number of churches and convents stand as melancholy monuments of its former magni- ficence. The town stretches on both sides of the Volkoff, a river of considerable depth and rapidity, which separates it into two di- visions, namely, th>^ trading part, and the quarter of St. Sophii in the latter are the ruins ofthe cathedral, in which several princes of the ducal family of Russia are interred. Novogorod is situate near the N. end of the lake Ilmen; 120 miles S.S E. of Petersburg. Long. 31. 45. E. lat. 58. 25. N. NovoooROD, Ni/NBi, a city of Russia, capital of a govsrnment of the same name, and an archbishop's see. It has a castle, surrounded by stone walls: also two cathe- drals, 28 parish churches, and five convents. The trade is considerable, and its commer- cial importance has been vastly increased by the removal hither of the great annual fair, commencing on July 1st, and which lasts 4 or 6 weeks. This fair, which is celebrated almost in every part of Europe and Asia, is held in a most superb establishment, erected for the purpose, on the banks of the river, and supported by 8000 iron pillars, comi)ris- ing above 2500 booths, and has a greater command of commerce and intcriiavigation than any other place in the old world. Sta- tionary pop., 25,000. It is seated at the conflux of the Occa with the Volga; 250 m. E. by N. of Moscow. Lat. 56. 20. N. long. 44. 28. E. NoToooROD, Severskoi, a town of Russia, government of Czernigov, seated on the Desna; 86 miles E.N.E. of Czernigov. NoTOORODBS,atown of Russian Lithuania, povernment of Grodno, seated on a hill in a NUE 622 NUR El' .. vMt plain I 80 miles H. \>y E. of Wiluo. Long. S6. 8. E. lat. S3. 25. N. NoTOMiooKOD, a town of RusjI.v in tho Snvornmont of Catharinctislaf; 160 miles N. [.W. of Cherson. Loni;. 31. 44. E. lat. 48.40 N. NouTRA, a town of Anstrian Poland, near which arc mines of gold and silver} 30 miles 8. of Cracow. Nova, a town of Spain, in Oalicia. Tlio chief trnilo is in ship-building. It stands at the mouth of the Tambro; 15 miles W. of Compostclla. NurBiia, a town of France, department of Tonne, with a castle, seated on the Serin; 19 miles E.S.E. of Auxcrre. NoroN, a town in tho department of Oise; tho birthplace of the celebrated Calvin. It is an cpi8Co))al see, and is seated near the Oisc; 25 miles N.W. of Soissons, and 70 N. by E. of Paris. MozEROT, a town in the dcpartmsnt of Jura, with a castlo on a mountam; 20 miles S.E. of Sulins. NnniA, a conntiy of Africa, bounded on the N. by Egypt, E. by the Red sea, S. by Abyssinia and Darfoor, and W. by Bomou. It is abuut 600 miles in length, and 450 in breadth. It is divided into Upper Nubia, including Shendy, Halfaiah, and Scnnaar; and Lower Nubia, or Nubia Proper, extend- ing from Egypt to the N. frontier of Dongola. Rocky and mountainous are the characteris- trcB of Lower Nubia, and tho climate of it is intensely hot, but healthy. Berber, or El Mekhair, is the capital, near the E. bank of the Nile, about 17 miles below the junction of the Tncazz& Shendy is the capital of Upper Nubia, and N. of it are the interesting ruins of Meroe. There are other ancient ruins, the most interesting of which are the excavated temples of I])8amboal. The Nile nms through both provinces, on the banks of which it is fruitfiil, but in other places barren, sandy, and destitute of water. The inhabitants make their bread and drink of a small round seejil called durra, or dhourra, a kind of millet Their houses have mud walls, are very low, and covered with reeds. The dress of the better sort is a vest without sleeves, and they have no coverings for head, legs, or feet. The common people wrap a piece of linen cloth about them, and tho children go quite naked. They are described as a stupid and debauched people, but profess to be Mohammedans. The prodnctionsof the coun- try are gold, elephants' teeth, civet, and sandal- wood; and a great many slaves are sent into Egypt NuETiTAS DEL Frincipe, a town and har- bour on the north coast of Cuba, which may be considered as the port of the city of Puerto Principe, the capital of the central depart- ment of Cuba, from which it is distant 12^ leagues, but there is great want of good com- munication. A new colony was formed here •ome years unce, which in 13 yean could boast of a growing population, amountinir to ILM. NoBB, a town of Spain, in the province o( Leon, on the borders of Portugal ; 1 5 milei £. of Bragunza, and 48 W. of Ziimora. NuiTz, a towr of France, department of CAte d'Or; famous for its exuulk-nt winc«. It is seated at the foot of a mountain; 15 miles S.8.W. of Dijon. NoK, or Wadinoow, an extensive valley of the tcrritorv of Zahara-Suz, in Western Africa. It is inhabited by different tribes i,\ Arabs, whose camps are scattered over mch interior parts of the country as nrc capalile of cultivation. It has a river of tho same name, which enters the Atlantic on the N. side of Cape Noon. Ndndtdrooo, a <;own and fortrcsn of Hin- dostan, in Mysore. It is built on the sum- mit of a mountain, 1700 feet in height, the greater part inaccessible; but was besiefced and tuken by the English, under Lord Corn- wallis, in 1792. It is 70 miles N. of Scringa- patam. Ndneatom, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Saturday, and manuracturc* of woollen cloths and ribbons. It was formerly noted for its nunnery ; it is seated on the river Anker, 9 miles N. by E. of Coventry, and 98 N.W. of London. NnNjiKAOODD, a town of Ilindostan, in Mysore ; with a ruinous fort, and a larfre square temple. It is situate in the fork formed by the junction of the Kaundiniwith the Kapini; 12 miles S. by E, of Mysore. NuREHBERO, a towu of Bavaria, in the circle of Middle Franconia. It is surrounded by an old wall and ditch, more than 3 miles in circumference, formerly flanked with 365 towers; and through the "midillc of the town flows the river Pegnitz, over which are six stone bridges, and several of wood. Tiie inhabitants are very industrious, and their maps and prints, as well as their musical and mathematical instruments, are in high esteem ; nor are they less curious in clockwork, and in theseveral manufactures of iron, steel, ivon-, wood, and alabaster. The toys commonly known in England by the name of Dutch toys are also made here. Among the public institutions are a famous academy for paint- ing, an anatomical theatre, and a public library. The ancient castle, or palace, is still standing at the extremity of the city; and the arsenal is one of the best in Germiny. The houses are built of freestone, and are four or five storeys high. The first railway in Germany was opened between Nuremberg and FOrth, 4^ miles long, in 1835-6. This is part of the Royal Bavarian State railway, which goes to Munich, Frankfort, Bayreuth, &c. Nuremberg was given to Bavaria by the treaty of Tilsit, in 1807. It is 95 miles N. by W. of Munich, 2.')0 W.N.W. of Vienna, Pop. in 1838, estimated at 40,400. Long. 11.4. E. lat 49. 27. N. NcBTiNQEif, a town of V ! rtoni jerg; with M OAK 62S OBI hotpiul, foanded in 1481. Mid to be th« ricli- ((t foundation in tlie Icingdoni. It ii §\' Ate tin the Necltar; U milea 8.R. of 8tutga.d. Ndssirpoitb, a town of Ilindostnn, capital of a (lifitrict of tlie aame name. Long. 60. 10. E., lat. 35. 88. N. Ntahoa, or Ukkhewb Lakr, a vast lake of Kiutern Africn, lying between the paral- K-|!i of lat. 1* and 3" S., and long. 30° 30' and M" E., discovered by the enterprising tra- Tellers Cuptain Burton and 8pike, and still being explored by the latter. Ntboko, a seaport of Denmark, on the E. coan of the Mt of Fa len, 10 m. E. of Oden- M«. Pop. 2000. Long. 10.40. E., lat. Sfi.SO.N. KrKiuriNO, a town of Denmark, in North Jutland, with a good harbour; on the gulf of Lymford. It stands on the E. side of the island of Mors, which is formed by branches of the gulf; 40 milea W. by S. of Alburg, Lon;. 8. 36. E. lat. 56. 52. M. Ntkopiho, a seaport of Denmark, capital of tlie iitle of FuUter; with a royal palace, and one of the best endowed hospitals in the kingdom. It stands on a narrow channel, opp'tsite the isle of Laland ; 60 milea 8.8. W. of Copeiih3.;cn. Long. 11. 58. £. lat. 54. 50. N. NfKOPiMo, a goremment of Sweden, com- prehending the W. part of Sudermania. Pop. 99,000. Ntkopino, a neat town of Sweden, capital of Sudermania; with a harbour, and the re- mains of a strong castle. It is the most ancient town in the kingdom, and was for- Bcrlj the residence of the kings of Suder- mania. It is seated on a river of the same name, near the Baltic; 70 miles 8.>V. o( Stockholm. Top. 8400. Long. 17. 87. E. lat. 58. 35. N. NvLANi), u province of Europcnn KuNsin, in Finland ; lying on the gulf of Finland, to the W. of Carelia. It is 180 miles lung, and from 30 to 60 broad ; and is a fertile pleasant country, being better peopled and cultivated than the neighbouring; provinces. The iiihn bitants (about 115.000) carry on some trudt in com, cattle, plunks, linen, and dried fish. NrsLOT, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of VViburg, on the lake Saimii. The catitle, which stands on a rock in a river, near tlio town, is strongly fortilicd by nature and art. It was taken by the Uussians in 1714, restored to the Swedes at the peace of Ny.stadt, but finally given tip to the Uussians, by the treaty of Abo, in IV-i;'. It is 50 miles N.W. of Wiburg. NrsLOT, a tovn of Russia, in the govern- ment of Livonia, with a castle; 80 miles 8. br W. of Narva. NrsTAOT, a town of Russia, in Finland; with a commodious harbour, and a considera- ble trade in all kinds of wooden vessels. In 1721 a peace was concluded hero between Russia and Sweden. It is seated on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia; 38 miles N.W. of Abo. Pop. 1900. Long. 21. 31. E. Int. 61. 10. N. NYi'" EU, a town of Denmark, on the S.B. coast of the isle of Laland. It carries on a considerable trade with the provinc&s of Ger- many. It is 82 IT ilea E.S.E. of Naxkoo. 0. (I, or St. Mastiw d'O, a town of France, depanment of Orne; 5 miles 8. of Argentan. Uahaha, a river of Louisiana, which falls into the Mississippi, from the N.W. in lat. 39. 10. \. and 7 miles N. of Rivibre an Beauf. OaBOONA,oneoftheIngraham isles, which is said to be the northernmost of all this clus- ter. It lies about 10 leagues N.E. of Noohcva. To this) island Captain Roberts gave the name of Massachusetts. Captain Ingraham had before called it Washington. Oakham, the chief town of Rutlandshire, »ith a market on Saturday. Near the church tre the decaying walls of an old casile. Its trade isnnimportunt ; it has afree-school and an hospital for old men. It is seated in the centre of a fertile valley, called the Vale of Catmore; 2^ miles S. by E. of Nottingham, and 98 N. 'y W. of London. Long. 0. 46. W. lat. 62. *i.N. 0.\KnAMPTON, at3wn in Devonshire, mar- ket on Saturday. It has a manufacture of |*r(.'e.s, and the remains of a castle, dismantled 'r Henry VIII. It sta.ds on the river <,>ak ; \* miles W. of Exeter, and 195 W. by S. of < I*ndon. I Oakinoham. See WoRRnronAM. Oakland, a county of Michigan; capital, Pontiac. Pop. 26,346. Oaxaoa. See Guaxaca. Oban, a village of modem importance m Scotland, in Argyleshire ; seated 3 miles to the S. of the entrance of Loch Etive. Here is an excellent harbour, capable of containing upwards of 500 merchantmen, defended from the westerly winds by the islands of Kerrcra and Mull. The magnificent mins of Dun- staflhage castle are 3 miles N. of the town. It is 33 miles N.W. of Invcrary, and 136 W.N.W. of Edinburgh. Obdacii, a town of the Austrian states, in Styria, at the conflux of the Acliza and Tiaiiu ; 9 miles S.E. of Judunburj;. OnERKiRCH, a town of Baden; 15 miles ■E. of Strasbuig. Obeknbeug, a town of Bavaria, with a cas- tle, seated on the Inn ; 12 miles 8.8. \V of Passau. Oberndorf, a town of Wirtemberg, seated on the Neckar; 8 miles N.N.E.of Roihweil. Ouiuos, a town of Purtugal, in Estrema- dura, with the remains of a castle on a rock '>i PP" ocz 624 ODE It is 13 miles E. of Pcniche, and 40 N.N.E. of Lisbon Fop. 300. Oboll vii, a strong town of Persia, in Irnc- Agemi; seutod on a branch of the Tigris, near Biusorn. Obskaia, a gulf or bay of Siberia, in the Frozen ocean ; about 360 miles from N. to S. and 45 to 60 in breadth. The S.W. cx- *reniity, where it is entered by the river Oby, is in Ion?. 69. 1.5. E. lat. 66. 55. N. OnviNSK, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment uf Perm, situated on tiie Kama; 60 ni. N. of Perm. Long. 56. 0. E. lat. 58. 44, N. Oby, or Ob, the largest river of Siberia. It issues from lake Altyn, in the desert of Ischimska, on the frontiers of China, runs N.W. and W. by Kolivan, Narira, and Sur- gut, till it receives the Irtysh from Tobolsk, when it flows N. and N.E., and after a course of 2700 miles, enters the gulf of Ob°kaia. It is a large smooth stream, abounds in flsh, and is navioiable almost to its source. In its course, especially after the influx of the Ir- tysh, it forms a great number of islands. OcANA, an ancient town of Spain, in La Mancha; formerly fortified, but now in a state of decay. On November 19, 1800, a battle was fought in its vicinity, between the French nnd Spaniards, in which the French were victorious with 25,000 against 55,000. Pop. 5000. It is 30 miles S.S.E. of Madrid. OcANA, a town of the republic of New Granada, in the province of St. Martha; on the Rio de Oro, which flows to the Madalena. It is 240 miles S. by E. of St. Martha. Lon^. 73. 26. W. lat. 7. 40. N. OcEAMCA, or Oceania, an expressive name given by Malte Brun and other modem geographers to that division of the globe wliich cannot well be classed with the other divisions. It includes Australasia, or the continent of Australia and its surrounding iclands; and New Zealand, and Polynesia or the numerous groups of islands which are spread over the Pacific ocean, and which can- not properly be called either American or Asiatic. The term, however, is not univer- sally recognise '. OciiSENFURT, a town of Bavarian Frnnco- niti, seated on the Maine; 10 miles S.E. of Wurtzburg. UoHSENHACSEK, a towu of Wirtcmburg, capital of a petty principality (formerly the territory of u licii abbey) which was given to Prince Metternich in 1803. It is 14 miles S. ofUlm. OcKER, a river of Saxony, which rises in the Hartz, flows by Goshir, Wolfenbuttel, and Brunswick, and joins the Aller E. of Zell. OCRIDA. See LOCUKIDA. OczAKow, or Otchaiiof, a decayed sea- port and fortress of Russia, in the government of C: therinenslaf. It has been frequently an object of contest between the Turks and Rus- sians, many thousands of whom, on both sides, have fallen in its different sieges. The Russians took it b .- storm in 1 7», • tal, and extensive corn warehouses, are us principal public buildings. The inhabitants are of a very mixed nature, and consist of nearly every European nation. Its grcnt progress is owing, as is well known, to us extensive trade in the exportation of com, particularly wheat, and is the emporium of South Russia for this product. Tallow is also an important article, besides a numer ous list of other articles. The chief miimrti aru sugars and other colonial products, cot- GET 625 on I tons, 8ilk», &c. It wns hotii1)ar(]cd bjr tlie tilled fleets of France and England in 1854. Odeypore, or OuDEi'ot)i{, ti city and ra- jiihshipofHiiidostan, province of Riijpootana. Tlie town, standing on the borders of a large lake, and at a distance, is of an imposing ap- pearance. Images, toys, &c. in marble and crystal are made. The principality, of which it is the ca]>ital, called also Mowar or Chit- tore, holds a Ijigh rank among the rajpoot states. Area, estimated at 1 1,784 square miles, and the population perhaps 300,000. The products are sugar, indigo, tobacco, rice, iron, copper, lead, and sulphur. It is now under British protectioik Previous to this (in 1818), it was wretchedly mismanaged. Chittorc, the ancient capital, is the only other town in the state worthy of notice. Odetfore, a town of Hindostan, capital of Jushpour, in the province of Orissa. It 19 60 miles N.E. of Ruttunpour, and 220 N.W. of Ciittnck. Long. 83. 22. E. Int. 22. 37. N. OnniAM.a town in Hampshire, with a mar- ket on Saturday. Here are the remains of an ancient castle, and of a royal palace, barns, &c. It is seated on the Basingstoke canal ; 24 miles N.E. of Winchester, and 42 W. by S. of London. Oebsfeld, a town of Prussian Saxony, leated on the AUer; 22 m.N.E. of Brunswick. Oederan, a town of Saxony, in Messen, lituate near the Flohe; 9 miles E.N.E. of Chemnitz. Oeland, an island of Sweden, in the Bal- tii", .scpiirated from the coast of Gothland by a strait 12 miles broad in the narrowest part. It is 80 miles long, but not more than 9 broad. Tlie N. part has fine forests, and quarries of excellent freestone; the S. is more level, and Tery fertile. Both parts abound in alum mines. Borkholm, the chief town, is seated nn the strait; 22 miles E.N.E. of Calmar. Pop. 31,000. Long. 16, 50. E. lat. 56. 48. N. Uels, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital nf ft principality of the same name, which now forms part of the government of Breslnu, liclonging to the duke of Brunswick. The town stands on a river of the same name, is Mirrounded with walls, and has a palace, formerly occupied by the prince. It is 1 7 miles E.N.E. ot Breslau. Pop. in 1838, 5800. W 17.31.F. lat. 51. 12. N. Oelsnitz, a tovn of Saxony, on the Elster ; 6 miles S. by /j. of Plauen. OEPts, or EnPEN, a town of the Nether- lands, in Limburo:; with considerable mnnu- fii'turesofcloth, situate on the Weze; 4 miles tN.E. of Limburg. Oesel, an island in the Baltic, on ihe coast jfLivonia, at tb.e entrance of the gulf of Ri;ia. '•'•3 74 miles long, and 50 broad; defended 'y two forts, and belongs to Russia. Pop. 3',000. Arcnsberg is the cnpital. Oettino, a town of Bavaria, seated on the ''"i; 8 miles N.W. of Burkhnusen. Oettinoek, a town of Bavaria, with a '^ell-endowed college. It is seated on the Wirnitz, 28 miles S. of Anspach, and 69 N.N.W. of Munich. Long. 10. 40. E. lat. 48. 56. N. Pop. 3200. Offa's Dike, nn entrenchment of En9> land ; cast np by Oifa, a Saxon king, to defend England from the incursions of the Welsh. It extends through Herefordshire, Shropshire, Montgomeryshire, Denbighshire, and Flint- shire, from the Wye to the Dee. Ofen. See Buda. Offanto, a river of Naples, which rises in the Apennines, and enters the gulf of Venice, nenr Barletta. It is the ancient Aufidus. Offenbach, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darmstadt, and the principal manufacturing town in the duchy, seated on the south side of the Maine ; 5 miles E. of Frankfort. Pop. in 1838,7600. Offenbuho, a town of Baden, seated on the Kintzig; -10 miles S.E. of Strnsburg. Offida, a town of Italy, in Anconia; 26 miles S. of Loretto. OoDENKBnRO, a port of the state of New York, in St. Lawrence county, on the river St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Oswegat- chie river; 210 miles N.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 2526. O01.E, a county in Illinois; capital, Ore- gon city. Pop, 3407. Oglethorpe, a county of Georgia, on the Broad river. Capital, Lexington. Pop. 10,868, including 6331 slaves. Ogersueih, a town of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine; 12 miles N. of Spire. OoLio, a river which rises in the principa- lity of Trent, enters Italy, and joins the Po, above Borgoforte. OoMO, a town of the kingdom of Sinm, seated .at the N.E. point of the gulf of Siam; 56 miles S.i£. of Siam. Long. 101. 28. E.lat. 13. 33. N. OiiETEROA, an island in the S. Pacific; 13 miles in circuit. It has no harbour, and is neither so populous nor fertile as the islands to the N. of it; but its manufactures arc of a superior kind, the cloth is of a better dye, and the spears and clubs are better carved and polished. The people are lusty and well made, and rather browner than those of Ta- hiti. Long. 150. 47. W. lat. 22. 27. S. Ohio, a river of N. America, formed by the junction of the Alleghany and the Monongu- hela, at Pittsburg. It bounds the states of Ohio and Kentucky in its whole length; and the only disadvantage it has is a rapid, just below Louisville, one mile and a half long, with a descent of 22^ feet. In this place tlio river runs over a rocky bottom, above 1000 yards broad. These falls are obviated by a canal round them, but boats can pass them when the water is high- The current is very gentle, and the whole descent of the river from its source to its mouth is estimated at 395 feet, or rathei less than 5 inches per mile. Of its two confluents, the Alleghany is the more important, as it will be hereafter united bv the Genesee Valley canal, starting from in OIR Cy^G OLD Olcun ill New York to the Erie cunal, thus forming an important junction between New York and tiie West. The great valley drained by tlie Ohio and its tributaries is estimated at an area of 200,000 square miles; and the river and its tributaries liavc 5000 miles of navigation. The Ohio carries a great uni- formity of breaiUh, from 400 to 600 yards, except the last 150 miles, vhcrc it is from 800 to 900 yards. After a course of 1188 miles, in which it receives many largo and small rivers, it enters the Mississippi, in lat. 36. 58. N. Ohio, one of the United States of America, erected in 1802, lying between 38. 30. and 42. 2. N. lat. and 80. 3.'j. and 84. 47. W. long. It is bounded N. by the territory of Michigan and Lake Erie, E. by Pennsylvania, S.E. and 8. by the Oliio, and W. by Indiana. This country, affirmed to be the most healthy and fertile spot in America, (but \ri\ich assertion requires qualification) is divided into i'9 coun- ties. Its principal rivers are the Muskingum, Kookhockinp, and Sciota, which runs into the Oliio; and the Cayahoga, which runs into Lake Eiie. Tliere are no slaves in this state. The manufactures of cotton, wool, hemp, flax, iron, earthenware, &c., are prosecuted with great success; ship-building is carried on to a considerable extent, and the inhabitants arc r'vpidly increasing in number and wealtli. In 1815 the population amounted to 324,070; in 1840, 1,519,467. Columbus is the seat of the legislature, but Cincinnati is the principal town. Ohio, a county in the state of Virginia, on the Ohio river; capital. Wheeling. Pop. 1 3,357. — Also a county in Kentucky ; capital, Ilartfcrd. Pop. 6592. Ohio, a city in Brooklyn county, Ohio, at the mouth of the Cayahoga river, on lake Erie, opposite Cleveland; 145 miles N.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1577. Ohlau, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a fine castle. It is situate on the Ohht, 16 miles S.E. of Breslau. Pop. in 1838, 4000. Ohos\ka, a city on the S. side of Niphon island, Japan. It is deserioed as even more attractive than Jeddo. It is the abode of luxury and wealth, and contains a vast popu- lation. Hiago is the port for it OuRiNGEM, a town of Wirtemburg, capital of the district of Hohcniohe, with an academy. In the vicinity of the town many Roman an- tiquities have been found since 1741. Itstands on the river Ohm, which divides it into the Old and New Town; 28 miles S.S.W. of Mer- (•entheim. Long. 9. 42. E. lat. 49. 1 1. N. OiCH, Loch, a lake of Scotland, Inverness- shire, extending 4 miles from E. to W. and containing some little wooded islands; its outlet at the N. end is the river Oich, which flows by Fort Augustus into the S. extremity of Loch Ness. OiRE, a town of Naples in Terra d'Otranto; with an old castle, seated at the foot of the Apennines; 20 miles N.E. of Tarento. OisE, a department of France, inchuling part of the former provinces of the lie de France and Picardy. Area, 24,000 square miles. Population in 1836,397,725. It takes its name from the river Oise, which lias its source in the Ardennes, and joins the Seine below Pontoise. Beauvais is the capital. Okotsk, or Okhotsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a province of the same name, in the government of Irkutsk. It is seated at the mouth of the Okota, in a bay of the Pacific ocean, called the Sea of Okotsk ; 420 miles E.S.E. of Yakutsk. Pop. 1 jOO. Long. 143. 12. E. lat. 69. 20. N. Olbera, a town of Spain in Andalusia, province of Seville. A wretched place in a mountainous district, with equally rude inhabitants, 6000 in number, chiefly oixupiid in rearing hogs for the market of Seville-, 48 miles S.E. of Seville. Oldenbiiko, a grand duchy of Germany, consisting of several scattered portions, cuii- taining together 2412 square miles, and a population of 240,000. Oldenburg Proper was formerly a county, united with Delmen- horst; and when the line of its counts bccamo extinct, in 1667, it devolved to the royal family of Denmark. In 1773 it was ex- changed by Denmark with the grand duke of Russia, for the district of Kiel, in Holstein; and in 1777 the emperor of Germany nihul it to the rank of a duchy. The reigning duke was expelled by Napoleon in 1810, but was restored in 1813, and at the congress oi Vienna received the title of grand duke. He now possesses, besides Oldenburg Proper (in- cluding Delmenhorst and the lordships of Varel, Jcver, and Kniphauscn), the princi- pality of Eutin (formerly the bishopric of Lubeck), in Holstein, and ''e lordship of Biirkenfeld, ceied by Prussia out of the territory on the Rhine. The area and popu- lation of each is as follows: — Area. Sq. M. Pop. II 1837. 27,651 210,1 icn 143 Biirkenfeld Total 2112 265,570 The inhabitants are of the Lutheran re- ligion. See Appendix. Oldenburg, a fortified town of Germany, capital of the foregoing duchy, and the resi- dence of the grand duke. The church ol St. Lambert contains the tombs of the last counts of Oldenburg, which are very curious. It is seated on the Hunta; 22 miles W.ot Bremen, and 76 S.S.W. of Hamburg. Pop. in 1837, .5564. , • i Oldenboro, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein, seated near the Baltic; 28 miles N. of Lubeck. . Oldensael, a town of the Netherlands in Overysseli 30 miles E. of Deventer. OLM 627 OMA Oldeslohe, a town of Dcninark, in Hol- Btciii, witli extensive salt-works, seated on tbcTraTC; 17 miles W of Lubeck. Oldhau, a borough ' Lancashire, built (III liigli ground on a bra h of the Mcdlock, itiid near the Irk. It is cm remely populous, anil Ims upwards of 200 mill.- cnpiged in the nmnufacture of cotton goods, fustian, velve- teens, and cotton cords. It has also brass and iron foundries, and large machine and other manufactories. The abundant coal- mines form also an important branch of trade. Ample canal and railway conveyance facili- tate the commerce of the place. There are a parish church, and several others : and also numerous denominational plac:,a of worship. There are a richly endowed free school, a ly- ci'um, with a public librarj', baths, &c. >*eve- ral fairs are held in the year, and a market on Saturday. It returns two members to parliu- meiit; an 1 is 6 miles N.E. iiy E. from Man- chester. Pop. (1851) 52.820. Oldtown, a town of Maryland, 140 miles W. by N. of BaUimore. Olerox, a populous and fertile island of France, 5 miles from the W. coast, opposite tilt! mouth of the Charente. It is 20 miles long, and 5 broad, and belongs to the depurt- meiit of Lower Charente. Top. in 1836, 16,402. This island was formerly in the possession of the Crown of England; and here RIcliard I. compiled the code of mari- time laws called the laws of Oleron, which are received by all nations in Europe, as the ground and substruction of all their marine constitutions. Oleronb, a town in the department of Lowtr Pyrenees, on the Gave; 13 n.i'cs S. W.of Pau. Pop. in 1836, 6037. OuKA, a town of Poland, in Volhynia, viih a citadel; 20 miles E. of Lucko. Olinda. See Perkahbuco. Olita, a town of Spain, in Navarre; for- merly the residence of the kings of Navarre, hut now much reduced. It is seated in a Me country; 20 miles N. ofTudehu OuvA, a town of Spain, i)rovince of Va- lencia, IJ mile from the Mediterranean. It hw two churches, an ancient palace and two frisons. Manufactures of ''emp and linens. op. 5587; 39 miles S.S.E. of Valencia, and S18S.E. of Madrid. OuvA, a seaport of W. Prussia, where a pew was concluded, in 1 660, between the em- peror of Germany and the kings of Sweden •ml Poland. It is situate on a bay of the Nf ofDantzie; lOmil ssW.N.W.of Dautzic. ''«npt.l8.32.E.lat.5.*.24.N. Oi.iven(;a, a town and fortress of Spnin, "1 EstreiiiudurJi, which, with its territory, rmerly belonged to Portugal, but was coded ;»pam in 1801. It is 16 miles S.S.W. of "^Jnjos. Pop. 10,447. I'LiiEDo, a decnved to\vn of Spain, in /""! seated near tiic Adaja. It is 26 miles B'OfVallftdolid. OmnTz. a district or circle of tUe Aukttiau province of Moravia, containing 2000 sqnara miles. The N. part is mountainous, but the S. level and fertile. Olmdtz, the capital of the above district, and formerly of Moravia, is an archbishop's sec, and has a famous university. It is forti- fied, well built, and almost surrounded by the river Morau. In 1741 it was taken by the king of Prussia, who attempted it again in 1758, but was obliged to raise the siege. The emperors of Kussia and Austria met here in 1805, previous to the battle of Auster- litz. It is 80 miles N. by E. of Vienna, and 97 S. of Breslau. Pop. in 1837, exclusive of the garrison, 12,782. Long. 17. 15. E. lat. 49. 33. N. Olnet, a town in Buckinghamshire, with a market on Monday, and a manufacture of bone-lace now much declined. It was tli<» residence of the poet Cowper; seated on the Ouse, 12 miles S.E. of Northampton, and 55. N.N.W. of London. Olonetz, a government of Russia, for- merly included in the government of Novo- gorod. In this district are mines of copper and iron, *,hough but littie wrought. Area, 62,400 square miles. Pop. in 1838, 239,000. The capital is Petrozavodsk. Olonetz, a town of the foregoing govern- ment; near which arc a mineral spring and an iron forge. It is situate on the river Olonza, near its entrance into the lake of Ladoga; 100 miles, across the lake, N.E. of Petersburg. Pop. 2800. Olonetz Mountains, a chain of mountains in the N.W. paitof Bussia; which runs in a direction almost due N. for the space of 1000 miles, forming part of the boundary between this country and Sw^edcn. Olonnb, a town of France, department of Vend&; 35 miles W. of Fontenay le Comte. Olot, a manufacturing town of Spain, in Catalonia; it is placed between the Fluvia and the Tolcanie hill Montsacopa, which is of f tected by several forts. It is seated on the Mediterranean, near the mouth of the Albc^na, 63 miles S. by W. of Sienna. Long. 1 1. 6. E. lat. 42. 28. N. Orbre, a river of France, which rises in the Cevennes, ilows by Beziers, and enters the gulf of Lyons at Serignan. Orcades. See Orkneys. Orchies, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nord; 12 miles S.S.E. of Lisle. Pup. 2600. Orchilla, a cluster of small islands in the Caribbean sea, N. of the coast of Terra Firma. Long. 65. 20. E. lat. 12. 0. N. Orchihont, a town of Belgium, in the territory of Luxemburg ; situate on the Semoy, 18 miles N. of Sedan. Ordinoen, a town of Germany, in the late electorate of Cologne; seated near the Uhinc, 36 miles N.(I.E. of Cologne. Orduka, a town of Spain, in Biscay; seat- ed in a valley, surrounded by high moun- tains, 27 miles S.W. of Bilbao. Pop. 3400. Orebro, 't of Sweden, in Up- land, on the gulf of Bothnia, opposite the small island of Ginson. The chief article ex- ported is iron, from the long celebrated mine of Danamora in its vicinity. It is 70 m. N. of Stockholm. Long. 18. 6. E. lat. 60. 21. N. Orel, a government of Russia, once a pro- vince of the government ofBeilgorod. Area, 16,780 sq. miles. Pop. 1,366,000. Its capi- tal, of the same name, is seated on theOcca and Orel, 207 miles S.S.W. of Moscov. Long. 35. 57. E. Int. 52. 58. N. Orellana, a town of Spain, in Estrema- dura; 28 miles E. of Merida. ORI 631 OBK ORKNuaRO, a government of Asiatic Rus- tin- bounded by European Hussio, and the government of Tobolsk. Pop. 1,771,000. Urenbdko, a town and fortress of the above govornment. It is a place of consi- derable commerce, and is seated on thoUrul, 260 miles S.S.E. of Ufa. Long. 53. 4. E. lilt. 51. 46. N. UitHNSG, a city of Spain, in Galicia, and a bishop's see. Hero are some celebrated tepid ami iiot springs. It is seated at the foot of a mount.un, on the river Minho; 47 miles S £. of Curnpostella. Pop. 6000. Long. 7. 50. VV. lat. 42. 22. N. Okfa, Oubfa, or Rouah, a city of Tur- key in Diarbekr; said to be the Ut of the Giialdccs. The walls are 3 miles in circum- ference, defended by square towers, and on a rocky hill to the a. is a stately castle. It has a good trade, particularly in carpets and leather, and gold articles, and has a canal to the Euphrates. The country round is fertile in corn and fruit. It is 83 miles N.E. of Aleppo, and 100 S.W. of Diarbekr. Pop. 30,000. Long. 38. 20. E. lat. 36. 50. N. Urfokd, a town in SufTolk, with a market on Monday. Here are the remains of a castle, which, with the church, is a seamark. It is 18 miles N. by E. of Ipswich, and 88 N. £. of London. Orford, a town of New Jlampshire, in Grafton county. It is situate on the Con- necticut, U miles N.t^.E. of Hanover. Pop. 1707. Obford Ness, a cape of England, on the S.E. coast of Suffolk, where a lighthouse is erected for the direction of ships. Long. 1. H. E. kt. 52. 4. N. Oroas, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a castle, 15 miles S. of Toledo. Oroelet, a town of France, department of Jura; seated at the source of the Valouse, 30 miles S.S.W. of Salina. Oroiva, a town of Spain, in the province of Granada; 25 miles S. of Granada. Orient. See L'Obtent. ORmuELA, a town of Spain, in Murcia, and a bishop's see; with a university, and a citadel built on a rock. The inhabitants hive manufactures of silk, brandy distilleries, and some saltpetre works; and here are made curious snutT-boxes, with the roots of the terebinthus, much esteemed for preserving Spanish snulf. It is seated in a very fertile country, on the Segura, 12 miles N.E. of Murcia. Pop. 25,551. Orinoco. See Oronoco. Orissa, a province of Hindostan ; bounded on tlie N. by Bohar and Bengal, W. by Berar, S. by Golconda, and E. by the bay of Bengal. The jrreater part of the province now belongs to the British. It is divided into the district of Cuttock, Mohurbgunge, and Konjeur, Oristano, a fortified town of Sardinia, »nd an archbishoo's see, with a good har- wur. It is sea'eJ on the W. coast, on « bay of the same name ; 42 miles N.W. of Qugliari. Long. 8. 51. E. lat. 39. 53. N. Orizaba, a town of North Amerfco, re- public of Mexico; seated in a rich valley, 120 miles E. b;y S. of Mexico, and producing great quantities of tobacco in its noighbour- liood. Celebrated for liie mountain called the Peak of Orizaba. Pop. 8000. Orkbned, a town of Sweden, in Schonea ; 24 miles N. of Christianstadt. Orkney Islands, the ancient Orcades, a cluster of islands to the N, of Scotland, from which they are separated by Pcntland frith. They lie between 54. 47. and 59. 20. N. lat., and are about 67 in number, of which 40 are inhabited, and besides a very large number of rocky islets or skerries. The largest is sometimes dignified with the appellation of Mainland, but is more frequently called Pomona. Beyond this island, to the N.E., are seen, among others, Rowsa, Eglisha, and Wcstra; ShapinshaandEda; Stronsa, Sanda, and North lionaldsha; and to the S. appear Hoy and South lionaldsha, with others of inferior note. The currents and tides which flow between these islands are rapid and dangerous, and near the small isle of Swinna are two whirlpools, very dangerous to mari- ners, especially in calms. The sea-coast swarms with seals and otters, and is visited by whales, cod, ling, haddocks, herrings, and other fish ; and on the shores are found largo oysters, mussels, cockles, &c. The islands arc visited by eagles, falcons, wild geese, and ducks in great variety, herons, hawks, gulls, &c. Springs of pure water arc found in all the mountainous parts, and there are numcr- oits lakes and rivulets abounding in fish. The heath on the mountains shelters grouse, plovers, snipes, &c., but there are no par- tridges, hares, nor foxes. There are great numbers of small sheep and black cattle, swine, rabbits, and red deer. The products of the valleys and plains are chiefly big and oats. Except juniper, wild myrtle, and heath, and a shrub called cyorhordon, there is scarcely a tree or plant to be seen; but this nakedness cannot have been their former state, as many trunks of large oaks are to be found in all the mosses. The climate in summer is moist and cold, but in winter there is very little snow, and that lies only a short time. Pre- ceding the autumnal equinox, dreadful storms of wind, rain, and thunder occur. For about three weeks in mid-summer these islands enjoy the rays of the sun almost without in termission ; but, for the same space in winter, that luminary hardly rises alwve tlie horizon, and is commonly obscured by clouds and mists. In this gloomy season the absence of day is supplied partly by moonlight, and partly by the radiance of the aurora borealis, which here gives a light nearly equal to that of a fall moon. The coasts afford numerous bays and harbonrs for the fisheries. The chief exports are linen and woollen yarn, stockings, butter, dried fish, herrings, oil. III d I OllL GS2 ORM feathers, and iikins of various kindR, aud kelp. The English language prevails in all these iHlundtJ, although there nre many words in the Norse or Norwegian still in use. The inhabitants haV'O the general character of being frugal, sagacious, circumspect, and huspitablei but the common people arc superstitious. The Orkney and Shetland isles uuito in semling one member to the imperial parliament. Oklamunda, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Uotha, seated on the Saale, opposite the in- flux of the Orltt; 40 miles W.S.W. of Altenburg. Pop. 2000. Oklanpo, a cape on the N. coast of Sicily, 1 5 miles W. bv N. of Fatti. Long. 15. 4. £. lat. 38. U.N*. Orleans, u city of France, capital of the department of Luiret, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Loire, and has a canal thence to the Loing, near Montargis. Under the sons of Clovis it was the capital of a kingdom. In 1428 it stood a memorable siege against the English, which was raised by the celebrated Joan of Arc, called the Maid of Orleans. It is now considered one of the largest and most pleasant cities in France. The principal public buildings are the fine cathedral, town-house, court of jus- tice, mint, and theatre. The trade consists in stockings, sheep skins, wine, brandy, corn, grocery, and particularly sugar, which is brought raw from Nantes and Bochclle. The faubourg of Paris is of a prodigious length, and that of Olivet, on the left side of the Loire, has a communication with the city by a bridge of nine arches. Near the city is a forest, containing 94,000 acres, planted with oak and other valuable trees. Orleans is 30 m. N.E. of Blois, and 60 S.S.W. of Paris. It has railways to Paris, Bordeaux, Bourges, Nantes, &c. Pop. in 1836, 40,273. OuLKANS, an island and town of Lower Canada, on the river St. Lawrence, a little to the E. of Quebec. Long. 69. 50. W. lat. 17. 0. N. Orleans, New, a city and the capital of Louisiana, built in 1720, under the regency of the duke of Orleans. In 1788 seven- eighths of the city were destroyed by fire; but it was rebuilt on a regular plan, princi- pally in the Spanish and French style. It is seated in a swampy plain, about seven feet below the level of the Mississippi, and 105 miles from its mouth. The old city does not now form more than about one-eighth of its present extent. Above it were the suburbs, or faubourgs, of St. Mary and An- nunciation, and below it those of Marigny, Franklin, and Washington. The legislature in 1836, divided it into three principalities. It is very commandingly situated for com- merce, being here connected with not less than 20,000 miles of rivers navigable by steam. Several railroads too, connect it with the lakes Fontchartrain and Borgne, &c. The Levee, an embankment whicb protects it from the waters of the Mississippi, It boing from 3 to 9 feet below its hij;her level iit about 20 feet broad, from 4 to 10 feet h'trli, and extends 43 miles below the city, und 12i) above it. In part of the city it hm bcui formed into a noble promenade. At timtit a break or crevasse is made by the waters through this dyke, and great destruction en- sues, as was the case in 1849. Tiiecit^cuii- tains a state-house, custom-house, 2 ex- changes, and a splendid liomanist catlicclril, a convent, 3 theatres, and fewer cliurclies in proportion to its extent than any other placo in the United States. No city in the Unitid States has so great a variety of inlmbitaius as this, with such a great contrast of manners, language, and complexion. During the liol months it is very unhealthy, from fevers, &c It was founded by the French in 1717, but conveyed to the Spaniards in 1762, re-con- veyed to the French in 1800, and purcliastl by the United States in 1803. On Januan 8th, 1815, the British made an ottack ontik' city, but were repulsed with great loss, the com- mander, General Paekeiiham, being killed. It is the fourth city in rank of population in the United States. In 1810 there were 17,242 inhabitants; in 1820, 27,176; in 1830,46,310; and in 1840, 102,193. Long. 90. 0. W. lat. 29. 58. N. Orllans, a county of Venuont; capital, Irasburg. Poj). 13,634. — Also a county in New York, on lake Ontario, and traversed by the Erie canal; capital, Albion. Pop. 25,127. — Also a parish of Louitxana; surface marshy but fertile, producing sugar, rice, cot- ton, and garden produce; capital. New Or- leans. Pop. 102,193, including 23,450 slaves, in 1840. OiiLEANS, a town of Massachusetts, on the narrow part of Cape Cod peninsula. Its in- habitants (1974 in 1840) are extensively em- ployed in the fisheries and the manuliicture of salt; 95 miles S.£. of Boston. Orlenoa, a town of Bussia, in the go- vernment of Irkutsk, situate on tbeLena; 235 miles N. of Irkutsk. Long. 105. 40. £. lat. 56.0. N. Ormea, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, seated on the river Tanoro; 12 miles S. of Mondovi, Ormskirk, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Thursday. The parish church is remarkable for its two steeples, placed con- tiguous; one a tower, and the other a short spire. Three other churches have been erected under the recent acts; and here are also three meeting-honses for dissenters, a grammar- school, and a national school. The chief branches of trade are cotton-spinning and coal ; coarse thread is also made for sail- cloth; 3 miles N. by E. of Liverpool, and 209 N.N.W. of London. Ormdz, a small island in the strait ofthe same name, at the entrance of the gulf of Persia; 9 miles S. of Gombroon. In 150S the Portuguese were permitted to form a »et- ORS 033 OSC lleracnt here, and it was afterwards fre- quented by a number of rich merchants. In 1622 tl.o Persians, by the ossiutance of tiie Enijlish, expelled the Portuguese, and de- molished the buildings. Some time after, the I'eraians rebuilt the fort, uud, though they could never bring it to be a place of trade as lioforc, it is still the key of the gulf of Per- sia, on nucount of the commodiousness of the harbour. It is now almost deserted; for it produces nothing but salt, which sometimes is two inches deep upon the surface of the earth. Long. 56. 25. E, lat. 27. 20. N. Oknaks, a town of France, department of Doubs, seated on the Louvre; 10 miles S.E. of B(;san9on. Pop. 3100. Okne, a department of France, including the old proviuce of Perehe, and part of that of Normandy. It takes its name from a river which rises in the department, and runs into the English Channel 8 miles below Caen. Pop.iu 1836,441,881. The capital is Alen9on. Uhonoco, or Orinoco, a majestic river of South America, which issues from the small lake Ipava, in lat. 5. 5. N., flows £. and S,E. to the lake Parima, from which it runs towards the W. ; but after receiving the Guaviuri, it bends N., then N.E. and E., till it enters the Atlantic by an extended delta of mcjths opposite the isle of Trinidad; but the principal one i« considerably to the S.E. of that island, in lat. 8.30. N. In this sin- eiilarwinding course, estimated at 1400mile8, it receives many large rivers; and its chief estuary is so deep and impetuous as to stem the most powerful tides. See Parima. Oronsa, a small fertile island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the S. of Colonsa, from which it is separated by a narrow channel that is dry at low water. Here are the ruins of an abbey, with many sepuleliral statues, and some curious ancient sculpture. Urontes. See Aaszi. Oropesa, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on 1 cape of its name, in the Meditei-runeun ; 55 miles E.N.E. of Valencia. Long. 0. 5. £. lat. 40. 8. N. Oropesa, a town of Bolivia, South Ameri- ca, capital of the department of Cochabamba. Its silver mines are of little value. It has 16,000 inhabitants, and manufactures of cot- tun and glass. OaoTAVA, a town on the W. side of the island of TeneriflFe, and the chief place of trade. It is seated at the bottom of an am- phitheatre of mountains, out of which rises the Peak of Tencriife. Its port is at 3 miles distance. Long. 1 6. 24. W. lat. 28. 23. N. Orb, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudbright- iMre, which issues from a small lake to the E. of New Galloway, aud flows into the Sol- way frith, at Dalbeattie. Orsova, a town and fortress of Hungary, on the confines of Servia, seated on the N. ride of the Danube, 60 miles S.E. of Tames- war, and 75 E. of Belgrade. Long. 22. 40. E- lat. 45. 10. N. Orsoy, a town of the Pru.ssian state*, seated on the lihiiie, 20 miles S.E. of Clevi ,■., Orza, a town of Euru))ean Kussiu, in tliu government of Mohilcf, with a castle, soati <1 on the Dhiuper, 38 miles N. of Mohikl. Pop. 2500. Orta, a town of Italy, in tho cctlpsiusticiil states, seated near the Tiber, 10 miles E. of Viterbo. OitTA, a town of 'he Sardinian states, in the province of Novara, seated on a lake of its name, 21 miles N.N.W. of Novara. Oktegal, a cape and castle of Spain, on the N. coast of Galicia, 30 miles N.N £. of Ferrol. Long. 7. 50. W. lat. 43, 46. N. OiiTENnEuo, a town of Germany, in Iles- sc-Durnistadt, with a castle, situate on the Nidder, 17 miles S.E. of Giesbcn. Ortenbduo, a town and citadel of Ba- varia, in a county of the same name, seated near the river Vills, 10 miles W. of Passau. Ortenburo, a town of the Austrian states, in Carinthia, on the S. bunk of the t)rave, opposite the influx of the Liser, 32 miles W. of Clagenfurt. Okthes, a town of France, department of Lower Pyrenees, celebrated for a victory gain- ed here by the allied army over the French in 1814. It is seated on the side of a hill, by the river Pan, 20 miles N.W. of Pau. Orton, a town of Westmoreland, with a market on Wednesday, 1 miles S.W. of Ap- pleby, and 276 N.N.W. of London. Ortona a Mark, a town of Naples, in Ahruzzo Citra, on the gulf of Venice, 13 miles E. of Chieti. Pop. 6000. Ortrakd, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Meissen, situate on the borders of Lusa- tia, 16 miles N.E. of Meissen. Ordro, a town of Bolivia, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name, in the valley of Titicaca. The country abounds in cattle, and has many silver mines. It is 150 miles N.W. of Chuquisoco. Long. 68. 30. W. lat. 18. 10. S. Ortieto, a fortified town of Italy, in the papal states, capital of a territory of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a mag- nificent palace, and a fine Gothic cathedral. It is seated on a craggy rock, near the con- fiux of the Paglia and Chiana, 50 miles N.N.W. of Rome. Long. 12. 20. E. lat. 42. 42. N. Pop. 7000. Orwell, a river in SuTolk, which runs S.E. by Ipswich, and, unitiiii with the Stour, forms the fine harbour of Harwich. OsGA, a city of Japan, in the island of Ni- phon, defended by a magnificent castle. It has a harbour, and is one of the most com- mercial places of the empire. It stands on the .Tedogawo, over which are several bridges of cedar, 30 miles S. by W. of Miaco. Long. 136. 5. E. lat. 35. 5. N. OscHATZ, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Meissen, with a college and some manu- factures of cloth, seated on the Chemnitz, 16 miles N.W. of Meissen. ^1 f ill OSS 684 08T OsERO, an island in tho ^ulf of Venice, having on tlie N. that of Churso, to whicii it is joined by a bridge. The ciipitul is of thu same name. Long. 15. 3U. E. lat. 44. 56. N. Obimu, a town of central Italy, in the states of the church, with a handsome episcopal 1)alacc, a cathedral, several churches, a cul- oge, &c., 8^ miles S.S.\V. of Ancona. I'up. 7000. OsMA, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, ftnd a bishop's Bee, with a university. The cathedral and episcopal palace are at Borgo d'Osma, a little to the E.; it was formerly of great importance, but is now a decayed agricultural town. It Btunds on the Duuro, 48 miles S.E. of Bur^'os. Long. 2. 52. W. lat. 41.50.N. Pop. 1000. OsNABURO, or Obnabkdck, a province of Hanover, lying between the grand duchy of Oldenburg and Prussian Westphalia. It is 40 miles long and 20 broad; produces much corn and flax, and plenty of turf, coal, and marble. The most benefieial manufacture is a coarse kind of linen, which is exported to distant parts. Area, 920 square miles. Pop. 126,000, chiefly Lutherans. OsNABURO, the capital of the above pro- vince, with a castle and a university. It is celebrated for the peace of Westphalia, con- cluded hero in 1648. The Catholics and Protestants have each two dmrchea and a gymnasium. It is seated on the Hase, 25 miles N. by E. of Munster. Pop. in 1838, 11,500. Long. 7. 54. E. lat. 52 18.N. OsoRNo, a town of Chili, seated on Bio Bueno, in a territory where there arc mines of gold ; 80 miles S. of Valdivia. Long. 73. 20. W. lat. 40.58. S. OsRUSHNA, a town of Western Tartary, in Turkestan, capital of a province of the same name. It is 80 miles N.N.E. of Sa- marcand, and 360 S. of Taras. Long 66. 20. E. lat. 40.40. N. OssETiA, the country of the Ossi, or Osscti ; one of the seven Caucasian nations, between the Black sea and the Caspian ; bounded on the N. by Great Cabarda, E. by the Lcsguis Tartars, and S. and W. by Imcritia. It is divided into 19 districts of very unequal sise; some containing only five, and others 60 villages, each of which comprises from 20 to 100 families. Their language has some analogy with that of the Persians. Their history is entirely unknown. The Circassians and Tartars call them Kusha. OssoBY, the western division of Queen's county, in Ireland. It gives name to a bishop- ric, but the cathedral is now at Irishtown, in the county of Kilkenny. OasuNA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia. I' was formerly Strang, but less by its ram- parts than by a fountain in the middle of the town, which furnished the inhabitants with water, while the country for 8 miles round was totally deprived of that necessary arti- cle: 50 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 16,000, Long. 6. 8. W. lat. 37. 22. N. OsTALHic, a town of Spain, in Catalonia. It had u strong castle, taken by the Fruncli and demolislicil in 1095. It is seated on tlie Tordera, 28 miles N.E. of Barcelona. OsTF.ND, a fortifleil seaport o> Bcl^'ium in Went Flanders; seated among a number (if canals, and almost surrounded by two of i! o Krr;,'L'st of them, into which ships of urcut bunirn may enter with the tide; and con- nected, by means of railroads, with Mechlin, Antwerp, Brussels, &e. It is famous li ihe Ion;; siege it sustained from tho SpnniaiJ% from July 1601 to September 1C04, when it capitulated on honourable terms. On tho death of Charles II. of Spain, the French seized Osteiid ; hut in 1706, after the bull Ic of Ilamillies, it was retaken by the allies. It was again taken by the French in 174.), but restored in 1748. ' In the war of 1756, the French garrisoned this town for the empress queen, Maria Theresa. In 1 792 it wiu once more captured by tho French; evacuated in 1793, and repossessed in 1794. In 17'J8 a body of British troops landed here, and de- stroyed the works of the Bruges canal; but, the wind shifting before they could re-cm- bark, they were compelled to surrender to tho French; 10 miles W. of BrugcH, and 22 N.E. of Dunkirk. Pop. in 1830, 12,lfil. Long 2.55. E. lat. 51. 14. N. OsTERHOFEN, a towu of Bavnria, seated on the Danube; 20 miles W.N.W. of Passau. OsTEUODE, a town of Hanover, with a manufacture of woollen stuffs; also a maga- zine for corn, which is delivered out to the miners of Ihv Forest at a fixed price. It is seated on the Saale; 18 miles N.N.E. of Gottingen. Pop. in 1837, 4200. OsTEiiODE, a town of Prussia, with n cas- tle, situate on tho Dribcntz; 46 miles S.D. of Marienburg. OsTERSUNi), a town of Sweden, seated on the E. side of the lake Storsio; 76 miles N. W. of Sundswald. Long. 16. 10. E. lat. 63. 10. N. OsTERWiCK, a town of Prussian Saxonv, in the government of Magdeburg; with good woollen manufactures; situate on the Use, 17 miles W. by N of Halberstadt. OsTiA, a decayed seaport of Italy, in the Soman states, and a bishop's see. In the neighbourhood are extensive salt-works. It stands near the eastern mouth of the Tiber, 12 miles S.W. of Rome. Near it was the ancient Ostia, the first maritime establish- ment formed by the Romans. OsTiAKS, a people of North Asia, forming a considerable portion of the inhabitants ol Siberia, and residing principally on the banks of tho Obi. They are rude, uncivilized, ana idolatrous, and appear to be related to ttie Fins. They are governed by their own chiefs, who pay their tribute to the Kussian government, in the furs they collect. OsTiGLiA, a town of Austrian Italy, m tn« province of Mantua, seated on the ro; la miles S.E. of Mantua. I OTA 635 OTL OtnNOHAt'SEN, tt town of Westphalia, lituate on tliu AUt; eight miles wc»t of LipiitiulU UsTROO, a town of RusHinn Poland, in Vulliynia, ncur the river Iluriii; 30 miles N.N.W. of ConsUntinow. Pop. 46()0. OsTROOUOSUK, a town of European Rus- tiii, government Voronez. I'op. partly Cos- lacks, ll,UOU; 50 miles S. of Voronez. Ot)TKOi.ENKA, atownof Poland, where the Ru!*!iians were repulsed by the French in 18U6; seated on the Naiuw, 50 N.E. of Wiirsaw. OsTKOVizzA, a town of Austrian Dulina- tia, with the ruins of a castle, formerly forti* fied. It is 14 miles N. of Scardona. OsTROVNO, a village of Russian Lithuania, where the French defeated a body of Rus- lisiisin 1812. It is 17 miles W. of Vitepsk. OsTUNi, a town of Naples, in Terra d Ot- ninto, seated on a mountain, near the gulf ol Venicci 16 miles W.N. W. of liriudisi, and 50 S.E. of Buri. OsiiKA, a large town of Spain, in Andalu- lia. The apexof a triangular hill is crowned by the castle and the collegiata, which latter was tamed into a magazine by the French, who also destroyed must of the sacred ob- jects ID the place, and carried off more than icwt. of ancient church plate. Pop. 15,000; 42 miles E. of Seville. OswEOO, a town and port of the stote of New York, seated on the S.E. side of lake Ontario, at the mouth of a river of the same name, more commonly called Onondaga. It was taken from the French, 1756, by the British, who delivered it up to the United States in 1796. It is 156 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Long. 76. 16. W. lat. 43. 20. N. Pop. 4051. Oswestry, a town in Shropshire, govern- ed by a mayor, with a market on Wednes- ilajr. It had a wall and a castle, long since demolished. Of late years the town has been much extended and improved. It has a flourishing cotton manufactory, and a good trade. The church is spacious, and here are lour places of worship i'or dissenters, and an excellent grammar-school. It is 18 miles N.W. of Shrewsbury, and 179 of London. OszHiANA, a town of Russian Lithuania, In the government of Wilna; 32 miles S.E. ofWilna. Otabalo, a town of S. America, republic of Colombia; capital of a province of the ume name, pleasantly situate ; with a Fran- ciscan convent. Pop. 15,000. Otaha, one of the Society islands, in the South Paci6c. It lies N. of Ulitca, and is divided from it by a strait, which, in the nar- rowest part, is not more than 3 miles broad. rhis island is smaller and more barren than Ulitea, but has two good harbours. Otaheitb, or Tahiti, an island in the S. Pacific t discovered in 1767 by Captain Wal- l's, who called it George the Third island. Captain Cook, who came hither in 1768 to observe the transit of Venus, sailed round the whole island in a boat, and staid thno months; it was visited twice u/'terwards by that celebrated navigator. It consists of two peninsulas, about 30 leagues in circumfer- ence. Great part of it is covered with woods, cunsisting partly of bread-fruit :rees, palms, cucoa-nut-trees, plantains, bananas, mul- berries, sugar-canes, and others peculiar tu the climate, particularly a kind of pine- apple, and the dragon-tree. The only qua- drupeds found on the island were hogs, dogs,' and rats. The inhabitants have mild fea- tures, and a pleasing countenance. The/ are about the ordinary size of Europeans, of a palo mahogany brown, with fine black hair and eyes. Their provisions are chiefly fi.sh, pork, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, and ba- nanas ; and they employ sea- water as a sauce, both to fish and pork. Nothing can exceed their agility in swimming, diving, and climb- ing trees, and they are praised for their gen- tleness, good nature, and hospitality. Pre- viously to the introduction of European ha- bits, the men wore a piece of cloth round their middle, and another wrapped about the head like a turban; the women hud a piece of cloth, with a hole in the middle, through which they passed their heads, so that one part of the garment hung down behind and the other before to the knees; a fine white cloth, like muslin, passing over this in vari- ous elegant turns round the body. Tattoo- ing was common among both sexes. Their houses had seldom any walls, but consisted only of a roof, thatched with the long prickly leaves of the palm tree, and supported by a few pillars made of the bread-fruit tree. The native cloth is made of the fibrous bark of the mulberry-tree, which is beaten with a kind of mallet; and a glue, made of the hi- biscus esculentus, is employed to make the bark cohere. Some of these pieces are two or three yards wide, and 60 yards long. In 1 799 king Pomare ceded the district of Ma- tavui, on the N. side of this island, to some of the missionaries belonging to the London Missionary society, through whose labours all the inhabitants of Otaheite, and many of the neighbouring islands, have been led to renounce idolatry. The sovereign himself became a decided convert to Christianity. A general reformation of manners was effected, a number of schools established, the useful arts introduced, and civilization rapidly ad- vanced. But these great advantages were perhaps doomed to be nullitled, for in 1845 the French government took military posses- sion of the island, ei.pelled our missionaries, and supplanted them by those of the Romua Catholic religion. Point Venus is in long. M9. 36. W. lat. 17. 29. S. Otchakof. See Oozakow. Otley, a town of West Yorkshire, with a market on Friday, seated on the Wharf, uii- der a high craggy cliff; 25 miles W. of York* and 203 N.N.W. of London. i li ti OTT C36 OUL Otiiakto, or Tuitiu u'Othanto, a pro- vinco of Naples, 70 inilc8 Ioiik, and 30 broud; bounded on r.liu N. by Terra di Bari, nnd on all other parts liy the sea. It in a, mountain- ous country, utioundiug in oliveti, figs, unJ wino. HeeLixcR. Otramto, a strong city and seaport of Na- ples, Capitol of Terra d'CJiranto, and an areh- bisiiop's sec; witli a harbour and a citadel. It has a conHiderublo trade, and is seated on tlio {,'ulf of Venice; 140 miles 8.E. of Ilari. I'ou. 1601*. Long. 18. 35. E. hit. -tO. 20. N. Othar, a town of West Tartary, in Tur- kestan, ncurthe river Sirr; 70 milcti W.U.VV. of Taraz. Otricoli, a town of Italy, in the papal itates, seated on a hill near the Tiber; 7 miles N. by E. of Maglianu. OrsEOO, a county in the state of New York, containing 935 square miles, with 49,G28 inhabitants. Cooperstowu is tlic ca- pital. Otseoo, a lake in the above county, 9 miles long, and little more than a mile bruad. Its outlet at Coopcriitown, is the E. Lvaunh of the Susquehanna. Ottawa Kiveh, Canada, flowing from lake Huron, nnd falling into the St. Lawrence, 25 miles W.N.W. of Montreal. It has many rapids, but is used for navigation, and was 'Ae boundary between the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. Ottendorf, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a castle, situate near the mouth of the Meden; 27 miles N.W. of Stade. Ottenueim, a town of Austria, on the N. side of the D.wube; 5 miles W.N.VV. of Lintz. Otterberq, a town of Bavaria, in the cir- cle of the Rhine; 5 m. N. of Kayserslautern. Otterbukn, a village in Northumberland, on the river Reed, noted for a battle in 1388, between the English and Scotch, when Henry Percy, sumamed Hotspur, was taken pri- soner, and Douglas, the Scotch general, kill- ed. On this battle the ballad of Chevy Chase is founded. It is 21 miles N. of Hexham. OTXERSBERa, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Bremen, with a fort; 17 miles N.E. of Bremen. Ottbbt, St. Mart, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday. It bos a large church, With two square towers, and manu- factures of flannels, serges, &c. It is seated on the rivulet Otter; 10 miles £. 'Exeter, and 161 W. by S. of London. OttjiIaohau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Oppeln, with a castle, seated on the river Niesse; 7 miles W. by S. ofNiesse. Ottowa, a county of Ohio, on lake Erie. Sandusky bay is on its S.E. border; capital, Grand Haven. Fop. in 1840, 208. Ottweiller, a town of Prussia, in the province of Lower Rhine, with an ancient castle, seated among mountains; 16 miles N.N.K of Sarbruck. OuBY, one of the Molucca islands, lying to the 8. of Gilolo, and subject to tlio tu'ltan i,f Bachian. It abounds in clove trees. The Dutch have a small fmt on the W. jidc. Long. 126. .lo. K. lal. l..'l(). S. Ouns, n province of Ilindostan, now |>art of the British dominions; it lies to tiio N, (i Allahal)ad, on both sides of the Ganges, o< ■ cupying (with the exception of the district (,f Rainpour) all the flat country between tliu river and the northern mountains, as wull h^ the principal part of that fertile tract, Kim,' between the Ganges and Junina, kiiuwil Uy the name of Dooab, to within 4U miles of tiit' city of Delhi. Oude and its depciidenciiii are estimated at 360 miles in length fruiii K. to W., and in breadth from l.'iO to 180, and to contain 9,000,000 inhabitants. The ciiiii- tal is Lucknow. After some controversy, the sovereignty was taken away (rom the rcijiti- ing family, and it was attauhcd tu Britaiu b/ Lord Dalhousie in 1856. OuuB, a decayed city of Ilindpstan, in the I province of Oude, said tohavebeeuthccupital of a great kingdom 12U0 years bcfure the Christian era. It is mentioned in the Maha- berat, a famous Hindoo work in Sanscrit, under the name of Adjudiah. h is seated on the Gogra, nearly adjoiuing Fyzabad. OuoENAUDE, a town of Pelgium, in E. Plandurs, in the middle of wiiicli is a fort. Here are manui'uctures of very fine linen and of curious tapestry. This town was besiej;- ed by the French in 1708, but the duke of Marlborough entirely routed their army. In 1745 it was taken by the French, restored by the peace of 1748, again surrendered to tlie French in 1794, and finally ceded to tim Netherlands after the fall of Napoleon. It is seated on both sides of the Scheldt.; 12 railcs S. of Ghent, and 29 W. of Brussels. Pop. in 1836, 5539. Oddenbcro, a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, 8 miles S.E. of Ostend. Oudenwateb, a fortified town of the Ne- therlands, in the province of Utrecht; the birthplace of the celebrated James Arminius seated on the Little Yssel; 10 miles W.S.W. of Utrecht. OuiJiPonR. See Odetpokb. Ouen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Tche-kian, at the mouth of a river, with a good harbour; 300 miles S.S.E. of Nankin. Long 121. 10. E. lat. 28. 2. N. OcoEiK, or OojEiN, a city of Hmdostan, in the province of Malwa; the residence of one of the Western Mahratta chiefs. It is 6 miles in circumference, surrounded by a strong wall, with round towers. Here are four mosques, several Hindoo temples, and a modern palace. It is seated ©n the Sip- para, which flows into the Chumbulj 150 miles N. by W. of Burhampour. Long. 75. £. lat. 23. 26. K. OoLZ, a town of the Sardinian states, m I'iedmont; seated in a valley, 12 mks & W. of Sosa. OVE 637 OWY Ne- llie J. of !l. Stan, :of is 6 a eare ,and Sip- ISC ;.75. :s, in es Si- OWDi,*, ft town of NorthamptonAhiro, with a market on Saturdny; Bcatod on the Non, over which aro two bridgoK; 26 miloa N.E. of Northampton, ami 78 N. by W. of Lontlon. Odbal, or Urai. Mocntains. See UnAL. OuRKM, a town of rortugal, in Estrcma- dura; seated on a mountain, 12 miles W. of Tomar. Odrpa. iSeeORFA. OcRiQURi a town of Portugal, in Alcntcjo, celebrated for a victory obtained by Alphon- 10, king of Portugnl, over five Mooriili kin^s, in 1 139. The hcadH of the80 6 kings are the arms of Portugal. It is 26 miles S.W. of Bcja. UD8B, a rirer in Yorksliiro, formed by the lire and Swale, which rise near each other in the romantic tract called Hichmondsliire, and unite at Aldborongh. It flows thence through York, where it is navigable for considerable TC8!iels; and after receiving the Wharf, Dcr- went, Aire, and Don, it meets the Trent on tlie borders of Lincolnshire, where their uni- ted streams form the Humber. OosE, a river in Sussex, formed of two branches, one of which rises in St. Leonard Forest, the other in the forest of Worth, and they unite above Lewes. It flows by that town to Newhavcn, below \trhich it forms a considerable haven, and enters the English Channel. OcsE, Great, a river which rises in North- amptonshire, and flows through Buckingham, Stony Stratford, Newport Pdgnel, Olney, and Bedford, where it is navigable. Thence it proceeds to St. Neots, Huntingdon, St. Ives, Ely, and Lynn, below which it enters the Lincolnsliire Wash. OcsE, Little, a river which rises in the S. part of Norfolk, and, dividing that county frum Snffolk, as it flows westward, becomes navigable at Tbetford, and afterwards joins the Great Ouse. UussoRE, a town and fort of Hindostan, in Mysore, taken by the English in 1792. It is 19 miles S.E. of Bangalore, and 69 E. N.E. of Seringapatam. OtTTEiRO, a town and fortress of Portugal, in Tras los Montcs; Kcated on a mountain, 9 miles S.E. of Bragaiiza. OvERFLACKEE, an island of tho Nether- linds, in South Holland ; between the mouths of the Meuse. Sommerdyck is the principal t'wn. Otf.rtsche, a town of Belgium, in Bra- I'lnt, seated on the Ysche; 8 miles N.E. of limssels. Pop. 3500. OvERTBSEL, a province of the Netherlands ; lonnded on the N. by Friesland and Gron- i^?en, E. by Hanover and Westphalia, S. by •iciderland, and W. by the Zuyiler Zee. It IS nearly equal in extent to the whole of North md South Holland, and contains many mo- fasses. Its greatest riches consist in turf, which is dug up here, and sent to the neigh- wnring provinces; the other exports are cattle, butter, cheese, hides, tnllow, wool, and linen. Pop. 147,000. Zwolle is the capital. (3vii)Oi>oL, a town and fort of Uussia, in the government of Cathcrinenslaf. It had its name from a curious antique tomb, sup* posed to be that of the poet Ovid, discovered in 1795. It is seated at the mouth of tho I )n luster; 60 miles H. W. of Oczakow. Long. 30. 22. £. lat. 40. 10. N. OviEiio, is the mountain capital of tho mountain principality of Asturias in Spain. It is a nice clean town with a population of 10,000. Tho university is a fine modern building. Tho cathedral, though not large nor old, i.i very beautiful, and is considered aa particularly holy in possessing many relics. There arc sniue primeval christian churches in the town. The audiencia of Oviedo has a jurisdiction ore/ 434,600 souls. It is the centre of many linos of communication. Near it nre the hot springsof Rivera do Abajo, which bear some resemblance to those of Bath. It is seated at the conflux of the Ove and Duva, from which it derives its name, and which form the Asta; 55 miles N.N.W. of Leon. Lomr. 5. 53. \V. Int. 43. 20. N. OwEQO, a town of New York, in Tiogs county; on the E. branch of the Susquehanna; 161 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 5340. Owyhee, or Hawaii, the largest and most eastern of the Sandwich islands, in the Pacific ocean. Its length from N. to S. is 84 miles, and its breadth 70. It is divided into six districts, two of which, on the N. E. side, are separated by a mountain, which rises in three peaks, the summits of which arc 18,000 feet above the level of the sea ; they are perpetually covered with snow, and may bo seen at 40 Icagaes' distance. To the N. of this moun- tain, the coast consists of high and abrupt cliff's, down which fall many beautiful cas- cades; and the whole country is covered with cocoa-nut and bread-fiuit trees. To the S. the ground is covered with cinders, and in many places has black streaks, which seem to mark the course of a lava that has flowed from the mountain to the shore. Tho south- ern T>romontory looks like the mere dregs of a volcano. The projecting headland is composed of broken and craggy rocks piled irregularly on one another, and terminating in sharp points; yet amidst theoe ruins are many patches of rich soil, carefully laid out in plantations. The fields are enclosed by stone fences, and are interspersed with groves of cocoa-nut trees. Here Captain Cook, in 1779, fell a victim to a sudden resentment of the natives, with whom he unfortunately had a dispute. The inhabitants, formerly devoted to the most degrading superstitions, have within a few years wholly renounced idolatry, and some American missionaries are settled amongst them. They are said to be naturally mild, friendly, and hospitable to strangers. The king and chiefs ceded this island to Gr-^at Britain in 1794. Pop. 85,000. Long. 156.0. W. lat. 19.28. N. OXF OZW OZFOKD, a town of New York, in Che- nango county ; 45 m. N.£. of Union. Pop. 3179. Oxford, tUe capital of Oxfordghire, and a bishop's see; with markets on Wednesiiay and Saturday. It is seated at the conflux of the Cherwell with the Isis, and has a canal to Braunston, in Northamptonshire. The city, with the suburhs, is of a circular form, tlireemiles in circumference, and was ancient- ly surrounded by walls, of which some re- mains are yet to bo seen; as also of its extensive castle, the tower of which is conspi- cuous. It has, besides the cathedral, 13 parish churches, a number of dissentinj^ chapels, a noble market-place, and two bridges. The university is generally supposed to have been a seminary for learning before the time of Alfred, although it owed its revival and consequence to his liberal patronage. Here are 19 colleges and five halls, several of which stand in the streets, and give tlie city an air of magnificence. Tiie colleges are provided with revenues for the maintenance of a master, fellows, and scholars, &c. The colleges are. University, Balliol, Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's, New, Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brazen Nose, Corpus Christi, Christ Church, Trinity, St. John Baptist, Jesus, Wadhnm, l*embrcke, and Worcester. Of these, the most ancient is University College, founded before the year 872; and to Christ Church College, begun by Cardinal Wolsey, and finished by Henry VIII., belongs the cathedral. The halls are Alban, Edmund, New Inn, St. Mary and Magdalen. Among the libraries in the uni- versity, the most distinguished is the Bodleian (founded by Sir Thomas Bodley), those of All Souls College, Christ Church, Queen's, New, St. John's, Exeter, and Corpus Christi. Among other public buildings are the theatre, the Ashmolean museum, the Clarendon print- ing-house, the Kadcliffo infirmary, the ob- servatory, and the Taylor institute. Mag- dalen Bridge is more than half on dry ground, the rest covers the Cherwell, and is 526 feet long. A beautiful cross, a memorial to the martyrs Latimer, Ridley, and Cranmer, has been erected. At Oxford, Iling John, compelled by his barons, summoned a par- liament to meet in 1258, the proceedings of which were so disorderly that it was after- wards known by tlie name of the Mad Par- liament. Charles I, assembled a parlia- ment here in 1625, in consequence of the plague then raging in London ; and in 1644 he summoned such of the membcrM of both houses as were devoted to his interests; I these were seceders from the. parliament then j fiitting at Westminster. This city was dis- tinguished for its attachment to that un- fortunate king, who here held his court , during the whole civil war. Without the ] town are mtvny ruins of the fortifications ; erected in that war. Oxford is governed by [ a mayor, dependent on the chnncellor and vice-chancellor of the university, an i geiulj four members to parliament, two for tin university and two for the city. It is con nected by a branch to the Great Western rail'vay which will be continued to Birming- ham. It is 50 miles S. by E. of Coventry, and 55 W.N.W. of London. Long. 1. is' 29. W. lat. 51.45. 38. N. Oxfordshire, a county of England, bounded E, by Buckinghamshire, W. by Gloucestershire, S. by Berkshire, and N. by Warwickshire and Northamptonshire. The extreme length is 48 miles, and breadth 38, but its form is very irregular. It contains 467,380 acres, is divided into 14 hundreds and 207 parishes, has one city and 12 market towns. The soil, though various, is fertile in corn and grass. The S. part, especially on the borders of Buckinghamshire, is hillj and woody, having a continuation of tlie Chiltern Hills running through it. The N. W. part is als PAD 689 PAD P. Pacajes, r town of Buenos Ayres, capital of a province of its name, with a great trade Id cattle; 10 miles S.W. of La Puz. l'ACEM,a town in the N. part of Sumatra, capital of a kingdom of the same name ; 1 20 miles S.E. of Achecn. Long. 97. 13. E. lat. 5.n.N. Pachamac, or Pachacama, a town of Pe- ni, in tlie province of Cercade, situate in a valley of it3 name; formerly beautified with h magnificent temple, built by the incjis, in wJiicli the Sf aniards, when they conquered j Fern, found i.nmense riches. It is 18 miles S.S.E. of Lima. Pachete, a town and fort of Bengal, for- niniy the capital of a district of its name, which is now included in the government of Burdwan. It stands near the Dummooda; 10 miles N.E. of Rogonatpour. Pachuca, a town of Mexico, noted for the rich silver mines in its vicinity; 66 miles N. bv E. of Mexico. Long. 100. 41. W. lat. 20 44. N. Pacific Ocean, otherwise called the South Ka, lying between Asia and America. It is the largest ocean in the world, extending over more than one-third of its whole sur- face, and being upwards of 10,100 miles in Iroadth. When Magellan entered this ocean, through the dangerous strait that bears his same, he sailed three months and 20 days in I uniform direction to the N.W. withe ' dis- covering land. In the distress he suffered in his voyage, before he discovered the Ladrone islands, he iiad the consolation of enjoying such calm and gentle weather, with fair winds, rtat he gave this ocean the name of Pacific. The Spaniards, on passing the isthmus of Darien from N. to S., at the first discovery of this ocean, named it the South sea; but, with respect to America, it is more properly the wstem ocenn. On one side of the equator it is called the North, and oi- ;he other the South Pacific. Pact, a town of France, department of Enre,on the Eure; 11 miles E. of Evreux. Padano, a seaport on the W. coast of Su- iiatra, in the possession of the Dutch. It «staken by the British in 1781, and again 11 1794; but finally surrendered to the Dutch '" 1814, In 1797 it was almost totally de- itroycd by an earthquake, and upwards of *)0 lives were lost. Long. 99. 49. E. Int 0.50.S. Paddikoton, a village in Middlesex, W. I'? N, of London. From the number ofbuild- '"?' erected of late years, it is now joined to ™ nietropolis. A canal passes hence to the wand Junction canal, near Brentford, and tte Great Western railway commences here. *^*DEnB0RN, an ancient principality of Westphalia, 40 inilus long, and 25 broad; remarkable for its bacou and vcniMon. It now belongs to Prussia, PADKKnouN, H fortified town of Prussian Westphalia. The rivulet Pader rises under the high altar of the cathedral, and in the collegiate church are the remains of St. Blaise. It is .')2 miles E.S.E. of Muuster. Pop. in 18.38, 789.5. I'adiham, a viliii).'e in the parish of Whallcy, LaiR'asliire, on East Lane. liy. It has an im- portant cotton trade and coal-mines; 3 miles W. by N. of Burnley. Pop. (1851) 4522. PAuuoiS',atown ol'Spain,inGiilicia, seated on the Ulla; 12 miles S. of Compostella. Padstow, a town in Cornwall, with a market on Saturday, r -..nvenient harbour, and some coasting trade. It is seated at the mouth of the Camel, near the Bristol chan- nel ; 30 miles W. of Launceston, and 243 W. by S. of London. Padua, a province of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice; 40 miles long, and 35 broad, bounded by Rovigo, Verona, Viccn/,o, Treviso, and Venice. It is well wa- tered, and one of the most fertile countries in Italy. Padua, a for*lried city of Italy, capital of the above province, and a bishop's see. It is 7 miles in circumference, but much less considerable than formerly, for great part of the area within the walls is unbuilt, and the town in general so thinly inhabited, that grass grows in many of the streets. The houses are built on piazzas, which, when the town was in a flourishing state, may have had a magnificent appearance; but they now rather give it a gloomy air. The ca- thedral is one of the richest in Italy: in the sacristy is a statue of the celebrated Pe- trarch, who was a canon of the church, and left to it a part of his library. The Fran- ciscan church is dedicated to St. Antonio, the patron of the city, ivhosc body is enclosed in a sarcophagus, under an altar in the mid- dle of the chapel. Near this church is the school of St. Antonio, where many of the ac- tions of the saint are painted in fresco, some of them by Titian. The church of St. Jus- tina is remarkable for its rich Mosaic pave- ment. The hall of the town-house is one ol the largest in Europe, and contains the ce- notaph of Livy, who was a native of Padua. The universitv, once so celebrated, is now on the decline, but was remodelled in 1814. Here are manufactures of cloth, silk, ribbons, and leather, all on a small scale. Padua wnt taken by the French in 1796. It is seated on the Brenca and Bachiglionc, ia a fine plain; 20 miles W, by S. of Venice. Pop. 47,000. Long. 1 1. 52. K lat. 45. 24. N. 1' ! ■■ PAI 640 PAL Padcla, a town of Naples, in Principnto Citra ; 1 4 miles N. of Policastro. Pop. 6000. Paoahm, a decayed city of Birmah, an- ciently capital of a province of the same name. It is said to have been abandoned in the 13th century, in consequence of a divine Admonition. The remains of its ancient splendour are numerous mouldering temples, and the vestiges of a fort. It is seated on the Irrawaddy, 110 miles S.W. of Ummera- poora. Long. 94.34. E. lat. 21. 10. N. Paoliano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra; 15 miles E.S.E. of Aquilla. Paoo, an island in the gulf of Venice, se- parated from Dalmatia by a narrow channel. It is 20 miles long, and 6 broad, chiefly bar-- rcn, and the soil stony; but it is well peopled, contains salt-works, and produces wine and honey. The chief town is of the same name. Long. 51. 10. E. lat. 44.40. N. Pahano, a reduced seaport on the E. coast of the peninsula of Malaya, capital ofaking- dora of the same name, containing 50,000 inhabitants; fan)ous for a great number of elephants, and for plenty of pepper. It is 140 miles N.E. of Malacca. Long. 103. 30. E. lat. 3. 55. N. Paiuuocuf, a seaport of France, depart- ment of Loire Inferieure, at the mouth of the Loire. Hence all the ships belonging to Nantes take their departure, and here they anchor on their arrival; 22 miles W. by N. of Nantes. Pop. in 1836, 3850. Long. 1. 69. W. lat. 47. 17. N. Painswick, a town in Gloncestershire, with a market on Tuesday. The inhabi- tants are employed chiefly in the clothing trad e. It stands on the side of a hill ; 7 miles S.^.E. of Gloucester. Paishawur. See Peishawur. Paislbt, a burgh in Scotland, the largest town in Benfrewphire. It returns one mem- ber to Parliament. It has considerable ma- nuft'Ctures of shawls of various descriptions, particularly of cashmere wool, and of silk, linen, gauze, lawn, muslin, cambric, thread, &c.; also extensive soap, candle, and cotton works. The river White Cart divides it into the Old and New Town, which communicate uv three bridges. The latter stands on the E. side of the river, and consists of many handsome buildings; it also contains the mag- nificent remains of an abbey church, and the only one which Paisley formerly required; and close by this is a small vaulted chapel, used as the family burial-place of the Mar- quis of Abercom, which is famous for a sur- prising echo. Paisley is divided into four parishes, has 11 churches belonging to the establishment, and 16 for dissenters, besides several meeting-houses. By means of the river, and a canal, vessels of 40 tons can come np and unload at the quay; and the Glasgow, Greenock, and Ayr railways pass this town. It is 7J miles W. of Glasffow, and 62 from Edinburgh. Long. 4. 23. W. lat. 55. 57. N. Paita, a seaport of Peru, with an excellent harbour. It has frequently been plundered by buccaneers: and in 1741 it was burnt by Commodore Anson, because the governor refused to ransom it. Long. 80. 49. W laL 5.12. S. Palacht, a town of Hindostan, in the district of Coimbetore, with a small fort. In its vicinity a pot was dug np a few years since, containing Roman silver coins of Au- gustus and Tiberius. It stands in a well cultivated country; 14 miles S. of Coimbe- tore, and 37 W. of Daraporam. Palacios, a town of Spain, in Andalusia: 12 miles S. of Seville. Palacios, a town of Spain, in Leon; 32 miles W.S.\V. of Leon. Palais, a town of France, capital of the island of Belleisle. It has a strong citadel, which stood a long siege against the English in 1761, and then surrendered on honourable terms. It stands on the N.E. side of the is- land; 30 miles S.S.E. of L'Orient. Pop. 2.500. Long. 3. 7. W. lat. 47. 19. N. Palais, St., a town and district in the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees, which, with the town and district of St. Jean Pied de Port, formed nearly the whole of the former province of Lower Navarre. It is seated on the river Bidouse; 18 miles S.E. ofBayonne. Long. 1. 4. W. lat. 43. 21. N. Palambuan, or Balambuan, a town on the E. end of the Lslnnd of Japan, capital of a territory of its name, which abounds with cotton, rice, maize, fruit, horses, antelopes, buffaloes, and oxen. It stands on a bay in the strait of Bali. Long. 114.25. £. lat. R. 10. S. Palamcotta, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Tinevelly. Long. 77. 46. E. lat. 8. 42. N. Palamos, a strong seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, seated on a bay of the Mediter- ranean; 18 miles N.E. of Barcelona. Palamow, a town of Bengal, capital of a well-cultivated district of its name, seated on the Coyle, 140 miles S.S.W. of Patna. Palaos. See Pelwv Islands. Palatikatb of the Rhine and Bavabia. See Rhine and Bavaria. Palawan. See Paragoa. Palazuol-v, a town of Austrian Italy, m the province o' 'escin, seated on the Oglia; 20 miles W.N. «'. . of Brescia. Palembano, a district or kingdom of Sumatra, on the N.E. coast; conqucrJ by the British in 1812. The chief articles of export arc gold, tin, pepper, silk, ivory, wax, rice, &c. Pop. about 75,000. Palembano, the capital of the above dis- trict, and the emporium of the inland com- merce of Sumatra. The Inhabitants consist of Malays, Chinese, and Arabs. The town is seated on a river of its name, about 60 miles from the sea. Long. 104. 54. E. m. 2. 59. S. Pop. 25,000. P VLBNOIA, a town of Spain, in Leon, tne ancient Pallantia, capital of a district of iw PAL 641 PAL name, nnd a bishop's see; with five churches, two hospitals, and several antiquities. It is Boatinl on the Carrion ; 70 miles S K. of Leon, and 24 from Valladolid. Pop. about 10,000. Long. 4.28 W. hit. 41.59. N. Taleno, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra: 9 miles E.S.E. of Sulraona. Falenode, some extensive and beautifi 1 ruins in the peninsula of Yucatan, the re- mains of its former inhabitants, of which, tliese, with the very numerous other examples, are the only memorials. Palewzuela, a town of Spain, in Old Cas- tile, seated on tlie Arlanza, a little above the influx of the Arlanzon; 30 miles 8 W. of bnvffiS. Palebmo, a fortified city of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, capital of the island, and an arch- bishop's see. It stands on a bay of tlie same name, on tiie N. coast, near the extremity ofa kind of natural amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky mountains. The country between the city and the mount.ains is one of the richest plains in tha world; the whole ap- pearing a magnificent garden, filled with Iruitful trees, and watered by fountains and rivulets. The two principal streets intersect eaeh other in the centre of the city, where tlicy form a handsome square, called the Ot- tangola. from the centre of which is seen the wiiole of these noble streets, and the four elegant gates which terminate them, each at the distance of half-a-mile. The Porto Fe- lice opens to the Marino, a delightful walk, wliich has on one side the wall of the city, and on the other the sea; and in the centre is an elegant kind of temple, frequently made use of as an orchestra. The churches of Pa- lermo are upwards of 300, and many of them very rich and magnificent. The cathedral is a large Gothic structure, supported within by 80 columns of oriental granite, and divid- ed into a great number of chapels, some of which are extremely rich, particularly that of St. Rosolia, the patroness of Palermo. The relics of this saint are preserved in a large box of silver, enriched with precious stones; and tliey are considered as the greatest trea- sures of the city. Here are also found the tombs of several of the cncient Norman kings, and of tlie emperors Henry VI. and Frederiek II., of the finest porphyry. This city has sutfered greatly at different periods by earthquakes and inundations. The har- liour, defended by two castles, forms a magnificent mole a quarter of a mile long, which cost above L. 1,000,000, and is capable of accommodating a large number of vessels. About the middle of the 11th century, the ■Norman king, Roger, established silk manu- bii'tures in tliis city, by means of prisoners 'aken in his war with the Greeks, and they iiill flourish, though not so lucrative since 'I'c manufacture has extended to Italy. One fni'e from Palermo is a celebrated convent "' Capuchins, in which is a vault, made use ul as a reteptacle for the dead. It consists of four wide passages each about 40 feet in length, with arches along tlie sides, in which the bodies are set upright, clothed in coarse garments, with their heads, arms, and feet bare. On the floor are handsome trunks, containing the bodies of persons of distinc- tion, the keys oj" which are kept by tiie rela- tions. In 1799, when the French made themselves masters of Naples, Palermo bo- came the residence of the court. In July, 1860, it was captured by Garibaldi, after the Neapolitan garrison had wantonly bombarded a crowded district of the city. It is 130 m. W. of Messina, and 200 S. by W. of Naples. Pop. in 1840, 140,000, which is reduced from 1 74,000 in 1 83 1 , in consequence of the cholera. Long. 13.20. E. lat. 38. 7. N. Palestine, a county of Syria, so called from the Philistines, who inhabited its seti coast. In the scriptures it is styled the Land of Canaan, and the Promised Land : it is also called Judaea, from the patriarch Judah ; and the Holy Land, from its having been the scene of the birth, ministry, and death of Jesus Christ. It is divided from the other parts of Syria, on the N. by Mount Libanus, and on the K. by the river Jordan and the Dead sea, Arabia Petrsea on the S. and the Mediterra- nean on the W. It is in general a fertile country, abounding, where cultivated, with corn, wine, and oil ; and it might supply the neighbouring country with all these, as it anciently did, were the present inhabitants equally industrious. The parts about Jeru- salem are the most mountainous and rocky; but they feed numerous herds and flocks, and yield plenty of honey, with excellent wine and oil; and the valleys produce large crops of corn. This country has been conquered and occupied by such a variety of foreign races, that it is difiicuU to say which forms the basis of its present population. It now belongs to the Turkish empire, and is included in the pachalics of Acre and Damascus, the former comprehending the sea coast, and the latter extending over the interior. The name of Palestine is not known in the country itself, but is applied to it only by Europeans. Sue SVRIA. Palestuina, one of the largest of the islands called the Lagunes, near Venice. It has a town of the same name, 6 miles S. of Venice. PALB8TRiNA,(ancientPr8eneste,)aneiiisco- pal town of Italy, in the delegatioii of Home, with the title ofa principality. Here formerly stood a temple dedicated to Fortune, the ruins of which may yet be seen. It is 25 miles E. by S. of Koine. Population, 3000. Long. 13. 5. E. hit. 41. ."32. N. Paluampoor, a town of llindostnn, in the province of Guzerat; capital of the district ot Palhampoor. The inhal)itants are uncivi- lized, and amount to about 30,0^0. It is 80 miles N. by W. of Ahinedalmd. Paliano, a town of Italy in the papal states, situate on a hill; SO miles E. of Bome. Paliquat, or Palicauu, a fort of Hindos* St PAL 642 PAL tan in Malabar, built by Hyder, on Ills con- quest of that provinue. Around it are scat- tered many villages, which contain a con- siderable population, and have some trade. It was taken by the British in 1783, and again la 1790, and was confirmed to them at the peace of 1792. It stands between two rivulets, near tlieir junction, at the foot of the southern extremity of the Gauts; 25 miles, W.S.W.oi Coimbeture, and 56 E. by N. of Paniany. rjOJooNDA, a town of Hindostan, in the Carnatic; with the remains of a fort, in which is a considerable temple. It is seated on the Paliar, 25 miles W. of Arcot. Palimuan. See Paleubano. Palk tixRAiT, a strait at the N. end of the island of Ceylon, in the bay of Bengal, which separates that island from the const of Coromandel. It is celebrated for the extensive pearl lishery carried on in it, on both shores, formerly by the Dutch, and now by the British. Palliser Islands, a group of islands in the S, Pacific; the lur^'cst is about 15 miles long and 10 broad. Long. 146. 30. VV. hit. 15. 38.S. Palma, one of the Canary islands, to the N. of Pcrro, 50 miles in circumference, and very fertile. It has a town of the same name, much frequented fur its excellent wines and safe harbour. Population, 22,600. Long. 17. 5H. W. hit. 28. 37. N. Falma, a strong city, capital of the island of ^lajorca, and a bishop's see. The public squares, the cathedral, and the royal palace, are magnificent. It contains 4000 houses, built after the antique manner; a university, niure ancient than celebrated, ani!22churchcs besides the cathedral. Pop. 34,31?. The harbour is extremely good. It was taken by the English in 1766, and retaken in 1785. It isseatedoi' the S.VV. side ofthe island. Long. 2. 30. E. lat. 39. 35. N. Palma, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Xenil, near its conflux with the Guadalquiver; 30 miles S.W. of Cordova. Palma, a town of Portugal, in Estrcma- dura, on the river Cadoan ; 20 m. E. of Setuval. Palma, a town of New Granada, republic of Colombia. It is 40 miles N.W. of St. Ee de Bogota. Palbia Ni;ova, a strong frontier town of Italy, in the Venetian province of Udina; seated on a canal which communicates with the Lizonzo; 10 miles S.E. of Udiiui. Pop. 4500. Long. 13. 15. E. lat 46. 2. N. Palma di Solo, a seaport of Sardinia, on the S."vV. coast; 38 miles S.W. of Cagliari. Palhas, a river of Mexico, formed by the junction of the Nassas and Sauceda, in New Biscay, whence it flows E. about 200 miles, between the provinces of Panuco and New Leon, into the gulf of Mexico. Palmas, the capital of the island of Grand Canuria. See Canaries. Palmas, one of the Philippine islands; 16 leagues S.E. of Mindanao. Long. 127. 0. E. lat. 5. 33. N. Palmas, Cape, a promontory on the Ivory coast of Guinea. Long. 5. 34. W. lat. 4. 26. N. Palmela, a town of Portugal, in Estremn-" dura, with a castle on a rock. It is 8 miles N.N.E. of Setuval. Palmerston Isle, an island in the S. Pa- cific, discovered by Cook, in 1 774. It consists of about 10 islets, connected by areef of coial rocks, and lying in u circular direction ; tliu principal one not exceeding a mile in circum- ference, nor more than three feet above the level of the sea. It abounds with cocoa-nuts, scurvy-grass, and the wliarra-tree, but has no inhabitants. Long. 162. 57. W. lat. 18. 0, S. Paljiyra, or Tadmor, once a mai^nificent city of Syria, originally built by king Solo- mon, in the midst of a sandy desert, bounded on three sides by a chain of high mountains. On the decline of the Macedonian empire ia the E., it became the capital of a principality, under the name of Palmyra; and it declared for the Romans, on Adrian inarching his army through Syria to Egypt. The city flourished and increased to the timeof Aurelian, when it resisted the Roman power under queen Zeno- bia, who was at length taken captive, and led in triumph through the streets of Rome. Soon aftenvards the inhabitants massacred the sol- diers who had been left in garrison; this occa- sioned the return of Aurelian, who, having made himself master of the place, caused the inhabitants to be destroyed, and gave up the city to pillage. Its stupendous ruins were visited, in 1761, by Mr. Wood, whopublishcd a splendid account of them in 1753. The in- habitants consist of about 40 Arab families, living in mud cottages, erected within the spa- cious court of a once magnificent temple. It is 100 miles S.E. of Aleppo. Long. 38. 50. E. lat. 33. 20. N. I. almyra, a town of New York, standing on the Erie canal. It is above a mile long, each end touching the canal, and finely orna- mented with trees; 195 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 3549. Palos, a seaport of Spain, in Andalusia, with a tolerable harbour; celebrated as the place whence Columbus sailed on his first adventurous voyage, in 1492. It is seated at the mouth of the Tinto; 50 miles W. by S. of Seville. J ong. 6. 52. W. lat. 37. 10. N. Palos, Cape, a promontory of Spain, in Murcia; 19 miles E. of Carthagena. Long. 0. 40. W. lat. 37. 37. N. Palota, a fortified town of Hungary, 40 m. S.W. of Buda. Long. 18. 0. E. lat. 47. O.N. Palotza, a town of Hungary, situate on the Poprah, 54 miles N. of Cassovia. Long. 21. 20. E. lat. 47. 42. N. Palte, a famous lake of Tibet, lying to the S.W. of Lassa, about 12 miles S. of the river Sanpoo. It is represented as a wide trench, of about 6 miles broad, surroundinij an island 30 miles long, and 20 broad. Un the W. shore of this island is a monastery, and the seat of the Lamissa Turceparao, or the Great Regenerate, in whom the Tibotians mmmmmmtmBemm PAN 043 PAN think that a divine spirit is rc$;eneratcd, as it \» in the Great Lama. The word lamissa is the fcminhie of lama, which signifies a priest. Pamieus, a town of France, department of Arrifege, and a bishop's see. In tlio vicinity IS a mineral spring. It is seated on the Arriige ; 36 miles S. by E. of Toulouse. Long. 1. 35. E. hit. 43. 6. N. Pop. in 1836, .5972. Pamlico, or Pamlico Sodnd, a shallow 1)ody of water on the coast of North Carolina, 80 miles long and from 8 to 30 broad; sepa- rated from the Atlantic ocean by a range of low sandy islands scarcely a mile broad. Ocracoke inlet is the principal entrance. The Pamlico river is a broad estuary 40 miles long, ft continuation of the Tar river, which enters the Sound. Pami'elonnb, a town of France, depart- ment of Tarn; 15 miles N. by E. of Alby. PAMPLiEOA,'a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 12 miles S.VV. of Burgos. Pamplona, or Pampeluna, a city of Spain, capital of Upper Navarre, and a bishop's see; with a strong citadel, and a university. The 8(iuares are handsome, and adorned with shops. It was taken by the French on their invasion of Spain: but surrendered to the allied forces in 1813. It is seated on the Arga; 47 miles S. of Bayonne, and 197 N.E. of Madrid. Pop. 15,000. Long. I. 39. W. lat. 42. 50. N. Pamplona, a town of New Granada, in the republic of Colombia, famous for mines of gold, and numerous flocks of sheep in its vici- nitv. It is 150 miles N. by E. of St. Fe de Bogota. L nd the termini of the North Western and the Great ^orlhern rail- ways, are in this parish. Like all other sub- orbs of London, it now j)artakes c '. all the features of « densely peopled local! .y. PANCsovA,a town and fortress o Hungary, seated near the Danube; 10 milcj E.N.E. of Belgrade. I'anoasena, one of the Molucca islands, in the East Indies; 45 miles long, and 10 broad, lying between Celebes and Bourton. Pango, a town of the kingdom of Congo; capital of a province of the same name. It stands on the river Barbella; 95 miles N.N.E. of St. Salvador. Long. 14. 45. E. lat. 4. 20. S. Paniant, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Malabar ; containing above 40 mosques, 500 houses belonging to traders, and 1000 huts inhabited by the lower orders of people. The port is frequented by small vessels from different places on the COast ; and much rice is exported hence \ face. Paro, or PoRKOGONG, a town of Hindos- tan, capital of a district of its name, in the province of Bootan ; with a castle, the resi- tlence of a governor. It is famous for the iiMnufacture of idols, and the forging of swords, daggers, and arrows. It stands on the Patchieu, in a fertile valley; 20 miles S. liyKofTassasudon. I'aros, an island in the Grecian Archipe- lago, one of the Cycladcs, to the W. of Naxia. It is 10 miles long and 8 brood, and tliA i^oil is well cultivated. The trade consists in wheat, barley, wine, and pulse, and in calicoct. Pop. perimps 8000. It formerly produced u great deal of oil, but the Venetian army burned all the olive-trees. This island waii anciently dedicated to Bacchus, on account of its excellent wines; nnd has been so famous for its marble, that the best carvers would make use of no other. The celebrated sta- tuaries Phidias and Praxiteles were natives of this island; and the famous Arundelian marbles, at Oxford, were brought from tliii place in 1667. Paros, or Pareciiia, the capital of the isle of Paros, and a bishop's see. It was anciently the largest and most powerful town of the Cyclades, but is greatly decayed. The walls of the castle are built of ancient pieces of marble, and most of the columns are placed long-wise; some of them, that stand up- right, support cornices of amazing size. The natives build their houses of marble, which they find ready cut to their hands; but they take no care to place the pieces in a regular manner; their fields, likewise, are enclosed with friezes, altars, and basso-relievos. The present inhabitants are so ignorant, that instead of great sculptors, and skilful archi- tects, they have nothing but carvers of mortars and snlt-cellars. Paros is situate on the W. coast of the island. Long. 25. 44. E. lat. 37. 8. N. Pauramatta, a town in Now South Wales, with a curious church, with a double steeple, an observatory of great repute, a government-house, court-house, hospital, or- phan-house, gaol, &c. ; the soil in most places is remarkably good. It is seated at the head of the harbour of Port Jackson : 15 miles W. by N. of Sydney. Parret, a river which rises in the S. part of Somersetshire, receives the Ordred, Ivel, and Thone, and enters the Bristol channel, at Bridgewater bay. Parry Islands, so named from Sir E. Parry, their discoverer, a group of islands in the Arctic ocean, between lat. 74° and 78" N., and long. 93° and 123° W. The principal are Prince Patrick, Melville, and Comwallis. Their coasts were explored by the expedi- tions in search of Sir J. Franklin and others. Parthenay, a town of France, department of Deux Sevres; 21 miles S. of Thouars. Paktoncraig, a ferry-town of Scotland, in Fifeshire ; near the mouth of the frith of Tay, 9 miles N.N.W. of St. Andrews. Pajiu, a town and fort of Brazil, in the jurisdiction of Para; situate on the N. side of the head of the estuary of the Amazon; 200 miles from the ocean.' Long. .54.20. W. lat. 1. 50. S. Pas, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais; 12 miles S.W. of Arras. Pasco, atown of Peru, province of Iluanaco, nearly 14,000 feet above the sea. It is a mean wretched place, with a population vary- iug from 4000 to 12,000 It is the princifal h !«^ ^l PAS 618 PAT mining town of Peru, and hns risuii to tiiis i eminence tin'ou}^h thu i'cniviiin Mining; Com- I puny. Tlicre are several hundretl well known mines from wliich silver has been, und could : be now extracted, but only 30 nre now worlicd , for ai)out 8 months in the year. Tlicy have i tlio ndvantnge of being near a coal mine, | tbongh other fuel is generally used, tjO miles S. by W. of Iluanaco. | Pas de Calais, a department of France, i containing the provinces of Artois and Bou- ' lonnois. It comprises a superficial area of 2500 square miles, with, in 1836, 655,215 in- habitants. The climate is humid and change- able, several districts are marshy, but tlio soil in general is fertile in corn, hemp, flax, &c. Arras is the capital. Pahkwalk, a town of Prussian Pomerania, near which are some iron-works. It stands on the Ucker, 28 miles W. of Stettin. Pasqda, atown of Mexico, in Xalisco, 1000 miles S.S.VV. of Compostella. Pasquaro, a town of Mexico, in Mecho- acan, 24 miles S.W. of Mcchoacan. Pasquotank, a river of N. Carolina, rising in the Dismal Swamp and running into Albe- marle Sound, and connected with Elizabeth river by a canal 23 miles long. It gives its name to a county of the state, of which Eliza- beth is the capital. Pop. 8514. Passage, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is situated about midway be- tween the city of Cork and Cove, and is much frequented during the summer season ; 173 miles from Dublin. Passage, a seaport of Spain, 'n Biscay, between those of Fontarabiaand St. Sebastian ; 3 miles E. of the latter, but now much declined. Passaic, a river of New Jersey, a sluggish stream until it has some falls, and afterwards enters Newark bay. It drains the county of Passaic, the capital of which, Patcrson, it supplies with immense water power. Pop. in 1840, 16,734. Passamaquoddt, a town of the state of Maine, in Washington county, on a bay of the same name, 20 miles N.N.E. of Machias. The river Passamaquoddy, falling into the bay, is the division between the United States and the British territory. Passao, Capk, a cape of South America, in Quito. Long. 80. 50. W. lat. 0. 50. S. Passaro Cape, (anciently called Pachi- num), the most southerly point of Sicily. It has a fort to protect the country from the incursions of the Barbary corsairs. Off this cape Sir George Byng defeated a Spanish squadron in 1735. Long. 15. 22. E. lat. 36. 35. N. Passarowitz, a town of Servia, where a peace was concluded in 1718 between Charles YI. and Achmet III. It is situate near the river Moravia; 33 miles E.S.E. of Belgrade. Passaruan, a town of the island of Java, capital of an extensive principality, with a trade in cotton and rice; 30 miles W. of Panarucon. Pop. together, 109,000. Passau, a fortillcd city of B:iv;iria, capital of the circle of Lower Danulic, and foriiicriy of a principality of its name, which in isis was divided between Bavaria aud Austria. It stands on the Dannbe, where it rucL'ivuj the Inn and llz, and by these rivers is diviJud into four parts; namely, the town of russim, Iiistadt, Ilstailt, and the fortified castlu of ()l)erhaus, on the mountain of St. George This city is celebrated for the ircnty, or reii. gious peace, concluded herein IS.Ii! In 16C2 the cathedral and greatest jiart of the town were consumed b^ fire, but they have been handsomely rebudt. It is C5 I'liiles E.S.E. of liatisbon, and 135 W. by N. of Vienna, Long. 13. 28. E. lat. 48. 34. N. Pop. 9000. Passionueim, a town of Prussia, in the government of Konigsberg; 73 miles S. of Kotiigsberg. P.vssiQNANO, a town of Italy, in the papal stntcs, 17 miles N.W. of Perugia. ' 'A8SV, a village of France, department of Paris, near the town of St Denjs. Here is a manufacture of considerable extent for speedily bleaching cotton and linen cloth. Pop. 3000. Pa8T(i, or St. Juan de Pasto, a town of Colombia, in New Granada, capital of a dis- trict of its name; seated inu vallev, 120 miles N. by E. of Quito. Pop. 7000.' Long. 76. 55. W. lat. 1. 50. N. Pastrana, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, 32 miles E. of Madrid. Patagonia, n country in the most south- ern pai't of South America, bounded on tlie N. by the states of the Argentine repuhiic or La Plato, from which it is separated liy the River Casa Leaba, or Rio Negro, and extending southward to the straits of Magel- lan. Along the Pacific the Patagonian Andes occupy the surface from 30 to 40 miles from the sea. The climate of this region is exces- sively wet, rain falling during a great part of the year. Tlie mountain region is gene- rally covered with forests except along the shores. The rest of the country consists oliiefly of almost desert plains. This country has no timber in the S. parts, though the N. contains an immense quantity, and numerous flocks of cattle. The E. coast is generally low. The natives are tall, stout, and well made, some of them six feet five inches in iieight; but their hands and feet are remark- ably small. Their colour is a kind of bron«e. They have no other clothing than skins, which they wear with the hair inwards, and a little apron of leather. The principal har- bour is that of Port St. Julian. Patak, a town of Hungary, with a Pro- testant college, situate on the Latoreza; 25 miles S.S.E. of Cassovia. Patana, a city and district of Mysore. !tii'« for nnvi^jntion to brint; its produce down to the Atlantic coast. The commerce is tiiLTcfore carried on hy nieiins of mulcii. The K^'ncrai ciiuractcr of the province beyond the Cordilleru is level, and is interspersed with prairies, on wliieli arc innumonihlc nnt-hills. Pop. in 1844, 'jari.'JO'i. Santo Paulo is tlio capital. Paulo, Santo, n city of Brazil, capital of the province of its name; founded by ii colo- ny of Jesuits and Indians in l.'>.')2. The in- habitants are estimated at 20,000, the (greater part of whom are planters. The town is jilea- santly situated on an eminence, surrounded on three sides by low meadow-land, and washed at the base by rivulets which almost insulate it in rainy weather. It is the oldest town in Brazil, and has 12 churches, a lar^e cathedral, and nn academy of laws, or univer- sity. The Paulistas, who formerly i)layed a conspicuous part in Brazilian history', arc now distinguished for their frankness and Iioncsty. It is 3G miles from the eea, and 190 W. of Rio Janeiro. Long. 45. 66. W. hit. 23. 26. S. Padl, St., a town of France, department of Pas dc Calais ; 18 miles W.N.W. of Arras. Paul, St., a town in the department of Upper Viennc; 10 miles S.E. of Limoges. Paul, St., a town in the department of Var; 7 miles W. of Nice. Paul de Fknouiliikt, St., a town in the department of the Eastern Pyrenees; 18 miles W.N.W. of Perpignan. Paul de Leon, St., a town in the depart- ment of Finistcrre, seated on a bay of the English Channel; 30 miles N.E. of Brest. Long. 4. 0. W. lat. 48. 41. N. Paul de Omacuas, St., a torn of Ama- zonia, on the S. side of the river .Amazon, and on the borders of Peru. Loi g. C'J. 20. W. lal. 4. 10. S. PaulTroix Chateaux, St., a town of France, department of Drome, ou the side of a hill; 16 miles S of Montelimar. Paula, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ci- tra; 12 miles W.N.W. of Cosenza. Paulograd, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Catharinenslaf ; 32 miles E. of Catbarinenslaf. Long. S.0. 54. E. lat. 47. 10. N. Pausa, a town of Saxony, in Voigtland; 7 miles N.N.W. of Plaucn. Pausilippo, or Posilippo, a mountain 6 miles W. of Naples, celebrated for a grotto, which is a passage cut through the mountain, nearly a mile in length, 20 feet in breadth, and 30 in height. People of fashion drive through this passage with torches; but the country people find their way by the light which enters at the extremities, and at two holes pierced through the mountain, near the middle of the grotto. On this mountain is the tomb of Virgil; and its N. and E. liilci arc covered with villas and gardens. Pauzk, a town of West Prussia, in rKtiie- relia, near the W. coast of the gulf of Dam- zic; 25 miles N.W. of Danlzic. Pa VIA, the capital of the province of Pavia in Austrian Italy, and a bishop's see, with a ctdeliratcd university, and acimdcl. Ilcsidis the cathedral, there are 18 churches, iukI nu- merous convents. The chief urfieles of com- nieree are corn, hemp, cheese, and wino, h was once the capital of Loinhanly, niid h.n undergone various changes. In irofiitfcll into the hands of Austria; in 17'(C it was taken by tlic French, and refiiiMcd till the peace of 1814. It is seated in a Iwiuitifiil plain, on the Tesino, near its conflux with the Po; 17 miles S. of Milan. Pop.inl837, 2.%350. Lon;,'. U. 10. E. lat, 45. 1 1 . N. Pavoahan, the capital of the isle vf St Thomas, on the coast of Guinea; and the s"o of a bisho]., with a fort and a good harlxmr. It lies under the cipiator, in long. 8. 30. \V. Pa wtucket, a town of Rhode island, partly in Massachusetts on the Pawtiicket river, ii large and flourishing manufacturing plnce. The river is navigable to the town, which has seven churches, 4 miles N. of Providence. Pop. about COOO. Pawtccket, a town of Rhode island, on both sides of the Pawtuekct river; the great water power of which is adapted to its ex- tensive cotton and other manuf'uctures. It has also a safe and convenient harbour 5 railci S. of Providence. Pop. 1200. Paxo, one of the Ionian islands, a little 8. of Corfu; about 15 miles in circumference; inhabited by about 6500 Greeks. It iiroducen wine, oil, and almonds. Long. 20. 10. E. lat. 39. 14. N. Payerm;, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, on the river Broye ; 22 niilej S.W. ofBei-n. Paymooo, a town of Spain, in Andalusia; 42 miles N. by E. of Ayamonte, and 73 N.W. of Seville. Pays ue Vaup, a canton of Switzerland, extending along the lake of Geneva, and rising gradually from the edge of that lake. It is richly laid out in vineyards, corn-fields, and meadows, and chequered with many villages and towns. The prevailing language is the French; and it contains 150,000 inliabitants. Area, 1500 square miles. The canton has not been free from the troubles which have distracted Switzerland since 1841. The go- vernment has changed its character and joined the radical party, and thus added its influence to the great changes now in progress m that unhappy country. Lausanne is the ca- pital. . Paz, La, a city of Bolivia, capital of a dis- trict of its name, and a bishop's sec. Besides the cathedral, it contains four churches, nn hospital, a college, and several convents. It is seated nt the foot of a mountain, in a valtey abounding in wine and fruits i 220 mdes «.W. PEE C5l PEG of Plato. Pop. 20,000. Loiitj. (iS. 25. \V. Ut.l7.m8. I'AZ/r, a town of Itotnnnin, and a hUhop's icc; 8 milcH S.VV. of Gullipoli. Teak, u moiintiiinouH tract in tho N.W. piirtul' l)crliyi«liirc, wliicli al)i>uiiil Yadkin river. On entering South Carolina it takes tho name of Pedec, and flows into Winy aw bay, at Georgetown. I'eiiena, a town of Austrian Illyria, in kria; 25 miles S.E. of Capo d'Istria. I'EbERNEiRA, a town of Portugal, in Estrc- madiira, on the scacoast ; 33 miles S.W. of Leiriii. I'tniR, a town of Sumatra, on the W. coast ; 40 miles E.S.E. of Achocn. Lung. 96. 36.E. lit. 5. 22. N. I'edraza, a town of Spain, in Old Castile; wth a castle, in which the two sons of Fran- cis I. were confined. It was the birthplace of the emperor Trajan. It is 25 miles N.E. ofSt^ovia. Peoro, Poi^t, the most northern point of th: island of Ceylon, opposite Point Caly- n re. 01! the continent of Hindostan. Long. 80.27.E,lat. 9.52. N. Pedko, St., one of the islands in the Pacific ocean called Marquesas. Long. 138.51. W. lat. 9. 58. S. —Also the name of a large river of .Mexico, which runs into the Kio del Norte, on the borders of Cohahuila, a river of Bra- zil which falls into the Atlantic. Pedro, San, do Rio Guandb, a seaport of Brazil, the chief town of the province of Rio Grande do Sul. It is at the mouth of the river, or rather inland sea, called the Rio Grande, and has considerable commerce and 'liippin|». It stands on a sandy, level plain, m a few inches above the water. The cathe- "ral is its chief building. The number of •Wionary iniiabitants may be about 2000. 1^132.7.8. long. 52.4. W. Pbeblks, a burgh of Scotland, capital of rablesshire, seated on the Tweed, over 1 which ia an ancient stone bridge, and also an iron bridge for font pasnen;»or». It is di- viilod liy KddlcNtonu Water into thoOldnml New Town, has tniuiufuctiircs of carpets and surges, and is noted for its excellent ale. On a projecting rock, near tho Tweed, standi Nidpiith castle, and on an eminence on tho E. Ktuiuis llorschnrg castle. It is 22 miles S. of Edinlinrgh. In coiijimctii 'i with 1 i- lithgow it Heiids one incnilMT to parliamont. Lon/. 3.7. W. lat. 55.4(». N. I'KKnr.EsuiiiitE, a county of Scotland, .30 miles long, and 12 broad; bounded N. by Edinbnrghsl.ire, K. by Helkirksliire, S. by Dumfriesshiio, and VV. by Lanarkshire. It is divideil into 16 parishes, and sends one nieinber to parliament. Its hills, among which arc those of Twecdsmuir, abound with siiliibrious spi-ings, and feed numbers of sheep and catrle. The principal rivers arc theTwcedand Lync; the former runs through tho county, whence it is sometimes called Twceddale. Pkekskim., a town of New York, in West Ciiester county, on the N. side of a creek of its name. It ha^ 6 iron foundries; S miles from its entrance into Hudson river, and 5C N. of New York, Pop. in 1840, about 2000. Pki;i,, a town on the W. coa.st of tho isle of Man, situate on a spacious bay. At the S. extremity of tho buy is Peel isle, a rock of great magnitude and height, on the sum« mit of which is a on.>/tlc, and the dilapidated cathedral of the isle, dedicated to St. Ger- main, the first biohup, who lived in the fifth ccnf ui y. Tho town is much decayed, and tho inha'iiMnts are indolent and poor. It is 10 miles \V. of Douglas. Long. 4.40. W. lat. 54. 13. N. Peene, a river of Germany, which rises out of some lakes in Mecklenburg, flows through Hither Pomerania to the western branch of the Oder, which is thence called Peene, and runs by Wolgust into the Baltic sea, at Peenemunde. Peknemunde, a town an! fort of Prussian Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom, and the residence of the governor of the island. It commands the entrance and mouth of the Peene, near which it stands; 6 miles N. by E. of Wolgast. Long. 13. 55. E. lat. 54. 8. N. Peer, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg; 24 miles N.N.W. of Maestricht. Peoau, a lown of Saxony, on the Elster; 10 miles S.S.W. of Leipsic. Peoau, a town of the Austrian states, in Styvia, near which are considerable lead mines. It is seated near the Meur, 9 miles N.N.W. of Gratz, Pegu, a province of British India beyond the Ganges, bounded N. by Birmah, W. and S. by the bay of Bengal, and E. by Siam. It is very fertile in corn, &c. ; its prodncts are teak timber, elephants' teeth, bees-wax, lac, saltpetre, iron, tin, petroleum, very fine rubies, small diamonds, and plenty of lead. The in- habitants are generally of low stature, and i! ! I i ^fl PEK 6.52 P E K have small eyes, and are a dis-dnct race from the Burmese. Tlio women are much fairer than the men, small, but well propoitionc'. la the low Hat part of the country, which is liable to be overflowed, the houses are i)uilt upon stakes, and in time of inundation the in- habitants communicate with each other by boats. Pegu was long an indepenuent kinjj- dora, and in 1752 conquered the kingdom of Birniah; but Alompra, whom the king of Pegu had continued as chief at Monchabou, soon afterwards revolted, and in 1757 reduced Peyju to a dependent province. Peoc, a city of the above province, erected on the site of the former city, wliich was ruined by Alompra in 1757. The ancient city was a quadrangle, each side measuring nearly a mile and a half, and surrounded by strong walls and other fortifications, now in ruins. The magnificent temple of Shoemadoo still exists as a monument of its ancient greatness. I'he present city occupies about one- fourth of the former area. On the N. and E. sides it borders on the old wall, and is fenced round by a stockade. It is seated on a river of the same name, 300 miles S. of Ummerapoora. Pop. about 15,000. Long. 96. 11. E. lat. 17. 40. N. Pei-iio, orWniTE-RivEU, a river of China, in Pe-tche-li, which passes near Peking, and by the cities of Tong-tchou and Tiensing, into the Yellow Sea. The allied English and French forces, in 1860, dcstrojed its forts, and advanced by it to Pekin. Peina, a town of Hanover, in the princi- pality of Hildesheim, with a palace and a Capuchin convent; 20 miles E. o' Hanover. Peipos, or TcHUDSKOi, a large lake of Russia, betweer: the governments of Peters- burg and Livonia. The river Narova is.sues from this lake, by which it has a communica- tion at Narva witii the gulf of Finland. Peishore, or Peshawub, a town of /vf- g^ianistan, capital of a fine and populous dis- trict of its name. The inhabitants have been estimated at lOO.OOC, butart nowmuch'less. Hero the Hon. M. S. Elphinstone had his audience with the Afghan king, in 1809; 9'y miles S.S.E. of Cabul. The bala hiser or oitadel in the only public building deserving of notice. Long. 70. 37. E. lat. 33. 32. N. Peiskretsciiam, a town cf Prussian Sile- sia, in the government ot Oppeln; 39 miles S.E. of Oppeln. Pr /z, a town of Prussia, in the Ucker Mark of Brandenburg, with manufactures of cloth and yarn, and in the neighbourhood are iron-works. It stands on the Maukse, which runs rnto the Spree; 10 miles N.N.E. of Cot- bus, and 37 S.S.E. of Frankfort. Peking, the capital of the empire of China, In the province of Pe-tche-li. Its name tignifies the Northern Court, to distinguish it from Nanking, the Southern Court, where the emperor formerly resided. This capital forms an oblong square, and is divided into two cities ; one iuliubited by Chinese, the other by Tartars. Those two cities, exc lusive of ths suburbs, are nearly 14 miles in circumfereiite Tile walls of tlic r.iy are 28 feet liigii. 24 tliiik at the base, ar '> 12 at the top; and there are spacious towuns i.t 70 feet distance frum cah otlicr. The gates are high, and well arched, supporting buildings of nine storeys InVli. the lowest of which is for the soiiliers wlnii they come otF guard: they are nine in iiuinhei', three in the S. wall, and two in each of the other sides. The middle gate, on the E. si.ie opens into the Tartar or imperial citv, which is a space within the general enclosure, iihout a mile from N. to S. and three-quarters of a mile from E. to W. with a rivulet windini; through it. A wall of large red polished bricks, 20 feet high, covered with a roof of tiles painted yellow a!id varnished, surrounds this f.paee in which are contained the imperial palace and gardens, the public offiees, and lodgings for the ministers, the eunuchs, arti- ficers, and tradesmen belonging to the court. Between the two other gates in the S. wall and the opposite ones on the N. side of the city, run two straight streets, rnch 4 miles in length, and 120 feet wide. One street of the same width runs from one of the eastern to the corresponding western gate, hut the othtr is interrupted by the imperial city, round the walls of which it is carried. The other streets branch from these main streets at ri^ht angles, and are very narrow. The houses have no windows nor openings to the street, except the great shops; most of them are poorly built, and have only a ground floor. It is astonishing to see the concourse of people in the main streets, yet n^t one Chinese woman among them, and the confusion occasioned by the number of horses, camels, mules, asses, waggons, carts, and chairs; without reckon- ing the several mobs which gather about tlia | jugglers, ballad-singers, &c. Persons of dis- tinction have always a horseman to go before them and clear the way. All the great streets j are guarded by soldiers, who patrol night aiid day with swords by their sides, and whips in their hands, to chastise ''>ose who make any c/istirbance, or take them into custody. Tha minor streets have lattice gates at their en- trance into the great streets, which are shut j up at night, and guarded by soldiers, who suffer no assemblies in the .streets at that time, j The emperor's palace aird g.ardcn, which oc- cupy two thirds of the Tartar city, is snr-l rounded by a brick wall, 2 miles lu len|;tli,l with a pavilion at tach corner, encoinpa».'-el| by galleries supported by columns: thearcliH teeture of the .stupendous pile of buildings "^ which the palace consists is entirely ditterenii from thatof tne Europeans. The templcianOi the towers of Pekin are almost countlesj.J On Oct. 13, 1860, it opened its gate» u m allied English and French armies, who occuh pied it till Nov. 5. In the mean time pcac# was conclnded, and a treaty negotiated wiii the Earl of Eljiin, and signed with consider- able pomp. The citj was described tnen i RMMP PEL 653 PEL It is people in se woniiin icoasiiiin;il lies, asses, utreckon- rtbuiit the ms of dis- go bct'ui'O ■eat streets I nij;ht and i whips in make any I oily. Thai t tlieir en- are shut i [Uers, wlioj that time.) which oc> |ty, is snr- in len|;in»j the archi- [uilJiniS''^ y diiTerent| jniplcsand countlesi itc» t^ ^^* whooccuj lime pca<^J iatedwiti consider id then I Bhowing great poverty, the public buildings were in decay, and there was not a single house in it fit for a European's official resi- dence. The inhabitants ate estimated at 2,000,000. 60 miles S. of the Great Wall Long. 116. 27. E., lat. 39. 54. N. Felagnisi, an island in the Grecian archi> • elago. Long. 24, 12. E., lat. 39. 30, N. Pblborino, a mountain on the N. coast of Sicily, nearly 2 miles W. of Palermo. On ' this mount is a cavern, in which is the image I of St. Rosalia, the patroness of Palermo, who is said to have died here: and round this cave a church is bui's, where priests attend to watch the precioui^ relics, and receive the ! offerings of the pilgrims, ! Pelbw Islands, or Palaos, a group of ' islands in ^he Pacific ocean lying between 134. | and 136. E. long, and 6. and 8. N, lat. They are encircled on the W. side by a reef of coral, and are 18 in number, of which the principal ones are Oroolong, Emungs, Emillegue, Ar- tinpal, Coroora, and Pelelow. They are well covered with trees of various kinds and ■ :izes; t'nd every part of that called Coroora bears the marks of industry and good culti- vation. Captain Wilson, of the Antelope East India packet, who was wrecked here in 1783, found the natives simple in their man- ners, delicate in their sentiments, and friendly in their disposition. The astonishment which they manifested on seeing the English plainly showed that they had never before seen a white man. They had no idea of the nature ofpcwJer and shot, and were exceedingly anwzcd on seein;^ Us effects. Their principal arms consist A bamboo darts, from five to eight kit long, pointed with the wood of the tittel-nut tree; but there are short ones for diil'erent marks, which are thrown by means of a stick two feet long. The chiefs wear a hone round one of their wrists, in the form of a bracelet, which being a mark of great hoMur conferred by the kinfr, is never to be parted with but with life. Tiiey are not all of ihe same degree, as appeared from the difference in the bone they wore. Ci. plain ^Mlson was invested with the hightc* order of the Lone. With respect to property, in these islands, a man's house or canoe is con- quered as Ills own, as is also the land allotted |ohim, as long as he occupies and cultivates 1'; hut whenever he removes to another place, 'lie ground reverts to the king. The natives "lake canoes out of the trunks of trees, some laf?e enough to carry 30 men. Yatns and cocoa-nuts, being their chief articles of sub- 'istcnee, are attended with the utmost care, *"'l the milk of the latter is their common drink. Un particular occasions they add to their ordinary fare certain sweetmeats, and a sweet beverage, obtained by the aid [ "' a syrup extracted cither from the palrn- 'ffo or the sugar-oiiue. Tiieir bouses are I rii*ed about three feet from the ground, the 'tnndation beams being laid on large stones, *hence spring the upright supports of their sides, which arc crossed bv other timbers grooved together, and fastened by wooden pins, the intermediate space being closely filled up with bamboos and palm-tree leaves, plaited together: the iaside is witliout any divisions, forming one great room. They have little baskets, nicely woven from slips of the plaintaiu-tree, and wooden baskets with covers, neatly carved, and inlaid with shells. No one goes abroad without a basket, which usually contains some betel-nut, a comb, a knife, and a little twine. The best knives are made of a piece of the large mother-of-pearl oyster, ground narrow, and the outward side a little polislied. The combs are made of the orange tree, of which there arc u lew of the Seville kind; the handle and teeth are fas- tened to the solid wood. The fishing-hooks are of tortoise-shell; and twine, cord, and fishing-nets ure well manufactured from the husks of the cocoa-nut. Of the plaintain leaf arc formed mats, which serve the p:!ople na bjds. They also use a plaintain leaf at meals, instead of a plate; and the shell of a cocoa- nut supplies the place of a cup. There are vessels of a kind of earthenware, of a reddish brown colour, in which they boil their fish, yaras,&c. A bundle of cocoa-nut husks serves them for a broom ; and thick bamboos, with bores five or six inches in diameter, are their buckets or cisterns. The shell of the tortoise is here remarkably beautiful, and the natives have discovered the art of moulding it into little trays or dishes, and spoons. Some of the great ladies have also bracelets of the same manufacture, and ear-rings inlaid with shells. The Pelewans, in general, are stout and well made, rather above the middle stature, and of a deep copper colour. Their h.iir is long, and generally formed into one large loose curl round their hearls. The men are entirely naked; but the womv.n wear two I'ttle ajjrons, one before, the other behind. Both sexes are tattooed, have their teeth made ^lack by ar^ and the cartilage between the nostrils bored, through which they frequently put a sprig or blossom of some plant or shrub. The men have the left ear bored, and the women both; a few of the former wear beads in the perfo- rated ear, the latter cither a loflf, or an ear- ring of inlaid tortoise-shell. Both sexc.j are veryexpertswimmers; undthe men are airn- rablo divers. Such an opinion had Abba Thulle, the king of the island, entertained of the English, that, on their departure, he per- mitted his second son, Lee Boo, to accompany them to England, where he arrived in 1784. In a few months after, this hopeful yOutU died of the small-pox, and the East India Company erected a monument ovei his grave in Rotherhithe church-yard. The directors of the East India Company, sensible that there remained'obligntiims tor them to fulfil, equip- ped two vessels at Bombay, under the com- mand of Captain M'Cluer, which arrived at these islands in January, 1791. A joyful and affecting interviow took place between ! i III i •«^ PEM G54 PEN 11 Ihe English and the Pelewans; and the good AbbaThuUe bore the intelligence tf the death ot Lee Boo with great fortitude. When the presents were landed, consisting of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, &c., together with arms, grindstones, shovels, saws, and other utensils, the natives were struck with amazement, and the king himself was for some time at a loss how to express his gratitude. The king, in return, made a present of one of the islinds to the English, which was taken possession of with the usual formalities. Captain M'Cluer, leaving one ship behind to superintend the gardens, plantations, and live stock, pro- ceeded with the other to Canton, some of the natives voluntarily accompanying him. He returned to Pelcw in June; but thinking his benevolent mission not yet completed, he Bailed with Itoth ships to New Guinea and Bencoolen, and returned again in January, 179;<, with two full cargoes of cattle and stores. During his absence AbbaThuUe had died, and his brother had succeeded to the sovereignty. The munificent gratitude of the East India Company was attended with complete i.uccehS, but the increasing intercourse with shippir.gof late years, with the lawlessness of their crews, have shown the treachery of these islanders. PELisr VNB, a town of France, department of Mouths of the Rhone ; 1 5 m. W.N.W. of Aix. I'ellerin, a town in the department of Lower Loire, situate on the Loire, with a har- bour for small vessels ; 10 miles N. of Nantes, and 22 S.E. of Paimbocuf. Pemba, an island in the Indian ocean, near the coast of Znnguebar; about 100 m. in cir- cumference. Long. 41. 10. E. lat. 4. 50. S. Pejiba, a town of the kingdom of Congo, capital of a province of the same name. It is seated on the Lozc; 90 miles S.S.E. uf St. Salvador. Long. 14. 40. E. lat. 6. 45. S. Pehdridgb, a town in Herefordshire, with a manufacture of woollen cloth, seated on the Arrow; 7 miles W. of Leominster, and 145 W.N W. of London. Pembroke, a town of Massachusetts, in Plymouth county, situate on North river, re- markable for its depth of water, though in some places not more than 50 feet wide. Vessels of 300 tons are built here, and descend to Massachusetts bay, 18 miles distant. It is 51 miles S.S.E. of Boston. Pop. 1528. Pembroke, a borough of Wales, capital of Pembrokeshire, governed by a mayor, with u market on Saturday. It returns one mem- ber to parliament. It stands on the inner- most creek of Milford-haven, over which are two bridges; but the luirbour is become in- jured by the rubbish of the neighbouring limc- dtone quarries. It was anciently surrounded by walls, and had a magnificent castle; tiie remains of which still give it an appearance of uncommon grandeur. Here nre three churches, several meeting-houses, and a free grammar-school. About a mile N.W. of the town is Paterehurch, . i.w more commonly culled Pembtoke dock, from the Naval dock- yard transferred hither from Milford in 1814. It is regularly built, and the doek-yarcL strongly defended, contains about 60 acres and is one of the finest building yards in the kingdom. It is 10 miles S. by E. of Haver, fordwest, (where the assizes of the county are held,) and 263 W. by N. of London. Long. 4. 48. W. lat. 51.43. N. Pbmbuokeshire, a county of Wales, 37 miles long, and 28 broad; surrounded on all sides by the sea, except on the E., where it is bounded by Cacrmarthenshire and Cardi- ganshire. It contains 390,400 acres, is divid- ed into seven hundreds and 148 parishes, has one city and seven market-towns, and sends one niember to parliament. The rivers are inconsiderable. A great part of the county is plain and tolerably fertile, consisting oi rich meadow .».nd arable land. The N.E. pa;t alone is mountainous, which, however, yields good pasturage for sheep and cattle. This county abounds with objects of vntiquarian interest, such rs Druidical circles mo crom- lechs, single stone monumL'iP ; ^as.. ■":<:. Pena de Francia, a low > n' ':■■ :■' la Leon; 27 miles S.S.E. ofCiuii. a Iv.ungo. Penafiel, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a palace, and a strong custle. It is seated at the foot of a mountain., near the Douro; 3i miles E.S.E. of Valladolid. Long. 4. 0. W lat. 41.33. N. Penafikhb, a town of Portugal, in Estre- maduru, at the mouth of the Moagola; 36 miles N.N.W. of Lisbon. Penaflor, a town of Spain, in Asturias, seated onthePravia; SmilcsN.W.of Oviedo. Pen.vFlor, a town of Spain, in Andalusia; 48 miles N.E. of Seville. Pekagarcia, a town of Portugal, in Beira; 36 miles E. of Castel Branco. Penauacor, a fortified town of Portngal, in Beira, with a castle; 31 miles E.N.E. of Castel Branco. Long. 6. 52. W. lat. 40. 6. N. Penaranua, a town of Spain, in Old Ca.s- tile; 39 miles 8. by E. of Burgos.— Another, 33 miles N.N.W. of Aviln. Pbnitz, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on a river of the same name, near its source; 10 miles S. of Bayreuth. Pbnon de Velez, a seaport and fortress of Morocco, seated on a rock in the Medi- terranean, near the town of Vclez. It was built hy the Spaniards in 1508, taken by thfl Moors in 1522, and retaken in 1664. Itis 73 miles S.E. of Ceuta. Long. 4. 16. W. lat. 35. 12. N. Penano. .See Prince of Wales Isf-anu. Penautjeb, a town of France, depBrtui?''t of Aude; 4 miles N. of Cnrcassonc. Pendennib, a castle in Cornwall, on . 'i of the sa.ne name, on Falmouth buy. It ' •* built by Henry VIII. for the security of "w coast; and on the opposite side of the bayii another, called S(, Maws. It is a little to tiie S.E. of Falmoath, the harbour of whiM it defends. ,. PENULfcTON, u '.isrgo village in Lancaiiurii f vH PEN G.'jS PEN % fortress MtJi- It was I by the It is 16. W. I8I.A>I«'. partm^''* on of tM i he bay ill little toj of whiAl ty ncatblK)] 2 miles W.N.W. of Manchester. Tlie inha- bitants are principally employed in the trade anil manufactures of the various Manchester gomls. I'liNDLETON, a county in the state of Vir- ginia, between two ridges of the Alleghany mountains; capital, Franklin. Pop. 6940. — Also a county in Kentucky ; capital, Fal- month. Pop.'4455. I'ENICHE, a strong seaport of Portugal, in Estremadura, with a good harbour and a citadel, seated on a peninsula; 48 miles N.W. of Lisbon. Pop. 2800. Long. 9. 20. W. lat. 39. 22. N. Peniok, a town of Saxony, and the chief place of one of the lordships forming the county of Schomburg; witli a manufacture of woollen stuffs, and a pottery, seated on the Miilda; 11 miles N.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 3000. Peniscola, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated on :. high point of land, surrounded on three sides by the sea, and of difficult ac- cess by land. It is 30 miles S. by W. of Tor- tosa, and 80 N.N.E. of Valencia. Pop. 2200. Long. 0. 24. E. lat. 40. 24. N. Pexisheiir, a town of Aftghanistan,. capi- tal of a district in the province of Cabul ; 46 miles N. of Cabul. Pemstone, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday, and a small wool- len manufacture. It has a handsome parish cliurch, three meeting-houses, a grammar- sciiool, and three other schools free to the whole parish. The environs, especially to tlie W., have rather a dreary and barren up- fcaranco. The town is l.*) miles S.S.E. of Hiuliiersficld. and 177 N.N.W. of London; on the Jlanchester and Lincolnshire railway. Penkridge, a decayed town in Stalford- flire, seated on the river Penk; 6 miles S. ofStatford, and 129 N.W. of London. 1'ir.KKUM, a town of Prussian Pomernnia, 1 on the Randow, between two small '^^' i 15 miles S.W. of Stettin. I 'MAENMAWR, a mountain of Wales, in .'>'' n-onshire, overhanging the sea, and IS'' ; t(i 111?, height of 1 540 feet. It is 4 miles •'. iiy ■. of Aberconway, and the road to Ilolvliead crosses it on the side of a dreadful precipice, from which it is defended by a wall. Pens, a town in Philadelphia county, Peniisylvani,!, . (joining the city ofPhiladel- pliia on the N.W. It is the seat of Girard college, a beautiful edifice of white marble. It was founded b/ Stephen Girard, who be- queathed 2 millions of dollars for the educa- tion of orphan boys. Pop. 3342. , "exn Yann, a town of New York, stand- j '"g on the outlet of the Crooked lake, and on I 'tieCix)ked lake canal. It is also connected I ;ithi;ie Erie canal; 192 miles W. of Albany. |rop,about l&OO. ^J^NAR, a river of Hindostan, which rises J> Mysore, flows by Gootv, Gaudicotta, Cud- Mpa, and Vellore, and 'enters the bay of «>iS;«laiGangapatnam. Pennsvlvania, one of the United States of America, 302 miles long, and 160 broad: contains 46,000 square miles, and ;J9,440,000 acres. Bounded N. by New York, E. by the river Delaware, S. by Delaware, Ataryland, and Virginia, W. by the latter and Ohio, and N.W. by lake Erie, on which ii has a corsiderable front, and a good port. It ia divided into 55 counties. The climate of this state is changeable; the heat of summer is seldom oppressive, except in low situations; in all the hilly parts the air is healthy, but near the seacoast the temperature of winter is severe. The country is well watered by the Delaware, Schuylkill, Susquehanna, Md- nongahela, Allegany, and other navigable rivers. It is intersected from N.E. to S.W. by the different ridges of the Allegany moun- tains, some of which admit of cultivation almost to their summits; and between the numerous ridges there are delightful valleys, with a very rich soil. The other parts of the state are generally level, or agreeably diversified with hills and valleys. Wheat, Indian corn, buck-wheat, rye, barley, oata, flax, hemp, beans, pease, and potatoes, are extensively cultivated. Cherries, peaches, apples, and cider are abundant. Wood is plentiful ; in the western parts are found the oak, chotnut, beech, sugar maple, ash, black walnut, bass wood, elm, hickory, white ash, butternut, hemlock, and locust. Cat- tle and sheep are numerous; the merino breeds of sheep have been introduced, and thrive well. There are mineral waters in dif- f ?rent parts of the state, and also salt sprinj^. The Mauch Chunk, the Lackawanna, and the Lehigh coal fields are very extensive and largely worked. Iron ore is distributed in large quantities, and in some places copper, lead, and alum arc found. Here are also numerous limestone quarries, and various kinds of marble, and coal. The principal manufactures are iron, copper, tin, leather, paper, gunpowder, hats, cotton, sugar, and tobacco. The canals are the Union, Susque* hanna, Schuylkill, Chesapeake, Pittsburg, and Pennsylvania; total length, 428 uiilss; and the railroads are most extensive, having an aggregate length, in 1846, of 701 miles. The name was given to it by Charles II. in honour of admiral Sir William Penn, father of the illustrious founder of the colony, Wil- liam Penn. Pop. 1,734,033. Ilarrisburg ia the seat of government; Philadelphia and Pitt.sburg are its most commercial places. Penn Yo ANT, one of the higiiest mountains of Engla.nd, in Yorkshire, 7 miles N. of Set- tic. Its summit is 3930 feet above the level of the sea. On its sides are two awful ori- fices,called Hn'.pitaiul Huntpit holes; through each of them run? a brook, both of which run under ground for about a mile, and cross each other in the bowels of the earth, with- out mixing their waters. Penobscot, a capacious bay of the state o( Maine, at the mouth of a river of the same PEN C56 PER name, tlie liir^^cst and most important in the state. Its E. siilu is lined with a cluster of small islands. On the river's banks are several important and iiourisliint; towns. I'ENKicB, a town of Wales, in Glamorgan- shire; with a market on Thursday. Hero arc the ruins of u Norman castle, and 3 miles to the N., on a mountain, is a Druidical monu- ment, called Arthur's Stone. Pcnrice is seated on the Bristol channel, 20 miles S.E. of Cacrmarthen, and 220 W. of London. PicNRiTH, a town in Cumi)crland, with a market on Tuesday. The parish church is a neat, plain structure, partly rebuilt in 1722; in the churchyard is a singular monument of antiquity, called the Giant's Grave. Here are meeting-houses for IndepcndentH, Pres- byterians, (Quakers, Methodists, and llanters; also a i'rcn grammar-school. The ruins of the anciv r ••tip overlook the town from the W., u I lO heights to the N. is a square stone .ng called the "Beacon," well situated 1> giving alarm in times of danger. The ascent to it is diliicult, but the prospects from the summit of the hill are ex- . tensive iind bpiiutiful; 18 miles S. of Carlisle, and 283 N.N.W. of London. It is on the l.nnrastor and Carlisle railway. Penryn, a borough in Cornwall, governed by a mayor; with markets on Wednesday, Fiitlay, and Saturday. It returns two mem- bers to parliament. Here are large ware- houses for flour and grain imjiorted from the isle of Wight, and several good breweries, which supply the shipping at Falmouth; and it has a great trade in the pilchard and New- foundland flsheries. It is seated o i a creek of Falmouth haven, 3 miles N.V . of Fal- mouth, and 263 W. by S. of London. Pensaoola, a city of West Florida, U.S., seated on a bay of the gulf of Mexico, which forms a safe and commodious harbour. The entrance into the bay is defended by a small fort and a battery. The United States has a navy yard 8 miles from the city, which covers 80 acres. Pop. 2000. Long. 87. 14. W. lat. 30. 24. N. Pensford, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday, and a manufacture of hats; seated on the Chew, 6 miles S. by E. of Bristol, and 117 W. by S. of London. Pentland Frith, a strait which divides the Orkney islands from Caithness- shire, in Scotland. It is 20 miles long, and 10 broad, and dangerous to those who are not ac- quainted with its tides and currents, especially in passing the Pentland Skerries, a cluster of rocks at the E. en Koordistan Khuzistan F»rs Kohistan Total 482,127 1 1,240,000 In the beginning of the last century Persia was overrun by the Afghans, who carried fire and sword through its remotest extremities, and reduced its proudest capitals to ashes. The atrocities of the Afghani were avenged, and the independence of Pcisia vindicated, by Nadir Shah; but though the victories of this dating chief threw a lustre on his country, after his death the country was almost torn to pieces by civil war, till the fortune of arms gave a decided superiority to Kurreem Khan. His death gave rise to another disputed suc- cession, with civil wars as furious as before. At length, Aga Mohammed, a eunuch, raised himself to the sovereignty, and not only re- tained it during his lifetime, but transmitted it to his nephew, who assumed the title of Fatteh Ali Shah, an accomplished prince, whose grandson now reigns. The seat of government is Teheran. The other princi- pal towns are Ispahan and Shiraz. Pkhsian Gulf, a sea or inland lake be- tween Persia and Arabia, which receives the united streams of the Euphrates and Tigris, under the name of the Shat el Arab. The entrance near Ormus is not above 30 miles over; but within it is from 120 to 250 in weadth, and the length from Ormus to the mouth of the Euphrates is 500 miles The •outhernside is particularly celebrated for its pearl fishery. Perth, the capital of Western Au.stralia, near the mouth of the Swan river, and the •«» of the biihopric. Pkutii, a burgh of Scotland, capit.-il of Perth.siiire, with two parish churches, one of wliich formerly belonged to a fine abbey. Hero is also a Gaelic chapel belonging to the establishment, and the dissenters have places of worship in almost every part of the town. Tiio grnnimnr-school is accounted one of the best in Scotland; and there is also an excel- lent academy, with other literary institutions. One of the chief ornaments of the town is the beautiful building for county courts, &c. erected in 1819. It has been the residence of the sovereigns of Scotland, and the scat ot the parliament, and of the supremo courts of justice. It sends one member to parlia- ment. Near the town are some saline springs, called Pitcnithly wells, deemed beneficial in scorbutic cases. Perth is beautifully seated on the S.W. side of the Tay, which is navigable for small vessels, but the largest vessels are obliged to partly unload at New- burg. Over the river is a modern bridge of ten arches, to the town of Kinnoul. Here are several incorporated trades, some of which have halls. The salmon fishery is a great article of trade, shipbuilding is exten- sively followed, and the manufacture of linen is considerable. It is 39 miles N. by W. of Edinburgh, and has several railways to Dun- dee, Edinburgh, &c. PisRTH, a delightful village in Van Die- men's land, on the South Esk river, 12 miles from Lannceston, in Cornwall county. Here are some flour mills, barracks, &c. Perth Amboy, a city and seaport of New Jersey, in Middlesex county; seated on a neck of land between the river Rariton and Arthur Knll sound. It lies open to Sandy Hook, and has one of the best harbours on the continent. It is 35 miles S.W. of New York, and 74 N.E. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1303. Long. 75. 0. W. lat. 40. 35. N. Perthes, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Mame; 6 miles S.W. of Melun. Perthes, a town in the department of Up- per Marue; 6 miles N.W. of St. Dizier. Perthshire, a county of Scotland, 76 miles long, and 68 broad; bounded W. by Argyleshire, N. by the shires of Inverness and Aberdeen, E. by Angus-shire, S.E. by the frith of Tay, and the counties of Fife and Kinross, and S. by the frith of Forth, and the counties of Clackmannan, Stirli ng, and Dum- barton. It contains 4,068,640 English acres, is divided into 76 parishes, and returns one member to parliament. The county exhibiU scenes of rugged and striking magnificence, contrasted with the most beautiful ones of cultivation. The Grampian mountains cross it from S.W. to N.E., the highest of which is Benlawers. The country N.W. of this ridge is mountainous, and contains several lakes; but the opposite side, though not free from hills, is more low and fertile. There is a rail- way from Stirling to P»rth, and from Perth to Aberdeen, &c., and thui from Dundee to Cu- par-Angus, passes one of its districts. The .'J PER 6C0 PES 3 principal rivrrs arc tlic Foitli nnd Tay. Pop. in 1841, 138,151. Perth i8 the capital. Pkrtioi, a town of the island of Sardinia; 19 miles S.E. of Castcl Aragonese. Pertdis, a town of France, department of Vauclusc, near the Durance; 11 miles N. of Aix, and 38 S.E. of Avignon. Piiiiu, an independent republic of South America, the largest of the former Spanish vice-royalties; bounded on the N. by the re- public of Ecuador, W. by the Pacific ocean, S. by Bolivia, and E. by Brazil. Its extreme length along the shores of the Pacific is esti- mated at nearly 1700 jniles. The greatest breadth may be more '-'.mn 1000 miles. Its S. nnd S.E. boundaries, however, are not well decided. That ps'rt of Peru which ex- tciidflfrom the western declivity of the Andes to the Pacific, is called the Valles, a region with little wood or cultivation, but generally consisting of sandy or stony deserts. The .vhole seacoast is sandy and bare, and scorch- ed. The country is traversed by two parallel chains of high mountains, called indifferently the Andes and the Cordilleras; the western range follows the shores at the distance of 60 or 70 miles, and it is remarkable that all the streams flowing from its eastern slopes, find their way through the chain of the Andes to the Atlantic. The vast plateau, or region butween the two ranges of mountains, is about 12,000 feet above the sea, called by the natives Puna, and in Spanish despoblado. ]is as})cct is dull and dreary, but inhabited by tliu ])i'(;uliar animalsof the llama tribe, and constantly visited by cold winds, or snow storms. In the "Valles rain seldom or never falls, and the climate may be said to be ge- nerally unhealthy. Peru has been long ce- lebrated for its mines of gold, silver, &c., which are thechief or only source of its riches. These are in the Montana, at Pasco, Huiin- cabelica, Gualgayo, &c. Besides the pro- duce of the mines, the commodities exported are sugar, vicuna wool, cotton, Peruvian bark, co])per, and cocoa. The fiercest beasts of prey in Peru are the puma and jaguar, inaccur.itcly called lions and tigers by Euro- peans; for they possess neither the undaunted courage of the former, nor the ravenous cru- elty of the latter. The llama, and another species of American camel, inhabit the cold districts, and the elk, bear, deer, armadilloes, monkeys, &c., are numerous. Among the birds, the most remarkable is the condor, which is entitled to pre-eminence over the flying tribe, in bulk, strength, and courage. Tlie river Guayaquil abounds with alligators, and the neighbouring country swarms almost as much with snakes and vipers as that round Porto Bcllodoes with toads. When the Spa- niards landed in this country in 1530, they found it governed by sovereigns called incas, who were revered by their subjects as divi- nities; and the inhabitants were found to be Diucb more polished than the natives of other parts of America, those of Mexico excepted. These were soon subdued by the Spaniards, under the command of Francis Pizurro. Af- ter the assassination of Pizarro in 1541, Jie country continued a prey to civil contentions and insurrections, till about the ycur 15G2 when Tupac Amaru, the son nf Munco Ca- pac, who had taken refuge in the mountains, was attacked by the viceroy, Toledo. The inca surrendered himself, and was led to the scaffold amid the tears of the people. The royal authority, thus established, continued without interruption till 1781, when a de- scendant of Amaru began an insurrection. After two years of varied success, lie was, however, surprised and takcji prisoner, to- pother with his family, who were all executed, Peru now remained in subjection to Spain, and in a comparative state of tranquillity for some time; and in 1809, when juntas were established in La Paz and Quito, Peru cent out troops which suppressed their rising sf- fiirts. In 1817 the Peruvian army was com- pelled to evacuate Chili; and Chili, in return, sent an army into Peru, under General Siin Martin, who, in 1821, in conjunction with tlie fleet under Lord Cochrane, succeeded in li- berating it from the Spanish yoke. The pre- sent constitution of Peru was formed in 1828, and, ostensibly was based on that of the United States, but it has very far departed from it in spirit, and it may truly he said tliat the whole races are degenerate b ah in mo- rals and in numbers, under the inflnence of the vile system by which they are and have been surrounded. The number of inhabi- tants at present has been vaguely estimated at 1,499,953, consisting of 230,819 whiles, 848,840 Peruvians, 323,782 Mestizoes, 64,878 mulattoes, and 31,628 slaves. Other esti- mates pUice the whole number at but little more than one million, under the population of the single province of Cnzco, prior to the Spanish conquest. Lima is the capital. Perugia, a province of Italy, in the papal dominions; comprehending the ancient pro- vince of Perngino. It is 25 miles long, nnd 24 bread, and is bounded W. by Tuscany, S. bv Orvieto, E. by Spolcto and Urbino, and N. by Citta di Castello. The soil is fer- tile in corn and good wine. Perugia, the capital of the above pro- vince, and a bishop's see; with a strong ci- tadel and a university. The churches, and many other buildings, public and private, are very handsome. It is seated on a lull, near the Tiber; 85 miJes N. of Rome. Pop. 30,000. L(mg. 12. 29. E. lat. 43. 7. N. Perugia, a lake of Italy; 6 miles W. of the city of its name. It is almost round, miles in diameter, and in it arc three islands. Pesaro, a seaport of the ecclesiastical states, in the delegation of Urbino, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is magnificent, and it has several handsome churches, with exquisite paintings. The environs are re- markable for producing olives and excellent figs- It is seated on an eminence, at tue ■■11— ■»'. . I H Il TET C,r,\ PET mouth of the Fo^lia, on the ptilf of Vunicc. It is 17 miles E.N.E. of Urbino. I'tip. 13,000. Long. 12. 34. E. hit. 43. 52. N. ThSCARA, a stron;,' town of N.iplos, in Alpruzzo Citra ; at the mouth of a river of the siiino iiiiine. on the gulf of Venice. It isO miles N.N.E. of Ciiieti. rEScniEHA, a strong town of Austrian Italy, in the Veronese. It was taken by the French in 1796; and the garrison Burren- (Icr 1 to the Anstrians in 1799. It is seated on tlio river Mincio, where it proceeds from the lake Garda; 16 miles W. of Verona. Pop. 2500. I'escia, a town of Tuscany, in the pro- vince of Florence-; celebrated for its line oil; 25 miles N.E. of Florence. Pescina, a town of Naples, in Abnizzo Ultra, near the lake Celano. It is 20 miles S. by E. of Aquila. Pesenas, a town of France, department of Ilcr.iiilt, on the river Ilcrault; 12 miles N.E. of Beziers. Pop. 7000. Peshawer. See 1'ethiioke. Pesth, a town of Hungary, ca; ital of a palatinate of the same name; with a fortress, a royal palace, and a university, the only one in the kingdom. Here are many Greek merchants, who conduct the Levant trade to Germany and the northern nations. The town was nearly destroyed in 1839 by the eruption of the Danube, which did immense mischief; bit it has been rebuilt, and some of the nev erections are handso.ne. It has also several other literary and scientific establishments, and two t'legnnt theatres. It is generally well built; and, though inferior in this respect to Buda, has many hand.sorae and noble palaces, and elegant private houses. One of its principal features is the new and ma- jestic Kuspension-bridge, which has super- seded the old and inconvenient bridge of boats, and is one of the finest structures of the kind in existence; it crosses the Danube, uniting Pesth with Buda. The population is estimated at 63,000, without the garrison ; or, with Buda and the suburbs, at about 110,000. It is seated on the E. side of the Danube. It has railways lo Szenediu, Vienna, ic. ; 96 miles E.S.E. of Presburg. Pesto, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra; seated near the magnificent ruins of the ancient Pa;stura, 20 miles S.E. of Salerno. Petapa, a town of Mexico, 25 miles S.E. ofGuatimala. Petaouel, a province on the N. coast of Brazil, between the provinces of Seara and Rio Grande. It contains mines of silver. Pe-tche-li, the principal province of China, bounded on the N. by thp Great Wall and part of Tartary, E. by the Yellow sea, S. by Changtong and Ho-nan, and W. by the monntains of Chan- si. It contains nine cities of the first class, which have many others under their jurisdiction. Although Pe-tche-U extends no further than 42 N. Ut., yet all its rivers are so miKh fro/.en during four months in the year, that wagj;ons with the heaviest load.s may safely j)4ss them. Ilie soil is sandy, and proil'ices very littlu rice; but it abounds with all other kinds of grain, and with the greater part of the fruit- trees common in Europe. Hut what renders this province the mo.st consiy Magellan in 1519. The principal is Ln/.on, or Lnyonia. The air U very hot and moist, and the soil fertile in rice, &c. The trees are always green, and there are ripe fruits all the venr. There are many wild beasts and birJs, quite unknown in Europe. The inhabitants are aflTable, hospitable, and hone.-it. They cultivate the land with consideraMo skill, and rear pigs, fowls, goats, and bulTa- loes, under the same roof with themselves. The houses are of bamboo, covered wiih j^alm leaves, raised on pillars to the heipht of nine feet. The chief food consists of rice, cocoa- nuts, and salted fish. Further particulars are given under the name of their respect've islands. Total area, 129,100; pop.4,U3,000. PiiiLiPPOPOLi, a town of Macedonia, founded by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1 8 1 8. It is seated on a small island formed by the Marizza; 95 miles W. N.W. of Adrianople. . Philipsburo, a town of Germany m tiie grand duchy of Baden, formerly fortified, ana considered as one of the bulwarks o! the em- pire. It was taken by the French iii 1.3*. when the duke of Benvick was killed at tlie siege; but it was restored the year following by the treaty of Vienna. In 1 799 it was four times blockaded by the French republicans, and was at length completely dismantieu. PIC 6G5 PIG It !i seated on tho Illiino; 17 n ilea N. of Uiirhifli. Pop. 1100. I'liii.iPSTAUT, a town of Sweden, in Wer- moluMil, teuted in a mountainous country, iilHtuiiiling in iron mines, between two lakes, Riiil wiitured l>y a rivulet; 29 milcH N.IO. of Curlstiult, and ICO VV. by N. of Stockholm. TniMi'STowN, a town of Ireland, capital of Kin(,''s county; 4U miles W. of Dublin. LoriR. 7.1.3. W. lat. 53. 18. N. PucENZA. See 1'lacknza. I'lANKZZA, a town and caNtlo of tho Sardi- ninii states, in Piedmont; seated on tho Dora, 6 miles W. of Turin. I'lANo/.A, an island offthc coast of Tuscany; 6 niiici S. of that of Elba. It is level and Idw, as the namo imports. Long. 10. 34. E. lttt.4'2.46. N. I'lALiir, a province of the empire of nrazil, ill the N.H. part, and on the W. side of the river Piiranuhyba. It has about 60 miles of ronut but extends 400 miles S. and inland. It isgeneriilly level, and has latgo herds of cat- tle. Silver, lead, and iron mines are said to aljound. Tliere is no seaport or foreign trade. Itlms60,00() inhabitants. Itscapital isOeynis; 2G0 miles inland, with about 5000 inhabi- tants. PiAVE, a river of Austrian Italy, which rises in tiie delegation of Fcltre, flows through the Venetian territory, and falls into the gulf of Venice; 16 miles N.E. of Venice. Piazza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto: tituatti almost in tho centre of the island ; 38 miles W.N.W. of Lentini. Pop. 13,50a. PiCABDV, a former province of France, on tlie English Channel, now included in the departments of Somme, Aisne, Pas de Calais, Ardennes, and Oise. Pickering, a town in North Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. It had a strong castle, in which Richard 11. was confined, now in ruins. The parish church is an ancient •ndspaciwis building, with a fine lofty spire; and hcreare meeting-houses for Independents, Wesleyans,PrimitiveMethodi8t8,andFriend8; 26 miles N.E. of York, and 222 N. by W. of London. Pico, one of tho Azores, or Western islands. It has a volcanic mountain, called Pico, about SOOO feet in perpendicular height, from the wrface of the sea to tho summit of the peak ; on its sides are numerous craters, several of which are now almost concealed by trees. he last eruption of the peak happened in 1718, and destroyed several vineyards. Tin island is about 80 miles in circumference, and produces a great deal of wine. Long. 28. 26.W.lat.38.29.N. PicroD, a small island, between that of St. John, and the continent of Nova Scotia, at we E. end of Northumberland strait Long. 62.U.W.lat.45. 50.N. PiCTs' Wall, in England, a famous barrier •^inst the Picts, of which some remains are Mt. It began at the entrance of Solway ■"». in Cumberland, and, passing E. by Carlisle, was continued across the Lslund to Tynt.'nuaitli. PiDAi iiA, II town of the Mon-a, the ancient Ejiidaurus. It is cituiite on tlio \V, cou.st df the gull of Eiigiu; 2^ miles K. nf Napoli di Uornimia. Long. 23. 2;?. E. lat. 37. 40. N. PiKUMONT, apriiiciiialityof Ii.ily, l.'iO miles loi. " and 90 broad, bounded on tlio N. by tho Valais, K. by tho Milanese, S. by tho county of Nice and tho territory of Genoa, and W. by France. Arcn, 13,000 square miles. It contains many hi^h monntains, among which are rich and fruitful valleys, as populous as any part of Italy. In the mountains are rich mines of several kinds, and the forests afford a great deal of game. The principal rivers are the Po, Tanaro, Sturia, and Doria. This country has a great trade in raw silk, and it produces corn, rice, wine, fruits, hemp, flux, and cattle. It belonged to tho king of Sar- dinia, whose authority was rcstond in 1814. It is now part of the kingdom of Italy. PiENZA, a town of Tuscany, 25 miles S.E. of Sienna. PiERUE, St., a small island, near New- foundland, ceded to the French in 1763, for drying and curing their fish. They were dis- possessed of it by the English, in 1793. Long. 66.0. W. lilt. 46. 39. N. Pierre, St., a town of the island of Mar- tinico, situate on a round bay, on the W. coast; 15 miles N.W. of Fortroyal. Pop. 10,000. Long. 61. 21. W. lat. 14. 44. N. Pierre, St., the capital of the island of Martinique, French West Indies. It is tho best built and largest town in tho Lesser An- tilles. The hou.ses are fonr or five storeys high, built in European style; tho streets are regular, and well paved, with small streams running down tho centre; and the shops are numerous and well supplied. The town is lighted by night with lamps; it has churches and a botanic garden, and is strongly forti- fied. Pop. about 20,000. Pierre le Moctier, St., a town of France, department of Nicvre ; 15 miles N.W. of Mou- lins, and 150 S. of Paris. ^ieter-Maritzbcro, a town of South Africa, in the colony of Port Natal ; the chief settlement of the emigrant boors and some distance inland from Port Natal. It is thriv- ing and peaceful, and is the seat of a rising cotton-growing population. PiETOLA, a village of Austrian Italy, near Mantua, the birthplace of Virgil, to whose memory an obelisk was erected in 1797, by Bonap.irte. PiETRO, St., an island in the Mediterranean, 13 miles long and 3 broad, near the S.W. coasts of Sardinia, taken by the French in 1 793, but retaken soon after. I^QNEROL, or PioMEROLA, a town of Pied- mont, and a bishop's see; with manufactures of woollen, silk, paper, and leather, and a trade in corn, wine, spirits, &c. It is seated on the Cluson; 20 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop in 1838, 13,501. ^IN 6G6 PIR 3 FiKB, the name of several counties in the United States. — In Pennsylvania; capital, Miliord. Pop. 3832. — lu Georgia; capital, Zebuhin. Pop. 9176. — In Alabama; capital, Troy. Pop. 1 0, 1 08. — In Mississippi ; capital, Ilolmsville. Pop. 6 151. — In Kentucky ; capi- tal, Piketou. Pop. 3567. — In Ohio; capital, Chilicothe. Pop. 7626. — Inlndiana; capital, Petersburg. Pop. 4769. — In Illinois; capital, Pittsfield. Pop. 11,728. — In Missouri; capi- tal, Bowling Green. Pop. 10,646.— In Ar- kansas; capital, Murfreesboro'. Pop. 969. PiLGRAM, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Budweis, at the pource of the Trlau; 28 miles E. of Tabor. PiLLAU, a seaport of Pruss'a, on the Baltic. The harbour is good, and Leing the port of Konigsberg and Elbing is well fortified, being considered as the bulwark and key of the kingdom. Here is a magazine for military stores ; and below the gate of the castle is .^i stone equestrian statue of JTrederick William the Great. The streets are broad and straight, and the houses built in the Dutch taste. In 1807 it was taken by the French, anc. 'ctaken by the Russians in 1813. It is 20 miles W. by Z. of Konigsberg, of which it is the port. Pop. 3600. Long. 19. 52. E. lat. 54. 33. N. PiLNiTZ, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with a royal mlace, celebrated for a treaty entered into by the princes of Europe against France, in 1792. The palace was burned down in 1818, but has since been rebuilt. It is 7 miles S.E. of Dresden. PiLSEN, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, which is particularly rich in sheep, and noted for excellent cheese, and contains 170,000 inhabitants. The town is fortified s.ni well built. It is seated at the conflux of the Radbuisa and Walta; 55 miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 7400. Long. 13. 39. E. lat. 49. 42. N. PiLSNO, or PiLZOW, a to^vn of Austrian Poland, seated on the Wisloku; 60 miles E. o." Cracow. PiLTEN, a town of Russia, in Courland, capital of a fertile district of its name; seated on the river Windav, 18 miles N.N.W. of Goldingen. PiNCKNEYviLLE, a vown of South Carolina, in Union county, cap-tal of Union district. It is situate on Broad rucr, at the influx of the Pacolet; 75 miles N.liV. of Columbia. Long. 81. 40. W. lat. 34. 52. N. PiNEROL. See PiGNEROIi. Pines, Isle of, an island in the South Pa- cific, oft' the S. end of New Caledonia; 14 miles in length. It is a pointed hill, sloping towards the extremities, which are very low, and on the low land are many tall pine-trees. Long. 167. 38. E. lat. 22. 38. S. Pines, Islb of, a large island lying S. of the west end of Cuba. The northern part is hilly, and the south very low. It is not much populated, and its shores were formerly mwch resorted to by piratos. The E. point is in lat. 21. 35. N. Long. 80. 19. W. Piney, a tr -vr. of France, department of Aube; 12 miles E.N.E. of Troycs. PiNO-KiNO, or Ping-yuen, a city jf China, ofthe first rank, in the province of Koeitcheou 930 miles S.S.W. of Peking. Loiig. 107. 28* E. lat. 26. 38. N. PiNQ-LiANO, a city of China, of the fiiv. rank, in the province ot Chen-si, seated on the river Kin-ho; 550 miles S.W. ofPcking. Long. 106. 25. E. lat. 35. 35. N. PiNUEL, a strong town of Portugal, iu Beira, capital of a territory ofthe same nisnie. and a bishop's see. It is seated on the C(ja. 28 miles N. by W. of Guarda. Long. 6. 40 W. lat. 40. 46. N. Pinnebero, a town of Hanover, in tlic duchy of Holstein, capital of a small province of its name, with a castle. It is seated on the Owe; 10 milts N.W. of Hamhur(;h. Pings, or Pines, an island of the West In- dies, on the S. side of Cuba ; 25 miles lonfj and 15 biiad, mountainous, and cc-^red with pines; forn "irly the haunt of pirates. Long. 82.33.W. lu.. 22. 2. N. PiNSK, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the government of Miusk. There are many Jews among the inhabitants, and the Greeks have a bishop. The chief manufacture is dressing Russian leather. It is surrounded by morasses, and stands on a river of the same name, 90 miles E. of Brzesc. Pop. 4500. Long. 26. 20. E. lat. 52. 18. N. PiOMBiNO, a small principality of Italy, on the coast of Tuscany, to which was annexed the island of Elba, separated by a channel 7 miles broad. Area, 190 square miles. Pop. 18,000. PiOMBiNO, a seap )rt of Itah', capital of the above principality It has a irood harbour, defended by a citadel, and is seated on a pen- insula, 40 miles S.S.E. of Lcfjhorn. Pop. 4000. Long. 10. 23. E. lat. 42. 57. N. Piperno, a town ofthe ecclesiastical states, in Cainpagna di Roma, built out of the ruins of the ancient Privernum, an . seated on a mountain, 9 miles N.N.W. i-. "'erracina. Pipi.EY, a town of Benga-, seated on the Subanrcp'ta, not far from its mouth, 53 miles S. of Midnaporc. PIQUj^ a town in Miami county, Ohio, on the line of the Miami canal. Its streets are spacrous and regular; 73 miles W. of Colum- bus. Pop. in 1840, 1481. PiBANO, a small seaport of the Austrian states, in Istria, seated on a peninsula, 6 miles S.W. of Capo dTstria. Pop. 6200. PiRiTZ, a town of Porcerania, seated neai the lake Meldui, 12 miles S. by W. of ^e^^ Stargard. . , PiKMASENS, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rhine. Near this place, in 1793, tlie French were defeated by the Russians. It J 13 miles E. of Deux Ponts. Pop. 3200. Pirn A, a town of Saxony, celebrated for a battle fought in its neighbourhood, between the allies and the French, in 1813. It 1ms • castle on a mountain, called Soniienstcin, PIS 667 PIT which was almost destroyed by the Prussians in 1756 and 1758, aud is now an asylum (or invalids. &c. It is a place of considerable tmilc, situate on the Elbe, 12 miles S.E. of Jlresdeu. Pop. 38,000. Pisa., a city of Tuscany, capital of the Pi- eano, and an archbishop's see, with a famous university, and three forts. The river Arno runs through Pisa,and over it are three bridges, one of which is constructed of marble; and there is a canal hence to Leghorn. This city formerly contained 100,000 inhabitants; but ihere are not at present above 20,000. The manufactures consist of steel, jewellery, em- broidery, damasks, velvet, taieta, and calico. The cathedral is a magniticciit structure, and on the right side of the choir is a leaning tower, built of marble, 188 feet high, and 1.5 feet out of the perpendicular. There are up- wards of 80 other churches: that of St. Ste- phen, belonging to an order of knights, is particulftrly deserving of notice. The other remarkable buildings are the palaces of the grand duke and archbishop, the arsenal, the great hospital, and the magnificent exchange, which last is almost superfluous, as the trade of Pisa is removed to Leghorn. It is seated in a fertile plain, at a small distance from the Mediterranean, 1 1 miles N.N.E. of Leghorn, and 42 W. by S. of Florence. Long. 10. 23. E. lat. 43. 43. N. PisANO, a territory of Tuscany, lying N. of the Florcntino, on the Mediterranean. It i;. i' miles long, and 25 broad, abounds in corn, oil, and wine, and is well cultivated. Pop. 595.640. Pisa is the capital. PiscADORKS. See PoNO-nou. PiscATAQDA, a rivcr of New Hampshire, liiemoutli of which forms the only port in that state. It forms the boundary between New Ilrmpshirc and Maine. Piscataquis, an extensive county of the state of Maine, extending to the Canada boupdary. It is only settled in the S. part, the rest being a wilderness. It has several lakes, and the Penobscot and other rivers; capital, Dover. Pop. in 1840, 13,138. PiscATAWAT, a town of Mary land, in Prince George county, on a creek of its name, which flows W. into the Potomac; 14 miles S. of Washington. Pisc< /. a town of Peru, in th ; province of Sea, with a good road for ships. It is seated in a country fertile in excellent fruits and good wine; 130 miles S.S.E. of Lima. Long. 75. 55. W. lat. 13.36. S. PiSEK, a town of Bohemia, capital of the circle of Prachin. Bohemian diamonds are found here. It is seated on the Wotaw^ near Its conflux with the Muldau, 58 miles S.S.W. 01 Prague. Long. 14. 0. E. lat. 49. 21. N- PiSToiA, a city of Tuscany, and a bishop u see, with a citadel. There are several fine clmrches, magnificent palaces, and handsome streets; ". xt it is almost deserted, in ■ nipari- «fln to r' M it was formerly. The Austrians defeated tne Neapolitans here in 181 a U is seated nerr the river Stella, 20 miles N.W. of , Florence. Pop. in 1836, 11,266. Long. 11. 29. E. hit. 43. 55. N. I Pitcaiun's Island, an island in the South I Pacific, where the mutineers of the Bounty i resorted after they left Otaheite. One of them I was found there alive in 1808. Their de- scendants formed a most interesting commu- nity, who removed a few years ago to Norfolk Island. Long. 133. 21. W., Kit. 25. 2. S. PiTCAiTHLr, a village of Scotland, seated in a sequestered vale, 5 miles S. of Perth. Its mineral waters have been long famed in scor- butic complaints, and it has a good accommo- dation for invalids. PiTCiiEN, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Bre,slau, on the frontiers of Poland, 50 miles E. of Breslau. PiTiiA, a seaport of Sweden, in Wes* Both- nia, seated on a small island, at the month of a river of its name, in the gulf of Bothnia. It j is joined to the continent by a wooden bridge. i It is 95 miles N.N.E. of Uma. Long. 20. 58. I S. lat. 65. 15. N. Pitt, a county in the E. part of North Ca- rolina; capital, Greenville. Pop. 11,806, in- cluding 5648 slaves. Pitt, a town of Penn.sylvania, between the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. Coal is abundant, and Pittsburgh lies on its N.W. boundary. Pop. in 1840, 6002. PiTTENWEEM, a town of Scotland, in Fife- shire, with a harbour on the frith of Forth. In the vicinity are coal mines and salt-works. It is 10 miles S, hy E. of St. Andrew, and 24 N.E. of Edinburgh. Pittsburgh, acity of Pennsylvania, capital of Alleghany county, situate on a point of land between the rivers Alleghany and Mo- nongahela, and at the termination of the great Pennsylvuniun canal, about 500 miles ia length. The city is compactly built in the form of a triangle, encompassed about a mile from the point by Grant's, Ayers's, and Quarry hills. The buildings, some of which are hand- some, are generally of brick, but of a dingy appearance from the coal smoke. The har- bour is chiefly on the Monongahela, which is deeper than the Alleghany. Three bridges cross the Allefrhany, and two cross the Mo- nongahela. Til ; hills with which Pittsburgh is surrounded, afford an inexhaustible supply of bituminous coal, to which its manufacturing eminence is owing. The principal public buildings are the new court house on Grant's Hill, the university, (destroyed by fire 1845,) the Roman Catholic church, all on the same elevation. There are 3 market houses, and 35 churches. The city is amply supplied from the Alleghany with pure water. There are several place' round Pittsburgh, which, though distinct, . .nst be considered as suburbs of it. The principal is Alleytuiny City, on the N.W. side of the Alleghany. It contains 15 churches, it presents many agreeable residences, whither the business part of the population retire from the duat, smoko, and PLA 6G8 PLA bustle of Pittsburgh. Birmingham is another Buburb.on the S. side of the Monongahela river, nbouta mile distant trom the centre of Pitts- burgh. It has also important manufiicfurcs of ^InsS iro") ^^- Pittsl)urgh is alike dis- tinguished for itscommerceand manuluctiircs, and may be considered as the Birniingiiuin of the United States. Pop. in 1840, of Pitti'- burgh, 2 1, 11 5 ; of Alleghany City, 1 0,089 ; and of Birmingham, 1154; altogether, and in- cluding the suburbs, 32,358. A terrible fire broke out at Pittsburgh 11th April, 1845; by whicli the bridge, university, and 1200 houses were destroyed, the ravages extending a mile and a quarter from its commencement. At Pittsburgh was fort l)u Quesne, which was abandoned by the French in 1758, on the approach of General Forbes, and its name cliangec" to Fort Pitt; but it is now gone to decay. Long. 80. 2. W. hit. 40. 32. N. PiTTSFiriLD, a town of Massachusetts, in Berkshire county, situate in a rich vale, on the Housatonic; 33miles W. of Northampton, and 136 of Boston, Pop. 374/. PiTTfiTON, a town of the state of Maine, in Lincoln county, situate on Kennebec river; 22 miles N. by W. of Wiscasset. Pop. 2460. PitJRA, a town of Peru; capital of a pro- vince of the same name. This was the first Spanish settlement in Peru, bcing founded by Pizarro in 1531. It is 25 m. S.E. of Paita. Pop. 7000. Long. 80. 29. W. hit. 5. 15. S. PizziGHETONE, a towu of Austrian Italy with a strong castle, in which Francis I. of France was kept prisoner, It was taken by the French in 1733, again in 1796, and re- taken by the Austrians and llussians in 1799. It is situate on the Adda; 10 miles N.W. of Cremona, and 30 S.E. of Milan. Pizzo, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on the gulf of St. Eupheinia; 4 miles W. by N. of Monte Leone. Placencia, a town of Spain, in Estre- mudura, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It is seated in a plain, almost surrounded by mountains; 50 miles N.E. of Alcantara, and 120 W.S.W. of Madrid. Pop. 6878. Long. 5. 55. W. lat. 40. 6. N. Placentia, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on tlio Deva; 25 miles E. bv S. of Bilboa. Placentia, a seaport of Newfoundland, on the E. side of a large bay on the S. part of the island. The harbour is capacious, and defended by a furt, called St. Louis. It is 60 miles W.S.W. of St. John. Long. 53. 43 W. lat. 47. 15. N. Placenza or Piacenza, a fortified town of Italy; capital of a duchy, included in that of Parma, and a bishop's see, with a good citadel, and a celebrated university. The churches, squares, streets, and fountains are beautiful. The inhabitants, about .30,000, have scarcely any other employment than the manufacture of silk stufts. At this place the Austrians gained a decisive victory over the Spaniards and French in 1746» In 1796 it was taken by the French, who were forced to evacuate it in 1799. In 1800 it again fell into the hands of tlie French, and was re- tained till 1814. It is of greater extent tliiin Parma, and is seated in a well cnltivated country, near the river Po; 38 niileii VV.N. W. of Piirma. I oiig. 9. 38. E. lat. 45. 5. n! See Pauma. Plainfikld, a town of Connecticnt, in "Windham county, on the E. siiie of the Qiiinabang; 10 miles E.S.E. of Windliam Pop. 2383* — Also the name of several incon- siderable towns in the United States. Plan, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, with a castle; 20 miles S.E. of Jigrn. Plaquumine, a parish of Louisiana, in the P.E. part of the state, comprising the mouths of the Mississippi proper. Area, about.SOO oquare miles. The surlactislow, and not being more than 10 feet above the river, is liable to inundations. The arable soil, only on the margin of the river, is extremely proiluctive. Pop. in 1840, 5060, including 3385 slaves. The Plaquemine bayou is an outlet of the Mississippi, only filled by the river wl.en at its greatest height; 117 miles above New Orleans. Plassbt, a town of Bengal, in the district of Nuddeab, memorable for a great victory obtained by Colonel Clive, 1757, over the Nabob Surajah Dowlah. It is 25 miles S. of Moorshedabad, and 80 N. of Calcutta. Plata, or Rio de la Plata, (Silver river), a large river of South America, formed by the union of the great rivers Parana and Uru- guay. It was discovered in 1515 by Juan Diaz do Solis, a Spanish navigator, who was slain by the natives in endeavouringtomakn a descent into the country. It forms the S. boundary of Brazil, and enters the AtUmtie between the capes of St. Antonio and Sta. Maria, the hatter in lat. 35. S. It is 1 50 mikn broad at its mouth, and at Monte Video, 60 miles up the river, the land is not to be dis- cerned on either shore when a vessel is in the middle of the channel. The Argentine re- public derives its name from this river. Set. La Plata, Buenos Ayres. Plate, a town and castle of Pomcrania, on the river Rega; 19 m. E. by S. of Gamin. , Platte River, United States' territory, one of the largest tributaries of the Missouri river. It rises in the Rocky mountains, ana after a course of 1600 miles, joins the Mis- souri 700 miles from the Missi.ssippi. Platte, a county of Missouri; capital, Platte city. Pop. 8913 Flatten, a lake of Hungary, 60 miles to the S.E. of that of Neusidler. It is 46 miles in length, from 3 to 8 in breadth, and abounds with fish. , Flatten, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, on the frontiers of Saxony; 14 miles N. of Elnbogen. PLATTsnuRO, a town of New York, tne chief of Clinton countv, situate on lake Chain- plain i 50 m. N. of Crown point. P >P- fi'*'"' Plau, a town dnchy of Meeklenb on a lake of the sar of Gustrow. Plauen, a tow Voigtland, with a c cotton manufactun Eljter; 80 miles S.' 1837, 9485. Long. Plauen, a town burg, on a lake fori which is a canal manufacture of pon N.W. of Brandenbu Plescof. See P Plesse, a town o governiiicnt of Oppc with a fine castle, flanked with tower Vistula; 36 miles E 19. 3. E. lat. 49. 57. rLEITENBERO, a f an ancient castle, s Oester; 13 miles S.fe Fleyberg, a towi in Carinthia, seated foot of a mountain ; 2 Flock, a to*vn c palatinate of the san see, with a castle, near the Vistula; 75 Pop. 3000. Long. 19 Floe\, a town of ofHolstein. It has anil is seated on the miles N.N.W. of Li lat. 54. 11. N. Fi.okrmel, a towr of.Murbihan, on the ri ofVannes. Pop. 45i Flotzkap, a town cipaiityof Anhalt, wit Saale; 10 miles \V. o FurDENz, a town capital of a lordship o on a plain, on the riv ofFelkirch. Flumstead, a to\ Bucks countv, seated "liiesN. ofPhiladelp Fluvieks, or Pj France, in the dcpii milcsN.N.E. of Orlei Fi.VMouTii, a boroi V'lisliirc, governed iiiarketon Monday, T It is seated at the mc n«t to Portsmouth, i "■ival harbour in Eiig Pifly speaking, three «atei-, Sutton Pool, ar is'liemouihofthe P ous harbour for nicrch "itircil by ships of v 'i'l'-i'ti'il by merchan iirrounded by the he "Jrther secured by ar PLY 6G9 PLY Plau, a town of Saxony, in the grand dnchy of Mecklenburg, with a castle, seated on a lake of the same name; 20 miles S.S.E. ofGustrow. Plaukn, a town of Saxony, capital of Voijj'tlantl, with a castle. It has considerable cotton manufactures. It is seated on the Eljter; 80 miles S.W. of Dresden. Pop. in 1837, 9485. Long. 12. 12. E. lat. 50. 28. N. Plauen, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, on a lake formed by the Havel, from which is a canal to the Elbe. It has a manufacture of porcelain. It is 5 miles W. N.W. of Brandenburg. Plescof. See Pskof. Plesse, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the governiiient of Oppeln ; capital of a lordship, with a fine castle. It is surrounded by walls flunked with towers. It is seated on the Vistula; 36 miles E.S.E. of Ratibor. Long. 19. 3. E. lat. 49. 57. N. Plettenbero, a town of Westphalia, with an ancient castle, situate on the Else and Oester; 13 miles S.S.W. of Arensberg. Pleybero, a town and castle of Austria, in Carinthia, seated on the Feistez, at the foot of a mountain; 20miIe8E. ofClagcnfurt. Plock, a town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's sec, with a castle. It is seated on a hill, near the Vistula; 75 miles N.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 3000. Long. 19. 29. E. lat. 52. 46. N. Ploen, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein. It has a castle on a mountain, »ml is seated on the N. side of a lake; 24 miles N.N.W. of Lubec. Long. 10. 30. E. hit, 54. 11. N. Pi.oivRMEL, a town of Prance, department olMurbihan, on the river Due; 27 miles N.E. ofVannes. Pop. 4500. PLOTZKAn, a town of Saxony, in the prin- cipality of Anlialt, with a castle, seated on the Saale; 10 miles W. of Kothen. Pliidenz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, capital of a lordship of its name. It is seated on a plain, on the river lUc; 12 miles S.S.E. ofFilkirch. Plumstead, a town of Pennsylvanin, in Bucks county, seated on Delaware river; 36 niilesN. of Philadelphia. Pluviers, or Pitiiiviers, a town of France, in the department 'jf I^oirot; 20 miles N.N.E. of Orlean;-). Pi.YMouTii, a borough and seaport in De- Vrtiishire, froverncd by a mayor; with a market on ISIondiiy, Thursday, and Saturday. It is seated at the mouth of the Piym, and, next to Portsmouth, is the most considerable "aval harbour in England. There are, pro- perly speaking, tin-ce harbours, called Cat- water, Sutton Pool, and Hanioaze. The first IS the mouili of tlie Plym, and is a commodi- ous Imrbour for merchant ships, but is seldom critcreil by ships of war. The serrond, fre- 'jueiited by merchant ships only, is almost ;, >iirrounded by the houses of the town, and lurther sceured by an extensive pier. The third is the mouth of the Tamar, and is the harbour for large ships, having moorings for 92, and a good anchorage for a much greater number. These harbours unite in a capacious bay, called the Sound, which affords fine anciiorage for ships, particularly since the construction of the magnificont breakwater across its entrance. This important structure, the second of the kind ever attempted, Cher- bourg having the priority, has most complete- ly answered the intended purpose. More titan 3,777,000 tons of stone is employed in its construction, and on its Western extreme has a beautiful light tower. The other buildings connected with the port are the Naval hospi- tal, one of the finest in Britain, and, opposite to the Military liospital, extensive barracks and a magnificent victualling ofKce, built of marble, at the entrance to the Hamoaze. The theatre, assembly-rooms, and royal hotel, together form the great ornaments of Plymouth. The Eddystone lighthouse is off this town, at a distance of 15 miles S. S. W. Plymouth is the fishery for pilchards, which extendij no further East than this port, whence great quantities are exported to Italy, and other Catholic countries. It contains two parish and eight district churches, various meeting-houses, and a Jews' synagogue, and carries on a considerable foreign and domestic trade. The charitable institutions are numerous; and, among those for literary purposes, are the Athenaeum, and a public library containing several thousand valuable books. The town is well supplied with fre.sh water, first brought here from a place seven miles off, by the fii' 13 Sir Francis Drake. It car- ries on a ''(juenc'o It returns two members to ]iarliinnont. it is 4-3 miles S.W. of Exeter, and 216 W l.v S. of Loudon. Long. 4. 7. W. lat. 50. L'2. N. Plymouth, a seaport ol Massachuseti;, capital of a county of the same name. It is the oldest settlement in New England; and the rock on which the first settlers landed was con- veyed in 1774, from the shore to a squ ire in the centre of the town. The ])rincii ' busi- ness of the place is the cod fisliery, in cow. PoDOR, a fortress of Afruii, on the river Senegal; built by the French. It was ceded to the English in 17('i't, but afterwards taken by the French, and confirmed to them bv the peace of 1783. Long. 14. 20. W. lat. 17.'l. N. PooGio, a town of Tuscany, with a hand- some palace; 8 miles S.E. of Florence. PoGGiOBONZi, a town of Tuscany with the ruins of a citadel; seated near the Elsa, 20 miles S. of Florence. PooGT, an island in the Indian ocean, on the W. side of the island of Sumatra, and separated from the N. end of that <1 Nassau by a narrow channel, which contains a number of smaller islands, the whole of which are sometimes called the Nassau or Poggy islands. It is triangular, and about 20 miles in length. Long. 99 . 33. E. lat. 2. 20. S. Point Codpek, a parish of Louisiana, be- tween the Mississippi and the Atchafalayaj ca])ital, of the same name, at the commence- ment of the level, or embankment wiiieli ox. tends to New Orleans. The Pop. is cliicflv of French descent. Pop. of the parish in 1840 7898, including 5430 slaves. PoiRiNO, a town of the Sardinian states, in I'iedmont, seated on the Bonna; 14 miles SE. of Turin. PoissT, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, the birthplace of Louis XI.; seated ne.tr the forest of St. Germain; 15 miles N.W. of Paris. Poitiers, a town of France, capital of the departmeit of Vienne, and a bishop's see. Its population is not in proportion to its ex- tent; for it includes a number of gardens and fields within its circuit. It has several Ro- man antiquities, particularly an amphitheatre, partly demolished, and a triumphal arch, which serves as a gate to the great street. Here, in 1356, Edward the Black Prince, gained a victory over the French, taking pri- soners king John and his son Philip, whom he brought to England. The principal ma- nufactures are stockings, woollen caps, gloves, and combs. It is seated on a hill, on the river Clain ; on the Paris and Bordeau.t railway, 209 miles from Paris, and 154 from Bordeaux. Pop. 2 1 ,500. Long. 0. 2 1. E, lat. 46. 35. N. PoiTOU, a province of France, which now forms the three departments of Vendee, Vienne, and Deux Sevres. PoLA, a strong, but decayed and poor sea- port of Istria, in the Austrian dominions, and a bishop's see. Here are large remains of a Roman amphitheatre, and a triumphal arch, It is seated on a mountain, near a bay of the gulf of Venice; 38 miles S. of Capo d'Istria. Long. 13. 50. E. lat. 44. 52. N. Poland, alarge country of Europe, bound- ed on the N. by Prussia, Courland, Livonisi, and Russia, W. by the Baltic, Brandenburji, and Silesia, S. by Hungary, and Moldavia, and E. by Russia, and the territories wrested by that power from the Turks. It wa.s for- merly divided into four principal parts, Great Poland, Little Poland, Red Russia, and Li- thuania. In 1772, a partition of this country, projected by the king of Prussia, waseft'ected by that monarch, in conjunction with the em- press of Russia, and the emperor of Germany. By this partition one-third of the country was wrested from tlie republic, the diet being compelled, by a foreign force, to make and r.itily this important cession. The three par- titioning powers, moreover, forcibly effected a great change in the constitution. In 1791, however, the king and the nation, in concur- reii, almost unanimously, and without any forc^n intervention, established another con- stitution, and one so unexceptionable every win , that it was celebrated by Mr. Burke, as a revolution whereby the conditions of all were made better, and the rights of none in- fringed. Bv it the broils of an elective mo- narchy, by which Poland, on almost ever) vacancy of the throne, had been involved u: mm POL 671 POL the calamities of war, were avoided, the throne being declared hereditary in the house of Saxony. A few of the nobility, however, discontented at the generous sacrifice of some of their privileges, repaired to the court of Russia; and, their representations concurrini; with the anvbitious views of the empress, siic sent an army into Poland, under the pretext of being guarantee of the constitution of 1772. Her interference was too powerful to be resisted; and this new constitution was overthrown. But the principal object for which the Russian army entered Poland wfl3 not yet attained. The err.prcss had planned, in conjunction with the king of Prussia, a secon. S • • 130,102 .50,737 4,299,232 The towns of Poland are for the most part built with wood; and the villages consist of mean cottages, or huts. The country is so fertile in corn, in many places, that it sup- plies Sweden and Holland with large quan- tities, and it has extensive pastures. Peat, ochre, chalk, agate, chalcedony, carnelians, onyxes, jasper, rock crystals, amethysts, gar- nets, topazes, sapphires, and even rubies and diamonds are found in Poland; also talc, spar, lapis calaminaris, coal, iron, lead, and quicksilver. Here is much leather, fur, hemp, flax, siiltpetre, alum, manna, honey, and wax ; and there are mines of salt, of great depth, out of which is dug rock-salt. Horses are numerous, very strong, swift, and beautiful; and horned cattle are bred in immense num- bers. Warsaw is tho principal city. Poi.BRON. See POOLOROON. PoLKsu, a name commonly given to the palatinate of Brzesc, in Lithuania. Pol, St., a town of France, department of Pas dc Calais; noted for its mineral waters. It is 16 miles N.W. of Arras. Pol de Leon, St., a seaport town oi France, department of Finisterre. It is ill bu ilt, clean, POL D/; roM I well paved, and remarkable for its antique edifices, and its cathedral; 10 miles N.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1836, 6451. PoLicANDRO, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, one of the Cyclades; 20 miles in circumference. Here are a few vilhigcs, a castle, ami a harbour; but it consists, in general, of barren rocks and mountiiins. It lies between Milo and Paros. Long. 25. 31. E.lat. 36.32. N. PoLiCASTKO, a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Citra, seated on a gulf of the same name, in the Mediterranean ; 85 miles S.E. of Naples. Long. 15. 40. E. lat. 40. 15. N, PoLiGNANO, a town of Naples, in Terra di Buri. seated on a craggy rock, near the gulf of Venice; 16 miles E. of Bari. Pop. 7000. PoLiGNY, a town of France, department of Jura, seated on a rivulet; 23 miles S.S.W. of Be.san9on. Pop. in 1836, 63G6. PoLiKA, a town of Albania; 12 miles S. of Durazzo. PoLiTZ, a town of Pomerania, in the go- vernment of Stettin, celebrated for its hops. It is 8 miles N. of Stettin. PoLiTZKA, a walled town of Bohemia, in the circle of Chrudim, on the frontiers of Moravia; 23 miles S.E. of Chrudim. Polk, a county in the S.E. part of Ten- nessee, on the Hiwassee river; capital, Ben- tonville. Pop. 3570. — Also a county in Missouri; capital, Bolivar. Pop. 8449. PoLizzi, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma- zara, at the foot of the mountiiin Madonia; 28 miles S.E. of Palermo. PoLKOwiTZ, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Glogau; 13 miles S. Glogau. Pollocks HAWS, a town of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, on the river White Cart; 3 miles S. of Glasgow. PoLNO, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the river Grabow; 38 luilos E.S.E. of Col- berg. PoLORE, a town of Hindostan, in the Car- niUic; 36 miles S.S.W. of Arcot, and 55 N.W. of Pondichcrry. Polotsk, a strong town of Russia, in the government of Vitepsk; celebrated for a number of battles having been fought in its vicinity between the French and Russians, in 1812. It is seated on the Dwina, at the influxof the Polota; 60 miles S.W. of Vitepsk. Long. 27. 50. E. lat. 55. 43. N. Poltava, a government ol Russia, between those of Catharinenslaf and Charkov. It has an areaof 22,500 square miles, with 1,622,000 inhabitants; is fertile in corn, and affords very rich pasturage. Poltava, the capital of the foregoing go- vernment, with a considerable trade in cattle, corn, flax, hemp, wax, &c. It is famous for a battle, in 1709, between Peter the Great and Charles XII. of Sweden, in which the latter was totally defeated; 737 miles S.E. of Petersburg. Pop. 9500. PoLTEN, St., a town of Austria, the rcsi- deneo of a great number of the nobility The adjacent country yields excellent Kiif- fron. It is seated on the Dracam; 33 miles W. of Vienna, Pop. 4300. Long. 15. 41. li lat. 48. 13. N. I'oLTziN, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania. near which are medicinal sj,rings and baths' 50 miles N.E. of Stargard. ' Polynesia (many islands), a term applied by modern geographers to immerous islands in the Pacific ocean, from the Ladrones to Easter island. The principal groups are the Ladrones, Carolinas, Pelew, Sandwich, So- ciety, Friendly, Navigators', Hervey, Geor- gian, and the Marquesas islands. Pombal, a town of Portugal, in Estrcmn- dura; 16 miles N.E. of Leiria, and 21 S. of Coimbra. Pop. 3800. PoMEGiiE, a small island in the Mcliter- ranean, near the coast of France, at the entrance into the harbour of Maistillcs, de- fended by a tower. Pomerania, an extensive province of Prussia; lying along the S. coast of the Bal- tic, and comprising an area of 12,000 square miles, with 970,117 inhabitants in 1837. Jt is divided into the regencies of Stettin, Stral. sund, and Coslin, and is watered by several rivers, of which the Oder, Peene, Ucker, Rega, Persante, Ihna, Stolphcn, and Lcbo, are the most considerable. The air is pretty cold, but compensated by the fertility of the soil, which abounds in pastures and corn, of which a great deal is exported. The country is flat, contains many lakes, woods, and forests, and has several good harbours. It was formerly an independent duchy of the German empire, and was divided into Hither i and Further Pomerania. The latter, and part of Hither Pomerania, were seized liy the king of Prussia, and confirmed to him in 1720; the remainder, N. of the Peene, was ceded by the king of Sweden, at the treaty of Keil, in 1814, to the king of Denmark, in cxflmngo for Norway, but soon after came to I'russia in exchange for Saxe-Lunenhnrg. PoMEUELiA, a district of West I'ru.ssia; extending W. from the river Vistula to tlio duchy of Pomerania, of which it was formerly a part. It is now included in the govern- ment of Dantzic. PoMEROV, a market town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone; 96 miles liuiu Dublin. PoMFRET, a town of Conneetii'ut, m Windham county; 12 miles N.N'.K. of Windham. Pomona, or Mainland, the largest of the Orkney islands, being 24 miles lonp, and from 6 to 10 broad ; but intersected by nu- , merous arms of the sea. The general np- 1 pearancc of the country is much the sama as the Mainland of Shetland, but the soi! « j more fertile, and in some parts better cul- tivated. Kirkwall is the capital. \nw in \r,:,ii 1720, and 1753. It is seated on an cniinciico near the Oise, 20 miles N.W. of I'uriH. Pop., 1836, 4990. Long. 2. 6. E. lat. 49. .'). n! I\)NT0U80N, a town in the depnrtmctit of Manfhe,on the Coesnon, with a tide-harljour; 10 miles S.S.W. of Avranchcs. Pontremoli, a town of Tuscany, with a strong castle, seated at the foot of the Apen- nines, on the river Magra; 40 miles S.W. of Parma. Pop. 2500. Long. 9. 40. E. lat. 44. 25. N. PoNTRiEux, a town of France, dcpurtmcnt of Cdtcs du Nord, on the river Tricixj 10 miles N.W. of St. Brieux. PoNTri'ooL, a town in Monmouthshire, with a market on Saturday, extensive iron- works, and a manufacture of japanned wnre. It is seated between two hills on the river Avon, 15 miles S.W. of Monmouth, and 148 W. by N. of London. PoNZA, one of the Pontian islands, in tho Mediterranean; containing a town, harhotir, and considerable salt-works. It was taken by the British in 1813. Long. 13. 10. E.lat. 40. 53. N. PoNZONE, a town of the Sardinian states, in the duchy of Montferrat; 20 miles W.N. W. of Genoa. Pooi-E, a borough and seaport in Dorset- shire; with a market on Monday and Thnrs- day. It is a county of itself, and sends two members to parliament. It is governed by a mayor, and situate on a peninsula project- ing into a capacious bay, wliieh branches into many creeks, and forms several islands. Tiie pa 1 church, formerly a chapel of case to Lanford, is a very ancient structure. Here are also various places of worship for dis- senters, a grammar-school, and several charity schools. The harbour admits vessels of moderate size only; but for them it is \ery secure. Poole rose into some consc- laence when the ancient town of Wareham fell into decay. The principal branih of business here is the Newfoundland fishery. It has also a large importation of deals from Norway, a general commerce with America and various parts of Europe, and a fine coasting trade, particularly in corn and >?oal. Near the mouth of the harbour is an oy;:ter bank, from which vast quantities are carried to be fattened in the creeks of Essex and the Thames- Poole is 40 miles W.S.W. of Win- chester, and 122 W. by S of London, by S. W. Railway. Long. I. 59. W. lat. 50. 43. N. PooLOROON, or PoLERON, ono ot the Bana islands, 100 miles S.E. of Amboyna. Long. 130. 0. E. lat. 4. 20. S. PooLO Wot, one of the Banda islands, on which the Dutch have a regular peutagor., called Port Korenge. PooNAH, a city of Hindostan, the mo(Icrn capital of ti.e Mahratta empire. At the 1 't- tom of Parvate hill; in tlio vicinity, is a large square field, enclosed wiiii high bvicK POP C75 I OP I walla, where tho pciHhwa used to asHcmblo the Bruhinins, to whom he gave alms at tlio i:ruat fuiist, when the rainy season terminated. Tlio view from this hill commands tho town, with all its gardens and plantations, thecan- timmcnts, and the British residency at the Siin(;um. The town is entirely defenceless, the streets long and narrow, and the houses very irregularly built. The more respectable (Iwcilirigs are raised with large blocks of gniiiito to the height of about 14 feet, after which the superstructure is composed of tiinher frames, with slight brick walls; those ul' tlie common people are only one storey hit;h, with tiled roofs. The palace is sur- nmiulcd by high and thick brick walls, witii ruiiiid towers at the angles, and has only uiio entrance. The affairs of government are under the direction of the British rcsi- il. N. PoiEDOM, or Roman States, Italy ; bound- cil N. by tho Po, which separates it from ilm Austrian states, E. by the Adriatic, S. I)y Naples, and W. by Tupcany. It is Il'O miles long, and from 80 to 100 broad, liviJed into the following delegations : — Provi;80 1,065 210,S8;i y!*,624 901 156,552 102,191 1,187 l!t4,3!)li 199,fi88 1,685 225.806 65.201 641 1 58,1.59 114,061 1,033 220,130 52.7.'i2 .192 36.592 46,097 667 89,404 69,408 477 78,94ff 222,280 1,727 202,660 l.-)8,168 1,36? r 6,7.59 140,063 ,, 113,041 4,^348 , , 24,877 76,641 174 19,601 80,360 660 59.394 83,282 636 56,530 106,034 89.5 139,9-, 9 s,m3 89 23,040 2,253,991 17,218 2,732.436 i The foregoing exhibits tho area and popniiw tion of eaeli province. Tlie first column shows the area in Roman rubble, the rubbia being a measure of corn, equal to 8^ English bu.shels, and will therefore .serve to show the comparative agricultural im))(irtance of each, as the second, in s(juarv) miles, does the ac- tual area. In 1829 the census gave 2,679,524 as the population; but this as well as the later one, 1833, is considered as too high, and therefore 2,500,000 may be taken as the correct population. Tho papal government, a bar to industry, and ill calculated to pro- mote tl)c happiness of its subjects, was sub- verted by the deposition of the Pope Pius IX. in 1848; but after several attempts to form a republican constitution, the French interi>osed, and restored the pope to power, and he returned to liomc in 1850. The country is badly cultivated and thinly in- habited. Trade and manufactures are but little encouraged ; and, were it not for dates, figs, almonds, olives, and other fruits, which grow spontaneously, the indolence of the in- habitants is such that they would be abso- lutely starved. The pope, according to the ancient canon law, is the supreme, universal, and independent liead of the church, and is invested with sovereignly over all Christian sovereigns, communities, and individuals. He has the titles of Holy Father and Holiness, and is elected at every vacancy from among the cardinals, each of whom is styled bis Emi- nence. Their number was fixed by Si.\lu8 V. at 70, in allusion to the number of the disciples sent out by Christ to teach the world. The annual revenue of the pope, which formerly amounted to upwards of £2,000,000 sterling, is now much reduced. In 1798 this state was taken possession of by the French, who overturned its ancient government, and erected it into a republic, styled the Roman republic, under the di- rection of five consuls. Tliuy obliged the pope, Pius VI., to remove from Rome, first into Tuscany, and afterwards into France, where he died at Valence, August 19th, 1799. In December following a conclave was held at Venice, and on March 13th, 1800, cardinal Chiaromonti was elected to the papal chair, ander the title of Pius VII., and assumed the sovereignty. A concordat was concluded for France in 1802, and in 1804 Napoleon was crowned by the pope; but in 1807 the emperor became iniperiou.s. The pope was removed into France, and bis state transformed into a kingdom under Napoleon's son. He continued a kind of prisoner till the allies had invaded France in 1814, when he was restored to most of his forrrer prerogatives. His successors re- mained in po-ssession of the government until an insurrection caused Pius IX. to fly from Rome, in 1848. The pope (Pius IX.) resided 1.. Gaeta from Nov. 25, 1848, till Sept. 4, 1S49, when be went to Portici. He left this >n April 4, IS.'iO, and re-entered Rome oa lic of Colombia; on the N. coast of thu isthmus of Darien, nearly opposite Panama, on the S. coast. It is one of the moat unhealthy places in the world, ami t!.e country around it swarms with reptiles in the rainy sea- son. Before the a1)olitiun of the trade by the galleons, in 1748, and the introduction of regis- ter ships, this place was the great mart for the rich Commerce of Peru and Chili. The town stands close to the sea, on the side of a moun- tain that surrounds the harbour, which is safe and commodious. Should the isthmus of Panama, by means of a canal or railway be the plan of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Portobello, from its excellent harbour, may become again of importance. It was taken ni 1742 by admiral Vernon, who demolished the fortifications; but was al'terwards strongly fortified. It is 60 miles N. by E. of Panama, and 300 W. of Carthagena. Long. 79. 50. W. hit. 9. 33. N. Porto Cabkllo, a seaport of Venezuela, Soutii America; with a good harbour de- fended by forts. It is a flouris^hing place, containiii!,' a population of 8000, and is the centre of the navigation and commerce of Venezuela; 70 miles W. by S. of Jago do Leon. Long. 67. 32. E. lat. 10. 31. N. Porto Fakino, a seaport of the kingdom of Tunis. Long. 10. 16. E. lat. .S7. 12. N. Pouxo EiiKBAJo, the capital >f the island of Elba, with a good harbour, capable of containing the largest fleets. This town is celebrated as having been the residence of Napoleon, fronr May 4, 181 ", to February 26, 1815, when l-j sailed on liii tinai expedition to Franc. Its position is central in the Mediterranean; and it perfectly commands the coast of Italy. It is a very pretty town, ■ bailt on a shelving rock, that closes in a cir- j culur bay, about 2 miles deep and as innny in breadth. The land all round is lii^li uiul woody, and the entrance to the bay in lii^h and easy to hit. The streets and furtirici'tiini rise onu above another, liko rows of seats in an ancient amphitheatre, and present a m >(it beautiful spectacle to those who approueh iiy water. A commodious quay conimun eatcs, by means of large flightf of steps, wth all the streets. Porto Fenajo was built und fortified by ('osmo I., duke of Florence, in 154!i; but the fortifications were nut fiiiiislied till 1628, when Cosmo II. completed them with a magnificence equal to that displayed by the old Itomuiis in their public under- takings; and it is now deemed impregnable. The gates are decorated with sculpture, uml the rings for fastening cables to are *;( carved bronze; 7 miles S.W. of Piomhino, on tha coast of Itidy. Pop. 3000. Long. 12. 17. E. lat. 42. 53. N. PoitTo Fiuo, a small seaport on the con.-t of Genoa, with a fort, situate between two mountains; 13 miles S.E. of Genoa. PoMTo Galete, a town of Spain, in Biscnj', seated in a small bay; 10 miles N.W. uf Bilboa. PoRTO Gheco, a town of Naples, in tlio Capitanata, near the gulf of Venice; 16 miles N.W. of Manfiedouio. PoRTO Gruabo, a town of Austrian Icnly, in Friuli, seated on the Leiua; 20 miles \V. by S. of Palnia Novo. PoKTO LoKooNE, a scaport on the S.E. side of the isle of Elba; wit!; a good harhoin-, and a fortress upon a rock, almost inaccessi- ble. It is 4 miles S.E. of Porto Ferrajn, mid 3") N.W. of Orbitello, on the coast of It.iiy. Long. 10. 20. E. lat. 42. 50. N. Porto Marin, a town of Spain, in Galicia; 48 miles E. of Compostella. PouTO Pkaya, a town and bay of St. Ja;,M, one of the Cape de Verd islands. The tuwn stands on an elevated plain, and is the re- sidence of the Portuguese governor of the islands. Long. 23. 29. W. lat. 14. 54. N. PouTO Heal, a seaport of Spain, in Aiuia- lusia, on the E. side of the bay of Cadiz; 7 miles K. of Cadiz. Porto Rico, an island of theWesc Inlios, 60 miles E. of St. Dumingo, belonging to the Spaniards. It was diseuvered by Colunilius in 1493, invaded by the Spaniards in 1501), and the natives, 600,000 in number, socai dis- appeared. It is about 100 miles in Icn^'tli, and averages 39 broad. Its area is comimtcd at about 3750 square miles, being about 2500 less than Jamaica. About one-lif'teenth ot tlio whole area (or 109,587 acres,) were in calti- vation in 1840, of which 14,803 were m sugar- cane. The population in 1846, based on the last census, was estimated at 500,000, ot whicli there are not more than about 50,000 sla>e8. Free labour, and also white men's Iftbour, is used in the colony. A ridge of mountains extends from theE. to the W. end o'tlie is- land- The highest summits uro cAllea im ■^ POR 679 POR peaks of Lagoonitat they aro often covered witli sn»\v, ><•><> the rain ia frc(|iiui>tly ul>uii(U ■lit on Olio side, wiiilo the otliur is utterly dried up> It is nn ug''iculturul oolniiy, and has no mines, with tlie excc|)tion of u recently discovert^d and difficult coal mine near Are- cibo. Tiiero are no roads of any extent throughout the island. The laws ot Spain, S.S administered in Cuba, aro those of Porto Kico, and used to be ven* severe n:" regard to foreigners, especially of Protestan.s; tiieso, howeve/, aro relaxed, and since tht change in the English sugar duties, the tru>5 2,099 872,400 331.200 990,350 109,200 790,700 314,310 135,260 Oporto Villa Real 1 Coimbra Lisbon Ev.ira Faro. Tras-o»-Montes. Beira, Upper.. Beira, Lower . Estreinadura .. Alentujc Aigarve Total.. 36,510 3,.'549,420 Pop. in 1841,3,412,500. See Apfmdix. Though Spain and Portugal are in the same climatt, yet the air of the latter is much more temperate than that of the former, on account of the neighbourhood of the sea. Agriculture is in a very backward state; the implements of industry are of the rudest con- struction, and very litf':, corn is raised. Ih- dian corn, imported from Africa, is used by the peasants instead of wheat. Olives, vine- yards, oranges, lemon.s, nuts, almonds, figs, and raisins are plentiful, and in the low grounds rice and maize are cultivated. The inhabitants also make considerable ((uantities of salt with the sea water, especially in the bay of St. Ubcs, whence a great deal is ox- ported. Their export trade consists of the produce of their own country, and the mer- chandise which they receive from their forcifjn possessions, comprising Madeira, Cape Verd island.s, some settlements in Africa, Goa, ami Macao; ihc latter consists of wine, 8U(,'Hr tobacco, cotton, indigo, hides, and many ex- cellent drugs. The horses of Portugal were formerly in great esteem; but they arc now so fond of mules, that horses are scarce. To. wards the frontiers of Spain there arc moun- tains, in which gold and silver weie foriiieiiy found; and the river Tnjo wi'.s anciently ce- lebrated by the poets for its golden saml.i. There are also mines of iron, tin, lead, qtiiir- ries of marble, and some precious stones. The Portuguese are indolent, luxurlou.s, , nd debased. Plays and church fcstivils. hull- fights, balls, music, &c., engross the wlmU attention of tliose who are not compelled to labour for their subsistence. The peas.ints arc in a state of vass.dage, and subsist on the hardest fare. In many respects they bear a striking resemblance to the Highlanders of Scotl,".nd. The principal rivers are the Tagii.s, Douro, Guadiano, Mondego, and Cuidao. The government is a limited monarchy. For- merly it had its cortes or representative body, but, from 1697 to the recent revolution tliey were never assembled. The religion is tiie Roman Catholic; and there are two nrcii- bishops, and 13 bishops. Portugal aiipears to have been known at an early period to the Phoenicians and Carthaginians. It siili- sequently followed the fortune of Spain, and, after being the scene of various military operations, was finally reduced and consti- tuted a Roman province, under Augustus. The Romans were succeeded by the Gotlis and other barbarians. The Saracens, or Moors, invaded the peninsula from Africa, and, after the battle of Xores, a.u. 712, set up several kingdoms, and were not expelled from Portugal till the I3th century. In lO'Ji, Alphonso "VI., king of Castile and Leon, made Henry of Burgundy, grandson of . Ro- bert king of France, count of Portugal, as a reward for assisting him against the Moors. Alphonso, son of Henry, was the first king, The last of his descendants by the malsl)erg, itc. Pop. in 1838, 32,456. Long. 17. 0. E hit. 5i:. 24. N. Vi •■> .... i POT es2 PRA PoBNECK, a town of Saxony, in tlie prin- cipality of Altenburg. It has manuluctureM of cloth and leather. It is seated on the Gams, near its conflux with the (^rla; 8 inilc8 N.E. of Snalfeld. Possession Island, an island in the S. Pacific, near the N. point of New Holland. Here Captain Cook hoisted the British colours, and took possession of all the E. or N.E. coast of Now Holland, in the name of King George III., which he called New South Wales. Long. 141. 39. E. lat. 10. 33. S. Possession Island, an uninhabited island in the South Pacific. Long. 141. 40. E. lat. 46. 30. S. PossiNKO, a town of Portugal, in Estre- madura; lOmiles N.E. ofSantarem. PoTBNZA, a town of Naples, in Basili- cata; seated near the source of tlie Basiento; 1 1 miles S. by W. of Acerenza. Pop. 9000. Potomac, a river of the United States, which rises ;n the N.W. part of Virginia, and separateu that state from Maryland, al- most its whole course, till it enters the W. side of Chesapeake bay. It is navigable for ships of the line for nearly 300 miles, to the navy yard at Washington. Above the navi- gation, it has numerous falls, some of which are obviated by canals and locks. At 60 miles above, the Shenandoah river joins it, and their passage through the Blue liidge, is a magnificent curiosity. PoTosi, a town of Bolivia, capital of a de- partment of its name. Here are the best silver mines in all America, in a mountain in the form of a sugar-loaf. Silver was as common in this place as iron is in Europe; but the mines are now much exhausted, or at least little is obtained in comparison of what was formerly. The country around is naked and barren. The town is seated at the bottom of the mountain of Potosi; 260 miles W.N. W. of Arica. Pop. 30,000. Long. 67.30. W. lat. 19,50. S. PoTosi, San Luis. See Lris, Potsdam, a province of the Prussian states, in Brandenburg, comprehending the districts formerly termed the Ucker Mark, the Mark of Pregnitz, and the greatest part of the Middle Mark. It is bounded N. by Pome- raiiia and W. Prussia, and S. and W. by Saxony. The city of Berlin, with a small district lying around it, forms a distinct go- vernment. Potsdam, the capital of the foregoing go- vernment, situated on an island formed by the rivers Spree avid Havel. The public buildings display great magnificence and taste. The royal palace is f.n admirable structure; and the houses near it are almost all built in the Italian style. In the market- place is a marble obelisk, 7.5 feet in height; also mifrble statues of the first four king.s of Prussia. The garrison church is large, and has a marble pul|)it, under which is the tomb of the Great Frederick, whose remains arc enclosed in a wooden coOin covered with copper, without any ornament or victoriotw trophies, to recall the memory of his actions. On a hill, near the city, is the royal pnliuo. of Sans Souci, which is only one storey liJL'h. yet remarkable for its grandeur and itiuj^iiKi- cence. The inhabitants of Potsdam imve manufactures of silk, velvet, cotton, linen, &c. It was entered without opposition on the 24tli of October, 1805, by the French, who carried away with exultation the sword and scurf worn by the immortal Frederick duvinir tlie seven years' war. It is 13 miles W.S.W. of Berlin, to which there is a railway. Po)), in 1837, 25,560. Long. 13. 49. E. lat. 52. 52 N. Pottehies, The, a district in Staffordsliirc, extending about 10 miles in length, anil one and a half in breadth. It comprises the towns and villages of Burslem, Hanley, Lane End, Etrurin, Stoke-upon-Trent, Tunstall, Long- port, Shelton, Brownhills, &c., situated in a part of the country abounding in coal, and clays of great variety in colour and texture, which, together with the great canal inter- course kept up with all parts of the king- dom, furnish a large portion of industry aud wealth. Potton, a town in Bedfordshire, with a market on Saturday; 12 miles E. of i3(>.>.it'ord, and 48 N. by W. of London. PoTTSGRovE, a towu of Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill ; 35 miles N.W. of Philadeli)hia. PouGHKEEPSiB, a towu of Ncw York, capi- tal of Duchess county. It is one of the most pleasant and wealthy villages on the Huiison, and has considerable manufacturing estab- lishments. The convention met herein 1788, which adopted the constitution of the United States. Pop. 10,005. It is situate on tiie E. side of the Hudson; 74 miles N. of New York. PouGOES, a village of France, departnien* ofNi^vre; noted for its ferruginous mineral spring. It is five miles N.W. of Nevres. PoDLTON, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Monday. It is much frequented in the bathing season, and the population is increasing; the parish church is a plain and commodious edifice, erected in 1751, on tlio site of the old edifice, which had stood ncuriy 700 years. Here are four places of worship for dissenters, with various schuois. It is 18 miles S.W. of Lancaster, to which there is a railway, and 234 N.N.W. of London. PouncjAYN, St., a town of France, dopart- ment of Allier, seated on the Sioule; 19 mdes S. by W. ofMouliiia. Pop. .3000. PoYANO-HOTT, a lake of Ciiina, in the >f. part of the province of KiauK-si; formed by the confluence of several rivers, which meet here from every point of the compass. It w 250 miles in circumference. . . PoYNTON, a chapelry in the parish ot Frestbury. Cheshire, 5 miles S.S.E. of btocK- port. Pop. in 1851, 1247. _ Prahat. a town of the kingdom of b..urial place lies; the chapel magnilieent arc large palace of ' t'erod trequeiit White niountai how, is eel '^^•at( 161!(), by the A the elector pnhi had chosen for i was taken by tlu ill 1C48. It was tho French, wlir 1M2. In 1757 of Prussia afte oliliged to raise "8 by railway miles I'lv ruiiwav t' lat. 50. 3. N' PRA 683 PRE Pkachatitz, a town of Bolieniia, in the circle of Praciiin; 23 ni. S. by W. of Pisck, ftiAOHiN, a mountain of Bohemia, on which formerly stood a castle of the same name. It gives name to a circle on the W. side of the Muldau, of which Pisek is the capital. Prades, a town of France, department of Eastern Pyrenees, seated in a fine plain, on the river Tet; 24 m. W.S.W. of Pcrpignao. Prades, a town of Spain, in Catalonia; near which is ft magnificent abbey, where the ancient kings of Arnigon were interred. It is 39 miles N.W. of Barcelona. Pkaca, a town of Poland, on the Vistula; opposite Warsaw, of which it is considered a suburb. Pragilas, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont; 7 miles W. of Turin. Prague, the capital of Bohemia, and for- merly an archiepiscopal see. It compre- hends four towns, the Old, New, and Little town, and the Hradschin. It is 15 miles in circumference, is built upon seven hills, and contains 85,000 inhabitants. The Muldau runs tlirongh the city, separating the Old town from the New; and over it is a bridge of 18 arches, with a strong tower at each end. The old town is very populous; the houses are high, and the streets narrow. In this part are the remains of a palace, where the ancient kings resided; but the finest or- nmnent is the university, frequented by a great riumber of students : here also is a mag- niticent college, formerly belonging to the Jesuits; and the Jews have nine synagogues, and are about 7000 in number. The New town contains fine structures, handsome gardens, and large streets; also an arsenal, and a secular foundation, whose abbess was a princess of the empire. The Little town, which is the most ancient part of Prague, has broad streets, and is very populous. The Hradschin once belonged to the Little town, but In 1756, it was made the fourth town of Prfl>!ue. its principal buildings are the royal palace, in which is a hall, 100 paces long, and 40 broad, without any pillar to support the roof; : 'le cathedral of St. Vcit, containing the ^^uriid place of the kings, and many re- lics; the chapel of our Lady of Loretto; the magiiilieent archiepiscopal palace; and the large palace of Tschernin. Prague baa suf- fered trequciit devastations by war. The ^Vhite mountain, without the gate of Stra- hnw, is eel- !. rated for the victory gained in 1620, by the Austrians, over Frederic V., the elector palatine, whom the Bohemians bad chosen for their king. In 1631 Prague wasta'Ken by the Saxons; and by the Sweiles ill 1648. It was taken by storm in 17-41 by tiip French, who were obliged to lea\e it in 1712. In 1757 it was besieged by the king cf Prussia after a great victory, l)Ut wus obliged to raise the siege. It is 75 miles, or 118 lpy railway, S.K. of Dresden, and 250 miles liy ruiiwnv from Vienna. Long. 14. 25 K- lat. 50. 3. N". Prairie du Ciiif.n, a town of the state of Wisconsin, on theE. bankof tHo Mississippi, 3 miles above the mouth of the Wisconsin river, and 600 above St. Louis. The prairie is 10 miles long, and 3 wide. Numerous mounds of all sizes are in the vicinity. Th« richest cupper mines are found here. Port Crawford, a United States' military post, is immediately S. of the village. Phasto, a small town of Greece, m the Morea, situate to the W, of the gulf of Na- poii; 16 miles N. by E. of Misitra. Pkato, a town of Tuscany, with a citadel ; and a handsome cathedral, built of marble. Pop. 10,500. It is 10 m. N.W. of Florence. Phatb 1)E Molo, a fortified town of France, department of Eastern Pyrenees, on the Tet ; 29 miles S.W. of Perpignan. Pop. 3000. Prausnitz, a town and castle of Prussian Silesia. It has a fine church, containing the tombs of the counts of Hatzfeld. It is 18 miles N. of Breslau PitAVA. See PouTO Pkaya. Precop, or Perecop, a town and fortress of Russia, in the governraentof Catherinens- laf, and province of Taurida; seated on the isthmus that joins the Crimea to the conti- nent. A deep trench, four miles in length, is cut across the isthmus, over which is a bridge, and upon that a vaulted gate, called the Golden Gate of the Tartars. Pop. 1200. Long. 35. 34. E. hit. 46. 8. N. Prkcopja, n town of Scrvia, on the river Morave; 20 miles W. of Nissa. Pop. 6000, Preoel, a river of East Prussia, which issues from the lake of Augerburg, and flow- ing by Insterburg, Welau, and Konigsberg, enters the eastern extremity of the Friseli HafF. Premislau, a town of Poland, with a strong castle, and a Greek and Latin bishoji's see, seated on the Sana; 60 miles W. by S. of Lemburg. Long, 21. 0. E. lat. 49. 0. N. Pren/loav, a town of Brandenburg, capi- tal of what was formerly called the Ucker Mark. It contains 6 churches, and has a brisk trade in corn, tobacco, and cattle. Seated on the lake and river Ueker; 58 miles N.N.iC. of Berlin. Pop. in 1837 37,380. Long. 13. 55. E. lat. 53. 19. N. Pkerau, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name. It is seated on the Beczwa; 13 miles S.E. of Olmutz. Long. 17. 29. E. lat. 49. 23. N. Pop. 2300. PKESBirno, a city of Hungary. It is .seated on the Danube, which is here very rapid, and about 250 yards in breadth. The pop. in 1837 was, exclusive of the garrison, 37,380. Its castle, u noble Gothic structure, was burnt down in the comuiencement of the present century. Thi.s town was declared by a royal decree' of 1536 tiie capital of Hungary, on account of its vicinity to Vienna, and the sovereigns are still crowned in its cathedral; but the ])rini"ipal officers of governmetit re- side at Buda, and the diets and supren.o courts of judicaluie meet at Peslh. In Doc, ^ .^■ m .-*.v "IIW"" ""^ PRE 684 PRI 1805, a treaty of peace was concluded hero between Austria and France; 38 miles E. by 8. of Vienna, and 95 W.N.W. of Pestli, on tlio railway connecting these places, Prescot, a town in Lancashire, with mar- kets on Tuesday and Saturday. It is a long Birnggling town, and may be said to be al- most built ovcrcoal-pits, several being worked close to its extremities. The parish church m a spacious edifice, dedicated to St. Mary. ! In the chancel is a large upright figure of John Ogle, one of the captains who defended Lathorn House. The dissenters have places of worship, with various schools; and here is a free-school, established at an early period by the township. At the east entrance of the town arc several almshouses, erected in 1708, by Oliver Lyme. It is estimated that 2000 persons are employed in the collieries of Prescot, whence Liverpool is chiefly sup- plied with fuel by the railway, which passes about a mile from this town. Here are ma> nufactures of watch-movements, pinion wire, small files, and coarse eartiienware, and also some manufactories of cotton, hats, &c.; 8 miles E. of Liverpool, and 197 N.N.W. of London. Phesenzano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro. It appears by an inscription, to be the ancient liufse, and its territory has the name of Costa liufraria. It is 28 miles N. of Naples. PaESTEiGK, a town of Wales, in Radnor- shire, with a market on Saturday. It may be deemed the modern capital of the county, for here tiic asisizes are held, and in it is the county gaol. Tiie site of its castle is now laid out in public walks. It is seated near the source of the Lug, in a rich vallev ; 23 miles N.N.W. of Hereford, and 151 N.N.W. Qf London. Long. 2. 68. W. lat. 52. 15. N. Prestima, a town of Portugal, in Beira; 11 miles N. of Coimbra. Pkesto, a seaport of Denmark, in Zea- land, with a good harbour in a bay of the Baltic; 42 miles S.S.W. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 6. E. lat. 55. 9. N. PfiESTON, a borough in Lancashire, go- verned by a mayor; with markets on Wed- nesday, Friday, and Saturday. It returns two members to parliament. Here is a court of chancery, with other offices of jus- tice, for the county palatine of Lancaster. The chief manufactures are the various branches of cotton and muslin, which are now carried on to a considerable extent. Here are thirteen churchcH, two catholic cha- pels, eight meeting-houses for dissenters, and several schools, and other charitable institu- tions. It is noted for the defeat of the Pre- tender's adherents in 1715, when most of them were made prisoners; also for a kind of public carnival, or jubilee, held every 20 years, the last of which was in 1842. It is connected with other parts of the county, and the kingdom generally, by means of the North Union, the Lancaster and Preston, railway, the Preston and Longridge, the Bol- t(m and Preston, and the Preston and Wyre railways. Prom this extensive chain of rail- ways, the town has rapidly risen in wealrh and importance. It is seated near the Kib- ble and the Lancaster ciuial; 22 miles S.S.E. of Lancaster, and 217 N.N.W, of London. Prestonjpans, a town of Scotland, ia llud- dingtonshire, with a safe harbour, calied jMo- rison's haven, on the frith of Forth. It has manufactures of salt, and a coiisiileralila oyster fishery. At tiiis place the roy.al aiinv was defeated by the Pretender's ailhercuts in 1745; 8 miles E, of Edinburgh. Prestwich, a manufacturing township in Lancashire, 4 miles N.W. of Manchester; it has a fine old Gothic church, picturesquely situated. Pop. in 1851, 4070. Prettin, a town of Saxony, on the Elbe; 18 miles S. by E. of Wittenberg. Prevesa, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania. It stands on the ruins uf the nn- cient Nicopolis, built by the emperor Au- gustus, in memory of his victory over Antony. It was taken by the Venetians in 1684, was ceded to the Turks in 1718, taken by tlie French in 1798, and retaken the following year by the Turks, in whose hands it remained till the recent liberation of Greece. It is seated on a mountain, on the gulf of Larta; 70 miles N.W, of Lcpanto. Pop. perhaps 4000. Long. 21. 5. E. lat. 39. 14. N. Predillt, a town of France, department of Indro et Loire. Near it are mines of iron. It stands on the Claise; 18 m. S. of Loches. Priaman, a town on the \V. coast of the island of Sumatra, where the Dutch had for- merly a factory. The environs produce but little pepper; but the air is healthy. It stands on a small river in which gold is found. The English East India Company formed a settle- ment hero in 1685. Long. 98. 0. E. lat. 1. 0. S. Primkenutt, a to^vn of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Leignita, with an iron forge, and a manufacture of paper; 16 miles S.W. of Glogau, Prince Edavard, a county of Virginia; capital. Prince Edward Court House. Pop. 14,069, including 8576 slaves. Prince Edward Island, formerly John, St., which sec, , Prince Frederic, a town of Marymi.a, chief of Calvert county; 35 miles b.h, oi Washington. tt- • • t Prince George, a county of Virginia, dc- tween the Appomattox and James rivers; capital, the Court House. Pop. 7175.— AImi a county in Maryland, adjoining the dismal of Columbia; capital. Upper Marlboro . Poix 19,530, including 10,636 slaves. Prince ok Wales Cape, the north-west- ern extremity of America; discovered hy Captain Cook in 1778. It is on the h. swia of Bchring strait. . „„wi.- Prince OF Wales Fort, the mos't nort,.- ern settlemout of the Hudson Day Cumpan}, »**i^«^<***»^«aMii^«fcm'* w Mri »* ><»>OT»CK i Total* U,3"4 15,496 12,179 1.1,724 9,704 7.801 10,307 ■ (K&nigaber;.... I Uumbinnen.... ) Dantzic ( Loosen (UromlMTg .... I Totsdam witii Ilerlia.. ifrankfort. iStcttin <(;u8lin (^tralaund iUreslau Dppeln Lifgiiitz I .Mugdeljurg ^.Mcrscborg (Kifurt .Munster Miuden ^Antslwrg Cologne Diissciilorf ..".•' Coblentz ~-. TiDvea Aii-la-ChapeU* Pop.lSM. 796,fVi.') 6'.)",7W 3)i(j,lili5 M9,ri'J7 824,87.'> 40S,ari l,OJ7,23l 7li'J,S(i«i \,n-A,xi w>«,2ad 62.~,6K5 l>'>:),7U0 3:'l. 4n.-J4'J 44l.;.'|l> 447.437 «Oil,Ml 47'<,4I0 470,444 3-VT*'' 107,621 |l4.' i^,M See Gbhmant, and Appendix. PUE 687 PUN I f I Prussia Proper, an extensive division of the Prussiiiii states, between the northern fron- ticrof Poland and the Baltic. Itcomprises the provinces of East and West Prussin. divided formerly by the Vistula, and now by a line a few miles to the E. of that river. East Prussia lies between 19.20. and 24. 15. of E. long., and 52. 32. and 56. 3. of N. lat., and has a super- ficial extent of 706"34 square German miles. It is divided into the governments of Konigsberg and GuHibitinen. West Prussia is a less ex- tensive country, its area being 471 "69 square German miles. It is divided into the govern- ments of Dantzic and Marienwerder. PiiCTii, a river that rises in Marmarosch, in Hungary, crosses part of the palatinate of Lcmbiirg, flows through Moldavia, and enters the Danube above Reni, in Bessarabia. Pkutm, a town of the Prussian province of Lower Rhine, with a princely abbey, seated on the river Pruym, 30 miles S.S.E. of Aix- la-Chapelle. Pbzesmislia, a town of Austrian Poland, capital of a circle of its name, with a castle seiited on the river San, 54 miles W. by S. of Leiaberg. Pop. 7400. Pkzibsam, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Beraun, with a silver mine and an iron- foundry, seated near the river Muldau, 28 miles S.S.W. of Prague. Pskov, a government of Russia, lying be- tween those of Livonia and Smolensk©. It comprises an area of 22,000 square miles, witli 705,300 inhabitants, in 1838. Pskov, the capital of the above govern- ment, and an archbishop's see, with a strong castle. It is seated on tiie river Welika, at its entrance into the lake Tchudskoi, 80 miles S. of Narva, and 170 S. by W. of Petersburg. Pop. in 1838, 8731. Long. 27. 52. E. lat. 57. 38. N. PiiccuLOE, a town of Bengal, 40 miles N.W. of Dacca. PucKHOLi.atown of Hindostan, in the pro- vince of Lahore, 86 miles S.W. of Cashmere, and U5 N.W. of Lahore. Long. 75. 5. E. lat. 33.4.5. N. PuDDA, a river of Hindostan, which rises in the S.W. part of Agimere, divides the pro- vinces of Cutch and Guzerat, and runs into the gulf of Cutch. PuDOGA, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Olonetz, situate on the E. coast ot'tlie lake of Ouczkoe, 108 miles E. of Olonetz. Long. 36.30. E. lat 61.36. N. PuEBLA, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated near the Atlantic, 29 miles S.S.W. of Com- postella. PuEBLA DE LOS Anoelos, a city of Mexico, capitiil of a province of its name. The streets an.' broad and straight, and the buildings, in Sii-'ueral of stone, lofty and elegant. In the I'^iitre of the city is a large square, adorned on three sides with uniform porticoes, and, •111 the other, with the cathedral, which has a ' -autiful front, and two lofty towers. Be- kiixs tlie catliedr.il, thera» are several other churches and convents, well built and finely adorned. A small river runs through the town anu the adjacent valley produces vines and all sorts of European fruits. It is 80 miles E.S.E. of Mexico. Pop. of the province, ' 1,303,000; of the town, perhaps, 50,000. Long. 98. 2. W. lat. 19. 0. N. PuEBLA NuEVA, a towu of Mcxico, in the province of Veragua, seated near the Pacific ocean; 100 miles W. of St. Jago. Long. 83. 0. W. lat. 8. 34. N. PuEBLA DE Sanabria, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, 45 m. S.W. of Astorga. PuENTB, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the river Agra; 8 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona. Puerto Bella, Poerto Rico, &c. See Porto. Puerto Principe, or Santa Maria de Pu- erto Principe, a city of Cuba, and capital of its central department. It is situated in the interior, and has indifferent communication with the port of Nuevitas, and the surround- ing country. It was founded by Velasquez, about 1514, on the port named Columbus del Principe, now Nuevitas, (which see) but was subsequently removed to its present site, then called Camaguey, a pueblo of Indian.s, on account of the frequent invasions of the pirates. It has a population of 13,817. For- merly the number of inhabitants was much greater. It is in lat. 21. 20. 30. N. long. 77. 57. 45. W. and 151 leagues from the Havana. FuoLiA.theancient Apulia, containing the 3 provinces of Capitanata, Bari, and Otran- to; on the E. side of the kingdom of Noples. PiTLASKi, a county in the state of Georgia; capital, Hawkiiisville. Pop. 5389. — Also a county of Virginia; capital, Ncwburn. Pop. 3739. — Also a county in Kentucky; capital, Somerset. Pop. 9620. — Also a county in In- diana; capital, Winamac. Pop. 561. — Also a county in Missouri, capital, Wayncsville. Pop. 6529. — Also a county in Arkansas; capital. Little Rock. Pop. 5350. Puluelt, or Pwllheli, a town of Wales, in Caernarvonshire, with a market on Wed- nesday; seated on an inlet of Cardigan bay, between two rivers: 16 miles S. of Caernar- von, and 243 N.W. of London. Pu i.o Con i>ore, see Condore ; and so with other islands that have sometimes Pulo (island) prefixed. Pullicate, a town of Hindostan, in the Carnatic, on the sea coast, and at the S. end of a large lake to which it gives name ; 23 miles N. of Madras. PuLTENEYTOWN.asnburb of the royal burgh of Wick, in Caithness-shire, which it outvies in extent and architecture; and is the prin- cipal scat of its fisheries and trade. PuLTOUsK.atown in the interior of Poland, where in 1807 a battle was fought between the French and Russians, in which both sides claimed the victory. It is seated on the Narew; 30 miles N. of War.-iaw, PuLTowA. See Poltava. Puna, an island in the Pacific ocean, 36 m PUR 688 PUT miles long, and 12 broad, lying at the en- trance of the bay of Guayaquil. It has an Indian town, of the same name, on its S. side. It is 115 miles N. of Faita. PuNHETE, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- dura, at the conflux of the Zezere with the Tujo; 6 miles N.W. of Abrantes. PuNjAUB, or Pdnjab, a territory on the N.W. frontier of India, comprised between the Indus, on the W., and Sutlej river, on the E. Its name signifies " the country of five waters," from the number of the rivers which intei'sect it, and which all fall into the Indus. It is the country of the Sikhs, an ex- traordinary sect of India, combining the prin- ciples of Hindooism and Mohammedanism. It was founded in the 15th century, and first became powerful in the last century, when they favoured the Mahrattas; but, on the downfal of that nation, tlieir sacred city, Umritzir, was entirely destroyed ; they how- ever quickly recovered, and Runjeet Singh, one of their governors, took possession of the whole kingdom of Lahore, or the Punjaub, which he retained until his death, and was succeeded by his son, who was soon deposed in favour of his grandson who was unpopular. Lahore is the capital. As a frontier country, this is of great importance, as it is the only side from which it can be menaced with in- Tasion; and, were the Russians to advance to the Indus, their success would depend chiefly on their having the Sikhs for enemies or allies; and to the British it is doubly im- portant, as it lies between their territory and that oftheir new ally, in Cabul. By the results of the recent warfare in this country, the Pun- jaub has become a British province (1849), PuNTA DEL Gada, the Capital of St. Mi- chael, one of the Azores, with a strong castle. It is situate on the S. side, and contains 10,000 inhabitants. Tiie streets are regular and of convenient width; and the churches, religious houses, and pub'ic edifices, may be deemed elegant. There is no harbour in the vicinity of the town, and vessels usually anchor at a distance from the shore, in an open road. Long. 25. 42. W. hat. 37. 47. N. PuNTA DE PiEDRA, once a mere fishing hamlet, but now a considerable town in the republic of Venezuela, in the province of Cumana. It is seated on a platform com- manding the sea, on a fine plain, and in a district of prodigious fertility. At the ex- tremity of the plain opens the beautiful and fertile valley of Yaguapararo, in which are plantations of coflTce and cocoa ; for the growth of the latter both the soil and climate are particularly adapted. The valleys and the banks of the rivers of this district abound in logwood and Brazil wood. Phrdeck, Isle of, a rough and heathy tract in Dorsetshire, to the S. of Poole bay. It is insulated by the sea and rivers, and is famous for its stone quarries, the principal part of which lie at its eastern extremity, near Swanage, whence tlie stone is exported ; it is of the calcareous kind, but distinguished into numerous sorts, the finest of which de- serves the name of marble, and is used for chimney-pieces, hearths, &c.; while the coarser kinds are made use of in paving. Tobacco-pipe clay is dug up in several parts of the island, the finest near Corfe castle, of which much is exported, particularly for the Staffordshire potteries. PuROHENA, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Granada; 70 miles E. of Granudn Long. 2. 25. W. lat. 37. 19. N. PuRFLEET, a village in Essex, situate on the Thames, 4 miles VV. of Gray's Tliurrock. It has extensive lime-^vorks, and a large magazine for gunpowder. PuRiFiCAciON, a town of Mexico, in the province of Xalisco,90 miles S. by E. of Com- postella. Long. 105. 30. W. lat. 19. 58. N. PuRMEREND, a Strong town of the Nether- lands, in N. Holland. It is 10 miles N. by E. of Amsterdam. PuRNEAii, a town of Bengal, capital of a fertile and populous district of its name, seated on the Seraw; 125 miles N.N.W. of Moorshcdabad. PuscHiAvo, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, 3 miles N. from a lake to which it gives name. It is 17 miles W.S.AV. of Bormio, and 20 E. of Chiavenna. PuTALA, or Pateli, a mountain of Tibet, near the banks of the Burrampootcr; 7 miles E. of Lassa. On its summit is the palace of the grand lama, the high priest of Tibet. PuTLiTZ, a town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, with an old castle; M miles N.N.E. ofPerleberg. Putnam, a county in New York, capital, Carmel. Pop.in 1845, 13,258,— Also in Geor- gia, capital, Ealonton, Pop. 10,260,— Also in Ohio, capital, Kaiida, Pop. 5189.t-A1so in Indiana, capital, Greencastle, Pop. 16,842. — Also in Illinois, capital, Hennepin. Pop. 2131. PcTNET, a village in Surrey, seated on the Thames, over which is a wooden bridfre; 4 miles W.S. W. of London. It was the birth- place of Thomas Cromwell, carl of Essex, whose father was a blacksmith; and of Nicho- las West, bishop of Ely, his contemporary, a great statesman, whose father was .i baker; and of Gibbon the Roman historian. PcTTAN Somnauth, or PuTTAN, a town of Hindostan, near the southern cxtrcmit)' of the Guzerat peninsula. Somnauth is one of the twelve images of Seeb, which are said to have descended from heaven to earth; and the great fame of its temple attracted the cupidity, while it stimulated the bigotry of Sultan Mahmood, of Ghizni. According to Mohammedan authors, the image was de- stroyed, but the Hindoos assert that the god retired into the ocean. The symbol placed in the temple is deemed peculiarly propitious to those who desire offspring. It was visited by pilgrims from every quarter, who l>iiid a trifling duty to the nabob for permission to perform th shrine. Tl have used State, in If pilj,'rimagc t 95 miles S. lat. 21, 2. N I'orr.E, a department see. The cat quantity of i C'lebr.itcdin has maiiuf'aci (tulfs, and si mountain A miles N.E, ol niont. Pop, lat. 45, 58, N PiTV DK D( containing pa vergne. It 1: situate to the the departtnei PUV EN Aj ofMaine-et-L Saiimur, PUY l'Eve( of Lot; 16 mil Pur LA Roi of Tarn-et-G) Cahors, PUY JfoiSSC of Lower Alps PtrrcEUDA, i capital of the c the foot of the the Segra; 48 iiiiJ 78 N, by \[ hy the French i-2. 36. N. PUVLAURENI nientofTarn; PUZZUOLI, 01 now iuconsider of Naples, H temple of Juf mnnument of a the Roman and the manner of t %ptian and . PuzzHoli, whicl Jtaiy, till the Ro \t has been con 'iral, and so mu at present only is visible. Mar amphitheatres, this city, afford ( "liiSnificcnce. "''•»• this place, aliighideaofth It IS 9 miles W, Pyramids, a dous Egyptian i PYR 689 TYS k-nof ot of id to and the ry of ,gto de- god need n perform thoir devotions nt this favourite shrine. The Bombay Presidency is stated to hftve used its inlluoncc with tiie Junnghar Stiite, in 1816, to seeuro greater freedom of pilgrimage to Puttun. It stands near the sea; 95 miles S. of Noanagur. Long. 69. 40. E. lat. 21. 2. N, I'uvLE, a city of France, capital of the department of Upper Loire, and a bishop's sec. The cathedral is famous for a prodigious quantity of relics; and Our Lady of Puy is cdcbratcd in the annuls of superstition. Puy has manufactures of blankets, linen, lace, silk Rtull's, and stoneware. It is seated on the mountain Anis, near the river Loire; 45 miles N.E. of Mende, and 65 S.E. of Cler- mont. Pop. in 1836, 14,738. Long. 3. 58. E. lat. 45. 58. N. Puv DK DoMR, a department of France, containing part of the former province of Au- vergne. It has its name from a mountain, situate to the W. of Clermont, the capital of the department. Pop. 566,000. PuY EN Anjou, a town in the department of Maine-et-Loire. It is 10 miles S.S.W. of Saumur. PuY l'Eveque, a town in the department of Lot; 16 miles W. by N. of Cahors. PuY LA RoQUF, a town in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne; 18 miles S.S.E. of Caliors. i'uY MoissoN, a town in the department of Lower Alpsj 15 miles S. of Dignc. PcYCEUOA, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, capital of tiie county of Cerdagna; seated at the foot of the Pyrenees, near the source of theSegra; 48 miles VV. by S. of Perpignan, and 78 N. by W. of Barcelona. It was taken by the French in 1791. Long. 1. 50. E. lat. 42. 36. N. PuvLAURENS, a town of France, depart- ment of Tarn; 28 miles S. by VV. of Alby. PuzzuoLi, or PozzcoLO, a celebrated, but now iueonsiderable city of Italy, on the bay of Naples. Hero are the remains of the temple of Jupiter Serapis, an interesting monument of antiquity, being ditfcrent from the Roman and Greek temples, and built in the manner of the Asiatics ; probably by the Ejiyptian and Asiatic merchants settled at Puz/.uoli, which was the great emporium of Italy, till the Romans built Ostia and Antium. It has been converted into a christian cathe- dral, and so much modern work added, that at present only the front of the ancient edifice is visible. Many other remains of temples, amphitheatres, and other public buildings in this city, afford convincing proofs of its former inagniticence. The ruins of Cicero's villa, nciir this place, are of such extent as to give ft high idea of the wealth of that great orator. It is 9 miles W. of Naples. Pyramids, a range of ancient and stupen- dous Egyptian monuments, extending north- ward from Cairo for about 20 leagues; but on the oj)posito side of the river. Pyrhau-m, a town of Bavaria, capital of a lordship of its name; situate on the frontiers of Franconia; 13 miles S.E. of Nuremburg. Pyuenees, a range of mountains wiiich divides Franco from Spain, and the most celebrated in Europe, except the Alp.s. They reach from the Mediterranean to tiie Atlantii-, about 212 miles in length, and have diftereiit names, according to their diHerent situations. The passages over them are not so difliiult as those of the Alps. One of the most fre- quented is that from Pampcluna to St. Jean do Pied de Fort, by whicli the French under Soult marched to attack the B-itish before Pampeluna, in July 1813. These mountains contain iron, copper, lead, silver, gold, cobalt, and zinc; they also furnish grout quantities of timber, for ship-building, and an abundance of pitch and tar. The highest summits are Nethon, 12,424 feet, Mont Perdu, 11,168 feet, and Pic du Midi, 9544 feet; at the height of 7200 feet, snow is perpetual. See Peudu, Mont. Pyuenees, Oiuentales, a department of France, containing the provinces of lious- sillon, Cerdagne, and part of Languedoc. Its area is estimated at 1650 square miles, and the population in 1836 at 157,0.")2. Although great part of the country is mountainous, yet it is fertile in corn, excellent wine, olives, oranges, &c. Perpignan is the capital. PviiENEEa, Basses, a department of France, comprehending the provinces of Beam and Navarre. The principal jjroducts are corn, wine, flax, chestnuts and other fruits ; the manufactures woollen, linen, leather, and recently cotton. The province contains an area of about 3000 square miles, with 428,400 inhabitants, in 1836. Pau is the capital. Pykenees, IIautes, a department of France, including the province of Bigorre, and comprising an area of 1800 square miles, with 233,031 inhabitants in 1836. Here are excellent horses, and good partridges. Tiio valleys are very fertile, furnishing rye, mil- let, Spanish corn, and flax. The mountE.hy Jiilkenny, and county It is '•> pwishes, an "iniont, and o ington. Itwf '!"«S but is no tion. Marybo ^Juekn's Co QUE 6U1 quv: tlic Americttns, under Ocncral Montgomery, wliu wus Hliiin, nnd his army repulsud. Ol luic yeurs great improvements have been cf- fuctvd, and the population in 1843 amounted to 31,507. Tile chief exports are grain, Hour, timlicr, lumber, &c. 'J'ho basin of Quebec is uipuijlo orcontainiiig 100 sail of the line. It ii 330 miles N. of lioston. Long. 7 1. 19. W. iut. 46. 49. N. QuEDA, a kingdom of Asia, in the pcnin- lula of Malacciu The king is tributary to Slum. The i>rincipAl town is of tliu same name, bus a harbour, and is 300 m. N. of the city of Malacca. Long. lUO. 5. E, lat.7. 5. N. Qi)EiJL.iNUURa, atown of Prussian Saxony, in tiio principality of Anhalt, with u castle, riio river Bode divides it into the Uld and New Town. It has a trade in brandy and linen. It is 10 miles S. by E. of Ilalbcrstadt. LoN^. 1 1. 10. E. lat. 51. 50. N. Top. in 1838, 12,903. Queen Ann, a town of Maryland, in Prince Ocor;,'0 county, situate at the foot of a hill, untlie Patuxent; 13 miles S.W. of Annapo- 11), and 22 E. of Washington. Pop. 12,633. Queen Giiaklotfe Island, an island in the South PaciKc, 6 miles long and 1 broad; iliseuvered by Captain Wallis in 1767. Long. 138.4. W. lat. 19. 18. S. QuEKN Chaulottb l9r,ANn.s, a group of Lsliimis in the North Pacific, explored by Ciiptain Carteret in 1767. The most con- siderable he named Eginont, but the Span* iurds call it Santa Cruz. It is 60 miles long, and from 20 to 30 broad, woody and moun- tainous, with many valleys intermixed. The inlial)it.ints are very nimble, vigorous, and aetive; and their weapons are bows and ar- rows pointed with flint. On the N. side is a liarbuur named Swallow bay. Long. 164.26. Klat. 10.42. S. Queen Chaulottb Sound, a sound at tliu N. extremity of the S. island of New Zealand, near Cook strait. Long. 174. 14. I'llut. 41.6. S. QuKENiioRonoH, a town in Kent, in the isle of Shcppey ; market on Monday. It liiid oiico a strong castlo, remains of which arc still to be seen. The town is seated near llie mouth of the Medway; 20 miles N.W. ol (lanterhury, and 45 S. by E. of London. Liin;,'. 0. 49. E. lat. 51.23. N. QuEENnoROUGir, a town of S. Carolina, on tlio W. side of the Great Pedeo river; 32 n.''i's N.N.W. of Georgetown. Queen's County, a county of Ireland, in lie province of Leinstcr, about 30 miles long, nnd 29 broad; bounded on the N. by King's county, E. by Kildaro, S.E. by Carlow, S. by Kilkenny, and W. by Tipperary and King's county, It is divided into nine baronies and SO pArishcs, and sends two members to par- liiimcnt, and one for the borough of Portar- lington. It was formerly full of woods and lioKS, but is now much improved in cultiva- tion. Maryborough is the capital. Queen's Countv, a county of New York, in the W. part of Long island. Pop. in 1845, 31,849. North IIamp.stead is the chief town. QuEKN.SKKituv,SouTii,aburgli()fSco(Iand, in Linlitligowsliirc, seated on the frith of Forth, where it is not more than 2 miles wide. It has a trade in soap, an.l a much fre(iuentcd ferry. In conjunction with Stirling, &<;., it sends one member to parliament. It is 9 miles W.N. W. of Edinlmrgli. Qukbnsland, formerly called Moroton Buy, a C(dony of Australia— capital, Ilris- bane — on the north-east side, between the parallels of 11° and 30" S., without any de- fliiito boundary on the west. It is a moun> tainouB, well-watereil country, with several navigable rivers. The elinmte is said to bo very healthy, and suitable for Europeans. The soil is fertile, ond is adapted specially to the growth of cotton of the finest qualiiy", na well ns of wheat and corn generally. The quality nnd abundance of the vegetation also are very favourable to sheep-farming. Hence the colony oilers great inducements to emi- grants, and is likely to become a flourishing province. Queenstown, a town of Upper Canada, on ihe river Niagara, just below the last rapid. Here, for a distance of 10 miles, the falls and broken course of the river render the navigation impracticable. 7 miles above Fort Niagara, and 20 N. by E. of Fort Eric. Qubi-lino, a city of China, capital of the province of Quang-si. It has its name from a flower called quci, which grows on a tree resembling u laurel, and emits such a sweet odour, that it perfumes the whole country It stands on a river that runs into tli(; Ta, but with such rapidity as not to be iiavignbie. It is 180 miles N. by W. of Canton, and 587 S. of Peking Long. 109. 51. E. lat. 25. 12. N. QoELPAKRT, an island in the Yellow sea, off the N.E. coast of China, the southernmost and largest of the Korean Archipelago, and subject to Korea, of which it is supposed to be a pcnnl colony. The island had not been visited by Europeans until it was surveyed by Captain Belcher in 1845. The higliest peak of the island is 6544 feet high, and the capital, Quelpaert, is fortified, and on the N. side of the island. QuENTiN, St., a strong town of France, department of Aisne, with formerly a con- siderable manufacture of lawns and cambricsj also gnuzc, linen, and thread, but whiih branches of industry have been supplanted by the cotton manufacture. It is seated on an eminence on the river Somme; 21 miles S. of Canibrav, and 83 N. by E. of x'aris. Long. 3. 17. E., lat. 49. 51. N. QuERCT, a province of Franee, now form- ing the department of Lot. QuERETARo, a city of North America, re- public of Mexico, elevated 6347 feet above the sea. It has a magnificent clmroli, and several grand squares, and is a busy, manu- facturing town. Pop. 45,000. It is 95 miles N.W. of Mexico. in i '\ iij -!■ ; 1' i| II 11 ;■ I : .1 ■? iV. ■ QUI m QUI QuERPORT, a town of PriLssian Saxony, in tlio govcrnniunt of Mcrsci.jrjr, formerly tlio capital of a principality of itH name, with u castle; 14 miles W. of Mcrsebcrg. Long. ILno. E. hit. .')1.23. N. (ji'Bui.MUA, a cluster of small islands on the coast of Mosamhitiiie, fertile in fruits and pastures. Tho pritici|)al one, of tlio sanio name, is in long 41. 3(). E. lat. 11.40. S. QuESNoY, a fortified town of Franco, de- partment of Nord, with an old castlo. In 1793 it was taken by the Aiistrians, but re- taken the next year. It is seated in an ex- tensive plain, on tho rivnlet Uonclle. It is 9 miles S.E. of Valenciennes, and 122 N.E. of Paris. Long. 3.40. E. lat. 50. 15. N. QuEZALTENANOo, tt towH of Guatemala, or Central America. Pop. about 14,000. It has some woollen and cotton manufactures. In its neighbourhood is a volcano, and a hot spring, tho waters of which are thrown out, forming a jet d'eau, rising to the height of 20 or 30 feet. QuniERO.v, a town in the department of Morbihan, with a fort, situate at tho extremity of a peninsula, to tiie N. of Belleislc. In 1795 it was taken by somo French royalists in the pay of Great Britain; but, owing to the desertion and treachery of somo of the soldiers, the republicans soon took it by sur- prise. Itwas taken by the English in 1800, but evacuated soon afterwards ; 1 7 miles S.S.E. of J ort Louis. Po[). 2000. QuicAiio, an island in tho Pacific ocean; near the coast of Veragua; about 20 miles long, and 6 broad. Long. 82. 39. VV. lat.7.50.N. QuiLiMANCV, a seaport of Zanguebar, in the kingdom of Melinda. It stands at tho mouth of a river of the same name; 20 miles S.S.W. of Melinda. Long. 41.40. E. hit. 3. 10. S. QiJiLLAN, a town of France, department of Aude; 25 miles S.S.W. of Carcassone. QuiLLEW(EUF, a town in the department of Eure, seated on the Seine; 37 miles VV. of Rouen, and 42 N.W. of Evreux. Qoii.LOTA, a city of Chili, South America. It lies in a valley, 20 miles from ',lie Pacific ocean, to the N.E. of Valparaiso. It is three leagues in circumference and cont!>' ns several churches. Almost every house iias a vine- yard attached to it. It tand'- on tho river Concon or Aconcagua and has a population of 10,000 iutiabitants. QuiLOA, a seaport of Zanguebar, capital of a kingdom of the same iiauie, with a small citadel. This country was for some time in the possession of the Portuguese, from whom it was wrested by the imam of ALvcat. It produces abundance of rice, millet, fruits, cattle and poultry. The inhabitants are Mohammedans, partly black, and partly tawny. Tho capital is well built, and stands on an island at the mouth of the river Coava. Long. 40. 0. E. hit. 8. 33. S. QuiMPER, CoRKNTfN, a city of France, capital of the department ol'Finistcrre, and a bishop's see. It is seated at the cnnflnx nf tho Oder and Henaudct; 34 miles S.S.H. of Ilrest, and 112 W. by S, of Rennes. l'n|,. in IS.It), 0715. Long. 4. 6. VV. hit. 47. r,S. X. QiJiMPKKLK, a town in tho department nf Finisterrc, seated on the Isolle; 30 miles M. S.E. ot'Quiniper. Pop. 4200. QuiNCV, a town of Massachusetts, in Nor- folk county; 10 miles S. by E. of Hostoti. It contains an inexhaustible supply of ex- cellent granite which is much (juarricd. Pop. in 1840, 3486. QuiNCY, a town of Illinois, cnpitid of Adams county, on a bluff on tho E. aiile ol'tlie Mississippi, 125 miles above the mouth of the Illinois. Pop. in 1840, about 1500. QuiNOBV, a town of France, in tho depart- ment of Doulis, seated on the Louve; 12 miles S.VV. of IJesaiu'on. QuiN-NONO, or Ciii.v-ciii, a bay iwi tlio coast of Coehin-China, much lri'(|ii(MitLil liy tho vessels of the country, being an exeelk'iit harbour. The entrance is narrow, and ships of burden can pet in only at high water. At the head of the harbour is the city of Qiiin- nong. Long. 109. 15. E. hit. 13. '52. N. QuiNsoN, a town of France, department of Lower Alps; 29 miles 8. of Di;;ne. QiriNT/iN, a town in the department of Cotes du Nord, seated iii a valley, on tliu Goy; 10 miles S.S.W. of St. Brieuc. (iiJiRi'oN, an island in the Atlantic, nr.ir the N. coast of Newfoundland. Long. 33. 22. W. hit. 51.40. N. QuiSTELLO, a town of Austrian Italy, famous for an action between the French and Austrians in 1734, whin Marshal Bro^lio was surprised in his bed. It is seated on tho Seccia; 15 miles S. of Mantua. Quito, a presidency of the republic of Colombia, forming part of the new state of Ecuador, lying between two chains of the high mountains called the Andes. Tim eastern governments are chiefly iinnieiiso tracts, thinly sciiitered with missionary vil- l.iges. The vegetable productions vary with the elevation of the ground. Tins eiianipaiL'n country produces alnindant c.ri)\)it of imiixe; and tho deep ravines, where the temprrataro is hot, produce sugar-cane. The elevated lands possess a colder climate, and i)n)dii<^o, wheat, barley, &c. Immense floeks of sheep are reared in the mountain plains, and tli>n- wool furnishes materials for the inannfacturcj of this province. The lands are generally well cultivated, and there are a great iniinlicr of towns and villages inhabited almost en- tirely by Indians. The streets are generally straight, and in the direction of the lonr car- dinal points; and the roads are laid out in a line, crossing each other; so that the aspect of the country is that of a large garden. Although this country is situate on both sides the equator, yet it lies so high, and so neiir the snow- dad mountains, that the air is very temperate- There are no noxious aniina S . for the tigers and serpents are below lu mo forest.s. Tho st Ins undergone mnue its deli vera und tho inanuft Bt.itc. Hats, coti cloths, are made exported to othi litiiTO, the ca, neiiiod on the ski of Pinchincha, i hi^'li ground, 91 the sea. Ilavin; Imnd it is chiefly cffotton, wool, a fully snpplicil v (lili;;litl'ul climati witli the whole C(j uf eartlniuakes. Olio was experici fire of the whole moiit dreadful coi Raab, a town capital of a count; see. It is a stror the Turks. It ha seated at the conf nitz, not far from t of Prcshnrg. Po lat. 47. 38. N. I IUajequr, a 1 province of Mai wi and 214 S.S.W. lut. 24. 2. N. Raasay, one o: between the main Isle of Skye. It I'ortrce, in tho ci about twelve mil rising with a gent to a great height nearly perpendici millstone quarrie stands Castle Bro mark. Long. 6. C RaiuS TEINS, a 1 of Tarn, with a c 'lani; 18 miles N. Rabat, a seapo with a castle. It 1 some palaces. It the Bnregreg, be f'unp;. 5. 28. VV. la RAntlNSTEIN, a river Ottava; 21 : Racca, a town t, the conflux of the Near it are the r f^ajmiticent city, of Dittrbekir. Rachoku, a citj vinee of Bejaporc tame, aub'ect to ■p UAC 608 RAD forests. Tlio state of soi-icty in this provinco Ins umler^one consiilcrablo iinprijvuinotit mnco its duliveranco('ri)in Spanish doinirmtioii, mill thu miinufiurtitres hi'd in ii tiuurishin); BUtc. Huts, cotton Htiitrs, and courso woollen cliitlis, are made horc in ^^rciit quimtitics, mid cxjiDrted to other parts of South Ainericiu tji/iTO, the capital of the ahove country, is neiitcd on tlie skirts of the volcanie mountain of i'inchinuliii, in a pleasant rallcy, but un hi;,'li ground, 9510 feet a')ovo tlie level of the sea. Having no miiicn in its ncig^'hhour- liDOil it is chiefly fnitiDUs for its manufactures of cotton, wool, and tl ix. Tlio town is plenti- fully supplied with water, and enjoys a diliV'httul climate; but it is suhject, to;;etlier witli the whole country, to the u^vful calamity of eartliijuikes. Of tiieso a vevy destructive one was experienced in i755. In 1797 the fwe of the whole district was changed by a most dreadful concussion, and 40,000 persons were in one moment hurji'd into eternity. Violent siiocks of earthquakes have since been frequently experienced. It is, notwith- standing, very i)()pulous, and inhabited by several fimilics of distinguished rank; 400 miles S.\V. of St. Fe' do Bogota. Pop. about 70,000. Long. 77. 5.5. W. hit. 0. 13. S. QuizAMA, u province in the south part ol Angola, west coast of Africa. It is moun- tainous and b.idly cultivated, but produces abundance of honey, wax, and salt. The inha))itant8 are warlike, and have never sub- mittod to the Portuguese. QiJiNziNA, a chi in of mountains in the kingdom of Fez; ICO miles in length, extcml- ing from the desert of Gret, to tiie river Nocor. QiiojA, an inland country of Africa, lying E. of Sierra Leono. It is well cultivated, but has little commercial intercourse. QoovEDO, a town of Austrian lUyria, in Istria; 4 miles S. of Capo d'Istria. fi. Raab, n town and fortress of Hungary, Cftfiital of a county of its name, and a bishop's sec. It is a strong frontier bulwark against thu Turks. It has a large corn trode, and is seated at the conflux of the liaab and Rab- nit7„ not far from the Danube; 38 miles S.S.E. ofPrcsburg. Pop. 13,000. Long. 17.7. E. Int. 47. 3R. N. It has a rnilway to Vienna. Kaajegur, a town of Ilindbstan, in the ^:ovinceof Malwa; 74 miles N.E. of Ougein, and 214 S.S.W. of Agra. Long. 76. 56. B. lut. 24. 2. N. Raasay, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, between the mainland of Ross-shire and the Isle of Skyc. It is annexed to the parish of Portree, in the county of Inverness, and is about twelve miles long, and four broad, rising with a gentle ascent from the W. side to a great lieight ou the E. side, which is nearly perpendicular. It is famous for its millstone quarries ; and s.t the N.E. end stands Castle Brochel, whxh is a noted sea- mark. Long. 6. 0. W. lat. 57. 32. N. lUuASTEiNS, a town of France, department of Tarn, with a castle, seated on the river 'lani; 18 miles N.E. of Toulouse. Pop. 6000. Rabat, a seaport of Algier, in Tremescn, with a castle. It has fine mosques and hand- some palaces. It is seatei' at the mouth of the Biiregrep, between ^ -z and Tangier. liOns. 5. 28. \V. lat. 30. 40. N, RAniiNSTKiN, a town of Bohemia, on the river Ottava; 21 miles W.S.W. of Rakonitz. Uacca, a town of Turkey, in Diarbekir, at the conflux of the Beles with the Euphrates. Near it are the ruins of old Racca, once a nafrnilicent city. It is 110 miles S. by W. of Diarbekir. RAcnoau, a city of Hindostan, in the pro- vince of Bejapore, capital of a district of its name, 3ub"cct to the nizam of the Deccan. It is seated on the S. bank of the Kistna; 80 miles S.W. of Hydrabad. Long. 78. 3. E. lat. 16.22. N. Raconiqi, a town of Piedmont, with a magnificent castle belonging to the prince of Carignano, seated in a plain; 18 miles S. of Carignano. Pop. 10,500. Radoliffb, a parish of Lancashire, on the Irwell, 6 m. N.N.VV. of Manchesier, on the E. Lane. Ry. ; has a considerable cotton ma- nufacture and 2 churches. Pop. (1851) 6293. Hadebkro, a town of Saxony, on the Roder ; 8 miles E.N.E. of Dresden. RADEnuuG, atown of Saxony, with a castle, on the Roder; 14 miles N. of Dresden. Radicofani, a town of Tuscany, on a steep hill; 40 miles S.E. ot Sienna, Hadimpour, or Radunpour, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Agimerc; si- tuate on the Puddar, 175 miles N. of Surat, and 250 S.W. of Agimere. Long. 71. 48. K lat. 23. 58. N. Radnor, Nkw, or Maes-yfed, a borough of Wales, ii. Radnorshire, with a market on Saturday. It is nominally the county town, though a small place, and the assizes arc held at Presteign. It returns, with five contri- buting boroughs, one member to parliament; three miles east of it is Old Radnor, said to have been the Mapoth of Antoninus, but now an insignificant village. New Radnor is seated near the source of the Somergil, at the foot of a hill on which a castle formerly stood ; 24 miles N.W. of Hereford, and 159 W.N.W. of London. RADNOBsniKE, a county of Wales, 30 miles long and 24 broad, bounded on the E. by Shropshire and Herefordshire, N. by Mont- gomeryshire, N.W. by Cardiganshire, and S.W. and S. by Brecknockshire. It contains 326,400 acres, is divided into 6 hundreds, au(} f IH n I m m I RAI 694 RAL .'■)2 parishes, has four market -towns, and sends one member to parliament. Its principal rivers are the Wye and Tend Jie former di- viding it from Brecknockshire and the latter from Shropshire. The E. and S. parts are tolerably level, and productive of corn. The other parts are rude and mountainous, tie- voted chiefly to the rearing of cattle and vheep. Rauom, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Siiudomir; CO miles N.N.W. of Sandoinir. Radomsk, a town of Poland, in. the pala- tinate of Siradia, 50 miles S.E. of Siradia. Radstadt, a town of Bavuria, near the source of the Ens; 3r miles E.S.Iv of Salz- burg. Long. 13.26. E. lat. 47. 18. N. Ragivolo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the province of Mantua; 19 miles S. of Mantua. Ragland, a village in Monmouthshire, fa- mous for its castle, where Charles I. passed much of his time, and lived in a magnificent style. This castle was the last, in Cromwell's time, which surrendered to General Fairfax; 5 miles N.E, of Usk, and 7 S.W. by W. of Monmouth. Raonit, a town of Russian Lithuania, with a very ancient castle, in which is a large roy.al mag.izine for previsions, &e. It is si- tuate on the Niemen ; 56 miles E.N.E. of Konigsberg. Long. 21. .30. E. lat. 55. 30. N. Ragoogur, a town of Ilindostan, in the province of Mai wa; ll6milesN.E. of Oudein, and 256 S. of Delhi. Long. 77.30. E, lat. ii. 23. N. Raou8a, a district of Austrian Dalmatia, containing the toiritory of the ancient republic of Ragusa, and several islands. It has an area of 700 square miles. The soil is so barren that the inhabitants receive the great- est part of their necessaries from the neigh- bouring islands and Turkish provinces. The chief rivers are the Drino, Gliuta, and Ombla. Raousa, the capital of the above district, and an archbishop's see. It is two miles in circumference, and strong by situation — having an inaccessible mountain on tiie land side, and a strong fort on the gulf of Venice. It has a considerable trade with the Levant and Italy. It is 66 miles W, of Scutari. Pop. in 1837,3039. Long. 18. 11. E. lat. 42.36. N. Ragusa, a populous town of Sicily, in A^'al di Noto, near the river Maulo. It is seldom visited by travellers: 18 miles W.N.W. of Noto. Pop. in 1837, 21,466. Rahway, a town of New Jersey, in Essex county, on the llahway river. The Jersey City and Pliiladelphia railway passes through it. Pop. in 1845, 4000. Raiatea, or louETEA. (the Jlitea of Cap- tain Cook), the largest of the Society Isles, in tiie South Pacific, about 40 miles in circum- ference. The mountains are lofty and pic- turesque. The lowland is extensive, and the valleys, which are capable of the highest cul- tivatian, are not only spacious, but conveni- ently situated for affording to the inhabitants iin iiitcrcoursc with other parts of the island, j It is well supplied with rivers and streams of excellent water. On the N.W. is a small but very secure harbour, called Hamanino. which is sheltered from the strong E. and S! wind* by the mountains of the interior. Loni^. 151 38.W. lat. 16.45. S. Rain, a fortified town of Bavaria, seated on the Ai'ha; 12 miles W. of Ncuburg. Raijt Lake, a lake of North America, Iviiijr E. of lake of the Woods, and W. of lake Superior. It is nearly 100 miles long, but in no part more than 20 wide. Raisin, Market, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday; situate ncartiit source of the Ancholm, 16 miles N.E. uf Lincoln, and 147 N. of London. Rajamundry, a town of Hindostan, capital of an extensive and fertile district of its imnie, in the province of the Circars. The princijud riches consist in teak timber. It is the resi- dence of the British civil establishment. It is seated on the Godavery, 35 miles from its mouth, and 170 S.W. of Cicacole. Long. 81. 57. E. lat. 17. O.N. Rajapour, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Bejapore: seated at the mouth of ariverofthesamename; 6 miles N.ofGeriah. Rajemal, a district of Bengal, separated by a range of liills from Bahar. It is now annexed to the collectorship of Bog'ipore. Raggmahl, a town of Bengal, seated on the W. bank of the Ganges; 68 miles N.N.W. of Moorsliedabad. Though much decayed ic still contains 30,000 inhabitants. Rajeshagb, a district of British India, in the province of Bengal lying N. of tlie Gan- ges. It is very low, and for several moiitlis much of it is submerged by the inundations: notwithstanding which it coiitainsmany popu- lous and commercial villages, and the towns of Nattore, Bauleah, and Ilurrial. Aren, 3950 square miles. Pop. in 1822, 1,087,155 two I'uirds of whom arc Hindoos, the rest Moham- medans, Rajpootana, an extensive province of N. W.Hindostan lying between Moultan, Lahore, Agra, Delhi, Guzerat, and Scindc. It com- prises a large extent of sandy deserts, but in the S. and E. are many fertile tracts. The province, now wholly subsidiary to the Britisli, has an area of about 70,000 square miles, and consists of a number of feudal states, the chief of which are Jodpoor, Jaysulmccr. Jalpore, Odeypoor, and Bicaneer. Rakklsburg, atown of the Austrian stutes, in Styria, with a considerable trade in wiiio find iron. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary. It is situate on an island in the river Mner; 36 miles S.E. of Gratz. Long.l.'). 58. E. lat. 46. 45. N. Rankositz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name. Very good beer is brewed here, and forms the principal artielo of trade. It is seated on the Una; 'M mil-^s W. of Prague. Pop. 2000. Long. 14. 0. 1'.. lat. 50. 5. N. Raleigh, the capital of North Cnrohiia, ■HIBSSBnSSS? m^rm RAM 695 RAM ill Wake county. It wiis nained alter the celebrated Sir Walter Raleigh, under whose direction the first settlement in North Ame- rica was made at lloanoke island. Here is a l.irjje and handsome state-house, with several other public buildings. The remoteness from navigation is its greatest disadvantage. It is 95 miles W.N.>V. of Newbern, the former capital, and 145 W.S.W. of Petersburg in Virginia. Pup. 2244. Long. 78. 48. VV. lat. 35 41.N. Rama, or Kamula, a decayed town of Palestine, with many fine ruins of Christian churches and other buildings, which attest its former magnificence ; 20 miles W. by N. of Jerusalem. Eamaua, a town of Colombia, in New Gia- Tiada, 100 miles E. of St. Martha. Long. 72, 20. \V. lat. 11.10. N. Eamagiri, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, sc.ited on the W. side of the Arkawatti; with a strong fort on the opposite bank, on a large rocky hill, .50 miles N.E. of Seringapatam. Ramgiiur, a district of British Hindostan, by far the largest under the Bengal presidency, occupying all the S. part of the province of Bahar; area 22,340 square miles. Pop. in 1832, 2,252,985. It lies between 22. and 25. N. lat. and 83. and 87. E. long.; a large pro- portion of its area is unproductive: iron, coal, lead, and antimony exist in the hilly region to the S. but they are not w irked. There are many old brick-ports iu the district, which atlbrd sheHer to hordes of banditti, &c., and has but few other durable buildings. The district has always been notorious for crime; and hitlic.to has been but of little service to tlie British. Rambekt, St., a town of France, depart- ment of Ain, with a linen manufacture and considerable iron-works; seated near the river Albeline, 24 miles b.S.E. ot iJouig en Bresse. Pop. 2300. Rambekt, St., a town in the department of Loire; 12 miles S.E. of Montbrison. Pop. •2400. Rambeuvviller, a town in the department of Vosges, 30 miles S.E. of Nancy. Rambouillet, a town in the department oi Seine-et-6ise. Here was a royal palace, which was demolished in 1793; 27 miles S. W. of Paris. Pop. 2600. Rame Head, a promontory on the S. coast of England, the W. point of the entrance into Plymoutli Sound. On its summit is a church \a seamark) belonging to the village of Rame. Rameuv, a town of France, department of Aube, seated on tLe river Aube, 18 miles N. H of Troyes. Ramillies, a small village of Belgium, in South Brabant, memorable ibr a signal victory olitaincd by the Duke of Marlborough over the French in 1706. It is seated at the source of the Gecte, 10 miles N. of Namur, and 24 S.E. of Brussels. Ramisekam, an island in the gulf of Ma- nora, at the W. end of Adams Bridge, and sepaiated from Miira>var, on the continent of Hindostan, by a narrow channel. It is 30 miles in ciicuit, and contains some beautiful trees, r. few villages, and a celel)rated temple, to which a vast concourse of pilgrims resort. Loiif;. 79.22. E. lat. 9. I8.N. Kamla, a town of Palestine (the ancient Arimuthea), now in a ruinous state. Here is a manul'iiLture of soaj), which is sent into all parts of Europe; 18 miles N.W. of Jeru- salem. Rammekkns, a seaport of Zealand, in tlio isle of Walcheicn. It was one of the towiia put into the hands of the English as a secu- rity for a loan in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; 4 miles S. of Middl. burg. Long. 3.40. E. lat. 51,28. N. Rammklbl'RG, alofty and exten.sivc moun- Uin of Germany, in that part of tiie Haitz Forest which lies within the principality of Grubenhagen. On this mountain are several silver mines, and at the foot of it is the city of Goslar. Ra.mnad, a town of Hindostan, capital ot a district of its name in the province of Mar- war. Long. 78. 49. E. lat. 9. 24. N. Ramoo, a town of Bengal, in the district of Chittagoiig. Long. 92.15. E. lat. 2 1. 28. N. Rampoor, a town of Hindostan, in Delhi; 32 miles S. of Cossipour, and 105. E. of Delhi, Ramree, a town c f British India, capital of the province of Aracan, on the island of the same name. Pop. in 1835, about 8000. Ramsbottom, a manufacturing village iu the parish of Bury, Lancashire. The first Sir R. Peel established calico-ijriuting here. Pop. in 1851, 3000. Ramsey, a town of the isle of Man, situate on a large bay on the N.E. coast. The bay afFoi-dsgood anchorage, but the harbour will only admit small vessels. Near it is a light- house, and the entrance is defended by a fort:. It is 15 miles N. by E. of Douglas. Long. 4. 22. W. lat. 54. 20. N. Ramsey, a town in Huntingdonshire, with a market ou Saturday. It had formerly an extensive abbey, of which only the ruins of u gateway remain. It is seated in the fens, near the mere of Ramsey and Whittlesey. 10 miles N.N.E of Huntingdon, and (>9 N. of London. Ramsey, an island on the coast of Wale.-?, separated from Pembrokeshire by a narrow channel, called Ramsey sound. Near it is a group ofdangorous rocks, known by the name of the Bishop and his Clerks, frequented in the breeding scaswu by vast multitudes of sea- fowls. Tiie islaiid is two miles long, and one and a quarter broad, 4 miles W. by S. of St. David. Long. 5. 20. W. lat. 51. 55. N. Ramsoatb, a seaport in Kent, in the isle of Thanct, near the Downs, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It was formerly an obscure fishing town, and in the reign of Queen Elizabeth contained only 25 inhabited houses. His late majesty (George IV.) con- ferred upon it the rank of a royal harbi ur. It has of la;e years greatly increased in sizo in ■If RAN 60 C RAS Hud population, atui contains a g<.<>fl tnnrket- pliice, an assemlily-rooin, two libraries, a imnflsoni'i new cliurcli, f\io cliapels of ease, and places of worship for Metlioilists, Inde- pendents, and Baj)ti.sts. The harbour, a noble basin, lias two line stone piers, a dry dock, and a liglitiiouse. Ramsgate is u member of the p,)rt of Sandwich, and is much freciuentcd as a balhing-i)lace. It is the tcrnnnation of a branch of the Suutli Eastern railway; 17 miles \V. by N. of Canterbury, and 72 E.S.E. of London. Long. 1.26. E. lat. 51. 20. N. Kamteak, a town of Hindostan, in Berar, lield sacred to Hum by the Hindoos, who have a temple here; 18 miles N.N.E of Nas-'pore. Kanai, one of the Sandwich islands in the Pacific ocean, about three leagues \V. of Mo- wee. The S. part is high and craggy, but tiie other parts have a better aspect, and are well inhabited. It produces very few plantains and bread-fruit trees, but abounds in yams, sweet potatoes, and taro. liANi>EUAi)T, a town of Prussia, province of liower lilime, seated on the river Worm, 10 miles N.W. of Juliers. Kandkrs. a town of Denmark, in N. Jut- land, near the muuth of the Gudc, 25 miles E. of W'iburg. liANDoi.rii, a cuiinty of Virginia; capital, Beverly. Poi).620S. — Also acounty in North Carolina; cajiit;d, Asbl)oro' Pop. 12,875. — Also acounty in Georgia; capital, Cuthbert. Pop. 8270. — Also a county in Alabama; ca- pital, Mc Donald. Pop. 4973. — Also a county in Indiana; cajjital, W'inclicster. Pop 10,084. — Also a county in Illinois; capital, Kaskas- kia. Pop. 7944. — Also a count}' in Missouri; capital, lluntsville. Pop. 7198. — Also a county in xVrkansas; capital, Pocahontas. Pop. 2 190. KaN(jamattv, a town of Bengal, capital of a district of its name, iu the eollectorsliip of ]{ungj)ore. It has a celebrated ));igoda. It st.mds near the Bnrrunipooter, on the con- fines of Assam and Bootan; 170 miles N.E. or Moorshedabad. Long. 90. 8. E. lat. 2G. 10. N. Rangoon, a sjaport of Pegu, once the prin- cipal mart lor teak timber in the Birman empire, but now the seajiortof the new British province of Pegu. Jt was founded by Aiompro, kini.' <>f Birimdi, in 1755. Jlere is a agim, a very grand temple, which is a s|)lcuilid object at the distance of many miles, liangoon surrendered to the Hriiisli, i-Vbiuary 1, 1825. It is seated on the most casleni brauchof the Irrawaddy, which, hence to the sea, is called the Rangoon, oi Syrian river; 18 miles N. of its mouth, and 60 S. of Pegu. Pop. in 1826, about 18,000 which is proijably the i)resent amount, though cstiina ted bv .some much higher. Long. 96. 20. E. l.U. 26.42. N. liANNocii, Loch, alakeof Sci)tlantl, in tlio N. jnirt of Perthshire; 11 miles in Iciigtli. It receives the waters of Loch Ericht from the N. and communicates with Loch Tumcl on the E. and Loch Lidocli on the W. On its S. side is a forest of birch and pine. Rantami'Ohu, a town and fortress of Hin- dostan, capital of a district of its namr. in the I>rovince of Agimcrc ; 96 nnles E. of Agiiucr',:. Long. 76. r>7. E. lat. 26. ;i5. N. liANTZOW, a town ot Dennmrk, in the duchy of Ilolstein, 24 miles N. by W. of Luhoe. Raolconda, a town of Ilindostan, in Visia- ponr, near which is a rich diamond mine; 20 miles N.N.W. of Sollapour. R.VON L'ETAri;, a town of France in the departnient of Menrthe, seated at the cuiifliix of the Etape and iSleuithc; 30 miles S.E, of Nancy. Rai'ali.o, a town of the Sardinian states, in the j)rovince of Genoa, seated on a bay of its name; 16 miles E.S.E. of Genoa. Rapuoe, a town of Ireland, in the county of Donegal and a bishop's see. Thecatliciiral serves as a ')arish church; 11 nnles S.W. of Londonderr ', and 21 N.E. of Donegal. Rapoli-A, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 5 miles W. c ' Venosa. Rappahaknoc, a river of Virginia, which ri.ses in tlie mountains called the Blue Ridge, and flows by Falmouth, Frcdericsburg, P- i ■ royal, Leeds, Tappahannoc, and Uhani i, into Chesapeake bay. Rappbksohwkll, a town of Swit7.crl:ind, in the canton of Zurich; seated on a neck of land that ad vances into the lake of Zurich, over which is a wooden bridge, 1850 feet long. It is 18 miles S.E. of Zurich, and 20N.W.ol Ghiris. Rapps, a town of Austria, on the river Teya, 8 miles N. by W. of Horn. ]{AUiTAN,a river of New Jersey, wliich nm.s by Brunswick and Amhoy into Artlmr Kull sound, and halps to form' the line liarhuinof Am boy. Rascia, the eastern division of S Livonia, watered by the river Riisi'a, which iiiiis into the Morave. The inhabitants are called Kas- cians. . . Raseborg, a seaport of Sweden, capital of n canton in N viand. It is seated (Hi Uic gulf of Finland ; 37 miles S.E. of Abo. L- ny. 2:i. 18.E. lat. 60. lO.N. Rastadt, atowuofGernianv, n theUnuKl Duchy of Baden, with a noble isile. In 1TI4 a treaty was negotiated hen between in' French and Austrians, and in i "90 the I"'' ' defeated t!ie latter near thi,^ place. Itiss. .: on the Merg, near the Rhine, 5 miles .vi- ol Baden, and 24 S.W. of Philipsburg. 1 -'!'• ""RASTE.NBUua.n fortified town of liust I'rus- I fia, with a. i (Jul er, 50 r Kaienad liurg. MiHtPA of Hraaden R.VTUANG county of 1\ Kathi'oo county of D Kathcoij county of W Kaiudom county, 73 r liArilDKII county of V tlann<3l; 38 ) Kathfar county of Di lUrnKF.A: roumy of Li It consists cl with several u C(>nsiderab IUtibor, i niftrly the ca] rmnie, with a lijiusc are wo till- ( >der. 1 5 K.Sl';. ofBre U\T!SliON, of the Upper archbish.ip, t phice in 1793 in Germany, a Hppcarance. taius. the reli brury, and a iti.'-rriiment.s. and iu its hal ii't'il to meet. salt, for whicl quantities of 1SU9 a battle ^^ the Austrians wore victorioi I 'J arches ovi the S. side of Hesron; 62 m 111.5 W.hvN.i 1-'. 6. K.'lat. ^ Katoath, a of Meat h I 12 of Dublin. HAT.MANSnt states, in Cam h W. of Clag Uatsha, or of Sclavonia, c poMte the iiifit of I'eterwardei Kattan. ^ Kaiicnkl'u trian .vfutes, in vicinity are co sonic .silver. Ii li.N.E.oflnsp liiTZHUUilG lif 11 RAT ^MRJ^Q^^Sw^^SSBrSBSSMK? 697 RAV the the the pia, with a castle; seated on the small river (Jul or, 50 miles S.E. of Konitjsbcrfj;. KAiBNAn, a town of Pru'isid, in lininflen- Imrj;. -.eatfidon tlie Itavel, 15 lailos N. by \V. of Hra!i(leni)urg. Ratiianoan, a town of Ireland, in county of KiUliire, 38 miles from Dublin Kathooolg, a town of Ireland, in county of !I">ublin, 10 miles from Dublin. H.vTHCousiAC, a town of Ireland in county of VVanrford. Ka iudownk t, a town of Irobind, in Queen's comity, 75 miles from Dublin. U.\TiiL»i{ii>r, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow. with a manufacture of tlannal; 38 miles fron Dublin. Rathfarniiam, a town of Ireland, in the county oFDul)lin, 3 i.iilcs from Dublin. IUtiikrai,!-;, a to\.n of Ireland, in the rouMty of Limerick, 13.' miles iVoni Dul'lip.. It consists ehietly of one .street a mile lonu'. with several good houses tnd shops, and his a ccnsiiierable retail trade. UATinoR, a town of Prissian Silesia, for- nio.rly tiie eapital of a prineipality of the same !iimK', with a eastle. The cathedral and town- hciiisc are worthy of n)tice. It is seated on the Oder. 15 miles N.E. of Troppau, and 85 S.S.K. of Breslau. Pop. 3500. U ATisiiON, a strong city of Bavaria, capita! of the Upper PalatiiiUte, and the see of an ardibishiip, transferred from Montz to this place in i7'J3. It is one of the oldest towns in Germany, and has a pro])ortiouabiy antique jtppearaace. The ui>bey of St. Emmcran con- tain!) tlie relics of St. Donys, a valuable li- brary, and a fine collection of mailiemaf.ical in.^rnunents. The town-house is niagnificeut, and in u,s hall the general diets of the emj)ire used to meet. Kaiisbon has a great trade in salt, for which it is a depot, and sends large quantities of corn and wood to Vienna. In 1.S09 a battle was fought i ii the vieiinty between the Austrians and French, in winch the latter wore victorious. It. has ai! ancieni bridge of 15 arches over the Danube, and .stands on the S. side of that river, at the influx of the Hecen; 62 miles N. by E of Muiiich, and I'.ijW.bvN. of Vienna. Pop. :J.i,000. Long. 12. 6. E.'lat. 4'J. l.N. Hatoath. a town of Ireland, in the county olMeath; 12 miles E. of Trim, and 12.N.\V. of Dublin. Kat.mansdouf, a town of the Austrian st.Ues, in Carniola, with a eastle; 20 miles S. by W. of Clageidurt. Uatsha, or Uatska, a town and fortress of Sdavcinia, on the N. side of the Save op- I'OMte the influx of the Drin; 30 miles S.W of I'eterwardein. Katian. See Kiiatan. KATirsMOHi;, a fortilicd town of the Aus- trian .'^tutes, in Tyrol, with a citadel. In its vicinity are coppiT mines, which also yield some silver. It is situate on the Inn ; 26 miles K.N.E. of In'^])ru; ' , una 44 S. W. of Salzburg. Katzhuuuo, IX fortified town of Gernumy ; capital of a prineipality, subject to the duka of Meeklenburg-Screlitz. It is seated on an island, in the midst of a lake 30 miles in cir- cumference. The buildings are of brick, and almost every house is sliaded with a tree. From the lake of Katzebiirg issues tiie river WaknitB, which joins the Trave near Luliec. Rat/.cburg is r.oted for its excellent beer, Jt is 14 miles S. by E. of Lubec, and 22 S. of Lauenburgh. Long. 1 0, .52. E. lat. 53. 43. N. Kauunitz, a town and castle of Bohumi.i, seated on the Elbe; 20 miles N. of Prague. Uaumo, a town of llu-sia, in Finland; 20 miles S, ofBiorneburg, aiid55N. !)y W.ofAbo. Uausciirxbeiig, a town of Germany, ia Ilesse-Cassel ; 7 miles N.N.E. of jMarburg, and 32 S.S.W. ofCassel. liviJVKE, or Ravee, a river of Hindostan in the Punjai); one of the five E. bratu'hes of the Indus. It rises in Lahore, on the borders of Tibet, llows by the city of Lahore to Tou- lomba, in the country of Moult.an, and, 28 miles below, joins the Clnuaub, The Hauvee is the Hydraotes of Alexander. Ravello, a town of Naples, in Principato Cirra, and a bishop's sec; 10 miles W. of Salerno, and 25 S.E, of Naples. Ravenolas.s, a seaport in Cumberland in Muncaster parish, with a markt.-t on Saturday. It stands on an iidet of the Irish, sea, between the Mite and Esk, which, with the Irt, run into this inlet, and form a good harbour; but, the adjdcant country furnishing little for ex- port.ation, its chief trade is in oysters; 2 miles from the town, on the S. side of the iCsk, anj ruins of 3 miles in circumference, called the city of Burnsear, of wlilch no instorieal docu- monts appea.' to exist. It is 16 miles S.S.E. of Whitehaven, and 279 N.N.W. of London; on the Whitehaven and I'urucss railw.iy. Ravenna, a city of Italy, in the states of the eburel!, and an arelu)ishop's see, with several colleges, a. great nuuilvT of religious iiouscs, and a ruinous citadel. It has a celebrated harboiiv, but thesea hasgraduaily withdrawn 4 miles frovu the town. It is chieiiy deserving of notice for iis archi- tectural remains, liHving been the eapiral of Italy during the last days of the Wc.'^tertt Empire and haa me.ny interesting reinaijis and ciiurehes of the 5th .md 6tii ceiituiie.s. The oldest remains are those of St. Vittore of the early part of the 4ih ce.'itury, but tho earliest perfect church is that of Santa Ag.ita Maggiore ol the early part of the 5th century. The c.itliedral is modern, but \\as originally f( unded in the 4th century, Ihu by far iho most interesting of all tiie stru..'tures is tlie. toriib oi' t'"> immo'-'al Daur.e who died in exile here on Septeialier 14tl). 132i ; hiii tom-b is in the ehiireh of the Frauci.-Lan monastery, and wa.! replaced by k. magiiilicent sepuicbro in 1780. The vow'u l.'as a tew silk manu- factures, and a large annual fair, but, is very dull. Theodorie, king of the Goths, resided here, and after Aards the exarchs cd'the Grenk •iiiiperors. Tiie uiausoleum of Tlicodorie iu R E A 698 RED still to be seen, and is covercil l>v- a sivifjle stone, 21 fVxt in diamctev aiiii ir> thick. In 151'i the f'rench under iho Duko. Ncrnours ohtnined a victory ovor the Spixniurds wliich is coinnienioratcd by an obclink near the town. Iliivcnna is scnted on the river Manione; 37 miles S.E. of .Fernira, and \tV2 N. of lioinc. rop. about 15,000. Lon<;. 12. 5, E. lat. 44. 2;-.. N. Kavknsbero, atown of Prussian We9t\)ha- lia, capital of a county of its name, now in- eliidod in the i^overnmsnt of iMinden; 36 niilei S.\V'. of Minden. K.vvEMsuuKO, a town of Gernmny, iu Wir- tembcrg, with a considerable trade, par- ticularly in pnper; seated on the Cheus, 18 miles N. of Linduu. Ravenstkin, a town of the Netherland.^, in North Brabant, with a castle; seated on the Maese, 8 ntiles VV.S.W. of Niincguciii. Ravitz, a town of Prussian Poland, near the confines of Silesia, with a considerable manufacture of cloth; 55 miles S. of Poscn. Pop. 8000. Raw'a, a town of Poland, with a strong castle, seated iu a mov.ws, and almost sur- rounded by the river liiuva; 55 miles S.W. .of Warsaw. Long. 19. 55. E. lat. 51, 51. iN. Ra-vvtknst ALL, i\ rapidly improving manu- facturinj^ village, in the township of New- church, Lancashire, on the East Lancashire Railway; 2.J miles fronn Hhslingden. Uaynuam, a tow,' of Massathusetts, in Bristol county, with manufactures of iron ; 32 miles S. of Boston. Pop. 1329. Re, an island in France; I G miles long, and 4 broad; separated from the c.o.ist of Lower Charente by the Strait of Breton, above 7 miles wide. The products are bitter wine, salt, brandy and the liquor called aniseed. St. JVIartin is ihe capital. Rkading, a borough, and the capital of Berkshire, governed by a mayor; with a market on AVeduesday. It has five churciies, a chapel of ease and several meeting-houses. It sendu two members to parliament. The Forbcry is contained within the space former- ly enclosed by the outer walls of the celebrated and once spkndid abbey founded by Henry 1 , the remains of which sbow that it mu.st have been a place of great extent and strength. The county jail was erected on itfl site in 17',)3. The other public binldiijgs are the town hali, rebuilt in HS.'s a nmv market house, theatre, &c; Saint Mary's Church, a very .-mcient foumlation, said to be tho lirst founded hereabout utter the introduction of Christianity, and formerly called the minsrer. There are many scliools, includin(> a grammar school founded by Henry VII. The endowed charities are very numerous. Reading is not a manufacturing town, but is advttntag;eou>iy situated for trade, which is consideriibie in tlu». rich produce of the surrounding country. It is a place of great antiquity: Parliaments were held here in 1263, 'a440, 145i", and in couseiiucuce of the plague in 1452, and 1466.^ Reading is seated on the Keimet, near its con- fluence with the Th.amej, on the lijie of tiia Great Western railway, which adds gready to its prosi)erity; 26 miles S.S.E. of Oxford, and ,37 W. of London. Rkaoino, a town of Pennsylvania, capiiul of Hcrks county, with four edifices for ]ni\>lki worship, and a large one for the public utiicts. In 1795 the county voted 12,000/, for buil,(. iug a bridge over the Schuylkill, on wliicii the town is seated; the Reading and Piiiia- delphia railway passes through it, 54 iiiilcs N.W. of Piiiladelphia. Pop. 8410. Long. ro. 10. W. lat. 40. 22. N. Realkjo, a seaport of Guatemala in t!ie province of Nicaragua, with three ciiurclius. The chief trade is \n mahignuy, cedar and liye woods. It is situate among swaiups, near the mouth of a river of its name, 20 miles W. N.W. of Leon, to which it serves as a harbour. Long. 87. 46. W. lat. 12. 43. N. Rkalvili.e, a town of. Frauce, in the du- partraent of Tarn-et-Garonne; S miles iS'.M of Montauban, and 20 S. of Cahors. Reocan. See Aracan. RiiCCANATi, a town of Italy, in the ])apal state."?, and delegation of Ancona. It has a great fair in September, which continues I.t days. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Munson^; 14 miles S. of Anconn. Pop. 4000. Reokem, a town of the Netherlands, near the Mcuse; 5 miles N. of Maostricht, Recklinghausen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, capital of « county belonging to the duke of Aremberg. It has a strong citadel, seatad on the Lippe; 20 miles S.S.W. of Munster. Pop. 1200. Long. 7. 36. E, lut. 51. 38. N. RECDLVErt, a village iu Kent, at the mouth of a small branch of the Siour; 8 miles N.E. of Canterbury, It is the Rc^ulbium of the Romans, and its ancient church has two spires, which ara called by mariners the Two Sinters. Red Hbad, a ca\)a of Scotland, in Angns- shire, the S, point of Lunan bay. Here aiv. tl;o nxina of a castle, almost surrounded by the sea. Rew Lake, a lake of North America, lynig S. of Lake of the AVoods, It is 60 miles long, and 15 broad, .and on the N, side is ted by several small rivers. Its outlet, at the .S E. extremity, in lat, 47, 20., is called lied river, and flows into the Mississippi, a aula above St. ,\.nthony falls. Red Sea, a sea celebritted in holy wn . It esctends 1300 miles from N. to ??., divu.nig Africa from Arabia, and is 200 iroad u^ lU widest part. It i. separated from tue Medi- terranean sea on the .N. by the isthmus of Suez, and communicates on the b., by tne strait of Babelmandeb, with the Inumn ocean. Though of great depth, generai.y exceeding 100 fathoas, it is studded vf '«■ lands, some of which are volcanic, ani sro active. Coral reefs we more numcrouk r .anui l>y it, ■iiliil mmp 5-p REE 699 REG ■a, lying 60 lailc:* side is fed at the S. alied Hed ipi, a littlo iioly wri . _ fiiviuni^ Hid ii' il'" 'lie Medi- sthmus of fi., by the ,^> ■ Indian ;j,en€raiiy ;, ani »"■" ukthaiiia liny other se.i of equal extent; and its disputed iiainc most propubly oiigirnitcs from its rod corals. The channels are sufficiently clear and good to offer no obstruction to careful -.team navigation, and it is now a great modiuin of communication between Europe and our Indian and Auatraiasian possessions. The idea that the level of the Red sea is hi;;her than thai of the Mediterranean is probably clumerical, and it is still in prosjicct to unite, or rather reunite them by a canal across the isthmus of Suez. The clilef ports on the E. or Arabian side, are Mokha, Hodcida, Zoheia, and Djidda; on the African sidiT are Suc», Cosseir, vSuakim, and Masuali. ]v'5!) lUvKR a large river of North America, the first considerable stream which enters the Mississippi about its mouth. It rises in the Kocky mountains near Santa Fe in Mexico, and forms, for n gre.it distance, the boundary hetwet'.u Texas and tha other United States. It has obstructions or it would bo navigable for 400 miles. Hbdcau, a township of ISTortli Yorkshire; 6 miles from Guisborough, and 240 from Lon- don, It iias lately become a fasliionable bath- inp-pliice, and is much frequented. Hedditch, a hamlet in Tardcbigg parish, in the county of Worcester, 6 miles E.S.E. of Rromsgrovc; famous for its manufactures of fish-hooKS and needles, of which 70 millions are made weekly. RfiooN, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ille-et-Vilaine. It serves as a mart for the commerce of Uennes. It is seated on the Vilaine; 20 miles E. of Vannes, and 62 S.S.\V. of Rcnnes. Fop. -4000. Long. 2. 10. W. lat, 47. 48. N, REoosflELA, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a strong castle. It stands on Vigo bay; 8 wiles N.E. of Vigo. Rkdonda, a town of Portugal, in Boirn, wish a castle, seated on the Mondego; 17 milfts W. of Goimbra. RF.no.NfDo, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo; 23 miles S.W. ofElvas. liEDEUTH or St. Uny, a town in Cornwall, with markets on Tuesday and Friday. It is of gre.it antiquity, and is seated in the very heart of the tin and copper mining country; 12 mileti N. by E. of Hclstont, and 263 W. by S. of Lonilon. IvEosTONF. a town of f'cnnsylvania, in Allegany cour.ty, with a manufacture of paper, and a rope-walk, situate on the Monongaiiela; 30 miles 8. by E. of I'itUl))ir«, Ueiu'haai, a small to.vn i/j N(rtfi/lk, with amarket on Haturday, and a fr/ide in mult; eituati on the Eyre, over which it has a ford ; II miles N.E. of Dereham, and 112 N. by E. of liOndon. Hees, a town of Westplnilln, in the duchy of Cleves seated on the Uhino( 10 miles N. W. of VVl'KBl. Hi'.i'H, Of llr.NB, B town of the Prussif.n "bitec, in the province of Lower Rhine. Hard kv it, on the illiine, is the Konigstuhl- or Thronus Rogalis, a remarkable piece of antiquity, consisting of a round vault, built of freestone, and resting on 9 stone pillars, one of which stands in the middle. Tho vault is 80 feet in circumference, and has two stout doors, the ascent to which is by 28 stone steps. It is furnished with seven scats, agreeably to tho number of electors at that time; and on this rejial chair the electors of ticrmany formerly held consultations re- lative to the election of a king and emperor, and other weighty matters of the empire. Rees is seated near the Rhine; 5 miles S. by E. of Cobleiitz. Reetii, a town inGrintf>n parish. North Rid- ing of Yorkshire, with a mamifacturc of stock- ings and some lead mines; 9 miles W. by S. of Richmond, market on Friday. Reetz, a town of Brandenburg; 18 miles E.S.M of New Stargard. Reoen, a circle of Bavaria. a* idWided into 20 parishes, and returns one member to wards the i fertile, but rather barr tered by the Cart. The liENi, a t giirabia, sei S.\V. of Bei Rknnes, p.irtment of sec. It cor sides the ca small univei straiirht, l)ut ill 1720. wli .Slimed 850 li Palace of Ju is seated on two parts. T est, is regii the lower to favourably si factiiros, and Pop. in 1830 of Paris. L Rk.vs, or ] Kenton, s is one of the Scotland; ah where Dr. S cidumn erect of the Levcn Rentv, a I Pas (le Caia S.W. of Aire Reolle, n ronde; seate of Rordeaux Kepaille in Savoy ; fai (lake of Sav ciijny the pU oil a river wli 20 miles N.I Hki'pen, a S.S.Iv„fCii Rei'ton, a S.W. of Deri of several of for .several a school, wliiel toi'v of a pri RupuitLic Rkcjl'ena, with a castle ofsilks. Ii «'id retaken is seated (ju ci;i; 64 mile- I'Oii-. 1. 9, \ Rksiii), If has a con >^ilk; and ini h s seated •'•i-piati scu, iiiioiii 10,000 f ULS 7(;1 REU member to parliament. In the N. part, to- n-arils tlie borders of tlio Clyde, tiie soil is fertile, but the S. p.irt is iiirjiintiiinous ami riitlier barren. Bosidcs the Clyde, it is wa- U'luil by the Gryfe, and the Wliito and Bhiek Cart. The largest town is Paisley. Rem, a town of Euroijcan Turkey, in Bea- giirahia, seated on the Danube; 135 miles S.\V. of Bender. Uknnes, a city of Franne, c.tpital of the de- partment of lUc-et-Vilaiiic; and a bishop's set!. It contains eight parish churches, be- sides the cathedral, several convents, and a siniill university. The streets are broad and straii,'lit, but they were narrow before the fire in 1720. which lasted seven days, and con- sumed 850 houses. In the great s((uare are tlie Piihu'e of Justice, and the Hotel de Ville. It is seated on the Vilaine, which divides it into two parts. Theuppertown, which is the larg- est, is regularly built and handsome, and tlie lower town quite the contrary. Though favourably situated fortrade, ithasfewmanu- factarcs, and no public buildings worth notice. Pop. in 183G, 29,')09. It is 190 miles W.S.VV. of Paris. Long. 1. 47. W. lat. 48. 7. N. Rkss, or Rensu. See Reus. Ken rov, a village in Scotland, near which is one of the most considerable printfields in [jcijtland ; also the old mansion of Dalquhurn, wliere Dr. Smollet was born, and the lofty cuhnnn erected to his mem .>ry, on the hank of the Levcn ; 4 miles N.W. of Dumbp-riun. Renty, a town of Franco, department of Pas (le Calais, seated on the Aa; 12 miles S.W. of Aire, and 50 N.W. of Arras. Reollb, a town in the department of Gi- rnnde; seated on the Garonne ; 30 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. .'iSOO. Kbi'aillb, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy; famous for the retreat of Amadeus, duke of Savoy, in 1440, when he went to eujoy the pleasures of a country life; seated ou ai'iver which runs into the lake of Geneva; 2U miles N.E. of Geneva. Rivi'PEK, a town of Brandenburg; 16 miles S.S.Iv of Gastrin. Rei>ton, a village in Derbyshire, 8 miles S. S.W. of Derby; celebrated as the burial-place of several of the Saxon kings of Meroitv, and tor several antiquities. Here is a noteil free s<.'lio(d, which appears to have been the refec- tory of a priory. Ri;i'u»MCAiN, Port. SeaPoRT auPiunce. RutiUE.NA, a town of Spain in New Castile; with 11 castle, and a considerable niannfactnrc of i-ilks. It was taken by the English in 1700, aud retaken \>y the Frwich the next year. It issuated on a hill, on tlio burders of Vilen- cia; G4 miles K.S.K. of Cuenza. Pop. 10,983. I'DU-. I.9.W. lat. 39 44. N. Rksiu), a city (jf Persia, capital of Ghilan It lias ii considerable trade, particularly in s^ilk; and much rice grows in the environs. It is seated on a river; 6 miles frotu the ^'a>pian sea, and 100 N. of Casbin. Pdp. ii'io.it 10,000. Long. 49. 50. E. lat. 37. 28. N. I Resolution Island, an island in the North Atlantic ; 50 miles long and 20 broad ; I on the N. side of the entrance into Hudson strait. Long. 65. 0. \V. lat. (il. 40. N. Rksolutio.v Isle, a small islaml in the South Pacific; 160 leagues E. of Otaheite; so called from the ship in which Co(A made his second voyage. Long. 141. 15. \V. lat. 17. 23. S. Betel, a town of France, department of Ardennes; seated on a hill, near the Aisrie; 26milesN.K. ofRheim.s. Pop 4900. Long. ■i. 24. E. lat. 49. 32. N. Retf(.ui>, KAST.iiliurouuh in Nottingham- shire, with a market on Saturday; returning two members to parliament. It is in general well built, and consists of three principal streets, dis))o,sed nearly in the form of a Ro- man Y. The market is held under the town- hall, where the election of members lor the borough takes place. It is on the Chester- field canal, and on junction of the Man- chester and Lincolnshire and the Great Northern railway.s. It has a handsome and commodious church, three meeting-houses, an hospital, and alm^-hou.ses for eighteen poor women- Hops are extensively cnltivated here. The chief trade formerly was in malt, and it has manufactures of hats ami bobbin net. It is seated on the Idle; 29 miles N. by F.. of Nottingham, and 144 N. by W. of Lc.ulon. West Retford is situated on the opposite side of the river, and has a small church, a free-school, and an hospital for 16 poor men. Retiiel, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ardennes on the Aisne. It is prettily laid out, and is improving, but there is no remarkable public building. It is chiefly noted for its woollen maimfactures. It is 24 miles S.W. of Mezicres. Pop. in 1836, 6771. Retiiem, a town of Hanover, seated on the Aller; 35 miles N.N.W. "f Hanover. Retimo, a seaport of Candia, and a bish- op's see; with a citadel. It was taken by the Turks in 1645. Its silk, wool, honey, wa.\, laudanum, and oil, are preferred to all others. It is seated on the N. coast of the island; 42 miles W. of Candia. Pop. 6000. Long. 24. 38. 1-:. Int. 35. 20. N. Ri:tz, a town of Bavaria, on the Schwara; 28 miles E.S.K. of Amberg. Reus, a town of Spain, in Catalonia. It is the capital and centre of its rich and hi;;;lily cultivated plain; the older portion of the to A' n was built in 1151; the more modern rose during the last century, when many enterprising English settled tliere, andestuh- lishecl a coirimereo in wine, bramly, a d leather. The new jiortion, with its wide plaza;! and streets, glaring in summer and cold in winter, contrasts with the tortuous larics of the old town. During the war it was impoverished by the exactions of Mucdonald, and its trade ruined by the English blockade. Pop. above 25,000. It is seated in tiie miildie REW 702 RUE u lis 4 III » of a most fraitful plain; 17 miles S.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 24,600. Rbuss, a principality of Saxony, lying be- tween the Prussian and Bavarian territories. It forms two independent principalities. The territory of the elder branch consists of the lordships of Greiz and Burgh; area, 144 gipiaro miles. Pop. in 1838, 32,100. Greiz is the chief town. The younger branch of Reuss has a territory of 447 square miles, with a population of 69,700. Chief town and seat of government, Schleiz. See Appindix, Reu88, a river of Switzerland, which rises in the Lake of Locendro, on the N.W. of St. Gothardj flows through the Lake of Lucern, and the town of that name, and joins the Aar below Bruck. Reutlingen, a town of Germany, in Wir- temburg. In the town-house is preserved an ancient battering-ram; and in the vicinity are many paper and powder mills. It is seated on the Echetz, near the Neckar; 17 miles S. of Stutgard. Population in 1838, 11,500. Revei,, a town of Prance, department of Upper Garonne, noar the canal of Languedoc ; 27 miles S.E. of Toulouse. Revel, a government of Russia. See Es- THONIA. Rbvbl, or Reval, a seaport of European Russia, capital of the government of Esthonia, and a bishop's see. It is surrounded by high walls and deep ditches, and defended by a castle and good bastions. The houses arc well built, and have fine gardens. It is be- come a place of great trade, since the Russians obittined possession of it in 1710; and there are two great fairs, in May and September, frequented by English and Dutch merchants. It is one of the stations of the Russian fleet, and is now much resorted to as a watering-place. It is seated on the gulf of Finland, partly in a pleasant plain, and partly on a hill; 160 miles N. ly E. of Riga, and 220 W. by S. of Petersburg. Population, 13,000. Long. 24. 44. E. lat. (^9. 26. N. Revello, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, seated near the Po, on the top }f a mowitain, fortified by nature and art} J miles N.W. of Saluzzo. Pop. 5000. Reveko, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Mantuan, seated on the Po, opposite Ostigiii; 80 miles S.E. of Mantua. 1{evin, a town of France, department of Ardennes, seated on the river Meuse; 6 miles E. of Rocroy. Revolution Islep ■^ Rroup of islands in the Pacific ocean, to N.W. of the Mar- quesas, of which they ■ bo deemed a continuation. They were >. overed in 1791. The most considerable are liaux and Mar- chand. The latter is about 15 miles in circuit, and was taken possession of in the name of the French nation, by Captain Marchand. Long. 140. S.W. lat. 9. 21. S. Rewau, a town of Ilindostan, in the pro- vince of Allahabad, the residence of a Hindoo chief, tributaryto the British; 57 miles S.S.W. of Allahabad. Rewari, a town of Ilindostan, capital of a district in the province of Delhi. It is the residence of a chief tributary to the British and is seated on the Sadi; 55 miles S.W, of Delhi. Long. 76. 52. E. lat. 28. 13. N. Rhahanie, a town and fort of Egypt, on the W. branch of the Nile, where the canal of Alexandria enters tl.vt river. It is 25 niiL", above Rosetta, and 58 E.S.E. of Alexandria. Rhayader, a town of Wales, in Radnor- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It is situate on the Wye, where there was formerly i cataract, which is now destroyed, and a neat bridge erected, and on an eminence near it is the site of an ancient castle, of which no ruins remain. In the neighbourhood are lead and copper mines; 19 miles W.N.W. of New Radnor, and 178 of London. Rheda, a town of Prussian Westphalia; 10 miles N. of Lipstadt. Rheims, a city of France, department of Marne; and an archbishop's see. The inha- bitants are estimated at 38,000. The cathedral is one of the largest and most magnificent in Europe, and dates from 1212. The principal church, bui4t before the year 406, is a very beautiful structure; and that of St. Nir^iiso is remarkable for its fine architecture. Behind the high altar of the church of St. Reniy, the corpse of that archbishop is preserved in a magnificent shrine. The kings of France have been successively crowned at Rheims; probably because Clovis, the founder of the French monarchy, when converted from paganism, was baptized in the cathedral here, in the year 496. The remains of an amphi- theatre, a castle, and a triumphal arch, are among the ancient monuments of the Ro- mans. The streets are wide and straight, but the houses are low. Here are manufacturt'S of flannel, coverlets and other woollen stalls. This city was taken and retaken several times by the French and allied armies, in 1814. It is seated in a plain surrounded by hills that produce excellent wine, on the river Vesse; 62 miles N. of Troyes, and 75 N.E. of Paris. on the Paris and Strasburg Railway Rubin, a town of Prussia, with a large fortified castle, seated on a lake; 75 miles S.E. of Konigsberg. Long. 21. 38. E. lat. 53. 48. N. . Rueinau, a town of Switzerland, m the canton of Thurgau, with an abbey; on an island formed by the Rhine; 5 miles S.S.W. of Schaff hausen. • RuEiNBACH, or RuYNBACii, a town of tlie Prussian states, in the province of Cleves and Berg; 20 miles S. of Cologne. RuEiNBERO, a town of the Prussian states, in the government of Cleves, seated near the Rhine; 13 miles E. of Gelders, and 48 N. by W. of Cologne. ^ , ,. Rheine, a town of Prussian Westphalia, seated on the Ems; 18 miles W.N.W Osnaburg. I I of RIII '03 RIIO Rheinkck, a town of Germany, scitcd on the Uhine; 16 miles N.VV. of Cohlentz. liuKiNECK, a town of Franconia, capital of a county of tiie same name, with a castle, on tlirt river Sinn; 25 miles N, by W. of Wurtz- biirt;. liiiEiNECK, a town of Switzerland, capital nf tiie Rheinthal, in the canton of St. Gall, witli a castle, seated on the Rhine; 25 miles S.E. of Constance. RiiBiNFELUEV, a town of Germany, in Iladen, the best of the four forest-towns, seated on the Rhine, over which is a bridge; 8 miles E.of Basel. Rheinfbt.s, a strong fortress of Germany, in the Prussian states. It is or.e of the most important places on the Rhine, and stands on a stupendous cragpy rock, hd the foot of which is the fortified town of St. Goar. It was taken by the French in 1794; 16 miles S. of Cohlentz. Rheinmagen, a town of the Prussian states, in thcgovernmentofCoblentz, situate on the Rhine; 19 miles N.W. of Coblentz, Rheinthal, a district of Switzerland; in the canton of St. Gall, lying along the Rliine. It is a fertile valley, 30 miles long, nnd from 3 to 8 broad, and produces excellent wine. Kheineck is the capital. RuEiNZABORN, a town of France, depart- ment of Lower Rhine, seated on tlie Erlbach ; 10 miles S.E. of Landau. RuENA, a town of Germany in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Radegast; 14 miles E.S.E. of Lubcc. RuBNEN, a town of Belgium, in the pro- vince of Utrecht, seated on the Rhine; 20 miles S.E. of Utrecht. RnrNB, a great and remarkable river of Enrope, which rises in Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons. It is formed of three streams — the Further Rhine, from the head of the valley of Disentis; the Middle Rhine, from the valley of Medelo, an appendage of St.Gothard ; and the Hither, or Upper Rhine, ''rom the mount Avicula. The first two nrrents uniteil take the name of Lower Rliine, which receives the Upper Rhine at liiehenau, and the height is here about 6180 feet above the sea. Flowing by Coire, at the distance of a mile, the Rhine here be- comes navigable for rafts. It is, soon after, the boundary between the Rheinthal and a territory of Austria, and passes through the Lake of Constance from E. to W. Leaving this lake, it flows W. by SchatFliansen, below which it forms a celebrated cataract. It con- tinues in a westerly course to Basle, when it returns to the N., and enters the Netherlands, in which course it waters many considerable cities and towns, and receives some large rivers. Below Emmerick, in the duchy of Cleves, it divides into two streams. That which heiuls to the W., and flows by Nime- guen, is called the Waal, but loses that name on itsjunction with the Meuse at Worcum. Below Goicum, it divides into four principal branches, forming the isles of Ysselmonde, Voorn, and Overflackee : the most northern branch is called the Merwr, and, passing by Rotterdam and Schiedam, is joined ly :ho branch from the S. side ol Ysselmonde nnd enters the German ocean below Briel: tlio other two branches make tlioir exit at IIcl- voetsluys and Goree. The other stro.itn, which had branched otf to the N.W. below Emmerick, retains its name ; but below Huessen, another branches otl'to the N., takes the name of Yssel, and enters the Zuyder Zen below Campen. The old river proceeds W by Arnheiiii to Duerstede, when it again divides into two streams: that to the left is called the Leek, and enters the Me.rwe above Rotterdam. The branch to the right, which ret.ains its name, passes on to Utrecht, when it divides once more into two streams: the smaller one is calledtlie Veeht, which runs N. into the Zuyder Zoeat Muyden;nn(l the other the remains of the noble Rhine, Hows W. by Woerden to Ley den, where it divides into several channels, and afterwards is lost among hills of sand near the village of Cat- wyck. Measured along the stream it is 950 miles in length. Rhine, a province of the grand duchy of Ilesse, to the N. of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine; comprising an area of 1000 square miles, with 155,000 inhabitants. Rhine, Circle of, a province of Bavaria; situate to the W. of the Rhino, between Weis- seinburg and Worms. It was ceded to Ba- varia in 1814. It contains an area of 1800 square miles, with 308,000 inhabitants. Rhine, Lower, Provinoe op the, a pro- vince of Rhenish Prussia, being its south portion. It lies between Belgium and Hol- land, France and the German states. Arc i, 10,307 sq. miles. Pop. in 1837, 2,433,2.n , three fourths of whom are Roman catholics. Principal towns, Aix la Chapelle, Cologne, Coblentz, Dusseldorf, &c. It is divided uito 5 regencies and 59 circles. It is traversed by ihe Rliine, and its decayed volcanic rocks a'tl'ord excellent soil for the vine. Manufac- tures are extensive and flourishing, cliietly woollen, linen, and iron. Rhine, Lower, a department of France, containing the late province of Lower Alsace. It has aii area of 1900 square miles, with 440,000 inhabitants. Strasburg is the capital. Rhine, Upper, a department of France, consisting of the late province of Upper Alsace, and containing an area of about 1700 square miles, with 320,000 inhabitants. Col- mar is the capital. Rhi WAHON OR KiJAnoN an extensive parish in Denbighshire, N. Wales, 5 miles S.S.W. of Wrexham. It is a large mining district. Rhode Island, one of tbe United States of America, bounde<^l on the N. and E. by Massachusetts, S by the Atlantic, andW. by Connecticut. These limits comprehend what was originally called Rhode Island and Pro- vidence Plantations. It is divided into the %i i : s-l. RIIO 70t RIB counties of Newport, Providence, Washing- ton, liristol, and Iviint. Area, 1350 square miles. Pop. in 1810, 108,8,'!0. Tlie state is intersected in all directions by rivers, the chief of which nre Pawtuckct, Providence, and Taunton rivers, wiiieh flow into Nnrra- panset baj. Iron-ore and limestone arc found in grent plenty in this state, which is principally a country for pasture. Provi- dence and Newj)ort nre the chief towns. HiiODic LsLAND, an islaml in the above state; 15 miles Ion};, and 4 broad. It is ex- ceedingly fertile. 'J'his island is a noteil re- sort of invalids from the souibcrn climates, beint;exceedini,rly pleasant and liealthlid. At its S.W. extremity is the town of Newport. Khodks, an island of the Grecian Archi- pelago, at the entrance of the gulf of Macri; 40 miles long, and 15 broad. It is truly a delightfid spot, and its climate is the finest in the Mediterranean. The soil is pretty fer- tile, but badly cultivated. This island is much celebrated in ancient history, having been fre- quently under the dominion of different mas- ters. The Saracens became possessors of it in 665; and in 1309, it was taken from them by the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, who afterwards took the name of Knights of Rhodes. They retaineil it till 1623, when it was taken by the Turks, after an obstinate resistance; and the small number of knights that remained were afterwards removed to Malta. Like the ncighhou ing islands, it has been reduced by the oppression of the Porte to a state of great poverty and wretchedness. Pop. about 20,000. Rhooes, the capital of the above island, and an archbishop's see, was anciently 9 miles in circumference, and was regarded by Alex- ander, who depositolan, a town ofWalcs in Flintshire 3 miles N.N.W. of St Asaph, on the rivei Clwyd; an ancient town, now incousidera ble; with a noble castle. RiiuuEN, a town of Prussian Westphalia, on the Monnc; 12 miles S.S.E. of Lipstadt. Rhuthyn. See Ruthin. Rhynbeck, a town of New York, in Duch- ess county, on the E. side of Hudson river, opposite Kingston, and 18 miles N. of Pongli- keepsie. Rh YNnERO, or Rhinsberc, a town of Bran- denburg, with a handsome palace, built by Frederic II., when hereditary prince. It is seated on the Rhyn; 10 miles N. of Ruppin. Rhyney. See Rumney. Rhynow, a town of Brandenburg, at the conflux of the Rhyn with the Havel; 9 miles S.E. of Ilavelberg. Ri AZAN, a government of European Rupsia, formerly a province of the government of Moscow. It comprises an area of 14.988 square miles, with (in 1838) 1,241.700 of in- habitants, and had anciently its own princes. The soil is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. RiAZAN, the capital of the above govein- ment, and an archbishop's see, was furmerly considerable for its extent and riches, lait was almost ruined by the Tartars, in l.i'iS. Ithas greatly iiicreasedin size and inipoitance within the last 60 years. It is seated at the conflux of the Trubcsh with the Occa; iOO miles 8,E. of Moscow. Pop. 9000. Long. 39. 16. E. lat. 54. 38. N. . RiBA DE Sella, a small seaport of bpam, in Asturias, on the bay of Biscay; 29 miles E. by S. of Gijon. RIC ro5 lilE lliVAOAViA, ft town of Spain, in Galicia, seated ut tiio contiiix of tlie Avia with this Miiiho, in a territory limt iirodiices tiio he«t wiiiu in Spain; 15 miles W.S.W. of Orensc. KinADEO, or Hivadko, a seaport of S|>ain, in Galicia, with ajfooil harbour, defended by two castles. It is heautifuliyseateflon a rock, at tliuniouth of the liio dc Mirando; 43 miles N, by E. of Lugo. Long. 6. 47. W. hit 43. 38. N. IlntAS, ft town of Spnin, in New Castile, on tlic river Xaraiua; 8 miles K. of M.nlrid. UiUKAUVii-LK, a town of France depart- ment of the Upper Uhiiie. Here arc the re- mains of the ancient castle of llibaupicrre and other mined fortresses. It bus mamil'ac- tnrc's of cottons, 7 miles N. of Cohnar. Pop. in 1830,6561. UiUHi.E, a river which rises in W, York- filiirc, runs across Lancashire, and enters the Irish sea below l^reston. lliMKMONT, a town of France department ?<■ Aisiie, seated on nn eminence near the <'ise; 10 miles S. of St. Quentin. Pop. 2400. KinERAC, atown in thedepartmcnt of Dor- dofjiie; 17 miles E. of Perigiieux. Kmimik, ft town of Prussian Silesia, in the piincipality of Ratibor. It is 20 miles E. by iN. of Uatibor. llin.NiK, or RiMxiK, a town of European Turkey, in Wilachia, and a bishop's sec. Here, in 1789, the Austrians and Russians gained a great victory over the Turks. It is fiinitcd on ft river of the same name; 68 miles E.N.E. of Tergovist. — Another on the Alth; 50 miles W. by S. of Tergovist. IhuNiTZ, a town of Germany, in the grand (liicliy of Mccklenburg-Sehwerin; seated on a l)ay of the Baltic, near the influx of theRecke- iiitz; 13 miles N.E. of Rostock. HicuKLiEU, a town of France, department of Indre-et- Loire, founded by Cardinal Riche- lieu, in 1637, seated on the Amable and Vide; 33 miles S.S.VV. of Tours. Pop. 3200. Richmond, a borough in North Yorkshire, governed by a mayor, with amarkct on Satur- day. It was formerly surrounded by a wall, with three gates, and had a strong castle, (now in a ruinous condition,) on an inaccessi- l)le mount. It is the capital of a district called Riclimondshire, (now included in the duchy of Lancaster,) which abounds in lead mines, and was formerly a county of itself. It has few manufactures of importance. It returns two members to parliament. It is seated on the Swale, mii a l>r!incli ot tne N. E. railway. It is 48 n.il<;s ^■,^7. of York, and 230 N.N. W. of Londcn. KiciiM .Nn, r. V illage in Surrey, with an ele- gant stone tnidgo over the Thames. It was (inoientlycaiiodbheen; but Henry VIL called it Ilichniond, on account of his having been e:irl ot Richinoiid in Yorkshire, Here was a palace, in which Edward III., Henry VII., mill Queen Elizabeth expired. Here is an extensive royal park, called Richmond, or the New Park; surrounded by a brick wal', built by Charles I, It is 9 miles W.S.W of London, The beautiful gardens of Kkw, (which see) arc in this parish. There is a branch of the South Western Railway to it, Richmond, a town of New South" Wales, in the county of Cumberland; 30 miles from Sydney, It is rapidly increasing. It is seated on the Nepean rivcB, in an exceedingly fertile distt'ict, Richmond, a county of New York, compre- hending Staten island. C!hief town, Rich- mond. Pdj) in 184.'), 13,673. Richmond, a county in the N. of Georgia. Chief town, Augusta. Pop. 11,932. — Also, a county in N. Carolina. Poj). 8000. — And another county in Virginia. Poj). 590."). Richmond, the capital of Virginia, in Hen- rico county, on the N. side of James river, at the foot of the Falls. It contains a State- house, and c(mrt-house, jail, almshiaise, peni- tentiary, two market-houses, a public library, a museum, and places of worship for Episco- palians, Presbyterians, Bajitists, Methodists, Qu.ikers, and .Jews. Here is a floating toll- bridge over the river; and the Falls above the bridge arc 7 miles in length. Vessels of bur- den lie at City Point, 20 miles below, to which goods from Richmond are sent down in boats. It is 90 miles S.S.W. of Alexandria. Pop. ill 1840, 20,153, Long. 77, 31, W. lat 37. 30. N. RicKMAN8wonTH,ft town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on the Coin; 8 miles S.W. of St. Albans, and 18 W.N.W. of London, RiCLA, a town of Spain, in Arr.agon, on the Xalon; 28 miles W.S.W. of Saragossa. RiDGFiELD, ft town of Connecticut, in Fairfield county; 14 miles N.W, of Fairfield, and 48 N,N.E, of New York. Pop, 2474, RiKD, a town of Upper Austria, circle of the Inn, Here the French had a victory over the Austrians, in 1805, It is 18 miles S, of Passau. RiEDLiNGEN, a towu of Germany, in Wir- temherg, seated on the Danube, 25 miles S.W. of Ulm, RiESENOEBiRGE, ft cliain of mountains in Central Germany, separating Bohemia and Moravia, and joining the Cariiathians; they are the highest in Central Germany, the loftiest Schneeberg, being 5270 feet. RiETiJEiio, a town of the Prussian states, in the government of Minden. capital of a county of the same name, with a ciistle, situate on the Ems; 17 miles W. by N. of Paderhorn. RiETi, a town of Italy, in the papal states, capital of a delegation of its name, and a bishop's see. Besides the cathedral, it con- tains three collegiate and six parish churches, and 12 convents. It is seated on the river Velino, near the lake Rieti; 37 miles N.E. of Rome. Long. 13. 5. E. lat, 42, 23. N. HiKUX, a town of France, department of Upper Garonne, seated on the lleze; 23 miles S.S.W. of Toulouse. 2z IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V- f/ i< 4(6 4^ \r- 11.25 12.5 ■as 12.8 £f 1^ 12.0 •UMte 6" Hiotographic Sciences Corporation Hi WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. 14510 (716) S73-4S03 ^\ Q ,v <^ 4 I RIO 706 RIO UiKZ, a town in tlie (lepurtmcnt of Lower Alps, heated in a plain abuunding with wine ami fruits; 30 miles S.S.W. of Dijjnc. Popu- lation, 2900. Riga, a government of Russia. See Lito- niA. KioA, n btrong town of Russia, capital of tlic t'uvernment of Livonia, and, next to Pu- tui'sl>urg, the most commercial place in the empire. It stands on the river Dwina, 5 miles from its mouth, in a gulf of the Baltic, culled the gulf of Riga or Livonia. The trade is chiefly carried on by the foreign mer- chants resident here; thoMC belonging to an English factory e;ijuy the greatest share of tlie commerce. The principal exports are corn, hcnvp, flax, iron, timber, masts, leather, and tallow. The population of Riga, includ- ing the garrison of 10,000 men, was in 1835 estimated at 67,338. Here is a floating wooden bridge, over the Dwina, 2000 feet long, and 40 broad; in uiiitcr, when the ice sets in, it is removed ; and in spring it is re- placed. In 1812, on tiiu a)>)>roacli of the French army, under Marshal Macdoniiid, to besiege this place, the governor of the town set tire to the suburbs, which consumed up- wards of 2000 houses. Riga is 220 miles N.K. of Konigsberg, and 310 S.W. of Petersburg. Long. 24. 0. E. lat. .56. .57. N. Rimini, a town of Italy, in the Papal states, with an old castle, a strong tower, and many remains of antiquity. The sea having re- cede! from this city for some centuries, its liarbour will now admit only small ^essels. It is seated in a fertile plain, at the mouth of the Marrechia, on the gulf of Venice; 28 miles 8.E. of liavcnna, and 145 N. by E, of Rome. Pop. 12,500, liut including the sub- urban villages, about 27,000. Long. 12. 34. E lat. 44. 4 N. RiNGKiopiNG, a seaport of Denmark, in N. Jutland. It has a considerable trade with I (oUaiid and Norway. It is seated on a gulf of the German ocean; 4;i miles S.W. of Wi- burg, and 55 N.N. W. of Ripen. Long. 8. 15. E. lat. 56. 8. N. RiNULEBBN, a town of Germany, belong- ing to Siixe-VVeimar; 6 miles N. of Erfuit, and 26 E.N.E. of Eisenach. RiNQSTKD, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand. It was formerly a city; and in the great church are interred several kings, and other persons of distinction. It is 30 miles S.W. of Copenhagen. RiNQWooD, a small town in Hampsltiro, with a market on Wednesday. It has a ma- nufacture of woollen cloths and stockings, and is famous for its strong beer and ale. It is seated on the Avon; 30 miles S.W. of Winchester, and 91 W. by 8. of London. RiNTELN, a strong town of Germany, ca- I'ital of the district of Schauenburg:, with a university. It is seated on the Weser; 12 miles S.E. of Minu^n, and 35 W.8.W. of Hanover. Long. 9. 10. E. lat. 52. 13. N. Rio DE LA IXacua, a seaport of Colombia, in Venezuela, ut the north of a river of t!ie same name; ino miles E. of St. Martha. Long. 72. 34. W. lat. II. 30. N. Rio DE i.a Plata. EO. RivALTA, a town of Piedmont, situate on the Sungeon; 8 miles E.N.E. of Turin. RiVALTA, a town of Austrian Italy, situate on the lake of Mantua; !i m. W. of Mantua. RivAROLo, a town of Piedmont, situate on the Oreo; 1.5 miles N. of Turin. RivAui.x, a township in Ildnisley parish, N. Riding of Yorkshire, in which are the ruins of its magnificent abbey, founded in 1131. RiVESALTKB, a town of France, department of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the Egly; 8 miles N. of Perpignan. RivoLT, a town of Piedmont, with a mag- nificent castle, 9 miles W. of Turin. Pop. 5000. RivoLi, a small town of Austrian Italy, near which Bonaparte obtained one of the must remarkalile of his victories, in January 1797. It is seated on the Adige; 12 miles N.W. of Verona. RivoLO, or RoLO, a town of Italy, In Mo- dena; between Novellara and Mirandola. RoA, a town of Spain, in the province of Burgos; with a castle, and a splendid man- sion liclonging to the counts of Sizuela. It is situate on the Douro; 25 miles N. hj E. of Segovia. Pop. 2.500. RoANNB, a town of France, department of Loire; seated on the T^oire, where it be- gins to be navigable for barks. Hence the merchandise of Lyons is conveyed to Paris, Orleans, Nantes, &c. It is 45 miles W.N.W. of Lyon.4, and 210 S.S E. of Paris. Pop. 7000. Lung. 3. 58. E. lat. 46. 4. N. ROC 708 ROC RuAMOKE, an island of North Carolina; on the S. siilu of Albemarle sound ; famons as the place where Sir Walter Raleigh made the tirst British settlement in North America. ItoANOKB, a river of the United States, formed by the junction of the Staunton and Dan, in the S. part of Virginia. It is sub- ject to inundations, and, on account of the falls, is navigable for shallops only, about 60 or 70 miles. It enters by several mouths, into the S.W. part of Albemarle sound. RuDBEN Island, sometimes called Penguin island ; a barren sandy island, near the Cape of Good Hope, at the entrance into False bay. Long. 18. 22. E. kt. 33. .50. 8. RoBEL, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strclitz, seated on the lake Muritz; 24 miles W. of Strelitz. RoBBBT Bat, a capacious bay of the island of Martinico; formed by two points called that of the E. part of La Rosa, and that of the W. part of Los Gal'.oiics. Robin Hood Bat, a bay on the coast of Yorkshire; between Scarborough and Whit- by, about one mile broad. Here is a village of fishermen, who supply the city of York, and the adjacent country, with all sorts of fish in their season. It is 6 miles S.E. Oi' Whitby. Long. 0. 10. W. lat. 54. 25. N. RocA, Cape, a cape of Portugal ; the most western extremity of Europe. On its sum- mit is a remarkable monastery, said to be 3000 feet above the sea; and on the E^ of the mountain is a summer palace, of Moorish architecture. Here is also a small vineyard, that ofCarcavella, yielding a peculiar grape; and the environs supply mostof the fruits and greens used at Lisbon. This cape is called fenerally, by the English sailors, the Rock of lisbon. Long. 9. 36. W. Int. 38. 42. N. RocAMADODR, a town of France, depart- ment of Lot ; 23 miles N. of Cahors. RocELLA, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, near which is a coral fishery; 10 miles N.E. of Gierace. Rochdale, a borough in Lancashire, with markets on Monday and Saturday, and con- siderable manufactures of baize, flannels, serges, and other woollen goods; also calicoes, strong cotton goods, and hats. It has been greatly Improved of late years, and has sixteen churches, eight meeting-houses, a free gram- mar-school, a free-school, and national and Sunday schools. A canal from Manchester passes hence to the Calder navigation, near Halifax. The manor of Rochdale was held for the last three centuries by the Byrons, but in 1823 was sold by Lord Byron, the ce- lebrated poet, to James Dearden, Esq. The town is seated on the river Roch, at tite foot of the Yorkshire hills; II miles N. by E, of Manchester, and 197 N.N.W. of London. It returns one member to parliament, and is on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. RocHB, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy ; seated near a large rock, on the river Borne; 12 miles N.E. of Annery. Roche, or Rochefort en Ardennes, a town of Belgium, in the province of Luxem- burg, with a strong castle; seated on a rock, near the river Ourte; 22 miles S. of Liege, and 32 N.W. of Luxemburg. Roche Beaccour, a town of France, de- partment of Dordogne; 22 miles N.W. of Perigueux. Roche Bernard, a town in the depart- ment of Morbihan, on the Vilaine; 22 miles S.E. of Vannes. liocHE GuYON, a town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, on the river Seine; 21 miles W. of Pontoisc. Roche Posat, a town in the dp,-.srtment of Vienne, with a mineral spring, seated on tho Crcuse; 32 miles E.N.E. of Poitiers. Roche son Yon, a town in the department of Vendee; 20 miles N.W. of Lucon. RocHEC nouART, a town in the department of Upper Vienne, with a castle on a moun- tain; 18 miles W. of Limoges. RocHEtfOUT EN Ardennrs. See Roche. Rochefort, a seaport of France, depart- ment of Lower Charente ; with a commodious harbour, one of the most famous ia France. The streets are broad and straight, and the houses low, but regular. It has a magnifi- cent hospital, the finest hallof arms in France, a noble arsenal, a foundry for cannon, and ail the other magazines necessary for the con- struction and equipment of ships of war. It stands on the Charente, 15 miles from its mouth, which is defended by several forts. It is 18 miles S.S.E. of Rochclle, and 127 S.W. of Paris. Pop. in 1841, above 17,000. Long. 0. 58. W. lat. 45. 56. N. Rochefort, a town in the department of Jura, on the river Doubs; 6 miles N.E. of Dole, and 22 W.S.W. of Besan^on. Rochefort, a town in the department rf Miiine-et-Loire, on the river Loiret; 10 miles S.S.W. of Angers. Rochefort, a town in the dcpn.rtmcnt of Puy de Dome; 17 miles S.W. of Clermont. Rochefoucault, a town in the depart- ment of Charente, seftted on the Dardoire; 12 miles N.E, of Angouleme. Pop. 2400. Rochelle, La, a fortified seaport of France, capital of the department of Lower Cliarente, and a bishop's see. The houses are supported by piazzas, and the haven is surronmled by a mole, 4482 feet in extent. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade, e-specially in wine, brandy, sugar, salt, paper, linen, and serges. Rochelle was the birthplace of Reau- mur, the celebrated naturalist. It is se^'e"* in a plain, at the bottom of o small gulf of the Atlantic; 78 miles S. by E. of Nantes, and 330 S.W. of Paris. Pop. in 1836, 14,857. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 46. 9. N. RocHEMAUR, a town in the departinent or Ardeche, seated on theRhone; 8 miles H.H.tj. of ^^ivicrs Rochester, a city in Kent, with a market on Friday. It returns two members to par- liament. Its noble castle, now in ruins, once ROC 709 ROD rendered it of t;rcut importance; and here aku arc some remains of u priory. Kuc-hcstcr is, next to Canterbury, the most ancient, and was the smallest bislioprie in England, but tiie diocese has recently been great'y altered : tlie eity and deanery of liochest<'r.i!one remain to the diocese, and the whole of the counties nf Hertford and Essex havf been ad and in many parts rocky, thou^a ill ROM 710 ROM •ome places ^he suit jh excellent; but tlio best production of the ixland is the land tur- tle, which are in great aonndance. On the N. side is a hay, that aifords secure shelter for ships, and ample supplies of wood and water. Long. 63. 0. £. lut. 19. 30. S. BoKK, a river uf the PruHsian states, which rises in Wetitphalia, flows by Arcnsbur^', Schwerto, Wcrden, and Duysburg, and en- ters the Uhine at Rocrort. RoF >BT, a town of the Prussian states, in the ducny of Cleves, at the conflux of the liuer with the Khine; 17 m. S. by E. of Vescl. RoBULX, a town of Iklgium, in Hainault; 8 miles N.E. of Mons. K(H}ERWicK, or Port Baltic, a seaport of Russia, in the province of Revel, seated on maii temples which now remain, antle; 13 miles S. of Meiningeiu RouKALA, a town of 'Syria, with tho re- mains of an ancient and strong ciustle, and two churches. It is seated on the Euphrates, at the influx of the Simcren, and is used by the Turks as a place of banishment for great men in disgrace; 85 m. N.N.E. of Aleppo. RoMNA, a town of Russia, in the government of Tohernigof; 88 m. E.S.E. of Tchernigof. BoHNET, a town of Virginia, chief of Hampshire county, seated on the S.W. branch of the Potomac; 50 miles W.N.W. of Win- chester. Long. 5S. 5. W. lat. 39. 20. N. RoMNEY, New, a town in Kent, with a market on Thursday, It is one of the cinque- ports; but since the sea has retired, it is much reduced. It is seated on a hill in Romney Marsh. About a mile to tho W. is Old Rom- ney, the original port, which is now a small place; 22 miles S.W. of Dover, and 71 S.E. of London. RoMNET Marsh, a tract in the most south- em part of Kent, between Dungeness and Rye haven, defended from the sea by a strong embankment, called Dymchurch walL ROQ 712 ROS It b 20 miles long, and 8 broad, cuntuiiiing about 24,000 acres of firm land, and somo of the richest pastures in England. Vast flocks of sliucp and herds of cattle are fattened here for the London market. It has two towns and 27 parishes, which were incorporated in the reign of Edward IV., by the numo of a bailiir, 24 jurats, and tiie commonalty of Romney Marsh. IluHONT, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Fribur);; seated on a mountain, 10 miles N.W. of Friburg. RouoRENTiN, a town of France, m the de- part.nent of Loirc-et-Cher, with a castle und manufactures of serges and cloths; seated on the Saudre, 26 miles S.E. of Blois, and 40 S. by W. of Orleans. Pop. 6100. ItoMSDAL, a town of Norway, capital of a province in the government of Droiithcim; 100 miles S.W. of Drontheim. Long. 7. 54. E. lat. 62. 28. N. RoMSBT, a town in Hampshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. Its principal trade is in corn. It is seated on the Andover canal and the river Test; 8 miles N.W. of Southampton, and 72 W. by 8. of London. itoNALDsnAT, NoRTU and South, two ■mall islands of the Orkneys. RoNAT, one of the Hebrides, situate be- tween the isle of Skye and the mainland. UoNGE8TAij:.if:8, a town of Spain, in Na- varre, situate in a valley to which it gives name; 14 miles N.N.E. of Pampelona. RoNCiOLioNE, a town of Italy, in the states of the Church, with a fortified castle. It is seated on the Tereia, near a lake of the same name; 28 miles N.N.W. of Borne. Long. 12.32. E. lat. 42. 18. N. RoNDA, a strong town of Spain, in Gra- nada, v/iih a castle, situate on a craggy rock, near the river Guadiuro; 43 miles N. by E of Gibraltar. It contains but few works of art, but its natural curiosities render it one of the most interesting towns on the penin- sula. Fop. 18,678. RoKNB, a seaport of Denmark, in the island of Bomholm, and the residence of the gover- nor. The harboer to parliament. It is 12 miles N.E. of Water- ford, and 19 W. of Wexford. liossANo, a strong town of Nfiples, in Ca- labria Citra, and an archbishop's see. The adjacent valleys yield oil, capers, saflron, tud excellent pepper. It is seated on on eminence, surrounded by rocks; 3 miles from the gulf of Tarcnt'i, and 136 8.E. ot Naples. Pop. 7000. Long. 16. 33. B. lat. 39.48. N. lioHSLAU, a town of Germany, in the prin- cipality of Anhnit, with a castle; seated at the cunflux of the Hosslau with the Elbe; 10 miles S.S.E. of Zerbst. Boss-sumE,acounty of Scotland; 80 miles long, and 50 broad; bounded on the N. bv SutherlandMhiro and the frith of Dornoch, W. by the Minch, S. by Inverness-shire, and E. by the frith of Moray and the county of Cro- marty, which last it almost encloses. It is divided into 30 parishes. It sends, in con- 1 'unction with Cromarty, one member to par- iament. The middle and N.W. parts are mountainous and drearv; the E. part is va- riegated with woods, lakes, and rivers. The hills feed horses, beeves, sheep, and goats, and abound with game; the rivers and lakes teem with fish and water-fowl; and the E. coast is visited regularly by a shoal of her- rings. Agriculture has undergone great im- provements within these few years, and largo quantities of corn are grown. The island of Lewis is attached to this county. Tain is the capital. RosswEiN, a town of Saxony, with a good trade in wool, flannel, and cloth, seated on the Muldau; 23 m. W. of Dresden. Pop. 2700. RosTAK, a town of Arabia, in the province of Oman, and the seat of a sovereign prince. It is 120 miles W. of Muscat. Long. 57. 30. £. lat. 23. 30. N. IvosTOK, a fortified town of Germany, in the duchv of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; with a university, a good harbour, a strong citadel, an arsenal, and three churches. It is divided int9 three parts, the Old, the New, and the Middle town, and carries on a large trade. It was formerly one of the Hanse towns, but its privileges, till lately maintained, have been curtailed. It is one of the most active manu- facturing towns in N. Germany, and has a pretty extensive trade. It has a railway to Hamburg, Sic. The river is now in progress of deepening, and improvement. It is seated on the river Warnow, 10 miles from its entrance into the Baltic, nnd 82 E.N.E. of Wismar. Pop. in 1837, 18,067. Long. 12.20. E. Int. 154.10. N RosTOF, a town of Rus.sia, in the govern- ment of Jaroslaf, and nii episcopal s«o. It is seated on the lake Nci's or Rostof, which communicates with the Volga by the river Kotorost; 95 m. N.E. of M(j8cow. Pop. 8000. RosTRENAN, a towu of Fraucc, depart- nr.ent of Cotes du Nord, near the Blavet; 35 miles S.W. of St. Brieux. RosTRifyoB, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Down; with a considerable salt- work and a pottery. It is much frequented for sea-bathing, and the peculiar beauty of its situation renders it one of the most de- lightful summer retreats in the province. Adjoining the town is Bostrevor hill, a ro- mantic mountain of extraordinary elevatioo EOT 7U HOT end beaaty. Tlio town i» seated on Curling- ford bayi 9 milea 8.E. o( Newry. ItoTA, a town nnd caNtlc of Spiiin, in Anda- lusia, and at tlie entrance of tlie bay of Cadiz; 9 miles N.N.VV. of Cadiz. Pop. COOO. KoTAS, a town of Uindostan, in tlie pro- vince of Lahore; 85 miles N.\V. of Lahore. LonR. 71. 52. E. lut. 32. 4. N. ItoTAS. a town of ilindostnn, in the i)r()- viiice of liuhar; 108 miles S.W. of Putna. lioxnENBERO, a town and fortress of Bava- ria, capital of a lordship of the same name; sitmtte on a mountain, 18 miles N.E. of Nu- renhcrg, and 27 S.S.W. of Buyrcuth. Top. 5700. RoTENncRO, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucerne; 4 miles N. of Lucern. KoTENiiURo, a townofWirienibur;j, in the county of Hohenburj;, with a castle. Near it is a famous mineral 8]H'ing. It stands on the Ncckar; 6 miles W.S.\V. of Tubingen. RoTBNRnRO, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Verilen, on the river VVummc; 15 miles N. by E. of Verden. RoTEN'BDRo, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Hesse, with a palace; seated on the Fulda; 24 m. S.S.E. of Cussel. Pop. 3000. RoTENFBLS, a towu of Buvario, in the cir- cle of Lower Maine, seated on the Maine; 13 miles N.W. of Wurtzburg. .1 town and castle of Bavaria, in the dib < Anspach; noted as the birthplace o." .ebrated Gesncr. It stands at tliu conduce of the Roth with i'..-^ Rednitz; 18 miles 8. of Nurenl>urg. RoTiiBUKT, a town in Northumberland, with a market on Friday; situated on tiic Coquet, in a sequestered and romantic glen, sheltered from the northern blasts by tower- ing hills; on the S. an abrupt bank rises in a pyramidal form, the summit of which is crown- ed by a stately tower. The Duke of Nor- thumberland is lord of the manor, though he possesses very little freehold property in the town; 12 miles S.W. of Alnwick, and 303 N. by W. of London. RoTHENBURO, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the river Ncissa; 15 miles N. of Gorlit/.. RoTiiENBiTRO, a town of Bavarian Fran- conia, surrounded by moats and ramparts. It stands on a mountain, by the river Taubcr, from which it is supidied with water by means ofamachine; 15 miles W.N. W. of Anspach. Fop. 5700. Long. 10. 18. £; lat. 49. 22. N. RoTiiER, a river which rises in Sussex, forms the boundary between that county and Kent for a short spac<.>, and enters the Eng- lish channel at Rye. RoTUERHAM, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Mondoy, celebrated for the Bale of cattle. It has a sp.icions church, four meeting- houses, a charity scliool, a free school, a subscription library, an extensive brewery, a central station for the North Midland rail- way, and the terminus of the Shefiield rail- way. It is famons for the extensive iron work* in its vicinity at Masborougb, and had an ancifnt ctistio on an eminence nonr the town. It is seated at the ronlliix of the Hotln-r with the Don, 32 miles S. of Leeds, and 1C5 N. by \V. of London. RuTiiEKiiiTHE, a suburb of London, in Surrey, situate on the S. bank of the Thnnici, nnd communicates with the northern x'ulc hy means of a tunnel, annignilicent work, loni- inenced by Mr. Brunei in 1823, iiml conipli.ted in 1813. The principal trade is connucied with the shipping and docks. RnriiBAT, a burgh of Scotland, the capital of the isle of Bute. Here is an ancient ens- tie, once a royal palace. The inhabitants nro actively en}fai,'ed in the herring fishery, nnd several cotton-works are also C8tal)ii>lic,) and is connected with Amsterduni and Hiier- lein, &c., readily by means of the railwayn; it is also a principal port for the tranMJt of pA^8cngers by steam vessulfl; 36 miles 8.8. W. of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 29. E. lat. 51. 56. N. RorrKRDAM, one of the Friendly islands, in the Facitic Uuean; discovered by Tasman in 1643. Long. 174. 30. W. lat. 20. IG. 8. IloTTiNOKN, a town of Bavuria, in the cir- cle of Lower Maine, situate on the Tuubcr; 17 miles S. of Wurtzburg. JiouAii, or RoiuA. See Orfa. KouBAiz, a town of France, department of the North; 6 miles N. of Lisle. Munuftic- tures cotton, woollens, camlt'ts, and spinning thread. It has wonderfully increased of lute vears, in con8e(|uence of these manufactures. The chief manufacture is cotton goo,66'J. Long. 12. 4. E. lat. 45. 8. N. KowBLEY, a township in the par. of Rakc- well, Derbyshire; on the Manchester and Midland .Tnnction railway to Amberirafe. RijWLEY, atown of Massachusetts, in Essex county; 28 miler N.E. of Boston. Pop. 1203. R0XBUR0118H1 s, a county of Scotland, sometimes called Teviotdulc; bounded N by Berwickshire, E. and S. by Northumlterland and Cumberland, and \V. by the shires of Dumfries and Selkirk. It is of an irregular figure, and the greatest extent in every direc- tion is about 30 miles. It is divided into 31 parishes, and returns one member to parlia- mcnt. The principal rivers are the Tweed, Teviot, and Liddel. The face of the country exhibits a rough appearance of mosses, hills, and mountains, interspersed with narrow valleys, well watered, and fertile in corn. The hills feed great numbers of sheep and cattle. Some remains are still visible of the Catrail, or Picts-work ditch, a stupendous British work, probably constructed in the fiflh century, as a line of defence against the Saxons. It appears to have been a vast fosse, 26 feet broad, with a rampart 8 or 10 feet high on either side. In many parts of the county, there are sepulchral tumuli, in which Collins and urns have been found. There are also Druid ical circles, and other antiquities. The county had its name from the once magni- ficent city and castle of Roxburgh, situate be- tween the Teviot and the Tweed, nearly o\y- posite Kelso: of the city few traces are now evident, and the castle, near the mouth of the Teviot, is entirely a ruin. At this castle, in 1460, James II. of Scotland lost his life by tho bursting of a cannon. About 3 milns from RUD 71C RUII thocuatlc, on tho biinUii of tlio Toviot, is a villugo called Ruxbiutrh. 'I'liu presuut capi- tal of the county U Joilburf{h. KoxBUKor, a town of MusHauhnHetta, In Norlolk county; 2 iniloa 8.S.\V. of Boston, to which it la joined by a neck of land, con- atituting a broad avenue. Pop. 8089. ItovALTON, a town of MiisMiichusetta, Wor- ceatcr county; 70 niilua W.N.W. of Uoaton. Pop. 1667. Uor ALTON, a town of Vermont, in Wind- aor county; Pop. 1997. lU>rAN, a town of France, department of Lower Churcnte. It was fortified by the Hu- ffuenota, iind vigorously defended against Louia XIII. in 1622. It ia aented ut the mouth of the Garonno; 18 milua S.W. of SaintcA. Pop. £700. llt>YE, a town in the department of Somme; 26 miles S.E. of Amiena. Pop. 3100. liorsruN, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Wedncaday. Part of the town extenda into Cambriu^^cahirc. Under the markot-pliico ia akind of subterranean crypt, dug out of tho aolid chalk, suppoaed to be a Saxon conatruction; 12milcsS.S.W. of Cam- bridge, and 37 N. of Lomlon. RuABON. See Khiwauon. IluATAN, or lioATAN, an island in the bay of Honduras, off the Mosquito shore, in cen- tral America. It is about 30 milea long, and 8 or 9 broad. This beautiful island, partially covered with wood, was once in possession of the English, who fortified its excellent har- bour, but abandoned it when they withdrew from the Mosquito shore. Long. 86. 45. W. lat. 16. 23. N. KuBitioN, the ancient name of a small river of Italy, which runs into the gulf of Venice, to the northward of Kimini; celebrated in history as the limit prescribed to CtBsar by the Uoman senate, when tho ambitious views of that commander became suspected. RucRiNORN,atown ofGermany,in Hesse- Gassel; which was the scene of an obstinate engagement between the French and Bava- rians in 1813. It is seated on the Kinzig; 5 miles £. of Hanau. BnoAW, a town of East Prussia, formerly fortified with a castle, now in ruins. It is remarkable for the victory obtained by the Teutonic knights over Kinstud, great duke of Lithuania, in 1370; in memory of which a atone pillar was erected, which is still re- maining; 12 miles N.N.W. of Konigsberg. RaoELBTAOT, or RauoLSTAOT, a town of Germany, capital of the county of Schwartz- burg-Budolatadt ; with u fine castle on a moun- tain. It has manufacturea of flannel aad atuffs. It ia aeated on the Saale, over which ia a atone bridge; 22 milea S.E. of Erfurt. Pop. 4000. Long. 11. 50. E. lat. 50. 44. N. RuDBLSTAOT, a town of Pruaaian Sileaia, in the principality of Schweidnitz, with a mine-office and copper works; aeated on the Boher, 18 milea W. of Schweidnitz. Bi7i}£SUBiM, a town of Germany, in tte duchy of Nassau celebrated for its wine; 3 miles N. of Bintrcn. BuDisTu. (See ItoDOSTo. RuiiKiofiNQ, a seupoii of Denmark, in the island of Langeland. It hua a consideriililo trade in corn and provii'ona. Long. 11. E. lat. 5.5. I. N. » • Hl'doi.pbwkrd, a town of Austrian Iliyrin, in Caniiola, with a large collegiate church; seated on the Ourck, in a country fertile in wine; 45 miles S.E. of Laubach. Rub, a town of France; department of Soniine, 15 miles N.W. of Abbeville. RuEDA, a town of Loon in Spain. It hna a handsome long street, and a fine puriith church. Much good wine is grown in ita vicinity. Pop. 2500. It ia 40 miles from Vullailolid. RuFFAcn, » town in t'le department of Upper Rhine; 7 m. 8. of Colmnr. Pop. 3300. RuFFr.c, A town in the department of Cba- ;'ente, 24 milea N. of Angouleme. RoFi A. (ancient Alpheu.s,)a river of Greece, in the Morea, which falls into the gulf of Ar- cadia opposite the island of Zantc. Rdobt, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Saturday, celebrated for its well endowed grammar-school, founded by Law- rence Shcrilfe, in the 9th of Elizabeth, ami having about 300 scholars. It is pleasantly situated, consisting chiefly of three streets, with a few good modem houses. It has a commodioas church and two meeting-houses, and is seated on the Avon, near thejunction of the Midland Counties and Birmingham railways. It is 13 miles S.E. of Coventry, and 85 N.N.W. of London. RuoELT, or RuDGLGY, a town in Staflfcrd- shire, with a market on Thursday, and manu- facturea of felta and hats, aheet iron, and of verdigris. The parish church is a modern erection, atanding close to the ancient edifice, which has long been dismantled, and is fast wasting by the hand of time. The town is rapidly advancing into jiotice, and two new streets (Albion Street and Church Street) have been built. It is seated on the Trent: 9^ miles E.S.E. of Stafford, and 126 N.W. of London. RuoEN. an island in tho Baltic, on the coast of Pomerania, opposite Stralsund, the channel between which town and the island is not above a mile in breadth. Including the indentions of the sea, which are consider- able, the island is 23 miles long, and 18 broad. It abounds in com and cattle, and contains numerous gardens and plantations. This island became subject' to Prussia, with the rest of Pomerania, in 1814. Pop. 28,000. The chief town is Bergen. RooBNWALD, a town of Prussian Pomera- nia, in the government of Coslin; with acttstle. Here ia a good salmon-fishery, and a trade ia linen. It is seated on the Wipper; 3 miles from the Baltic, and 35 N.E. of Colb^srg. Long. 16. 17. £. lat. 54. 25. N. RuuLANO, a town of Prussia, in T i r Ulr « UUP 717 RUS Mtia, with a triulo in ush and beer; seated on tlr of small sheep, whose flesh and wool are valuable. The only harbour is Loch Scrcsort, on the E. coast. Long. 6. 20. W. lat. 67. 10. N. RuuiONT, a town of France, department of Ardennes, 13 miles S.W. of Rocroy. RuMiLLT, a town of the Sardinian statps, in Savoy, situate on an elevated plain at the conflux of the Seram and Ncpha; 7 miles W.S.\V. of Annecy. Pop. 3 1 00. Kdhmrlsburo, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania,with manufactures of cloth, seated uii the Wipper, 14 miles N. of New Stettin. Ri'MNBT, or RiiniBT, a river of Wales; which rises in Brecknockshire, and separating tlie counties of Glamurgan and Monmouth, enters the Bristol channel to the S£. of Cardiff. KuNCORN, a township in Cheshire. It is a place of some importance, from being the ter- mination of the Duke of Bri.lgcwntcr's canal, which here joins the Mersey, and is also fre- quented for sea-bathing. It has some ex- eiisive stone-quarries; 10 miles N.E. by N. of Chester. Ui'NUPouR, a town of Bungal, capital of A fertile district, governed by a judge, collec- tor, &c., and subservient to the court of cir- cuit and appeal of Dacca. Tiie chief produce (>!' the district is rice, but there is also much tobacco and some iiidigr>. The inhabitAnts r:)rry on considerable trade with Assam, Buo- t.in, and Calcutta. It is 124 miles N.N.E. of Mitorshedabad. Pop. of tlie district, 2,735,000 ; of the town, 15,000. Long. 80. 4. £. lat. 25. 44. N. Hl-nkel, a town of Germany, in the duchy ofNitssau, with a citadel on a high hill; for- merly the residence of the counts of Wied- liiinkel. It is seated on the Labn ; 14 miles E.N.E. of Nassau. RuPELHONDB, a towu of thc Netherlands, in E. Flanders; 8 miles S W. of Antwerp. RcPERT, a river of the Hudson's bay terri- tory, which issues from the lake Mistassin, and flows W. into the S.E. part of James bay. In its course it forms several small lakes; and at its mouth are the remains of Fort Rupert, formerly a settlement of the Hudson bay Company. Long. 76. 58. W. lat. 51. 3. N. RcppiN, a town of Prussia, in Branden- bnrg. It stands on the W. side of a lake, formed by the river Rhin ; and on the opposite side of thc lake is Old Ruppin, with an ancient castle, the residence of its former counts, whose burial place is at New Ruppin. This town was entirely consumed by fire in 1787, but is rebuilt in a handsome manner, and greatly augmenteJ. It has a considerable trade, a manufacture of cloth, and noted breweries. It is 33 miles N.N.W. of Berlin. Fop. in 1 837, 7929. Long. 1 3.0. E. lat. 53.56.N. KURKMONDK, ur RoKRMONDK, a Strong town of the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg; seated at the conflux of the Roor with the Meusc; 28 miles N.N.B. of Maes- tricht. Pop. 4600. Long. 6. 4. E. lat. 51.1 I.N. RuscKK, or RiTBTHOiiiiK, a town of Euro- pean Turkey in Bulgaria,dcfendedbyacaHtle, with manufucturcs of silk, cotton, linen, woollen, tobacco, &c. It was taken by the Russians in 1810, and a Turkish army was defeated near it in 181 1. It is seated on the Danube; 135 miles N. I>y E. of Adrianople. Pop. 24,000. Long. 26. 50. E. lat. 44. 12. N. RiTsii, a town of Ireland, in the county of Dublin; consisting of one street, parallel with the shore. The inhabitants are engaged in fishing. Rtiss, atown of E. Prussia, on theNiemen; 28 miles S. by F rf Mcmel. RussEL, a county »n the S.W. part of Vir- ginia; bounded on rlu N. by Kentucky. RussELViLLR n town of Kentucky, capital of Lngan county; 85 miles S. of Louisville. RussBLSiiEiM, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt, situate on the Maine; 6 niilcsE. of Mentz, and 13 N.W. of Darmstadt. ItussEr, a town of PVance, department oi Dor.bs; 34 miles £. by S. of Bi;saii9on. RasatA, a vast empire, partly in Asia and partly in Europe; bounded on the N. by the Frozen Ocean, E. by tlie Pacific, S by Great TartM.'y, the Caspian sea, Persia, Turkey in Asia, and the Black sea, and W. by Turkey in Europe, Poland, the Baltic sea, aiid Swe- den. There wc.-e three countries that liad the name of Russia: namely. Red Russia, which formed the S. part of Poland; White Russia, which comprehended the E. part of Lithuania; and Black Russia, which included the governments of Kaluga, Moscow, Tula, Rezan, Volodimir, and Yaroslaf; and hence his Imperial majesty takes the title of empe- ror and autocrat of all the Russias. It is 11, 000 miles in length, with an average breadth of 1500 miles; containing an area of 7,000,000 square miles, with a population of 60.000.000. This vast territory, forty-two times the extent of France, has not double its population, and the revenue of Great Britain is quadru])le that of Russia. A great portion of the country mny be considered as the waste land of Europe, and the Asiatic provinces are scarcely habit- able. It is divided into 51 provinces; 41 and part of 4 are in Europe, and 6, and the remaining portions of the 4, arc in Asia. A country of such vast extent must lie in dif- ferent climates, and the soil and products must be as different. The most fertile part is near the frontiers of Poland, the inhabitants of which are able to supply their nciglibonrs with corn. The N. part is not only colder, but very marshy, and overrun with forests, inhabited chiefly by wild beasts. Thc country affords a variety of commodities, which, being of great use to foreigners, produce a consider- able annual balance of trade in faronr of RUS 718 RUS Mi.' Russia. The home commodities are chiefly B;il)lc8, black Turs, 'he skins of black and white foxes, ermines, hyaenas, lynxes, bears, puuthcrs, wolves, martins, white hures, &c., red and black juuhte or Russian leather, (wiiich for colour, smell, and softness, is not equalled in the world), copper, iron, talc, tuliow, wax, honey, porish, tar, linseed and train oil, castor, isinglass, hemp, flax, thread, sail-cloth, cali- manco, Siberian musk., soap, feathers, timber, &c. To these commodities may also be added almost all the merchandise of China, India, Persia, Turkey, and some European countries. The principal towns are St. Petersburgh, Moscow, Riga, Odessa, Tula, Wilna, &c. The religion is that of the Greek or Eastern Church, which is governed by a patriarch, under whom are the arciibishops and bishops. Every priest is called a papa or pope, and of these there were formerly 4000 in Moscow alone; at present their number is about 68,000. A consiucrable number of the Rus- sians profess the Mohammedan religion, and many are still pagans. The inhabitants of the Swedish provinces are Lutherans; and Protestants as well as Papists enjoy full liberty of conscience. There are many convents for both sexes, but it has been wisely ordained that no male can enter into a monastic life before he is 30 years of age, and that no female can take the veil till she is 50, and even then, not without the licence of the holy synod. The inhabitants in general are robust, well-shaped, and of pretty good complexions. They are great eaters, and very fond of brandy. They use bathing, but smoke no tobacco, lest the smoke should dishonour the images of the saints, which they keep in great veticration; however, they take a great deal of snuH', made of the tobacco brought from the Ukraine. The Russians were formerly wholly employed in agriculture, feeding of cattle, hunting, and fishing; and he was thought a learned man who could read and write. But Peter the Great undertook to introduce arts and scien- ces; and in 1724 the first university was founded that ever was in .'lussia; tlicre is also an academy of sciences at Petersburg, sup- plied with eminent professors. With respect to dress, a long beard is in high estimation with the people of Russia, notwithstanding the efforts of their monarchs to root it out; and it is only those depending upon govern- ment, in the army and navy, who have yet complied with the custom and wish of the court. Tiiose who retain their beards retain likewise the ancient dress; the long swaddling coat, cither of skins, or of coarse cloth lined with skins, in winter, and in summer, with cloth only. About their middle they have a sash of any colour; but what they most atfect is green or yellow. Their shirts are fashioned us women's; and their necks, being exposed to the cold, become very hard and impene-. trable from this practice. Government con- tinue to exert every nerve to compel the tiubjecta to adopt the German dress. The clergy alone excepted, none can procure any place, or favour from court, upon other con- ditions than banishing the A.siutic sheep-skin robes. The worn-out veteran retires with a pension, upon the express terms of never again assuming the habit of his fathers. But so jealously attached are the multitude to former manners, and so honourable do they esteem them, that a Russian dressed in his beard and gown, acquires the greatest respect. The dress of the women is the reverse of that of the men, both in fashion and colour; every part of it being as short and tight as decency will allow, and very gaudy. It resembles that oftlio Highland women in Scotland. The Russian women arc, however, far more rich in their at- tire; nor is gold lace wanting, any more than the art of painting, to complete the Russian belle. The rising generation are modernizing their antique vestments, the stiff embroidered napkin is supplanted by one of flowini; silk; the jacket and petticoat are of muslin, or other fine stuffs; and the plaid is exchanged for a silk or satin cloak, in the cold season lined with fur. The richer class of females wea- velvet boots. The dress of the higher ranks is after the French and English fashion; aiiroaches and harbour. The exports are corn, malt, hops, and other products of the county, and hence are sent considerable supplies of fish to the London markets. It is 10 miles N.E. of Hastings, and 63 S.E. of London. It has a railway to Asbturd and London. Ryeoate, or Reioate, a borough in Sur- rey, market on Tuesday. It returns one mem- ber to parliament. The town is pleasantly seated on a rock of white sardstone, and wa- tered by a branch of the river Mole. Fullers earth is found in its v'.cmity. It is elevated ill importance by the proximity of the Brigh- ton and South Coast, and the South Eastern ruilwaya, which here diverge from the main ^.tf^MWMMp ^f^mm^mtHm SAB ■20 SAB branch to London. Here was formerly a castle built in the time of the Saxons, and called Holmes Castle; some ruins of it are to be seen, particularly a long vault, with a room at the end, where, it is said, the barons who took up arras against king John held their private meetings. The market-house was formerly a chapel, dedicated to Thomas h Beckct. It is seated in a valley, called Hoimsdule, 16 miles E. of Guildford, and 21 S.W. of London. Kymenadt, a town of Belgium, m Bra- bunt, on tiie Dyle, 5 miles E. of Mechlin, Rtssen, a town of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, on the river Kcgge, 16 miles E.N. E. of Deventer. RrswicK, a town of South Holland, re- markable for a treaty concluded in 1697 l>e- twcoa England, Germany, Holland, France, and Spain. It is seated between Hague and Delft, 30 miles S.W. of Amsterdam. RrroN, a parish in Durham county, S. of ' the river Tync; crossed by the Carlisle and Newcastle railway, and has some extensile iron works. Szeczica, a town of Bohemia, 52 miles S. E. of Prague. RzEMiEN, a town of Poland, in the Pala- tinate of Sundomir, 36m. S.S.W. of Sandomir. RzETA, a town of the Russian empire, nnd capital of a province of the same name, situ- ate on the Volga, near its source. RzKSzow, a well built town of Austrian Poland, capital of a circle of its name, with a brisk trade in corn and peltry, situate on the Wisloka; 80 miles E. of Cracow, and 70 W. of Lemberg. Population of the town, 4600; of the circle, 225,000. s. Saaba, a kingdom of Negroland, with a capital of the same name; W. of Timbuctoo, on the river Senegal. Saada, or Saaue, a strong town of Ara- bia, in Yemen, nnd the residence of a sheik. It has a custom-house, which brings in a con- siderable revenue; and manufactures of Tur- key leather. It is 140 miles W.N.W. of Sa- naa. Long. 44. 55. E. lat. 1 7. 50. N. Saalfeld, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Coburg, with a mint, a mine- oflice, and manufactures of cloth, and of gold and silk stuiTs. On an eminence near the town stands the once celebrated and princely abbey of St. Peter. In 1806 prince Louis Fer- dinand, of Prussia, was killed here in a skir- mish with the French, it stands on the Saale, 34 miles N.N.E. of Coburg, and 46 S.W. of Altcnhurg. Pop. 3700. Long. 11. 32. E. lat. 60.41.N. SAAt,FBi,D, a town of East Prussia, on the lake Methng; 23 miles S.E. of Marienbcrg. Saar, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Brunn, on the coniines of Bohemia; 42 miles N.W. of Brunn. Saar-Louis, a town of Prussia, province )f Lower Rhine, ceded by France in 1815. It is situate on a peninsula formed b^ the Sarre; 34 miles E. of Thionville. Pop. 4 1 00. Saarhcnd, a town of Prussia, in Brand n- burg; 6 miles S. of Potsdam. Saatz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, which contains some of the best corn land in Bohemia, and yields hops of the best quality. The town is seated on the Eger, 48 miles W.N.W. of Prague. Pop. 3800. Saba, a fertile island of the Dutch West In- dies, 12 miles in circumference, inhabited by a few Dutch families, who grow some cotton and vegetables. It is a dependency of St. Eus- tatia. Th<3 island was taken by the English in 1781, in 1801, and in 1810. It bafi do port, and lies a little to the W. of St. Chris- topher. Long. 63. 17. W. lat. 17. 39. N. Sabanja, a town of Natolia. Here all the roads from Asia to Constantinople meet. It is situate on a lake which abounds in tish; 60 miles E.N.E. of Brusa, and 62 E.S.E. of Con- stantinople. I.iong. 29. 40. E. lat. 40. 30. N. Sabatz, or Saboaz, a town and fortress of Servia, taken by the Austrians in 1719. It is situate on the Drave; 22 miles S. of Peter- wardein, and 28 W. of Belgrade. Sabi. See Xatier. Sabia, a kingdom on the E. coast of Af- rica, bounded on the N. by Sofala, E. by the Mo.sambique Channel, S. by unknown re- gions, and W. by Manico. The juntry is fertile and populous, is crossed by a river of the same name, has mines of gold, and many elephants. Manbona is the capital. Sabir, a seaport of Denmark, on the E. coast of North Jutland, at the mouth of a river of the same name; 23 miles N.N.E. of Alburg. Long. 10. 18. E. hit. 57. 20. N. Sabina, a province of Italy, in the pope's dominions; 28 miles long, and 20 broad; bounded by the Tiber, the Teveroiie, the duchy of Spoleto, and the Neapolitan frontier. It is watered by several small rivers, and abounds in oil and wine. Magliano is the capital. Sahinb River, North America, forming the bouTiilnry between the United States and the new btate of Texas; falling into the gulf of Mexico. Sabioncblla, a town of Austrian Dalma- tia, situate on the extremity of a peninsula to which it gives name. This peninsula runs a considerable way into the Adriatic, having the island of Lesina on the N., and those of Curzola and Melida on the S., all separated by a narrow channel. The town is 45 miles N.W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 40. Ev lat. 43. 30. N. SAC 721 SAG Sabionbtta, a town of Austrian Italy, for- j merly cnpitai of a principality of its name, I witli a strong citailel-; 20 miles £. of Cremona, i Population, 6000. | SJABLB, a town of Fm -e, ;n the department of Sarte, near which . some qnarries of black marble. It is seui^ I on the Sorte; 25 | miles N.E. of Angers. Pup. 3100. I Sablb, Cape, the most southerly point of Nova Scotia, near which is a tine cod-tishery. Long. 65. 39. \V. hit. 43. 23. N. Sables o'Olonnb, a town of France, in ihe department of Vendee, with a port ca- pable of- containing vessels of 150 tons. It is seated on the bay of Biscay; 40 miles W. of Fontenay le Compte. Fop. .'S'200. Long. l.50.W.lat.46.28.N. Sacai, a city and seaport of Japan, in the island of Niphon ; with several castles, tem- ples, and palaces, and a mountain on one side, which serves as a rampart; 43 miles S. by W. of Meaco. Long. 136. 5. E. lat. 34. 58. N. Sacatecolcca, a town of the republic of Guatemala, or Central America, in the low country which borders the Pacific. Large quantities of indigo are raised in the neigh- bourhood. Pop. 8000. Sachsbnbbro, a town of Germany, county of Waldeck; 10 miles S.W. of Waldeck. Sachsenhaoicn, a town of Germany, in rho principality of Schauenburg; 13 miles \V, of Hanover. SACiisENiiAnsEN, a town of Germany, makint; part of Frankfort on the Maine. It is situate on the S. side of the river, and communicates with the rest of the ci'y by a stone bridge. Sachsbnhausek, a town of Germany, county of Waldeck; 6 miles N.W. of Waldeck, Saobsbnheiu, a town in the kingdom of Wi Item berg; 12 miles N.N.W. of Stutgard. Sackbtts Harbour, a town of New York, in Jetfurson county, with one of the best har- bours in the state. It has a dock-yard, with large store-houses, and is strongly defended by forts and batteries. The Americans have nttaciied much importance to it, and have spared no exertion to render it formidable, and it is rapidily incriasing in population and importance. It is r^atcd at the mouth of Black river, on Hungry bay, at the E. end of Lake Ontario, 176 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. about 2000. 8aco, a considerable town of the state of Maine, in York county, seated on the Saco, opposite Biddeford, with which it is connected by three bridges. It is favourably situate for •'aJe and manufactures; 100 miles N.N.E. of Boston. Pop. 4408. Sacramento City, nt first T^ew ITki. VETiA, at thp junction of the Sacramento river. See California. Sacramiknto, S., a town of South Ame- rica, in Buenos Ayres, settled by the Portu- guese, but taken in 1777 by the Spaniards It stands on the river Plata, nearly opposite Buenos Ayres; 100 miles W. by N of Monro Video. Saddlbback, a mountain in Cumberland, FO called trom its form. It is upwards of 3000 feet above the level ol the sea ; and on one side is an immense cavity, once the crater of a volcano, at the bottom of which is a lake about 20 acres in dimensions ; 5 miles E.N.E. of Keswick. SADnLEWoKTH, BU extensive chapelry in the parish of Rochdale, and W. Killing of Yorkshire; 28 ni. S.W. of Leeds. It is in a wild and romantic district, and contains large cot'on and woollen manufactures, and some collieries and stone quarries. It has canal and railway communication with all parts: there are 3 churches. Pop. in 1851, 17,799. Saiiras, a decayed town of liindostan; 38 miles 8. of Madras. Saffi, a strong seaport of Marocco, with a castle; 16 miles S. of Cape Cantin. Pop. about 12,000, including 3000 Jews. Long. 8. 58. W. lat. 32. 28. N. Saffbon Waldbn. See Waldbn. Saoan, a town of Prus.siun Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name. It has double walls, a fine palace, a priory of the Augustine order, a Lutheran school, and good cloth manufactures. It is seated om the Bober; 80 miles N.W. of Brcslau. Lor g. 15. 22. E. hit. 51. 42. N. Pop. 4700. Saqar, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, with'a considerable trade in pepper, betel-nut, and sandal-wood. It stands on the Varada, near its source; 25 miles N. of Nagara. Saoara, a celebrated mountain of Greece, (the ancient Helicon,) a few miles N. of the gulf of Corinth. It has a village of its name, formerly called Ascras, noted as the birth-place of Hesiod. From its summit may be seen great part of Greece. Sago Harbour, a seaport of New York, in Suffolk county, at the E. end of Long Island. The whale fishery from this place employs 41 ships; 12 miles N.W. of South- ampton, and 87 E. of New York. Pop. 3500. Saohalian, or Amour, a river of Chinese Tartary, which rises near the Yablonoi moun- tains, where it is first known by the names of Kerlon and Argun, and forms part of the boundary between Siberia and Eastern Tar- tary, where it receives the Scliilka, and take? its present name. It then takes a circuitous eastern course of 1850 miles, during which it receives many other rivers, and enters the sea of Okotsk, opposite the N. part of the island of Saghiilian. Saohalian, or Tchoka, a large island, or peninsula, in the sea of Okotsk, separated from the continent by the channel of Tartary on the W., and from tite island Jesso by Perouso strait on the 3. and is joined to the continent byasandy neck, in lat.53. N. Itextends from lat. 46. to 54. or not less than 550 miles in length, by about 90 of medial breadth. The centre is mountainous, and well wooded \s>h pine, willoAT, oak, and birch; but the shores .1 A 'IB I «Hi SAI 722 SAL lif arc level, and well adapted for agriculture. The iiatives resemble the Tartars iu form, aud the upper lip is commonly tatooed blue. The dress is a loose robe of skins, or quilted nan- keen, with a girdle. Their huts are of timber, thatched with grtus, with a fire-place in the middle. In the S. are found some Japanese itiiiulcH; and there is a little trade with the Mantchous and Russians. 8AOiiALiAKOnLA,acity of Eastern Tartary, In Maiitchouria. It is rich and populous, aud \ cry important on account of its situation, as it secures to the Mantchou Tartars the posses- sion of extensi/e deserts covered with woods, in which a great number of ibles are found. Jc is seated on the river Saghalian, opposite to the ruius of Ai-holm; 200 miles N.N.S. of Tcitcicur. Long. 127. 25. E. lat. 50. 6. N. Saoinac, a river of the state of Michigan. ]c falls into Saginau Bay on Lake Michigan, which has some of the best harbours on the lake. The town of Saginau is 23 railed up the river, and having great natural advan- taf Boston. To which it is connected by a railroad. Pop. 1 5,082. Long. 70. 50. W. lat. 42. 30. N. Salem, a town of New Jersey, capital of a county of the same name. It has 7 edi- fices for public worship. It is seated on a branch of Salem creek, 3 miles from its mouth in Delaware bay, and 37 S.S.W. of Phila- delphia. Pop, 2007. Long. 75. 37. W. lat. 39. 37. N. Salem, a town of North Carolina, in Surry county, on the W. side of Wack Creek, a, branch of the Cargalis, which flows into tln^ Yadkin. It is the principal settlement of the Moravians in this state; 70 miles W. of Hills- borough. Pop. 1000. Long 80. 21. W. lat. 36. 2. N. Salem, a town of New York, in Washing- ton county; 46 miles N.E. of Albany. Pop. 2855. — There are also several inconsiderable townships of this name in the United States. Salerni, a considerable town of Sicily, in the intcndancy of Trapani. It is flncly situate, but has a most abject appearance. Its in- habitants, 12,162 in number in 1831, are in- dolent; and the town has no trade, being only distingnished for filth and superstition; 20 miles £. of Marsala. Salebno, a fortified seaport of Naples, capital of Principato Citra, and an archbish- op's see, with a castle and a university, prin- cipally for medicine. It is seated on a bay of the same name; 27 miles S.E. of Naples. Pop. 16,000. Long. 14. 46. E. lat. 40. 44. N. Salbrs, a town of France, department of Cantal, seated among mountains; Smiles N. of Aurillac. Salfohi>, a borough in Lancashire, adjoin- ing to Manchester. It returns one mcml)er to parliament. Market on Saturday. The population is employed in the manufactures peculiar to Manchester. The principal at- traction of Salford is the Crescent, command- ing a rich view through which the Irwell meanders. Salies, a town in the department of Lower Pyrenees, where are springs from which fine suit ia nxode; 7 miles W. of Orthes. Saliqnac, a town of the department of Ujtper Vienne; 10 miles S. of Limoges. Salima, a town of North America, state of New York; 130 miles W. of Albany. It is a collection of four villages, employed in the manufacture of salt, from the brine springs and Onondaga lake. Pop. 11,013. Salinas, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on the Deva, at the foot of a mountain; 16 miles N.N.E. of Vittoiia, and 28 S.S.E. of Bilboa. Salins, a town of France, department of Jura, with a strong fort and famous salt- works. In the neighbourhood are quarries of jasper, aiahastcr, and black marble. It is I J-liilBlUt SAL 724 SAL If t seated in a fertile valley; 2f miles S. of Be* i)an9on. Fop. 8200. bAMBBURr, ur New Saruu, a city and the capital of Wiltshire, and a bishop's see, with markets on Tuesday and Saturday. It is situate in a chalky soil, almost surrounded by the Avon, Willy, Nadder, and Boom; and is rendered particularly clean by a small stream flowing through every street. It has a fine cathedral, the spire of which is the loiliest in the kingdom. The town-hall is a handsome building, and stands in a spacioiu market-place. Salisbury is governed by a mayor, returns two members to parliament, and formerly had some manufactures, but its trade is now confined chiefly to the supply of the city. It is 38 m. S.£. of Bath, and 81 W. byS.of London. Long. I.47.W.lat. 51.4. N. Salisbubt, a fertile dis* ict of North Carolina, comprehending the counties of Sockingham, Gkiilford, Montgomci/, Stokes, Surry, Iredell, liowan, Cabarras, and Meck- lenburg. Salisburt, a town of North Carolina, in Kowan county, capital of the districts of its name, 1 10 miles W. of Raleigh. Long. 80. 35, W. lat. 35. 38. N. Salisbury, a town of Massachusetts, in Essex county, where some ship-building is carried on. It is seated at the junction of the Powow with the Merrimac; 3 miles N.N.W. of Newbury Port. Pop. 2739. Salisbdrt Craio, a hill in Scotland on the E. side of Edinburgh, remarkable for a >ircat precipice of solid rock, about one mile long, and in some parts ICO feet high, which passes with some regularity along its brow. Salisbury Plain, an open tract in Eng- land, which extends from the city of Salis- bury, 25 miles E. to Winchester, and 25 W. to Shuftsbury, and is, in some places, from 33 to 40 miles in breadth. Tiicre were so many cross roads on it, and so few houses to take directions from, that Thomas, Earl of Pem- broke, planted a tree at each mile-stone from Salisbury to Sliaflsbury, as a guide for tra- vellers. That part of it about the city is a chalky down ; the other parts are noted for feeding numerous and large flocks of sheep. In this plain, bcsidi the famous Stonehenge, are traces of many Roman and British an- tiquities. Salleb, or Sla, a seaport of the kingdom of Fez, with several forts. The harbour is one of the best in the country; but on account of a bar, ships of 200 tons are forced to lighten their burden before they can enter. There are docks to buiJLd ships, but they are seldom used, for want of skill and materials. It is divided into the Old and New Town, or Ra- bat, by the river Guero, and was formerly noted for its pirates; 100 mil ^ W. of Fez, and 150 S. of Gibraltar. Long. 6. 31. W.lat. 34. O.N. Sallibz, a town S. of France, department of Lower Pyrenees ; 9 miles W. by S. of Oithcs. Pop. 6400. Salm, a town of Belgium, in the province of Luxemburg, on the borders of Liege; with an ancient castle on a mountain, 30 miles S.S.E. of Liege, and 45 N. of Luxemburg. Salm, a town of France, department of Muurto, with a castle; seated at the source of the Sarro; 26 miles E. of Luneville. Salmunster, a town of Germany, in the district of Fulda, on the river Kinz: 19 miles S.S.W.ofFulda. Salo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Bioi- cian, near lake Garda; 17 m. N.£. of Brescia. Salobkeno, a town of Spain, in Granada, with a castle. It carries on a great trade in sugar and fish. It is seated on a rock, near the mouth of a river of the same name; 12 miles £. of Almunecar, and 36 S. of Granada. Salon, a town of France, department of Mouths of the Rhone; seated on the cnnnl of Crapone; 20 miles W.N. W. of Aix. Pop. iu 1836, 4446. Salona, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, seated on a bay of the gulf of Venice. It was formerly an important place, and its ruins show that it was 10 miles in circumference, 7 miles N. of Spalatro. Salona, a town of Greece, in Livadia, and a bishop's see; seated at the foot of Mount Parnassus, on t' ; top of which is a citadel; 50 miles N.E. of Lepanto. Pop. 8000. Salonica (the ancient Thessalonioa), a city of European Turkey, capital of Mace- donia; and an archbishop's see. It is 5 niiics in circumference, but is not all built over within the space. It is a place of great trade. The Greeks have 30 churches, and the Jews nearly as many synagogues. The inhabitants are computed at 50,000 to 70,000. It is sur- rounded by walls, and defended on the land side by a citadel, and near the harbour by three forts. Some ofits architectural remains now existing in its mosques and chur< hes,aro very interesting. It is seated at the head c' an.iljle jjulfof the Archipelago; 310 miles W. of Constantinople. Long. 23. 5. E. lat. 40. 53. N. Salpe, a town of Naples, in Capitanata; near which are some salt-works. It is situated on a lake, near the sea; 23 miles S. of Man- fredonia, and 92 E.N.E. of Naples. Salse, a town and fortress of France, de- partment of Eastern Pyrenees; seated on the lake of Lcucate; 10 miles N. of Perpignan. SALSETTB,an island of Hindostan, lying of!" the coast of Concan, to the N. of Bombay, from which it is separated by a narrow chan- nel, across which a causeway was carried in 1805, which has much benefited the island. This island is about 15 miles square, and is fertile in rice, fruits, and sugar-canes. It has subterraneous temples cut out of the rock, in the manner of those of Elephanta. In 1773 the English conquered it from the Mahrattas; and it has proved a valuable acquisition to Bombay, which formerly de- pended on foreign supplies for its subsistence. Pop. 50^000. Chief town, Tanna. SAL 725 SAL ISalt-Lakb (yiTY, capital of the state of ' Utah, U. S., hbout lat. 40» 13' N., long. 1 12» \\\ It stands on the W. base of the VVusati-h mountains, and is a well-planned city. Ii was founded by Brigham Younj;, the hesid of the Mormons, in 1847. Ebtimated pop. , gooo. I Salt Lake, Grkat, in Utah, U. S., 75 m. I long, and 15 to 30 in. broad. It receives the ■ Bear river fronn the N., and the Jordan from ; the S. Its waters contain 22 per cent, of \ suit, and its borders are covered with saline incrustation. Salta, a town of South America, republic of La Plata , 280 miles N.N. W. of St. Jago del Estcro. Long. 64. 1. W., lat. 24. 30. S. Saltash, a town, formerly a borough, in Cornwall ; marltet on Saturday, and a trade in malt. It is seated near the mouth of the Tamar; 5 miles N.W. of Plymouth. Saltcoats, a seaport of Scotland, in Ayr- shire; with a considerable trade in salt and coal, and also in ship'iuilding. It is situate on the Frith of Clyde; 32 miles S.W. of Glasgow. Long. 4. 45. W., lat. 55. 40. N. Saltflbet, a town in Lincolnshire, for- merly a ])lace of considerable importance, but now insignificant; situate on a creek of the North Sea; 33 miles E N.E. of Lincoln, and 158 N. by E. of London, Saltillo, a town of North America, re- public of Mexico, statr of Cohahuila. Long. 100. 5. W , lat. 25. 2(i. N. Saltzbach. See Sabsbaoh. Saluzzo, n town of Piedmont, capital of a district of its name. It is seated on an emi- nence near the To; 24 m. S. by W. of Turin. Salvador, St., one of the Bahama islandn. o- abie habitationH, with which they wander frum place to place. They neither have, nor appear ever to have had, any kind of regular govern- ment. Their traditional songs mention on y certain heroea, who, in better times, led thi ir ancestors to battle. These songs form their principal amusements; but the exploits they celebrate are never likely to be renewed. Samsob, an island of Denmark; on the K. coast of N.Jutland; 12 miles longand 3 broad, and very fertile. It has a town of the same name, and the inhabitants carry on some com- merce in small vessels. Long. 10. 33. £. lat. .56. 2. N. Samsoit, St., a town of France, depart- ment of Eure, on the Rille; 5 miles N. of Pont Aademer. Samson, St., a town in the department of Mainc-et- Loire; 4 miles N. E. of Angers. San, a river of Austrian Poland, which rises in the Carpathian Mountains, in Hun- gary, and falls into the Vistula near Sandomir. It forms part of the boundary between Aus- trian Galicia and Russian Poland. Sana, a city of Arabia, and the capital of Yemen. The city is walled, as is its suburb, and together they are about 5^ miles in circuit. At each end of the city is a castle, but the town is poorly fortified. The streets are nar- row, though not so much so as in other Ara- bian cities. The houses are chiefly of brick, and the palaces of hewn stone. There are about 20 mosques, richly adorned. A part of the city is appropriated to Jews. The public baths are numerous and good. The chief trade of the town is in coffee, the city being in the heart of the Yemen coffee country; other articles are also exported. The climate is too dry to be healthy. It atands near the hcadof thelhab river, 4000 feet above the aea; ISOmilesN.N.E. of Mocha. Pop. in 1836, 40,U0O, including 3000 Jewa. Sana, or Zana, a town of Peru; capital of a province of its name. It is situate in a val- ley fertile in fruit and corn, and adorned with tlie moot beautiful flowers; whence it has been sometimes called Mirafloris. It is 90 miles N. of Truxillo. Long. 78. 30. W. lat. 40. 3.5. N. Sanasuyootta, a flourishing town of Ben- gal seated on the Mahanuddy; 165 miles N. of Moorshedabad. Sancbrhb, a town of France, department of Cher, seated on a mountain, near the Loire; 22 miles N.W. of Nevers, and llON. of Paris. Sanoian, an island of Cliiiiu, on the coa.«t of Quang-tong; 40 miles in circumferencis famous for being the burying-place of Fram id Xavier, whose tomb is to r>e seen on a small hill. Sanooins, a town of France, department of Cher, seated on the Argent; 1& miles S.W. of Nevers. Sanda, or Sanday, one of the Orkni-y islands, about 12 miles in length, but of ar irregular form, and seldom above a mile is breadth. It lies N. of that of Stronsay, from which it 18 separated by a narrow channel. Much kelp is made here in summer, and it feeds many sheep and beeves. On the Htswt Point is a lighthouse. Long. 2. 15. W. lat. 69. 21. N. Sanda, a small island on the W. coast of Scotland, near the Mull of Cantyro; fameil for having been the rendesvous of the Danisli fleets during their expeditions to tliu western coasts. On it are the remains of a chapel, dedicated to St. Columbtu Sandbacii. a town in Cheshire, with a market on Thursday; formerly famous for the manufacture of worsted yarn, the weaving of stuffs, and shoe-making, which have now given place to the manufacture of silk. It contains an ancient church, several-meeting houses, national and Sunday schools, &(^ In the market-place are two stone square crosses, which were replaced in 1816, and their deficient ancient beauties supplied by modem art. It is seated on the Wheclock, and on the Manchester and Birmingham rail- way; 24 miles E. of Chester, and 162 N.N.VV. of London. Sandbc, Nbw, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital of a circle of its name, which is covered with extensive forests; 44 miles S.W. of Crii- cow. Pop. 3700. Six miles farther N. is Old Sandee, which is now a small place. Sandoatb, a chapelry and hamlet, partly in the parish of Folkestone, on the S. coast of Kent. Itis a pleasant andmuch frequented watering place, and has some good modern houses; 15 miles S. byE. of Canterbury, and 2 S.W. of Folkestone. Sanuuamn, a seaport of Sweden, in the province of Upland, where all vessels to and from Stockholm are examined; 10 miles E. of Stockholm. Sando, an island of Japan, 87 miles in circumference, on the N. coast of Niphon with a town of the same name. Long. 13'A 30. E. lat. 38. 35. N. Sandomir, a strong to-A n of Poland, capi- tal of a palatinate of the same name, with a castle on a steep rock, and several colleges. It i.s seated on a hill, on the Vistula; 75 milca E. by N. of Cracow, and 1 1 2 S. by E. of War- saw. Pop. 2100. Long. 22. 0. E. lat. 50. 21. N. Sandomir, a palatinate of Poland, bounded on one part by the Vistula, on another by the Pilica, and the palatinate of Cracow. It con- tains, according to the territorial division of 1815, 4700 square miles, with 448,000 inho' bitants. SAN 728 8AN Sanuaual, a town of Portufcal, in Beira; ■cittcil un (liuiCoa; 12 m. S.S.E. uf Giiurda. Sanuubkt, a town and port of Ohio, on lake Krie. It Btandu on the South shore of Sandusky bay, fronting itH opening into the lake, of which it has a beautiful view. The whole town is built upon an inexhaustible quarry of the finest building stone, wliiuli hus been lurgely used in its croutiun. Its wharves are always thronged with steamers and other vessels, except during the three winter months. It has lour tine churciies, and about 1200 in- habitants; 1 10 miles N. of Columbus. Sandvlikt, u town of Belgium, in the pro- vince of Antwerp, seated on the Scheldt; 12 miles N.W. of Antwerp. Sandwich, a borough in Kent, with mar- kets on Wednesday and Saturday. It is one of the cinque-ports, governed by a mayor. It returns two members to parliament. It is walled round, but the walls are greatly de- cayed, and only one of the gates is standing. Its trade is much diminished, the river Stuur, on which it is seated, being $o choked up with sand as to admit only small vessels; 13 miles E. of Canterbury, and 68 £. by S. of London. Fop. 3719. Sandwich, a town of Massachusetts, in Barnstable county; 18 miles S.E. of Ply- mouth. Sandwich Island, an island in the Paci- fic ocean, near the W. coast of New Ireland. Long. 149. 17. E. lat. 2. 53. S. Sandwich Island, one of the New He- brides, in the Pacific ocean. Long. 168. 33. E. lat. 17.41. S. Sandwich Islands, a group of islands in the North Pacific; discovered by Cook in 1778. They are eleven in.number. extending from 18. 54. to 22. 15. N. lat., and from 150. 54. to 160. 24. W. long. They are called by the natives Hawaii, or Owhyee, Mowce, Ba- nal, Morotoi, Tahoorowa, Woahoo, Atooi, Neeheehou, Oneehoua, Morotinnec, and Ta- koora, all inhabited except the lasi- two. The climate differs little from that of the West Indies in the same latitude; but there are no traces of those violent winds which render the stormy months in the West Indies so dreadful. There is also more rain at the Sandwich isles. The vegetable productions are nearly the same as those of the other is- lands in this ocean, but the tare root is here of a superior quality. The bread-fruit trees are not in such abundance as in the plains of Otaheite, but produce double the quantity of fruit. The sugar-canes are of a very unu- sual size, some of them measuring eleven inches in circumference, and having fourteen feet eatable. There is also a root of a brown colour, shaped like a yam, and from 6 to 10 pounds in weight, the juice of which is an ex- cellent substitute for sugar. The quadrupeds are hogs, dogs, and rats. The fowls are of the common soxt; the birds beautiful and numerous, though not various. Goats, pigs, and European seeds were left b/ Captain Couk; but tho possession of the goats soon gave rise to a contest between two dintricts, ill wiiich the breed was destroyed. The in- habitants are of the same nice with those of the islands S. of the equator, and in their per- sons, language, an.l manners, approach nearer to the New Zcalanders than to their less dis- tant neiglibuurs, either of the Society or Friendly islands. They are in general aliove the miiiille size, and well made; they walk gracefully, run nimbly, and are capaMe of livariiig great fatigue. Many of both suxcs huvcfiiieopen countenances; and the women, in particular, have goon eyes and teeth, with uii engaging sweetness, and sensibility of look. There is one peculiarity charactcriMtic of every part of the nation, that even in the handsomest faces there is a fulness of the nostril, withmit any flatness or spreading of tho nose. The dress of hot It men and women nearly resembles those of New Zealand, and both sexes wear necklaces of small variegated shells. Tattooing the body was formerly practised by every co- lony of this nation. The hani- dence of the Crichtun family, 't has a trade in coal, and manufactures of carpets and cot- tons. It is seated on the Nith; 27 miles N.W. of Dumfries, and 56 S W. of Edinburgh. In conjunction with Dumfries, &c., it returns one member to pnrlinment; and is on the Glasgow and Carlisle railway. Ranhandino, a considerable town in Cen- tral Africa, kingdom of Bnmbarra, on the Niger. It hns a great trade, especially in salt. It is as miles N.E. of Sego. Santaella, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia; 24 miles S. of Cordova. Santanoer, a strong seaport of Spain, in Asturias: capital of a sniuil district of its name, and a bishop's see. The harbour is good, and large enough to contain a nume- rous fleet; defended by two castles, and a mole that advances into the sea. It is 11 miles N.E. of Santillana. It is the ancient PortuB Blendium, and is a thriving place, having risen at the expense of Bilboa. Pop. 18,716. It has little to interest the traveller. The cathedral is the most unimportant in Spain. Long. 3. 47. W. lat. 43. 27. N. Santarem, a town of Portugal, in Estre- madura, with a citadel on a mountain ; seated on the riverTajo, in a country fertile in wheat, wine, and oil; 55 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 8000. Long. 8. 20. W. lat. 39. 18. N. Santee, a river of S. Carolina, the largest and longest in that state. It enters the ocean by two mouths, a little S. of Georgetown. About 120 miles from its mouth, it branches into the Congaree and Watcree; the latter, which is the N. branch, passes the Catabaw Indians, and bears the name of Catabaw river, from this settlement to its source, Santem, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves ; seated on the Rhine. It is 15 miles S.E. of Cleves. Santiago, or Santiago deCompostella. a town of Galicia in Spain. It is so named after St. James the Elder, the tutelary saint of Spain, and Compostella (Campus Stellas,) because a star pointed out the place where his body w.^s concealed. Santiago, although much shorn of its former religious and civil dignities, is still tiie seeof an archbishop, with acathedral, 2 collegiate and 1 5 parish churches. Its nume- rous convents were plundered and desecrated in 1809, and since have been suppressed, and now add to tht m{ \(i|. canic origin, but the throe interior ones aro evidently of much later date. Santorin, in proportion toitsextcnt, is the richest and mnsi populous island of the Archipelag;). Thcru are two bishops; the ono I^ttn, whose see it S'nuro, and the other Greek, whose resi- lience is at I'irgos, near the middle of tlic \n- lan,'. 46.30. W.lttt. 24. 1.5. S. Saonk, a largo navigable river of Franco, which rises in the Vosges mountains, ami, aflcr a course of about 200 miles, falls into the Rhone, al Lyons. Saonb, Uppbr, a department of Franco, including part of the former province of Franchc Comtinit the Wustorn ChriMtiiiiiH, ami ut leiiKth ilrore them out of it Thero iiro now DO people known by thi* name, for tliu tie- icendanti u( those who conquered Spain are callu'l Moors. Sakaooisa, or Zaraooza.a city of Spain, enpitttl of Arru^on, and an archbishop'iiiico; with a univertity. It in raid to have been built by tho Fhosnicinni and culled Saldnbo. •lid the liomuna icnt a colony hither in the reign of Auguntiii; whence it had the name ol Canarea Augusta, which by corruption liiia been changed into Zarat^uza. Tlie Ebro runs throu(rh the city, dividing it into two pitrts; and on its banks is a handsome quay, which serves for a public walk, and over it is a noble brid^'e built in 1437. Saragossa was captured by (he Moors in the 8tli century, who hero built a mosque, and was recovered from them after a five years' siego, in 1118. It has been the see of an archbishop since 1318. Seen from the outside, with its slender towers and spires, it has an imposing charac- ter, but inside the streets are mostly tortuom lanes, ill paved and worse lighted. The houses are indeed castles, being built of solid masonry, but, as the town has been sacrificed for Madrid, the mansions of its nobility are either dilapidated or let to servile purposes. In some parts, the din, dirt, stench, and obstructions are almost intolerable. It has two cathedrals, at each of which the chapter reside for six months alternately. The one is an ancient severe church, dedicated to the Saviour; and the other is a renovated and unfinished cdiKce in had taste, and called Nuestra Senora del Pilar, and a place of the greatest devotion in Spain. They tell us that the Virgin, while yet living, appeared tu St. James, who was preaching the gospel, and left him her image, with a handsome pillar of jasper. Tins image stands on a marble pillar, with a little Jesus in her arms, ornamented with a profusion of gold and jewels. The chief street is called £1 Coso, and contains some fine houses.' There are several tine churches, and an octangular clock tower, built in 1504, which leans consider- ably out of the perpendicular. The noble university and libraiy was destroyed by the invaders, but is pahly reconstructed. The grand hospital is one of the lar^;est in Spain. There is also a Casa de Misericordia, a sort of hospital and poorhouse. The city gates are inter<;sting. At the N.W. one, the I'ortdia, Agustina the maid of Siiragossa fired at tho French. Outside the Portilla is the Aljai'eria, the old irregular Moorish citadel. The Arragon canal, which was to have con- nected the Atlantic with the Mediterranean, only connects Saragossa with Tudela. It was ctimmenced in 1546, and stopped in 1770. Saragossa has no manufactures, and but little trade. It is seated in a large plain, (where the Ebro receives two other rivers,) which produces all kinds of fruit in weat abundance. A victory was obtained here over the French and Spaniards in I7IU, but it was abandoned by ih« allies soon alter. Saragossa is a'lo celebrated for the brave defence it made under General Falafox, when besieged by the French, in 1808-9. It is 150 miles W. by N. of Hnr- celono, and 180 N.K. of Madrid. Pop 65,000. Sahansk, a town of Russia in Europe, government of Penza, on tho Saranga. Most ofits houses are of wood; itl>i.s two cathedrals, and numerous churches. The manufactures aro various, and it hiw an annual fair. Pop. 8750; 70 miles N. by B. of Penza. Saratof, a government of Russia, lying along both sides of the Wolga, and having, on one side, tho country of Astracan, and on the other, that of the Don Cossacks. The extent is estimated at 73,600 square miles, with a population in 1838, 1,564,400. The Volga intersects it from N. to 8. It is divid- ed into 12 districts, of which that of the same name is the principal. Saratof, the capital of the above govern- ment, is surrounded by a wall, and is neatly built, chiefly of wood. The inhabitants haro been estimated, including military, at 35,000. It is seated on the side of a mountain near the Volga ; 374 miles N. by W. of Astracan. It consists of an upper and lower town, but is not regularly laid out. It has some good houses, and a new and handsome archbishop's palace erected since 1833. There are several churches, a largo buzoar, a gymnasium, and an ecclesiastical seminary. The inhabitants manufacture cottons, clocks, and watches, leather, &c., and the town has a great trade. Sahawak. See Hoknco. Saratooa, a town of New York, In a county of tho same name, memorable for the surrender of an army of British and Hes- sians, under General Burgoyne, to the Ameri- cans, in 1777. It is now the principal sum- mer resort of the fashionable, for its mineral springs, tho principal of which are the Sara- toga and Ballston Spas. It may be called the American Cheltenham. The permanent populatiim is about 2500. It stands on the E. side of Hudson river; 31 miles N. of Albany. Sarbrdck, a town of Germany, capital of a county of its name, with a handsome palace, and a magnificent Lutheran church. It is seated on the W. side of the Sarre; 14 miles W. of Deux Ponis. Long. 7. 5. E. lat. 49. 16. N. Sarbuuo, a town of France, department of Meurthe; 40 miles E. by N. of Nancy. Sardam, or Saakuam, a town of the Netherlands, in North Holland, where there are vast magazines of timber for ships and naval stores, and a great number of ship- wrights. In this town Peter the Great re- sided for some time, and worked as a ship- wright. It is seated on the Y, 7 miles N.W. of Amsterdam. Sardinia, a province, recently a king- dom, of Northern Italy; it used to contain the Ulaad of Sardinia, Piedmont, Savoy, the wmm m SAR 732 SAR r- 11' ll'.t county of Nice, the duchy of Moiitf'errat, ))urt of that of Milan, and the territory of Genoa. Nice and Savoy have been ceded to France, and the rest is now embodied in the kingdom of Italy. I'opery iu the religion of the royal family and the state. The reigninj? family is descended from tiie ancient counts of Savoy, whose dominions became progressively extended by purchase, conquest, and donation. In the war of the French Itevolution, in 1792, the Sardinians were aided by Austrian troops and a British subsidy; but, on Bonaparte assuming the command, the allied forces were speedily overthrown, all the continental dominions of the king of Sardinia were seized and in- corporated with the French territory, and afterwards parcelled out anew into depart- ments of the French empire. The changes of 1814 reinstated the king of Sardinia in all his continental dominions, except the duchy of Savoy; and in 1815 this also was restored, and the Genoese territory added to the kingdom. The total area comprises 27,000 square miles, and a population of 4,092,000. For an account of soil, agricul- ture, commerce, &c., see the several divisions of the country, and Appondir. Sardinia, an island in the Mediterranean, 160 miles from N. to S., and 70 from E. to W, ; separated from Corsica on the N. by the strait of Bonifacio. This island has been neglected by the government; for, exclusive of the mountains, the chief part of the coun- try may be regarded as waste, but where cultivated it is fertile in corn, wine, oranges, citrbns, and olives. The frequent wastes abound with wild ducks, but the cattle and sheep are not numerous, and the morasses yield pernicious exhalations. On the coast is a fishery for anchovies and coral. Since 1836, however, a great change for the better has been made. The tenure of lands has been made secure, and all feudal customs abolished. Under these influences, this tine island produced but a small portion of what it is capable of doing. Its agriculture is exceedingly rude and primitive, and a large portion of thecultivablu land is comparatively unproductive. The towns and villages are large and well situated, but meanly built and disfigured by dirt. It has valuable ores of silver, copper, lead, and iron, but the mining regulations precludb their being pro- fitably worked. Salt, gunpowder, and tobacco, are royal monopolies; other branches of com- merce and manufacture are inconsiderable. There were no good nuids until those formed within the.se few years between Cagliari and Sassari, with some cross roads branching from it. All means of transit were therefore very rude. Sardinia is governed by a viceroy, and has a parliament consisting of three cham- bers, the ecclesiastical, the military comprising the nobles, and the royal chamber comprising deputies from the town. The island is subdi- vided into the divisions af Cagliari and Sas- sari, and these into 10 provinces, .12 district!! and 308 communes. No religion but the Hu- man Catholic is tolerated. Fublic education has been much improved of late years, and tlie consequent improvement of the public morals. The language of the Sards is a dialect of the Italian nearly approaching the Latin, This island has undergone various revolutions: in 1708 it was taken from the Spaniards by the English, and allotted to tjie emperor of Ger- miiny at the peace of Utrecht. The Spauianls recovered it in 1717, but were obliged to abandon it two years after; and in 1720 it was ceded to the duke of Savoy, as an equiva- lent for Sicily. In 1794 the inhabitants ruse against their Fiedmontese rulers, and caused the viceroy and others to be sent out of the island; but he was afterwards received, on the king pledging himself to assemble the cortes every ten years, and confirming all the ancient laws and privileges of the inhabi- tants. Area, 9250 square miles. Pop. in 1838, 524,633. Cagliari is the capital. Sarecto, a town of North Carolina chief of Dublin county ; 80 miles N. of Wilmington. Sarepta, a town of European Russia, on the frontiers of the government of Saratoff It was founded in 1765 by a colony of Hern- hutters in Moravia, and is well built, clean, and fortided igainst the nomadic neighbour- ing tribes. It stands on the Sarpa, near its confluence with the Volga. Pop. above 3000. Sarqans, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of St. Gall, with a castle on a rock. Near the tov.'n are mineral springs and u productive iron mine. It stands on the sum- mit of a hill, near the Rhine; 14 miles N. c' Coire, and 47 S.E. of Zurich. Saroet^ a seaport of Algier, in the pro- vince of Mascara, with a castle. Near this town Andrew Doria was defeated by Bar- biiro.ssa. It is 25 miles S.S.W. of Algier. Long. 2. 15. E. lat. 36. 30. N. Sarquemines, a town of France, depart- ment of Moselle. It was formerly one of the strongest towns in Lorraine, when it was called Guemond, but no portion of its fortili- cations remains but its ruined citadel. The ancient Capuchhi convent is now used for public purposes. It has manufactures of cotton, earthenware of a superior quality, and has considerable tl'ade in papier mack{ snuff boxes, made in the surrounding country ; 41 miles E. by N. of Metz. Pop. In 1836,41 13. Sari, a town of Persia, capital of Ma- zanderan, the residence of one of the Persian , princes, situate in a country abounding in i rice, oranges, cotton, sugar, and silk. It is a very ancient city, and prior to 1836 is said to have had 80,000 to 40,000 inhabitants, but about that time was nearly depopulated by the plague. It is frequently mentioned by the poet Ferdousi; 25 miles S.W. of Fcrabad. Sark, a small island in the English Chan- nel, near the coast of France, and abont two leagues E. from the island of Guernsey, on which it is dependeL« It contains about two SAR 733 SAT gquare miles, and has some lead mine!), wliich also produce a large quantity of silver. Sark, a river of Scotland, which rises in the central part of Dumfries-shire, and flows S. into Solvvay frith. Its mouth forms a good harbour, at the village of Sarkfoot ; 8 miles E. by S. of Annan. Sarlat, a town of France, department of Dordogne; 27 miles S.E. of Perigueux. Sarlocis, a strong town in the depart- ment of Moselle, seated on the isthmus of a peninsula formed by tlie river Surre ; 32 miles N.E. of Metz. Sarnbn, a town of Switzerland, capital of tlio canton of Undcrwaldcn, near a lake to which it gives name. It is 9 miles S. of Lu- cerne. Pop. 2000. Lon{r.8.14.E.lat.46.5?.N. Sarno, a t >wn of Naples, in Principato Citra; seated near the source of a river of its name; 12 miles N.N.VV. of Salerno, and 20 E.S.E. of l^aples. It is celebrated for the desperate battle in 553, in which the Gothic kingdom in Italy was overthrown by the defeat of Teios by the troops of Justinian under Narses. Pop. 12,000. Saros, a strong castle of Hungary, m a county of the same name ; seated on the Tariza, at the foot of Mount Ivrapach ; 5 miles N.N.W. o'' Eperies. Sarp, or Sarpen, a town of Norway, in the province of Christiansand. Near it is a great cataract, the noise of which may be heard at the distance of 20 miles. It is 10 miles W.S.W. of Frederickstadt. Sarreal, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near which are quarries of alabaster, so trans- parent that it is used for windows. It is seat- ed on the Francoli; 11 miles N. of Tar'igona. Sarsana, a town of the Sardinian states, in Genoa, with a fortress, and near it is a fort in the mountains, called Sarsanello. It stands on the river Magro, miles from its mouth, and 45 E.S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 3500. Long. 9. 58. E. iat. 44. 9. I^I. S\R8INA, a town of Italy, inRomagna; on the river Savio. It is 2 1 miles W.S. W. of Rimini. Sart, a town of Asia Minor, It was the ancient Sardis, capital of Lydia, and, under the Romans, was alar^e city, but was almost destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius. Here are many remains of mas- sive buildings, a mosque (which was formerly a Christian church), and a large caravun- eera. The inhabitants are chiedy shepherds, who feed their flocks in the adjacent plains. It is 35 miles E.N.E. of Smyrna. Sarte, or Sarthb, adcpurtment of France, including part of the ancient province of Maine, and containing an ar . of 2400 square miles, with 457,372 inhabitants, in 1836. The climate is mild and salubrious, and the soil in general fertile. The manufactures are hardware, woollens, paper, leather, &c. It takes its name from a river which Hows by Mans to Angers, where it joins the Mayenne. The capital is Lc Mans. Sarvar, a town and fortress of Hungary, at tlus conflux of the Guntz with the Baab; 40 miles S.S.E. of Presburg. Sarum, Old, Wiltshire, now without a single house, and scarcely any thing remains to indicate its former importance, though it formerly sent two members to parliament. It is 2 miles N. of New Sarum, or Salisbury. Sarun, an extensive district of Hindostan, in the province of Bahar, one of the most prosperous in the British territories. It is situate on the N. side of the Ganges, in Iat. 26.N. Area, 57G0 square miles. Pop. in 1822, 1,464.075. Sauwerden, a town of France, depart- mcMtof Moselle; seated on the Sarre, 33 miles W.N.W. of llaguenau, and 45 E.N.E. of Nancy. Sa8 van Ghent, a town and fortress of the Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the canal from Ghent to the river Scheldt, and forti- fied with sluices, by means of which the coun- try can be laid under water. It was built by the inhabitants of Oher.i as a bulwark to that city, but was taken in 1664 by the Dutch, from whom the French took it in 1 747, and again in 1784. It is 10 miles N. of Ghent, on the borders of Belgium. Saskatchawine, a large river of North America, rising in the Uocky mountains. The tno principal streams unite about 60 miles E. of Hudson's house, after which it flows into lake Winnepeg, in Iat. 51. 45. N. Sascram, a to'vn of Ilindostan, in Bahar; seated at the *' -ot of a mountain, near a lake, 64 m. S.E. of Benares, and 88 S.W. of Patna. Sassari, a city of the island of Sardinia, and an archbishop's sec, with a castle and a university. Here is a fountain called Rosello, said to bo more niagniticent than the best at Rome; and in the neighbourhood are mines of gold and silver. It is seated on the river Torres, 6 miles from the sea, and 64 N. of Oristagni. Its port, Torres, 10 miles distant, can only accommodate small vessels. Agri- culture is better conducte(\ here than in other parti of this island, and it has considerable trade. Pop. in 1838, 24,408. Long. 8, 35. K. Iat. 39. 20. N. Sassbacii, or Saltzbach, a village of the grand duchy of Baden, 17 miles E.N.E. of Strashurg. It has a great historical interest from being the place where Marshal Turcnno was killed by a random shot, July 27th, 1675 A monument marks die spot, but his remains now lie in the church of the Invalids at Paris. S.vssuor.o, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Alodena, with a castle, seatc harbour, and rendered it unfit for large vesijcls. It was taken by the king of Sardinia in 1746, restored to the republic of Genoa in 1748, and taken in 1795 by the French, who surrendered it to the Austrians in 1800, through famine. In 1810 and 1811 it was the residence of the Pope, during his dispute with Bonaparte. By the congress of Vienna it was ceded, with the whole Genoese territory, to the king of Sai-diiiia. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 24 miles W.S.W. of Genoa. Pop. in 1838, 16,211. Long. 8.20. E. lat. 44. 18. N. Savonikrs, a town of France, department of Indre-et-Loire, near which are caverns, famous for their petrifactiouiii 8 miles S.W. of Tours. Savoy, a duchy of Europe, ceded by Sar- dinia to France in 1860; 85 miles long, and 67 broad, bounded on the N. by tlie lake of Geneva, which separates it from Switzerland; E. by the Alps, which divide it from Vallaig and Piedmont; S. by the latter and France; and W. by France. Ihe air is cold, on ac- count of high mountains, which are almost always covered with snow; but the valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and many of the niuuntains abound with pastures that feed a great number of cattle. The principal rivers are the Iscre, Arc, and Arve. The Savoy- ards, from the nature of their country, are generally very poor, and great numbers of them seek a livelihood in France, England, and other countries, in quality of showmen, &c. The French subdued this country in 1792, and made it a department of France, by the name of Mont Blanc, which waa con- firmed to them by the treaty of Paris in 1814; but in 1 8 1 5 it was restored to Sardinia, with the exception of a small district (the commune of St. Julian) ceded to the Swiss canton of Geneva. Chambery is the capital. Savu, an island in the Indian ocean, to which the Dutch have a kind of exclusive trade, having entered into an agreement with the rajahs that their subjects shall trade with no other ships. It is 26 miles in length, and very fertile. Pop. 6000. Long. 128. 80. E. lat. 10. 35. S. Sax, a town of Spain, in Murcia, near wnich is an ancient citadel on the summit of a rock. It is seated on the Elda, on the bor- ders of Valencia; 25 miles W.N.W. of Ali- cant, and 42 N.N.E. of Murcia. Sax, a town and district of Switzerland, in the canton of St. Gall, with a castle; 16 miles S. of Rheineck. Pop. 3000. Saxenburo, a town of the Austrian states, in Carinthia, near which are three forts and a strong pass. It is situate on the Drave, 38 miles W. of Clagenfurt. Long. 13. 12. £. lat. 46. 44. N. Saxmundham, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday, seated on a hill, 20 miles N.E. of I|)swich, and 89 of London. Haxont, in its most comprehensive sense!, denotes a vnMt tract of country in the N. of / SAX VtJ SAX Germany, extending from the Weser on the W. to tlie frontier of Poland on the E., but in consequence of the territorial changes to which it has been subject, the mime has been useii with great latitude of signification. The division of Germany into circles took place towards the close of the 15th century, and the large tract of country known va^^uely by the name of Saxony was formed into three circles,\Vestphalia, Upper Saxony, and Lower Saxony. Upper Saxony comprised the elec- torates of Saxony and Brandenburg, the duchy of Pomcrania, and a number of small principalities, forming nn extent of about 43,000 square miles, with nearly 4,000,000 of mhabitants. It was bounded E. by Poland, Silesia, and Lusatin, and S. by Bohemia and Franconia. Lower Saxony was bounded N. by the duchy of Sleswick and the Baltic, and W. by Westphalia and the Bhine. It comprised the electorate of Hanover, the duchies of Brunswick, Mecklenburg, and Holstein, the free towns of Hamburgh, Bre- men, and Lubeck, with a number of small states, forming an extent of 26,000 square miles. In 1806 the distinction of circles was finally abolished, and the names of Upper and Lower Saxony are now of use only for the elucidation of history. Saxont, a modern kingdom of Europe, situate towards the N.E. of Germany, and bounded S. by Bohemia, and N. by the Prus- sian states. Its area is 4,349 sq. miles. Pop, 1,836,433; previously to 1814 it was of much greater extent, having been greatly reduced by the congress of Vienna. Kopavtof Europe, in the same latitude, enjoys a milder climate. The mountainous districts in the S. contain extensive forests, which are kept up with care, as the chief supply of fuel for the mines. In the southern and mountainous parts of Saxony the valleys only are well cultivated, but in the level districts in the N., particu- larly the circles of Meissen and Leipsic, tillage is general: the products are wheat, barley, oats, and other grain ; also some to- bacco and hops. Hogs and sheep are very numerous, and the greatest care has been bestowed on the Merino rams, first imported about 1768. Eew countries equal Saxony in mineral riches, and in none has this depart- ment of natural history been more fully de- scribed. The principal arc silver, iron, copper, lead, limestone, coal, arsenic, cobalt, anti- mony, zinc, alum, &c. The principal rivers are the Elbe, the two Elstcrs, the two Muldas, and the Queiss. The manufactures arc of considerable extent, and consist principally of linen, cotton, silk, and leather. The ma- chinery used, though inferior to the English, has of late years been much improved. The position of Saxony is not favourable for com- mercial intercourse. The exports consist of wool (which has long been considered the best in Germany), minerals, linen, yarn, woollens, and lace. The imports are silk, flax, cotton, cotfoc, sugar, wine, and, in cer- tain seasons, com. A great majority of the inhabitants are Lutherans, but the feigning family have been Catholics since 1697. The institutions for education are nnnicrous and well conducted, and the lower classes are generally taught to read and write. In no country of equal extent is the number of printing and book establishments so great. Of the universities, Halle now belongs to Prussia, but Leipsic remains to Siixony, and retains all its former reputation. Saxony was for many centuries an electorate,but in coiiso. quence of the occupancy of Prussia by Bona- parte in 1806, it was formed into a kinp;- ilom. This change of title was not, however, accompanied by any extension of prerogative, the sovereign continuing to share the Icf^is- lative functions with the states, and imposing no tax without their concurrence. The states are divided into two houses — viz., the prelatt-s and nobles in one, and the country gentry and deputies of the towns in the other. The higher offices of administration are in- trusted to a cabinet council, a board of finance, a military bo.ird, a high court of appeal for judicial questions, and an upper consistory for ecclesiastical. The country is divided into the circles of Meissen, Leipsic, Erzgebirge, and Voigtland, with part of Mcr- seburg, and Upper Lusatia. Each circle has a court of justice, and offices for the transac- tion of provincial business; and the peasantry are here in the enjoyment of complete per- sonal freedom. The king, as a member of the Germanic confederation, has the fourth rank in the smaller and four votes at the larger assembly. The army amounts to 12,000 men; the revenue exceeds 1,000,000/. sterling; and the national debt is 3,700,000/. The Saxons are first mentioned in history by Ptolemy, who describes them about the year 160 as a rude tribe, inhabiting Holstein and part of Jutland. Soon after, they appear to have advanced to the S. and W., acquiring an ex- tension of territory. In the 5tli century, on the migration of a part of the Franks into Gaul, the Saxons acquired a further extension of territory — viz., the country now forming the grand duchy of Oldenburg, with part of Hanover and Prussian Westphalia. When the Britons were forsaken by their Roman defenders, they applied and obtained assist- ance from the Saxons against the Scots and Picts. After maintaining, during many years, a firm resistance to the arms of Char- lemagne, the Saxons were at last obliged to submit to his conditions, which involved the payment of an annual tribute and their con- version to Christianity. The title of Duke of Saxony was conferred on Wittikind, their chief, whose family, after ruling some time, was succeeded by thutof Billung, and after- wards by a branch of that of Guelf, which ruled in Bavaria. The electoral dignity was subsequently conferred on t^e Wittembcrg line of the House of Ascani»i, and, on its extinction, on the Margraves of Meissen, with SAX 737 SCA ti the title of elector. The first elector, sur- iiaincd Frederick the Warlike, began iiia reign in 1422; ho was the founder of the university of Leipsic. Tiie next memorable event in the history of Saxony was the re- formation, in the beginning of the 16th cen- tury. The prince did not openly espouse the cause of Luther, but by protecting him from persecution, he contributed much to the establishment of his doctrines. His successor, Jolin Frederick, styled "the magnanimous," being defeated by Charles V., was stripped of iiis states and dignity, which the Emperor conferred on Maurice, margrave of Meissen, tlic cousin of the elector, and the ancestor of tlio present house of Saxony. Maurice, put- tin;; himself at the head of the Protestant interest, proved a full match for the artful Charles, who, in 1552, had almost fallen into liis hands, and was compelled to sign the convention of Passau, since considered the Imlwark of the religious freedom of Germany. The Saxons took an active part in the thirty years' war, which terminated in the peace of Westphalia, in 1648. In 1697 the temptation of the crown of Poland, vacant by the death of Sobieski, induced the reigning elector, Augustus I., to profess himself a Catholic, a cliange which, however, did not prosper. The Swedes, under Charles XII., not only conquered I?oland, but invaded Saxony, bringing great distress upon the country, until 1708, when relief was obtained by the march of Charles into Kussia, and its disas- trous issue; after which the crown of Poland was resumed by Augustus. In the war of 1740, between Prussia and Austria, Saxony remained neutral. In that of 1756, the elector was tempted to take a part by the flattering promises of Austria; but, instead of an acces- sion of territory, bis dominions were ravaged, and many of his subjects ruined in this dreadful contest. In the war against France no decided part was taken by Saxony, until 1806, when the elector sent all his troops to the field, in support of the King of Prussia, wliose subsequent overthrow enabled Bona- ])arte to attach the Saxons to his cause. The title of elector was changed to that of ting. Prussian Poland was afterwards added to the Saxon dominions, and in 1809 was nearly doubled by cessions obtained from Austria. But these acquisitions, disproportioned to the inherent strength of Saxony, led, as for- merly, to disastrous results. The Bussians re-occupiod Poland in the beginning of 1813, and, joined by the Prussians, made Saxony the scene of the great continental struggle against Bonaparte. The battles of Lutzen and Bautzen, the attacks on Dresden, and the decisive engagements at Leipsic, were followed by the retreat of Bonaparte to the Rhine, and his too faithful ally, the king of Saxony, was deprived of the government of his territories. By the decision of the congress of Vienna, the northern and eastern part, con- tnimng no fewer than 850.000 inhabitants. was separated from the kingdom, and trans- ferred to Prussia. The king of Saxony pro- t'jsted against this dismemberment, but, (I rca I- ing inaurrection and bloodslied, he at leu^ih acquiesced. Dresden is the capital. Saxont, a province of the Prussian states; comprising almost the whole of the cessions made by the king of Saxony at the con^^re h of Vienna, and the principalities lying U> the N. of the duchy of Anhalt, and to' the \V. of the rivers Elbe and Havel. It contains an area of 9765 square miles, with, in 184'. 1,781,297 inhabitants, and is divided into the regencies of Magdeburg, Merselmrg, and I'Xurt. The surface is in general level; but the soil varies greatly, being in some places dry and sandy, and in others a heavy loam. The principal productions are corn, hcnij), flax, and chicory. The inhabitants, exct'i>t in the small district called Eiclisfeld, are almost all Protestants, and are in general active and industrious. Magdeburg is the chief town. See Appendix. Saxton's Rivek, a river In the state of Vermont, which joins the Connecticut at Westminster. Saybrook, a town of Connecticut, in Mid- dlesex county. It is the must ancient in the State, and situate near the mouth of Con- necticut river; 18 miles W. by S. of New London. Pop. 3417. Long. 72. 25. W. lat. 41. 20. N. Saycock, one of the islands of Japan; di- vided from Niphon by a narrow channel. The Dutch factors are permitted to reside in the little island of Disnia, which is on the \V. side of this. Long. 132. 28. E. lat. 34. 0. N Satn, a town and castle of the Prussian state, in the duchy of Nassau, which gives name to a small county. It is 6 miles N. of Coblentz, and ."iO N.W. of Frankfort. Saypan, the pleasantest and most fertile of the Ladroue islands; 40 miles in circuit, with a safe port called Cantanhitda, on tlio W. side. Long. 146. 10. E. lat. 15. 22. N. SCAQEN, atown of Denmark, in N. Jutlaml ; on a promontory of the same name, at the entrance of the passage from the »cean into the Cattegat. Long. 10. 0. E. hi . 57.31. N. SCALANOVA, a seaport of Asia iSIinor, noar the site of the ancient Ephesus, with a castle. The trade, which is considerable, consists chiefly in wine, raisins, corn, and leather. It is 40 miles S.S.E. of Smyrna. Pop. about 8000. Long. 27. 31. E. lat. 37. 54. Nl ScALKA, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, formerly a large city, but now greatly decayed. It is seated on the W. coast; 25 miles S.E. of Policastro. IStrasburg. Population in 1836, 9353. SciiELLA, a to.vn of Hungary, seated on tiie Wang; 25 rniles N.E. of Presburg. SciiBLLENBF uo, a town of Saxony, fre- quently called Augustusburg, from a castle of that name standing on the mountain of Schellenberp, close by the town. It is seated on the Zschopa; 8 miles E. of Chemnitz. ScHOLLENBDRO, a town of Bavaria, where a victory was obtained by the allies over the French and Bavarians, in 1704j 12 miles W. of Neuburg. SciiBixiNO, an island of the Netherlands; 12 miles lon'^, and 3 broad, lying at the en- trance of the Zuyder Zee. It was taken bv the British in 1 799. Long. 5. 0. E. lat. 53. 20.N. ScHEiMNiTZ, a town of Hungary, one of the seven mountain towns, with three castles. It is famous for mines of silver and other metals; as also for its hot-baths. The mines have been wrought for several centuries, and nov^ consist of 1 2 royal mines besides several private ones, the produce of which is disposed of to the royal smelting works at a fixed rate. These mines all communicate with the empe- ror Francis's adit or shaft, at the depth of 1 200 feet. At a still greater depth is a more magnificent work yet unfinished, the adit of Joseph II., which is 10 English miles in length. Tiie Hungarian mines are superior in their construction to any in the world, but as profit is disregarded, this is not surprising. Silver is the chief metal produced, and from it some gold is procured J besides these, are lead, iron, copper, zinc, and arsenic. The pop. of the town and suburbs in 1837 was 17,028, and about 20,000 miners are employed in the district. ScHENCK, a fortress of the Netherlands, in Guelderland, seated in the angle where the Rhine divides into two branches, the Ilhine and the Wahal. It is now in ruins; 13 miles E. of Nimeguen. ScnENECTADT. Sec Skbnbctadt. SciiENiNO, a town of Sweden, in East Goth- land, seated in a fertile country; 10 miles S.E. of Wastana. ScHENiNGBN, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, near which is aLutheran convent, and a salt mine; 18 miles £. of Wolfenbuttel. ScHEPPENSTADT, a town in the duchy of Brunswick; 12 miles E. of Wolfenbuttel. SciiBUPEiniBiTL. See MoKTiious. SciiEsnuRo, a fortified »own of Transyl. vanirt, with a castle; 60 miles N E. of Wcis- .wnburg. ScuiEDAM, a town and hnrbonr of the Netherlands, in South Holland, noted for its numerous distilleries of gin (Hollands). It is seated on a canal, called the Schie, which communicates with the Meuse; 6 miles W. by S. of Rotterdam. Pop. in 1837, 11,815. ScHiERLiNO, a village of Bavaria, noted as the scene of an obstinate conflict, generally called the battle of Abensberg, in 1809, be- tween Bonaparte and the archduke Charles. It is 1 1 miles S. of Ratisbon. ScHiEVELBEiN, a towu of Prusslrtn Pome- rnnia; with a castle, seated on the Ruga; 17 miles N. of Dramburg. ScniLTACH, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg, on the river Schil- tach; 14 miles N.N. W. of Kothwell. ScHiNTA, a town of Hungary, on the river Waag; 28 miles E. of Presburg. ScHiNTZAcn, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau. Here are some tepid min- eral waters; and near it, on a lofty eminence, are the ruins of the famous castle of Haps- burg. It is seated on the Aar; 10 miles W. of Baden, and 20 S.ij. of Basel. ScHiRAS. See Scuiraz. SciiiRVAK, a province of Caucasia; ISO miles long, and 90 broad, bounded on the N. by Daghestan, E. and S.E. by the Caspian Boa, S.W. by Erivan, and W. by Georgia. The soil is very fertile, producing abundance of rice, wheat, and barley; and the pastures feed numerous cattle. Vines are planted along the hedges, and fastened to the trees. Here are vast quantities of wild fowls, par- ticularly pheasants; also hares in abundance. It formed part of the Persian dominions from 1500 till the decline of the Sefti dynasty, when it asserted its independence; it has, however, become nominally subject to Russia. Schamachi is the capital. ScHLACKENWELU, atown of Bohemia; with a good tin-mine; 5 miles S. of Carlsbad. SciiLACKENWBRTH, a town of Bohemia, with a fine castle, seated on the Weisseritz; 7 miles N.N.E. of Carlsbad. ScHLADKN, a town of Hanover, in t'^e pro- vince of Hildesheim; 28 miles E.S.E. of Hildcsheim. ScHLAN, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Rakonitz, with a castle. It is surrounded by walls and vineyards. It is 16 miles N.E. of Rakonitz. Pop. 3000. ScHLAWA, a town of the Prussian states, in the principality of Glogau; 18 miles N. of Giogau. ScHLAWE, a town of Prussian Pomcrania; on the river Wipper; 10 miles W.S.W. of Stolpe. ScHLEiTSiNaBir, a town and castle of Sax- ony, in the county of Henneberg; seated on the Schleuss; 18 miles S.E. of Smalkald, and 19 N.N.E. of Schweinfurt. ScaLiTZ, a town of Germany, in the prin- SCH 740 SCH 111 cipality or Fuldo, on a small river tliiit runs Into tlie Fulda; 7 miles N.N.W. of Fuldn. ScHLiTZ, a town of Germany, in Voigt- land, with aoastlc; 13 miles N.W. of Plauen. ScHLUSSELUDKO, a tuwn and fortress of Ilussia, situate on the Neva, near lake Lado- ga. The fortress stands on an island in the river, and has frequently been used as a suite prison; 34 miles E. of St. Petersburg. Long. 39. 55. £. hit. 59. 55. N. 8CIIMALKALDEE. 6Ve SmAI.KELDEK. 8ciiMALi:NUERO, a town of Westphalia, on the river Lenne; 14 miles E. of Altendorn. tSciiMiKDEUEKO, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Jauer. The vicinity abounds in iron-ore, and almost all the inha- bitants are smiths. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the source of the Baubcr; 25 miles W.S.W. of Schweidnitz. Pop. 3800. ScuMiEUEBUBO, a towH of Prussiuu Sax- ony; 14 miles S. of Dresden. ScHUOLLEN, a town of Germany, in the principality of AUenburg, on the river Sprot- ta; 7 miles S.W. of AUenburg. ScuNEEBnRO, a town of Saxony, with manufactures of thread, silk, gold and silver lace, &c.; and in the neighbourhood are sil- ver mines. It is situate on an eminence near the Muldaa; 9 miles S.S.E. of Zwickau. Pop. 4400. ScHOUARiE, a town of the state of New York, capital of a county of the same nam :.. It stands on the Schoharie river, which runs N. into Mohawk river; 40 m. W. of Albany. Pop. 5534. Long. 74. 42. W. lat. 42. 40. N. ScHONBECK, a town and castle of Prussian Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with some salt-works, seated on the Elbe; 9 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 5100.. ScBONBRUNN, a village of Austria, 3 miles S.W. of Vienna. Here is an imperial palace, the usual residence of the court. It was much improved by the empress Maria Theresa; and has also a botanic garden and fine conserva- tories. ScHONECK, a town of Saxony, in Voigt- land; 15 miles S.E. of Pluuen. ScHOSECKEN, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves, seated on the Nyms; 28 miles N. by W. of Treves. ScnoNEN, or Scania, a province of Swe- den, in Gothland ; almost surrounded by the Sound and the Baltic. It is 70 miles long, and SO broad, and the most level, pleasant, and fertile spot in the kingdom, producing all the necessaries of life in abundance. Lund is the capital. ScHONGAU, a town of Bavaria, surrounded by a plain wall and some towers. The great square is adorned by three fountains of a kind of marble, the product of the country. It stands on the side of an eminence, by the river Lech. It is 14 miles S. of Lansburg, and 40 S.W. of Munich. "cuoNHOvEN, a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, with a commodious haven. It is celebrated for its gardens, and its salmon fishery, seated on the Leek ; 14 miles E. by N. of Rotterdam. ScnoRNi>ORP, a town of tlio kingdom of Wirtemberg, with a strong castle, and pro- ductive salt-springs. It is seated on the Reius; 17 miles S.S.E. of Stutgard. SuiiouTEN Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, near the N.E. coast of New Guinea; 60 miles long, and 20 broad, discovered by William Schouten, a Dutchman, in 10 IG. Long. 135. 50. E. hit. 0. 40. S. ScHOUWEN, an island of the Netherlands, forming the N. part of Zealand, at the mouth of the Scheldt. It is 15 miles long, and 16 broad. Ziriczee is the capital. ScHBATTENTHAi., a town and castle of Aus- tria; 9 miles S.S.W. of Znaim. ScuROBENiiAUSEN, a town of Bavaria, on the river Par; 16 m. S.S.W. of Ingolstadt. ScHCT, an island of Hungary, formed by the Danube, immediately below Prcsburg. It is 40 miles long, and 12 broad; abounds in fruit and herbage, and has plenty of game, wood, and fish. The chief town is Comorn. Schuyler Fort, Old and New, both in the state of New York, on Mohawk river; the Old 4 miles below, and the New 7 above, Whitestown. The latter is more usually called Fort Stanwix. Schuylkill, a river of Pennsylvania; which rises N.W. of the Kittatinny moun- tains. It is navigable from above Reading to its entrance into the Delaware; 5 miles below Philadelphia. An immense amount of coal is transported on it. It gives its name to a county. ScHWABACH, a town of Bavaria, in the cir- cle of Middle Franconia, with numerous ma- nufactures. It stands on a river of the same name, which flows into the Rednitz; 12 miles E. by N. of Anspach. Pop. 7600. ScHWALBACH, a towu of Germany, in the duchy of NassaU} frequented for its mineral waters, seated oa the river Aa; 32 miles W. of Frankfort, ScHWALENBURO, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Lippc; 18 miles N.E. of Pa- derborn. ScHWAN, atown of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Warnow; 10 miles N. of Gustrow. ScHWANDOKF, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Neuburg, on the river Nab; 21 miles N. of Ratisbon. Scht;^anenstadt, a town of Austria, near which the French gained a decisive victory over the Austrians in 1800. It is seated on the Ager; 25 miles S. W. of Lintz. ScHWA«TZBURG-RuDOLSTADT, a principal- ity of central Germany enclosed by the terri- tories, of Saxe Weimar, Cobourg, Weinen- gen, and Hildburghausen. Timber and salt are its principal products. Area, 405 square miles. Pop.in 1837,6.5,000,chiefly Lutherans. Since 1816 the government has been a limited monarchy. The rivers are the SchwartzM Umt and the Saale. Rudolstadt is the capitaL SCH 741 SCI ScnwARTzninio-SoNDEusiiADSEy, another principality of central Germany, enclosed by tiie Prussian territories, and traversed by seve- ral tributaries of the Unstrut. Timber, potash, and iron are produced and manufactured, nna some corn for exportation is grown. The government is an unlimited monarchy. Area, 358 square miles. Pop. in 1834, 54,080. SciiwARTZEKBERO, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in a principality of the same name, with a castle; seated on the Leek, 24 miles E. S.E. of VVurtsburg. ScHWARTZENBERO, a town of Saxony, with wire and lace manufactures. In the vicinity are iron-forges, and mines of tin and lead. It is 10 miles S.W. of Annaberg. SciiwARTZENBURO, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwick, in the canton of Bern; 10 miles S,E. of Frlburg, and 17 S.S.W. of Bern. ScHWATZ, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, with a silver and copper mine; seated on the river Inn, 14 miles N.E. of Inspruck. Pop. 4000. ScHWEDT, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, with a magnificent castle; seated on the Oder, 24 miles S E. of Prenaio. Pop. 4700. ScHWEiDNiTZ, a strong city of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Reichenbach ; capital of a principality of the same name; with a castle. Half of the magistrates arc Catholics, but most of the inhabitants are Protestants, who have a church without the town, as also a public school. All kinds of leather, particularly cordovan, are manu- factured here. In 1716 the greatest part of this city was burnt down, but it was rebuilt in an elegant manner. The Austrlans took it in 1757, from the Prussians, who retook it the next year. In 1807 it surrendered to the French. It is finely seated on the Reisenge- birge mountains and on the river Weistritz; 22milesS.W. ofBreslau. Pop. 9500. Long. 16.32. E.lat 50. 44. N. SciiWEiNFDRT, a towu of Bavarian Fran- conia; with a palace. The inhabitants carry on a large trade in wine, woollen and linen cloth, goo8i quills and feathers. This town was taken by the French in 1/96, and was given to Bavaria in 1802. It is seated on the Maine; 21 miles N.E. of Wurtzburg. Pop. 5200. Long. 10. 35. E. lat. 50. 6. N. ScHWEiNiTZ, a town of Saxony, on the river Elster; 14 miles S.E. of Wittenberg. ScnwEiNSBERO, a town of Germany, in Ilesse-Cassel, on the river Ohm j 7 miles S. E. of Miirbiirg. ScuwEiTz, a canton of Switzerland, con- taining an area of 338 square miles, and a population of 40,6.TO, in 183?; bounded on the W. by the Waldstadter See, S. by the can- ton of Uri, E. by that of Glarus, and N. by those of Zurich and Zug. This canton witK that of Uri and Underwalden, threw off the yoke of Austria in 1308, and formed a per- petual alliance in 1315, which was the grand foundation of the Helvetic confederacy. The name of Schweitzerland,Swisserland,or Switz- erland, originally comprehended only these three cantons, but was afterwards extended to all Helvetia. The whole country, being rugj^od and mountainous, consists chiefly of pasture, raises little corn, and has no wine; but this soil, naturally barren, has been improved by the natives to a great degree of fertility. Tho inhabitants made a spirited but unavailing resistance to the French in 1798, and they suffered severely in 1799, when Switzerland became the scene of military operations. 'I'ho government is a pure democracy, and the Ilo- . man Catholic is the established religion. ScnwEiTZ, the capital of the above canton, is seated near the Waldstadter See; on the slope of a hill, at the bottom of two high and rugged rocks, called the Schweitzer Haken. The church is a large magnificent building; 18milesE.byS.ofLucem. Pop. 5000. Long. 8. 31. E. lat. 46. 56. N. ScHWEiTZ, Lake op. See Waldstadter See. ScnwELM, a to^vn of Prussian Westphalia, in tho county of Mark, near which are some medicinal springs; 26 miles E. of Dusseldorf. SciiwERiN, a town of Germany, capital of the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. It is divided into four parts ; namely, Schweriii, the New Town, the island of Schelf, and the Moor, which are all nearly encircled by beautiful lake. The principal church is a lino Gothic pile, with a lofty spire. The ducal palace and gardens arc on an island in the lake and have a communication with the town by a drawbridge. This town was taken by the Prus- sians in 1759, and in 1806 it was occupied by the French. It is35miles W.S.W.ofGustrow, on the railway between Rostock and Hamburg. Pop. 8500. Long, 11. S3. E. lat. 53. 56". N. ScHWERTE, a town of Prussian Westphal io, in the county of Mark, on th iver Roer; 7 miles S. of Dortmund. SciiwETZ, a town and castle of Prussia, on the Vistula; 7 miles N. of Culm. ScHwiEBUSSEN, a towu of Prussia, in tho f principality of Glogau. It has a castle, a Ca- tholic parish church, a Protestantchurch good cloth manufactures, and fertile gardens and vineyards; 13 miles N. of ZuUichau. Long. 15.47. E, lat. 52.21. N. ScHwiNBtJRO, a town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island of Funen ; with the best harbour in tho island, and manufactures of woollen and linen; 23 miles S.S.E. of Oden- see. Long. 10. 30. E. lat. 55. 10. N. SciACCA. See Xacca. SciATi, an ishmd of the Grecian Archipe- lago, 14 miles N.N.E. of Negropont, and al- most at the entrance of the gulf of Salonichi, It is 10 miles long, and 4 broad. Long. 23. 40. E. lat. 39. 24. N. SciOLio, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra; on the side of a rocky promontorj, called Scylla, or Cape Sciglio. In the terrible earthquake in 1783, the sea was thrown furi- ously 3 miles inland, and on its return swept off about 2500 of its inhabitants, with the SCI 742 SCO prince of Sciglio, who, hoping to And security, were then on tiic Scylla strund, or in boats near the uhore. It is 10 in. N. by E. of Rcg(;io. SciLLT, a cluster of isles and rocks, at the entruncoof the English and Bristol Channels; \y\n\i almost 10 leagues VV. of the Land'send, in Cornwall. Thuy are 17 in number. Of these only five or six are inhabited. They are a resort for seafowl, and feed many sheep and rabbits. The inhabitants principally subsist by fishing, burning kelp, and acting as pilots. The chief isle is that of St. Mary, nearly 3 miles long and 2 broad, which has a good port, is well fortified, and contains more inhabitants than all the rest put to- gether. In this isle, and in two or three others, are various antiquities, particularly the remains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient sepulchres. On that of Ht. Agnes is a lighthouse, which, with the gallery, is .51 feet high, and is a very fine column. At the outermost extremity of the isle of St. Martin is a seamark, built with rockstone, and na conspicuous by day as the lighthouse on St. Agnes, bui not so high and large. The Scilly rucks have been fatal to numbers of ships entering the English Channel. One of the most disastrous events of this kind happened in 1707 on the Bishop Rock, when three men- of-war perished, with Admiral Sir Cluudesley Shovel and all their crews. St. Agnes light- house is in long. 6. 20j W, lat. 49. 53^. N. SciLLY, a group of isles or shoals, in the South Pacific; discovered by Captain Wallis in 1767, and described as extremely danger- ous. Long. 155. 30. W. Lit. 16. 30. S. Scio, (anciently called Chios,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, near the coast of Natolia; 36 miles long, and 13 broad. It is a mountainous country ; but fruits of various kinds grow in the fields, such as oranges, citrons, olives, mulberries, and pomegranates, interspersed with myrtles and jasmines. The wine of Scio, so celebrated by the ancients, is still in great esteem; but the island is now principally distinguished by the profitable culture of mastich ; it has also some trade in silk, cotton, and figs. Besides the town, of the same name, it contains 68 villages, all inhabited by Greeks; and those which furnish mastich are the most rich and populous. In 1822 this island became the scene of unparal- leled barbority, in consequence of the Greek population having joined their countrymen in their struggle for liberty. The Turks landed several tliousand men, and massacred all the men, and the male children above 12 yehrsof age; the women and young children were sent into captivity, and the male child- ren were circumcised in token of conversion to Mohammedism. From the Hth of April to the 10th of May, the number of slain amount- ed to 25,000, and that of captives to 30,000. But the sanguinary proceedings of the Otto- man power were at length arrested, the oppressed Greeks liberated, and Turkish des- poUfim effectually chastised. Scio, the capital of the above island, and a bishop's see. It is the bust built town intho Archipelago; the houses being commodious, some of them terraced, and others covered with tiles. The castle, an old citadel built l)y the Genoese, is now in ruins. The Imrlioiir is a rendezvous for ships that go to or come from Constantinople: it will contain 80 vessels, is protected by a low mole, and bus two ijglit- Iiouses. It stands on the E. side of the i.s< land; 67 miles W. of Smyrna. Long. iu. 2. E. hit. 38, 28. N. Scioto, a county of the United States; ly. ing on both sides of a river of its name, which rises in the state of Ohio, near the sources of the Sandusky, and falls into the Ohio at Ports- mouth, in hit. 38. 34. N. Pop. 11,192. Ports- mouth is the chief town. SciPio, a town of New York, in Cnyuga county; seated on the E. side of Cayuga lake; 95 miles W. of Cooperstown. SciRO, or Scmos, un island of the Grecian Archipeliigo. to the W. of Metelin; 15 miles long, and 8 broad. The country is mountain- ous, but has no mines. The vines make tlio beauty of the island, and the wine is excellent, nor do the natives want corn or wood. It contains only the village and convent of St. George, both built on a conical rock; 10 miles Irom the harbour of St. George. Long. 24. 38. E. lat. 38. 54. N. SciTUATE, a town of Massachusetts, in Ply- mouth county, situate on an inlet of the sen, which forms a harbour; 16 miles N. of Ply- mouth, and 28 S.E. of Boston. Pop. 3886. ScrruATE, a town of Riiode island, in Pro- vidence county; near which is a foumlry for cannon and bells; 11 miles S.S.VV. of Provi- deuce, and 27 N. W. of Newport. Population 4090. ScLATONiA, or Slavonia, a province of Austria, situate between the rivers Drave and Danube on the N., and the Save on the S.; bounded on the W. by Croatia, from whiiJi, to the conflux of the Save with the Danube, it contains an area of 3600 square miles, and a population of 315,000. A chi-.in of lofty mountains, covered with forests, extends from E. to W. nearly through its whole length; but the remainder is a fertile level country, producing wheat, barley, maize, flax, hemp, madder and a variety of fruits. The eastern part is called Rutza, and the inhabitants Rascians. These form a particular nation, and are of the Greek church. The ancient Sclavonia contained many large countiies: some have extended it from the Adriatic to the Euxine sea, and say that it had its name from the Sclavi, a Scythian nation, who con- quered Greece and this country in the reign of the emperor Justinian. The language of Sclavonia is the mother of four others; namely, those of Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and Russia. Scone, or Scoon, a village of Scotland, in Perthshire; noted for an ancient palace, where , the kings of Scotland used to be crowned. It SCO 743 SCO ]i litnate on the E. sido of the river Tay; a mile N. of Perth. ScoFELO, an island of the Qrccmn Archi- pctago, 10 miles long and 5 broad. It is very fertile, produces plenty of good wine, and contains 12,000 inhabitants; 6 miles S. of Sci- Ati. Long. 23. 50. £. lat. 39. 24. N. ScoFiA, or UsKur, a town of Macedonia, in European Turkey, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on the Vardar, over which is a bridge of 12 arches; 150 miles N.N.W. of Salonica. Pop. 8000. Long. 21. 45. E. lat. 42. 40. N. Scotland, the northern of the two king- doms into which the island of Groat Britain was formerly divided. It is bounded on the W, by the Atlantic ocean, N. by the North SCO, E. by the German ocean, S.E. by England, and S. by the Irish sea. To Scotland also appertain the islands on its western coast, called tiie Hebrides, or Western islands, and those to the N.E. called the Orkney and Shet- land islands. From N. to S. it extends 270 miles, and its greatest breadth is l.'iO, but in some places not above 30, and no part is dis- tant above 40 miles from the coast. It con- tains about 20,000,000 acres, of which only 2,500,000 are arable, and about the same qnan- tity is meadow-land, and the remainder is barren, or uncultivated. Scotland is divided into two districts, the Highlands and the Low« lands; the former comprising the niuuiitain< ous part to the N. and N.W., and the latter the more level district on the E. and S.K. But nature seems to have pointed out tliri>o grand divisions in Scotland. The first or N. division, is formed by a chain of lakes, which crosses the country from the frith of Moray to the island of Mull, in a S.W. direction; the second, or middle division, is bounded on the S. by the friths of Forth and Clyde, and the great Canal by which they are united ; and on the S. side of this boundary is the third, or S. division. The N. division is chiefly an assemblage of vast dreary mountains; not, however, without some fertile valleys on tho northern and eastern shores. Tho middlo division is traversed, in different directions, by several ranges of mountains; and though cultivation here is also found chiefly on the eastern shore, yet of this division, as well ns of the former, the arable land bears a small proportion to tho mountainous and barren tracts. The S. division has a great resem- blance to England, and, with respect both to the general aspect of the country, and to the progress of cultivation, exhibits every kind of rural variety. The civil division of the coun- try is into 33 counties; namely. COUNTIEl 1801 Incrcaae JK'l' Ccuk 1811 IncfPAU per ConU 1821 Incrcnio nur CouU 14 4 14 12 3 3 14 II 22 4 IS 10 12 23 3 5 8 W 4 30 3 4 10 1831 Incn-nae piT Cent. 8-3 13'4 3- 1-1 10-9 4 '8 29-7 33-3 2-8 2-2 89 22. 3" 61 1**3 34-8 15-2 6- 3- no- ereue per C'unt 1841 Aberdeen ArgyU Ayr 123,082 71,8.59 84,306 3.5,807 30,021 11,791 22,609 10,8.'i8 20,710 54,597 122,954 20,705 93,743 99,127 29,986 74,292 26.349 6,726 29,21 1 140,099 17,844 8,257 46,824 10 19 23 2 1 3 4 11 17 15 21 6 8 8 4 fi 4 8 15 31 9 «• • • 135,075 85..585 103,954 30,608 30,779 12,033 23,419 12,010 24,189 62,900 148.007 28,108 101,272 107,264 31,164 78,336 27,439 7,245 33,084 191,7.52 19,411 8,251 40,153 19 14 23 19 8 15 29 10 13 13 29 11 13 6 13 IS 6 7 15 27 17 9 IS 15.'.,3t7 97,316 127.299 43,.5fil 33,385 13,797 30,238 13,26.J 27,317 70,878 191,514 31.162 114,5.56 113,430 3.5,127 90,1,57 29,118 7,702 38,903 2H.3H7 22,085 9,01)6 53,124 177,0.57 100,973 14.5,055 4K,604 34,048 14,151 aua-io 14.729 33.211 73,770 219..345 34,2.31 128,839 139.606 36,145 9'), 797 31,431 9,072 40,.590 3)6,819 23.291 9,354 68,239 3.9 • • • • • • 1**3 • • • • • • 3-8 • • • • • • • • • ■ 192.283 97,140 104,522 50,076 34,427 I.5,(i95 30,197 19,116 44,295 72.825 22.5,623 34,994 140,310 170,380 3.5,781 97,615 33.0,52 8,763 41,099 427,113 26,848 9,923 60,007 Banff Berwick Bute Caithness .... Clackmannan.. Dumbarton.... Dumfries Edinburgh .... Elgin (Aloray). Fife Forfar Haddington .. Inverness .... Kincardine.... Kinross Kirkcudbright. Lanark Linlithgow.... Isairn Orkney and 1 Shetland . . Tcebles Perth . , 8,7.'55 120,300 78,056 55,343 33,082 5,070 .'iO,825 23,117 22,918 14 7 19 10 11 16 14 2 17 9,935 13.5,(193 92,596 60,853 37,2.30 6,889 8«,I74 23,029 26,891 1 3 21 13 10 13 12 83 10,046 139,0,50 112,175 68,828 40,892 0,0.S7 6.5.376 23.840 33,240 5 3 19 9 7 2 11 7 9 19,.578 112,h94 133,413 74,820 43,003 0,833 72,021 2.5,518 36,258 Lvb 43 6-4 10-9 131 2l'6 •s 3-4 • • 3**4 • • 10,520 138,151 64,755 78,058 40,062 7,989 82,179 24,006 44,068 R'.'nfrew Ross & Cro-I marty . . . . / Roxburgh Selkirk Stirling Sutherland.... Wigtown Barracks.. • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• «• 4,425 SCOTLAND... 1,599,068 14 1,805,688 16 2,093,456 13 2,365,114 Hi • • 2,628,957 The principal rivers are the Spey, Don, Tay, Tweed, Clyde, Forth, Northern Dee, Esk, Annan, Nith, and Southern Dee. The lochs, or lakes, are numerous, and some of them extensive. The climate is very vari- ous. The northern extremity, which is in scu 744 SED the same latitude with sumc purts of Norway, id cxtrcinelj cold ; but, from its insular situii- tion, the frosta nre fur from being so intense as in parts of the continent cqunlly as far to the N. Its W. coast is subject to frequent rains in the summer, and to sudden changes of weather. In many places on the eastern shore, and ill the witole S. diviHion, the climate is nut inferior to the N. part of Engluml. 'Ilio pro- ducts of the country arc grain, flax, woods of oak and fir, coal, lend, iron, freestone, lime- stone, Hiatc, the most beautiful murble, flne roiik-crystals, pearls, variegated pebbles, &c. It feeds va!>t hcrdsof cattle, and floeksof sheep, which arc much valued for the delicacy of their flesh ; nnd the fleece of the latter emulates the flncNt Spanish wool. On the high grounds the cattle are very diminutive; but in many parts of the country, the horses and cows are not ex- celled in size nnd beauty by those of the Eng- lish breed. Among the wild animals are the roe, stag, fox, badger, otter, hedge-hog, rabbit, weasel, mole, and other small quadrupeds. Among the feathered raeearethe capercailzie, or tho cock of the wood, the eagle, falcon, par- tridge, quail, snipe, plover, black game, &c. Scotland was governed by a king before tho lioinans visited England, and continued an itulependcnt kingdom till tho death of the English queen Elizabeth, when James VI. of Scotland, the most immediate heir, was called to the throne of England, and constantly re- sided in the latter; he and his successors calling themselves kings of England and Scotland, and each country having a separate parliament, till the year 1707, in the reign of queen Anne, when both kingdoms were united under the general name of Great Bri- tain. Tho counties send one member each to parliament, except Bute and Caithness, Cromarty and Nairn, Kinross and Clackman- nan, which send members in conjunction; so that the counties send 30 members, which, with 23 sent by the cities and boroughs, make the 53 commoners sent by Scotland ; and 1 fi peers are elected to represent the nobility. The established religion is the Presbyterian, which is modelled principally after the Cal vinistic plan settled at Geneva, and on it general principle of an equality of ecclesios- tical authority among its presbyters. There arc few Roman Catholics, but the Protestant dissenters arc numerous. With respect to the trade and manufactures, they are noticed under the respective cities and towns. Edin- burgh is the capital. Scott, a county of the United States, at the N. part of Kentucky. Pop. 13,668. George- town is the capital. — Also,a county in the S.W. part of Virginia, formed out of the counties of Russel, Lee, and Washington, in 1814. Pop. .5702. ScDLCOATES, a parish adjoining to King- ston-upon-Hull, and contains the best houses of that town, which see. Scutari, or Iskenderje, a strong town of Albania, and a bishop's see; seated on the lake Zetn, near its outlet, the river Buiana; 70 miles N. by W. of Durazzo. Pop. 12,000. Long. 19. 16. E. lat. 42. 33. N. Scutari, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na- tolia, which may be considered as a sulmrb of Constantinople. It stands on the strnit opposite that city; and presents itself in tlic form of an amphitheatre, attbnling a viry f>icturcsque view, from the mixture of tries, louses, mosques, and minarets. This town serves as an emporium and a rendezvous to tho caravans of Asia. Its huspiiul was occu- pied by the Anglo-French wounded in the Crimean war, and hundreds of our brave in( n lie buried there. Tho rich Turks of Coll^tuM- tinople prefer being interred here; fur ility consider Asia as a land belonging to the true believers, and believe that tho land of Europe will one day fall into the hands of Christians, and be trodden on by infldcls. Scutari is one mile E. of Constantinople. It is the ancient Chrysopolis, and its present population '\a variously estimated at from 30,000 to C0,00i). ScYLLA, a rock near the entrance of the strait of Messinn, on the coast of Calabrin, opposite the celebrated Charybdis. It forms a small promontory in the narrowest part of the strait, and is the famous Scylla of tho ancient poets. It does not come up to tho formidable description given by Homer, nor is the passage so narrow and difficult as lie represents it; but it is probable that its breadth is greatly increased since his time. Tho rock is nearly 200 feet high; and on tlio side of it stands the town of Sciglio, wlicnco tho promontory is sometimes called Capo Sciglio. Seaford, a town in Sussex, and one of the cinque ports. Its trade and harbour aro now of little consequence. It was formerly a borough, and has recently been much fre- quented for bathing. An extensive break- water has been proposed here, for the forma- tion of a harbour of refuge. It is 10 miles S.E. of Lewes, and 61 S. by E. of London. Seara, or Ceara, a province of South America, empire of Brazil, at the N.E. part. It contains a population of 180,000. Seara the capital, is in long. 38.34. W. lat. 3.43. S.; and contains 1200 inhabitants. It is a jjood seaport. Seatoh, a town of Scotland, in Hadditig- tonshire. Hero is a ruinous palace, in which Mary Queen of Scots occasionally kept her court after her return from France. It has a considerable trade in salt and coal. It is situate on the frith of Forth; 9 miles E. of Edinburgh. Sebastb, a town of Palestine, the remains of tho ancient city of Samaria; 34 miles N.N.E. of Jernsalem. Sebastian, St., a seaport of Spain, in Gm- puzcoa, seated at the foot of a hill, on the top of which is a strong citadel. The har- bour is secured by two moles, and a n«"y^'f entrance for the ships. The town is surrounded by a doable wall, and fortified towards the m SEB 745 SED tea. It carries on a great tnule, porticuliirly in iron, steel, and wuol. It is the Bri(;litori uf Madrid, nnd is much frcnucntcd for Nca- bnthiiiK- Formerly it was the capital of its province, but this honour has been removed to Tolosa. St. Sebastian wns taken by the French in 1719, in 1794, and again in 1808. On the 31st of August, 1813, it was taken by storm, by tbo allied forces, under General Graham, after a short siege, during which it siistiiincd a mo«t heavy bombardment, which hiiil nearly the whole town in ruins. It has since i)uen rebuilt. It is 50 miles E. of Bilboa. nnd 50 N.VV. of Pamplona. Top. 13,000. Ix)ng. 1.5t;.W.Iat. 43.24. N. Skhahtian, St., Rio, or Rm Janeiro, the capital of the prcvincc of Rio Janeiro, and of all Brazil ; with a citadel on a hill, and nume- rous forts. The city stands 4 miles W. of the harbour, (one of the finest in the world,) and behind it are high hills crowned with woods, convents, houses, and churches. It is 3 miles in r rcnmferencej the streets are straight, and most of them narrow, intersecting each other at right angles: and the houses in gene- ral are of stone, and two storeys high. The churches are very fine, and there is more re- lij^ious parade in this city, than in almost nny town of Europe. The harbour is very commodious, with a narrow entrance defend- ed by two forts. Here are manufactures of sugar, rum, and cochineal. The diiferent mechanics carry on their business in distinct parts of the town, particular streets being set apart for particular trades. On the S. sic^o ' of a spacious square is a palace : and there arc several other squares, in which are foun- tains, supplied with water by an aqueduct of considerable length, brought over a valley by a double tier of arches. The mint is one of the finest buildings existing, and furnished with all the conveniences necessary for coin- ing with the greatest expedition. A bcne- dictine convent, and a fort, are on the extreme point, jutting into the harbour, opposite which is Serpent island, where there are a dockyard, magazines, and naval store-houses. In an- other part of the harbour, at a place called Val Longo, are warehouses, formerly appro- priated for the reception and preparation for sale of slaves imported from Africa. It is the principal emporium of South Brazil, and of the mining districts, but is considered ut. healthy, from its low situation, and the ad- jacent marshes, and also from the filthiness of the streets ond inhabitants, who are de- voted to pleasure and indolence, and have the character of being more immoral than any European capital. The population con- sists of about two-thirds mulattocs and ne- groes, the remainder of a great mixture of nations, and amounted to 180,00it in 1844. It was founded by the Portuguese in 1565, and was made the capital of Brazil in 1763. It was the residence of the Portuguese court till 1821, and in 1831 was the scene of a re- volution, in consequence of which the emperor Pedro nbdii-atcd in favour of h'li son, Pe'..<. Selbosoe, a town of Norway, in the pro- vince ofDrontheim; 18 miles S.E. of Drou- theim. SELBr,a town in West Yorkshire; with a market on Monday. It is the birthplace of Henry I., whoso father, William the Conquer- or, built an abbey here; ami the conventual church is now the parish church. The other places of worship are a Catholic chapel, and meeting-houses for Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists, Calvinists, Quakers, and Unita- rians. Besides the free grammar-school, founded by Edward VI., here are several charity-schools, almshouses, Sta A canal ^mmmmmmm^ SEM 748 S 10 N I passes from tluH plnrc to LcoiIh, uiiil largo ahips arc btiih luiro. It in HOiitiMt mi the Ou •% over which is oiiu of lliu must c<)iii|iluto liin- bur briilgus in tho kingdom. It irtcoiuicctud with Hull, Leeds, &c., by tho Hull and Suli)y nnd Luuds railways. It is 14 milos S. of York, iind 177 N. by W. of London. Selbnuinnic, u fortiliod town of Uu.ssin.tn the government of Irkutsk; with a fort, and 3000 inhabitants. The adjacent country is mountainous, but yields u great quantity of rhuharl). It stands on the Selenga, at the in- flux of the Chilok ; IGO miles S.K.oflrkutsk. Long. 107. 28. K. Int. ftl. IG. N. Biii.i.N n, a town of Asia Minor, in Cam- mania, at the month of a river of llie samu name; 60 miles W.S.W. of Sulesk. SiiLEFicuii, (ancient Selencia,) a town of Asiatic Turkey, in tho province of Karama- ii'a, at the mouth of the Ghiuk Sooyoo. It is an asseinbl:i.ge of wooden and mud hitts. Sglioknstadt, a town of Ocrnuiny, in Hesse- Darmstadt, with n Henodictineabljey, Hcatcil at the c >nfinx of the Gernspentz with tho Maine; 14 miles K. of Frankfort. SKtaiiitiA, orSii^ivni,(aticient Selymbria,) n town of Jlomunia, and an nrclil)islii>p'sBce; formerly a largo place, but now much de- cayed. It is seated on the sea of Marmora; .15 milos W. of Con.stantinoplu. Top. 6000. Sioi.KiitK, a town of Scotland, the capital of Selkirkshire. Its branches ofindustry are tho spinning of wo(dlen yarn, and oxlenNive ma- nufactures of woollen goods called "Tweeds," which originated in this town ; stockings, and a manufacture of boots and shoes. It is seated on tho Ettriek; 'M miles S.S.K. of Edinbur);h. HicLKiHicsiiinE, n county of Scotland. It is bounded on tho N.K. by Kdini)urgh8hire, E. by Koxburghshirc, S. by Dumfries-sliire, nnd W. and N. by Peebles-shire. It is a hilly country, 20 miles long, and 10 l)road. It re- turns ono member t(> parliament. The chief rivers arc tho Tweed, Ettriek, Yarrow, and Gala. SicLLES, a town of France, in tho depart- ment of Loire-et-Cher, on the river Cher; 10 miles S.W. of Romorentin. I'op. .ttiOO. 8ki.tz, n town in tho department of Lower Kliin?, seated on the Uhine; 25 miles N.N.E. of Strasburg. Skltzkk, or liOWEn Ski-tzkk, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau ; celebrated for a s|)ring of mineral water, which is ex- ported \ great cpiantities. It is situate on the Euisbach; 30 miles IC. of Coblontx. Skmaut, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabi, seated on the Euphrates, where a toll is collected. It is 120 miles N.W. of Uussoar. Long. 46. 1.5. E. lat. 32. 2. N. Skmbew-oiiewn, a town of Birmah, from which is the principal road through the west- ern hills into Arracan. It was entirely de- stroyed by tho llurmcsc in 1826. It stands 3 miles W. of tho Irruwuddy, and 30 " by W. of Pagahin. SicMEdONiiA, a town of Negroland, In (ho country of Wuiigarn, seated on a lalut ftirnu d by a branch of tho Nile; !»;i0 miles S.S.W.df Jtoniou. Long. 21, ;i(i. K. lat. U. .^H. N. SicMicNiiuiA, a town of ICnroiiean Turkey, in Servia, with a citadel, sealed on the l),i- nulie; 20 miles S.K. of Mclgrade. I'op, <)IMI(|. Skmemmii), a town of Egypt, on tlii< K. branch of the Nile; H milos 8. .S.W. of Muu- souia, and M N. of' Cairo. bi.MiUAi.MA, a duchy of European llim- sin, about 100 miles ling, and 20 liroail, fonii- ing tho K. part of the government of Cuur- land. Miltau is thecapititl. Seminaui, a towii of Naples, in (laialiria Ultra, with an abbey Iielonging to the uiiiicd (jreek church. It suirereii|io Voni. JtH coiii'HC in llexiious, till it iiriivcM witliiii (> iiiilcN ol' iliu Huii, wliuii it tiikcM a hiiiI- (Km turn to tliu S., ami I'oi- T^t iiiilcH in Ni>|m- imIimI I'i'oiii llitt Hua only l)y a i'iil){() of Haiiil. JiN iiiiMilli, not inoru tlian lialt'a Iumkiiu over, 1:1 iiu'iiniinoilcd Ity a Nliii'lin^ Imr, wiiiirh run- (ii'i's lliu |iai^.sii^(i ilillicult unit (laiiKtifouH. ?• tliviili'H two rcKionM vrry diHsiniiiarin aNiKutt: til. ^ li> till) N. iH tliu Ki'vat ituHui't of Haliuni, iiiiiiiliitiul l)v a fuw Mooi'h; Hint to the H. in tlio li't'lili! pmiiiH u( Ni^iitia unil itH populu* tion of iiCKi'ocH, SicNKOAi., a country on the W. cuiiNt of Allien, lyiiii; on a river of the xainu niiine. .Si 1'"oiii,i. I'liu Fri!ii(rli have a fortan.l (ue- tdi'v in an iNliind iit the mouth of the riv^tr, hikI nru iiiaHterH of the (;uni trade. It In called lAii'i Loiii.x was taken liv the Riigliiih in I7.'>8, t'oiillrnied to them liy the neaee of )7(13, hitt rtwtorcd in 178:j. 'Ihu otlier French Hi'ttle- im-iit i.s at (jiirce. rop. in I8UU, 18,(ilU. LoiiK. l(i. 31. VV. hit. 15. 5;i. N. Sknicoamiiu, a name aii|ilied to tliocuun- ti'icH on tlie W. coaHt of Africa, between tlie pat'iilielH of 8. and 18. N, latitude, and through wliic.li thu I'ivufM HenoKal, Uamhia, and Uio (iiiiiiile How. It coniiiriKCH nianv diHtri'tN, iiiliahilud liy ncKroeu of diH'ercnt lanijuaKeN, mid part of it ahoumU with inctalM, cNpecially «;olil. Thu actual limitH nro undefined. Sknic/, a, town of I'Vaiice, in the depart inviil of Lower AlpH, Heated in a rough barren cuiiiitry; It) niilcM H.S.K. of Di^nc. HicNvncNiiBKUia townof rruNnia, in Lower LiiHiUia, with a cantle; 3S mileH f'■/. of Meaux, and 27 N.lfi. of I'aris. I'o]). ■■> )',Wi,f)Oltf. S-NiMAAK, u kingdom of Eastern Africa, ■ ,11!' cd K. and S. by Abynsinia, W. by Dar- ' r. Mil V. bv Dongola and thu independent diiiri'j,; of Niiliia. 'J'hu Nile Hows through tliiHimmcKHU plain above a mile broad, full to liiu very briin, but never overflowing. For scvui'iit miles from tlio banks of this river, the suit is of 1 ^ remarkable fertility; and at tlie time of the rains, about thu end of August mid be({inninn of Se|)tcmbcr, tho country iiNMii.'ies a most deli);liti'ul appearance, ru- Mi'iiiliiinii; thu p)easantcHt parts of Ilolland. Hdiiii after tlie rams cease, tlie dbourra ripi^iis, tile leaves turn yellow uixl rot, thu bikes liiitrel'y, smell, and aiu full of vermin, all t!iu i''uat numbers of tbetn every year. Tho mcrchandiso re- ipiired here, consists of spices, paper, brass, hard ware, glass beads, and a black dm;; wliicli is used to colour tho cycbrowH. Tho women ofijuality have slight garnioiitsuf silk, and wear rings of various metals on their hair, arms, legs, ears, and Hng(!rs. Women of a low rank, and girls, have clothes wrapped round them from tlio waist to tlie knees. 'I'lio men go alinxst naked. Hcnnaitr is seated on an cminciK'i', near thu river Niiu. Long. 3.'). 0. K. lat. 13. 4. N. Hknh, a town of Fraiicp, in the dciiartmcnt of Yoniie, and un archbishop's sue, with a handsonio Gothic cathedral. Huverai ecclesi- astical councils have been held here; in that of 1140 the well-known Abelard was con- demned. 8enswas taken by the allies in 1814, but Hoon after evacuated. It is aeated in a fertile country, at the coiiHux of tho Vaniiu with thu Yonne; 25 miles N. of Auxcrrc, and 80 S.l'i. of I'aris. Long. 3. f. li. hit. 48. 12. N. Top. in 1830, WJ'.K Sici>iJi.via>A, a town of Spain, in Old Cas- tile, 30 miles N.K. of Segovia. SicitA, or SntA, a town of Ilindostan, in Mysore, with a stoiio fort of a good size. It is tho principal pbico in the centra', ''ivision of tho riijah's dominions N. of tliu Cavery, and carries on u consiilcrublu inland com- merce, 'i'ho whole of the cloth made here is used in tho neighbourhood. Sincu tho re- storation of the riijah, in 1709, tlio fort has been garrisoned by Ilritish troops. It is 48 miles S.E. of Chitlledroog, and 84 N. of So- ringapatain. Long. 70. 53. K. lat. 13. oO. N. SiCKAi, a town of European Turkey, <;aiiital of Bosnia, and tiie seu of a Catholic bisnop, appointed by the king of Hungary. It is a largu com.nercial place, and is seated on tlio river Uosna; 130 miles W.S.W. of Uulgrado. Long. 19. 15. E. hit. 44. 14. N. Sr.KAMi'OKK, .: town of Hcngal, bolonging to tho Danes. Tlio houses aru of brick, plas- tered with mortar, and havu Hat roofs, with bulcouies and Vonotlaii winJowa. The in- H SEE 750 SER habitants carry on some trade with Europe, China, &c. But the town is principally dis- tinguished as the early seat of the Protestant missions in India, and as the residence of British subjects who take refuge here from their creditors. It in seated on the W. bank oftheHoogly; 12 miles N. of Calcutta. Pop- about 15,000. Sekduuol, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of VViburg, on the lake Ladoga; 60 miles N.N.E. of Wiburg. Seked, or SzERED, a town of Hungary, on the river Wuag; 30 m. E.N.E. of Prcsburg. Seres, a town of European Turkey, pro- vince of Macedonia, 45 miles N.E. of Salo- nica. It lias a number of mosques, and other public edifices, and a manufacture of cotton and linen stuffs. Pop. 30,000. Seafo, or Serfante, an island of the Gre- cian archipelago, ' 'niles long, and 5 broad, and full of mounii i ' ■ ocks, in which are mines of iron ana ne. Tlie inhabi- tants are all Greeks, a ive but one town, called St. Nichoio; whicii is a poor place. It is 50 miles N.W. of Naxia. Long. 26. 10. E. lat. 37. 1». N. Sergao, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Niziiei Novogorod; 48 miles S.E. of Niznei Novogorod. Sergippe del Ret, a province on the coast of Brazil, to the S. ofPernambuco. It produces sugar and tobacco in considerable quantities, and has some silver mines. Pop. 120,000 in 1846. Sergippe, or S. Christoyao, a seaport of Brazil, capital of the above province, seated at the mouth of the Sergippe; 120 miles N.E. of St. Salvador. Long. 37. 9. W. lat. 11. 10. S Serignan, a town of France, departmeni of Herault, at the mouth of the Ombre, in the gulf of Lyon; 8 miles S.E. of Beziers. Serinagur, or Guwal, a province of Hin- dostan, situated chiefly between 30. and 32. of N. lat., and between 77. and 79. of E. long. It is estimated at 140 miles in length, by 60 in breadth. It is governed by a rajah, under the protection of the British. Serinagur, the capital of the above pro- vince, is about three-quarters of a mile long, the houses built of rough stone and mud, and covered with slate, but seldom more than two storeys high. The streets are narrow and dirty, but there are some good shops. It is situate in a valley on the river Alcananda, which is crossed by a bridge of ropes. On the opposite side of the river, at the village of Raniimt, is a temple sacred to Rajah Ishwara, principally inhabited by dancing women, whose lives are devoted to prostitution, as a religious service. Serinagur is 38 miles from Hardwar. Long. 79. 18. E. lat. 30. 10. N. Serinoapatam, a city of Hindostan, the modern capital of Mysore, is situate in an island 3 miles long, and 1 broad, formed by the Cavery, which is here a large and rapid river, with a wide and rocky channel. The streets are narrow and confused, and the ge- nerality of the houses mean. The city is strongly fortified ; notwithstanding which, Lord Cornwallis in 1792, here compelled Tip' poo to sign a treaty, by which he ceded iudf of his dominions, and agreed to pay a vast sum of money to the English and tlieir allies; and, a new war taking ])lace in 1799, tiiu Bri- tish troops carried the fort by an assault, in which Tippoo was killed. The city and the island have since been retained by the Eng- lish, towards the support of the late Sultan's family. The palace is very large, and sur- rounded by a massy wall of stone and mud: it is now the residence of a surgeon. The seraglio of Hyder has been converted into a European hospital, that of Tippoo into a bar- rack for artillery; the private aprrtments of the latter are occupied by the resident, and the public ones by European troops. With- out the walls of the city arc two gardens and palaces; and near to one of them is the mau- soleum of Hyder, where rests all that was mor- tal of this Mohammedan dynasty, consisting of Hyder and his wife, and Tippoo Sultan. The town is much decayed, and, as a capital, must alwaj's have been mean. In the space between the city and the two gardens, is the suburb called ShaharGanjam, which is rapidly increasing on a regular plan. Seringapatam is 10 miles N. of Mysore, and 290 VV. by S. of Madras. Pop. 10,000. Long. 76. 50. E.lat. 12. 24. N. Seringham, ar island in the S. of India, in the district of Trichinopoly ; celebrated for its Hindoo temple, to which pilgrims from all parts of Hindostan resort for absolution; and here, as in all great pagodas, the Brah- mins live in a subordination that knows no resistance, and slumber in voluptuousness that feels no want. At present the a llowance made by the British government, for the sup- port of the temple and its establishment, amounts to about 6240/. sterling. Seuonge, a town of Hindostan in Malwa, celebrated for its manufacture of painted cot- tons and chintzes. It is situate on the river Cavery; half a mile N. of the fortress of Trichinopoly, and 140 miles E.N.E. of Ou- gein. Long. 78. 4. E. lat. 24. 5. N. Serpa, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with a castle, seated on a rugged eminence, near the Guadiana; 38 miles S. by E. of Evora. Pop. 4000. Serravallb, a town of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice, with a castle. It has cloth, woollen, and silk manufactures, and a trade in corn, wine, and honey. The ca- thedral contains some fine paintings, and the church of St. Augusta is a noble edifice. It is situate between two mountains, and at the source of the Maschio; 22 m. N. of Treviso. Skrres, a town of France department ol Upper Alps; 23 miles S.W. of Gap. Servan, St., a town of France, depart- ment of lUe-et-Vilaine; with considerable manufactures of linen, sail-cloth, soap, and tobacco, and 10,000 inhabitants. It is seated SES 751 SE^' at the mouth of the river llance, ahout a mile S. of St. Malo, from which it is separated by a narrow arm of the sea, dry at low water. Seuvia, a state of Europe, lying on the panube, which within a few years has assum- ed the character of an independent principa- lity, froi 'hat of a dependence on the Turkish empire, i jO miles long, and 95 broad; bound- ed N. by the Danube and Save, which sepa- rate it from Hungary; E. by Bulgaria; S. by Macedonia and Albania; and W. by Bosnia. The climate is less mild than might be ex- pected in 43. and 44. of N. lat., the winter being of considerable length, and spring not beginning till April. This is owing partly to the height of the great ridge of the Argen- taro or Glubotin mountains, extending along its southern boundary; partly to the number of forests, and the general neglect of cultiva- tion in its interior. The soil is in general fertile, but a small proportion of the country is as yet under tillage. The products are wheat, barley, oats, rice, hemp, flax, and to- bacco; also vines, and fruit of various kinds; and in the valleys, and other warm spots, cot- ton is raised. Mines of iron have been dis- covered,in several parts; but they are almost entirely neglected. The only manufactures areof woollen, cotton, and hardware,for home consumption. The geographical position of Servia, between Turkey and Austria, and forming with theneighbouringcountries, Bos- nia, Bulgaria, Wallachia, and Moldavia, a border land between two great empires of opposite creeds, has made this country the seat of a protracted struggle between Euro- pean civilization, and Oriental despotism. The religion of the Servians, a branch of the Sdavonian race, is that of the Greek church, and as Christians the Mohammedan yoke has sat hervily on them. They became subject, from defeat, to the Turks in 1389, from which they raised an insurrection in 1 737, but were completely subjugated by the Turks. J3ut before 1806, they made a successful revolt under their general Czerni, or Kara George, who afterwards totally defeated the Turks, and established himself in the government; but in 1814, he deserted the country to the Turks, who placed Milosch over the state, who afterwards raised a successful insurrec- tion in 1 8 1 5 ; after this Kara George returned, who was assassinated. Milosch fell from power in 1838, and was exiled in favour of his son Michael; and in 1843, the Servians unanimously chose Kara Georgewitsch as their prince, and the power of the Porte is thus made merely nominal. Pop. in 1842, 1,043.250. Belgrade is the capital. Sesslach, a town and castle of Bavarian Pranconia; 16 miles N. of Bamberg. Sesto, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Milanese ; seated on the Ticino, where it issues from the lake Maggiore ; 25 miles W-N-W. of Milan. Skstbs, Grand, or Gbbat Paris a town of Guinea, on the Qrain coast; near which is Petit Scstre. It is one of the largest and most commercial towns in the countr". Long. 1 7. W. lat. 4. 50. N. Sestri di Levante, a town of the Sardi- nian states, in the territory of Genoa; 30 miles E.S.E. of Genoa. Se-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Koei-tchcou. It is situate among mountains, which yield cinnabar and quicksilver; 980 miles S.S.W. of Peking. Long. 108.25. E. Lit. 27. 10. N. Se-tciiuf.n, a province of Ciiina, bounded on the N. by Chen-si, E. by Ilouquang, S. by Koei-tcheou, and W. by Tibet. It is watered by the Kian-ku, and is rich, not only on account of the great quantity of silk it produces, but also in iron, tin, lead, amber, sugar-canes, lapis lazuli, musk, rhubarb, &c. Tching-tou is the capital. Seteef, a town of Algier, in the province of Constantina. It was the ancient Sitipha, capital of a part of Mauritania; but scarcely a fragment is left of its former greatness, ex- cept the fountains. It is 50 miles S.W. of Constantina. Long. 5. 36. E. lat. 35. 58. N. Setimo, a to'vn of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont; seated on the Po, 8 miles N. of Turin. Sbtlege. See Sctluj. Sette, a town of Western Africa, in a dis- trict of its name, lying between Loango and Benin. It has a great trade in logwood, sent in vessels to Mayamba; and stands on a river of the same name, 60 miles from its mouth, and 1 10 N.N.E. of Mayamba. Long. 10. 20. E. lat. 20. S. Settinil, a town of Spain, in Granada. It is situate 8 miles N. of Honda, and 38 N.W. of Malaga. Settia, a town of the island of Candia, and a Greek bishop's see; 48 miles E.S.El. of Can- dia. Long. 26. 2. E. lat. 35. 3. N. Settle, a town of W. Yorkshire, roman- tically situate at the base of a limestone clitF called the Castleberg, with a market on Tues- day. About 2 miles to the E. is Attermire cave, containing numberless chinks and re- cesses, fluted pillars,and hanging petrifactions. At the like distance to the N. is Giggleswick well, a reciprocating spring, which will some- times rise and fall nearly a foot, in a stone trough about a yard square, every ten or fif- teen minutes. Settle is seated on the Ribblo, 38 miles N.N.W. of Halifax, and 235 of London. Setcval. See Ubes, St. SEvASTOPOiy. See Sebastopol. Seven Islands, a cluster of islands in the Frozen ocean, lying iu long. 18. 48. E. lat. 80. 31. N. Here Captain Phipps, with two ships, was surrounded by the ice, from the 1st to the 1 0th of August, 1773, when a brisk wind at N.N.E. effected their deliverance. Seven Islands, islands near the coast of Canada, on the N. side of the mouth of the St. Lawrence, at the entrance of a small bay. Long. 66. 6. W. lat. 50. 10. N SEV 752 SEV r Sever Islands. See Ionian Islands. Sevenuekuun, a. town of tlie Netherlands, in N. Brabant; 8 miles VV.N.W. of Bivda. Sevenoaks, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is pleasantly situated on a ridge of hills, and has two churches a meeting-house for Baptists, an hospital, and a free-school, first erected by Sir William Sevenoaks, lord mayor of London in 1418, who is said to have been a foundling, charit- ably educated by a person of this town. Queen Elizabeth having augmented its re- venues, it was called Queen Elizabeth's School; and the whole was rebuilt in 1727. There are also some other houses attached to the charity given by Multon Lambard, Esq. in 1 833. Near this town is Kuole, a fine and ancient palace of the see of Can'.erbury, which archbishop Cranmer exchpiigcd with the Crown for other lands, and which was given by Queen Elizabeth to Thomas lord Buck- hurst, afterwards earl of Dorset. In 14.50 John Cade defeated the royal army near this town; 16 miles N.W. of Maidstone, and 23 S.S.E. of London. Sevbr, St., a town of France, in the de- partment of Landes, seated on the Adour; 20 miles E of Dax, and 69 S. by E. of Bor- deaux. Pop. 9000. Sevmrac, a small town in the department of Aveiron, on the river Aveiron; 23 miles E. of Hodez. Severin, a town of European Turkey, in Walachia, on the Danube; 6 miles W. of Czernetz. Severika, St., a fortified town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on a craggy rock, on the river Neto; 8 miles from the sea, and 45 S.E. of Rossaao. Top. 6000. Long. 17. 14. E. lat. 39. 15. N. Severina, St., a town of Italy, in the papal states; thirteen miles W.S.W. of Ma- ccrata. Severina, St., a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citra, on the river Sarno; 10 miles W.S.W. ofPolicastro. Severn, a river which has its rise in the mountain of Plynlimmon, in Wales. Flow- ing first across Montgomeryshire, it enters Siiropshire above the Brythen hills, and is navigable in its whole course through this country. It then enters Worcestershire, and runs through its whole length into Gloucester- shire. In its course it waters Llanydlos, Newton, Welshpool, Shrewsbury, Bridge- north, Bewdley, Worcester, Upton, Tewkes- bury, Gloucester, and Newnham, where it begins to widen considerably; and, entering the sea, its mouth is called the Bristol Chan- nel. This river has a communication with the Thames, the Trent, the Dee, and the Mersey, by difi^erent canals. Severn, a river of Maryland, which waters Annapolis, and enters by a broad estuary into Chesapeake bay. Severn oRooa. See Savendrooo. Skvsro, St., a town of Naples, in Capi- tanata; seated in a plain, 26 miles W. by N. of Manfredonia, and 75 N.E. of Naples. Severds'8 Wall, commonly called Gra- ham's Dyke, in the W. of Scotland. It Is a work of the Romans, supposed to be done bv the emperor whose name it bears, to prevent the incursions of the Picts and Scots, It began at Abcrcorn, on the frith of Forth, 4 miles N.E. of Linlithgow, and ran W. to the frith of Clyde, ending at Klrkpatrlok, near Dumbarton. Sevignv, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ardennes; 12 miles N.W. ofRctliel. Seville, a province of Spain, forming the western half of Andalusia, and still retaining the title of kingdom. It has an area of 95U0 square miles, with 800,000 inhabitants. Tlio surface is diversified with beautiful plains and hills, covered with vines and fruit trees. Agriculture is in a very backward state, nnd the manufactures are all on a small scale. The chief towns are Seville (the capital), Cadiz, Ecija, Xcres, Ossuna, and St. Mary's, near Cadiz. Seville, a city of Spain, capital of the above province, and an archbisiiop's see; seated on the Guadalquiver. It is fortilici by strong walls flanked with high towers, and takes up more ground than Madrid, althuui^h it now has not above 100,000 inhabitants. The Phoenicians called it Hispalis, and it is the Julia of the Romans, who embellished it with many magnificent buildings. The Moors built an aqueduct, still to be seen, 6 miles in length. The cathedral is by som^ supposed to be the largest church in the world next to St. Peter's at Rome; the steeple is of curious workmanship, and extremely high, consisting of three towers, one above ano;in;r, with galleries and balconies. The churches and convents are opulent and beautiful; of the latter, that of St. Francis is adorned with a handsome public square, in the midst of which is a fine fountain. The university consists of many colleges; and the professors enjoy rich pensions. The royal palace, called Alcazar, was partly built after the antique, by the Moors, and partly in the modern taste, by King Pedro ; it is a mile in extent, and flanked by large square towers, built with stones taken from the ancient temple of Hercules. Here is a foundry, and one of the largest dep6ts for artillery in the kingdom. The principal manufactures are silk; and behind the Alcazar is a royal snuff manu- facture, which is strictly examined and guard- ed. The exchange is a square building of the Tuscan order, each front 100 feet in length, and three storeys high. The town- house is adorned with a great number of statues, and there is a large square before it, with a fine fountain iu the middle. There are 120 hospitals richly endowed. The suburb of Triano stands on the other side of the river, over which is a long bridge of boats. In this suburb stood the house of the Inquisition ; and there are public walks, where most of the SUA 753 SUA intiabitants go to take the air. The country around is extremely fertile in corn, wine, iic, and there is abundance of oil; for, to the W. of tlie river is a grove of olive-trees, 31) miles in length. Seville was taken by the French in 1810, but they evacuated it after the battle of Salamanca, in 1812. It is iS miles from the Atlantic, and 212 S.S.W. of Madrid, Pop. 100,000. Long. 5. 59. W. I.vt. 37. 14. N. Sevres, Dedx, a department of France, including part of the ancient province of Vuitou. It is so named from two rivers that rise liere; one, called Sevre Niortois, flowing W. l)y St. Maixeut, Niort, and Marans, into the bay of Biscay, opposite the isle of I4,i; and the other named Sevre Nantois, which takes a N.W. direction, passes by Clisson, and enters the river Loire, opposite Nantes. The department comprises an area of 2500 sqiiaremiles, with294,850inhabitants,in 1836, al)out one-eighth of whom are Protestants. Niort is the capital. Sbvues, a town of France, 4 miles W. by S. of Paris; celebrated for its royal glass works and potteries, which are said to produce the finest porcelain in the world. Sewalick, a chain of imountains in Hin- dostan, bordering on the country of Scrinagur and the province of Delhi. Sbtssbl, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ain, divided into two parts by the Bhonc, which here begins to bo navigable; 14 mile.s N. by E. of Bellay. Sezanne, a town in the department of Marne; 27 miles N.W. of Troyes, and 65 S.E. of Paris. Pop. 4200. Sbzza, or Sessb, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro; 14 miles N.W. of Capua. Top. 3800. SiiABUK, a town of Egypt, on the W. branch of the Nile; 48 miles S.E. of Alex- andria, and 50 N.N.W. of Cairo. Shaftesburt, a borough in Dorsetshire, with a market on Saturday. It returns one member to parliament. It stands on a hill, where water is so scarce that the poor get a living by fetching it from a great distance. It had formerly 10 parish churches, now reduced to fonr. The other places of worship are meet- ing-houses for Methodists, Quakers, and Pres- byterians; 30 miles N.N.E. of Dorchester, aiiil 100 W. by S. of London. SiiAFTSBCRT, a town o^ Vermont, in Ben- iiiu.;ton county; 10 milas N. of Bennington. Pop. 188.5. SitAiiAR, or Sahar, a seaport of Arabia, in Hadramant; 110 miles S.S.W. of Shibam. Long. 48. 40. E. lat. 13. 50. N. Sharjehanpore, a town of Hindostnn, capital of a district of its name, in the province of Malwa; 20 miles N.E. of Ougein, and 196 S. of Agimere. Siiajeuanpore, a town in the province of Delhi, district of Bareily, seated on the Gur- rah. Long. 79. 50. E. lat. 27. 52. N. SuANO • UAE, a city ol China, in the provinea of Kiang-sn. It stands upon theWoosungriver, at about 25 miles from its mouth, and also about 43 miles from the month of the great river Yang-tsze-kiang. It is one of the njost celebrated seats of commerce of any age, and is one of the four ports to which access hn» been acquired to Europeans in the late war; and, from its situation, will maintain the most importance in regard to European con»nierce. The city is approached by the Woosung river, traversed by a prodigious number of vessels of all classes, and iiavigu.hle for large Euro- I)can vesselfi. Thus the city has all the ad- vantages of a seaport. The city — that is, the space surrounded by the walls — is separated from the river by a vast suburb, the only one of the city, and busy with every 8|)ecies of commerce. On the other sides extends a cul- tivated plain, covered with rice fields and villages. Shang-hae has five gates; the walls are high and thick, built of stone and brick, and about fonr or five miles in circuit; but it is not so densely inhabited as the suburb. It contains no remarkable monument; there is only a public garden, known to Europeans as the Tea Garden, which is much resorted to. Tliis is the most northerly port opened by the treaty of Nankin to European trade, and is now the connecting point between Europe and a large part of China, and consequently it will usurp a large proportion of the com- merce formerly distributed among other ports less favourably situated. The European.s, con- trary to the usual practice in Cliina, dwell indiscriminately in any part of the city; but the English have purchased an ancient ceme- tery, a large space, upon which noble build- ings have already risen and are increasing. It is in lat. 31. 22. N. long. 120. 40. E. Shannon, the largest river of Ireland, which issues from Lough Allen, in the county of Leitrim, and, running S., divides the provinces of Leinster and Connuught; it then turns S.W., passes by the city of Limerick, and en- ters the Atlantic ocean between the counties of Clare and Limerick. Shap, a village in Westmoreland, at the source of the Loder, between Orton and Pen- rith. It has become a place of some business, from the visitors to Shap Well, a mineral spring in the vicinity. It had once a famous abbey, which stood about a mile W. from tiie church, of which little remains, except the tower of its church, and the ruins of u bridge. In the vicinity are some Druidical remains, great stones, like pyramids, from 10 to 12 yards apart, placed almost in a direct lino for a mile together, of such immense weight that carriages now in use could not support them; on the Lancaster and Carlisle railway, SuAPiNSHA, one of the Orkney islands, lying 3 miles from the N.E. part of Pomona. It is 7 miles long and 5 broad. The coasts are level and produce grass and corn^ but the middle part is high, ^nd fit only for sheep pasture. Sharpsbuko, I. town of Maryland, io SHE 7H SHE 111 Washington county; 2 miles from the Poto- mac, and 60 N.W. of Washington. Sheeumess, a villo and seaport in the parish of Minster, in Sheppy, county of Kent, on the N.W. point of the isle of Siieppy, and comprises three towns, BIuctown.Banjistown, and Miiltown. It is a much frequented and convenient watering-place, and up to the close of the last century suffered greatly from the want of water. The principal feature of Sheerncss is its dockyard, one of the most splendid establishments in Europe. It occupies a spac.e of 59^ acres, and has cost 3,000,000/. The facilities for the refitment of the navy ore of the first order. It is 45 mUca E. by S. of London. SHELHT.a county of Alabama,; capital, Ra- leigh. Pop. 14,721, including 7043 slaves. — Also a county in Kentucky; c.ipital, Shelby- ville. Pop. 17,768. — Also a county of Ohio; capital Sidney. Pop. 12,154. — Also a county of Indiana; capital, Shelbyville. Pop. 6659. — Alsr a county of Missouri; capital, Shel- byville. Pop. 3056. Sheffield, a borough in West Yorkshire, nvith markets on Tuesday and Saturday, and returns two members to parliament; situate on an eminence surround td by a beautiful valley, with a range of romantic hills in the perspective. It has 6 churches, 15 meeting- houses, a Romish chapel, a 'arge infirmary, and numerous charitable foundations. Here are also a large theatre and an assembly room. The houses are well built, and many of them elegant; and few places can boast of more handsome or regular streets, which are well lighted with gas, introduced here in 1819. This town has been long celebrated for its various hardware manufactures, which consist particularly of cutlery ware, plated goods, buttons, &c., immense quantities of 'which are now exported to all parts of the habitable globe. In the town and neighbour- hood are foundries for iron, brass, and white metal; and numerous works are established on the banks of the rivers, for the purpose of preparing the iron and steel for the manu- factures, and the neighbourhood abounds in coal. It has received a royal charter for a mayor and corporation. The master cutlers are about 600, incorporated by the style of the Cutlers of Hallamshire. Sheffield is seated at the conflux of the Sheaf with the Don, which is now rendered navigable up to the town. The Manchester and Sheffield, the Rutherham and Sheffield, and also the North Midland railways communicate with it ; 53 miles S.S. W. of York, and 1 63 N.N. W. of London. Long. 1.29. W. lat. 53. 20. N. Sheffield, a town of INIassachusetts, in Berkshire county; 145 miles W. by S. of Bos- ton. Pop. 2322. SnELBEviLLE, a town of KentucTvy, capital, of Shelby county, seated on Brashan's creek, 12 miles above its junction with Salt river. Shblbdknb, a town of Nova Scotia, at the head of a bay called Port Roseway. It extends two miles on the water side, and cno mile backward, with wide streets crossing each other at right angles. The harbour is deep, capacious, and secure. About a inila from Shelburne, and separated from it liy a small river is the Black town, peopled by about 1200 free blacks, who served on the royal side during the American war. Sbei- burno is 100 miles S.W. of Halifax. Loug. 65. 0. W. hit. 43. 46. N. Shella, a decayed town of Morocco, which none but Mohammedans are allowed to enter; 4 miles E. of Salle. Shellif, the largest river of Algier, which takes its rise in the desert, flows N. through the Lake Titeri, then turns to the W. and enters the Mediterranean to the N. of Mus- tagam. SiiELTON, a chapclry in the parish of Stokc- upon-Trent, Staffordshire. It lies on the Grand Junction railway, and the GiandTrunk canal, and encloses the village of Etruria. It has an elegant new church, and is indebted for its existence and prosperity to the Potteries; 2 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle-undcr-Lyne. Shepherd's Isles, a cluster of islands, part of the New Hebrides, in the South Pa- cific, to the S. of Malicolli. Long. 168. 42. £. lat. 16. 58. S. SHEriiEnDSTOWN, a town of Virginia, in Jefferson county, seated on the Potomac, at the influx of the Shenandoah ; 60 miles N.W. of Alexandria. Sheppy, an island in Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, separated from the main land by a branch of the Medway, called the East Swale. It yields plenty of corn, and feeds numerous flocks of sheep. It contains the borough of Queensborough and the fort of Sheerness. Shepton Mallet, a town in Somerset- shire; with a market on Friday, and a con- siderable manufacture in silks, crape, and velvet, and formerly of woollen cloth. It has a large handsome church, and meeting-houses for Methodists, Quakers, and Presbyterians, and a Roman Catholic chapel and convent. The town is seated under the Mendip hills; 1 7 miles S.W. of Bath, and 116 W. of London. Shbrbobne, a town in Dorsetshire; with markets on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, and manufactures of linen and silk. It was formerly a bishop's see, and the parish church, which was the cathedral, and in which are in- terred the Saxon kings Ethelbald and Ethel- bert, is a magnificent pile of building. For- merly here were two other churches, a castle, and an abbey, of which scarcely a vestige remains. Here are meeting-houses for dis- senters, a free-school, founded by Edward VI., and other charitable institutions. It is seated on the Parret; 16 miles N. by W. of Dorchester, and 116 W. by S. of London. Long. 2. 41. W. lat. 50. 54. N. Sherbro, a fort of Guinea, seated at the mouth of Sherbro river, which separates tha country of Sierra Leone from the Grain SHI 756 SHI oout. It belongs to tho English. It is 100 miles S.E. of the mouth of the river Sierra Leone. Long. 1 1. 0. W. lat, 7. 0. N. SuERBURN, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Friday, seated in a well cultivated and fertile district, famous for its fine orchards; 15 miles S.W. of York, and 184 N. by W. of London. Shbrdrooke, a town of Upper Canada, on the St. Francis river, and on the railway connecting Portland with Quebec and Mon> tre 1, 80 miles S. by W. of Quebec. Sheriff-hcir, a heath of Scotland, in Perthshire, near Dunblane, famous for a bloody but indecisive battle in 1715, between the roval army under the duke of Argyle, and the rebel forces under the earl of Mar. SiiERSEL, or CnERCHET.i.B, a town of Al- gier, in the province of Mascara, formerly of great importance. It is said to have been an- ciently destroyed by an earthquake, when the arsenal and many other buildings were pre- ci])itated into the harbour, the ruins being fttill visible at low water. It is built after the Moorish manner, and is famous for its pot- tery, and steel and iron manu'actures; 60 miles W. by S. of Algier. Long. 2. 48. E. lat. 32. 42. N. Shetland, or Zetland, the general name of about forty islands, besides a number of small holms or rocky islets used only for pasturage, lying 100 miles N.N.E. of Caith- ness-shire, in Scotland, between 59. Vt. and 60. 52. N. lat. The names of the prii'C'p:;! are Mainland, Ybll, Unst, Bressay, and Fula. The description given of the largest, or Mainland, will give an idea of the others; and the particulars of the climate, inhabi- tants, &e., are much the same as in the Okkneys. Shetland unites with Orkney in forming one of the counties of Scotland. SuBVAonNOA, a town of Hindostan, in My- sore; 25 miles N.W. of Bangalore. Shibah, a city of Arabia, capital of the pro- vince of Hadramaut, and the residence of a powerful sheik; 300 miles E. of Sana. Long. 49. 40. E. lat. 15. 25. N. Shields, North, a seaport in Northumber- land, with a market on Saturday, and a con- siderable trade in coal and salt. The town extends to Tjiiemouth on the E., and many elegant detached mansions are erected in the neighbour!] 3od. It has wide and airy streets in every direction, well paved, and lighted with gas. Besides the church, which is the parochial church of Tynemouth, here are 12 meeting-houses for dissenters and Catholics, and a Jews' synagogue; also several valuable charities, libraries, a mechanics' institute, and a theatre. This town, together with South Shields, may be deemed the port of New- castle; for the largest ve&sels are stationed here to take in their lading, which is brought down in barges and lighters. It is seated on the N. of- the Tyne, near its mouth, and is connected with Carlisle, &c , by a railway; 6 miles E. by N. of Newcastle, and 279 N. bjr W. of London, Long. 1. 4. W. lat. 64. 68. N. Shields, South, a borough in the county of Durham, with a market on Wednesday, scrtted on the river Tyne, opposite North Shields, with which place it enjoys all the advantages of trade and commerce, in com- mon with Newcastle. It consists principally of one narrow street, two miles in length, with an open square in the middle. Many trading vessels are built here, and it has several salt-works and glass-works. The church, situated on the S. side of the market- place, was rebuilt, except the steeple, in the years 1810-11, at an expense of more than 4000/. The other places of worship are four district churches, and also a handsome Scotch chapel, united secession chapel, and meeting-houses for Independents, Baptists, Wesleyan, New Connexion, and Primitive Methodists. The societies and institutions, several of which are of recent establishment, reflect great honour upon the inhabitants. It is to a society of gentlemen belonging.' to this town that tha life-boat owed its origin. A large dock has been constructed, and also the Stanhope and Tyne Railway for the con- venience of the coal trade. It returns one member to parliament, and is connected with Gateshead by the Brandling Junction rail- way; 22 miles N.N.W. of Durham, and 281 N. by W. of London. Shiftnal, a town in Shropshire; with a market on Friday. It has a handsome church, two meeting-houses, a grammar-school, a na- tional-school, and a subscription library; 11 miles N.E. of Bridgenorth, and 136 N.W. of London. Shin, Loch, a lake of Scotland; in the S part of Sutheriandshire; 15 miles long, and 2 broad. At its S.E. extremity issues the rapid river Shin, which flows into the head of the frith of Doi-noch. Sqipfensbdro, a town of Pennsylvania; in Cumberland county, on a branch of Cone- dogwinnet creek, which flows into the Sus- quehanna; 21 miles W.S.W. of Carlisle. Shipbton-on-Stodr, a town in a detached part of Worcestershire; surrounded by War wickshire, with a market on Friday, seated on the Stour; 14 miles W. of Banbury, and 83 N.W. of London. Shiras, or Shirauz, a city of Persia; capi- tal of Farsistan, seated at the end of a spa- cious plain, bounded on all sides by lofty mountains. It is surrounded by a wall 5 miles in circuit, with round towers at the distance of 80 paces. The city is built of brick, and adorned with many tine mosques and noble edifices. Here are many good bazars and caravanserais; also a manufacture of swords. This city was the seat of govern- ment under Kerim Khan, who erected many of the fine buildings in and near this place. In its vicinity are numerous 3ummer-hou8e8, with gardens; and the rich wines of Sliiras are deemed the best in all Persia. The tomb SIIR 756 SIA of the cdcbruteil poet Ilufiz is in a large garden on the N.I<;. side of the city, ahuut '2 miles from tlie wull ; and at ttie fuut of tlie mountains, in tlie sumo direction, i.s the tomb of Sudij 175 miles S. by E. of Ispahan. Top. 4U,000. Long. 52. 40. E. lat. 29. 37. N. iSiiiHE, a iurKu nuvitiaitle river of S. E. Africii, n tributary of the Zambezi. It is at present the ol)ject ot the explorations of the great traveller, Livingstone. SlllKVAN. Sea SCIIIKVAK. SnoGR, Djissr, a town of Syria, with an excellent caruvangerai, seated on the Asi; 18 m. S. by E.of Antioch, and 4 5 S.W. of Aleppo. SiiooMSKA, one of the Kurile islands, three leagues B. of Cape Lopiuka, in Kumstuhatka. Its inhabitants consist of a mixture of natives and Kumstehudales. Siiugteb's Hill, a village in Kent, situate on a hill so called, which atfords a very e.\- tenaive and delightful prospect. On the W. part of the hill is a tower, erected to com- memorate the reduction, in 1756, of Severn- droog, a strong fort in Hindostan: it is called Severndroog castle, and contains some of the arms, ornaments, &c., taken from the enemy; 8 miles E.S.E. of London. SaouEiiAM, a borou;;h in Sussex; with a market on Saturday. It sends two members to parliament. It is commonly called New Shorehara, to distinguish it from the Old, whicii lies near it, and is now of little account. It stands on an arm of the sea, the mouth of the Adur, which has been formed into a secure harbour, into which vessels can enter with the tide; and many small vessels are buil., here. It has a railroad to Brighton; 19 miles W.N. W.of Newhaven, and 56 S. by W. of London. Shrewsbury, a borough and the capital of Shropshire, governed by a mayor; with markets on Wednesday and Saturday, It sends two members to parliament. It is seated on a peninsula formed by the Severn, over which are two bridges, and is surrounded by a wall. Ilev wereformerlyacastleandabbey, both now in ruins. It contains 6 churches, a lloinun Catholiu chape), and meeting-houses for the various sects oi' dissenters. Here are 1 6 incorporated trading companies, it is con- nected by railway with Cliestcr, Hereford, Bir- mingham, London, &c. Shrewsbury is the chief mart for a course kind of woollen cloth, made in Montgomeryshire, called Welsh webs ; and for all sorts of Welsh commodities, which are generally bouglit in a rough state at Welshpool, and finished here. It is also famous for its excellent brawn and delicate cakes; and in the environs is a large manu- facture of coarse linens. Here is a free school founded by Edward VI., and afterwards re- built and more largely endowed by queen Elizabeth; also several charity-schools, and other benevolent institutions. In 1283, Ed- ward I. held a parliament here, when the lords sat in the castle, and the commons in a barn. Another parliament was held here in 1397, by Kichard II. In 1403 a battle was fought in the vicinity between Henry V. (then princo of Wales) and Henry Percy, nick-named Hotspur, in which the fatter was defeated and slain. James II. held his court here in IGH/; 40 miles S.S.E. of Chester, and 158 N.W. of London. Long. 2. 41. W. lat. 52. 4;i. N. Suiu;wsnuuv, a town of New Jersey, in Monmouth county, witlitwoedilices for public worship. It is a place of genteel resort in tiio summer months, seated near the sea-coastj 45 miles E. by N. of Trenton. Pop. 5917. SiiROPSiiiuE, or Salop, a county of Eiig- land ; 48 miles long, and 40 broad, bounded N. by Cheshire, and a detoched part of Flint- shire, E. by StalFordsliire, S.E. by Worcester- shire, S. by Herefordsl'.ire, S.W. by Iladnor- shire, and W. by the counties of Montgomery and Denbigh. It contains 858,240 acres, is divided into 15 hundreds and 170 parishes, has 4 boroughs and 14 other market-towns, and sends four members to parliament for the northern and southern divisions of the county. The soil is generally fruitful, especially in the N. and E. parts, which produce plenty of wheat and barley ; the S. and W. being mountainous, are less fertile, but yield sufficient pasture for sheep and cattle. This county abounds with lead, copper, iron, limestone, free-stone, ff Bonnal. The froiitii-rs of the kingdom" have viiried considerably nt diflfei^nt pcrioils, and its inbind lioundnrieH cannot be very nccurately defined. At prc- (sent it extends from lat. 4" to 21° N., or nearly 120n miles and from long. 96° to 102" E., or about SSO miles. It is composed of forty-one prDviiices, each governed by a pbajii, or functionary of the hi;;licst rank. The Snowy Mountains descend from tiio Ohinese province of Yunnan, and separate into two divisions, between which lies the fertile valley of Siam. The peaks rise to the height of 5000 or COCO feet. Siam pi-oper is a vast and fertile plain, chiefly watered by the Meinam river, which, like the Egyptian Nile, has its annual inundations, spreading fertility on its banks; but sometimes its floods cause great injury. According to the reports of travellers there are numerous towns and villages on its banks, N. of Bangkok, in- habited by different races of men. The river falls into the gulf, below Ban^rkok, 800 miles from its source. Ayuthia, or Juthia, the old capital, founded in 1351, was de- stroyed in 1751, when Bangkok became the royal residence. Ayuthia is now a region of ruins, hidden in the jungle; but a modern town, the second in the kingdom, has lately sprung up around it in a very fertile region, and contains 20,0(J0 or 30,000 inhabitants. The chief port of Siam is Paknam, at the mouth of the Meitian, 18 miles from Bang- kok. Ciiantaburi is the second port. Bang- kok is 30 miles from the sea by the windings of the river, and.contains 300,000 to 400,000 inhabitants. The population of the kingdom is estimated at about 6,000,000; the Siamese proper amounting to only about 1,900,000, and the Chinese to l,500,f'00. The soil pro- duces rice, cotton, and a variety of fruits. There are mines of gold, silver, tin, and copper; and abundance of pepper, aloes, ben- zoin, and musk. The inhabitants have large foreheads, little noses, plump lips, and black sparkling eyes. The temples and priests are very numerous ; the latter are distinguished from the laity by an orange-coloured gar- ment, and by keeping their heads, beards, and eyebrows closely shaved. They have schools for the education of their children, and scarcely any are lound among them who cannot read and write. This country has been much oppressed by the Birnians, to whom the king of Siam ceded the W. mari- time towns on the bay of Bengal, in 1793. SiAjr, or JcTiiu, or Atutiiia, a city, the former capital of the foregoing kingdom. It contains agreat number ot Buddhist temples, convents, columns, and other decorations. It is situate on an island in the river Meinan, 50 miles N. of its mouth, in the guK of Siam, and 360 S.E. of Pegu. Long. 100. 50. E., lat. 14. 18. N. SiANG-YANti, a city of China, of the first class, in the province of Ilou-quang, on the river ILui; 530 miles S.S.\V.of Peking. Lonjf. 111. 40. E. lat. 32. 5. N. SiASKoi, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Petersburg, near the Lake Ladoga; 24 miles N.E. of Now Ladogiu Long. 30. 47 E. lat. 60. 16. N. SniERiA, a large country, comprehending the northern part of the Russian empire in Asia. It is bounded on the E. by the Pacilio ocean, 8. by Great Tartary, \V. by European Russia, and N. by the Frozen ocean. It ex- tends 3500 miles in length, from E. to W., and 1200 in breadth, from N. to S. Area, 5,000,000 square miles, with a population of 2,000,000. The S. part produccH all the ne- cessaries of life, but the N. is extremely cold, almost uncultivated, and thin of people. The principal riches of this country consist of fine skins and furs; but there are also rich mines of iron and copper, and several kinds of precious stones, particularly topazes of a beautiful lustre, magnets of an extraordinary size, and even whole mountains of loadstone The inhabitants are of three sorts, Pagans, or the natives of the country, Muhamme oil, gums, &c. The colony is divided into 6 districts, and about 16 parishes. St. George, or Freetown, on the S. side of the estuary of the Sierra Leone river, is the capital. The pop. in 1839 amounted to about 42,000, all black or coloured, except about 100 Euro- peans. SiERR-V MoRBNA, mountains of Spain, di- viding Andalusia from Estremadura and New Castile, rendered famous by the wars of the diristians and Mohammedans, and for being the scene where Cervantes has placed tho most entertaining adventures of his hero. SioBTH. See ZiOET. SlGILHESSA. See SUGULHESSA. SiQMARiNGEN, a town of Germany, with a castle, which gives name to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern. It is seated on the Danube; 18 miles E.S.E. of Hohenzollern. SiGNA0, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Bern; 12 miles S.E. of Bern. SiGLUNA, a town of Sweden, in Upland) 10 miles N. of Stockholm. '■V. n !f. i "'""i; fl.KW."iK'w»nf ii.. I J I SIL 760 SIM ii _ SiQiTENZA, atown of Spain, in Guadalaxara, New Castile, and a bishup's see, with a eastic, in which is an arsenal. It had formerly a aniversity, consisting of several colleges. The most considerable strncturc is the cathe- dral. It is seated on a hill, at the foot of 1 lount Atienca; 65 miles N.E. of Madnd. Top, 5000. Long. 2. 51. W. lat. 40. 58. N. SiuoN, ft river. See Siru. SiKOK, a large and important island of Japan, 150 miles long, 70 miles broad, itrith a computed area of 20,000 square miles. SiLAGUTTA, a town of Hindostan, in My- sore, cel'ibrated for its kitchen - gardens. Coarse cotton cloths are made here, r'd some tobacco grows in the neighbourhood. It is 20 miles ILW. of Colar. SiLBERBiiRG, 8 Strong town of Prussian Silesia, 11 miles N.N.E. of Glatz. SiLCRESTER, a village in Ilampshire, once a celebrated city, and said to have been the place where Arthur was crowned. There are considerable remains of its walls and ditches, enclosing an area of 80 acres; and two mili- tary roads from the S. gate, one to Winches- ter, afid the other to Old Sarum. It is «. miles N. of Basingstoke. SijLESiA, a province of the Prussian states, formerly belonging to the kingdom of Bohe- mia. It is 200 miles lung, and 170 broad; bounded on the N. ' > Brandenburg, E. by Poland, S. by Moraviu, and W. by Bohemia, from which it is separated by a long chain of mountains: the highest, called Zotenburg, u in the principality of Schweidnitz There are mines of coal, lead, copper, and iron, and quarries of various stones, besides antimony, saltpetre, sulphur, alum, vitriol, quicksilver, agate, jasper, and even some gems. The principal rivers are the Oder, Bober, Neisse, Quels, and Oppa. The chief manufacture is linen cloth; there are also some woollen manufactures, potteries, iron-foundries, and glass-houses. In this country are a great number of cattle, large studs of horses, and plenty of game in tlie woods; also a few lynxes, boars, foxes, otters, and beavers. There are many lakes, full of pike, carp, and other pojd fish; also plenty oi' bees, which produce much honey and wax. Wheat, maize, barley, oats, millet, and in some places saffron, are cultivated ; but its wine is bad, and chiefly used for vinegar. Silesia was formerly di- vided into Upper and liOwer: the former comprising the S. part, where the inhabi- tants are generally Boman Catholics, and speak the Polish language: in the latter they are almost ail Protestants, and spcuk their mother 'ongue. The country of Glatz, and a portion of Lusatia, are now annexed to this province, which forms a military division aLng with Posen, and is divided into the governments of Brcslau, Liegiiitz, Oppeln, and Reichenbuch; containing together an area of 15,711 square miles, and a popula- tion of 2,645,166. This country was ceded to the king of Prubsiu, iu 1742, by the treaty of Breslau. In IPn? it was overrun by the French, but vas restored to Prussia at the peace of Tilsit. Breslau is the capital, SiLiiET, a town of Bengal, capital of a dis- trict of the same name, seated on the Soormu, 120 miles from Dacca. The district is sepa- rated from Assam by a range of mountains, and is bounded on the otliei sides by Mii- neepoor, Burmah, and Tippcrah. Coal has been found in the lower hills, and it exports rice, oranges, and lemons. It belongs to ths British, and contains an area of 286 1 square miles, arid a population of 492,945. Tlio town is agreeably situated, and, from its cool situation, has been used as a sanative station by the inhabitants of Calcutta; 325 travelling miles distant. SiLisTRi A, or Dristka, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx of the Missovo, 155 miles N.N. E.of Adrianople. Pop. 20,000. Long. 2" 6. £.lat.44. I5.N. SiLKEBiTRO, a to\. . narrow sea called the strait of Sincapour. It has ft town of the same name. It was ceded to the British in 1824, and was made a depot for ships passing to China, &c., and in 5 years became a seat of commerce and Eopulation almost unexampled for increase. t is inhabited by Chinese emigrants, and lips a safe harbour. Long. 103. 15. E. lat. 1.10. N. SiNDB, a river of Asia. See Indus. SiNDB, a province of Hindostan, bounded on the W. by Persia, N. by the territories of the king of Kandahar, N.B. by those of the Seiks, E. by a sandy desert, and S. by Cutch. It extends along the course of the Indus, from its mout'i to the frontiers of Moultan, 300 miles; and its breadth in the ./idest part is 160. In soil and climate, and the general appearance of the surface, it resembles Egypt — the country being an extended valley, con- fined on one side by a ridge of mountains, and on the other by a desert, and the Indus, equal at least to the Nile, winding thronj^h the midst of this level valley, and enriching it by its annual inundations. During great part of the S.W. monsoon, or at least in Ju'v, August, and part of September, (the rainy season in most other parts of India,) the at- raospher'^ is here generally clouded ; but no rain fal's. sxcept near the sea. ij.v.ug to this, anu ^he neighbourhood of the sandy de- aertu on the £. and on the N.W., the heats are so violent, and the winds from those quar- ters so peri) cious, that the houses are con- trived so as to be occasionally ventilated by apertures on the top, resembling the funnels of small chimneys. When the hot winds pre- vail, the windows are closely shut, excluding the hottest current of air, and a cooler part descends into the house through the funnels. By this means are also excluded vast clouds of dust, the entrance of which would alone bo sufficient to render the houses uninhabitable. The roofs are composed of thick layers of earth instead of terraces. Few countries are more '-.nwholesome to European constitutions, particularly the lower part, called the Delta. The Hindoos, who were the original inhabi- tants of Sinde, have been treated with great rigour by the Mohammedan governors, and vast numbers have in consequence retired into other countries. The inland parts of Sinue produce saltpetre, sal ammoniac, borax, bezoar, lapis lazuli, and raw silk. Here are manufactures of cotton and silk of various hinds; and also of fine cabinets, inlaid witii ivory, and finely lacquered. Great quantities of butter are exported, which is clarified and wrapt up in duppas, made of the hides of cattle. Here are large beeves, fine sheep, and small hardy horses. The wild game are deer, hares, antelopes, and foxes, which aro hunted with dogs; also leopards, and a small fierce creature called a shiahgush. This pro- vince was governed by three chiefs, called ameers, tributary to the sultan of Kandahar. But these were df.throned by the British under Sir Charles Napier, when the whole country became subject to British domination. The area is about 24,000 square miles, with a population of not above 1,000,000. SiNDELFiNGEN, a towu of Germany, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, 10 miles S.S.W. of Stutgard. Sines, a town of Portugal, in Alentcjo, on a cape to which it gives name; 74 miles S.W. of Evora. Long. 8. 46. W. lat. 37. 68. N. SiNQ, a strong town of Austrian Dalmatia; built by the Turks in opposition to Clissa, and taken by the Venetians, in 1686. It is 8 miles N. of Clissa, and 14 of Spalatro. SiNa-siNG, a town of Westchester county, state of NewYoi i. It stands on elevated uneven ground, with four landing places for steam- boats. The Croton aqueduct bridge is an object of great interest. There are large quarries of fine marble, which are chieriy worked by the convicts in the state prison which is located here. It is considered as a model for such structures, and has 1000 cells. A separate building of marble is set apart for female convict •. SiN-oAN, £. ■ of China, in the province of Chen-si, and o!u of the largest and most beau- tiful in the empire. The walls are twelve milea in circuit, nearly a square, and surrounded by a deep ditch ; they are well fortified with towers, and some of the gates aro very lofty and magnificent. It has a great trade, espe* SIP m SIS , cially in mules, which are bred up in great numbers and sent to Peking. Here is a strong garrison of Tartars in a separate part of the city, from which it is parted by a strong wall. It is 540 miles S.W. of Peking. Long. 108. 44. E. lat. 33. 16. N. SiMOiLiEF, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Simbirsk, situate on the Volga; 24 miles S. of Simbirsk. SiNQOB, atown in the peninsula of Malacca, seated at the mouth of a small river, in the bay of Patani. Long. 101. 25. E. lat. 6. 40. N. SiNioAOi.iA, a strong seaport of Italy; in the duchy of Urbino, with a castle and two harbours. It is the see of a bishop, and con- tains several fine churches and convents, and a mint. An annual fair is held here from the middle to the end of July, frequented by mer- chants from distant parts. It stands at the mouth of the Nigola, in the gulf of Venice; 17 milesS.E. ofPesaro. Pop. 7000. Long. 13. 15. E. lat. 43. 43. N. Si-NiNO, a city of China, of the second rank, in the western extremity of the province of Ghen-si. It has a considerable trade with the Tibetians, particularly in tea. It is 450 miles W.N.W. of Singan. Long. 101. 35. E. lat. 36. 45. N. SiNUB, or SiNOPE, a seaport of Asiatic Tur- key, in Natolia; surrounded by walls -^nd double ramparts, but the castle is much ne- glected. Diogenes, the cynic philosopher, was born here. It is seated on the isthmus of a peninsula, in the Black Sea; 280 m. E. of Con- stantinople. During the Russian war, 1854, a Turkish squadron was attacked and destroyed liere by the Russian fleet, in a cruel and wan- ton manner. Long. 33.55. £. lat. 41. 5. N. SiON, a mountain of Palestine, on the S. side of Jerusalem ; of great celebrity in sacred history. See Jbrcsaleh. SiON, or SiTTEN, a town cf Switzerland, capital of Valais, and an episcopal see. It is situate on the river Sitten, near the Rhone, at the foot of three insulated rocks, which rise immediately from the plain. On the highest, called Tourbillon, is the old deserted episcopal palace; on the second, denominated Valeria, are the remains of the old cathedral, and a few houses belonging to the canons; on Majoria, the third rock, stands the present episcopal palace. Sion was formerly the capital of the Seduni, and some Roman in- scriptions still remain. It is 56 miles E. of Geneva. Pop. 5000. Long.7.22.E.lat.46.9.N. SiouT, or Es Sight, atown of Egypt, which has several mosques, and is the see of a Coptic bishop. It is surrounded by fine gardens, and E aim-trees that bear the best dates in Egypt, [ere are the ruins of an amphitheatre, and ■ome sepulchres, of the Romans. The place is the rendezvous of those who go in the caravan to Sennaar, in Nubia. It stands on an artificial mount; 2 miles from the Nile, and 185 S. of Cairo. Long. 31. 24. E. lat. 27. 25. N. SiFHAMio, the ancient Siphnos, one of the best cultivated islands of the Orecian Archi- pelago, situate W. of Pa;-os. It is 36 miles in circumferenae, and, tl.ough covered with, marble and granite, produces corn sufficient for its inhabitants; also olives, vines, figs, cotton, and excellent silk, but not in any con- siderable quantity. The chief articles of com- merce are calicoes, straw hats, fi^s, onions, honey, wax, oil, and capers. Long. 25. 15. E. lat. 37. 9. N. Sir Charles Hard? Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, discovered by Captain Car teret in 1767. It is low, level, and coveied with wood. Long. 154. 20. E. lat. 4. 41. S. SiRA. See Seka. SiRADiA, a town of Prussian Poland, with a strong castle. It is surrounded by a wall, and seated in a plain, on the river Warta, 62 miles N.F. of Breslau, and 103 N.W. of Cra- cow. Long. 18. 55. E. lat. 51. 32. N. SiRAF, a town of Persia, in the province of Laristan, situate on the Persian gulf, 30 miles S,W. of Lar. Long. 43. 23. E. lat. 35. 20. N. SiRAVAN, a town of Persia, in Kusistan, 48 miles N.N.E. of Suster. Sire, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, famous for a manufacture of coarse cotton cloths. It is 40 miles W. of Axum, and 100 W.N.W. of Auzen. SiROAM. See Kerman. SiRiiiND, a city of Hiudostan, capital of a country of the same name, in the province of Delhi. Procopius takes notice that in the time of Justinian (the sixth century) silk was brought from Serinda, a country in India. It is 175 miles N.W. of Delhi. Long. 75. 35. E. lat. 30. 16. N. SiRiAM, a seaport of Pegu; frequented by the French, English, and Dutch. It is seated on Pegu river, 30 miles from its mouth, and 80S. of Pegu. Long. 96. 12.E. lat. 16.32.N. SiRiNAGHUR. See Cashmere. SiRius, an island in the South Pacific, about 18 miles in circuit; discovered by Lieutenant Ball in 1790. Long. 162.30. E. lat. 10.. 52. S. SiRUiCH, or SiRMiUM, a town of Sclavonia; and a bishop's sec; seated on the Bosworth, near the Save; 42 miles S.E of Essck. Long. 20. 19. E. lat. 45. 13. N. SmowT, a town of Klndostan, in a district of the same name, in Agimere ; seated near the Puddar ; 70 miles S.W. of Agimere. Long. 74.27. E. lat. 26. l.N. SiRPY, a town and fort of Hindostan, in Mysore; 14 miles N. of Sera, and 37 S.E. of Chittledroog. SiRR, or SiHON, a river of Independent Tartary (the ancient Jaxartes), which issues from the mountains of Imnus, or Belur, on the confines of Cashgur, and taking a N.W. course of about 550 miles, enters the N.b, l»art of the lake Aral. It formerly flowed to the Caspian sea, but the Tartars, to free them- selves from pirates, turned its course. Sisal, one of the principal seaports of the republic of Yucatan, seated on its N.W. coast in lat. 21. 10. N. long. 90. 3, W. It may b« considered as the pc but is otherwise uni SisizAN, a seapor ^onia, one of the I gituate almost oppc vicinity of very high the air extremely r lat. 14. 20. N. SissAC. a town of ton of Basel, 17 mil SiSSEK, or Sl8ZE( Austrian states, in Ci at the influx of the K itadt. Long. 16. 56 Sis80POLi,atown bishop's see, seated Black sea, 25 miles 28. 9. E. lat. 42. 30. SisTERON, a town of Lower Alps, with rock, which was the j of Poland. It is se miles N.E. of Aix,ai 4000. Long. 5. 56. SisTOVA, a town o was concluded betv Turks in 1791. It i 25 miles E. of Nico] SiTiA, a town on I Candia, on a bay of E.S.E.ofCandia. L( SiTTARD, a town c province of Limburj 12 miles N. of Macs SlTTINGBOURNB, i W.N.W. of Canterl London. SimvAOCA, a vili place of intercourse and their European of Colombo. SivACHE, or PCTI E. side of the Crime of Azoffby a narrow land, 70 miles in lei regular figure, and i covered at times, bu extent of mud, cmitti exhalations. SivAS, a city of A a bishop, with a en theatre of the great and Bajazet, in whi defeated and taken W.S.W.ofErzerum Long. 38. 40. E lat SiVRAY, or CiVR, partmcnt of Vienne 27 miles S. of Poit'i SiVKY, a town c with 2500 inhabiti Charleroi. SiwAH, a territori of Egypt and Bare cients under the nan The fertile part is a fereaco, containing ■I««*p« SIW 763 SKI considered as the port of Merida, the capital, but is otherwise unimportant. SisizAN, a seaport on the £. coast of Lu- eonia, one of the Philippine islands. It is lituate almost opposite Ikfanilla, and in the vicinity of very high mountains, which render the air extremely moist. Long. 123. 45. £. lot. 14. 20. N. SissAC. a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Basel, 17 miles S.E. of Basel. SissEK, or SiszEO, a strong town of the Austrian states, in Croatia, situate on the Save, at the influx of the Kulpa, 40 miles E. of Carl- itadt. Long. 16. 56. E. lat. 45. 33. N. SissoroLi, a town of Romania, and an arch- bishop's see, seated on a peninsula of the Blacit sea, 25 miles S. of Mesembria. Long. 28. 9. E. lat. 42. 30. N. SisTESON, a town of France, department of Lower Alps, with a citadel on the top of a rock, which was the prison of Casimir V. king of Poland. It is seated on the Durance, 45 miles N.E. of Aix, and 407 S.E. of Paris. Pop. 4000. Long. 5. 56. E. lat. 44. 12. N. SiSTOVA, a town of Bulgaria, where a peace was concluded between the Austrians and Turks in 1791. It is seated on the Danube, 25 miles E. of Nicopoli. Pop. 20,000. SiTiA, a town on the N. coast of the isle of Cnndia, on a bay of the same name, 58 miles E.S.E. of Candia. Long. 26. 29. E. lat. 35. 0. N. SiTTAKD, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg, seated near the Meuse, 12 miles N. of Maestricht. SiTTiNGBOURNB, a towu in Kent, 15 miles W.N.W, of Canterbury, and 40 E.S.E. of London. SiTTivAOCA, a village of Ceylon, the chief place of intercourse between the Candians and their European neighbours, 28 miles E. of Colombo. SivACHB, or PcTRiD Sea, a lagoon on the £. side of the Crimea, separated from the sea of Azoff by a narrow straight tongue of sandy land, 70 miles in length. It is of a most ir- regular figure, and is very shallow. It is all covered at times, but at others ihows a large cxtentofmud, emitting noisomcaud unhealthy exhalations. SivAS, a city of Asia Minor, and the see of a bishop, with a castle. It is noted as the theatre of the great contest between Timur and Bajazct, in which the latter was finally defeated and taken prisoner. It is 180 miles W.S,VV.ofErzerum,and210E.N.E.ofCogni. Long. 38. 40. E lat. 38. 35. N. SiVRAY, or CiVRAY, a town of France, de- partment of Vienne, seated on the Charentc, 27 miles S. of Poit'ers. SiVRY, a town of Belgium, in Hainault, with 2500 inhabitants; 18 miles S.W. of Charleroi. SiWAH, a territory of Africa, on the confines of Egypt and Barca; mentioned by the an- cients under the name of the Oasis of Ammon. The fertile part is about 20 miles in circum- fercaco, containing sevci-al villages, besides [ the capital. It afibrds abundance of vegetable productions, with corn and oil, and is well supplied with water from small streams, but none of them flow beyond its territory, being either evaporated before they reach the sur- ri)unding desert, or lost in the sterile sand. Pop. 8000. The capital, of the same name, contains the ruins of the celebrated temple of Jupiter Ammon; and in the neighbourhood are many catacombs, which were the burying places of the ancient inhabitants. It is the theatre of considerable trade, being situate on the great caravan route ; 220 miles E. of Augila, and 280 W. by S. of Cairo. Pop. about 2500. Long. 27. 10. E. lat. 29. 12 N. Six Nations, or Iroquois, a confederacy of American Indians; comprising the Mo- hawks, Gayugas, Oneidas, Onondagas, Line- cas, and Tuscarawas. Skara, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- land, a bishop's see, and formerly the capital of the kingdom of Gothland. It was totally destroyed by fire in 1710. The ruins of several churches and convents are still to be seen, and it has a college, a botanical garden, a medical school, and a large cathedral. It is seated on the Lida, in a morass, 77 miles N. E. of Gotheburg. Long. 14. 0. £. lat. 58. 1 6. N. Skeen, a town of Norway, in the govern- ment of Aggerhuys; noted for its mines of iron and copper; seated near a lake, 26 miles S.W. of Kongsburg. Skeneateles, a town of New York at the foot of Skeneateles lake; pleasantly situated. It has a branch railroad to the Auburn and Syracuse railroad. Pop. 1400. South Amboy, a town of New .Tersey, on the Raritan ■ ^'<>r, at the head of Raritan bay. The Camd' ml Amboy railroad terminates here, and i.s i inectcd by a steamboat line with New York. Pop. 182"! . Skenectady, pro|)(:rIy s juENECTAnY, a city of New York; capiiui of a county of its name. Here are nine churchi -, and a semi nary incorporated in 1794, called Union Col- lege, from its being established by various denominations of Christians; and now one of the chief institutions of the kind in the 'ate. It has a considerable trade with the i ack country, and stands on the W. side i the Mohawk river, above the falls; 16 miles N. W. of Albany; with which it is connected by a railway. Pop. in 1840, 6784. Skiubekeen, a town of Ireland, in tho county of Cork; 219 miles from Dublin, is ill-built, but is flourishing, and has a consi- derable trade in yarn and coarse linens. Ski DDAW, a mountain in Cumberland, near Keswick; 3166 feet in perpendicular height from the surface of the lake Derwentwater, to the N. of which it is situate. It is not difficult of access, and is almost covered with grass, which gradually grows coarser in the ascent. The whole top is covered with a loose brown slaty stone. Skilskder, a town of Denmark in the island of Zealand; lituate on a bay of the SLA 764 SLO Qreat Belt; 52 miles S.W. of Copenhagen. Long. 11. 27. J3. lat. 55. 16. N. Skipton, a town in W. Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It has a spacious church, three meeting-houses, a free granimar-scliool, and two national schools. The river Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool canal pass through the town, and near it are some cotton works. It is seated in the midst of a rough mountain- ous district, called Craven, well adapted to the grazing and feeding of cattle. It is 22 miles N. by W. of Halifax, and 211 N.N.W. of London. Skye, an island of Scotland, one of the largest of tlie Hebrides, being 54 miles long, and from 3 to 30 broad, containing 350,000 acres. The S.E. end is separated from Inver- ness-shire (to which it belongs) by a cliannel called the Inner Sound, in the narrowest part of which, named the Kyle, cattle arc made to swim across. This side of the island swells gradually from tiie shore, in a verdant slope, over which are seen the naked hills of Strath ; and above these rises the rugged top of Cullin or Cucliullin. Towards tiie S.W. are rude mountains, black and red, as if discoloured by fire; and on the E. a long extent of lofty hillS. There is, nothwithstanding, agreat portion of level ground, witli excellent pasturage; and it has numbers of deer and different kinds of game. It abounds with limestone, marble, iScc, hut the basaltic columns, resembling the (iuiiii's Causeway in Ireland, are its greatest curiosity. A cave in this island afforded an asylum, in 1746, to the disappointed Pre- tender and his faittiful guide, for two nights. Many thousands of beeves ;md sheep are an- nually exported hence. Some small horses are bred, and a great quantity of kelp is manu- factured here. Portree is the principal town. The S. extremity is a peninsula, terminating in a rugged promontory, called the Point of Slate. Long. 6. 12. W. lat. 57. 12. N. Slagelsb, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand; 45 miles W.S.W.ofCopen- hagen. Slagubn, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Wipper; 10 miles E. by S. ot Bugenwald. Slaithwaitb, a village in W. Yorkshire, on the Huddersfield canal; which has manu- lactures of the various Manchester goods. It is 5 miles S.W. of Huddersfield. Slanb, a town in Ireland, in the county of Meath; 38 miles from Dublin. It is a hand- Bome and well-built town, with a magnificent castle, the seat of the Marquis of Conyngham. Slatina, a town of European Turkey, in Wahwihia, on the river Alaut; 50 miles W. of Bucharest. Slatb Coast, a name given to a maritime tract of Guinea, between the Gold coast and Benin, comprehending the kingdoms of Ar- dra, Popo, and Wiiidah. Slave Lakk, a lake of North America, 250 miles in length from E. to W., and 60 to 100 in vridth. It is full of wooded islands, and its outlet ut the W. extremitv, in long. I la 30. W. lat. 61. CO. N., flows N.W. into the Arctic ocean. SlAVONIA. SiB SCLAVONIA. Slbaford, New, a town in Lincolnshire with a market on Monday. It is a well-built and flourishing town, and contains a hand- some Gothic church, thrci meeting-houses, and an hospital. It had lormerly a ensile, now destroyed. It is seated on the Slca, which is navigable hence to the Witham. It is 18 miles S.iS.E. of Lincoln, and 115 N.N. W. of London. The hamlet of Old Sleaf'oid is about a mile distant. Sleswick, a ducliy of the Danish domi- nions, bounded N. by Jutland, S. by Ilolsteiu, and E. and W, by the sea. It is about 72 miles long, and from 30 to 56 broad. Area, 3,600 sq. m. Pop. .362.900 in 1845. Having no mountains, and few elevations entitled to tlie name of hills, most parts of it are fit for tillage. The products are wheat, barky, oats, rye, hemp, flax, &e. It lias good pasture, on which are bred horses and horned cattle. Woollen and linen are the chief manufac- tures, which fxre carried on, not in collective establishments, but in the cottages of the manufacturer. Fishing forms a considerable occupatioTi on the coast, as well as in the arms of the sea. See Denmark. Sleswiok, the capital of the foregoing duchy, is a long irregular town. The houses are chiefly of wood, and few are more tli.iii one storey high, but very neat. The inhabi- tants dress like the Dutch, and many of them speak their tongue, though theusUal langu.nges are the German and Danish. The buildings most worthy of notice are the cathedral, with its altar and the monuments of the princes, the five churches, the town-house, the orphan- house, and the nunnery of St. John. Near the city is the old ducal palace of Gottorp. Sleswick has manufactures of refined sugar, earthenware, leather, and sail-cloth. It is situate on the N. side of an arm of the Baltic, called the Sley; 60 miles N.W. of Lubec, and 125 S.W. of Copenhagen. Pop. 7000. Long. 9.40.E. lat. 54. 35. N. Slioo, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught; 39 miles long, and nearly as many broad; bounded on the E. by Lcitrini, S.E. by Roscommon, S.W. and W. by Mayo, and N. by the Atlantic. It is divided into 39 parishes, contains about 260 square miles, and sends two members to parliament. The soil is in general fertile, but rather boggy to- wards the coast. Slioo, a borough of Ireland, sending one member to pari i amen t ; capital of the preceding county, and place of considerable trade; seated near the mouth of a river which flows from Lough 'I ill into the bay of Sligo; 42 miles N. by W. of Roscommon, and 100 N. W. of Dublin. Long. 9. 1 8. W. lat. 54. 1 5. N. Slonij , a town of Russian Lithuania, in the government of Grodno, with f) castle; seated on the Sezraa* 40 miles B. W. of No- SMO 765 SNA vogrodcck, and 60 S.E. of Grodno. Long. 24. 57. E. Int. 53. 0. N. Sloten a fortified town of the Netherlands, in FiieslanJ; seated on the rivulet Ee, which flows into the Zuyiler Zee; 8 miles E. of Staveren, and 20 S.S.W. ofLewarden. Slough, a villafrc in the parishes of Stoke Pogis and Upton, Buckinghamshire, princi- pally noted as being one of tiie chief stations of the Great Western railway, 2j miles from Windsor, and as the residence of the late Sir AVilliam Herschel. Sluck, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the government of Minsk, with three Greek churches; seated on the river Sluck, 52 miles S. of Minsk. Long. 27. 54. E. lat. 52. 30. N. Si-UTS, a town of Belgium, in Flanders; opposite the island of Cadsand ; with a good harbour. It has its name from its fine sluices, by which the whole country may be laid un- der water. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1587, retaken by the Dutch in 1604, and taken by the French in 1794. It is 10 miles N. of Bruges. Long. 3. 2 5. E. lat. 5 1 . 1 9. N. Smaland, a province of Sweden, in Goth- land; lying between the Baltic and the pro- vince of Halland. Its area is 7750 square miles; its population is 315,000. It is well watered, both by rivers and lakes, but great part of it consists of marshes, heaths, and barren rocks. In some parts are immense forests of pine and fir; and the approach to the villages is announced by groves of oak, beech, and birch, and numerous plots of arable. Calinar is the capital. Smalkalden, a town of Germany, In a dis- trict of its name, belonging to Hcsse-Cassel. It is famous for the league entered into by the Lutherans, against the emjjeror, in 1531, to defend their religion and liberties. It has a fine castle on a mountain, and in the vicinity arc salt-pits and mines of iron. It stands on a river of the same name, which flows into the Werra; 25 miles S.W. of Erfurt, and 56 of Ilesse-Cassel. Long. 10. 47. E. lat. 50. 45. N. SMiTiiFiiiLD, a town of Virginia, in isle of Wight county, seated on Pagal creek, whicli flows into James river, 83 miles S.E. of Richmond. Smithfield, a town of North Carolina; capital of Johnstone county; seated on tiic river Neus, in a beautiful plain; 25 miles S.E. of Raleigh, and 70 W.N.W. of Newborn. It is also the name of several townships of the United States. Smitutowm, a town of the state of New York, in Sulfolk county; on the N. side of Long Island ; 52 miles E. by N. of New York. SMirHviLLB, a town of North Carolina, in Brunswick county; seated near the mouth of Capo Fear river; 25 miles S.S.W. of Wil- mington. Long. 78. 30. W. lat. 33. 50. N. Smolensko, a government of Russia, on the frontiers of Lithuania. After having been an object of contention, and reciprocally possessed by Poland and Russia, it was con- quered by Alexay Michaelovitch, in 1654, and ceded to Russia by the peace of Moscow, in 1666. It contains an area of 21,400 square miles, with 1,050,000 inhabitants; and is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. Horses, black cattle, and sheep are numerous The prin- cipal rivers are tiie Duna, Dnieper, Desiia, Sosha, Kasplia, and Viasma. Smolensk, a city of Russia, capital of the foregoing government, is situate on the Dnie- per, and extends over two mountains and the valley between them. It is surrounded by walls 30 feet high, and 15 thick, the lower part of stone, the upper of brick, and their circumference 4 miles and tl>ree quarters. The houses are mostly of wood, and only one storey high, except a few, scattered here and there, which are dignified with the title of palaces. The city is divided, through its whole length, by cac straight paved street; the others are circular, and floored witii planks. The cathedral stands on an emi- nence, where there is a view of tiie whole city, "Notwithstanding its extent, it contains only about 10,000 inhabitants, and has no con- siderable manufactures, but carries on, witli Dantzic, Riga, and the Ukraine, a traffic in linen, hemp, honey, wax, leather, furs, &c. In 1812 several severe engagements were fought in the neighbourhood of this city, between the French and Russian armies, in one of which it sustained a bombardment, which destroyed most of the buildings. It is 197 miles S.E. of Novogorod, and 235 W.S.W. of Moscow. Long. 32. 13. E. lat. 54 47. N. Smynhusen, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein; 16 miles W. of Rei? burg. Smyrna, ase.iport of Asia Minor, and ona of the largest and richestcities of the Levant. The goodness of the harbour has caused it to be rebuilt several times, after having been destroyed by earthquakes. It is the rendez- vous of merchants from almost all parts of the world, and the magazine of their merchan- dise. The population is computed at from 120,000 to 150,000 persons. The streets are more open, better paved, and the houses better built, than in any other towns on the continent. The street of the Franks is the finest in Smyrna, and lies all along the har- bour. The imports from England consist of woollen cloths, camlets, lead, tin, and hard- ware; these are exchanged for cotton, collee, mohair, drugs, galls, raisins, figs, &c. The English and Dutch consuls have Protestant chapels, and taverns are as open here as in Europe. The fortifications consist of a fort, a casfle, a mountain, and an old citadel. Smyrna is eight days' journey from Constan- tinople by land; 25 days from Aleppo by the caravans; six from Konieh,scven from Cataya, and six from Satalia. It is seated at the head of a largo bay; 190 miles S.S.W. of Constantinople. Long. 27. /. E. lat. 38. 28. N. Snaith, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Friday -, seated on a gentle de- soc 706 SOC clivlty on the S. bank of tlio Ayre, 5 miles from its conflucnco with the Ousc; 20 miles S. of York, and 175 N, by W. of London. Sncok, or Snitz, u fortified town of the Netherlands, in Friesliind, seated on a lake of the same name, in marshy land; 12 miles S.8.VV. of Lewarden. Snuiknk, a town of Prussia, in the province oflrac; 57 miles W.N. W. of Amadun, U.NtATiN, u town of Austrian Gaiicia, on tlic river Pruth; 28 miles VV. of Czernowitz. Long. 22. 50. E. lat. 48. 33. N. Snowdkn, a mountain of Wales, in the centre of Caernarvonshire, and the most noted in the whole region of tlie Welsh hills. It has sevui'al craggy summits, deep dells, moors, and chasms ; also two hikes that abound with fish, particularly the char and the guiniard. The height of this mountain, from the quay of Caernarvon to its highest peak, is 3658 feet. It was held sacred by tlte ancient Itritons, as I'urnassus was by the Greeks. Pieces of lava, and groups of columnar stones, of vast size, have been found lying in all directions on the summit of this mountain, wiiich commands a delightful and extensive view. In a clear day, and when the mountain is free from clouds, a part of Ireland and of Scotland, the isle of Man, the mountains of Westmoreland and Cumberland, parts of Lancashire and Cheshire, and all North Wales., the Irish and British seas, and a vast number of lakes, may be seen from its summit, Snowuill, a town of Maryland, capital of Worcester county, which has considerable trade, situate on thePukomoke, which enters 12 miles below into the Chesapeake; 30 miles S.E. of Vienna. Long. 75 40. W. lat. 38.8. N. SoANB, a river of Ilindostan, which issues from a lake on the S. confines of Allahabad, the same that is the source of the Nerbuddu, and, liowing in an opposite direction to that river, enters the Ganges above Patna. Soar, a river in Leicestershire, which rises from two sources in the S.W. part of the county, flows by Leicester and Mountsorrel, passes a little to the E. and N. of Lough- borough, and then separates this county from Nottinghamshire to its entrance into the Trent. SuuEiftXiiEiM, a town of Prussia, in the province of Lower llliine, seated on the Nalie; 11 miles W. by S. of Creut/.nacli. SouiGSLAU, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Uccliin, with good cloth manu- factures; 12 miles E.S.E. of Bechin. SoBuTKA, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of BuntzldU; situate 8 miles E. by N. of Jung Uuntzlau. SuciKTY Isles, islands in the South Pacific ocean, discovered by Cook in 1769; situate between 150. 57. and 152.0. W. long., and 16. 10. and 16. 55. S. lat. They are seven in number ; namely, lluaheine, Raiatca, Tahaa, Borabora, Maurua, Tubuai, and Sir C Saunders' island. The soil, productions, Sic, are nearly the same as at Otahcito. Nature has been C(|ually bountiful in un- cultivated plenty, and the inhabitants arc us luxurious and as indolent. They are gene- rally above the middle stature; but their limbs a. T less muscular and firm thini those of the Sandwich islanders, whom in many respects they resemble. Though more rohiist than the Maniuesuns, they are inf jrior in siu) and physical power to the New Zualuniiurs. In person thev resemble the Frieinlly is- landers as much as any others in the I'ucidc. Their limbs are well formed, and they iiru generally active in their movements, gracelul and stately in their gait, and perfectly un- embarrassed in their address. 'J'hey an.' remarkably curious and inquisitive, anil, compared with other Polynesian nations. may be said to possess consiileruhio ingenuity' and mechanical skill. Totally unaeiiuuinteil, till recently, with the use of letters, tlieir minds could not be improved by any regular or continued culture; yet tiie ilistingui.sliing features of their civil polity, the imposing nature, numerous observances, and divcrsilic d ramifications of their mythology, the legends of their gods, the historical songs of their bards, the beautiful, figurative, and iinpaH- sioned eloquence sometimes displayed in their national assemblies, and above all, the copi- ousness, variety, precision, and purity of their language, together with their extensive use of numbers, warranted the conclusion that they possessed no contemptible mental capacities. This conclusion has been abun- dantly confirmed since the establishment of schools and the introduction of letters. Mnl- titudes, who were upwards of 30 or 40 yiiars of age when they commenced with the alpha- bet, have in 12 months learned to read distinctly in the New Testament, largo jMjr- tions of which some of them have in a short period committed to memory. The mis- sionaries, who for a long time laboured in these islands amidst discouragements and disappointments, have at length witnessed thecompleteabandonment of idolatry. Chris- tianity is now universally professed, and the moral character of the people has been raised by it to a high degree of excellence. It is stated that in 1829 not fewer than 10,000 persons had learned to read the scriptures. SocoNusco, a province of Guatinuila, 88 miles long, and nearly as many broad ; bound- ed on the N. by Chiapas, E. by Guatimala, S. by the Pacific ocean, and W. by Guaxaca. The soil is not very fertile, and, being shel- tered from the N. winds by high mountains, the air is exceedingly hot and uuhealthy. SocoNUSoo, or Guevetlan, the capital cf the foregoing province, is seated on a small river, near the Pacific ocean; 460 miles 8,10. of Mexico. SocoTOKA, or .SocoTKA, au island in tlie Indian ocean, lying about 45 leagues from Cape Gardefai), on the coast of Africa. It it 80 miles long, and 23 broad, alwunds in fruit iind cattle, and is particularly noted for it« SOG 767 SOL fino alocR, known by tho name of Socotrino iiloos. Tlie natives arecliicfly Mohammeduns, Hiiil nro governed at present hy tho Sultan of Kissuen. The English offered to purchase the KovtroiKnty of tiie island, in order to form an establishment for tho service of the steam navigation of the Itcd sea, but were unsuc- cessful. This was prior to our capture of Ar()vince of Allahabad ; 130 miles S. of Allahabad. Long. 81. 52. B. lat. 23. 30. N. SoiiAH, a town in Cambridgeshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on a fen of tho same name, near Solium mere, which formerly occupiedlOOOacresof land, but i.s now drained by a steam engine; 5 miles S.E. of Ely, and 70 N. by E. of London. Soiio, a village in Statfordshire, 2 miles N. W. of Birmingham. It was founded by Mr. Roulton, for tho manufacture of every article common to the Birmingham trade, tho plated ware, usually made at Sheffield, and of elegant pieces of silver, both light and massive. Here are also made the improved steam-engines now adopted in numerous con- cerns throughout the khigdom. In 1797 an apparatus for the coinage of copjier was em- ployed here by government, and tho Bank of England dollars were also stamped at this mint. SoiONiES, a town of Belgium, in ilainault, near a forest of its name, on the river Senne; 8 miles N.N.E. oi' Mons. Pop. 4700. S0188ONN018, a territory of France, in the islfl of France, which, with that of Verman- dois, now forms the department of Aisne. It abounds in corn, wood, and pastures. S0188ON8, a city of France, in the depart- ment of Aisne, anciently the capital of a king- dom of its name. It is a bishop's see ; and the cathedral has ono c f tho most consider- able chapters in the kingdom. Here St. Louis, Phili-) the Bold,andLouisXIV. were crowned. The castle, though ancient, is not that in which the kings of tho first race resided. Tho inhabitants carry on manufactures of coarse linen, stockings, thread, leather, ropes, &c., and some trade in corn. Soissons was re- peatedly taken and retaken by tho allied and French armies in 1814, when the town sus- tained considerable injury. It is seated in a fertile valley, on tho river Aisne; 30 miles W. by N. of Uheims, and 60 N.E. of Paris. Pop. 7500. Long. 3. 19. E. lat. 49. 23. N. SoLANTO, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma- zara, which gives name to a cape and bay on the N. coast; 10 miles E. of Palermo SoLDiN, a town of Prussia, in the New Mark of Brandenburg, of which it was for- merly tho capital. It has cloth and woollen manufactures, and a trade in hops. It stands on a lake of tho same name ; 26 miles N. by E. of Custrin. Long. 15. 7. E. lat. 53. 2. N. SoLENOF, a salt-water lake of Independent Tartary; 80 miles long, and 20 broad, lying midway between the Caspian sea and Lako Aral. SoLEiiRE, or Sor-oTiinRN, a canton of Swit- zerland, which stretches partly through the plain and partly along the chains of the Jura; 36 miles in length, and 25 in breadth. Pop. in 1836, 63,196. The soil, for the most part, ia fertile iu corn; and the districts within tho SOL 768 80M Jura abound in excellent pastures. In the mountainous parts are iron, lead, alabaster, marble, and coal. The inhabitants are nearly all lioman Catholics. 80LEUKK, the capital of the above canton, is surrounded by regular fortifications. The church of St. Urs is a noble edifice of a whit- ish-grey stone, which is a species of rude narble drawn from the neighbouring quarries. The arsenal and the town-house, which has two towers, make a good appearance. So- leure stands in a delightful plain on the river Aar; 18 miles N. of Bern, and 30 S.S.W. of Basel. Pop. 4200. Long. 7. 30. E. lat. 47. 9. N. SoLFATARA, or Laqo di Baoni, a lake of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, near Tivoli, formerly called Lacus Albulus. In this lake are several floating islands, formed of matted serge and herbage, with a soil of dust and sand blown from the adjacent ground, and glued together by the bitumen and sulphur with which its waters are impregnated. Some of these islands are 15 yards long, and will bear five or six people, who, by means of a Stole, may move to ditferent parts of the lake. those islandt. SoBiBRERO, a cinster of uninhabited islands in the West Indies, belonging to the English. The most remarkable of them is a league long, and consists of an eminence, to which the Spanish discoverers, finding some resem- blance to a hat, gave the name of Sombrero, It is 80 miles N.W. of St. Christopher. Long. 63, 87. W. lat. 18.38. N. Somerset, a county of Maryland, to the E. of Chesapeake. Poo. 19,508. Chief town, Princess Anne. Somerset, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of a county of its name, situate on the S. road from Pittsburg to Bedford, upon the Cone- i SOM 7G9 SO i maugh river; 35 miles W. or Bcdfurd. Pup. 649. Somerset, a town of MuMsachiisctts, in Bristol county, scntcd on Tuunton river; 50 miles S. by W. of Boston. Pop. 1005. SoMERSKT, a town of New Jersey, chief of a county of its name, seated on Millstone River; 2 } miles N. of Trenton. SoMEBSBTsiiiRE, a county of England, 65 miles long, and 45 broad; bounded on the N. W. by the British Channel, N. by Glouccster- sliiro, E. by Wiltshire, S.E. by Dorsetshire, and S.W. by Devonshire. It contains 1,050,880 acres; is divided into 40 hundreds and 482 parishes; has two cities, five boroughs, and 27 other market towns, and sends 4 members to parliament, for the eastern and western divisions of the county. The soil in the N.E. quarter is in general stony, and possesses a lofty mineral tract, called Mendip Hills. Towards the centre, where its principal rivers unite, were formerly fens and marshy moors of vast extent, a large portion of which has been divided, drained, and brought under cultivation. On the W. side are the Qnan- tock Hills, with many downs and open heaths; and in the N.W. corner is the sterile region of Exmoor. The S. part, towards Dorset- shire, is high, but well caltivate>l ; and through- out the county, especially in its S.W. quarter, are vales of the greatest fertility. The prin- cipal rivers are the Parret, Ivel, Thone, Brue, and Avon. Cattle, nearly c> (lal in size to the Lincolnshire, are fed in tine meadows, about the head of the Parret. The cider of this county is a purer and stronger liquor than that of Herefordshire. It is the universal beverage of the working classes, and the con- sumption of it within the county is very con- siderable; some is also sent to distant parts. The chief manufactures are those of woollen, coarse linen, stockings, &c. It is traversed by the Great Western railway, which has a branch to Weston-super-Mare. The county forms the diocese of Bath and Wells, and comprehends the deaneries of Bath, Taunton, and Wells. The assizes are held in the spring at Taunton, and in the summer alternately at Wells and Bridgewater. SoMERSHAH, a towu in Huntingdon, 9 miles N.E. by E. of Huntingdon, in a pleasant and fertile district, with a noble church. Here was anciently a splendid seat of the bishops of Ely. SoMHRTON, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday. It was formerly a con- siilerable place, and gave name to the county ; lome of the ruins of its ancient castle now form a part of the Bear Inn. Between this town and Bridgewater is a tract of land, caiibd Sedgmcor, memorable for the defeat of the duke of Monmouth in 1665; 13 miles S. of Wells, and 123 W. by S. of London. SouuA, a town of Naples, in Terra di La- Toro, with a castle. The vicinity annually produces above 7000 pounds of silk of the best quality. It is seated at the foot of Mount Vesuvius; 10 miles K of Naples. SoMMB, a dup.irtnieiit of France, including part of the ancient province of Pieurdy. lis extent is 2')80 square miles. Pop. in 18:36, 545,924. It takes its name I'roni a river wliich rises in the department of Aisne, flows by St. Quentin, Peronne, Amiens, Al)bcvillc, und St. Valery, and enters the English Channel. Amiens is the capital. SoMMELSiJYCK, a town of the NctherlandH, in South Holland; chief place o^ the island of Overflakkee. It is situate 5 miles E.S.E. of Helvoetsluys. SoMMERFELD, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with manufactures of fine clotiis, seated on the Lupa; 15 miles S.S.W. of Crossen. SoMMEROiiBU, a town of Belgium, in the province of East ITlanders, with a manufacture of lace; 8 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 6400. SouutERBS, atown of i*'rance, in the depart- ment of Gard, with a manufacture of thick serges, seated on the Vidourle; 14 miles W. by S. of Nismes. Pop. 3400. SoMORRosTRO, a district of Spain, in Bis- cay, which has been immemorially celebrated for its iron, but the mining and smithies are primitively rude. The steel for swords, for which the Spanian's have ever been famous, is procured from the hill Triano; 11 miles from Bilbao. SoNciNO, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Cremonese; 20 miles N. by W. of Cremona. Pop. 4000. SoNDKRUORO, a Seaport of Denmark, in the island of Alsen, with one of the best harbours in Denmark, and a royal palace, in which Christian IT. was confined as a prisoner for 13 years. It is 16 miles E.N.E. of Flendsburg. Pop. 2700. Long. 9. 49. E. lat. 54. 57. N. SoNOER8HAU8Bir,a town of Germany, capi- tal of the lower county of Schwartzburg, with a fine castle on a mountain. It is situi>te on the Wipper; 24 miles N. of Erfurt. SoNDRio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a district in the Yalteline. It stands in a romantic situation, at the extremity of a nar- row valley, and occupies both sides of the Malenco, a furious torrent, which runs into the Adda; 10 miles N.E. of Morbegno, and 14 S.W. of Tirano. SoNEPonR, a town of Hindostan in Orissa, seated on the Mahanuddy; 45 miles S. of Sumbulpour. SoNG-KiANO, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan. It has a largo trade in cotton cloth, which is sent to different parts of the empire. It is situate amid several canals near the sea; 500 miles S. of Peking. Long. 120. 45. E. lat. 31. 0. N. SoNNEBERO, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Meiningen, with a great trade in looking- glasses, nails, whet-stones, &C. ; 11 miles N. N.E. of Coburg. SoNNEBERO, or SONNENBURO, a tOWIl 0( Prussia, in the New Mark of Brandenburg, wit! I castle. It stands on the Lenze, 9 miles E. of Custrin. SoNNEWALD, a town of Prussia, in Lnsatia, ao SOR 770 SOU on tlio rivor Dolmr. It is situiito 12 tnilos S. W. of Liickmi. SosoiiA, II province nf ^^exIl•o, on tho E. iiiic of tlio ;iiill' of Ciililorimi. It coniprises an iircii of 19.143 squiirc lounnos, witli about I'AOOO inhiil)itants, nnd la di\ iileil into thu disU'icts of Sononi, Sinaloii, and Ostimnry. liicli inincH of j^dlil wore discovered by tlio Spiiiiiards in 1771, in iin expedition ftgiiinst some trilies of Indians. Arispo is tlio capitiil. SoNZONATK, ft seaport of the rcpnlilic of Guatemala, or Central America, on tlioPiiciftc, Hituated on the hunks of tho Kio Grande. It in re(^ularly l)nilt,and has sovoliat island and Borneo. They aro said to bo fiO in number, nnd are named from the principal island, which is 36 miles long and 12 broad, and contains about 60,000 iniiabitants, who are Mohammedans. .It is go- verned by a sultan, but tho legislative power resides in an assembly composed of the sultan and 15 nobles, the former having two votes. The sultan of Sooloo is tho ruler of tho Archi- pelago, nnd is also the legitimate ruler of part of the N.E. coast of Borneo, Banguey, and islands adjacent. Tho city of Sooloo is similar to that of Brnni or Borneo, built upon piles, and running out in threo linos into the sea as far as tho depth of 4 fathoms. It is well defended by its forts, nnd stands on the N.VV. side of tho island. There are few places in the world more agreeable than Sooloo. The land is fertile nnd partially cultivated, tho scenery beautiful, and the climate warm, but pleasant and equable. Tho situation of tsooloo renders it a great mart, particularly for pearls, sago, and edible birds'-nests. Long. 121. 15. E. lat. .5. 57. N. SooNi)A, or StJDiiA, a town of Hindostan, in Canara, capital of a district of its name. It was formerly an extensive and populous place. The space within tho inner wall was 3 miles square, and fully occupied by houses. When Hyder took possession there still re- mained 10,000 houses, but tho subsequent wars have reduced them under 100. It is seated above the Gaut.-*, on the Gungawali; 60 miles N. by W. of Nagara, and 75 N. by S. of Kundapura. Sophia. See Sofia. SoPHiANiA, a town of Persia, in Aderbeit- zan; seated in a valley, 25 miles N.W. of Tauris. SorHiENHERO, a town of Denmark, in Zea- land, with a royal palace, near the coast of the Sound, 13 miles N. of Copenhagen. I SoHA, ft town uf Naples, ia Terra di Laro< | ro, with a castle, «catcd on the (Jarigllani), 46 miles K, by S. ot Uomc. Pup, 10,000. i.onir 14. 4. E. lat. 41.54. N. **' SiniAtr, a lownof I'russian Silesia, ai niilui E. of Uatibor. SoKAU, a town of Pru.ssia, in Lnsatin, with manufactures of cloth, and ii traiic in varn and linen; 8 miles W. of S.ifiaii. Sounojf, or Sdhhonnk, a village of France, in tlie dei)artment of Ardennes, c, miles N. of llethel; famous for being the biitliplaeo nf Uobert Sorboii, confcssor to St. liouis, who founded the celebrated college at I'aris called after his name. SouEi,, ft river of Lower Canada, wliicli issues from Lake Cham)>laiii, aii.l flows N. to the St. Lawrence, which it enters at the town of William Iloiiry. SoRiA, a province of Spain, in Old Castile, bounded on tho E. by Navarre and Arratson. Its extent is about 4300 square miles. Tho breeding of sheep forms n principal object of attention, nnd there are a few manufactures of linen, woollen, paper, and leather. SouiA, tho capital of the foregoing province, stands on tho site of the ancient Niiniantiii} near the source of tho Donro; 74 miles 10. S. E. of Burgos; it is a dull place. Pop. 5.')(»(>, chiefly agriculturists. Long. 2. 18. W. lat. 41. 50. N. SoiUANO, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- tra ; Ul miles E.N.E. of Nieoterii. Pop. .'IfiOO. SoROE, a town of Denmark, in tho island of Zealand, with u royal college, endowed with the revenues of a onco rich convent; 37 miles W.S.W. of Copenhagen. Sorrento, a seaport of .Naples, in Prinei- pnto Citra, nnd m\ archbishop's see. It ia the birthplace of Tor(i,uato Tusso, nnd stanils on a peninsula in the Bay of Naples, at tho foot of a mountain of its name; 17 miles S. by E. of Naples. Pop. 8000. Long. 14. 24. E. lat. 40. 36. N. SosiLA, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, with ft large fort; 25 miles S.E. of Seringapa- tam. SosPETTo, a town of tlie Sardinian states, in tho county of Nice, with a trade in drie(l fruits, particularly figs, seated at tho foot of threo high mountains on tho river Beveraj 13 miles N.E. of Nice. Pop. 3200. SouniCE, u town of France, in the dcp\rt« ment of Lower Chareute; 23 miles W.N W of Saiiites. SouuAK, a tov/n of tho Crimen, with tho remains of an old fort on a mountain close by the shore. It was formerly a considerable sea- port, and stands at the end of a valley, which produces tho best grapes and wine in tho whole peninsula; 26 miles S.W. of CalFa. Soudan. See Neoroi.and. SouiLLAC, a town of Franco, in the depart- ment of Lot ; seated on the Borese, 32 mile» N. of Ctthors. Sound, a straight between Sweden and Dennuirk, through wliich ships usually sail from tliO Ciitcgut into thu Baltic. It is about sou 771 sotr 4 tniloa broad, and tho Dunes tiiko n loll of «|| morchunt ships thiit puss tlirougli tlio rhiinnol. See Klsinoke. Soiin, in Syria. Sre Sim. 8t)uu, a river of tiio Ncthorlnnds, wliicli fl)\vs from N. to S. tliroui^h Luxcmhur)^, and cniors tho MoscUo, a little nhovo Treveii. SoiiRAiiAYA, a town of Java, ca|>itiil of a district of tho same numo, on tho N.K. count. It is situato within tho narrow strait formud hy tiio isUnds of Java and Madura, and i» ilcfcndcd by battcriua. The hon.ics are good, and Home are elegant, particularly tho country leats of private individuals. There U a fine nrsonal, with other extensive workfl, calculated fur otiuipincnts on a very largo scale. VcsscIh also, with theirTarious appointments, are built nnd equipped at Sourabaya. The French, when in possession of the island of Java, in- tundod to have erected Sourabaya into a port of consequence; largo sums were oxpcndud in the construction of works for tho defence of the harbour, and General Daondols was proceeding in his plans, when the island was taken by tho British. Tho Europeans are fuw, but moro ships nro built here than in uny other port of the Kastern Archipelago. It is seated on a river which separates tho Euro- pean part of the town from tho Chinese and the native quarter. Pop. 24,574. Long. 112. »5. E. lat. 7. 14. 8. SnuRi, a town of Persia, in Laristan, situate on tho Persian gulf; 1 15 miles 8.\V, of Or- mus. Long. 55. 30. E. lat. 26. 18. N. SonsA. See Susa. Sou-TCHEOU, a city of China of tho first rank, in tho province of Kiang-nan. It is so intersected by canals of fresh water, that Eu- ropeans compare it to Venice. Tho country round it is almost unequalled in point of fertility; in consequence of which tho Chinese call this city tho paradise of tho world. The liroCadcs and embroideries made hero are esteemed throughout the whole empire. Tho population is ))rodigious, and tho commercial intercourse with strangers so great, that thu trade of all the provinces might be supposed to centre here. It is seated on tho Grand Canal, and on a river which communicates with tho lake Tai; 560 miles S. by E of Pe- king. Long. 120. 0. E. lat. 31. 22. N. 80UTBRRAINB, a town of Friir.frc, in tho de- paitment of Creuse; 24 miles N. of Limoges. South Sea. See Pacific Ocean. SouTiiAM, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Monday. Tho church is a hand- some edifice, with a lofty spire. Charles I. slept in this town the night before the battle of Edge Hill. It is situate on a branch of the river Watergnll, lOmilesS. of Coventry, and 82 N.W. of London. Southampton, a borough and county of itself, and the chief town of Hampshire, go- verned by a mayor, with markets on Tues- day, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. It sends two members to parliament. It stands between the Itchen and the Test, at the head of an inlet o( the sea, c.illod Soulhampton water. Thn great feature of the place In tho lines of iioblo tlocks, .'10 ncrus in oxiont, wliii'h admit tho largest steamers. It is also the station of tho Itoyal Mail Stcam- packotCo'upmy. This ami the railway havu greatly a('doil to the opulenro of the place. It contains 13 churches, levorat meeting- houses for dissenters free gramninr, national, and liiineasti'rian schools, Sunday schoids, almshouses tor IK poor widows, an asylum for tho orphans of soldiers, &e. South- ampton is a faHliionable plaeo of resort for sea-batliing, and has manur.ietures of Nilkr. Isaac Watts. It is 12 inilei H. by W, of Winchester, and 71 W.S.W. of liondon. Long. 1. 24. W., lat. 50. .M. N. SoUTHAMi'ToN, a towu of Ncw York, on tho S. side of Long Island. Pop. 6205. SouTHHiiKY, a town of Conneetieut, In Now Haven coi.(ity ; 21 miles N.W. of New Haven. Po" i'^l2. SourHKNi>, a village in tho Parish of Prit- tlewell, in lissex, at the mouth of the 'rhainc, nearly opposite Shceruess; niueh resorted to for sea-bathing, and cotitaining hamlaomu accommodation for visitors. It is 44 miles E. of London by railway. S011THFI.KBT, a village in Kent, 3 miles S. W. of Oravcscnd, Some stono colli. is, urns, &e., have been dug up here since the com- mencement of tho present century, which evince it to have been a Roman station; pro- bably the Vugniaca of Antoninus, SoUTiiPORT, a chapelry in Nortii Meols Earisli, Lancashire, at the mouth of tho llib- le, and much frequented for sea-bathing, 19i miles by railway N. of Liverpool; it is connected by railway also with ManclieKter, Preston, and other prineipil towns. It, has increased immensely within tho last 7 years, being adopted as a permanent residence by many merchants and others. Tho town is excellently arranged, and has many public institutions of interest nnd utility. Itcontains 8 churches, a pile jetty 3-4ihs of a mile long, a handsome town- hall, markets, &c. SooTHWARK, a borough in Surr-y, sending two members to parliament; which may bo considered as part of the metropolis, being ■uatod on the opposite side of the Thames, nnd under tho jurisdiction of tho corporation of London. It is called tho llorough, by waf of distinction,andcontain88ix parish churches, several chapels of ease, a lloman Catliolifl chapel, and many places of worship for dis- senters, amongst which is that culleil Surrey chapel, capable of containing 6000 persons. Hero are several charitable foundations, par- ticularly the hospitalsof St. Thomas and Quy • also tho Queen's Bench and Marshalsca pri- sons, a county gaol, ami tho terminus of tho South Eastern and South Coast railways, &c. See T^>suoN. '■♦I ■3! SPA 772 SPA SooniWARic, a stilnirh of PhilmU'Ipliin, tTnitcd titiitoH, from wliicli it whh separated in 1763. It is l^ mile loni;, ami about the same in breailth. The navy yard, the ship yar(ls,nndnmurinorniiwayaroontho Scliuyi- kill river. Pop. in 184U, 27,St8. See Puila- OEI.FIIIA. SouTHWEM-, a town in Nottinghamshire, witli a marltet un Saturday. It is an ancient place, enjuyinjt several privilc({cs difTurent i'rum the county, and has a noble colle;;iate cliurch. Here are the ruins of a (^rsnd paluec, dcinulished in tliu civil wars of the 17tli cen- tury. Tlio principal trade is in malt and hops. Tl' J town is seated on a gimtle ominonco, un the small river Greet, and in the midst of an amphitlioatre of hills, which are fertile, wcll- woodod, and picturesque. It is 13 miles N.E. of Nottingham, and \i-2 N.X.W. of Jjondon. It has a railway to Newark. SoiJTiiwoi.D, a seaport in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday. It is scale ■ on a cliff, r»c-rti a fine bay, with n harbour to .;;e south, nnd the Blytli on the W., so that it is almost surrounded by water. A much esteemed salt was once made, and it has also a trade in corn, beer, and herrings. It is sometimes calloil Sowle, or Sole, and its bay is named Soleliay. In this bay was the great sea-fight in 1672, between the Dutch admiral, De Ruyter, and James, duke of York, in which the victory was undecided. It is 26 miles S. of Yarmouth, and 105 S.E. of London. Long. 1.54. W. lat. 52.24. N. SocTo MA.TOtt,atown of Portugal in Beira; 14 miles N.W. of Pinhel. SoDvioNT, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Allier; seated on the river Qucsne, 10 miles W. by S. of Moulins. SovANO, a town of Italy in the grand duchy ofTuscany; 45 miles N.N.W. of Rome. Sow, a river in Staffordshire, which rises in the W. part of the county, flows by Eccles- hall to Stafford, below which it receives the Peak, and soon afterwards joins the Trent. — Also, a river in Warwickshire, which runs into the Avon near Stoneleigh Abbey. Spa, a town of Belgium, in the province of Liege; famous fur its mineral waters. That called the Old Spa consists of miserable cot- tages, and is properly nothing but the suburb to the other. The houses of the New Spa are mostly of wood and plaster; but the more modern ones are of brick and stone. The churcii of the Capuchins, and the parish church, are both t>edted upon eminences. The names of the five principal wells are Pouhon, IJeronflerd, Saviniere, Watpotz, and Tun- nelet. The inhabitants are employed in making toys for strangers. Spa was taken by the French in 1794, and afterwards an- nexed to France; but in 1814 they delivered it up to the allies. J. is seated 'n <>. valley surrounded by mo'.ntains; 17 miles S.13. of Liege, and 91 n." js by railway from Brussels. Spain, a kingdom of Europe, 700 miles the bay of Biscay, N.K. by the Pyrenees, which separate it from France, E. and S. by the Mediterranean, S.W. by the Atlantic, nnd W. by Portugal and the Atlantic; with on area of 176,372 square miles, and a popula- tion of 12,U8(J,ti41. It contains the provinces of Old and New Castile, Andalusia, Arrngim, Estrcmadura, Galicia, Leon, Catalonia, Gre- nada, Valencia, Biscay, Asturias, Mureia, and Navarre, some of which have been scpamto kingdoms, and still retain the title. The air is dry and serene, except during the cquiiioc- tial ruins; but excessively hot in the soullicrn provinces in June, July, and August. Tim vast mountains, however, that run tlirou;,'h Spain, are bencflcial to the inhabitants liy the refreshing breezes that como from them in the S. parts; though those in the N. and tin^ N.E. are in the winter very cold. The soil is very fertile, but there are large tracts of uncultivated ground; and the superior atten- tion paid to the large flocks of sheep greatly impedes th? progress of agriculture. The produce of the country consists in wheat, barley, saffron, honey, silk, salt, saltpetre, hemp, barilla, and ever sugar-canes, with the richest and most deliciuus fruits that are to be found in France and Italy; and its wines are in high esteem. Wolves are the chief beasts of prey that infest Spain. The wild bulls have so much ferocity, that bull-fights were the most magnificent spectacle tlij court of Spain could exhibit. The domefcic ani- mals are horses (which are remarkab'y swift), mules, asses, beeves, and sheep- Spain a- bounds in minerals and meals. Carnelian, agate, jacinth, loadstone, turquois stones, quicksilver, iron, copper, lead, sulphur, gypsum, calamine, c:/stal, marbles of several kinds, porphyry, the finest jasper, and even diamonds, emeralds, and amethysts are foutid here. Anciently it was celebrated for gold and silver mines; but since the discovery of America no attention has been paid to them. The principal rivers are the Douro, Tagus, Guadiana, Guadalquiver, and Ebro. Spain, formerly the most populous kingdom in Eu- rope, is now very thinly inhabited; to which various causes have contributed, as the ex- pulsion of the Moors, the emigration to the colonies, the vast numbers and celibacy of the clergy, the indolence of the natives, and the late desolating war. Here are some considerable manufactures, especially of silk and woollen, but these are far short of that flourishing condition which they might attain, being checked by the royal monopolies, which extend to broad cloth, china, glass, pottery, paper, saltpetre, salt, sulphur, tobacco, and some others. The Spaniards in general arc tall, their complexion swarthy, their counte- nances expressive. The beauty of the ladies reigns chiefly in their novels and romances: in their persons they are small and slender. Jealousy is no longer the characteristic of a Spanish husband: the married ladies have long, and 600 broad ; bounded on the N. by j here their cortejo, or male attendaat, in tha SPA m SPA inme innimcr as tho Italiuiis havo their cicis- bco. Tlio eHtal)li"!'.'"i rclitjion Ir popery; and that execrable tril)iinal ilio Inquisition haH rci);nc;ucs of the court of France. The king of Spain, ns ihe ally of the French em- peror, in the war with Great Britain, was re- quired, in tho beginning of 1807, to furnish a body of troops to assist in the campaign then going on against Ru.«sia and Prussia. For that purpose the flower of the Spanish army was plucod at tho disposal of France, and iiiarcl-.cd lo tho N. of Germany, to take pos- session of tho newly acquired territories of tliat i)ower. However, tho war being soon after terminated by the peace of Tilsit, these troops were still detained in garrison at a gieat distance from their country; and the views of the French emperor towards Spain and Portugal began now to develop them- selves. Towards tho close of this yeai', he prevailed on the court of Spain to acquiesce in Iiis projects against the House of Braganza, and to allow a free passage for his troops through Spain, to take possession of Portugal. A large force, therefore, entered Spain on tho 18th of October, o proceed to that country. In the meantime, -i.d agents of France were not idle at Madrid; and, in the beginning of 1808, that city was thrown into the greatest confusion, in consequence of tho prince of Asturias assuming tho sovereignty, by the title of Ferdinand VII., and Charles IV. his father treating it as an act of rebellion. But as tho prince was very popular, and had a numerous party to support his pretensions, the French ambassador urged both parties to refer their disputes to the mediation of Napoleon. While this was going forward, the French armies kept pouring into Spain; and on the 23rd of March they entered Ma- drid, under prince Murat. The French hav- ing thus obtained possession of Portugal, and a great part of Spain, succeeded in persuading the royal family to repair to Bayonne, to lay their case personally before tho emperor; but they had not been there many days before they were compelled to sign a renunciation of the crown of Spain in favour of Bonaparte. On the 1 .3th of May they were sent into the interior of France, to the places assigned them by the French government, as their future residence; and the throne of Spain was transferred to Joseph Bonaparte, tho brother of Napoleon. Tlie French emperor having now tho royal family in his power, and a formidable army in ths heart of the country, thougiit lie had acquired quiet possession of tiiis vast peninsula: but ill this he soon foiinil himselt deceived; for tho storm, which had been long gathering, was about to burst forth in all its fury. The Spaniards could not but view with a jealous eye the entry of so many foreign troops into their country, without any reasonable cause iiaving been assigned; and no sooner did they hear of tho captivity of their monarch, u'ld the appointment of a new one, than tht'ir indignation wiw roused to the hiirhcst 'Itch. All Spain rose, as if by one consent, on their invttutrs Madrid setting the example, not- withstanding the presence of tho enemy. A Supremo Junta of Government was estalv lished by the people at Seville, who formally declared war against France, in tho name of Ferdinand VII. Tho military force, being small, was augmented by new levies; and their arms were successful, at the commence- ment, in several instances, particularly on tho 20th of July, when General Dupont sur< rendered with nearly 20,000 men to the Spa- nish general Castanos, Tho new government lost no time in seeking the aid of Great Bri- tain, who generously sent them both arms and money. Tho British likewise sent an army into Portugal, which, by the decisive battle of Vimicra, cleared that country entirely of the French forces under Junot. After these suc- cesses, the French army in Spain were under the necessity of retreating towards the Ebro, where they acted on tho defensive for some time; and tho Spaniards entered Madrid in triumph. About this time also 10.000 Spa- nish troops, who were in the N. of Germany, effected their escape on board a British fleet which conveyed them to Corunna, whenco they proceeded to join their counli-ymen in arms. Bonaparte, perceiving that his allairs were in a bad state in tho peninsula, drew a largo portion of his forces from Germany and Italy, at the head of which he put himself on tho third of November; and such was his pro- gress, that, after defeating and dispersing tho Spanish armies of Generals Blake and Cas- tanos, he pushed on to Madrid, without fur- ther opposition, and entered it on the, 4th of December following. Tho British general Moore also, who had been sent from Portu- gal with an army to assist the Spaniards, was forced to make a precipitate retreat to Co- runna, and the army compelled to embark, after sustaining a severe action with the ene- my, in which their brave commander was killed. In all probability Spain must now havo fallen beneath tho power of Napoleon, had not his attention been arawn off by tho war with Austria, Tho French emperor, in con- sequence, quitted Spain in order to conduct tho war in person against that power; and in the meantime exertions were made by thtf Spanish and British governments to make head against the enemy. Tiio British sent another array into the peninsula, who distiit SPA 774 SPA guislied themselves in the hard-fought bat- tle of Tahivera, on the 27th of July, 1809; but from the exhausted state of the country, and a want of energy in the Spanish govern- ment, aiTairs continued in a languishing state till 1810, when, the war being closed with Austria, the French began to collect a formi- dable army on the frontiers of Portugal, un- der the command of Marshal Massena, fur tlio avowed purpose of driving the British army out of that kingdom. But finding it hopeless to attack thum in a .formidable po- sition which Lord Wellington had chosen, and being unable to furnish subsistence for his army any longer, from the wretched state of the country, Massena at length commenced a retreat, on the 5th of March, 1811, followed by the British and Portuguese army. From this time it may be said, that the British na- tion, from auxiliaries, became principals in the war, as the Spanish forces, notwithstand- ing their numbers, were by no means able to stand against the superior discipline of their adversaries. The government now under- went several changes, in the last of which the cortes were assembled, and proceeded to form a new constitution, by which the executive government was placed in the hands of a re- gency; the Inquisition was abolished; the liberty of the press established, and several excellent laws, tending to meliorate the con- dition of the people, were recognised. In 1812 the British army once more ventured to pursue active operations in Spain ; and the glorious victory of Salamanca, on the 22nd of July, was followed by the most important advantages. Cadiz, which had been besieged by the French for more than two years, was abandoned, and Joseph Bonaparte expelled from Madrid. But, towards the close of this campaign, the allied army was again com- pelled to retire into Portugal, through the negligence of the Spanish general Ballastcros, and the failure of the attack on the castle of Burgos.. In the following year the British general opened the campaign with a most formidable army, consisting of British, Por- tuguese, and Spaniards, and amounting to nearly 120,000 men. The progress of the al- lied army was unusually rapid, and on tlio 2 1st of June they defeated the enemy's army, of about 70,000 men, in the vicinity of Vit- t^'-ia, which was followed by the loss of all their artillery, baggage, ic. This battle de- cided the fate of Spain ; and Bonaparte, find- ing his armies driven from th" country, and the war carried into France, thought proper to release Ferdinand; and send him back to his dominions. The war, nevertheless, con- tinued ; and the allied army, under their illus- trious commander, gained immortal fame in the battles of the Pyrenees, and those of Or- thez and Toulouse. After the capture of Toulouse, on the 12th of April, 1814, their victorious arms were arrested by news being brought them of the capture of Paris, and the oouscqucnt conclusion of the war. Ferdi- nand arrived at Madrid on the 14th of May; but the first acts of his government were to revive the Inquisition, 'vith all the other abuses against which the new constitution had provided, and banish and imprison those men who, to the best of their power, had con- tributed to his re-establishment. The dis- satisfaction and indignation which this con- duct excited, produced in 1820-21 a revolu- tion, by which the constitution of the cortes, as established in 1812, was restored. Madrid is the capital. See Appendix. Spain, New. See Mexico. Spaitla, a town of Barbary, in the king- dom of Tunis; near which are extensive and magnificent ruins. It is situate on a rising ground, shaded all over with juniper-trees; 90 miles S.W. of Tunis, and 100 S.S.E. of Bona. Long. 9. 15. E. lat. 35. 40. N. Spalatko, a strong seaport of Austria in Dalmatia; and an archbishop's see. The harbour is large and deep, and well frequent- ed. Without the walls is a sulphureous spring, of great benefit in chronical diseases. Here are the ruins of the palace of Diocle- tian, and of a magnificent aqueduct. In 1784 Spalafro was nearly depopulated by the plague. It is seated on a peninsula, in the gulf of Venice; 70 miles S. of Zara, and 102 N.VV. of Ragusa. Pop. about 7500. Long. 17. 31. E. lat. 44. 4, N. Spaluino, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Welland, and from its neatness, and the ca- nals in its streets, resembles a Dutch town. The church is a large and neat structure of the 13th century, and here are six meetin'^- houses,two grammar-schools.a charity-sclioo!, and two alms-houses. A new house of concc- tion was erected here in 1824. The inhabitants are not employed in manufactures, but de- rive their chief support from agriculture, and the extensive grazing carried on in the neigh- bourhood. Much hemp and fla.x is grown in the vicinity, and there is a good carrying trade in corn and coal. It is 14 miles S. by W. of Boston, and 96 N. of London. Spai.t, a town and castle of Bavarian Franconia, in the district of Anspach. The vicinity produces excellent hops. It is seated on the Iict?At; 16 miles E.S.E. of Anspach. Spandau, a town of Prussia, in the Middle Mark of Brandcnlmrg; with a fine fortress. The arsenal is in subterranean vaults, and there is a prison for state criminals. Bayonets, ran^rods, sword-bhides, and sabres, are made here; also muLkct-barreis, which are sent hence to Potsdam to be finished. It is seated on the Havel, opposite the influx of the S))ree ; 8 miles W.N.W. of Berlin, and 12 N.E. of Potsdam. Pop. 50C0. SPANOENniiUG, a town and castle of Ger- muiiy, in Ilcsse-CasscI; seated nn a moun- tain; 28 miles S.E. of Cassel. Spanishtown, or St. Jago de laVboa, a town of .Jamaica, where the legislative as- eombly and the grand courts of justice are SPI 775 SRI hold. It is seated in a pleasant valley, on the river Cobre; 16 miles W.N.W. of King- ston, to which it is connected by a railway. Pop. 6000. Sh^riajtburo, a district in the N. part of South Carolina, capital of the same name. Pop. 23,669. Spartel, Cape, a promontory on the coast of Barbary ; at the entrance of the strait of Gibraltar. Long. 5. 56. W. lat. 35. 50. N. Si'ARTiVENTO, Cape, a promontory of Na- ples, at the S.E. extremity of Calabria Ultra. Long. 1 6. 40. E. lat. 37. 50. N. Speen, a palish in Berkshire, Ij mile W. N.W. of Newbury. It was the ancient SpinoB, and was the scene of the second bat- tle of Newbury, Oct. 1644. Speights Town, a seaport of Barbadoes, formerly much frequented by the Bristol tra- ders, and thence called Little Bristol. It is situate on the N.W. coast of the island, and defended iy two forts. Long. 58. 31. W. lat. 13. 15.N. Spello, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto. Here are the ruins of a theatre, anc' other remains of antiquity. It is seated on a aill; 13 miles N. of Spoleto. Spey, a rapid river of Scotland, which is- ues from a small lake in the centre of Inver- ness-shire, flows N.E. into Morayshire, then divides that county from Banffshire for more than 20 miles, and enters the German ocean at Garmouth. Spezzia, or Specia, a town of the Sardi- nian states, in the territory of Genoa; with a good harbour. It is seated at the foot of a hill, on a gulf of the same name; 47 miles S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 9760 in 1838. Long. 9. 37. E. lat. 44. 10. N. Spezzia, an island of Greect>, 6 miles long, and 2 broad. It has a town of the same name, containing 3000 inhabitants. It is situate al>out 20 m, from Napoli di Romania. Spice Islands. See Moluccas. Spielbero, a town of Germany, in the pincipality of Oettingen; 8 miles N.E. of Oettingen, and 13 S.S.E. of Anspach. Spietz, a lown of Switzerland, in the can- jon of Bern ; seated on the W. siile of the lake Thun ; 40 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Spioe ro, a town and castle of Hano- ver, capiuu of a county of the same name, lying within the principality of Calcnherg; belonging as a fief to tlie kiwgof the Nether- lands. It is 12 miles E. by S. of Ilalem. Spiono, a town of Sardinia, in the duchy of Montserrat. with a castle; seated on the Bolbo; II miles S.S.W. of Acqui, and 40 S.E. of Turin. SpiLEMBBuao, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli; seated on the Tagliamento; 14 miles W. of Udlna. SpiLsnr, a town of Lincolnshire, with a aiarket on Monday. It has an ancient church, •wo meeting-hou.ses, a small free-school, and a subscription library. Hero is also a tovvii- hall, in which the general yuartcr-sessiouji for the S. division of the ports of Lindsey have been held for upwards of 1 00 years. It is seated on the side of a hill, 31 miles E. of Lincoln, and 133 N. by E. of London. Spinalonoa, a seaport of the island of Candin, with a good harbour and a citadel. It is situate near a cape of the same name; 30 miles E. of Candia. Long. 25. 48. E. lat. 3.-). 20. N. Spire, a city of Bavaria, capital of the province of Rhine, and formerly of a bishop- ric of its name. In ancient times the em- perors held many diets at Spire, and it was the seat of the imperial chamber till 1689, when the city was burnt by the French ; and it was not rebuilt till after the peace of Rys- wick, in 1697. Most of tlie citizens are Lu- therans; but there are 15 Catholic churches and convents, among which tlie college, for- merly belonging to the Jesuits, claims the first place. Spire was taken by the French in 1734; and in 1792 it surrendered to the republican troops of France, who evacuated it the next year, but re-entered it in 1794. In 1814 it was ceded to Bavaria. It is seated on the W. side of the Rhine, at the influx of the Spirebach ; 54 miles S. by E. of Mentz. Pop. 4000. Long. 8. 29. E. lat. 49, 19. N. SpiRiTU-SANro, a province of Brazil, be- tween that of Porto Seguro and Rio Janeiro, The soil is fertile, and watered by a river of the same name, which flows into a large hay of the Atlantic. The capital, of the smiuo name, has a castle, and its port is a small liay about 10 miles from the ocean. Long. 41. 10. W, lat. 20. 10. S. Spiuitu-Santo, a town of Cuba, near the middle of the island; 155 miles E.S.E. of Ilavanna. Long. 79. 37. E. lat. 22. 15. N. SpiTAL,a town of Austrian lllyria, in Carin- thia; seated on the Liser, near the Drave; 15milos W.N.W. of Yillach. Spithead, a famous road in tlie English channel, between Pol^3mouth and the isle of Wight, where the royal navy frequently ren- dezvous. Spitzbergen, a group of dreary islands, lying between 9. and 20. E. long., and 76. 46. and 80. 30. N. lat.; having Greenland to the W. and Nova Zembla to the E. The Main- land, or principal island, is .100 miles in Icnirth. It w.as discovered in 153;i, by Sir Hugh Wd- loughby, who called t East Greenland, sup- posing it to be a part of the western continent. in 1595 it was visiteu by Barentz and Cor- nelius, two Dutchmen, who pretended to bo tlieorigiiial discoverer.', and called it Spifzber- gen, or .sharp mountair.s, from the many sharp- pointed and rocky mountains with which it abound?. The glaciers on the N.E. present a singular aiipearance, be-iig high cliils of an emerald colour, impendent over the sen, with cata.'acts of melted snow, and a baekground of black conic hills, streaked with white. In the winter it is continual night for four months. The animals are deer, bears, and foxen. To the N.E, of this group are small isles railed I' ( SPR 776 STA ' th« Seven Sisters, the most arctic land yet diiicovcred. Si'LUOEN, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisons, seated near the source of the Rhine; 16 miles N.W. of Chiavenna. Spoleto, a duchy of Italy, in the Ecclesi- BSticul states, 53 miles long, and 40 broad; bounded on the N. by Ancona and Urbino, E. by Naples, S. by Sabina, and \V. by Orvieto and Perugino. It comprises the greatest part of the ancient Urabria, and contains 105,000 inliubitants. Si'OLETO, the capital of the foregoing duchy, and a bishop's see. The houses arc in general well built, but the only edifices that have any claim to distinction are the castle, which stands on a hill, and is connected with the town by a bridge, and the cathedral, which is certainly a fine structure. Spoleto suffered greatly from earthquakes in 1703 and 1767. Here are the ruins of an amphitheatre, a triumphal arch, and an aqueduct. It is seated in a country noted for good wine, rear the river Tcssino; 40 miles E. of Orvieto, and 60 N. bv E. of Rome. Pop. 8000. Long. 1 3. 6. E. lat. 42. 45.N. Sponheim, a town of Germany, and the capital of a county of its name. It is seated among hills, covered with vineyards; 27 miles W.byS.ofMent7,. Long. 7.38.E.lat.49.54.N. Sporades, the ancient name of those is- lands of the Grecian Archipelago which are scattered irregularly along the shores of Eu- rope and Asia, in contradistinction to the Cyclades, which are grouped circularly around Delos. SpoTTSYLVANiA, a county of Virginia, bounded N. by the Rappahannock, N.W. by Orange county, S.E. by Caroline county, and S.W. by the counties of Ilanovcr and Louisi- ana. It contains 15,161 inhabitants, about one-half of whom are slaves. Spree, a river which rises in the mountains of Bohemia, passes through Lnsatia into Bran- denburg, flows by Berlin, and joins the Havel, opposite Spandau. Spremberg, a town of the Prussian states, in Lusntia, situate on an island formed by the river Spree; 14 miles S. by E. of Cotbus. SpRiNOFiELn, a village in the parish of Gretna, Dumfries-shire, and once notorious as the scene of the inglorious marriage-trade of Gretna; 9 miles from Carlisle. SpRiNr.FiELD,atownofMassachusctts,cnpi- tal of Ilampdcn county. It has a considerable inland trade, a woollen manufactory, a rope- walk, two paper-mills, two public libraries, a very extensive establishment for the manufac- ture of arms. &c. It stands on the Connec- tieut; 90 miles NV.S.W. of Boston. Pop. in 1S40, 10,985. Spring FIELD, a town of the Iltiitcd States, cafiital of the state of Illinois. It is seated un the borders of a beautiful and extended prairie near the centre of the slate. It was laid out in 1822, but its growth has chiefly been dur- ing the last 10 years, and has been the capi- tal of the stato since 1840. Pop. 2579. I SpRiJfo-GARnEN, a suburb of the city of I Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, containing the I Fairmont water- works, the Eastern Peniten- I tiary, &c. Pop. 27,849. See Philadelphia. Sprottau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Gloguu, on a river of the same name, at its confluence with the Bober; 20 miles W.S.W. of Glogau. Spurn Head, a promontory on the S.B. coast of Yorkshire, at the mouth of the Iluin- ber, on which is a lighthouse. Long. 0. 15. E. lat. 53. 38. N. Squam, or Annis-Squam, a town of Massa» chusetts, on the N. side of Cape Ann, and inhabited chiefly by fishermen. It has a good harbour and considerable shippin»<. Squillace, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra; which was much injured by the earth- quake of 1 783. It is seated on the Favelonc, near a gulf of its name; 35 mihis S.W. of St, Scverino. Long. 16. 40. E. lat. 39. 3. N. Stablo, a town of Belgium, in the province of Liege; with acelebrated Benedictine abbey. Here is a raanufactuie of leather, and a trade in cloths and stulTs. It is seated on the Ueet} 12 miles S. of Limbourg. Stabroek, a town in S. America, Dutch Guayam; on the river Demerara. It con" sists of two rows of houses, built wide apart; with canals. The public buildings are the go- vernment-house, town-house, custom-house, and colonial hospital. Pop. 8500. Stade, a town of Hanover, in the ducliy of Bremen, with a fortress, a college, and three churches. It is the scat of the regency and chief courts of justice of the duchies of Bremen and Verden, and has manufuctnros of lace, flannels, stockings, hats, and spiritu* ous liquors. The foreign trade is chief!/ confined to the transit business. It stands on the Swingel, near its confluence with tlia Elbe; 43 miles N.E. of Bremen. Pop. 5700. Long. 9. 28. E. lat. 55. 36. N. Stadt-am-Hop, a town of Bavaria, on the N. side of the Danube, connected by a bridge with the city of Ratisbon. Stadtberg, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Westphalia; on the frontiers of tlio county of Wa'deck. Part of it, called Mnrs- berg, stands on the site of the famous Saxon fort of Elmesbnrg, which was taken by Charle- magne, who built a church here in honour of St. Peter and St. Paul. Stadtberg is situ- ate on the Dumel; 16 miles S. of Padcrborn. Stadthaoen, a strong town of Prussian Westphalia, in the principality of Schauun- berg: with a palace, belonging to the priiico of Schauenbcrg-Lippe, in the garden of wl.ii(;h is a mineral spring. It is 8 milesE. of Mindcn. Stafarda, a town of Sardinia, in Pied- mont, wi^th a rich abbey. In 1690 a victory was gained near this place by the French, over the duke of Savoy. It is seated on tho Po; o miljs N. of SaluzKO. Staffa, a small island of Scotland, one of tho Hebrides, on the W. side of that of Mull. It 18 thesreatost natural curiosity in Europe, if not in the world supported by rangt above 50 feet high, Here is also a mag macoul, or Fingal' feet in length. Its 53 feet wide and cavern is lighted, tremity may be sec side by ranges of i fragments of other is filled by the sea a boat may sail in Stafford, a bo of Staffordshire, g a market on Satui bcrs to Pari i amen by William the C ri'soned by the troc taken, wasdemoli ment ; a noble ca site in 1810, bu 1815. It has twi which was former trict churches, on on the opposite si other places of wo chapel, and meetii Methodists, and also two national school, several infirmary, and a f which is the shir handsome new Gi behind which is a market. The pri manufacture of be siderable tanning is seated on the junction of the Ti Union r:iilvvays, Birmingham por North Western rt don 132^ miles. Staffoudshir miles long, and 3! bjShro])shire, N.' iiy Derl)ysliirc, 3 S. by WOiCesteri acres, is divided parishes, has one and sends four n the N. and S. div principal rivers n Churnet, Stour, 1 soil in the S. pat not without heal tract of ground: The nruidio is Ic and barren, of wl: Tliere arc good si baster, and lime ani.>ng the produ there are several near the co)>per r century material introduced into il w mmm MK STA 777 STA if not in the world. The whole S. W. end is supported by ranges of basaltic pillars, mostly above 50 feet high, and four feet in thickness. Here is also a magnificent cavern called Fin- macoul, or Fingal's Cave, which extends 250 feet in length. Its entrance is a natural arch, 63 feet wide and 117 high, from which the cavern is lighted, so that its furthest ex- tremity may be seen. It is supported on each side by ranges of columns, and roofed by the fragments of others. The bottom of the cave is filled by the sea, and in very calm weather a bout may sail into it. Btaffoud, a borough, and the county town of Staftbrdsiiire, governed by a mayor ; with a market on Saturday. It sends two mem- bers to Parliament. A castle was built here by William the Conqueror, which was gar- risoned by the troops ot Charles I., and, being taken, was demolished by order of the parlia- ment ; a noble castle was commenced on its site in 1810, but was left unfinished in 1815. It has tvvo parish churches, one of which was formerly collegiate, and two dis- trict churches, one of which is in Firebridge on the opposite side of the river Sow. Tlie other places of worship are a Roman Catholic fliapel, and meeting- houses for Independents, Methodists, and Presbyterians. Here are also two national schools, a free grammar- school, several almshouses, a handsome infirmary, and a fine square market-place iu wiiich is the shire-hall : opposite this, is a handsome new Guildhall, erected in 1853-4, behind which is a new and spacious covered market. The principal trade consists in the manufacture of boots and shoes, and a con- siderable tanning business is carried on. It is seated on tiie river Sow ; and at the junction of the Trent Valley and Shropshire Union r:iilways, with the Liverpool and Birmingham portion of the London and North Western railway. Distant from Lon- don 132^ miles. Ptaffoudsuire, a county of England, r)5 miles long, and 35 broad, bounded on the W. by Shro))sliire, N. W. by Cheshire, N.E. and E. i>y Derbyshire, 3. E. by Warwickshire, and S. by Worcestershire. It contains 731,000 acres, is divided into five hundreds and 145 fiii'.islies, has one city and 19 market towns, and sends four members to parliament for the N. and S. divisions of the connty. The principal rivers are the Trent, Dove, Sow, Churnet, Stour, Penk, and Manyfold. The soil in the S. part is good and rich, though not without heaths, which take up a large tract of ground: it abounds in coal and iron. The middle is level and plain, the N. hilly ami barren, of which mucii is now cultivated. There are good stone quarries, plenty of ala- baster, and limestone. Tin and brass are among the productions in Staffonlshirc, and tliere are several smelting and tirass-works near the copper mines. Within the lust half century material improvements have been introduced into the agriculture of this county; whilst on the rich lands bordering the Trent the dairy has become a source of considerable profit. The trade and manufactures have been greatly extended by the inland naviga- tion, which connects this county, not only with the metropolis, but with the Severn, the Mersey, and the Humber, and the three cor- responding ports of Bristol, Liverpool, and Hullj The iron-foundries, blast furnaces, slit- ting-mills, and other branches of the iron trade, employ great numbers of people. The cotton manufactures are very considerable, and the silk trade is carried on to some extent. The S. parts of the county are dis- tinguished for the manufactures of locks, buckles, steel toys, (particularly watch chains,) and a variety of plated, lacquered, japanned, and enamelled goods. In the vicinity of Stoarbrtdge the manufacture of glass is considerable. There are also manu- factures of tobacco and snufF-boxes, shoes, hats, &c. But the chief minufactura of the county is that of earthenware, for which it has been long and deservedly celebrated, and which may now be ranked among the most important manufactures of the king- dom. The county altogether exhibits one of the greatest examples of British industry. It is intersected by the Grand Junction railway, which passes through the towns of Walsall, Bilston, Wolverhampton, and Stafford. The Birmingham and Derby Junction railway crosses the eastern por- tion of the county. The canals are more extensive and better ramified in proportion to the area of the county, than in any other district in the world, and are alto- gether above 250 miles in length ; the prin- cipal are the Grand Trunk, the Stafford- shire and Worcestershire, the Coventry and Oxford, and numerous others. Among its antiquities may be enumerated Druids' Heath near Alridge, several Roman stations and remains. The Roman roads of Watling and Icknield streets cross the county, and some Saxon and Danish remains. Stagiua, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, celebrated for being the birth- place of Aristotle ; whence he is called the Stagiritc. It is now called Stavros. It is seated on the gulf of Contessa ; 16 miles W. N.W. of Contessa, Stagno, a senport of Austrian Dalmatia, and a bishop's sec, seated on a peninsula, in the gulf of Venice ; 30 miles N.W. of Ragnsa. Long. 17. 50. E. Int. 43. la.N. Staisdrop, a town in Durham, with a market, lately revived, on Saturday. It i9 a very ancient town, and contains the re- mains of Ilohy castle, one of the most perfect feudal baronial mansions in the kingdom. There are also some extensive lead smelting works at Langley Dale j 1 1 miles W.N. W of Darlington. Staines, a town in Middlesex, with a market on Friday, seated on the Thames, over which is a new alone bridge. At soir.(j \ I i STA 778 STA distance abovo the bridge, at Coin Ditcl), is the Londun Mark stone, which is the ancient boundary to the jurisdiction of the city of London on the Thames, and bears the date of 1280 j which has probably given the namo to the town. The town has of late years been greatly improved. It has a spacious church, meeting-houses for Methodists, Baptists, and Quakers, and a Lnncasterian scliool. It is 16 miles W. by S. of London. Stalbridob, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Tuesday, and a considerable manufacture of stockings. Hero is an an- cient cross of one stone, 21 feet high, on a base of eight feet. It is seated near the Stour ; 20 miles N. by E. of Dorchester, and 112 W. by S. of London. Staleybridug, a town partly in the parish of Ashton-under-Lyne, and partly in that of Stockport, Lancasiiiro. The Ilud- dersficld canal passes the town, and it has a station connected with several of the prin- cipul railways. The town stands on the banks of the Tame, and derives its name from the family of Stavcleighs, and from the bridge uniting the counties palatine of Lancaster and Chester. Extensive factories for cotton spinning, and manufactories for various cotton goods, have been established here ; 7 miles N.N.E. of Stockport. Stammene, See Lbmnos. STAMii"oRi), a borough in Lincolnshire, sending two members to parliament, governed by a mayor, with markets on Monday and Friday, and a good trade, particularly in malt and freestone. One of its parishes, St. Martin's, is situate in Northamptonshire, but the greater part is built on the side of a hill in Lincolnshire, and, when approached from the S. presents an interesting and pic- turesque appearance. The notable custom of Borough English prevails here, by which the younger sons inherit the lands and tene- ments of the father dying intestate. Here are eight parish churches, places of worship for Roman Catholics and several denomina- tions of Protestant dissenters, three free- schools, and several ciiaritablo institutions. Stamford had formerly a college, whose students removed to Brazen Nose College, in Oxford. It is seated on the Wellantle of Austrian III vria, in Carniola. un the Feistritz; 11 miles N. uf Laubach. SrEiN, a town and castle of tho Austrian states, ill Cariiithia, on the Drave; 12 miles S. of Clageiifurt. Steinau, a town of Prussian Silesia; for- merly the capital of a circle, in the principal- ity of Wolau. It has manufactures of cloth. It is seated near the Oder; IG miles N.N.E. of Lignitz. Steinfurt, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Westphalia; capital of a county of its name, with a Calvinist academy; seated on the Aa, 10 miles S.S.E. of Beutheim, and 33 N.W. of Munster. Steinueim, a town of Germany, in Ilesse- Darmstadt, with acastle, near the river Maine ; 4 miles S.E. of Ilanau. SrEiNimoE, a town of Germany, in tha county of Schauenburg-Lippe; on the S.sido of Steinhuder-mcre, in whic!i is a strong fortress of Wilhemstein; 15 miles N.W. of Hanover. Steiniiubst, a town of Denmark, in Hol- stein, with a castle; 14 miles S.S.W.of Lubec. Stellenuoscii, a district of the Capa of Good Hope ; bounded on the W. by the Capa district, S. by False Bay and Zweliendam, E. by Tulbngh, and N. by Clanwilliam; and Stellcnbosch, 20 miles N. of False Bay, is the capital. It is mountainous, but contains some of the finest land in the colony. Stenay, a town of France, department of Meuse, on the river Meuse; 22 miles N.N.W. of Verdun. SxKNDAL, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, formerly capital of the Old Mark. Hera is a colony of French Calvinists, who carry on manufactures of wool, leather, &c. It Btandaon thcrivuIetUcht; 5 miles W. of tho Elbe, and 36 N. by E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 5000. Long. 1 1. 58. E. !:•• 5'j Mr,. N. Sternberg, a town of the J ussian states, in the New Mark of Brai>di;nburg, with a great trade iu cattle; 20 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort. Sternberg, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwcrin; situ- ate on a lake; 16 miles S.E. of Wisinar. Sternberg, a town and castle of the Aus- trian states, iu Moravia; 10 mUe:> N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 8000. Sterzingen, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyiol; celebrated for itSMnanufacture of sword-blades, and for the -silver-mines in ita vicinity. It is seated at the foot of a inuua- ■. t li STE 780 STI tain, on the Eysoch ; twelve miles N.W. of Brixcn. Stettin, a government of Prussia, com- prising the middle of Pomeranio, and con- taining an area of 6625 square miles, with 3(K),0U0 inhabitants. Stettin, a fortified seaport of Prussia, capital of Pomerania. It is a handsome town; contained in 1838, about 31,100 in- habitants, has numerous manufactures, par- ticularly of cloths, stuffs, hats, stockings, yarn, cotton, ribbons, paper, and canvas, and carries on a considerable trade to all parts of Europe. Timber and corn are the principal articles of exportation, and ship-building is a very profitable branch of employment. In 1795 a fire consumed a great number of houses. In 1806 this place, furnished with 160 pieces of cannon and a garrison of 6000 men, sur- rendered to the French. It was garrisoned by them after the disastrous retreat from Russia, in 1812, but in 1813 was obliged to capitulatCj^ when the Dutch troops, belong- ing to the garrison, hoisted the orange cock- ade. It is seated on the Oder, 80 miles N. N.E. of Berlin. Long. 14. 44. E. lat. 53. 30.N. Stettin, New, a town of Pomerania, in the government of Coslin, with a castle; sit- uate on the Willcm ; 4 1 miles E. of Coslin, and 62 E.N.E. of New Stargard. Steuben, a county of the state of New York, in which is the junction of the Cornery and Blossburg, and the New York and Erie rail- road; capital, Bath, Pop. 46,138. Also a county in Indiana; capital Angola. Pop. 2578. Steubenvlle, a flourishing town of Ohio; capital of Jetterson county. It contains six churches, an academy, two banks, and manu- factures of woollen, cotton, &c. The population is 5203. It stands on the Ohio, 40 miles below Pittsburg. Stevenage, a town in Hertfordshire; 31 miles fronj London. Stevensbuug, a town of Virginia, in Cul- pepper county, on the road from Philadelphia to Staunton; 13 miles S.W. of Winchester. Stevenston, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, famous for the coal strata in its vici- nity. The Ardrossan and Kilwinning rail- way traverses the parish. It is situate on a hill, 5 miles N.W. of Irvine. Stevenswbrt, a fortress of the Nether- lands, in the province of Limburg, seated on the Meuae; 6 miles S.S.W. of Kurcmonde. Stbtknton, a parish in Berkshire, on the line of the Great Western railway, which has a station here; 4^ miles S.S.W. of Abingdon. Stewaht Islands, five islands in tlie South Pacific, discovered by Captain Hunter in 1791, and named by him in honour of Ad- miral Keith Stewart. Long. 163. 18. E. lat. 8. 26. S. Stewauton, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, witli a noted manufacture of bonnets; 6 miles N. of Irvine. Stewarton, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone; 5 miles N.N.E. of Dun« gannon. Stevnino, a town, formerly a borough, in Sussex; markets on alternate Mondays and Wednesdays. It has a noble and very ancient church, and is 10 miles W. by N. of Brighton. and 50 S.W. of London. Stetr, a town of Austria, which has a great trade in articlesof iron and steel. The Frenth entered it in 1800, and concluded an aitni- slice for a peace with the Austrians. It, ia seated at the confluence of the Steyr with the Ens; 20 miles S.E. of Lintz. Pop. 'lO,00a Steyreo, a town and castle of Austriii, situate on a mountain, on the N. side of the Danube; 8 miles E. of Lintz. Stickhadsen, a town and castle of Iluno- ver, in the principality of East FrieslaiiU; 22 miles E.S.E. of Emden, Stigliano, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, famous for its baths ; seated near the Sahiii- drella, 26 miles S.S.E. of Acerenza. Stillwater, a town of New York, in Sa- ratoga county, on the W. side of the Hud- son; 25 miles N. of Albany. Here Burgoyne was captured by the Americans, October 7, 1777. Pop. 2733. Stilton, a town in Huntingdonshire, ce- lebrated for a rich kind of cheese. It is 14 miles S. by E. of Stamford, and 75 N. by E. of London. Stinchar, a river of Scotland, in tlie S. part of Ayrshire, which has a rapid course of 26 miles, and enters the ocean below Bai- lantrae. Stiria. See Styria. Stirling, a burgh of Scotland, capital of Stirlingshire; seated on the river Forth, on a hill which terminates abruptly in a steep ba- saltic rock. On this rock is an ancient cas- tle, once a place of great strength, and often the scene of bloody contention. Tlie palace, erected by James V., is a stately building, the outside curiously ornamented with gro- tesque figures. Here are two churches, and a famous grammar-school. In the town and its neighbourhood are manufactures of car- pets, shalloons, and other woollen stuffs, and the cotton trade is flourishing. A salmon- fishery, belonging to the town, is let to a com- pany, who send the fish chiefly to the London and Edinburgh markets. Stirling ha.s un- dergone considerable improvement within the last few years; several new streets have been built on a modern and improved plan on the N. side of the town, and, in the old part of the town, numbers of houses have been re- built. From its commodious situation, Stir- ling commands the pass between the N. and S. part of Scotland. It returns one member to parliament. It is 35 miles W.N.W. of Edin- burgh. Long. 3. 50. W. lat. 56. 12. N. SriRLiNGsniKB, n county of Scotland, 35 miles long, andlO broad; bounded on the N. by Perthshire, N.E. by Clackmannanshire and the frith of Forth, S.U. by Linlithgowshire, S. by Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire, and STO 781 STO W. by Dumbartonshire. It is divided into 24 parislics, and sends one member to parlia- ment. Tlie principal rivers are the Forth, Ciirron, and Avon; and the great canal crosses it from t!>e nioutli of the Carron. The S. part of the county is mountainous, but the part near the Forth is fertile. It abounds in coal, ironstone, and limestone. Stirum, a town of Prussia, in the grand duchy of the Lower Riiine, seated on the Kour; 12 miles N. of Dussehlorf. Stockacii, a town of Germany, in Baden, noar wiiich the Austrians gained a victory over the French in 1799, and in 1800 the lat- ter defeated the former, and took possession of the town. It is seated on a river of the same name; 17 miles N.E. of Constance. SrocKBRiDGE, a town in Hampshire, mar- ket on Thursday; 9 miles N.W. of Winciies- tcr, and fi6 W. by S. of London. Stockhuidge, a town of Massachusetts, in Berkshire county; 44 miles W. by N. of Springfield, and 130 W. of Boston. Pop. 1922. Stockem, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, seated on the Meuse; ' 11 miles N. of Mucstricht. | Stockerau, a town of Austria, situate near the Danube; 14 m. N.N.W. of Vienna. ' STOCKHOJt.M, a province of Sweden, com- prising the eastern parts of Upland and Su- dermunia, or the districts of Boslagen and Sudertorn. It has an area of 2736 square miles, with 100,000 inhabitants. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, lies in a situation remarkable for its romantic sce- nery. It is very long, irregular, and occupies, besides two peninsulas, three rocky islands, situate in the Alaeler, in the streams which issue from that lake, and in a bay of the Bal- tic. There are four smaller islands, or ratlier islets, on which are situate forts or buildings for naval purposes. A variety of contrasted and beautiful views are formed by numerous rocks of granite, rising boldly from the sur- face of the water, partly bare and craggy, and partly dotted with houses, or feathered with wood. The harbour is an inlet of the Bal- t'o: the water is of such depth, that ships of the largest burden can approach the quay. At the extremity of the harbour, several streets rise one above another in the form of an ampliitheatre, and the paUice, a magnifi- cent building, crowns the summit. Except in the suburbs, where several houses are of wood, painted red, the generality of the build- ings are of stone, or of brick whitened with stucco. There is a royal academy of science, instituted by the celebrated Linnajus, and a few other learned men, in 1741; and also a rc)yal academy of arts. The ai'senal con tai ns an immense number of trophies and stand- ards taken from diiferent nations. Stock- holm, with a small territory 8urroun. It is seated on the Danube; 22 miles S.E. of Ratisbon, and 68 N.E. of Munich. Pop. 6200. Long. 12. 28. E. lat. 48. 50. N. Strausbero, a town of Prussia, m the Mid- dle Mark of Brandenburg, with an old castle on a mountain. It has manufactures of baize and cloth, and stands on the hike Straossj 21 miles E.N.E. of Berlin. STR 785 8 T U STRGiirA, ft town of Saxony, in Meissen, near wliiuli tlio rrussiunsi were defeated l)y the Austrians in 17U0. It ifi seated on tiio Elbe; 14 miles N.W. of Meissen. Streiii.un, u town of I'lU-ssian Silesia, with manufactures of woollens, stockings, and lea- ther. It is seated on tliu Olda; 22 miles H, of Ureslan. SmuLtTZ, New, a town of Lower Saxony, capital of the duchy of Mecklouburg-Strelitz. Jc owes its ori(;in to the d structLun of the ducal palace in Old Strelitz; in consequence of which, in 1713, the duke began to erect a iniigniAcent palace, 2 miles from the site of tlio old one, at a place culled Olienke, which was before liis hunting-seat; and in 1733 ho founded a town adjoiuin^; to the palace, and ordered it to be culled New Strelits. The centre is a epacious market-place, and thence a number of streets branch out in straight lines; the chief street leads to the palace, and the next to a pleasant hike. It is 8eate?ard was repeatedly cnti-red by the arniicH un i)ntli sides, between 1706 and ) 8 1 Ti, ] t is Heated in ii y)btin nmunp niountaiuM near tlio river Neckar; .'10 in. K. of Hailcn, and 5'i N.E. of Htrii,sl)iir>{, on the railway la-lween Frankfort and Munich. Pop. .T»,f>on. Stuyvesant, a town of New York, on the I'i. side of tlio Hudson river, formerly calleil Kinderhook Landini^; 12 miles N. of Hudson, un(> 17 H of Albany. Pop. 1779. HrvniA, n province of Austria, 12.5 miles ]on^, and 17 brond; bounded on the K. by Hungary, S. I)y Carniolu, and W. by Carin- thia and Salzburj^. It is divided into Upjier and Lower Styria; the former containinj; tlio circles of Judenlnir^ and Bruek, and the latter those of Gralz, Mareliburjr, and Cilley. 'riioniih a mountainous country, there is much land fit for tilla^^i;, and the soil is fertile. The mountains are clothed with oak, beech, and pine; every kind of ^'iiiii is well culti- vated, -md the white wine is very pleasant. It contains mines of excellent iron, wlienco the arms made hero arc in great esteem; also mines of lead and co.il. Tlic principal rivers ure the Eiiiis, Miilii. Drave, and Save. The inhabitants arc for the most part Catholics, but Protestants aro tolerated, and Jows in a limited decree. Pop. 997,681 in 1851. Gratz and Judenhnrjf arc the chief towns. SuAuiA, the former name of one of the ten circles of Germany; bounded on the N. by Fninconia and the circle of Lower Rhine; W. by that circle and Alsace, S. by Swit- Berland, and E by Bavaria. It comprised the ;;reatcr part of the kinj;dom of Wirtem- bcrf^, the grand duchy of Baden and some other territories. SuAKEM, or SuAKiN, a seaport, seated on a small island of the same name, in the Red sea. It is the residence of a Turkish gover- nor under the bashaw of Cairo, and was onco a very flourishing place, but is now gone t > decay. Long. 37. 5.5. E. hit. 19. 56. N. SuniACCO, a town of the Papal 'tr.tF.^, in Campagna di Iloma, seated on theTovei'one; 33 miles E. by N. of Rome. SuccADANA, a town on the S.W. coast of Borneo, capital of a kingdom of the same name. The chief products of the country arc camphor and diamonds. It is seated at the mouth of a river. Long. 110. 15. E. lat. 1.10. S. Success Bat, a bay on the S.E. coast of Terra del Fuego. The S. promontory, at its entrance, iscalledCapeSuccess. Long. 65.27. W. lat. 55. 1. S. SuczAVA, n town of Austria, in Galicia; formerly a flourishing city, but now muob declined. It is seated on a river of the same name; 70 miles N.W. of Jassy. Lonj{. 2.5,62. E. lat. 47. 57. N. HiroA, a strong fort of the isle of Candiaj situate on an islet, in u gulf of its name, wlikh is one of the finest and safest harbours in tho liCvant. Tliis fort was construeteil by tlio Vcnetiaiw, who prescrveil it a great while after Candia was no longer in their possession. It is 8 miles H. of Canea. SuDiu'RY, a borough in SuflTolk, govcrn«il by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It sent two members to the reformed parliatnciiit, but has been disfranchised for corruption. It has three churches, and was ono of the first scats of the Flemings, who were brought over by Edward III. to teach the English the art of manufacturing their own wool. Its trailo is now diverted, in a great jiart, into other channels; but many kinds of thin stutA are still made here. It is seated on the Stour, which is navigable hence to Manningtree; 14 miles S. of Bury St. Edmund, and 54 N.E. of London. IEKTELOE, » town of Swcdcu, in Suder- mania, with a maiuifa(^turc of worsted and silk dtockings; 16 in. W.S.W. of Stockholm. SuuEUOE, one of the Feroe islands, in tho Northern ocean ; remarkable for a dangerous whirlpool near it, which is occasioned by a crater, 61 fathoms deep in the centre. The danger, especially in storms, is very great; but at the reflux, and in very still weather, the inhabitants venture in boats, for tho sake of fishing. SuEN-iiOA, a city of China, of the first rans, in the province of Pe-tche-li. seated amid mountains, near the Great Wall; 77 miles N.N.W. of Peking. Long. 114.39. E. lat. 40. .'58. N. Suez, a seaport of Egypt, with a castle; seated at the N. end of the VV. arm of the Red sea, called the Gulf of Suez. This gulf is se- parated from the Mediterranean by an isthmus, between 70 and 80 miles over, which joins Asia to Africa, in which are still to be seen remains of the ancient canal which united the two seas, A Frencli speculator, M. Lcs- seps, is attempting, with the consent of the go- vernment, to cut a canal across the isthmus. MM suo 787 SUL Tilt) town i* surrounded Ity h snndy country, and iH without wiitur. It is now a wrutclicd nnd unhealthy phicc; but in tlio 16ll> century was of conHideralilc importuncc. Several vcHHela are employed in tho navi);ation be- tween thin port and Jidda, where the coin- inoditics are baricred for Indian (^oodii nnd the coffee of Arabia. Tho commerce of Cairo with Suez is carried on by caravans, which wait tliu arrival, and set out on the departure of the vcsMcIs, that is, al)out the end of April, and ill the course of July and Au^uHt. Tho merchandise consiNts in corn, wood, iron, load, wool, cloth, cordage, &c.; C5 miles E. of Cairo. L( Cuttack, and 280 W. of Ca'c-J^a. Long. 83. 40. E, lat. 21. 25. N. SuMEir, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na- tolia, 14 miles E. of Pergamo. SuMEKEiK, a town of Ilungary, in the island of Schut; 16 miles S.S.E. of Presburg. SuMMEi-KiouM, a town of Birmah, tr.i in- habitants of which are cliiefly employed in the manufacture of saltpetre and gunp )wdcr. It is seated on the Irrawaddy; 68 miles S. by W. of Ummcrapoora. Summit, a county in thoN.E. part of Ohio; capital, Akron. Pop. 22.560. Su.MNEu. a county of Tennessee: capital, Gallatin. Pop. in 1840, 22,445, including 7286 slaves. SuMPTER, a district of South Carolina; capital, Sumptcrvilie. Pop. in 1 840, 27,892, including 18,875 slaves. Also a county iu Georgia; capital, Ancricus. Pop. 57.59. Su.MY, a town of European Kussin, in the government of Kharkov. It is fortified, and h.is four annual fairs, which arc considerable. Pop. 11,000. Sdnakt, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland; which cvtemls 20 miles E. into the county of Argyle, from the N. end of the island of Mull. SuNBUKY, a seaport in the state of Georgia, in Liberty county; wiiii a Si;fo and conveni- ent harbour- The town, being very healthy, is the resort of tiio planters from the adjacent country, during the sickly montiis. U is ;!4 miles S. bv W. of Savanna. Long. 81. 0. W. lat. 31. 33. N. SuNBuar, a '.own of Pennyslvania, chiefof Northumberland county; with three ciii' relies. It stands on tiieE. side of the Susquehanna; 120 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. in 1840, 1108. SuNDA LsLANDS, islands in tho S.E. part of tho Indian ocean. Tiie chief of them are Borno, Sumatra, and Jav .; the two latter .■separated by a channel, called tho strait of Si-,.'.t. usuNDERBtTNDS, a tract of country in Ben- gal, consisting of that part of tho delta of tho Ganges which borders on the sea. In extent it is equal to the principality of Wales. It is completely enveloped in wood, infested with tigers, and composed of a labyrintii of rivers and creeks, all of which are salt, ex- cept those that immediately communicate with tho principal arm of the Ganges. Hero salt, in quantities equal to the whole coiisum])- tion of Bengal and itsdepemlencies, is made and transported with equal facility; and here also is found an inexhausvible store of timber for boat-building. SuNDERiiimo, a town of Denmark, in tho island of Alsen, with a castle. It is seated on a strait called Sunderburg Sound; 12 mdesE. of Flensbuvg. Pop. 2700. Long. 10.0. E. lat. 54. 51. N. SuNOEUDOO, a fortified island and seaport of Hindostan, in Concan; reduced by Com- modore James in 1 756. It is 36 miles N.N. W of Goa. Long. 73. 20. E. lat, 16. 3. N. Sunderland, aborough and seaport in tho county of Durham, governed by a mayor; with a market on Saturday. It sends two members to parliament. For the exportation of coal, it is next in consc(juence to New- castle. Its port, at the mouth of the Wear, will admit vessels of 400 tons; the entianco is defended by a b:ittcry, and a pier, on which, is alight-house. Here are several small dock- yards, manufactures of salt, glass, copperas, and earthenware, and a trade in .imc, griiiil- stoiies, and other articles. The commerce and population of this |)ort have been gradually increasing during tiie last century, the gene- ral appearance of the town has licen greatly improved, and a new sontlipvn entrance ta the port opened in 18.")6. The pari.-h church is a handsome brick tmildinsr; besides which are St. John's cliaj)cl, anil the clinreh in John Street. There are alsn in the towa and suburbs 19 chapels not belonging to the establishment, besides several licensed meet- 1 ing-rooms, and a Jews' synagogue. Sunder- land is much frequented during the bathin season* and thi noitfhbourhood, for severu ' i ^ 3^^ ^ SUR 790 SU R miles round, is cnriclied by many elcgau'; scuts and niiinsion.s. It is .situiitc on the river Wear, over whiclii.sanmpnificent iron bridge, ofone imniciiso iireli, w Inch will iiilmit ships of 200 tons burden to sail under it. It is 13 miles N.E.ol'Uurham,and 269 N.byW. of London. Lonj,'. I.2.W. lit. 54. 52. N. SiwDEULANi), a town of Massachusetts, in Hampshire county; on the E. side of the Connecticut, 10 miles N. of Hadley, and 100 W. by N. of Boston. SiJNDi, a pro\ince of Congf>, which lies along the river Zaire. Its rivers render it extreniely fertile,and in tiie mountains are mines of several metals. The capital is of the same name. Long. 1 7. 55. E. lat. 4. 50. N. Stundswai.d, a seaport of Sweden, and the capiiul of Medelpadia. The chief trade is in tar, birch-bark, deals, liops, flax, an-.l Jincn. It is seated n(.'.artlic gulf of Bothnia, 101 miles N.byW. of Stockholm. Pop. 1500. Long. 17. 50. E. lat. 02. 25. N. SuNEiiGON'o, or SuNNEUGAUM, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal, once a large city, and famous for a manufacture of fine cotton cloth. It is seated between the Burrampootor and a branch of the Ganges, 15 miles S.E. of Dacca. Sunk [^JLA^'I), an island within the mouth of the Hiimber, 9 miles in circuit; separated from Yorkshire by a channel two miles broad. It produces grain, woon, and black rabbits. Sui'KKioii, Lake, a lakeof North America, above 1500 miles in circumference, and sup- posed to be the largest body of fresh water on the globe. It contains many islands, two of then", very large, especially He Iloyale, which IS 100 miles long, and in many places 40broad. The Indians supposed theseislands to be the residence of the Great Spirit. Up- wards uf 30 rivers enter this lake, some of which are of considerable size, and its water is unrivalled in purity and transparency. It abounds with iisli, particularly trout, white- fish and sturgeon. Storms are even more dreadful on this lake than on the ocean. It tliscbarges its water from the S.E. corner, through the strait of St. Mary, into Lake Huron; but the quantity does not appear to be one-tenth part of what is conveyed into it by the rivers. SuiMNO, a town of Naples, in thi^ Molise, with a castle; seated at the source of the Ta- mara, 17 miles N. by W. of Benevcnto. SuK, or Souit, a town of Syria, in Pales- tine, on the coast of the Mediterranean, where stood tlic famous city of Tyre, destroyed by Alexander the Great. It is now no more than a village, situate on a peninsula which orojects from the shore into the sea, in tlie form of a mallet with an oval head. The village consists of about 60 families, who live obscurelyon the produce of theirlittle grouiuls, ami a trilling fishery. It is 18 miles S.S W. of Saida, and GO S/\V' of Damascus, Sura, a town of S^veden, i>i \Vcstmanlan<], 15 miles N. of Strocmshohu. SURAUAYAII. Sm S0UttA«AY.\. SuKAT, a city of Hindo.Htan, the capital of Guzerat, with a strong citadel. The K((uare8 are large, and th.e streets spacious, but not paved, so that the dust is troublesome. Each street has gates of its own, with which it is shut up in times of turbuK;n"e. The larger houses are hat-roofed, with courts before tliem ; and those of the common iieuple are high- roofed. It is said to have 100,000 iiihahi- tants; and its trade is considerable, notwith- standing the sand-banks that cbstiuct the entrance of the Tapty, which cause large ves- sels to load and unload at Swally, 15 miles to the W. of Surat. In this city arc Mi;hani- medani of several sects, many sorts of (icn- toos, and Jews and Christians of various de» nominations. It is one of the stations of the London Missionary Society. The Moham- medans at Surat are not by far so striit as they a-e in Arabia or in other Turkish coun- tries, nor arc the distinctions of tribes among the Hindoos who reside here strictly oliserv- ed. The latter are almost all of the caste of the Banyans; and their skill and dexterity in matters of calculation and economy often raise them to places of considerable trust. Some of them arc very ric)i, but all live in a style of moderate sitnplicity, and wear only a plain robe of white cotton. All people of distinction in Sura% and through the rest of India, speak and wi te the Persian language; but in trade, corrupi Portuguese is the lan- guage used. This ci y was long the empori- um of the most preci jus productions of Hin- dostan, for hither were brought from the in- terior parts an immense quantity of goods, which the merchants carried in their ships to the Red sea, the Persian gulf, the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel, and even to ChiTia. Since the rise of Bombay, however, the traffic of this place has greatly declined, and now consists chiefly of raw cotton and a few of its own manufactures. One thing singular in Surat is, that though there is no hospital for human beings, there is an extensive establish- ment of this nature for sick or maimed ani- mals. When the Europeans turn out an old horse, or any other domestic animal to perish, as useless, the Banyans voluntarily assume the care of it, and place it in this house, which is full of infirm and decrepit cows, sheep, rabbits, hens, pigeons, &c. The country round Surat is fertile, excejit towards the sea, where it is sandy and barren. Before the English East India Company obtained possession of Bombay, Surat was the seat of their presi- dency, ami the centre of their eastern trade. It is situate ^0 miles up the river T;>pty, and 147 N. of Bombay. Long. 73. 7. Iv lat. 21. ll.N. SuKGoo,JA, a town of Hindostan, ■■apital of a circar of the same name, in the province of Orissa. It is 75 miles N.E. of Buttenpour, and 210 S.S.W. of Patna. Long. 83. 32. E lat 2.'}.(i. N. Sliiuui, a town of Asiatic Russia, m the wmmn'^^^'^^m 'a»*»ftrr»am; SUR 791 SUS govcniment of Tobolsk, sucroundeil ^y pali- Eiidoort. It iti seatcil on the Oby, 265 miles N.N.E. of Tobolsk. Long. 73. 30. E. lat. 61.30. N. SuuiNA-f, a country of Guiana, extending 75 miles ul jiig a river of tlie same name. It abouiuls witii game, and singular animals of ditfcreiit kii.;ds; the toad, in particular, being remarkable .'or its enormous size and ugly form. The products are eolFeo, fruits, indigo, sugar, cotton, toiacco, gums, and wood for dyeing. The woods are full of monkeys, and it is said there an serpents 30 feet long. Tiiis country was coi'ed by the English to the Dutch for the itrovincc of New York, in 1774. It was saken by the British in 1799, and again in 180-1, but restored iu ISH. The capital is Paramaribo. SuuiNoiA, a sciiport o" Japan, in the island of Niphon, capitii! of a province of the sa,iiie name, with a castle, where the emperors for- merly resided. It i:s 170 n;les E. of Meaco, Long. 130. 5. E. hit. 39. 30. M . SiJUUEV, a county of England, 37 miles long and 27 broad; boundeJ on the N. by Middlesex, E. by Kent, S. by Sussex, and W. by ll:iuipshire and Ijcrkslure. It contains 485,120 acres, is divided into 14 hundieds and 1 to parishes, has five boroughs, and eiL'Jit other market-towns, and sends four memb'ers to parliament for the E. and W. divisions of the county. The soil is very different in the extreme parts from that in the middle, whence it has be<;n eonijiared to a coarse cloth with a fiui' border; for the ed^e of the county on all sides has a rich soil, extremely fruitful in corn and grasv, particularly on the N. and \V. to- wards the Thames; but it is far otheru'ise in the heart of the county, where are wide tracts of sandy ground iind barren Iseath, and in some places loin^ ridges of liills. It prodncca corn, boxwood, walnuts, hops, and hdierti'- earth. Medicinal herbs are raised to a con- siderable extent, aisd about 3500 acres of laud consist of gardetis for the supply of tlu Lon- don market. There are several railways in opc'Mtiop in the county; the earliest, called the Suiithani Bottom, was for the purpose of bringing the produce of some (]uarrics near iieigate to Wandsworth l,>y horse pi>wer; this has been disuscu for some years. The Croy- d.)n railway is the next iu order and has been extended to Epsotu. The atinosidieric prin- ciple wastried on it, but failed. Tlu; Brigbtovi .ind South Coast railway and the South Eastern railway use it as a trunk line, and proceed together as far as Ueigatc where they diverge. The largest line in the county is the South Western railway which has also a branch to Guildford. The princijial river, besides the Tli.imcs (whiidi is the boundary of this ct)unty on the N.,) arc the Mcdc, Wey, and AVr.ndle. The sju-ing assizes are lield at Kingston, and tlic summer at Guildford and Croydon alternately. SuusEK, atow" of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Lucerne, statod on the river Sur, near , the lake of Scmpach; 12 miles N.W. of Ln- ecrnc. Sus, a river of Morocco, which rises in Blount Atlas, flows thnuigh tlie kingdom of Sus, and enters the Athmlie at Messa. Its animal in- undations enrich the country. Sus, Scz, Zaiiar.v-Sl'z, or Srsr, an inde- pendent province of western Africa, bounded on the W. by the Atlantic. N. by ^^lorocco Proper, E, by Talilet, and S. by Darah. It is a flat country, abounding in corn, sugar- canes, and dates. The inhabitants, who aro chiefly Berebers, or ancient natives, are dis- tinguished by tiieir industry, and many of them who live in towns become opulent, and are much more polite than the natives of Fez and Morocco. In the mountainous part they are entirely free, and are governed by tlitir own chiefs. It is represented as affording a great field for European commerce, and soino attention has recently been drawn to this quarter. The principal town is Ta'udant. Si.'SA, or SoiJ>'., a seaport of Tunis, the ciiief mart of the kingdom for oil and linen, and formerly a pl.ice of some repute: near it an.) considerable remains of fU'cient Uiildings. It stands on the E. coasf, "li miles S.E. of Tunis. Long. 11, 15. E. lat. 3.5, 40. N. SusA, a province of the Sarditiian states, in Piedmont, consisting of a broaij valley inter- spersed with steep rockg. It has an area of 700 sijuare miles, with G5,000 inhabitants. SusA, a town of Piedmont, with a strong fort, called Brunette. Here are four churches and several religious houses, and near it is a triumphal arch to the honour of Augustna Cresar. It is seated on the Doria, among pleasant monntains, and is the i>rincipal pas- sage out of France into Italy,. It was taken by the French in 1799, but was rettored in i!5!4; 23miles W.X.W. ofTurin. Pop. 1700, Long. 7. 10. E. lat. 45. 10. N. St:SDAT>, a tow.'! of Kiissia, in the govern- ment of Volodimir, and a bisbij]>'s see. It 1.9 built of wood. It is .seated on the Nerl, 90 miles N.E. of Moscow. Long. 40. 25. E. lat. 5B. 26. N. SL'SQL■i:ItAN^fA, a river of the United States, which issues from the lake Otsego. It crosses three limes the line that divides tlie state of New York from Penusylvania, after vthjch it tlows S.E. to Wilkesbarre, aiid then S.W. to Sunbuiy, where it meets liie W. branch of f|i« Susciuelanina. It then flows by Han isJn.'rg to Havre de Grace, nhcn". it caters the bond of Chesapeake bay, after a couiic of 450 miles, St;ssAC, .1. town of France, department of Upper Vicnne, 15 miles S.l'i. of iamogcs, ,SissF.x,aeiu!iit} >,fEiigIavid, ,'0 miles lonj;, ami ua iv!"'rc bro.idost; bounded on tiie N„ by Surrey, N.E. and E. by Ketit, S. by (bo F.nglv'^h Chunnel. and W. Iiy Hainjisuiie. It contain.? 9.'15,040 Kcres, is divided into six rapes, subdivided into 65 smaU l.uudri.-ils, aix.l 3 til parishes. It fcnris four members to par- liament for the 'jiis'crn and wesieni divisiona o( the county. Thu soil iu vivnousj that of 1^^ V) r^ IS SUT 792 SWA the dou'iis, nnd theiic'.' to the sen, is fertile in corn and grass, the latter feeding sheop, wliose wool is remarkably fine; the middle nbouuls with meadows and ricli arable ground, and tho N. side is shaded with extensive woodr-, that used to supply fuel for the iron-works when tiiey were in a flourishing .itate. Tlie chief commodities are corn, malt, cattle, wool, wood, iron, chalk, and plass. Sussex, is not disiingiiished for any manufi\cture but that of gunpowder, at liattle, and of needles, at Cliioheyter. Jt communicates with the metro- polis, and the ucneral railway system by means of the Brighton and South Coast railways and their branches. These extend to Hus- tings an(t Rye on the cast, and to Portsmouth on the west. The principal rivers are the Ariin, Ad".r, Ouse, and Kother. Chichcfter is the capital, but the spring a.ssizcs arc held at Horsham, and the summer at Lewes. Sussex, a county of New Jersey; capital, Newton. Pop. in 1840, 2l,77o".--Also a county in Delaware; capitjil, Gcorpe-town. Pop. :/ft.003. — Also a county in Virginia ; capital, Sussex Conn House. Pop. 11,229. Sdster. See. Tustab, SusTBUKN, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg; Smiles from the river Meuse, and 10 S. of Kuromonde. SuTlIERLANDSHtRL, a coiuuy of Sinr- age in alarge well-wooded triict of'lnnd, called Sutton Park. Hardwiire forms the principal article of trade; 26 miles N.W. by W. of Warwick, and 110 N.W. of London.' SiTTTON-ri'ON-TRENT, a small town in >,'ot- tingb.imshirc, seated on the Trent; C miles S. E. ofTuxford. Suzanne, St., a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne; with a cotisidcrnhlo pepper manuf.icture; 24 miles W. of i\Ians. SvEAEOKO, a strong fortress of Sweden, built on several rocky islets in the gulf of Finland. In 1808 it surrendered to the Kns- sians. It is 3 miles S. of Helsingfors. SvEMBORO, a seaport of Denmark, in iho island of Funen, with tho best harbour in the island. Here are manufaetnrcs of wool- len and linen ; 22 miles S. of Odensee. Long. 10. 37. E. hit. riii. 9. N.. SwArFiiAJi, a town of Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, noted for butter, Tho church is Iiandsome, and in tho form of a cathedral. The other places of worshij) are meeting-houses for Bajuists and Quakers. It is seated on a hill; 27 miles W. of Nor- wich, and 93 N.E. of London,, Savale, a river in Yoikshire, which rises on the confines of Westmoreland, flows E, Iiy Riidimond, and then S,L. to its jnnctioii wi.'h the Ure, a little below Aldborough, mIuto their united stream (brns tho Ouse. Tl.ifl rtver was held sacred by the Saxons, fnnu the circumstance of upwards ol 10.000 p' r- sons having been baptized in it by Fanlinn-i, archblsbop of York, upon their ci-Uivi'isiun to ChriBLianity. SwALi.Y, a town of Ilindostan, in Gnzcrat, with a havbonr, where .ships rcceivi; and de liver their cargoes for the me; .bants ol Stirai. It is seated near the gulf of Carnbav; 1& milrs .V. of Sural. Long. 72. 33. E. lat". 21. 10, N. Swan Rivek. e, extending inoo miles from N,, to S., and 300 from E. to W., bounded on the N. by Norwegian Lap- land, E. l>y llussia, S. by the gull' of Finland .ind the lialtir, and W. by the Sound, the C i.:-nt, and Norway. It was form' r!/ di- vhUa) into fivo general parts; Swflden Proprr, Gothland, Nordland, Lapland, and Finland, :ai 1 each of theso subdivided into provinces, Swede;". Proper contained (Iphiiid, H'lil'Tnm- nia, Nerioia, Westmania, nnd ]Jal(./;/fi)(.i. Gothland included East Oothlarid, Himihuid, West Gothlan.l, Wermcland, Bahiis, J)alia, Si'lionen, Ilalhmd, Bkkingen, and the isles of aothland and Oelaml. Nordland con- tained Gestriciu, IleleiMi/in, /'.ludelpadiu, Jeniptia, Angertimnia, and VV. UoMinia. Swedish Lnpjiiiiil conn'riicd IJmcn, Piteii, Lulea, Torriru, and Ivninl) thcHO have no towns, and take (Indr nHmes from rivers that rise near the bordera of N irwajr and flow into the gulf of Bothnia. Finland contained Finland l'roi)er, E. IJothnia, Tavastehind, Nyland, Savolax, and part (jf Kymene, and Carelia. 'J'he greater part of Finland, how- ever, was ceded to Russia in 1808, I)ut in 181 4, on ceding the small province of Swedish Pomerania, it acquired Norway, including v.liich, and Norwegian Lapland, the total extent of surface may be conqnited at 343,000 square miles, with a popu'ation scarcely ex- ceeding 3.;',00,000. The whole country is now tlivided into 23 governments; Umea, Hemosand, Gefleborg, Upsal, Stockholm, U'estcras, Nykoping, Orebro, Stora Koppar berg or Fahlun, Carlstndt, Lindkoping, .Jon' koping, Kronoborg or Wcxico, Calniar, Carl- seron.i, Scaraborg, Elfsborg, Gottenbnrg, flalmstadt, Christianstadt, Malmohus, nml Wisby. Though enclosed by mountains on the W. and N., it is in general a very Hat country; and it is remarkable, that along the whole road from Gottenbnrg in the W. to Stockholm in the E. there is not a singlo acclivity of consequence, till within a few miles of the latter. It is well watered by rivers, (though not a single navigable one worth mentioning,) numerous lakes, and in- land pieces of water, on the banks of which the palaces and villas are usually built. At Stockholm, spring and autumn are scarcely to be perceived; for winter continues nine months, and summer during the remaining three. In winter the cold is excessive, and the heat in summer is considerable, the air being serene all that time. During this season, all the rocks are quite covered with flowers, and the gardens have pierity of fruits. The trees are early in blossoming, the Soil being fat and sulphureous; but the fruits have not so good a taste as in more southern countries. The iinimals are horses, cows, hogs, goats, shoep, elks, reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, wild cats, and squirrels. The horses arc so little and feeble that seven are put to a travelling carriage, four a-bveast in the lirst line, and three in the second; but a lame or foundered horse is seldom to be seen, which is attributed, in a great degree, to the manner of stablingthem on perforated boards, wiihout litter. Here arc several sorts of fowls; and jairtridges, woodcocks, and falcon.i in grtat plenty. In some parts are rich sil- ver, copper, and iron mines, isiid vast forests of timber trees. The nrlicles of export aio boards, gunpowder, ieallier, iroii,<;opper, tal- low, skins, pitidi, resin, and iriasls; and the iiniiorts, salt, brandy, wine, linen cloth, stud's, tobacco, SMgar, spice, and paper. The inha- bitants are of a rolni.it constitution, and able to sustain the hardest hibi nr. They are, however, more jMlished than /ormtrly, and have several public schools nnd colleges, where the arts and sciences are taught. The. houses are generally of wood, with vev\ little art in their c(mstruction. The roi (\ in many places are covered with turf, on which their goats often feed, Tlie form oi' 'he Swedish I, lX:f m tn. mm I t 'i:f'^i SWE 794 SWI I, -f f r'kliw government has frequently raried. Before the accession of Gustavus I. it was an elective monarchy. By theunion of Culmar in 1397, it was stipulated that the same monarch should rule over Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; and hence Sweden became merely a tribu- tary kingdom to Denmark. From this state of subjection to a tyrannical foreign yoke it was rescued by Gustavus Vasa, on whom the Swedes, in 1523, conferred the sovereignty, and made the crown hereditary in bis male issue. He was intrusted with great prero- gatives; and these were augmented by Gus- tavus Adolphus, the right of succession being extended, at the same time, to the female line. In the minority of his daughter Chris- tina, the regal powers were greatly circum- Bcribed, and the nobles acquired such an ex- orbitant authority as gave great umbrage to the clergy, citizens, and peasants. This prov- ed a favourable opportunity for Charles XI. to obtain from the states a formal cession of absolute sovereignty, which quietly devolved upon his son Charles XII. Upon the death 01 the latter, the Swedes conferred the crown upon Ulrica Eleonora, his youngest sister, stipulating, at the same time, great limits to the prerogative. Ulrica resigned the c -own to her consort Frederic I. From this period, the Swedish monarchy was the most limited one in Europe, till 1772, when Gustavus III. effected a revolution, by which he regained the most essential royal prerogatives, with- out, however, being an absolute monarch. He was assassinated in 1792, leaving his son Gustavus Adolphus a minor, whoattained his majority in 1796. This prince was de- posed on the 1st of May, 1809, and his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, was called to the throne. But soon after his accession, in con- Boquence of tlie sudden death of his son, the crown prince, he assembled the diet of the kingdom, in order to choose a successor to the throne. This Swedish diet met for this purpose at Orebro,on the 8th of August 1810, and, after a short speech from the king, they elected the late French marshal, Bemadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo, to the dignity of crown prince of Sweden. This person, though a FrnncliniaTi, and raised to rank and emi- nence under Bonaparte, greatly distinguished himself in tlie service of the allies in 1813, at tiic head of the Swedish army, and in 1814 socured Norway to Sweden by the treaty of ^ Kiei. The established religion is the Lu- theran, and they have one archbishop and 13 ; bishops. Stockholm is the capital. | SwKDEN Proi'kr, formerly one of the five grainl ill visions of Sweden; bounded on the B. by li'itliland, W. by Norway, N.byNord- land, and E by the Baltic sea. It compre- hended live provinces, and Stockholm, the iMijiitnl of all Sweden. SwiiDEsnoKotoii, R town of New Jersey, in Gloucester count v, on Ravitoii creek: 20 ; miles S. Iiy W. of Philadelphia. i SwEiNY, a town of the kingdom of Dar- j foor, and a place of general resort for mer- chants trading to Egypt. It is 45 miles V, of Cobbe. Swift, a river of England, in the counties of Leicester and Warwick. It runs into the Avon, above Rugby. Swindon, a town in Wiltshire, with a mar- ket on Monday, situate on an eminence, on the line of the Great Western railway, which has here a principal station; 28 miles N. of Salisbury, and 77 W. of London. SwiNEMCNcr, atown of the Prussian states, in Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom, situate at the mouth of the river Swine; 13 miles I'], by N. of Usedom. Long. 14. 12. E. lat. .^3. 56. N. SwiNKSiiEAD, a town in Lincolnshire, with a neglected market on Thursday. The sea formerly came up to the town, and there was a haven near the present market-place. It is 6 miles E. of Boston, and 110 N. of London. SwiNNA, a small island of Scotland, one of the Orkneys; situate near the middle of tiio Pentland frith. Here are two whirlpools that are dangerous to mariners, particularly in a calm. Switzerland, acountry of Europe, bound- ed on the N. and E. by Germany, S. by Italy, and W. by France. It is 220 miles long, and 140 broad, and is separated from the adjacent countries by high mountains, called the Alps. Area, 18,681 square miles. Switzerland has been divided, since 1815, into 22 cantons, namely, Lucerne, Uri, Schweitz, Underwal- den, Zug, Fribnrg, Solcure, Ticino, Valais, Bern, Basel, Schaffhausen, Zurich, Vnnd, Neufchatel, Geneva, Appenzel, Glarus, Ori- sons, St. Gall, Thurgau, and Aargau. The first nine are Catholics, the next seven are Calvinists, and the others contain both reli- gions. Each canton has its distinct internal government. Switzerland is therefore a col- lection of .separate and independent republics, differing from each other in size, population, government, religion, and language. Each republic legislates exclusively for itself; but is joined to the rest in a pact or alliance for mutual help against dangers from without, and for making common cause for the well- being of the whole; the rights and hbertieg of each Ftate arc, or ought to be, respected as much as possible. The diet, or general government, is the assembly of the twenty- two reprcjiutatives of the states, and every state has a vote in the diet however small its importance. The cantons of Bale and Ap- penzel have divided themselves into half c.in- tons, and each having only two half votes in the diet, and these generally opposed to each other, the voice of these cantons has been thus absurdly neutralized. All the acts wliiih the diet is competent to decide upon, are voted by a majority of 12 states out of 'ha 22, exeei)t on the question of war, tor which 10 out of the 22 votes are necessary. The diet meets successively in the three great, central cantous ; two years at Berne, two at Lucerne, hi\ ment of tin for the time or Vorort, w the diet. 1 Alps into It; beyond the nis, which k in the count St. Bernard, in Piedmoni pion pass, b eons, crosses duchy of W St. Gothard terminates i lakes are tl ccrne, Zuri( considerable Aar, Arve, 1 exceeds evei sity of appe with enormc of perpetual seas of ice, and cultivat and the verd Agriculture great extent cient for do riches consis many cattle goats and eh in the woods The women in general i retain their i tent to live and there a: never have i of Franco Switzerland ai.d, after d sants who ( they abolish pal cantons, I'etic republ two council tution was consul of F for their ac( them a new to accept, mics travcr ofinvading again took Switzerlani' commotioiif but in 1814 disturbance of Scptemb at Zurich. pid)lies liv< protect i Ml ' 1830, The tic amon;,;,- SOOii; the I «^H SWI 795 S\ E Lucerne, tind two at Zurich; and the govern- ment of tlie canton where it sits, becomes, for the time beinp, the lederal government, or Vorort, wliicii is tlie executive power of the diet. There arc four passages over the Alps into Italy from Switzerhiml ; the first is beyond the hike of Geneva, over mount Ce- nis, wiiich kads to Savoy; the second begins in the country of tlie Grisons, crosses mount St. Bernard, and leads to the valley of Aosta, in Piedmont; the third, the celebrated Sim- pion pass, begins in the country of the Gri- sons, crosses mount Simplon, and leads to the duchy of Milan; the fourth crosses mount St. Gothard.and the bailiwicks of Italy, and terminates in the Milanese. The principal lakes are those of Constance, Geneva, Lu- cerne, Zurich, and Neufchatcl. The most considerable rivers are the Rhine, Khoiie, Aar, Arvc, Kcuss, and Limmat. Switzerland exceeds every country in the world in diver- sity of appearance: the vast chain of Alps, with enormous precipices, extensive regions of perpetual snow, and glaciers that resemble seas of ice, are contrasted by the vineyard and cultivated field, the richly wooded brow, and the verdant valley with its crystal stream. Agriculture cannot, of course, be carried to great extent, but the grain produced is suffi- cient for domestic consumption. The chief riches consist of cxceUent pastures, in which many cattle are bred and fattened, and the goats and chamois feed on the mountains and in the woods. The men are strong and robust. The women are tolerably handsome, and are in general very industrious. The jjcasants retain their old manner of dress, and are eon- tent to live upon milk, butter, and cheese; and there are some of the mountaineers who never have any bread. In 1797, the partisans of France having excited disturbances in Switzerland, the French entered the country; ai'd, after defeating the troops and the pea- sants who opposed them in several battles, they abolished the constitutions of the princi- pal cantons, erected what was termed the Hel- I'etic republic, and vested the government in two councils and a directory. This consti- tution was abolished in 1802, by tlie first consul of France, and another was presented for their acceptance, but rejected; he offered tliemanewone in 1803, which they consented to accept. In December 1813, the allied ar- mies traversed the country, for the purpose of invading France, when some partial changes a^xaiti took place in the administration of Switzerland, which was the cause of violent commotiotis amongst several of the cantons; but in 1814, on the meeting of the diet, these disturbances were ap])eased, and on the 8tli of September, a federal compact wa-s signed at Zurich. The twenty-two little Swiss re- publics lived tolerably peaceably under the protocti.Mi of the federal pact f'om 1815 till 1830 The only republics entirely democra- tic amongst them, were the four primitive 3Dcs; the other 18 were either rnorc or less aristocratic; But between 1830 and 1832, revolutions took place in all the cantons, except the forest ones, the Valais, Neufchatel, the Grisons, Bile, and Geneva, who all stood firm, and this was the rise of radicalism in Switzerland, which has lamentably subverted all order, good feeling. and unanimity. From a balance of the conflicting parties prior to 1841, the radical party increased in strength in the diet, and in that year commenced a system of aggressions upon the Catholic party, beginning; with the suppression of the convents, and the confiscation of their pro- |)erty in A-^rovie. A series of systematic oppression led to the coalition of the 7 Ca- tholic cantins, in 1845, into a Sondcrbund, for defensive purposes; their numbers, how- ever, were much smaller than that of their opponents, the Sondcrbund states numbering about 400,000, and the rest about 2,000,000, and thus was a religious war commenced. Fribourg surrendered to the radicals in Nov. 1847, and Lucerne and the four cantons soon afterwards. A new constituticn was framed and accepted by the federal diet Sept. 12, 1848. The federal assembly consists of two divisions — the national council, and senate. The city of Berne was chosen by this assem- bly as the federal city, Nov. 28i 1848. SwiTZKKLAND, New, a settlement of In- diana; commenced in 1805 by emigrants from the Pays de Vaud, for the purpose ot culti,'ating the vine. Pop. 7111. Swords, a town of Ireland, in the county of Dublin, 9 miles from Dublin. It has a spacious church, a Catholic chapel, and in- fantry barracks. Here are the ruins of a monastery, an archiepiscopal palace, and a pillar tower. SvA, a town of Sweden, in West Goth- land; 13 miles S.W. of Lindkoping. Sydney Bay, a bay on the South side of Norfolk island, in the South Pacific. Long. 168. 12. E. lat. 29.4, S. Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, founded by Governor Philip in 1 788, as a British settlement for the colony of convicts originally intended for Botany Bay. It is now a corporate city, and the principal seat of government, has three Episcopal churches, with a cathedral (in course of erection,) two Catholic chapels, an extensive gaol, military barracks, hospitals (for military and convicts,) a naval yard, an excellent market, &c. Ti.e governor's residence, which fronts the har- bour, is of recent erection, and presents a very striking appearance. Sydney has also chapels for dissenters; 7 banking companies, insurance offices, benevolent and literary in- stitutions. It is situate on the S. side of tha harbour of Fort Jackscm, on the E. of an in- let culled Darling harbour. Long. 151. 23. E. lat. 33. 48. S. Pop. in 18.^tj, 80,000. SvENE, or lOs.souAii, a town of Egypt, with a small lort, on the right bank of the Nile. It w.as anciently a city, and celebrated I'm the first atienipt lo ascertain the circumfcr- f 'S i SYR 79G SZU ence of tlio earth, by Eratosthenes, a native of Cyrene, about the year 275 b.o. The re- mains ot the ancient town are on an eminence to the S., wliere columns and pillars of gra- nite, scattered here and there, denote its si- tuation. Near it, on a small island in the Nile, anciently called Elephantina, are the ruins of atcnipleof Cnuphis. It is 400 miles S. of Cairo. Lonp. 33. 20. E. lat. 24. 0. N. Syliiet. See Siliiet. Sylt, an island of Denmark, on the West const of Jutland, of an irregular form, about 40 miles in circumference, but in no part above 2 miles from the sea. Great quanti- ties of oysters are found here. The chief town is Morsum. Long. 8. 26. E. lat. 54. 57. N. Symington, a small parish in Lanarkshire, ' passed by the Caledonian railway to Edin- burgh, &c.; 67 miles from Carlisle. Symi. See Simi. SY.MPnERoroi., or Simferopol, the capi- tal of the Crimea, or Russian province of Tau- rida. The houses are built of stone, and roofed, in the ancient Greek style, with tiles. There are likewise numerous modern hand- some buildings, for the residence of the go- vernor, judges, and other civil officers. The old Tartar part of the town, called Achmet- ehet, is dirty and ill-built. The environs are beautiful; and, 2 miles to the E. of the city, is the mountain Tchatirdagh, the highest in the Crimea, and the MonsBerosus of the an- cients. Sympheropol is situate on the Salgir, the principal river of the province; 65 miles W. by S. of CafTa, and 90 S. by E. of Pre- cop. Long. 34. 0. E. lat. 44. 52. N. Syra, an island of the Grecian archipe- lago, and belonging to Greece. It is about 10 miles long, and 5 broad. It is rugged, but well cultivated, and is in a prosperous condition, from its possessing an excellent port, on the E. side of the island. The port of Syra is now a considerable commercial town, and most of the trade formerly carried on at Scio, is now centered here. Most Eu- ropean nations have consuls here, and it is the principal seat of the Protestant missions in the Levant. The town, which is for the most part old, has many now streets, and is an ancient place. Population of the island in 1825, about 4500, but in 1842, estimated nt above 25,000. Lat. of the port, 37. 26. N. long. 24. 55. E. Syracdse, a seaport of Sicily, in "Val di Noto, and a bishop's see, with a fine harbour, defended by a castle. It was once the me- tropolis of all Sicily; but v r. tyranny, and earthquakes have reduced . 'ess than one- fourth of its former size, when vas deemed one of the most famous cities he world, and 22 miles in compass. Near tliis place, in 1718, there was a sea-fight between the Spaniards and English, in which the latter were victorious. It is seated near the sea ; 72 miles S. by W. of Messina, and 110 S.E. of Palermo. Pop. in 1831, 16,805. Long. 15.16. E. lat. 37. 2. N. Syracuse, a town of Onondaga connty. New York, at the junction of the Oswego with the Erie canal; this circumstance ami being on the lino of the Western railroiid, have given it great importance. A largo quantity of salt is made from the brine spriiii^a here; 131 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 6500. Syria, (El Sham,) a province of Turkoy in Asia, bounded on the N. by Natolia and Diarbeck, E. by the latter and the deserts of Arabia, S. by Arabia Petrsea, and W. by tlie Mediterranean. Under the general name of Syria was included the ancient Phoeiiiciii, lying S. of Vyrhi Proper. This province aboumlg in oil, corn, and several sorts of fruits, as well as pease, beaas, and all kinds of pulse, and garden stuff; but it would produce much more than it does, if it were well cultivated; for there are the finest valleys in the world between the mountains, whose sides are proper for the cultivation of tobacco, olivesi, and vines. The inhabitants have a trade in silk, camlets, and salt. Syria was posses.sed by a succession of foreign nations, before the time of Ptolemy, when it became a province of the Roman empire. Five centuries after, ■when the sons of Theodosius divided their immense patrimony, this country was an- nexed to the empire of Constantinople. In this situation it continued till the year 622, when the Arabian tribes, under the banners of Mahomet seized, or rather laid it waste. Since that period it has been torn to pieces by the civil wars of the Fatimites and Om- miades ; wrested from the khalifs by their rebellious governors ; taken from them hy the Turkoman soldiers ; invaded by the Eu- ropean crusaders ; retaken by the Mamelukes of Egj'pt ; and ravaged by Tamerlane and his Tartars; it fell, at length, into the hands of the Ottoman Turks. In 1860, the Druses massacred the Christians throughout the country, but, through English and French intervention, the leaders were brought to punishment. A French force was sent out, and remained there till June, 1861, to pro- tect the Christians. Aleppo is tlie cnpital. Syriam, a seaport of Birraah, in Pegu, seated at the head of a river of the same name, opposite the mouth of Pegu river; 3 triles to the S. is the great pagoda of Syriam. It is 8 miles E. by N. of Rangoon, and 60 S. of Pegu. Long. 96. 17. E. lat. 16. 50. N. Sybk, a town of France, in the depart, ment of Moselle; 14 m. S.E. of Luxembur(^ SZEGEDIN. See SlOEDIN. SzEKELY, a town of Hungary, 18 mde» E.S.E. of Debreezen. SzLtJiN, a district of Austria, in Croatia, comprising an area of 320 square miles, with 43,000 inhabitants. It has a small town of the same name, on the Crona; 24 mues ». by E. of Carlst.adt. , SzcccA, a town of West Prussia, seated on the Vistula; 12 miles S. by W. of Culm. I Taake, ( rises in Br Glaraorgani y-Prydd, an Taaik, a of Iledjas, sins and a situate on of Mecca. Taas, a s vincc of Yei tDinb of a SI was king of at the foot of Mocha, Taasinoi those of Lau and 4 broad Taata, a from the Ni: vernor, has quity, and 3I.25.E. lal Tabarca, bary, at th fortified, am name, when noese, who in 1757, on I fer the islan^ rendered tlic cruelly deee fortifications inhabitants VV. of Tunis Tabaria, of Palestine] formerly cal N.N.E. of J mascus. L( Tabasco, on the N. h Yucatan, S. It is 100 mi chief riches duces excel There are si in the year, bncco is dcri Tabasco, of Mexico, ( T.abasco. 1 chiefly of ba or adobes, river Taba.s mouth, and tista, the ca] It serves as i lat. 18. 31. 1^ Tabf.ro, I rich mines c TAB 797 TAG T. Taafe, or Taff, a river of Wales, wliich rises in lirecknockshire, and flows through Glamorganshire, by Merthyr Tydvil, Pont- y- Prydd, an J Cardiff, into the Bristol channel. Taaik, a town of Arabia, in the province of lledjas, with a considerable trade in rai- tiins and almonds, and other fruits. It is situate on a lofty mountain; 60 miles S.E. of Mecca. Long. 41. 35. E. lat. 21. 5. N. Taas, a strong city of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Yemen, with a fortress. Here is the tomb of a saint, who, according to tradition, was king of tlie country. The city is seated nt the foot of a fcrtde hill; 48 miles E N.E. of Mocha. Long. 44. 10. E. lat. 13, 4.5. S. Taasinoe, an island of Denmark, between tho.se of Langeland and Funen, 8 miles long, and 4 broad. Long. 10. 37. E. lat. 54. 48. N. Taata, a town of Uj)per Egypt, one mile from the Nile. It is the residence of a go- vernor, has many curious remains of anti- quity, and is 200 miles S. of Cairo. Long. 31. 25. E. lat. 26. 56. N. Tababca, an island on the coast of Bar- bary, at the mouth of the Ziiine. It was fortified, and had a populous city of the same name, when under the dominion of the Ge- noese, who had a coral-fishery here. But in 1757, on the Genoese attempting to trans- fer the island to France, the Tabarcans sur- rendered tlieir city to Tunis; and they were cruelly deceived by the bey, for he razed the fortifications, and took away most of the inhabitants as slaves. It is 60 miles W.N. W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 16. E. lat. 36. 50. N. Tabaria, (the ancient Tiocrins), a town of Palestine, situate on the W. side of a lake, formerly called the sea of Tiberias; 50 miles N.N.E. of Jerusalem, and 70 S.rS.W. of Da- mascus. Long. 35. 45. E. lat. 32. 40. N. Tabasco, a province of Mexico, bounded on the N. by the bay of Cainpeacliy, E. by Yucatan, S. by Chiapa, and W. by Guaxaca. It is 100 miles long, and 50 broad; and its chief riches consist in cocoa-nuts. It pro- duces excellent timber, logwood and fustic. There are showers every day for nine months in the year. From this state the name To- bacco is derived. Tabasco, a seaport of Mexico in the gulf of Mexico, commonly called the Frontera de Tabasco. It is a straggling village, built chiefly of bamboo, with some houses of wood or adobes. It stands on the E. bank of the river Tabasco, at some distance from its mouth, and 24 leagues from S. Juan Bau- tista, the capital of the department, to which Jt serves as an outer port. Long. 92. 35. VV. lat. 18. 31. N. Tabbro, a town of Sweden, noted for its rich mines of ironj 10 miba S. of Jonkoping. Tahlr I.si.Avn, one of the New Hebrides. in the South Pacific. Lung. 167. 7. E. lat. 15. 38. S. Tabo-en away with great loss, but they took it the next year after a bloodv contest, in which the Persians lost 30,000 men and the Turks 20,000. Of 250 mosques, mentioned by Cliardin, only the ruins of three are visible. The cliinnte is subject to sudden and great changes; in win- ter the cold is so intense, that people are sometimes frozen to death. The town stands on a small river, running into lake Uruinea, 320 m. W.N.W. of Teheran. Long. 46. 37. E. lat. 38. 10. N. Tacames. See Atacama. Tacazzb, a river which rises in Abyssinia, flows N.W. into Nubia, and joins the'Nile at Ili^ 4 TAG 798 TAI TAriiAtr, a town of Mnlicinia, in the circle of l'il«en, on thu river Mich; '2H miIIcs W. o( I'ilNcn. Tacuha, a town of tlic republic of Mcxiro, In a district of itH nuinc. It is miles W. N.W. of Mexico. Tacuroa, a )wn of ColuinMu, capital of a district of the Hanic name; seated at the foot of the Andes, 18 miles from tlio volcano of Cotopuxi. It was destroycil hy an earth- quake in ir.08, and suH'ereil a(;ain in 1743 and 1757. It has several convc^nts, and a manulaetiiro of cloth; 4t miles S. of Quito. Pop. 12,001). TAiKiAsncR, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Weiitiesihiy. Besides the Farisli church, here are places of worship for ndepcndents, In;^hainiies, ami Methodists. Limestone is i)ro('ured in threat ahunduiicc in the ncij^lihourhood of this tr)wn. It is seated on the river Wharf, over which is one of the finest hriil(^es in the county, built with the materials which once formed the castle that Btood on the S. bank of the river. It is 10 miles S.W. of York, and 186 N. by W. of LfHidon. Taiiivan, or TAniTAV, a town of Persia, in Karsistari; situate in u fruitful valley, 60 miles H. of Sliiras. Tadmou. Sen Palmvra. Tadoijsao, a town ot Lower Canada, which is of j;;reat resort for trading with the Indians, who brinj^ hither furs to cxcha'if^o for cloth and other Knropean goods. Ii is situate at the mouth of the Satruomiy, en the river St, Jjawrence; 93 miles N.li. ol Quebec. Long. 68. 3.5. W. lat. 48. 5. N. Takai.la, a town of Spain, in Navarre, with a university. Charles II. King of Navarre built a palace here, which he mailc his ordi- nary residence; and Philip IV. honoured the town with the title of city. It is seated on the Cida/.zo, in a country producing good wine; 18 miles S. of Pami)lona. Pop. 3000. Long. 1. 36. W. lat. 42. 29. N. Tafii.et, a kingdom of Barbary, on tiie E. side of Mount Atlas, tributary to Morocco. It is bounded on the N. by Algier, E. hy the Berbcres, S. by Zahara, and W. by Darah and Morocco. The country is sandy and mountainous, but produces wheat and barley by the sides of the rivers. The inhabitants live upon camels' flesh and dates, and they breed horses to sell to foreigners. The Arabs live in tents, and the Berbcres, the ancient inhabitants, dwell in villages. Pop. 000,000. Tafii.et, the capital of the aboYC kingdom, witn a castle. It is a trading-place, and seated on a river of its name; 27.5 miles S.E. of Mo- rocco. Long. 4. 20. W. lat. .30. 40. N. Taoanroo, a seaport and fort of Russia, •ituatc on the N.W. extremity of the sea of Asoj)h, and was founded by Peter the Great. It is the largest and best port on this sea, and carries on a considerable trade with Con- BtantinojJe and the Archipelago, particularly In corn and butter. It is employed Id «hip- builili .33 miles W.N.W. of A> )Uil(Mng; 33 miles \V.rs.\v. oi A,v.|ii. 'I l:e cnijieror Alcxiinderdicilherc, Nov. I'.lili.lHur). Pop, IK, ()()(>. hwiis lioniliiinlcilliylhcltriii-h, June .3, 18.'i5. Long. .38 .39. K. llit. .17.1.1. N. Taoliaco/za, a town ol Niiphs, in Abruzzo Ultra; 18 miles S. W. o( Ai|iiill.\. TAiii.iA.MKNrn, a river of Au-^trinn ft.ilv, which rises in the Alps, on tlu! fronilcrH >,( (Jirtnany, and runs S. thnrngh Friuli iiik] 'IVevisano, into tin; gulf of Venice, Ta'Joast, or Ta(1avast, a town of Western Africa, in the province of Sus, by soirie H:iiJ to have biicn the birthplace of St. AujriisiiiK!. A great many Jews liv(! here, who ciirrv on considerable trade. It is seated in a fertile jilain, 37 miles S. of Tarudatit. TAfiij.MADKUT, a town of the kingdom or Darah, North ACricn, with a strong castle on ani(;untain; seated on the river Diiruli, 20 miles H. of Tattah, 'l'AOiiH,orTA.i(>, a river which has itssr)iirco in the Sierra Alh.irrat^iii, on the; condiics of Arragon, in Spain, runs through New Ciislile, by Aranjuez, Tohido, and 'I'alavera, wlienco it proceeds l)y Alcantara, in Eslretnadura, when, entering Portugal, it (lows by Aliraiites and Santarem, below which it forms the har- bour of Lisbon, and then entisrs the Atlantic ocean. Its entire length is about 000 miles, three-fourths of whicli are in Spain. It is navigable to Abrantes. Tahiti. .See OrAiimrE. Tai, a lake of China, in the provinces of Kiang-nannndTche-kiang; nearly .50 leagues in circumference, and 75 miles S.E. of Nan- king. Taiep, a town of Arabia Descrta, in Iled- jas, with a castle on a mountain; 00 miles S.E. of Mecca. TAiLLH»ouo,atown of France, depurtment of Lower Charente; 30 milesS.E. ofKoclKille. Tain, a borough of Scotland, in UdHs-Nliirc, with a large square tower adorned with five spires, and an elegant church, formiirly colle- giate. It is seated near the IVith of Dornoch, 10 miles N. of Cromarty. In conjunction with Dingwall, &c. it sends one member to parliament. Long. 3. 51. W. hit. 57. 40. N. Tai-ouan, a city ami seaport, capital of the island of Formosa. The streets are nearly straight, from 30 to 40 feet in breadth, and some of them above two miles in length. They are covered seven months in the year with awnings, to defend them from the heat of tlio sun. The harbour is sheltered from every wiml. It is seated on the W. side of the is- land. Long. 120. 30. E. lat. 23. 25. N. Tai-I'INo, a city of China, of the lirst rank, in the province of Kiang-iutn; seated on the Kian-kn, 25 miles S.S.W. of Nanking. Long, lis. 15. E. lat. 32. 2K.N. Tai-i-1 first rank, - , - on a i)oint of lan.l almost Kiirrounde.ll.y a river, 30O miles W. by S. of Canton. Long. 107. 0. E. lat. 22. 36. N. , , r . Txi-XJRKou, a city of China, of the firrt i. E. lat. 32. 2H. IN. i-iNO, a strong city of China, of the :)k, in the province (v!Quaiig-si; seated rark, in the provi on the bank of a countrv, 720 mile> 121. 2.'E. lat. 28. 5 Tai-ton(1, a sti first rank, in the ji nc.iriheCreatWal 15.5milcs W. of P 41). 5. N. TaI-YITBN, II cit province of Chan- fcrcuee, but iniiel rciidence of the \ family of Tai-miii J'ekiiig. Long. 1 Ta-kii, a serie! the Teiho river, the English and I TaLAVERA I)E I iu New Castile, w tar ;s of silk, ami i hati'e was fought Kritidi and Frer Kcat'/l i.r. the Ta ill c( ,'-., '■ nits, an S.W. ..'' vladrid. lat. 30, 41. N. Tai.iiot, a com shore of the Ch Pop. in 1846, \ Georgia; capital, Talcaiiuana, E. shore of the bi the ruins of the is now the only sc from the new c 73. W. lat. 36. Ta-li, a city o the province of curious tables an which is natural colours, represent and rivers; 160 Long. 100. 6. E. Tai.lahas.ske Florida, of wliic f()unde(l in 1824 imiiortaiicc. In liahitants. It is several public si riverTuzabona. Tali.ano, a s thegulfofTallai I'acio, and 30 S.i iC. lat 51. 20. N Tai.i.apod.sa, Talhijioosa rive Tali,eri>, a I of Upper Alps' miles S. of Gap. Talmont, ato Charente, with i the Gironde; 21 Tai.nere, a of llindostan, it taken by the Br Lit. ^1. 13. N. TAL TAM rar.k, in tlio province of Tilic-kiang; sciitcd on tin: bunk of a river, in a inountiiinou.s connlry, 720 miles S.S.li. of I'ckiny. J^ong IJI.2. R Int. as. 5'). N. Tai-tono, It strong eity of China, of tlic (irst iMTik, in tlie, province of Clum-tii; Nuatcd lie. ir the ( f rent Willi, In u niountiiinouH country, l.Vi inih's \V. of Peking. Long. 1 13. 2. E. Iiit. 40. .'). N. 'I'Ai-yuKN, H city of China, capital of the province of Chan-si. It in 8 niilcs in circuin- fiTi'nce, but innch deciiycil sinee it wiis the ri':i'lence of tiio ]irincus of tlic hist itnpi'riiil fiimiiy of Tiii-niiiig-tcli;io; 220 miles S.VV. of JV-king. Long. 1 11. .-JC,. K. Int. ,'i7. 5t. N. Ta-kii, a scries of fortt, tit the mouth of the I'eilio river, Cliinii, gallantly tiiken liy tlie Knglish and French, August .'U, 18(iO. Talavkua I)E la Ukyna, a town of S|)ain, in New Castile, with a fort. It has maiiufac- tiit !s of silk, und a pottery. A very obstinate hiiti'c was fought in its vicinity between the Ihitiih and French armies in 1809. It is Hciit',''. L.r. the Tagns, in a valley abounding ill cu';, '■ iiits, and excellent wine; 42 miles S.W. ..'■ vLidrid. Pop. 8000. Long. 4. I. \V. lat. 30, 41. N. Tai.hot, a county in Maryland, on the E. shore of the Chesujieake ; capital, Kuston. Pop. in 1846, 12,090.— Also a county of Georgia; capital, Talboton. Pop, 1.5,027. Talcaiiuana, a seaport of Chili, on the S. E. shore of the bay of Concepcion, and near the ruins of the old city of Concepcion. It is now the only settlement in the bay; 9 miles from the new city of Concepcion. Jiong. 7.J. W. lat. 36. 42. S. Ta-li, a city of (yhina, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. Here arc iTiade curious tables and ornaments of fine marble, wiiich is naturally beautiful with liifFerent colour8,representingmonntains, flowers, trees, and rivoisj 160 miles W.N.W. of Yun-nan. Long. 100. 6. E, hit. 24. 54. N. Tallahasske, a town of North America, Florida, of which it is the capital. It was fonnded in 1824, and has become of some imjiortancc. In 1842, it had about a.^OO in- liabitants. It is regularly laid out, and has several public squares, and is seiited on the riverTuzabona. Long.84.2.5.\V.lat. 30.27. N. Tallano, a seaport of Corsica, situate on thegulfof'raliano, 24 miles N.N.W. of Boni- facio, and 30 S.S.VV. of Corte. Long. 9. 18. f.. lat C)\. 20. N. Tai.lai'oksa, a county of Alabama, on the Tal!iii)oosariv<''; .[i. Dadeville. Pop. 6444. Tali.kki), a lowii ol' France, department of Upper Alps; seated on the Durance, 9 miles S. of Gap. 'l-'ALM()NT,atov, II i;i tlicdepartmentofLowcr Cliarente, with a hurbour, near the mouth of the Oironde; 20 miles S.W. of Saintes. 'I'ai.nkue, u celebrated town and fortress of Ilindostan, in the province of Khandeish; taken by the British in 1818. Long. 75. 2. E. lat. 21. 13. N. Tamal.vmixa, a town of Terra Firma, in tlic province of St. Martha, seated on the Madalena, 140 miles S. of St. Martha. Long. 74. 15. W. lat. 9. 0. N. TaMAN. See PlIANAfJORtA. Tamanaii, a town of Ilindostan, in the pro- vince of (!onean, 24 miles S. by 10. ofGlieriaii. Tamaii, a river which rises in the N. part of Cornwall, on the borders of Devonshire, takes a houijicrl} course, sejiaratiiig tlic two counties, and forms the harbour of llaniuaze, at Plymouth. 'rAMAUA,tlieciii)itaIof tlieisland of Sncolra, witliagoodh.irb IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /q /^/.f^ 1.0 1.1 ■tt lii 12.2 Uil f^ II '-^ Ii4 ^ 6" ► PhotDgraphic Sdences Corporation 23 Wti.; ."AAIN STRUT WiBSTIR.N.Y. USM (7I6)S72-4S03 ■w TAN 800 TAP are corn and cotton mills; and near it nro several coul-miiics. The citiirch, formerly collegiate, is a very handsome structure, und is said to be one of tiie largest parish churches in England. The diflfercnt denominations of dissenters have five mccting-housesi and here arc several almshouses, a frecgr..mmar-8cliool, a national school, several other charitable in- stinitions, and an excellent library. The E. part of the town is in Warwickshire. Tarn- worth Castle is the seat of Sir Robert Pt-cl. It is seated at the confluence of the Anker nnd the Tame; the latter, which is much the larger river, giving name to the town. It is intersected by the Birmingham and Derby Junction railway, which crosses the Anker by a splendid viaduct; 7 mites S.E. of Litchfield, and 111 N.W. of London. Taka, a river of North Europe, dividing Swedish Lapland from liussia, for 150 miles, and falling into a gulf of the same name, in the Arctic ocean. Tanauo, a river of the Sardinian states, which rises in Piedmont, flows by Chorasco, Alba, Asti, and Alexandria, and joins the Po 'oclow Valenza. Tancos, a town of Portugal, in Estrcma- dura; 12 miles S.S.E. of Tomar. Tancrowal, a town of Africa; seated on the Gambia, where the Eiiglish have a fort. Long. 14. 27. W. lat. 13. 10. N. Tanua, or Tankah, a town in Bengal, of which it was the capital in the 17th century. It is seated on the Ganges, 120 miles N.W. of D.iccn. Long. 87. 56. E. lat. 23. 25. N. Tandi::ragee, a town of Ireland, in ihe county of Armagh. It stands near the Newry canal; 11 miles E.N.E. of Armagh. Tanqantika, a vast lake in the interior of Eastern Africa, called also the Sea of Ujiji, explored by Captains Burton and Speke. Lat. 5. S., long. 30. E. Tanobrhundb, a town of Prussia, pro- vince of Saxony, with a castle; 24 miles W. N.W. of Brandenburg. Pop. 3200. Takqibr, a seaport of the kingdom of Fez, with a castle, and surrounded by a wall. The trade consists in supplying the opposite coasts with provisions. It was taken by the Portu- guese in 1471, and ceded to Charles II. of England, on his marriage with the princess Catherine, but he did not think it worth the expense of keeping, and in 1 G83 caused the works to be blown up. It is seated on the strait of Gibraltar, 140 miles N.W. of Fez. Long. 5. 48. W. lat. 35. 46. N. Tanjorb, a province of Hindostan, on the coast of Coromandel; 95 miles long, and SO broad. It is an appendage of the Carnatic, but subject to its own rajah. The Moham- medans never having actually occupied this territory, or effected any permanent establish- ment in it, the Hindoo religion has been preserved in considerable splendour, and the ancient temples, with their vast endowments, remain untouched. In almost every village there is a temple, with a loft7 gateway of massive but not inelegant architecture, where a great many Brahmins are maintained, either by the revenues formerly attached to ih -m, or by an allowance from government. The Brahmins are here the chief holders of land, and perform almost every ofiice of hnsbanflry', cxcej)t holding the plough. They are all ex- tiemely loyal, on ncconnt of the protection they receive, nnd also the allowance granted by the British government, of 45,000 pagodiis (abont 18,000/. sterling) annually, which is distributed for the support of the poorer tem- ples. Population in 1831, 1,128,730. Tanjoi(e, a city of Ilindostsin, capital of the foregoing province. Here is one of tlie handsomest temples in the S, of India; also the rajah's palace, which is a grand square, surrounded by a wall nnd a wet ditch. It is seated on a branch of the Caverv; ^05 miles S. by W. of Madras. Pop. 35,000. Long. 79. 12. E. lat. 10. 46. N. Tankia, a town and ibrtrcss oi Tihct, at the foot of a mountain; 275 miles W.S.W. of Lassa. Long. 87. 22. E. l«tt. 29. 5. N. Tanna, a fertile island in the Sonth Pacifio, one of the New Hebrides, on which are a volcano and some hot springs. It is 22 miles long, and lObroad, and wasdiscovered in 1774 by Cook, who named the harbour where ho lay Port Kesolut ion, from the name of his ship. The inhabitants are brave and hospitable; their arms are bows and arrows, slings, spears, and clubs. Long. 169. 41. E. lut. 19. 32. S. Tanna, u town of Hindostan, in the island of Salsette, on the E. coast; 15 miles N.E. of Bombay. Tanorb, a seaport of Hindostan, in the province of Malabar, belonging to the British ; 28 miles S.S.E. of Calicut. Long. 75. 50. E. lat. 10. 55. N. Taormina (the ancient Taiironiininm,) a seaport of Sicily, in Yal di Demona; seated on a rocky eminence, on the E. coast; 34 miles S.S.W. of Messina. The scenery around it is most beautiful, and the town itself is fortified by an irregular wall. It has some splendid lemains of antiquity. Its theatre, possibly of Grtfek origin, is now remarkable. Pop. in 1841, 3929. Taouka, a small island in the South Pa- cific; 65 leagued N.E. of Otahcitc. Long. 145. 9. W. lat. 14. 30. S. Tapajos, a large river of Brazil, which rises in Matto Grosso, near the sources of the Paraguay, which flows in an opposite direc- tion. It flows to the N.N.E., and falls into the Amazons at Santarem. Tapoor, a towVi of Hindostan, in Mysore; 83 miles E.S.E. of ^eringapatam. Tappahanmoc, a town of Virginia; chief of Essex countv. It has some export trade, and stands on the S.W. branch of th^ Happa- hannoc; S4 miles N.E. of Richmond. Tappak, a town of New York? in Oronge county; 3 miles f'om tlip W. bank of the Hudson, aad at the S. end of the broad part of it called tho Tappan sea. Here, in 1780, I TAR 801 TAR I M AJor Aiulrc was tried, and suffered us a spy, being taken on liis way to New York, alter concerting a plan with General Arnold for delivering up West Point to the British. It is 21) miles N. of Now York. Tappanooly, a seaport on the W. side o'" the island of Sumatra, situate on a small island called Fc iichongkectieel. The bay is rery deep, and capable of containing the united navies of Europe. The English East India Company have a factory here. It was taken by the French, but restored at the peace in 1763. Long. 98. HO. E. Int. 1. 40. N. Tapty, a river of Hindostan, which rises at Multoy, in the country of Berat, and runs into the gulf of Caiiib:iy, 20 miles below Kurat. Tar, or PamticOj a river ot North Caro- lina, which flows by Louisburg, Tarborough, Greenville, and enters Pamtico Sound, 40 miles S.E. of Washington. Taransa, one of the Western islands of Scotland, four miles in length, and two where broadest. Long. 8. 55. W. lat. 58. 2. N. Tarantaise, a province of Sardinia, in Savoy; between Savoy Proper, Aosta, Fau- cigne, and Maurienne. It has an area of 780 square miles, with 39,000 inhabitants. The surface is rugged and mountainous. Tarare, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Uhone; situate at the foot of a raoun- tain. It is in the centre of a manufactory of plain and figured muslins, which within a cir- cle of 10 or 12 leagues of mountainous conn- try, employs wholly, or in part, at least 50,000 hands; 20 miles W.N.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1836. 5990. Tarascon, a town m the department of Mouths of the Bhone, with a castle; seated on the Rhone, opposite Beancaire, with which it communicates by a bridge of boats. It has a trade in oil, brandy, starch, and silk stuffs; 10 miles N. of Aries, and 14 £. by S. of Nismes. Pop. in 1 836, 9C20. Vafascok, a town in the department of Arriege; 7 niiiesS.S.E. ofFoix Taraz, a city of Western Tartary, and the capital of Turkestan. It is seated on a river which flows into the Sirr, 350 miles N. by E. of Samarcand. Long. 66. 30. E. lat. 44. 20. N. Tarazona, a strong town of Spain, in Ar- rngon, and a bishop's see. It is seated partly on a rock and partly in a fertile plain; 60 miles W.N.W. of Saragossa, and 120 N.E. of Madrid. Pop 10,000, chiefly pastoral and agricultural. Tarbert, a town of Scotland, in the county of Cromarty ; 6 miles E. of Tain. Tarurs, a town of Fr nee, capital of the depurtmentof Upper Pyrenees, and abishop's see, with an ancient castle, and a college, and manufactures of linen, paper, and ha- ther. It is seated on the Adour; 42 miles 8 W. of Auch, and 1 12 S. by E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1836, 12,500. Long. 0. 4. £. lat. 43. 14. N. Tarboroogu, s town of North Carolina, capit.^1 of Edgecombe county. I^aigc quan- tities of tcb;JCi;o, maize, pork, and becfi are collected hero for cxpurtaiion. The town stands on tlieTur; 56 m. E. by N. of Ruleisfh. Tauento, or Taranto, a seaport of Na- ples, in Terra d'Otranto, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on n peninsula, anl defended by n strong castle; but the excellent harbour is become shallow, and its trade is consequent- ly diminished; 75 miles N.W. of Otrnnto, and 1 50 E. by S. of Naples. Pop. 1 8,500. Long. 17. 29. E. lat. 40. 3.5. N. Taroa, a town of the kingdom of Fez. on the Mediterranean, with a castle on a rock; 90 miles S.E. of Tangier. Tarifa, a fortified town of Spain, in An- dalusia. It is nearly quadrangular, sur- rounded by Moorish walls; it has also a cas- tle, now used as a prison. On a rocky island projecting into the sea, a fortress is now be- ing built. There is a good lighthouse, 135 feet high, visible 20 miles. It was the Julia Traducta of the Romans. In 181 1 a British party, lodged here, ba£9ed all the efforts of the French to take the town, after a long siejie. It is seated on an eminence, and on the strait of Gibraltar; 52 miles SE. of Cadiz. Pop. about 12,000. Long. 5. 36. W. lat. 36. •i.N. Tarija, or St. Bf.rxaiido de Tarija, a town of the republic of Bolivia, in the pro- vince of Charcrs, which abounds in pastures that feed a vast ..umber of cattle and sheep. It stands near the source of the Tarija, which flows into the Vermcjo; 196 miles N.N.E. of 8l Salvador de Jujui. Long. 64. SO. W. lat. 21. 40. S. Tarh0, the capital of the province of Dag- hestan, seated on the W. coast of the Caspinn sea: .52 miles S.S E. of Terki, and 300 N.N.E. of Tauris. Long. 47. 5. E. lat. 45. 50. N. Tarha, a town of Peru, capital of a pro- vince of its name, which has many mines of silver, and feeds abundance of cattle; 120 miles "S.K. of Lima. Tarmutola, a town of Italy, in the king- dom of Sicily; 28 miles N.E. of Poliuastro. Pop. 4000. Tarn, a department o.' France, including part of Langtedoc. It takes its name iVoni a river which rises in the department of Lo- zcre, and flows by Mithoud, Alby, and Guil- lac, Montauban, and Moissac, into the Ga- ronne. The superficial extent is estimated at 2100 square miles, with 335,844 inhabi- tants in 1836, of whom upwards of 40,000 are Protestants. Casires is the capital. Tarn-et-Garonne, a department of France, formed of portions of the departments of Lot and Upper Garonne in 1808. It has an area of 1500 square miles, with 240,000 inhabitants, of whom about 30,000 are Pro- testants. Montauban is the capital. Tarnopol, a town of Austrian Galicia; capital of a circle of its name, with a brisk trade; seated on the Sereth, 84 wiles E. of Lemberg. Pop. 7100. 9f TAR TAT TAnnoT», a town of Auslrian Galicia, capi- tal of a Lirele of the same name, and a bishop's sec, seated on tiie Danajce; 47 miles £. of Cracow. Pop. 4300. Tarnowitz, a town of Prub^ian Silesia, with a valuable iron-mine. It stands near the frontiers of Poland; 38 miles E.S.E. of Oppeln. Taro, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy of Parma, on the river Turo; 28 miles S.W. of Purma. 'J'AnrouLKT, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Thursday. The trade is chiefly n<;ricultural, and the manufacture of stock- ings. Two miles S. of it are the ruins of Beeston castle, once celebrated for its strength ; 1 1 miles E.S.E. of Chester, and 173 N.W. of London. Tarkagona, a seaport of Spain, in Cata- lonia, and a bisliop'a see. It was very pow- erful in the time of the Ron^.ans, and has many noble monuments of i ^itiquity. The cathedral is worthy of notici-. for its vast di- mensions, the elegance of iti Gothic arclii* tecturo, and a magnificent ch^xpel built with rich marble and jasper. The ordinary exports nru nuts, almonds, wine, and brandy; but its harbour is dangerous, and not niuch fre- quented. This town was taken by storm, by the French, in 1810, when it was nearly reduced to ashes. It is seated on a hill, at the mouth of the Francoli, in the Mediter- ranean; 54 miles W.S.W. of Barcelona, and 260 E. by N. of Madrid. Pop. 11,000. Long. 1. 16. E. lat. 41. 10. N. Tarreqa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, situate on a hill, on the river Cervera; 33 miles N. by W. of Tarragona. Pop. 3600. Tarsus. iSee Tausoos. Tartary, or Tatar Y, a country of Asia, v.hich, taken in its utmost limits, reaches from the Eastern ocean to the Caspian sea, and from Corea, China, Tibet, Hindostan, and Persia, to Russia and Siberia. It lies between 55. and 135. E. long., and between 35. and 55. N. lat., being 3600 miles in length, and 960 in extreme breadth, but not above 330 in the narrowest part. It may be considered under two grand divisions, namely Eastern and Western Tartary. The greatest part of the former belongs to the emperor of China, is trioutary to him, or is under his protection. It is divided into three provinces, Tcitcicar, Kirin, and Lcao-tong. A considerable part of Western Tartary has been conquered by the Russians; and that part of it E. from the mountains of Imaus, or Bciur, to the Caspian Bca, has for many ages been attached to Per- sia, and is called Independent Tartary. These vast countries include all the central parts of Asia, and are inhabited by Tartars of ditferent denominations and different manners. For various particulars concerning them, see the nriiclcs CiROAssiA, Crimea, CossAca, Geor- gia, Imeiuiia, Kalmucs, Mandsuars, MlM- OHBUA, MoMOOLIA,SaHOY1U)B8, and USBEOS. Takfas, a town of France, ir the depart- ment of Landes. The Midouse runs through it; and, on one side of tiiis river, it rises in the form of an amphitheatre. It is 12 miles N.E. ofDax. Pop. 3200. Tarcdant, a town of West Africa, capital of the province of Suse, and the residence of a governor, or some sheriff related to the em- peror of Morocco. It is 120 miles S.W. of Morocco. Pop. 25,000. Long. 8. 35. W. lat. 29. 58. N. Tarwis, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Ca- rinthia, seated on the rivulet called Guilitz. It is 28 miles W.S.W. of Clagenfurt. Tasiikund, a city of Independent Tartary, formerly capital of the province of Turkestan. It is seated on the Sihon, 210 miles N. of Snmarcand. Long. 64. 48. E. lat. 42. 40. N. Tasmania, a name given to Van Diemen's Land from its discoverer, and the title of the bishop's diocese. See Van Diemen's Land. Tassacorta, a town of the isle of Pulina, one of the Canaries. It lies S.W. of St. Cruz, and being exposed to westerly winds, is little frequented but by boats. Long. 17. 58. W. lat. 28. 38. N. Tassasudon, the capital of Bootan, a feuila- tory country of Tibet. The castle, or |)alace, is ai extensive quadrangular building of stone, with accommodation for the rajah, or lama, all the ofiicers of state, a very numerous establish- ment of Gylongs, and a temple of the great idol Mahamoonie. It is seated on the Tchiu- tchieu, in a well-cultivated valley, surrounded by mountains; 280 miles S.S.W. of Lassa. Long. 89. 40. E. lat. 27. 49. N. Tassino, an island of Denmark, between Funen and Langelandj separated from the former by a strait. It is 18 miles in circuit, and has a town of the same name. Long. 10. 47. E. lat. 66. 7. N. Tata, a town in the W. of Hungary. The inhabitants are employed in the woollen manufacture; 64 miles E.S.E. of Presburg. Pop. 8600. Tatta, a city of Hindostan, capital of an extensive district of its name, in the province of Sinde. It is seated on a branch of the river Sinde or Indus. In the 17th century it was very extensive and populous, possessing manufactures of silk, wool, and cotton; and it was celebrated for its cabinet ware. Little of these now remain, and the limits of the city are very circumscribed. The Indus and its branches admit of an uninterrupted navi- gation from Tatta to Moultan, Lahore, and Cashmere, for vessels of nearly 200 tons; and a very extensive trade was carried on between those places in the time of Aurungzebe; but this trade is now much diminished, owing to the former bad government in Sinde, and to a hostile disposition of the Sciks. It is 280 miles W.N.W. of Amedabad, and 390 S.S.W. of Moultan. Pop. 15,000. Long. 68. 17. B. lat. 24. 44. N. Tattah, a town on the common frontier* of Morocco, Darah, and Tartlet, and in the route from Morocco to Timbuctoo. It ia 170 I TAU TAY i miles S. by E. of Morocco. Long. C. 15. \V. Int. 28. 25. N. Tattkbsiiall, a small town in Lincoln- shire, with 11 market on Thursday. It con- laais the remains of an ancient casth, and Mauds on the Banc; 21 miles S.B.r>f Lincoln, iiiid 128 N.E. of London-. Tauckel, a town of Prussia, i'l Pomerelia, teated on the Vcrd; 30 niilus S.W. of Culm. Taumaco, u town of European Turkey, in the province of Janna; 18 miles N.W. of Zjiton. Tachaoo, a fertile island in the Pacific discovered by ocean, , 24 miles m circuit ; 1 i QuiroB in 1606. Long. 170.45. W.lat. 13.0.S, Taunton, a town of Massachusetts, semi- capital of Bristol county; seated on Taunton liver, which is navigable hence for small vcs- Euls to Narragansct bay. Hero are various iiianu(actures of iron, and also a manufacture of ochreinto pigments of adark yellow colour. I' is connected by railroads to Boston and to New Bedford. It Ls 36 miles S. of Boston. I'op. 6045. Taunton, a borough in Somersetshire, go- verned by a mayor, with markets on Wed- nesday and Saturday. It sends two mem- bers to parliament. It is situate in an exten- bivc and fertile vuUuy, called Taunton Dean, on the river Tone, wiiieh is navigable hence to the Parrct. The silk trade furnishes the ])i-iiicipal employment of the inhabitants, the iiiiniitacture of coarse woollen goods, which was formerly carried on here to a considerable extent, having been transferred to Welling- ton and other neighbouririg towns. Here was once a strong castle, part of which still re- mains, and is converted to various uses. The town is well built, and has undergone great improvement of late years. It contains three parish churches, several meeting, houses, a free grammar-school, an hospital or infirmary, and other charitable institutions. It is in the line of the Bridgewater canal, and is a prin- cipal station of the Bristol and Exeter rail- way, a branch of the Great Wes.ern. The spring assizes are held here. Taunton was tiio scene of many bloody executions in the *eign of James II., after the defeat of the Ouke of Monmouth, at Sedgemoor, near this town. It is 31 miles N.E. of Exeter, and 141 W. by S. of London. Long, 3. 17. W. lat. 50. 59. N. Taureac, an isle of France, department of Fiiiisterre; at the mouth of the river Mor- laix: with a fort to defend tiie port of Morlai.x. TA0KIDA. See Crimea. Tauris. See Tarriz. Taurus, or Kdrox, a chain of mountains Ip Asia, which begins near the shores of the Archipelago, and extends 600 miles to the river Euphrates. The Taurian chain was for- merly considered as extending to the sources of the Qanges, and the extremities of Asia, as far as discovered by the ancients; but various parts of it wore known by different names. Taus, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsea; 31 miles S.S.W. of Pilsen. Pop.4400. Tavastband, a district of European Rus- sia, in the middle of Finland; 150 miles long, and 100 broad. The N. part is mountainous and woody, but the greater part consists of fertile plains, watered by numerous rivers and lakes. Notwithstanding the goodness of the soil, which is scarcely surpassed by any province in Sweden, it is far from being well cultivated; and the peasants are generally poor. The chief traffic is in corn, flax, hemp^ dried fish, cattle, leather, tallow, and lime. Ta VASTUS, or Tavastboro, a town of Fin- land, formerly capital of the district of Tavast- land. It has a strong castle, and is seated on a river which flows into the lake Wana; 110 miles E.N.E. of Abo. Tavbrna, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra; 20 miles KN.E. of Nicastro. Tavira, or Tavila, a seaport of Portugal, in Algarve; with a castle and one of the best harbours in the kingdom, defended by two forts. It is seated at the mouth of the Gilaon, in the gulf of Cadiz; 96 miles N.W. of Cadiz, and 136 S.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 5000. Long. 7. 36. W. lat. 37. 8. N. Tavistock, a borough in D^ shire, re- turning two members to parlif. t; with a market on Saturday, and a manufacture of serges. The town owes its origin to a mag- niKcertabbeyerected herein the 10th century, which was suppressed in 1539, and the princely revenues given to Lord John Russell, whose descendants, the Dakes of Bedford, still en- joy them. The church is an ancient edifice ; there are 5 dissenting chapels, and several charitable ir ^uitutions. The town stands on the N.W. bank of the Tavy, which river is here peculiarly beautiful, and gives its name to the town. It has one of the finest markets in England for corn. The environs are cele- brated for its rich mines of tin, and copper, which afford employment to many in the town. In its vicinity was horn the famous Sir Francis Drake. It is 34 miles W.S.W. of Exeter, and 207 of London. Tavot, a seaport on the W. coast of Siam, in a district of its name, which was wrested from the Siamese by the Birmnns, and sub- sequently ceded to the British in 1S24-5. Area, 15,000 square miles. Pop. 26,000. The town is 150 miles W.N.W. of Slum. Long 98. 20. E. lat. 14. 45. N. Tavt, a river in Devonshire, which rises in Dartmoor, flows by Tavistock, and enters the harbour of Hamoazc, above Plymouth. Taw, a river in Devonshire, which rises in Dartmoor, flows by Chimleigh and Barnstaple, and joins the Trowbridge at its mouth in the Bristol channel. Tawt, a river of Wales in Glamorganshire; which flows parallel to the Neath, and enters the Bristol channel at Swansea bay. Tat, a river of Scotland, which rises on the W. borders of Perthshire, flows through Loch Tay to Duukcld, Perth, and Newburgn, bcluw TCH 804 TCH ffhicb to the sea, (above '20 miles,) it may be nlecmed a continued liurbour, and is culled the frith of Tuy, liiivin^; Fifct' iro un one side, and the eonntius of Perth and Auj^us on the other. Tay. Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Pcrth- nhirc, 15 miles loni;, and in moMt parts above one broad, formed by several streatns and the river Tuy, which uows through its whole length. T.vzowsKAiA, ft bay of Siberia, in the Ob- •kain j^ulf, ) jut 140 milcHlong, and 3 broad. TciiAi), an extensive fresh water lake in the interior of Ai'rica, into which the river Hilary flows on the H., and the Jeir on the W. It was recently visited by Messrs. Orerwep and Rarth, (1851,) and found to consist of many low ftrassy islands, separated by deep channel". It in 185 m. long and 110 broad. Lonff. ot the W. end 12. 5. K., lat. 14. 0. N. TciiANG-TCHA, u city of China, capital of the S. part of lluu-cjuanf;. It is seated on the river Ilcn^;, which has a communication with an extensive lake, called Tong-ting-hou; 740 miles S. by \V. of Poking. Long. 112. 1!5. K. lilt. 23. 1). .N. TciiANO-Tciiiioti, a city of China, of the first rank, in Fo-kicn. It has a considerab'e trade with Emoiiy, I'ong-liou, and Formosa. It is 950 miles S. of Peking. Long. 117. 35. K lilt. 24. 32. N. TciiANO-TB, a city of China, of the fl "St rank, in Ilu-nan. It is remarkable for a fish like a crocodile, the fat of which is of such a singular nature, that when onco ignited it cannot bo extinguished. Near it is a moun- tain, so steep and in&ccessibie, that in the time of war it affords a safe asylum to the inhabitants. It is 2.05 miles S.S. W. of Peking. Long. 1 1 1. 5. E. lat. 29. 2.N. TcHAo-KiNO, a city of China, of tha first rank, in Quimg-tong, seated on the river Si; 70 miles VV. of Canton. TciiAo-TCiiEOU, acity of ( Ihina, of the first rank, in Qnang-tong, seated on the Peikiang; 86 miles E. of Canton. TcnK KiANo, a province of China, one of the most consiJcrable in extent, riches, and population. It is bounded on the N. and VV. by Kin;.'-han, S.W. by Kiang-si, S. by Fo-kien, and E. by the ocean. In this province whole plains are covered with dwarf mulberry trees, purposely checked in their growth; and pro- digious quantities of silk-worms are bred. The principal branch of trade consists in silk Btufl's; and those in which gold and silver are intermixed arc the most beautiful in China. The tallow tree grows here, and a species of mushrooms, which arc transported to al! the provinces of the empire; and here also arc found the small gold-fish with which ponds are commonly stocked. In Tche-kiang are reckoned 11 cities of the first rank, 72 of the third, and 18 fortresses, which in Europe would be deemed large cities. The popula- tion, according to the statistics drawn up by tiic emperor Kicu-long, amuu uts to 26,00'>.OOU — that of a kingdom., Ilao-chow, or Ilanf tclieou is the capital. TciiEOU-ciiAN, an island near the W. const of China, belonging to the province of Tche- kiang. It is about 24 miles long, and from 5 to 10 broad. TciiEKKASK, Old and Nkw, towns of Eu- ropean Russia, capital of the Dun Cossacs. Old Tchcrkask is seated on the Don, near the sea of A/of, and has a splendid cathedral, but has much decayed since the foundation of the New Town, in 1810. It is on high ground, free from inundations, and has r-uch increased. It is40milesN.L.of A/,of. Pop. together, 15,000. TcHERNiooF, ft government of European Russia, formerly a part of the Ukraine. The country is flat and fertile, producing rye, bar- ley, and oats. Flax and hemp are also grown. Its commerce is considerable, but its manu- factures backward. Area, about 19,000 sq. miles. Pop. in 1838, 1,300,000. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on the Desnc; 345 miles S.S.W. of Moscow. Long. CO. 45, £. lat. 51.24. N. TciiKSNE, a town on the W. eo ist of Nii- tolia, with a citadel. It st.inds almost oppi^sito Scio, at the head of a spacious road, which is famous for the destruction of the Turkish fleet by the Russians, in 1770. It is 48 miles W. of Smyrna. Long. 26. 26. E. lat. 38. 26. N. Toiiiso-KiANO, a city of (Jhinn, of the first rank, in Se-tehuen; 910 miles S.W. of Pe- king. Long. 104. 26. E. lat. 27. 18. N. TcHiNO-KiANO, a strong; city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-nan, and the key of the empire towards the sea. Its situation and trade, and the beauty of its walls, give it a pre-eminence over the other cities of the i)ro- vinco. It is seated on the S. of the Kian-ku; 470 miles S.S.E. of Peking. Long. 118. 55. E. lat. 32. 14. N. 'J'cuiNo-iiiANO, a city of China, of the fli st rank, in the province of Yun-nnri; :J6 miles S. by E. of Yun-nan. Long. 102. 40. E. hit 24. 44. N. TciiiNO-TcnEon, a city of China, of the first rank, in Ilou-quang, seated on an angle formed by two rivers. Un. N. Tgiiin-nuan, a city of Chinn, of tiio irst ranic, in Quang-si; 1250 miles S.S.W. of Pe- kiiit;. Long. 106. 0. E. lut. 23. 21. N. Tciii-TCiiEou, a city of China, of the first rtink, in Kiung-nun, seated on the river Kiung; 57U miles 8. of Puking. Long. 117. 0. E. lat. 30. 45. N. Toiii-YUKK, a city of China, of the first rank, in Koei-tcheou; 980 miles S.S.W. of Peking. Long. 107. 51. E. lut. 27. 1. N. TciioKi^ Sne Saqhalien. TciioNQ-KiNO, a city of China, of the first rank, in Sc-tchucn. It is seated on a moun- tain, rising in the form of an amphitheatre, at the conflux of the Kincha with the Kian-ku; 750 miles S.W. of Peking. Long. 106.20. E. lat. 29. 42. N. Tuiiou-KioNO, a city of Chinn, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nun; 75 miles W.ofYun-nan. Long. 101.20. K. lut. 25.6. N. TcnuDSKoi. See Peipus. TciiuKOTSKi, the most eastern part of Si- heria, in the province of Okotsk. The atten- tion of the natives is confined chiefly to their dee"", with which the country abounds. They are a wcM-made, courageous, warlike race, and are formidable neighbours to the Koriacs, who often experience their depredations. TciiUKOTSKOi, a cai)e of Siberia, on the eastern extremity of Asia, and the S.W. limit of Behring strait. Long, 172. 30. W. lut. 64. 15. N. Tciio-TcnEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in Tche-kiang; 730 miles S.S.E. of Pe- king. Long. 120. 33. £. lat. 28. 35. N. TciTciCAR, the largest of the three pro- vinces of Chinese Turtary; bounded on the N. by Siberia, N.E. by the sea of Okotsk, S.K. by the province of Kirin, and W. by Western Tartary and Siberia. It is a moun- tainous country, watered by the river Sagha- lien, which receives many others in its course. ToiTOio.^ R, a city of Cliinese Tartary, capi- tal of the foregoing province, and the resi- dence of a Mandshur general. This city was built by the emperor of China, to secure its frontiers against the incursions of the Kus- sians. It is seated on tiie Nonni; 355 miles N.NE. of Peking. Long. 123. 30. K lat. 47.25. N. TuHESTA, or TiNSA, a town of Tunis, in Africa, on the borders of Algier, with a castle, and several remains of anticiiiity. It is seated at the foot of a mountain; 130 miles S.E. of Tunis. TKCuiT.atown of Morocco, in the province orSu,s, seated in a country abounding in grain, dates, and sugar-canes. It is 4 miles E. of Mcssa. Tkcki.eniujkg, a town of Prussian West- phalia, capital of a fertile county of tliosanio name. It has manuructurus of linen cloth. It is seated 22 miles N. by E. of Munstcr. Long. 7. 47. E. lat. .52. 14. N. Teouamtbi'ko. Sii Tbhuantei'ko. Tecrit, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the government of Mosul. It is seated on a roek« near the W. side of the Tigrc; 130 miles S. of Mosul. Tecui.et, a town of Morocco, with an old castle. It is seated at the mouth of a river of the same name; 99 miles W. of Morocco. Long. 9. 45. W. lat. 31. 5. N. Tkdelez, a town of Algier, on the coast of the Mediterranean, with a castle; 45 miles E. of Algier. Tednest, a town of Morocco, in the pro- vince of Ilea, almost surrounded by a river. It was taken by the Portu{}UCse in 1517; but they were driven away soon after. It is 40 miles N.E. of Mogadon Tansi, a town of Morocco, in the province of Sus, seated in a plain abounding in corn ; 20 miles S.E. of Turndant. Teemuo, a city of Central Africa, capital of the kingdom of Foota Julloo. The inhabi- tants, Pi^timated at 8000, carry on manufac- tures ot cloth, iron, silver, wood, leather, &c. It is 160 miles E. of Sierra Leone. Tkes, a river which rises on tho confines of Cumberland, separates the counties of Dur- ham and York, and enters the German ocean below Stockton. It is tidal to Yarm, and navigable for ships to Stockton. Tefessad, a town of Algier, with mines of iron in its neighbourhood. It is 32 miles S.W. of Algier. Tefflis, a city of Asia, the capital of Geor- gia, called by the inhabitants Thilis-Cal>a (Warm Town), from tho warm baths in its neighbourhood. It contains 30,000 inhabit- ants, of whom more than one-hulf are Arme- nians. The streets seldom exceed seven feet in breadth, and the houses are of stone, with flat roofs, which serve as walks fur the women. Here is a foundry for cannon, mortars, and balls; also a public school founded by tho em- peror Alexander. The most flourishingmanu- fucturcsare those of silks and printed linens; but tho chief trade is in furs, sent to Turkey and the S. of Persia. In 1723 it was taken by tho Turks, and in 1734 retaken by Kouli Khan. It is seated on the Kur, a dirty river, at the foot of a hill; 300 miles S.S.W. of Astracan. Long. 45. 2. E. hit. 42. 30. N. Tefza, a strong town of Morocco, capital of a district of the same name, seated on tho side of a mountain; 70 miles N.N.E. of Mo- rocco. Long. 6. 55. W. hit. 32. 0. N. Tefziia, a town of Algier, in tho province of Mascara; 55 miles S.S.W. of Oran. Teoaza, a town of Zuhara, capital of ()itP, a town of Austria, in tho provincu of Salxburg, 1 2 m. N.W. of Salxburg. Tkibhb. iSeeTiiKiHHK. 'J'kjijuo, a district of liraxil, about 50 miles long, and 24 broad, particularly noted for it* |»rod;.ction of diamuuda. 'I'luoco, the CB(iital of tho above dittricl, is siluatu on the side of a hill, and is very irregularly built. 'I'ho circiilatinii of propcri> createtl by tho diamond-works renders it a flourishing town, lirilinh cottons, bai/.cs, cloths, and other mannfa(!tured goods, uru abundant; also cliooso, butter, hams, port) r, and other articles of conMUiiiplion. Hut tlio inlialtitiiiits carry on no mainifHCliireH, i'op, ttlKIO. Long. 42. .'10. W. lat. IH. II. S. 'I'kkax, one of iho live Kri;8T, a town <,T tho kingdom of Algier; 10 miles K. of Algier. Tkmuswak, a strong town of Hungary, ca- pital of a territory called thellanmil of 'reincn- war; containing an area of 9400 square miles, and a population of 700,000. It stands on the river Hega, which forms a morass roiiml it, and the fortress requires a garrison of 14,000 mon. Its commerco has been consi- dcrubly incrca«ed by the licgu canal, 73 mile* long, connecting the Teiss and tho 1 )nnnl>c, and paHsing the town; this has also drained the marsheh,and rcndcie:! thu jilaco more healthy. This place formerly jmsscd for impregnable, but it was taken by rrincc Kiigtnc, in a dry season, in 1716. It is 80 milos N.N.IS. of Helgradc, and IGO S.E.of Biida. Population, with its 4 suburbs, about l.'),000. TUMIHBA, a town of !• ezzan, where the cara- Taiis from Tiinbuctoo, Itoniou, &c., whiili travel by way of Cairo to Mecca, usually pro- TKN 807 TEN villa tho Htorra of corn, tlatuo, ilrittd tnunt, nnd (ithvT rc(iiiiKii(!H for tlitiirdrciiry journey; 120 iiiiliiH K.N.K. ofMoutKook. Tkmi'H, a viilloy iimi iiioiintiiin (rori^o fa- mom in iinti<|nity in tlio N. piirt of TlirNmil) ill (Jnti'.ro, iiitur to tho K, ivmNt. It IIdh, froin to H iiiihsH liiiiK, iM'tweun Oiyin|iiH on lli<; N. atiil Ohmii on tin; S. rcit(!inl)liii){ in u Htril(in|,( ({'■^vuii till) piuft lit ICilliccniiikii) in Huotluml, lull iiii'oiii|mrulily tiii.>ri) iniiffiiinnRiit. I. ivy's (Ji:s('ti|itioii ofit iiiiH (ill till) iiiiiJDiity of truth. TKMMKf.ni>K(i,iiti)\vnortliol'rii«KiiinhtHtf>i, i!t Poiiicriiniii; on tlm H. kIiIo of ii lukit, iimt on tliu friinticrflof I'oIiiikI; 4'') iniloN K. Iiy N. of Ni)w Stiirniiril. TiCMiMo, n town of Sariliniit. Pop. 5000. It Ik .32 inihtx K. ofHiiNmiri. 'ricMi'i.KMOKR, II town of Trcliiml, connty of Tipnurary; Hfi iniluM from Diihlin; with ii frcc-Hcliool on F.niMiniiH Hinith'N foumliition. TuMi'MN, A town of I'miwia, in lirandcn- litir((, with a Krcut Iriiiio in timlic.r. It whn totitlly conNnmcil hy (iro in 1 73.5, but Iiiih boon rebuilt in a buuutif'ul miinncr. It xtiinilii bi;twca, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont; with a fortified castlo on a rock. It stands on tho I^oia, «.'$ milos S. of Turin, Tknoat. iVco Ha UAH. Tknriiiis, an iNliind of the Grecian archi* Rolngo, on the coast <.f Asia Minor; 14 milits .of tho Nlmit of (Jallipoli. It is II niiica long, anil 7 linmd; is inliabititd almost wholly I y Orcnks, and its innsiadine wine is the bent in all tho I<«!vant. On tlie K. side is the town, At tlio foot of a mountain ; with a harlioiir, de- fended by a cast le. Pop. 4000. Long. 2fl. 0. E. bit. 39. .50. N. Thnkkikvh, ono of tho (/anary isbinds, and the most considcralile of llieiii lor riches, trade, nnd population. It lies W. .if tlio (iranil Cannij, is 70 tnilits long, and 22 broad, And abounds in wine, iliil'erent sorts of fruits, cattle, and game. (Jne part of this island is surrounded by inAcccssiblo mountains, of which ono in pnrtiiiilar, called the I'cak o| TencrifTe, is 12,072 feet abovo the level of tlm •oa, and tho distance to the Peak from tlio port of Orotavn, at thn base of tho mountain, is abovo 11 miles. This island is siibj^ect to volcanic crii|)tions, and in 1704 one destroyed several towns and many thousand |>eoplu. The liiborioiis works in this island aro cliielly performed by oxen aiul mules, horses being scarce, and reserved for tho use of tho oflicers. Hawks and parrots aro natives of tlie island, as aro swallows, Kcagulls, partridges, canary- birds, and blackbirds. There are also li/.anls, locusts, and dragon-flies. Ht. Oristophe do Liigiina is the capital, but tho governor re- sides at Kt. Cm/. Tkhrkiffb, a town of tho rcpuldic of Colombia, in the former viceroyaliy of New Granada; seated on tlioMadalcna; 1()0 milts 8.8.W. of St. Martha. Tknbz, or Tknih, a t. *nay be navigated, by boats of 40 tons burden, 400 miles further to its commencement. Tennis, a town of Egypt, situate on an island in a lukc of the same name, sometimes called Lake Menzaleh; 28 miles S.E. of Da- mictta. Tends Island, Grecian archipelago, be- tween Andros and Myconi; 35 miles in cir- cumference; producing silk, wine, and fruits, and but little corn. Pop. 25,000. Tbnstadt, a town of Prussiua Saxony, 10 miles N.E. of Langensalza. TsN-TCBEon, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chang-tong; with a good port and a strong garrison. It is seated on the N. side of a peninsula of the Yellow sea; 250 miles S.E. of Peking. Long. 1 20. 50. E. hit. 37. 20. N. Tbntbbobn, a town in Kent, governed by a mayor; Tvith a market on Friday. It has a handsome church, the steeple of which is very lofty, and, at the time of the Spanish inva- sion, in 1588, was made use of as a beacon. Here are also three meeting-houses and a free-school; 24 miles S.W. of Canterbury, and 56 E. by S. of London. Tentcoal, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 8 miles W.S.W. of Coimbra. Tebaho, a town of Naples, in Abrazzo Ultra; 25 miles N.E. of Aquila. Tebceira, one of the Azores, of a circular form, about 55 miles in circumference, and very fertile. It contains several towns and viilagus, with a number of furts. Pop. 50,000. An^ira is the capital. TEBCiiia, or Tersiz, a town of Persia, in the province of Khorasan ; situate on the borders of the Great Suit Desert; 160 miles W.N.W. of Herat. Long. 67. 25. E. Int. 35. 5.N. Terek, a river in Asiatic Russia, forming the boundary between that power and the CauctiRus, over which the Rusi>ians hold un unaclcnowledged authority. Teroa, a town of Morocco, seated on the Omirubi; 90 miles N. of Morocco. Teuoovist, or Tervis, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Walachia. Here is a fine pulace, belonging to the hospodar, orrei^fning prince; but he chiefly resides in Bucharrst. It stands on the Jalonitz; 35 miles N.N.VV. of Bucharest. Long. 25. 48. E. lat. 45. 38. N. Teroouw. See Gouda. Termed, a town of Usbec Tartnry, capital of a district in Bokhario, seated in an angle formed by the union of two rivers; 150 m. S. of Samarcand. Long. 65. 35. E. lat. 37. l.?. N. Tebmini, a town on the N. coast of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with a strong castle. Its mineral waters are much celebrated, and it has a considerable trade. It is situate on a rocky eminence, near the mouth of a river of the same name; 20 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 8700. Termom, a town of Naples, in Capitannta seated near the sea; 32 miles S.E. of Lan- ciano. Ternatr, one of the Molucca islands, ly- ing to the W. of Gilolo, formerly the seat oi sovereignty. It abounds in cocoa-nuts, ba- nanas, citrons, oranges, almonds, and other fruits proper to the climate. There are also a great number of birds of paradise. It is a mountainous country, and contains a great number of woods, which furnish abundance of game. It is in the possession of the Dutch, from whom it was taken by the British in 1810, but restored, with their other Indian possessions, in 1814. The inhabitants are Mohammedans, and very indolent; 100 miles E. of Celebes. Long. 127. 1 1. E. hit. 0. 45. N. Tbbneubb, a town and fort of the Nether- lands, in Flanders, on the W. branch of tlia Scheldt, called the Hondt. It is 8 miles N, of Sas van Ghent, and 25 W.N.W. of Ant- werp. Terni, a town in the ecclesiastical states, in the duchy of Spoleto, seated on the Neru, near the influx of the Velino, which has a famous cataract a mile from the town. Temi was the birthplace of Tacitus the historian. It is 15 miles S.S.W. of Spoleto, and 4C N, of Rome. Tbbnova, a town of Bulgaria, and an arch- bishop's see. It was formerly the seat of the princes of Bulgaria, and a strong place, but the fortifications are ruined. It is seated on a mountain, near the Jenera; 88 miles N.W, of Adrianople, and 97 N.E. of Sofia, Long. 26. 2. E. lat. 43. 1. K» TER 809 T ]•: T Tkhouk.xo, n Inwn of Fraiioc, dopartint'iit of Pi>i* ilu C^llllis, seated on tlio Lia; 6 mika S. of St. Orin-r. 'J'kiira i>i liARi, Lxvono, and Otranto. See H\KI. &(!. Tkkka kkl EsriniTC Santo, the lurjrcst iind nv <»t western island of the New IlehrideH, ill the South Pacific, being 40 leagues in cir- (iiit. The land is exceedingly high nnd mountainous, and in many places the liillH rise directly from the sen. Except the cliffs iwxl beaches, every part is covered with wooii, i>r laid out in plantatirms. Besides the bay If St. Philip nnd St. Jago, on the N. side of It, the isles which lie along the S. and £. const form several good bays and harbours. L'tng. 167. E. hit. 15. S. Tbrra Firma, n name applied sometimes to the provinces of Central America, or Da- rien, Panama, and Veragua. Terra del Fueoo, a large island, separa- ted from the southern extremity of Amciicn hy the strait of Magellan, and so called frum the volcanoes observed on it. The sea in- tersects it into several islands, all of them barren and mountainous; but on the lower grounds are found several sorts of trees and plants, and a variety of birds. The natives are short in stature, not exceeding five feet six inches; their heads large, their faces bro:id, their cheek-bones prominent, and their noses flat. They have little brown eyes, with- out life; their hair is black and lank, hang- ing about their heads in disorder, and be- Enieared with train-oil. They wear no other clothing than a small piece of seal-skin, hang- ing from their shoulders to the middle of the back, being fastened mund the neck with a string. They live chiefly on seals' flesh, of which they prefer the oily part. There is no appearance of any subordination among them, and their whole character is a strange compound of stupidity, indifference, and in- activity. Tbruactna, a decayed town of the eccle- siastical states, in Campngna di Koma, with a castle on a rock. Formerly it was called Anxur, and was the capital of the Volsci, and its cathedral was originally a temple of Jupiter. It is seated near the sea, on the frontiers of Naples; 54 miles S.S.E. of Rome. Pop. 9000. J/ong. 13. 15. E. lat. 41. 24. N. Terranqta, a seaport of Sicily, in Valdi Noto, seatc'i near the mouth of a river of the same namj; 20 m. E.S.E. of Alicata. Long. 14. 10. E. hit. 37. 9. N. Pop. 9000. Terranova, a seaport of Sardinia, seated at the bottom of a bay on the N.E. coast; 62 miles E.N.E. of Sassari. Long. 9. 35. E. lat. 41.3. N. Terhasson, a town of France, in the de- partment of Dnrdogne, seated on the Vesere; 28 miles E. of Perigueux. Terkidon, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, in Ross-shire; be- tween Gairloch and Applecross. It has many creeks and bays. Tkrrioiik, a strong town nnd furtress i.f lliiidoNtaii, in the Carniitic; 25 miles N. of Tricliinopiily. Tkksoos, a seaport of Asia Minor, on tho const of Karamunia, and an archbishop's sec. It was formerly called Tarsus, and was the capital of Cilicia, the literary rival of Athens nnd Alexandria, nnd the birthplace of tho apostle Paul. It is seated on the Meditcrra nean; 100 miles W. by N. of Alexandretta. Long. 35. 15.E. Int. 37.4. N. Tekuei,, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a l)isho))'s lee, with a citadel. It is 60 miles S.\V. of Sarugossa, and 112 E. of Madrid. Pop. 7500. Long. 1. 0. VV. lat. 40. 25. N. Tervere, or Veere, a fortified seaport of the Netherlands, in Zealand, on the N.E. coast of the isle of Walcheren. It has a good harbour, and a fine arsenal; 4 miles N. by E. of Middleburg, with which it communis catcs by a canal. Lon«. 3. 42. E. lat 51. 36. N. Tesciien, a town of Austrian Silesia, capi- tal of a circle of the same name. It is sur- rounded by a wall, and ut a little distance, on an eminence, is tho old castle where the ancient dukes resided. The inhabitants cany on a trade in leather, woollen stuffs, and wine, and make excellent fire-arms. This town wait taken by the Prussians in 1757, but restored in 1763. In 1779 a treaty of peace was con- cluded here, between tJie emperor of Ger- many and the king of Prussia. It is seated in a morass, near tho river Elsa; 36 milea E.S.E. of Troppnu, and 60 E. by N. of Ol- mutz. Pop. of circle 152,000; of town, 5400. Long. 1 8. 32. E. lat. 4 ". 43. N. Teseodelt, a tow,, of Morocco, seated on a craggy rock, said to bo impregnable, at the mouth of the Techuhit; 140 miles W.N. W. of Morocco. Tesiiod LooMiioo, the capital of Tibet, or of that part which is immedi.itcly subject to the Teshoo lamn, who is sovereign of tho country, during the minority of the grand Inma. Its temples and mausoleums, with their numerous gilded canopies and turrets, and the palace of the lama, render it a mag- nificent place. It stands at the N. end of a plain, upon a rocky eminence ; 220 miles S.W. of Lassa, and 470 N. by E. of Calcutta. Long. 89. 7. E. lat. 29. 4. N. Tesino, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol; 25 miles E.N.E. of Trent. Tesset, a town of Zahara, capital of a district of the same name. It is 3.50 miles S.S.W. of Tafilet. Long. 5. 45. W. lat. 25. 54. N. Tessin. See Tici»o. Test, or Tesb, a ri ver in Hampshire, which rises near Whitchurch, flows by Stockbridgo and Romsey, and enters ihe head of the bay of Southampton at Redbridge. Tetbcry, a town of Gloucestershire, with a market on Wednesday, and a trade in yam and wool. The town which is large and re- spectable, is seated on rising ground, near the source of the Lower Avon, and is 25 I \ T E W 810 TEX lUilet E.N.E. of Bristol, and 99. W. of Lon- don. Tbtb, an inland district of South-east Africa, on tlic Uivor Zambesi, ricii in |{old, iron, and coal. Tbtsoiien, or Trtzbn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leiitmcritz, with a castle, on the river Elbe; 29 miles S.E. of Dresden, Tetuan, acity of the kingdom of Fez, with a castle. The houses huvu only small holes towards the street, which are very narrow; and the windows are on the other side, facing a courtyard, which is surrounded by galleries, and in the middle is generally a fountain. The houses are two storeys high, flat at the toi*; and the women visit each other from the tops of thim. The shops are very small, and with- out any door; the master sits cross-legged on a counter, with the goods disposed in drawers round him, and all the customers stand in the street. Several European consuls formerly resided in this city: the English are still al- lowed to touch here, and considerable com- munication is kept up with Gibraltar. It surrendered to the Spaniards on Feb. 4, 18G0. It is 110 miles N.N.W. of Fez. Long. 3. 23. W., lat. 35. 37. N. Tbvbkunk, a river of Italy, the ancfent Anio, which rises in the Apennines, 50 miles above Tivoli, glides through a plain till it comes near that town, when it is confined for a short space between two hills, covered with groves. These were supposed to be the resi- dence of the sibyl Albunea, to whom an ele- gant temple was here dedicated. The river moving with augmented rapidity, as its chan- nel is confined, at last rushes over a lofty precipice, and the noise of its fall resounds through the hills and groves of Tivoli. Hav- ing gained the plain, it soon afterwards re- ceives the waters of tlic lake Sulfutara, and then joins the Tiber, near Rome. Teui'itz, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, with a castle on a lake; 25 miles S. by E. of Berlin. Tel'SCHnitz, a town and castle of Bavarian Franconia; 17 miles N. of Cuhnbach. Teviot, a river of Scotland, which rises in the mountains in the S.W. of Roxburghshire, and,passin;; N.W. thixmgh the county, unites with the Tweed a little above Kelso. Tewsing, a town of Bohemia, in the circle Vf Pilsen; 30 miles N.W. of Pilsen. Tewkesbury, a borough in Gloucester- (hire, returning two members to parliament. Marlcets on Wednesday and Saturday. Here is one of the noblest parish churches in the kingdom, which is almost the only remains of the celebrated monastery to which it formerly belonged. The other places of worship are meeting-houses for Roman Catholics, Metho- dists, Independents, Baptists, and Quakers. The principal manufacture is that of stock- ings and nails, and the inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in malt. Here, in 1441, Edward IV. gained a decisive victory over the Lancastrians. Tewkesbury is seated on the Avon, near its union with the Sevarn, and on the Birmini^ham railway; 10 miles N, if Gloucester, and 103 W.N.W. of London. Pop. 6000. Texas, the southernmost of tne Uiiitcl States. It is bounded on the E. i>y the Sabind river, partly separating it from Louisiana ami Arkansas; on the N. by the R^'d and Arkansas rivers, on the W. by the Rio Grande del Norte, and on the 8. by the Mexican gulf. Its area is about 397,319 square miles. Or 234,284, 1G(» acres. It is nt present divided into 8 Judicial districts and 67 counties. The general aspect of the country is that of a vast inclined plani-, gradually sloping from the mountains to tlie eastward to the sea, and intersected with nu- merous rivers flowing in a S.E. direction. Tl>e territory is naturally diviu :J into throe separate regions, vhich diffei considerably from each other. The first, a level region if ' rich alluvium, along the coast, and from ao to 100 miles broad, narrowest at the S.W.; between its rivers ore rich and extensive p.i.s- turo lands. The second division, the largest of the three, is the undulating prairie region, which extends for 1 50 or 200 miles farther inland — wide grassy tracts, alternating with others that are thickly timbered. The third or mountainous region, principally in the S. and S.W., forms j)art of the Sierra Madre or Mexican Alps, iiut little explored, and still unsettled. The principal rivers of the state are the Rio Grande del Norte, a noble stream of ISfiO miles in length; the Uio Colorado, which may be made navigable to Austin city, 200 milesf the Neches, Trinidad, Nueces, and numerous others. The climate is salubrious, the seasons divided into the wet and dry, the former from December to March. The sur- face affords most excellent pasturage, ond there is also abundance of fine timber. Cot- ton and the sugar-cane are the staple produc- tions. The rearing of cattle and horses is the principal occupation of a large section of the inhabitants. Vast herds of buffaloes and wild horses roam over the prairies. Coal, silver, nitre, salt, bitumen, &c , are abundant in dif- ferent places. Its population is estimated iit about 200,000. Austin is the cnpital. On the separation of Mexico from Spain, in 1822, Iturbide, under the title of Augiistin I., in- vited settlers from the United States into tins tract, which was then a part of the Mexican territory; but, after his deposition and execu- tion, and the consequent disturbances. Gene- ral Santa Anna seized the government, and abolished the existing legislature of the states, and enforced the observance of the Roman Catholic religion. The Texans consequently revolted in 1835; a civil war ensued, which caused much bloodshed; in the conclusion of which, at the battle of San Jacinto, April 21, 1836, Santa Anna was taken prisoner, which led to a settlement of their affairs. It adopted the constitution, and was admitted (Decem- ber, 1845) the 28th member of the UniUu , States* Tir.v 811 Tir A Texrl, an i.sluml of the ^ollierliiinl", sepa- rated from North HoUanil by u narrow cliaii- nul of tlio same nunio, deft-ndcd liy a Nlron.r fort on the mninlnnd, cnlled the Iluldur. ThiH chnniicl is the best and most ftoiithcrn cii- truiico into the Ziiyder Zee, and throufih It most of the ships puss that are bound to Am- sterdam. In 1799 the fort was tnicen by tlio Kn(;li!3 Shetucket and tho Norwich, or Little river, which have their THE Tin iunctiun at Norwich. From this place the Thames is navigabio 15 miles to Long Island tiound, which it enttv;^ below New London. TiiANET, an islanU comprisini; the E. angle of Kent, being separated from the mainland by the two branches of the Stour. It pro- duces much corn, and the S. part is a rich tract of marsh land. It contains the towns of Margate, liamsgate, and Broadstairs, and several villages. TiiANiiAUSEN, a town of Bavaria, on the river Mindel; 14 miles N. of Mindelheim. Thasos, an island of the Grecian archi- pulugo, on the const of Macedonia; at the en- trance of the gulf of Contesso. It is 1 2 miles long, and 8 broad, and abounds in all the necessaries of life. The fruits and wine are very delicate; and there are some quarries of fine marble. The chief town, of the same name, has a harbour, frequented by merchants. Long. 24. 33. E. hit. 40. 59. N. Thaxtkd, a town in Essex, with a market on Thursday. It h.s a beautiful and spa- cious church, two meeting-houses, almshouses, a school, and other charities. It is seated near the source of theChelmcr ; 1 7 miles N.N. VV. of Chelmsford, and 44 N.N.E. of London. TuEAKi, an island in the Mediterranean sea, 24 miles long, and 7 broad; separated from the N.E. part of that of Cefalonia by a narrow channel. It is the ancient Ithaca, celebrated as the birthplace and kingdom of Ulysses. The chief town is Vathi, which has a spacious harbour. Long. 20. 40. E. lat. 38. 25. N. TiiEBAiD, a country of Upper Egypt, now called Said, which sec. Thebes, the ancient name of a city of Up- per P-gypt. It was celebrated for having 100 gates; and there are many tombs and mag- nificent remains of antiquity. Three villages, named Carnak, Luxor, and Gournou, are seated among its ruins, which extend 7 or 8 miles along the river, and are hence called the anticiuities of Carnak and Luxor. Thebes, in Greece. See TiuvA. Theisbb, a river of Hungary, which rises in the Carpathian mountain% flows above 1000 miles in a western direction to Tokay, when it turns to the S., passes by Tsongrand end Scgcden, and, after receiving a great number of rivers, falls into the Danube, be- low Titul. TiiBHAR, a town of Gcrms'-j, in the duehy of Saxe-Coburg, near the river Werra; 10 miles S.E. of Meininiron. Thbodosia. See Capfa. TuERKBiENSTADT, a town in the South of Hungary, 100 miles N. by W. of Belgrade. It is an assemblage of villages, and received its name, and the privileges of a royal free city, in 1779, from the empress Maria The- resa. Top. 22,000. TiiERMiA, an island of the Grecian archi- pelago, S. of the island of Zia, and near the gulf of Engia, 12 miles long, and 5 broad. The soil is good and well cultivated, and it has a great deal of silk. The principal town, of the same name, is the residence of a Greek bishop. Pop. 6000. Long. 24. 59. E. lat. 37, 31. N. TiiERMOPYL*, a narrow passage in the N.E. of Greece, near mount CEta; with iii<,'ti clitfs on one side, and an impassable marsh on the other. It is noted in history for the brave stand made by Leoiiidas with 300 Spar- tans against the army of Xerxes. Thessalt. See Janna. TuETFORD, a borough in Norfolk, governed by a mayor, with a market on Siiturd.iy. It returns two members to parliament. It is seated on the Little Ouse, which here divides Suffolk from Norfolk, and is navigable from Lynn. It has three parish churches, (one of which is on the Suffolk side of the river,) and a considerable manufacture of woollen cloth, and trade in coals and corn. The spring assizes for the county are held here. It is 30 miles S S.E. of Lynn, and 80 N.E. of Lon- don. Long. 0. 50. E. lat. 52. 28. N. TiiiEi., or TiEL, a strong town of the Ne- therlands, in Gelderland, seated on the Wual; 18 miles W. of Nimcguen. Thielt, a town of Belgium, in West Flan- ders; 10 miles N. of Courtray. Tbibnoen, a town of Baden, on the river Wuttach; 13 miles W. of ScliafFhausen. Thiers, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Puy de Dome, with manufactures of paper, thread, leather, and cutlery. It is seated on the side of a hill; 21 miles E. by N. of Clermont. Top. 10,600. Thiontillb, a strong town in the depart- ment of Moselle. The Austrians bombarded it in 1792, but were obliged to raise the siege. It is seated on the Moselle, over which is a bridge defended by a horn-work; 14 miles N. of Mentz, and 33 S.\V. of Treves. Pop. 4384. Thirlhbre. See Leathes-water. TaiRSK, a borough in North Yorkshire; market on Monday, and manufactures of coarse linens, sacking, &c., within 1^ mile of the Great North of England railway. It has a handsome church, which was erected out of the ruins of its strong cnstle, destroyed by Henry II. The other places of worship are meeting-houses for Wesleyan and Independ- ent Methodists, and a Quakers' chapel. It returns one member to parliament; 23 miles N.W. of York, and 214 N. by W. of London. TuivA, or TiiEBES, a celebrated city of Greece, and a bishop's see. The ancient city was 4 miles in circumference, but only that part of it is now inhabited which was origi- nally the castle, called Cadmaja, from Cad- mus the founder. In the vicinity is a fine sort of white clay, of which bowls for pipes are made, that dry naturally, and become oa hard as stone. It if" seated between two rivers; 28 miles N.W. of Athens. Pop. 5000. TuiviERS, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Dordogne; 18 miles N.N.E. of Po- rigueux. THO 813 THU TuuLKN, a town of the Netherlands, in an island of its name belonging; to the province of Zealand ; 4 miles N.W. of Bergcn-op-Zooin. Thomas, St., an island of the Atlantic, lyiny; under the equator, near the W. coast of Guinea; discovered in 1640 by the ]'or* tuguese. It is almost round, is about 30 miles in diameter, and consists chiefly of hills, in- termixed with valleys, which are often filled with a thick fog. The doil is fertile, and pro- duces plenty of sugar-canes, rice, and millet. On the same vines are blossoms and green and ripe grapes, all the year round. The climate is unwholesome to the Portuguese, hut agrees well with the original inhabitantN, and also with the cattle, which are larger and finer here than on the coast of Guinea. In 1641 this island was taken by the Dutch; but they soon relinquished it in consequence of the inealubrity of the climate. Tuvoucan is the capital. Thomas, St., one of the Virgin islands in the West Indies, with a harbour, a town, and a fort. It was settled by the Danes in 1672; it is about 10 miles long, and H broad; area, 37 square miles. A chain of hills traverses the island from E. to W. The soil is gene- rally poor; sugar and cotton are grown in moderate quantities. The town is well built, and fortified, commanding the excellent har- bour. Its convenient situation makes it the cntrepdt for the goods of all kinds imported for the supply of the other islands. It is a very active commercial place. It surrendered to the English in 1807, but was restored to the Danes in 1814. Pop. about 7000. Thomas, St., a town of Hindostan, in the Camatic, formerly a powerful city. It is in- habited by weavers and dyers, and noted for making the best coloured stutl's in India; 3 miles S. of Madras. Thomastown, a town of the state of Maine, In Lincoln county, which has a great trade in lime. It stands on the W. side of Penob- scot bay, 30 miles E. by N. of Wiscasset. Pop. 6227. Tmomastown, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, on the river Noire; 10 miles S.S.E. of Kilkenny. TuoNON, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy, with a paltice and several convents, seated on the lake of Geneva, at the influx of the river Draim; 13 miles N.E. of Geneva. Thorda, a town of Austria, in the pro- vince of Transylvania, capital of a county of the same name. Pop, 100,000. The town is Bleated near the river Aranjos, with some salt mine?, which have been wrought by the Itotnans. Pop. 8000. TiiouM, a city of West Prussia, formerly a Hanseatic town. In the church of St. John is the epitaph of the celebrated Nicholas Co- pernicus, who was born here. It is divided mto liie Old and New town, and has a cele- brated Protestant academy. In 1703 it was taken by the Swedes, who demolished the tortifliuuions: and in 1793 it was seized by the king of Prussiii, and annexed to his do- minions. It was Uik<:\\ by the French in 1806, and remained in their iLindstill 1812. It is seated on the Vistubi, over which is a long wooden bridge; 67 miles S. of Daiitzic, and 10.5 N.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 8500. Long. 18. 42. E. lat. 53. 6. N. TnouNB, a small but thriving town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday. It contains a ne.-it parish church, live meeting- houses, an telligenc^. The men are of the ordinary size, generally well made, upright, and walk with a graceful step. Their colour is a fine deep black. Their noses are a little more aquiline than those of the Mandingoes, and like them they have thin lips and large eyes. The women attend to domestic occupa- tions. They are not veiled, like those of Ma- rocco, and are allowed to walk out wlien they please. Those of the richer class have always a great number of glass beads about their necks and in their ears. Like the women of Jenne they wear nose-rings ; and the female who is not rich enough to procure a ring sub- stitutes a piece of red silk for it: they wear silver bracelets, and ancle-rings of plated steel, the latter of which are made in the country. The female slaves of rich masters have golU ornaments about their necks, and instead of wearing ear-rings, ns in the en- virons of the Senegal, they hare little plates in the form of a necklace. The interior of the dwellings in Timbuctoo, as well as the dress of the inhabitants, is exceedingly neat. Their domestic articles consist of calabashes and wooden platters: knives and forks are unknown here, and the natives imagine that, like them, all people in the world eat with their fingers. Their furniture consists merely of mats for sitting on; and their beds are made by fixing four stakes in the ground at one end of the room, and stretching oyer them some mats or a cow hide. The rich have cotton mattresses and coverlets, which the neighbouring Moors manufiicturo from camel's hair and sheep's wooi. Tiie people are well fed. Tlieir meals, of which they take two in a day, consist of rice, and cous- cous made of a small millet, dressed with meat or dried fish. Those negroes who are in easy circumstances breakfast on wheaten bread, tea, and butter made from cow's milk; those of inferior circumstances use vegetable butter. Generally speaking, the negroes are not so well lodged as the Moors: the latter have great influence over them, and indeed consider themselves tax their superiors. Cloth and other European merchandise, and salt, are brought to Timbuctoo by caravans from Barbary; these are exchanged for ivory, slaves, senna, gold-dust, dates, ostriches' fea- thers, &e., brought from the interior and more maritime parts of Africa. This city is subject to a well-regulated police, and many of the inhabitants are very rich, (^abra, its Sort, 3 miles N., is a narrow towa of mud uts, containing about 1000 inhabitants, who are all employed either in landing the mer- chandise brought from Jennfe, or in convey- ing it to Timbuctoo: it has a small mosque with a minaret, but is a dirty and miser- i It ii Hi TIN 817 TIR able-looking place. Long. 3. 40. W. lat. 17.50.N. TiMERYCOTTA, a town and fortress of Hin- dustan, in the Carnatic, chief place in the district of Palnaud. It is 72 miles S.E. of Hydrabad, and 82 W. by S. of Condapilly. Loni;. 79. 26. E. hu. 16. 20. N. TiMON, or TiMOAN, an island on the E. coast of the peninsula of Malaya, 30 miles in circumference. It is mountainous and woody, and produces plenty of cocoa-nuts and rice. Long. 104. 2H. E. Int. 3. 0. N. TiMOH, an island in the Indian ocean, to the W. of the N.W. point of Australia. It is 200 miles long, and 60 broad, and abounds In sandal-wood, wax and honey. The Dutch have a fort here, fri n which thoy expell' d the Portuguese in 1613. It is situate at Co ^pang, the principal town, on the S.W, poin, of the Island. Long. 124. 0. E. hit. 10. 23. S. TiJiouLAUT, or Timor- Laoet, an island in the Indian ocean, butween Timor and New Guinea. It is 60 miles in circumference, and the S. point is in long. 131. 54. E. lat. 8. 1.5. IS. TlNEVEI.LY, or TiNNEVELLY, a tOWH of Hindostan, capital of a district of its name, at the S. extremity of the Carnatic. It is seated on a river wliich flows into the gulf of Jlanaar; 85 miles S.S.W. of Madura. Long. 71.46. E. hit. 8. 42. N. TiNO-HAe, the capital of the Chusan islands, wiiicli see. Ti.NQ-TCuiiou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Fo-kien; 980 miles S. of Peking. Long. 1 16. 30. E. lat. 25. 48. N. TiNiAN, au island in the North Pacific, one of the Ladrones, 12 miles long, and 6 broad. The soil is dry, and somewhat sandy, bnt produces abundance of cocoa-nuts, paupaus, gnavas, limes, sour oranges, and bread-fruit; also much cotton and indigo. The road is dangerous, for the bottom consists of hard sand and large coral rocks. Long. 146. 0. E. lilt. 15. O.N. TiNO, the ancient Tenos, an island of the Grecian archipelago, to the S. of Andros, from which it is sepamted by a channel of a mile in width. It is 15 miles lung, and 8 broad, and produces 16,000 pounds of silk • year. The fortress 8tan taken by the French in 1781, and cunfirincd to them in 1783; but it was taken bj the English in 1793, and restored in 1802. It was again taken by the English in 1803, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris in 1814. Fop. 14,500. Tiie principal place is Scarborough. ToBERMOKT, a town of Scotland, in the island of Mull, with a good harbour, and a custom-house; seated on a fine bay, near the N.W. end of the sound of Mull. Long. &. 58. W. lat 56. 46. N. Tobolsk, a government of the llussian em- pire, which comprehends the greatest part of Western Siberia. It is divided into the two provinces of Tobolsk and Tomsk. Population, 622,422. Tobolsk, a considerable and populous city of Russia, formerly capital of Siberia, and at present of the government of Tobolsk. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town: the former is properly the city, and stands very high, with a fort built of stone, in which are the governor's court, the governor's house, the archbishop's palace, the exchange, and two of the principal churches, all built of stone, but the houses in general are of wood, and are very low. The Tartars, who live round this town, for several miles, are all Mohammedans, and their mufti is an Arabian: in general they behave very quietly, and carry on some com- merce, but practise no m';chan ic trades. There are also a great number of Calmuc Tartars, who serve as slaves. All the Chinese caravans pass through this town, ai>d all the furs fur- nished by Siberia are brought here, and hence forwarded to Moscow. The Russians com- monly send their state prisoners to this city. It is seated at the confluence of the rivers Tobol and Irtysch; 1100 miles E. byN.of Moscow, and 1200 E. by S. of Petersburg. Pop. 1 6,200. Long. 68. 35. E. lat. 58. 12. N. TocANTiN, a large river of Brazil, which rises in lat. 18. S., and flows N.E. at the fool of a ridge of mountains for above 700 miles, tlien enters a more open country, and pur- sues its course 400 miles further to the At- lantic ocean, which itentersby a large estuary, below the city of Para. The estuary of this river has a communication with tiiat of the Amazons to the W.; and the space included by them and the ocean is an island, 150 miles in diameter, called Maraso or .Toanes. TocAT, a city of Asia Minor, in Sivas. Tlie houses are handsomely built, and the streets paved, which is an uncommon thing in these parts; but the town makes a veiy odd appearance, being built on uneven ground. There are two rugged perpendicular rocks of ii>.irble, with an old castle upon each; and so many streams, that each house has a fountain. The inhabitants are computed at 60,000. The chief trade is in copper vessels, but much yel- low leather and silk is manufactured. It is seated in 8 district which abounds in fruit and wine; 45 miles W.N.W. of Sivas, and 150 N. of Marush. Long. 36. 35. E. lat. 89. 10. N. TocAYMA, a town of Colombia, in a coun- try abounding in fruit and sugar-canes. Here are hot baths between two cold springs: and near the town is a volcano. It is seated on the Pati, near its entrance into the Madalena; 34 miles W. of St. F6 de Bogota. Long. 74. 68. W. lat. 4. 5. N. TocRUR, a kingdom of Negroland, lying to the E. of Tinibuctoo, on both sides the Niger. The capital is of the same name, seated on the S. side of the Ni>^er; 320 miles E.of Timbuctoo. Long. 6. 18. \V. lat. 16. 38. N. ToctiYO, a town of the republic of Vene- zuela, near the source of the Tocuyo, famous for its excellent wheat and wool ; it has also a trade in salt; 60 miles N. of Truxillo. Pop. 10,200. ToDi, a town of the Fa|)al states, in tho duchy of Spoleto, seated on a hill, near the Tiber; 22 miles E. of Spoleto. ToDiHOBDEN, a towu in the parish of Roch- dale, Lancashire, and partly in Yorkshire, 207 miles from London. It is seated in a pictur- esque valley, but is very irregularly built. Tho inhabitants are occupied in the manufacture of cotton, fustian, velveteen,&c. The Manchester and Leeds railway passes through the town, and here is the celebrated summit tunnel of the same line. Pop. in 1851, 7699. ToisSEY, a town of France, in tlie depart- ment of Ain, with a college, seated near the conflux of the Saone and Chalarone; 15 miles N. of Trevoux. Tokay, a town of Hungary, with a casth. It is celebrated for its wine, which is preferred to all others in Hungary ; and near it are large salt-works. It stands at the conflux of the Bodrog with the Theisse; 105 miles E.N.E. of Buda. Fop. 4200. Long. 21.15. E. lat. 48. 8. N. Toledo, a city of Spain, in Now Castile, of which it was formerly the capital. It is seated on a conical hill on the river Tagus, which nearly surrounds it, and on the land side is an ancient wall, flanked with 100 towers. There are a great number of superb structures, besides 17 public squares, where the markets are kept. It is an archbishop's see, and the cathedral is the richest in Spain; the Segrario, or principal chapel, contains 15 large cabinets let into the wall, full of gold and silver vessels, and other works. Here are numerous religious houses and churches, with some hospitals; and formerly it had u university, which was suppressed in 1807. The inhabitants, once estimated at 200,000, are now reduced to 26,000, Without the town are the remains of an amphithr^atre and other antiquities. It has a royal castle, and several manufactures of arms, silk, and wool. Toledo was occupied by the French in 1808; 37 miles S. of Madrid. Long. 3. 20. W. lat. 39. 60. N. ToLEN, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Zealand, in an island of the same name, s( parated by a narrow channel from Brabant. On the Brabant side it Ims a fort, callod TOM 820 TON Sclilyckenbnrg; 5 miles N.W. of BerKcii-op- Zuuiii. Lung. 4. 20. E. Int. 51. 30. N. TuLENTiNo, a town of tlie Ecclcsinsticnl (tUtcs, ill Ancotin, wlicre the relics of St. Ni- chulus are kept. A treaty of peace was con- ciuded lierc between Bonaparte and the papal court in I7'J7. It is seated on the Cliiunto; 8 miles S.E. of St. Scverino. Pop. 4000. TuLUSDUua, a seaport of Russia, in the goveriinient of Kiga, seated on the gulf of I'iiiland; GO miles \V. of Narva. Long. 26. 4. K. lat. 69. 38. N. ToLiA, a town of Italy, in the states of the Ciiurcii. In the environs are warm bathn, mines of alum and iron, and quarries of ahibti.ster and ln]>is lazuli. It is 6 miles N. E. of Civitii Vecciiia. ToLiiuvs, a town of the Netherlands, in Gueldcrbuul, seated on the Khine; 8 miles £. ofNimcguen. Tolland, a town of Connecticut, chief of a county of its name; 18 miles N.E. of Hart- ford. Top. 1563. ToLMEZo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli with a castle. Near it is an extensive linen manufacture. It stands on the Taglia- mcnto; 16 miles N.W. of Udina. TuLMiNo, a town of the Austrian states, in Carniola; 12 miles N. of Goritz. ToLNA, a town of Hungary, formerly the capital of a county of the same name; pro- ducing excellent wine. It is seated on the Danube; 65 miles S. of Buda. Long. 19. 15. E. lat. 46. 30. N. ToLNANi, a town of Hindostan, in the country of Baglana; 70 miles W. of Bur- liampour, and 124 E. of Surat. Long. 75. 3. E. hit. 21. 15. N. ToLOMETA, a seaport of Barbary, in Barca, anciently called Ptoleinais. It is seated on the Mediterranean; 100 miles W. of Derna. Long. 20. 30. E. lat. 32. 44. N. ToLOSA, a town of Spain, in Biscay, capi- tal of the district of Guipuzcoa, celebrated for its steel manufactures, particularly of sword blades. It was taken by the French in 1794, and again in 1808. It is one of the best towns in Guipuzcoa, and, from its central situation it has been made the capital, to the great dis- gust of St. Sebastian. The town consists of 6 streets which are intersected by 3 others. It is seated in a valley, between the Araxis and Oria; 36milcsE.ofBilboa.Pop.4200. Long. 2. 5. W. lat. 43. 12.N. ToLU, a seaport of Colombia, in Cartha- gena, famous (or its balsam, produced from a tree like a pine. It is seated on a bay; 70 miles S. of Carthagena. Long. 75. 16. W. lat. 9. 30. N. ToMAR, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- dura, on the river Naboan, at the foot of the mountains, where there is a castle belonging to the knights of Christ. It is 40 miles S. by E. of Coimbra, and 65 N.E. of Lisbon. ToMnicnEE, a river of the United States, in Mississippi and Alabama, joining the Alabama to form tlie Mobile riv«r falling into the gulf of Mexico. Its whole course is about 5U0 miles, and is navigable to Colouibus in Mississippi. TounucTOO. See Timbuctoo. TuMiNA, a province of Buenos Ayrc«, 72 miles long, and 210 in circuit. The surlaue is mountainous, but the valleys arc fertile. ToMiNi, a town on the E. coast of the is- land of Celebes, on a bay to which it gives name. Long. I II. 0. E. lat. 0. 45. S. Tompkins a county of New York. The S. part of the Cayuga and Seneca lakes are in it; capital, .Tthacu. Pop. 37,948. ToMPKisviLLB a town of New York, pleasantly seated on the N.E. part of Statun island, and coimectcd by steam ferry-boats with New York. It contains a marine hos- pital or lazaretto for New York port, 6 miles S. of New York. Pop. 1400. Tomsk, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of a province of its name, in the government of Tobolsk. On the highest part stands a wooden castle, defended by 14 pieces of can- non; and in it ace a cathedral built of wood, the chancery, and an arsenal. The inhabi- tants carry on a great trade, this town lying on the great road through all the E. and N. parts of Siberia. Here are all kinds of arti- ficers and tradesmen, but they are extronitly indolent and slothful. It contains above 200(1 bouses, with 12,000 inhabitants. It is seated on the river Tom; 590 miles E. by S. ot Tobolsk. Long. 84. 19. E. lat. 57. 4. N. ToNBRiDGE. See Tdnbridob. ToNDERN, a well-built town of Denmark, capital of a district of its name, in the duchy of Sleswick, with a considerable trade in corn, cattle, silk, and fine lace. It is seated on the river Widaw, and on a bav of the German ocean; twenty-eight miles S. by E. of Ripen, and 40 N.W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 40. E. lat. 54. 58. N. Tonoataboo, one of the Friendly islands, 20 leagues in circuit. It was discovered by Tasman, who called it New Amsterdam, and was visited in 1773 and 1777 by Cook, who lay at anchor on the W. part. It has the best harbour, or anchoring-place, to be found among these islands. The land is low, with many gentle risings, and very fertile, being wholly laid out in plantations, with roads or lanes "for travelling. It is the seat of govern- ment for all the other islands, and the or- dinary residence of all the principal chiefs. Long. 174.46. W. lat. 21. 9. S. Tongeron, or Tongues, a town of Bel- gium, in the territory of Liege; formerly one of the most flourishing cities in the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. It is seated on the Jeckar; 13 miles N.W. of Liege. ToNO-GiN, a city of China, of the first rank, in Koei-tcheou; 850 miles S.S.W. of Peking; Long. 108. 37. E. lat. 27. 40. N. ToNGHO, a city pf Binnah, capital of a province of the same name, noted for pro- ducing the best betel-n»t. It has a fort deemeid the strongest in tbe Binnan empiro. i TON 821 TON It is seated near the Setang; 90 miles N. of Pcj?u. Long. 96. 45. E. lat. 18. 45. N. ToNO-TCHANO, a city of Chiiin, of the first rank, in Chung-toiig, Heated near the N. end of the Grand Canal; 210 miles S. of Puking. Long. 116. 12. E. lat. 36. 30. N. ToNo-Tciioo, a small city of China, in Pe- tche4i, seated on the Pei-ho, 170 miles from its mouth, and 12 E. by S. of Peking,'. ToNo-TciiuEN, a fortified city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Se-tchiu ii. Tiie inhabitants are all soldiers, who have followed the profession of arms from father to son. It is 1000 miles S.\V. of Peking. Long. 102. 30. E. lat. 25. 66. N. ToNousiANS, or ToNOusEB, a people who inhabit the E. part of Siberia, and are sub- ject to the Russians. They are all pagans, and subsist chiefly by grazing, and hunting of sables. They live in huts, which they take down and remove with tiiem from place to place. These huts are composed of wooden poles, covered all over with hair atid rubbish, except a hole left at the top to let out the smoke. Their fire is made in the middle, and they all sit round it upon turfs. Both sexes are very strong, and broad-faced, and they all ride on horseback, not excepting the girls. Both men and women dress alike, in a sort of frock, with boots of skins on their legs, and their common drink is water. Their number is 8n])posed not to exceed 45,000. ToNNA, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Gotha, 6 miles N. of Gotha. ToNNAY BouTONNB, a town of France, de- partment of Lower Charente, on the river Boutonne; 17 miles N. of Saintcs. ToNNAT CiiARENTE, a town in the depart- ment of Lower Charente, with a castle. It is seated on the Charente; 3 miles E. of Roch- fort, and 15 N.W. of Saintes. ToNNEisa, a town in the department of Lot-et-Garonne, seated on the Guronne; 7 miles E. of Marmande. Pop. 600. ToNNERnE, a town in the department of Yonne, famous for its good wines. It is seated on the Arman9on; 27 miles S. of Troyes, and 102 E. of Paris. ToNNiNGEN, a seaport of Denmark, in the luchy of Sleswick. The harbour is commo- dious, and defended by three batteries. It is seated on a penin.sula, formed by the river Eyder; 25 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick, and 70 N.N.W. of Hamburg. It is connected by railway with Rendsburg and Flensburg. Long. 9. 10. E. lat. 54. 30. N. ToNQUiN, or ToNOKiNO, a country of Asia; bounded on the N. by China, B. by China and thegulf of Tonquin, S. by Cochin-China, and W. by Loas. It is 1200 miles in length and 600 in breadth, and one of the finest countries of the East. It contains 18,000,000 of inhabitants. The commodities are gold, musk, silks, calicoes, drugs of many sorts, woods for dyeing, lacquered and earthen wares, salt, aniseed, and wormseed. The lae^uered ware is not inferior to that of Ja- pan, which is accounted the best in the world. I The natives in general are of a middling stature, and clean limbed, with a tawny com- plexion; their faces oval and flattisli, and their hair black, long, and coarse, lmn<;ing down their shoulders. They dye their teeth I black. They are dexterous, active, and in- I genious in mechanic arts. Their garments I are made either of silk or cotton; but thu poor people and soldier wear only cotton of I a dark tawny colour. Their houses are small and low, and the walls either of mud, or hurdles daubed over with clay. They have only a ground floor, with two or three parti- tions, and each room has a sqimro hole to let in the light. Tiiey have stools, benches, and chairs; and on the side of a table in every house is a little altar, on which are two in- cense-pots. The country abounds with vil- lages, which consist of 30 or 40 houses, surrounded by trees; and in some places are banks to keep the water from overflowing their gardens, where they have oranges, betels, pumpkins, melons, and salad herbs. In the rainy season they cannot pass from one house to another without wading through the water, but sometimes they have boats. Ttie Tonquinese, in general, are courteous to strangers ; but the great men are haughty and ambitious, the soldiers insolent, and the poor thievish. They buy all their wives, of which the great men have several. The men are so addicted to gaming that, when every thing else is lost, they will stake their wives and children; and in hard times they will sell them to buy rice for themselves. When a man dies he is buried in his own ground; and, if he was a master of a family, they make a great feast. The first new moon that happens after the middle of January is a great festival, when they rejoice for ten days together; and they have another great feast in May or June, when their first harvest is got in. Their religion is paganism, but they own a Supreme Being. Their principal idols have human shapes; but they have likewise some resembling elephants and horses, placed in small low temples built of timber. The lan- guage is very guttural, and some of the words are pronounced through the teeth: it has a great resemblance to the Chinese. Tonquin became an independent kingdom in 1368, i>^t it has been entirely subdued by Cochin-Uliina, so that, with Cambodia, and dl the countries between Siam and China, i" ;s now united under the Chinese empire. Cachao, or Kes- tro, is the capital. ToNSBEito, a sesiport of Norway, in the province of Aggcrliuys. It has some com- merce in timber; and near it is Walloe, the most considerable salt-work in the kingdom. It is 46 miles S. of Christiania. Long. 10. 14. E. lat. 58. 50. N. ToNURO, a town of Ilindostan, in Mysore, formerly a city of great extent, as appears by some ruins of the walls. Here arc three temples, in good preservation, and near it is TOR ,'' 822 TOR nil immense taiik, or reservoir of wntcr, be- tween two rucicy iiillit. Ii in 10 miles N. of Suringapatam. TooBODAi, an island in the South Pacific ocean, one of the Society iHlands, discovered by Couk. It is not in any direction above 6 miles over, but there are hills in it of a con- siderable elevation, covered with herbage, except a few rocky clitfs, with patches of trees intcrHperscd to their summits. It is plentifully stocked with hogs and fowls, and proihices several kinds of fruits and roots. iSe« SooiETT Islam us. Long. 210. 33. VV. Ittt. 23. 25. S. Toi'EL, or ToPL, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, at the source of a rivulet of the same name; 25 miles N.W. of Pilsen. ToPBTiMo, a town of Mexico, in the pro- vince of Mechoacan, at the mouth of a river, near the Pacific ocean ; 55 miles N.W. of Zacatula. ToPLiTZ, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leutmerits, celebrated fur its warm baths. Near this place the Austrians defeated the Prussians in 1762, and here the allied sove- reigns had their head-quarters a considerable time in 1813. It is 16 miles N.W. of Leut- meriti. ToFOLTZAW, a town of Hungary, 60 miles N.E. of Presburg. TopsFiELD, a town of Massachusetts, on the Ipswich river. It has some handsome dwellings, and extensive manufactories of boots and shoes ; 25 miles N. by E. of Bos- ton. Pop. 1059. TopsTiAH, a town of Maine, on the An- droscoggin river, which affords great facili- ties for navigation and ship-building. Lum- ber is largely exported. It lies opposite to Brunswick; 29 miles S. by W. of Augusta. Pop. 1883. TopBHAM, a seaport of Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. Here is a spacious and convenient quay, belonging to the city of Exeter, of which this town is the port. Most of the inhabitants are employed in the ship- ping business. It is seated at the head of the estuary of the Exe, 5 miles S.E. of Exeter, and 170 S.W. of London. Tor, a seaport of Arabia, with a good har- bour, defended by a castle. Here is a Greek convent, in the garden of which are fountains of bitter water, pretended to be those which Moses rendered sweet by throwing in a piece of wood. It stands on the W. side of the peninsula formed by the two arms of the Bed sea, 150 miles S.S.E. of Suez. Long. 33. 40. E. lat. 28. 10. N. ToRBAT, a bay of the English Channel, on the coast of Devonshire, to the E. of Dart- mouth; formed by two canals, called Berry Head and Bob's Nose. Here the Prince of Orange landed in 1688, when he came over from Holland by the invitation of many prin- cipal persons, to preserve the country from popery and arbitrary power. The S. point, riorry Head, is in long. 3. 28. W. lat. 50. 24. N. ToRuiA, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, 7 miles E. of Nice. ToRDOLB, a town of Austrian Italy, in the circle of Trent; 14 miles S.E. of Trent. ToKCELLO, a town of Austrian Itjily, in a small island of the siMne name in the gulf of Venice. It is a binliop's see, and has several churches and an elegant nunnery. It is 7 miles N. of Venice. Pop. 9000. TuRDESii.LAS, a fortified town of Spain, in Leon, with a palace where queen Joiiii, nio ther of Charles V., ended her melancholy days. It is seated on the Dciro, \h miles S.W. of Valladolid, and 76 S.S.E. of Leon. ToREB, a town of Bengal, 235 miles W. N.W. of Calcutta. Long. 84. 55. E. hit. 2.1. 38. N. ToRELLO, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, famous for a battle gained by the French over the Spaniards in 1694. It is seated near the mouth of the Ter, 19 miles E. by S. of Gi- ronna, and 60 N.E. of Barcelona. ToROAU, a strong town of Pru.ssian Sax- ony, in the government of Merseburg, with a castle. The inhabitants brew excellent beer, and have manufactures of woollcn.s, leather, and soap. Here the king of Prussia obtained a great victory over tlie Austrians in 1760. The town was taken by the allies in 1814. It is seateu among groves and lakes on the river Elbe, 26 miles N.N.W. of Meis- sen, and 46 N.W. of Dresden. Pop. 4500. Long. 13. 3. E. lat. 51. 32. N. ToRiONY, a town of France, department of Manche, with a castle, 7 miles S.E. of St. Lo. TosMKS, a river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Avila, in Castile, passes by Alva, Tormes, and Salamanca, and joins the Douro below Mirande de Douro. The bat- tle of Salamanca, July, 1812, was fought on its banks. ToRMA, a town of Hungary, capital of a district of the same name, with a castle seated on an eminence on the river Sayo; 22 miles W.of Cassovia. Long. 20. 43. E. lat. 48. 50. N. ToRNEA, a river of Sweden, which rises on the borders of Norway, forms a lake of the same name, and flows S.E. into the gulf of Bothnia, below Tomea. ToRNBA, a seaport of European Bussia, in the government of Finland, with a good har- bour. It is a place of some trade, for the Laplanders in those parts come and exchange their skins and other articles for what they want. The houses are low, and the cold so severe, that sometimes people lose their fingers and toes. In its vicinity is an entire moun- tain of iron ore. It is seated on the river Tomea, at the N. extremity of the gulf of Bothnia, 165 miles N.E. of Uma. Long. 24. 12. E. lat. 6.5. 51. N. ToRO, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a district of its name, and a bishop's see. It is seated on- a hill, on the river Douro, over which is a bridge; 20 miles E.N.E. of Za- morok and 30 N.N.E. of Salamanca. Toro is an anciei now about great impoi ToRON, a ft neck of li Santo and ( nica. Lon ToRONTt TORQUAI N. side of Bushel. It of building here enjoy ( situation. Kent's Hoi and in no \ Torre e in Valencit cured from springs. T work in all the coast of of Origuola TORRB I Terra di L of Vesuvii 1794. Th( that covers on the baj city. Pop Torre e in Tras los defended b miles S.E. Braganza. TORREJ( 15 miles S. Torres, seated on t S.W. ofGi Torres tremadura plain, 38 r Torres Estremadi its vicinitj has a cast! near the Pop. 2300 ToRRii rises on tl few yards from the Hatherly, Oakham; ingbyTo Bristol cl: TORRIC noo, 14 n ToRRi; verned b] day. It houses, s manufact a castle. S. hyW. Lvodon. TOR 82d TOR h is an nnrient and decayed town, containing now about 9000 souls ; it wus former!/ of great importance. TuRON, a town of Macudoiiitt, situate on a neck of land between the gulfs of Monte Santo and Cassandra; 90 miles S.E. of Salo- nica. Long. 24. 10. E. lat. 39. 63. N. Toronto, late York, which see. Torquay, a town in DovonHhire, near the N. side of Torbay, 7 miles S.E. of Newton Bushel. It has two piers, and a neat range of buildings, for summer visitors, who may here enjoy convenient bathing and a romantic situation. Near it is a singular cavern, called Kent's Hole, which is full 200 yards long, and in no part more than 20 feet high. Torre db las Salinas, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a great trade in salt, pro- cured from a small lake formed by saline springs. This is the most considerable salt- work in all Spain. The town is situate near the coast of the Mediterranean, 20 miles S.E. of Origuelo, and 37 N N.E. of Carthagena. ToHKB DEL Qrbco, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro; destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in 1631, and by another in 1794. The present town is built on the lava tiiat covers the former habitations. It stands on the bay of Naples, 5 miles S.R. of that city« Pop. 16,000. Torre dr Monoorvo, a town of Portugal, in Tras los Montcs, snrrounded by a wall, and defended by a bastion and a castle. It is 27 miles S.E. of Mirandela, and 42 S.S.W. of Braganza. ToRREjo, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 15 miles S. of Madrid. Torres, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on the Mediterranean. It is 45 miles S.W. of Granada. Torres Novas, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, with a castle; seated in a fertile plain, 38 miles N. by E. of Santaren. Torres Vedras, a town of Portugal in Estremadura, noted for the lines erected in its vicinity by Lord Wellington, in 1810. It has a castle, four churches, &c. It is seated near the Atlantic, 27 miles N. of Lisbon. Pop. 2300. ToRRiDOB, a river in Devonshire, which rises on the summit of a high moor, within a few yards of the source of the Tamar, not far from the Bristol channel. It flows S.E. to Hatherly, and then receiving the Oak, from Oakhampton, turns short to the N., and pos- ing by Torrington and Biddeford, enters the Bristol channel at Barnstable bay. ToRRiGLiA, a town of the territory of Ge- noa, 14 miles N.E. of Genoa. ToRRiNOTON, a town in Devonshire, go- rerned by a mayor, with a market on Satur- day. It has two churches, several meeting- houses, some almshouses, a charity school, a manufacture of stuffs, and some remains of a castle. It is seated on the Torridge, 1 1 miles 8. by W. of Barnstaple, and 194 W. by S. of Lvndoa. ToRRiNGTOM, a town of ConuectitiMit on the Naugatuck river, 28 miles W. by N. of Hart- ford. Pop. 1707. ToRsiioK, n town of European Russia, in the government of Iver. It has several churches, a castle, and a manufacture of wool- len and coarse linen. It is seated on the river Trniza, 45 miles W. of Iver. Pop. 10,000. ToRsiLLA, a town of Sweden, in Sudcr- mania, 43 miles W. of Stockholm. ToRTOLA, the principal of the Virgin In- lands, in the W. Indies; 18 miles long, and 7 broad. It formerly belonged to the Dutch, who built a strong fort, Irora which thev were expelled by the English in 1666. The town and harbour are at the E. end of the is- land. In 1802 it was made a free port, since which period the island has undergone great improvements. It produces excellent cotton, sugar, and rum. Long. 63. O.W. lat. 18. 33. N. ToRTONA, a town of the Sardinian states, in a province of its name, with a good citadel on an eminence. It was formerly deemed a considerable frontier place; was taken by the allies in 1774, by the Spaniards in 1745. by the French in 1796, by the Russians and Austrians in 1799, regained by the Frencii the same year, and by them delivered np to the Austrians In 1814. It is seated on the Serlvia, 27 miles S.W. of Milan. Population of the province, 40,000; of the town, 8000. Long. 8. 58. E. lat. 44. 54. N. ToRTORELLA, a town of Naples in Princi- pato Citra; 5 miles N.E. of Policastro. ToRTOSA, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a bishop's see, with a citadel. It is di- vided into the Old and New Town, both sur- rounded by fortifications. The entrance is over a large bridge of boats, on the river Ebro. The cathedral, the royal college of Domini- cans, and the convent of the Carmelites, are the most remarkable edifices. Here is a great deal of silk and oil, and very fine potters'- ware, which resembles porcelain. Tortosa was taken by the French in 1 8 1 0, after a short siege but restored in 1814. It is seated partly on a plain and partly on a hill, in a country fertile in corn and frnits, and abounding with quarries and mines of silver, iron, alabaster, jasper of divers colours, and stones with veins of gold. It is 48 miles S.W. of Tarragona, and96S.E.ofSaragossa. Pop.11,000. Long. 0. 35. E. lat. 40.48. N. Tortosa (the ancient Orthosia), a town of Syria, with a castle. It is surrounded by lofty walls, and stands near the Mediterranean ; 35 miles N.N.E. of Tripoli. ToRTDE, an island of the West Indies, near the N. coast of St. Domingo, so named from the great number of tortoises found on and near it. Here the French buccaneers used to fortify themselves. It is about 20 railes long, and 4 broad, and has a safe harbour, but diffi- cult of access. Long. 73. 10. W. lat. 20. 1 0. N. Toktcoa, or Sal Tortcga, an uninhabited island near the coast of Columbia, 60 miles W> of the island of Margaretta, and about 36 TOU 821 TOU in circumfercnco. Thero are a fow goata on it; uiiil tlio tortoises conic upon tliu Nundy blinks to lay their u^'K^. At tlio B. end in a lart;Q Ruit-poml, wiicrc the salt l)c((itis to kern in April; and for soino months after, ships como hero to hide salt. At tho W. end is a ■mall harbour, with fresh water. Lone. 64. 46. W. Int. 11. 16. N. TosA, a seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, on a bay which forms a good harbour. It is built partly on a plain, and partly on a steep hill, which projects into the sea. On tho top of tile hill is a strong citadel, with other for- tiiieations. It is ,57 miles N.E. of Barcelona. Lour. 2. .'54. E. laf. 41. 42. N. ToscANKLLA, 0, towQ of Austrian Italy, 5 miles E.N.K. ofSalo. TosENA, tt town of Sweden, in West Goth- land; ao miles W.N.W. of Uddcvalla. T(J8so, a town of Sweden, in West Goth- land; 42 miles N.N.K. of Uddcvalla. Tost, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principalitv of Oppolu, with a castle; 25 miles E.S.E. of bppeln. 'roTNESS, a borough in Doronshiro; go- verned by a naayor, returning two members to parliament, with a weekly market on Satur- day, and a monthly one on Tuesday; also a manufacture of serges, &c. It had formerly a castle and walls, and two gateways are yet standing. It is seated on tho river Dart, on tho side of a hill; and is connected with Exe- ter by railroad, a continuation of the Great Western line; 26 miles S.W.of Exeter, and 106 W. by S. of London. ToTosicAi'A.v, a town of Guatemala or Central America, estimated to contain 12,000 inhabitants, nearly all aborigines; 80 miles N.N.W. of Guatemala. ToTTENHAM,avillage in Middlesex, .5 miles N. of London. Here are three almshouses; one of them founded in 1596, by Balthazar Zanches, who was confectioner to Philip II. of Spain, and the iirst that exercised that art in this country. TouL, a fortified town of France, depart- ment of Meurthc. The cathedral and episco- pal palace are handsome structures. It is seated on tho Moselle, in a plain almost sur- rounded by mountains; 13 miles W. by S.of Nancy, and 34 W.S.W. of Metz. Pop. 7000. Toulon, a fortified city and seaport of France, capital of the department ofVai. It is divided into the Old and New quarter; the former, which is ill-built, ha-s nothing remark- able in it but the town-hou'-ranean for the re-exporta- tion of tho products of the East Indies. In 1706 it was bombarded by the allies, both by land and sea, by wliichalmost the whole town was reduced to a heap of ruins, and several ships burned ; but they were at last obligecl to raise tho siege. In 1721 it experienced the dreadlul ravages of a pestilence. In 1793 it capitulated, in the name of Louis XVII., to the British, who, not tiiiding the place ten- able, evacuated it the same year, after having destroyed the arsenal, ic. Toulon is seated on a bay of the Mediterranean; 37 miles S.E. of Marseilles, and 517 S.S.E. of Paiis. Pop. 30,000. Long. 5. 55. E. hit. 43. 7. N. TooLocsE, a city of France, capital of the dupartracnt of Upper Garonne ; and an arch- bishop's see. It contains 60,000 iniiahitants, and is the most considerable city in France, next to Paris and Lyons, although its popu- lation bears no proportion to its extent. It was tho capital of tho Teetosnges, who made so many conquests in Asia and Greece. It was next a lioman colony, and was succes- sively the capital of the Visigoths, (who des- troyed the suburb amphitheatre, of which there are still some remains, the capitol, and other Roman monuments,) and that of Aquitainc. The walls of the city, as well as the houses, are built with bricks. St. Stephen's, the me- tropolitan cliurch, would be incomparable if the nave were equal to tho choir; and tho archbishop's palace is magnificent. The town- house forms a perfect square, 324 feet long, and 66 high: the principal front occupies an entire side of the grand square called the Place Royale. In the great hull called the Hull of Illustrious Men, is the statue of the Chevalier Isaurc, with the busts of all the great men to whom Toulouse has given birth. Communi- cating with the Atlantic on one side by the river Garonne, and with the Mediterranean on the other by the canal of Languedoc, Tou- louse might have been a very commercial city; but the taste of the inhabitants has been principally for the sciences and belles leitrcs. The little commerce they have, consists in leather, wool, drapery, blankets, mignonettes, oil, iron, mercury, hardware, and books. The bridge over the Garonne, equal to that of Tours, forms a communication with the su- burb of St. Cyprian. The allied army entered this city on tho 12th of April, 1814, after a TOU 823 TRA icveru iiction with tlio Fiuiu-li nrmy the prc- ccdiii;; day. TouIouho i.s U5 miles 8.K. of Borduuux, uinl 400 8. hy W. of I'uiis. rop. Sa.OLtO. Loiij,'. I. ao. K. int. 48, 30, N. Toun, a town of FniiiLe, ilepurtmcnt of Piivilo Dome; 22 miles S. of CleriiiDnt. TouK DB Kdussillon, a town hi the dc- {nrtmont of Eastern i'yrcnccs; 3miloH K. uf 'erpijiniin. Touii i>u Pin, a town in tlio dcpartmont of Isori^ seatoil on the Bourbre; 24 milos 8. of Viunno. Touu LA Blakchk, a town in the depart- ment of Uordogne; 15 miles N.W. of Teri- guciix. Tour la Ville, a town in the department of La Mnnchc, celebrated for its manufacrure of gliisH. It is separated from Cherburj^ by a river. TouRAiNB, a late province of France, which now forms the department of Indre- et-Loire. TouRANCouRciiT, a town of Hindostan, in the Curnulic. It is 35 miles S.S.W. of Trit- cliinopoli. TooRNAW, a town of France, department of Seino-et-Marne; 20 miles E.S.E. of Paris. TouRNAY, a city of Belgium, in Flanders, and a bishop's sec. It has several 'Ine manu- factures, and is particularly famous for good stockings. The cathedral, and the abbey of 8t. Martin, are very niagniticcnt. It was taken by the allies in 1709, and ceded to the House of Austria by the treaty of Utrecht; but the Dutch were allnwed to place a garrison in it, as one of the barrier towns. In 1792 it wos taken by the French, who were obliged to abandon it in 1793, but re-entered it again on the conquest of Flanders in 1794; and re- tained it till 1814. It is seated on both sides the Scheldt, over which is a bridge; 14 miles E.S.E. of Lisle, and 30 S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 23,000. Long. 3. 24. E. lat. 50. 33. N. TonRNE HEM, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais; 9 miles N.W. of St. Omer. TouRNON, a town in the department of Ardeche, with a fine college, and a castle, seated on the side of a mountain, on the river Rhone; 38 mUcs N. of Viviers, and 48 8. of Lyons. Pop. 4600. TouRNUS, a town in the department of Siione-et- Loire; 15 miles S.of Chalons. Pop. 5200. ToDRS, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Indre-et-Tjoire, and an archiepis- copal see. It is seated on the Loire, and near the Cher. Over the former is one of the finest bridges in Europe, consisting of 15 elliptic arches, each 75 feet in diameter. The princi- pal church is remarkable for the delicacy of its strneture, curious clock, mosaic pavement, and rich library of manuscripts. Under the ministry of Cardinal Itichelieu, 27,000 persons were hero employed in the silk raaiiufacture; and now the whole number of inhabitants is about 23,000. The red wines of Tours are much esteemed. la one of the suburbs is the abbey of Marmoutier, repntiil ilie most, an« cient in the west. Nour this city It l'lessi«- les-Tours, a palace built by the pruHigate and superstitious Louis .\I., who died here in 148.1. Tours is .52 miles N.M.K.nfPoitirri, and 127 8. W. of Paris. It has railways to Nantes 'Orleans, Bordeaux, Paris, &c. I TowANOA, a town of Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river. It contains bituminous coal; 134 miles N. by K. of Harrisburg. Ti*wcKsri;K, a town in Northaniptonshire, with a market on Tuesday ami manufactures oflaceandsilk. It wasonco strongly fortitieil, and the 11 mian Watling-strect passus through ths town. It is scate n>arket-house, and assembly-room; 102 miles from Dublin. I Trancoso, a town of Portugal, in Tras los ' Monies, with a castle ; 9 miles W. by S. of Pinel. I Tranent, a town of Scotland, in Hadding- ' tonshire; 9^ miles E. of Edinburgh, and 17^ W. of Haddington. j Trani, a city of Naples, in Terra di Bar! ; the see of an archbishop, and the usual rcM- dence of the governor of the province, which i is sometimes called Terra di Trani. Since | the harbour has been choked up, the town has fallen greatly to decay. It stands on the gulf of Venice, 26 miles W. byN.of Bari,and 125 i N. by E. of Naples. Pop. 14,000. Long. 16.36. | E. lat. 41. 18. N. Tranqcebar, a seaport of Hindostan, in the district of Tanjore, with a fort and fac- tory, belonging to the Danes, who pay an an- nualrent tothe rajah. The town is surrounded by a wall and bastions, and contains three Christian churches, a large mosque for the Mohammedans, and several pagodas for the Gentoos. In 1807 it was taken by the Eng- lish. Itisseatedat the mouth of the Cavery, 165 miles S. of Madras. Long. 79. 53. E. lat. ll.l.N. I Transylvania, a country of Europe, for- ' merly annexed to Hungary; bounded on the N. by Hungary, E. by Moldavia, S. by Wal- ] lachia, and W. by Hungary. It is 160 miles . long, and 150 broad, containing 23,700 square j miles, and 1,996,000 inhabitants. It is sur- I rounded by high mountains, which, however, are not barren. It produces as much com and wine as is wanted, and there are rich mines of gold, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, and alum. The manufactures, which are in an extremely backward state, consist of wool- len, cotton, glass, &c. It has undergone vari- ous revolutions, and now belongs to the House of Austria. The inhabitants are of various religions, as Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Sociniang, Arminians, Greeks, and Mohammedans. The government is aristo- crntical; and, since the year 1722, rendered hereditary to the princes and princesses of the House of Austria. Trapani, a seaport on the N.W. coast of Sicily, in Val di Ma/.ara ; with a fort, and an ex- cellent harbour in the form of a sickle, whence its ancient name, Drepanum. It is a trading place, famous for its salt-works, and fisheries of tunnies and coral. It stands on a small penin- sula, 30 miles N. of Mazivra,and 45'W.of Pa- lermo. Pop. 20,000. Lonit. 12. ,20. E . lat. 38. 10 N. Tras os JNluMXiis, a prov, nee oi Portugal, beyond the mountains with regard to the other provinces of this kingdom, whence it has its name. It is bounded on the N. by Galicia, W. by Entre Donro e Minho, S. W. and S. by Beira, and E. by Leon ; and contains an area of 5500 square miles, with 350,000 inhabitants. The valleys are fertile in corn, wine, and oil, and are numerous. The Douro divides it into two parts. Miranda is the capital. Trasmaur, a town and castle of Austria, seated on the Trasen, 12 miles W. of Tiiln. Trau, a strong seaport of Austrian Dal in n- tia, and a bishop's see. It is seated on tiiu gulf of Venice, in a small island joined to the mainland by a long bridge of wood, ami to the isle of Bua by another of stone; 22 miles S.E. of Sebenico. Long. 17. 52. E. lat. 44. 0. N. Traunstein, a town and castle of Bavaria. Great quantities of salt are made here, from water brought above 14 miles over mountains, by means of engines and pipes, from Ueicii- enhall. It is seated on the river Traun; 16 miles W.N.W. of Salzburg. Tratjntenai;, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Koniggratz; 21 miles N. of KiJnig- gratz. Travancore, aprovince of the peninsula of Hindostan, extending along the coast of Ma- labar, from Cape Comorin to the province of Cochin, 140 miles in length, by 70 in breadth at the N. extremity, and contracting gradually to the S. point. It is subject to a rajah, who is under British protection. Pop. 1,500,000. Travancore, the ancient capital of the above province, is surrounded by strong and extensive lines, but is much decayed; 110 miles S.S.W. of Madura, and 230 S.S.E. of Calicut. Long. 77. 15. E. lat. 8. 25. N. TuAVB, a river of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein, which flows by !?egcberg, Oldeslo, and Lubeck, and enters the Baltic at Trave- munde. Travemiinde, a strong town of Germany, seated on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Trare. It is the port of Lubeck, to which it belongs. It is 12 miles N.E. of that city. Traverse, a town of Switzerland, in adis- t.ict of its name, in the canton of Ncufchatel; 1 1 miles W. of Ncufchatel. Trayouera, a town of Spain, in Valencia; 30 miles S.W. of Tortosa. Thbbbin, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg; 22 miles S.S.W. of Berlin. Trebia, a river of Italy, which rises in the territory of Genoa, flows by Bobio in the Mi- lanese, and joins the Po above Placentia. Trebigna, a town of Turkish Dalmatia, and a bishop's see, seated on thegulf of Venice, at the mouth of the Trebenskaj 14 miles N. of liagusa. Trebisaccia, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, on the gulf of Tarento; 10 miles E.N. E. of Cassano. Trebisond, a seaport of Asia Minor, in Natolia, and a Greek ai J.bishop'8 see. l"l"> Tlw ll TIJR TRE v/alls are square and liigh, with battlements; and are built with the ruins of ancient struc- tiiies, on which are inscriptions not legible. The town is not populous, for there are many gardens in it, and the houses are but one storey high. The castle is seated on a flat rock, with ditches cut in it. The harbour is at ihe E. end of the town, and the mole built by the (renoese is almost destroyed. It stands at the foot of a very steep hill on the Hhick sea; 104 miles N.N.W of Erzenim, and 440 E. of Cunstantiiiople. Top. 15,000. Long. 40. 25. E. lat. 39. 45. N. Trebitz, a town of the Austrian states in Moravia, with manufactures of cloth, iron, and glass; seated on the Igla, 21 miles S.E. of Iglau. Tkkbnitz, a to\irn of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Oels,with aCistercian nunnery ; 12 miles N. of Breslau. Trebsbn, a town ot Saxony, on the Mulda; 14 miles E. by S. of Lcipsic. Trediogar, a populous district in Bedwelty parish, Monmouthshire, which has risen into the 'mportance of a market town since tue ucginning of the present century, from its ex- tensive coal mines, and iron works, in con- nection with which there are several rail- ways; market on Saturday, 16 miles N.W. of Newport. Treffurt, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a castle, seated on an eminence, 30 miles S.E. of Gottingen. Treoarron, a town of Wales, in Cardi- ganshire, governed by a mayor, with a mar- ket on Thursday. It is seated on a branch of the Tyvy; 15 miles S. by E. of Aberystwitli, and 204 W. by N. of London. Treqont, a town in Cornwall, formerly a borough, an! of more importance than now; market on Saturday ; seated on the Fal, 6 miles E. of Truro, and 253 W. by S. of London. Treguier, a seaport of France, depart- ment of Cotes du Nord, seated on a penin- sula near the English Channel ; 22 miles N.W. of St. Brieux. Long. 3. 1 3. W. lat. 48. 47. N. TrellebC'RO, a town of Sweden, in Scho- ncn, seated on the Baltic ; 26 miles S. of Lund. Tremadoo, a town in Caernarvonshire, N. Wales, market on Friday. The town is regularly bu;\t, and the harbour, Port Madoc, is well sheltered and will admit vessels of 300 tons; 4^ miles E. by N. from Criccieth. Tremesen, or Tx,em8an, a city of Algier, capital of a district of its name, in the pro- vince of Mascara. It is surrounded by strong walls, and inhabited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews. In the time of the Arabs it was the residence of powerful pri' ss, but is now dwindled to scarcely a fifth part of the an- cient city. Its once flourishing manufacture of carpets and woollen coverlets is in a state of decay, and the former masterpieces of architecture have disappeared; for there is not a single building of excellence now to be feen. It is 50 miles- S.S.W. of Oran. Long. 1. l». W. lat. 34. 56. N. \ Tremiti, three islands of Naples, in tho gulf of Venice, 15 miles from tho N. coast of Capitanata. They are called Tremiti, or St. Nicolo, St. Domino, and Capraria. The first, which is the principal of them, has a Bene- dictine convent and a castle. Long. 15. 30. E. lat. 42. 10. N. Tremouille, a town of France, depart- ment of Vende'e, seated on the Bennailu; 35 miles E. by S. of Poitiers. Tremp, a town of Spain, in Catalonia; 20 miles N. of Bulaguer. Tkbnschin, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of its name, with an ancient castle on a rock. It has celebrated hot baths. It is seated near the Waag; 70 miles N.N.E. of Presburg. Pop. 3100. Long. 18. 0. E. lat. 48. 58. N. Trent, a circle of the Austrian empire, in theS. part of Tyrol, among the Alps; hounded by Tyrol Proper and the territories of Venice. It produces excellent wine. Trent, a fortified city, c ""Ital of the above circle, and formerly of a principality; famous in church history for a celebrated council which WX.S held from 1545 to 1563. It has a handsome castle, a cathedral, three parish churches, a college, and some convents. In 1796 it was taken by the French, under Mas- sena, with <^000 prisoners and 20 cannon. It is situ.tie between two mountains, on the river Adige; 67 miles N.W. of Venice. Pop. 10.000. Long. 10. 55. E. lat. 46. 2. N. Trent, a river •.vhich rises in Staffordshire, from three springs to the W. of Leek, and flows S.E. through the county to the S.W. borders of Derbyshire, where it receives the Tame. It then takes a N.E. direction, be- tween the two counties, till it receives the Dove, when it enters Derbyshire, crosses its S. angle, and forming, for a short space, its separation from the counties of Leicester and Nottingham, it enters the latter county at its S.W. extremity; thence crossing obliquely to the E., it flows along its whole eastern side, forming, towards the N. part, the boundary between that county and Lincolnshire, a cor- ner of which it crosses, and, below Gains- borough, meets tlie Ouse on the borders of Yorkshire, where thei. united stream forms the Humber. This river is of itself navi- gable from Burton, in Staffordshire; and, by canals, it has a communication with the Mersey, the Severn, and the Thames. Trent, a river of North Carolina, which runs into tho Nens at Newborn. Tbe.«tham, a parish in Staffordshire, 34 miles S.S. W. of Newcastle-under-Lyne, and near the Grand Junction railway. Here is Trentham Hall, the magnificent seat of the Duke of Sutherland. Trenton, a city of New Jersey, in Mercer county, and the capital of the state. Tha city stands at the head of steamboat and sloop navigation, on the E. side of the Dela- ware, opposite the falls. It is regularly laid out, and with the villages of Mill Hill, Blooraj* i TRE 828 TRI bury, and Lamberton extend a mile and a half down the river. At the foot of the falls or rapids is a beautiful covered bridge 1100 feet long. The Delaware and Raritan canal and the New Jersey railroad pass through the city. It was first settled in 1720 and incorporated as a city in 1 792. It is 30 miles N.N.E. of Philadelpliia. 60 S.W. from New York, and 166 from Washington. Pop. in 1840, 4035. Long. 75. 48. W. lat. 40. 13. N. Trenton, a town of the state of Maine, in Hancock county, opposite the N. end of Mount Desert island, 30 miles E.N.E. of Castine. Trenton Falls, a village in Oneida county, New York. The Falls on West Canada creek, 22 miles above its junction with the Mohawk river, arc the admiration of travel- lers. They are 6 in number, the whole de- scent of tlie stream being 312 feet, on about 2 miles. The ra- ine through which they pass, is often 100 feet deep; and, when tiie water is high, they present wild and picturesque scenery. Trbport, a town of France, department of Lower Seine, seated on the Englisii Channel, at the mouth of tli« Bre.sle. It is the port for the town of Eu, nearly 2 miles distant, and is 17 miles N.E. of Dieppe. Trepto, a town and castle of Prussia, in Pomerania, seated on the river Tollensee, and frontiers of Mecklenburg; 25 miles N. of New Strelitz. TiiEPTo, New, a town of Pomerania with manufactures of stockings and woollen stuffs, seated on tiie Riga, near its mouth in the Baltic: 16 miles E.N.E. of Cam in. Popula- tion, 3400. Trkshanisii Isles, four fertile islands on the W. coast of Scotland ; between the island of Coil and that of Mull. Treves, a government of Prussia, compris- ing the old electorate of Treves, a small por- tion of the duchy of Luxemburg, with some other petty districts, and containing an area of about 2500 square miles, with 300,000 in- habitants. There are many mountains and forests; but near the Rhine and Moselle the soil is fruitful, abounding in corn and wine. Treves, a city of Germany, formerly the capital of an electorate and archbishopric of the same name, ami now of the preceding government. It has a castle, a university, (now termed a gymnasium), numerous re- mains of antiquities, and many tine churches and palaces ; but has greatly suffered by war, and is now neither largo nor populous. It was taken bj the French, under Jourdan, in 1794, and re:aincd till 1814. It is seated on the Moselle, over which is a handsome bridge, between two mountains covered with vine- yards; 20 miles N.E. of Luxemburg, and 55 5. by E. of Cologne. Pop. 10,000. Long. 6. 43. E. lai. 49. 47. N. Trevi, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto; 12 miles N. by W. of Spoleto. Trkvico, a town of Naples, in Principato Ultra; 35 miles B. of Bcuerento. TREViERDBConRTE8,ST.,a town of France, in the department of Ain; 26 miles N.N.W. of Bourg en Bresse. Trevier EN DoMBES, St., a town in the department of Ain; 18 miles S.W. of Bourg en Bresse. Trevino, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a citadel; 10 miles S. of Vittoria. Trevisano, a province of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice, bounded on ilio W. by Viccntino, N. by Feltrino and the Belluncse, E. by Friuli, and S. by the gulf of Venice, Dogndo, and Padua. The soil fs fertile, and produces com, wine, and wood ; and the exports are cattle, silk, and woollen cloth. Area, 1310 square miles. Population, 233,000. Treviso is the capital. Trbviso, or Trevigio, a fortified city of Italy, capital of Trevisano, and a bishop's see. It is the residence of many noble families, and is seated on the Silc, at the influx of tlie Tia- vesella; 18 miles N.N.W. of Venice. Pop. 15,000. Long. 12. 18. E. lat. 45. 44. N. Trbvoux, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ain, and formerly the capital of the principality of Dombes. The most remark- able buildings are the ancient mint, the par- liament house, the governor's house, and the printing-ofBce. The last is celebrated for the literary journals, composed by the Jesuits of the college of Louis le Grand. Trevoux is seated on tlie side of a hill, on the river Saone ; 12 miles N. of Lvons, and 188 S. by E. of Paris. Pop.280().' Long.4.51.E.lat.45.54.N. Treysa, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Cassel; 16 miles E.N.E. of Marburg. Tribau, a town of the Austrian states, in Moravia; 30 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Tribsees, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, with a castle, seated on the Trebel, 22 miles S.S.W. of Stralsund, and 28 E.S.E. of Ros- tock. Thicala, or Trikala, a town of Macedo- nia. It is the see of a Greek bishop, and con- tains ten churches, seven mosques, and two synagogues. The town is of considerable ex- tent, seated on a low ridge of hills, near the river Selembria. Pop. 12,000. It is 50 miles E.N.E. of Salonica. Tricarico, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 13 miles S.E. of Acercnza, and 21 .V. of Matera. Tkiceto, a town of Niiples, in Calabria Citra, 14 miles S.E. of Scalea. Tricolore, a town of Hindostan, in tha Carnatic, where Tippoo Sultan was defeated by the British in 1790. It is 44 miles W. of Pondicherry. Triers. See Treves. Trieste, a government of the Austrian empire, bounded by the government of Lam- bach, the Adriatic, and Croatia. It comprises the southern part of Illyria, is divided into three circles, and contains an area of about 6000 squaremilcs, with 1,154,000 inhabitants. Trieste, a seaport of Austrian Illyria, ca- pital of a circle of its name, in the foregoing TRI 829 TRI government, and a bishop's see. The harbour iR spacious, screened by a wall fortified witii a bnstion. In the old town the houses stand on llic side of a mountain extending themselves quite to thesea; and on the top of tlie mountain is n castle. On the side N.W. of the old town, where formerly were salt-pits, a beautiful su- burb, ornew town, has been built. Tlie inhabi- tants are estimated at 83, 1 1 4, and since the con- struction of the railway to Laybach, &c., the port has derived considerable importance as a packet station for the Levant, &c. Trieste was taken by the French in 1797, but evacuated in the same year. In 1809 it again fell into tho hands of the French, who retained it till 1814. It stands on a gulf of its name, which is the N.E. part of the gulf of Venice; 12 miles N. of Capo d'Istria, and 70 N.E. of Venice. Long. 14. 3. E. lat. 45. 51. N. TitiM, a town of Ireland, capital of the county of Meath, seated on the Boyne, 23 miles'N.W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 48. W. lat. a3. 32. N. TnmcoMA.LEE, a seaport on tho E. coast of Ceylon, with a harbour, reckoned the finest in the East Indies, but situated in the most barren part of tho island. The nearest farm villages, from which the inhabitants are sup- plied with provisions, are upwards of 12 miles distant. The harbour is defended by two forts, Trincomalee and Ostenburg, the latter built upon a cliff, projecting 1500 paces into the sea. Its circumference within the walls IS about 3 miles, but in this space is included a rising point, immediately over the sea, covered with thick jungle. Trincomalee was taken from the Dutch, by the English, in 1 782, retaken by tho French in the same year, re- stored to the Dutch by the peace of 1783, and again taken by the English in 1 795. It stands on a spacious bay of the same name, 100 miles KN.E. of Candy. Long. 81.25. E. lat. 8. 32. N. Trincomalb, a town of Hindostan, in the Carnatic, near which the troops of Hyder Ali were defeated by the British in 1768. It i£ 45 miles S.S.W. of Arcot, and 52 W.N.W. of Pondicherry. Triso, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Friday, seated near the North >^'estern railway and the Grand Junction cenal, 22 miles W. of Hertford, and 31 N.W. of London. Trinidad, an island on the N.E. coast of Colombia, separated from Paria on the S. by a channel about 10 miles over, and from Cumana on the W. by the Gulf of Paria, the N. entrance into which is called Boca del Drago (Dragon's Mouth), discovered and named by Columbus in 1498. It is 80 miles long, and 56 broad; produces large quanti- ties of cocoa, which is exported to Spain, coffee, sugar, cotton, maize, fine tobacco, indigo, and fruit. It was taken in 1595 by Sir Walter Raletgh, and in 1676 by the French, who plundered and left it. In 1797 U was captured by the English, and after- wards ceded to them by the trcnty of Ami- ens. Its climate is salubrious, and the coun- try pleasant; but a large portion of it is uncultivated and unvisited. One of its fea- tures is Lake Brea, or the pitch lake, in the N.W. part — a collection of asphaltum sufM- cient to supply the world. The capital is Port vi'Espnune, on the gulf of Paria, near the Boca. Pop. 45,((00. TniNiDAn, a seaport of Guatemala, on a bay of the Pacific Ocean. The town is 9 miles from the harbour, and 110 E.S.E. of Guatemala. Long. 90. 40. W. lat. 14. 0. N. Trinidau, a city on the south coast of the island of Cuba. It was founded by Velasquez in 1514, and is now tho sent of a governor. Pop. in 1841, 5877 whites, 4474 free coloured, and 2147 slaves; total 12,578. It is situated about 3 miles from the sea, on rather high ground ; the streets have ar.ipid descent, and at its N. extremity is the church of N. S. de la Popa, a celebrated place for pilgrimages. The city has considerable trade. Long. 80. 4. W. lat. 21.42. N. Trinidad, a town of Colombia, seated on the Madalena, 58 miles N.W. of St. Fc de Bogota. Trinidada, three rocky islets in the Atlan- tic ocean, 200 leagues E. of Spiritu Santo, in Brazil. I^ng. 29. 35. W. lat. 20. 30. S. Trinitt, a seaport on the N. side of Mar- tinico, with a spacious and safe harbour, and a considerable trade. Long. 61. 8. W. lat. 14. 53. N. Trino, a town in the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, 8 miles N.W. of Casal, and 35 N.E. of Turin. Pop. 5500. Tripatorb, a town of Hindostan, in Mara- war, 36 miles E.N.E. of Madura, and 58 S.W. ofTaiijore. Tripoli, a country of Barbary, bounded on the N. by the Mediten-anean, E. by Barca, S. by Fezzan, and W. by Biledulgerid and Tunis. The fertile districts of Ghadian and Mesurata are in a mountainous tract to the S.E. of the town of Tripoli, and are inhabited by Arabs. In the immediate neighbourhood of the capital the tract called the Messeah is of exuberant fertility; butthesupply of water is precarious, there being no rivers: it was anciently the granary of the Komans. To the E. is the Great Syrtis, a bay nmch dreaded by the ancient mariners for its supposed quick- sands, &c., but which do not exist. It was colonized by the Greeks, and called by them Cyrene. The total pojjulation has been va- riously stated from 660,000 and 2,000,000. It is probably about 1,500,000. It is 925 miles along the coast, but the breadth is various. It is governed by a day, under tho protection of the Turks. Tripoli, a city and seaport of Barbary, capital of the foregoing country, with a cas- tle and a fort. It contains some ruins, which mark its origin, particularly of a beautiful triumphal arch of marble, erected in honour of the emperor Antoninus. It was taken hj Tia 830 TRO the emperor Cliuilcs V., who settled tho kiiiglits of Khodcs here; but tliey were ex- pelled by the Turks in 1551. The Americans made an attempt upon the town in 1804, but without success. It was formerly very flour- ishinj^, and has now some trade in ashes, ostriches' feathers, and skins. The popula- ti'in is of a motley character, consisting of all nations; and some Europeans have had high situations in the government. It wos famous fur its piracies, and derived considerable revenues from the ransom and sale of the prisoners. The inhabitants amount to about 25,000, including 2000 Jews, who are better treated tlian in other Mohammedan states. The general character of the people is vicious and depraved, tiiough they are not so bigoted as other Moslems. The common language ia a bad Italian; but Arabic is that used by the court. Tripoli is seated on the Mediterranean, and surrounded by a wall; 275 miles S.E. of Tunis, and 570 E.S.E, of Algier. Long. 13.5. E. lat. 32. 54. N. Tripoli, a town of Syria, rapital of the pachalic of Tripoli, on the Mediterranean, defended by a citadel. There is one hand- some mosque, and all the houses have foun- tains belonging to them. Before it is a sand-bank, which increases so much that it is expected to choke up the harbour, which is 2 miles W. of the town, and formed by « round piece of land, united to the mainland by an isthmus. On each side is a bulwark to defend the entrance. It is the residence of a bashaw, who also governs the territory about it, where there arc great numbers of mulberry-trees, and other fruits. The com- merce of Tripoli consists almost wholly in coarse silk, which is made use of for laces. It is 90 miles N.W. of Damascus, and 120 S. of Scanderoon. Pop. 15,000. Long. 36. 20. E. lat. 34. 50. N. TuiPOLTTZA, or TRiroLTzzA, a town of Greece, in the Morea, of which it is the capi- tal. It is a gloomy, dirty town, and badly situated. It was taken in* 1821 by the exas- perated Greeks, in their struggle for indepen- dence, when 6000 Turkish soldiers and in- habitants were barbarously massacred. Pop. 12,000. Tripstadt, a town of Bavaria, in the pro- TJnce of the Bhine; 16 miles E.N.E. of Deux I'tmts. Tripura, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- vince of Coimbetore, with a fort at a little dis- tiince, called Palar, It is seated on the !Noy- elar; 27 miles N.N.W. of Daraporam. Trist, an island of Mexico, on the coast of Tabasco, in the bay of Campeachy, separated by a narrow channel, on the E., from the isle of Port Royal. It is 1 8 miles in circuit. Long. 92.45. W. lat. 18. 15. N. Tristan d'Acunua, an island in the At- lantic ocean, 15 miles in circuit. The land is extremely high, and rises gradually towards the centre of the island (where there is a lofty conical mountain'^in ridges, covered with tices of a moderate size and nciyht. The const is frequented by sea-lioMs, seals, penguins, and feibatrosses. Long, il.44. W. lat. 37.6. S. TRiTCiiiNOPOLy, a town of Hindostan, in the Carnatic, surrounded by a double wall, flanked with towers, and encompassed witli a ditch. It was taken by the British in 1751 : 30 miles W. of Taiijore, and 208 S.S.W. ol Madras. Pop. 80,000. Long. 78. 46. E. lat 10.49. N. Tkivadi, a town of Hindostan, in the Car- natic, with a large pagoda, which forms a ci- tadel. It is 26 miles S.W. of Pondiclierry. Trivandipatam, or Tkivandeuam, an extensive and populous town of Hindostan, capital of Travaiicore, and the summer resi- dence of the rajah, who has a palace built in the European style; 50 miles from Cape Co- morin. Long. 76. 50. E lat. 8. 30. N. Trivbnto, a town of Naples, in the Molise, seated on a hill; 11 miles N. of Molise. Tkochtelfinoen, a town of Germany, in the principality of Hohcnzollcrn, situate on the Schoneicha; 14 miles E. of Heciiingcii, and 29 S. of Stutgard. Trocen, a town of Switzerland, and tho chief place of the Protestant part of the can- ton of Appenzel. It has manufactures of cloth, and near it is a mineral spring. It is 7 miles N.N.E. of Appenzel. Trois Rivieres. See Three Rivers. Troja, a town of Naplci, in Capitanata, on the river Chilaro ; 32 miles E.N.E. of Bene- Tcnto, and 60 N.W. of Naples. Troki, a town of Lithuania, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It is seated among lakes; 18 miles W. of Wilna, and 85 N.N.E. of Grodno. Long. 25. 13. E. lat. fi4. 38. N. Troliiatta, a town of Sweden, in \V. Goth- land; seated on the Gotha-Elf, which here forms several cascades, that afterwards unite into a cataract, upwards of 60 feet in height. Here is also a canal for vessels to pass by these falls, wrought through the midst of rocks, and deemed one of tho boldest works of the kind in the world. It is 45 m. N.N.E. of Gothehurg. Tron, St., a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, with a Benedictine ab- bey; 20 miles N.W. of Liege. Troon, a thriving seaport of Ayrshire; 6 miles N. of Ayr, and 31 S.W. of Glasgow. It has a good harbour, &c., and great quantities of coal are shipped from this port, which are brought down by a railway from Kilmarnock. Tropea, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- tra, seated on a high rock on the gulf of St, Eufemia, 10 miles N.W. of Nicotera. Tropez, St., a seaport of France, in the department of Var, with a citadel; seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 38 miles E.N.E. of Toulon. Napoleon Bonaparte embarked lit this place for tho isle of Elba, i:\ 1814. Long. 6. 4Q. E. lat. 43. 16. N. Troppad, a strong town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, which be- longs partly Here are an J three churche •I commander was taken by but restored I treaty subseql the seat of rcl of Silesia. II town was dei fruitful countf N.E. of OlmJ Pop. 10,000. TROSA,asc seated on the| holm. Lonf TrosachsI mountains of have been grd made the scer^ of the Lake." Trowbrie market on Sa factures of bi is seated on which is a 8t< the Great W< Marlborough Trot, a flc tal of Renss seated on th« the head of t three miles t in an alluvial ofeonsiderab siderable 8tr( Kills descen( city is laid ou business stn curve of the N. and S. be are crossed 'J'he houses i them elegar marble edifi< other public railroad con Schenectad] was devasta on the oppo a suburb of tants. Hen the opening son. Troy of 21,709; New York. Troves, piNTtment o castle, in w pagncresid but almost good watei very flouri linens, dim dies, and recaptured French ai " TRO 831 TSC longs partly to Austria and partly to Prussia. Here are au ancient palace of the princes, three churches, a college, four convents, and •I commandery of the order of St. John. It was taken by the Prussians in 1741 and 1756. but restored to the House of Austria by a treaty subsequent to each capture; and it is the seat of regency for all the Bohemian part of Silesia. In 1758 the greatest part of the town was destroyed by fire. It stands in a fruitful country, on the river Oppa, 40 miles N.E. of Olmutz, and 90 S.S.E, of Breslau. Pop. 10,000. Long. 17. 64. E. lat. 49. 52. N. Trosa, a seaport of Sweden, in Sudermania, seated on the Baltic, 35 miles S.W. of Stock- holm. Long. 17. 29. E. lat. 59. 0. N. Trosachs, certain rugged and stupendous mountains of Scotland, in Perthshire, which have been greatly visited since they hare been made the scene of theadventuresof the"Lady of the Lake." TuowBRiDOB, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Saturday, and considerable manu- factures of broad cloth and kerseymeres. It is seated on a hill by the river Were, over which is a stone bridge, and has a branch to the Great Western railway; 23 miles S.W. of Marlborough, and 90 W. of London. Trot, a flourishing city of New York, capi- tal of Rensselaer county. It is pleasantly seated on the E. side of the Hudson river, at the head of tidewater. It extends for about three miles along the river, and 1^ from it, in an alluvial flat, bordered on the E. by hills of considerable elevation, from which two con- siderable streams the Pocsten and Wyant's Kills descend with romantic cataracts. The city is laid out with great regularity; the main business street, River street, following the curve of the river; the fifteen others running N. and S. being straight and parallel, these are crossed by nineteen others E and W. 'I'he houses are mostly of brick, and many of them elegant. The court-house is a fine marble edifice, and some of the churches and other public buildings are remarkable. A railroad connects it with Ballstongpa and the Sclieneetady railroad to Saratoga. The city was devastated by fire in 1820. West Troy on the opposite side of the river is projjerly a suburb of Troy, and has about 5000 inhabi- tants. Here is a United States' arsenal, and the opening of the Erie canal into the Hud- son. Troy itself contained in 1845, a pop. of 21,709; 6 miles N. of Albany, 15 N. of New York. Long. 73. 40. W. lat. 42. 44.N. Troyes, a city of France, capital of the de- pi\rtment of Aube, and a bishop's see; with a castle, in which the ancient counts of Chum- pagneresided. Itissurrounded by good walls, but almost all the houses are of wood, and good water is wanting. Its commerce, once very flourishing, now consists only in some linens, dimities, fustians, wax-chandlery, can- dles, and wine. Troyes was captured and recaptured several times by the allied and French aimies in 1814. It is seated on the Seine, 28 miles E. by N. of Sens, and 105 SL E. of Paris. Pop. 27,000. Long. 4. 5. E. lat. 48. 18. N. T»(iNs, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Orisons, seated on the Rhine, 7 miles W. ofllantz. TRnRo, a borough in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with markets on Wednesday and Saturday. It returns two members to parlia- ment. It is a stannary town, and the chief business is in shipping tin and copper ore, found in abundance in its neigiibourhood. It is one of our finest country towns, and has several important public edifices. A monu- ment was erected here in 1835, to the brothers Richard and John Lander, the explorers of the Niger in Africa, who were natives of this place. Here, after the battle of Naseby, the forces of Charles I., under Lord Hopeton, surrendered to General Fairfax. Truro is seated between the rivers Kenwyn and St. Allen, at the head of Falmouth haven, 8^ miles N. of Falmouth, and 257 W. by S. of London. Truro, a town of Nova Scotia, in Halifax county, at the head of a narrow gulf in the bay of Fundy, 40 miles N. by W. of Halifax. Trui o, a fishing town of Massachusetts, ia Barnstable county, on the N. part of the pen- insula of Cape Cod ; 9 miles S. of Province- town. Trdxillo, a town of Spain, in Estrema- duro, with a citadel on the top of a hill. It was the birthplace of the noted Francis Pi- zarro. It is situate on the side of a hill, near the river Magasca; 70 miles N.E. of Badajoz, and 90 S.W. of Toledo. Pop. 4000. Long. 5. 43. W. lat. 39. 26. N. Truzillo, a city and seaport of Peru, capi- tal of a province of its name, and the see of a bishop. It was built by Francis Pizarro in 1 553. In its territory are above 50,000 native Americans. It is surrounded by a wall, and seated in a fertile country, on a small river near the Pacific ocean, 300 miles N.W. of Lima. Pop. 5800. Long. 70 5. W. lat. 8.1. S. Truxillo, a seaport of Soutii America, go- vernment of Venezuela, republic of Colon. bia, on the gulf of Honduras. It stands 3 niies from the sea, between two rivers, the nouths of which, and some islands before them, form the harbour. It is 140 miles N.E. of Valla- dolid. Pop 7600. Long.86.30.W.lat.l5.46.N. Truxillo, or Ndkstra Senora de la Paz, a town of Venezuela, 150 miles S.E. of Ma- racaybo. Long. 70. 15. W. lat. 8. 15. N. TsANAD, a town of Hungary, on the river Meros, 23 miles E. by S. of Scgedin. TsouERNAHORA, a towu of tho Austrian states, in Moravia, with a castle on a moun- tain, 13 miles N.N.W. of P. in. TacHERNEMT, a town of Austria, in Cami- ola, with a castle, and a commandery of the Teutonic order. It is 33 miles S.E. of Lau- bach. TsoHiRNE, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Glogau; with a castle and TUC 832 TUL prnod cluth manufactures. It is 22 miles E. K.K. of Glogau. TscHOPAu, a town of Saxony celebrated for its blue mimufuctuie. It stands on a river of the same name, 7 miles H.E. of Chemnitz. TsiAMPA. See Ciampa. Tsi-NAN, a city of China, capital of Cliang- tong. It is much respected by the Chinese, on account of its having been formerly flic resilience of a long series of kings, whose tombs, rising on the neighbouring mountains, aiiord a beautiful prospect. It is seated on the river Tsi, or Tsing-ho, 230 miles S. by E. of Peking. Long. 117. 25. E. hit. 36. 46. N. Tsi-NiNO, a city of China, of the second rank, in Chang- tong; situate on the Grand Canal; 275 miles S. of Peking. Long. 116. 24. E. lat. 33. 24. N. TsiN-TCiiKOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chang-tong; 250 miles E.S.E. of Peking. Long. 119. 2. E. lat. 36. 40. N. TsuNO-MiNO, an island of Ciiiiia, 50 miles Icng, and 10 broad; lying at the mouth of the Kiang-ku, and separated from the pro- vince of Kiang-iian by two channels, 13 miles broad. Its principal revenue arises from salt, which is made in such abundance on the N. side of the island, that it can supply most of the neighbouring countries. It contains only one city, but villages are very numerous. The country is delightful, and intersected by many canals. The city, of tiic same name, is of the third class. It is situate at its S.E. end. Long. 121. 55. E. lat. 30. 15. N. TsoNGRAD, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, seated on the Theisse, opposite the influx of the Koros; 26 miles N. of Segedin. TuAM, a city of Ireland, in the county of Gal way, and an archbishop's see, though now a small place. The cathedral serves as a parish church. It is 20 miles N.N.E. of Galway, and 25 W.S.W. of Roscommon. TtTARicK, a people of Central Africa, S. of Soudan. They are a remarkably line race, and subsist in some measure on plunder. They are of various tribes and complexions. 8ome are Mohammedans and some Pagans. They are all, however, of the Berber race, and the language is still exclusively spoken by some tribes in Sockna, Augila, and Irwal.. TuBAN, one of the strongest towns, of Java, with a harbour, and a king of its own. It is seated on the N. coast of the island. Long. 111. 51. E. lat. 6. 0. S. Tdbingen, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wirtembcrg, with a celebrated p"- rsity, and a fortified castle on a moun- i.. ... Here are good snuff manufactures, and in the towuliouse is a very curious clock. It is seated on the Neckar, in a country abound- ing in corn and wine, 20 miles S. of Stutgard, and 59 E. by S. of Strasburg. Pop. 6000. Long. 9. 10. E. lat. 48. 32. N. TucuMAN, a province of South America, in the republic of La Plata, between Chili and Paraguay, to the E. of the Andes, and W. of Kio de la Plata. This province, with the country S. of the river Plata, forms an extensive jilain, almost without a tree. The soil is a deep fertile mould, watered by many streams from the Andes, ami clothed in pei'- petual verdure. In this rich pasturage the horses and cattle imported from ivirope have multiplied to an almost incredible deirroe. This has enabled the inhabitants not only to open a lucrative trade with Peru, bv .supply. ing it with cattle, horses, and mules, but. to carry on a commerce equally beneficial, by the exportation of hides to Europe; notwitli- standing which, the towns in this country are no better than paltry villages. The Spanianis endeavoured to add some dignity to these towns when in their possession, by ercctin" them into bishopries. TucuMAN, or San Miguel de Tccuman', the capital of the foregoing province, and a bishop's see, is situate in a pleasant plain, and has considerable trade in oxen and mules. It is 200 miles E. of Copiapo. Long. 64. 35. W. lat. 27. 2. S. TuDELA, a town of Spain, in Navarre, with a castle. A battle was fought here, in 1808, between the Spaniards and French, in which the latter were victorious. It was raised to a see in 1783. It stands on the Eliro, and is a tidy town, but dull. Here the celebrated Jew, Benjamin, who flourished in the 12th century, was born. It is seated in a country that produces good wriie, on the river Ehro; 44 miles S. of Pamplona, and 100 E. of Burgos. Pop. 7300. Long. 1. 38. W. lat. 41. 12. N. TuFALLA, a town of Spain in Navarre, now much impoverished. Its ancient name was Tubalia, because it was founued by Tubal. It was once the court of kings; 75 miles from Zaragoxa. Pop. under 5000. TuGGURT, a town of Barbary, capital of a country lying S. of Algier. It is 310 miles S.S.E. of Algier. Long. 5. 50, E.lat. 32. 40. N. TuGGURT, a town of Zahara, capital of a district called Wadreag. It is 420 miles N. E. of Timbuctoo. Long. 6. 1 5. E. lat. 20. 35. N. Tdla, a government of Russia, formerly a province of the government of Moscow. It has an area of about 12,000 square miles, with 960,000 inhabitants. The climate is healthy, and the soil better cultivated than in some other governments. Its capital, of the same name, has manufactures of fire-arms, all sorts of cutlery and iron-work, and leather, &c.; hence it has been styled the Sheffield of Russia. It is seated on the Upha, \ 15 miles S. by W. of Moscow. Pop. 51,735. Long. 37. 24. E. lat. 54. 10. N. Tulebros, a town of Spain, in Navarre; situate on the Queis, 7 miles \V. of Tuleda. TcLLAMOKB, Of KiLLBRiDE, a towH of Ire- land, in King's county; on a river of the 'Same name, and near the great canal; 10 miles W. by S. of Philipstown. TcLLE, a town of France, capital of the department of Correze. The cathedral is fa- TUN 833 TUN mous for its steeple, which ia very high and curious. It is seated at the contlux of the Correzo and Solane, in a country surrounded by mountains and precipices; 37 miles S.S.E. of Limoges, and 62 S.VV. of Clermont. Pop. 9000. Long. 1. 42. E. lat. 45. 16. N. Tdllow, a town of Ireland, in tlie county of Carlow ; 8 miles E.S.E. of Carlow, and 88 of Dublin. TuLMARO, a town of the republic of Ve- nezuela, two leiigues from Marucay. The town is very well built, and was the residence of the administrators of the tobacco contract; the plantations of tobacco were from the tirst cultivated on accouut of the government. Pop. about 8000. TcLN, a town of Austria, and a bishop's see, seated near the Danube; 15 miles W.N. W. of Vienna. TcLSK, a hamiet of Ireland, in the county of Roscommon, containing the ruins of towers, castles, &c., which suiliciently attest its for- mer importance; 9 miles N. of Roscommon. TuMBEZ, a town of Peru, noted as the place where the Spaniards first landed in these parts, under Pizarro. It is seated on a river of the same name, whicii flows into the bay of Gua- yaquil ; 270 miles S. by W. of Quito. Long. 7>J. 51. W. lat. 3. 40. S. TuMCCRD, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, with a well-built fort; 32 miles S.E. of Sera. To.MEN, a town of Russia, in the province of Tobolsk; 150 miles W.S.W. of Tobolsk. Long. 150. 15. E. lat. 57. 3. N. TuMBRiouii:, or Tonbridge, a town in Kent, with a market on Friday. Here are the ruins of a large castle, erected by Richard, Earl of Clare, natural son of Richard I., Duke of Normandy; and here is a famous free- school, founded by Sir Andrew Judd, Lord Mayor of London, in 1551. It is seated on one of the branches into which the Medway here divides itself, its name being significant of its position, and on the South Eastern railway, which has here a branch diverging to Tunbridge Wells, &c. It is twelve miles W.S.W. of Maidstone, and 30 E.S.E. of London. Tunbridge Wells, a town in Kent, much resorted to on account of its clialybeate wa- ters, discovered in 1606 by Dudley, Lord North, who recovered from a deep consump- tion by drinking tliem. Tlie old town is seated ut the bottom of three hills, called Mount Sion, Mount Ephraim, and Mount Pleasant. The town has increased much of late years, towards the S. and E., and contains some handsome churches, a Roman Catholic chapel, and many fine ranges of building for the ac- commodation of its numerous visitors. It is built irregularly, and resembles an extended and romantic village, rather than a town. The snrrounding country is picturesque, and nbousds in a sandstone, of which many of the buildings are erected. On Rustall Com- mon, about a mile and a half from the town, are some picturesque rocks of a sin;;ular form, and great height. The only manu- facture is of inlaid turnery ami toys, for which it is famous. The South Eastern railway has a branch to this place. It is 5 miles S. of Tunbridge, and 35 S.S.E. of London. TuNQiNSKOi, a town of Russia, situate on the Irkut; 80 miles S.W. of Irkutsk. Long. 103. 15. E. lat. 51. 18. N. luNEGOosES. See Tongousi. Tdnis, a country of Barbary, honndod on the N. and E. by the Mediterranean, 8. by Tripoli and Biledulgend, and W. by Algie.. It extends 200 miles from N. to S., and 120 from E. to W. This country was formerly a monarchy, but in 1574 it became a republic, under the protection of the Turks, and pays a certain tribute to the bashaw that resides at Tunis. The soil in the E. part is but indifler- ent, for want of water. Towards the middle the mounktiins and valleys abound in fruits; but the W. part is the most fertile, being wa- tered by rivers. The environs of Tunis are very dry, and com is generally dear; but there are plenty of citrons, lemons, oranges, dates, grapes, and other fruits ; also olive trees, roses, and odoriferous plants. In the woods and mountains are lions, bisons, ostriches, mon- keys, roebucks, hares, pheasants, purtridtrcs, and other sorts of birds and beasts. The principal rivers are the Wad-el-Kebir, Ma- grida, Magerada, and Caps. The form of government is by a divan, or council, Whose president is the bey. The members of the divan are chosen by tlie bey. The inhabi- tants are a mixture'of Moors, Turks, Arabs, Jews, and Christians, merchants and slaves; nnd they carry on a great trade in linen and woollen cloth, morocco leather, gold-dust, lead, horses, oil, soap, and ostriches' eggs and feathers. The established religion is Mo- hammedism. All public instruments are written in the Arabic tongue, but commerce is usually carried on by that of the Lingua Franca. Population, between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000. Tunis, the capital of the above country, stands on a point of the gulf of Goletta, sur- rounded by lakes and marshes. It is in tho form of an oblong square, 5 miles in circum- ference, with a lofty wall, five gates, and 35 mosques. The houses are all built of stone, though but one storey high; and it has a citadel on an eminence, on the W. side o' the city. Without the walls are two aul)urb8, which contain upwards of 100 houses. Tht divan, or council of state, osscmbles in an old palace, where the bey resides. The har- bour has a very narrow entrance, which is well fortified. The Mohammedans here have 9 colleges for students, and a great number of smaller schools. Tunis is a place of great trade, and has manufactures of velvets, silks, linen, and red caps worn by the common peo- ple. It is 10 miles from the sea, 275 N. W. of Tripoli, and 380 E. of Algicr. Pop, 130,000. Long. 10. 16. E. lat. 36. 43. N. ToNJA, a town of Now Granada, cnpitid dl 3U TUR 834 TCR a (listrict of tlio nuiiic name. Nunr it are miiioii of ({old and uniUi'iililH. It is suatuJ in a fertile valley; 90 iiiileH N. by E. of St. Fe de lio- gotii. Long. 73. 8. W. lat. 5. 20. N. TuNKAT, a town of Western Tartary, in Turkestiin, seated in a large plain, on the river liak; 100 miles S.E. of Taraz. Tu.NKEUsrowN. See Ei-iirata. TuNSTAi.L-CouHT, a cliap^lry and market town in Wolstan ton parish, Staft'ordsliire, near the Grand Trunk canal. There are numer- ous potteries and ciieinical works around it. Market on Saturday; 4 miles N. by E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. TuncoiN, a town of France, department of Nord, where the allies, under the Duke of York, were defeated by the French in 1704. Pop. 1 1,000. ft is 6 miles N.N.W. of Lille. TuKCOMANiA, a province of Turkey in Asia, now called Armenia, (which see.) TuRENNE, a town of France, department of Corrcze, with a castle; 16 miles S.S.W. of Tulle. Tlrin, a fortified city of Piedmont, capital pro tempore of the kingdom of Italy, and an archbisiiop's see, with a university founded in 140.) by Amadeo, duke of Savoy. There are many large squares, among which that of St. Charles is the most spacious; the buildings are handsome, and it has extensive arcades on each side. Most of the streets are well built, uniform, and straiglit, and terminate on some agreeable object; the Strada di Po, the finest and largest, leads to the royal palace, and is adorned with piazzas filled with shops, as are various others of the best streets; all of which are kept clean by means of a canal from the Doria, with sluices that flow through them into the Po. The palace consists of two mag- Eificent structures, joined together by a gal- lery, in which are several pictures, statues, and antiquities of great value. Thu citadel, which was demolished by the French after the battle of Marengo, was a regular pentagon, com- prehending an extensive and well-furnished arsenal, a cannon-foundry, a chemical labora- tory, &c. There are fine walks on the lam- jiarts and walls of the city, fine gardens on the side of the river Po, and a charming public place called the Corso, where many people assemble in an evening to exhibit themselves and their equipage. Near this city, on the banks of the Po, is the beautiful castle of Valentin, the garden of which is ai)plied to botanical studies. It contains 1 10 churches, all richly endowed and decorated. In 1798 the French republican army took possession of this city, seized all the strong places and arsenals of Piedmont, and obliged the king and his family to remove to the island of Sardinia. In 1799 the French were driven out by the Austrians and Russians; but shortly afterwards the city and all Piedmont surrendered to the French. In 1814 it was delivered up to the allies, when they restored it to the king of Sardinia. It is seated in a fnrtilo plain, at the confluence of the Ooria with the Po; C8 miles North West of Genoa, and 80 South West of Milan. It is the centre of a system of railways from Genoa, Pinerolo, Susa, Como, Alcs.sandria, &c. Pop. 125,000. L-ng. 7. 40. E. lat. 45, 4. N. TuRiNSK, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Tobolsk, with a fort; 190 miles W. by S. of Tobolsk. TuniVACARY, a town ofllindostan, in My- sore, consisting of an outer and inner fort. Strongly defended by a ditch and mud wall, and an open sul)urb at a little distance. Hero are two small tomi)lcs of curious workman- ship; 34 miles S. of Sura, and 50 N. of So- ringapatam. Turkestan, a country of Western Tartary, bounded on the N. and E. by the country of the Kalmucs, S. by Bokharia, and W. by the Lake Aral. The chief of this country is gene- rally called the khan of the Karakalpaks. The capital is Taraz. Turkey, a large empire, extending over part of Europe, Asia, and Africa. European Turkey formerly comprehended Moldavia, Bessarabia, Walachia, Uulgaria, Servia, Bos- nia, partof Croatia and Ualmatia, Hoinanin, Macedonia, Albania, Janine, Livadia, and the Moreu. Bessarabia and part of Moldavia were, however, ceded to Ru.ssia in 1812; and in 1830, the independence of Greece being established by the allied powers, the territory of the sul- tan in Europe became greatly contracted. See Greece. Asiatic Turkey is bounded on the N. by the Black sea and Circassia, E. by Persia, S. by Arabisx, and W. by the Mediter- ranean and the sea of Marmora. It lies be- tween 27. and 46. E. long., and 28. and 45. N. lat., and contains the countries of Irak- Arabi, Diarbek, Kurdistan, Armenia, Cara- mania, Natolia, and Syria, with Palestine. In Africa, the Turkish power may be con- sidered as nominal, the Barbary states merely acknowledging the porte as the head of the Moslems, while Egypt is independent, though governed by a Turkish pacha. Of these countries (which see respectively)the climate, productions, manners, &c., must be various. The Turks are generally robust, and well- shaped. They shave their heads, but wear long beards, except those in the seraglio, or palace, and military men, who wear only whiskers. The turban worn by the men is white, and consists of long pieces of thin linen made up together in several folds. No one but a Turk must presume to wear a white turban. Their clothes are long and full. They sit, eat, and sleep on the floor, on cushions, mattresses, and carpets. In general they are very moderate in eating, and their meals are despatched with great haste. Their principal food is rice; and the frugal repast is followed by fruit and cold water, which are succ-perled by hot coffee, and pipes with tobacco. With opium they procure what they call a kief, or placid intoxication. Chess and draughts are favourite games; and the coffee-houses and I baths furnisl Polygamy is wives, propel four in nunilj uudi:r u rigc word Ilaram hii)itcd thing of the habiti women them one God, an hammed; th( namuof Mosl into Mussuln iiigtliodoctri laiiim. Drill prophet, in tl use of it occ though instci bet, a liquor juice of fruits character is ( drink wine, b cateil. Thej but when p They arc not cruelty they i have many v and spring creed, and tl government, fountains, nu country, and fVeslunent of grand seignit and lives of are little b( vizier is the seignior: of prime m forces of the council, con the kiaya be reis ert'endi. to that of cl secretary foi tefterdar, or lebi, or mast tan pacha, o pachas, or g larmers-geu spective pro governors o invested, military fun ous body w ing the Ko; tious to the ;hus combi lawyers, ha The imams distinct fro merely to p ques. Tui iMjylerbeyli Bosnia, thi vince of W 210,.585 S(] be II TUR 835 TUS 11 baths furnish other suurcus uf amusement. I'ulygamy is allowed iiinong them; but their wives, properly so ciiUeil, arc no mure thun four ill number. The fair sex here are ke|)t under u rigorous confinement: the Arabic word Ilurain, which signiiies a sacred or pro- hibited thin;,', is in its t'ulLcst sense used both of the habitiition of tiie wtimen and of the women themselves. Tiio Turks believe in one God, and that his great prophet is Mo- hammed; they u]ipro)iriato to themselves tlie name of Moslemim, whicii has been corrupted into Mussulman, signifying persons ]>rofcss- iiig the doctrine of Mohammeii, which he calls latum. Drinking wine is prohibited by this prophet, in the Koran, yet the Turks make Use of it occasionally, without any scruple; though instead of it they generally use slier- bet, a liquor made of honey, spices, and the juice of fruits; in this, as in other points, their character is one of extremes, Tliey seldom diink wine, but when they do, they get intoxi- Ciiteil. Tliey are usually mild and placid ; but when provoked, tbey are infuriated. They are not habitually cruel, but in their cruelty they arc remorseless; and though they have many virtues, yet their vices are great, and spring from a pharisaical and sensual creed, and the debasing effects of a despotic government. They expend great sums on tountains, not only in the towns, but in the country, and other solitary places, for the re- freshment of travellers and labourers. The grand seignior is absolute master of the goods and lives of his subjects, insomuch that they are little better than slaves. The grand vizier is the chief officer under the grand seignior: besides discharging the functions of prime minister, he is commander of all the forces of the empire. The divan, or cabinet council, consists of the vizier, the mufti, and the kiaya bey. The other ministers are the reis effendi, (whose office corresponds in part to that of chancellor, and in part to that of secretary for foreign affairs in Britain;) the tefterdar, or minister of finance; the tsche- lebi, or mastf of the ordnance ; and the capi- tal! pacha, or commander of the forces. The pachas, or governors of provinces, act also as farmers-general of the revenue, for their re- spective provinces. The sangiac beys are the governors of districts under the pachas, and invested, like them, with both civil and military functions. The ulemas are a numer- ous body whose functions consist in explain- ing the Koran, and in applying its injunc- tions to the circumstan- js of the times. They ihus combine the character of clergy and lawyers, havingat their head the grand mufti. The imams, or priests, are a body altogether distinct from the ulemas, their duty being merely to perform public worship in the mos- ques. Turkey in Europe is divided into the Iwylerbeyliks of liomania or Rouraelia, and Bosnia, the island of Cyprus, and the pro- vince ol Waiachia; and contains an area of 210,585 square miles, and a population of 15,500,000, of whom one-third are Turks, the remainder Greeks, Albanians, Franks, Jews, &c. Asiatic Turkey probably contniiis 16,050,000 inhabitants, and arc not less ti ixed. The area is about 447,000 square niiles. See Appendix. TuKKiiKiM. See Durkiieim. TuiutiN, a town of liussia. in the govern- ment of Caucasia, situate on the Caspian sea. It is 140 miles S of Astracan. Long. 47. 15. E. hit. 44. 15 N. Turk's Islands, the easternmost of the Bahama islands wliich arc important on ac- count of their salt ponds, in the tending of which the population are almost wholly occu- pied. In 1845 the pop. was 2524. Long. 71. 7. W. lat. 21. 28. N. Turn-again Cape, a cn^e on the E. side of the northern island of New Zealand. Long. 176. 56. E. lat. 40. 28. S. TuRNAU, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Buntzlau, on the river Iser ; 12 miles N.N.E. of Jung Buntzlau. TuKNHouT,a town of Belgium, in Brabant, near which, in 1596, prince Maurice, of Nas- sau, with only 800 horse, totally defeated Mio Spaniards, consisting of 6000. It is 24 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 11,000. TcRON, a seaport of Cochin-China, situate on a bay of the same name, which affords a safe retreat for the largest ships in the most tempestuous season. In the vicinity are plan- tations of sugar-canes and tobacco. Turon is 40 miles S.E. of Hue. Long. 107. 40. E. lat. 16. 9. N. TuRSHEEz, or TooRSiiEEZ. a town of Per- sia, in the province of Khorasan, on the bor- ders of the Great Salt Desert; with an export trade in iron. It imports rice, wool, and cloth from Herat, from which it is distant about 160 miles W.N.W. Pop. 20,00" TuRSi, a town of Naples, in B.isilicata, on the river Sino; 8 miles W. of the gulf of Ta- rento, and 30 S. of Matera. Tuscaloosa, a city of Alabama, capital of Tuscaloosa county, and on the S.E. side of the Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa river, which falls into the Mobile river 400 miles below, and is navigable for steam boats. It stands on an elevated plain, has spacious streets and is regularly planned, with a square in which is the handsome state house, in the centre. The Alabama university stands about 1 mile E. of the citv Pop. 1949; 256 miles N. from Mo- bile by land, 160 S.S.VV. of Huntsville. Tdscant, formerly a sovereign state of Italy, but now amalgamated with the king- dom of Italy. It is bounded on the north by Modena, on the E. and S. by the pope's territories, and on the W. by the Mediterra- nean. It is about 130 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, and is watered by several rivers, of which the Arno is the chief. There are several mountains, in which are foum] mines of iron, alum, and vitriol. There aro also quarries of marble, alabaster, and por- phyry, besides hot baths and mineral waters^ , TUX 836 TWE Miiny parts of it are Truitftil in com and wine, and produce abundance of citrons, crungcs, poniugrunutcs, and other fruits. The inhubi- tunts apply themselves to trade; they chiefly manufacture silks, stuti's, fine earthenware, and gilt leather. They are much visited hy foreigners, on account of their politeness, and because the Tuscan language is accounted the purest in all luiiy. This duchy is divided into tiireo provinces, Florence, Tisano, and Siunnu, to which some add the islands. Upon tlie flight of tiie grand duke, in 1799, it was erected by the French into the kingdom of Etruriu, Ljut was soon afterwards transformed into an n])pendugo to the crown of Italy. In 1814, however, tlio ducliy was restored to tiie Austriaiis, whenJTerdinand, the grand duke, returned to his dominions. Area, 9270 square niiies. Pop. 1 700,000. Florence is the ca- pital. See Appendix. TuscAKAWAS, a county of Ohio, settled principally by Germans from W.riiiladelphia; capital. New rhiladelphia. Top. 25,631. The Tuscarawas river is the main branch of the Muskingum, and it is navigable. TuscuMuiA, u town of Alabama. A rail- road extends from tiiis place to Decatur, on the Tennessee river, for the purpose of passing the Muscle Shoals. Here is a most extraor- dinary and copious spring. Sixty-six miles W.of Iluntsville, 129 N. by W. of Tuscaloosa. Pop. about 2000. Tusis, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Grisons, seated near the torrent NoUa; 16 miles S. by W. of Coire. TusFAN, a river and seaport of Mexico, on the Mexican gulf; the indolent inhabitants export fustic and caoutchouc. TuxjJUiiY, a village and formerly a market- town, in Staffordshire (with a cotton manu- facture); noted for its ancient castle, of which several towers and a small part of the wall Btill remain. It is seated on the river Dove, in the bed of which, in 1831, an immense quantity of coin, of the age ol Henry III. to Edward II., was found. It is conjectured that it was the treasure chest of the Earl of Lancaster, lost in the retreat before the army of Edward II., in 1321. The town is 4 miles N.W. of iiurton, and 134 of London. TuTiconiN, a town of Hindostan, in the Car- natic, seated on the gulf of Manaar; 29 miles E. by N. of I'alaracotta, and 67 S. of Madura. TuTLiNGEN, a town of Germany, with a castle on a mountain, belonging to the king- dom of Wirtemberg. Near it is the celebrated foundry of Ludwigsthal. It is seated on the Danube, over which is a bridge; 5S miles S. B.\V. of Stutgard. Long. 8. 48.E.lat.48. 2.N. TuTUUA, a town of Uussia, in the govern- ment of Irkutsk, situate on the Lena; 160 miles N. of Irkutsk. Long. 105. 40. E. lat. 64. 40. N. Tdxford, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a market on Monday, and a good free-school. It is 12 miles N.N.W. of Newark, and 137 N. by W.of Loudon. Tuv, a town of Spain, in Galicia, and a bishop's see. It was once un important frontier town, and is regularly built and wulled round, but now it is decayed and decaying. The great saint here is San Telmo, the pope and patron of Spanish mariners, and his tomb was raised here in 1579. It stands on a moun- tain near the river Minho; 60 miles S. of Compostella, and 260 W.N.W. of Madrid. Top. 4000. Long. 8. 32. W. hit. 42. 4. N. TuzLA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Cara- mania, situate at the western extremity of a lake to which it gives name. It is 2ij miles N. of Konieh. TvEK, a government of Kus.sio, formerly a province in the government of Novogorod. It was the first jirovince modelled according to the code of laws of Catherine II. It com- prises an area of 24,000 square miles, with 1,000,000 inhabitants. The country produces abundantly all kinds of corn and vegetables. Its forests yield (ho most valuable timber. The quadrupeds and the feathered race are the same as in all the N. of Europe. Besides the fishes common to most lakes nnd rivers, there is one peculiar to the waters of tiieso northern regions, called the sterlet: it is the acipenser ruthenus of Linne, and is a species of sturgeon, highly esteemed for the flavour of its flesh, and for its roe, of which the fii.cst caviare is made. TvKK, the capital of the foregoing govern- ment, and an archbishop's see, with a fortress. It is a place of considerable commerce, being seated at the conflux of the Tverza and Volga, along 'vhich is conveyed all the merchandise sent by water from Siberia nnd the S. pro- vinces towards Petersburg. It is divided into the Old and New Town; the former, situate on the opposite side of the Volga, consists al- most entirely of wooden cottages; the latter has risen with lustre from the ashes of the con- flagration of 1 763. Catherine II., at her own expense, raised the governor's house, the epis- copal palace, the courts of justice, the ex- change, the prison, and some other public edifices; and, to every person who engaged to build a house of brick, she oflcrcd a loan of 300/. for 12 years, without interest. The streets are broad and long, extending in strait lines from an octagon in the centre; the houses of this octagon, and of the principal streets, are of brick, stuccoLd white, and make a magni- ficent appearance. Here is an ecclesiastical seminary, which admits 600 students. In 1776 the empress founded a school for the instruction of 200 burghers' children; and in 1 7 79,an academyfor the education of 120 of the young nobility of the province. Tver is 99 milesN.N.W. of Moscow. Pop. 20,000. Long. 36. 5. E. lat. 66. 7. N. Tweed, a river of Scotland, which rises from numerous springs in ? he S. part of Pee- ble.s-shire, called Tweedsmuir. It divides that county almost into two equal parts, crosses the N. part of Selkirkshire and Koxburgh- sliire, then forms the bouudmy between Ber- wickshire and nmn ocean at TWEBDMOU of Durham, ca Tweed, and cc Berwick, of wl TWICKENII. adorned with i its houses ar( which was the long sinco de the elegant G Horace Walpi dismantled ol on the Thnme Two SiriL TWTFOBD, Wiltshire and the Great Wci principal stati E.N.E. of Uei TtDORE, 01 leagues S. of Tri.DESLEI Lancashire, 3 Ttlbr, a c( formed from < capital, Midd! Ttne, a ri^ by a branch fr and another f Scotland. Th< ham, form a 1 castle, and onl mouth. Tynb, ft rh ahiro, which burghshire, fl the German , TVNBMODTI near the mou cient priory i inaccessible < some conside at Shields, la of coal and It is the term Shields railw former, and place. It ht and consists An TYNBHonTH,aborough in Northumberland, near the mouth of the Tync, noted for its an- cient priory or castle, seated on a high rock, inaccessible on the sea- side. Tynemouth has some considerable salt-works; and here, and at Shields, large vessels take in their loading of coal and goods brought from Newcastle. It is the terminus of the Newcastle and North Shields railway, being 8 miles E.N.E. of the former, and a mile E. of N. Shields' market place. It has risen to be a populous place, and consists principally of one good street, Rni two smaller ones. During the bathing season it is a place of faehionable resort, and in the neighbourhood are some mineral springs. With North Shields it returns one member to parliament. Ttrb. Set SuR. TriioL, a princely county of the Austrian empire; bounded on the N. by Bavaria, K. by Salzburg and Carinthia, S. by Austrian Italy, and W. by Switzerland. Though a mountainous country, its valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and it has an excellent breed of cattle. It likewise yields salt, all kinds of ores, and various sorts of precious stones. Its copper contains not only silver, but also some gold. The principal rivers are the Inn, Adige, and Eysach. The country is divided into seven districts or circles. It was overran by the Frenchjtnd Bavarians in 1 805, and, by the treaty of Presburg.was ceded to Bavaria. In 1809 it was coded to Italy, bat was restored to Austria in 1814. Area, 11,000 square miles. Pop. 720,000. Inns> pruck is the capital. Tyrone, a county of Ireland in the pro- vince of Ulster, 46 miles long, and 37 broad | bounded on the N. by Londonderry, E. by Armagh and Loch Neagh, S.W. by Ferma- nagh, and W. by Donegal. It is divided into 35 parishes, and sends two members to par- liament. It is a rough country, but tolera- bly fertile. The capital is Dungannon. Ttstbd, a town of Denmark in North Jut- land, with a citadel; seated on the gulf of Lymford, 46 miles W.ofAlburg. Long. 8. 25. E. lat. 56. 54. N. TrvT, or Teifb, a river of Wales in Cardi- ganshire, which issues from a lake on tl. E. side of the county, and flows by Trcgannon, [ilanbeder, Newcastle, and Cardigan, into Cardigan bay. TzARiTZYN, a town of Russia, in the go« vernment of Saratof; seated on the Volga, 1 20 miles N.W. of Astracan. Long. 45. 25. E. lat. 48. 0. N. TzEBNiTZ, a town of European Turkey, in Romania, near the river Tzerna; 32 miles N. N.E. of Adrianople. TziviLSK, a town of Russia in the govern- ment of Kasan ; 56 miles W. of Kasan. Long, 47.25.E.lat. 55. 40. N. TzoRUCHATC, Staroi, a town of Russia, in the government of Irkutsk; seated on the Argunia,on the borders of China; 160 m. S.E. of Nertchiuek. Long. 1 19. 32. E. lat. 49. 18. N: Trsn^rmffs^^awm HDD 838 u. uis UiiBnA, n town of Sj)ain, in AndalusSn, with u strung castle, seated in u fcrtiiu coun- try, near tlio river Guadulquiver; 23 miles N.K. ofjaen. Top. 10,000. UiiKKMNaEN, u town of Baden, in thodJA- trift of Furstenburg. The principnl trade is in corn to Switzerland, and near it nro fa- moiis liaths. It is seated on n high rock, 7 miles N. of Constance. UuEH8Ko,a town of Bohoniia. in the circle of Chrudin; 10 miles E.N.K. of CMuudin. Ubks, St., or Sktuval, a fortified seaport of Portugal, in Estrcmadura; with a strong citadel and a good harbour, defended by three forts. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Setobriga, at the head of a bay, near the in- flux of tho Cadaon, and has a good trade, particularly in salt, of which a great (juantity issent to the colonies in America. It stands at the end of a plain, 5 miles in length, extremely fertile in corn, wine and fruits; the N. end bounded by mountains, covered with jiines and other trees, and containing quarries of t'asper of several colours; 20 miles S.E. ofLls- »on. Long. 8. 54. W. lat. 38. 22. N. UiJiaAU, a town of Saxony, seated on the Elster; 28 mik'sS.E. of Wittenburg. Uor, an island on the E. side of the entrance of tho gulf of Siam, 20 miles in circumfer* cnec. It yields good water and plenty of wood. Long. 104. 46. E. lat. 8. 55. N. UcAYALi. See Apurimac. UcEuo, or UzEUA, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a castle; seated on the Xanima; 32 miles N.N.E. of Madrid. UciCGR, a river which issues from a lalce of the same name, near Prunzlo, in Branden- burg, flows N. into Pomerania, and being joined by tho Rando, enters tho Frlsch Haff at Uckermunde. UcKEit Makit, tho former name of that part of Brandenburg which bordered on Pom- crania, between Mucklenburg nnd the Oder. It now forms part of the Prussian government of Potsdam. UcKEUMUNDE, a town of Prussia, in Pom- crania; seated on tho Frisch Ilatf, at tho in- flux of tho Ueker; thirty-two miles N.W. of Stettin. UcLES, a town of New Castile, in Spain, about 26 miles from Taranion. Pop. about 1500. It IB fatal in Spanish annals, for her%, in 1 100, Sancho was defeated and killed by the infidels; and in 1809 the French routed the Spani.-vs,1ciy .-.n tlv- W. ^iVit c>f j^ome hiils. noA./ a shftilow Aiir, of iV ' «n,i » tiavivw oh.^Tino1 hi'ftT.,-hintr K. tSwm \W ln>h fe-fi. find ha> & oarifll ro Ihe csinsry .,f vi\-<>r. «hioh »:.>An tsko' « \. <'iii"(\'i7or,. «v,j ine Lcvfn. ITie pAh>.h churfrh, at tiip foot oxp«rt(is t.> it UVo on iho K. s^ii^f of t]\t> ■ n of a siwp hill, is & harjdsonie MTnrinrc, re- T nv)o* lonjr aii.i 1 J hiva.1. li ii^ S.Sii m K. .if puili in lf^04, after itf ancicni p«r(-rri ot ihf O-alrnilJ*. avi.i ^"^'^^■>' N.N.W. of Sirw. Tojv a^e of Ui;-niT VIII. A nnc c>-)]nmn has Noon erected to Sir Ji.hii Barron. Hete are alsio an aodiiiona] church, ereefed wndcr the v«- cent acts, three p^ace* of worship for diss:en- Ter5^ the sneier.i Quakers' nieetmir-hoiiise at l.SO.Oi'KV IjonjT. 76.7. K lat. 21. .^:. N". UiwKiTStTi. a > ity of Viindostan. in the kin^. dom ot Lshoro. ^^r PnuisuK one* the prinei- pal citr 01 the S-.khs. who now >veni\v (I\<> wholeofthe territorx-.and isbx them estivniv-.l Swani Mo(vr. hui^t in 16*^ and a R»ijn«.n i saered. 1: wa.« ra7v\i to the ^^^^^lnd in 1 "(U. It Catholic chapel. At tlie murseciion of two of the principal .«fr'^et.s was an ancient cr.->sn. replaced br one of cast ir.nin 1?21. Thi5 town ha5 considerahlv incre--»<.ed. and has nianufactiires of cottin. check, c.inxas. and hats. It is not now .i waport, the e#tnar_v of the Iveven havinc receded ; hut the canal cocnectmg it with Sli.recainhe Ray makes it the pon if the district of Fumess. and ex- ports niai h corn, limestone, '-on ore, and blue elate. It is 22 miles N.W. oi Lancaster, cont^-iins no feainre of interest within its. If, except the .4 »»;-jY.*;r. or Tool of lmin.>rlal'i«, in the midst of which is a temple co>-eiv.l w iih huriished iroi«i:Mii which is pivsovx e.i, under a silken canopy, tlie sacred h>\Nk Sikhs, Ivinjj a collection of lawf and ordi- nances, cliieily collect':.! by the 'icn> tiooroo (i^nind Singh, to w!iom the icMple is ded\- catcti. Reiag on tl e hijih r.\ad K tween «.~a- iH-xil and IVlhi, it enjoys an cMeiisive trade, and is thero*idonoc of luanv rich hankovs a'll and 261 N.N.W. of London, at tlie end of moivhanta. tbe Fumess Junction railway. I Unixkkwai.i^kx. n canton o^ Sni,7er^■^nd, Uma, or UMEA.a piv)vinceof Sw-eder, com- lv>undod on the N. by the tanion i-^i l.neeinrt prising W, Bothniii, Utuea, Ljipmark, and and the T^jike of the Four Cantons. K. by liij-lt nearly all Swedish Lapland. It has an area inonntjtina which separate it fiMin tlie caiiion of u.. 000 square miles, with about 8(i,0<.K) of Uii. S. by Mount Hrunich, which ]>avis it inhabiiiints. I fivm tlic canton o{ l^ern. aiul W. by (hat of Uma, or Umba, a seaport of Sweden, in W. Lucerne. It is 2 1 miles Iimijj ans divided into tho nia. The houses are built of wood, and it Upper atid I^>wer Valley by a forest called was twice burnt by the Russians. It is 310 Kesterwald, which ctvsses the canton (Voni miles K. by E. of Stockholm. Long. IJ. 18. ] N. to S. The country abounds in fi.;'» and £. lat. 63. 58. N. cattle, but proti ices little corn, and no wino. UiUGO, a small seaport of Austrian Illyria, , The inhabitants are Konian Catliolic-i. Stun* in Istria, scati;d near the gulf Laigouil, 12 , is the capital of the Lower Valley, and Saviien miles S.W. of Capo d'Istria. Umdria, a province of Italy, now called the duchy of Spoleto. Umbriatico, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria, seated on the Lipuda, 15 miles N. by W. of St. Sever na. Top. 10,000. Ummerapoora, or AsiAnAruRA, one of the most flourishing and well-built cities of Asia, the metropolis of Birmiii; with a sjia- cious and regular fort, cor.ipletcly rirtilied after tbe eastern manner. It was founded in 1783 by the emperor Minde;agrecj 4 miles N.E. of Ava, the uncieni capital. The iiouscs are niised on posts from the ground; the Bmaller supported by bamboos, the larger by strong timber. The streets are all Ktrainht, many of them wide, paved with brick, and freniicnt'v crossed by others at right angles. The royal palaee is a splcttdid cditico, within )!ie fort, aiid not any nobleman of tiio co«Tt is permitted to enter it with his feet covet .,(1. The temples and monasteries arc numerous, and, though in general composed of wood, are very magniiicent. The uuliounded ex- penditure of gilding, which is bestowed on the outside of the roofs, particularly on the lofty qpires, renders them objects of extraordinary N.E. of Morguntown of the Upper, and of the whole eatilon. Unovak, a town and fort of llnii|;itvy, ca- pital of a palatinate of the san<« nnnio. It staipls in an island onr.d by vlie Ung, ^7 miles K. of Cass.ivia. Pop. .'lOOO. Loii);. 22. 23. E. Int. 48. 42. N. Unifoo, t. town ol Poland, in Ihe pnlali- nnto v>f Lenczicr., will', a line castle bulongiinj to the f.rchbishop «)f (itiesen, se^'ed ou llio Warta, 20 miles S S.W. of i.ene/.ier.. Union, the natno of several coiintieh in llio Ui;ited Stales.— In Peunsylvaiiin, on the Susipichanii'i river; capital, New llerliu. Pop. 22,787.— In South Carolina; capital, Unit/.ivi'lo. Pop pital, Hiairsville I8,«;i0.— In C-oij?ii<. ca- Pop. ai.ia.— A paii''ii in Louisiana; capital, Fannersvillo. Pott, IH.'IH. —A county in Kentucky; capital, M<s wonder- fully in(!reiiNed hincc they uequircd their iude- pendenee, in 1783. See Appendix. HTATt'.H. Mai^k NkW II AMI'DIIIIIK. Vriimiixt ivU>'.iiA ViniiiNiA NdiiTii (Unoi iNA Noiiril ('Aiiiii.iNA (Ikimkiia I''|,I)HII-.A Al.AilAMA Miii«iKiii'ri I.OttlDIANA Tkhan , AnnANNAK TltNNICNHKM OlIM KMNI'lteKT MlllllKlAW Iniiiana Il.l INIII'< MlnniMMII WlKlMlNKI,'* lllWA Dliir.ut'Coi.UMiiiA CAI'ITAL.S. AtiKil"t>l ('iMirnril MiiiitiKille'' HciHton ,,.[i|<'Tirii. Ni'W|iciit/te 1 rnvl- llnrtf»rcl ,V New AHiniiy ..[lliivvii. 'rreiitiiii llurrlHltiit-g Dovnr Aiiiiaiiiilln Itlnliiiiiiiiil ItnlriKh <'lllllllllll:l Mllti'ilxi'vllln .... 'riihaiiiiHiioii MciiilK'Hin'ry .. .. .liirll 73.077 3,9'24,8i!) IKOO lH;i.7fi'2 4.'3,:i2.'i iiU.lTi 2.'.!, (102 fiSliJMi 2II.!MU riO'2,.ii;."> (il.-273 31l,.Vl'< HH>i,2iin 478,103 3I.V.'>!il 102,101 8,8,-i0 I0.^.(i02 4.^,31 220,It.').^ 4",«7.'\ I1,0!)3 .\30fi,01(i IHIO IH20 22M,7n.', 2fm,7,ir> '2U,.W( 2ll.lfil 217,713 23.'^,7(ii 172,010 fi2:t,2S7 77,031 83,0.'><) •iCiflVi 27,'>,21M 'MK'M'.I :, 372,8 1'i 2iri,.')fi2 277,.')7.'i Hio,o;n l,04!),4.')8l 72,fiIM 72.71» .3S0,.'il(; 407,;t.'iO 971,(;»2 i.oi;.'5,37r) .')M,,M)0 (i,30,H';:» II.MK'i .■SO:',/!! 2.'>2,433 340,UH7 2n,Hi^ 127,901 4(),3.V2 7.''i.4l8 7(;,."ie(i I,'>3,107 ■• 1 4,273 2fiI,-27 4i2.«i3 230,7(1(1 A81,4ni 40(i,.M 1 6(;4,317 4,.'i28 9.018 2l,.^)-.>0 147,178 12.2H'2 B.\211 20,S1,% 6(>,.')8(i 24",(Vj:i 33,(),i;t 7,2fi 1,382 9,G30,7S9 l,I9I,3fi4 1,'3S.0';4| 1830 30;),4fi2 2fir» .'^133 280,(179 CKi.OU 97.212 297,711 t,0»3.,'in8 320,779 t,3(i7,(i72 7(i,7.3!> 44(>.9l3 1,211,271 738,470 681,18.'% 610,823 31,7.30 30t»,.S27 I3(>.021 215,739 30',388 081.<.KI4 9,'»7,fi79 087.917 32„'>3* 343,031 l,'i7,4.'>,'i U0,4r>6 39,869 1840 ism 1501,793 28l„574 291.918 737,01(9 10S,8.30 301,016 2,428.921 373.300 1,721,033 78.08.'i 409,23'.' 1,239,797 7.^3,419 694,398 691,9.32 64,477 690,7.v; 37.^,0.'5l 3.'i2.41l 200,000 97,674 829,210 1,619,107 779,828 212,270 C8.'i,>'0(i 470,18,1 3S3,70 30,946 43.111 30,G.'i7 789 12,ai5,814 I7,0C;i,«.S3 2,604,496 774,326 624,827 304,278 04,3,482 611.9.37 I.W.277 81,920 TKHinToniRs. Ohkoom ; onpKitl, OreRon (''t.T. Vop. 20.000. Wc.*torn. or Tivlian, (Jot K »rt for the rvMileiiiHi oftlio n1ii'rl|tlii(>!i^ iiioliKliiig Miiniluit dtstriot, Nolinskn, and Mini ijotA. The two Ust-iiun- tloned Hro yvt iiiuirKuiiltoil. ropiM.ATum or TIIK rniNriPAi Oirim ok thr r^tTEO Statw;— i I. Now York .. . , 3,1,131 riiii.i.i.'it.ti a 4 - ''io Unit Inioiv 13..W3 Now «>rlor.;n Ho-lon I 1S.0.X8 1790. I t''ll\Oll\ll»ll llrooklMi Allmnv 3.4:8 «'liavlo>toii I ItvkVl WnjildniHon Vri^vi*loiu*o l.MiUTillo .. rm»l>ui-)l .. loxv.U .... KootioKlor .. Ki.MnnoiMl.. TriiT Hu(t»lo .... NowArk .... St, I oh1» .. r.>rlUn,1.. ., _ $alpju T,92i I8(l(.. I 00,189 70. ■-'87 20i;i4 ■.M.9''.'7 7,so a.'.>it8 6..I49 18.71-2 .li'lO 7,014 .\S.''T .\i~7 9,4.S7 1810, 1820, l!i3\ 1*40, 1846. 9(l."(73 1 3.3,:Ofi 203.01 r, .112,710 371,102 !>t;.(ii;4 108.110 '.i;7.118 2;'S.S:a ,, 40..V..S 0'.'.7.-»S 81.02,% 102,113 a. I7,'.'r2 27.170 40,S'0 102.1!(1 32.2.W 4.rv!.S 61 ,192 9,1,183 114..16S 2..-<4i) 9 044 24.S31 4^^.3.18 ., 4.4!V2 7.1T,S 12(14 2 .16,2.1.1 .'.fi.'.OB 9.3.10 12|->.V1 24.2.38 81.721 41.139 34711 24..32 2,1.171 l.,t-'>7 4.01 2 in.,1,S2 Sl.SiO , , 4.Tli8 7,248 12.S42 21. 1!.". f.4 4 2' 1.796 2S.841 , J 1.,S-2 92f;9 20.191 26.20.1 1 .<1.7.\S 1 i.04fi 10,000 SO LSI .. 1 R8<;.^ .S.204 11 401 19.134 51.7.19 1..W8 2.nf(.S 8,fiSS lS,il3 2'i,T73 6, HOT in9.S.'i 17,290 26.13.1 •, 4.V'S .S.S.SS 10.4fi<) a*, 14(1 1 7.1R9 R..SS1 12.ti01 1.S.2I8 I2,S1S 12.731 18,886 l.^HSS k— — •• UNI 842 UNZ No part of the globe is so well supplied with rivers, ^ruut und small, springs, and lakes, as the United States; so that a com- muniention by water from one extremity to the other is more easy than in England; and A great multitude of bays and excellent har- bours are on the coast of every maritime state. In the large towns, the houses are of brick; in the others, and their environs, the half, and often the whole of them are of planks; but 80 miles from the sea, in the central and south- ern states, and piirticularly in those VV. of the Alleghany mountains, a large portion of the inhabitants still live in what are called log- houses, made of the trunks of trees, from 20 to 30 feet long, and four or five inches in dia- meter, laid one upon another, and supported by letting tlieir ends into each other: the spaces between the trunks are filled with clay; they have two doors, which are hung upon wooden hinges, and the^o frequently sup- ply the place of windows: neiihf^r nails nor iron of any sort are used. The thirteen origi- nal states longflourishedaspi'ovincesof Great Britain; but parliament attempting to tax them by its sole authority, without the inter- vention of their assemblies, a civil war en- sued. 'J'he Americans formed a congress, wlK:h in 1776 disclaimed all dep ndence on the mother country ; the French king entered into an alliance with them in 1778; the colo- nies, powerfully assisted by France, were suc- cessful ; and Great Britain acknowledged their independence by the peace of 1783. From this period they continued to flourish until they became involved in the wurs that raged between Great Britain and France, and at length, in June 1812, took up arms against the BriMsh for the vindication of their rights as a neutral power. The American commerce now fell off to a very low ebb, and the states suftered considerably from the more direct consequcnceofthe war. In 18N,peacehaving been concluded in Europe, the question in dispute between Britain and America ceased entirely, in a practical view, to possess any interest. Accordingly, the commissioners of the two powers, who had met at Ghent, agreed to adjoura the controversy, and in December a treaty of peace was signed between them. The ma' .ictures and commerce have since been rapidly increasing, and the country is progressively advancing in population and importance. The congress of the United States. consists of a F"nate and house of re- presentatives, am'i muoi. assemble at least once a year, on the 1st of December, unless it is otherwise provided by law. Tlie senate is composed of two members from each state; 80 that the rcjrular number is now 66. They arc chosen by the legislatures of the several states, for the term of six years, one-third of them being elected biennially. The vice-pre- sident of the United States is the president of the senate, in which body ho has only n casting vote tvhiuh is given in case of an equal [ division of the votes of the senators; in his absence a president pro tempore is chosen by the senate. The house of representatives is composed of members from the several states, elected by the people for the term of 2 years; the representatives are apportioned among the different states, according to population. By an Act of Congress, in 1842, the ratio was fixed at " one representative for every 70'680 persons in each state, and one addi- tional representative for each state having a fraction greater than one moiety of the said ratio, computed according to the rate pre- scribed by the constitution of the United States." The law of 1842 also requires that the representutives of each state " shall be elected by districts, composed of a contiguous territory, equal in number to the nujiiber of representatives to which such state is entitled, no one district electing more than one repre- sentative." The present number is 237 re- presentatives and 5 delegates. Each member has a certain compensation per diem during his attendance in congress. In the United States there is no national cstablisliment of religion, but every man is left to support that which is agreeable to hmi by his own volun- tary contributions. The great mass of tha people profess Christianity, and are divided into various sects, but no one sect is taken under state patronage, or distinguished by peculiar privileges. Education receives every possible encouragement from the government, and colleges, medical and law schools, and academies, are numerous throughout tha union. The question of slavery las for years been a cause of contention between the nor- thern (free) and jouthern (slave) states; and the struggle for supremacy between the rival sections has resulted in the melancholy and fratricidal conflict which vas begun early in 1861, and threatens to o. erwhelm the whole country with devastation and misery. Unna, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the county of Mark, environed by walls and ditches, and formerly a considerable Ilanse- atic town. It is seated on the Kottolbeck ; 10 miles S.S.\V. of Ham. Unna, a river of European Turkey, which rises in Bosnia, on the frontiers of Croatia, passes by Wihitsch, and joins the Save, 16 miles above Gradisca. Unnart, a town of Sweden, in the province of Snioland ; 43 miles W. of Wexio. Unst, the most northern of the Shetland islands, ten miles long and four broad, and more level than the other isles. It feeds many sheep, horned cattle, and hogs, and about 80 tons of cured fish are annually exported. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 61. 10. N. Unteuseen, a town of Switzerland, in the cajiton of Bern, near which is the famous cavern of St. Fat. It is scitted on the river Aar, betiveen the lakes Br-ntz and Thunj 25 miles S.S.E. of Bern, i.ii;A, a town of Russia, in a province of the same nan trunia. It is miles E.N.E. Upland, a Sudermania, Baltic. It is contains an 250,000 inhv vered with su woods, but en of copper, iro capital. Ui'riSGiiA a market on nence; 6 mih W. of Londoi UrFAL, a an archmshoj divided i.ito river Sala, an a;'Q;les from a • ■' !ha houses 1, iii • ;ire con .c'.ii tiie roofs s;d was formt and near it is the kings usv drat, a large ! remains of tli( of Char! Lir ancient in Sw the N. for acai Society here academy in tl planned by th( the Swedish g tude; also a b was superintc vast open pla N.W.ofSto.k E. lat. 59. 52. Ul'TON-V l'< tershire, .■,■■. 'i great tmd vern; 9 i,i:' ' N.W. of Lon( Ukach, r t dom of Wirtc paper, damas S.S.E. of Stu Ural, or ( rises in moun Uralsk, and ' •ea by three UuAii Mo extend ii: 5 fr( degree ' N, somc.iir'ie" ■,,.. J.' abounds in ui murlile. i'an is said to W sea; one of world lies at a considern Euriipe and Uraliam URA 843 URE the same rjime, in the government of Kos- troniii. It is situate on tiie river Unza; 92 miles E.N.E. of Kostroma. Upland, a province ol' S\ve5;!e3 from a central kind of square. A few r' the houses are built of brick, but the genc- 1. .:: are constructed of wood, piunted red, .1- .. iiie roofs are covered in wiili turf. Up- sal was formerly the metropolis of Sweden, and nciir it is the morasten, or stone on which the kings us'ed to be crowned. The cathe- dral, a large structure of brick, contains the remains of the celebrated Gustavus Vasa, and of Char! Linne. The university is the mos*-. ancient in Sweden, and the first seminary in the N. for academical education. The Royal Society here is likewise the oldest literary academy in the N. Here is an observatory, planned by the celebrated Celsius, from which the Swedish geographers comjiute the longi- tude; also a botanical garden, of which Linne was superintendent. Upsal is seated in a vast open plain, fertile in corn; 35 miles N. N.W.ofStoiddiolm, Pop.5000. Long. 17.39. E. hit. 59. T)? N Upton- '-.r, -.■! vers, a town in Worces- tershire, ,i. 'i :,i\rket on Tiuirsday, and a great trid ■ i ' ' vern; 9 i,i.' - .- N.W. ofLond^ Ukach, r t )\vn of ^JermtTiv, in the king- dom of Wirteml)crg. It lias a great trade in paper, damasks, and linen, and is 21 miles S.S.E. of Stutgard. Ural, or Oiual, a ri\ f Russia, which rises in mount Caucasus, Hows by Orenburg, Ural.-ik, and Gurief, and enters the Caspian «ea by three montiis. UiiAi, Mountains, a chain of mountains extendi!. 5 from the 50th to nearly the G7th degree N. hit., or about 1150 miles, ami some p'.e'f calleil by the Russians " the liack of the -• .1. ,1." Tiic central part of this chain abounds iii liU'tals.and they contain fine white marble, i'auda, one ol the highest mountains, is said to W 4512 feet above the level of tlie sea; one of the rielirst gold districts in the World lies at it.» oarterii foot. Thiochain forms a coMsidera 'e ^ait of llio boundary between Europe and .Vsia. Urauan Cossacs, a Tartar tribe that in- It is seated on the Se- Worcester, and 111 W. habit the Russian province of Orenburg, on the S. side of the river Ural. These Cossacs are descended from those of the Don, and are a valiant race. They profess the Greek religion, but they a-e dis--eiiters from the es- tablished religion, whom the Russians called Riskolniki, or Separatists, and who styled themselves S.aroverski, or Old Believers. They consi.'.er the service of the established church as profane, and have their own priests and ceremonies. The Uraiian Cossacs are all entiiusiasts for the ancient ritual, and prize their beards almost equal to their lives. A Russian officer having ordered a number of Cossac recruits to be publicly shaved in the town of Yaitsk, in 1771, this wanton insult excited an insurrection, which was suppressed for 0. time; but in 1773 an impostor, Pagut- chcf, who assumed the name of Peter III., appeared among them, and, taking advantage of this circumstance, roused them once more into open rebellion. This was suppressed by the defeat and execution of the impostor; and, in order to extinguish all remembrance of this rebellion, the river Yaik was called the Ural, the Yaik Cossacs were denominated Uraiian Cossacs, and the town of Yaitsk was named Uralsk. The Cossacs are very rich, in consequence of their fisheries in the Cas- pian sea. Their principal fishery is for stur- geons and beluga, whose roes supply large quantities of caviare; and the fish, chiefly salted and dried, afford a rnnsiderablc article of consumpticn in the Russian empire. L halsic, a town of Russia, capital of the country of the Uraiian Cossacs, was formerly called Yaitsk, and is seated on the river Ural; 375 miles N.N.E. of Astracan. Pop. 3600. Long. 50. 10. E. hit. 52. 0. N. UuANiBURG, a once magnificent castle of Denmark, in the island of Huen, now in ruip' . It was built by Tycho Bralie a celebrated as- tronomer, who called it Uraniburg, or Castle of the Heaven.s, and here made his observations. UunANiA, a town of Italy, in the delega- tion of Urbino, built by Urban VIIL, seated on the Metro; 7 miles S.S.W. of Urbino. Ui!UAXNA,a town of Virginia, in Middlesex county, on the Rapahannoc; 73 miles N.E. of Richmond. Unniso, a delegation of Italy, in the pope's dominion.*, comprising the greater part of the former duchy of Urbino, with some adjoining districts. The air is not deemed wholesome, nor is the soil fertile. The chief production is silk, and game is plentiful. Pop. 200,000. Ukbino, a city of Italy, capital of the lore- going delegation, and an archbishop's see. The university contains a noble college and 1 6 convcnt.s. Great quantities < f fine earthen- ware are made here; and It is famous for being the birthplace of the illustrious painter Rai)hael. It stands on a hill, 58 miles E. of Florence, and 120 N. of Home. Pop. 10,800. Long, 12. 40. E. hit. 43. 46. N. Ure, a river in Yorkshire, which rises on the confines of Westmoreland, flows by Mid* ^ i t^ -j ! I! URU 8i4 UST dluham, Ripon, Boronghbridfre, and Aldbo- roiigh, and alittle below joins the Swale, where the united stream forms the Ouse. Ukeden, a town of Prussian Westphalia, m the government of Munster, with manufac- tures of excellent linen ; seated on the Berckel, 26 miles W.N.W. of Munster, Urgel, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Segra, in a fertile plain, surrounded by mountains planted with vineyards; 78 miles N.N.W. of Barce- lona. Long. 1. 28. E. lat. 42. 24. N. Urqiienz, a town of Tartary, in Kharasm, of which it was formerly the capital, seated on a small river which runs into the lake Aral ; 90 miles N.N.W. of Khiva. Long. 58. 30. B. lat. 42. 24. N. Uri, a canton of Switzerland, 30 miles long, and 12 broad; bounded on the i V- the can- ton of Schweitz and the Waldstn c E. by the cantons of Grisons and Glo. )y the bailiwicks of Italy, and W. by the c. , )ns of Underwalden and Bern. It has an area of 640 square miles, with 15,000 inhabitants. Al- torf is the capital. See Schweitz. Uri, Lake of. See Waldstadtrr See. Urseren, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Uri, situate on the Beuss; 17 miles S,S.E. of Altorf. Ur81tz, St., a town in Switzerland, in the canton of Bern ; indebted for its origin to a hermitage, built in the 7th century by St. Ur- sinius. It is seated on the Doubs; 6 miles S. of Porentrui. Uruopat, or Banda Oriental del Uru- OCAT, a republic of South America, bounded on the S. by the estuary of the La Plata river, N. by Brazil, W. by the Uruguay river, which separates it from the Argentine republics. It is of a somewhat circular form, and is sup- posed to contain an area of 200,000 square miles. Of the country but little is known. On the south coast the land is quite level, and low, without wood, and watered by nu- merous rivers, which cause the soil to be very humid. Inland, and to the N., the country rises into hills, the intervening valleys being watered by the affluentsofthe Uruguay. This great river is about 800 miles in length, and takes its name from its numerous falls and rapids. It joins the Parana, and its clear blue waters are distinguishable from those of that river for miles after their junction. The republic is divided into 9 departments. Its three principal towns are Monte Video the capital, Colonia, and Maldonado. The popu- lation does not exceed, Indians inclnaed, 150,000. It formed a province under the government of Buenos Ayres till 1821, when it was taken by the Brazilians, but declared itself independent in 1825, and recognised by Brazil in 1828. See Bdenob Atres. Urumea, or Ormia, a great lake of Persia, in the province of Azcrbijan, about 47 miles long, and 25 broad. Its depth does not ex- ceed six feet, and is in some parts not more Uian one foot. The waters are extremely salt, and emit sulphureous vapours. It receives 14 rivers, and has no outlet. There arc se- veral islands, which are increased in the dry season. Urcuea, a town from which the preceding lake is named, on its S.W. shore, on a noble plain watered by the Shur; 90 miles S.S.W. of Tabriz. It is walled, and contains 12,000 inhabitants. UsBEO Tartary, a vast country of West- ern Tartary, bounded on the N. by the coun- try of the Kalmucs and Turkestan, E. by Tibet, S. by Hindostan and Persia, and W. by the Caspian sea. These Tartars are divided into several tribes, governed by their respective khans, or princes. When under one sovereign, they were the most powerful of all the Tar- tarian nations. The principal khans pride themselves in being descended from Tamer- lane, whose birthplace was the ancient city of Samarcand. The Usbecs, in their persons, are said to have better complexions and more engaging features than the Kalmucs. Their religion is Muhammedism, and they ditfcr, in general, very little from the people of the northern provinces of Hindostan. UsBDOM, an island of the Prussian states, in Poraerania, in the Baltic sen, between the mouths of the Peene and Swin; with two forts named after these two rivers. Pop. 12,000. It has a town of the same name, on the S.W. coast; 40 miles N.W. of Stettin. Pop. 1000. Long. 14. 2. E. lat. 53. 58. N. tlsHANT, an island of France, on the coast of the department of Finisterre, opposite Conqnet. It '.s 8 miles in circumference, and contains seveml hamlets and a castle. Pop. 2000. Long. 5. 3, W. lat. 48. 28. N. UsiNQEN, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau. It has a handsome castle. It is seated on the Usbach; 12 miles S.S.E. of Wielburg. UsK, a river which rises in Wales, on the W. side of Brecknockshire, flows by Breck- nock, and, entering Monmouthshire, passes by Abergavenny, Usk, Caerleon, and New- port, into the Bristol channel. Usk, a town in Monmouthshire, with a market on Monday, and a manufacture of japanned-ware. It returns one member to parliament, in conjunction with Monmouth, &c. Here are the ruins of a castle and priory; part of the latter is converted into a farm-house, and its church is now the parish church. It is seated on the river Usk; 12 miles S.W. of Monmouth, and 142 W.by N. of London. UsKUP. See Scopia. UssEL, a town of France, department of Correze; 32 miles N.E. of Tulle and 53 E. S.E. of Limoges. UsTARiTz, a town in the department ol Lower Pyrenees; 6 miles 8.S.E. of Bayonne. UsTiCA, a small i land in the Mediter- ranean, 25 miles N. of the coast of Sicily. It was for centuries uninhabited, except br wild goati, till* in the year 1765i a citadel ii yfas built and a USTIUG VkMI sitt, government remote and des( considerable tra faribh churches, t is about 400 and 550 E. by 1 Utah, a recer United States (i iiiirao from a larf lil'ornia, N. by the Rocky Moun Utica, a city c York, on the S. I ■ regularly built, a guine and substai creased importan in 1823, which t unites with the ( it to the river Si vantages are to terminus of the T way, 77 miles lo the Syracuse rail it w..ij only an obs into a city in 1 ciipital in the W W. by N. of AUi Utrecht, one miles long, and 2 and W. by Holla E. and S. by Gue and there are no other provinces. Utrecht, a fo tul of the forego university. It if miles in circumf urbs, which arc tants arc cstimati ttnguished of tli tbedral, the towi said to be one of dom. The town-' and there are f hospitals, school paintings, scverB principal manufi and in a palace c fv)undry for canii the New Graft the city, and ovi The environs ai groves, which, a render Utrecht places for reside Vaapt, St., I of Manche; wi salt works; 14 Vabrbs, a Aveirun. It 1 VAB 845 VAC was built and a colony settled, UsTiUQ Vkliki, a town of European Rus- sia, government of Vologda. Though in a remote and desolate region, it is a yjlace of considerable trade. It has 3 cathedrals, 28 parish churches, and ab( "f 8,000 inhabitants. It is about 400 miles fi'Ui the White Sea, and 550 E. by N. of Petersburg, Utah, a recently-erecte'i ft lur^u buy, to u'liicli it givuH name. It is 44 miius S.E. ot Miuitra. Long. 23. 2. E. hit. 36. 38. N. Vaucliisi:, a department of France, in- cluding the county of Venaissiii, and terri- tory of Avignon. The superficial extent is estimated at 1400 square miles, with, in 1836, 239,113 inhabitants. It takes its name from tiie fountain of Vauclusc, 12 m. E. of Avignon, celebrated by retrureh. The chief town is Avignon. Vaucoijleuus, a town of France, depart- ment of Meuse; seated on the side of a hill on the river Meuse. It is 23 miles S.E. of Bur le Due. Val'd, Tats de. See Pays. Vaudemont, a townof France, department of Mcurthe; 18 miles S. by W. of Nancy. Vauville, ft town in the department of Manehe, on ft bay to which it gives name; 9 miles W. of Cherburp. Vaypura, a town of Ilindostan, in Mala- bar, seated at tlie mouth of a fine river, down wiiich nmch teak timber is floaled. It is 7 miles S. of Calicut. Veciit, a river that rises in Westphalia, ncftr MuM»ter, crosses the counties of Sten- fort and Bentheim, and entering Overyrssel, passes by Omnien, Hasselt, and Swartsluys, below which it enters the Zuyder Zee. Vechx, a river of Holland, which branches off from the old channel of the Ilhino at Utrecht, and enters the Zuyder Zee at Muy- dcn. Vechta, a town and fortress of Germany, in the principality of Oldenburg; seated on a river of the same name; 27 miles S. of Ol- denburg, and 35 N.N.E. of Osnaburg. Veuemskoi, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Archangel, situate on the Vok- Bchn, 200 miles S.S.E. of Archangel. Long. 46. 44. E. lat. 58. 45. N. Veere. See Terverb. Vega, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near the coast; 34 miles N.W. of Oviedo. Vega, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon; 22 miles N.N.E. of Leon. Vegayman, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Leon; 28 miles N.N.E. of Leon. Veglia, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia. It is 90 miles in circuit, rocky, and badly cultivated, but it produces wine and silk, and has small horses in high esteem. Pop. 10,000. The town, of the same name, has a good harbour, a strong citadel, and is the see of a bishop. Pop. 1200. Long. 14. 56. E. lat. 45. 22. N. Vegliana, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, seated on an eminence near the river Doria; 12 miles N.W. of Turin. Veh, a town of Hindostan, in Moultan, seated at the junction of the Sutledge with the Indus; 63 miles SS.W. of Moultan. Long. 70, 5. E. lat. 29. 8. N. VErnos, ft town of Portugal, in Alontejo; seated on the Anhuloura; 10 miles S.S.W. of I'ortalegre. VEisENnuKG, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Kuvel, near the gulf of Finland, 56 miles E. of Revel. Veit, St., a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia, with an old castle; seated at tlio conflux of the Glan and Wunich, 8 miles N. of Clagenfurt. Vela, a capo on the N. const of Terra Firma; 160 miles E.N.E. of St. Martha. L(mg. 7 1.25. W. lat. 12.30. N. Vej-ay, a district of France, which is full of high mountains, covered with snow tlio greater part of the year, but abounds in cat- tle. It forms a part of the department of Upper Loire. Veluuro, a town of Bav.iria, in the j)riri- cipality of Ncuburg, with a decayed "usile; 22 miles N.W. of liatisbon. Veldentz, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Lower Rhine, with a castle. The euvirons produce excellent Moselle wine. It is seated on the Moselle, 16 miles N.E. ot Treves. Veletri, or Vei.i.etri, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, the residence of tho Bishop of Ostia, whose palace is mngnifieent, and there are large squares adorned with fine fountains. It is seated on an eminence, 18 miles S.E. of Rome. Pop. 10,000. Velez ue Gomaka, a seaport of the king- dom of Fez, with a castle, seated between two high mountains on the Mediterranean ; 120 miles N.N.E. of Fez. Long.4. O.W. lat. 55. lO.N. Velez el Rubio, a town of Spain, in Granada; 80 miles E N.E. of Grenada. It is a poor but well peopled place of some 13,000 souls, in a most fertile district, which al.so abounds in fine jaspers ; the white houses lie under the castle in a picturesque hill-girt situation. Near it is a ferruginous mineral water, excellent for nervous disor- ders. Velez Malaga, a town of Spain, in Gra- nada, seated in a large plain, between two rivers, near the Mediterranean; 13 miles E. by N. of Malaga, and 62 N.W. of Granada. Pop. 14,000. Velika, a town of Sclavonia, on the river Bakawa; 10 miles E. of Crueta, and 60 N.W. of Fosega. Velore, a town of Hindostan, in the Car- natic, with a large and beautiful fort, strongly garrisoned by English forces. The town is pretty large, and well built. Above it are three small forts on as many hills. It is seated in a fine valley, on the Paliar; 14 miles W. of Arcot. Veltzek. See Ultzen. Venafro, a town of Naples, in Terra di La- voro; 26 miles N. by W. of Capua. Venaissin, a small but fertile district of France, now included in the department of Vaucluse. VEN ^59 VEN V FN ANT. St., ft town of Fnincc,(li;piirtmcnt of i'uH (lu Caliiis, on tliu river 1m. It \a G mills N. hy W. of Dctiiuiic, und 27 S.E. of JJuiiivirk. Vkvascjuk, ft town of S;inin, in Arrnpon, in ti vulit^v uf tliu 8am(! naiiiu, mid on tlic river Kssiirn; 47 miles N.N.H. of Ualbnstro. Vf.NASQdK, u town of Friinee, dc])iirtaicnt of Vftuciuse, on tiio river Nasque; 10 miles K.S.E.ofCurjJcntrus.and 18 K.N.E. of Avig- non. Vkncatichekv, a town of Ilindostan, in the E. pint ot Mvsorc, ceded to the English hy the treaty of Seringnpatam. Here are the remains of the rajah's palaec, and the ruins of a fort. Near this pluec iron is smelted from black sand. It is 57 miles VV. of Arcot, and 5S E. of Bangalore. Vknck, a town of France, department of Var; 9 miles N. of Aiitihcs, and 9 W. o( Nice. Vi;n'i>i:i;, La, a department of France, in- cluding part of the former province of Foitou. It is so called from uHnuill river of the same name. The surface is level and thi' soil fer- tile. It contains an area of 20)00 square miles, ^vith 280,000 inhabitants. Bourbon Vendee is the capital. ViiNDEN', a town of Russia, in the govern- inentof Kiga,on the river Aa; 30 miles E.N.E. >A' lliga. Venkzuela, a republic of Spanish Ame- rica. It spreads round a gult of the same name (which reaches 90 miles within land, and is 80 in breadth), and the lake of Mara- caybo. When the Spaniards landed here in 1499, they observed some huts built upon piles in an Indian village named Coro, in order to raise them above tlie stagnated water that co- vered the plain: and this induced thcin to giveit the name of Venezuela, or Little Venice. Near the seacoast are high mountains, the tops of which are barren, but the lower parts in the valley are fertile, and gold is found in the sands of the rivers. It is divided into 13 pro- vinces; of which the chief towns arc given in the following tabic with their popuKitions, und those of the provinces to which they be- long:— PKOVIN'CK Cnraccaa Valencia , Rarquisiiribto Coro Maracaybo . . . , Truxillo MrUa ISarinas , Achaguas ..., liarculona .. .. Cunian& Margarita .... Angostura..., ToTAl 118,000 894,044 Population Population of of Town. Province. 3S,000 2I2,8«8 lii.ODO 'M.'Ml 12,000 112,755 4.0f)0 40,476 14.000 27.800 4,000 44,7S8 6,000 62,1C6 4000 10U,497 2,1100 1S,479 6,"00 S2,I03 8,000 80,671 3,000 18,30,') 4,000 20,149 The names of the provinces are the same as those of the towns, except in throe cases; viz. Valencia is in the j)roviiico of Curaliobo, Achugnas in A])urc, and Ango.stura in Uui- ana. 'J'h'i inhabitants raise great numbers of sheep, manufacturo some cotton stull's, and cultivate cxcelK *. tobacco, cocoa, and sugar. Leon do Caraccas is the capital. Venuo.me, a town of France, department of Loir-ct-Cher, on the river Loire; 30 miles N.E, of Tours, and 95 S.VV. of Paris. Pop. 8000. Vendkei.l, a town of Spain, in Catalonia; 25 miles W.S.W. of Barcelona. Veneuia, a town of Piedmont, which took its name fnjin a magnificent hunting-seat built by a duku of Suvoy. It has maiuifac* tares of wool and silk. It stands on the Stura, 8 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Vknice, formerly a celebrated republic of Italy, the government of which was aristo- cratic, for none could have any share in it but the nobles. Tlic doge was elected by a jjlurality of votes, obtained in >< peculiar man- ner by means of gold and silver balls; and after his election the ducal cap was placed on his head with great ceremony, on his public entrance into St. Mark's church. lie held his dignity for life, and his office was to marry the Adriatic sea, in the name of the republic; to preside in all assemblies of the state; to have an eye over all the members of the ma- gistracy; and to nominate to all the benefices annexed to the church of St. Murk. On the other hand, his power was so limited, that he has been j iistly defined to be, in habit and state, a king; in authority a counsellor; in the city a prisoner; andoutof ita private person. There were five councils: the first was called La Sig- noria, composed of the doge and six counsel- lors. The second was II Consiglio Grande, in which all the nobles, amounting to 2 ;00, had a voice. The third wa! II Consiglio deiPrcgndi, consisting of about 250 of the nobility. The fourth was II Consiglio Proprio, which was united to the Signoria: its members consisted of 28 a.sscssors; this council gave audience to the ambassadors. The fifth and last was II Consiglio dci Dieci, composed of ten coun- sellors, took notice of all criminal matters; and the doge himself, when accused, was obliged to appear before them : there was no appeal from this council, which was a severe state inquisition. This constitution, how- ever, no longer exists. In 1797, a tumult having happened at Venice, in which some French soldiers were killed, the French seized the c.ty, and instituted a provisionary de- mocratic government; but soon after, by the treaty of Cainpo Formio, the city and terri- tory of Venice, lying to the N. and W. ot the river Adige, was ceded to Austria as a duchy, in equivalence for the dominions that house had lost in the Netherlands; and the remainder of the territory was annexed to what the French then styled the Cisalpine republic. In 1805 commenced a short war between Austria and France, and,by the trcatj ef peace at Pr WHS given up, Venice was aim TlieAu8trians,h country in 1814. the continent, e by way ofdistiiu Terra Firma,) live places. Vt powerful comnn Kurope. For tl the monopoly ol products of that the middle age: Euphrates, and thence by land, i and thence to t afterwards the si provisions and tioiinl source of o decline copital of a terr tlie 4th centurj Huns, ravaged t the inhabitants ii retired into the nov called the g bein;; near each join them hy di forming the chi they built housi of Venice had i a patriarch, an( about 5 miles I of laguna or lal Venice by soin tance. These is the force of th reach the lagun tants was comj: they have a fit facturcs, bone- and mirrors, wl ployments. M opening upon "•■Pf" mam VEN 868 VEN ef peace at Presburp, tlio tlucliy of Vcnico WHS given up, and tlio whole territorj of Venice was annexed to tliu kingdom of Italy. The Austrian!*, howevcr.touk possession ofthis country in I8M. The Venetian territories on tliu continent, enumerated aliovc, (and wliicli, by way of distinetion, are sometimes called llio Terra Firma,) arc descrd)ed in their respec- tive places. Venice was once one of the niost powerful commercial and maritime hcates in P^nrope. For this it was ins connected with the history of Mexico, to the city of which it may be con- sidered that this is the port. Vera Cruz ;» 200 miles E.S.E, of Mexico. Pop. 17,000 Long. 96. 7. W. lat. 19. 12. N. Vera Paz, a province of South America, in Guatemala, bounded on the N. by Yucatan, E. by the bay and province of Honduras, S. by Guatemala Proper, and W. by Chiapa. It is full of n untains and forests; but there are many fertile valleys, which feed a great num- bei of horses and mules. There are also many towns and villages of the native Ame- ricans. The capital, of the same name, is a bishop's see, but is inconsiderable. It is 120 miles N.E. of Guatemala. Long. 90. 55. W. hit. 15. 30. N. Veragua, a province of Colui.^bia, bound- ed on the N. by the Carribbcan >ea, E. by the provii -e and bay of Panama, S. by the Pacific ocean, and W. by Cjsta Rica, it is 125 miles long, and 40 broad, and is a moun- tainous and barren country, but abounds in gold and silver. St. Jago is the capital. Verberie, a town of France in the de- partment of Oise, on the river Oise; 10 miles N.E. of Senlis. Vercelli, a city of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, capital of a lordshipof the same nr me, and a bishop's see. The townhouse, the governor's palace, and the hospital, aro handsome structures. The inhabitants esti- .Tiated at 16,000, are chiefly employed in the manufacture of silk. It is seated at the r.m- flux oftheCerva with the Ccsia;40milesN.E. of Turin. Long. 80. 24. E. lat. 45. 3 1 . N. Vercholensk, a town of Russia, in the government of Irkutsk, seated on the Lena; 120 miles N. of Irkutsk. Long. 105. 35. E. lat. 54. 0. N. Verchotura, a town of Russia, in the go- Yornmcnt of Perm, and a bishop's see. This was the first town the Russians built in Si- beria. It is situate .lear the river Tura; 120 miles N. of Catharinenburg. Long. 60. 15. E. lat. 58. 45. N. Vkrd, CArE,apromontoryonthcW. coast of/, friwi, 145 miles N.W. of the mouth of the Gambia. Long. 1 7. 37.W. lat. 14. 44. N. Vehd Islands, Cape, islands in the At- lantic, about 300 miles W. of the coast of Africa, between 13. and 19. N. lat. They were discovered in 1446, by Anthony Noel, a Genoese, in the service of Portugal, and re- ceived their general namefrom their situation opposite Cape Verd ; but they are said to have been known to the ancients under the name of Gorgades. They are ten in number, lying in a semicircle. The names are St. Antonio, St. Vinceiii, St. Lucia, St. Nicolas, Sal, Bona- vista. Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego, and Brava. St. Tago is the principal. Veuurn. a duch/ of Hanover, 28 miles VER 855 VER lie len 'his ;Ica of lonjf, and nearly as many broad ; bounded on the W. and N. by the ducliy of Bremen, and E. and S. by the duchy of Lunenburg. Pop. 23,000. It consists chiefly of heaths and high dry lands; but there are good marshes on the riviirs Weser and AUcr. It was formerly a bishopric, which, at the peace of Westphalia, was secularized, and ceded to Sweden; in 1712 it was taken by the Danes, who, in 1 7 1 5, reded it to the electoral house of Brunswick, which cession was confirmed, in 1718, by the Swedes. The inhabit.ants are Lutherans. VEUDEN,thccapital of the foregoing duchy, contains four ohurches. It is seated on a branch of the AUer; 18 miles E.S.E. of Bre- men, Pop. 3600. Long. 9. 20. E. lat. 52. 52. 1, . Veudun, a strong town of France, in the department ofMeuse, and a bishop's see. The citadel, which is a regular fortification, wan^ constructed by Vauban, who was a native of this place. Besides the cathedral there are a collegiate church and nine parish churches, and it isdividcd into the Upper, Lower, and New Town. Verdun surrendered to the Prus- sians in 1 792, but was retaken soon after. Here Bonaparte confined those Englishmen whom he detained after the rupture of 1803. It is seated on the Meuse; 28 miles N. by E. of Bar le Due, and 140 E. by N. of Paris. Pop. 9000. Long. 5. 23. E. lat. 49. 9. N. Vekddn, atown in tlie department of Saone- et-Loirc, seated on the Suone, at the influx of the Doubs; 30 miles E. by S. of Autun. VEiiDDN,a town in the department of Upper Garonne, seated on the Garonne, 20 miles N.N.W. ofTc louse. Verba, a town of Macedonia, 48 miles W. of Salonica. It has large manufactures of cotton and thread. Pop. 8000. Veheria, a town of Hussia, in the govern- ment of Moscow; 56 miles W S.W. of Mos- cow. Pop. 6000. Vergara, a town of Spain, in Guipuscoa one of the Basqu . provinces. It is a S>vi.5S- like town on the banks of the Dcva. Pop. about 4000; 25 miles from Vitoria, and 52 from Irun. Here, on August 31,1839, was concluded the infamous treaty between M.i- roto and Espartero. in wiiiuh the former be- trayed his king and master. Veroknnes, a flourishing city of Vovmont, in Addison county. It is the only city in tli t state and has large iron works, seated on Ot- ter creek; 6 miles from its mouth in Lake Champlain, and 10 N. of Middlcbury. Pop. in 1840, 1017. Verind, a town of Colom.bia, in Cumana; celef'i'ntcd for its tobacco. It is situate on a gulf of the Atlantic ; 45 miles E. of Cumana. Long. 63. 44. W. lat. 10. 8. N. Vermandois, a territory of Fr.ance, in Picardy ; which is now included, with tlie ter- ritory of Soissonnois, in the department of Aisne. It abounds in corn and excellent flax. Vermanton, a to, n of France, in the de- partment of Yonne, '4 miles S.B.E. of Aux- erra. Versiejo, a river which rises in Turuman on the borders of Peru, slows S.E. to the Paraqua, and enters that river a little above its junction with the Parana. Vermont, one of the United States of America, bounded N. by Canada, E. by the Connecticut.whichdivides it from New Hamp- shire, S. by Massachusetts, and W. by New York. It is 157 miles long, and 65 broad, and is divided into 14 counties; Addison, Bennington, Caledonia, Chittenden, Essex, Franklin, Grand Isle, Lamoille, Orange, Or- leu^s, Rutland, Washington, Windham, and Windsor. A chain c' liigli mountains, run- ning N.andS., divides the state nearly in tlio centre, between the river Connecticut and Lake Champlain. The natural growth upon this chain consists of hemlock, pine, spruce, and other evergreens: hence they are called the (j?feen Mountains, and give name to tho state. The country is generally hilly, but not rocky, and the soil is fertile. It has numerous streams and rivers, which all rise in the Green Mountains; the largest are on the W. side, and tho chief are Otter creek. Onion river. La Moille, and Mischisco; the most numerous are on the E. side, and the largest are West river, White river, and Poousoomsuc. Iron ore abounds in this state, and renders it the seat offlourishing manufactures of every thing that can be made of iron and steel; the other chief manufactures are pot and pearl ash, maple-sugi.r, and spirits. The principal de- nominations of CiuMstians are Baptists and Congregationalists; there are also some Epis- copfihans, Quakers, &c. Area 10,212 square miles, or 6,535,680 acres. Pop. in 1840, 291,048. Montpelier is the chief town. Vernet, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eastern Pyrenees; 4 mdcs S. of Prades. Vernehil, a town in the department of Enre, seated on the Aurc; 22 miles S.W. of Evrcux, and 63 W. by S. of Paris. Popula- tion, 6300. Verneuii,, a town in the department of Allicr, 3 miles from the river AUier, and 15 S. of Moulins. Vernom, a town in thedcpartmcntof Eure, with a fortress at the end of the bridge over the Seine; 27 miles S.E. 'f Rouen, and 42 N.W. of Paris. Pop. 4000. Verom, a town of Italy, in Camjjagnadi Roma, seated on the Cosa; 3 miles S. of Alatri. Verona, a province of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice; 35 miles long, and 27 broad. Pop. 28.5,000. It is a very fertilo country, abounding in corn, wine, fruit, and cattle. Verov ■., a city of Italy, mital of the fore- going t .'ovincc, and a biL 's see. It has three forts, and is surrounded by thick walls, deep ditches, and good ramparts. The river A dige divides it into two parts, which com- municate by four bridges. Most of the build- ings are of marble, above thirty kinds of i li ii (I VER 856 VES which are found in the neighbourhood ; but the streets are neither clean nor straight: the best is that called tho Corso, which is pretty long; and there is a handsome square called the Piazza d'Arini. This city is famous for antiquities, the most remarkable of which is the lioman amphitheatre, of which seven rows of benches of white marble are still entire; but various repairs have been made from time to time. In the town-house are the statues of five iUnstrious natives of Verona; namely, Catullus, ^milius Marcus, Cornelius Nepos, the elder Pliny, andVitruvius. Besides the cathedral there are a great number of churches and convents, and several hospitals. The palaces of Bcvilacquaand Scipio Maft'ei con- tain many valuable paintings, antiques, and other curiosities. The principal trade arises from the manufactures of silk, and woollen, and next to them are those of gloves and lea- ther. Near the city is a delijjhtful place, called Campo Marzo, where two annual fairs are held in May and November. Verona has been often taken ; and, when Italy was invaded by the French, it was added to the kingdom of Italy. In 1814 it was ceded to Austria, and in 1822 the members of the Holy Al- liance met here to deliberate on the afiairs of Europe. It is 23 miles N.N.E. of Mantua, and 66 W. of Venice, each by railway. Pop. 66,000. Long. 11. I.E. lat. 45. S6. N. Vekovitza, a strong town of Sclavonia, seated near the Drave; 65 miles N.W. of Essek. Vburez, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont; with a fortress so strong by nature as to be deemed impregnable. It is 15 miles S.S.K.ofAosta, and 35 N. of Turin. Verrieres, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Ncufchatel. The environs are cele- br.ited for excellent cheese. It is 6 m. E.N.E. of Pontari;»r, and 20 W.S.W. of Neufchatel. VERSAir-i.iis, a town of France, capital of the department of Sjino-et-Oise, and a bishop's see. In the rei;:n of Louis XIII. it was only a small village, in a forest 30 miles in circuit; and iiere this pi-iiico i)uilt a hunting-seat in 1G30, which Louis XIV. enlarged into a mag- nificent palace, and it was tlie usual residence of the kings of France, till 1789, when Louis XVI. and his family were removed from it to I'.iris. The buildings and gardens were adorn- ed with a vast number of statues, by the greatest mdsters,and tlie water- works are mag- nificent. The gardens, with the park, are 5 miles in circumference, and surrounded by w.iUh. Versailles is 10 miles W.S.W. of Paris, and has two railroails to the capital. Pop. in 1837, 28,776. Long. 2. 7. E. lat. 48. 48. N. Veuhaii.i.es, a town of Keittneky, chief of Woodford county; 23 miles W. by S. of Lex- ington. Versetz, a town of Ilimgary, in Temeswar, and a bisliop's sec. It contains some extensive barracks, and near it are the ruins of a castle; 1 8 miles N. of Vip.alunca, and 40 S. of Temes- war. Pop, 5000. Vbrsoix, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Aisne. Here, in 1768, an attempt was made to form a harbour, in opposition to Geneva, and great sums were expended for that purpose ; but it was soon after relinquish- ed. It is seated on the lake of Gene va,at the influx of the river Versoix; 6 miles S.E. of Gex, and 7 N. of Geneva. Vert Bat. See Funot. Vertos, a town of France in the depart- ment of Marne, seated at the foot of a moun- tain on which are good vineyards; 17 miles S.W. of Chalons, and 78 N.E. of Paris. Verviers, a town of Belgium, in the pro- vince of Liege, which has a considerable traf- fic in cloth. It is seated on the Weze ; 4 in lies S.W. of Limburg, and 17 E.S.E. of Liege. Pop. 10,000. Vervins, a townof France, in the depart- ment of Aisne, famous for a treaty, in 1598, between Henry IV. of France and Philip II, of Spain. It is seated on the Scrre; 40 miles N. E. of Soissons. Verzuolo, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, with a castle. It is surrounded by an ancient wall, flanked with towers, and seated in a very fruitful soil, near the Vratia j 3 miles S. of Saluzzo. Veslkt, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Aisne, on the river Aisne; 10 miles E N.E. of ooissons. Vbsodl, a town of Franco, capital of tho department of Upper Saone. In its vicinity is a medicinal spring. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the river Durgeon; 24 miles N. of Besancon, and 106 E.S.E ofTroyes. Pop. 5700. Long, 6. 8. E. lat. 47. 36. N. Vesprijt, or Vkszprim, an episcopal town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the Sed ; 19 miles W. byS. of Stuhlweissenburg, and 70 S.S.K. of Prcshurg. Pop. 4500. Long. 17.57. E. lat. 47. 16. N. Vesuvius, a volcanic mountain of Italy, 7 miles E. of Naples. It is nearly 30 miles in circuit at the base, and 3730 feet high. To- wards the .sea it is covered with fruit-trees and vineyards, baton the S. and W. sides, and on the top nothing is to be seen but black asncs, cinders, and stones. The top of Vesuvius is divided into two point.s, tho soalhernniost of which is called Monte de Soinma which is considered as the remains of an older and larger volcano. The eruption in the year 79, under Titus, was accompanied by an earth- (piako, whieh overturned several cities, jmr- ticularly Pompeii and Ilerculaneum; and this eruption provcil fatal to Pliny the naturalist. Great quantities of ashes and sulphureous smoke were cirried not only to Rome, but also beyond the Mediterranean, into Africa; birds were sutFocaied in the air, and fell down upon the. ground; and fishes perished in the neighbouring waters, which were made hot, and infected by it. Anothcrvery violent erup- tion, in 1631, totally destroyed the town of Tuire del Greco. The eruption in 1767 waa m the 27th from tliere have be were in 1819, 48th on record that of 1794, structivc. In t 500. t acres of lands, and tht again dcstroy( wise fell in, ai of 2 miles in Veddre, a AUier, on the Moulins. Vevay, a t a bailiwick in t Eal raanufucti as a large tr< great estimati Geneva, 10 ml 3800. Long. Vevay, a t< zcrland coun which the vir Swiss emigra 8 miles above Veyke, a t mentofUppe Vezelay, Yonne, noted the Calvinists who besieged retire after th Beza was a n on the top of a 26 miles E. h Vezelize, Meurthe, seal of Nancy, an( VlANA, a tf eMinho,atth harbour for s 20 miles W. VlANDES, burg, divided the river Urt cessible rock of cloth and Luxemburg, VlANEN, II Holland, wit Leek; 7 mil VlATIlA, ( was formerh ing an extei 1,511,000 ill name from through the VlATKA, of Russia, c ment, and a seated on tli Krtsan. Pop VlAZM.V, ment of Sm 80 miles N.' YlBOUO. VIB 857 VIO the 27th from the time ofTitiis; since which tliere have been 12 others, tlie last of which were in 1819, 1831, and 1839, which was the 48th on record. Next to those in 79 and 1631, tliat of 1794, was the most violent and de- structive. In thiseruption the lava flowed over 500. > acres of rich vineyards and cultivated lands, and the town of Torre del Greco was again destroyed ; the top of the mountain like- wise fell in, and the crater is now little short of 2 miles in circumference. . Veudre, a town of Franco, department of Allier, on the river AUierj 17 miles N.W. of Moulins. Vevay, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwick in the Pays de Vaud. The princi- Eal manufacture is watches and jewellery, it as a large trade in cheese, and its wine is in great estimation. It stands near the lake of Geneva, 10 miles E. by S. of Lausanne. Pop. 3800. Long. 7. 0. E lat. 40. 25. N. Vevay, a town of Indiana, capital of Swit- zerland county; in the neiglibourhood of which the vine is successfully cultivated by Swiss emigrants. It is seated on the Ohio, 8 miles above the mouth of the Kentucky. Veyne, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Alps, 12 miles W. by S. of Gap. Vezelay, a town in the department of Yonne, noted for the noble stand made by the Calvinists, in 1560, against Charles IX., who besieged the town, but was obliged to retire after the loss of 1 500 men. Theodore Beza was a native of Vesselay. It is seated on the top of a mountain, near the river Cure; 26 miles E, by S. of Auxeire. Vezelize, a town in the department of Menrthe, seated on the Brenon; 12 miles S. of Nancy, and 14 S.E.ofToul. ViANA, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro eMinho,at the mouth of the Lima, with a good harbour for small vessels, defended bva fort; 20 miles W. by N. of Braga. Pop. '8000. ViANDEN, a town of Belgium, in Luxem- burg, divided into the Old and New Town by the river Uren. It has a castle on an inac- cessible rock, and considerable manufactures of cloth and leather. It is 22 miles N. of Luxemburg, and 22 N.W. of Treves. ViANES, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, with a castle. It is seated on the Leek; 7 miles S. of Utrecht. ViATiiA, a government of Bussia, which was formerly a province of Kasaii; contain- ing an extent of 47,000 square miles, with 1,511,000 inhabitants in 1838. It takes its name from the river Viatka, which flows through the country, and joins the Kama. ViATKA, formerly called Khlynof, a town of llussia, capital of the foregoing govern- ment, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It is Beatcd on the river Viatka; 100 miles N. of Kasan. Pop 6890. Long. 54.15. E. hit.57. 25.N. ViAZMA, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Smolensk, seated on an eminence; BU miles N.E. of Smolensk. . YiBOUG. See WiBUiia. Vic, a town of France, department of Meurthe, seated on the Seille; 15 miles E. N.E. of Nancy. Pop. 3100. Vic, or Viqub, a town of Spain, in Catalo* nia, and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fertile plain; 35 miles N. of Barcelona. Pop 8400. Vic Biooure, a town of France, depart- ment of Upper Pyrenees, situate on the Adour; 12 miles N. of Tarbes. Vic Fezensac, a town in the department of Gers, seated on the Douzo; 15 miles W. of Audi. Pop. 3000. Vic LE CoMiTE, a town in the department of Puy de Dome, with a palace, where for- merly the counts of Auvergne resided. About a mile from it are mineral springs. It is seated near the Allier; 15 miles S.E. of Clermont. VicBGRAD, a town of Hungary, with a castle on the top of a rock, in which the crown of Hungary was formerly l;ept. It is seated on the S. side of the Danube; 8 miles S.E. of Gran, and 16 N.W. of Buda. VicENZA, or ViCENTiNO, a dclcgntion of Austrian It.ily, in the government of V-jnice; 35 miles long, and 27 broad, and so pleasant and fertile, that it is called the garden and flesh market of Venice. Here are also mines of silver and iron, and quarries of stone, almost as fine as marble. Pop. 310,000. ViCENZA, a city of Italy, the capital of the foregoing province, and a l)ishop's see. It is surrounded by dilapidated walls, but it is a large place, adorned with about 20 palaces, from the designs of Palladio, who was a native of this place. The cathedral is embellished with marble, and has some gon.l paintings; besides which there are aiiovc 60 otlier churches, and in that of St. ( iurona, the high altar, and the paintinj: Paul Veronese, of the Magi paying adorati n to Christ, attract particular notice. In tin- line snuare bel .re the town-house are two lulty column'-, vith St. Mark's winged lion on one • ' tlicm, and on ths other a statue of our Saviour. The oth^ remarkable places are the Moi.te della Pieta, with its fine library; the Palazzo Vecchio, with its admirable paintings; the Theatrum Olympicuin, after the model of the amphitheatre of Palladio, and the triumj)hal arclies in the public promenade of Canipo Marzo. The principal manufactures are silk, dama.sk, and taffeta. About four miles from tlie city, on a mountain, is tiie clairch Delia Madonna di Monte Berrico, which is much frequented by pilgrims, and has a fine fron- tispiece, with a convent close by. Viccnsta is .seated iti a fertile plain, between two hills, at the union of the rivulets Bacchiglione and Bctrone: 26 miles E.N.E. of Verona, and 39 W. of Venice by railwav Pop. in 1837, 20,688. Long. 11.40. E. lat. 4."i. 28. N. Vicii, a very ancient town of Spain, in Catalonia; 40 miles N. of Barcelona. It ia the cai>ital and centre of its temperate and fertile plain : it is built irregularly, on a slope, and branches out from a central group. It ia a most aucicat bishopric; the cathedral woa I VIE 858 VIE rebuilt in 1038. Pop. about 12,000, who are engaged in 8ome rude manufactures, adapted to their own poor wants. Corn, fruit, and a bad wine, are produced in the neighbourhood. Vichy, a town of France, department of Allier; near which arc some mineral springs. It is seated on the Allier; 40 m. S. of Moulins. VicKSBURO, a city of Mississippi, in War- ren county, on the E. side of the Mississippi river, 400 miles above New Orleans. Though of recent origin, it has become a large and flourishing place. A great quantity of cotton is shipped here. It stands on a shelving de- clivity of high hills, in a fertile county. There is a railroad from it to Brandon, through Jackson ; 41 miles W. by N. of Jackson. Pop. 3653. Vico, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, near the bay of Naples. It is 5 miles N.E. of Sorento. Vico, a town of Corsica, in which is the cathedral of the bishop of Sagona, a town now in ruins. It is 15 mdes (S.W. of Corte. Victoria. See Hong-kono. Victoria, a settlement in North Australia, in Port Essington. See Australia, North. Victoria Falls, a stupendous cataract on the river Zambesi, in Central Africa. The river is there 2000 yards wide, and the depth of the falls 310 ft. The vapour arising is visible 20 miles otf. They were discovered by the celebrated traveller, Livingstone. Victoria Land, discovered in January, 1841, by Captains Ross and Crozier; the most southern known land, extending from lat. 71. 56. S. long. 171. 16. E. to 79. S. In lat. 77. 31. S. is an active volcano, 12,400 feet high, called Mount Erebus; and a ridge of lofty mountains extends southward of it. Victoria, a province of South Australia, till recently called the Port Philip Dis- trict, which see. See also Melbourne. Victoria, the chief settlement of Vancou- ver's Island, : * its south end. See Quadra and Vancoi > kr's Island. Victoria, Nossa Senhora de, a seaport of Brazil, the capital of the province of Es- piritu Santo. Pop. 3,500. Long. 40. 17. W., lat, 20. 18. S. ViELSK, a town of Russia in the govern- ment of Vologda, situate on the Vaga; 156 miles N.N.E. of Vologda. Long. 41. 45. E. lat. 61.40. N. Vienna, a city of Lower Austria, the capi- tal of the empire, and an archbishop's see. It stands in a fertile plain, on the rignt bank of the Danube, at the influx of the little river Wien. The city itself is not of great extent, nor can it be enlarged, being limited by fortifications; but it is very popu- lous. The streets in general are narrow, and the hou.ses high; but there are several fine squares; and in that called Joseph Square is a colossal equestrian statue in bronze, of Joseph II. Some of the public buildings are niagnifi»ent; the chief of them are the iaincrial palace, the palaces of the princes Lichtenstein, Esterhazy, Sc;iwartzenbnrg,&c., the imperial chancery, the extensive imperial arsenal, the city arsenal, the mint, the general hospital, the town-house, the custom-house the bank, the library, and the museum. No honses without the walls are allowed to he built nearer to the glacis than 600 yards, so that there is a circular field of that breadth all round the city, which has a beautiful mid salutary effect. The eight suburbs are not populous in proportion to their size, formnny houses have extensive gardens. The circum- ference of the city and suburbs is upwards of 18 miles. Many families who live during the winter within the fortifications, spend the summer in the suburbs. The cathedral is built of freestone, and the steeple contains a bell of uncommon magnitude, cast out of the cannon taken from the Turks. Adjoining to this church in the archbishop's palace, the front of which is very fine. Vienna was in- effectually besieged by the Turks in 1589 and 1683. At the latter period the siege was raised by John Sobieski king of Poland, who totally defeated the Turkish army. The uni- versity had several thousand students, who, during the siege, mounted guard, as they did also in 1741. The imperial library is much frequented by foreigners, as it contains above 300,000 printed books, and 16,000 MSS. The imperial treasury, and a cabinet of curiosities of the house of Austria, are great rarities. The Danube here is very wide, and contains several woody isles, one of which is the prater, or imperial park ; it also forms a sort of harbour, where are magazines of naval stores; and ships have been fitted out to serve on that river against the Turks. The trad a of Vienna is in a flourishing state, and it has manufactures of silk stuffs, gold and silver lace, tapestry, looking-glasses, &c. In 1805 this city surrendered to the French, but was given up by the peace of Presburg. In 1809 it again surrendered to the French, but they again restored it on the conclusion of peace. In 1830 it experienced a severe calamity; after a frost of 118 days, a thaw set in on the 26th of February and about midnight on the 28th the ice bri)ki'. and inundated the dwell- ings of ,"iO,000 inhabitants, many of wliom were drowned. Jt snrterea greatly from ctio- Ic ni in 1831 and 18.12. It is 50 miles W. of Presburg, 350 N.N.E. of Rome, and 570 E. of Paris. The pop. in 1851 was 477,684, of whom 10,670 are Jews, 8,173 Protestant*, 820 Greek Church, and 21 Mahoinmedans; foreign visiters, 1 7,000. ViENNE, a town of France, department of Isere, and an archbishoi)'s see. In the 5th century the Burgundians mado '* the capital of their kingdom. Thecathedj . is a hand- some Gothic structure. In l.'ill a general council was held here, at which !'ope Clement V. presided, and, among othcn matters, the suppression of the Knights Templars was de- termined. The commerce of Vienne consists in wines, silk, und sword-bladea. It is Bc&ted 9gm VIH 859 VIL on the Rhone over which is a suspension bridf^e; 15 miles S.S.E. of Lyons, and 38 N.W. of Grenol)Ic. Pop. in 183G, 14,000. Long. 4. 56. E. lat. 45. 32. N. ViENNE, a department of France, formed ©•"part of tlie province of Poitou, and bounded N. by the department of Indre-ct- Loire, and S. by that of Charente. It takes its name from a river which rises in the department of Correze, and flows into the Loire 5 miles above Saumur. Poitiers is tlie cupital. Area, 2800 square miles. Pop. in 1836, 282,731. ViBNNE, Haute or Upper, a department of France, comprising the greater part of the province of Limosin. Limogea is the capital. Pop. in 1836, 285,130. ViERRADEN, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, seated on the Vesle, near its conflux with the Oder; 22 miles E.S.E. of Prenzlo. ViEKZo, El, a district of Leon in Spain, hemmed in by mountains and containing the remains of numerous convents. ViERZoN, a town of France, department of Cher; famous for its forges It is seated on the Cher, near the influx of the Yevre; 17 miles N.W. of Bourges. Pop. 4980. ViESTi, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated on the gulf of Venice, at the foot of Mount Gargano; 25 miles N.E. of Manfre- donia. Pop. 4700. Long. 16. 40. E. lat. 41.51.N. Viet, St., or St. Vith, a town of Belgium, in Luxemburg:, near the source of the Uren ; 24 miles S.S.E. of Limburg, and 48 N. of Luxemburg. ViGAN, Le, a town of France, department of Card; 22 miles W.S.W. of Alais, and 38 W.N.W. of Nismes. Pop. 4686. ViOEVANO, a town of Sardinian Italy, in the province of Milan, with a strong castle on a rock ; seated near the Tesino, 1 6 miles S. W. of Milan. Pop. 1.0,221 in 1838. ViGNOT, a town of France, department of Meuse, on the river Mouse; 16 miles E. of Bar le Due, and 24 S.S E. of Verdun. Vigo, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia, situate on a bay of the Atlantic. It is a most ancient port, and was much injured by the est.ablish- ments at El Ferrol; but it is now reviving, and the English steamers regularly visit it. It has a theatre,a lazaretto, a pleasant alameda, and a good port. The heights behind are crowned with the castles of St. Sebastian and del Castro: the views from the latter are su- perb. It has a good harbour, into which, in 1 702, the Engl ish and Dutch fleets forced their passage, and made themselves masters of the Spanish Plate-fleet, when just arrived from America. In 1719 the English obtained pos- session of Vigo, but relinquished it after rais- ing contributions. It stands in a fruitful coun- try; 14 miles W.N.W. of Tuy, and 47 S. of Compostella. Long. 8. 40. W. lat. 42. 14. N. The pop. is under 6000. ViooNA, a town of Italy, in Piedmont; 12 miles E. by S. of Pignerolo. Pop. 5300. YiuiFBS, a town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire; 20 miles S. of Angers, and 20 W. by S. of Saumur. ViLAiNE, a river of France, which rises in the department of Mayenne, passes by Vitro and Rennes, divides the department of Mor- bihun from that of Lower Loire, and enters the bay of Biscay below Roche Bernard. Villa do Conde, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro e Minho, at the mouth of the Ave; 20 miles N. of Oporto. Pop. 4500. Villa db Horta, the capital of the island of Fayal, one of the Azores. It is seated on the W. coast, and has a harbour, land-locked on every side except the E. and N.E., and defended by several forts. Long. 28.41. W. lat. 38. 32. N. Villa D'Iglesias, a town of the island of Sardinia, and a bishop's see ; 35 miles W.S.W. of Cagliari. Villa Flor, a town of Po-.tugal, in Tras los Montes; 28 miles S. by W. of Braganza. Villa Franca, a seaport of Sardinia, in the county of Nice, with a castle and fort. The harbour is capaciou.s, and the mountains which enclose it extend into the sea like pro- montories. It was taken by the French in 170.5, by the French and Spaniards in 1744, and by the French in 1792. Of late years it has become the resort of consumptive invalids, in preference to Nice. It is 3 miles E. of Nice. Pop. 2200. Villa Franca, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, on the estuary of the Tagus; 20 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Villa Franca, a town on the S. coast of St. Michael, one of the Azores, defended by a fort and other works. Opposite this place, half a mile from the shore, is a small island, which has a basin with a narrow entrance, where 50 vessels may anchor in security. It is 1 6 miles E. by N. of Punta del Gada. Pop. 2000. Long. 25. 30. W. lat. 37. 50. N. Villa Franca db Panades, a town of Spain, in Catalonia; 18 miles W. by S. of Borcelona. Villa Hermosa, a town of Spain, in Va- lencia, near the river Millas; 58 miles N. of Valencia. Villa Hermos.\, a town of Mexico, in tha province of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco; 60 miles S.W. of Tabasco, and 70 N.E. of Chiapa. Long. 94. 5. W. lat. 17. 45. N. Villa Joyosa, a town of Spair, in Valen- cia, on the co.ist of the Mediterranean; 18 miiesE.N.E. of Alicant, and twenty-four S. of Gandia. Villa Nova D'Asti, a fortified town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont; 14 miles W. of Asti. Villa Nova de Cervera, a town of Por- tugal, in Entre Douro e Minho, situate on the Minho,near its mouth ; 27 miles N.W.ofBraga, and 45 N. of Oporto. Villa Nova de Portimao, a fortified sea- port of Portugal in Algarva, on a river which forms a spacious and secure harbour, defended by two forts. It is 9 miles E.N.E. of La{{>.., VIL 860 VIM and 42 W. by S. of Taviiri. Pop. 3500. liong. 8.27. W. lut. 37. 12. N. Villa Nova do Ponxo, a town of Portu- gal, in Entre Douro e Minho, seated on the Don ro, opposite Oporto (on which i t depends), and defended by several forts. Pop. 10,000. VillaNova de Pkincipe, a town of Brazil, inRioJaiieiro,situate near the diamond mines; 130 miles W. of Porto Sepiiro. Villa Real, a town of Portugal, in Trns los Montes, seated at the conflux of the Corgo and Ribera; 12 miles N. by E. of Lamego, and 38 S.E. of Braganza. Pop. 4000. Villa Real, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Valencia, near the Mijares; 40 miles N.N.E. of Valencia. Pop. 8000. Villa Real, a town of Brazil, in the pro- vince of Spiritu Santo; 150 miles W. by S. of Spiritu Santo. Villa Rica, a town of Chili, on the lake Malabangcn; 60 miles N E. of Valilivia. Villa Rica, a town of South America, re- public of Brazil. It is seated near some ex- hausted gold-mines, in the province of Minas i Geraes, of which it is the capital. When the mines were in their greatest abundance, be- tween 1730 and 1750, they yielded upwards of 6,000,000^. sterling annually; but on their decline the town was comparatively deserted, and has now lost its original splendour and importance.' The population was 20,000 in the early part of the present century. Villa Viciosa, a town of Spain, in As- turias, seated on the bay of Biscay; 32 miles N.E. of Oviedo. Villa V190SA, a fortified town of Portugal, in Alentcjo, with an old castle, and a palace where the dukes of Braganza formerly resided. In the suburb is an ancient temple, originally built to the honour of Proserpine, and in the neighbourhood are quarries of fine green mar- ble. It is 12 miles S.W. of Elvas, and 33 N.E of Evora. Pop. 3000. ViLLACii, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia, with a castle. Near it are medi- cinal baths. It is seated at the conflux of the Geil with the Dr.ave; 16 miles W. by S. of Clngenfurt. Pop. 3000. ViLLAiNE, a town of France, department of Mayenne; 16 miles E. by N. of Mayenne. ViLLALPANDO, a towu in the W. of Spain, province of Leon, on the S. bank of the river Valderiiguay; 40 miles S. of Leon. Seated in a bald and wretched country, it once had a population of 50,000, but is now under 5000, and the city, chiefly built of luud, has mostly disappeared. Vii.lamiel, a town of Spain, in Leon; 48 miles S. of Ciudad Rodrlgo. ViLLARiNo, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the river Douro, and confines of Portugal; 45 miles W.N.W. of Salamanca. ViLLEinEU, a town of France, department of Loire-et-Cher. It is 20 miles W.S.W. of Vendome. ViLLEDiEU, a town in the department of Manche; 8 miles N.N.E. of Avranches. ViLLKFonT, a town in the department of Lozerej 18 miles E. of Mende, and 10 N. of Alais. ViLLEFRANCHE, a town in tl.e department of Rhone, surrounded by walls, and seated on the Saone; 18 miles N. by W. of Lyons. Pop. 755.3. ViLL^FRANCriE, a towu in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a fort, seated on the river Tet; 25 miles W.S.W. of Perpig- nan. ViLLEFRANCHE, a towu in thc department of Aveiron, with a great trade in linen and cloth, seated on the Aveiron; 20 miles W. of Rodez. Pop. in 1836, 8147. ViLLEFUANCiiE, a fowu in the department of Upper Garonne, on the Canal Royal; 22 miles S.E. of Toulouse. ViLLEJuivE, a town in thc department of Paris; 4 miles S. of Paris. Vii.LEMUR, a town in the department of Upper Garonne, seated on the Tarn; 12 miles N.N.E. of Toulouse. Pop. 4000. ViLLBNA, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with a castle, formerly of great strength. In tho neighbourhood is a morass, from which salt is made. It is 18 miles S.S.E. of Almanza, and 50 N. by E. of Murcia. Pop. 10,000. ViLLENEUVE, a towu of France, depart- ment of Lot-et-Garonne, on the river Lot; 17 miles N. of Agen. Pop. 5500. ViLLENEUVE, a towu iu the department of Gard, on the Rhone, opposite Avignon, with which it communicates by abridge; 21 miles E.N.E. of Nismes. Po]). 3300. ViLLENEUVE, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Pays do Vaud ; situate at tho E. extremity of the lake of Geneva, 3 miles from the influx of the Rhone, and 14 E.S.E. of Lausanne. ViLLENEUVE DE Berg, a towH of Fraucc, department of Ardeche; 18 miles S. ofPrivas. Villers Coterets, a town in the depart- ment of Aisne; 12 miles S.W. of Soissons, and 44 N.E. of Paris. ViLLiNGEN, a town of Germany, in Baden, strong by nature, on account of the surround- ing mountains and narrow passes. Here is a Benedictine abbey; and in the vicinity is a good bath. It is 20 miles E. by N. of Friburg. ViLSECK, a town of Bavarian Franconia, near which are several foundries. It is seated on the Vils; 20 miles N. of Amberg. ViLSHOFEN, a town of Lower Bavaria. In 1745 the Austrians took it by storm. It is situate on the Danube, at t!ie influx of tho Vils; 11 miles W. by N. of Passau. ViLVORDEN, a town of Belgium, in South Brabant, with an ancient castle, seated at the confluence of the Woluwe and the Senne* 7 miles N.N.E. of Brussels. ViMiEiKO, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo; 12 miles W. by N. of Estremos. ViJtiERA, a village of Portugal, in Estrc- madura; 30 miles N. of Lisbon. Here, in 1808, a battle was fought between the British and French, in which tho latter were defeated. ViMIOSA, Montes; 15 17 S.E. ofBi ViNCENNE department o which for tl residence of now used as fortunate du 3 miles E. of ViNCENNE United Slate Indiana, wit Wabash, opp It is the olde large proport miles W.N. \A about 2000. ViNCKNT, of Portugal, which the nn by Sir John Long. 9. 0. \ Vincent, 1 bee islands, long, and 18 of Barbadoe well adaptei indigo; andl from Tahiti original inho race, manifes gines of the jectured to from North approaching natives of thi of South Ai having some In their wa practice of d serving the for breeding island ; but 1 agreed that in the Engl gaged in a windward si to consent V large tract c sequence of ly contribut by tho Frei 1783. In troops, and insurrection several moi 1812 by an tain, which century be Pop. 24,00( Vincent lands, 12 11 uninhabitei good bay, ^ and wild g W. lat. 17. J VIN mt VIR ViMiosA, a town of Portugnl, in Tras los Monies; 15 miles W.N. W. of Miranda, and 17 S.E. of Braganza. ViNCENNES, a town of France, in tlie department of Paris, remarkable for its castle, which for three centuries was the country residence of the royal family, but which is now used as a state prison. Here the un- fortunate duke d'Engliien was shot in 1804; 3 miles E. of Paris. Pop. in 1836, 2825. VlNCENNES, or ViNCliNT, a towu of the United States, and capital of Knox county, Indiana, with a fort. It is seated on the Wabash, opposite the influx of the Ombra. It is the oldest town in the state, and has a large proportion of French inhabitants; 160 miles W.N.W. of Frankfort,in Kentucky. Pop. about 2000. Long. 85. 30. W. hit. 39, 0. N. ViNCKNT, Cave St., the S.W. promontory of Portugal, 25 miles W. by S. ol' Lugos, olf ■which the naval victory was gained in 1797, by Sir John Jervis, created Earl St. Vincent. Long. 9. 0. W. lat. 37. 3. N. Vincent, St., one of the Windward Cari- bee islands, in the West Indies, 24 miles long, and 18 broad, and about 70 miles W. of Barbadoes. It is extremely fertile, and well adapted for the raising of sugar ami indigo; and here the bread-fruit trees brought from Tahiti tJirive remarkably well. The original inhabitants were Caribs, a warlike race, manifestly distinguished from the abori- gines of tlie larger islands. They are con- jectured to have been originally a colony from North America, their fierce manners approaching nearer to those of the original natives of that continent than they do to that of South America, and their language also having some afiinity to that spoken in Florida. In their wars they preserved their ancient practice of destroying all the males, and pre- serving the women either for servitude or for breeding. St. Vincent was long a neutral island; but at the peace of 1763 the French agreed that the right to it should be vested in the English. The latter, soon after, en- gaged in a war against the Caribs, on the windward side of the island, who were obliged to consent to a peace, by which they ceded a large tract of land to the crown. The con- sequence of this was, that in 1779 they great- ly contributed to the reduction of this island by the French, who, however, restored it in 1783. In 1795 the French landeu some troops, and again instigated the Caribs to an insurrection, which was not subdued f( r several months. It was almost desolated in 1812 by an eruption of the Souffricre moun- tain, which had continued quiet for nearly a century before. It contains 84,000 acres. Pop. 24,000. Kingston is the capital. Vincent, St., one of the Cape Verd is- lands, 12 miles long, and three broad, and uninhabited. On the N.W. side of it is a good bay, where ships may wood and water, and wild goats may be shot. Long. 35. 30. W. Ittt. 17. 30. N. Vincente, San, a miserable town of Spain, in Asturias, seated on tl:3 bay of Biscay. It lias a fine bridge of 32 arches and a second smaller; 9 miles W. by S. of Santillana. ViNooRLA, a town of Ilindostan, in Visia* pour, belonging to the British. About 10 miles to the W.N.W. are some rocks in the si,'i>, called Vingorla Rocks. The town is situate near the mouth of a river; 25 miles N.N.W. of Goa. Long. 73. 27. E. lat. 15. 51. N. ViNTiMiGLiA, a town of the Sardinian states, in the territory of Genoa, with u small harbour, and a strong castle on a high rock. It is seated on the Slediterranean, at the month of the Rotta; 20 n.iles N.E. of Nice, and 24 S.W. of Oneglia. Pop. 5000. Long. 7. 37. E. lat. 43. 53. N. Vii'AliANCA, or Uj Palanka, a town of Hungary, in Tenieswar, with a fortress. It stands on the Karass, near its entrance into the Di'.iube. It is situate 52 miles E. of Belgrade, and 58 S. of Temeswar. ViQUB. See Vic. ViRE, a town of France, department of Calvados, with several num ufact ures of coar.se woollen cloths. It is seated on the Vire; 30 milesS.E. ofCoutances, and 150 W. of Paris. Pop. 7500. Virgin Gorda, or Spanish Town, one of the Virgin islamls in the West Indies. It has two good harbours, and is dc^fcnded by a fort. Long. 64. 0. W. lat. 18. 18. N. Virgin Islands, about 40 islands and keys in the West Indies, between St. Juan de Puerto Rico and the Leeward Caribbee is- lands. They are possessed by the English and Danes. In *.ic first division, belonging to the English, is Tortoln, to which belong Jost Van Dike, Little Van Dike, Guana, Beef, and Thatch islands. In the second division is Virgin Gorda, to which belong Anegada, Nicker, Prickly Pear, the Muski- tos, the Commahnoes, &c. Of the Danish is- lands, the principal are St. Thomas and St. John. Virginia, one of the United States of America, bounded on the S. by N. Carolina and Tennessee, W. by Kentucky, N. by Penn- sylvania and the river Ohio, and E. by the Atlantic ocean. It is 446 miles long, and 224 broad, and is divided into 119 counties and 2 districts. Several ridges of mountains cross the country from N. to S., the most easterly above 100 miles from the Atlantic. Here are mines of gold, lead, copper, iron, and coal; marble and limestone are found in great quantities, and many medicinal springs have been discovered in different parts. The principal rivers are James, York, liappahan- noc, and Potomac, which are full of conve- nient harbours; and there are many other rivers, some of which are capable of receiving the largest merchant ships. The land to- wards the mouths of the rivers is generally low, and fit for rice, hemp, and maize; that higher up is generally level, and watered with VIT 862 VIT springs. Near the sea it is generally sandy, and without stones, for which reason tiie horses are seldom shod. Tiio richest hinds lie near tiio brandies of the rivers, and abound with various sorts of timber, surprisingly largo. The superficial extent is about G4,000 square miles, or 40,960,000 acres, with 1,239,797 inhabitants in 1840. The principal proiluce is tobacco, wheat, and maize; but the culture of tobacco has considerably declined in favour of that of wheat. The capital is Richmond. Vehnenuero, a town of Prussia, in the government of Treves, seated near the Nesse; 86 miles W.N.W. of Coblentz. ViRTON, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg; 22 miles W. of Luxemburg. VlSAOAPATAM, Or ViZAOAPATAM, a tOWU of Hindostan, in the Madras presidency, on the coast of Coromandel. It is not a place of any strength, but is the residence of the judge, collector, &c. of the district. Its great insalubrity has driven most of the Europeans to Waltier, a village a short distance off. It has a harbour, and carries on a considerable trade; 100 miles N.E. of Rajamundry, and 480 N.E. of Madras. ViscHMA, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Tobolsk ; 268 miles S.W. of Tobolsk. Vise, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in the p.->vince of Liege ; seated on the Meuse, 6 miles S. of Maestricht. ViSEU, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a bishop's see ; 32 miles S. of Laniego, and 49 N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. .5000. VisHNEi-Voi.OTSCHOK, a towu of Russia, in the government of Tver. It has a canal, which, by uniting the Tverza and the Masta, connects the inland navigation between the Caspian and the Baltic. It is seated on tie river Zua; 50 miles N.W. of Tver. VisiAPODR, or Bejapour, a province of Hindostan, 350 miles long, and about 200 broad ; bounded N. and E. by the provinces of Arungabad and Beder, S. by Canara and the river Toombuddra, and \V. by the sea. The soil is in general fertile, and provisions are plentiful and cheap. VisiAPODR, or Bejapour. the capital of the foregoing province, was formerly a great city, and is said to have contained immense wealth, some of which has been found among the ruins. It was besieged by Aurungzebe, and obliged to capitulate in 16S9. It is sit- uate in a fertile plain, 150 miles S.E. of Poo- iiah, and 340 N. by W. of Seringapatam. Long. 75. 40. E. lat. 17. 16.N. Viso, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in Piedmont ; noted as the source of the river Po. Vistula, a river which rises in the Car- pathian mountains, on the confines of Mora- via and Hungary, flows through Poland and Prussia, by Cracow, Sandomir, Warsaw, Culm, Marienburg, and Dantzic, and enters the Baltic by three mouths. Vitepsk, a governn-ent of Russia, lying between Courland and Livonia; it has an area of about 20,000 square miles, and contains 750,000 inhabitants. The surface is flat, and covered with extensive forests. Vitepsk, a city of Russia, capital of the I foregoing government. It is divided into two parts by the river Dwina, and is surrounded by a wall. In the campaign of 1812 it was entered by the French. It is 297 miles W. of Moscow, and 320 S, of St. Petersburg. Population 13,000. Viterdo, a town of Italy capital of a de- legation of its name, in the pope's dominions, and a bishop's see. Its streets are broad and well paved, and it contains 1 6 parish chureiies, and numerous convents, palaces, and foun- tains. Near the city is a hot mineral spring, much frequented. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, in a beautiful valley, 40 miles N.N.W. of Rome. Long. 12. 26. E. lat. 42. 25. N. Pop. nearly 15,000. ViTH, St. See Vikt, St. ViTRE, a town of Frfince, department of Ille-et-Villaine, with a trade in linen cloth, knit stockings and gloves; seated on the Villaine, 20 miles N.E. of Renncs, and 52 a. E. of St. Malo. Pop. in 1836, 7899. ViTRV le Brulh, a village of France; 2 miles N.E. of Vitry le Franyois. It was for- merly a considerable town, but was burned by Louis VII., and on this account called Brule. The English and Burgundians, in the war with Charles VII., set fire to Vitry, with 60 villages. It was a third time burned and ruined by the troops of the emperor Charles V. Vitry lb Francois, a town of France de- partment of Marne, built by Francis I. after the destruction of Vitry le Brule by the empe- ror Charles V. It has a great trade in corn : it is seated on the Marne; 15 • 'es S.E. of Chalons, and 100 E. of Paris, x op. 6616. ViTTEAUx, a town in the department of Cdte d'Or, seated on the river Braine, among the mountains, where there are quarries of marble; 12 miles S.E. of Semur, and 27 W. of Dijon. ViTTOuiA, or ViTOBiA, » iown of Spain, ca- pital of the province of Alaba, in Biscay. It is surrounded by double walls, and the large streets are bordered with trees. In the prin- cipal square are the town-house, two convents, and a fine fountain. It is divided into the old and new portions which contrast greatly with each other, the one being crooked and dark, the other all regularity. It has a collegiata. Vittoria is famous for a victory obtained in its virinity by the allies, under Lord Welling- ton, on the 21st of June, 1813. The booty taken by the English from the French was enormous, consisting, as it did, of nearly the wnole spoil of the peninsula. It is seated on an eminence at the end of a plain, fertile in corn and grapes; 32 miles S.E. of Bilboa, and 1 55 N. of Madrid. Pop. about 12,000. Long. 2. 38. W. lat. 42. 45. N. ViTTOBiA, a town of Sicily, in the Val di Noto; 40 miles W by S. of Syracuf e. Popu- lation, 11,000. VlVAUEZ, f partof Langu now forming ViVERO, a I at the foot of I Vivcro, or La; of Biscay ; 22 ViviERS, a ArdeXihc, sea which the cu Rhone; 16 ni VlZAOAPAl VlZCAYA. VizziNX,at 28 miles S.W Vlaari)in< of South Hull W. of Rotter( Vladimir. Vlieland, about 8 milei the entrance < of Texel. VOOHBRA, states, adjacei an area of 1 inhabitants, wine, and mi VOGHEKA, above provin chief manufac on the Stuffc Pop 10,000. VOGLAURi: river Vogcl ; 38S.W. ofl VoLD, a Meuse; 18 m VOIGTLAN ony,adjoinin an area of 70 bitants. wood; but and pastures lent cattle. VOIGTSBE in Voigtianc VOIGTSIIE in Styria, sei by S. of Gn VOKELMi Austrian III Drave; 17 n Volcano the Lipari is S. of the is separated bj broad. It :' is a volcano now emits VOLCANI the Medite and Volcan Volga, i jf the boun( has its 80ur( mcDt of Pit It VOL 863 VOL ViVAUEZ, a territory of France, in the N.E. partof Langucdoc,on tliebiuikflofthcKlione, now forming tiie department of Ardcclie. ViVERO, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated at the foot of a steep mountain, near the river Vivcro, or Landrova, which flows into the bay of Biscay; 22 miles N.W. of Mondonnedo. ViviERS, a town of France, dej)artmcnt of ArdcVhc, seated among rocks, (on one of which the cutliedral is built,) on the river Klione; 16 miles S. by E. of Privas. VlZAOAPATAM. iSee ViSAOAPATAM. VlzcAYA. Sec Biscay. VizziNi, a town of Sicily, in the Val di Noto ; 28 miles S.W. of Catania. Pop. 8000. Vlaarpinoen, a town of Holland, province of South Holland, on the Maas; 6 miles S. by W. of llotterdum. Pop. 6000. Vladiuir. See Volodimir. Vlieland, an island of the Netherlands, about 8 miles long, and 3 broad, situate at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee; 5 miles N. of Tcxel. Voghera, a province of the Sardinian states, adjacent to Austrian Italy ; comprising an area of 100 square miles, with 110,000 inhabitants. The soil is fertile in corn and wine, and much silk is produced. Voohkra, a town of Italy, capital of the above province, and a bishop's see. The chiel manufacture is that of silk. It is seated on the StaiTora; 9 miles N.E. of Tortone. Pop 10,000. VoGLABRucK, a town of Austria, on the river Vogcl; 28 miles N.E. of Salzburg, and 38 S.W. of Lintz. VoLD, a town of France, department of Mcuse; 18 miles E.S.E. of Bar le Due. VoiGTLAND, a circle of the kingdom of Sax- ony, adjoining thatof Erzgebirgc; comprising an area of 700 square miles, with 90,000 inha- bitants. It is very hilly, and abounds in wood; but the valleys afford plenty of corn, and pastures that feed great numbers of excel- lent cattle. Plauen is the capital. VoiGTSBERG, R towR and citadel of Saxony, in Voigtland; 5 miles S. by E. of Plauen. VoiGTSiJERO, a town of the Austrian states, in Styria, seated on the Kainach ; 18 miles W. by S. of Gratz. VOKELMARK, Or VoLKENMARK, a tOWn of Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia, seated on the Drave; 17 miles E. by S, of Clagcnfurt. Volcano, one of the most considerable of the Lipari islands, in the Mediterranean, lying S. of the island of Lipari, from which it is separated by a deep channel, a mile and a half broad. It is 12 miles in circumference, and is a volcano in the form of a broken cone, but now emits smoke only. It is uninhabited. VoLCANELLO, a Small volcanic island in the Mediterranean, between that of Lipari and Volcano. Volga, a river of Russia, which forms part 3f the boundary between Europe and Asia. It has its source in two small lakes in thegovern- xaent of Pleskof, about 80 miles W. of Tver, begins to be navigable a few miles al'ove that town, and is there augmented by the influx of the Tverza. It waters some of the finest provinces in the Itussian empire, passes liy Yaroslaf, Kostroma, Nishnei Novogorod, Ka- san, Simbirsk, Saratof, Tzaritzin, and Astra- can, and enters the Caspian sea by several mouths. This is supposed to be the largest river in Europe, its length being about 2700 miles; and by means of it, the river Tverza, and a canal thence to the Neva, there is a navigable communication between the Cas- pian sea and the Baltic VoLUYNiA, a government of European Russia, -220 miles long, and 130 broad. Area, 22,300 square miles. Pop. 1,300,000. It is bounded on the N. by Polesia, E. by Kiof, S. by Podolia, and W. by the kingdom of Poland. It consists chietly of fertile plains, watered by a great number of rivers. VoLLENUovEN, a towH of the Netherlands, in Ovcryssel, with a castle, seated on the Zuy- der Zee; 8 miles S.W. of Steenwich, and 12 N.W. of Zwoll. VoLMAU, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Riga, on the river Aa; CO miles N. E. of Riga. VoLO, an ancient town of Greece, in Thes- saly, with a citadel and a fort. It was taken, and almost ruined, in 1655, by the Venetians. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, from which the N. boundary of the kingdom of Greece commences, where there is a good har- bour; 30 miles S.E. of Larissa. Long. 22. 55. E. lat. 39. 21. N. Volodimir, or Vladimir, agovcrnment of European Russia. It contains an area of 17,600 square miles, with 1,133,200 inhabi- tants in 1838. The soil in some parts is ex- tremely fertile, and in the forests are innu- merable swarms of bees. Volodimir, or Vladimir, the capital of the foregoing government, is seated on the Kliasma; 110 miles E. by N. of Moscow. Pop. 7000. Vologda, the largest government of Euro- pean Russia, divided into the two provinces of Vologda and Ustiug, and comprising an area of 149,000 square miles, with, in 1848, 747,500 inhabitants. It is a marshy country, full of forests, lakes, and rivers, and noted for its fine wool. Vologda, the capital of the above province, and an archbishop's see, has a magnificent cathedral, several churches, a castle, and a fortress. The principal trade is in hemp, matting, leather, and tallow. It is seated in a marsh, on the river Vologda, which flows into the Snkhona; 257 miles N. by E. of Moscow. Pop. 14,000. Long. 40. 2 I.E. lat. 59. 13. N. VoLSK, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Saratof, situate tn the Volga; 76 miles N.E. of Saratof. Pop. 4600. VoLTA, a river of Guinea, which separates the Gold Coast froir the Slave Coast, and en- ters the Atlantic ocean. i i WAB 864 WAC V. It rs 6 miles \V. of Genoa. VoLTUKAiiA, a town of Naples, in Capita- nata, 20 miles W. of Luccra, and 52 N.E. of Naples. VoLTUUNO, a river of Naples wliich rises in the A|)cnniiics, passes by Iserniu and Capua, and enters tlie nulf of Gaieta. VoLvic, a town of France in tlic depart- ment of Pay do Dome, near which are im- mense quarries, which furnish materials for the buildiiig of the adjacent towns, and for tiie statues of tim churches. It is G miles N. of Clermont. VoNizzA, a town of European Turkey, in the i)rovincc of Kpirus, with a considerable trade in timber 'ur ship-building. It is 50 miles S. of Joannina. VoonN, an island of tho Netherlands, in South Holland, between two mouths of the Mouse, twenty miles long, and five broad. This island, with Goree and Overflackcc, form the territory called Voornland, which anciently belonged to Zealand. Briel is the capital. VouDEN, a town of Hanover, in the prin- cipality of Osnaburg, 20 miles N.N.E. of Osnaburg. VoRDON, a town of Poland, on the Vistula, where a toll is collected from ships going up and down that river. It is 15 miles S.S.W. of Culm. VouiNGEN, a town of Germany, in the prin- cipality of HohenzoUcrn. It is io miles S.E. of IlohenzoUern. VORONEZ, VORONEJE, Or "WORONETZ, a government of European Russia, bordering on the Ukraine, which it resembles in climate, soil, and productions. It comprises an area of 2!),000 square miles, with 1,607,200 in- habitants in 1838. VonoNEZ, the capital of the above govern- ment, and an archbishop's see, is seated on the river Voroncz, near its junction with tlio Don ; 230 miles S.S.E. of M(jscow. Loh". 3'J. U.E. hit. 51.30. N. Pop. 18,000. " VosGES, adfjpartmentofFranee, including the S.E. part of the former province of Lcjr- rain; so called from a chain of moimtains, formerly covered with wood, that separates this department from those of Upper Samio and Upjier Khine. It has an extent of 2400 square miles, with 3'J7,727 inhabitants. Epi. nal is the capital. VouiLLB, a village of France, in tho de- partment of Vicnne, where Clovis gained a battle, in 507, against Alaric, king of the Visigoths, which extended the French empire from the Loire to the Pyrenees; 10 miles VV. of Poitiers. VouRLA, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, 30 miles W. by S. of Smyrini. Vou-TCiiANO, a city of China, cnpital of the province of llou-quang, and the reniiez- vous, as it were, of all the commercial people in the empire. As every branch of trade is carried on here, its port, on the Kian-ku, is always crowded with vessels, the river being sometimes covered with them to the distance of two leagues. The beautiful crystal found in its mountains, the plentiful crops of tine tea, and the prodigious sale of the bamboo paper made here, contribute no less to make it famous than the continual influx of strangers. It is 655 miles S. of Peking. Long. 112. 25. E. lat. 30. 30. N. VouziERS, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ardennes, seated on the river Aisne; 32 miles E.N.E. of Rheims. Vriezen- Veen, a town of the Netherlands, in Overyssel; 20 miles E. by S. of Zwolle. VuKOVAit, a town of the Austrian states, in Sdavonia, with a manufacture of silk, seated on the Danube, at the influx of tho small river Vuko, which divides it into two parts. Itis21 miles S.E.ofEszek. Pop. 5700. VuLTURARA, a town of Naples, jn Princi- pato Ultra; 65 miles N.E. of Naples. W Waao, a river of Hungary, which rises in the Carpathian mountains, flows by Leopold- statlt, and joins the Danube below Comorn. Waai., a river of the Netherlands, being the S. branch from the Rhine below Emmerick. It flows W. through Gelderland, passes by Nimeguen, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcum, and joins the Meuse at Briel. Wabash, a river of the United States, in Indiana, which rises near some lakes to the W of Lake Eric, and, taking a S.S.W- course of 400 miles, enters the Ohio 100 miles above the confluence of that river with the Missis- sippi. It is navigable for 340 miles, and approaches within 9 miles of the navigable waters of Lake Erie, to which it is united by a canal. Wachenheim, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rliine; 17 miles S.S.W. of Worms. Wacuovia, a tract of land in North Caro- lina, between the rivers Dan and Yadkin, in the county iicrcs, purchi anl named ° Ziiizendorf's ait of asseml called Dobb settlements, W.VCllTKR Wetteravia, of IsenVmrg- niiles E.N.E WAUEniu traile in con Wadesik) Una chief of hill; .50 mile \VaD8TEN Gothland, Vasa, in 1 54 nus, who was Wetter; 40 i 14.53. E. lai Wageni.v in Gelderlai and tobacco miles W. of Waquam, Austria, on celebrated fi 1809, bet we and the An defeated; 11 Waiiren, of Mecklenl 12 miles S. New Strelit; Waiblini kingdom of 7 miles E.N Waidho^ on the river Waidho^ of Austria, i W. of Horn Waigatz between No 30. E. lat. i Waintli a market on formerly, bi was former N.E. of Bos Waitzes B,>e. A larj frequently 1 burnt by tl Dambe; 9i 19. 1.5. E. 1 Wakefi •svith a marl ber to par several m& bridge over erected a c who lost hi in 1460; b erected ab< >VAK fiC) >V A L tlic county of Surrey, consisting of 100,000 m res, purcliasod by tlic Moruviaiis in 1751, iinl numoil by them Irorn un ustiuo of Count ZinzcnilorfH, in Austriti. In 1755, by an act of assembly, it was made a separate parish, c:iile(l Dubb's I'arish. It contains several settlements, of whleli Salem is the pHnclpal. Waciitkrshacii, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, with a castle, in whieli the count of Isenliurn-WachtiT.slKich resides. It is 20 miles E.N.D. of Ilaruiu. WAUEnuiiJOE, a town in CornwalJ, with a trade in corn; 23'J miles from London. WAOESuonouGii, a town of North Cnro- lina chief of Anson county, seated on a lofty hiil ; 50 miles S.S.E. of Sulisburv. Waostena, a town of Sweden, in East Gothland, with a onstlo built by Gustavus Vasa, in 1544, ami inhabited by his son Mag- nus, who was insane. It is seated on the lake Wetter; 46 miles W. of Nordkopiny. Long. 14.53. E. hit. 58. 28. N. Wagenixuen, a town of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, with a good trade in cattle and tol)aceo. It is seated on the Khiue; 12 , miles \V. of Arnheim. ' Waqbam, a village of the nrchducliy of Austria, on the left bank of the llossbaeh, ] celebrated for a preat battle fouj^ht July 6tli, ' 1809, between the French under Napoleon j and the Anstrians, in which the latter were defeated; 11 miles N.E. of Vienna. Waiiren, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, seated near the lake Cnlpiii ; 12 miles S. of Malehin, and 27 W.N.W. of New Strelitz. Waibunoen, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, on the river Hems; 7 miles E.N.E. of Stutgard. Waidhoven, Bairiscii, a town of Austria, on the river Jps; 23 miles S.W. of St. Polten. Waiuuoven. Boumisch, a town and castle of Austria, on the river Teya; 10 miles N.N. W. of Horn. Waigatz, or Vaio atch, an island and strait between Nova Z !ml)la and Kussia. Long. 93. 30. E. lat. 69. 30. N. Wainfleet, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on a small creek, formerly, but not now, navigable. The town was formerly of much importance; 17 miles N.E. of Boston, and 128 N. by E. of London. Waitzen, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's Boe. A large annual fair is kept here. It has frequently been taken by the Turks, and was burnt by them in 1685. It is situate on the Dambe; 98 miles E.S.E. of Presburg. Long. 19. 1.5. E. lat. 47. 45. N. WAKEFiEi.D,a l)i)rough inWest Yorkshire, with a market on Friday. It returns one mem- ber to parliament. Here are six churches, several meeting-house.s, and an ancient stone bridge over the Calder, on which Edward IV. erected a chapel to the memory of his father, who lost his life in the battle near this place, in 1460; but some are of opinion that it was erected about 1340; it has long been used as a warchou.sc. Also a freo grammar-school, which has several cxhibiiioiia to both the uni- versities. The town was formerly cuU brated for the manuructiires of woollen cloth and worsted yarn, but these have so dculined.that the 'Tammy Hull,' an immense room erected for the sale of tlie.se stuffs, has been converted into a private manufactory. The town is intersected by the Manchester and Leeds railway, and the North Midland, from Dvrby to Leeiis, joins the former a little to the cast of Wakefield. Its chief trade is now in the ex|)ortation of corn, coal, and wool. There is hero a new seminary called the West- Uiding Proprietary school. It is situate in the heart of a rich and fertile district; 2'J m. S.W.of York, and 187 N.N.W. of London. Walachia. See Wallachia. Walcheren, an island of the Netherlands, the principal one of Zealand, and the most westerly, at the mouth of the Scheldt. It is 9 miles long, and 8 broad ; and, being low, is sub- ject to inundations, but has good aral)le and pasture lands. This island was tiiken by the British in July 1809, with a vi:.v to the de- struction of the ships and arsenal at Antwerp; but a number of untoward circumstances fust rendered the principal objeetof theexpedition abortive, and then the pestilential nature of the island, at that particular season of the year, obliged the British to relinquish every advantage they had gained. The capital of this island, and of the whole province, is Mid- dleburg. Walcodr, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Namur, which was entirely de- stroyed by fire in 1615; sealed on the Ilcura; 27 miles S.W. of Namur. Waldburo, a castle of Germany, which gives name to a county between the Danube and the Iller. It stands on a mountain; 7 miles N. of Wangen, and 38 S. by W. of Ulm. Waldeck, a principality of Germany, 30 miles long, and 24 broad, bounded on the K. and S. by Hessc-Cassel, W. by the Prussian province of Westphalia, and N. by the princi- pality of Paderborn. It consists of two coun- ties, Pyrmont and Waldeck, the latter con- taining 424 sq. miles, with 52,000 inhabi- tants; the former 31 sq. miles, with 6,700 inhabitantd. Together in 1838, the popula- tion amounted to 56,480. The country is mountainous and covered with woods, and has mines of iron, copper, quicksilver, and alum. Waldeck, a town of Germany, in tlio county ofthe same name, with a castle; seated on the Steinbach; 6 miles S.E. of Corbach. Walden, or Saffron Waldev, a town in Essex, governed by a mayor; with a market on Saturday, and a trade in mal^. It has a fine large church. It is seated on a hill, among fields that were formerly cultivated with sati- ron. The other places of worship are meet- ing-houses for Quakers, Baptists, and Inde- pendents. The keep of its ancient castle if still to be seen. Near it is Audley End the stately mansion of Lord Braybrooke, which 3K \\ A L 806 ^V A L isiiKiiiall portion of what was once coiisiilorcd lis tl>c lar^L'ist niunsion in tliu kingdom; it was fniiny K, of liomion. WAi,i)i;Nni:iti!, a toAn liHil l•a^tIc of Sax- ony, bitnatc on liic Mnidau. Tiiu old town, on tiio opposite side of liiu river, is famous for its lirown and white earthenware. It is \'2 mik's N.N.K. ofZwiekan. !'»}>. 3000. \V'Ai,i)i;Nni.KG, a town of Wirtenil)urp, in the prineipality oflloiieniohc, witlian ancient e;isile on a munnt' n; C miles E. hy N. of (Jiirinj,'en, Wai,ui;nsks, Valleys of the, a district of I'ietlmont, hurderini^ on Franco; S4 miles long and 10 hroad. It was formerly called the fonr valleys of Pcrusa, laieerna, St. Mar- tino, and An^'rogna, hut the last does not now belong to them. I'op. 20,000, who arc re- markablo a;j being t!:o first community of AVestern Europe who separated irom the chureli of Home, WAi.DHEijf, a town of Saxony, with nn ancient moiuistery, now converted into an ori)han-housc, and house of correction, in which various manul'actures are carried on. It is situate on the Zschopa; 30 miles S.E. of Leipsie. ^VAL^)MUNC•^EN, a town of Bavaria, on the river Sehwarzaj 32 miles E. S.E. of Amherg. WALUonououGii, a town of Maine, in Lin- coln county; IG miles E. of Wiscasset, and 180 N.E of Boston. Walu issen,.i town ofBavaria, near which is a rich Cistercian abbey, the abbot of which was formerly a prince of the empire. It is 44 miles N.N.E. of Amberg. Waldshut, a strong town of Baden, in the circle of Wiesen; one of the four Forest Towns; seated on the Jiliine, at the entrance of the Black Forest; 19 miles W.S.W. of Schairiiausen. Walustadt, a name given to the Swiss cantons of Lueern, Uri, Sclnveitz, and Under- walden. It signifies Forest Towns, these cantons containing a great ntnnber of forests. For the Waldstadt of Baden, see Fokest Towns. Waldstadteu See, or Lake op the F'ouR Cantons, one of the linest lakes in Switzerland. It consists of three prinei])al branches, called the lakes of Luccrn, Sclnveitz, and Uri. The upper branch, or lake of Luccrn, is in the form of a cross, the sides of which stretch from Kussnatcht to DuUenwal, u village near Stantz. It is bounded towards the town by cultivated hills, sloping gradually (o the water, contrasted on the opposite side by an enormous mass of barren and craggy rocks, Mount Pilati, one of the highest moun- tains in Switzerland, rising bo' ^ly from the lake. Towards the E. o*' tl!s branch, the lake contracts into a narrow creek, scarcely 0. mile across. Soon after, it again widens, and forms the second branch, or lake of Sciiweitz; on the W. side is the v''anton of Underwalden, on the E. that of Schwejt/, Here the monntairs are more lofty, and iiiii- nitely varitd ; some covered to the very suni- mits with verdure, others jjcrpcndiculiir and <'raggy. Near Brnnicn connnences the third branch, or lake of Uri, which takes a S.l). direction. It is deep and mnrow, al)out 'J mihcs long, and bordered on botli sides by rocks unconnnonly wild and romantic, with forests of licech and [line growing down their sides to the very edge of the water. The liver lieuss Hows through this lake. Wales, a ])riueipality in the W. of Eng- land, 150 miles lung, and 80 bptad; bouiidid on the N. by the Irish sea, \V. by that sea and St. George's channel, S. hy the Brist^d channel, and E. by the counties of Clicsit r, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. It has nn area of .'),20(i,900 acres, (or according to the trigonometrical survey only 4,752,000 acres) of \ 'lich 900,000 are arable 2,000,000 pasture, and .,700,000 waste, of whii'h mueh iseapablo of improvement. It sends 24 members to parliament. It is divided into North and South Wales, each cimtaining six counties, namely, Auglesea, Carnarvon, Dtcibigh, P'lint, Merioneth, and Montgomery, in North Wales; Brecknock, Cardigan, Carnuirthcn, Glamorgan, Pembroke, and Badnor in South Wales. It is the country to whicii the ancient Britons fled when Great Britain was invaded by the Saxons. They are now called Welsh, and continue to jjreserve their own language. They were long governed by independent kings, till in the reign of Edward I., their last prince, Llewellyn, being vanquished and slain in the year 1283, the country was united to England. The natives submiu.^d to the English dominion with extreme reluctance; and Edward, as a conciliatory means, pro- mised to give them for their prince a Welsh- man by birth, and one who could spcfik no other language. Tliis notice being received with joy, he invested in the principality his second son, Edward, then an infant, who had been born at Carnarvon. The death of his eldest son, Al])honso, hap])ening soon after, young Ed ward became heir also of the English monarchy, and united both nations under one government; but some ages elapsed Ijcforo the animosity which had long subsisted between them was totally extinguished. From the time of Edward If. the eldest son of the kingof England hasalways been created prince of Wales. The general aspect of the country is bold, romantic, and mountainous, consisting of almost contiimed ranges t f lofty mo'.iiitains and impending crags, intersected by numerous deep ravines, with extensive valleys, and aflbrding endless views of wild mountain scenery. Agriculture is in a back- verd state, but the soil is by no means barren, prooacing all the necessaries of life; the cat- tle and sheep are numerous, but small. It is watered by many rivers, the principal of which, and other particulars, arc noted in the dillerent counties. W A L Hr,7 W AL roiUt-AHON OF WA!-E3. OOUTrnRB I AngldscA .. nrecon .... CardlKan ., (.'urmarthon Ciiriiurvou.. Ucnbigh .... Flint GlnmurKan Merioneth .. Muntguiiicry rembroko .. Radnor ,..,, Total.., 1801 lacrouio ii«r C«ut 83,80(i 10 31,633 1!) 67.317 41,521 17 la 19 60,352 3f),fi22 6 17 71,629 18 27.Bn6 47,'J78 8 S6,280 r 19,0,10 9 63D,5t6 13 1811 37,04A 37,735 B0.2W 77,217 4U,33iJ 64,210 46 5:8 85,067 sn.n-.' I M,!i:il 60,615 20,900 611,788 Incrcaie CtJllt 21 16 15 17 17 19 15 19 II IS 22 7 I 17 WA 45,063 B7,7«4 .''D.'J.'iy 6 1 Ubii 76,M1 83,781 101,737 84 3f)2 59,MI/U 74,009 22,459 717,428 IniTi'ilau per tl'lll. 1831 liicrraM CV.it 7 4l',r)25 83 10 47,763 lis 10 12 15 61,780 l(iif,71il C6,4I8 fift «• 22- 1 83,6:9 6-7 11 60,012 10-8 24 "26,612 37' 3 9 3.' ,3 15 66,482 111 4'1 9 81,425 70 C 34,661 2-1 13 806,182 13- 1841 60.890 I 63,29, i 8l,()liS 81), 29 1 66,517 173.462 .•19,'J.IS 6;(,2'J0 88,262 25, ISO 911,521 Wales, New South, n nnmc given to the E. portion of Australiu. It was first explored by Captain Cook in 1770, nnd a design wn.s forniel a bench of petty sessions. Tlie extn'iiM boundary of the counties, however, are tiiu limits of location; that is, no lands are s.jld beyond their limits; beyond this, the country is on a different regulation: it is divided roughly into districts, in each of which is a commissioner of crown lands, who is also the magistrate, and has a small force of inouutrd, or border police. Beyond the limits of lo- cation, land is neither sold nor let on lease, as within the colony, but licenses are granted for allotments of land for pas'urage, in sta- tions of from 5CC0, to 30,000 aeics. Tho TOTrrrrjrSTfssrsB \y A 8G8 AVAL (luantity of stuck tlms jinstuvcd was stated, ill .iMiiiKiry 184(1, as 7()S8 Imrsos, 371,699 CiU- tle, l,.);51,r)9o slieej), \\ hicli is jirolialily under the vciil aiiiiiiiiit. Tlic iitiiiii)cr of stations Wiis 694. Tlic persons wlio form these sta- tions are the real cxiilorers of the conntry; 1 hey i)ush themselves into the interior with ixtiaordiiKiry rapidity, niiil jierhaps do not hi'.eoiiie known, even to the crown eonunis- ^i' iier, till sonic aceidental eirennistanee, as u eollisiiiii with tlie ub()ri;;ines, brin(;s them niulei" his iiotiec. Tills hostility of the ii.i- tives, and its dreadful consequences, are the f,'rcatcst drawback on the colony. AVliercver a river presents itself, its hanks arc lined with stations, which the general aridity of the in- tervening; tracts prevents from being tenanted BO early. The district of Victoria, in tlie soutlicrii j)art of New South Wales, was opened, and the town of Melbourne, at the lu-ad of the }'(irt. was founded in 1837, by (ioveri'or tjir Richard IJourke; since which it has increased in po]iulation and prosperity in I'll eminoiit degree: the quantity of land sold at the end of 1840 exceeded 100,000 ttcies. The net amount of the revenues, with- out the sales of lau-i from the Manning river, and Liverpool range on the N., to the Munnoo river on tne S., and is hounded on the W. by the Goulburn, Cudgcegong, i..aehlan, and Morumbidgee rivers, and tlic Warragoiig mountains, or Aust;alhji Alps ; which liiiiiis ■■J I i.u^vwp i«|hM') Hr.ffl' lli,17.1 21,5.');, 4;!..'i.',H nO,«Gl ; 77,096 130,t.',6 189,009 190.701 206,000 111.709 HH(l'i7 117.000 71,810 77,777' 119,000 From the first establishment of the colony in 1788, till 1813, a very small portion of tiiis vast continent wa.« known; the Blue Moun- tains, a range extending f >r upwards of 1000 miles in length, under diilercnt names, and lying 50 or CO miles from the coast, was for 25 years a barrier between the coast and interior. In 1813, a season of distressing drought, a pa«s was discovered through these mountains, and a vast extent of valuable country was thrown open to the settlers; fresh expeditions were set on foot in 1817, when the Lachlan river was cxjjlorcd, and in 1818 the Macqnaric was traced : these rivers flow into the interior in a N.W. direction, and join the Darling river in hit. 30. 0., which was dis- covered in 1828: the waters are salt; it Hows in a S.W. coir-sc to the ISIurray, which enters the Pacific at Encounter liay in South Austra- lia: these are b^' far the largest rivers tliat have been di.scovereil in Australia, but tiiey flow througli a level, arid country, totally use less for colonization, '''lic prineiivil rivers of the colony arc the i. .iiter, in tlie N. part, flowing through a rich and beautiful coiiiitry, and falling into the sea at Newcastle, in Port Hunter; S. of this is the llawuesbury, rising in the Bine Mountains, and flowing eastward to Broken bay; the banks are fertile and populous: the Nepeait, also fertile, and falling into the llawkcsbury ; and in the S. the Slioal- havcn, debouching N. of Jervis bay, and rising to the K. ot the sources of the Mlo- niiiibidgec, a l.irge river trilaitary to the Murray, and one of the priiicii)al rivers of the proi'ince. The i)rincipal towns are Syd- ney, the capital, I'.iramatta. llichmond, Mait- laiid, Liverpool, and Carrington. WalI'.t, the cajjital of Beeroo, in Negro- land. It is 100 miles N. by VV. of Sego, and 270 W. bv S. of Tiinbuetoo. Long. 3. 0. W. hit. 15. 45. N. Wai.hof, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Courland, near which the Poles were defeated by Gnstavu.s, king of Sweden, in 1G2G. It is 34 miles E. of Mittau. Wallajai'Ktxa, a populous and well-built town of llindostan, in the Carnatie, which is the emporium of the trade between the coun- try above the Gaiits and the seacoast. It is seated on the N. bank of the Paliar, nearly opposite Arcot; 63 miles W. by S. of Madras. VVallachia, and Moldaviv, two princi- palities in the S.K. part (jf Kuropc. They ailjoin each other, and are principally sepa- rated from each other by the river Sereth. On the N.W. and W. is Transylvania, and on the E. of Moldavia is Bessarabia, separated from it by the river Prutli. The Danube forms the southern boundary. The area and population of.tlie two provinces are as folluws : Akga, Sq. M. Pl)l'. If* 18)7-31), CaI'ITAU. VnllncMa .... Moldavia 27,.')nn 17,021) 1,717, SI.') 1,4 1'J,!!),') nucli.irost J assy Total .... 41,.")'iO 3,I(;C,020 The Carpathian mountains on the N. of Wallaehia, vary in height from 3000 to 8000 feet, and from these the country declines to the S. and E. thrDiigh pietiires(iue regions to the immense level and marshy plain, from 10 to 12 leagues in breadth. It is exceed- ingly well watered by numerous rivers which annually inundate the surrounding conntiy. The winter is very severe, especially in Jlolda- via, and the summer hot, though the elimato cannot be said to be unhealthy. Tlic princi- pal mineral iiroduction is aalt, though many others abound that arc not worked. 'J'lio land i)rincipally belongs to the boyars or noljles, but is cultivated somewhat on the serf .sy.stem. Corn is largely prodnccd, but tlio jrrineipal oecupation of" the Wallachians is the rearing of cattle, siieep, and horses. The people arc the desceiulants of the ancient Dacians; and the Wallach.^. though the coun- try was almost the last to submit to the Ko- man yoke, .'■till .speak a language s( iie.uly true Latin th.it a jierson can gi'iicrall z make himself understood in that langiiagu. Piom misgovernment the inliabiiaiits are a very deliased race, but coiisideralile improvi'iiu'iii.i are now in oprr.uion. Walhuhiaaiid Mold.i- via, have eaili their own peculiar ^overn- ineiit, but their history is intimately con- necti'd. Since Trajan's lonquest, the ('(juntry has never ceased to be under loieign ilomiiia- tion. ICarly in the 15tli century it was con- quered by the Ti.rks, but ilie la,-.t war bct^^ccrl 'J'lirkey and llussia entirely (iestroyed tlu; in- fluence of the former, and rendered the hitler ^ 1 , I "m WAL 870 WAN paramount. Since, the Russian war of 1854-5, Wallachia and Moldavia have been united under a ruling prince of their own election, acknowledging the suzerainety of the Porte. The inhabitants are nearly all of the Greek church. Wallenburo, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Basel, with a castlo on a high rock, seated on the Ergetz; 12 miles S. by E. of Basel. Wallenstadt, atown of Switzerland, in the canton of St. Gall. It is a great thoroughfare fur merchandise passing from Germany, through the country of the Grisons, to Italy, and stands at the E. end of a lake of the same name; 9 miles W. of Sargans, and 15 N.W. of Coire. Wallenstadt, a lake of Switzerland, 10 miles long, and 2 broad, bounded by high mountains, except to the E. and \Y, Through this lake flows the Mat, which soon afterjoins tiie Lintb, and forms the river Lin. mat. Wallerstein, a town of Bavaria, with a castle; 6 miles S.W. of Oettingen. WALLI^fGFO^D, a borough in Berkshire, markets on Tuesday and Friday, and a great trade in corn and malt. It was oncesurrt^und- ed by a wall, and had a magnificent castle, some ruins of which still remain. There were formerly four churches, only one of which is now in use. The town has, however, of late years much increased in population and ex- tent, and now contains three meeting houses for dissenters, a handsome market-house, a town-hall, a free-school, almshouses, &c. It is seated on the Thames, over which it has a handsome stone bridge of 19 arches. It re- turns one member to parliament. It is 14 miles N.W. of Heading, and 46 W. of London. Wallinofori), a town of Ccmnecticut, in Newhaven county; 13 miles S.W. of Middle- ton, and 13 N.E. of Newhaven. Pop. 2204. Wallkill, atown of New York in Orange county, on a creek of its name; 19 miles W. of Newburg, Wallsend, a parish in Northumberland, 4 miles E.N.E. ot Newcastle, and intersected by the Newcastle and North Shields railway. Extensive coal mines are in its neighbourhood, and immense quantities bearing its name are sent to London. Walney, an islandof England, on the coast of Lancashire. It is 9 miles long, and 1 broad, and serves as a bulwark to the hundred of Furncss, against the waves of the Irish sea. Walfo, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the river Walpo; 20 miles W. of Essek, and 1 10 S. of Buda. Wai.pole, a town of New Hampshire, in Cheshire county, seated on the Connecticut 14 miles N. by W. of Keene. I'op. 2015. Walsall, a borough in StnfTordshire, mar- ket on Tuesday, and several manufactures of hardware. It returns one member to jmr- liament. In the neighbourhood are valuable lime-works. The parish church is a beautiful Gothic edifice, erected on the site of the old church, which was taken down in 1819. The other places of worship are a new episcopal chapel, opened in September, 1826, a Roman Catholic chapel, and three meeting-houses for dissenters. Here are two free-schools, a na- tional school (with which is incorporated the blue-coat charity school), and several chari- table institutions. The town is'pleasantly sit- uated on the side of a hill, near the Grand Junction railway; 18 miles S. of Staiford, and 115 N.W. of London. Walsham, North, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Thursday ; 1 OmilcsE. of Norwich, and 123 N.N.E. of London. Walsingham, or Wolsingham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday. It is fa mousfor theruins of a monastery, containing a chapel of the Virgin, which was greatly fre- quented by pilgrims. It is 23 miles N.W. ot Norwich, and 113 N.N.E. of London. Walsrode, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Lunenburg, with a convent of nuns of noble extraction, seated on the Bohme; 15 miles E. by S. of Verden. Waltenbuch, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wirtcmberg, on the river Aich; 10 miles S. by W. of Stutgard. Waltershausen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Gotha, with manufactures of cloth, seated on the Ilorsel; 6 miles S.W. of Goth». Waltiiam Adbet, a town in Essex, with amarket on Tuesday. It derives its name from a magnificent abbey, founded by king Harold, some fragments of which remain. Harold and his two brothers, after the battle of Hastings, were interred here, and a stone coffin, suppos- ed to have been his, was discovered in the reign of Elizabeth. Here are some gunpow- der-mills, and manufactures of printed linens, and pins. The town is seated on the E side of the river Lea, which here forms several is- lands; 12 miles N. by E. of London. Waltiiam, Bishop, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Friday; 9 miles S.S.E. of Winchester, and 65 W. by S. of London. Waltiiamstow, a village in Essex, near the river Lea, with a large and handsome church,two meeting-houses, a free-school, and many elegant villas; Smiles N.E. of London. Walton, a village in Surrey, seated on the Tiiames, over which is a handsome bridge; 6 miles W. by S. of Kingston. Walton-le-])ale, a populous village in Lancashire, with considerable manufactures common to the county ; seated near the Lan- caster canal and the river Rib.ble; 2 miles S. S.E. of Preston. Walur, a town of Ilindostan, in Mysore, withacastlc, nrid manufactures of cotton cloth and coarse blankets. It stands in a fertile country; 20 milc^' E, by N. of Bangalore. Wanoiwash, a town of Hindostan, in the Carnatic, noted for a victory obtained by the British over the French in 1760; 27m.S.S.E. of Arcot, and 38 N.N.W of Pondicherry Wands wo nianufacture^ of calicoes ar ing and press w!iitelead m ics. It is scat fluence with Western rail don. Wandfbii se-Cassel, siti of Mulhausei Wangara lying to the the Niger, v branches. ( Wangen, berg, with a linen, and ha iirg; 18 mile Kempton. W.VNOEN, canton of Be Boated on th and 23 N.N. Wangev, of Lower Uh and surroun Strasburg. Wanlock DumlVies-shi and near the able number Wantagl ket on Satui iiig. It is CI of king Alf Danes have stands on a N. of the (J S. by W. of Wantzej meat of Lo burg. Wantzfe vernincnt of Magdeburg. Wara, a country of '. nou. Lon;: Warang (the Ariuk of Golcondt from the oU extensive, within it, ai ti( the Decc Lon'_'. 79. 3 Waubku with a castl B rock sum the Cattegf Long. II. f: Waristji! in the prin the Dymel Wakde, ^X A R 871 WAR Wandswoktii, ;i villiigc ill Surrey, with niiinul'acturcs for bolting cloth, tho printhig of calicoes and kerseymeres, and the whiten- ing and pressing of stiUFs; also oil, iron and wliite lead mills, vinet^ar-works, and dissliUer- ies. It in seated on the Wandle, near its oon- iluence with the Thames, and near the South Western railway; 5 miles W.S.W. of Lon- don. Wandfried, a town of Germany, in Iles- BC-Cassel, situate on theWerra; 15 miles \V. of Mulhausen, and 36 E.S.E. ofCassel. Wangara, a fertile country of Negroland, lying to the S. of Bornou. It is watered by the Niger, which here divides into several branches. Ghanara is the capital. Wangen, a town of Germany, in Wirtem- berg, with a great trade in wine, fine paper, linen, and hardware. It is seated on the Over- nrg; 18 miles N.E. of Lindau, and 21 \V. of Kempton. Wangev, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, capital of a bailiwick. It is Boated on the Aar; 10 miles E. of Soleure, and 23 N.N. L:. of Bern. Wangen, a town of France, department of Lower liliine, seated on the side of a hill , and surrounded by a wallj 12 miles W. of Str.-tsbarg. Wanlockhead, a Tillage of Scotland, In Dumfries-shire, to the northward of Sanijuhar, and near the lead-mines. It has a consider- able number of smeltiiig-hoases. Wantage, a town in Berkshire, with a mar- ket on Saturday, and a manufacture of sack- ing. It is celebrated for being the birthplace of king Alfred J and many battles with the Danes have been fought in tho vicinity. It stands on a branch of tho Ock, and 3 miles N. of tho Great Westem railway; 12 miles S. by W. of O.xford, and 60 W. of London. Wantzeneau, a town of France, depart- ment of Lower Rhine; 6 miles N. of Stras- burg. \V'ANTzr,EnE>f, a town of SaMony,in the go- vernment of Mug.leburg; 1-2 miles VV.S.W. of Miigdchurg. Waka, a town of Ncg; .land, capital of the country of Bergoo; 320 milos S.S.E. of Bor- nou. Long. 25. 2.5. E. lat. 15. 30. N. WARANGOi.E,a ruinous town of Ilindostan, (the Arinkill of Fcrishta,) once the capital of Golconda. The site of it is still evident from the old ramparts, which are amazingly extensive. A modern fortress is constructed within it, and is m po.''SCssion of the nizani u( the Deccan; 62 miles N.N.E. of Ilydrabad. Ix)n_'. 79. 30. E. lat. 13. 6, N. Waubeug, aseaport ofSweden, in Holland, with a castle at tho mouth of the harbour, on B rock surrounded by water. It is seated near the Oattegat; 31 miles S.S.E. of Gotheburg. Long. 11. 56. E. lat. 57. 12. N. Wauiujuo, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the principality of Paderborn, seated on the Dymel; 17 miles S.S.E. of Padcrhorn. Wakde, a town of Denmark, in North J ut- land, near the mouth of a river of the same name; 15 miles N. of Jtipcn, Wardein, Gueat, a strong town of Hun- gary, ca])ital of a county of the same name, and a bishop's sec, with a citadel. The town itself is not large, but has three suburbs of very considerable extent. It was taken hy the Turks in 1060, but the Austrians rctok it in 1692. It is seated ou the Kiiriis; il7 miles N.E. ofPcterwardein, nnd 150 E.S.li. of Buda. Pop. 10,01^0 or 16,000 including the suburbs. Long. 21. 50. E. lat. 47. 5. N. Warrein, Little, a strong town of Croatia, capital of a county of the same name, seated on tho Drave; 34 miles N. by E. of Agram, and 50 S.E, of Graix. Long. 15, 55. E. lat. 46. 40. N, WARunnTS, a seaport of Norw.ay, capitixl of a district of its name. It stands on a small island of the same name, near the continent, and has an old fort, where tho governor re- sides; 120 miles E.S.E. of the North Cape. Long, 31. 7. E. lat, 70. 23. N. VVardsdridge. a town of New York, in Ulster county ; 16 miles W. by S.of Newburg. Ware, a town in Hertfordshire, with amar- ket on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Lea, by which large quantities of malt and cora arc sent to London, any S. of Lomion. Wareiiam, a town of M.issachiisetts, at tlia head of Buzzard's bay. Lav^o vessels coiua to its. wharves. Pop." in 1840, 2002. Warendorf, a fortified town of Prussian Westphalia, in tho government of Munster, wiiii good linen maniilaeturcs, seated on the Ems; 12 m. E. by S. of Minister. Pop. 3500. Warka, a town of Poland, in the palatin- ate of iNlasovia, on the river Pisa; 45 miles S. by R. of Warsaw. Warkworth, a town in l^orihuiuboii.i..i I "a. "V ^' !!? 1 ;- \^ i ■ i*?^ mummm mam WAR 872 WAR with a market on Thursday. It has a castle, the seat of the Duke of Northumberland ; and near it, on the bank of the river, is a hermit- aye, divided into three apartments, cut out of a rock, ut the mouth of the Coquet; 5 miles S.K. of Alnwick. Warminsteu, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Saturday, a woollen manufacture, and a great trade in mult. It has two churches, four meeting-houses, a free grammar-school, a rAP.rket-house, an assembly-room, &c. It is seated at the sc irce of the Willy ; 22 m. N. W. of Salisbury, and 96 W. by S. of London. WAiiMiNSTEU, a decayed town of Virginia in Amherst county; 70 miles W. by N. of Kich- mond. Waunemunde, a town of Germany, in the grand duciiy of Mecklenburg-Schweriii,9 miles N.N.W. of Rostock. Warxeton, a town of Belgium, in West Flanders; 8 miles N.W. of Lisle. Pop. 5300. WAitREN, the name of several counties in tiic United States: viz., 1. In Kentucky, S. of Green river, with 15,446 inhabitants; chief town, Bowling Green. 2. In North Carolina, with I2,92'J inhabitants; capital, Wnrrenton. 3. In the S.W. of Ohio, with 23,141 inhabi- tants; chief town, Lebanon. 4. In the central part of Georgia, with 9789 inhabitants ; chief town, Warrenton. 5. In West Tennessee, with 10,803 inhabitants; chief town, M'Minnville. 6. In the stave of Mississippi, with 15,820 in- habitants; capital, Vicksburg. 7. IntheN.W. partofPennsj'lvania, with 41,279 inhabitants; capital, Wurren. 8. In New York; capital, Caldwell, Pop. in 1845, 14,908. 9. In New Jersey, on the Delaware river; capital, Belvi- dere. Pop. in 1840, 20,366. 10. In Virginia; capital, Front Royal. Pop. 5267. 11. In Indi- ana; capital, Will iamsport. Pop. 5P56. 12. In Illinois; capital, Monmouth. Pop. 6739. 13. In Missouri; capital, Warrenton. Pop. 4253. Warren, a tovvn of Pennsylvania, capital of Warren county, seated on the Allegany river, where it receives the Conncwango. Warren, a town of Rhode island, in Bristol county, which has a good trade, particularly in ship-building. It stands on Warren river, and the N.E. part of Narraganset bay; 10 miles S.S.E. of Providence. Pop. 2437. Warrenton, a town of Virginia, cai>ital of Fauipiier county; 40 miles N. N.W. of Frede- ricksburg. Warrington, a borough in Lancashire, markets on Wednesday and Siiturday; manu- factures of soap, tools of all descriptions, muslins, velveteens, canvas, cottons, checks, hardware, pins, and glass, and a considerable tratfic in malt. Here are six churches, six niecting-liouses for dissenters, a Roman Ca- tholic chapel, an excellent free school, two churity schools, and an infant school, opened in 1826. It is seated on the Mersey, over wiiich is a bridge; 18 miles E. of Liverpool, jiiid 182 N.N.W.uf London, on the main lino of till' Lon. & X. Wcbtern railwuy. It returns one member to purManient. It was the coach thoroughfare between Manchester and Liver- pool but this has been altered by the railway, Warriore, a town of Hindostan, in tho Carnatic; 32 miles N.N.E. of Tanjoro, and 55 8.S.W. ofPondicherry. Warsaw, the metropolis of the present kingdom of Poland, and formerly of the whole country of that name. It is built partly in a plain, and partly on a gentle rise from tho Vistula; extending, with the suburbsofKraka and Praga, over a vast extent of ground, and containing above 140,571 inhabitants. The streets are spacious, but ill paved; thecliurclKs and public buildings large and magnificent; tho palaces of the nobility numerous and splendid ; but the greatest part of the houses, particularly in the suburbs, are mean and ill- constructed wooden hovels. Tho manufac- tures comprise woollen stuffs, carpeting, gold and silver wire, soap, tobacco, &c. Here are several wholesale mercantile houseSjCmployed in the import of articles for thesupply of the interior, and the export of Polish produce. Two great annual fairs have, sipco 1817, been established here, on the plan of those of Frtiuk- fort, Leipsic, &c. They are held in May and November, each continuing three weeks. In the beginning of 1794 the empress of Russia put a garrison into this city, in order to compel the Poles to acquiesce in the usurpa- tion she had in view; but this garrison was soon expelled by the citizens. The king of Prussia besieged Warsaw in July, but was compelled to raiee the siege in September., It was undertaken by the Russians, who, in November, took by storm the suburb of Praga, massacred the inhabitants, and nearly re- duced it to ashes. Tho immediate conse- quence was the surrender of the city to the Russians, who, in 1796, delivered it up to tho king of Pru.ssia. Towards the end of 1800, the French occupied this place; and by the treaty of Tilsit, the city, with this part of Po- land, was given to Saxony, to bo held under the title of the duchy of vVarsaw. The Rus- sians, however, overran Uiis duchy in 1813, and took possession of the city of Warsaw. It was the residence of the viceroy, and the place of meeting of the Polish parliament, till the insurrection of tho Poles in 1833, which failed in restoring their ancient privileges and annihilated the political existence of the Poles; since which it has forme,'li. Pop. 11,751. 11. In Indiana, lying W. of Chirkcounty; chief town, Salem. Pop. 15,2()9. 12. Iu North Carolina; chief town, Ply- month. Pop. 4525. 13. In the central p;i"rt of Vermont; chief town, Montpelicr. Pop. 2;J.506. 14. In the S.W. part of Virginia; chief town, Abingdon. Pop. 13,001. 15, ■\Y A T 875 WAT In Florida; chief town, Roclics Bluff. Pop. 859. 16. In Mississippi; ciipitiil, Prince- ton. Pop. 2649. 17. In Illinois; cii])it!il, Nashville. Pup. 4810. 18. In Wisconsin; capit.al, Washington. Pop.343. 19. Inlowa; capital, Washington. Pop. 1.594. 20. In Missouri; capital, Pctosi. Pop. 7231. 21. In Arkansas; capital, Fayetteville, Pop. 7148. Washington, a town of North Carolina, in Beaufort county. It was formerly called Bath, and has a good harbour near the mouth of the river Tar ; 38 miles N.E. of New- bern. Washington, a town of the state of Geor- gia, chief of Wilkes county. It is HO miles W.N.W. of Augusta. Long. 82. 30. W. lat. 33. 12. N. Washington, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of a county of the same name, and noted for a variety of manufactures. It stands on a branch of Chartier creek; 10 miles above Morganza, and 22 S.S.W. of Pittsburg. Pop. 2062. Long. 80. 10. W. lat. 40. 11. N. Washington, a town of Texas. It stands on the right bank of the Brazos river, at the liead of steam-boat navigation. It contains 2 churches, and about 1300 inhabitants. WABHirA, a p.arish of the state of Loui- siana, drained by the Washita river. Cotton is the chief production. Capital, Monroe. Pop. in 1840, 4640. Washtenaw, a county of Micliigan, of which it is one of the best counties, and con- tains several lakes; capital, Ann Arbor. Pop. in 1840, 23,571. Wassenueko, a town of Prussia, in tlie duchy of Juliers, seated on the Iloer; 1 7 n)iles N.W. of Juliers. WASSEKBuno, a town of Bavariii, with a castle and four churches. The principal traenfei.8, a town and castle of Bavaria, giving name to a county on the frontiers of Tyrol; 16 miles S. of vVe.ilheim, and 22 N. W. of Inspruc. Wekuekheuo, a fjitiricd town of Switzcc- laud, capital of a bailiwick in tlio canton ol Glarus; with a castle on an eminence. It is seated near the Uhinc; 10 miles S.S.E. ol Appenzcl, and 26 E.N.E. of Glarus. Werfen, a town and fortress of Austria, in the province of Salzburg, vituate on the Salza; 22 miles S. by E. of Salzburg. Werl, a town of Prussian We.stjdialia, with a castle, seated on the Sisck; 8 miles S. of Ham. Pop. 2300. Weusiei.ani), a former province of Sweden, the N. j)art ol Gothland, between iJulecarlia and the lake Wenner 100 miles long, and 50 broad. The com is fertile, diversilied by mountains, rocks, lulls, and dales, clothed with forests of birch, poplar, mountain ash, pine, and iir. It also abounds with lakes, which succeed each other almost without in- termission; and numerous rivulets flow from these lakes. The chief river is the Clara, or Stor Elbe, in which is a good salmon-flshery. It has mines of silver, lead, copper, and iron, with forges, foundries, &c., belonging to them. Wern, a town of Prussian \\ estjdialia, seated near the Lippe; 6 miles W. of Hum. Wernigekode, a town of the Prussian states, capital of a county of the same name, abounding in mountains, the principal of which is the Great Brocken, or Blocksbcrg. The principal business of the town consists in brewing, distilling, and manufactures of cloth and stutl's. It is 12 miles W. by S. of Halberstadt, and 23 S.S.E. of Wolfenbuttcl. Pop. 5100. Long. 10. 58. E. lat. 51. 53. N. Werra, a river of Germany, which rises ir. the principality of Coburg, 3 miles above Kissfeld; flows by Ilildburgliausen, Meinin- gcn, Salzungen, Vacha, Trcfurt, Wanfricd, Allcndorf, and Witzenhausen; it then enters the duchy of Brunswick, passes by Munden, and a little below that town joins'tlie Fulda, where the united stream forms the Wescr. Weutheiji, a town of Germany, in Baden, capital of a county of th^ same name, which yields excellent wine. It is seated at the con- flux of the Tauber with the Maine; 16 miles W. of Wurtzbnrg. Population of the countv, 12,000; of the town, 3200. Werwick, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, seated on the Lis; 8 miles S.E. of Ypres. Wesel, a town of Rhctiish Prussia, with a strong citadel. Here are two Calvinibt WES 879 W E S churches, one for the Lutlieraiis, and another t'jr the rapists. Jt is seuteil on tlie Uliine, at the intlux of tlic Lippu; 25 inilt^s iti.E. of Cleve.anJ 50 W.S.W. ol Minister. Top. aOOO. Lon^. 6. 37. K. lat. 51. 3S. N. WESKNDuno, n fortified town of Russia, in the (government of Estiioniu, seated on the Wiss; 45 miles E. of Kevel. Weskk, a river of Germany, formed by the union of the Werra anil Fulda, in the dnehy of Brunswicl<, at Munden. It flows ahjnj; the confines of VVestphulia and Saxony, by Corvey, Ilanielin, Miiiden, and lloyc, receives the Aller from Vei'dcn, and, passinf; by Jirenicn, enters tlie German ocean at Carlshur;:. West Chesti;«, a county in the S.E. part of New York, with (in 184"")) 47,578 inhabi- tants. Chief towns, Bedford and VVltitcPJains. West Chestek, a town in tlio forcgoinjj county, seated on East river; 12 miles N.E. of New York. Top. 4154. West Chesteii, a town of I'cnnsylvania, capital of Chester county. It contains several public institutions, and is connected by a branch to the Coiumbi(S railroad; 24 miles W. of riiiladelphia. Top. 2 1 52. West Point, a village and military post of New York, in Orange county, on the W. bank of the Hudson. It is situate amid the high lands, and so strongly fortified by nature and art, tiuit it is called the Gibru-ltar of America. It derives its importance from the United States military academy, established here in 1802. The domain is 250 acres, ceded by the state in 1826, and the buildings are two stone barracks, an observatory, &c. It is 20 miles S. of Poughkeepsic, and 54N.or New York. W'estuouy, a borough in Wiltshire, with a market on Friday, and a manufacture of broad cloth, now declined. On a hill to the E. of the town is Bratlon castle, the remains of a fortification, where the Danes held out 24 days against the English. It returns one member to parliament. It is 21 miles N.W. of Salisbury, and 98 W. of London. Westeras, a town of Sweden, capital of a government of its name, and a bishop's sec, with a citadel, and a famous college. It carries on a considerable commerce with Stockholm, particularly in copper and iron from the neighbouring mines. Here are the ruins of an ancient palace, formerly inhabited by the kings oJSweden. The cathedral, built of brick, is celebrar.ed for its tower, esteemed the highest in the kingdom. In this cathedral is the tomb of the unfortunate Eric XIV. Wes- terns is seated on the Lake Macler; 46 miles N.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 3000. Long. 17.0. E. lat. 59. 38. N. Westerduro, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, with a castle; 22 miles S. W. of Dillenbui-g, and 40 N. of Mentz. Westerham, a town in Kent, on the Da- rent, which rises near this town. It is plea- santly seated in a vale, at the foot of the chalk range, near the W. limit of the couini'. thence its name. The church is a handsonio structure, and contains a monument of Gene- ral W'olfe, the conqueror of Qut'bec, who WiU borii here, Jaimary 2nd, 1727; 21 miles S.S. E. of London. VVestekly, a town of Rhode Island, in Washington county, with a good coasting trade, and extensive fisheries. It stands at the mouth of Paukatuk; 5 miles E. of Ston- ington, in Cnnnecticut. Pi>p. l'J12. Western Islands. Ste Azores and IIe- BRIMKS. Westerwai.d. See Wetteravia. Westerwick, asoaport of Sweden, in Sma- land, with a good harbour, a commo lioiij quay, a cloth manufacture, and a trade in ship-timber and all sorts of naval stores, it is seated on the Baltic; 56 miles N. of Cal- mur, and 120 S.W. of Stockholm. Long. 16.0. E. hit. 57. 40. N. Pop. 3000. Westfiei.I), a town of Massach'isctts, in Hampden county, on ariver of its name; 10 miles W. of Sjiringfield. Pop. 3526. Wkstiiofen, a town of Girmany, in the palatinate of tlie Kliiiic. It has three cimrehes. It is 7 miles N.W. of Vforms. Westhoiek, a town of Fnince, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine; 12 miles W. of Strasburg, Westmania, a former province of Sweden, between Ujiland, Suderinania, Nerieia, Wer- melnnd, and Dalecarlia. It is 75 miles long, and 45 broad. Pop. 1 10,000. It abounds in cojiper and iron mines. The face of the country is diversified like Wcrmeliiud. Westminster, a city of Middlesex, the re- sidence of the monarch, the seat of the parlia- ment, and of the high courts of justice, and constituting, with l^ondon and Southwark, the metropolis of the British empire. On tlio dissolution of its abbey, in 1541, Henry VHI. erected it into a bishopric, appointing the whole of Middlesex (Fulham excepted) for the diocese. It had, however, only one i)re- late; for Edward VI. soon after dissolved it, but in 1856, the extension of the metro- polis had so increased, that it was again divided into the bishoprics of London and Westminster. It sends two members to parliaineiit, who are chosen by its house- holders, there being no freemen nor incor- porated companies. Besides the churches of the establishment, Westminster contains places of worship for dissenters of almost every denomination, and a Jews' synagogue. In the city are two parish churches, St. Mar- garet and St. John ; and seven in the liber- ties, namely, St. Clement, St. Mary, St. Paul, St. Martin, St. Ann, St. James, and St. George. The precinct of St. Martin-lc-Grand, tiiougli within the city of London, is under the juris- diction of Westminster. See London. Westminster, a town of Vermont, in Windham county, on Connecticut river, op- posite Walpole, in New Hampshire, with which it communicates by a bridge; 40 miles N.E. of Bennington. « yy K s 880 WET 1^, Westmorklanu, an inlund comity of Eng- knud, A'2 iiiIIl's Ioii|^, and Iriini 10 to 40 hmad; buuiidud DM llic N. and N.W. by Ciitnljcilimil, E. iiiid S.E. Iiy Yurksliire, iiiid S.W. by Laii- fasliire. It contaiiiH 487,080 aei-cs, is Uividud into I'uur wards, and !yi parislics, bus eight inarkct-tuwiiH, ami Minds two uuMiiliiTsto par- liament. It is a ri'giuu ui lolty mountains, naiicd Inlls, dreary forests, and barren uioors; but is watered by numerous rivers, and several lalves. The soil, of course, is various; tiiat on till! mountains licing very l)arren, winlc tiiat in tile valleys is fertile, i)rodueinp; good corn and grass, especially in tho meadows near the rivers. In tbc billy parts on the W. bor- ders are some mines of copper, i)ut the ore lies very deep. This county yields idaindance ot limestone, and the linest blue slate; and many excellent iiams are cured iierc. Its inanufaetures are ii coarse woollen cloth, Worsted stockings, flannels, tanned leather, and gunpowder. The priueipal rivers are the Eden, Lune, and Ken; and the chief lake is Winandermere, the largest in England. Ap- pleby is the county town. VVjiSTOE, a borough in the county of Dnr- linm, a suburb of South Shields, tho market- place, and many of tho principal streets of which tire in this towiuhip; and in conjunc- tion with it, it sends one member to parlia- mcnr. Westi'iialia, one of the former circles of Germany, bounded on the E. by Lower Sax- ony, S, by Ilcsse, Wetteravia, and Treves, W. by the Netlierlands, and N. by the Ger- man ocean. The climate is cold, and there arc a great many marshes, but the soil pro- duces pastures, and some corn. The borses are large, and the hogs in higli esteem, es- pecially the hams, known by tho name of \^'estphalia hums. The i)riiicipal rivers are the Weser, Fnis, Lipi>e, and liocr. This circle contained the bishoprics of Mnnster, J^icge, Paderborn, and Osnaburg; the princi- palities of Eniden, or East Fnesland, Kiturs, Mindcn, and Verden; tho duchies of West- phalia, Berg, Juliers, Clevc, Oldenburg, and part of the territories of the princes of Nassau ; tho counties of Mark, Kavensburg, Steinfurt, Tccklenburg, Lingen, Bentheim, Diepholt, lloya, Schauenburg, Spigclburg, Lippe, Hit- berg, and other smaller ones; and several lordships and abbeys. In 1800 all the parts of tho circle lying on the left bank of the Khine, being full one-third of the whole terri- tory, became united to Eranee; and in 1808 tho French emperor erected the remainder into a kingdom, in favour of his brother Je- rome, and added to it the doctorates of Hesse- Cassel and Hanover. Cassel was the capital. After the celebrated battle of Lcipsic, in 1813, this new kingdom was overrun by the allies, and the government overthrown. The whole territory now belongs to Prussia, Hanover, and Oldenburg. Westphalia a province of the Prussian states, bounded W. by the Netherlands, and E. b/ Hanover and Hcsso-Casgcl. It is di- vidctl into the districts (d'Arensbcrg, Minden and .Munsler. It contains an iirca (jf 7801 s(iii;ire miles, with I,;U7,.')ll of inhaliitiinis in 1837. The soil in general is not Icrtile, but largo (piantities of llu.x arc raised, and the rearing (d' cattle is carried to a great ex- tent. There are nnnes of lead, iron, and coal in the mountainous districts, and exten- sive salt-wjurks in diifereiit i)ans of the pro- vince. \VKsrrouT,atownofIreland, in tliu county of Mayo, 8 nules W. of Castltbar. WicsTrouT, n town of Massachusetts, in Bristol county, seated on Uu/.zard's bay, 24 miles S. of Taunton. Pop. 2820. Westua, one of the Orkney islands, 9 miles long, and from 1 to 3 broad. It has a trade in kelp, and a good harbour for small vessels cm the N.W. side; 9 miles N.N.E. of Pouioua. Long. 2. 52. W. hit. (i'J. 8. N. WEsrwATEii, a lake in Cuiid)crlanil, 7 miles N.N.E. of Havcnglass. It is 3 miles long, and above half a ndle broad, lying in Wastdalc, among the western mountains. The Screes, a very high ridge of mountains, run along the S.E. side of the lake. Its out- let, at the S. end, joins the river Irt, which enters the sea at liavcngbiss. Wetheruy, atowniii West Yorkshire, with a market on Tlinrsday, seated on the Wharf, over which is a handsome stone bridge; 15 nii'es W. by S. of York, and 1 9 1 N. by W. of London. Wetiieusfiem', a town in the United States, in the state of Connecticut, famous for its onions, and its state prisoti. It is situated on the W. bank of the river Connecticut; 4 miles S. of Hartford. Population, 3824. Wettkk, a lake of Sweden, in Gothland, S.E. of the lake Wenner. It is 100 miles in length, and in some places 20 in breadth. Above 40 small streams enter this lake, and itsonly outlet is the river Motala, which flows E. by Nordkoping into the Baltic. Wetteuen, a town of Belgium, in the pro- vince of East Fl mdcrs, on the river Scheldt, with aconsideiabl", manufacture of lace, linen, and woollens, it is 7 miles E. of Ghent. Population, 7^:00. Wettek/ via, or Wetekaw. a name ori- ginally apidied to a district of Germany, ly- ing on the banks of the river Wetter, but now so extended as to denote all the country be- tween the Lahn, the Rhine, and the Maine. AVettin, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on a mountain, seated on the Saal, over which is a ferry; 9 miles N.N.W. of Halle. Pop. 2700. Wettingen, a town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden, celebrated for its wooden bridge, 240 feet long, of a single arc h, over the river Limmat. It is 1 mile S. of Baden. Wetzlar, a town of Germany, in Wetter- avia, capital of a county of tho same name. It is surrounded by ditches, and walls flanked vviih towers. It is seated at the cjiiIUicik'o I J^.Mi,UBL W E Y 881 W II I of ihc Liilin, Dislo, and I>illun; 30 miles N. of IVaiiklort. Loiiij. 8.37. E. Int. 50.33. N. Weveloiikm, u town of l)ul){ium, in tho province of West Flunders, on tho river Ne- (leibecko, with u niuiiufuuturo of (liniiticti. i'op. 3100. WEVi;i,8nuKa, a town nnd eimdel of West- plialia, in the principality of rudcrbornj 9 iiiiioi S. of ruderhorn. Wbxfoiid, a connty of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Mnnstcr, 47 miles lon)^ and 30 broad; area, 564,479 acres; bounded on the N. by Wieklow, E. by St. GeorRu's channel, S. by tlio Atlantic ocean, W. by Waterford and Kilkenny, and N.W. by Catherlough. It contains 142 parishes, 8 baronies, bus two boroughs, and sends two members to parlia- uicnt. The surfiico is mountainous, but the «()il in general is ftrtilo in corn and grnss. Tiio principal rivers are tho Barrow and Slaney. Wexfoud, a borough of Ireland, sending one nicuibcr to parliament, and capital of tho foregoing county. It has a spacious harbour at tho mouth of the Slaney, on a bay of St Gcorne's channel, but the water is not deep enough for largo vessels. Much woollen cloth is manufactured here, and in the neij^hbour- hood. It is 33 miles E.N.E. of Waterford, and 60 S. of Dublin, [^ong. C. 30. W, lat. 62.22. N. Wexio, a town of Sweden, in Smnland, seated on the hike Ilelga, which contains a group of woody islands. It is a bishop's sec, though smi h. It is 50 miles W. of Calmnr. Wey, a river which rises in Hampshire, flows through Surrey by GodalmingandGuild- ford, and enters the Thames at Weybridge. Weybrioob, a village in Surrey, seated on the Wey, near its entrance into the Thames, and near the South Western railway; 2 miles E. of Ciiertsey. Wevuill, a village in Hampshire, fumons for an annual fair for all kinds of cattle and sheep, leather, hops, cheese, and pedlery. It is one of the largest fairs in England, lasting a week from tho 9th October; 3 miles W. of Andover. Weymouth, a seaport nnd borough in Dor- setshire, with markets on Tuesday and Friday. It stands on a bay of its name, in the English channel, and on the S. side of the mouth of the Wey, which separates it from the borough of Melcomb Regis. Tho two boroughs are united as one corporation, returning two mem- bers to parliament, governed by a mayor; and the communication between them is by m ns of a bridge. See Melcomb Regis. The 1. ir- bour is injured by the sand, so that its trade, which was once considerable, is much reduced. This decline is in some degree compensated by the gr'.ii resort of persons of all ranks for the purpose of sea-bat*hing, for which it is ex- cellently fitted by its remarkably fine beach; and the royal family, during the reign of George HI., frequently visited it. Here is a handsome battery, aroyal assembly- room, and An elegant theatre. In the church is a fine altar-piece, executed and presented by Sir James TImrnhill, who was born at Melcomb Regis. Near it, at tho village of Noltington, is a famous sulphureous spring. Weymonih is 9 miles S. of Donhester, and 128 VV.S. W. of London. Long. 2. 34. W. lat. 50. 40 N. WiiAi.LET, a village, and the largest pa- riNh in Lancashire, being 30 miles long and 15 broad; tho towns of I'lunley, Clitheroo, Ilaslingden, &c., nro within it. Tlio village is 8 miles VV.N.W. of Uurnley, on tho Lan- cuHliiro and Yorkshire railway. Top. of parish in 1851, 127,458. VViiAMi'oA, a town of China, province of Qu intung, on an island in the Cantoi river. Merchant vessels stop at this town aril com- n>unieato with Canton by means of doats. It ifj45 miles N. of Macao, and 10 S. ofCanton. WiiAHNBiiiK, the highest mouiitiiin in Eng- land, in the N.W. part of York.ihiro. Its summit is 4050 leet ubo-e tho level of tlie sea. WiiBKi.iNO, a city of Virginia, in Ohio county, which participates with I'ittsburii in tho trade to the western country. Situate at tho mouth of a creek on Oliio river, 45 miles S.VV. of Pittsburg. Pop. in 1840, 7885. Wiiio AH, acountryof Quinea,on the Slave coast, ext(!ndingal)nut 10 miles along the At- lantic, and 12 miles inland. The country is so populous that one single village contains ns many inhabitants as sonic entire kingdoms on the coa.st of Guinea. The people, in their manners, h.ave been compared to tho Chinese; the same persevering industry, ceremonious civility, jealous affection for their women, and thievish inclinations in trade, prevail in both countries. The fruits are citrons, lemons, oranges, bananas, tamarinds, &c., and them are vast numbers of palm-trees, from which much wine is made. The trade consistschiefly of elephants' teeth, wax, and honey ; and tho principal manufactures arc cloths, umbrellas, baskets, pitchers for pito or beer, plates and dishes of wood, gourds finely ornamented, white and blue paper, &c. In 1727 the king of Dahomy reduced this country to the state of a dependent province. Xavier, or Sabi, is the capital. Whitby, a borough and seaport in North Yorkshire, with a market o » Saturday. It re- turns one member to parliament. It has a considerable maimfacturo of canvas, ami a great traffic in the buildirg of ships, and in the carrying business. In the neiglibourli(jod are some l>^lge alum works, and lime is also very largely made and sent to the iron works on the Tyne. Tho principal public buildinjis are the church, a chapel of ease, several places of worship for dissenters, a town-hall, a dis- pensary, a library, and a commodious news- room. Its harbour is the best on this coast and has a fine pier; but it has no river com - munieation with the inland country. In 1787 a strong new-built quay, running parallel to a high clifi^, fell into the sea, followed by largo masses of the cliff. The remains of an abbey church stood on this cliflF, and since tli\j 8b i t . f W il I 882 WIC M i h al)Ovc (lecideiit several parts have fallen to the proiiiid. Wiiiiliy is the hirtliplacc of James C'ook, tlic ^rciit i'ircuiniiavi};ator. It is seated lit the iiiouili of ti)e Ivsk; 48 miles ^'.N.E. of York, and '2-43 N. of Loudon. Long. 0. 37. W. int. 54. 30. N. WiiiTcHLROii, a town in Hampshire, mar- Ivjt on Friday; seated on tlij Test, near its so.iree; 12 miles N. of Winehcster, and 50 W. liy S. of London. Whitchtircii, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Fi iday. It is noted for its annnal riiet'S, an'' eontaiiis a handsome ehureli, several jilar. ■ o'' worship for dissenters, an exrellent irec-seli.H)l, a eharity-sehool, aims- lioMscs, Sic; 20 miles N. of Shrewsbury, and 1G0 N.W^ of London. \^'niTK, a county of Tennessee, capital, Sparta. Pup. in 1840.10.747. — Alsoaeonnty in Indiana; eai)ital, Montieello. I'op. 1832. — Also a county in Illinois; capital, Carmi. Po]). 7910. — Also .1 county in Arkansas; cajiitnl, Searcy. Pop. 929. WiiiTi': Mountains, the hij^liest part of a ridfje of mountains in the state of New Hamp- shire. They exten.1 N.K. and S.VV., ahout 20 miles. 'I'lie hij:hest peiik. Mount AVasli- in^'ton, is 0234 feet hijih ; Mount Adams, 5328 feet; an 1 IMount Jetlerson, 5058 feet above the sea. Tiie snow and iee cover them nine ortenmonthsinthc year; and ('uringiliat time they exhibit the bright apjiearance from whii.'li they arc dtnominated tiie White Mountains. Until recently they were considered as the liighest land in the United States E. of the liocky Mountains, but it has been ascertained that there are hif;iier peaks in N. Carolina. Althou^iii they are 70 miles inlarul, they are seen many leatjues off at sea, and appear like on exeeeditiply bripht cloud in the horizon. Their highest summit is in lat. 44. N. Wnnu Ska, a large hay of the Frozen oeeaii, on the N. part o*^ llus.sia, on the K. side of which stamis the eiiy of Archangel. Whitehall, (formerly Skenesborough.) a town of New York, in Washington county, at the bead of Lake Champlain. It has a con.^iderable trade, and is the great thorough- fare between New York and Montreal; 70 miles N. of Albany. Pop. 3813. WiiiTKiiAVKN, a borough and seaport in (!nmberland, with markets on Tiu'sday, Thursday, and Saturday. It returns one member to parliament. It is seated on a creek of the Irish sea. on the N. end of a great hill, washed by the tide on tlie W. side, where there is a large whitish rock and a strong stone wall that secures the harbour. Near it are excellent; coal mines, some of which run ,» considerable way under the sea, and are the chief source of its wealth; but its trailo is now extended to foreign parts. Here are yards for ship-building, und exten- sive canvas n'am.fac ture, large roperies, and several copperas works. The town is defended by batteries, and has four neat churches, nnd Beverul meeting -houses. It is 41 miles S.W. of Carli.sle, nnd 320 N.N.vV. of London. It has r' lujivv to C'ai lisle and Furness, &c. Wu. TE SuLPiinu Springs, a celebrated niiiieralsjjringand town of Virginia, in Green- brier county. It has excellent accommodation for its visitors; 205 ini'es \V. by N. of liicli- mond, 242 from Washington. WiiiTiiouN, a borougli of Scotland, in Wigtonshire, near the bay of Wigton. It coi!tribut(!s, with Wigton, &c., in sending one member to parliament. It is a place of great anticpiity, having been a Koman station, and tl.e first b'-.li-.prie in Scotland j 11 miles S. of \>'ii:ti)n. WiiiTKSTOWN, a town of New York, in Herkimer county; ;";» miles W.N.W. of Canajohary. Pop. 5156. WjuT.sT.viii.E, a town on thecoast of Keiit, 7 miles N.N. W. of Canterbury. It is a small port, whence Canterbury is supplied with coal, &c, by means of a railroad, and haa several fr.nling vessels to London. Whitsuntide Island, one of the New Hebrides in the South Pacific; 30 miles long, and 8 broad; discovered by C ptain Wallis on Whit-sunday, 1767. Long. 168. 20. E. Ut. 15.44. S. WiurrLEiiURY Forest, a fc^rest in tlie S. part of Northamptonshire; 9 miles long, und 3 broad. In 1685 the first Duke of Grafton was appointed hereditary ranger of this for- e!iit the licrring-fi.slierics arc tlic chief o'njcct of importance. It is55 miles N.E. of Dornoch. L'jnt:. 2. 51. W. hit. 58. 21. N. Wick, a fortificil town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Linilmrg, seated on the Meuse, opposite Macstricht, with which it comniunicatcs l)y a hridge. Wicit Di;EKsri;Di;, a town of Prussian We:^tphalia, with two castles; 12 miles iS. of Juliers. WiCKLow, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Leiiister; 36 miles lonjr, and 25 liroad; bounded on tlie N. hy Dublin, E. hy the Irish sea, S. by Wcxlbrd," W. by Cuther- lough and Kildare, and N.\V. by Kildare. It is divided into 58 ])arishes, and s>jnds two members to parliaL^nt. It is very mountain- ous and woody, interspersed with rocks and bogs, but tlie valleys are fertile and well cuUivated, and watered by numerous small rivers. WnKi.ow, tlic cajaial of the foregoing county, is seated on the Irish sea, with a narrow hiubour, at the mouth of the river Leitrini; 2C miles S.iS.E. of Dublin. Long. 6. 12, W. hit. 52. 58. N. WioiHN, a fortified town of Bulgaria, and an archbisho])'s see. It has often been taken and retaken by the Austrians and Turks. It is seated on the D.mube; 100 miles N. by W. of 8ossa, and 140 E.S.E. of Belgrade. Top. 20,000. Long. 24. 27. E. hit. 44. 12. N. VViEi), a county of Germany, at the con- flux of the rivers Wied and Khine. It is composed of two parts, the Upi)er County, or Wicd-Kunkel and the Lower County, or Wied-Nieuwied. Area, 170 square miles. Pop. 24,000. WiED, a town of Germany, in tiie Lower County of Wied; 9 niilesN.N.W. ofCoblentz. WiKLL'N, a town of Prussi.m Poland, with a good castle; 16 miles S. of ISiradia. WiEi.iTSK A, a village of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, celebrated for its salt mines, which extend under the whole town, and to a con- siderable distance on each side. In these mines are several small chapels, excavated in the s.ilt; and many of the inhabitants reside chiefly in the mines. It is 8 miles b.E. of Cracow. Pop. 2200. WiESi'.xsTKiG, a town of Wirtcmberg, with a castle, seated on the Fils; 16 miles W.N. W. of Ulm, and 25 E.S.E. of Stuttgard. WiESENTiiAL, a town of Saxony, in Meis- sen, with manufactured of iron, steel, and fire-arms, and a considerable trade in leather. It stands on a rivulet of the same name, on the frontiers ofBohenna; 15 miles N. by E. of Carlsbad. WiGAJJ, a borough inLancashire, governed by a mayor; returns two members to parlia- ment. It has bleach works, brass and macliiive factories, iron-foundries, and abundance of coal. The staple manufacture of the town is that of cotton, and, more recently, of silks. The parish church has been elegantly re- atored. llicre is also a tovn- hall, 2 Roman Catholic chapels, meeting-houses for dissen- ters, a free school, a blue-coat school, a school of iudustry, a dispensary, a mechanics' insti- tute, &e. " The town is lighted by gas, and is well supi)lied with waier. In the neighbour- hood are extensive irc/U-works, and ii mineral spring, similar in nature with that of Harrow- gate. ' Cannclcoal is peculiar to this pari-ili, rind, besides its utility, is formed into toys, &c. The old jiarish bus been subdivideil into several now ones, each with its cluircli. In IG50 a battle was fought here between the forces of Charles I. and those of the parlia- ment, in which the latter were victorious; the Earl of Derby, who commanded the for- mer, being then taken prisoner, and after- wards beheaded. Wigan is situated on the rivulet Dou;;rs, which is made ravigable to the Eibble, r, id joins a canal from Liver- pool, and on the N. the Union r.nd other railways. It is 39 miles S. of Lancaster, and 190 N.N.W. of London. Wight, an island in the English Channel on the 8. coast of Hampshire, from which it is sci)arated by a narrow strait. It is about 21 miles in length, and 13 in breadth, and is nearly divided into two equal parts by tho river Medina, or Cowes, which, rising in the southern angle, enters at the northern into the channel, opposite the mouth of Soutbampton bay. The S. coast is bordered vith very steep cli.Ts of chalk and free-stono, hollowed into caverns in various parts. The S.E. faco f the island is c;illed the Undercliff, and is tlie part much frequented by summer visitors. The W. side is fenced with ridges of rocks of which the most remarkable are those called the Needles. Between the island and the main aro various sand-banks, esi)ecially off tlie E. part, where is the safe road of St. Helens. Across the island from E. to W. runs a ridge of hill.s, forming a tract of fine downs, with a chalky or m.irly soil, which feeds a great number of rabbits and fine fleeced sheep. To the N. of this ridge the land is chiefly pasture; to the S. of it is a rich arable country, producing great crops of col■l^ The variety of jirospects which this islatnl af'ords, its mild air, and the neat manner in which the fields are laid out, render it a very delightful spot. It is devoted almost entirely to husbandry, and has no manufactures of any consequence. Among its products are to be reckoned a pure white pipe- clay, and a fine white crystalline sauu, of the latter "f which great quantities are exported for tbo use of the glass-works of various parts. The other articles of export are wheat, flour, bar- j ley, malt, and salt. Its ])riii( ipal town i.s >«ew})ort. It returns one member to parlia- ment. I WioTON, a town in Cutnbcrland, with a ^ market on Tuesday, and manufactures of linen and cotton; also an extensive calico.^ ' jtrinting cftablishment, and a hat mauufac- ' tory. Besides the paris'i church, which is a , neat structure, here are meeting-houses for ?' m WiL 884 WIL liiili'j.'eiiilc'iits, Ciuiikirs, iviid .Methodists; also u iVie trriiiiiiiiiir-sclunil, JhooklieM scliool, <.'>taljlislie(l by tlie Ciiiakcis in 1820, uiul an huspiuil lor six clcij;} men's widows. It is sealed iMn(in<,' the moors, on tlie MarviKJit !\nd Ciiilisle raiiwav; 12 niiU's S.W. ofCar- lisle, and ;iO-l N.N.W. of J.ondoii, ^\■ui■l()^•, a hoioiijrh and seaport of Scot- land, cajiital of Wi^tonshire. It sends one n.end)er to parliament, with Wliirliorn, &e. lleie are nnmufaetnresof woollen and eotion, liie former eldefiv of ],laids.and llannel. It is sitnate on a iiill wliicli overlooks the hay oi ^Vi-Ion; lO.j miles iS.S.W. of Kdinhurgh. W'luro.N.siiiKi:, or ^Vl;sr Galloway, a eonnty of Seotland, bonndod on tiic N. by Ayrshire, K.Fi. by Kirkeuilbri^litshirp, and on all otlier hides by iliu Irisii sea. Its greatest exient, in any direction, does not exeeed 30 iiiiies, and its li^rnrc is vciy irrennlar. It is divided into 17 jiarishcs. It retnrns one iiKMnber to parliament. Tlie iiays of Lnee iiad K'yan extend inland, formin^^ by their approxunalion a i)eninsnla, eali. d liiu lihyns It CJaibiuay. I'iie jirineipal rivers are tiio l.iiee, Crie, and JJUuleiioelL 'i'iiv: eoant is t.iler.ibly fertile, but the interior and northern pails are mountainous, lit only for the ]ias- tiuaife of sheep and blaek eattie, and a ;;;i;all breed of horses called Galloways. WiUAcs, a frontier town of European Tiir- , ki'v, ill 13o-^nia, seated on a lake tcrmcil by the river I'lina; 4U miles S.E. of Carlstadt, mid -220 W. of Beltjrado. Long. 16. 10. E L.t. 4;). 34. N. Wii,iai.vi>, a town of Germany, in Wirteni- berjr. with a eelebratetl warm-bath, seated on the ICnz; 24 miles \V. of Stutgard. Wii.DuiiKii, a town of NViitemberp, situate I'll tho Na;,'uld; li) miles S.W. of 8tutj;ard. \ViLi)i!i;iiG, a town of Prussia, in Branden- bur'j;; 28 miles 2>f. of Brandenburir. WiLiiiiSiiAfsKN, a tou II of Ger^iany, in the duchy ot OidenliiirLT, seated on the Hunte; 2>t miles S.W. of Bremen. Lung. 8. '27. !•]. hit. 5-2. 53. N. WiLULNoi:\, a town of Germany, in the county of Waldek, with a eastle. iNear it are mineral spriii;;s, and mines of cojiper, iron, and lead. It is 14 miles S.S.E. ol' Corbach. WiLiiELMSTKi.v, a fortress of Germany, ill the county of Schauenhurj;, on an island f.n'iiicd of stones sunk for the pur|iose, in Sieiiiliuderniere. It was erected in 1708, by ^\ illiani, count of Scliauenbur^'-Lipi)e, for the improvement of his new inventions in the art of war. It stands near the town of Steiidmde, 18 miles W.N.W. of Hanover. ^\'lLKI•:s, a town of North Carolina, capital of a county of its iiaiiie, seated on the Yad- kin, ntar its source; 50 nules W. of Morgan- town I AYiLKKSiJ.\iU(B (lurinerly Wyoming), a lown of rcnicsylvania, chief of Lu/.crnecoun- I t^,on the E. branch of the Sustpiehanna; 118 ii.i'.-' N.W. of rhihuleiplda. Top. 1718. | \^ iLKOAULiis, a towuiof liubbi*, ill the go- j verninent of Wilna, seated on Ihc Swcit.i: 45 miles N.N.W. of Wilna. William, Four, a fort of Seotland, in tha county of Inverness, at 1 he extremity of Loch Liiine, where that arm of the sta bends to thu W. and forms Loch Eil. It is of a triangular (igiiie. It is 64 miles S.\V. of Inverness. VViLLi.v.M Uknuv, a town of Lower Cana- da, situate at the conflux of the Sorel witii the St. Lawrence. It has a Protestant and a Koman catholic church. The princij)al chan- nel of intercourse with this country and the United States is throngh this town. It is 40 milci N.E. of Montreal', aiul 120 S.W. of Que- bec. Long. 73. 22. W. hit. 45. 55. N. WiLLiAMSiiURG, a towu of Ncw York, op- posite the N.l'j. ])art of the city of New York, to which it is closely allied, as there many of its inhabitants do business. I'oi). in lb40, 50!)4. \ViLLiAMsiiUi;r,, a town of Virginia, for- merly the cajjital of that slate. The college of \V'illiain and Mary is (i.xed here, but since the removal of the seat of government, this r.tid other public buildings are much decayed. It is situate between two creeks; 00 miles E. S.E. of Kielimond. I'op. about IGOO. Long. 77. 3. W. hit. 37. 10. N. WiLLiAMsroKT, a town of Marylaml, in Washington county, seated on tlic Potomac, at tlio mouth of Coiiegochcaque c.cek; 6 miles S.W. of Elizabctlitown, and 7i. N.N. W. of Washington. The rranklin ralroaJ from CliambersLuig terminates here. Wii.LiAMSTAur, a strong sea])ort of the Nethvrlands, in North Brabant, built by Wil- liam I., prince of Orange, in 1585. It is well built, has a gO(.d harbour, and stands on that, part of the Meuse culled ButterHiet; 15 miles W.N.W. of Breda. Low^. 4. 30. E. lat. 51. 30. N. WiLLiAMSTON, a t.Avn of Massachusetts, in Berk>hiro county, with a flourishing seminary called William's Ci)llege, in honour of its libe- ral foiimler. It is 2S miles N. of Lenox, and 140 W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 2153. Willis Isle, a rocky island at the N. eiol of the island of Southern Georgia. It was discovered in 1775, and contaiiied the nests of many thousands of shags. Long. 38. 30. W. Iat.'54. 0. S. Wii.LisAL', a town and bailiwick of Switzer- land, ill the canton ol' Lucern, seated amon;j nK.initains on the river Wiger; 16 miles W. N.\V. of Lticern. Wii.MANSTiJANi), a town of Russia, in tlie government of Einland'near which an obsti- nate battle was loiight in 1741, between 3000 Swedes and 16,000 Kussiaiis, when the former were obliged at length to yield ro superiority of numbers. It is scaled on the S. side of tlio lake Saitna; 40 miles N.N.W. of Wiburg, and 100 N.N.W. of Petersburg. WiLMiNoroN, a town of North Carolina, chief of New Hanover county, and of the dis- trict of its name. It has acoiu-ideroble trade to the West Indies. It stands on the N,E. ( L tra am iiMMhimVlV^'l f^ o'tmwim ii «w_j|H p - ii M ii m rrrrr r- r r-- ■ ■! ' v|' | —^"'— , i .. i ■ -p^— ^-^ i^WVmMX-J WIL 886 WIN branch of Cnpo Foiu river; 3tinilfis iVom tho 6C;i, iitiii 'JO 8.S. \V. of Nowhcni. Pop. 4744. VViLMiNOToN, a oitj' and suaport of Oela- ware, in Newcastle! coiiity. Hero arc IG edi- fiees lor piil)lie \vor.slii]>. Almost tliu whole of the foreij^n cxiiorts of Delaware arc from tiiis place. It is sitiiatcil on tlic N. side of ('liristiaiia creek; 2 miles W. of the river De- laware, and 28 S.W. of I'i.iladclphia. Pop. 83G7. Lon;j. 75. 40. \V. Int. ?.vith a iiniverijiiy, an anincnt castle, and a royal pa- lace. It stands on several little eminei ccs, and ha3 two consiilerahiesnhiu'bs, called \!i- toko'lo and Uiid.iiska. Here arc upwards of 40 churches, and the njagnificcnt one helonj^- in^c to the castle has a very rich treasury. In 174S a dreadful (•onfla(;ratioii destroyed 13 churches; and in 1749 another fire happened by liji;htnin},', which coiisurneil six churches; besides these, the Jewish synajroguo, the conn- cil-house, .33 ])idnccs, nunier<)us stone edifice?, and other buildinj^.j were destroyed. The churches have been reb\dlt, and some of them in a more cle}j;.int manner than before ; but the city has not recovered its former prandeur. Wilna wastiikcTi by tlie lius.sians m 1794, and, ■.vith its icrr'tory, annexed to tliat cmi>ire. Tlie French took possession of it in 1H12, Imt eva- cuated it the same year. It is seated on the Vilia; 180 miles E". of Konij^shcrft, and :iiO N.E. ofWarsav.-. Pop. tilA'JO. Long. 25, 23. E. hit. 54.41. N. WiLSODiiF, a town of Sixony, in Mcis.sen, near which the Saxons were dofeatod by tho Prussians in 1 74;'). It is 9 miles W'.of Dresden. Wilton, a boroupjh in \A'iltslure, with a ma- nu''acturc of carpets and thin woollen .stuff'.-, It returns one member to parliament. It w as formerly the capital of the county, but is nf)w much reduced. Here is Wilton House, the niairniticent .seat of the earl of Pembroke, in winch is a celebrated collection of antipa's. One of the lar{j;est sheep fairs in the W. of England is held hereon S^'ptend)cr 12. Wil- ton is seated between the rivers Willy and Nadder- tiireemiies W. by N. of Salisbury, and 85 W. by S. of London. Wii-rsiiiKii, a county of Kn<;land, 53 miles louji, and 38 broad; bounded on the E. by fJcrkshire and Ilanipsliire, S. by Hampshire and Dorsetshire, W. by Somersetshire, and N.W. and N. by Gloucestershire. It contain.x 809,020 acres, i.s divided into 28 hundreds and 304 ])arishes, and sends 4 mendiors to parlia- ment for tho N. and 8. divisions ot the county. The air is sharp on the hills .'i winter, but us mild duruig that sea»<;n in the vales. The land in the N. parts is generally hilly ana woody, hut adordsex( client pasture ftu- cattle; and here is made tlu; N. Wiltshire cheese, ko much esteemed. In flu; S. tlic soil is rich and fertile; in tho middle it chiefly consists of downs, that afTonl the bestpasrm-c for sheep; and in the valleys, which divide thedowns.aro corn fields and rich meailows. Its principal coinmodities arc sheep, wool, wood, and stone ; of this last there are excellent quarries on tho baidvs ofthcNadiler, wliere sotne of the stones arc 23 yards in lenu'fh, and four in thickness, without a Ihiw. Tlie chief inrmnfactures ^.\r'^ the didercnt branchc! of the clotbirs'j tnidc. The princi))nl riv^-s arc the Upper and Lower Avon, the Nadd.er, Willy, 15uurii,ancd. viot with- out '"uspicion of poison. It is l.'i miles N.E, of Gloucester, and 99 N.N.\V'. of London. WixcifEt.SEA.atown inl-^icisox,.".!! a;ii)cnd- a!.,'e to the cinque ports, niark't on S ituidiiy. It is seated riu a rocky cliiT, and now included in the horoisi^h of Rye. l< has sevcrid intcrost- in^r antiquities; 4 miles S.W. of Rye, and ut S.E. of London Wi>.ciiKs:Tr.ii, acity in L'.o.ipsiilio. frovern- cd by ft mayor, with n.'.'irkets on We Inosdcir and Saturday. It sends two mendtcrs to { parliarn' nt. It is one mile an i a half in cir- cumfercM'.'c, and has Ion cburchcs, besides the cathedral, in which were interred several Saxon kin,:j;s and qnecns, whose bones wei'v) , collected by bishop Fox, put iuto bix small llf n ? I il WIN 8.SG WIN gildod coffins, atul placud on ii wall in the S. side ot" tilt! choir. In tliis cathedral is the tnaihlo cofiin of William Hufus. The priDoi- pal parochial church, St. Miuirice, was rebuilt by subscription in 1840. There arc also seve- ral mceting-houaes for dissenters, and a lioinan Culliolic; chapel. On a lino eminence, overlooking the city, stood the castle, which wa.-i f,ak';n from Charles L, and afterwards dcriiolished, except the niagniiicent hail, in which the assizes are now held. Near the site of thip castle is the siicil of a palace built by Charles II., but never finished : some years Bii;ce, a parr of it was fitted up for the recep- tion of prisojuTS of war. Im tlie vicinity is St. M iry's (JoUcge, founded by William of Wykcliam, for a w.irdcn, 70 scholars, 10 fel- lows, &r., with exhibitions for New Collcftc, Oxford ; and contiguous to it is a spacious tiuadraii^;ii!ar edifice for conimoneis or gen- tlemen not on the foundation. At the S. end of the city is t!ie lio.5[)ital of St. Cross, founded tiy a bish acres, crosses the lake in a diago- nal line, surrounded by a number of inferior isle.s There is a railway hence to Kendal. WsNDiiA.M, a town of Connecticut, in a ciuiiity of its nnine, seated on the Shetucket. ;il mil' s !•;. of Hartford. Top. of the county, 28,080; of the town, 3832. WiNTiMiNGr.v, a town of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, seated on the Lauti.,r; 12 miles S. E. of Stutgard. WiNnsnACii,ii townand castle of Germnny, in tl;e district of Anspach, on the Kednitz; 10 miles S.E. of Anspach. WiNnaiiEiM, ,a town of Germany, in Ba- varia, surrounded with ramparts which servo for a promenade. It is seated on the Aiseh ; 30 miles S.E. of Wurtzburg, and 32 S.S.W. of T?:imberg, P(;p. 4500. WiNDSor«, a borough in l"!erks)iire, .seated on an eminence, on ilie Thames, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It has been a royal demesno e\-er since the time of William the Conqueror, who received it from the liands of the abliot o( Westminster, in exchange for lands in Es'icx. The picturesque beauty of its swinery, its noble forest, and the interesting historical flssociationfj connected with the vicinity, all combine to conferupon it peculiar .attractions; but it owes its chief celebrity to its magnifi- cent c.i.stle, the favourite residence of a long line of kings. This castle stands upon a high hill, which rises from the town by a gentle a.scent; and its fine terrace, faced with a rara- ])art of free-stone, 1870 feet in length, is one of the noblest walks in Europe, with respect to strength, grandeur, and jirospects. It wua built originally by William the Conqueror, and enlarged by IJenry I. Edward III. (who wa.s horn in it) caused the greater part of the ediiice to be taken down and rebuilt in its jircsent form. Great additions were maiU' to it by Edwnrd IV., Henry VIL, Henry VILf., and Elizabeth. Charles II. enlarged the windows and made tliom regular, furnished the royal iipartments with jiaintings, enlarged the terrace walk on the N, side, and carried it round the E. and S. sides. After the ac- cession of the illu,«trious House of Brunswick, and in psirticuhir during the reign of George III,, splendid improvements were made; and under George IV. i* ai'^nmed its present gr.'ind and magnificent ii])pcar;ince. It fias uiuJer- (xone many imjirovements by ^V\lliam IV., and her present miijcsty. The ciisth; is di- vided into f.i'O liirgc courts, separated from each other by the round tower allotted for the residence of the governor. ( )n the N. side of the upper court are the state apart- ments, on the E. the ])rivatc apartmcuts of lii.i late majesty, and on the 1;?. the suito of rooms set apar'. for the officers of st.ite. In the centre of :!'e court is an equestrian statue of Charles JI. The royal apartments are adorned with aspiondid colleccionof paint- incR, chielly formed by (ieorge IV., and the royal chapel is emhellished with a variety of superb carving.s, by ihe celebrated Gib- bons. In the lower ward of the caatk i« I '«'iMW»<«i-»'%ai,yw^vjj^»„i M hax'j been pri.siniers in tb(.'('ii(-tIo, \Vi )>'. ■ T is governed by a corporation o/ .')// Lrcihreu, lOolwhom aree.illed .ildernieii.nnd f'.e rest U'lichers ainl luirgcsses. From the former of these arc annn.dly eloited a mayor ami justice, id two tiailili's frcnn the l.ntti r /( received its first charter from Edward I., inid its last from \\ illiam III It rctmiiK hWj member" to parli.imcnt, I'hr parisli church ia tm uncK-nt gotliic edilleu, nnd coiitnim. monu- ments (d great intercht lo(l/«iinl)qiiiiry. 'I ho guildhall is a itately edifice, confiii/iinpevcial noble apartments, and is decoruieil chietl/ with portraits of the English sovereigns. Hera arc also many handsome buildings, a free- school, alnishousiis, and t)ther charities. Sec, h is 17 miles E. by N. of Heading, and 22 W. of London. Long. 3t). W. lat. 51. 30. N. Windsor, a town of Vermont, chief of a county of its name. It is seateil on the river Conneeticnt; 40 miles E. by S. of liiitlaiid. and 70 N.E. of Bennington. I'op. '2744; of ihe countv, 40,356. Long. 72. 40, W. lat. 43. 27. N. WiNosoR. a town of Connectieut, in Hart- ford ccnntv, on the river Connecticut; 7 miles N. of Hartford. Pop. 2383. WiNoson, a town of North Carolina, chiel of Bertie county, situate on the Cusbai. It is unhealthy; 23 miles W. by JS. of Edcton. WiNDSOK, a town of New South Wales,, nea/ the H iwkesbury river, it has a hand- some church; 34 miles from Sydney. VVl.vnaoR, a town of Nova Seotia, with a college, founded by royal charier in 1802. It is seated on a river of the same name; 25 miles N.VV. of Halifax, WiNDSon, Nkw, a town of New York, in Ulster county, on the W. side of the Hudson, just above the Highlands; 6 miles N. of West Point. Winds')!! Foiirsr, a forest in the E. part ot Berkshire, 50 miles in circumference. Though the ,'joil IS generally barren and uncultivated, it is finely diversified by hills and dales, woods and lawns, and delivchtl'ul villas. It contains several towns iind villages, of which Oaking- hain is the principal. AV'iNDWARD IsLAND.s, such of tlic Carib- bce islands in the West Indies as commence at M.irtinico, and extend to Tobago. WiN'DWAiiD Passagk, the strait between Point IMayzi, the E. end of the ishuui of Cubu, and Cape" St. Nicholas, the N.W.e.'vtremity of St. Domingo. WiNNENDKX.a town nnd casflcof Wirtem- berir; 12 miles E.N.E. of Stutgard. WiNNn-ZA, a town of Austrian Poland, with a castle seated on the river Bog; 3.) miles N. of Briuklau, WiN'Mi'Ei}, a lake of Upper Canada, N.W. of Like Siijicr or. It is 240 miles long, and fioin 50 to 100 broad, and exhibits a body of water next in size to lake Superior. It coii- l.uns a number of small islands, receives tlio waters of several small hikes in every ,'irec- tion, and disi harges them by the Nelso:, and Severn into Hudson's Hay. A very nario* ;idifc divides its .sources from those of the i\f;..s,i'Mp|)i. Th, lands on its hanks pvoduco viisf (jiiaiitilies t,t wild rice, and the sugar- maple in great plciity. VViNNsiJoi{ouon,atown ofSoiith v'aroliiia, (liief of Fairfield county, with a semiii.iry called " The Furnace Institution." It stands on Wateree creek, which flows into the river oftliat name; W miles N. by W. of Colli. ubuu WiNSCHnricN, a forrified town <>{ the No. therhuido, in Groningeii. Here in 15i>S, \\a* fuuuht the first battle between the xynoU(4 I) I ilMfiit \ m I - ■ Will 888 WIS I'utch anil the Spaniard!!, who were defeated by Lewis, brother to the prince of Orange. It is 6 miles S. of Dolbart bay, and 19 E.S.E. of ttroningen. WiNSEN, a town of Hanover., with a castle, seated on the Luhe, near its confluence with t!ie Ilnicnac; 13 miles N.W. of Lnnenburij;. WiNSLOw, a town in Buckinghamshire, with a lUnrket on Tuesday; 7 miles N.W. of Aylesbury, and 49 W.N.VV. of London; iit tht junction of the Oxford and Bucking- hanisliire railway. WiNSLOw, a town of the state of Maine, in Lincoln county, seated on the Kennebec; 18 niilos N. of Ilarritifjton. I'op. 1722. WiNSTEK, a town in I)erby.shire, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is situate among rich lead mines; 26 miles N.N.W. of Derby. WiNTEiinKRO, a town of Bohemia, with a c'elebnitcd ^1-ass manufactory, 77 miles S. by W. of Pryne. WiNTEKTHun, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, where there are mineral baths. The articles made here by the smiths and turners are in great estimation; and it has manufactures ofearthc'ivare, striped camlets, and cotton. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the river Alach; 12 miles E.N.E. of Zurich. WiNTEUTON, a village on the E. coast of Norfolk, near a promontory called Winterton- ness, on which is a lighthouse; 8 miles N. by W. of Yarmouth. VViNTHuop, a town of Maine, in Kenijebec county; 10 miles W. by S. of Harrington. VViNTON, a town of North Caroiiiia,chlef of H'li-tford county, situate on the Chowan; 12 miles S.S.M of Murfreesborough, and 30 N. VV. of Eilciitoii, WiNWBir.Eii, a town of Germany, capital of the county of Falkenstein; 24 miles W.S. W. of Worms, and 27 N.E. of Deux Fonts. Wipi'EUFUUT, a town of Prussia, in the province of Cleves and Berg, seated on the VVipper; 30 miles E.S.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. ^800. WiiTR.v, a town of Prussian Saxony; 10 miics W.N. W. of Eislcben. WiKTEMiiEKG, or WuKTEMBuno, a king- dom of (Tcrniany, bounded E. by Bavaria and W. by Baden. Its area, divisions, and popula- tion, in 1S.33, are stated as follows: Circles. Area IN Sq. M. Top. 4.5", 1 4.1 4i:),l>*7 .IHO.OpO 3G'<,410 Chief Towns. Neckar Hlack Forest.. I)iinube Jaxt i,.ini; 2.519 2,1^4 Stuttc.ard. Kiiulliiigon. I'liii. Kilwangeii. ToTAt., 7,H40 1.649,891) It is one of thn >nont populous and fertile countries In UiTuiany, tiumgli there are many mountains and woods. It produces plenty of pasture, corn, fruit, and a great deal of I'J cellar wine — so called from tho river N«ckar, which runs through th", kingdom. There are also mines and salt sprnigs, and nmch game. This country was erected into a kingdom by Napoleon, in 180.5; and he made consider- able additions to it by the territories taken from Austria. In 1813 the allies, having en- gaged to preserve the king in his various acquisitions, received his support in the in- vusion of Frtmce. Stuttgard is the capital. WiuKSWoiiTH, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Tuesday. Lead ore is found iu great abundance in the vicinity, and it is the greatest mart for lead in England. Millstones and grindstones are also found in the neigli- boorhood, as well as veins of antimony. It is seated in a valley, surrounded by hills, near the source of the Ecclesborn; 13 miles N. by W. of Derby, and 140 N.N.W. of London. W'iSBADEN, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau. It has some warm baths of great r'pute; 6 miles N. of Mentz, and 22 \V. of Frankfort. Pop. 3500. WisBKAtn, or Wisbech, a borough of Cambriilge.shire, in the Isle of Ely, on the borders of Norfolk; m.-.rket on Saturday. It has a river port, much benefited by the im- provement of the river here. Its parish church is a spacious but irregular edifice, with a fine tower. There are other reli- gious bi ''dings, schools, &c. It has a con- siderab'e import trade in coals, &c. ; 34 miles N.N.W. of Cambridge, and 89 N. of London. WisBY, a seaport of Sweden, capital oftlie isle of Gothland, with a castle. It is reated on the side of a rock, on the Baltic; 120 miles S. by E. of Stochholm. Long. 18. 41. E. lat. 57.36. N. Pop. 400. WiscASSET, a seaport of Maine, capital of Lincoln county, which has a considerable trade. It is one of the most important sea- ports of the state, and is seated on the Shenp- .scut, near the sea; 56 miles N.E. of Portland. Po|). 2314. Long. 69. 45. W. lat. 43. 57. N. Wisconsin, one of the United States of America, admitted into the Union, February, 9tli, 1847. It was organized as a territory ill 1836. It is bounded on the N. by lake Superior, N.E. by Montreal and Menomonea rivers.seitaratingit from Illinois, and W. by the Mississippi river and the Mini Sota territory, being .nbout 300 miles long, and 230 broad; containing 51,000 square miles, or 32,000,000 acres. Its population in 1840, was 30,945, and in 1846 it was divided into27 counties, and itcontained apopulation of 155,227. South of the Wisconsin river, it consists of timbered and prairie lands, with some swamps; N. of this is a hilly region, swelling northward into a mountainous district. Near the sources of the Mississippi it is an elevated table land, abounding with lakes and swamps. The S. W. part of the state is exceedingly rich as a mineral region, whivh oxtends into Illinois and Iowa. Lead ore, and copper ore is abun- dant. The chief rivers are the Mississipjii, the Wisconsin its tributary, the Chippeway, and otbnrs. There are numerous lakes. TUa WIT 889 WOK most important iiluce in tlic stute isMilwaukie, on lake Michigan, wiiicii is niiicii visitod by Kteam boats, and is an imj)ortant commercial centre. Madison is the capital. WiSMAR, a strong seaport of Germany, in the duchy of Mccklenberg Schwcrin, with a citadel. It has suffered frequently by war, and in 171 6, it wa;j taken by the northern confeder- ates, who blc'.v up and razed its former fortifi- cations. The three principal churches, tliu town-house, and the palace of Mecklenburg, are its most remarkable buildings. It is seated on ft bay of the Baltic, 30 miles E. by N. of Lubec, and 33 W.S.W. of Rostock. Pop. 1 1,000. Long. 11. 34. E. lat. .'53. 56. N. WissEMBOuuo, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Rhine. It is a forti- fied town of some importance, as it commands a defile leading from the plain of the Rhine into the Vosges mountains. It has a few manufactures. Pop. in 183G, .'5575; 33 miles N. by E. of St!-ashourg. WisTON, or WinsTONj a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, goveriied by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday. It had formerly a cas- tle, which is now a gentleman's seat; 6 miles E.N.E. of Ilaverford-West, and 248 W.N.W. of London. WiTOENAiJ, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, on the river Lausnitz; 14 miles E. of Budweis. WiTGENSTEiN, a castlc of Germany, which gives name to a small county belonging to Hesse-Darmstadt. It stands on a high rock ; J 3 miles N.W. of Marburg. WiTUAM, a river in Lincolnshire, which flows N. by Grantham to Lincoln, and thence S.E. to Tattcrshall and Boston into the Ger- man ocean. From Lincoln it has a communi- cation with the Trent, by a navigable canal, called the Fossdike, cut by king Henry I. WiTHAM, a town in Essex, with a market or. Thursday, seated on a rivulet, near its con- fluence with the Blackwater; 8 miles N.E. of Chelmsford, and 38 E.N.E. of London. WiTLiCH, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Lower Rhine. It has a castle, called Ottenstein, and in its neighbourhood are many copper-mines. It is seated on the Lcscr; 19 miles N.N.E. of Treves. WiTNEV, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Thursday. Here are manufactures of the finest blankets, and other thick wool- lens, called bear-skins and kerseys. It has a handsome church and three meeting-houses, and is seated on the Windrush, 11 miles W.N.W. of Oxford, .ind f>5 of London. WiTSTOCK, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, with celebrated cloth manufactures, seated on the river Dosse, 17 miles N.N.W. of Ruppin. Pop. 3800. WiTTENBURG, a Strong town of Prussian Saxony, with a famoti*; uni\ ersity and a castle. The celebrated Martiu Luther began the He- formatioii here, in 1517, and is buried in a cliapel belonging to the castle. In 1821 a colossal statue was erected here to his memory. Wittenberg has suSered greatly by wars, par- ticularly in the siege by the Austrians in 1760; and in 1813 it was taken by the allies after a short siege. It is seated on the Elbe, over which is a bridge, 65 miles N.W. of Dresden. Pop. 8400. Long. 12. 45. E. lat. 51. 54. N. WiTTENBUKO, a town of Prussia, in Bran- denburg, seated on llie Elbe, 7 miles S.S.W. of Perleberg. Wn TEN It uuG,a town of Germany, in Meck- lenburg, 15 miles W.S.W. of Sehwerin. WiTTENSTEiN, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Livonia, 40 i"iles S.E. of Hevel. WiTTi.ESEr-MEuio, a lake in the N.E. part 01 Huntingdonshire, 6 miles long and 3 broad. It is 4 miles S. of Peterborough. AViTZKNiiAiiSKN, a town of Germany, in Ilesse-Cassel, seated on the Werra, 18 miles E. by N. of Cassel. WiVEi.iscoMB, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday, and a consider- able manufacture of blauketiug, kerseys, and other coarHB cloths. It stands on theTlione, 20 miles N. of Exeter, and 153 W. by S. of London. WivENHOE, a village in Essex, seated on the Coin, 3 miles S.E. of Colchester, of which it is the port. The Colchester oysters aro chiefly barrelled at this jjlnce. Wi.ADisi.Aw, a towr. of Poland, capital of a palatinate of its na.ne, and of the province of Cujavin, with '. fort. It stands on the Vistula, J8 miles W.N.W. of Warsaw. Long. 18. 50. E. lat. 52. 54. N. WoAHoo, or Oaiiu, one of the Sandwich islands, 7 leagues N.W. of Morotoi. From the appearance of the N.E. and N.W. parts, it is the finest island of the group. A bay is formed by the N. and W. extremities, into which a fine river flows, through a deep valley; but the water is brackish for 200 yards from the entrance. It is supposed to contain 60,000 inhabitants. Lieut. Ilergest, who had been sent from England in 1791, with a supply of provisions for Captain Vancouver, then on a voyage of discovery, was here surprised and murdered by the natives, together with Mr. Goocli, the astronomer. Long. 157.51. W lat. 21.43. N. AVoBuuN, a town in Bedfordshire, with a market on F'riday. It had an ancient abbey, on the site of which stands the magnificent building called Woburn Abbey, the scat of the Duke of Bedford. The town was burnt down in 1724, but was subsequenti;' rebuilt with considerable improvement. Near it is found great plenty of fuller's earth. It is 12 miles S. of Bedford, and 42 N.N.W. of Lon- don. WoDNiAN, a town of Bohemia, seated ou the Bianitz; 12 miles S. of Piseck. WoEUDEN, a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, seated on the Rhine, 10 miles W. of Utrecht. WoKEY, or Okf.t, a village in Somerset- shire, on the S. side of the Mendip hills, 2 miles W. of Wells. Here is a famous cavern, >f II II ! WOL 890 WOO called Woky Hole, tlio mouth of which is Diily six (uet hi^'h, hut it soon expiinUs into a spacious vault, 80 feet in height, the rool composed of pendent rocks, whence a clear water, of a pelnlyin),' quality, continually drops. FroHj this grotto a narrow passaj^e descends to another of less height ; and beyond a second narrow passage is a third grotto. 'J he extremity is above 200 yards from the ei trancf. WoKiNO, a villngo n Surrey, on the river "^^ ey, 5 miles N.N.E. of Guildford, near the k-'outh Western railroad. In tiie manor-house 1 ere died Margaret Countess of lliehniond, ij. other of Ilcnry VII. WoiciNGUAM, or Oakisgham, a corporate town in Heikshire, with anmrket on Tuesday, noted for its great sui)ply of ])oultry. Here all the courts of Windsor Forest were for- merly held, and 4 miles to the S.E. are ves- t'ges of some Koman entrenchments caileil ( icsar's Cam]i. It is 7 miles K.S.E. of lieud- ijig. and HI VV. by S. of London. Woi.au, a strong town of I'russian Silesia, capital of a iniucipality of the same name, vith a fine castle, many handsome buildings, und a great woollen maimfacture. It is seated I ear the Oder, surrounded by a morass, 20 miles N.VV. of Bresluu. Pop. of ihe princi- I ality, .50,000, and of the town, 1300. Long. 16. 45, E. hit. 51.18. N. j WoLUECK, y town of the Prussian states, in the government of Munster, 7 miles S.S.W. i of M mister. i WoLUEc'K, a town of Germany, in the ! duchy of Mecklenburg, 21 miles E.N.E. of{ Strelitz. ! WoLFACii, a town of Baden, on a river of the same name, at its confluence with the Kinzig, 19 miles N.E. of Friburg. WoLFENHUTTEL, a principality of Ger- many, which constitutes part of the duchy of Brunswick. It is divideil into two parts by the principalities of Hildesheim and Halber- stadt: the northern borders on the duchies erf' Lunenburg and Magdeburg; the southern lies between the ])rincipality of Ilildcslieim, the abbey of Corvey, and thecounty of Werni- geroile. Tiie N. part produces abundance of grass, grain, flax, hemp, silk, and various kinds of pulse ami fruit. The S. part is hilly, amil has little arable land, but yields plenty of timl>er and iron, and has nnmufaetures of glass and fine porcehiin, with a very rich mine and salt works in the Hartz Forest. The principal rivers are the Weser, Leine, and Ocker. The established religion is the Lu- theran. WoLFENBUTTF.L, a Strong city of Germany, capital of the foregoing principality. It has a castle, formerly the residence of the dukes, in which is an excellent library, with a cabinet of curiosities relating to natural history. In the principal churcli is the burial-place of the princes, which is an admirable piece of architecture. Wolfenbuttel is seated in a ' marshy soil, on the Ocker, 7 miles S. by W. [ of Brunswick, and 30 W. of Ilalherstadt. Pop. 8500. Long. 10. 45. E. hit. 52. 10. N. Woi.FEKSDiKE, a small island of the Nc- therlaiul.s, in Zealand, between N. and S, Bevcland, WoLFSBEno. a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia, with a castle, seated on the Le- vant, at the foot of a mountain, 26 miles E.N.E. oiClagenfurt. Wdi-r.A, lice Voi.OA. WoLGAsr, a seaport of Prussia, in Pome- raniii, with one of the best harbours on the Baltic. Only the tower ot' its ancient castle is now standing. It is seated on the Peene, or W. ch.innel of the Oler., 54 miles N.W. of Stettin, Pop, 4000. Long. 13. 52. E, lat, 54. 4. N, Woi.KENSTEiy, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Er/.geberg, with a castle on a rock, seated near the Zsehoi)a, 15 miles S.S.E. of Chemnitz. WoLKoMYSK, a town of Prussia, in the government of Grodno, seated on the Ros, 23 miles S.E, of Grodno. WoLLiN, a fortified town of Pomerania, capital of a fertile island of the same name, between the two eastern branches of the Oder. It is seated on the Diwenow, 12 miles S.W, of Camin, and 30 N. of Stettin, Long. 14. 40. E. lat. 53. 50. N. WoLMiRSTADT, atown of Prussian Saxony, in Magdeburg, on the river Ohra, I'J miles N. of Magdeburg. WoLSiNGiiAM, a town in the county of Durham, with a market on Tuesday, situate on the Wear, amid mines of lead and coal; 16 miles W, of Durham, and 257 N.N.W. of London; a branch to the Stockton railway. AV'OLVERTON, a new villngo, for the works of the London and North Western Hallway Company; 52i miles from London. Wolverhampton, a borough in Stafford- shire, with a market on Wednesday, It re- turns two members to parliament. It has a collegiate church, annexed to the deanery of Windsor, 3 other churches of modern erection, and 13 others in the district, and several meeting-houses for dissenters, and one for Roman Catholics. It is a town of consi- derable anti(iuity, and is seated in a district abounding in coal, iron, and limestone, and has long been celebrated for the manulacture of locks, which is carried on to a great ex- tent, and also manufactures of various kinds of iron, brass, steel, and tin goods, japanned ■id paper wares. Sec, The town is well 'ited with gas, and has within the last few y- ■ undergone considerable improvements in 1 or respects. It is seated on a hill, nearly encompassed by canals, and on the Grand Junction railway, 16 miles S. of Staf- ford, and 122 N.W. of London. WooDimiDGE, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the E. side of a sandy hill on the river Dehen, 8 miles from the sea. It has docks for huilding ships, couvouieut wharfs, and u great corn trade; 7 woo 891 WOR miles E.N.E. of Ipswicli, and 77 N.E. of fjondon. WoonnRiDGE, a town of New Jersey, in ^liddlesex county, 3 miles N. by W. of iVm- boy. Pop. 3969. Woodbury, a town nf New Jersey, chief ' of Gloucester cciir'.y, situate near tlie Dela- ware, 9 miles S, of Philadelphia. WooDciiESTEB, a villago in Gloucester- shire, 2 miles S. of Stroud. It has a broad- cloth and a silk manufacture. A great tcs- selated pavement and other splendid Roman antitpiities have been discovered here. Woods, Lakk of the, a lake of North America, 90 miles h)ng, and 30 where broad- est, but very irret^ular in its shape. It lies between the Winnipeg and lake Superior, chiefly in Upper Canada, but the S. part is in the territory of tiic United States. The lands on its banks arc covered with oaks, pines, flrs, &c. Woodstock, a borough in Oxfordshire, market on Tuesday and Friday. It is chiefly noted for Blenheim-house, built at the ex- pense of the nation for the Duke of Marlbo- rouf.^!), in memory of his signal victory over the French and Bavarians in 1704. In Blen- heim park originally stood a royal palace, tht favourite retreat of several kings of Eng- land till the reign of Charles I., when it was almost wholly in ruins. In this palace king Ethelred held a parliament, aTid here Alfred the Great translated Boetius dc Consolatione Philosophiffl. It was beautified by Henry I,, became the residence of Rosamond, mistress of Henry II.,; Edmund, second son of Ed- ward I., and Edward, eldest son of Edward III., were born here; and here the princess Elizabeth was confined by her sister Mary. After the building of Blenheim every trace of the ancient edifice was removed, and two elms were planted on its silo. "Woodstock has a manufacture of gloves, and of steel watch chains. The poet Chaucer was born, lived, and died here. It is 8 miles N.W. of Oxford, and 62 W N.W. of London. Woodstock, a town of Virginia, chief of Shenandoah county, on a branch of Shenan- doah river, 24 miles S.S.W. of Winchester, and 80 W.N.W. of Alexandria. Woodstock, a town of Vermont, capital of Windsor county, seated on the Water- (lueechy, 14 miles N.W. of Windsor. Pop. about 1000. WooLEK, a town in Northumberland, with a market on Thursday. In a plain near this town the Scots were defeated on Ilolyrood day, 1402, and the battle was so bloody, that it gave the name of Redriggs to the place where it was fought. Wooler is seated on liie river Till, near the Cheviot hills, 14 miles S. of Berwick, and 317 N. by W. of London. Woolwich, a town of Kent, with a market on Friday. It is the most ancient military and naval arsenal in England, and has a royal (lock-yard, where men-of-war were built as early as the reign of Henry VIII. It has now been made the principal dock-yard for the steam navy, and large men-of-war will no longer be built here. At the eastern part of the town is the royal arsenal, in which are vast magazines of artillery and every neces- sary equipment for army or navy; a foundry, with three furnaces, for casting ordnance; and a laboratory, where fireworks and carl- ridges arc made, for the public service. A little to the S. of the arsenal are extensive artillery barracks, for the accommodation of the officers and privates; and a littlo further S. a royal military academy, where the ma- thematics are taught, and cadets instructed in the military art. The parish church is a spacious brick edifice, the interior of which is e'cgantly fitted up in the Grccia:; style. Here are also not fewer than 12 meeting-houses for the several denominations of dissenters. Woolwich is seated on the Thames, which is here so deep that large ships may at all times ride with safety. It is 8 miles E. of London. WooSL'NO, a small jjort of China at the mouth of the river of the same name, and is the outer port to the city of Shanghae, 25 miles up the same river. The village itself is poor, and was one of tlic points most fiercely attacked and defended in the Chinese war. At present it is chiefly known to Europeans as the station where the opium is smuggled into China, to Shanghae and all other parts. LouL'. 120. 40. E. lat. 31. 28. N. Worcester, a town of Massachusetts, capi- tal of a county of its name, and the largest inland town of New England. It has manu- factures of pot and pearl ash, cotton and linen goods, and some other articles. It is situate in a healthy vale; and on the Boston and Albany railroad, which renders it one of the greatest thoroughfares in the countrv ; 45 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. in 1840, 7497. Long. 71. 55. W. hit. 42. 20. N. Worcester, one of the most ancient and respectable cities of England; the capital of Worcestershire, and a bishop's see, with mar- kets on Wednesday and Saturday. It contains twelve churches, besides the cathedral, also a number of meeting-houses for various sec- taries, as well as Roman Catholics. Edgar's Tower, a strong portal, is part of its ancient castle; here are also three grammar-schools, seven hospitals, a public infirmary, and a well- contrived quay. Worcester is governed by a mayor, curries on a considerable trade in hops, carpets, and gloves, has a large manu- facture of elegant china ware, manufactures of fine lace, extensive iron-foundries, distill- ery, &c. It returns two members to parlia- ment, HereCromwell,inl651,ol)tainedavic- tory overthe Scotch army which had marched into England to reinstate Charles II., who, after this defeat, escaped with great difiiculty into France. Worcester is seated on the Severn; 36 miles N.N.E. of Bristol, and 111 W.N.W. of London. Long. 2. 0. W. lat. 52. 9. N. WoRCESTERsniuE, a county of England, \ IH 111 V I ! II M "WOR 892 WRE y 1 44 iiiilus lon^, n)id 24 broad; bouiidud on the N. by Hhiousliire nnd Staffordshire. E. by Warwickshire, S.E. and S. by Gioucester- ghire, and W. by IIiTcfurdshirc. It contains 402,720 acres, iH divided into five hundreda and 152 parislies, and sands four nembers to parliament fur the eastern and western divi- Wijiis of tlic county. Tliesoil in the vales and in( adows is very ri;:h, particularly the valo of Evesham, which is styled the pranaiy of these parts. The hills have generally an easy ascent, except the Malvern Hills in the S.W. part of the county, which feed large flocks of isheep. The other hills arc the Licky, near IJroinsgrove, towards the N., and the Bredon nils, tovi^ards the S.K. Here are plenty of fruits of most sorts, especially pears, which are in many ])laees found growing in the ludges. The coinmerco and manufactures are considerable. The chief exports arc coal, corn, hops, cloth, cheese, cider, perry, and salt. The principal rivers are the Severn, Teme, and Avon. WoKCUM. a town of the Nethcrland.-", in South Holland, seated on the S. side of tiio Mouse, just below the influx of the Waul; 8 miles N.N.W. ofHeusdon. WoKCDM, a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland; 18 miles S.W. of Lewarden. WoRDiNOBORG, a scaport of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island of Zealand, from which there is a much-frctpiented passage to the islands Falster and Laland. It is 46 miles S.S.W. of Copenhagen. Long. 1 1. 58. E. lat. 55. 3. N. Workington, a seaport in Cumberland, with markets on Wednesday and Saturday, seated at the mouth of the Derwent, on the coast of the Irish sea. The river admits vessels of 400 tons burden, and the harbour is commo- dious. Here are two churches belonging to the establishment, and several meeting-houses for dissenters. This was the landing-place of Mary queen of Scots, when she was driven to take refuge in England. In the neighbour- hood are a large iron-foundry, some salt- works, and numerous collieries. The prin- cipal manufactures are canvas and cordage, but the *'oal trade is its chief support. It is 7 miles W. by S. of Cockermouth, and 312 N.N.W. of London. Long. 3. 27. W. lat. 54. 31. N. Worksop, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a market on Wednesday. Here was once an abbey, of which the church still re- mains. On the W. side of the town is a circular hill, which was the site of a castle. Quantities of liquorice are grown in its vici- nity. Two miles to the S.E. is Clumber Park, the seat of the duke of Newcastle. The canal from Chesterfield to the Trent passes near this town. It is 22 miles N.W. of Ne- wark, and 146 N. by W. of London. Worms, a city of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt, formerly the capital of a princely bishopric of the same name. It is famous for diets heldinll22andl52l,at which last Luther assisted in person. The cathedral is mngnifi CMit, and tiic principal Lutheran church Ims a beautiful altar and fine paintings. In the war of 1689 it was taken by the French, who almost reduced it to ashes. In 1743 a treaty was concluded here between Great Britain, IIun;;ary, and Sardinia. In 17',)2 Worms surrendered to the French, who were obliged to evacniate it the next year, after the loss of Mciitx; but it was again t:ikcn by them in 17'.t4. It is seated on the Kliine; 27 miles S.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 8500. Long. 8. 28. E. lat. 49. 36. N. WoRSLE V, a town in Lancashire, celebrated for the immense (luantityof coal in itsvicinity, and for being the place where the duke of Briilgcwater first commenced his canal navi- gation. It is 6 miles N.N.W. of Manchester. WoRSTEAD, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Saturday. This place is noted for tho introduction of that sort of twisted yarn called worsted; and was formerly a place of consi- derable trade, though now reduced to a mere village. It is 12 miles N. of Norwich, and 121 N.E. of London. WoRTiiiNo, a town in Sussex, on the coast, H miles W. of Brighton; like which, it has, from an obscure fishing village, become a fashionable watering-j)liice. It is pleasantly seated, and has fine sands, and is much fre- quented for sea-bathing. It possesses a thea- tre, good libraries, and some spacious hotels, til ugh it cannot boast of the gaieties and p;andeur of its proud neighbour. There is also a considerable fishery oil" the town; 56 miles from London. WoRTiiiNQTON, a town of Massachusetts, in Hampshire county; 19 miles W. by N. of Northampton. WoTTON Basset, a town in Wiltshire, mar- ket on Tuesday. It is a mean town, formerly sending two members to parliament; 12 miles N.W. of Marlborough, and 88 W. of London. Wotton-under-Edge, a town in Glouces- tershire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday, and extensive manufactures of cloth. It is seated under a fertile eminence; 20 miles N.E. of Bristol, and 109 W.N.W. of London. VVragrt, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday; 11 miles E.N.E. of Lin- coln, and 143 N. of London. Wrath, Cape, a promontory of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, which is the N.W. point of Great Britain. Against its rugged and lofty cliffs the rapid tide bursts witli incredi- ble fury. Long. 4. 47. W. hit. 58. 34. N. Wrkkin, a noted hill or mountain in Shrop shire, 8 miles E.S.E. of Shrewsbury. It was a famous station of the Komaus, and its height is reckoned 1200 feet. Wrentham, a town of Massachusetts, in Norfolk county; 30 miles S.S.W. of Boston. Wrexha.m, a to^"n of Wales, in Denbigh- shire, with markets on Monday and Thursday. It is a great mart for flannel, and a place of considerable traffic. Here ib a large church, W U R 893 W Y yi n iK'niitiliil speciniun of the florid j^otliic, Willi a lut'iy htcopie; also two luruc mui-tiiij;- lindsc's, 1111(1 awcU-ciidowcil IVuu-siliool. Near Wiexhiiia is a foiiiiilry, and tiio adjacent country all'ords plenty of coal, iron, and lead. It is seated on a river wliic h (lows into the J)ec; 13 miles W. hy S. of C'hcstor, hud ISO K.W.ol I.Diidon. Lon)_'. 3. lO.W.Iiir. r.:!.2. N. \Vitii;zi;N, or HitiKTZKN, a town of J'nissia, in Kraiid. iniiri,', sitnate on a lake formed hy the iiiiiii li.tioiis of the (.)der; 37 miles E.N.r:,. of Herlin. Top, :yj()0. WuiNGTON, a town in Somersetshire, witli a market on Tuesday, Much teiisid is jirown in the vicinity, and sold to the cloth mauu- faeturcrs. It was the liirtlijilace of the cule- hnited liocke. It is seated near the source of the Yeo; 10 miles iS.W. of Bristol, and 125 W. of London. WuoTiiAM, a to vTi in Kent, with a market four tini-es a year. The church is a larf^e edi- fice, dedicated to 1? t. George, artached to ■which was an arclii' -li^iv-v.^al palace, the ma- terials of which Wf , it' ,oved to Aylesford. Some remains of it \ : , still visil)le. The j)arish is very extensi _•, and contains some fertile and pleasant localities. Yaldlium, the ancient seat of the I'cckhani family, is ahont two miles from the town. It is 11 miles W.N.W, of aiuidstone, and 24 S.E. of Lon- don. W'noxF.TKR, a village in Shropshire, said to bo the site of the ancient Koman city Uri- coiiium. Extensive excavations of it lave recently been made, and several Roman houses, and other interesting remains, have been laid open. It npj ears to have been sur- rounded by a thick wall and a deep trench, 3 miles in circuit, wbicli may be traced in scvcrnl phutes, 5 miles S.E. of Shrewsbury. Wt;NNEN'HEUG, a town of Prussian West- phalia, which received its name from a victory pained by Charlemagne over the Saxuns in 794. It is 14 miles S. of Paderborn. WuitTKMnuuG. See WmrKMnioucj. WiiiiziJLnG, a district of Bavaria, in the circle of Lower Maine, comprehendinj^ a great part of Franconia. It is G5 miles long, and 50 broad, and is bounded on the N. by Hennebcrg, E. by Bamberg, S. by Anspach, Ilohenlohe, and Morgcntheim, and W. by Wortheim, Mentz, and Fulda. The soil is very fertile, and produces more corn and wine than the inliabitants consume. This terri- tory was formerly a bishopric, and its sove- reign was one of the greatest ccrlvsiastical princes of the empire; but it was giver, as a principality to the elector of Ba -aria in. 1 803, and by the treaty of Presburg, ii 1 80."', :1; was cededto the archduke Ferdinand, wliose elec- toral title was transferred from Salzbi.rg to tills place. In 1814, however, it waa again transferred to Bavaria, in exchange for the Tyrol, wheu the archduke Ferdinand was reinstated in his Tuscan dominions. VVaRZBnRO, a fortified city of Bavaria, capital of tlw circle of Lower Maine, with a magnificent palace, a university, nn arHcnuI, and a bandsonie hospital. The fortress stand-t on an eminence, anil communicatee with the city by a stone bridge, liesidcs the cathedral, there are scvcr.d collegiate and fmrish climchcs, collcgis, abbeys, and cuiivents. WnrzlMirjr was taken by the Freiuli in 17'JG, andnjrain in 1800. It is scaled on the Maine; 40 miles W.S.W. of IJaniiicr,r. and G.") E.S,E. of Frankfort. Pop. 22,;J00. J.,ong. 10. 14. E. hit. 40.40. N. Wuu/ACii, a town of the kingdom of Wir- temberg, in the county of Wablliurtc, with a castle, situate on the Aitrach; 17 miles N. of Waiigcn, and 28 S. by W, of Ulm. Wliize.v, (jr WuuTzuN, a town of S.ix >n3-, with a castle, a cathedral, and two ehurclies. llerearefine blcaching-grounds fur linen; but the iiriiicipiil trade is in beer, of which great (|uaiitities are exported. It is situate on the Miildati; 15 miles E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2400. W(isTt;niiAii8KN, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, seateil on the Spree; Ij miles S.S.E. of Berlin. — Another, seated on the Dosse; 17 mile.) E.N.E. of llavelburg, and 44 N W. of Herrii. WiisTRAU, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Luiicnberg, seated on the Dumme, at its confluence with the Jetzo; 14 miles S.of Dan- iicbevg. WvnoRO. See Winruc. WrcoMH, or High or Chii'imng ■Wygimh, a borough in Buckinghainsliire, returning, with its contributories, two members to par- liament, governed by a mayor. Market on Friday. In the vicinity are many corn anj paper mills; and a Koman tesselated pave- ment was discovered in an adjacent mea- dow in 1744. It is seated on the Wyck; 12 miles S.S.E. of Aylesbury, and 31 W.N.W. of London. WrE, a town in Kent, whose market is no\r disused, seated on the Stour; 10 miles S.S.W. of Canterbury, and 55 S.E. of London. Wye, a river of Wales, celebrated for it;? romantic scenery. It issues from Plynlini- mon Hill, in the S. part of Montgomeryshire, very near the source of the Severn, and crosses the N.E. corner of lladnorshirc, giving name to the town of Rhayadergowy, (fall of the ^^.VP)) where it is precipitated in a cataract; then, flowing between this county and Breck- nockshire, it enters Herefordshire, passing by Hay to Hereford, a few miles below which it receives the Lug; it tlien flows by Ross and Monmouth, and, separating the counties of Jlonmouth and Gloucester, it enters the Se- vern below Chepstow. This river is naviga- ble almost to Hay, and a «anal forms a com- munication between it and the Severn, from Ilerefurd to Gloucester. WvjioNiJHAM, or Wyndiiam, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday, and manu- factures of bonibasins, Norwich crapes, &c. The churuh is the eastern part of an ancient abbey, and has a lofty steeple, on which Ket, the leader of the rebellion in the reign of m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^/ ^ >. &< rA "^ ^ ^A 1.0 I.I ti|21 125 US 2.2 122 1^ HI IIS 14.0 11:25 m 1.4 ■ 2.0 1.6 V Photogic^hic sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTIIt,N.Y. MSM (716)I72-4S03 •<» « X AV 894 XI M Edward VI., was hanged. Hero is a free Wyre, a river in Lanca«hire, which rises school, founded i»y Quuert Elizabeth. It is 9 , 6 miles S.K. of Lancaster, passes by Gurstang, miles W.i5.\V. of Norwich, and 100 N.N.E. j and enters the Irisii sea below Poulton, at of London. i Fleetwood, which is connected with Tresiun WyoMiNO, a county of New York. It is and Liverpool by railways, very fertile. Capital, Warsaw. | X. Kiphon, channel. XlXON with a ca country tl valuable N. of All X ABEA, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia, near the coast of the Mediterranean ; 44 miles N.E. of Alicant. Long. 0. 3. E. lat. 38. 4S. N. Xacca, or SciACCA, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di-Mazara, with an old castle. Here are lurgc granaries for the reception of corn in- tended to he exported, and manufactures of bciiiitirul vases. It is seated on the S coast, at the foot of a mountain; 20 miles S.E. of Muzara, and 41 S.S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 12,000. Long. 13. 2. E. lat. 37. 41. N. Xaoua, a seaport on the S. coast of the island of Cuba, seated on a bay, which is Ave leagues in circumference, and surrounded by mountains. It is one of the finest ports in the West Indies. A new colony, hero called Feniandina do Jagua, was promoted by the King of Spain in 1829, and many privileges granted to it. The county is healthy and fer- tile. It is 84 miles S.E. of the Havana. Lung. 80. 45. W. lat. 22. 10. N. Xalai'a, a town of Mexico, in Vera Cruz, and a bishop's see. It is on the high road from Vera Cruz to Mexico, and was formerly u gto it entrepot for the European trade with Mexico, but this has greatly declined. This town is said to give name to the purgative root called jalap, or xalap. It is 60 miles E. of Angelos, and 80 E. of Mexico. Pop. 13,000. Long. 98. 20. W. lat. 19. 32. N. X.\i.isco, a town of Mexico, in a province of its name; 14 miles N.W. of Compostella. Xativa, or St. Philip, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Having taken the part of Charles HI. in 1707, Philip V. ordered it to be de- molished, and a new town to be built called St. Philip. It is seated on the side of a hill, ut the foot of which runs the Zucar; 32 miles S.W. of Valencia, and .'iO N.W. of Alicant. Long. 0. 14. W. lat. 39. 4. N. Xauxa, or Jauxa, a province of Peru; 36 miles long, and 45 broad; bounded by the mountains of the Indians, and the provinces of Tarma, Huanta, Angar.tes, Xauyos, and Guarochiri. The climate is higldy salubrious, and the soil fertile in corn and fruits. Popu- lation, 52,286. Xauxa, n town of Peru, capital of the fore- going province, noted for its silver mines. It is seated on a river of the same name; 100 miles E. of Lima. Xavier. or Sari, the capital of the king- dom of Whidah, in Guinea. It is populous, and seated near the river Euphrates, about 7 miles from the sea. Long. 2 30. E. lat. 6. 40. N. Xavier, a town of Spain, in Navarre, noted as the birthplace of the celebrated Koroioh saint and missionary of that name. It is 3.5 miles S.E. of Pamplona. Xavier, St., a town of Paraguay, in the province of La Plata. It is 200 miles W. of Uio Janeiro. XuNiA, a flourishing town of Ohio, capital of Green county, seated on the Shawnoc creek; 30miles S.W.of Urbana. Pop. 4913. XbML, a river of Spain, which rises in the E. part of Granada, and flows by Granada, Loxa, and Eciju, into the Guadalquiver. Xeres, a town of Mexico, in Nicaragua, seated on a river that flows into Fooseca buy, 70 miles N.W. of Leon. Xkres de la Fkontl.;a, a large town of Spain, in Andalusia, famous for that excellent wine corruptly called sherry. It is seated between two rounded hillocks, and covers a considerable extent of ground. The city itself is partly encompassed with an old Moorish wall, enclosing a labyrinth of narrow, ill built streets. The limits of the city proper are well marked by numerous gateways. It has eight churches, and several public buildings, but the streets, even in the best parts, are disgust- ingly filthy, which want of cleanliness causes frequent epidemics. The vineyards are mostly seated on slopes, and scattered at considerable distances; and amount at present to perhaps 12,000 acres. The principal wine merchants reside mostly in the suburbs, and where are also the largest warehouses, immense build- ings with lofty roofs, containing the immense casks in which the wine is perfected. The amount of sherry imported in 1841 into Eng- land, the chief market, was 2,412,821 gallons. Port St. Mary, on the N. side of the bay of Cadiz, and 10 miles S.W. of Xeres is the principal shipping port. Xeres is seated on the small river Guadalete, 15 miles N.E. of Cadiz, nnd 38 S.S. W. of Seville. Pop. about 50,000. Xeres de la Frontera, a town of Mexico, in the 8. part of the province of Zacatecas; 80 miles N. by E. of Guadalaxara. Long. IU3. 35. W. lat. 22. 22. N. Xeres de G^tadiana, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on the Guadiana. 28 miles N. by E. of Ayamonte. X icoco, an island of Japan, bet\« ^en Niphon nnd Ximo, 250 miles in circumference. XiLOTOPBC, n town of Mexico, capital oft district of its name; 60 miles N. of Mexico. XiMO, an island of Japan, tlio second in size and eminence, situate to the S.W. o'* f" ' name, YAN 895 YAR risci Jii, at esion Niplion, from which it is divided by a narrow chuniicl. It iH 450 miles in circumferunce. XixoKA, a town of Spitin, in Valencia, with u cuNile, seated among mountains, in a country tiiut produces excellent wine, and tho valuable drug called kenues. It is 15 milei N. uf Alicant. XucAR, a river of Spain which rises in the N.E. part of New Castile, passes by Cucnzn, und, entering the province of Valenciii, runs into the gulf of Valencia at the town oi'Cullcra. XDDNOOR0D,a town of Croatia, 17 milcsN. of Sebcnico, and 37 £. of Kzira. YACiif A, a fort of Russia, in the government of Irkutsk, on the borders of Chinese Tartary, 48 miles S.S.W. of Sclenginsk. Yadkin. See Pgoee. Yaitsk. See Ukalsk. Yak IIT8K, or Jakutkkoi, a town of Russia, capital of a province of the same name, which contains three-fifths of E. Siberia, with a scattered population of 185,000. It is seated on a barren flat, near the river, and has all the characters of the cold and gloomy north. It has considerably improved within the last 30 years, and the Yakut huts are beginning to be replaced by better and more substantial houses. It is the centre of the interior trade of E. Siberia. All the more costly furs, as well as the more common kinds of walrus teeth, are brought here in the ten weeks of the summer, from the extremes of the con- tinent, which are collected in most enormous quantities. It is seated on the Lena; 960 miles N.E. of Irkutsk. Pop. 4000. Long. 147. 44. E lat. 62. 2. N. Yale, the capital of a province of the same name, in the islind of Ceylon , 56 miles S.E. of Candy. Yamburo, atown of Russia, in the govern- ment of Petersburg, situate on theLuga; 20 miles E. of Narva. Yamina, a town of Negroland, in Bambnra, near the river Niger; 66 miles S.W. of Sego. Yasina. See Joannina. Yano-tze-kiaso, the principal river of China or Asia. Its course is about 2700 miles in length, and is the usual route from the Boutiiern provinces to Pekin. In the lower portion of its course it traverses the province of Kiang-su, the richest province in China, and the most populous in the world. Nan- king, the second city in the empire, stands on its left bank. The river falls into the China sea by a very large mouth, divided into two branches by the large island of Tsung-ming, gradually formed by the deposit of mud from the river, which with other deposits and shoals, render the navigation very difficult. The principal port thrown open to European com- merce by the late hosiiiities, Shanghae, ::tund8 on a river, 43 miles from the estuary of this magnificent river. Yano-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan. Its district is intersected by a number of canals, and it carries on a great trade, particularlv in salt, which is made on the seacoast of this juris- diction. It stands on tho lefl: bank of the Kian-ku, where theimperial canal crosses that river; 485 miles S. by E. of Peking. Long. 118.54. E. lat. 32. 26. N. Yao-oan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. Its territory is intermixcil with mountains, fine forests, und fruitful valleys, and produces abundance of musk. Near the city is a salt-spring, which produces very white salt. It is 100 miles W. by N. of Yun-nan. Long. 100. 45. E. lat. 25. 12. N. Yao-tciieu, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-si, on tho W. side of tho lake Po- yang; 700milc8S. of Peking. Long. 116.40. E. Ittt. 29. 8. N. Tare, a river in Norfolk, formed by the confluence of several streams that rise in the heart of the county. It passes through Nor- wich, whence it is navigable to Yarmouth, wiicro it entv 's the German ocean. Yarkund, a town of Tartary, the princi- pal city of Chinese Turkestan ; with a large palace, where the khan of the Eluth Tartars generally resides. It has a considerable trade, and stands in a fertile country, on a river of the same name; 100 miles S.E. of Kashgar. Its population has been estimated at 50,000, exclusive of the Chinese garrison. Long. 76. 18. E. lat. 38. 19. N. Yarm, a town in North Yorkshire, with u market on Thursday, seated on the Tees; 17 miles N. by E. of Northallerton, and 239 N. by W. of London on the Stockton railway. Yarmouth, a seaport and borough in Nor- folk, returning two menilHirs to parliament, governed by a mayor, with markets on Wed- nesday and Saturday. It is seated at tho mouth of the Yare, and is the terminus of the E.Coun tie:! rail way. The harbour is conveni- ent for business, with a very extensive quay. Its foreign trade isconiiiderablo. A great num- ber of herrings are cured here, and also a large Quantity of niackarel are caught and sent to london. The town is much frequented for sea-bathing, and haf three churches, seven ineeting-hoiises, a charity school, an hospital, a theatre, a large gauze silk factory, extensive ship yards, &c. Tho market-place is very spacious, but the streets in general, are narrow. Olf the niouth of the harbour is a bar, which prevents the entry of ships of large burden; and the many sand-banks off the coast form tho Yarmouth Roads, so noted for frequent shipwrecks. It is 23 miles from Norwich, YEN 896 YOR and !24 N.E. of Londna. Yarmouth gives tlic itif<;rior title of eurl to tho Marquess of IJei tford. Long. 1. 45. E. lat..S2. 38. N. Yahmoutii, a town in Hampshire, on the north-western const of tho isle of Winhf, with ft niaiket on Friduy, a fortitied castle, and a convenient quuy. It is 9 miles W. of Newport. Vakmodtii, a seaport of Massachusetts, in BiiniKtahle county, on the N. side of the penin- sula of Cape Cod; 5 miles N.N.W. of Barn- stal)le. Long. 70. 12. W. lat. 41. 52. N. Yakmoutii, Nuktu, a town of Maine, in Cuinbcriand county,on a small river tliat falls into Cusco bayi 14 miles N. of Portland. Yauoslavl. ike Jaroslavl. Yahuqui, a village of Peru, near a plain of the same name; I'iniilesN.E. of Quito. This plain was chosen for the base of tiie operations for measuring an arc of the meridian, by Ulloa and tho French niathcniaticinns. Yaynan-uheouu, a town of Birmah, cele- brated for the oil wells in its neighbourhood, which supply the whole empire, and many parts of India, with petro eum. Tlie inhabi- tants are employed in making jars to contain tlio oil. It stands on a creek of the Irrawaddy ; 28 miles S. by £. of Shillahmew. Yea, a town of Peru, in Lima, with a trade in glass, wine, brandy, &u. It is seated in a valley, watered by a river. It is 50 miles E. S.E. of Pisco, and 170 S.S.E. of Lima. Yecla, a town of Spain, in Murcia. It is built under the Ccrro del Calvano, from the ruined castle of which the view is splendid. The district was peopled by the Romans, and vestiges of their buildings are yet to be seen at Marisparra, now a farm, where antiquities are constantly found, and, aa usual in Spain, neglected and destroyed. Pop. 11,000. Ykdo. See Jkdo. Yell, one of the Shetland islands, to the N. of that called Mainland. It is 20 miles long, and 8 broad, and has several good harbours. Ykllovf River. See Hoan-iio. Yellow Sea, or Leao-tong, a gulf of China; between the provinces of Pe-tche-li and Changtong on the W., and tho peninsula of the Corea on the E. Yemen, a province of Arabia Felix, com- prehending the finest and most lertile part of Arabia, and lying on the coast of the Red sea and Indian ocean. Millet is the grain chiefly cultivated; but the principal object of culti- vation is cofl^ee, which is all carried to Beit el Fakir. Nearly the whole commerce of the country is carried on by Mocha, but Sana is the capital. YEMKALE,an important fortress of the Cri- mea; 8 miles E. of Kertcli. See Jenikai^b. Yenisei, or jBNi8A,a large river of Siberia, which runs from S. to N., and enters theFrozeu ocean to the E. of the bay of Oby. Yeniseisk, or Jeniskoi, a town of Russia, in the government of Tomsk, on the river Yen i- sei; 310 miles E.N.E. of Tomsk. Pop. 6000. Long. 92. 5. E. lat. 57. 20 N. YsMNB, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy, near the Rhone. It is 13 miles N.W of Chambery. Ykn-noan, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chen-si, on the river Yen; 390 miles S. VV. of Peking. Long. 108. 50. E. lat 36. 44. N Yen-pino, a city of China, of the first rank, in Fokien, seated on the brow of a mountain, by tho river Minho; 820 miles S. of Peking. Long. 116. 54. E. hit. 26. 40. N. Y'en-t( iiEou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chang-tong, situate in a well-culti- vated district, which is enclosed between two considerable rivers. It is 270 m. S. of Peking Yen TOHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in Tche-kiang. In the neighbuurliood are mines of copper, and trees that yield an ex- cellent varnish, which, when cnce dry, never melts again, and will bear boiling water. The paper made here is in high esteem. It is 650 miles S.S.E. of Peking. Long. 119. 14. E. lat. 29. 38. N. Ykntchino, a town of China, in Chang- tong, where a kind of glass is made, so deli- cnte that it will not endure the inclemencies of the air. It is 45 miles S.E. of Tsi-nan. Yeovil, a corporate town of Somersetshire, with a market on Friday. It contains a hand- some parish church, five meeting-houses, a I'ree-school, and several other charitable insti- tutions. Here was formerly a considerable manufacture of woollen cloths, but the princi- pal manufacture at present is of leather gloves, and the trade in hemp and flax is considerable. Ic is seated on the Yeo or Ivil ; 20 miles S. of Wells, and 122 W. by S. of London. Yezd, a town of Persia, in the province of Irak, on the road from Kerman to Ispahan. It has a silk manufacture, and here are made the finest porcelain and carpets. It is 200 m. E.S.E. of Ispahan. Population supposed to be 80,000. Long. 56. 50. E. lat. 32. 0. N. Ylo, a seaport of Peru, in Los Chau- ,jj 70 miles N.N.W. of Arica. Long. 71.13. W. lat. 17. 36. S. YoN.NE, a department of Franco, contain- ing part of the former provinces of Burgundy and Champagne, and comprising an area of 2900 square miles, with 350,000 inhabitants. The climate is temperate, and the soil fertile in corn, hemp, flax, wine, and fruits. It re- ceives its name from a river which rises in the department of Nievre, flows by Chateau- Chinon, Clameci, Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens. and joins the Seine at Montereau. Auxerre is the capital. York, a city, the capital of Yorkfihire, and an archbishop's see, with markets on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. It returns two members to parliament. It is the Eboracum of the Romans, and many of tiieir coflins, urns, coins, &c , have been found here. It has always been considered as the capital of the North, and, in point of rank, as the second city of the kingdom; but is now surpassed in wealth and populousness by many of the more modern trading towns. The cathedral of St. Peter, generally called the Minster, is ■ -Ktl p: ' YOR a.-)? Y O U reckoned the largest and most magnificent Gothic structure in the universe. The E. window, which is said hardly to have its ctjiml for tracerr, painting, anil preservation, was the work of John Thorntou, a glazier, of Coventry, in 1 405. This beautiful .edifice bus- tnined considerable injury from fire, occa- sioned by a fanatic incendiaiy, in 1829. It was restored to its original splendour by pub- lie subscription, and was again destroyed in 1 840, by one of the towers accidentally taking fire and falling on the nave, which ngnin rendered this beautiful pile a mass of ruins, but it has been restored. Besides the cathedral, York contains but 28 churches in use, t'lough in the reign of Henry V. it had 44 parish churches, 17 chapels, and 9 religious houses. Here are also a number of meeting-houses for dissenters and catholics. The city is divided by the Ouse into two parts, united by a stone bridge nf five arches, the centre one 81 feet wide. The river is navigable to this city for vessels of 70 tons burden, altiiough it is GO miles from the sea. The castle is a noble ttrueturc, and was formerly a place of great strength, but is now used as a county prison. Near it, on an artificial mount, is ClitTurd's Tower, a round shell, said by some to have been raised by William the Conqueror, but others deem it a Roman work. It was used as a garrison in the civil wars, and till the year 1683, when the magazine, blowing up, reduced it to its present form. York is a county of itself, governed by a lord mayor, the prefix of lord being given by llichard II.; and Its county includes Ainsty Liberty, in which are 33 villages and hamlets. The guildhall, built in 1466, is a grand structure, supported by two rows of oak pillars, each pillar a single tree. The corporation built a mansion-house in 1728, for the lord mayor; and, among the other public buildings, are a noble assembly- house, designed by the Earl of Burlington, an elegant court-house on the right of the castle, a theatre-royal, a county hospital, and an asylum for lunatics. It is connc ted with the metropolis by means of the N. Midland and Birmingham railways. York is 70 miles S. by E of Durham, 190 S.S.E. of Edinburgh, and 195 N. by W. of London. Long. 1 . 7. W. lat. 53. 59. N. YoKK, now called Toronto, a city of Upper Canada. It is situate on the N.W. side of Luke Ontario, and has an excellent harbour, formed by a long peninsula, which embraces a basin of water sufficiently large to contain a considerable fleet. On the extremity of the peninsula called Gibraltar Point, are stores and blockhouses, which command the en- trance of the harbour; and on the mainland, opposite this point, is the garrison. The front of the city is a mile and a half in length, and it contains several handsome squares, particu- larly one open to the harbour. It was m:ulo a bishop's see in 1857. It is 45 miles N.N.W. of Port Niagara. Pop. 3500. Long. 79. 36. W , lat. 43 35. N. YuRR, a town of Pennsylvania, capital of a county of the same name. It has twelve edi- fices for public worship, and stands on the Codorus creek, which flows into the Susque- hanna, 88 miles W. of Philadelphia. Popula- tion of the county, 47,016; of the town, 4779 YoHK, a seaport of Maine, capital of a county of the same name. The river of its name enters York harbour below the town. It is 75 miles N.N.E. of Boston. Popula- tion of the county in 1840, 54,034;or the town, 31 11. Long. 70. 55. W. lat. 43. 7. N. York, a county in the E. part of Virginia, with 4720 inhabitants. York Town is the capital. YoRK,a town of South Carolina, cnpitalofa district of its name; 30 miles N. of Columbia. York, New, one of the United States of America, 316 miles in length, and 314 in breadth; bounded on the N. by Lower Cana- da, E. by Vermont, Ma.ssachu setts, and Con- necticut; S. by the Atlantic and New Jersey, and W. by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and Up- per Canada. The area of the state isestimuted at 46,000 square miles, or 30,000,000 acres. It contains 58 counties, the chief of which are New York, Richmond, Suffolk, West Ches- ter, Queen's, King's, Orange, T' t, Dnchesf!, Columbia, Rensselaer, Wash jn, Clinton, Saratoga, Albany, Montgomc.^, Herkimer, Onondaga, Otsego, Ontario, Tioga, &c. New York, in general, is intersected by ridges of mojntains running in a N.E. and S.W. di- rection. Beyond the Allegany mountain!', however, the country is quite level, of a fine rich soil, covered in its natural state with various kinds of trees. East of these moun- tains it is broken into hills and valleys; the hills are thickly clothed with timber, and, when cleared, afford fine pastures; while the valleys produce wheat, hemp, flux, pcascjgrass, oats, and maize. Of the commodities pro- duced from culture, wheat is the staple, ot which immense quantities are raised and ex- ported. The noble river Hudson traverses this state from N. to S., and it is connected to lake Erie by the great Erie canal, 360 miles in length. It is also joined to lake Cliamplnin, by a shorter canal; and another connects it with the Delaware. Owing to these singular advantages of situation, and the unequalled extent of inland navigation, this state has become the principal of the N. states, aitd now contains a population nearly equal to iM the states of New England together. The climate of New York is various. The wintem on the coast are mild but changeable. In tlm N.E. part they are more severe but uniform. In the extensive level country to the W. the climate is milder. The commerce of New York greatly surpasses every other state in the Union, and its manufactures are also ex- tensive. It has a number of very respectable literary institutions, and has made more in- ternal improvementa than other states. The railroads now amount to an aggregate length of 734 miles (1847), and connect the mort 3ii YOR 898 YOR 1/ ' Important ')rtrts of the state with each otlicr ill every direction. Its caniils arc also cqiiully, if not more, important. Tiie first permanent Rfttlcmeiit was made in it by tlic Duteh in l(il4, and was Ruhsequently changed hetween the liritii^h and Dutch more than once; but was ceded to the British in 1674, and lield by them until the Independence. The present coni-titution of the state was adopted in 1846. The population as estimated iu 1845, was 2,60-' VJ5, witn only 4 slaves. Y. .:k. New, the capital of the foregoing Btatc, is situate on the S.W. point of Man- hattan island, at the confluence of Hudson and East rivers, and is 5 miles in circumference. Surrounded on all sides by water, it is re- freshed by cool breezes in summer, and the fir in winter is more temperate than in other places under the same parallel. The island is 13^ miles in length, but hardly one in breadth; and is joined to the mainland by a briublic of Central America, or Guatimala, and at its S.E. end is the British settlement of Biilize. Tho re- public of Yucatan was formerly a portion of tho Mexican republic, and consequently at- tained her independence of Spain at the same time as that confederacy. Under the Span- ish administration, it was a province uncon- nected with either Mexico or Guatimala. Separated from Spain, Yucatan sent com- i:'i:;sioner8 to Mexico, to deliberate upon forming a government, and on the return of these commissioners, and on their report, she gave up her independent position, and entered into tho Mexican confederation as one of the states of that republic. After suflfering from this unhappy connection, a revolution broke out all over the country, on the successful progress of which, the last Mexican garrison was driven out of Yucatan. The state as- sumed the right of sovereignty, but did not entirely disconnect itself from that republic. After the deposition of Santa Anna, tho Mexi- can president, it acted quite independently of that government, and at the commencement of the present war between Mexico and the United States, it has proclaimed its neutrality and independence. The country, however, was far from settled, and is evidently unfit to assume the power of self-government: for in the commencement of 1848, a fearful revolt of the coloured against the white population took place, accompanied with fearful slaugh- ter. The present political condition of the country is therefore undecided. The popu- lation, according to the census of April 8th 1841, is 472,876. But as this is probably not very exact, and for political reasons, under- rated, the population mar be as-sumed as 600,000 souls. It is divided into 5 depart- ments, Merida, Izamal, Tekax, Valladolid, and Cam peachy. Yucatan i) a country re- markable for bad roads, or rather the general want of roads; a soil in which stony, and not very fertile districts prevail ; rich vegetation, whero' there is moisture, on those soils of which fertility is the character; a general want of water, few good harbours, a hot climate, occasional forests, with wild beasts and rep- tiles; pastures with herds of cattle, ranehos and haciendas, towns and villages, with cathe- drals and churches; a population ignorant and superstitious, yet towards the traveller kindly disposed; with industry in a very i i TUN 9U0 YVE rtackward state; with little trade, and few, or uiily rude manufactures. Nevertheless I'ucutiin, with a hut, and in many parts uu unhealthy climate, and other disadvuutngcs, is still capable of being important as a pro- ductive country, and of maintaining a large population. The country, in many respects, is less improved than Mexico, and far less romantic in its scenery than Central America. Mcrida is the capital of Yucatan, and tiie population of this city is estimated at about 23,000. The chief places resorted to for trade, arc Sisal, which has a roadstead forming the port of Meridtti Campeaehy, and Laguna, which forms the depot of the great logwood country in the interior, and ten or twelve ves- ssls are usually there loading their cargoes for Eurupcand the United States. One of tlie chief points of interest which attaches to Yucatan, is the architectural remains of its former in- habitants. These singular, beautiful, and extensive evidences of the skill and taste of a now I'orgottcn race, whose history and era we are ignorant of, have, within the last few years, excited the most lively attention of the rest of the civilized world. YuEN-KiANG, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, on the river Ilo-ti; 145 miles S.S.W. of Yun-nan. Long. 101. 44. E. lat. 23. 37. N. Yuen- tciibou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-si; 750 miles S. of Peking. Long. 1 13. 58. E. lat. 27. 50. N. YoEN-rxNO, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou-quan^, on the river Htm; 51.5 miles S.S.W. of Peking. Long. 100. 30. E. lat. 32. 50. N. Yuma, Exubia, or Loso Island, one of the Bahama island", i . the West Indies, lying to the N. of the E. end of Cuba, and its N. part under the tropic of Cancer. It is of an irregular form. Pop. in 1840, 1240. YuMEMTOS, or JuMENT08,acIustcr of small islands, among the Bahamas, lying to the S. W. of Yuma, producing a considerable quan- tity of salt. YuNO-NiNO, a city of China, of the first rank, at the >f. extremity of the province of Yun-nan, on the borders of Tibet; 230 miles N.N.W. of Yun-nan. Long. 100. 24. E. lat. 27. 50. N. YuNO-PB, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan ; 1 70 miles N.W. of Yun-nan. Long. 1 00. 34. E. lat. 26. 44. N. YuNO-riNO, a city of China, of the first rank, in Pe-tche-li, on a river that enters the Gulf of Leao-tong. Near it stands the fort Chu«-hai, which is the key of the province ofLeao-tong; 115 miles E. of Peking. Long. 108. 34. E. lilt. 3'J. 55. N. VuNG-TciiANO, a city of Cliinn, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. The neighbouring country produces gold, honey, wax, nmbcr, and a vast quantity of fine silk. 210 miles W. of Yun-nan. Long. 99. 2. E. lat. 25. !i. N. Yuso-TCHEoc, a city of China, of the first rank, in Ilou-quang; 885 miles S.S.NV. of Peking. Long. 111. 15. E. lat. 26. 10. N. YuN-aiNO, a ciMr of China, of the first rank, in the province of'^Ho-nan; 430 miles S. of Peking. Lung. 113. 52. E. lat. 33. 0. N. YuN-NAH, a province of China, at the S.\V. extremity; 300 miles long, and 250 broad; bounded on the N. by Ti^t and Se-tcheuen, E. by Koci-tcheou and Quang-si, S. by Ton- Juin and Laos, and W. by Pegu and Birmah. c is mountainous, but the soil in general is fertile, and it is reckoned the richest province in China, from its productive mines of gold, copper, and tin, its amber, rubies, sapphires, agates, pearls, and marble, its musk, silk, clepharts, horses, gnms medicinal plants, and linen; 21 cities of the first rank, and 55 of the second and third are included in this province. The number of inhabitants is estimated at upwards of 8,000,000. YuN-NAM, a city of China, capital of the foregoing province, formerly celebrated for its extent, magnificentbuildings, vast gardens, tombs, triumphal arches, and elegant squares ; but it has suffered greatly from the Tartars, in their different invasions, and the city at present contains nothing remarkable. It stands nt the N. extremity of a lake; 1260 miles S.S.W. of Peking. Long. 102. 30. E. lat. 25. 6. N. YuRcup, u town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania, on the Kizil-Irmak; 125 miles N.E of Kouieh. Long. 34. 30. E. lat. 39. 40. N. Yl'thia. See Siam. YvKKuuN, a strong town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwick of its name, with a castle, a college, and an hospital. Near the town is a sulphurous spring, with a commodious bathing-house. The principal trade is -'n wine, and merchant dise passing between Germany, Italy, and France. It has some remains of Uoman antiquities. It stands on the Lake of Neuf- chatel, at the influx of the Orbe and Thiele; 38 miles W.S.W. of Bern. Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. Long. 6. 59. E. lat. 46. 44. N. YvETOT, a town of France, department of Lower Seine; 7 miles N.N.W. of Caudebec. Pop. in 1836, 7923. YvKY, a town of France, department of Eiire, on the river Euro ; 16 miles S. of Evreux. ZAli rm ZAM riio Ik. E. 1. Zaaii. r district of Algier, in tlio desert iic- liiiiil Mount Alius, bclont;iiig totlio province of Cunstuntiue. Dntes are tlie principal nr- tiulo of food; and they liave extensive pian- tiitions of pnlm-trees. Tlicy carry on some coinmurce in ostriches' featliers. Tlie cltief place of the district is Biscarn. Zabola, a town of Transylvania, on the confines of Moldavia; 5 miles S.W. of Ocn« marie. Zacateoas, a province of Mexico, bounded on the N. by New Biscay, E. by Panu, S. by Mechoacan nntl Quadalaxara, and W. by Cliiametlan. It abounds with large villages, and its mines were deemed the richest in America. Pop. 280,000. Zaoatbcas, a city of Mexico, capital of the above province, snnrounded by rich silver mines; 260 D'iles N.E. of Mexico. Pop. 28,000. Zacatdla, a town of Mexico, ivi the pro- vince of Mechoacan, on a river of the same name, near the Pacific ocean; 180 miles S.VV. of Mexico. Long. 102. 55. W. lat. 18. 30. N. Zachaw, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania; 13 miles E. of New Stargard. Zatra, a town of Spain, in Estrcmadura, vMth a castle; 20 miles S.W. of Medina. Pop. 7500. This town is full of buildings, begun in better times, and on a great scale; they have either remained unfurnished or have been gutted and destroyed by the French under Drouet, in 1811. Amongst these are the magnificent ducal palace; the unfinished convent of So. Marina, desecrated by tlie invaders. Zaoara, a mountain of Greece, in Livudia, one of the tops uf Mount Parnassus. It was the ancient Helicon, from which issued tiie fountain Hippocrene, and was sacred to the Muses, who had here a temple. Z AOBARA, a town of Negroland, in Bomoo, on the river Fittree ; 1 70 miles S.E. of Bomou. Zaoora. Set Devblto. Zahara, or the Great Desert, a vast country of Africa, 1900 miles in length, by 840 in breadth; bounded on the N. by Barbary, E. by Fezzan and Cassina, S. by Negroland and Fouli, and W. by the Atlantic ocean. The air is very hot, but not unwholesome to the natives. The soil is generally sandy and barren, but there are verdant valleys, in •.. hich water either springs or stagnates; and it is here and there interspersed with spots of astonishing fertility, which are crowded with inhabitants. These fertile spots in the desert are called oases, or islands, and they abound most in the northern and eastern parts; but the smaller ones are not always piermanent, for a furious wind from the desert, bringing along with it an immense quantity of sand« sometimes overwhelms an oasis, and rcducvs it to barrenness. These oases arc formed into a number of states, governed by petty princes; and those of which some intelligence has been obtained are noticed in this work in tlieir proper places. The inhabitants, con< siNting of various tribes, are wild and ignor- ant; and the Mohammedan religion is pro- fessed thronghout the country, unless where they approach the countryof the Negroes. They mamtain towards each other the maxims of apparent hostility, but a Christian is every where odious. Their language is chiefly a dialect of the AraRic; and their only inter- course with other nations is carried on with the caravans, which periodically traverse these ' mmense deserts. The Zahara abounds in antelopes, wild boar, leopards, apes, ostri- ches, and serpents. There are few horses and beeves, but many sheep, goats, and camels. Zahara, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a citadel, seated on a craggy rock; 42 miles S.E. of Seville. Zahara Scz. Se« SnsR. Zaun A, a town of I'russian Saxony; 6 miles N.E. of Wittenberg. Zaina, a town of Algier, in the province of Constantina, supposed, from some con- siderable ruins, to have been the ancient city of Zama. It is 28 miles S.E. of Setecf, and 46 8.W. of Constantina. Zainb, a river of Barbary, which separates Algier and Tunis, and enters the Medi- terranean at the island of Tubarca. Zaire or Congo, a river of Congo, which rises in the kingdom of Matamba, flows N. to the extreme borders of Congo, where it turns to the W., then separates the kingdoms of Loango and Congo Proper, and enters the Atlantic ocean below Sogno. ZALAHBA,atown of Spain, in Estremadura, anciently called llapa. It contains many vestiges of its former splendour. It is 38 miles S.E. of Mcridp Zaubebt, an immense navigable river of Africa, rising in the centre of the country, about lat. 10<» S., and long. 25o E., thence flowing in a southeriy direction to about lat. 18» S., and then easterly to the ocean, re- ceiving in its course several tributary streams, the Chobe and Shire rivrs being the chief. It was traced by the great traveller, Living- stone, in 1855-6, and is still being explored b him. Zahora, a town of Quito, in the neigh- bourhood of which are rich mines of gold. It is seated near the Andes; 230 miles S. of Quito. Long. 78. 20. W. lat. 4. 6. 8. Zaxora, once a strong but now decayed town of Spain, in Leon, and a bishop's see. It is seated on a hill, on the river Douro, over which is a bridge; 32 miles N. bv W. of T^mm^S^SCmSSSi ZAN 902 ZAW Hiilamanca and 146 N.W. of Madrid. It is said to derive its MuoiiHli name rrom tur- tjiioiscH, of which it has none. Tho cathedral in very ancient. Population, under 10,0UO. LonK. a. 56. W. lat. 41. 50. N. Zahora, a town of Mexico, in Guadala- xara, 40 miles S.I<1 of Guadalaxara. Long. 103. 30. W. lat 20. 52. N. Zamura, a town of Aigicr, in the province of Constantina; 250 miles W. of Ilamamct. Long. 6. 25. E. lat. 36. 20. N. Zamoski, a town of Poland, with a citadel, a cathedral, and several other churches. It is 37 miles S.S.W. of Chclm, and 44 W.N. " W. of Betz, Pop. 6600. Zampaoo, a town of Mexico, seated on a 'small lake; 30 miles N. of Mexico. Zanesville, a town of Oliio, capital of Muskingum county, on tho E. side of tho Muskingum river. It has considerable water- power and manufactures. The pop. of the town (in 1840) was 4766, and, includint; the several adjacent and connected villages, about 7000; 54 miles £. of Columbus. Zanfara, a kingdom of Negroland, to the 8. of Zegzeg, between Cassina and Bornou. Tho inhabitants are tall in stature, of very black complexion, with broad faces, and savage dispositions. The capital, of the same name, stands on a river that forms a lake N. ofG' " ^nd then flows through that city into <'igcr. It is 230 miles N.E. of Ghn 450 W.S.W. of Bornou. Long. 16. 0. E. iat. 18. 30. N. Zanouisbar, or Zanzibar, a country on the E. con.st of Africa, between 3. N. and 9. S. lat. It includes several petty kingdoms, m which tho Portuguese have settlements. Tho inhabitants are all blacks, with curled woolly hair; and, except those converted by the Portuguese, are either Mohammedans or Pagans, tho latter much the more numerous. The principal territories are Jubo, Melinda, Mombaza, and Quiloa. The Portuguese i,rade for slaves, ivory, gold, ostriches lea- thers, wax, and drugs. The productions are much the same as in the other parts of Africa, between the tropics. Zante, an island in the Mediterranean, forming part of tho Ionian republic. It is liituate near tho coast of tho Morea, 17 miles S. of the island of Cephalonia, and is 14 miles long, and 8 broad. Its principal riches consist in currants, which are cultivated in a large plain under the shelter of mountains, pro- ducing 9,000,000 lbs. annually, and it has some tar- springs, or peti oleum. Here are nlno the finest peaches in the world, with other choice fruits, and excellent wine and oil. It is visited, rarely, by earthquakes, one of which, October 20th 1840, did much dam- age. The natives speak both Greek and Italian, though there are very few Roman Catholics among them; but they have a bi- shop as well as the Greeks. Area, 1 60 square miles Pop. in 1836, 3.'>,348. Zanxe, Oie capital of the foregoing island, is pleasantly situate on an eminence on liie E. side of the island, at the bottom of a small buy. The houses are built partly of brick, and partly of M'ood, and seldom more than one or two storeys in height, on account of tho frequency of earthquakes: the last visita- tion of this kind was in 1820, when several hundreds of houses were overthrown. Tho harbour is capacious, and is protected by a mole. It is 12 miles W. of Capo 'J'urnebo, in the Morea. Pop. 18,000. Zanzibar, an island in the Indian sea, on the coast of Zanguebar, between the islands of Peniba and Monsia. It abounds in sugar- canes and citrons. Tho inhabitants are Mohammedan Arabs, and are governed by a sheik appointed by the iniun of Muscat. Long. 41. 0. E. Iat. 6. 0. S. Zara, a city of the Austrian states, capital of a circle of the same name, and of the whuitt of Austrian Dalmatia, with a harbour. It is situated in a plain, upon a small peninsula, joinedtothecontinentby an isthmus of about 25 paces broad. On the side of the citadel it is very well fortifltd. Near the church, which the Greeks called St. Hulia,aretwo handsome fluted columns of the Corinthian order, said to have been part of the Temple of Juno. This place was formerly more considerable than at present, tho number of the inhabi- tants being now not above 8000. Tho circle contains an area of 21.50 square miles, with 100,000 inhabitants. There are very fine paintings in the churches, done by tho best masters i and they pretend to have the body of Simeon, brought from Judea, and kept in a shrine with a crystal before it. Zara is seat- ed on the gulf of Venice; 80 miles S.W. of Jaicza, and 1 50 S.E. of Venice. Long. 1 6. 6. E. lat. 44. 30. N. Zaremo, a town of Persia, in tho province of Segestan. It is celebrated for its beautiful porcelain. It is seated on tho Hirmund; 350 miles E. of Ispahan. Long. 61. 10. E. lat. 32. 28. N. Zaril, a town of Greece, in the Morea; 22 miles E. of Misitra. Zarnate, a town in the Morea, seated on an eminence; 20 miles S.W. of Misitra. Zarnowitz, a town of Prussia in Pome- relia, on a bay of the Baltic ; 38 milesN.N.W. of Dantzic. Zaslaw, a town of Poland, in Volhynia, seated on the Uorin; 30 miles N.N.W. of Constantinow. Zatmar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on a small lake, formed by the river Samos; 50 miles £. by S. of Tokay, and 130 E. of Buna. Long. 22. 34. E.lat. 47. 50. N. ZATOR,atown of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, with a castle, seated on an emi- nence, near the river Vistula; 20 miles S.W. of Cracow, and 50 S.E. of Ratibor. Zaweh, a town of Persia, in the province of Khorasan, situate on the Tedjen; 20 miles from the Caspian sea, and 80 N. of Meschcd. ZEA 903 ZEA ZuiRAS, a town of AuMtrinn Puland, 23 miluH K of Zborow,und 68 N. by W. of Kumi nicck. Zhurow, a town of Austrian Poland, in the circle of Luniliiir;;. Ilcrc, in 1649, John Ca ■iinir, king of I'uland, witli 20,0Ui) men, was attacked by i 10,000 Cogsacks and TurtarH, for three days BUCCcHsivcly, but defended himaelf ■o bravely, that the latter consented to terms of accuniinodution. Zliorow is 52 miles E. by S. of Lemburg. Long. 25. 46. E. lut. 49. 46. N. Zealand, or Zu^land, un island of Den- mark, of a triangular form; 230 miles in cir- cuinrurcnee,and tlic largest of the iiilus belong- ing to the king of Denmark. Area, 2600 squii re miles. Pop. including Moen and Sam ■oe, 439,962. It lies at tlie entrance of the Baltic, having the Cuttcgat on the N., the Sound on the E., and the Great Belt or the W. The coast is much intersected by ir.rgo ba^'s; and witldn the country are several lakes, which, as well as the rivers, abound in fish. It is exceedingly fertile, producing grain of all sorts, with excellent pasture, and in most parts plenty of wood. It is particularly fa- mous for its breed of horses. Copenhagen is the capital of thiit island, and of the whole kingdom. Zealakd, a province of the Netherlands, comprising the ancient county of Zealand, and Dutch Flanders; bounded on the N. by the isles of Holland, E. by Brabant, S. by Flan- ders, and W. by the German ocean. It is com- posed of several islands, the jirinuipal of which are W'alchercn, Schowcn, North and South Beveland, Tolen, Duyveland, and Wolvors- dike. Area, 570 square miles. Pop. 120,000. The surface is generally level, and lies so low that the iidiabitants arc obliged to dufund themselves from encroauhmcntsof the .sea, by vast dykes, which are kept up at a great ex- pense. The river Scheldt forms the must of these islands. an .ccognised hy Great Britain as an independent state, form strung claims for protection on the part of the government. Among the many barbarous tribes that our extended colonial empire brings us in con- tact with, there are none whose claims are greater. They nre nut mere wanilcrers over an extended surface, in search of a precarious subsistence, nor tribes of hunters, or of herds- men, but a people among whom the arts ot government have nmde some progress; they have a regular division and appropriation of the soil, have some agricultural skill, and have a certain subordhnition of ranks, and largo bodies of them have been converted to tlio Christian faith. These islands were establish- ed into a separate colony by a royal charter, dated Noven)ber 16, 1840, and Lieutenant- governor Hobson was appointed the first go- vernor, assisted by n legislative council. By the same charter it is directed that the nurtlieru island l)e called New Ulster; themiddle island, New Munster; and the south, or Stewart is- land. New Leinstcr. New Ulsttr, or Eahei- nomauwe, or North island, is the most popu- lous, as it is probably the most fertile, of the New Zealand group; at least, it is the best adapted for colonization, from its numerous fine harbours, and the rich valleys which in- tersect it. It is about 520 miles long, and 110 in its greatest breadth, but is very irregu^T - ZE A 0)4 ZhB in flguro. The occupation of iti inhabitants will be almost excluiivoir agricultural, oh iIio remarkable Ueflciency of pasturage will pre- vent the increase of cuttle iu any great deg.co. In this circumstance a marked diJierence will exlNt between this and the nelgHbouringcolo- iiies of Australia. The numerous misAionarv fitutionti, which have been long estubliithcJ, iiro all on the north island, the principal of xvliich are in the bay of islands in the N.E. 'I'ho first colony was founded ut Wollingtun, ill Fort Nicholson,asplendid harbour in Cook Ktrait. The future capital, Auckland, has liccn fixed at Waitcmiita harbour, in the Mhoiiniki gulf, or Frith of the Thames, in lut. <3G. 5I.S.lon{;. 174.49.E. The temporary sent of );overnnient was at Uusscli, a scttlcmunt ne;ir Paheha, in the bay of iHlands. In the interior are the cxtcnHive lakes of Rutuma and Taupo, and numerous tine streams in- torsect the country; the mountains are not 80 extensive as in New Munster, though some attain a great elevation, as Uiiafuiihu, always cuvcred with snow, and near it the Tongouro volcano, 10,000 feet high. The forests, with which the interior abounds, contain the finest timltcr for ship-building, and have bten ex- tensively nsed fi)r that purpose. Another native production is the piionniuni tcnax, or New Zealand flux, a species cf flag growing on the margins of streams, and wiiieh has l)ccn prepared for cordage in grcntquantiticsby the natives. New Munstcr, Tuvai Poenammoo, or the middle island, is of a much more regu- lar ii»;ure; it is 580 miles long, and from 100 to 160 broad, and contains about 23,000,000 acres, and the mountains which traverse it have a remarkably bleuk and savage appear- ance, which contrasts strongly with the real amenity of the climate, and the fertility of the land near the coast. In the N. part are some fine harbours and rivers, which have been colonized, particularly the Oycrri or Pelorus river, which has some fine land on its banks. A settlement was formed by the French on Banks' Peninsula, on tlie eustern coast, but is now being colonized by members of the epis- copal church, and called the Canterbury settle- ment. This peninsula consists of a succession i.t populous} tillage, weaving, and the other arts of pence, being liere best known and most practised. In other parts, the inhabitants are scattered along the coast in families or tribes. A bishop of New Zealand was appointed ia 1841, and subsequently four others, viz., Christ Church (1856), Wellington and Nel- son (1858), and Waiapn (1859). Zebid, a city of Arabia, in the province of Yemen. It was once very considerable. I It is 10 miles from the Red siea, and 140 N. of Mocha. Long. 44. 28. E., lat. 15. 10. N. ' Zebu, or Sebit, oueof the Philippine i'. ZEN 005 ZIK •p. c.si> and res. in late butwuL-n those of licvtii nml Nei^roM. It U 140 miles loni;, anil 30 liruad, and has a f' vn of tlio sumo name, on tho £. coast Loir^. 1:22. 30. E. lat. 10. 36. N. ZKUio.a town of nartmrv, in Tripoli, scatetl nn a hay of the Mcditorranuuns I'JO inilus S. E. of Tripoli. ZicuEUiN, or SzBOBD, a strong town of IIiniKnry, with a trade in suit, tobacco, wool, Hnd corn, situate on tho Tlieissc, oppoiiiic the inllux of tho Muros{ 65 miles N.VV. ofTe- nioBwnr, and 98 S.E. of Pest. Long. 30. 25. E. Int. 4G. 30. N. Zeozro, a kin(;dom of Ncgroliinil, to the N. ol Zunfuru, between Cassina and Uornou. The capital is of the same name; 380 miles N.E. of Cassina. liong. 1 6. 0. E. lat. 20. 45. N. Zeiidkmck, a town of Prussia, in Bran- denburg;, noted for a large foundr>r; 30 miles N. of Berlin. Zeii., a town of Bavarian Franconia, seated on tho Maine, 10 miles N.W. of Bamberg. Zkila, a scnport of the kingdom of Adel, and a place of considerable trade, seated on a bay of tho Arabian sea. Long. 44. 22. E. Int. 11. O.N. ZhiruuN, a town ol Greece, in Janinn, and an archbishop's see, with a castle. It is seated on a gulf of its name; 50 miles S.S.E. of Lu- rissu, and 63 N. of Corinth. Zeitz, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a magniHcent castle, and a collegiate church. It has good cloth and stuff manufactures. It is seated on tho Elster; 23 miles S.iS.W. of Leipsic, Pop. 10,000. Zei.1,, a town of Hanover, formerly the capital of a duchy of tho same name, in the principality of Lunenburg It is surrounded by ditches and ramparts, on which are planted chestnut and lime-trees. The high courts of appeal for all the territories of the electoral house of Brunswick-Lunenburg were held here; and also the diets for the principality. The castle was repaired by George III. of England, for the residence of his unfortunate sister, the queen of Denmark, who died here in 1 775. Zcll is seated on the Aller, 28 miles E.N.Fi. of Hanover. Pop. 11,200. Long. 10. 14. E. lat. 52. 42. N. Zell, a town of Baden, seated on the river Kintzig,18 miles S.E. of Strasburg. Zbll in thb PiNZOAD, a town of Austria, in the province of Salzburg, seated on a lake, 30 miles W. of Badstadt, and 34 S.S.W. of Salzburg. Zell in Zillerthal, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, seated on tho Ziller, 24 miles E. of Inspruck. Zbllerfelu, a town of Hanover, in the Upper Hartz, with a raine-oflico and a mine, 9 miles S.S.\V. of Go-lar. Zeluia, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Grodno, 50 m. W.S.\V. of Novogrodek. Zbmplin, a town of Hungary, in a palati- nate of the same name, seated on the Bodrog; 85 m. S.E. of Cassovia, and 27 N.E. of Tokay. Zenquia, a town of Asiatic.Turkey, in the p.ichnlic of Aleppo, situate on tho Euphrates; 55 miles N.N.E. of Aleppo. Ze.nuan, a town of Persia, in the province of Iritc, 80 miles N.N.E. of Amadan. Zen TA, a town of Hungary, memorable for a signal victory gained by prince Eugene over the Turks in 1607. It is seated on the Tlieisse; 52 miles N. of Belgrade. Zerust, a town of Germany, in the ducliy of Aiihalt-lJessau, with a linu castle. It is famous for good beer, and has mnnnractures ofgold and silver; lOmilcs N.N.W. of Dessau. P()|>. 8000. ZtREA, a tonn and fortress cf Persia, in Farsistun; 18 miles N.N.E. of Shims. Zi;ti.aio, li town of Germany, in tho principiility ui Ueus.s with manufactu.es of stuffs and stockii , ; UmilcsN.W.ofPlauen. ZiA, an island of the Grecian archipelago, to the S. of ..Tcgiopont, 15 miles long, arid 8 broad. Pop. 6000. It abounds in barley, wine, and silk ; also a tine sort of oak, whose • ruit, called valonia, used by dyers and tanners, is the bct>t trading commodity in the island, 'i'lic principal town, of the same name, seated on an eminence, is u bishop's see, anis, surrounded by tho river Schwulin; 28 miles S.S E. of Cassel. Pop. 1 100. ZiEOENRUCK, a town of Saxopy, on the river Saal; 10 miles S. of Ncustndt. ZiEOBSER, or ZlESAR, a town and castle of Pru.ssin, in Brandenburg, 18 miles W.S.W. of Brandenburg. ZiELENZio, H town of Prussia, in JJranden* burg, with manufactures of cloth, 20 milei E.S.E. ofCustrin. ZiERENDERo, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Cassel, 8 miles W.N.W. of Cassel. ZiOET, a town of Hungary, on the river Thcis.se, near its source, 42 miles E. by N. of NiigybanjiL ZiGKTU, a strong town of Hungary, which hns been several times besieged and taken by the Turks and Austrinns. It stands on the Alma, by which it is surrounded, 48 miles S.E.of Canischa. Long. 18. 16. E.lat.46.8.N. ZiRiczEB, or ZiERiKZEE, a Strong town of the Netherlands, in Zealand, and capital of the isle of Schouwen. It was tho ancient re- ,1 zou 906 ZUM sidence of the counts of Zealand. It is ] 2 miles N.E. of M'.ddleburg, and 18. S.W. of Briel. Pop. 63C >. ZuTAD, u fortitied town of Saxony, in Up- f>er Lusatia, surrounded by a wall, with four arge and six small gates. It has a very ex- tensive trade in linen, white damasks, woollen cloth, and blue paper. The cathedral has three organs; and near it is a college, where the languiiges, drawing, and other arts, are taught gratis. Adjoining to the cloisters is an excellent library, and at a small distance from it is an orphan-house. It is seated on the Neisse, 17 miles S.W. of Gorlitz, and 47 E.S.E. of Dresden. Long. 15. 1. E. lat. 60. 54. N. Pop. in 1838, 8674. Znaim, astrong town of the Austrian states, in Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name, with a castle, in which are a great many {mgan antiquities. The vicinity yields exce!- ent wine. It is seated on the Teya, 35 miles S.W. of Brinn, and 42 N.N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 5200. Long. 16. 0. E. lat. 48. 40. N. ZoABA, a fortified town of Tripoli, with a good harbour. It is seated on the Mediter- ranean, 60 miles W. of Tripoli. Long. 1 1. 53. E. lat. 32. 45. N. ZoBLiTZ, a town of Saxony, in Meissen. The inhabitants subsist principally by work- ing the serpent-stone, which is found in the neighbourhood, into pitchers, bowls, tea and coffee-cups, &c. The red species of this stone, which is considered as the finest, belongs solely to the sovereign. It is 17 miles S. of Freyberg. ZoBTKN, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Ueichenbach, 9 miles E.N.E. of Schweidnitz. ZoFFiNGEN, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a public library, containing several curious manuscripts. It is seated on the Wigger, 19 miles N.N.W. of Lucern. ZoLNOCK, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name. In 1554 it was taken by the Turks, but retaken in 1685. It is seated on the Thcisse, 62 miles N.E. of Colocza, and 62 E, of r-ida. Zoi.i-VKREiN. SeeGf:RiiAvr,RndAppendtT. ZoHBOR, a town of Hungary, near the river Moszlonga. It is the capital of the county of Bacs, in an extensive plain near the Francis canal, uniting the Danube with the Teiss. It lias several public build'iigs, and considerable trade in corn, wine, cuttle, and silk. Pop. 2i,000; 50 miles N.W. of Neusatz. ZoRBio, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a citadel, 24 miles N.N.W. of Leipsic. ZoBNuoRF, a village of Prussia, in Bran- denburg, where the king of Prussia, after a dreadful conflict, totally defeated the Russians in 1758; 5 miles N. of Custrin. Z088EN, a town and castle of Branden- burg, situate on the Notte, 19 miles S. of Berlin. Zout-Pan, a curious salt-lake, in the country of the Hottentots, lyitig u lew miles N. of Point Padron, in a plain much above the level of the sea, and between 3 and 4 milca in circumference. At some seasons of the year it is formed into an entire mass of fine white salt, with a hard crust resembling ice. ZowAN, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, famous for the dyeing of scarlet caps and the bleaching of linen, 36 miles S.W. of Tunis. ZucKMAMTEL, a town of xVustrian Silesia, and a bishop's see. It has mines of gold, silver, copper, andiron. It is 15 miles S. of Neisse. ZuEELA, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, situate in a district of remarkable fertility. The remnants of ancient buildings, the Lum- ber and size of the cisterns, and the construc- tion of the vaulted caves, intended perhaps, as repositories for corn, exhibit wonderful vestiges of its ancient splendour. It is 60 miles E.N.E. of Mourzook. Long. 16. 34. E. lat. 27. 59. N. Zdo, the smallest canton of Switzerland, containing an area of 125 square miles, bounded on the E. and N. by Zurich, W. by Lucern, and S. by Schweitz. It is rich in pasturage, has plenty of various kinds of stone fruit, as well as walnuts and chestnuts, and wine of a very acid flavour. The inhabitants, estimated at 15,500, are Roman Catholics. ZuG, a capital of the foregoing canton, containing several handsome churches, a good town-house, &c. It is seated on a lake of its name, 12 miles N.W. of Schweitz. Pop. 2500, Long. 8. 24. £. lat. 47. 4. N. ZuLAUF, or SiiLAY, a town of Prussian Si- lesia, 5 miles S.W. of Militsch. Zui.LiciiAC, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Brandenburg, with a castle, which stands without the walls of the town, and has a rampart and ditches. The suburbs contain more liouses than the town itself, and among them is a large orphan-house, to which is an- nexed a school, an academy, &c. Here are good cloth manufactures, and the vicinity produces much corn and wine. In 1759 a battle was fought near this town, between the Prussians and the Russians, in which the former were defeated. It is situate in a plain, near the Oder, 24 miles E. bv N. of Crosscn. Pop. 5500. Long. 15. 62. E.' lat. 52. 9. N. Zdlpha, or JuLFA, a town of Persia, al- most close to Ispahan, to which it is a sort of suburb, and separated from it by the river Sandcron. It was peopled by a colony of Armenians, brought hither by Shah Abbas. It contains several churches and monasteries. ZuLz, a town of Austrian Silesia, in the principality of Oppelu, 14 miles E. by S. of Neis,se, and 26 S.S. W. of Oppeln. ZuLZ, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, on the river Inn, 26 miles S.E. of Coire. ZuMAMPA, n town of Tucuman, on the river Dolce, 110 miles S.S.E. of St. Jago del Estero. ZuMAYA, a town of Biscay, near the coast, 5 miles W. by S. of St. Sebastian. ZUT ZYT pore pilca the Ifine Ice. in is, J the lis. sia, M, of Ban, jlty. ]in- puc- rful 60 34. ZuHPANGO, a town of Mexico, 100 miles N. by E. of Acapuico, and 105 S. of Mexico. Zurich, a canton of Switzerland, bounded on the N. by SchafFhausen, E. by Thurgau and the county of Tockenburg, S. by Glarus, Schweitz, and Zug, and W. by Lucern and the county of Baden. Zurich was admitted a member of the Helvetic confederacy in 1351, and obtained the privilege of being the first canton in rank ; it is also the most consider- able in extent, both of territory and power, next to that of Bern, having an area of 685 square miles, with, iu 1837, 231,576 inhabi- taiits. It abounds in wine and excellent pas- ture, but the supply of corn is not sufficient for interior consumption. The inhabitants are all Calvinists; and two-thirds of them de- rive their livelihood by spinning. Zurich, a city of Switzerland, capital of the foregoing canton, stands at the northern extremity of the lake of Zurich, and occupies both sides of the rapid and transparent Lim- mat, which issues from that lake and divides the town into two unequal parts, communi- cating by three bridges. It was formerly an imperial city, and is one of the best built in this country, but the streets are narrow and the houses high. Zuricli was the first town in Switzerland that scpp.rated from the church of Rome. It has some munuluctures, and is much frequented by visitor,?, the traffic being much facilitated by the railways from Bale, St. Gallen, &c. It is 35 miles S.W. of Constance, 40 S.E. of Basil, and 55 N.E. of Bern. Pop. 16,000. Long. 8. 32. E. lat 47. 22. N. Zuuicii, a lake of Switzerland, 24 miles long and 4 broad. The adjacent country is finely cultivated and well peopled, and the S. part of the lake appears bounded by the stupendous mountains of Schweitz and Glarus. The scenery is picturesque, lively, and di\ er- sified. The river Limniat runs through the whole length of this lake to Zurich. ZuuiTA, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a castle, seated on the Tagus, 38 miles E. of Madrid. ZuRZ, a town of Switzerland, in the c: nton of Grisons, seated on the Inn, 20 miles N.N.W. of Bormio. ZuuzaCH, a town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden, seated on the Rhine, just above ^he influx of the Aar. It is 9 miles N. of Baden. ZcR.^ONZA, a town of Mexico, in the pro- vince of Mechoacan, situate on an island in a, lake, 5j5 miles W.S.W. of Mechoacan. ZurriiEN, a strong town of the Nether- lands, in Gelderland, capital of a county of its name. It is seated at the conflux of the Bcrkc'l with the Yssel, 9 miles S. by E. of Dcvcnter, and 55 E. by S. of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 13. £. lat. 52. 10. N. Fop. about 10,000. ZuvDER Zee, a great bay of the Gcr* man ocean, which extends from N. to S., in Holland, between the provinces of Fries- land, Overyssel, Gelderland, and North Holland. ZuTST, a Tillage of the Netherlands, which abounds in plantations and shady walks, and is inhabited by Moravian manufacturers. It is much frequented, in the iumitier months, by merchants who have no country seats of their own. It is 5 miles from Utrecht. Ztenioorod, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Moscow, situate on the Moskva, 28 miles W. of Mosiow. ZwELLENDAH, a district of the Cape o' Good Hope, on the S. coast, bounded on the N. by Tulbagh and Stellenbosch, and on the E. by George. Area, 9000 square miles. Pop. 666.3. It produces some corn, wine, and cattle. Port Beaufort, in St. Sebastian's bay, enjoys a considerable coasting trade. To the W, are some salt pans, and to the N., over the Zwarlberg mountains, some remarkable caverns were discovered in 1780. Zwellon- dam is the chief town. ZwENKAu, a town and castle of Saxony, seated on the Elster, 6 miles S. of Leipsic. ZwETL, a town of Austria, at the conflux of the Zwetl with the Kemp, 26 miles W.N.W. of Krems. ZwiCK, a town of Saxony, with a citadel, three churches, and a Latin school, in which isagood library. The inhabitants have manu- factures of cloth and leather, and a trade in com and beer. It is seated on the Mulda, 20 miles N.N.E. of Plauen, and 21 S. of Al- tenburg. ZwiNOENBERO, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt, 8 miles S. of Darmstadt. ZwiTTAU, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, 40 miles W.N.W. of Olmutz. ZwoLLE, a fortified town ot the Netherlands, in Overyssel, with three handsome suburbs. A canal begins near this place, and extends to the river Yssel, which is defended by seve- ral forts. Zwoilc is the most opulent town in the province, and stands on an eminence, on the ri"er Aa, 14 miles N. of Dcventcr, and 31 S,W. of Coevorden. Pop. 12,800. Long. 6.3. E. lat. 52.31. N. ZwoNiTZ, a town of Saxony, 14 miles S.S.W. of Chemnitz. ZwouNiCK, or ZvouNiK, a town of Bosnia, 60 miles E. of Seraio, and 68 S.W. of Bel- grade. Zytomierz, a town and fortress of Russia, capital of the government of Volhynia, and a bishop's sec, seated on the C ?irief; 120 miles E, of Lucko. Pop. in 1838, 17,434. Long. 29. 22. E. lat. 50 35. N. TuE following TaW fioivi various sour cxumvle — the c»tii tiiuuKl> numerous i Ini! the aiiiount f avises from the Jlfl ratic of iiicreaae w usually given— alw made, as that, bcl those statei*. hcrea One very Impoi Euiope, iind some psrfectly; and tin and Instructive ai f imlllar to EhkUsI the measurement jneasuretucnt glvi miles. BTAIS Ruuta (tnuliid'M AuatrU „ Frioice 4 Great Britain a i\ I'russU fl Turkey 7; Spain (l"Cl Oa » Biilgium y Hweden and Ni 10 Portugal 11 Ilullau'l 12 Uuiimurk liiwl TBI! OiiRUA (Eiceiil Auttri Biivarix Saxony (lloyal Hanover .„ Wnrtomberg . ]l7 Baden 18 Klec'oral Ucst 19 Grand-Duoiil ^0 H l-telu and 21 Brunswloli ... ■>i\ Mecklcnburg- 23 Nimiiu St SiixB-Weiinni ti\ Siixc-Cobiirg- 2i) Saxe-Moitiini 27 Saie-AUonbt ly Hiidburg 28 Mtcklcnbu'K jyl Oiilonbiirg, K Aniialt I)e9) Orre e ion .in Isla San Marint Audorf*.**. i '\ APPENDIX. TuE following Tables exhibit i he area and population of the various countries in tlie world. Theyharo been extracted fiuivi various wjurccs, and m i s-arlly have «ilfferent degrees of authenticity. In some iiUces— tukln« Turkey as an cxuiniile— the estimated pdpul.n i Ik probnlily very open to controversy ; but a rude iipproxinmtlon maybe arrived at, tliouK'i nuniercius political lonsiu Ions will militate agalist accnrate returns having liecn made. There is also, rcgaid- insj the amount Riven as the loi population (if Europe, or otlier (treat divisions of the woild, the discifiianey which arises from the dlfTurent dates at winch the census, or other enumenuiun, has been niadi'. lu almost all cases, a ceit.-iin ratic of hicre:ise will require to be ail. led to eaclt amount, for the peiLd which has elapsjd. In the Tables, the date is usually given— always so, when the estimate Is formed upon good b^tUs— but no addition for subseiineiit Intrta^e h is b> en nude, as that, being empirical, ran be done by tho reader. In the body of the work, estimates of dates previous tt thi'so stated hereafter will frenuently be found, «nd will prove scrviceabio for compari-on. One very important feature of statistics is the relation wh ch the inhabitants liear to the ana of the country. In Europe, nnd some other portions of the globe, both of these iioints are known with great accuracy— in Europe, almost perfectly; ami tiie fisures In the eleventh column of the General Table of the Population of Euro.e give some curious and Instructive amounts. The areas are nil reduced. In this Table, lu the square Biltlsh statute mile— a n easure more fimlllar to Englishmen than useful to the general purposes ul' science. In many of the other Tables the are is are given in the measurpments of tho respective countries; but the totals are generally reduced to the Briihh value. The chief measurement given Is the square German mile, equal to 16 square gcog' aplilcal miles, or 21'27'J square Urltlsh statute miles. EUROPE. STArw. Tlilo. Form of Guvui'umoiit Russia (inuliidliig Poland I ami I'tulai.il) I 1 Austria t Fnince .-' 4 Great Uritaln and Iretaudx i TrussU. B Turkty. 7 fpalii (liicl Canary Ulands) 8 Biilgium 9 Hweden and Norway 10 Portugal 11 llolia..'! 12 Uuumark liiiul. Stusvig) TllE OiiRUAN STATE'. (Kicciil Aiutrii ■) Pruttin). 13 Biivari.^ U Saxony (Koyal) 15 Hauovttr IB Wurhiinberg 17 Baden 18 Eleo'oral Hessa 19 Orand-Ducal Hesse HO H >l>tel'i aud Laiieuburg ... 21 llrunswiok Mecklcnbarg-Hchwcrin 33 Nastau •ii Sitxe-Welinar-Klsouach <5 8.ixo-CobHrg-Gatba „... 2ti Saxe-Melningt,n 27 8axe-Altonburg(pri.vioB»- 1 ly lliidburgiiaiiseu) I IS Mecklenbui-K HtrellU 8t) Oiilenbarg, Kiilptiausea, Ac. 3U Aniialt DexauCSthen 31 AidlHtt Beruburfc 33 Schwarab'rK BoudershHusen 33 Hchvviirzburg Uudolstiidr , M Ueuhtcnsc In 3A Waldeck Zfi Rtiu»9, eMer branch 37 ., young.'r brauclt .... S*! Setiiumburg Liiipe 3*.) Llppe 40 lleua llomburg 41 Labeck 48 Frankfort 43 Hromen 41 llnniburg 45 Maty 46 lioraan Fontiauote > 47 Swiiierla 'd Monaco (attached to Aus- tria 1850) 48 Gree e 49 Ion .in Islands 50 ^an Marino 51 Andam.«..a Rmpire Knipire Kinpiro Kingdom Ki (rdom Empire Kiiifrdom Kingdom Kin^doiiit Kingdom KingJum Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom tir. Uiich ' RlL^c'ornte Or. Duchy Duclil.'s iiuchy r. Duchy Diit'hy lir. Diicliy Duchy iiucliy Duchy »r. Ducliy Or. Duchy Duchy Iiuchy Princliislity Principalily Mncipallty PrlnclpuIUy rrluoipaliiy Principality I'lliictpal ty Principality '-'dKiavlaie /e«Clly l'"ree City reeCilr Free City Kiitfrilom tiov. Pontir. Ilepublica K'ngdom Ite|)ublio llojiubiio UepubUo Absolute Mon. Absolute Mon. AbiMlutc Mou. Limlied Mon. Limited M'ln. Abso ute Mon. Limited Mon. Liiniteil Mon. Limited .Mou. Llmit'd Mon. Limited Mou. Absolute dun. Limiti'd Mon. Limited .llotu Limited Mon. Liii.He.t Muu, Limited Sut. Limited Sov. Limited Sot. Limited Mon, Limited tjov. Liiul eil Mmi. Llmikd tlov. Limited VIou. Limited Mun. Limited .Mon. Limited .M..n. Limited Mon. Abso ute 8ov. Llmitid Sov. Limited Sor, Limited Man. Limit<'d Mon. Limit, d .Mou. Limited Sov. Limited aov. Limited ■■^ut. LImiteii Sov, Lmitt'd Sov. Absolute Sov. Kepultl Hepublio UciMlb'ic Ke;)Ulilio Limited ^ton Absolute S >v. Confed. ol Rep. LIm'ted STon BiHiisn Protect Henale, &c. Courts & u'uncil Religion. Greek Oath, Rom. Cath. Hum. Path Protectant EvaiL'^eL Mohammd. Rum Ciith. Rom, Caib. Luthoraa Rom. Calh. Reformed Lutborau Rom. Cnth. ProiOjtant Protest oit Lutheran Kvdugei. Reformed Lutlierau Lutheran Lutheran Lathi'ian EviiuKel. Lutheran Lutheran Lutheran Lutheran Lutheran LuthiTU'i Kvangel Kvanxol. Lutheran '..uttii-nm Koiii. Catli. EvangeL Lutlieran Liittiertin Kefonned llelbrmed Itefiinned Lutheran Lutheran Culviulat LutherH n lloin.Cath. Koiii. t'alh. Viiriuus Rom. Catb. Greek Culli, lireekCaib Kom. Catli. Rum, Catb. Reipiing buveieigu. r Alex. II. I I I Xicoluevv'ch ( Fran. Jeii'i 1 Napoleon IIL Vict'irla. Willi im I. Abdul \Z'* Mar* I Isabel. IL Leopold I, Cba les XV, IVdi-o v. William IIL Frederi kVlI. Maximll.II.,Jo. Jn..\eMumucena. George V. Win I.Fr.Chns. Kr.'iicr'o Fred. Win. L LouiillL Christian WilUam Frel. linncU Ado'phua Chai. AlcKatid. Kmesi II. Bernsid Erich F. Brunt Frederick Frederick Wm. Xioolai F. Peter Lropohl Fred. Alexander ('na\ Uuiit erFred. C. FreLOuntlier John George Wetot ILnyXXIL lleiiry LXIX. GeomeWliilnm Paul F, E. Lco|). FerilLi mil U. F. D'to of Ace Area Bil.ii,h III ilea. rn,;ula> tlou. I i.'iS 1.917,156 184^ iS-l.-J3, lM.'i!i S03.736! li«7 Kl,77«' 108,(101 1 210..185; l!«9ti3; 13,214 291.164 36,510 13,598 11,856 D'te, Pop. of I In Cn- Sq're su^.{ Miles IStil 1861 I^33 I'OI 1859 1853 1849 1948 19H 1S54 iK.'iI 1816 18.W 1817 1818 1831 IS31 1813 1841 1853 IHU 1800 1853 1861) lnA3 1817 I8JI I'<3.) 1807 IS.'iS 1815 1859 1^68 1807 18-1 1818 63,912,081 1856 3J0108:o'l80" 3».<)U.0'i4 I8C0: 3.1033,8^3 1861 1 17,739,913 1858 16.446 0.0! 1815 15 4,S4.5I4 I).57 4,)i7l, 183' I860 6I1W379|184.» 3,56189511857 3,494,16111960 1,895,710 1855 Capital. Vli'tVKiiimaiiuel I^fil l'iu9l.\. \^; I buries Dtlio L 1856 163:1 ».637 6.767 14334 7K40 4.925 4,347 3 240 r9I5 4,788 1.752 1.43f) 799 m 510 71^6 1,43> 6W 3110 327 330 61 448 141! 466 207 438 IU6 127 38 luA l.W 10.1241 4,615.743 2,122,148 1 813.976 1.6«0,S»8 1,335.952' 726, i8K 845,57 II 673.0113 273,394 641,395! 443,li48 167,113 1.S3 8i9 168,816 13.\574' 911628' 1I9.M5 56,031 62.974 7ii.o:io 7,1 67 KM S93U7 81.806 30. 1 U lOH.USH 3r> 746 65.423 79.27SI 88 856 223.379 22.U.)'i,S34 IH.M 18.^8 1859 1-58 1858 1H58 1858 1H.')5 \S!* 1860 18C0 1859 1858 leiSS I960 IS.'il 18 8 ,l>'68 'I8'i8 188-1 l'<58 I8.W 18/8 18'>8 \KA 18.^8 I8.'i8 8.^7 333 131-6! lUS-o: 238-4; 164-3 78 834 353-6 17-e 98 266-* 1657 3117-9 125-1 2226 371 1U7I 260-9 143 113 153 188 1924 174 266-8 139 121-3 175-7 186-7 r,6 213-2 I3«'9 129 273-6 17.^ 115-6 214-3 212-9 ._ . 436-4 I8.M -ifX-i I8.'i5| 838-2 lS.-i8,U825 :858 229 16,3 Sl 2 3'J 1,512 18«) 1.66-4 Petersburg Vienna. Paris. Lon ton, Bel In. Coust-tlnople. Madrid. HrusscN. Stockholm. I.isboiL AiiLsturdam. Cojieuboijeu. 17,9nOl 1,097 23 200 7,637 — 1,067216 U66 227,166 1856 8.0IM 1858 8,0u0 — 3,603,766 280,213,986 363-6 40 Munich. Drc.s en. lIiiiKivcr. StuttKard. Carisrtdio. Cassvl. Damist idt tiliick. & Lau. ltruiife\vii;k. Siiiwcrin. Nitssau. Weimar. Cobu- g. Melnuigcn. . Altcnburg, .-treiitz. Oldcu'jurg, i 'essiiiL Benibuig. rrouiiercli.iui, Riiilolstadt. Riechteiisteln. Waldeck. Oreiz. Hchleii. r:i-hduniburg. Del mold. Hombur,;. Home, Heme. \the?u Corfu. Sin Marina Audont. Vi* * See page 947 J 910 POPULATION AKD ABEA. l.-BUSSIAN EHPIBE. PROviircKa, 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. ■7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17, 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 2. 5. 26. 27. 28. 29. .30. ;n. 32. 33. 34. 3.5. 36. 37. :i8. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Archangelsk , Astruchan Bessarabia !,. Ch^rkow , Cherson (without Odessa) The City and Government of Odesna , Caucasia citra (without Tschernomoria) Tschernoinorian Cossacks , Country of the Don Cossacks , Esihonia... ,. Grodno Jnroslav Jckiiterinoslav Kaluga Kasan Kiew Kostroma Kowno Kourland Kursk Livonia Minsk , Mohilew M02 1,163 999 555 1,223 768 810 2,500 862 6,967 1,296 1,209 Population In 263,630 414,526 990,274 1,502,139 876,482 107,370 1,149,202 194,919 871,130 293,599 827,200 928,445 1,039,597 1,006,671 1,482,085 1,804,970 1,056.557 982,595 537,855 1,836,949 863,035 983,138 873,888 1,580,405 1,216,091 812,454 285,945 1,445,900 1,919,590 55,000 1,135,980 2,012,308 1,730,547 1,753,144 696,967 1,394,077 1.08rt.396 1.479,081 1,622,147 1.118,605 1,084,481 1,808,172 659,509 l,40i,«79 1,125,517 1,466,194 840,379 748,524 2,051,914 1,221,720 929.58^ 1,498.387 1,840,146 90,117 68,902,059 BUS3IAK EMPIRE. 911 In the year 1846 there were — 46,374,342 belonging to the Greek church. 566,094 births exceeding deaths in 1846 (birthf 2,305,481). 494,990 1847. 70,134 persons brought over to the Greek church in 1847. 47,503,560 Total number belonging to the Greek church in 1847. The number of persons not belonging to the government church 8,785,719 (according to the minister of the interior), in 1848, was — that is 4,911,459 Christians, 3,874>260 Muhomedans, Jews, &c 50,291,279 souls at the commencement of 1848. Mr. Koppen, Councillor of jtate, estimates the population on the basis of the returns of 1838 (see his work, " Russ' md's GesammbevolkeruMg, im Jahre, 1838," — the Memoir Imp. Acad. Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1843), by adding 1^ per cent, annually, or 10 per cent, for the increase in 8 years. To the provinces above mentioned, add — Europe&n Kussia(as above) '1 he other provinces of the empire in Asia and Africa, as well as the kingdom of Poland and Finmark, thus — The four governments ot Tobolsk, T()m>k, Jenisseisk, and^ Irkutzk, with other districts in £. and W. Siberia j The four governments of Tiflis, Kuta'is, Schernaka. and Derbent) (Tianscaucasian countries, Gtusian-Imeritic government)...) American JiuKsia Kii gdom of Poland (o) , Grand Duchy of Finland (6) Total . Gominn Square Miles. 96,180 233,119 2,543 17,500 2,;!20 6,800 Popiilnilon in IBAS. 58,902,059 4,102,815 1,853,8T6 10.723 4,797,8*5 1,688,539 358,462 71,355,857 (a) KINGDOM OF POLAND. Warsaw Kudom Lubin Plock Augustowo The City of Warsaw Area. 0f>nnan Sq. Miles. 672 439 564 303 342 2,320 ropulation in 1M7. 1,558,760 922,762 975,028 550,648 624,061 158,120 4,789,379 In 18i& tho ropulation conaittcd of Roman Catholics. Greiks United Christians Protestants dther Christians . Jews Mahometans Bohemians 3,714,016 4,564 229,721 270,412 6,6U1 572,0.52 409 70 4,797,845 wmm I. ! >]\ 912 POPULATION AND AREA. <&) GBARD IiTJCHT 07 FINLAND. rR'IVIHCE*. Nvland Abo . Tawastehuus Wib.Tg St. Miulicl.... Kuopio ... , ^Va^a Ukaborg ..., Arm In (ienii'in Square Mllci. 464 2 328;i 79 .-.5 42()'2 7869 737-1 31197-8 I.ui' friiiii. 1 54.04 '1 298,135 155.«85 2:!4,fi.l3 153,621 204,868 278,846 17I,5:i2 6835 2 1,051.353 Orthndoi Orcck* 870 138 28,715 7,4b3 37,186 Total P'.piiliiUon Per OiTlliiiii inlnM. b<| Mil.'. 154,'>13 738 29S-21 SC6 2 12.:' 31 VCO i78.8l6 378 171,522 55 1,68S,53') 25) At tlic end of 1858 tlie population of Finland had risen to 1,704,683. HelsingtfcrH, in 1857, toiitaincd 16,715 inliabitaiilt and Abo 'city) l.%955 ; Uienborg (town) had 6,451, and the towns of Bjocrneborg and Wiborg 5,432 and 5,381 inhubitunts respectively. Vopui J 2.-AUSTBIAN EMPIRE. UlVISIOKS. Austria, below the Ens.* . ., above „ * Duchy of Salzburj;*... „ Slyria* „ Curintliin* .. „ Carniolii* Mnrj^jraviate of Istria, Ac.* Tyrol and Vorarlbern* KiuKdom of Bohciniu* Margraviate of Moravia'" Duchy of Silesia* Kingdom of G.ilicia, & Grand Ducliy of Cracow f Duchy of Bukowine Kingdom of Hun^^ary Vaivodia of Servia, and Banat of Ttnies Kingdom ot Croatia and Sclavunia Grand Duchy of I raiiriylvaiiia Kingdom of Dtilmatia „ Venetian Lombardy | , Military Frontiers Army Arcn. rn|)UtMtioli IVpnIntton Guiman 3lBt Uctuber, I'er aimiiiD fiqimru Miles. lgi7. ttq. Uilo. .360 16 1,681.697 4,661 2I7-S5 7i '7.4.50 3,2J6 130 18 146,769 1,127 407-94 1,056,- 73 2,590 18'-46 332,456 1.764 181-47 451,941 2,491 145-18 .^2 Picardie Artois Flandrcs Champagne >i >> Lorraine 7» Alsace Franche Corcte Bourgogne North Eastern District Seine inferieure .... Enre Orne Calvados Manche Ille et Vilaine C6tes du Nord Finistcrc Indre ct Loire Eure et Loire Loire et Cher Loiret Nievre Allier Cher Indre Morbihan Loire inferieure .... Maine et Loire .... Mayenne Sarthe dense Haute Vienne , Deux Sevroe Vendee Vienne Charcnte inferieure , Normandie » » Bretnpne Touraiiie Orluanaia Nivernnia Bourbonnais Berry Anjou Maine et Perclie )) Marche Limousin Poitou Aunis North Western District 3179"71 1.108. 8-C4 102- 12 10727 134-02 10598 112:6 120-92 103.5 9Vi;6 149 111-01 113 98 1.U-G6 10689 117-09 11328 110.9 9032 69C8 91.5 97n5 15G 159-43 2606-55 109-75 107-75 110-8 10134 104-93 122 ."54 13.5-35 126-11 111-42 lii'OS 109-69 122-8 12483 135 134-56 12756 123 93 128-46 131-61 93 64 113-1 105-39 10214 110-46 12382 125 33 130-32 HccturM, 4 7, .500 660,337 588,575 735,378 681,424 61,5,983 66.3,518 567,863 523,243 820,273 610,608 62.5,4vl3 738,906 687,955 643,.')00 621,618 610,000 49.5,575 383,257 522.895 503,364 634,7(10 856,678 876,956 14,316.509 603,463 591,261 609,206 556,093 .577,178 672 385 774,073 693,384 611,369 587,538 603,116 675,191 686,619 742,272 740,125 701,661 681,704 7r6,285 722,150 614,868 620,592 579,455 561,597 607,350 680,775 689,083 716,814 Populadon •t lli>' inil of iHbO. 1,727,419 484,179 341,382 555,539 3:i0,085 566,619 712,8»6 1,212,353 322,1.38 372,0.50 261,073 £56,512 3i,8,90l 405,708 424,373 305,727 451,152 563,855 499,442 286,888 296,701 312,397 575,018 385,131 12.084,088 17,505,607 769,450 404,665 430,127 478,397 595,202 580,898 621,573 606,552 318,442 291,074 264,043 345,115 326,086 352,241 314,844 273,479 473,932 555,996 524,387 373,841 467,913 278,889 319,787 327,846 3'9,t83 322,585 474,828 11,481,875 FRANCB. 91d France — continued. DErARTMXIfTS. Giromle , Dordopne Turn ct Giironne .., Aveyron Ciiareute Corrcze Lot Lot et Garonne Landcs '. Ilamcs Pyrdn«Je8 ... Gers Basses Pyrenees ... Iluuto Garonne Audo Hc'rault Tarn Aribge Vyitndea Orieutales Ancient rrovlnooa. Guiciino » »» )» AnRoumnis Limousin Gascogne » *• >» Buum Langucdoc II II »» Foix Boussillon South Western District. Rhone Loire Puy de Dome Cantal Haute Loire Ardbche Card Loztre An Iscre Ilautcs Alpes Drome Vaucluse Douches da Bhone Basses Alpes Var Corsica Savoie Haute Savoie Alpes Maritimest... Lyonais >» Auvergne »> Langucdoc Bourgogne Dauphiud Provence u Corsica South Western District North Fastern District North Western „ South Wc^te^n „ South Eastern „ • I aqnnre Oermnn mib^SlflfigC! hectare*, t Including Aice uud Crane, Bf|unre Geniiaii * Mllia. 19G.8 160.75 67.75 170 38 107.0. I0S.12 72.43 97.43 170.02 84.45 114 43 136.87 112.8 114.9 124.74 104.91 87.03 74.82 2111.67 49.18 86.93 145.92 104.37 90.17 100 109.08 93.82 106.37 153 100.64 118.87 64.78 109.48 12592 132.7 159.03 lia28 83.17 79.19 2130,90 2606.55 3179.71 2111.67 213090 10,028.83 ncctirct. 1,082,5.52 91.5,000 371,764 882.171 588,803 594,717 398,406 534,628 933,756 464,531 627,879 752,513 618,558 631,667 630,935 576.821 478,401 411,376 11.494,478 270,423 477,018 800,679 674,081 495,784 550.004 599,723 514,795 584,822 841,230 553,569 653.557 355,429 601,960 690,919 729 628 874,741 649,107 4.56,515 434,567 11.709,551 14,316.509 17,505,607 11,494,478 ; 1,709,551 55,026,145 Topulntlou At Itic I'lid uf 186d. 640,757 504,651 2.34,782 393,890 378,721 314,982 293,753 340,041 309,832 245,856 304,497 436,442 481,247 282,833 400,424 354,832 251,318 183,056 6,351,914 625.991 50,5,260 59(»,062 247,665 300,994 385,835 419,697 140,819 370,919 576,637 129.556 324,760 268,994 473,365 149,670 305,398 250.183 313.891 267,942 191,642 6,829,280 ] 2,084.088 11,481,875 6.351,914 6,829,280 36,747,157 In 1851, the population was 35,781,023. 916 POPULATION AND AREA. FBENOH COLONIES. Asia. — Fondich^ry, Karikal, Mah6, Tamaon and Cb^tiidcrnagore, Saigon, &c AruicA. — a. Senegal, witbtlie islands of St, Louis and Qoerce..., b. Reunion (Bourbon), 153,320, Sainte Miirio, and Mada gu8car e. Algeria Ahsbioa. — a. West Indies: Tlio lesser Antilles, Martinique, 121,145, Quadaloupe, St. Martin, Marie- Oalante, Desirade, and the group called ttie Saintes, 134,544 5. South America: Guayana and Cayenne e. North America t St. Pierre and Meqnclon Australia. — The Marquesas, Society Isles, New Caledonia, Isle of Pines, Sic 3,641,226 I I OBEAT BBITAIN ANB ibeland. HOTIBES AND FOPCLATIOIC (iNCLUDINO ArHT AMD NaTT AT HOME, AMD SeAMBM OH Vehsels in British Ports), enumerated April 8, 1861. England and Wales Scotland Ireland Islands* Total -.... 5,185.486 840,825 H0U8K& Inliabltcd. 3,745,463 893,289 993,233 33,601 Vacwt 182,325 17,167 89,084 1,349 Building, 37,580 3,r92 3,047 170 POPULATIOM. UtiM. 9,758,852 1,446,982 2,804,961 67,674 FmalMi 10,302,873 1,614,269 2,959,582 78,665 83,489 14,078,469 14,955,389 29,033,85S TotaL 20,061,735 3,061,251 5,764,643 146,33d * JwMjr, Quaruity, Ac, lilt of Ibn, and BdlJj lalet. ENOLAITD AND WALES. COHPABIBON OF HOUSES AMD POPULATION IK 1861 & 1851. Tbab. BOUSEa POPULATIOM. UnlnbaUtod BuUding; Panoiu. Ualei. Fault*. 1861 (April 8.) 3,745,463 3,278,039 182,325 153.494 27,680 26,571 20,061,725 17,927,609 9,758,852 8,781,225 10,302,87a 9,146,384 1851 (March 31.) Increase in the interral between') 1851 and 1861 J 467,424 28,831 1,009 3,134,116 977,627 1,156,489 ■ MJ. "UJJ T ENGLAND AND WALES. 017 Population amd Abea of thb Counties (Pboper.) \ Kaoum CouMTiUi Bedford Berki Buckingham Cambridge Chester Cornwall Cumberland Derby Deron Dorset Durham Essex Gloucester Hereford Hertford , Huntingdon Kent Lancaster Leicester Lincoln Middlesex Monmouth Norfolk Northampton Northumberland Nottingham Oxford Rutland Salop Somerset Southampton Stafford SuffoU Surrey Sussex Warwick Westmoreland Wilts Worcester York (East Biding) .. .. (City) „ (North Riding).. „ (West Riding) ,. Ann In otmuM Acrih 296,882 451,040 4CC,!)82 623,861 707,078 873,600 1,101,273 058,803 1,667,180 632,025 022,476 1.060,549 805,102 534,823 891,141 230,805 1,041,479 1,219,221 514,164 1.776,788 180,168 368,399 1,354,801 630,358 1,249,299 626.076 472,887 95,805 826,055 1,047,220 1,070,216 728,408 947,681 478,792 934,851 663,946 486,432 8G5 092 472,165 768,419 2,720 1,350,121 1,708,026 IlOt'SU, ArKILt, 187 95,008 1(10.802 69,870 817.751 88,888 67,075 90.01)3 25>4')3 20,101 31,00 i 83,103 63,106 40,752 61,027 34,744 103,271 19,085 83,843 45,083 13,144 28,355 80,023 S9,no 68..')9l 48,910 49,H35 35,120 l,'i4,48b 19,8(13 8;i,2.'12 50,410 12.2ii9 Brecon Cardigan Carmarthen Carnarvon Denbigh Flint Glamorgan Merioneth Montgomery' Pembroke Uadiior Total of England & Walea 1 37,324,915 '3,745,403 1 182,325 27.580 20.061,725 9,758,852 10,302,873 IBEIAND. PuovmcEs. ropulatioD, April 8, IMl. House*. April 8. 1861. -6.552.385 -6,764.543 - 787.842 1 Halei. Femulw. TotaL lukaLiied. Vacant. Uuildlog. Leinster 698,373 734,113 920,1.36 462,339 741,223 769,087 990,273 459,000 1,439,696 1.503,200 1,910.408 911,339 2.36,472 242,872 351,515 102,374 10,285 9,747 16,058 3,894 936 726 852 633 ^ -^ -S : .3 .3 Sg £2 " ^ Ulster Connaught Totol 2,804,961 2,959,582 6,764.543 993,233 89,984 3,047 l-H N. B.— For Details see page 924. SCOTLAND.- ■April 8, 186L invisioNS. Rooaea. Popnlatloa No. of FamlUoa, No. of ClillJicn at School. Inhabited. Vacant Buildug Males. Femalei. TotaL I, Norther.^ II. North- Western ... III. North-Eastern ... IV. East-Midland V. West-Midland ... VI. South-Westem ... VII. South-Eostern ... VIII. Southern 24,159 .'Jl,176 60.647 76,238 34,490 85.021 40,371 35,187 676 691 2.199 4,065 1,988 3,886 2,435 1,327 188 108 389 426 246 672 410 253 68,797 78.439 173,568 241,717 116 900 483,895 192,219 101 381 71,721 90,276 194.264 280,138 124,178 624,0,30 210,589 1 1 :i mfi 130.518 168.715 367.832 621,855 241,144 1,007,925 408,808 214,451 28,099 30.281 82,691 124,148 63,100 215.430 92.242 47,034 16.089 22,709 6l,(i89 84107 37,103 132,476 65,894 36,032 Total 393,289 17,167 2,692 1.446 9821 fiU^fio 3.061,251 679,025 456,699 *»"■">-"" mm ommm POPULATION. UlJ Scotland, 18G1. fl f \ OlTUIOM AHD COOnilU. I. Norther:*. 1. Shetland 2. Orkney 3. Caithiiciig .... 4. Sutherland .... II. Nouth-Westkun. 6. Rosg & Cromarty G. Inverness III. Nortii-Easteiin. 7. Nairn 8 Kljjin 0. Banft 10. Aberdeen 11. Kincardine IV. East IiIidland. 12. Forfar 13. Perth 14. Fife 15. Kinross 16. Claclimaniian V. West Midland. 17. Stirling 18. Dumbarton 19. Arjryle 20. Bute VI. South- Wi:3TEBN. 21. Renfrew 22. Ayr 23. Luuaric VII. Sodth-E astern. 24. Lirilithpow 25. Kdinburn:ii 26. Haddington 27. IJerwiclt ...« 28. Peebles 29. Sclliirlt VIII. SOUTnEBS. 30. Roxburgh 31. Dumfries 32. Kircudbright... 33. Wigtown UOCSIi. roPDLATIOR. So. at FuDUllCI. Nn. of Clill>lr>.n ■1 HvliuuL iDlltbllod. Vaoaat. Uulldlng. Unl**. Faniali'i. ToUl. O.JOl 7,4.V.) 4,921 100 2.')9 130 101 43 114 22 13,041 14,921 19,;J34 ll,5ul 18,637 17,495 21.882 13,707 81,678 32,416 41,216 25,208 0,327 7,4;t9 8,918 6,385 1,690 4.448 6,550 4,001 14.794 1G,382 869 822 £8 60 87,842 40,097 4.'),438 46,838 81,280 87,43d 16.908 19,313 10,164 12,545 2,022 8.071 11,153 32,705 6,096 77 832 471 998 321 14 09 73 194 39 4,749 19,9»6 27,975 104.i;J9 16,719 5,310 22,706 31,259 117.241 17.742 10,065 42,692 fi:).234 2.' 1.380 34,461 2,392 9,750 12,873 49,760 7,026 1,474 7,4 '8 10.102 36,881 6,814 23,536 22,0.56 2C,034 1,641 2,371 1,065 1,159 1,548 116 177 145 139 121 6 15 91998 63,817 72,257 3,771 10,374 112,867 70.194 82.298 4,204 11,073 204,366 133,511 154,555 7,975 21,449 47,975 82,037 87,189 2,030 4,917 80,887 21,545 27,025 1,2!)0 8,860 12,196 5,871 14,109 2,314 730 8G4 801 93 62 63 109 23 45.097 25,349 89.477 7,043 46,829 26.686 41,518 9,145 91,926 62,035 80,995 16,188 20,306 11,437 17,570 8,788 14 669 6,672 18,325 2,487 11,972 25,808 47,181 873 1,288 2,225 116 150 406 83,199 96,825 303,871 94,208 102.1 .'J4 327,688 177,407 198.959 631.559 39,287 43,394 132,749 23,862 29,504 79,110 5,--32 24,208 6,843 6,.3-3 1.979 1,4GG 191 1,193 629 309 110 43 85 254 89 50 22 10 20,028 126,218 17,830 17,401 6,648 6,094 18.817 147,651 19,793 19,213 6,760 6,355 C8.845 273,869 37,623 36,614 11,408 10.449 8,410 62,609 8,071 7,918 2,405 2,229 6.455 43.447 6.348 6,246 1,749 1,649 7,738 13,198 7.318 6,933 269 504 316 238 79 79 58 37 26,753 85.616 19,701 19,311 27.356 40,261 22,729 22,727 54,109 76,877 42.430 42,038 11,611 17,150 340 8,897 9.121 13.025 7,352 6,634 920 POPULATION. POFDLATION IN THE ClTIES AND BoBOUOHB BETUBNINQ MlfMBliBS TO FaBLUHENT. CITICS AlfD BoBouons. ENGLAND. Bedfordshiie — Bedford Berkshire — Abingdon Reading Wallingford Windsor Buckinghamshire— AylKsbury Buckingham Clilpping Wycombe.. Oreitt Marlow Cambrid)^e^hire— Cambridge BorouKh . . Cambridge Uuivursity... Cheshire — Chester (city) Macclesfield Stockport Cornwall— Bodmin Helston Launceston Lfskeard Penryn and Falmouth Saint Ives Truro , Cumberland — CarliHl.' (City)' , Cockcrmouth Wliitehaven Derbyshire — Derby , Devonshire — A!>hburtoa Barnstable Dartmouth Devonport Exeter (City) Honiton Plytnputh Tavistock Tiverton Tomes Dm-setsliire— Bridjmrt Dirchester. Lyme Reiiis Poole .. Shaftesbury Warehum Weymouth Durham — Durham (City) Gateshead , South Shields Sunderland Essex — Colchester Harwich Maldon Gloucestershire— BHstol (City) Cheltenham Cirencester Gloucester (City) Stroud Tewkesbury. Hampshire — Andnver Christchnrch Lymington Newport, Isle of Wight, I'etersfleld Portsmouth Southiimptnn Winchester (City) Persons. I8AI. 11,693 6,954 21,456 8,052 9,696 26,794 8,0C9 7,17a 6,523 27,816 27,766 S9.048 63,836 6,337 7,328 6,006 6,204 13,292 9,872 10,733 26.310 7.275 18,916 40,609 3,432 11,371 4,608 50,159 40,688 3,427 62,221 8,086 11,144 4,419 7,566 6,394 3,.') 1 6 9,25.5 9,404 6.8!l8 9,4,58 1.1,168 2-5, .568 28,074 67,394 19,44.3 4,151 6,888 137,828 35,051 6,096 17,.572 36,535 6,878 6,395 7,475 6,2«2 8,047 5,550 72,096 35,305 13,7M 1881. 13,412 6,691 24,965 7,794 9,827 7,625 8,375 6,506 26,351 31,101 36,095 64,681 6,381 8,657 6,139 6,704 10,354 11,336 29,436 7,056 1>,842 43,091 3,062 10,738 4,443 64,798 41,791 3,301 62,H23 8,804 10,444 3,ind — Berwick- on-T weed . .. . Morpeth Newcastle-upon-Tyne. . Tynemouth ^■ottln^tllamshire— EHst hetford Newark Nottingham Oxfordshire — Banbury Oxford (City) Oxford University Woodstock RuUand— 69,542 29,196 85,108 23,363 31,941 60,684 17,618 10,873 12,203 17,636 8,933 323,772 127,^69 370,957 539,111 241,611 8,710 19,842 1,479 27,031 19.3.55 68,195 4,075 30,879 2ii,667 8,672 16,094 10,012 87,784 29,170 46,0.54 11,330 67,407 8,716 27,973 7,983 NU. 16,626 6,660 6,769 6,254 21,323 86,177 24,970 139,286 31,372 33,026 16,672 13,701 .13.926 63,126 70,396 37,664 10 864 16.996 443,874 357,604 94,337 82,961 38,164 102,414 26,852 37,657 68,052 17,886 11,116 16.013 20,996 8,044 386,844 112,247 436,2n8 647,.585 253,985 23,248 Boosil. 1861. 16,071 74,414 4,208 34,803 32,813 11,732 13,254 13.796 109,291 38,981 11,563 74,631 10.194 27,561 7,820 1,168 1,230 ' 1,284 3.919 6,227 4,087 19,500 3,841 4,119 8,171 2,668 6,478 11,314 13348 7,241 2,247 2,999 65,<,99 65,.553 18,463 15,045 7,701 19,286 8,159 6,698 14,680 3,898 2,2.56 3,177 4,382 * 1,661 44,363 13,373 48,027 88,664 26,430 3,695 3,6a 17,012 8,898 7,836 6,133 3,609 1.873 2,325 14,222 4,883 2,569 15,307 2,067 6,230 1,664 aMM«MaikMHi**M i9,<>81 20,588 54,MO 10,317 10,148 14,176 4,736 6,S73 10,569 11,829 84,027 8,655 25.080 119,748 13,900 7,531 32,914 6,740 251,345 4,927 172,863 2.748 69,673 8,662 17,011 6,947 9, .MS 7,021 8.541 30,553 2.12.841 36,812 10,973 11,829 6,195 6,283 35,728 6,554 6,9!I8 5,135 11,657 7,P29 8,607 7.318 7,096 37,962 4,605 18,462 27,528 103.778 3:1,582 3n,880 5,?.3fi 172,270 11,515 6,0H0 135,310 22,057 10,058 84,090 7.661 4,995 4,969 1661. 7,892 6,031 i 2,0:5 52,528 11.361 9,623 14,ti60 4,648 Houses.' 1861. 1,891 1,264 4,3C0 8,021 2,124 2,069 2,906 b60 6,872 1,471 12,938 2,657 12,487 2,241 101,302 19,870 10,202 2,118 37,762 7,452 147,646 28,468 13,316 2,847 7,039 1,406 37,949 8,281 6,.J2 298,032 9,975 193,443 3.488 87,311 8,040 23,103 6,747 9,709 8,202 295,95.-> ^1,647 10,589 12,028 8,151 7,076 6,639 6,883 4.893 11,833 6,495 8,674 6,786 6.. ■140 44,978 4,0^0 15,398 31,123 106,218 37,015 34,874 .S,404 207.153 11.678 6,172 !85,lf7 23,109 10,90! 98,994 8,072 4,7.S5 6,134 1,464 45,252 1,681 25,683 629 13946 1.597 3,328 1,207 1,682 69,090 9,158 2,273 2,682 1,103 1,346 1,389 1,426 820 2,347 1,519 1,799 1,616 1,406 8,726 991 3,349 6,317 22,537 7,820 6,9.13 1,320 44,645 2,624 1,3S2 38,0'»3 4,779 2,423 20,681 1,696 1,0.59 1,016 Cities and Borodohs. Yorksh., N. R.— con. Scarborough 'lliirsK Wliitby York(City) VALES. Superintendent Registkabs' Districts. Monmouthshire— Chepstow Monmouth Abergavenny I'ontypool , Newport Glamorganshire- Cardiff Merthyr Tydfil Biirtgeud Neath Swansea Gower Carmarthensblre- Llaneliy Llandovery Llandilofawr Caimarthen Pembrokeshire — Narbertti renibroke Haverfordwest Cardiganshire- Cardigan Newca-stle-'j-Emlyn . Lampeter Abcrayron Aberystwith Tregaron Brecknockshire^ Builth Brecknock Crick howel Hay Radnorshire — Prebtclgne Kniehtun Rhayader Montgonirr)'shire- Maihynlleth Newtown .Montgomery Uanfvllin Flintshire— HolywtU Denblghfhlre — Wicxiiam Ilutliin St. Asaph Llaniwst MeHonethshlre — Corweii »aU Dolgclly Kestlnlog Carnarvonshire — Pwllheli Carnarvon mngor Conway riRSONS. 1851. 1861. Anglesey- Anglesey ..... 12,916 5,319 10,9H9 40,359 19,057 27,379 59 2i9 27.993 43,472 46,491 76,83 2.>,2.M8 12,479 15418 6,736 12 971 16,182 21,788 30,446 34,321 11,630 House 18,,380 fi,.15l I2,(li4 45,326 17.932 30,168 67,087 30.3111 61,412 74,675 107,066 26,421 68,457 61,425 8,314 27,973 ) 4,775 17,188 36,673 21,319 59,025 37,163 18,595 19,081 9,994 13,503 25,602 10,735 8,306 17,281 22,455 10,818 15 667 10,377 6,816 12,.553 2C,721 19,085 21,713 39,929 47,904 16,076 27514 12,762 16,107 6,350 12,463 18,167 2P,8«3 32,449 36,298 13,896 39,733 38,170 1861. 3,987 1,208 2,166 9,163 3,593 6,253 12,461 6,000 9,371 13,783 20,451 6,361 11,131 9,1.7 1 1,766 6,636 2,999 3,706 7,460 4,668 4,737 7,843 4 533 4,471 2,198 3.167 6,0 .i2 2,260 1,.537 3,611 4,819 2,313 .1,206 1,834 1,222 2.627 4,791 3,K07 4,402 8,824 10,060 3,531 6,966 2,691 3,463 1,S73 2,838 3,73J 4,743 7.033 7,687 3,916 8,656 1 922 SCOTLAND. SCOTLAND.— Houses and Population of Cities and Pakliamentary BoRouans. April 8, 18U1. CODHTT. Orkney Catthness Sutherland S088 and Cromarty Inverness Nairn Elgin Bana Aberdeen Kincardine Forfar Perth., Fife .. Stirling'.. Dumbarton , Argyle Renfrew A>T .... Lanark . Linlithgow, . Edinburgh . Haddington . Bjrwick ., Roxburgh., Dumfries . Klrkcndbrlght., Wiiftown I rAnu.MIENTART liOUUl'Uil. Klrkw,ill Wick Dornocii Crumarty DliiKWiiil Kortruso Tain Inverness N'airn Kl-in I'oires Bai.ff Cullen Aberdeen Iiiveniry Klntorc Peterhead Inverbervie Arbroath Rrecliin Dundee Forfar Montrose Ciih'oss Perth Anstnithcr, Raster.. Anstrutlier, Wester.. Burntisland Crail Cupar Dunfermline Dysart Invcrkeitliing Kilrenny KlnKliorn Kirkcaldy Pittenwecm St. Andrews I'alkirk StirlinB Dumbarton C'^nlpbclto^vn Inverary Ouan Greennck Paisley Port Glasgow Henfrew r. Ayr Irvine Kilmarnock Airdrie Glasffow Hamilton Lanark llutlierglen Linllth;;ow Queensferry Kd. 478 1,134 134 302 S-ii 187 Sl.'i l,7,iO G'29 1,218 707 i.ryi 3-i'J 5,901 3G1 too 1,012 181 1,914 773 6,28.') 1,110 1,.536 107 2,l6ti 20 1 56 312 245 850 1,.M7 1,061 277 272 219 9,>3 2SI 796 995 1,388 554 764 104 170 1,846 2,089 436 374 2,091 910 1,918 1,361 3,873 1,117 067 075 352 144 9,820 2,590 1,054 669 422 010 179 206 398 '■HI 1,678 245 258 414 100 827 279 .195 I K\!nO Vaeuut. 5 14 2 25 3 15 20 54 31 60 37 71 8 104 6 G 86 7 42 11 181 29 70 9 80 6 37 26 22 31 26 32 2 6 12 4 50 32 £1 10 36 •i 19 SO 68 19 5 87 15 9 82 307 20 25 6 14 2 361 75 3.1 43 C 13 18 10 2 17 27 2 4 9 3 41 6 11 2,725 lug. 3 2 G 12 15 1 16 1 40 2 1 8 20 12 45 6 8 I 12 9 8 2 6 13 2 2 3 21 7 12 2 25 5 154 12 6 3 125 26 4 13 1 1 1 a 18 2 3 7 8 io7 POPULATIOX. Ma1c8. Fonialeg. 1,485 3,439 288 035 918 408 7.=>G 6,510 1,54't 3,409 1,479 2,011 810 32,385 1,IC3 278 3,282 440 7,025 3.225 39,6S8 4,000 6,157 217 11,5U0 800 184 1,500 632 2,226 6,438 3,6 15 846 997 576 4,912 703 2,303 4,318 6,707 4,356 2,641 411 874 20,328 2l,8ii4 a,242 1,717 8 ,517 3,085 10,890 6,224 184,816 5,016 2,354 4.009 1,800 670 74,808 16.067 3,349 1,8,38 1,004 1,8,19 6,10 540 1,060 I,,'-i63 6,253 555 817 1,066 240 2,737 714 880 669,889 2.034 4,036 3VJ 8,56 1,!66 520 l,02:i 6,98;i 1,8'(8 4,131 2.0Z9 3,86') 1.008 41,40 t 1,3.57 290 4,237 506 9,966 3,955 60,787 o,25S 8,406 300 13,751 618 183 1,646 679 2,^03 7,'. 66 4,422 973 1,148 850 .5,939 908 2,813 4,711 7,139 3,817 3,401 530 1,002 21,772 25,555 3,;i72 1,511 10 0">4 3,975 11,724 6,694 210,042 5,670 2,694 4,406 2,043 ■(iO ■ ,90 r,,463 4,073 2,528 1,907 2,058 634 645 1,769 1,910 7,771 639 937 1,486 242 3,537 909 l,l:i9 674,689 Totul. 8,519 7,475 647 1,491 i,OM 928 1,779 12,499 3,437 7,513 3,508 0,780 1.818 73,794 2,520 568 7,519 952 17,591 7,180 90,425 9,258 14,563 617 25,251 1,178 367 3,146 1,211 5,029 13,604 8,067 1,819 2,145 1,426 10,851 1,671 5,176 9,029 13,846 8,V'53 0,042 971 1,936 42,100 47,419 7.214 3,228 18,.57l 7,060 22,614 12,918 394,8.57 10,686 6,048 8,474 3,843 1,230 168,098 33,530 7,422 4,366 3,511 3,897 1,164 1,185 3,429 3,473 14,024 1,194 1,754 2,552 482 6,274 1,«.'3 2.0 25 1,244,578 BM EMIGRATION KETUim. 923 iia K M H H g ^-N O P !<; K M < p o l-l n a" Jz; o n o o p w - CT> -* eo o ?- eo CO CI f- Cl^ CO 00 o> ■^ ^ .s •s o" 00 CO 00 oT •^ 00 1-^ •^ •* ^ Tt" f O CI 1 to CO /•^ in o «^ CI CO ■* CO in ■^ t-^ in ■* eo in t in eo *a> •a fH t-T o oT cT oT ■*" ^ in" 1 CO CO t-N FN FN -*■> IH s Oi en ■* ■* 00 l-N FN in FN 1 -M Q o in CI eo 00 00 eo eo o CO o> FN in^ in "i. «n ■* ■>*_ 1 (N o' 1--. •* oo" oT CO CO ■^ ,-— ' — > in CO »- eo CO 0* in u " •9 S «o ■<(i r^ o> h- tf in c» CI a> in S C to t£) eo (N O in i^ «^ eo CO o a 3 ^ t^ o> •f 00 in 00 o> f •^ CI_ K^ **-• trt k5 o ti »ri" oo" oT CO to" CO cf CO o ao I-^ 1 a « to (M (M t^ r^ f-^ FN CI CI 00 CO CO eo CO 1-^ 1— M FN t^ FN CI o W cT ^ F- ,C4C 41,914 44,470 70,.327 .04,704 .')4,4 1 ',) 80,9.')4 50,.')()7 811,02.3 lO.^.l.W .39,.')0.'^. 271,849 ll.'),812 2.'i,324 99,712 l.')7,0.')4 12,.3.'>1 00,671 893,491 120,.') 10 96,34 1 40,443 .3,740 86,83r) 124,919 ir)i,r.82 50,731 93,123 09,581 124,415 974,235 140,8.50 11,200 50,000 13.3,412 80,032 63,158 497,378 3,170,727 3.'),098 8,890 137,028 79,099 47,058 11,045 72,103 57,229 41,2.54 40,509 69,379 5,5,043 5.3,091 9.3,210 48,780 8.50,148 107,. 507 46,920 279,.303 122,429 29,944 101,907 160,775 14,316 09,105 938,320 129,8.39 100,079 63,217 4,742 87,408 129,309 100,190 59,247 98,021 7.3,820 127,450 Tola). 68,1.57 10,870 2.54,8.50 14 7,. 500 96,627 20,28.3 139,9.34 112,875 8.3,198 91,045 1.39,700 109,747 107,510 180,170 99,287 1,667,771 212,720 80,485 651,1.52 238,241 6.5,208 201,019 323,829 26,007 13.5,836 1,831,817 2.50, 190, 99, 8, 174, 2.54, 317, 11.5, 191, 143, 257, 355 420 OOO 488 303 288 778 978 744 410 865 1,0.30,054 2,004,289, 151,279 1.3,431 5.5,748 141,. 304 87,166 6.5,61 1 51 4,, 5.39 3,3.39,007 298,129 24,097 111,808 274,710 17.3,798 128,709 1,011,917 0,51.5,794 Bill April, IMI. Mtil«fi. 28,185 0,840 114,294 09,515 43,200 0,395 .5.3,414 44,042 35,893 30,847 5.5,870 4.5,1.54 40,170 08,774 4.3,774 698,373 82,562 36,017 220,190 100,023 19,738 84,417 120,873 10,701 63, .592 734,113 118,142 90,846 54,164 4,200 77,473 11.5,545 140,868 51,038 88,518 01,8.34 110,908 920,136 12.5,805 7,897 52,445 12.5,.399 78,836 61,897 452,3.39 2,804,961 rmalcfl. Total, 29,047 7,890 13.5,4.39 82,774 41,7.30 7,08(! 60,002 44,449 3.5,099 38,293 54,733 4. 5, ,590 44,080 74,820 42,319 741,223 83,713 42,875 2.32,414 101,905 24,888 80,500 120,023 12,519 57,524 769,087 129,272 98,.530 05,078 .5,198 70,499 121,314 158,998 63,7.34 95,019 04,. 506 121,518 67,232 14,7.30 249,733 152.289 84,930 14,081 109,476 88,491 71,. 592 7.5,140 110,609 90,7.50 90,856 14.3,.594 86,093 1,4.39,.596 160,275 78,892 458,604 201,988 44,626 170,983 247,496 23,220 111,116 1,. 503, 200 247,414 189,. 382 119,242 9,.398 1.5.3,972 230,8.59 299,800 105,372 184,137 120,340 238,426 990,272 1,910,408 128,,391 8,8S9 .52,170' 129,0,50 77,3181 63,182| 2.54.250 10,780 104,015 254,449 150,154 12.5,079 4.59,000 911,339 2,9.59,582.5,764,543 IRELAND. 925 AnSTBACT OF THE CeNBUS Ot 1851 AND 1861. C'onlinueii. rilOVINCES, rilllsTIKS, AMI iUWMl, Leinsticr. Ciivlow l)rii;^lic(lii, Town Dublin, City Dublin Kilibiro Kilkenny, City ., Kilkenny Kiii(;'H Longrurd Loulh Meutli Q'leun's VVfstnuntli We\(ora Wicklow Total . MuNSTRn. Clare City of Cork Cork Kerry City of Limerick... Limerick Tipperary City of Wntirlord Watciford Total. Ul8Ti:u. Antrim Armagh Iklfa-t Can icklcrgus, Town Ciivan Donoii^al Down I'crmsniagh Londonderry Moiianhan Tyrone Total. CONNAUOUT. Oalway GmIvt ay, Town Lei'rim Miiyo Koscommon .. bligo Total. HOUSES. 31at March, 1851. Inhabited. IJiihihabltid. Building. 11,188 2,'J'J2 22,87'J 23,'.);i3 l.'i.bOC 23,4:1.5 18,877 13,8.'J7 10,487 23,'J'Jl l'J,271 18,712 20,010 15,019 259,2!>2 31,495 9,434 84,258 33,477 5,500 30,042 48,530 3,377 20,151 206,936 44,232 3.% 197 13,905 1,487 30,142 44,443 58,270 20,204 33.5'JO 25,791 44,592 351,973 084 349 2,009 2,238 942 439 1,475 1,227 819 1,394 1,240 1,180 829 1,782 909 17,583 1,718 1,015 6,688 1,826 902 1,715 3,255 718 1,440 19,277 2,375 2,103 1,0.50 180 1,439 2,279 4,015 1,081 1,940 1,534 2,512 20,580 Gbnehal Total... 49,302 2,551 18,931 40,987 29,!)86 22,217 2,136 237 826 2,118 1,384 1,013 169,.574i ri4 12 17 135 102 59 4 35 24 23 30 53 29 24 56 19 682 46 49 151 82 12 49 80 8 36 513 1,047,7351 65,1.59 87 46 85 6 31 77 78 48 74 21 53 606 88 3 30 86 63 42 312 2,113 8th A|irll, ISei. Inhabited. 10,2.54 2,900 22,758 25,043 14,543 2,352 19,976 10,431 12,956 14,700 20,757 10,785 16,507 20,022 14,488 230,472 28,112 9,758 70,579 32,117 5,089 27,940 41,255 3,347 18,075 242,872 45,189 35,709 18,375 1,603 28,129 43,139 57,620 19,184 33,072 24,143 44,746 Uninhabited. 416 258 1,489 1,680 553 150 693 613 3.56 684 918 490 389 985 605 10,285 886 1,066 3,107 873 453 838 1,544 209 771 9,747 351,515 45,678 2,296 18,187 45,557 28,160 22,496 2,435 1,784 1,522 172 899 1,322 3,024 723 1,616 844 1,667 16,058 162,374 3,894 993,2331 39,984 Building. 29 20 105 274 • • ■ 4 22 42 51 59 44 45 107 68 66 936 98 41 183 95 29 70 151 12 47 726 174 77 55 1 45 153 .27 33 62 41 84 852 9.50 124 130 9 50'> 42 1,147 225 652 86 513 47 533 en 3,047 8 •a 9 = S5 "3 ■a I! IS 3 ^1 ^9 920 P0PULAT10."T. BRITISH POSSESSIONS AND COLONIES. ; COLONIKS. A. NoKTii Ami nicA. Iluiltion'ii Hay TiMTitoilea .. Canada, Kn^t. [or I.tiwcr")/ I'aiiaitti, Wuflt, [ur U|'pi*ijl' New Itrimswlck Nova Hcotiii Capo llrt toil InIhuiI IVIiice Kilwanl Ulniid... Newf«uiiitlliih(l Itrlttsh (\)liinibia VAucuuvor Isluud n. Wkst Indies. Antlfro'i nnibiidoo'* Liumiiiica OrvnntlH JrtinnlcA Mt>ntciterr>it Ncvls St Christui'Itor St I.uria St Vineunt Tobapi Tuitoirt An)jrnill>t Trlnl-lml BalininiiH Itenniidos Hoadura* no1l(rolAn^ Oilini'tu'- M»!tii Qiul (.li>7.0 .... InuUn iNlntiiW Cape Colunios Niita! SloiTtI I.uoUfl GHinbia Gold Const Covlon MfttiritluA Now Simlh Wnli'i* . Van IMcMiion'fl I.iniil Western Australia , South An^traia New Zeiiland rnlklaiul Islaiult)..,. 8t Ilolina Ilonf; Kong Labuau Pate, Ac, of rosmulun. Uow Governed. ('Iinrtnr, WO I'aplliiliillnn. Sop. Ifl. I7'>n Do.. >i>ii. S, I'liO, and eciliil hy iruaty, liiVi FMurim and ScUlemont: rxtatri^luMl Moon allcr their dUcuveo* hi 1 I7'J Setfcment, liWJ liUll) Ceded hy Fruuie, 17(13 I7<13 Cnpltu'ntlon.I(1.'>5 i^ettuniuiit. WM ll!.'8 Capltu'atlon, .lunoSS. 1803 Cedml Ity traiiLC, 17f>3 >763 Settlement, VM\ „ i(ii;ii( Capitulation. I'eb. 18, 1797 Hcttlemeut. in^U „ I MM Capitulation, Sep. 18. 180]) Sep. 23, 1803) Treaty, 1670 Capltu'.atlon, 1807 „ Aup. 4, 1704 „ Sen. 5. 1600 I'roti-rtnrafo. 1'. and Date of Msllinute. l,'.'2n,.'iU— 18,S7 l,3;io.ua:i— lN'>7 l«',8()n— Kil Il:!cl2li0-Hf)l 4'.i.oiHi-i'';]| 7l.4'J(i-l8.'i8 lll),;i:M-18i8 fil.dOO — 2.i,UU0 — Chief Towni. 3.487,613 3.%,40'»— 18.'i6 2i!a2C)-lH,V) :W 7".^— 18.') i S"?,4:i;i— I8.'i3 7.(i.VI-18.-i(i »,'i7l— IHM 211,711— IS.'i.') 25.;Ui7— 1857 30.l28_IH.')7 16,053—1857 7,679—1857 47,140-ia')5 27,51i)-IS.V> 1I,U9!>— 1853 255,008—1851 15,.')00-1855 1,076,496 2 800— lA'iO 17,371^— 18.'.6 101.303-1857 227.106-1856 267.0il6-lS.'i6 121,0(18-1857 40,3-i2— 1S52 5 69.1- IK."i5 151 :M(i_l«.',5 1.727.964— 18.'i7 2:i8,3li3— 18.57 2«li,l''9— IS')6 8I,4!I2— 1857 13.391—18.56 104.708— 1S5H 48,191-18,56 480—1857 6,108—18.55 77,094— IN57 1,3112—1857 Total „, 3,502,454 Fort Churchill Kingston St John's Halifax LouUbourg Cliarluttciown tit Johu's Rl 'ohn's llrldgc?ovvn I ChnrluiteTown St. Ge.irife Spaul.'ib Town Charleston Itiiioielerro ilastries Klnphion bcorburough Port d'Espagn* Nassau St. Qeorgs Ooorgotovm Baliza Valetta Corfu Oupe'l°own,&a Natal Freetown llnthurst Cajie Co. Castle Cand.v Port ijoula Sydney HobnrtTown Pert h Ade'nide Auek'and Stan'ey Jame-t'twn Hong Kong Victoila Pltovi K.vsT An- West rosNj Tome SlLES I5nA! Saxc WES' KlIE * It i' e^timnted that in 1861 the Pop\ilntion of New Soutli Wa'es, with the Now Colony of Queensland, amounts to S'.IO.OOU;'' vietoiiii. 5.50.000; Soiiih Auatm 1 1. 150,000; Van Itiemcn's Land, 115,000: New Zeoluud, exclusive of Mativea. «5,000i Swan Kiver, 10.000; Total, 1,400,000. INDIA. Bengal (except N. W. Provinces) .54,18,5,338 „ Novtli West Provinces 31.404,024 Madras Presidency 23,116,628 Bombay Presidency 12,034.483 Piinjal) 14,629,125 Province Wellesley, Singapore, JIalacca, Sic 154,500 Dependent States '. 49,948,217 185,472,315 SUMMARY. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and) „« „_„ q,. the Channel Islands / ^9.033,858 North American Colonies 3,487,613 West India Colonies 1,076,496 Various Colonies 3,502,454 India 185,472,315 Total 222,572,736 f ' Ti nil rntissiA — TtmuEY. 927 6,-PRU88IA. liii )wn I KIM fta U* I'liovtucES mill AnnoNnissi:- UKMIS of JttUlfNUlliH. Kast I'musjia — Anoiiil. (if Kuiilgsb'jrii.. (tiiniliiiiiK.'ii West ritr.ssiA — Diinzic Sliirieuwurdor I'OSNANIA — J'o^rn llniiiiburg rOMEUAMA — .Stottln Cu.s)iii •Stnilsiiiid Silesia— im'sl:iu Opliclli LicL'irtz BUANDENHI.-lili — I'(it>(lii II, Inclii. llcrlin Fraiikrui't Saxony— }Iag(1cliui'g ilcrsibuig Erfurt \VESTrilALI\ - Sluiisior }liiidi'ii AriislicifT KllENISII I'ltDVlNCE — Ci'loKiio Diisselilorf Coliloiiou 'Jiivcs Alx la CUiipello Ari'd. S(|iliin.- (jtM'iiuni MUvs. 70(!.34 4(is.i;» 'i'.W.'.'l 47l.(i<) l.'ri.'^H 3IU.'1I 321.r,K •211 8:t .'i74.h:( '2 i I*. 1:1 7!).!l'2 7IS 7 I 21H.01 vi:t.ii(i 'JSO..').! 7:11 14 ;;s'j.5i arii.o.'t '210.13 18s.7fi «1.7t 3f,7.«(i 132.17 U-'i.GH 140.11 487.14 7-2.42 !IH.32 109.04 131.13 7G.G5 5080. 4H KlMllKK OK l.VllAllirAMa AT TIIK KMl) Olf 1840. ItELiaiOVS CUKEUS. i->iiiipe!l- UUl. i,2su,;iui fioa.Mh 41C,04s l,l4ft,0U!) 1, 558,2 1 & •2,010,011 l,l!)l,7^8 H'M,2.'i3 1,620,328 622,020 658,874 Itiiman- 181,8.'i7 482,490 806,390 10,020 l,470,9U.'i 3.1,905 23,222 10,0h3 111,432 808,824 2,074,153 9,835,583 6,040,292 Grtckfl. 1,411 53 61 16 •28 08 70 28 5 1,675 Mciino- UilCM, 1,121 12,00.i I 14 1 13 I 90 1,281 14,531 Jews. 7,132 22,489 81, -299 8,487 30,050 1 0.905 11,815 ,5,150 4,686 14.771 2«,.388 Total. 1,480,318 847,U.'2 632,360 1,019,105 405,80.-) 613,300 1,361,399 900 430 463,969 1,165,173 647,952 434,140 182.981 3,065,80!) 1,165,994 987,318 912,497 2,06t),993 l,22ti,8«6 840,1-27 I,74'2,4,'i2 674,149 724,080 343.617 1,44.5,719 421,044 459,833 504,842 2.703,080 4 8 4,. 593 887,614 499,557 486,799 402,617 214,867 I6,ll'2,9t8 Add Militury beyond the buuudurics At llio eliil uf 1»M. 1,608,842 1,135,658 l,4r 165 1,328,381 3,209,613 3,329,996 1,910,062 1,566,441 3,161,722 17,727,870 12,043 17,739,913 POPULATION OF SOME OF THE CITIES IK 1858:— ncrlln 438,901 ]^re^lllu 129,813 ColoKiie, withDentz 114,411 KiiniKsliorg 81,794 DanziR .■ 60,827 Magduliurg 68,094 Aix la Chapcllo 66,260 Stettin 53,094 Poscii 40,109 Potsdam 37,549 F.lborfcld 34,956 Buinien 32,984 e.-TURKISH EMPIRE. Tn 1844, the seraskier Riza- Pacha ovciered a general estimate of the population of the Turkish empire, in order to re-organize tlie army, by substituting recruitment for the method previously in use. The following is the result :— rTIirare 1,800,000' liulaavia 4,000,000 MdilavLi (ff) 1,400,000 Wallachia (<•) 2,000.000 11. snia and Herzegovina 1,400 000 Komnelia 2,0OG,0i;O .'iervlu 1,000,000 Uslands 7OO,OO0J Asiatic (Asia Minor 10,700,000) Turkey -^ Syria, Misnpotnniia and Knrdi-tan 4.450.000 > 16,050,000 (Anatolia.) ( Arabia, ilecca, Medina, Etliiopia .. 90ii.n00) ^Epypt......^... ?.9??'?9n 3,800,000 Eurnpean Turiicy (Roumelia.) 15,500,000 J JKpj'pt 2,000,000) ■JTripoIl, Fei, Tunis 1,800,000) Total 35,360,000 IHI 928 POPULATIOIT. This number, which will be reduced to 26,550,000 if the tributary states are subtracted, is composed of the following races: — Raci'S. Ottomans Scluvonians Roumians Arnuuts Greeks Armenians Jews Tartars Arabs Syrians and ChaMeanii Druses Kurds Turkomans In Europe. In A>Ii>. Id Africa. ToUli. 1,100,000 10,700,000 11,800,000 7,"i00,000 — — 7,200,000 4,000,000 — 4,000,000 1,500,000 ^^ — 1,500,000 t 1,000,000 1,000,000 — 2,000,000 400,000 2,000.000 — 2,400,000 70,000 1,000,000 — 170,000 230,000 — — . 230,000 — 900,000 3,800,000 4,700,000 — 235,000 — 235,000 — 25,000 25,000 — 1,000,000 1,000,000 — 90,000 — 900,000 15,500,000 16,050,000 3,800,000 35,350,000 Beligiods Creeds. Backs. In Europe. In Asia. In Africa. Totali. Mussulmans 3,800,000 11,370,000 260,000 70,00 12,950,000 2,360,000 640,000 100,000 3,800,000 20,550,000 13,730,000 900,000 170,000 Greeks Rom an Catholics Jews 15,500,000 16,050,000 3,800,000 35,350,000 L h: DANVBIAN PBINCIFALITIE8 UHOSB ZUBKISH PBOTEOTION MOLDAVIA. DUTBICTS. M Neemts .... Dorohoi iSuuava .... Kdman .... Botoshani , Jassy B.ikeou .... Putna .... Oocarlen , Tacutsi ..., Vaitlui ..., Tatova ..., Falsii , CUetTowniL Piatra M: hail in .. Faiticeni .. Rdman Botoshani Jasst Bakeou .. Fokschan.. Galatz I'ttcutsi .. Voslui Burlatu ., Us Fopolatloii. 90,219 80,222 71,044 80,677 146,361 128,566 132,244 124,217 67,293 86,505 84,703 83,674 78,722 1,254,447 !' TURKISH EUPIKE— SPAIN. 939 icted, QO 30 30 30 30 )0 )0 )0 »0 10 10 Dancbian Fbinoifauties — continued, WALLACniA. DisTBicra. Rdmnic-Sarat ... Bouzeo Sacineni Pracova Dambovitza Miiscelu Aorges Rdmnic-Valcea Ooruji ^Mehedinti Doldji Romanati Olta Tele-orman yiasca Jaloni9a Ilfoon Ibraila CUtf Tawuk Kdmnic-Sarat Bouzeo Bucovn Ploiesti Turguvici Compalunga Pitesci Kdmnik TurguJjilu ... Cernctz Craiova Caracala Slatina Ziranicea Giurgevo Calaras BCOHAREBT... Ibraila FopaUlid.... Valencia Area, Bq. WlMi 195-75 209-25 452-81 423 693 173-45 61-88 412-86 354-96 631-51 91-6 161-13 PopulaUoni inlUZ. Carried forward 120-93 163-12 191-81 152-44 81-56 4.471-06 351,536 345,879 441,917 315,664 451,406 463,486 383,078 174,391 384,176 257,839 238,628 524,529 475,785 328,755 244,328 229,959 199,088 333,351 173,812 214,441 164,039 146,839 147,468 244,023 185,970 7,420 392 9o v I ifcw«iwi;^niii "■ 030 POPULATION AND ABEA. Spa in — continued. Old PBOTuroiti. Estremadura j Catalonia Galicia Kingdom of Leon ... Murcia "Valencia Navarrese ^lava Biscay Guipuzcoa Tlic Balearic Islands The Canary Islands... KEW raOTINOES. Brought forward .. . Badtijos . Cacercs . Burcclona . 'i'arragona , . Lerida . Gcronu , . La Corogno , . Lugo , . Orense , . Pontevedra . Leon . Salamanca . Zaroora , Murcia , Albnccte , Valencia . Alicante , CastcUon de la Plana , Pamplona . Vittoria Bilbao Sun Sebastian ;;;} * Or 178,707 BrlUjli square ml'.M. Area, Orrman tjq. Mllsa, 4,471 06 674-33 573-a 748-1 277-38 264-94 167 '63 370-69 361-59 115-31 50-91 59-63 29-25 82-69 151-56 8,398-27* Popoldtlon, 7,420,393 404 981 302,134 713,734 320,593 306,994 310,970 551,989 424,186 371,818 428,886 348,756 263,516 249,162 380,969 201,118 606,608 378,958 260,919 297,422 96,398 160,579 156,493 262,893 234,046 15,454,514 In 1849, the total Population was 14,216,219. SPANISH COLONIES. COLONIIiS. am I A. — In America. Captaiii-gcneralcy of La Havana fa. Island of Cuba lb. J, Porto Rico (c „ Spanish Virgin Island .... B. — Asia and Southern Lands. Captain-generalcy of the Philippines 'a. Part of the Island of Manilla 6. The Bisuyas Island c. The Bashee and Babuyanes Islands. rf. Part ofMagindanao y. The Marianas Islands C. — African Possessions. p. Presidios (Forts) , 12. The Gulf of Guinea , Aren, Oerman »q. Milel. ropniatlon, inlSiV. 2504-5 1,832,062 2309 1,449,462 188-75 380,000 6-75 2,600 2507 2,679,500* 1450 1,822,200 879 803,000 60 5,000 61 43,800 57 5,500 24-5 17,071 1.5 11,481 23 5,590 5V.36-00 4,528,633 * Tbto is the estimate of 1838 ; In 1860, It was 3,815,878. BELGIUM — SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Obi S.-BELOIVH. PB0TI1I0E& Antwerp Brabant , W. Flander E. Flanders Hninaut liiegfi Limbourg Luxembourg Namor , * Or, lS,tU Britlih •qtuira mUa. Kitmil In Rq. Oannan UUu,li»l«, ftl-61 59-81 58-93 54-61 67 81 62-7 43-96 80-47 66-71 536-61* ropnlsHon, Dm.31, llM. 447,326 785,748 634,918 791,843 801,443 622,070 193,852 199,697 294,286 4,671,183 Bnutela and ita taburb* contained on December 31, 1M9| 263,481 lutaabltuits. 9.HSWEDEN AND NOBWAT. SWEDEN. itmn) DuTuon. Aria i» 8QnA.-ia MiLxa. Population at •Dd of IMO. Fopnladon at •nd of 18U. Bwedlita, 0-4831. Oerman, Stockholm fthe Citv^ 40-5 55-3 43-2 25-8 86-1 97-6 96-8 96-7 75-4 114-5 43-3 27-9 66-2 47-5 60-5 57- 74-2 157-9 278-7 171-9 216- 435- 668- 751- 81' 83-83 114 46 89-4 53-4 178-22 202- 200-37 200-16 156- 237- 89- 57-75 137- 97-3 125-23 117-98 153-6 326-84 577- 355-82 447-H 900 43 1382-7 1554-5 167-66 93,070 253,084 189,627 105,726 107,827 136,623 163,426 202,178 222,484 199,897 246,136 187,583 44,572 114,643 89,323 96,691 120,113 137,660 221,885 151,497 120,158 99,558 52,271 70,758 55,751 97,952 268,664 196,121 110,815 111,255 143,707 166,462 212,565 230,601 208,771 254,505 196,390 46,985 117,193 90,828 98,941 123,689 142,863 232,521 158,755 126,368 107,717 56,041 75,994 63,629 MalmcB (JjSBuS Chriatianstada Halmstada .. Wigbv Thft rHkpq AAd Norwftv fl855') 3868- 8004-76 3,482,541 3,639,332 1,433,488 4,811,012 5,072,820 "■""""W^WIHIPiPi ilp 933 POPULATION AND AREA. Sweden and Norwav — continued. IIORWAY. Bl'B I'llKKKCTlllKS. Prefecture of Christiania. Pref. of Christian- sand. Pref. of Bergen. Pref. of Thrond- hjein. Pref. of Tromso. I 1 Smaalchnen 2 Airgerhuus 3 lludcinnrkcn 4 Cliristian 6 Buskerud 6 JarUberg and Laurvi); 7 Hradaberg, &c Bradsberg, &c 8 NedeniBS 9 Lister and Mandakl .. 10 Stavanger 11 Bergenhuus, 8 I'i Bergenliuus, N 13 Bonisdal, &c liomsdal, &c 14 Throndlijom, 8 ISTlirondlijsm, N 16 Norrland 17 Finmark Total ArrH, SquiiTH Norw. UUi». 76' 94' 447' 460' 238' 41' 73' 198' 207' 107 156 296' 337' 95 194' 329 419' 706 1345 ^} 5815-21 I'ii|IUlutlotl, Decemlwr il, IMt). 73,622 83,755 87,118 102,730 83,918 63,070 I 47,943 I 24,946 53,932 61,918 18,210 116,989 77,978 C 29,930 { 5I,3S4 89,329 66,570 65,512 43,938 1,328,471 ropu!*tion, In IbM. 84,416 95,961 101,393 115,149 90,343 73,223 76,546 59,112 67,370 91,539 104,762 81,496 90,283 96,304 73,571 77,355 54,665 1,433,488 lO.-FOBTirOAL. # PSOTINOES. Minho Douro. Tras OS Montes Beira Alta.... Beira Baixa . Estreroadnra. Alemtejo Algarre . SIttrlcU. Viana < Braga Porto .... Aveiro ... Guinibra Villa Real. Braganga . Vizeu , Guarda Castello Branco. Leiria Lisbon .... Santarem Portalegre , Evora Beja Faro Area, 6q. Leagua. SO lea. s 1°. 171 80 91 824 01 122 111 337 138 199 108 108 385 178 207 G07 110 303 194 838 20O 219 419 180 180 2,950 BenrUu or Fircplncoa In ISM. l33,nG4 43,528 89,83G 207,886 89,833 68,103 69,946 77,079 43,764 33,315 71,489 71,489 80,463 47,032 31,431 171,595 28,330 103.887 39,378 72,397 22,443 22,524 27,430 33,071 83,071 847,343 FopuUUon in 1641. 4CC,V20 182,015 284,705 839,908 361,600 233,945 244,303 300,840 182,382 118,458 289,038 289,038 326,'200 197,470 128,730 782,875 132,805 496,990 152,990 270,690 86.071 85,079 105,440 130,329 130,329 3,412,600 Fopnlatlon in 1S67. 191,470 292.867 873,295 240.026 262,768 186,442 131,741 828.217 201,092 149,881 157,481 424v030 170.060 89,187 91,011 126,884 162,969 3,638,895 PORTUOAL — HOLLAND. 933 . PORTUOUESB COLONIES. ItLAMDt. Madeira & Porto Santo Eaatern Azurca £| j Central „ •^ 1 Weatern Ulvlilun • of AdnilnUtrallon. An*, (W|. I. •■milt. Dull*. — I". Funohal Ponta Delgada... Angra do Ilor'iimo Uortft 28 81 84 28 124 ArnioA. Cape Yerd Islands Const of Guinea— Bissao, &o Kingdom of Angola, lienguela, (t depends. Mozambique, and dependencies Islanda of St. Thomas, Princes, die AsTA. Island of Goa Salceto Bardes New Conquests Dependencies of Goa, •» •jS X ^^ C^ '•*. «. ,?ao"o» t- to" i^' g '-3 CO ifs o 3^ g-.<5eo '=•*''> fceo <-" S?i<*cSo 11 u-<-<-8. 17,628,876 86,450 110,118 17,724,444 The following is the population of some of the principal towns of Hollnnd on Deo. 81, ? 859:— Amsterdam, 243,756; Rotter- dam. 105,981 j Utrecht, 48.00t); Groningen, 33.000; Maestricht, 32.000; LeuwarJen, 25,000; Haarlem, 24,000; Bois le Due, 22,000; Nimepuen, 18.000 ; Zwolle, 18,000; Arnheim. 18,000. In 1856, the Hague, 77.728; Ley den, 36,481 j Dortreoht, 22,487 : Delft, 19,244. On I9th November. 1849, Holland contelnad 1,M6,618 PiotMUoti; 1,320.087 Bomtn CtthoUci; 41 Qraelu ; 6i,070 Jow>t und 41,U1 of unknown profetaion. 9Si rOPULA-nON AND AREA. The following details of the Dutch Colonies are taken from the Census of December 31, 1858 :— East Imoies, — Java and Madura 11,943,019 Sumatra (W. Co.; „ l,551,23i Bencoulen 111,028 Lampongs 83,793 Palembang 471,061 Rhlau 24,913 Banca 49.500 Billiton lifibi Borneo (E. Co.) 835,340 „ (S. & E. Co., 1857) 653,343 Moluccas^ Minado 110,749 Temate 89,076 Amboine 188,728 Banda 110,179 Celebes 215,277 Timor 1,646,605 Bali and Lambok (1857)... 32,170 17,528,876 Wbbt Indiks,— Surinam 53,709 Cnrafoa 19,297 Aniba.. 2,916 St. Martin 2,986 Bonaire 2,784 St. Eustatius 1,936 Saba 1,823 85,450 In 1857. the nnmber of £nipeans in the Indian Colonies was:— Bom in the Indies 22,639 Bom in Holland 2,954 Gibers 1,055 26,648 In Java 20,331 46,979 tl bi 12.-DEirKABK. Dmaioir*, EiNODOH OF DkNMABK,- Copenhagen, ) Sioelland, and Moen ) " Bornholm Fuhnen and Langeland LoIIand, FaUier, &c. .. Jutland , The Dcchieb,— Schleswig .- Holstcin Lauenburg CoLOHIES,— Faroe Island , Iceland Greenland West Indies,— St. Croix , St. Thomas St. John. Anil, In German Bqomre Hilec. 134 10-50 iS0*50 30-50 i60-o0 696- 167 155 19 341 24 1,867 186 3-5 113 1 2,082-63 Population, Febraai7 1, I35&. 143,591 > 400,166 ( 28,949 1?6,81 1 84,096 646,237 1,499,850 '595,860 523,328 49,475 968,863 8,651 64,603 9,892 22,862 12,560 1,715 120,283 Population per German BquaraMUa. 4,058 2,714 3,262 2,772 1,403 2,155 2,372 3,378 2,604 2,841 360 35 53 0,533 11,116 1,716 58- On Itt February, 1860, the total population of Denmark and iti dopendendef^ was S,7S1,000. '' GERUAN STATES. 935 nber ~1 709 297 915 986 784 936 823 I 450 1 I in 639 954 [)55 S48 331 >79 V Total in the Danish Kingdom, &c., in 1845 2,239,077 Area, 21,856 British square miles (which gives a population of 1024 to the square mile.) The dominions of Denmark abroad were estimated as follows :— Faroerne (Faroe Islands) June 24, 1840 7,314 Iceland Nor. 2, 1840 57,094 Greenland Dec. 31, 1840 8,128 Danish West Indies Oct. 1, 1841 40,955 Danish Territories on the Coast of Guinea, estim. at 40,000 Kicobar Islands 5,000 158,491 2,397,568 Or, in 185C, at 2,413,761. In the Danish Eingdom there were, in 1845, 1,951 souls per square Gbi-man mile ; in the jDuchy of Slesvig, 2,193 ; in the Duchy of Holstein, 3,093 ; in the Duchy of Lanen- bnrg, 2,447. 13.-BAVABIA. CUOLM. Ara*, SaiMre Oorm. UUe*. FopolaUon— 3Ut Dceonber, laiS. Ualei. Female*. TotaL TiDDer Bavaria • 81114 194-.38 106 64 174-68 127-35 137-72 16954 173-95 886,386 279,903 294,879 231,438 249,135 261,289 294,702 278,690 871.604 287,008 800.^50 247,903 260,635 276,203 303,772 291,802 757,989 667,001 695.129 479,341 609,770 637,492 698,634 670,492 Lower Bavaria » Palatinate .•••••••••••••••••»......„.. Upper Palntinate and Ratisboi Uppp" Lranconie ...^ TiOwer .. and Aschaffed^nrir Siiabin and Neubure ■» « Or 19.637 British iqiuie miles. l,3y4-3» 2,276,481 2,339,267 4,615,74a The population in 1858 of Munici was, 137,095 ; N> remberg, 59,177 ; Augsburg, 43,616 i Wurzburg, 36,052 ; Ratisbon, \5,856 ; Bamberg, 23,456. :| r. l< ClKCLES. Dresden.. Leipsio .. Zwickau Budissin 14.-SAX0NT EO^^i,. * Or t,767 Brit iq. mllei. Area, Oerman Sq. Milea. 78-78 6314 84-'23 45-68 271-83* Popniatlon In IBM, TlcUgloai Creoda. EvaDgel. 653,946 484,226 782,8J4 301,153 2,122.148 i2,075,809 Ilcfonn. 4,170 cuv; German Cathollo. 38,709 1,793 r.reck CatlioUo. 243 Jewi. 1,419 In 1858, Dresden contained 117,750, including military } Leips., 74,209 ; Chemnit^ 40,671. „, dd6 POPULATION AND AREA. IS-HANOVEB. AutONDIISI! MINTS. (LAHODaOSTIUN.) Abb. Hanotbb PrinoipKlity of Calenber^.. Countjr of Hoya „ Diephola Abr. Hildesheiu Frinoipality of Hildesheim.. „ Gcettingen... „ Grnbenhagen County of Hohnatein , Abb. Lunibcro , Principality of Loneburg, witli tlie territory attached of Lauenburg. Abr. Stadb Ducby of Bremen „ Yeiden Hadein Abb. Osnabbuck Principality of Osnabruclc... Bascomte of Liiujen, with\ Enubuhren j Dnchy of Arenbnrjif Meppen County of Bentbeim Abb. AuBioa Principality of East ^•'riesland, with Harlingerland Tbbbitory of Clausthal Mines of the Hara Bailiwiclt of Elbingerode .. Toial. An*, Sqnara Oeim. MUti. 109746 48-706) 49-468 V 11-672 J 81-136 84014^ 80-461 1 13-251 f 8-409) 204-446 128-6 93-869) 24-187 > 6-644) 113-769 42-284. 14-652f 40-164\ 16-759'' 60-476 11-524 10 010 » 1 614 f 694-685 Fopnlatloii. July 1st, 184I. ToUL 839,221' 300,292 326,437 266,808 267-862 174-866 84-874 1,768,847 Halct. Female*. 169,619 176,767 164,292 134,863 128,429 84,761 16,710 169,710 Booses. 1U8. 47,444 183,686 61,317 875,3a 162,135 130,966 129,433 8^,694 18,164 883,626 42,099 42,226 40,918 28,677 8,347 266,923 Fopulatlaa, Dea, 18UL 864,763 860,801 858,701 288,976 258,797 I 189,068 82,871 1,843,976* * Of the population of 1858, 1,517,890 were Ln'.h^'ans; 95,214 Beforiued; 217,453 Boman Catholics; 1,718 other Christians; and 11,707 Jews. The city of Hanover, by itself, contained 33,4>7 inhabit ants; by the addition of certain subarbs in 1859 the number was raised to '1,852. According to a fonnei census (1848), there we'e— '-'oiaL Ualee. Females. In the cities 275,699 131,561 144,138 In the towns and low country 1,457,714 718,326 739,388 Military (1,089 congfidies) •• 25,040... Ennployed by the War Minister 190 J- 25,434 Chasseurs 204 ... .tlBLioiovB Crxbds. . i io,<: • I 25,4 AaBONDiasBKBHTI. liuthen^ Betonned. Bomanisti. Henooiiitei. UoraTluis. Jews. Hanover 40,945 J24,370 267,851 863 6,747 290 6,492 24,645 60,007 16 6,887 69,891 844 833 143,879 8,249 48 "69 6 8 17 431 20 8,106 8,140 918 1,180 626 2,264 6 HildeBbeim Luiiebuurg ..< Stade Osnabruclc 1 88,696 118,394 84,806 Aorich *.\ Minei of the Ham ... i- ^,443,979 89,064 214.081 624 20 n,iJ9 ^^ GERMAN STATES. 937 16.-WUBTEHBER0. ( Populotlon. D«o.l5,1843.» Aterdof 1846.t DM. 3, IgM. Doo.3,185& Neckar 478,508 467.866 383,24S 395,545 495,414 450,754 404,095 376,453 ./;oi,o.'^4 443,872 413,444 374,913 486,700 425,390 369,006 409,802 BIacW Forest Danube Joxt 1,725,167 1,726,716 1.733,263 1,690,898 • iBdudlDK M,38t penou who were temporarily banUhed. t From the Ciutomi Re^iitan, 1M& In Dec., 18S4, thare were 873,827 males, 910,140 females; total, 1,783,967. 17.-BADEK. ClBCUtl. Area, German Square Uilei. BaUUagef. Commuiei. Population, December let, 1856, The Lake 61* 78 77 62 11 16 19 18 870 446 393 376 19r),249 336,465 457,327 846,911 UoDer Rhine Middle Rhine Lower Rhine 278i* 64 1,584 1,335,962 In December, 1858, there were 877,311 lloman Catholics; 433,075 Protestants) 2,004 Dissidents and Mennonites; and 23,562 Jews. •4,925 Eni{llib Square Mllee. In 1853, the population amounted to 1,356,943. 18.-ELECT0BAL HESSE. Area, German Square Miles. Population at end o( 1846. PopuUtton, at end of 1854. Populatioa In 1858. Lower Hesse, with Schaumburg Upper Hesse 983 41-3 41-8 27-5 366,663 122,432 140,713 124,782 367,675 124,762 i;38,685 124,385 850,648 118,950 l')5,506 12i,'iS9 Fulda Han&u * 4,347 English sq. miles. 208-9* 764,690 755,407 726,686 From the Cuatome' Ceneua, 19.-0BAND BUCHT OF HESSE. FXOTIKOIS. Area, Oerman Sq.UUe«. Population,— according to the Ceniua ot December, 18.6. Population lnI85S. Lutberana. Reformed. Unitarians. Raman Catholics. Other ConCeu. Jews. TotaL Upper Hesse . Starkenburg . RhenishHesse 72-9 54-8 25- 231,786 171,112 1,177 18,030 17,154 5,354 25214 28,628 97,381 25,482 89,593 110,166 293 634 1,547 9,336 9,972 9 820 310,141 317,093 225,446 300.261 318.422 226,888 162'7 404,075 40,538 151,223 225,241 2,474 29,128 862,679 845,671 j) ^ 'ill 1 wm 938 POPULATION AND AREA. I Grand Duoiiy of IIessb — continued. FBOTIHCiai Buildings. Fop., iiceordlug to Sex. Total Fopuldtion ialSi& FopnUtlon >nl85& Publio. Priviite. Total Males. Females. Upper Hesse ..., Starkenburf^ 2,053 1,288 1,169 48,259 38,688 32,701 60,312 39,876 33,870 154,233 166,876 111,163 155,908 160,218 114.292 310,141 317,093 225,445 300,261 318,422 226,888 Bhenish Hesse 4,510 119,548 124,068 422,261 430,418 852,679 845,671 21.-BRTJNSWICK. Disnicia. Area, Square tierm. MUei. PapulatlODinlSS& Circle of Branswick .. 10-61 10-87 14-44 14-92 1304 8-2 70,679 53,022 46,487 39,032 41,626 22,548 ,1 Wolfenbuttel ,f Helmstadt II Holzminden • ,, Gondersheim ..••• ••.• Blankenbure 1,915 English Square Miles, or 72-08 273,394 22.-ME0KLENBUBG-SCHWEBIN Area, 4,788 English square miles. Population, December 1, 1859, 541,395. In the domains, including the towns of Ludwigslust, Dobcran, Dargun, Lubtheen, and Zarentin 204,949 In the lands of the nobility, including the owns of Dassow and Klutz... 136,665 In the lands of the three conyents of Dobbertin, Malchow, and Kibnitz... 9,039 In the forty cities ^ 176,818 In the lands belonging to the cities 13,924 Lutherans, 537,698; Romanists, 886; Reformed, 160; Jews, 3,151. ■. 1 23.-NA8SATr. BAiixiAosa. Area, Arpent*. Fop. at the j endoI18I>9. BAnXUOMk Area, Arpenta. Fop. at Hi* cadoflMSl 1. Rraubach 71,843 70,448 94,235 41,313 78.881 58,578 98,436 48,372 46,038 92,400 59,748 69,993 49,940 44,125 65,627 66,364 12,591 17,506 17,389 12,670 12,381 20,114 15,717 14,444 19,431 18,892 17,845 11,245 16,794 9,!589 18,776 13,880 Brought forward... 17. NnstOEtten 1,056,341 65,719 4,821 57,638 57,435 53,017 54,787 73,537 125,515 59,527 83.949 94,428 56,727 249,264 12,187 1,476 14,925 13,189 15,372 12,513 17,015 21,483 15,790 1 1,400 19,354 32,668 Q Ti'tptr. 3. DillenbursT 18. Reicliclsheim 19. Renneihod 4 Eltville 6. Hachenburg A TTudflTiiJii' .... 20. Rudesheim ..". 21. Rimkel 7. Herborn 22. St. Goarsbausen ... 23. Selters Q TTrvphst 24. Usingen 2'). "Waimerod 11 ICrt»nitfstpiii 26. Wehen 12. Langen-Schwalb'ch IQ T.imKiircr .... ..... 27. Weilburg 28. Weisbade Military IR Montabaur 1,843,441 436,636 7,012 16. Nassau ^ Carry forwarai.,. Total 1,056,341 249,264 ... 443,648 i v^^ ■■wt*^ I' GEBHAN STATES. 939 Ooe arpent => 0'0000452989 square German mile; the area = 82-373 bqaare miles, or 1,752 English square miles. Protestants 231,545 Romanists 204,771 Mennonitcs and German Catholics 390 Jews 6,942 443,648 24.-SAXE-W£I]|[AB-EI8£NACa. CncuHk Oeiman Square MUai. Fopniatloii, DC0.18UI Inl8S& Lothenuu, ko. Bom. Cathollca. Jawt. Weimar 32-6 22- 11-4 137,215 81,338 48,559 251,725 10,600 1,430 Eisenach Neostadt 66' 267,112 The Population of the Grand Duchy in 1858, consisted of 130,955 males, and 136,157 females. The city of Weimar had 13,194 inhabitants. S5.-SAXE.C0BUSG-O0THA. Cutout. G«niian Square MUei. Popolatlan at wd of 18i9. PopolaUon at end of IBM. Cobnrg .. Qotha 9-5 281 44,749 105,004 45,578 108,301 ! 799 English square miles, oi 87 6 149,753 153,879 M \\ 26. -SAXE-HEININOEN. Area, 45*75 German square miles, or 972 English square miles. Fopalation in December, 1849, in the city of Meiningen and in the 12 bailiwicks, 3S,9S6 fygiMiBt ■" 163,323, TW., 80,052 males and 83,27 1 female*. In Jan. 1858, i( was U8,9i6. ^V>i. ■ 940 POPULATION AND AREA. ST.-SAXE-ALTENBUBG. Ciacui, Altenburg Saal Eisenburg . S10°6 English sqnare miles, oi OcriDan SqaoreMilM. 11-5 12'5 24* Population at end at 1849. 84,632 46,997 131,629 FopnUtlon at and 9t I8S9. 88,277 47,297 135,574 H^ 28.— HECKLEKBTJSO STBELITZ. DISTBIOTS. ^"iifr^ Ponolatton In July, 1851. Tlie Duchy of Strelitz 42-72 6-77 83,276 16,352 The Principality of Batzeburg 49-49 99,628 Population (Dec 1858) of the city of Strelitz, 7,227. 29.— OLDEDBTJBO, tee. DnTBIOn IHD Beobnoies. Oarman Sqnare MUea. PopnlatlcDia 18481 Dnchv of Oldenbursrh....... 98-44 6-46 912 237,188 21,685 35,486 Principality of Lubeck „ Birkenfeld 114-02 294,359 The Population of the Grand Duchy is made up of 194,978 Lutherans ; 2,179 Beformed ; 21,989 United Protestants ; 72,939 Roman Catholics ; 714 other Christians ; 1,497 Jews ; and 63 of unknown profession. 80.-ANEAX.T DESSATT CGETHEN. Ana. 680 English sqnare miles, or 32 German square miles. Inhabitants at the end of 1858, 119,515. 81.-ANHALT BEBSfBUBO. Area, 800 English square miles, or about 14-19 German square miles. Pop. 66,031e GERMAN STATEg. 941 85.-«rAI.DECK. Area, 21-7 German square miles, or 446*7 English sqnarfl miles. Waldeck 52,001 Dec, 1843 60,905 in 185?, Pyrmont 6,752 6,645 • Six grand bailiwicks. ..58,753 Total 57,650 36&37.-BETrSS. Aren, Germ. Squan JMiles. Pop. at tho end of IMS. Reuss Elder branch Greiz 6-8 21-1 6.1 775 7-25 35,159 77,016 21,782 22,026 83,208 f, Younpier branch „ Schleiz „ Lobenstein and Ebersdorf „ Gera with Salzburg i 610 English square miles, or 27-9 112,175» The present population is 121,203. 38.-SCHAUHBEBO.LIPPE. Area, 207 English square miles, or 9-75 square German miles. Population at (he end of 1858, 70,030. 89.-LIPPE. Area, 438 English square miles, or 20-6 German square miles. Fopnlation at the end of 1858, 106,086. 40.-HESSE-H0MBUSO. Homburg .., Meisenheim 106 English square miles, or Ana, Oerm. Squan Uiles. 1-.52 8-48 Population inlUM. 12,117 13,629 25,746 of 41.-FBEE CUT OF LUBECK. Constitution, April 8, 1848. Ann, Sqnara Vergea. The city and its territories 13,251,812 = 5'21 sq. German miles, The moiety of Vierland, possessed in common with Hamburg 1,970,292 s= 0-77 „ 15,222,104 = 5.98 or 127 English sq. milei. Population, Sep. 1, I8t7. The city 26,672 Faubourgs 4,045 Country 12,508 Bergedorf 12,198 55,423 43.-FBEE CUT OF FBANKFOBT. Area, 88 English square miles. Population in Dec -nber, 1858—67,975 civilians and military in the city, and 11,303 in the eight Tillages; altogether 79,278. I>^ I I wmmSm 942 POPULATION AND AREA. 4S.-FBEE CITT OF BBEMEIT. Area, 106 English square miles. Populatiou in 1855. City 60,087 Coontxy 19,480 Town of Veg^sack 3,793 Fort of Bremen 6,496 Total 88,856 44.-7BIE CITT OF HAMBUBO. Area, 150 English square miles. Fopnlatlon In ISM The city 182,440 Suburb of St. George 20,411 „ St. Paul 18,845 Territory 50,683 222,379 THE OEBMAN CONFEDEBATION. Staziu. 1. a. 3. 4. S. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13, U. IS. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 36. Anstr!a(l8S7) Prussia M Bavaria King of Saxony Hanover Wurtemburg Baden Hesso, Electoral Hesse, Grand Dy. of Holftein and Lauenburf^) (I85.S) f Luxemburg (Jan. 1, 1859) Brunswiclc Heddenb.-Schvr. (1859) .. Na8S ing to uttier membpra of the Union, &c ) Tlie Grand Duchy of Luxemburg 2. Tlie Kingdom of Hayaria 3. The Kingdom of Snxuny 4. „ Wurtcmburg, with the two Uohenzollern 6. The Grand Duchy of Baden 6. The Electorate of Hesse 7. The Grand Duchy of ilesse, with Ihe grand bailiwicl< of) Uoniburg j 8. The territories forming the circle of Thuringia ■ 9. The Duchy of Brunswick , 10. „ Nassau 11. The Free City of f ranlifort 6,188-28 4G-6 1,39(512 a72.1(j 883-7 275-5 203-43 154-27 237-38 C3-14 84-73 1-8 8,307-11 ropulatloD. ItiJtf. 17,739,913 195,028 4,015,748 2, 121', 148 1,090,898 1,335.962 720,086 871,317 997,461 273,394 443,648 79,278 31,091,471 THE CUSTOMS' UNION OF HANOVEit. Hanover 1,843,976 Oldenburg, with Kntptaausen 204,359 Siiiuuniburg-Llppe 30,144 Part of the Ducliy of Brtuiswick. 13,295 Some parts of Prussia 10,231 2,192,005 TWO SICILTTis a^APLES AND SICILY.) rROTISCSS. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. Naples, City „ Province Terra di Lavoro MoHse Abruzzi citra „ ultra, 1 ... >i n 2 ... 7. Prinoipato ultra... 8. Capitanata 9. Prinoipato citra... 10. Basilicata Calabria citra „ ultra, 1 91 )t " Terra di Bari „ d'Otranto .. Island of Sicily. 16. Palermo 17. Girgenti 18. Trapani 19. Caltanisetti . 20. Messina 21. Noto 22. Catania In I860, the estimate was; — Continent 0,472, 1 1 Island of Sicily 2,231,020 8,703.130 Area, Itnliiin FopulaUoa In Fopulntlon in Fopulatlon lo Square MUus. 1H46. 164.^. IBM. , , 837,414 379,621 417.824 288 380,870 400,813 442.428 1,885 671,911 721,971 776,287 1,844 344,592 853,083 376,750 910 292,126 301,746 319,677 935 209,179 216,486 236,931 1,905 304,220 307.708 831,331 1,064 379,007 384,507 393,874 2,205 273,671 311,517 329,641 1,710 644,408 6.37,606 674,550 3,1.34 460,868 481,288 618.333 1,980 441,904 414,9.'i2 450,935 1.659 291,2.53 300,328 327,620 1,560 335,165 37-2.281 888,487 1.783 4.-.5,203 491,331 631,612 2,171 391,403 401,488 427,275 24,503 Pop. in 1832. 6,382,706 6,843,365 1.500 468,241 465,169 636,541 1,040 217,877 233,764 248,526 1,027 103,284 182,809 200,350 900 155,1(25 176.295 183,776 1,048 312.463 849,183 380,279 1,120 192,720 250,862 251.387 1,332 289,501 382,528 407,627 7,967 2,040,610 2,208.392 32,530* Total 8,423,316 9.051,747 By the Bevolution of IMMO, the Kingdom of the two SicUi. b was naoxed to Uie "Kingdom of It*!?." Bee p. M7. ' • Ol. 87.4S7 BliUsll uUeii. i; ) m P0CT7LATI0N. 8ABDINIA. HiUTAir Divmon. Turin Coni Alessandria Novaro Genoa, with Capraja Island The Island of Sardinia ArM In Bqnart iMIUa Ullu. 2,405-3 3,406-7 1,539- 2,032-4 1,588-8 9,972-2 6,957- 16,929-2 PornikUoiit 1U8. 924,209 603,584 637,629 673,392 674,988 3,413,802 673,115 3,986,917 Sardinia now forms part of the Kingdom of Italy, for which see p. 947. The Island of Sardinia was distributed (Oct. 1, 1848) into three administrative district!, the seats of which were at the cities of Cagliari, Sassari, and Novaro. 47.-S0VEBEIOH PONTIFIOATB OF BOME. 1 LXOATIONS AND CXLEOAnONa, 1. Borne and Camaroa . Leoatioks. 2. Bologna 3. Ferrara Ciacohi 4. Forii 6, Kavennr 6. Urbino and Pesaro . 7 YeUetri Delegations. 8. Ancona 9. Macerata 10. Camerino 11. Fermo 12. Ascoli 13. Perugia 14. Spoleto 15. Rieti 16. Viterbo 17. Orvieto 18. Frosinone 19. Civita Vecchia 20. Benevento T»Tole Ceiuuarie, Ana In Oennnn Bquan MllM. Popnlatlon, ISSa PopnUtlon, ISM. 4.416,197 80-29 804,266 326,609 8,358,306 61-06 367,840 876,681 2,73i,093 49-74 229,862 244,524 1,774,164 82-26 208,0')7 218,438 1.751,908 81-85 175,338 175,994 8,529,397 64-17 241,162 267,751 1,635,000 29-78 69,856 62,013 1.103.422 2006 172,393 176,619 2,238,753 40-70 239,942 243.104 810,940 14-72 38,065 42,991 824,163 14-98 111,761 110.321 1,196.124 21-74 86.619 91,916 3,760,609 68-37 222,926 234,533 2.937,233 63-40 123,766 134,939 1,334.348 2426 77,212 73,683 2.815.459 6119 129,074 128,324 783.272 14-24 26,050 29,047 1,873,060 34-06 148,878 164,659 968,200 17-62 20.386 20,701 138,806 2-62 23,040 23,176 39,985,423* 727-00 3,006,771 8,124,668 * The total area, including cities, waters, roads, &c., 41,162,632 tavole, 18,586 English square miles, or 748*40 square German miles. In 1860 the Papal territory, with the exception of the city of lios^e (pop. 180,359) and its immediate neighbourhood, was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. S«c p. 947. TUSCANY— SWITZKRLAND—PAHM A. oh TU80ANT. DcrAHTIIBKTI. Fiorento Luooheae Piaano Seneie Arelino PUtoJese GroBHetano Got. of Liroriio and Gor^ona Island QoTernment of Elba and adjacent Isles L 7,415 English square niiloa, or G,440 Ana, 8q (luu. MtlM. DO- I" l.lfl'J H'JO 1,103 959 279 l,ii96 29 73 FamlllM, lulitblWnU. 105 165 685,899 2».(iii9 170,319 87,314 217,681 81,488 1H0,693 86.481 212,689 27.i)«2 150,418 16.040 74.796 15,166 81,047 4.289 20,061 302,544 1,603.597 tnacanjr now forma part of the Kingdom of Italy. In 1859, the population amounted to 1,806,940. 48.-SWITZERIAND. PorOtATION AT THE «J«D OF JiARCn, B.'lO, ACroBDlKO TO THE GoVEBNMENT RCTOaTS OF THE CAlTTONa. OAMTOVa, Znrto Beme Lucerne Uri Schwyta Upper Unterwoldun ... > Lower „ ) Qlaria Znji Friburg Solenre Baleaty > Bale Dbtrlct S Schaif bauaen Appenaell, Rhodes ext. 1 „ Rhodes Int J St. Oall Griaons ArgoTta Tburgoria Teasin Vaud Valala Neacbatel Qenera Ann In Bq. Oenn MilM. 32-.'i.'J 130 83 37-71 19-85 IS-OG 13-4 13 3 4-03 36 6 13 01 8-71 6-46 7-21 85-87 140- 237 13-66 48-81 6575 78-38 13-22 4 31 Citizens of thu C«ntout. 2M,9I9 433,108 128,0M 13,626 42,379 l-i,9M2 10,667 28,90':) 14,923 91.124 64,044 11,244 39,044 81.645 10,723 39,929 1-50,924 84.477 189,558 81.220 109,4-22 177,038 79,893 44,336 39,756 Cllltens of othur Citiituiis. 11,184 18,163 4,196 666 1,425 676 650 978 2,301 7,373 4,652 11,473 7,071 3,27i 229 8,216 16,410 3,228 7,289 6,748 517 17,215 1,167 21,131 9,141 Fonlgncrs 6,573 6,763 689 40 198 20 32 248 106 1,336 933 6,819 1,782 1,362 74 474 8,258 2,190 2,962 1,902 7,807 6293 1,680 4,980 15,142 ToUl. onmprlDliig JewH, &o. 250.698 458,225 132.846 14,505 41,168 13,7!)!» 11,339 30,213 17,403 99,890 69,674 29,698 47,886 3-5.300 11,372 43,621 169,625 8»,H95 199.852 88 908 117,7.59 199.585 84.0J'.9 70,753 64,140 718-40 2,163,000 157,298 71,662 2,395,178 973,700 1,417,621 111 Unman CatkuJci. 6,690 A4.U44 131,274 14,193 44,013 13,783 11.3'i7 3,932 17,324 87,762 6 1, .556 6,508 9,052 1,411 11, -230 388 105 370 3-1,039 91,096 81,921 117,707 6,962 83,494 5,570 29,764 Kefomied Church ProtutanU. 243,928 403,«93 1,572 12 165 • 16 12 36,281 139 12,133 8,097 24,083 38 818 33,880 42 42,746 64,192 61,8.55 107. 104 66,984 50 192,235 430 64,952 34,212 ll«nib«n of Nntlonal Council.^ 12 20 G I ] ' . Area. 15,178 English itAtute mllra. * TIm Rational Council U farmed of III M9mber»— one rtitumcl (or every 20,000 Inhabitant!, In the ratio Indicated In the last column. FABMA. AREA. FopuLATios, issa In Sq. Mllei. 1 = S»8«-9« Uectaret. In Bectaret. Chief Towns. ProTlncej, Totid. 27-6 28-29 29 36 19-59 8-16 15,51457 15.5234-88 161139-58 107.500-34 4473511 40,995 3,S88 28,193 2.666 3,402 79,144 101,684 127,170 111,844 47,794 37,101 142,679 131.0-58 140,037 50,460 30,003 112-99 6200u691 416,693 494,737 FBOTINCEa. P'lrma Borgo San Donn^no Pliisance Val dl Taro, (ch tn., Borgo-Taro) Luniglana, (ch. tn., PontremoU).. Popalation in 18j8— 499,835. Parma now forms part of the Kingdom of Italy. SP 946 rOFULATIOM AND AREA. I HODENA. mOTUICCA. AMA. ropaUUon, ISH. In Bquara KUtOMtrM. la Bquan Ucrinsu MUu. ld>fr DIatrlnt. Hountalnou Ultlrlot. Total. 1300-91 741-13 317-41 46S9 966-73 11A7-30 1053-33 543-50 588-79 1573 64 1898-43 817-41 105'i3.-| 643-50 635-88 38-679 34 599 5-785 19179 9-887 11-580 913,813 167;>47 76,315 88,418 50,673 58,747 Ifpirslo ..>■•....•••. ■ Ciux^tallu >>■■•■••■•>■•••■■ ■ •■■....» ■• Giii'f Hif niina •• ■■••■• ••■. MaitSN, Carrara [Or lI4Sft iqanra BrItUh mrci.J 3413-03 8607-65 6019 68 109709 604,512 Modena now forms part of the Kingdom of Italy. LUCCA. Area, 320 Italian square miles, or 368 British square miles. Population in 1859, 260,315 (included in Tuscany.) 40.-OS^ECE. FlKrEOTDRES AKD ClUKF PLACES. Arf«, 0«nnnii Bquan Miln. FopuUtlan, 18M. Attica and BoBotia f Athens^ 116-4 79-95 111-67 138-24 91-25 94-31 79-62 62-52 76-78 49-86 97,518 68,813 91,944 103,641 130,591 126,550 90,593 101,271 113,336 142,958 E^ubcea fChalcis^ ••••..... Phtliius and Pliocia CLamia^ Acarnania and Etolia (Missolonghi) Argolis and Corinth (Nanplia) Achaia and Elis (Patras) Arcadia TTriDolis") Messenia fCalamoe^ rjaconia ^Snarta^ Cvclades Is. (Syra) 900'6 1,067,216 60.-I0NIAN ISLANDS. IsujrDS. Corfu Faxo Sta. Maura Ithaca Cephalonia Zante Cerigo , [Or 1097 Engllah aqnare mllea.] Arm, Germnn Square MUn. 12-92 122 8 48 2-07 16-39 7-35 6-46 53-89 Population, 1M4. 54,676 6,017 18,676 10,821 69,984 38,929 11,694 209,797 i i \\ The popnlation of Me vholtottbe Ionian Islands was 337,106 In 1896^ "•■) Ceylon Borneo Sumatra Java Celebes Philippine Islands ., . Miiiilanao and Sooloo Moluccas Other Islands 266,500 24,700 262,r>00 I22,.')00 52000 75,000 129,100 101,400 38, .100 40,000 Total. 25,000,000 1,727,964 4,000,000 7,000,000 8,512,045 3,000,000 4,163,000 1,280,000 800,000 3,327,000 58,840,009 774,663,127 833,603,136 itnes are approxi. Itol. >or UUra.te. lople i STATISTICS. 040 1 I-CHINA PR0P:!3B. Fbotdcciu. Chi-le Kian(;-tKu .. Gan-Heouy Kianp^-se ... Fuh-Kicn .. Che-kiang .. Hoo-Pih .. Hoo-nan 8han-tung .. Honan (Shan-se Shen-se Kau-8uh Sze-c)iuen .. Kwang-tung Kwan-se Yun-nan Kwei-Chow Capitals. Pih-kin, or Pekin Nanking, or Kearig-ning-tuli. Gan-king-fuli Nai!g-ehung-fuh Fuh-chan Hiing-chow-iuh VVoo-chang-lu Chang-sha-fuh Tsi-n i-fuh Kae-fung-fuh Tae-yuen-fuh Legan-fuli Lan-chow-fub. Chin-tuo-fuh .. Canton , Kwei-lue-fuh Yun-nan-fuh Kwei-Yang-fuh Area in Square Mllgt, 58,949 I 92,961 I 72,176 53,480 39,150 144,770 I 65,104 65,104 55,268 154,008 j 166,800 79,456 78,250 107,969 64,554 Totals. 1,297,999 Population in W.3. 27,990,874 37,843,.501 34,168,059 30,426,999 14,777,410 26.256,784 27,370,098 18,6.52,507 28,958,764 .'i3,037,171 14,(104,210 10,207,256 15,193,125 21,435,678 19,174,030 7,313,895 5,561,320 5,288,219 367,680,100 Populutloii in 18t7. 40,000,000 54,4^4,641 49,201,992 43,814,866 22,699,460 37,809,765 3:t,412,940 26,8!J9,608 41,700,621 33,173,526 20.166.072 14.698,499 21,878,190 30,867,375 27,610,128 10,584,429 8,008,300 7,615,025 536,909,300 I 2.-ASIATIC RUSSIA. The four governments of Tobolsk, Tomsk, Jenesseisk, and likutzk, witli other dis- tiicla of E. and W. Siberia. Area, 4,750,000 square miles. Population, 7,300,812. 8.-ANAM. Tbuvinces, 1. Cochin China (Dong-travinfj, or Central Country) ... 2. Tonquin (I)ong-Kiuh, or External Country) ... 3. Cambodjo, or Komen Chief CiUu. Hu4 Turon, Fai-fo Kecho, or Cachao Hean bai-gon roiiuUitian, 60,000 150,000 20,000 180,000 Total area, about 98,000 square miles. Population, probably about 5,194,000, but estimated as high as 20,000,000. 4.-BISMAH. Provincks. 1. Ava 2. Mrelap, &c 3. Cabsay 4. Yo-pyce 5. Martaban, part of 6. Pong 7. Nominal subjects.. Area, Square lUUei, 53-466 69-250 10-? • 4-240 30 150 9 100 UaplUb. Ava. Bhanmo. Tumnioo. Yo. Mongmaorong. Total area, about 195,000 square miles j and population, perhaps, about 4,000,000. ^.-JiiaKLsCi, 950 APPENDIX. 0.-8 I A K. Native Siamese « 1,500,000 Shans 800,000 Malays, Fegnans, &c 250,000 Chinese settlers 450,000 Total, about 3,000,000* Area, aboat 190,000 sqaare miles. * Beoent ettlmates give atraat 6,000,0001 e.-XA£ATA, OB THB HALAT PBHIlTBiriA. ■XnUOl NATtTB.BTAXM. FopcIkUon. IHTBBIOK VAtm STATU. Populntloii. Qaedah and Lisor 50,000 35,000 12,000 25,000 40,000 1,000 50,000 30,000 10,000 Rumbowe •••••■ 9,000 3,600 3,080 2,000 2,000 8,000 9,000 Perak Sungie-ujong Johole .••.. •■ Salangore and Colang Johor. &o ...... Jomnole Pahansr Jellabn Kemaman Srimenati Kalantan .-. ..• Aboritdnes Tringanu Fatoni Total Total 253,000 36,680 BBITISH POSSESSIONS. Population. Malacca and Naning (1836) 37,706 Province Wellesley (1835) 46,880 84,586* Exterior Native States 253,000 Interior Native States ,... 36,680 Total 374,266 Area, about 45,000 square mUes. * More recently estimated at 154,500. 9.-BEL00CHISTAN. PBOTWCU. Sarawan Jhalawan Mukran Lus Cutch Gundava Kohistan Tiie Desert Chief Town*. Eelat Zuhree .. Kedje Bela Gundava Fuhra .... Population. 20,000 2,500 2,000 Population estimated at 2,700,300, but probably much less. Area, about 200,000 square miles. STATISTICS. 9.")1 12.-PEBSIA. ultdon. >,000 1,600 1,080 1,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,680 PROVINCIiS. Irak Ajemi Thabaristan Mazanderan Ghilan Azerbijan .. Koordistan.. Khuzistan .. Fars Kherman .. Kohistun .. Khorassan .. AreSf Sq. Miles. 93-576 6-932 7-547 5-215 30337 12-932 29-256 126160 65-466 23-574 81-132 482-127 Fopolatloii. 2,460,000 130,000 850,000 280,000 2,000,000 450,000 900,000 1,700,000 600,000 170,000 1,700,000 11,240,000 13.-ASIATIC TUBKET, OB ANATOLIA. KELTaiocs CREEng. ropuUtiOD, i844* Asia Minor ....•■•• 10,700,000 4,450,000 900,000 Syria, Mesopotamia, & Kurdistan Arabia, Mecca, Medina, Ethiopia 16,050,000 Races. 1 Musselmans 12,950,000 2,360,000 , 640,000 100,000 Greeks Roman Catholics Jews 16,050,000 ■ 15 & 16.-INDIA. The following table gives the estimates of the area and population of several years since; but the actual number of inhabitants will be seen to bu much greater by the latest estimate on page 926 : — BiiiTisn Provinces. Bengal, including N. W. Trovinces Districts of which the population is doul)tful Madras Bonn AT Doubtful Districts Total, British India Area, Sq. Miies. 220,312 85,70(1 14l,'.):i,j 59,438 5,550 Fopulntlon. 512,923 69,710,071 13,508,535 6,251,546 89,470,152 But, according to another estimate, the following amounts were those given for the North- Western Provinces of Bengal: — SiSXUIOTS, Delhi MecTut ... Kohilcun.l Agra Allahabad Benares... No. of Town.s nnd Vill.igen. 3,074 8,779 14.829 7,524 10,282 32.8G5 Areii, Geogrnplilcal Sq. Milea. 6,274 7,710 8.883 6,843 8,939 13,212 AroA, tn Acres. 5,315,159 6,532,859 7,.526,158 5,797,598 7,571,4.57 11,193,831 77,.303 I 51,861 43,937,062 19,733,742 380-5 Pop. in 1847. l,488.5,")6 2.816,891 3,755,038 2,835,434 2,446,8,53 6,390,970 Inhnlil! 237-2 3653 42'2-7 4143 273 7 483-7 N.B.— Bymore authentic information than the foregoing, the population of India was round, in 1858, to be 185,472,315. See page 926. mcmm MP 052 STATISTICS. CEYLON. The population of Ceylon, in 1835, was comprised in the following numbers: — Descbiption. HalM. Fem»!e». Tot»I. Whites 5,516 626,465 14,108 3,605 568,017 13,289 9,121 1,194,482 27,397 10,825 Free Blacks Slaves Aliens and Strangers 646,089 584,911 1,241,825 lu 1857, the population of Ceylon was 1,727,964. AFBICA. The estimates of the population of Africa are even still more indefinite than those of Asia. The nature of the countries, and the barrier which climate places between Kuropean enterprise and all the social and physical relations of its various countries, render any approach to accuracy or definite knowledge quite hopeless. COlnlTRT. Tlt'ft Population. Ctpltsl. 1. Algieria French Colony Empire Pachalic Kingdom Kingdom Various Republic Pachalic Pachalic British 2,677,973 10,500,000 2,500,000 4.500.000 2,000,000 7,000,000 10,000 10,000,000 1,500,000 20,000,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 3,500,000 20,000,000 267,096 121,068 1,057,931 244,320 Algier Marocco Cairo Cape Coast Castle Monrovia Tripoli Tunis Cape Town \ St. Paul de Loando Si. Louis de Senegal, &c. 2. Marocco 3. Eervpt 4. Abyssinia 5. Boumou 6. Guinea Coasit 7. Liberia 8. Senegambia 9. Sennaar 10. Soudan, &c 11. Fellatah Tribes 12. Trinoli 13. Tunis 14. Interior and Eastern Africa 15. Cano Colonv 16. Natal 17. Portuguese Possessions ... 18. French Possessions 89,378,388 1.-ALGIEBIA. Aroa, In a«rm (11 Hquare: MLos. Popiilttioii, ISSll. Algiers 2,059-41 3,189-35 1,858-94 902,834 593,678 1,181,461 2,677,973 Constantine Oran , 7,107-70 2.-MAB0CC0. KiiraDoiia. Fez Marocco. Suse .... Tafilet . Pro- Tlupes. Total of Empire 219,390 11,000,000 Ann, 6q. Hilea. 88,657 51,380 28,656 50,697 ropiilaUoD. 3,200,000 5,600,000 700.000 1,500,000 CliUt Towni. Fez, Tangier, Mequines Marocoo, Mogador Aghadir ilMNMlHK$l >8e of ween tries, STATISTICS. 9o]- \ 8.-EaYPT. The entimates of the population of Egypt are very vague; but it is certain that it has greatly decreased. It was stated that acensusof July 10, 1848, gave a total of 4,504,178, exclusive of Bedouin Arabs, the army, &c. But it is believed that this cannot be cor- rect; and half this amount is assutned, by competent judges, to be mor nearly correct. The following is Mr. Lane's estimate: — TopHtiiHoi). 1. Arab Christinns 1,750,000 2. Christian Egyptians (Copts) 150,000 3. Turks lO.OOO 4. Syrians 6,000 5 Greeks .... 5,000 6. Armenians 2,000 7. Jews 5,000 8. Nubians, Arabs, &c 70,000 1,957,000 15.-CAPE COLONY. &c. _ DISTBICTS. I 'Cape Town ., Cape District Stellenbusuh.. Worcester ,. Clanwilliam .. Zwellendam .. Beaufort George 'Colesberg Albany Somerset Graaf Reinet .Uitenhage Area, Sq. Milos. WbltM. Bltolii. Total Hale*. Total Femdet. H 14,041 5,702 9,743 10,000 3,584 8,270 4,910 6,943 6,237 2,280 7,110 9,853 10,006 7 878 24,000 6,025 3,489 4, 8 GO 4,654 18,011 7,000 1,115 4,109 3,906 9,000 13,346 .",314 11,245 10,614 20,000 2.916 2,872 2,997 2,911 4,545 3,656 4,517 5,213 3,962 — 2,100 — 1,100 1,000 1,792 llj.-iOO 228 6,105 5,623 7,168 1 1,900 1,760 7,200 6,460 22,000 7,531 7,t07 7,517 7,421 9,000 4,628 6,391 5,862 5,157 100,023 51.563 82,900 75,823 The total area is about 103,300 square miles; and the population, in 1856, was 267,096. lez 16.-F0BTTJOTTESE POSSESSIONS. FopulKtton. Coast of Guinea, Bissao, &c 86,488 Kingdom of Angola, Benguela, and Dependencies 659,190 Mozambique and Dependencies...., 300,000 Islands of St. Thomas, Princes, &c 12,254 Total 1,057,931 i 17.-FBENCH POSSESSIONS. Fopnlotlnn. Senegal, St. Louis, and Goree,— Free 9,395 „ „ Formerly Slaves 10,283 Ste. Marie, Madagascar 5,000 Island of Reunion (Bourbon)— Free 40,689 „ „ Formerly Slaves 65,993 Total 131 360* * By a later estimate, 244,320. 954 STATISTICS. AUEBIOA. WEST INDIA ISLANDS. Stjlte. Hay« > St. Domangoj ■< (.Porto Kioo, Sie Jamaica Trinidad Tobaf^o Grenada St. Vincent's, &o Barbadoes St. Lucia , Dominica Antigua St. Christopher's and Virgin Islands Bahcmas Turin's Islands , Bermudas m g fOuadaloupe, &o g (Martinique Curagoa (Dutch) Santa Cruz (Danish) St. Bartholomew (Swedish) St. Martin's (Dutch and French). Area, 11,000 18,000 43,380 d,8G5 5,486 2,400 187 155 131 166 225 275 168 278 4,440 14 47 809 290 815 200 25 82 91,388 Fopulatlon. 800,000 200,000 1,007,624 6LO,000 379,690 60.819 13,208 28,923 27,248 136,939 24,500 ?2,4C9 36,178 39.635 27,619 8,400 14,000 135,000 121,145 26,311 35,000 9,000 6,700 3,652,708 Capital, Capo HaTtien. St. Domiugo. Habana. San Juan. Spanish Town Port d'Espagne. Scarborough. St. George's. Kingston. Bridgetown. Castries. Roseau. St. John's. Basseterre. Nassau. Hamilton. Basseterre. Fort Rojal. Wilhelmstadt. Christianstadt. La Car6nage. \ NORTH AMERICA. State. 1. Danish Possessions— Greenl'd, Icel'd, &c, 2. French Possessions— St. Pierre, &c 3. Russian America 1*4. Hudson's Ba; Territory 6. Canada, East ,, West 6. New Brunswick 7. Nova Scotia 8. Prince Edward Island 9. Newfoundland 10. United States 11. United Mexican States 12. Guatemala 13. San Salvador 14. Nicaragua 15. Costa Itica 16. Honduras 17. Mosquitia 18. Balize (British) H OS S M m5 Total of America (including "West Indies, ?op. 3,662,708; and South America, 9.967,439.) Area. 380,000 18 394,000 2,000,000 147,000 209,690 27,700 19,630 2,134 67,000 3,260,073 1,100,000 28,000 24,000 40,400 23,000 81,000 23,000 62,740 Fopulatiun. 7.898,985 14,647,531 65,000 1,338 61,000 162,686 1,220,514 1,350,923 193,8(10 230,260 71,496 119,334 31.676,214 7,200,000 850,000 600,000 800,000 256.000 360,000 4,000 8,000 44,714,566 Capital. 68,334,712 Reikiavik. St. Pierre, [angel Sitka, or New Arch- York Factory. > Toronto. Fredericton. Halifax. Charlotte Town. St. John's. Washington. Mexico. New Guatemala. San Salvador. Leon. Cart ago. Comapagua. Blewfields. Balize. APPENDIX. 955 u. en. ■o. ?ne. 1. 1. A.-OANADA, WEST. The popniation, which in 1783 did no? exceed 10,000, in 1814 amounted to 95,000, Sinco that period, the progress of the population has been aa under: YIAB. Population. Yeak. FopulHtlOD. 1825 158,027 210,437 261,060 320,693 372,502 1839 407,515 465,357 486,055 710,745 717,560 952,004 1830 1841 1832 1842 1834 1847 1836 1848 L 1851 ...."!!."!.!.....! CANADA, EAST. Popniation in 1851 890,261. "gel. Lrch- 6.-ITEW BBUN8WICK. divSlL^'lln^po^ittiT--"'' "''""''' "' "''•"'• I«^ 1848, the following were it- COUMIIBS. Bestigouche .... Gloucester , Northumberland Kent Westmoreland"! Albert ]" King's Carried forward Fopulatian. 4,214 10,334 19,493 9,769 23,581 19,285 86,676 In 1851, the population was 193,800. COUNTIKS. PopulaUonu Brought forward •St. John 86,676 43,943 10,967 5,680 18,660 17,841 24,237 Queen's Sunboiy York Carleton Charlotte Total 208,004 J 7. -NOVA SCOTIA. Population in 1838, 155,000. Its divisions and population in 1848 were as follows: COUHTIM. Population. Halifax, city and county 40,000 10,600 14,900 30,300 23,200 111,260 Cumberland Colchester Picton Sydney and Guysborough ...!., Remaining counties Total 230,260 In 1851 (with Cape Breton), 276,177. 856 STATISTICS. u i =8 a 3 a ?.9% «♦ 3 »s 3" D E » BS M HCr B* £- 2- 3' 3' g 3 O r* t— . - ^ ^ W2 5"? . B S 33 P g a F «f< M -^ £. a S5 t2. "1 K o O o ? a O B-. (0 '^ 5 oSSt 3 IS as « ?!= Sr§ o's.So E.S-3 2 e S SS 2 S 9 g a <" 5 » 6 3? =rcu 3 3" 3 -5 T ^ g a ■^f^a ca c a 0? (11 re< 2. B . - a -|Q ^^ o 4? o a 2 o o^ s "? p p a a e. a. s3 ^ 3. p 2 < 2 <« 2 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I •q CD •^ I— OOCUI-'OOOOOOWlOCh-'0«JOS50© Oi TO CO :3 o w OJ £ o OS 09 00 I kS l-> li rfk = to "cabs Cil 05 o c^ ';;i t>9 00 C54»-l(»rf»05O>-'00i. OJlCCnootn "h"' OiV''li Cn'VsCa'cO Vl"— H-'OS'V '-I -^ c to o r^ *. "-1 c; *. ot o ic ic 05 o h-i i-'r-'CuooDWc>itoo>t>st>;'bi£u>w ,^ " -k1~ ri •J a> •M w J5 4^ ^ to I hoi IS »^ t«bO "boli oi o» Ci M'i'i >»^ uC IC 1>5 ■— C-. lO 0< U» w 00 t-" O ^ -J *. NS Cn W GO cr. ■:;i ~ O CC' Ul tJrf^C;TtO05 OOtCtOW ItvhStCtO Oi I-. Ci "^ CO "^ — ^t^ CJ' Ci t».COp+.|-'C50 couiott>scotoi-'oceoi;n I a I-' en t> <»■ O C;i l*k C5 00 tc M ■b" 1^ "— • c 05 ".fe 00 "io 00 "^ -1 If ^ 05 -- *■] ai-'ooa.'^if-Mw h: Ct ^1 li 'it- Vo o *■ o •g 00 I-' M Oi 05 O >N o U. OS NS Cn hS M UJ ((-oo5c;o-'i.i^^i'i^ioohsWhf..«3 OJC C Oi^ hS tCj-l tsS Jji_05 03 tn !(». 00 ■jo -I 00 m'o3 Vi 'ifk'ci be "[■a"o *i>s"-i '^ Vi 004^M"-JOn^Ci*-Jf-ii*^C"OOC^CiC» «Jh-CO<0050000iKOOi»'vlifk|-'Ol M M CO cr CO O) 03, 1 ,»-0'ife-Wooi:ooC<5 Jio I I I p *' C>3Jr«,''ij^l_>-'_p 00 l+.-'hl'- o'tn co'c-.'cc'J;3 C5 ^ PsfT^^"-" p' O^ 5^ Vi"rT "bi -^1 O) ^ V-"Vv to "^i Ci-'i'cn --1 bs o o;"bT fcU. &3bSr>if;iNS00^1»JI-'03.^l»JO — K-'l-'.^IWir; COMMOWOtOk<'C>3COt'CCOODl-'N>l(^COCCt« (-• r>s -J 4^ o 00 at *J w 03 03 Oi W en 09 -1 M JnS ■ lU V| OiV 03 M M kS hS Ol >'. — >-i^5-^f^OC03COOOO o o: to o ac 0-. cc C" --1 uJuu03Cl^S^-'0:cO^^-■ltO u<*' wrf *** y icKCCi-JOOtO— Irf'-tO^I-'CB _ -*^^ h- CO ^ O J^l 4*. ^ :.o:wOiiJi-iotoooc^o;03 0ca5cot04*torc'^ic7i •■ir-rf-i— aioc5H»-inoooicoK,cotni-'i-i«o-qo3i-'i*>ua!i— rf»->-'4^coo05co M O3(r:^ic=-C5o:'3^ U* 4* IO pC 0( ^ O bi"--] o "-> c i-bi *. 00 OjCOCC-^IOOCCOOC •a O M M aa H oa <,JJ \^/ ^i^ — -I • — ' V^v ^^J ^^ ^^_' OS0300lNiO-'0;ttk4». i|.4>.03ili. 1-' (-a occooK-'-iosffiocru^oQo "bs I I I CD I '!-'"c~tt ►->'— o; On (•jn o -I o e: 00 -I ic 00 o to M t>SOi005.^05IOl— Ci'-lOlvSn I I APPKNDIX, 957 POI'ULATIO.N OF TIIR PllINOli'AL CiTIES IN THE UnITEI) STATES. New York ., Phlladolijhia Baltlincire .. >'o>v Orkana U.')Ston .... Cincinnati.. Brooklyn ., Albany .... Cliiirleston . . W'ushlngion Providence Loulnville .. . PitUlmrg .., Lowell Rochester . . , KIchraond ■. , Trov Buftalo Newark St. Louis .. , Portland ... Salem. ijuo. 33,131 <'Aft20 i:i,.'>03 18,038 3,tOA 16,3.VJ 7 yji noo. GO, 489 70,'iH7 26,UU 24,027 750 3,2UH 5,349 i8,7ia 3,210 7,«M l,.5B5 6,537 3.r,77 9,457 1810. 90,373 gG,CG4 4<>,5,')5 17,24i 32,2.10 2,540 4,402 9,350 24,711 8.208 10.07 1 1.357 4,768 8,735 3,8r(5 1,508 7,lfi9 12,013 1820. 123,700 108,110 62.738 27.170 43,298 9,041 7,175 12,030 24.480 13,2 17 11,707 4,012 7,248 1,502 12,040 5,20 1 2.095 0,507 4,598 8..5S1 12,731 1830. 203,007 107,118 80,025 40,310 01,392 24,831 12,042 24,238 30 2H9 18,827 10,832 lo.a.-ia 12,542 6.474 9,209 10,000 11,101 8,053 10,953 5,852 12,601 13,886 1840. 312,710 228,891 102,113 102,193 93,383 46,338 30,233 33,721 29,201 2.-|,,364 2.1,171 21.210 21.113 20,796 20.191 20,153 I9,3:<4 18,213 17,290 10,409 1.5,218 15,082 18.>0. 6I,5,.507 408,7>2 189,054 119,401 1.10.871 115,436 90,838 5",76:» 42,985 40,001 41,512 43,190 40,601 33 383 36,403 27.482 28,785 42 201 38,894 77.860 20.8! 5 20,264 18Ca 814,277 568,034 211,824 170,760 177,902 160,060 273,429 40,194 61,403 50,t09 78,190 37,009 48,0'J6 37.958 39,053 H4,0(IU 72,055 20,342 22,480 M H M M aa TEnnrroiiiEf* and DisxituTd. l*o])nIatlon, 18110. Terbitories and Districts. roptiititioo, low. Kansas 143,612 28,893 82,060 Utah 50,000 11 624 4,839 Nebraska Wasliiiijjton Now Alfixico Dakottth • Totnl 321,058 Totals. States— Free Population 27,352,160 TeUUIIOKIES AND DiSTBICTS— „ 321,058 Slaves 4,002,996 Total Population of United States 81,676,214 The 18 Free States have a Free Population of 18,831,820 " ■ „ „ 8,620,340 The 16 Slave titates U.-UEXICO. It is composed of the following States, of the Area and Popul ition of which we have no certain information ; those here i;iven must be taken, therefore, as mere surmises: — I)El'AnT^^E.^•T3. ropiiUtlon, mi. Capitals. Population, 1843. 1. Chiapas 93,750 160,000 142,000 82,000 2110,000 COO.OOO 113,419 174,957 1,100 000 000,000 900,000 600,000 46.630 78,056 166.824 383.000 156,740 600,000 230,298 13,400 40,000 66,000 Ciudad Real 6,000 9,300 6.500 2,000 13.200 84,000 15,000 36,900 170,000 25,000 67,800 80,000 6,000 8,000 6,000 19.200 7,600 46,600 21.500 2. Chihuahua Chihuahua 3. Cinalia 4. Cohahuila Monclova 6. Durango Durango 6. Guanaxuato Guanaxuato 7. New Leon Monterey S. Luis Potosi 8. 8. Luis Potosi 9. Mexico Mexico 10. Oaxaca 11. Puebla Puebla 12. Queretaro Queretaro 13. Sonora V. del Fuerte 14. Tabasco Sontiago 15. Tamaulipas Victoria 16. Valladolid Valladolid 17. Vera Cru» Vera Crnz 18. Xalisco Guadulaxara 19. Zacatecas Zacatecas Colima 20. Old California 21. Colima 22. Tlascala Tlascala ••• 6,649.070- ' Lately estimated at 7,203,009. *m 008 STATISTICS. SOUTH AMEBIOA. r 1 1 States. 1. YenftraeU... ^ 2. New Granada VColoubi^ S.Ecuador j 4. Bolivia 6. Peru 6. Chile 7. Argentine Hepublio 8. Buenos Ajrret 9. Uruguaj 10. ParaKuay ,. 11. Brazil, Empire of la. Guayana— Britisli 18. „ —Dutch 14 „ —French 16. Patagonia, &o Ana. 1,450,000 880,000 326,000 81H,196 624,000 144,000 726,000 60,000 120,000 74,000 2,800,000 76,000 88,000 21,000 80,000 6,636,106 FopuUUon. 1,866,000 2,863,064 666,000 l,6r)0,000 2,400,000 1,439,120 874,000 860,000 260,000 600,000 7,677,800 127,696 64,270 80,000 120,500 19,967,439 CapllaL Caraccas. Santa F6de Bogota. Quito. Chuquisaca. Lima. Santiago. Parana. Buenos Ayrei. Monte Video. Asuncion. Rio de Janeiro. George Town. Paramaribo. Cayenne. This estimate of the total population of South America is open to much conjecture as to its accuracy; for as the interior portions of Brazil, and the south-eastern portions of the Colombian Republics— as well as most other parts — have been so little visited that thej still remain almost a terra incognita, no just conclusions can be made. Thus, the amount given inay vary considerably, but is considered to give as just a view as our present materials are capable of affording. l.-VENEZUELA. PBOvncn, Caraccas Valencia Barquisimeto Coro Marocaybo Truxillo , , M6rida , Barinas AchaKuas , Barcelona Cuma) & Margarita Angostura In 1860 1,564,433 Fopnl^tion of Town. 50,000 16,000 12,000 4,000 14,000 4,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 6,000 8,000 3,000 4,000 133,000 Popnlatloa of FrorlnMb 242,888 96,967 112,755 40,476 42,830 44,788 62,166 109,497 15,479 62,103 60,671 18,305 56,471 945,396 Population in 1839, 945,247, and recently (1851) 1,052,000, including— 298,000 whites, Spanish, American, and foreigners. 480,000 mixed, whites and negroes. 48,000 slaves (negroes). 160,000 Indians, who speak the language and have adopted the manners of the country (Indios reducidosj 14,000 Indians (Indios catequisados), possessing their original language, &c. 52,000 free Indians. 1,052,000 — — — [j-j Ota. wto the ■till (iren ■ art S'^\TISTIC8. 959 2.-NEW OBANADA. 8TATK AND GlVI TAL. Fop. In IMl. Statk and Capital. I'up. In lul. Panmna fPnnanaa^ 138,108 182,157 73,193- 378,376 Antiogina (Antiogina) ......... 224,442 379,682 517,648 330,331 Bovaca fTunia') Magdalentt(8t. Martha) Cundinaniarca (Bogota) Cauca fPouavan^ 2,223,837 8.-ECUAD0E. rHOVINCKS. 1. Quito 2. Guayaquil 3. Assuay ... ;} Pop. In 1827. 600,000* Chief Townt. Quito. Guayaquil. Cuen9a. FopuUtion. 76,000 20,000 2,000 * A recent estimate gives 1,040,371. 4.-B0Ll^I* FnOTINCKS. La Paz Oruro Potosi Cochabambu Chuquisiica Sta. Cruz de la Sierra Tarija Veni Atacama Indians ropulHtton In leiiS. 475,322 110,931 281,299 349,892 223,668 153,164 88,900 53,973 6,273 245,000 1,987,352 Area, 319,195 English square miles. 6.-PEETJ. By recent estimates the population reaches 2,500,000. The following is the ceoBOS Of 1853 :— the *• Depaiuments. Amazonas Libertao Coast province of Puera Ancas , Coast province of Callao , Junin Ayacucho and Huancavelica Cuzco Puno Arcquica and Tacna (province of Moquequu) Lima Population In 1863. 39,074 202,662 74,372 155,779 8,353 245,722 206,119 346,211 245,681 183,025 180,923 1,887,840 060 APPENDIX. e.-OHILE. Area, 71,244 EnglUh iquare tnllei, without including the province of Atacama, formerly belong* ing to Bolivia. According to tlie " Quia de Cliiie." in 1847 the population wa» 1,800,000, indudioc 14,000 naUvei; but the Ceniu* of 1854 givci 1,43!),120 Ifhabitantii, ai fuilowi;— fllOVIMCZS. Atacatna ., Coquimbo.. AcoiicHgua Santiago .. Valparaiso Colchagua Talca Maulo Ccnccpcion Valdivia .. Chiloo Nable Arauco Colonies .. FopultUon. 50,690 110,589 110,504 272,499 116,043 192,704 79,439 156,245 110,291 29,293 61,586 100,792 43,466 3,979 1,439,120 riil«( Towaib Cobija. Coquimbo. San Felipe. Santiago. Valparaiso. Curico. Conquonci. Valdivia. San Carlot. ■? 7.-AI10ENTINE HEPDBLIC. •■~ STATES OK rKOVUCCES. Buenos Ayres Santa Fe Entre llios .. Corrientes Cordova Santiago Tucunian Salta Catamarca .. La Rioja San Luis Mendoza San Juan Pop. in 1837. 200,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 85,000 60,000 45,000 60,000 35,000 20,000 25,000 40,000 25,000 675,000 CaptUIs. Buenos Ayres. Santa Fe. Parana. Corrientes. Cordova. SantiBj,i>. Tucuman. Salta. Catamarca. La Rioja. San Luis. Mendoza. San Juan. The area is about 726,000 square miles. The above population is probably under- rated; the present estimate is 874,000. ,. lO.-BBAZIL. ,■> i rBOVISCKS. Pop. ta 13«. rnoviNCES. Fop. In IBU. Rio Grande do Sul 160,000 66,228 326,9 2 436,483 180,000 760,000 97,592 40,000 46,000 350,000 Brought forward 2,763,205 120,000 120,000 600,020 1( 0,000 40,000 180,000 60,000 217,024 250,000 Santa Catharina Sergipe San Paulo Alagoas Pernambuco 1 City of Rio de Janeiro • Minas Geraes Parahiba Rio Grande do Norte Ceara Goyaz «•■• Matto frrosso . Piauhy Espiritu San ,0 Bahia Carried forward Maranham Para 2,763,205 4,450,249* The ebtimate for 1861 is 7,677,800. i ■Ml mmt formerly bclung* 10,000, IneludiDg e. 0. 1. )i. "■ s» ^ es. irobably ander- Fop. In 1841. 2,763,205 120,000 120,000 600,020 11 0,000 40,000 180,000 60,000 217,024 250,000 4,450,249* '■ bTATlSXKlS. 961 AUSTBALIA AND OCEANIA. AUSrUAIJA. ropnintlon, IfiOl. Now South Wiles a'JO.ooo South Australia 150,000 West AustralU 14,776 Aborigines 250,000 (very uncertain.) Van Dienien's Luiiil 115,000 New Zealand 61,i224 Do. Natives 55,9G3 1,03C,9G3 A'lUTOiu;. FopuUtlon. Pop, In March, 1846 3a,87'J „ 1851 77,345 „ 1853 190,000 to 200,000 „ 1861 540,322 CITY OF MELBOURNK Pop. in March, 1846 10,954 „ 1851 23,143 OCEANIA. Popalatlon. Marquesas Islands 20,200 (French estimate) Auckland Islands (British) 150 — Tonga or Friendly Islands 18,500 (missionaries) New Caledonia, &c 100,000 (uncertain) Low Archipelago 10,000 (estimate) Society Islands 10,000 (missionary census) Samoa or Navigators' Islands 56,600 (Wilkes) Fecjeo Islands 100,000 (Wilkes, Gaimard) New Hebrides 50,0U0 (uncertain) Galapagos (a small colony and visitors) ... 200 — Salomon Islands, &e 20,000 (uncertain) V f Guinea, Admiralty Islands 150,000 (very uncertain) Giibert Archipelago 60,000 (Wilkes) Caroline Archipelago 9,000 (LAtke) Marianna Islands 6,000 (D'Urville) Sandwich Islands 108,579 (census, 1836) Uncnumerated Groups 50,000 (uncertain) 749,029 Total of Australia and Polynesia 2,326,314 The total population of this vast area — so little in accordance with its extent — is derived from tolerably correct estimates in some points, in others rests on .he merest surmises. But it is thought, judging from the portions better known, that it will not exceed the number above stated, or neauy two and a half millions. POPULATION OP THE WOELD, According to the Foregoing Estimates. EuROPH 280,213,985 Asia (Continental) 774,663,127 „ (Asiatic Archipelago) 58,840,009 Afkica 89,599,854 North America AND IsLAUDS 48,367,273 South America 19,967,439 ACSTRALIA AND OCEANIA 2,326,314 Total 1,273,978,001 m'cobqcouai.£ and co,, fbintess, london— wottks newton. 3Q