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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. rata ) elure. 3 UX 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 6 '-IaU-'^-\_^ '/2-i-^"Zl^ ! ■ ■ 11 1 ■ I iw I i lONHKK ■-^" ')]•■ h.ijxois r-ii ■. i i^?^-* ;n',!, V fx , f»- . ^ 4 l^ AS ok(.A ,i.. 1 . ^^'1^' 1 ^^(Ui)^ N , iVA, ' -jI-m:. J, -t'.r* - -- *^?ainr!i*^'»t ^1**1 V } ^^I^if. )-1 p i [^ I'- ll' THE PIONEER History of Illinois t-OMAIMXr, The D1SC0VF.RV IN 1673, AND nil; History or the Country to thi- Year 1818, WHKN TUl.; STATli GONKKNMENT WAS ORGAMZKD. i;v JOHN RHYXOLDS. I.ATr CnvKRNOR, Mkmbku OK CONGRESS. State Sknat AND R|-lKF.Sl:srATIVK, ETC., ETC.; "John Kei.lv". "A Glance AUTHOK OI- AT THE CRYSTAL PaLACE IN THE CiTV OK NeW Vork"; iMv Own Ilmes"; i;tc. Willi POUTRAITS, NOTHS. AM, A COMPLLTI. INLKX. (FM»r EmrioN «Prm.,s„Kr, nv N. A. K.m,m.,., Hki m.viu.k, I,x., ,852. C H I C A (; O : FKRCJUS PRINTING COMPANY, . ..''. .' '^p.''.93 JM^lNois sTki.i:-!-. • .•••.1:8^1.. :•; : s . ■, • • • ••• : • • t , .j g;atr>i ii iT w v.r, to Act of Con.^ress, in the year 1852. by F.ntered arcortling to Aci 01 I,, UN KF.YNol.l-N . ,.eae.-s0.ceortUeU.U.tCo.t...t.eU.t..oM.>.no.s. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year .8. 7 by FERCUIS rKlMIN'- COMVASY, ..:••• . • » • PUBLISHERS' A R G U M Ii N T. ^PHE si 1 Kcjn success wliich attended our republication of Gov 'nolds' '• My Own Times ", and tlie favorable com- ments which such rehabilitation received from the press and the pul)lic, was a sufficient attestation of two facts: that works of unquestioned historic value and accurac)- are demanded and appreciated ; and that research that develops additional facts or adds to the intrinsic value of some historic exposition, also receives commendation from the student and the reader, even if such illumination should, by the cold light of reason, dissi- pate some of the roseate hue of romance. Therefore the publishers determined upon issuing the present volume, Reynolds' PluNKKR IllSTOkV OF ILLINOIS, and in aiUIing such explanatory notes, comments, and biographical data obtainable as will be not alone recpiisite to a thorough comprehension of the text, and the individuals therein dis- coursed upon ; but will also add to the valuable informatics contained in the original volume. This material has long been citeil by numerous authorities as a well-spring of historical data, crystalline and sparkling; the very brusqucness of Gov. J(.)IIN Rkvnolds' phraseology — like the emery-wheel of the lapidary — but makes the delineation clearer and crisper, the ilescription more forcible and vivid, and iiis admirable common- sense renders his deductions the most feasible solutions of a problematic ijuestion. Occasionally, however, the depicting of individuals by the historiographer has to be read cum graiio salts; as he would allow his imagination to run riot with his pencil in eulogizing those persons for whom he entertained sentiments of admira- tion ; but in the essentials of history. Gov. John Reynolds is eminently reliable, his biographical utterance being merely an expression of his own opinion — a character appended to the picture by " Old Ranger ". As instances of the value added to the original matter by the annotations and addenda of the publishers, especial attention is called to the picture and description of the celebrated Francois Vigo, and, inter alia, the list of the first pensioners who received rUllI.ISUKKs' ARlilMI.NT. lands iiiulcr acts of Con^^rcss; while, as cxainpKs of how his- tory, written thirty years since, may be aiiyincnteil in vaUic by siibscfjucnt research, these instances are cited: [Krom the Missoitri (lasfltt iimi Illinois Athtrliser, Saturday, ^fay 25, iSiii ) "I'lirV DiilIAU-. KI'.W\RI> will l)c Kivcn to any person who will di'livcr to me, in <'aliiikia, a wv^xu Imy nanud Moses, who ran away from me in C'ahokin about two months ^imc. Me ii almul li> years old, well made, and did lielon^ to Messrs. McNinht iV llr.uly in St. I.ouis, where he has heen seen frci|uently, and is supposed to he harhored there or txliout there, lie had on a hunlinn^hiil when he left me. May I4, I.Slli, Jmhn Ukvn>i|,i>s." jl'rom llie Illinnix ll,iii!,l, Oct. I, 1S15.I ".Ndikk. — I have foi sale 2.1 slaves. Anion;; them are several of hot'i ^exes, lielwccn the years of 10 and 17 years. If not shortly sold, I shall wish to hire iheiii in Missouri I'errilory. 1 have also for sale a fulld)looded studdiorse, a very larj;e |-.n|;lish hull, and several young ones. Octolier I, 1S15. Nini.\n I'IdwaiUis. " Both the above advertisements demonstrate a fact of which Gov. Reynolds sa)s notiiin;^: that both he and (iov. I'.dw.inls were adherents of the "pecidiar institution", and belii\ers in the doctrine that [)r()[)ert)' in a human Jjcin^ coiiUl be held by le^al tenure; and that no inconsideration for the fecHnj^s of his fellow-creatures was a motor in (Iov. Reynolds' entity the fol- lowing advertisement will manifest: I Krom the //////('/>■ //,/(//,/, Kaskaskia, III., Dec. if), 1S15.] "To the poor people of Illinois and Mi-.souri Territory: 'lo the al)o\e cla>s o( mankind whose pecuniary circumstances will not admit of feeing,' a lawyer, I tender my professional services as a lawyer, in all courts I may practise in, without fee or reward. Ji'll-N KkvnuI.DS. " The paradox of a man owniiiLj human beinj^'s and treating them as chattels, and defending the legal rights of poor free- persons gratis, was only one out of many antagonistns created by the ownership of slaves. These three advertisements, ex- humed from old newspaper files, testify to the accession of fact gained by patient investigation. Thus, the publishers consider themselves justified in the com- pleted volume here presented: the intrinsic value of the history is conceded, and their additions arc merely cumulative evidence and testimony; and this republication i)Iaccs within the reach of every student or reader this intrinsically and cxtrinsically valuable woric, and the knowledge of one's own country — which is commended as i)cculiarly desirable — is easily attainable from the writings of a careful, conscientious, and reliable nairator. INT ROD rc ri ON. ficc- rcatod cx- ji fact coin- listory iilriice reach isically -which c from ator. Mv friends will think it straiv^c tii.'it I Iiave written a booK-, no matter how sniaii or iinpri'tcndin;^' it may hi-. Ilavin^j the control of in>' time and actions, it was a vcr)- pleasant occupa- tion to employ some of my leisure hours to wiite, in my hum- lie manner, "The I'ioncfr History of Illinois" Time is rap- i(ll\' sweeping off from the scene of action the pioneers of oin* country; and even the recollection of tluir actions will sooi\ he fori^fotten. if no attempt is madi* to perpetuate the history of this worth)' and noble race of men. The pioneers suffered, without a murmur, all the privations and difficulties in the early settlement of the country ; and by their cnerj,')-, bravery, and sounil practical sense, the country we now enjoy, with all the comforts and blessin;4s of ci\ilized life, they reclainied from a wilderness infested with hostile sav- ajjcs and wild beasts. It is a story of these pioneers, I'Vcnch, British, and Ame>*- ic.ms, in their discovery and early settlement of Illinois, that I now attempt to narrate. Moreover, I know of no work, of this character, that is confined solely to the discovery- and early settlement of Illinois, but the present unpretendi:);; one, which is now presented to the public. This was some iinluce- mcnt to the task. I hope my lunuble performance may please and interest the reader, as it has done the writer. Amont; the many authors 1 consulted on this subject, I obtained much valuable information from the works (>i my friend, the talented and Rev. Mr. Pi'.cK, of St. Clair County, 111. Many facts stated in the "Tioiieer History," since the year kSoo, came under my own personal observation, which may be relied on as true. This humble attempt at histor)- must speak for itself; and the only recommendation I can give it, is, I think it contains the truth. JOHN REYNOLDS. BliLLEVJI.Lt:, iLl-, 1852. ILLUSTRATIONS. Cov. John Rf.ynoi.ds, l.\,rl Cliartres, Plan of Ccn. C.i-oKr.i Rnc.KKS Cl.ARK, Con. John Kikiak, Rev. JdHN Mason Tick, HiNUV CiRATloT, COV. SllADKAl H HONI), COV. NiNlAN KUWAKOS, Hon. Daniii. I'opk Cook, Cov. Josi.i'ii Duncan, Cul. 1''ran(,ois Vigo, Fronlispifcr 83 116 3^' 7 395 403 423 CO NT U NTS. CHAl'TKR I. I'lic Iii'iaiis of Illinois, «7 CHAI'TICH 11. Tlie Discovery aiuJ Sfttlfmcnt ol' Illinois, to the first (JovcrnmciU ol the "Company of the West,' in 17 kS, . . -as 46 - 74 • «45 365 419 4n CH/U'i ' R HI IHinois under the French ( ;o\ .Ti.nient, CI I AIT' R IV. Illinois under the Hrilish (;ovenuiunt, • CHAl'ThR V. Illinois nnder the Coverinn.nt of N'irginia, ciiaiti:r VI. Illinois luider the (iovemnient of the NorM.west Territory, CMAITKR VII. The Religion and Morals of Illinois prior to i8i8, CHAPTER VIII. Illinois under the CJovernment of Indiana Territory, - chai'tI":r IX. Illinois under the Government of the Illinois Territory, - Appendix, . . . Index, ... The l^JONBHK HISTORY OF ILLINOIS ciiapti:r I. 'I'iio Indians of Illinois. It is difficult to oive to the history of the Indians of Illinois an/ tlnn- hke authenticity. The information we obtain on this subject IS frequently founded on Indian tradition, which is often destitute of truth. The explorers of the country from Canada, in the year 167^ found ccrtani Indians southwest of Lake Michi-an, whose -ren- cr.c name was known as //////.;/., or ////;«; as Ilennepin wmte .t I hose Indians havin- that name, and residing on the banks o the river, -ave tliat name to the Illinois River, and to the whole country, down to the mouth of the Ohio. We are informed that Illun means, according to the Indian understandin.^. of that word, -real men" or "superior men '• ■ he Delaware Indians attach the same meaning to Lcnni and HKlicates, in their language, "real, or superior men " Ihe writers on this subject state: that almost all the Indians of North America are of the Algonquin ,race. except the Iro"- quo.s. \\ e ma>- therefore conclude that the Delaware name of Lnun, or Innn-Lcuapc, is the same as the Illini. uhich rave tl>c name of Illinois. If we take Indian tr.J.tion for our cuiido wc may conclude that the Del.uares and the Illinois Indians are of the .same far. .ly. Many of the western tribes call the Delawares their "Gr uuUathcrs." It is an Indian tradition, that the Indians inhabiting the country between Virginia and Canada were of two races-the Lann-Lcnapc and the J/.,-,-... The Lann-Unapr were the Delawares, and the Mcng^^c the Iroquois or Five Nations. The tradition states further, that the Z.;../-/....^- emigrated from the I.ar-west, to the iV^;//^-.,-..>;.-Mississippi or Fish River- i8 I'I()Ni:i;r iiisiokn- (.)|- ii.i,i\(.>is. and there they found tlie J ''V/^TiV, who also came from the West, and inhabiteil tlie counti toward tlie sources of the Mis- sisippi. These nii<;ratiiig tribes found a ^reat warhke nation, the Allewii^e, located in the country between the Mississippi and the Allej;liany mountains. This nation gave the nam ■ of Alleghany to the river and mountains of that name. The J)el- awares and Iroquois united and coiKiucred the country from the Allewige. This Indian story is fortified by the missionaries Ileekewelder and Zeisberger. It is a fact, which is better than tradition, that the Iro(|uois contiuered and dnjve out west the Uclawares. The Delawares being relatiiMis of the western Indians, and being forceil out amongst their cousins, they may have given the name /////// to the Indians inhabiting the banks of the Illinois River. The derivation of the name, Illinois, is not important. The State and country have the name, and the citizens feel proud of it. The Illinois Indians are of the Miami stock, as well as tue Delaware, and in the year 1673, when tlie whites fu'st visited the West, they occupied the country south of a line fiom about the lower rapids of the Mississippi to Ottawa, and down to the mouth of the Ohio. The Illinois confederacy embraced five tribes: the I'eorias, Cahokias, Tannnarais, Mitchagamies, and Kaskaskias. The ]\Iitchagaii]ies at first occupied the shores of Lake Michigan, and gave the name to that Lake. Afterwards, we find them located on the Alississippi near Fort Cltartrcs, in the present county of Monroe, Illinois. They inhabited this tract of coun- try before the year 1720, as the I^'reiich (iovernment reserved th eir ian> om the whites trom that date. After ware 1 the became extinct as a nation, ami the renuiants merged into the askaskia tribt The Peorias, Cahokias, antl Kaskaskias occu- pied respectivel)' the villages of Peoria, Cahokia, and Kaskaskia, and the country adjacent. The French continued the names of these villages, which they retain to this day. The Tammarais inhabited also the village of Cahokia, and the "countr)'- 'round about." They have left no name of any locality indicating their residence in Illinois, exce[)t, perhaps, the Twelve- Mile Prairie, in St. Clair County. In olden times, this prairie was I ill the e Mis- nation, iissippi anv of ic Dcl- y from lonarics cr than •est the western icy may le banks lit. The proud of :11 as tiio it visited om about wn to the Peorias, as. The Michii^an, find them e present t of coun- t reserved vard they A into the ,kias occu- kaskaskia. I ri()Ni;i;K iiiskiun' i.)I' ii.i inois. 19 called "Praiiit- Tci///i///rnu\." The tribe iiia>' have had a vil- lage in or near this prairie: but it has been swept off by time, so that their e.\istence i.s only known in histor)-. These were the confederated tribes of Illinois Indians, who were gratluall\- driven off by their enemies from the north to the south, until the>- took refu<;e amonL;-;t the whites, near the villages of Kaskaskia and Cahokia. 'Ihcy diminished for more than one hundred years, and left the country at last, bein;^ a remnant onl\- of their former greatness. A mela'.icholy reflection forces itself on us: that the nearer the Intlians reside to the white population, so much the worse it is for the Indians; and all the attem|)ts heretofore made by the most worthy and pious men to Christianize and civilize the nations have produced an injury rather than a blessing to them. There may be some exceptions to this statement; but they are onl)' exceptions which do not dis|)rove the statement. The policy of the United States to remove the Imlians as far as pos- sible from the white population is the onl\' course to preserve their existence. i\nd it is doubtful, even if this humane policy will secure them from annihilation. The Piankeshaws inhabited the country on both sides of the Wabash toward its mouth, and between the sources of the Kas- kaskia and Saline rivers, to the Ohio. They have left no name in the country they occu{)ied. The .Sliawnee Indians had a village, in ancient times, on the n(jrth bank of the Ohio River, and inhabited the adiacent coun- tr>-. Tl le same site is now occui)ied by .Sh;iwneetowii, in (ial- latin Count)-, Illinois. The Miamis inhabited the north State of II imois; eastern section of the present but their countr\- mostly lay east of that. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied in modern times a large portion of the northeast section of Illinois. They were a branch of the great Cliippew ay nation, and were also connected with the ancient Miamis, The\' extended their hunting and fishing almost the whole length of the Illinois River. But toward Chi- cago was th eir main resi denct Branches of this nati on ex- tendeil to Wise onsin, Michigan, and Indiana. They were the largest nation of the West in modern times, and figured fcroci- ousl>- in the wars against the whites. 20 I'lONKKK IllSTt.)kV (.)1' ILLINOIS. The VVinncbagocs, or Puaiits, as the I'>ench called them, from their unsavory and "ancient fishy smell," inhabited the country west of Green liay. The old French maps often call this bay Lc Baic des Pitauts, for these Indians. These Indians occupied a section of the northern part of Illinois, on Rock River; but their country, for the most part, lay north and east of that in Illinois. They were a tolerably large nation ; but dirty and savage in their habits. If we can say anything of the Indians — that they advanced in civilization — it will be nearer true to say: the Winnebagoes advanced backward. There is a tradition amongst the Winnebagoes, and other nations, that the Winnebagoes emigrated from the West, and settled near the lakes. They claim no connexion with the other Indians, nor do I think there is any. Their language is different from any other near them. Almost all the nations in the West have some affinity in their language, except tlie Pnants. They speak a gutteral language, and it is very diffi- cult to learn or speak it. An interjjreter must be raised with them, to be able to spjak or understand their language. They are stout, robust peo[)le, and about the copper color of their Indian neighbors. Their cheek bones are higher, and they are generally a degree more uncouth and savage than the other tribes near them. I presume, they are not connected with anj- of the other tribes in the West. A small, but energetic tribe of Indians, the Kickapoos, resided on the east side of the State of Illinois, between the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and including the Sangamon River and the country thereabout. Some lived in villages near the Elk- Ileart Grove, and on the Mackinaw River. The\- claimed relationship with the Pottawatomies, and perhaps the Sauks and Foxes also. This nation was the most bitter enemy the whites ever had. It may be said in truth of this tribe, that they were the "first in a battle, and the last at a treaty with the Americans." They were more civilized, and possessed more energy and talents than the other Indians in their vicinit)'. They were also more industrious and cleanly. They were better armed for war or the chase. This energy, and their im- placable cnmit)' to the United States, caused them to be first IM(.»NKI;K IIISTUkY ok II,I,IN(.)IS. 21 1 them, itcd the "ten call part of ost part, tolerably f \ve can vilization idvanced nd other /Vest, and with the n^uagc is nations in jccept the very diffi- iised with r of their d the>' are the other i with an>- )0S, resided llinois and jr and the • the Kll- jy claimed tlie Sauks enemy the , that they y with the ssed more ;ir vicinity, riicy were (1 their im- to be first and the most eflFicient in all the Indian battles with the whites in the Northwest. They bore a conspicuous part against Mar- mar, St. Clair, and Wayne; and at Tippecanoe they were first in all the bloody charges of that savage battle. The Kickapoos disliked the United States so much, that they decided that when they left Illinois, that they would not reside within the limits of our Government: but settle in Texas. What will they do now.-" Te.xas is annexed, and forms a part of the Union. The northern tribes of Indians waged a destructive war against the Illinois Indians for ages, and at last nearly exterminated them. The last hostile attack was made by the Kickapoos, in 1805, against the poo Kaskaskia Indian children. These chil- dren were gathering strawberries in the prairie above Kaskas- kia, in this year, and their relentless enemy captured and car- ried away a considerable number of them. The Kaskaskias followed the Kickapoos, to recapture the children, a long dis- tance; but failed to overtake them. The enemy escaped with the children to their towns, and thus ended this outrage. Power in the hands of frail man — Indian or white — is apt to be abused. The Northern Indians destroyed the Illinois tribes, because they had the j)ower; and then the white man destroys the Indian, and occupies his country because the civilized man has the power. "Man's inhumanity to man makes countless thousands mourn." The Sauks and Foxes emigrated from the lakes west, and occupied the country on both sides of the Missi.ssippi, of whose residence Rock Island was about the centre. The.se Indians extended their hunting-ground toward Peoria, and to Galena and Wisconsin. They are a large, stout, well-made people, and not so dark as the southern Indians. It was a band of these natives, called the British, or Black- Hawk Band, that caused so much trouble and expense to the United States, in the years 1 83 1 -2. Not only the expense, but many valuable lives were lost in this war, commonly known as the Black-Hawk War. The Sauks and Foxes drove back the weaker nation — the lowas — and occupied the country wherein the State of Iowa is established. In the year 1778, Julien Dubuque, a Canadian and a man of T 22 riONKKK IIIST(.»KV i »|- III.IN'OIS. talent and threat enterprise, established a trading-jjost, near the present city of Dubucluc, in Iowa. This trader was in fact a talented man, and was as such rcc()i,Miized by the Indians. All grave and important matters they submitted to his decision. The Indians, in a drunken frolic, caught a liorse near the post of Dubuque — two got on the horse and run him throu' the prai- rie. The horse fell and killed one of the Indians. This homi- cide caused a bitter cjuarrel between the families of the two Indians. The family of the deceased insisted on revenge, and that was to be blood. The other side contended it was an acci- dent, and blood .should not be shed for it. The parties submit- ted the case- to Uubuquc, for his decision. After hearing the statements, Dubuque, in a grave and serious manner, pronounced judgment: that it was just and right to have blood for blood — that no man had a right to shed his brother's blood without having blood shed for it. But Dubuque, in a most solemn and severe manner, also pronounced: ♦ at two Indians, one of each family, .should mount the saiiic horse, and run him throu' the prairie, until one or the other Indian be killed. This judgment reached the common-sense of the Indians and quieted the par- ties; and also raised Dubuciue high in the estimation of the nation. The city of Dubuque is called for this man, whose grave is situated near it. For )'cars after Dubuque's death, the Indians kej)t a lamp burning at his grave every night, in honor of his niemorj'. He was much esteemed by the whites as well as by the Indians. It is impossible to ascertain the preci.se dates of Indian migra- tions. There are no records kept of the movements of Indians. Not long after the first whites came to the country, in 1673, the Illinois Indians were started south by their enemies, and in 1720 the Mitchagamia band was located on the Mississijjpi near Fort Chartres. Before the year 1730, the most of the Illinois Indians were forced .south from the Illinois River. Kaskaskia was the last place of refuge for the whole of the Illinois confed- eracy, united into the Kaskaskia band, and from this place the tribe migrated west. About the year 1800, the whole confed- erated tribes amounted to about one hundred and fifty warriors. At this time the Kaskaskia tribe had for their chief, Ducoign, ^ ,5 ft. I'lONKKK IllSHJkV ()!• ILLINOIS. 23 it, near i in fact Indians. Iccision. the post the prai- lis homi- the two n^c, and , an acci- ; subniit- \iing the Miounced ■ blood — 1 withcnit lenin and ic of eacli thvou' the judLjnicnt .1 the par- on of the <^rave is le Indians 101- of his ■ell as by ian miL;i'a- )f Indians. 1673, the .-, first conceived tlic idea to explore tlie Mississippi, and suL^ijested it to M. Talon, the intendant of Canatla. .\t lengtli the governor of Canada, M. Talon, assisted Father Marquette in this laudable expedi- tion, and joined with him M. Joliet, a merchant of Oiicbec. The first white men that saw the Mississippi were DeSoto anil Ill's aiiny iii the year 1541. The)- crossed the Mississipj)! about the site of the present city of Memi)his, Tennessee. The next were Marquette and Joliet, Frenchmen from Canada, in the year 1673. The Mississippi lay quiet from the time DeSoto explorctl the lower Mississippi, until the indcfatis^able Jesuit, Maniuettc, entered it at tite mouth of the Wisconsin. In early times, two passions entered deep into the breasts of- the people of Europe: one the Christianization of the North American Indians; and the other, a northwest passaj^e to the Fast Indies and China. Hoth of these popular enterprises sank deep into the heart of Marquette; but particularly the conver- sion of the Indians to the Christian faith. M. Joliet was a mer- chant of Quebec, and no doubt possessed the common mania of that day, for the Indian trade if nothing higher or better. I am sorry I can not find much material for the history of Marquette. Me was, so far as I can discover, the Napoleon, the nc plus ultra of all the Indian missionaries in the Northwest. He was a Recollect monk and Jesuit, and was fired with all the zeal and enthusiasm of that order of reli<;ionists. He fol- lowed the footsteps of Layola, his illustrious predecessor, in all religious duties, .so far as he had the ability to act. He had abandoned the Old World, and the common comforts and en- joyments of life, for the sole object of Christianizing the Indians in the wilds of America. He gave himself up entirely to the 25 fc. 2t> rioNKKR IIISTOUV nV ILLINOIS. ! i most severe ami dan^^erous services —to uncommon hardships and perils, and almost starvation itself, amongst the wildest sava^u-s of North America. All these danfjers ami perils did lie perform and endure, with the greatest pleasure; because his conscience assured hi»n he was doing the will of (Jod Among all the devout and benevolent Indian missionaries, Marcjuette, for his true piet)', holiness of purpose, and grand enterprises he performed, stands unriv.dled in the West, lie at last endeil his days, as he had lived them, in the actual service of (iod. The Jesuits, at this time, were the most energetic order of Christians in ICurope. There was no country on the globe but the Jesuits visited and administered to the spiritual wants of ihe people. Such was the case in the northwest of America. No Indian nation was too far off, or too wild, to deter these Jesuit missionaries from visitiiig. And Marcpiette was always first to do good in these missions. In the 3'ear 1669, he had been out west of Green Bay, or J.I' Iniic dii Pii'iiils, as tiie I'rench sometimes called it, prepar- ing the Indians for his great enterprise West, and obtaining an Indian of the remote region of the Mississip|)i, for an interpreter. These preparations being made, he and Joiiet left Mackinac, the mission-station of Marciuette, on the 13th May, 1673, for (jreen Hay. l""ather Marcjuctte had been all thro' this region of country, and had acquirctl an excellent character amongst all the nations, for his piet)- and kindness to the Indians. In two canoes, with five men, Marcpiette and Joiiet left the missionary-station of (ireen Hay, on the loth June, 1673, for ilic far-West. The Indians gave a terrible history of the mon- sters in the great river — that would swallow them up and their canoes, i'he Maneto at the I'iasa was represented as devour- ing all jiassengers. This was to deter Marcjuette from his voy- age; but he had the same fearless courage that Martin Luther possessed, when his friends persuaded him not to make a cer- tain journey in Germany. The ex[)lorers passed over the portage between Fox River and the Wisconsin, and down the latter to the Mississippi. They saw the Mi.ssissippi for the first time, June 17th, 1673, and "entered it," Manpiettc says in his journal, "with a joy I can not express." No doubt the hearts of these enthusiastic l'l!• II.I.IMMS. 27 tlships .viUk'st ils lUd use his 'Xnionjf -qucttc. rises he dcil his irilcr of [)bc but v;uits of \inei'ic;i. er tliese s always Hay, or ;, prci)ar- ainin^ an terpreter. Vlack iliac, 1673. for region of ion<,fst all t left the 1673. for the mon- md their IS devour- 11 his voy- . n Luther ike a cer- 'ox River ^lississippi. 7th, 1673, ith a joy I nthusiastic iMench bouiuleil with joy at the sit,'ht of this noble and majestic river. 'riiey tli>.ited ilown the river about one lunulred miles, ami 011 the west side the)- discovered Inilians. To use the pious lan- ^uajfc of Maniiulti., "they commeniled themselves to (lod, and aj-proached the village." They remained with this tribe for six days, and "in full council" Manpiette "proclaimed to them the one true (jod, the Creator." The journal of iMarcjuette reports that "they p.isseil the most beautiful confluence of rivers in thr world," wlure the Missouri, called by the Indians Pcci-itdiH'tii, mingles its muddy waters with the Mississippi. They mention the painteil rock* — the IMasa — near the present city of Alton, The\' saw also the great rock, the grand Tower, in the Missis- sippi, and came to the mouth of the Ohio, which they mistook for the Wabash River. It is well-authenticated history, that the hostility of the Iro- quois Intlians kept the French from any knowledge of the Ohio River fur many years after the vt)>'age of Marquette and joliet to the West; and for a long time, the Ohio River was called the Wabash from the mouth of the Wabash clown to the junction of the Ohio with the Mississippi. After a few days' delay at the junction of the Ohio, Mar- ([uette and Joliet passed ilown the river to the Arkansas Indians, in latitude },^ degrees north. i'\t this point, the party narrowly escaped destruction hy the Arkansas Indians. The pious-hearted Marcpiettc says, "they resolutely presented the peace-pipe io the warriors, aiul (iod softened their hearts;" so the explorers escaped unhurt. They descended no further. This party reached somewhere on the river, about the place that lJeSo;o crossed it in the }-ear 1541. * I snw what wa.s called the picture sixty years since, long Ijufore it was marred liy i|iiairymen or the tooth of time, and I never saw anything that would have iniprosed my mind that it was intended to represent a l)ird. I saw daubs of coloring matter that 1 suppo-ed exuded from the rocks thai might, to very impressible jieople, bear some rcsendilance to a bird or a dragon, after llicy were'told to look at it in that light, just as we fancy in certain arrangements of (he stars we see animals, etc., in the constellations. I ilid see the marks of the bullets shot by the Indians against the rocks in the vicinity of that so-called picture. Their object in shooting at this jilace I never could comprehend. I do not think the story had its origin among the Indians or was one of their superstitions, hut was introduced to the literary world by John kussell of liluff Dale, III., who wrote a beautiful story about it.— J. (JlI.l.ICslMi;, Jan. 25, 1S8;,. .^^ I" 38 I'iDNII.k lllslDKV HI ILLINOIS, ji l< ) 4 Maniucttc, bcin^j a littlu sliockcd by tlic warriors of tlu- Ar- kansas, and also hearing it was a lon;^ vo)M^f" yd to tiu- ocraii, (Ictcrniinccl to return to tlic lakes. lUit after the reconciliation with the Indians, they feasted on corn and do^s. This tribe cooked in and e.it out of earthen-ware, and were at last kind and loving to their French friends. On the 17th July, 1^73. Marfpiette and company oonimenccd to ascend the river. At the mouth of the Illinois, the Iiuli.ms informed the explorers, that to ascend that river it was shorter to the lakes than b) the route of the Wisconsin. 'Vhv party ascended the Illinois, and entered the lake at the present city of Chica^jo; and in September they reached (ireen Hay in safety, not, during their voyage, losing a man. or receivint; any hurt or injury whatever. Manpiette writes that, "no where did wc see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, parociucts, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." It is true, as Mariiuettc states, that there are "no grounds" on earth superior in fertility and protluctiveness, than are found for many miles on each siile of the Illinois River. After the return of Martjuettc and Joliet to (ireen Ha\', the latter proceeded to Quebec, while our pious Christian quietly returneil to his Indian charge, laboring night and day to save the heathen from destruction. Joliet, on his way to Canada, lost his papers, and nearly his life, by the upsetting of his canoe. By this misfortune the nar- rative of the discovery of the great Father of Waters was lost. Marcpiettc cared not so much for the discovery of the country, as the discovery of Indians, so they might be converted to (iod from savage paganism. Therefore he kept a very limited jour- nal of their voyage; but it is recognized by all authors as correct and true. Thus it is, that we find very little in detail of this discovery of a country, the valley of the Mi.ssissippi, which is not equalled for fertility of soil, climate, extent, and beautiful surface, on the globe. This valley extends from the Alleghany to the Rocky Mountains, a distance of nearly three thousand miles, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the sources of the Mississippi, with a climate of the temperate zone, congenial to the culture of almost all the produce of the earth. This val- I'MM I U IIISTOKV (>l II I.INOIS, i9 Ic)' is without uioimtains ami witlimit swamps, intersected uitli lart,'e navigable rivers, and possessin^j a surface adaptcil t<» the lotistruition of raih'oads in fver\' direction; so tliat, in f.ict. .M.ir(|ui.tti' saw "a terrcstial i)arailis(.-," as the I''rencli c.dled it. whin he intercd this valle)', in 1673. It appears, IVoni the journal of Mar(|iiette, tliat tlu-y wi-re as- tonislicil at the inaj^nitiide of their (hscoveries — the soil, the jjroihicts, the rivers, huttalois, etc.; hut if they could have seen thro' the future to this time -1X52 they woulil he still more amazed and astonisheil, 'I lie improvements (»f the country — the cities on the mar}.;ins of the rivers they sailetl on, and the larj,'e steamboats jiassin^ their bark c.moes, W(nil(l cause these {•"nnchmen to believe, that Omnipotint jjowcr alone could effect this extraordinary chan^i'. Almost the sanv*' conclusior will he forced upon all rational men; th.*t the unparalleled tjrowth of the I'nited States is fostered by Divine I'mvicKnce. Our free institutions, in the haiuls of Deity, are the found, ition of our growth and prosperity. The Constitution of the L'nited States presents to the world the jjerfcction of human wisdom. ( )iir national t^reatness and ffrandour rest upon this s^lorious instrument. It binds us together in patriotic love, from ocean to ocean, and from the tropics to the fro/en North; and m.iy (iod bless it anil preserve it eternal. Marciuette aiul Joliet, on their return, made out such a glow- iiiL; report that it set all Canada on fire, and also swept over l-"r.uice like a tornado. The h'rench, always e.vcitable, caught the mania, and became almost crazy to see and settle the West. I'liis rage for western enterprise reached I.aSalle, and bound him in its folds during the remainder of his life. Robert de La Salle was a native of the city of Rouen, in Nor- niaiid)', I'rance; and possessed a liberal education. Wy some means he lost his patrimon\' anil attached himself to the Jesu- its. It is stated by his biographer, that he was a scholar, versed in the arts and sciences, and fittetl for an\- business. The great and dominant trait of his character was an iron will, and a moral anti ])hysical courage; that all the evils of life — all the disasters and misfortune that man is heir to — had no effect on him. A despondency or retreat found no place in his charac- ter, lie also possessed, in an eminent degree, an ungovernable ambition. I 30 I'lOXKKR insroRV (.)I'' IIJ.IXOIS., •J, i' When a character of this description gets strongly impressed with a great enterprise, he becomes enthusiastic and almost crazj- on the subject. Such was the case with LaSalle, in the discovery, and the Indian trade of the far West, LaSalle arrived in Canada in the year 1670, and had become, to some extent, acquainted with the country, at the time Mar- quette and Joliet reported their discoveries of the West. He was strongly impressed with the notions of that da)-, to find a direct passage to China. He sujjposed a river might be found to ascend, which would lead a northwest route to the Pacific Ocean. He also urged warmly on Frontenac, the gov- ernor-general of Canada, the propriety, and even the necessity for France to establish a line of forts from Canada thro' the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. The governor entered into the views of LaSalle with ardor, and advised him to lay his plans before the Government of France. LaSalle consented, and set sail for TVance in the year 1675. The minister of the king, the great Colbert, approved his scheme, and entcretl warmly into the subject. LaSalle was created chevalier, and invested with the Seigniory of Fort Frontenac, on condition that he would rebuild the fort. He returned to Canada and labored on the fort to the close of the year 1677. .Again he returned to I*"rance, and was received with favor by the court. The king granted him new privileges. His mission having succeeded so well, that he procured his lieutenant, M. Tonti, an Italian, and thirty men, and sailed from Rochelle the 14th July, to Quebec, where he arrived the 15th September, 167S. He made little or no stay at Quebec; but proceeded direct to Fort Frontenac. This fort occupied the site of the present town of Kingston, in Upper Canada. .vnother character in these discoveries was Louis Hennepin. He was, as Mar([uette was, a Recollect monk of the Jesuit order; but very unlike the pious and pure-hearted Marquette, in almost everything else. He was full of ambition to be a discoverer — "daring, hardy, energic, vain, and self-e.xaggerating, almost to niadness." He possessed talents and courage, but was ambitious of fame, even at the expense of truth. The religious superiors of Hennepin appointed him to pro- ceed with the expedition of LaSalle, and he was ready at Fort Frontenac, October 1678. I'1i,)Ni;i:k iiisr(.)RV of ii,lin(.)Is. 3t )rcsscd almost in the ICCOIUC, le Mar- day, to ight be to the he gov- leccssity liro' the entered n to hi\- )nsented, cr of the enteretl iHer, and condition nada antl Again he the court, n having M. Tonti, the 14th ler, 167S. direct to c present lennepin. le Jesuit Uarquctte, n to be a ^crating, urage, but m to pro- ly at Fort What ;i contrast between tliese two dignataries of the church — ]Mait|uette and Hennepin. One dedicated himself entirely to the pious and holy works of religion, while the other wore the L^arb of reliLfion to advance his own fame. Marcjuette returned to lllincjis, and pur^ued his holy ambition in converting the Indians to Christianity, until the year 1675, ( )n the iiSth May of that }-ear, he was with his boatmen on Lake Michigan, and proposed to stop and say mass. Leaving his men with the boat, he went a small distance to pray. He st.'.id some time, and his friends bjcame akuMied at his staj'. They called to mind something he had hinted; that "he .should die there." They found the reverend father dead, in the post- ure of praying. The death of Mar({uette occurred at the mouth of a small river emptj'ing into the lake from the east, which is named for iiim, and there he was I^uricd in the sand. His body would have been exposed i"> the riie of the waters, but th(_ river retired and left the holy man's grave in peace. Charlevoix was at the place some fifty years after, and discovered that the waters of the river had forced a passage in another direction, and cut through a solid bluff, rather than t ) disturb this good man's grave. Thus ended the life of Marc|uette, in glory; while Hennepin enjoys a celebrity of another character. LaSalle and party, on the 18th November, 1678, embarked on a small vessel of ten tons, from I""ort Frontenac to the West, and in four weeks' sailing on Lake Ontario, they landed near the Niagara River. The winter was setting in, and they remained in that neighborhood until the next spring. Another vessel, the Griffon, was built during the winter and and spring of 1679, at the mouth of Tonnawanto Creek; and during this time, LaSalle returned again to Fort Frontenac. ()n his return the vessel carrying his goods was destroj'cd, .nd part of his stores lost. This was the first of a series of misfor- tunes which he suffered. On the 20th January, 1679, LaSalle arrived at Niagara; and this whole summer was emplo)-ed b_\- hun, in preparing for the West, gathering furs, etc.; while Chevalier Tonty was sent on West to prepare the way for LaSalle. On the 7th of August, 1679, the Griffon was ready to sail, 'hen, with Tc Dcuin and discharge of hre-arms, she set sail '.ipon Lake Erie. 32 PIONEER IIISTORV OF IEI,1.\(.)!S. At Green Bay the Griffon was loaded with furs, and sent to Niagara, while LaSalle, with fourteen men, started for the Alia- mis, or St. Josephs. There the party waited for the return of the Griffon. A^ this point, LaSalle built a fort. The party, on the 3d December, consisting of thirty laborers, and three monks, went up the St. Joseph, cro.sscd the portage to Thc-an- kc-K'i, now Kankakee, and down to the Illinois River. About the last qI. December, they reached a village of the Illinois In- dians, containing five liundred cabins; but no inhabitants. The travelers discovered a large quantity of corn, and being in great need of provisions, took as much of this article as satisfied their wants. This village is supposed to have been near the Rock Fort, LaSalle County, 111. The party entered Peoria Lake on the 4th January, i6(So, and proceeded some tance down the River, where they were well received by ti.^ Indians. They obtained permission of the Indians to erect a fort at this place. About the middle of January, the news of the loss of the Griffon and cargo reached LaSalle. Other disasters also visited him, so that he called this Fort Crcvc Ctvnr — in English, broken heart. LaSalle discovered a mutin\- amongst his men; and also the Indians were excited to unfriendly feelings against him. But by a bold and daring energy, based on truth and honest}- he quieted these troubles around him. Yet his heart was sorely afflicted, as the name of this fort indicated. He was far in advance of the settlements of Canada — amongst Indians, whose friendship was precarious and uncertain; and even his own men, on whom he was compelled to rely for support in perils and dangers, were disaffected. Altho' all these calamities surrounded the Chevalier LaSailc, he hesitated not a moment in the pursuit of his daring object, thj exploration and the commerce of the Mississij)pi. They completed the fort and established friendh' relations with the Indian tribes far and near. At this fort, some of LaSalle's own men, more treacherous than the red skins, attempted to poison him, but did not suc- ceed. This great man was richly entitled to the honor of being called "Chevalier", as his fortitude and resolution never for a moment forsook him, in any of the perilous trials. He organized a party to explore the upper Mississippi; while oj w I'loNKKR HISTORV OF II.I.IXOIS. 33 loncsty sorely fell- in whose ,'n men. rils cind rounded pursuit :c of the relations icherous not suc- of bein;;- 'cr for a while the reliable lieutenant of LaSallc, the Chevalier Tonty, would remain in the Fort Crew Cauir, and the brave Norman himself return to Fort Frontenac. The explorint^ party consisted of Louis Hennepin, M. DuGay, or D'Ucan, and six Frenchmen, oarsmen, woodsmen, or other- wise, as occasion mij^ht require. In bark canoes, on the 28th of February, 1680, they left Fort Crcvc Caiir for the Mississippi, and waited at the mouth of the Illinois River for ten days, to permit the floating ice in the Mis- issip[)i to pass out. Hennepin, with the consent of LaSalle, called the western side of the Mississippi Louisiana, in honor of the kini;- of h'rance, and the Mi.ssissippi, St. Louis River. One of these names remains to this day, while the old Indian name of the Mississippi was not changed by the French explorers. Hennepin and party proceeded up the river to the Great Falls, which he called St. Anthony, in honor of his patron saint of Padua. On a tree near the falls, the Franciscan friar and Jesuit monk, Hennepin, caused the cross and arms of France to be carved. About the nth of April, near the mouth of the Wisconsin, Hennepin's party were captured b)- the Sioux Indians; and detained in captivity for several months, but were released. They explored the river above the falls, up to latitude 44 deg. north, but not to the source, as Hennepin asserts. They met another party of French from Lake Superior, under the com- mand of Sieur de Luth, trading and reconnoitring the country. They returned by the route of the Wisconsin to (ireen Hay, the most western missionary station. The same season, 1680, Hennepin was ambitious to supercede LaSalle in the discover)- of the mouth of the ^Mississippi — descended the Wisconsin and the Mississippi 1 1 the mouth of Arkansas, and returned late in the \ear to the u[)per Illinois. He then returned to Lurope, and got into the hands of the British, who were jealous of the l""rench disco\eries in the New Work!, and the said monk and Jesuit priest published an inac- curate history of his exploration of the Mississippi. His book view of the discov gave the world an untrue y; but "truth is powerful," and did prevail. Altho' Henne[)in is suspected of exaggeration, vet he did much, and showed himself a great ¥ 34 MONI'.KK IIISIOUV or ILLINOIS. ^i man. And I would ask any one to reflect on the situation of both Hennepin and Marquette, in their discoveries. The)- made these exjjlorations without means and almost without men ; and also without the direct sanction of their Government. I can not conceive how they procured their supply of provi- sions. 1 think they must have existed greatly on energy and enthusiasm. The Chevalier LaSalle, it is true, had the authority of his Government direct ; but I can not find that he had any other support from his king. He was crippled ail the time by his commercial operations. In Marcii, i6So, LaSalle, preparing himself with a gun and powder, with liecr-skins for moccasons, and a sack of parched corn on his back, to eat, he and three men started on foot from Fort Crcvc Ca/ir to l-'ronteiiac. This was a dreary and perilous trip. Not only had La.Salle lO pa.ss over the black swamps in the northern part of the .Slate of Ohio, which impeded General Harrison so much in the winter of 1813 in the war with Great Britain; but the Irocjuois Indians were at that time engaged in a war with the Frencii. Altho' the journey was dangerous and perilous, he arrived safely at Fort Frontenac in June. LaSalle left M. Tonty in possession of I'ort Crcvc Cav/;- and the country, "with orders to repair Fort St. Louis." There is some confusion with authors in regard to these forts, and their precise location. There were two forts: one called Crcvc Ca'iii\ and tlie other Rock, or Fort St. Louis. Crcvc Civur was located somewhere, I presume, on the southeast side, eight miles above Peoria, on the lake; and Rock Fort, or Fort St. Louis, at either the Starved Rock, or the Buffalo Rock, in LaSalle Count)', Illinois. It is difficult to determine at this day, the e.xact location of either of these forts. The Starved Rock, or the Buffah) Rock either, will answer the description given them in the first exploration of the country. I have often been on both these rocks, and think there is not room on the Starved Rock for a fortress. Vet, it may have been large enough for the occasion. It is easier fortified than the other. The tradition of the Indians being starved on this rock, was unknown to the pioneers, or else we would have had the name I i \\\ i'lOXKKR IIISTDin- or ILLINOIS. .■)? iitiuition or cs. They )st without lovevnmcnt. y of provi- cncrgy a"d lority of hi« id any other time by his h a gi>n '^"*-^ k of parched on foot from ,' and perilous ick swamps i'^ pcded General var with Great me engaged in dangerous and une. r,-evi- Ca-iir and .s. 1 to these forts, rts: one called I.ouis. Crcvc southeast side, < Fort, or Fort Buffalo Rock, in ;tcrmine at this The Starved the description juntry. I l^'^^e ;re is not room may have been ■tified than the on this rock, was ,.c had the name ii-i ihcir journals. The tradition of calling this rock the Starved Rock, is a pretty talc, which may or may not be true. The histor\' of the Huffalo Rock is believed by many: that the French antl Indians drove the buffaloes on this high ground on the northeast side, and forced them over the rocks at the .south- west, where the rocks are perpendicular, and thereby killed them. The buffaloes were butchered, and the meat and skins shipped from tiuit point to the New Orleans market. These arc the traditions of the names of these two localities in Illinois. Starved Rock and Buffalo Rock are both situated in, or adjacent to, the low lands of the Illinois River; and they and the country generally, exhibit indubitable evidence of a great volume of water, at some remote time, having passed down this valle\- of the Illinois River. The Buffalo Rock rises up, in the midst of the low lands, or Illinois Bottom, to a great height, and is perpendicular on three sides. It must have been an island in former tlays, when this whole valley of the Illinois River was water. At this remote period, the waters of the Niagara River passed down this valley. The outlet of the waters of the lakes was then not at Niagara. Since the discovery of the country, the rocks at the falls of Niagara have been worn away b\- the action of the water flowing over them. This outlet of the waters has been o{ modern date to the ancient discharge of the waters thro' the Illinois River, h^ngineers have leveled the country around the lakes and find that if the chasm at the falls of Niagara was filled up, the waters of the lakes would pursue their ancient course down the Illinois River. The waters broke thro' the rocks at Niagara, and turned their course from the Illinois River to Lake Ontario. The appearance of greater quantities of water having formerly passed than at present, is visible in many places on the i\Iississipi)i. During the absence of LaSalle, in the summer of 1680, M. Tonty had much trouble with the Indians. The Irocjuois waged a bitter war with the prairie Indians, which forced Tonty to join his neighbors of the West. This war brought him into great peril and danger, which at last compelled him to abandon Fort Crcvi- Ccviir, and seek safety at Mackinac. After LaSalle enduring much embarrassment at Frontenac, ';iu^::a»^_ ' ii f i y.i- H d 'i •V I 36 l'I(.)\i;Kk 1IISI'(.)KV OF ILLINOIS. and on his journey out, he arrived at Crcre Qriir kite in Decem- ber, or earl}" in January, l6iSi. Hut to iiis threat astonishment and chsadvanta^e, found no one in tlic fort, altho' it was in ^rood repair. This was another calamity to swell the list of misfortunes which he suffered. Ikit dejection or despondenc)- found no place in his remarkable composition. lie returned w ith his party to Mackinac, and greeted Tonty with tlie same feelinj.^ and friendship as if lie had met his friend at the Hotel de Ville in Paris. LaSalle a^ain visited Fort Frontcnac, and made the last pre- parations for his grand discovery. 0\\ the 3d November, i6(Si, he was at the fort of St. Joseph, as full of courage as ever. About the middle of December, with twenty-three men, eigh- teen eastern Indians, ten squaws, and three children, he started by the way of Chicago River, and on the 6th January, 1682, they left the borders of Lake Michigan, traveling on foot, and the baggage on sledges. Tiiey passed on to Vort Crcvc Qviir, and found that phice in good repair. On the 6th J-'ebruar}-, they were on the Mississippi, and on the 13th tiiey set sail down .that river. ^\t the Chickasaw Jkuffs they erected a fort, which they ■called Prudhomnie, and on thi; 6th A[)ril they discovered the .three outlets of the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico. The following is the description of their doings at the mouth ■of the Mississippi by LaSalle himself: "We landed on the bank of tile most western ciiannel about three leagues from its mouth. On the 7th I\L dc la Salle went to reconnoitre the shores of tlv neighboring sea, and AL de Tonty examined the great middl'- ■channel. They found three outlets, beautiful, large, and deep. 'On the Sth we reascended the ri\er a little above its conflu- ence with the sea, to fuul a dry place be\ond the reach of inun- dations. The elevation of the north pole was about twenty- seven degrees. Here we prepared a column, and a cross, and to the said column we affixed the arms of France with this in- scription: "].()L'1S l.i: (iK.VND, KOI I)i; FR.WCF. KT \AVA.\RK, RECiNF; LE neuvie.ml:, avrii,, 1682." The whole party was paraded under arms, chanted the Tc Dciim and other Jiymns in praise of God for the great discovery. !■ 1 I. I'loNI'.KR IllslokV (.)!•• II.I.IM.tlS. 17 late in Dcccm- t astonishment Ithf)' it was in veil the Hst of )!■ despondency lie returned ' witli the same lid at the Hotel idc the last pre- Movember, i6Si, ,ge as ever, three men, eii^h- ildren, he started h January, 1682. lini; on foot, and Fort Crc'^'i' Ov/tr, lie 6th February, :hey set sail down fort, which the\- ,-y discovered the of Mexico, inters at the mouth Hided on the bank cs from its mouth, the shores of th" the great middl'- 1. large, and deep, above its confiu- the reach of inun- ,-as about twenty- and a cross, and ranee with this in- IavaAKK, RWiNl-; Is, chanted the Tf Ihc great discovery. # They shouted Vivf Ic Roi and raised the column. LaSalle himself, in a very orderly and solemn manner, took possession for the King of F'rance of all the country watered by the River Colbert, or Mi.ssissippi. 'riic provisions being scarce, Sieur LaSalle was compelled to return north; and became sick at I''ort Prudhomme. He sent M. Tonty on to the (loveinor of Canada with the report of his discoveries. He himself did not reach the fort at the mouth of .St. Joseph River, until September. At this place, LaSalle sent I'athcr Zenobe with his despatches to the court of France, and lie remained amongst the Indians, trading for their furs, and repairing his favorite fort, St. Louis, supposed to be on the Buffalo Rock. Hut hearing he had enemies at the government of France, who represented him as a man more ambitious to advance his own interest than that of his government, he, in the autumn of 1683, set sail for France and reached there on the 13th December. The overbearing deportment of LaSalle, which was the greatest defect in his character, caused him many enemies, and amongst the rest was M. de la Harre, who had suc- ceeded Count F'rontenac in the government 6f Canada. The presence of LaSalle put all idle rumors against him to flight at the court of his king. The ministers saw him, be- lieved him, and found him to be, what he really was, sincere, energetic, brave, and enthusiastic. The king also believed, and the City of Rochelle resounded with the uproar of fitting out a fleet for the New World. On the 24th July, 1684, four vessels sailed from Rochelle, carrj-ing two hundred and cigiity jjersons for the mouth of the Mississippi. Amongst these persons were soldiers, artificers, \olunteers, and "some young women." They started with high hopes of honors and fortunes; but sad reverses overtook tliein. Not one of the emigrants escaped destruction e.vcept six men with Joutel, who reached Illinois in the year 1687, in a most deplorable condition. LaSalle and Beaujeau, the commander (jf the fleet, did not agree on the voyage to America; but luul a bitter quarrel, which was the cause, perhaps, of the failure of the expedition. There is nothing so dangerous to an enter- prise as (juarrels amongst the leaders; — we see in ancient, as well as in modern times, disputes prove fatal to the greatest and •iCJ, ,, -il >i.^ ,:M*^^-»i*J»J^iiiig all his talents anil energies to convert the sav- ages to Christianity. It was at the Indian villages, Caliokia and Kaskaskia, that the missionaries first located themsi-lvcs to instruct the aborigines. Aiul then ne.\t came the Indian tr.ulers. The traders built store houses and forts in these villages, and the missionaries erected houses of worship; and thereby b(jth classes became stationary, and the excitement to emigrate to Illinois soon made farmers and mechanics join them, and they located in these villages. Many of the traders, and others, married Indian women; and other families came from Canada, so that in a few years both Kaskaskia and Cahokia became places of civili/ation and residence of a white population. It was about the year 1686 that the Reverend Claude Alloue/. a companion of LaSalie, made his first missionary entry into the Indian village of Kaskaskia. He was the first white man that made this village his permanent residence. Some time after, the Reverend Ciabriel Marest also visiteil the place, and dated a letter: "Au\ Cascaskias, autrement dit de I'lmmaculee Concep- tion de laSainte Vierge, le 9 Novembrc, 1712." About the same time, Father I'inet formed the station of the missionaries in the Tammarais and Cahokia villages of Indians which was first called "Notre Dame de Kahokia." I'eoria arose in the vicinity of the old Fort Crew Civiir, but did not improve as the other settlements did at Kaskaskia and Cahokia; but now, in its turn, is far the largest place, and bids fair to be one of the largest cities in Illinois. The missionaries emigrated to Illinois in numbers, and did all in their power to make the Indians drink of the waters of everla.sting life; but the natives refused even to this dii\' to embrace Christianity. In our opinion, the doctrines of C'hri.stianity are too refined. -/ 43 i'i(i\i:i u msT. )uv ill ii.MNors, I > ti)(i -.iihtli', .111(1 too obtuse, fi)!' the I iiin|)r(IicMsiiiii of the illit- erate nativL's. '1'1k'\' imist have a religion more suited to tluir c.i|)aeities, ami more to i)i' t'viileiiced l)y their senses. Ihe e.\|)eriments made by thousands of ^'ood men to convert the sava^^es to Christianity have si;^n.dl)' failed; the aborigines must Iiave their minds eultivated and enlarged before they can com- priheml C'hristianit)-. l-ather Maresl s.ivs that "our life is spent in ramblin^f thro' thick woods, in cliudjin^^ o\rr hills, in paildlin^; the canoes across lakes and rivers to catch a |)oor savage who flies from us, and whom we can tame neither b)' teachings or caresses." .Sebastian Kasles, or Raleau, came to Illinois in 169.:, and remained here two \'ears. He was recalled and stationeil in Maine, where ho and his Indian flock were murdered by the I'iltjriins of New Mnj^lanil. The ne.\t jjioneer who figured in earl)- Illinois hi'^tory, is Ji.iron la Ilontan. 'I'iiis adventurer sailed up the River of .St. relcrs, and returneii without addin;^ much to the development of the country, or to his cri'dit. llis journal is considered tloubtful authority in all cases where tile truth is rciiuired. (iabriel de la Rebourdi- and Zenobe Membre, were two mis- sionaries in Illinois who collected a troupe of Indians, mostly females about St. Louis on the "tireat Rock." This was sometime in 1690. In the year 171 1, a missionary station was established at I'^ort Massacre on the Ohio River and a fort was there built b)- the French in 1758. About the year 1700, the inhabitants commenced cultivating the alknJa! soil in the American Bottom around the villa_Ljes of Kaskaskia a d Cahokia, and to erect buililings fit for the habi- tation rnd comfort of the white man. The missionaries built churci'-C'^ at those villaj^es, and attended with apostolic caie their flocks. The yoverimient of France decided to establish a colony toward the mouth of the Mississippi; therefore in the )'car 1699, Iberville, under the direction of France, commenced a settle- ment at Mobile, and also at Dauphin Island. He left France with two .ships on the nth Oct., 1698, and on the 31st Jan., 1699, arrived in Mobile Hay. Iberville was a man of sound judgment, discretion, and prompt action. I i 11 IMiiM.I.U IIIMdUN »il II I.IMi|>. 43 ,• iUii- I their Th. jit U\i s nn\si II coiii- '^ thro' :s from sscs." i.)2, anil oiK'il in by the story, is cr ..f St, .•lopnicnt nisidcrcd •cd. two niis- s, mostly rhis \va.s d at I'orl lit by the ultivatin-^ illagcs of the habi- uies built tolic care a colony year lC)99- 1 a scttlc- ti France 31st Jan., m of sound These scttUincnts in llir Soutli, in carl)' times were consiii- crcd intimate!) connectiil uitli the Ilhiiois countr)-. and so the)- always will be esteemid. IbcrvilK-. after nuuli search or) llu jil of March, \(x/j, fniuul the iiidilen Uiver, wiiose month haii been 1 1<)M|J[ sou^iht for. /\ vessel wwh despatched to I'rance witli the L;lad tiilin^'s. I'hc natives eallrd the river " Mal- bouche," ami the Spani.inU "!,a I'alissade," from the trees ^^row- in^f on its banks. .Wwv aseendiii;^ the Mississiijpi for some dist.inet', li)erville •iailrd to liu' H.i\' of Hilo.xi and there erected a tort, l.eavin;^ tins place in the command of Hienviile, he embarked for l'"rance; and 111 his absence Hien\'ille .ii^ain n-turneil to the Mississippi, and al.uineil .m Urilish ship aseendin^^ the river, so lh.it the vessel turned ilow n the rivir, .iiul this place on the Mississippi is to tlii> d.i)' c.dled "the I'lni^lish I'urn." (icneral Jackson, on the .Sth of Jan., 1.S15, };.ive the British a much more blood) "turn down, " about the same section of the river. in tin: )-ear 1700, iber\ille returneil from !•" ranee, and built a fort at the mouth of the (ireat River, and ordered M. le .Sueur to prociiil up the Mississippi anil the .St. I'eters, in search of a copprr muie, which order was fullilled, and much matter was found similar to coi)per, but, on bein^f aiiahv.ed in l'"rarce, it turned out to be worthless. Sueur erected a fort on the St. I'cters, in lalitmle 44. 13 north, and called it L'Huiller [1702]. The Indians beinj; hostile, the part)- returned. In 1705, the same party ascended the Missouri River to the Kansas, but soon returned without findin^f an)- valu;ible mines, but commenced a profitable commerce with the Iiulians. M. iJutisne, another pioneer, -uas sent out to explore the country of the Mis.souris, t)sa^es, ami I'awnees. lie ascended tlie Mississippi to the Saline River, some fifteen miles below Ste. (ienevieve, and crosseil the countr)- by land to the above- named Indians. He traveled west over a broken antl hill)- countr)' to the ()sat;es and finally reached the Pawnees in a fine buffalo re^non in the prairies, four or five hundred miles from the Mississippi. The emi_L,n-ation in 1708, and about this time, commenced to flow into Illinois from the South as well as from Canada. The counti)' around Mobile, Hiloxi, and Dauphin Island being colo- H 44 PIONEER HISTORY <.)K ILI,IN(.)I;.-.. i f'r\ V *' J i i. j . 11' f, .J. ' ii I •1 nized from France to some extent, emigrants found their way to Illinois and settled in the villages of Cahokia and Kaskaskia. This last named village was honored with the appellation of Old Kaskaskia, and was, in truth, the metropolis of Illinois. The French government, seeing it was difficult to colonize Louisiana, as the public concerns were then conducted, granted, a monopoly of the commerce of the whole country to Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris. This grant is dated 14th Septem- ber, 17 in, and conferred on Crozat the absolute property of all mines he might discover. He was associated with Cadillac, the founder of Detroit and governor of Louisiana. Crozat established a trading company in Illinois. About this time, a considerable commerce was carried on between Illinois and the French in the South. We read of fifteen thousand deerskins, in one year, being sent from Illinois to Dauphin Island. Also flour and buffalo meat were sent to the South. Illinois in the year 1712 commenced assuming the character of a civilized " nd permanent-settled country. The villages of Kaskaskia and Cahokia were fast changing their Indian charac- ter for that of civilized communities. The clergy and the traders, who first located in the country, had with them associated other families and citizens that cultivated the soil and improved the country. There was no organized government in the country, until the Company of the West was established. The small number of the inhabitants, and their destitution of wealth, made a gov- ernment entirely useless. The leaders of the first French set- tlements of Illinois were men of talents and, for the most part, of classic education. They were characters of the first order and rank in any society, while the payans voyagcnrs and cou- rairs dc Iwis were innocent, honest, and kind, and obedient to the commands of their leaders. They gave themselves no trouble to think about or to discuss public matters. They were regardless of wealth and also of their time and labor; so that if they were provided with a scanty supply of clothes, corn, and deer's tallow or meat, to cat, they would sing and dance, and were in fact liappy whether they were in the snows of the Rocky Mountains or in the dancing saloons of Quebec. The community thus constituted in the finst settlement of Illinois, i'i(.)\Ki:k insT(.)m- ok ii.linuis. 45 needed little, or no Government; in fact, they had none until the Company of the West [-Compagnic d'Occidcnt"] was estab- lished in the country. The society in Illinois, before any government was organized was moral, honest, and innocent; and perhaps no more happi- ness m any other condition could be enjoyed; but so soon as the mhabitants increased, and wealth, altho' not great, was accu- mulated, then came also a new order of things, which did not add to the happiness of the people. W it CHAPTER III. Illinois under the Frencli Ciovernmcnt. Cro/AT surrendered his charter in 17 17, and the celebrated Company of the West was organized in Paris for the New World. John Law, a Scotchman, made all P"rance crazy with his banking scheme. I presume, no nation ever became so wild and inconsiderate as PVance did on this subject. The Mississippi or Western Company was established to aid and assist the banking .system of this crazy Scotchman. In 1718, colonies were sent out from PVance, anil in that year New Orleans was laid out. The directory of the Western Company, the same year, sent its agents and officers to Illinois. Sieur Uugue de Boisbriand, the commandant; and Mark Anto- inc de la Loire des Ursins, the principal secretary, with a small military force, reached Illinois with orders to erect a fort in or near old Kaskaskia. About sixteen miles above Kaskaskia, in the American Bot- tom, three miles from the bluff and three-quarters of a mile from the river, a fort was commenced in 17 18, and completed in eighteen months, which was called For^ Chartrcs. VoxX. Chartres, while the French retained the countrj', was the seat of government of Illinois, and it was' also the headquarters of the military forces of Great Britain until the year 1772, when an extraordinary freshet in the river destroyed one side of the fort, so that the Jhitish abandoned it and made Kaskaskia the seat of government. The fort was an irregular quadrangle; the sides of the exte- rior poK'gon arc 490 feet; the walls arc two feet two inches thick, and built of limestone. This fort was enlarged and improved in the year 1756, when war was declared by Great Britain against France. It is strange that such a site would be selected for a fort by a nation famous for two thousand years past in all the science of the military 46 :lcbrated :hc New witii his so wild jd to aid I in that Western ) Illinois, rk Anto- h a small fort in or ;can Bot- )f a mile ompletcd I's. Fort the seat Liarters of 72, when do of the :askia the IS"-/^"- i'f^: m ^jfeA. r-^il. i:)v ( I ;r i)\'"i.;' V\ vM '11 '' .1 '.t 1 'I ■' h; : lIUl. I'.'V ' ": Ui;iI(Vi li.'. \\ ■.• a- ■ '!•■;, ;>;' /ri! !ii !' '.' i- .i , tJi ■ in I. ii> , .1 .-> 'I'J'.in.Mi, i.i'.'.' 'i I'r.i.;.. t ' . V, 'ii ,iv_; -u^-iin, ' i '1 1_','' .!i"r, ih< .11' ' _' 1 ,.:r ' • .. u ■ \'.'iii .! ilK 'DS, 1. ; ■!^ ..1 I V.ill.-- . ,; . .' t';;. -iiil- a'. ' \ :\ ■• <■ L.i'il.; ii. n ;.( '.i/\- ■ 111. II Ml.H 111"/' ll'ii ;li. I- 'A! ;ii. \\ 1 > ' i; - I . I 1 1 .< I. ^iP' i.ii-v •., lilKi n , Mid ;t: . i: ^' h< '1 ;ii 'ii ■■\:-A> on ii I 1-1 1 I v, ii'i I i|> (•••..I .V ■■ ; .In' '1 •I 1 .tiv. 1 1 : . 1 . 1 11 M • , 1 ; ni/'t M 1. -< m;:''i'; ; ., - ,-,!■ • ;i. .V. ^:ii::k:s I'l.A.N Ol' FORI' CTlARrRI'.S ().\ I'lll. MISSISSII'I'I. Drawn ficiu a Mirvoy made ir. iSjo by Nicholas Hansen nf lllhiciis, and Lewis ('. Heck. SCALE OF FEET L— i I ! I -J I ■• 1 L_± 1 AAA 1 lie exterior wall -1447 feet, li I'iie jjate or entrance to the f.irt. < ' A sinail gate. Ill) riie two houses formerly occiipie.l by the commamlant and commis- sary, each 96 feet in length and 30 in breadth, i: The well. I'' The maga/ine. r.i\r,C, Houses formerly occupied as barracks, 135 feet in len-th, ;6 in Ijreadtli. II II lormeiiy occupied as a storehouse and guard-house, 90 feet by 24. I I he remains of small magazine. K 'rile remains of n fmiiace. 1.1.1. A laNiiie, which in the spring is Idled with water. ISetween this and the river, wliich is about half-a-mile, is a thicU growth of cotton-wood. I'he area of the fort is about four square acres. ^J art. The plr stone was qu tuccn the qu; boated across site is on all the wall of oi then again, tl it out of sigh This fort County, lUinc trees, undergr the old wails, ance than th< forced up tlu pied by the 1: A regular 5: a standing am tion from C;i The governn equitable. N against this cc A branch ( pany of St. I purpose of ni Picardy, Frani from France miners, labore lumdred negn with all the ne company. Tl and were the the country fc Renault wa iibtained a lai mining operat Fort Chartres, called in hono built in this j A part of the PIONKKR IIISTORV Ol' ILLINOIS. 47 art. The place in the bhiff may be seen to this day where the stone was quarried to erect the fort. A lake intervened be- tween the quarry and the fort, so that the ruck must have been boated across the lake and then carted to the building. The site is on alUivial soil which has been washetl away; so that the wall of one side has been swept off by the Mississippi; and then again, the river after destroying part of the fort, has left it out of sight. This fort is situated in the southwest corner of Monroe County, Illinois, and is an object of anti([uarian curiosit)'. The trees, undergrowth, and brush are so mixed and interwoven with the old walls, that the place has a much more ancient appear- ance than the dates will justif)-. The soil is so fertile that it forced up the large trees in the very houses which were occu- pied by the British soldiers. A regular government being established in the country gave a standing and character to Illinois that caused a great emigra- tion from Canada and also from Louisiana to flow into it. The government of the Western Company was mild and et|uitable. No complaints were made of oppression or misrule against this company. A branch of the Company of the West, called the Com- pany of St. Phillips, was organized in I'aris, for the express purpose of mining; and Phillip Francois Renault, a native of I'icardy, France, was appointed the i)rincipal agent. He sailed from France in the year 1719, with two hundred mechanics, miners, laborers, etc. In the West Indies he purchased five hundred negro slaves to work the mines, and reached Illinois with all the necessary means of prosecuting the business of the company. These were the first negroes introduced into Illinois, and were the ancestors of the French slaves, who existed in the country for man)' years after. Renault was a man of sound mind, and much energy. He obtained a large grant of land to enable him to prosecute his mining operations. This grant was located a few milts above Fort Chartres, and on it was built the village of St. Phillips; so called in honor of the founder. A chapel and a water-mill were built in this place for the accommodation of the inhabitants. A part of the grant to Renault extended over the hills adjacent i!'d 4TF 48 i'I(.)N'i:kr iiisr(.)in' ok Illinois. ' ■ ; ( ill \4' to the bottom, the title of which is not, to this day settled. Farmers and mechanics were encouraged to settle on this tenant in the bottom; so that the necessary supplies for the niininj^ operations mij^ht be obtained from it. Other grants were made to him, one including the mines in upper Louisiana, and another near Old Peoria, to embrace a copper mine, which was supposed at that day to exist there- Renault and his company of mechanics, laborers, etc., were the greatest acquisition Illinois had heretofore received. These people for the most part were more intelligent and efficient than the first inhabitants of the country; and the whole We.st was much advanced by them. E.xploring companies were sent out on both sides of the river. In Jackson, Randolph, and St. Clair Counties, in Illinois, the ancient traces of furnaces, etc., may yet be seen. Silver Creek was so called because they supposed silver ore was found near it. Renault turned his attention finally to the smelting of lead. I'ack-horses conveyed it to the river and then in perogues it was transported to New Orleans. In May, 17 19, the Company of the West was united b\' the king to the Compan\- of the Indies under the name of the Royal Company of the Indies. This retarded the operations of Renault and he finally left the country in the year 1744 and returned to France, where he remained. The Company of the West being vested in fee simple with the right of the public domain, made grants of land to prix'ate indivitluals and to the villages. The French .sy.stem to dispose of the public land was not very dissimilar to that of the United States, only in this: one government granted the land without a price and the other sold it for a valuable consideration. The French system required the grants to be adjacent to each other and numbered so that no intervening tracts could exist. The grants were generally made by so many arpents in front and extending at right angles to the requisite cjuantitj-. The lines were, not like the lands of the United States, run on the cardinal points, but were run the same course and frequent!}- the same length. Generally, the French grants in Illinois com- menced at the river, and extended to the bluff, or from river PTON'KKK lilSlMKV (.>l' 1 1,1,1 Ni,)lS. 49 atioiis ;.4 and with )rivate ispose 'nitcd ,ithout :ont to could )cnts in .uintit)-. run on lucntly is com- 11 ri\'cr to river, a.s tiuy art; at Kaskaskia. /\. I'^rcnch acre, or arpcnt, is eleven rods and sixty-seven liundredths of a roil, Mn<^lisii meas- ure beinriil<\' III II I.IMMs. 51 idc to 10 inis- , a.itcil 1- 17-0. habita- t off by remains KMis for :hcr sct- ruinain, ly In- its its CDIll- :iulicular low l*'oi-t ommons; was sit- Ic of that near this ave boon ich settlc- IlUnois, is ''aris is at days the Ihappincss, tstery and was char- 's was the as a toler- Icinnati, or untry, and ack cattle tid erected thro" the J the pres- e of a miU Charvc'loix, in a Uttt 1 daU-d, Kaskaskia, 20{\\ C^ct.. 17JI, in relation in Caiiokia. says: "We l.i)- last ni^lit in a \ilia.L;e of the Cahokias and the Taniaroas, two Illinois tribes, which have been uniteil, and to^i'ther compose no \er\' nunu'rous cmti^i. I passed the nii^ht in a missionary's liovise, with two ecclesias- tics from tlie Seminary of (Jnebec. M. Taumnr, the elder, was absent; but 1 fomul tlie younger, M. le Mercier, sncii as he had been represented to me, ri;^id to himself full of charity to others, and ilisplayed in his own person an amiable pattern of virtue." The common fields of Cahoki.i and I'rairie du I'ont were extensive. 1 presume the arpent land attached to these vil- lages are fifteen miles long, and in places extcniling from (.'aho- kia Creek to the bluffs. The\- are five or six miles wide. The greater portion of these lands was cultivated, and enclosed in two large fields. A chapel of some character always existed in Cahokia since its foundation. In Prairie du I'ont theri' was none. I'^ach village had granted to it a large common. Prairie du I'ont, in iMiglish Uridge I'rairie, is situateil on the south side of the creek of that name, and one mile south of Cahokia. Its first commencement was about the year 1760. In olden times, a water-mill was erected on the creek near the village. Cahokia never was as large as Kaskaskia, and Peoria was not so large as Cahokia in early times. Cahokia was a greater trading-post than Kaskaskia for the northern Indians; while Kaskaskia was more agricultural, and extended its commerce to New Orleans and Mobile instead of the Indians in the North. In the early settlement of the country, the horned cattle came from Canada, and the horses reached the countr\- from the .South and the West. The cattle were a hardy race, not large but of neat formation. The horses were of the Arabian strain. The Spaniards introduced them into their American ])osse.ssions, and from this race originated the 1- \ ich horses. This blood of horses was brought into .Spain from Arabia by the Moors. These I'rench horses were small, but performed better to their size than any others. Spain, knowing of the improvements and settlements of the I'rcnch on the east side of the Mississippi, became jealous and were determined to occupy the west .side of the river them- selves. Some authors say Fort Chartres was erected to guaril 4 fl 5: I'loNKI k IIIsrnKV III II I l\(»IS, 'f I I i h ci^ainst the assaults of the Spaniards. At all evfiits, a cnnsidi-r- ablc colony of Spaniards started fr )ni Santa I""e in \J20, and ui.irehed f(ir the I'awnee villai^'es on the Missouri Uiver. The Missouri Imlians resiiU-d on the same river, al)ove the mouth of the Kansas. These nations of Indians wen.' at war with each other, an' di\ul},'ed to the Missouri nation their object, wiiich was to destroy the Missouris, and asked the I'.iwnees to assist them. The Missouris con- cealed the mistake of the Spaniards, but in forty-ei^.(ht hours two thousand of the Missouri tribe appeared under arms. ■[\h ej- attacked the Spani.uds at ni^ht, and all were killed e.\cei)t the priest, who escaped on horseback. This bold attempt of the .Spaniards, crossiiij^ a wilderness of I'i^^ht or nine luiiulred miles, alarmed the I'rench; and Situr i\r Hourgmont was dispatched with a considerable military force to tal. )osses-ion ol an island in mouth of the ( 'saj^e, aix called h'ort ( )rleans, ]iour":mont set out fn the Missouri River above the 1 on it he erected a fort, which was July, 17J4, to take an extensive lour amo the fort on the he north-west liuli.iiis, and rt'turned on the ;th Nov. of the I me y ear. 11 is object in this expedition w.is to pacify the Indians, and secure their trade. .Soon after this period the Indians destroyed Fort Orleans, aiul massacred every soul in it. A bitter war with these Indians continued for sixteen years. Three forts and settlements of the h'rench in the West were almost entirely destroyetl by the Iiulians. The fort at Mata;4orda Hay in 1690, or thereabouts, was annihilated, as the inhabitants were never after heard of The fort at Xatches, on the JiSth Nov., 1729, was attackeil and all killed 1)\- the Indians, except a few women aiul chiKlren; and the inhabitants of h'ort ( )rlean.-;, on an island in the Mis- souri Kiver, were en tirely aim I hilati as ab ove s tated. It is surprisinjf to any one at this day to read the perils, dan- gers, ami deaths whic h th e .Jioncfs o f America sufferetl in the coloniziiii; of the country. F,xam!iie the history of the earl}- settlements of Virginia aiul Massachusetts, as well as of Illi- nois, and it is almost beyond belief — the calamities and loss of life which the first emigrants t(j the country suffered. o;'< rioNKKk lllsl'f»K\ >»!■ II, I INOIS. 13 20, and r. 'liu- : nmutli •ar with I-' audi .lie- Mis- 1 lo the lissmiris, iiris con- ht hours iT arms, re killfil Icrncss ol Suvir lU- y force to ibove the diich was )rt on the lorth-wcst 'car. His ntl secure I 'lliese (li-..»stcrs and suflerini^s were not vUilecl <.ii the |)in- iicers of ( )re^t)M or Cahforiiiii. Mllioiif^h tlie ihslaiice by laud to C.diforni.i and TVe^on iVoiu the .Slates ina>' not l)e as ^ri'at as friMU luiropc to America, l)iit the overland travel to tlie I'acif'ic is more chtficult than to cross the .\tl.iulic, and tlie voyage by sea to Oregon and Cali- fornia is much greater. Vet, under those circumstances, tlie fust settl inents on the I'acific were a pleasure in comparison to the iliiticulties in colonizing the Atlantic coast or the West. About this time, 1723, tlie valley of the Ohio River was explored by the I'rench. The bitter hostility of the Irocpiois or I'ive Nations to the I'Vench, prevented, hitherto, the e.\plorets of the Mississippi from visiting the ( )hio \'alle\'. The I^'ivc Nations having, in the- year 1713, im accession from the Tusca- rowas fiom North Carolina, was called the Six Nations, and became hostile to the Hritish. Thus it was that the l""rench were permitted to explore the river of the Irocpiois, as the Ohio was then called. And soon aftrr, it was garrisoned by the French troops. The date of the first settlement of Vinccnnes, on the Wabash, is not precisely known. Its settlement might be dated at 1/22, about the time Illinois, of which X'incennes w.is then consid- ered a part, commenced its permanent and substantial improve- ment. The I''rench established a fort at Massacre, on the Ohio Ki\er, as it has been stated. The reason of this fort accjuiring its name is a little singular. The Indians on the southeast side of the Ohio, the opposite ^ide from the fort. covered the emsclves wi th b ear-skms, and imitated the bear in their movements on the sandy beach of tlie river. The French soldiers in the garrison sup[)Osed them "true and genuine" bears, and crossed the river to have a bear iuint; but sorely did they suffer for it. The Indians threw off the bear-skins, and massacred the soldiers. Hence the name of I''ort Massacre, pronounced in iMiglish Massac. A county is called Massac including the fort and missionary station. The Illinois settlements continued to flourish, and no people were more happy. It is said that in the Illinois country in 1730, there were about one hundred and fort)' h'rench families, lusiiles about six hundred convt:rted Indians, and main' traders, I 'if: il Up I ( 5 1 ., 54 |'Ioni;i:r iiistorv ok Illinois. voyagers, and o'urairs de bois. 'I'lie Jesuit college at Kaskas- kia, continued to flourish until the war with Great Britain, in 1754, was declared. It is stated that the upper Wabash was considerably settled, and that a lucrative commerce was carried on between the I'Vench colonies of the upper and lower Mississippi. In the year 1732, the Company of the West (part of the Royal Company of Indies) requested to return their charter to the king, which was accepted; and thereupon the Illinois coun- try became a part of the royal government of Quebec. Altho' the company did not do much for themselves, they introduced into Illinois and protected the culture of wheat and other crops. The mines of lead in Missouri were opened ami worked, and the cultivation of rice, indigo, sugar, tobacco, and silk was commenced in lower Louisiana. At the dissolution of the company, in 1732,, Loubois \ias appointed royal governor of Louisiana, and Artaguiette, for Illinois. Both these officers had distinguished themselves in the southern wars with the Indians, and were well qualified to take command of their respective provinces. From this date, 1732, and during the time the country was under the administration of the I'rench government to the year 1754, when war was declared by Great Britain, the Illinois 1^'rench experienced their most palmy days. In these twenty- two years, the whole county exhibited a scene of flourishing prosperity. With a very few exceptions, the Indian tribes, far and near, were on peaceable terms with the I'rench and gave their trade to them. A considerable trade was carried on between Illinois and the lower Mississippi and Mobile. In return, all the necessaries not produced in the countrj', and much of the luxuries of life were received and used by the inhabitants. This country was remote from the old world, and thereby never ex[)ericnced an)- of the evils or corrupt influences of a dense and profligate population. The vices and crimes, arising out of a wealthx- and vicious com- munity, were unknown in the early history of Illinois. These settlements in Illinois being so weak and so far removed from any civilized communities, and amidst savage nations of Indians, that the inhabitants were forced to rely on l()Ni;i;i< IllSlORN' (>V ILLINOIS. 5i each (itliL-r for sclf-prcscrvatioii. This made them kind and friendly to each other. Tliese \irtues were cherished and cultivated for ages, and transmitted thro' many generations; so that kindness and generosity became a fixed character witli the Creole l""rench. They were ambitious for neitlier knowledge or wealth, anil therefore, possessed not much of either. That sleepless, fero- cious ambition to acquire wealth, and power, which seizes on so many people at this day, never was known amongst the early settlers of Illinois. The h' ranch of these twenty-two years had exactly, almost to a mathematical certaint\-, a competency of worldly gear. Tliere is a happy medium between the ex- tremes of poverty and wealth, if mankind could settle on it, that would render them the most happ)-. These people had, at that day, in my opinion, found the philosopher's stone ot wealth and happiness. They lived in that fortunate medium, which forced itself on them rather than they on it. The people, with scarce an exception, at that day had neither the means or disposition to suffer the pains and penal- ties of drunkenness. The I'rench, to a proverb, are a tem- perate people, as to drink ; and, moreover, at the above date, there was not much in the country. The people were then enjoying that high and dignified standing of teetotal temperance -which conduced not a little to their happiness. The inhabitants were devout and strong believers in the Roman Catholic Church. They were willing to fight and die for the maintenance of the doctrines of their church. They considered the Church of Rome ijifalliblc, eminating direct from God, and therefore all the dogmas were received and acted on by them without a why or wherefore. They performed their devotions in this church with a confidence that rendered them liappy in religious matters. Their spiritual teachers were of sincere piety and religion. It was the duty and it became also the pleasure of these Christian men to administer to the religious wants of the people. The people being governed by the precepts of the Gospel, enforced by the power anil influence of the church, formed a pious and religious community, which was the basis of the hap- piness of the Illinois people in the primitive times. , I 56 PIONEER HIST<.)RV OF 1LLIX(MS. JHVil n This was the I()r\- (,)|- h.i.indis. while he was able to command, discovered him down and almost lifeless, they retreated under the command of M. Voisin, a youth of only sixteen years — with the Indian enemy at their heels for sixty-five miles. This noble youth, who, in the wilds of America, amidst a victorious and savage enemy, in such a masterly man- ner, withdrew the remnant of the Illinois army, imitated the most heroic deeds of his chivalric nation. The Chevalier Vincennes, with that nobleness of character which few possess, remained with his beloved commander, altho' he might have escaped, and was captured by the cnem)'. The Jesuit monk, Senat, also despised life by running to save it, and staid with the noble-hearted and generous Artaguictte. At first the Chickasaws treated their prisoners with kindness and attention. They supposed that they would be ransomed at a great price, or that they might be made useful, if the for- tune of war should turn against them. But when the enemy learned the defeat and retreat of Bienville and his army, they changed their treatment of the prisoners to the utmost bar- barity and brutality; and at last burned them at the stake with slow and lingering tortures. Only one man escaped to tell the sad story of the fate of his countrymen. The French were compelled to observe in America, a most rigid discipline and subordination with their troops. The sol- diers at Cat Island rebelled and killed the commander. They attempted to escape to Carolina, but failed. The Choctaws brought them all back except one, who destroyed himself, rather than suffer a military execution. Two of the ringleaders were broken on the wheel, and one — a .Swiss — after the manner of his country, was nailed in a wooden coffin and sawed in two, b}- two sergeants, with a whip-saw. These brave French officers, Artaguiettc and Vincennes, together with the noble-hearted ecclesiastic, Senat, perishetl in the service of their country in the vigor of life and usefulness in the present County of Pontotoc, .State of Missi.ssippi, The lamented Vincennes has hii name perpetuated by the ancient and respectable town of Vincennes on the Wabash River in Indiana. Vincennes bids fair to be as honorable on the list of cities, as its namesake was noble, courageous, and generous in the military service of his country. iM' I'I()m:i:k iiisi'nR\- n ILLINOIS. 59 Uicinillc (li.sco\ci"ccl th.it his inihtar)' fame was clouded, ami made, diirinj^ the following )-ear, another attempt to chastise the Chickasaw s. In the year 1739, liieiiville erected a fort, called St. l""rancis, at the river of the same name; and readied therewith all the Louisiana militi.i, rej^ulars, and a few companies of marines, with sixteen hundred Indians. La Ikiissuniere was appf)inted t^overnor of Illinois and com- manded at l'"ort Chartres after the death of Artaj^uiette. He w as ordered to meet the .Southern arm>- at l'"ort St. Francis. The L;()\ernor, with his lieutenants, M. Celeron and M. .St. Laurent, assembled their forces, which were two companies of white men, and some cadets from Canada, with three hundred Indians, and descended the river to lu)rt St. i''rancis. The army crossed over to the mouth of Margot Creek, and a fort, called Assumption, was built tliere. Tiiis fort was com- pleted about the middle of August, 1740, when the fever raged amongst the troops. Only two hundred men were able, with the negroes ;ind Indians, to march against tlie enemy. This division of the arm)' was commanded by M. Celeron, who made a patched up treaty with the enemy, which Bienville ratified, much to his discredit. Thus ended these two campaigns against the Chickasaws, without doing much good to the country and at the loss of many valuable lives. Bienville was superceded bj' the Marquis de Vaudreuil, gov- rrnor and commanding general of Louisiana. During these campaigns, the whole of the French colonies increased their numbers and their wealth. The Illinois and Wabash countries were much improved and enlarged. The commerce now had a free passage between the upper and lower .Mississippi, and the whole valle\' was in a most thriving and jirosperous condition. h"or ten j'ears after the close of the Chickasaw war, the \al- Icy of the Mississippi enjoyed a prosperous and happy peace. The Indians, throughout the whole length and breadth of the valley, were at peace with the French, and rentlered them their whole traffic. Not an ICnglishman from the Atlantic col- onies, or otherwise, even to this date, 1 740, put his foot on the .1 1^ ^1 11 6o 1'1(.)m:i:r iiisi'okv ok ii,mn(.)Is. it '^K I : S i'A^ i , 'i: shores of the Mississippi, except the vessel wiiose turn has jfiven the name of the ICngHsh Turn to a section of the River below New Orleans. The French had a ([uiet and peaceable possession of the valley, and occupied it by forts and settle- ments from Canada to New Orleans. The country enjoying these blessings, induced many persons of capital and enterprise to come and settle in it. In the fall of 1745, a destructive storm visited lower Louisi- ana, and destroyed almost all the crops. But the Illinois and Wabash settlements relieved them. Boats descended in the fall, and returned early in the spring. It is stated that four thousand sacks of flour were sent this fall to the lower Missis- sippi from Illinois alone. These sacks weighed 100 pounds each and were made of deer-skins. In the year 175 1, La Buissoniere, who had administered the government in the Illinois country for several years, and had the command of Fort Chartres, was succeeded in the command by the Chevalier Makarty. On the 20th August, 1751, Makarty left New Orleans with a small military force, to take conmiand in Illinois. Makarty remained in Illinois in command of Fort Chartres and the country until a short time before the British took possession of the country, by virtue of the treaty of Feb. 10, 1763. At that time M. St. Ange de Belle Rive commanded. The British, waxing warmer and more hostile to the French occupying the valley of the Mississippi, made preparations to colonize the country on the Ohio River. About this time, the hostile feeling that never dies between the French and l^ritish, became stronger and more de\'eloped in the western countrj-. The Indians throughout the Mississippi Valley were on friendly terms with the French, except, perhaps, some feu- bands of the Cherokees and Chickasaws. There were no Indian wars in Illinois, as was the case around the frontiers of the British colonies. By British excitement, the red skins but very seldom com- mitted depredations on the French. M. Paget with some negroes were killed in his water-mill, situated on the east side of the Kaskaskia River, where Mr. Riley's mill now stands, not far from the \illage. The head of Paget was cut oft" and thrown into the hopper of his mill. i I k .1*% ri(.)Ni;i;k iiis'r<,)RV oi' Illinois. 6 1 A Frcnclimaii will yield to ciiciiinstanccs. He can adapt liimsclf to a civilized or savage life. He is pliant and accom- modating, and is willing to permit another person to have some [)rivilegc of thinking for himself An JCnglishman is tlie reverse of the above. He is unwUling to yield to almost unavoidable circumstances. He is far from being pliant or accommodating; and he is not willing to permit any one to have an opinion but himself With these different characteristics, it is not strange that the i'rench were on friendl)' terms with the natives, while the Hritish were 'lisliked b)- them. Moreover, the French made their set- tlements in villages, and did not occupy so much of the Indian country as the Hritish colonists did. When a Frenchman was with the Indians, he became almost an Indian. He painted, dres.sed like thtm and frequently married with them. Under all these considerations, it was ciuite natural, that almost all the Indian population of the Mississippi Valley became warm and efficient allies of the French, in the war with Great Britain, which was declared a few years after. The Hritish were determined to occupy a part, or all if they were able, of the western country. Governor Spottswood of \'irginia, as early as the )'ear 1710, made arrangements to secure part, at any rate, of the valley of the Mississippi, and at no period after that did that government cease making efforts to seize the country and expel the French. They bought part of the West of the Iroquois, and the treaties of cessions were confirmed at various periods, from the year 1684, down to the Lancaster treaty in 1744. Companies were organized by Hritish authority to settle and occupy the West. The Ohio Company was established in the )-oar 1748, and many others after that date, to secure the valle\- of the Ohio. The government of Canada were sensible of the efforts of the Hritisli to seize the West, and wrote to I'"rance on the loth May, 1744, that tlic consequences of the Hritish establishing trading-houses amongst the western Indians would be injurious to the interests of the I'rench colonies. In November, 1748, the governor of Canada superceded the Hritish, by occupying Fort Prudhommc on the Yazoo; where LaSalle had first erected it. ili ()2 v\i)\v.\:\< iiisi(ik\ III iiiiNdis. \ I I • '■f iU, k' I , it ! 111 the summer of 1749,111' dL-spattlu'd Louis C'cliioii willi .i party of sokliiMs from Canada, to de|)osit lead plates in the mounds, and in conspicuous parts of the western countr)', to notify the Mritish of tlu l'"rench ri,L,dit to tlie same; but it was (hsrej^ardod by the voracious British. I lu' storm was Leather- in;^ and nothing could awrt it but for the ImviicIi to abandiin their own country to their ancient enemy. The \alle\- of the ( )_\'o, as it w.is sometimes called, was doomed to experience a blood)' war. Cliristoi)her (list, the ai;ent of thi- Ohio Comiiaii}-, made a tour tliro' the West, in 1751, preparatory to the settlement of the country. llie l'"rench, in opposition to this, repaired tiie forts, bet^innint;' at I'rescpie Isle, and extendins;' to New Orleans. In 1756, old l'"ort Chartres, the (iibraltar of the West, was repaired anil rebuilt. In 175^, the h'rench aiul their Indian allies destroj/eil a Mritish tradintj-house and .some families, and carrietl the traders to Canada. This house was situated at Pickdi^'il/tviy, or per- haps Pi([ua, in the jMesent State of Ohio, in this battle, four- teen Indians, called the Twit;twees, in the British service, were killed, and whose tribe, supposed to be the Miami Indians, never ceased remintliuLj the British ui the loss of their warriors, and to make reparation for the same. I'enn.sxivania made a l)resent of i,200 to this nation for the loss of their warriors. The British, in 1752, sent their commissioners to Loystown to treat with the Indians, ri^ht or wronq;, for the benefit of the Ohio and other Companies. This town was situated on the north bank of the Ohio, 17}- miles below I'ittsbur.<;h. By means not the most honorable, a treaty confirmint.j the former cessions was matle, and thereby the British had an artificial foothold in the West. But, in fact, it was their interest, as thcj- considered it, that made them so tenacious for the western country, anil not for any just claim they had to it by treat)-. The I'rench were not idle. They prepared cannon and all the munitions of war in their power, from Canada to New Orleans, and had enlisted in the cause almost all the Indians of the waters of the Mi.ssissippi. But the British had still vasth' the advantage, by the pro.ximity of the hard)- and encrsj[ic war- riors of the British colonies — a race that soon after conquered their freedom and independence from the same British. |'|iini;1';k iiiskikn' oi' ii.i.indis. ruirs, L- ;l rs. itown tlic the By )nncr ificial they stern tty. d all New dians /asth- war- uered Robert Diiuvidilie, ^overiKir of VirL;iiiia, l)eiiij; disposed lo know the situation of tlie l'"rench, and their feehn^s in the West, siiit (ieorL;e Washington, a lad of nineteen )'ears of aj^i', lo Lo^stoun on the Alleghany River, ant! north lo X'enan^o and tile he.ul of JMeneh Creek. Major \\'ashinL;lon was in the West kite in the fall of 1753, and returned over the mountains in the winter with (list, his guide. On Washinj^toii's return, in Januar)-, 1754, he met seventeen horse-loads of materials, and some f.imilies, by iiuliiority of the Ohio C"omi)an)', going out to erect a fort at the eontlueiui' of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers -I'ittsbuigi;, at presenl. Hut as soon as Dinwiddie receiveil the report of Wasiiingtoii, he ordered two companies to be raised; one by Washingion, and the other by Trent, a backwoods-man. The last-named company was ordered to march fortii to the forks of the /\lle- giiany and Mt)nongahela Rivers, and assist the ( )hio Company to complete the fort, and to retain the same ;it ail hazards. 'I'rent had left the fort for su|)plies; and Mnsign Ward in com- mand, on the 17th April, 1754, saw a sight that caused him to feel a little like Nebuchadnezzar felt, without the tremor, lie saw descending the Alleghany River, sixty b;itteaux and three hundred canoes laden with men and cannon, under command of Contreceeur, and was compelled to sunender to this l''rench and Iiulian force, which is stated to be a round thousand. On the J.Sth May, 1754, C^ol. Washington, in command of a corps of Virginia militia, found a party of T'rench soldiers on the west side of the mountains, not far from the Laurel Hill, under the command of M. Jumonville. Washington made an attack on them and killed ten with the commander. This skirmish was near Hraddock's grave and wherein Wash- ington lost but one American and had only two wounded. M. X'illiers, the bn)ther of Jumonville, who was a military officer at l"'ort Chartres in Illinois, ret[uested and obtained leave to attack Washington to avenge the assassination, as he alleged, of his brother. M. Villiers left I'"ort Chartres, ascended the ( )Iiio River, gathering strength as he proceeded, and on the 3d of July, 1754, Washington surrendered the fort to him, called I'ort Nece.ssit\'. Washington had 70 men killed. Altho' these transactions occurred on the upper Ohio, they were at that day, ) 1 ,1 I 64 noNKKR IllSTnUV oV ILLINOIS. H t HI lil: itv II I K 1 1 u ! nevertheless, directly connected with Illinois, and as such they arc narrated here. Diirinjf these years, 1750 and onward, while the war was hein^f conunenced on the western side of the Allej^iiany moun- tains, both the I'rench settlements in Illinois and lower Louisi- ana were not only improving in population, but also in the sub- stantial articles of produce. Rice ami indij^o were the chief crops in Louisiana, and cotton was introduced into both Louisi- ana ami Illinois about the year 1750. Tobacco was also culti- vated at Baton Ro^ue, Natches, and Illinois. It is stated that M. Dubrcuil invented a cotton-j^in, to pick the seeds from the cotton. The invention is not described; but it is stated that the facility of pickin^^ the cotton by this inven- tion increased the culture of cotton in Louisiana. The invention of the cotton-gin is amonj^st the j^reatest efforts of human genius. It has become old and common since Whit- ney's invention; so that it is now looked upon as an invention almost growing with the cotton. There have been so many other iliscoveries and improvements maile since Whitney's daj', that his great invention is not regarded as it should be. I well remember the trouble to extricate the seeds from the cotton before the cotton-gin was in use. Cotton was then worth little or nothing; now it clothes millions and millions of people. Whitney deserves to be ranked with the greatest and best bene- factors of mankind. At this time the whole coast toward the mouth of the Missis- sippi was in a state of tolerable cultivation, and mostly protected b\- levees on the banks. The Jesuits, in 1751, introduced into Louisiana the sugar- cane for cultivation. They imported a quantity of cane from St. Domingo. M. Dubreuil, I presume, the cotton inventor, a man of capital and enterprise, in 1758, opened a sugar planta- tion on a large scale. He erected the hrst sugar-mill in Louisi- ana. Mis plantation occupied the lower part of New Orleans, known as the "suburb of St. Marigny." This year, 1752, another Chickasaw war commenced, and ter- minated almost similar to the other wars against that tribe of Indians. The Marquis de V'audreuil, governor of Louisiana, with seven hundred regular soldiers and Indians almost without M \ Si I'loNKKK IIISIOUV or ILLINOIS. 65 stint, comnuMiccd the niiirch. The route of invasion was up the T()inbi.L;i)ee; the same that HiL'iivillc pursued in 1736. He had cannon antl munitions of war in abundance; but faileii. He left a strong garrison in tlie heart of the Chickasaw country. I do not see that any Illinois troops were engageil in this campai,L,Mi. I presume the British on the upper Ohio occupied the attention of the people of Illinois too much for any of the military to be spared South. Contrecdur, the I'rench commander, fortified the forks of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, and called it hort Ducpicsne, in honor of the governor of Canada. This fort occupied a conspicuous situation even in the year 1754, as the City of Pittsburgh does at the present time. About this time, the Marquis de Vaudreuil was transferred to the government of New France or Canada, and M. Kerlerec, a cai)tain in the navy, was appointed governor of Louisiana. Mtiforts were made to work the mines of lead and copper in Illinois, and miners were sent from Paris for this purpose. As the war was raging between Great liritain and France, and as the (juarrel arose about the western country. Great Brit- ain sent to America a large army to invade the W^est. General liraddock landed from I'^ngland in 1755, at Alexan- dria, Virginia, with 1000 regulars, and, A[)ril 20, with about 2000 men, regulars and provincials, proceeded west to capture Fort Duciuesnt;. Hraddock was defeated and killed, and a great portion of his army destroyed b)' the French and Indians. In consequence of this signal overthrow of this great British army, the valley of the Mississippi remained quiet for two years. In 1758, another British ami)- was organized under Gen. Forbes, and at whose approach near Duquesne, Contrecieur and his forces burnt the fort and descended the river to Illinois and Louisiana. Altho' the war raged in Canada and south of the lakes, yet Illinois remained as quiet and as peaceable as if none existed. I'^rom the hostility of the I-'rench and Indians to Great Brit- ain, no Briton ever saw the upper Mississippi, until the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, ceded all New France to Great Britain. The first Britons who visited the country, were the military detach- ment under the command of Capt. Sterling, of the Royal High- 5 1 ^ 'il 1^ M I: f ' i, n 6(, I'lONIiKR msToKV or II.I.INUIS, 15 * tlKfc ;! ^r laiulcis, to take possi-ssioiT of the country, in the year I7''>5, two years after the treaty of lessioii, This is the stronj^est eviilence of llu- hatred entertained by the French and Indians ai^'ainst the British, tiiat no Briton ever saw liie Mississippi before the )-ear 1 7^5, altiu)' it was inhabited bv the h'ri'iich from the )'ear 1686 -always excepting the I'iii^iisji Turn, below New Orleans. riu' iMench settlements in Illinois were at the greatest pros- perit\- at the close of the war, in 176?, and ever since, to this day, the i'Vi'nch inhabitants have been declinini; in Illinois. It is stali'd that Old Kaskaskia, the Paris of Illinois, in \/(>S, containeil two or three thousand iidiabitants, and uas a place of business, wealth, and fashion. The Jesuits hail a college there, and all other ecclesiastical concerns, suited to tlu' wealth .md po[)ulation of the country. The commerce to New Orleans was regular and profitable. A great portion of the Illinois ]'",_i;)pt, the ;\merican Bottom, was in a state of profitable culti- vation. Wheat, tobacco, and various other crops were raised, not only for consumption but for exportation. J?ut over this happy prosperity a sad cloud of misfortune extended. The liritish, whom they so bitterly hated, and for jrood cause, cajv tured the country by force of arms, from these innocent and inoffending people. The inhabitants of Illinois saw how the Briti.sh treated the Acadians, in the year 1755. At the treaty of Aix la Chappclle, Acadia was ceded to Great Jkitain, but retained in it some French inhabitants. The British were fearful that these Acadi- ans, would join their countrymen — the French of Canada — in the war. This was "the front of their offending." The Navy of Great Britain was ordered to kidnap these unoffending people, and drag them from their own country. Tji '■' P'Tsoiial property was destroyed, and themselves 'and* d on the shores of the colonies, without friends or ii support The public odium of a cold-blooded muri nld be a nn ire of too atrocious a character for even th. iritish government to bear; but they did perform acts of atrocity 'o the Acadian people, in the dark, that were equally criminal. These poor people, destitute of everything, even the support of life, until relieved by their countrymen of the West, wan- hi. ,1 VIONMKK IllVIHkV 1)1 II I.IM.IIS. 67 (1 the IpcUe, some la — in JNavy nding sonal tliorcs The c of Int to adian Ipport wan- derrd over tlic States, "not kiiowm;^ ulu n.' [>> \,\y tluir heads;" and .il hist erossi'd tlu' .\lle^l>aii\' iiuiiml.iiiis, in tlir yi'.ir 1755. Boats were provided for thiiii on the Ohio, iiiul they reached tlie open arms and In. iris of their friends in Nru Orleans. In the annals of history siidi an act of oiitra^a- and atrocity scarcely can be found. It is of the same character as the British government offering, and j^ivin^ k'"'*^' '^'*'' ^'"-' scalps of uoiiuii anil ciiildrcn in our Rcvohition.iry War. 'Ihese Acaih'.inN were helpless. The Mritish j^overnment liad them under her pro- tection, and !)>■ havini^^ the power, and these people hein^' rVencli, they committeil this crime which would make ' ; t and keep in repair the fence passing over his land. And if a tract of land was abandoned by its owner, as was the case some- times, the land was sold out t the church-door to any one who would make the fence to enclose it. This system was based on the principle that each land proprietor should make the fence in proportion to his land. These early French had many customs in relation to the com- mon fields that were ju.st and equitable. There was a time fi.xed, that all should have their crojss gathered. After that the fence was not attended to; and the same in the spring, to repair the fence and keep the stock out of the field. The French, in those days, mostly sowed spring wheat; so that the wheat crop was preserved in the spring, which was the object of being rigid in repairing the fences. Sometimes wheat was sowed late in the fall, and the cattle did not much injure it during the winter. Indian corn was not so much cultivated as wheat, or used by the inhabitants. A species of Indian or hominy corn was raised for the voyagers, which was an article of commerce. The early h'rench did not use Indian corn-meal for bread to any great extent. The}' raised some corn for stock, and to fatten hogs. TIic corn they cultivated was of the flinty, hard grain, and ripened early in the fall. Their farming implements were neither well made or of the proper kind. The old plow used by the French would be a curiosity at this day. It had not much iron about it. A small piece of iron was on the front part, covering the wood, which in jome manner resembled our Cary plows of the present day. They had nc/ coulter, and had a large wooden mould-board. The handle.^- were short and alnn)st perpendicular; the beam was nearly straight, and rested on an axle supported by two small wheels; the wheels were low, and the beam was so fixed, on the axle, with a chain, or rope of raw hide, that the plow could be jilaced deep or shallow in the ground. The wheel made the plow unsteady. The I'rcnch settlers seldom plowed with horses; but used oxen. It is the custom t.fthe I'^renci; everywhere, to yoke oxen by the horiis, and not by the neck. Oxen can draw as much by the horns as by the neck, but it look's more savage. il riONKER lllSroRV OF ILLINOIS. G9 Sometimes the French worked oxen in carts, but mostly used horses. ^ presume that a wagon was not seen in IlUnois for nearly one hundred years after its first settlement. A French cart, as well as a plow, was rather a curiosity. It was con- structed without an atom of iron. When the Americans came to the country, they called these carts "barefooted carts," because they had no iron on the wheels. In a country where there was no rocks to travel over, these carts answered a valuable purpose. They were mostly used for farming business. The o.x-yoke was almost a straight stick of wood, cut at the ends to fit the horns of the ox, and was tied to the horns with a strap of raw hide. The primitive French had no tanned leather for any purpose whatever. They made harness out of raw hide, which was strong but rough. They had the traces for their horses plaited of small strands of raw hide, so that they were round and neat. These traces were very strong, and such are used to this day in France. The French houses were generally one story high, and made of wood. Some few were built of stone. There was not a brick house in the country for or.e hundred or more years from the first settlement. These houses were formed of large posts or timbers; the posts being set three or four feet apart in many of them. In others the posts were closer together, and the intervals filled up with mortar made of common clay and cut straw. The mortar filled up the cracks, so that t le wall was even and regular. Over the whole wall, outside ,. ivl inside, it was generally whitewashed with fine white lime, so that these houses presented a clean, neat appearance. The other class of hou.scs having the jiosts farther a|)art, the spaces were filled up with puncheons. The posts were guttered for the puncheons to fit in. These houses were used for stables, barns, etc., etc. Some dwelling-houses and the stables ami barns were made of longer posts set in the ground, instead of a sill as was used in the other houses, These posts were of cedar or other durable wood. The small houses attached to the resilience were gen- erally set with the posts in the ground. The covering of the houses, stables, etc., was generally of straw, (^r long grass cut in the prairie. These thatched roofs looked well, and lasted longer .11 tl 'I l!i ro I'lONI.KK mST(.)RN' Ol' ll.l.lNoli: \ i 1^ i.^1 i, 11 : than shingles. They were made steep and neat. All the houses, almost, had galleries all around them. The posts of the gallerj- were generally of cedar or mulberry. The floors of the galleries, as well as the floors of the houses, were m.ide of puncheons, as sawed boards were scarce. The roofs of the dwelling house were uniform and peculiar. They were made of rafters and lath for sheeting. These roofs had no gable ends perjiendicular, but were shingled on the ends as well as the sides. The ends .sloped considerably toward the centre of the building, so that the shingles would lie on the lath. No nails were used to fasten the shingles to the lath. Holes were bored in the shingles and pegs put in them. With these pegs the shingles were hung on the lath, and the holes and pegs cov- ered so completely that no one would know at a distance that the shingles were not nailed on. The outside course of shingles was generally nailed, and then one course bound another, until the whole roof was solid and good; never leaking one drop. The shingles were generally made of white oak, and lasted for many j'ears. On the comb of the roof a cross of wood was often placed, that also lasted a long time. The doors were plain batton work, out of walnut mostl)'. The windows had generally .some glass in them, and the sash opened and shut on hinges, as the I'^-ench fashion is generallj'. The houses were mostly raised from the earth a foot or two by a stone wall. The ]""rench, in these their happy days, had neat, clean wells, nicel)- walled with rock; and a windlass fixed to them, so that water was convenient and clean. The l""rench \illages were laid out by common consent on the same plan or s\stcm. The blocks were about three hundred feet square, and each block contained four lots. The streets were rather narrow, but always at right angles. Lots in ancient times were enclosed by cetlar jjosts or pickets, planted about two feet in the ground and about five feet above. These pickets were placed touching each other, so that a tight and safe fence was made arouinl each proprietor's lot. The upper ends of the l)ickets were sharpened, so it was rather ditTicult to get over the fence. A neat gate was generally made in the fence, opposite to the door of the iiouse, and the whole concern was generally kept clean and neat; so that their residences had the air of cleanliness and comfort. SSSmS -mwrnw •*«PW««a.r\' regulations. Capt. Stirling died a short time after he arrived in Illinois, and was succeeded lirst by Major PVazier, and ne.\t by Col, Reed — the latter became notorious for his military op[)ressions. These all gave place to Col. Wilkins, who arrived at Kaskaskia on the 5th Sept., 1768. Col. Wilkins issued a proclamation authorized by Gen. Gage, to establish a court of justice. Col. Wilkins appointed se\en ju('ges, who held the first covu't at Fort Chartres, 6th Dec., 1768. This was the first court of common-law jurisdiction established 74 ^.■=- MrawMH Mii«W0k''G«MM>^ ]'I()m;i;r iiisrokv of Illinois. 75 ,:4 in the Mississip[)i VuUcy. Courts were held once (jach montli. I'ontiiic, perhaps one of the tj^reatcst Indian chiefs tliat ever existed in Xortli America, was killed in Cahokia, in the year 1765, by a Peoria Indian. This ^rcat man was dreaded by the Britisli, who employed an Indian to assassinate him. This nation feared the ijreat Napoleon. She did not assassinate him in open day, but confined him on the sickly island of St. Helena, so that he (.Iraijyed out .some years of existence, in mental ajjo- nies worse than death. I'ontiac was a chief of the Ottawa nation and raised near Detroit. He had in his veins French blood, and was imbued and trained with the mos Ideadly hostility to the British. He declared before the "Great Spirit — -the Master of Life," eternal hostility to the British, like Hannibal did a\ A liritish triulcr, AlcxaiuU'r Ihiiry, \v;is present at the massacre of the uliole fort at Mackiii.ic, aiul relates a most horrid scene of this butcliery, where seventy persons were shiin and scalped. The Indians acted with great cunning and sagacity in get- ting possession of this fort. It was a strong and important gar- rison. It was in the heart i){ thv huhan eoimtrv, and was mmh dreaded b\' them. It was ])ro\i(k'(l with e.imioii, and impreg- nable tu an Indian enemy without sagacious management. The Indians |)reteni!ed a great game of ba'l, called />(fi;x^ir- /i'u'd, to celebrate the birthday of the Hritish king. The\' bet high and played with great excitement; so that many of the soldiers ami officers of the garrison were out of the fort to look on, as the game commenced on a beautiful plain outsiile of the fort; but in the excitement of the game, the ball, as if b>- acci- dent, was thrown over the walls of the fort, and vast crowils of Indians entered it in search of the ball. They had weajxins concealed, and the garrison was destroyed. The French were spared. About four hundred warriors were engaged in this massacre. The j)osts of Mackinac, St. Joseph, and I'resque Isle were captured with the general slaughter of the garrisons. I'resque Isle held out for two days, and at last was taken and destroyed. A squaw divulged the plan to capture Detroit, which put Maj. Gladwyn the commander on his guard. This post being the most important; containing vast stores of Indian goods, Pontiac in person conducted the operations against it. His plan was to gain the interior of the fort in friendship, and then kill all within. He pretended to the commander of the fort that the Indians desired to "take their new father, the King of England, by the hand." And that a council was to be held the next morning, but during the night the squaw apprised Gladwyn of the scheme. The commandant had his garrison prepared and well armed to receive Pontiac and his red warriors, the next morning. Pontiac, when he entered the fort, enquired "why all this military display;" the commander answered "it was to keep his young men from being idle." About this time, Gladwyn raised the blanket of Pontiac and saw he was armed with a I'KiMlK IIIMnK\- ni ll.l.lNolS. 79 BliDi't ^uii. TliL' Indians had pnuiiKd themselves with shmt ^niiis and CDUcealed them under tlieir bhiidsets. The dlficer ordi'red them out of tile j^arrison, and on the Indians retiring thi'\- )-elled and fired their ^ams, but to no effect. Tliey murdered seviral persons outside the fort, ami besiej^ed the ^Mrrison for st:veral months, until it was relie\ed from Montreal, The fort cont. lined 1J2 men. l'"ort I'itt was attacked, and besieged for a lon^ time, unld Hou(iuet with 300 men ^ave them relief The posts of DetiDit, Xia^^aia, .uul I'itt uert: successfully defended, and retaim tl by the whites, but the balance fell into the hands of the savages, .At the fall of these forts the frontiers of Pennsylvania and \'ir- ^dnia were forced back ()\er the mountain-- the Virginians o\er the Blue Ridfje. More than twenty thousand in Vir^dnia fell back on the old settlement. lh)rrid massacres were the com- mon practices on the frontiers from Carolina to Montreal. The Indians remained active in the war durint; the summer of 1763, until fall, when the savages were compelled to retire fur the want of provisions. Pontiac, failinjj; to take all the forts, was discontented and des[)onding. He retux'd to the far West. The British, knowing his power amongst the Indians, bribed a savage to murder him in the streets of Cahokia. Thus fell one of the greatest men nature ever formed. His dust is now reposing in peace, near the old and deserted village of Cahokia, "but yesterda\- the word of C;esar might have stood against the world; now he lies there, and no?ie so poor as to do him reverence." The northern Indians held Pontiac in the greatest estimation. They knew their loss was irreparable. The murder of Pontiac so enraged them, that they almost exterminated the whole Illinois Indians, whose tribe participated in this horrid murder of their friend and protector, the great Pontiac. In the year 1765, Col. George Croghan, a commissioner, was sent out West to conciliate the Indians, after tli^ cession of the country to the British. He descended the Ohio River, and was at the falls of the Ohio on the ist June, 1765. The party came to the mouth of the Wabash, where they discovered some Indian fortifications. They still descended to an old Shawnee village, the same that retains the name of Shawneetown, in ii J-' 1, II- ' I 8o I'InXM U lIlSTokV OK ILLINOIS, r .\i (I Im'' (lalliitin County, on tliL' north bank of the Ohio Kivcr. Col. Cro^^hiin anil party remained there six days, making friendl)" arraMj^iinents uitli the Waliash Indi.ins, On the 8th of June, they were attackt-d by eii^dity warriors, mostly of the Kickapoo and Mascouten tribes, and many of the whites were killed and more woimded; ami all made prisoners. The party from this point went to Vincennes, by land, where they found eighty or ninety I''rench families. I'^rom the Shaw- nee village, Col. Croghan sent messengers to Lord I'"razier, who htid been sent to ]''ort Chartrcs; and also dispatches were for- warded to Saint Ange at the same fort. After remaining at Vincennes several days, Col. Croghan went up the Wabash 210 miles, to Ouiatenon, the Weas Town, as the Americans called it, anil on by the Miami post to Detroit, where they arri\ed on the 17th August. At Ouiatenon there were fourteen families and at Detroit about eighty houses of all sorts. On the 27th February, 1764, Major Loftus, a liritish officer, who was stationed at liayou Manchar, on the Mississippi, was despatched with 400 men to T'ort Chartres, to take possession of till' fort and country in the name of his government, liut as he ascended tlie Mississippi, at a place now known as Loftus Heights, or Fort Adams, the Tunaca Indians killed many of his party; so that the balance returned down the ri\er The defeat of Loftus and part)- delayed the British from the occupation of the country until Capt. Stirling assumed the com- mand from the benevolent Saint Ange. A short time after Capt. Stirling took possession of the countrj', he died, and Saint Aiigc considered it his duty to return from St. Louis to i'ort Chartres, and take command, as he had under the French government. It is .stated that the first Anglo-American settlement that was made on the Mississippi, was in the year 1764, by Ameri- cans from Roanoak, North Carolina. They settled on the highland north of Iberville Bayou, and thence northwardly toward l^aton Rouge. The remoteness of Illinois from the British colf)nies — the hatred of the French and Indians to the Long Knives and the Bostonians, and weakness of the settlement; that very few Americans or British, visited the country during the govern- i'. MMWWi1«»l>I H »'i' ,M |*"«. I'|i)M;i;r iiisiouv oi Illinois. 8i iiTJcnt of tlir Hritisli. Scarcely aiiotlu-r m.m was seen of the Uritisli, ixce[)t the Hiitish troops, in any pari of lUinois, until ■the Anierieans under C'ol. Clark took it in 177S. 'ihe Ihitish, in the year I/Chj, erected, on the Wabash Kivcr, a fort, which was called Sackville. This fort was a short dis- tance below Vincenncs, and u.is a regular stockade fort, with bastions, and a few pii;ces of cannon, under the command of an officer and soldiers. In 1756, as lias already been stated, I'ort Chartres was repaired and improved, by the I'Vench, to j,Hiard the country aj^ainst the invasion of the liritish. It was believed that this fort was the most "convenient and best in North America." In this year (1 756), it stood half a mile from the bank of the river. In 1766 it was only ei^dit)- \ards. The bank of the river iie.xt it was continually wearing away. In the year 1770, the river made further encroachments, and in 1772, the river inun- dated the American Bottom, and washed away one of the side walls of the fort. At this time, the British {garrison abandoned it, and moved the seat of government to Kaskaskia. i'Drt Chartres has never been occupied since. It is stated in iSjo, that "at the south- east angle there is a gate, and the wall is jjcrfect. It is about fifteen feet high, and three feet thick. There is also a large gate eighteen feet wide." After the year 1772, the British garrison occupied Fort Gage, which stood on the Kaskaskia River bluffs opposite the village; this fort continued the headquarters of the British while they possessed the country. Fort Gage was built of large scjuare timbers, and was an oblong, measuring 290 by 251 feet. There were in this fort, in tlic \ear 1772, an officer and twenty soldiers. In the village of Kaskaskia, there were two French companies organized, and in g(jod discipline, ready to march at a moment's warning. At the time the British troops came to take possession of l*"ort Chartres, two young officers, one French and the other British, had a misunderstanding at tlie fort. This c[uarrel arose, as did the war of the (ireeks against the Trojans, on account of a kuly. These officers fought with small swords, early on a 6 Hi 82 lidM'.l'.k IIISIORN' (.)|-' II.I,IN(,)1S. I ' ! Sunday morning;', near the fori, and in this combat one was killed. The other left the fort, and descended the river. I was informed of the above duel nearly tift\' years ai;(), by a very aL;ed Frenchman. He informed me of the details, and said, he was present and saw the combat. This duel was, no doubt, the first f()UL;ht in Illinois. That barbarous, anti-chris- tian mode of settiini;' controversies has never been much prac- tised in this countr\-. Public o[)inion, which is the certain cor- rector, has been aKva)s stron^^ against it. And the last Con- stitution of Illinois. emiiiaiinL;' from an enlightcd public opinion, has placed a jiositive vcio a<^ainst the practice forever. When the British took possession of Illinois, many of the first inhabitants, as was before r.lated, emi;4rated to Louisi.ina, which was nothin;^ more than to cross the Mississippi. On the 3d Xo\-., 176:;, I'"rance made a secret treaty with Spain, b\' which Louisiana was ceded to S|)ain; but it was not madi' known before April 21, 176.1. About this time, and before the treat)' was known, the \illai;es of St. Louis antl Ste. Genc\ie\e made their ai)i)earance on the west side of the Mis- sissip))!. The h'rench are alwa\-s celebrated for t;ivini;' jiersons and ul.'ices nicknames suitabit to the occasion. .St. Louis was called PcUii Court — Short iiread; Carontlelet, I'idiPoitclic — Empty Pocket; Ste. Cienevieve, Alissicr — Misery. These names were the onl}' ones for many j'car.i b)' which these places were known and called. It was not until after the cession of Louisiana to the United States, in 1803, that St. Louis, in common parlance was known bj' an\' other name tlian Pain Court. The same of Ste. (lenevievc; and it was not lon^L,^ since that I'idc Pouclic lost its cognomen, and assumed its present citj'-name of Car- ondelet. St. Charles, in Alissouri, was known as Petite Cote. In the >ear 1766, a plantation of the Jesuits, near Old Kas- kaskia, conlainint; two hundred and forty arpents of cultivated land, a very good stock of cattle, and a brcwer\-, was sold by the French government to Monsieur Beauvois. This property was taken b\- the P'rench government when the order of J esuits was suppressed M onsieur B eau\()i s was a wealthy cit- izen of that day. He had eighty slaves and furnished eighty- thousand jjounds of flour to the king's store; and this was SIX no t near all his harvest of one ye; T »m ■pniini'ii»iii>n»m)iiifcjiii -1. ' I \ ill a ■ i ' V. -1.1 ' '■!■ !!■,(. II ' ' ' . u • I -., - > . , , III. ,'";;•-: ' '*-•- \ ; t,..i ',. '1 1 ' I' V !■!.- I : if;. I n ' . 1 ' li 'il •! \ i ■ .-.•:! \\ • ' 1 . 1 . I M i Ki i .: )i i I; I -ii -''■■• .1 in ■■'- : t i' Ii I :! <, '!i| nmi ■M -■4f ''*i^ 1^ h Wit' ■ • , y; V ^^: if ■»s^ -^vv '^i'": mm *^' -.T' ^^ ■:.| ,n ' J ^ "''■''"it •«*iS^h>t^^*« ■-^a^^-r.-rrffita' »^,.yWB»ia» wr'iKj. - i »c»- CHAI'TKR V. Illiiii)is under tlu' ( JoNX'innu'nt of N'irgiiiia. 'itl TlIK first part of itic Aimnican Rcvolutioii was nut much pcrcci\c'd in Illinois. Tiic country was so remote from the Atlantic Stales, and peaceabl}' }-ieldinL,r to I5ritish authoril)-, that nothing- tran:;[)ireil in Illinois durin;^;' the first \-ears of the Revolution that can be interesting; to narr-'cc. The inhabitants continued in their usual asocations, durim; the hrst \ears of tlie stru;^i;le. liut, in the year 1778, Illinois was visited b\- a small arms' of the most valiant and coui'at^eous hei'oes that, per- haps, e\'er invaded and captured an_\- countr)-. I do not belie'-e that hist )ry presents a parallel of such extra- ordinar)' inxasion and concjuest of a countr\', of such \-asl extent and importance, as was tiie result of Col. Clark's expe- tlition into Illinois, in the year 1778. This in\-asion \ias coii- ilucled to an honor.dile and successful termination, without the loss of lives, and almost without means or men. (je r|4c Roi;\'rs Clark was born in the Old Dominion, Albe- marle County, 19th Nov., 1752. In his \-outh, like Washington, lie was employed in sur\e\-ing land. Col. Clark wa:^ in the West, on the u|)pcr Ohio, in the \-ear 1773, and was in the neighborhood ot the murder of Logan s famiU' in 1774. but not concerned in tliat bloody transaction He was a staft'-ofiicer in (lovernor Dunmore's war with the [nchans, in the campaign to the Scioto, and reached Kentucky in the next )ear — 1775. From the year 1774, and after the murder of Logan's ftmil)-, a murderous Indian war raged throughout all the West. This war extended from the western frontiers of (ieorgia to Canada. It was not alone the massacre of Logan's famil)' that caused the war. It m.iinl)- was attributable to Hritish influence, together with the encroachments of the Americans, on the Indian country. The settlements of Virginia, l'enns}'l\ania, and the other .\tlantic States, v.ere rapidU' extending west. 83 ■\'. A ^ 84 1'1()NI,I;K IIIsr(.)RN- nl .I.INDIS. M Boone and others discovered Kentucky, and were locating' tliemsclves in it as early as the j-ear 1 774. The Revohitionary War was discerned and feared by Di:n- iiiore in liis campaign to tlie Scioto. It was beheved by Wash- ington, Marshall, and others, that instructions were sent to Dun- more, when he was on his march west of the Ohio River, to treat with the Indians, and leave them as friendly as jjossible. It may be said that this was the first spark of the Revolutionary War which was discovered in the movements of Dunmore and the last was extinguished b>' (ien. Wayne, also in the West, at the Greenville treaty in the \-ear 1795. The commencement and the termination of the .American contest for freedom was in the West; and the Godess of Liberty has raised her stand- ard higher and it shines with nmre splendor in the valle\- of the AIississi[)[)i than in an)' other section of the ghjbe. It was cjuite reasonable that the liritish authorities in Amer- ica should discover symptoms of nvolt in the colonies at this time. It was on the 5th Sept., 1774, that the first Continental Congress eon\ened at Philadelplwa, and ic w.is on the ir)th Dec, of the previous j'ear, that the tea was destroyed in the harbor o( Boston. In the ne.\i \'c,ir occurred the battle of Lexington and other movements for libert)' in the old Ba\' State. It is not strange, therefore, that iJunmore was easing off from the troops of the colonies and making fair weather Avith the Indians of the West. Lor nineteen years this Indian war was prosecuted w ith the vitmost rancor and with liloody \'engeance against all the west- ern frt)ntiers of the I'nited States. Old j)e(iple, now alivi', well recollect the indiscriminate slaughter of ail classes of people on the frontiers. The Cherokees, the .Shawnees, and other hostile Indians, were dreaded around the frontiers, in olden times, as much as the .Asiatic cholera is at this da_\-. There Avas scarce!}' a familv in the W est hut could mourn the loss of some of its number. ..Vnd many times the evenings were spent in narrating the horrid tales of tin- >Iaughter of women and children as well as of their fathers and husbands. Altho' this fi'ontier life exposed the people to man\' haid- ships, dangers, and ileaths that were not known in the interior settlements; yet it had its peculiar ad\-anlages. This border &^" -_ ^■m « &''> U ■ i << i T i W»rf .■ *■% >?■ . I'lo.NKKR HISTORY QV Il.l.Ii\(.)lS. 85 life pioduCLnl ii must li.ud)-, cncr^fctic, and darin}^ race of men whose characters were pecuUar to tliemsclvcs. The)' were raised in such a dangerous and hazardous condition of the country that every latent spark of talent and energy was elicited iind brought into active employment. For many years in the West, danger of the Indi.ms was ever, night and day, pressing on the frontier settlers. Those persons who could not with- stand these incessant shocks of Indian warfare retired to the interior of the country and left those on the frontiers who dis- regarded danger and death. Together with these dangers and hardships of Indian war.s^ the frontiers had nianj- other disadvantages and privations to encounter. In all new countries the people have not the nec- essaries or the ordinary means of comfortable living that they enjoy in an old country. No schools, no churches, no mills, and no courts were tlie common destitutions of t!ie new settlements; but \\'\icn the horrors of an Indian war are added, it is then that the people, to sustain themselves against all tliese united calamities, become the most courageous and energetic of the human famih'. This mode of life also developes their mental faculties. Their education was not acquired in schools or in colleges but it was forceii on them b)- passing events. The minds of the pioneers were developed and improved by the force of circumstances which they could not control. This primitive race of men was also the most independent and self-sustaining people on earth. Tlu y relied on their own resources, in all emergencies, and b\- which they generally sus- tained themselves. Thej- were for the most part at remote distances, out of the reach of relief, and were compelled to rely on themselves for sujjport, and by this mode of life they obtained a character for freedom and indt pendeuce that people raiseil under ditterent circumstances c.'.n ne\er attain. In this kind of lite, under all these circumstances of a new country, in a bloody war with the Indians, the character of George Rogers Clark was formed. He was the noble and tal- ented representative of this class of men. He jios^essed a great and comprehensive mind. It was mouldc^d on the gigan- tic order, not capable of embracing both extended views of policy and various military combinations. His mode of life ! i1 •■'r , T. ',V .S6 'U im;i u iiisr()i<\- di iilinmi^. 1 1 , A' ') bciiii;- ill conslant iio^tilc ;inM>' against tlu- liuliiins, ^avc liim a perfiLl know Icdt^c of tluir ehaiaclrr; and also, the want of siilTicirnt niililar)- force to contend with them. conipelUil liim to resort to stratagem, the nisc (iiii/urri\ as well as to open ilar- int; and I)ra\er\'. It is not common for commanders to excel in both these moiles of warfare. lUit such was the character of Col. Clark that he e.xcelled in both. Such are some of ihe traits of this extraordinary character Avho, almost without troops and without an>' support from the government, conipiered ami retainetl the Illinois country against the combined forces of the Jh-itish and their Indian allies. At this time, in the be.ninninLj of the Revolution, two char- acters, Simon Kenton and Simon (iirty, arose in the West whose celebrity was extendeil throu;^diout the country. Simon (iirty was a native of l'enns\lvania and of Irish extraction. lie was a sp\- in the campaign to the Scioto coun- try under Lord Dunmore in 1774 and was a companion of Simon Kenton. In 1755, the liome of Simon- Girt\', who lived with his father, was attacked and burnt b\' the Indians. His stepfalhei-, some years after, was burnt at the stake, in the presence of his famil}'; the rest of the family were taken pris- oners. Simon was adopted b\- the Seneca Indians and became an expert hunter, lie returned ami resided in western Penn- sylvania. In the Revolution, he joinetl the Tory side ami resided among the hostile Indians. He commanded on many occasions the war parties of the Indians and became a terror to the frontiers. He witnessed the burning of Col. Crawford and made some et'fort to save his life. Me saved the life of Simon Kenton when he was tied to the stake to be burnt; they had shared the same blanket together in Dunmore's war. He resided at Sandusky at which place he had a store. He enter- tained, all his life, a bitter hatred to the United States and a corresponding friendship to the ISritish and Indians. He was in I'roctor's army in 18 1 3, and was killed by Col. Johnson's men at the Thames. He was intemperate and wlien intoxi- cated was savage to friend and foe. As it was said, Kenton was a ranger and s]n' in Dunmore's war and came down the Ohio River in a canoe with two other I' rioNKI'.U IIISI()K\ 111 ILLINOIS. «7 men to tlic place on the Oliio where August.! now .stands. lie was tall, robust, aiul athletic, and a man of [peal enerLjy of character. lie s[)ent one season liuntin^ on the Lickinij River; ho was taken by the Indians and sentenced to be burnt. Ik- was tied to the stake and the Ih'e was burning- annnid him. His old comrade, Simon (iirty, saveil him from the fury of the Intlians. Simon Kenton was with Col. Clark in the campai;.;'!! of 177S to Kaskaskia and headed a party on the ni^ht of the 4th July of that year who entered Fort Gat;e ami captured Lieut.-Governor Rocheblave in his bed. After tlic conquest of Kaskaskia, Col. Clark sent Kenton with des[)atches to the "I'alls," and to pass by Vincennes in his route. Kenton la)' concealed during' the days, for three days, and reconnoitered the village of X'incennes during the nights. He acquitted himself as usual in this service to the satisfac- tion of his general. He emplo)'ed a trusty messenger to con- vey the intelligence of the feelings, numbers, etc., of the people of Vincennes to Col. Clark at Kaskaskia. Simon Kenton served under (ieneral Wayne in the Indian war, which was closed at the treaty of Greenville in 1795. He ended his days in the State of Ohio not long since, full of years, and what is better, his heart full of Christian piety. These twt) singular characters were a good deal similar, each possessing an extraordinary degree of energy and decision of character. Each one honest in his professions and attachments. They espoused different sides in the Revolutionary contest, but were always friends as to personal feelings. The enemies of Girty give him a horrid character; and, per- haps, if we were to see the British and Indian history of Ken- ton's character, some specks might appear not so angelic. The different society they kept might have produced some effect to make one blood-thirsty, while the other, b_\- the intluence of cor- rect and proper principles, became humane and merciful. They both, like the lesser prophets, became conspicuous in a small way, and both, after a very long and acti\e life, are now resting in peace. Col. Clark was appointed to drill and org.uiize the militia at Harrod's Station, and at Boonsboro', in Kentucky, lie was then, and ever afterwartl, recognized as the main defender of the Western frontiers. K'- m V n , ii ■ Ii f « I tl i 88 I'lONKKR IIISTORV OF ll.l.l\i.)IS. I H t' '; .^(1 Late in the fall of 1775, he returned to Virginia, and prepared to U-avc ill thi- early s[)rinj^ for Kentucky, to make the West his permanent resilience. During this year, a ^neat ineetinf:j was held at Harrodsbnrf^, to take into consideration the political situation of Kentucky; and at this convention Major Clark, so called at that tla\-, and (iabric'l John Jones were appointed tlele^'ates to tlie ^^eneral assembly of \'ir^ii\ia. These members of the Virj^inia lej^isla- turc crossed the mountains at the Cumberland (lap, and suf- fered nnich with scald feet in walking; to the seat of ijovern- nient of the Ancient Dominion. When they arrivetl at the capital, the t^eneral assembl)- had adjourned; but Clark and Jones waited on Oovernor Patrick Henry, and urj^ed on him the necessity of furnishing the frontier with a supply of powder; and also strongly pressed the necessity of a new county. After much difTicult)', a supply of powder was granted to be received at Pittsburg, and on the 7th iJec, 1776, a county was organized, and called Kentucky. The powder being at Pittsburg, Clark and Jones were compelled to pass there, on their route to Kentuck)', and conveyed the precious article down the Ohio to the creek called Limestone, where Maysville is now built. There they concealed the powder, and sent adrift their boat; so that the Indians might not discuxcr them or the powder. On tiieir wa)' to 1 larrodsburg, they heard of Col. Todd being in the vicinity with .some troops, and Jones, with five of the boatmen, remained with Todd, to return and convey the powtler to the settlements, while Clark and the other two men went direct to the station. Todd antl party were defeated near the Blue Licks, on the 25th Dec, b}- the Indians, who were in ambuscade, on the trail of Clark and Jones. Jones antl two others were killed, but Clark anil his men reached I larrodsburg in safety, and the powder at last reached the station. Clark, altho' only 25 years of age, had learnetl, in the school of Indian danger and peril, so much, that his education was complete in Indian warfare. His mind, naturally strong and \ig- orous, comprehended at once the condition of the West, and was determined to gi\e it relief. The British posts of Detroit, Vinccnnes, and Kaskaskia, were '. .11 I'loNKKR IIISIOKV 111' III.IN'IIS. Hij stations for the liostik' Indians, wiicrc; tlu- British |4()Vfrniiu iit furnislicd tiuiu witii all ihc necessary means to murder the exposed frontier iiiiiabitants, and paid them in j;okl for the scalps of men, uonu'n, and children. Uii the fu-st t)f tklober, Clark left 1 larrodsbur^' for the seat of government of Virginia. After much delay and caution, the government of Virgini.i, on the 2(1 J.innary, 1778, decided to appoint Clark lieut.-coloiiel, to take command of such forces as could be raised, to concpier the British garri.';ons in the West. Altho' the Illinois country was remote from the seat of the Revolutionary War, yet the inhabitants knew of its existence, and were, in their hearts, unfriendly to the Jiritish, and warmly attached to the American cause. This being the case, the French people were read)', on all favorable occasions, to engage in any expedition against their ancient enemy — the British. Thomas liratly, commonly called Mr. Tom, resided in Caho- kia in the year 1777, and was a man of sounil mind and an enterprising and courageous disposition. In his youthful days he had been much inured to Indian warfare, and had been long in the midst of the dangers and adventures of a Western life. His neighbors, the French of Cahokia and Prairie du Pont, were ready at a moment's warning to enter into an)- enterprise, mili- tary or civil, that was honorable, and had no work attached to it. And, altho' the Illinois French were not ambitious or enter- prising in individual capacities, \et no people made better sol- diers. They were obedient to orders, never murmured, and po.s- sessed the inherent courage of their nation, to face danger and death, in all its horrors, on a battle-field, without the least trepi- dation. Thomas Brady organized a band of sixteen \'oluntccrs, from the villages of Cahokia and Prairie du Pont, and on the first of October, 1777, set out to ca[)ture a British post at St. Joseph, on the southeast side of Lake Michigan. This party marched thro' the prairie's from Cahokia to the Cow Pens, — so called at that day — which is the same place that LaSalle first estab- lished a post, in 1679, and called it St. Joseph. Brady and party were successful in capturing the post, C(jn- taining twenty-one soldiers and a considerable quantity of Indian lit H I .1 .1 ^. t> -.?- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A z s 1.0 I.I 1.25 28 ^45 1.4 IIM 2.2 " ii£ ilO 1.6 vi ^^% %'.:-^' ^^. ^ > A ^r ^rw' *5 '> o 7 M Photographic Sciences Corporation fV ^ n WEST MAIN STREEI WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 «b \ ■ r- 6^ '%^ A, Ifi 6^ n 90 I'lt.tNI-.Kk IIISTURV OK ILLINOIS, h I '), {foods. Onl\' one person was killed. Tliis was :i negro slave, who had run off to the Indians from the .settlements on the Mis- sissipj)!. He left the fort when it was attacked, and was nhot. The victorious party packeil up the merchandise and started for C.ihokia; but the)- moved slow, and were overtaken at tin.' Cal- umet, a few miles southeast of Chicago. The Hritish traders roused the Indians and the liritish soldiers into action. Several hundred Indians fell on the party when they were camped '"or the night on the Calumet. Two men were killed, two wounded, and one made his escape; twelve were made prisoners and sent to Canada. Hraily was with the prisoners, but escaped, and returned to Illinois by the way of his native state, Pennsylvania. These prisoners remained in Canada two years. A Mr Hois- mcnue of Cahokia was one of the party, and was wounded. He remained with the Indians all winter, to heal his wounds, and returned to Cahokia in the spring. It is stated of Mr. Hoismenue, that when he saw these two Cahokias t.iiiialunckid by the Indians, he supposed it would be his fate next to be served in the same manner, and to avoid the sight of the hatchet sinking into his brains, he was sitting before the fire, and threw a blanket over his head. Me was saved ; and was afterward the father of a very respectable famil\-. some of whom are yet living in the country. Mr. lioismenue's desire not to know the time of his death shows the wisdom of Providence in not letting his creatures know that important epoch. Man would be miserable if he knew the time of his decease, were it one hundred years off This was rather a wild and hazardous expectation. Seven- teen men to take a fort of twenty-one regulars with arms and other means of defence, required masterly skill and bravery. They sui prised the fort at night, but could not escape with any of the spoils, which was, no doubt, one great object of the enter- prise. Hut Col. Clark undertook a more noble enterprise, to take all the Britisli garrisons in the West. I'wo sets of instructions were given to him by the governor and council of Virginia. One. which was public, was for Col. Clark to raise seven companies for the protection of Kentuck)-, and to proceeil west. These men were enlisted for three months. The second instructions were, that Col. Clark should raise seven ri(.)Ni;i;u iiist(.»kv ok ii.m.nois. 91 companies of men, fifty in each company, and proceed to Kas- kaskia to attack tlic Uritish jjarrison at that place. That if suc- cessful, to take and preserve the cannon and munitions of war found at that post. That boats woukl be furnished at I'itts- huv>^ for the transportation of the troops, and that the expedi- tion must be kept a profound secret. That (ien. Hand, at I'itts- Ijur^, would si'.pply the powder and lead. The inhabitants ot the country captured were to take the oath of allej^iance, or otherwise be visited with the miseries of war. Two men, who were from Kaskaskia, were to be secured at Williamsburj;, for fear of their developing the oliject of the expedition. In their instructions it was particularly enjoined, that humanity should be observed to all persons who miyht fall into the hands of the \'iri;inia troops. The Gov. Patrick Henry sif^ned these instruc- tions, which were dated the 2d of January, 1778, and none knew aii)thin;^ about them, except (iov. Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Cieor^e Wythe, and George Mason, who were his council, and Col. Clark. On the 4th of I'ebruary following. Col. Clark left the capital of Virginia for Pittsburg. It was decided that troops could not be spared on the east of the mountains, as they were so much needed there, but must be raised in the VV^est. The situation of Col. Clark can be easily imag^ined. He was acting under immense responsibility. His plan was adopted. I lis in.structions were secret, and the whole and sole manage- ment of the expedition was confined to his judgment. He had received but twelve hundred pounds of depreciated currency to carry out the expedition, and the country without troops or even credit. Hut the genius and talent of the leader supplied all wnian to meet him at this island. Bowman had been sent on a southern route from Pittsburg through Kentucky to raise a company of men. Capt. Bowman and a company from Kentucky, under the command of Capt. Dillard, met him at the i.sland. With all the exertions that could be made, Col. Clark coulil not raise more than four companies for the expedition. These companies were commanded by Captains Montgomery, Bow- man, Helm, and Harrod. Simon Kenton joined the expedition at this place with many other resolute persons. It appears that Captain Montgomery was found at the Falls, being an "Irish- man and full of fight." It was on Corn Island when Col. Clark- announced that his destination was to Kaskaskia in the Illinois country. This information was received by this brave band of warriors with enthusiasm and joy. But, in fact, the troops under Clark were like all soldiers under great leaders, ready to go any- where and do anything in their power commanded by their gen- erals. After the fainthearted were discharged, all the troops mus- tered into the campaign to Kaskaskia were one hundred and fift)--three men. Keel-boats being procured, Clark, on the 24th June, 1778, while the sun was eclipsed, started down the river from Corn Island on this hazardous expedition to Kaskaskia. They descended the river to the old Cherokee Fort, or Fort Massacre, below the mouth of the Tennessee River, and forty miles above the mouth of the Ohio, where they found a party of hunters from Kaskaskia commanded by John Duff. Clark learned from these hunters that Lieut.-Ciovernor Rocheblave, a Canadian Frenchman, commanded Fort Gage at Kaskaskia and the country: antl that the militia were organized and well dis- ciplined: that sjjies were out to give information if the Long Knives came into the country. This was the Indian name for the Virginians, and the Ne\v Fngland people were called Bos- tonians by the P'rench and Indians of that daj-. Col. Clark, before he left Corn Island, obtained two items of n* ..-^t -.^; f ,1 I'loNKKK HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. 93 information, of which iic mr.de good use. One was, that France had joined the Aniericins in the war af^ainst Great Britain; and tlie other was, tliat tlie French in Illinois were made to believe by the Hritish that the "Long Knives" were cannibals, worse than demons. Clark secured his boats, and engaged John Saunders, one of Duff's hunting-part)', to be his guide to Kaskaskia. The whole hunting-party were willing to return with Clark, but he took only one of them. Clark's warriors had no wagons, pack-horses, or other means •of conveyance of their munition of war or baggage, other than their own robust and hardy selves. Col. Clark himself was iiature's favorite, in his person as well as mind. He was large and athletic, capable of enduring much; yet formed with such noble symmetry and manly beauty, that he combined much grace and elegance, together with great firmness of character. Me was grave and dignified in his deportment; agreeable and affable with his soldiers when rcla.xed from duty; but in a crisis —when the fate of his campaign was at stake, or the lives of his brave warriors were in danger — his deportment became stern and severe. His appearance, in these perils, indicated, without lan- guage, to his men. that every soldier must do Lis duty. The country between Fort MI>. y> tlu-ir extra clothes, if the)- li.ul .iin-, aiul tli.it was doubtful. Tlu)' had no iiK-ans or time to siiavo or dress. They possessed brave hearts under raL;^^ed antl soiletl clothes. Their appearance .md furious noise in the nijjht made the I'Vciich believe that the Lon|^ Knives woulil almost devour them. Col. Clark took to himself the most perilous enterprise, to take Furt (iaLje, u liich was a strong British fortification, defended with cannon and rej^ular soldiers. This wouUl seem, at this da\', a similar perilous enterprise to Wayne storming Stony i'oint. Clark had no cannon or means of assaultins^ the fort, antl there- fore must use stratagem. He found the Ljarrison uniirejjared for defence. The brave and saj;acious Simon Kenton com- Miaiided a detachment to enter the fort; tlie\- found a li^lil burninj^ in it. An American, a native of Pennsylvania, was there in the for»; and conducted Kenton and his small part\' into the fort by a small back i^ate. This was a perilous situation for Kenton's men, to be housed up in a British stroii;^ fortification, if the gate had been shut on them. The noble I'ennsjlvanian was true to libert)* and conducted them to the ver\- bedchamber of the sleeping governor, Rocheblave. The first notice Roclie- blave had that he was a prisoner, was Kenton tapping him on the shoulder to awaken him. Thus the fort anil village were both captureil vithout shed- ding one drop of blooti. The wife of the governor concealed some papers which were supposed to be public, anil ought to be delivered with the garrison to the captors, but the gentlemanly bearing of Col. Clark made him respect female prerogative, and the lady secured the papers in that adroit manner peculiar to female sagacity. Clark had now possession of the fort ami cannon, which com- manded Kaskaskia, and could at his ease have coerced the inhabitants into submissio' , if it became necessary. The conquest of Fort tiage and Kaskaskia, the capita! of Illinois, is one of the most singular anil important events recorded in history. It was the extraordinary genius and capacities of Col. Clark that achieved it. lie had scarcely an\- men; and all their armor, provisions, camp equipage, etc., were packed on their backs, to the scene of action ; and this, too, to take a 96 PIONKKR HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, pi 1^ S stronj; i^arrison, defended with cannon, I^ritish soldiers, etc. This may be taken in after-days as romance; but now it is known to be realiiy. Jt seems Governor Rocheblave was insolent, Clark put him in irons, and sent him, in the care of Capt Montgomery, to Williamsburg, the capital of Virginia. Clark was stern and severe, when his duty required it. The next day after the concpicst, Col. Clark organized the post, and confined some suspected persons. His actions and appearance among the inhabitants of Kaskaskia were on pur- pose made to correspond with what the Hritish had informed them; that the Americans were the most savage beasts on earth, and that no mercy could be expected at their hands, were they to conquer the country. Clark v. ithdrew his troops from the vil- lage; observed the most rigid discii)line; and appeared to be meditating what was the worst mode of torture and death to inflict on the inhabitants of Kaskaskia. This deportment of Clark and troops, together with their uncouth and .savage aijjicar- ance, aroused the people to a sense of their danger and destruc- tion. I-'ather Gibault, the priest, with others of the "grave and reverend seignit)rs," waited on Col. Clark at his camp, and appealed to him to permit them, the inhabitants, to meet in the church once more before they were dcstnned, or remove to a foreign land. Clark still kept up the appearance of anniiiilation in his deportment. His words were few, and scorched hke they had proceeded from a fiery furnace. When Clark had the people of Old Kaskaskia worked up to the utmost excitement of terror, he addressed them thus: "Do you mistake us for savages.'' Uo )ou think Americans will strip women anil children, and take the bread out of their mouths.' My country disdains t»> make war on helpless inno- cence. To prevent the horrors of Indian butchery on our t)wn wives and children, we have taken up arans, and penetrated to this stronghold of Indian anil Hritish barbarity, and not for des- picable plunder. The king of France has united Lis powerful arms with those of America, and the contest will soon be ended. The people of Kaskaskia nipy side with either part)-. To verify my words, go and tell your people to do as they please, with- out any danger from mc." .«<-. mmtma/wmm-^a^' I'lONKKR niSTOKY OV ILLINOIS. 97 When this good news came to the cars of the pcojjle, gloom and dejection changed into extravagant joy. The people were nearly frantic, and entered the church to thank God for their happy deliverance. Clark's policy had its desired effect, to Jiiake the people his steadfast friends. Captain Bowman was despatched to capture the post of Caho- kia, and several influential persons of Kaskaskia volunteered their services to prepare the minds of the people of Cahokia for the change. The party, mounted on French ponies, proceeded to Cahokia, and seized on it without resistance. This expedi- tion was conducted with the same celerity and secrecy as that to capture Kaskaskia. In fact, there were not many soldiers in the fort at Cahokia; so that a defence was useless. Col. Clark had it instilled into his army, and he also propa- gated it: that a large army of Americans, Long Knives, were organized at the Falls, and were ready to take Vincennes and Detroit, and to reinforce the American garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. These statements were believed by the French and Indians, and had a powerful effect in keeping, not only order ant! peace in the country, but also, the American domina- tion throughout the West. As Clark and men had done so much, the inhabitants and Indians concluded that another such army could concjuer any nation; and the judgment was not so incorrect; but the army must have had another Clark to com- mand them; and that such genius and talents as his are rare at any time and in any country. Col. Clark soon heard that the British governor at Vincennes had gone to Detroit, and that the fort, old Sackville, was in the hands of the citizens of Vincennes, and none of the redcoat gentry were in it. Arrangements were readily made for an embassy, headed by the good old priest, Gibault, to go to Vincennes and bring the people over to the American cause. This enterprise was suc- cessful. The French of Vincennes declared for the Americans, and Gibault and his party, together with several gentlemen from Vincennes, returned to Kaskaskia, about the first of August, with the joyful intelligence. The enlistment oi the volunteers under Clark was about to expire, and his instructions were vague; so he acted at discrc- 7 1 t «■ 98 PI(.)NI.I.U lllMitKN' (II II I.IM 'IS, ■i ( tion. I lis jiKli^incnt at oiicc! advised him that the (.lumtiy shoidd not 1)0 ahaiiddiu'd ; so Ik- cidistcd a^;aiii many ol tlu- saiiu' men lie had liist, toi^cther witli many of the l-reneli. Those troops, who wire to l)e (hscharj^ed, were sent back to the I''alh at Loiiisvilli', iimler the command of C'apt. Wilham Linn, witli inslnictions to al)aiulon tlie station on I'orn Ishmd and erect a perm.ment fort on the main shon-. l'"or the comni.md of th|i U\ ..i|' II I IN. lis. W was inti'iulcd to inlliu lur tlic Indians to ahaniioii tlir Unli^li iiitiTi'si to join tljc Anuriians. Hy proper arrani^i-nirnls, Col. (lark had a ;-;i'iMt luiinbrr of Indians coin iMU'd at (,'alioUia, in tlu- month of Si pliniUrr, i"7S, ,ind made friindl\- tri-atiis with them. He \va extrenul)' sa|.;acions to (hseover the si-ciel movin;.; springs of hum, Ml aelion; and partieiilarly, hi knew well the Indian eharacter. At Calioki.i, fok Cknk waited for the Indians to make the ailvance to pi-ace and friendsliip. Ileuaitiii with iletermiiu'.l obstinacy until the red -skins threw awa)' tlie hostile wampmu Ljiven thi'in by thr Hriti-^h l)efore he said an\ ihiiiLj to tiiem, and cautioned his men not to shake iiands with the In(U,m> until peace was made; so that heart and hand coulil };o toijether. Infore the close of the season, ,dl the Indians, far .unl ue,u\ weie friendl;,' to the Anu'ricans, 'jljc country inhabited i)y the wiiites w.is ,ill (|u!el .mil ])eaceal)le in the hamls of \'ir_L,i'iia. The f.imous (apt. Ilelm was in peaceable possession of the stroll;^ British fort, Sackville, with onl)- two Americans and son.e I''rench militi.i; while Clark occupii'd the whole Illinois country with less than oiu' hundred men. The "I louse of I)ele^ates" of the \'ir;^Mni.i lei^islature passed the followin;.^ com[)limentary resolution; "I.\ TIM'; llni si; (,•!• I)!:i.i;(;.\ii:s, Monday, the 2^1 \o\., |--S. Whereas, authentic information h.is been received, th.it Lieu- tenant-Colonel (ieori^fe Ko^^ers Clark, with a body of \'irL;in'a militia, has reduced the British posts in the western i).irt of this Commonwealth on the river Mississippi and its branches, where- by i,Meat advantaj^e may accrue to the common cause of .\merica, .IS well as to this Commonwealth in particular: Rcsoli'tii, That the th.inks of this House arc justly due to the said Col. Clark and the brave officers and men under his command, for their extraordinary resolution and perseverance in so hazardous an enterprise, and for their import. iiit services thereby rendered to their country. Attest, ' J'-- KaM'oI.I'II, < . H. I>." (iovernor Hamilton, hearin;^ at Detroit that the Americ.ms had seized on the country in his absence, was much concerned I\ li ■'■[' ]' .1 i I 100 i'i<.)Ni;i;i< iiisTOKV i>i ii.i.iNois, anti cha^;rinc(l that the country lie hail in charge was w rcstctl fr(im hiiii by a frn raj^j^cd inihtia from thi' ( )|il Dominion. I Ir idllictccl liis forces - thirt)' regular trooj)s, fifty C'anaih- ans. and four huntlrcd Indians — and n adud V'incinnrs on the 151)1 l)cciiiil)cr, 177S. The people maile no ilefence, but the whole defence of tin- fort devolved on Capt. Ili-lni and one • itlier American, by the name of Henry. When (iov. Hamil- ton came within hailing; distance. Helm calletl out with a loud voice, "halt"! This show of ilefence caused Hamilton to pause. Henry had a cannon well cliarj,'eil and placed in the open t,';ilt'\vay, while Helm stood by it with a lif,dited match. Helm exclaimed, "no 111. m sh.ill enter here until I know the terms." Hamilton responded, ")ou shall have the honors of war" The fort was then ii])oii surrendered, and the one officer and line pri\.ite received the honor aforesaid, for their defence of the fort. A ixirtioii of Hamilton's forces was dispatched to the fron- tiers to kill and scalp the inhabitants, while ilelni was detained .1 prisoner of war. The l-'ieiich were disarmed. (.'i.irk was in a most perilous and distressing situation. No sujiplies of troops or munitions of war reached him from \'ir- j^inia. Tlie country infested with hostile Indians, direct from Detroit, and ll.imilton preparing to attack him at Kaskaskia. This posture of affairs !;.ive Clark e.xcessive uneasiness, and harassed him da)' and iii^lit. To abandon the country to the hostile Indians, lie coidil not think of for ;i moment; but he had no me.uis of defence. However, his couraj^'e and judg- ment never forsook him. His talents and resoiuces were always superior to the occasion. He called Major liowman and his littK' force from Cahokia down to Kaskaskia. He burnt down some houses in the \illa^e near his fort and pre- pared for a sit.L;e. liut on mature reflection, he came to the bold and hazardous conclusion, that he would muster all his forces and ca|)lure Hamilton; "for," he said, "if I do not take him, he will take me." This expedition to V'incennes was conducted in the dead of winter, thro a wilderness countrs', without resources, and without any of the common necessaries for the support of an army. v.^ ."jBm^^ rin.M KK IIIMOKN ()|- IIIfSDlS, lOI Clark, with his uncntninnii s.ij^acits' to jn'mliiiti' the hiait^ (if iiu'ii, lUj^ii^'icI {'t»l. \*ini), who risidrd .it tlic tiim- in St Kouis, iippiT I.uiiisiana, t<> ^;<) l<> \'iiKcnius ami iicnnnoitn lM)rt Sack\illi.', aiui ascertain the tlispusitinn of the penjilc No I hnice Could li.ive hi en bettir. I'ol, Vi^o was ,\n Italian by birth, but in his heart t'v; principles of frceiloni ,iiul lo\e for the American cause sunk deep, lie was a merchant pos- sessing; j;rcat wealth, all of which, toj^ether with the most of his time, he spent in the cause of the American Revolution Not a more worthy man lived in the West than ( 1. Vi^;o. Ili resiilcd a lon^' time in Indiana, and iliiil then. The State honored his imniory by calling' a count)- fof him and Conr s.s refundeil much of the mone)' he expendc in the earb- .settle- ment of the country. Col. \'ij;o, aftvT conferring v ith Col. Clark at Ka.skaskia, with only one man started for Vincennes; but at the luiibarras, fivi' miles from his destination, he was taken prisoner by the Indi- ans, ami brouj^ht before (iovernor Hamilton. He was sus- pecteil of beinj; an American spy, but beinj; e.xtremclj' popular with the inhabitants and a .Spanish subject, Hamilton did not detain or punish him as such. The inhabitants tlireatened to y;ive ni' more supplies to Ham. .ton if \'i}.;o was not suffered t was not to do any act during the war injurious to the British interest." He peremptorily refused to sij^n such an article; but afjreed that he would not do an)' "act on his way to .St. Louis!" This was accepted, and Col. V'i^o was permittcil to leave in a j)ero^ue down the VVab.ish and up the Mississippi to St. Louis. He kept his pledj,'e with the sanctity of an oath; but he remained at St. Louis only to change his clothes, when he started to .see Col. Clark at Kas- , kaskia. I'rom V'i^o, Clark learned that many of the soldiers were out with the Indians on mainudimr parties; that Hamilton had ei^dity re^ukirs in the fort; and that the French were friendly to the Americans. He also learned that there were in the fort three brass field-pieces and some swivels; and that Hamilton intended in the early spring to reconcjuer the Illinois country. On receiving this information, Clark still continued his A ) •"*»!: 1 02 I'loNKKR HISTORY OK II.MN'OIS. ii'' (iLtcrminatioii to cai)tiirc Fort Sackvillc to prevent Hamilton from takin;;- him. lie also wrote to (jovernor Patrick Henry of Virginia, and j^ave him in detail the condition of the country and his extretiie perilous situation. He wanted more troops but received none. There was no time left for Clark to delay any lont^cr; or else Hamilton would be on him. A boat was fitted up carry- ing two four-pound camions, four swivels, and provisions; and commanded by Capt. John 'Rogers with fort\-si.\ men. This boat was to meet Clark at a point near Vincennes with all con- venient speed. Clark organized two companies of French into his army; and, all told, his whole force amounted to no more than one hundred and seventy men. One company from Cahokia was commanded by Capt. iMcCarty, and the other company from Kaskask.a was commanded by Capt. Charleville. On the /th February, 1779, this band of heroes commenced its march from Kaskaskia on the Old Vincennes trace to Fort Sackvillc. This trace was celebrated in Illinois. The Indians laid it out more than one hundred and fifty years ago. It commenced at Detroit, thence to Ouiaton on the Wabash, thence to Vincennes, and tl''=>f.,_e to Kaskaskia. It was the Appian waj- of Illinois in ancient times. It is yet visible in many places between Kaskaskia and Vincennes. This expedi- tion of Col. Clark was the most dreary and fatiguing that was performed during the Revolution. During the march the weather v.'as uncommonly wet. The watercourses were out of their Lj.inks, and the larger streams liad inundated the bottoms from bluff to bluff, often three or four miles wide. Vet our hardy backwoodsmen, on foot with their knapsacks on their backs filled with parched corn and jerked meat, waded thro mud and water to the forks of the Little Waba.sh River. The bottom here was three or more miles wide and inundated never under three feet and often four feet. Thro this low laiul the battalion was forced to march, feeling for the trace At this place, to cross the river Little Wabash, the jKirty made a canoe, ferried themselves over the stream, and put their baggage on a scaffold to keep it out 01" riOXEKR IIISTORV OF ILLINOIS. 103 the water while they were crossinf,^ the river. They crossed th.s r.ver on the isth Feb.. and proceeded on over the streams tax K.ver and others, until on the 18th they heard the niorn- Jn- gun of Fort Sackville at Vincennes. J^efore the party reached the Great Wabash, tliey were ncarh- c.xiiausted by fatigue and travehng in the cold water. At the Little Wabash, many of the troops were sinking and their spirits exhausted. Clark, always fruitful in res.nirces called upon an Irishman, a drummer in the battalion, who had i peculiar talent t.. sing comic songs. When the men wading for hours in the icy water up to their middles and armpits and vvei-e nearly chilled to freezing, this Irishman would sing li'vcly cheenng songs, and thereby rouse the troops to life again' 1 lit It was at the Great Wabash where the party experienced all the hardships and sufferings of which human nature is cap- able of surmounting. The party reached the Wabash below the mouth of the Lmbarrass, and were in the most exhausted, destitute, and starving condition. The river was running all over its banks and the lowlands near it; so that it was several miles wide Colonel Clark had not time or means to make canoes to cross the river. The party was literally starving On the 20th of February, the Americans hailed a party of l^rench in a boat from Vincennes and brought them to From them Col. Clark learned that the people of Vincennes were friendly to the Americans, and that the British garrison had no knowledge of the expedition. This information was cheer- ing; but a sea of cold water, the Wabash bottom, which tn-y luui no means of crossing, lay between Clark and Fort Sack- VI lie. Clark and his party experienced '.he greatest difficulties and penis ,n crossing Wabash River and the lowlands attached to It. They waded and rafted, and suffered every sort of hard- ship except death itself On reaching the high ground below \uKennes. and when they were .seated on dry ground. Clark addressed the following note to the citizens of Vincennes- '• /o the Inlmbitauts of Post Vi.canus:- Gentlemen : Bein'^ now within two niiles of y.,ur village with my army, deter"- mined to take your fort tonight, and not being willing to sur- i: : i^ i I' ■. '; I H fi ' J'l ! ; 1 ' 104 PIONEKR HISTORY f)F ILLINOIS. prise yon, I take this method to request such of you ' are true citizens, and would enjoy the Hberty I brin|^ you, to remain still in your houses. Those, if any there be, that are friends to the kint^, will instantly repair to the fort and join the hair-buyer general, and fight like men; and such as do not go- to the fort, and shall be discovered afterward, they may depend on severe punishment. On the contrary, those that are true friends to liberty shall be treated as friends deserve. And once more I request them to keep out of the streets, for every one I find in arms on my arrival, I shall treat as an enemy. "G. R. Cl..\RK." This singular address had the desired effect. It made the people believe that Clark had a large army there from Ken- tucky, as none, as they supposed, could reach there from Kas- kaskia. Clark sent in various names of gentlemen from Ken- tucky to their friends in Vincennes, which made the citizens believe that half Kentucky was there with him. The colonel, in marching thro the prairie to the town, made a large display of his troops, by marching them back and forward around cer- tain mounds, so that the army made the appearance of a great body of troops. The flags were changed, so that the delusion of many fierce Kentuckians being present was riveted on the garrison, as well as on the citizens of Vincennes. On the 23d of Feb., 1779, about sunset, the attack was made on Fort Sackvillc, by Lieut. Bayley and fourteen men. This small party lay concealed behind a bank of earth within thirty yards of the fort and secure from the guns of the garrison. Whenever a port-hole was opened the bullets from the Ameri- can rifles would whistle in, destroying the men at the guns; so that none would dare to work the cannon. Some were killed at the port-holes, and none others could be got there to defend the works against the Americans. At nine o'clock, on the 24th, Clark sent into the fort a note. VV^hile this was going on, his men ate the first breakfast they had seen for many days. The letter is the following: "Sir: In order to save yourself from the impending storm tk'hich now threatens you, I order you immediately to surrender yourself, with all your garrison, stores, etc. If I am obliged to storm, you may depend upon such treatment alone as is PIONKKR HISTORY OV ILLINOIS. 105 justly due a murderer. Beware of dcstroyinjr stores of any kind, or any papers or letters that are in your possession, or hurting one house in town; for by heaven if you do there shall be no mercy shown you. G. R. ClakK." Gov. Hamilton was affected by the above communication, as will appear by the following; mild answer: "Governor Hamilton hcga leave to acquaint Col. Clark, that he and his garrison are not to be awed into any action unworty of British subjects." The attack was renewed. About midnight before, Clark had cut a ditch near the fort, and in it his riflemen had a secure shelter from the guns of the fort. They poured in an incessant fire thro the port-holes, and silenced two pieces of artillery in fifteen minutes. Every gunner who approached the cannon at the port-holes was instantly killed or driven b-^ck from the guns horror-stricken. This terrible and incessant fire for eighteen hours made the garrison believe that they would all be destroyed. To avoid this catastrophe. Gov. Hamilton sent the following communi- cation to Clark: "Governor Hamilton proposes to Col. Clark a truce for three days, during which time he promises that t'were shall be no defensive works carried on in the garrison, on condition that Col. Clark will observe on his part a like cessation of offensive works; that is, he wishes to confer with Col. Clark as soon as can be, and promises that whatever may pass between them two and another person, mutually agreed on to be present, shall remain secret until matters be finished as he wishes, whatever the result of the conference may be, it may tend to the honor and credit of each party. If Col. Clark makes a difficulty of coming into the fort, Lieut.-Gov. Hamilton will speak to him by the gate. "February 24th, 1779. Henry Hamilton." To this address Clark sent the following reply: "Col. Clark's compliments to Gov. Hamilton, and begs leave to say that he will not agree to any terms other than Mr. Hamilton surrendering^ himself and garrison prisoners at discre- tion. If Mr. Hamilton wants to ta.k with Col. Clark, he will meet him at the church with Capt. Helm." \ A i^s lOC) I'lOXKKK IIIST<:)RY OF II.MNOIS. If! A conference was licld between Clark and Hamilton. A surrender was demanded by Clark, or otherwise, he threateneil a massacre of the leaders in the fort for the jfold given for American scalps. Clark was in earnest, and so the garrison believed. In one hour, Clark dictated the following terms: "1st. Lieut. -Gov. Hamilton agrees to deliver up to Col. Clark, Fort Sackville and all the stores, etc., etc. "2il. The garrison are to deliver themselves as prisoners of war, and march out with their arms and accoutrements. "3d. The garrison to be delivered up tomorrow at ten o'clock. "4th. Three days are allowed the garrison to settle their accounts with the inhabitants and traders. "5th. The officers of the garrison are to be allowed their necessary baggage. "Signed at Post St. Vincennes, this 24th day of February, 1779; agreed to for the following reasons* 1st. Remoteness from succor. 2d. The state and quantity of provisions. 3d. The unanimity of the officers and men in its expediency. 4th. The honorable terms allowed ; and, lastly, the confidence in a generous enemy. "Henry H.vmii.ton, Lieut.-Gov. and Superin't." On the 25th February, under this arrangement, the fort was surrendered to Clark, and all the arms and public stores of the fort amounting to fifty thousand dollars or more. Seventy- nine prisoners were sent off on parole to Detroit, and Col. Hamilton and Major Hay with some other officers were .sent with a strong guard to the capital of Virginia. During the attack on the fort the second day, a war-party of Indians, ignorant of the presence of Clark, arrived at Vin- cennes from an e.xcursion to the frontiers of Kentucky, bring- ing with them two white prisoners, and camped in the vicinity of the fort. Clark sent out a detachment against them, and in a short time routed the Indians with the loss of nine warriors. The remainder of the Indians, being terrified at the impetu- osity of the Long Knives, were well pleased to get off with .their lives. Intelligence was received at Vincennes that a large amount wommmtF I'lONEKR HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 107 of merchandise with an escort of soldiers was on the way for Sackville; Clark, with his usual and unaccountable celerity and -sagacity, ordered Helm at the head of sixty men to intercept the convoy and take the goods. In a few days' absence, Helm returned with the escort and goods, amounting to ten thousand pounds, without the loss of a single man. Clark organized a government at the Wabash, and returned to kaskaskia. It was in contemplation to march a military force to Detroit and take it, but it was not carried out. Clark had treated with a great portion of the Indians in the northwest, and had captured the general of the hair-buying government; so that the Indians after the conquest of lilinoi^ were never so powerful or so hostile as before. The British Government never after this conquest attempted to regain pos- session of the country. Thus terminated one of the most remarkable conquests of a country recorded in liistory. This small army was provided with nothing to sustain them and guide to victory and honor except the extraordinary talents of the commander. John Todd being appointed the commandant of the county of Illinois, arrived at Kaskaskia early in May, and on the 15th June, 1779, issued a proclamation. He organized courts of justice, and appointed officers, etc., to establish a regular government in the country. On his return thro Kentucky from Virginia, where he had been on public business, he was killed at the battle of the Blue Licks in Kentucky. Another commandant, Timothy Demountbrun, was appointed over the County of Illinois, but what he did or when his official duties ■expired no one at this day knows. It is an extraordinary fact, that very few Americans visited Illinois or lived in it before the conquest by Clark. All the intercourse Clark had was with the French, and of them he obtained supplies for his army. Oliver Pollock was a kind of an agent for the Government stationed at New Orleans, to settle and pay drafts sent to him by the officers of the' army and others in the West. Clark gave drafts on this agent for the supplies for his army when they were in Illinois; but not many of these orders are paid to this day. Virginia had not the means to spare to send either men or \. . .^\ii',t£J»,SX\.::-,t^ I I ft n, , ; ; Hi) ' : / V' i io8 I'lONKKR IIISTOKV OF II.I.INolS. money to Clark to sustain his troops. It is true, the govern- ment of the Old Dominion gave a large grant of land, which is located on the Ohio River opposite the celebrated Corn Island, to Clark and his men. This tract of land amounts to one hundred and fifty thousand acres. At the time Clark and his army occupied Illinois, there was very little metallic currency in the country, and bank paper was almost unknown. The currency was more in shaved deer- skins, three pounds for the dollar, than in any other currency. If books were kept in reference to any other currency it was merely nominal, as the exchange of one article for another was the mode of doing business at that day and for many years after. The cultivation of the soil gradually diminished, and the French population of Illinois declined from the time the British took possession of the country; yet the French w' > remained, cultivated the common fields and were also engaged as voyagers and coitrciirs dc bois, as they were designated. These early Canadian French were robust, strong men and made excellent boatmen. They were hardy and became accus- tomed to voyaging; so that on a boat to New Orleans or to the Falls of St. Anthony or to the Rocky Mountains they were at home. A great number, forty, fifty or more would embark on a single barge to New Orleans and return with it heavily freighted with southern products and European mer- chandise. About the year 1775, Joseph Trotier, an enterprising trader from Canada, settled in Cahokia. He carried on a large com- merce from his village — Cahokia — to New Orleans. On a voyage from New Orleans to Cahokia in one of his large boats heavily laden, a large cotton-wood tree fell across the boat and destroyed it and the cargo. Such an occurrence was not unfrequent during high water with boats ascending the Missis- sippi. The current of the Mississippi was so strong that boats were compelled to run close to the shore, where the current is less forcible. The river, when it was high, frequently washed the sands from under acres of the banks with large trees growing on them, and this land, when undermined, would sink at once riONKKR IIISTUUV t.)!-" II.I.IM.HS. 109 into the water with a great noise, wliich may be lieard for miles. It was in one of these slides tliat Trotier's boat was destroyed. The boatmen had great difficulty in ascending the Missis- sippi, on account of the strong current. It frecjuently rei|uired them four or five months to ascend the river with a large bat- tcau from New Orleans to Kaskaskia; and often on the voyage many of the boatmen were swept off by sickness. It was not only sickly on a vo\age ascending the river in the summer, but it was extreme hard labor to navigate a large vessel against the current of the Mississippi. In the most rapid current the oars would not answer the purpose. In such extraordinary sections of the river a large rope or corddlc was used. One end was fastened to the boat and ten, fifteen, or twenty men, according to the necessity of the case, placed at the other end, towed the boat after them. When the party reached a river or creek entering into the Mississippi, they swam over with the corddlc and towed on the boat. Canoes or skif ; were sometimes used in crossing these intervening stream.. In some currents that were very strong, the upper end of the corddlc was fastened to a tree and the other end put round a windlass and thereby the boat was forced up the river against the current. These corddlc ropes were frequentl)- very long, measuring five or six hundred yards, and the size in proportion to the boat which was to be tow ed. Every one has witnessed the extraordinary difference in ascending the river between common barges and steamboats. Comfort and even pleasure is enjoyed on a steamer; while excessive labor, tardy progress, and sickness attended the barges in their slow head-way up the river. In the first settlement of the country, the inhabitants were in great distress for want of salt; but they discovered in the present county of Gallatin, salt-springs, which were much used by the Indians and French of Vincennes. From the first set- tlement of the Wabash by the French for nearly one hundred years after, much salt was made out of the water of these springs and conveyed to Vincennes. The enterprising and energetic United States Senator Henry Dodge of Iowa and 1 I 1; i \ !■ /■ 1 'I '1i % n I lO 1'I(,)Ni;i;k msi(.)KV ok im.inois, tlu.' French before him made salt at the sahiie l)elo\v Ste. (ien- evievc. From these works much salt was conveseii to Illinois Whether Gen. Dotl^e manufactured salt or served in llu' L'nited States Senate, he always deported himself with thai divinity and noble bearing; that forms the true character of a western pioneer. Mr. Cabanne of St. Louis, another sample of these noble pioneers, made salt at his works west of St. Louis near the Merrimac River. Salt was manufactured here in early Spanish times in Louisiana. The city of Nashville, Tennessee, is situated at the site of the salt-works known in the early times as the l"'rench Lick. Salt was manufactureil and convej'ed to Illinois. Salt-water in modern times has been discovered in man)- places in Illinois. On Big Mudil)- River, quantities were manufactured b\- Conrad Will and others. Judge Higgs made salt in Madison County on Silver Creek; and in Bond County on Shoal Creek salt was also manufactured. Gen. ledger owned the works and manu- factured salt many years at a saline in Monroe County at the Mississippi liluff. hi Vermilion County salt-water was discovered, and salt manufactured by Mr. Vance. This gentleman bored into the rock for salt-water to the depth of four or five hundred feel. It appears that there is salt-water throughout the Stale of Illinois, and, in fact, all over the western country salt-water has been discovered either in springs or by digging for it; so that this indispensable article may be found in every section of the country. The Kannahwa salt-works; the Ohio Saline, situated in Gal- latin County; and the Boone's Lick works. Mo.; in modern times furnished great quantities for the West; but the convey- ance of sea salt from New Orleans being so cheap, and the article being stronger, not so much is manufactured at these works as formerly. Much salt is now conveyed to Chicago from New York. In the early settlement of the country, the inhabitants used not much iron. The earth was, for the most part, clear of gravel and rocks; so that the luxury of horse-shoeing was not much indulged in. The plows were almost sln'ngers to iron^ and the carts entirely so. Iron was not much in use, and none made in the country. I'.'DN'KKR IllsrokV (»!•• ILLINOIS. 1 I I III very early times, very little intoxicating litjiior, if an\ at all, was introduced into the country. Indian traders may iiavc had small ([uantities; but so small that it was scarcely noticed. In after-times, a liciuor from New Orleans, called Taffia, was brou^dit to Illinois. This was manufactured out of su.Ljar or suf^ar-cane in the West -India Islands, and resembled .\ew- l".nf,dand rum. Some considerable wine was manufactured out of the native ^t;rapes. This wine was made by the first si'ttlers but disappeared with the Europeans. The Creoles made little or none. In the middle ai^es of Illinois, the Monon^^ahcla whisky rcigiud triiiiiipliiuit, and was hailed at shootinf;-matches and horse-races by many as "the poor man's friend", the "kindest and the best." Vet, in truth, the Illinois people were never in early times intemperate. In the pioneer times of Illinois, the mechanic arts did not flourish. Mason work of that day was .i;ood; but of the rest I can say nothin^^ in praise of them. The coopera^^e of the country amounted to very little more than making,' well- buckets. The carpenters were unskilful in their profession. They framed houses and covered them with pe^ shin^des; made batton-doors, etc., in a rough fashion. No shoemakers or tanners; but all dressed deer-skins and made moccasons. Almost every inhabitant manufactured his own cart and jjIow, and made his harness, traces, and all out of raw-hide. Black- smith's-shops were like iron — scarce. Altho the citizens had cattle, yet scarcely any butter or cheese was ever seen in the country. In fact, neither male or female worked much; but the females assumed their prerogative of doing less than the males. There was neither spinning-wheels nor looms in the land. It must be awarded to the French, and particularly to the ladies, that they expended much labor and showed much taste in making nice gardens. They received not only much profit and comfort of living out of their gardens, but they also enjoyed the pleasure of rearing and .seeing the beautiful plants and flowers growing in their gardens, which is so congenial to French taste. The invading army under Col. Clark was made acquainted with the fertility and advantages of Illinois, which caused many of his men and others to settle in the country. I 'A m I'll ;f 'I It I ' ' > Bi Is 112 i'i()Ni:i:u HISTORY of ii.i.inuis. It was the war with Cireat Hritain in l8l2, that ^avc Illinois a inodcrn notoriety. The troops from Ivcntiuky and tlic West, scfinff tiic northern section nf Ilhnois, reported the advant.i^cs of the coiintr)', which caused it to settle. Clark's campaign niatle the country known and thereby it was settled. I can not agree with the generality of mankind, that war is a great scourge and curse on mankind. If a war is carried on without its being based on some proper aiul just principle, it is a curse; but this is not often the case in these modern days. I consider that the war of the American Revolution was ser- viceable to the whole human famil)-. The result of this war was the first practical demonstration that man is capable of self-government. The free institutions of America, which are the fruit of the Revolution, will have a tendency to liberate all people who are oppressed by an arbitrary government. In this view, the Revolutionary War was the best and most holy that ever existed; and is a blessing to all mankind. The wars of the crusades done good to luuope. This is the decision of the best and wi.sest of men. The revolutionary war of France, altho much blood was shed, yet it was serviceable to the world. It made the people know their rights, power, and importance. And the campaign of Col. Clark not only made known this country to the colonies, but the conquest of Illinois figured strong in our favor in making the treaty of 1783 with (jreat Britain. It was during the Revolution, while the colonies were strug- gling for their independence, and the whole coiintrj' in arms, one against the other, that a small band of enterprising emi- grants from the colonies settled in Illinois in the year 178 1. At this early perit)d, and while no one knew in traveling whether he would fall into the hands of a friend or foe, James Moore, Shadrach H(Mid, Robert Kidd. Larken Rutherford, and James Garrison decided to make Illinois their homes. This small party crossed the Alleghany Mountains, descended the Ohio, and stemmed the current of the Mississippi to Kaskaskia. The emigration of these pioneers was also during a bloody Indian war. This party was for peace and for the settlement of the country, having with them their women and children; so that they were not armed and prepared for war as a military cxpcdi- / ... A t WP Wmi. P ^ip B HrfWi ■T-iahr'latt^i^ 1'|(jm:i;k iiimokv oy iiunois. 1 1 'i ► tioii uniilil 1)L-. It is tlicicfurc i'xtranrcliiiar\- (hat this sm,il| part)- of cmi^^rants could escape all the ilaii^^Ts of the Kevohi- tioii and Iiuli.m hostilities and reach Illinois in safety. It would seeni tiiat I'rovidence was fosterin^f this inf.uit settlement in Illinois. James Tvloorc was the le.uler of the party, and was a native of Maryland. Kidd and Rutherford had hc-en soldiers under Col. Clark-. Hond was also a native of Maryland, and raised near Haltiniore, until he m.ule the l-'ar-west his home, (iar- rison, Moore, and Rutherford located themselves near the Jielle- fontaini' in the presi'ut eountj- of Monroe, while Hond, Kidd. and (iarrison settled in the Mississippi Hottom. These American families scttlin^^ in the Mississippi lowland. t;ave the name of American liottom to the alluvial land of the river from Alton to the mouth of the Kaskaskia River. This is perhaps the iar^a-st and most fertile body of alluvial soil in the United States. Some of it has been cultivated for mori' than one hundred anil fift>- years without improvement of the soil, and it j'ct \ields excellent crops. Almost all the carlj- French settlements were made in it, and when it Is drained of some lakes and ponds it will be the largest tract of land of the s.imc fertility in North America. The river at times not freipient inundates the American Bot- tom. Tile first notice history <;ives us of a ^reat rise of water in the Mississippi was in the year 1770. That \-ear the water encroached on the banks of the river opposite lu^rt Chartres, erected in 171.S. At that time the river was three-fourths of a mile from it; but continued to advance on the fort until the year 1772. when the bottom was inundated and one of the walls of the fort washed down. The next extraordinary freshet in the river was in the year 17CS4. this was a deep inundation of the bottom. The inhabitants of Kaskaskia made a temporary encampment on the high land cast of the town and some of them cultivated land on the hills that year. The same of the Cahokia peoiile. Manj- of them retired to the rocky bluff, southeast of Cahokia for relief during; the high water and called it Bo// S/icco///: Others went to St. Louis. The next very high water in the American Jiottom was in the year 1844. Large steamboats in this flood sailed from bluff to bluff. This rise of 114 I'InM.I.U IIIMOUV 01 II.I.IMilS. I ! ■ 1; I' i^ water iliil ^'rcat dama^'o to property in the bottom, ami almost ilc'stroyt'd tin- villages of Caliokia, Prairie dii I'ont, I'rairii- dii Kocher, and Kaskaskia. Ihese vilhi^es have not recovered from the injury of the Hoods of 1.S44. The past \ear, 1S51, the bottom was a^^ain Hooded and much dania^je done to the real and personal property. This rise of water was not so hi^h as either that of 17.S4 or lf<44. A considerable flooil occurred in the bottom in i8j0; but not to compare with those men- tioned above. The first site at which Moore made his restinjf-placc was not far south'vest of the present town of Waterloo at a spring called to this day Slab Spring'. liond, (iarrison, and Kitlil maile a settlement in the bottom known at that d:\y as the Hlock-1 louse l''ort. Not loni; after the arrival of James Moore, he was employed by (iabriel Cere, a wealthy merchant of St. Louis, to take ^oods and trade with the Indians in the western part of Tennessee. Mr. Moore continueil in this trade with the southern Indians for man)- )-ears, anil made his j^eneral headciuarters ;it the site the city of Nashville occupies at this time, called then the I-'rench Licks. Mr. Moore had a larye family whost; descendants in Illinois arc both numerous and respectable. The same may be saiil of the other early emii^jrants, only, perhaps, their offspring's are not so numerous. Mr. Hond numbered many j'ears before his death. As he advanced in ajje, his excellent traits of character became more and more known to the people, and the more was his character esteemed. He was often elected to the leijislature of both Ter- ritories of Indiana and the Northwestern Territoryv lie was in the les succes-ifiiUy refused office. I le was in homst, up^i^;ilt citi/en anil an excellent soldier; as that part of his ch.nacter was frecjuently put to the test in the many Indian kirmishes he and others of the emit;rants had with the hostile Indi.ins. lie lived and died in the American Hottoin where he lefl a posterity of \er)' exemplary citizens. Robirl Kitld C((Mtinued his resilience in the Americin Hf)ttoni until his death, lie lived for many years on a mound in the AmcriiMu Mottom near l'"ort Chartres. lie was a ^ood citi/en, ijuiet ' ii domestic. He raised a family of children ; some of whom are now alive and are like their father, worthy and respectable. Mr. Kiilil was a farmer and lived a Unv^ life to enjo)' the coimtr\- he assisted to conquer under Col. Clark. lie died in 1S49, at his residence in the Bottoui in Monroe County, numberin^r more than four .score years. Larkeii Rutherford was also one of Col. Clark's valiant men that aided in the conquest of Illinois. He was lar{,'e and athletic, bold and fearless. He was in his decline of vears a member of the regular Baptist Church, and exercised the same enep^)' and zeal in this avocation as he did with the rifle in stormiiiLj I'"ort Sack\ille in 1779. In the oio.mi/ation and j,m\- eriunent of the church Mr. Rutherford was not a dormant mendier but up and active in the work, whether the job was diflicult or not. He was in his church like he was in the arm\', read)' at an>' moment for mortal combat. He was honest but rather inclined to a vij^orous observance of his duties, and a trouble in the clerical camp if the others did not come to the exact point as he ilid. He was a farmer in tlse count)' of .St. Clair and resided for many years not far north of the jMe.sent city of Hclleville. About this time, 1781, and from the time Col. Clark first came to the country, which was about four years before, private individuals and families emij^ratcd to Kaskaskia and many of them permanently remained there. Kaskaskia was the metro- polis of the country while the French and British possessed it, H i' •J Its"' w: Hi ii6 PIONKER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. rf V M III ' and it continued the same under the American government until 1 8 19. The seat of government of Illinois soon after this date was established at Vandalia. John ICdgar, during the American Revolution, left the naval service of Great liritain in 1776, came to the United Colonies, and arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784. He had command of a vessel on the lakes, but he resigned all for liberty and confided his life to the American cause. This was (juitc natural and honorable to him. He was a native of Ireland and a gentleman of liberal education. His heart burned for freedom, and he was born and educated with an intense hatred to Great Britain. He was intelligent and felt with a keen sensibility the heart- less despotism exercised by Great Britain over his native land. He was found in the British service when the colonies raised the standard of freedom and independence. What was he to do.' He could not with a clear conscience fight for a country that in his heart he despised; and against a people he admired and loved. The decision was easily made and he became a citizen of the United States. He emigrated to Kaskaskia with a large stock of goods suitable to the market, and remained there till his death which occurred in 1832. He lived in Kas- kaskia for at least half a century and during all that time sus- tained a very conspicuous and honorable character. He came to the country wealthy, and shared it out among the people with unbounded hospitality. He possessed in an eminent degree the kind and benevolent heart of an Irish gen- tleman; and with his wealth and benevolent disposition it afforded him happiness to make all around him happy. He was in his younger days an active business man, and was largely engaged in the land trade. In very early times, he erected at great expense, a fine flouring-mill on the same siti- where Al. Paget had built one sixt\- years before. This inill was a great benefit to the public and also profitable to the pro- prietor. Before the year 1800, this mill manufactured great quantities of flour for the New-Orleans market which would compare well with the Atlantic flour. Gen. Edgar was the owner of a splendid mansion in Kaskas- kia, and in it, on all occasions, the traveler and stranger found a hearty welcome. No one ever displayed more real hospitality ; 1^» "S > ^ -'-\ great •II 10- mi' SrV- I I ^1 .' H mi '■ Ir m irneii fm " th:- -,-;.'. ,.•:-; ,.,;.,■ li;,,.;.'.!..,. u. j.;^,.>(., . ill. aiiiiiin.'!:! ..:>ii\- made ant! ])c bci:'iinit: ;i - <-n!i^.nit'-l •: Kr;si-,i':],h with mninr-il ospitali^v mmmmmim 1 'm m m If! 1: - I i»2l. tmrnim rioXKKR HISTORY OF ir,LINOIS. I I ■f It. i-'- than he did in his house. Hospitality was the coinnioii custom of the country; but he improved on it. This agreeable dwell- ing was the foshionable resort for almost lialf a century; and many yet alive can testify to the comforts and kind treatment they have enjoyed under his hospitable roof For many years he was the most wealthy man in Illinois. He lield real estate throughout the country, and paid more taxes than any other person at one time in the territory. With all this wealth and influence, he was kind and benevolent to the poor; nor did it ever change his deportment from an American gentleman. He enjoyed the confidence of the public, and was, when in active life, very popular. He was elected from Illinoi.s a member of the legislature of the Northwestern Territory. This General Assembly convened at Chilicothe, Ohio; and was held under the administration of Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwestern Territory. ^ Gen. Edgar acted as justice -of- the -peace and judge of the Court of Common Pleas for a long series of years and gave general satisfaction. He had never made the profession of the law his particular study; but common sense, a good education, and experience in business with perfect honesty made him a very respectable officer. The United States appointed him major-general over the Illinois militia, and he reviewed the general musters with that dignity that became his high station. And when his years were almost numbered, the general assembly of Illinois named in honor of him a county. Edgar County on the east side of the State is one of the first counties in the Wabash Valley. Gen. Edgar in person was large and portly. In his youth he was active, and was always in both youth and age an accom- plished gentleman. He possessed a well-balanced mind; no one trait prevailing over the others except his benevolence. This quality was predominant, which was exhibited in him throughout a long and eventful life. His dust is mixed with his mother-earth at Kaskaskia, where the people will long remember Gen. Edgar with love and gratitude. He had a wife but no children. And altho he was accused of many gallant- ries with the ladies, yet he died without issue. Gen. lulgar well sustained the honorable character of a pioneer. He possessed III P"*!*™^— ■ 'J i . if: li! 11' i 1 18 |'1"M:i:.v iiistorv ok Illinois. many of the ci.alitics that adorn the hu.uan race, with very few tha arc condemned. lie ch'od a.s he lived, "the noble.st work 01 (lod. The treaty of peace betueen tlie United States and Great Hr> a,n nuide ,n .7.S3 had a great effect in advancing t],e emi- gration to Illinois. The acknoulcdged Independence of the United States by (jreat IJr.tain gave the whole country. Illinois inckuled. a fixed character and standing at home and abroad. This was a -.-cat inducement to emigration. '^ In fact, the American Revolution is an event so interesting to the whole people that it had a great innuence on Illinois as well as on every section of the Union. I shall, therefore, give the outlines of that extraordinary change of government- 'be- cause It IS connected with the "Pioneer Ili.story of Illinois" The founders of the Republic of the United States uere ra.sed and lived in adversity. The school of adversity- made the CO omsts a great and energetic people, capable of achieving a revo ution that has produced more beneficial effects to man^ kmd than any other recorded in histor)-. All men are infk.enced by surrounding circumstances and can not avoid it. The various colonies along the Atlantic sea- coast were planted and reared under very adverse circumstances They had a long series of hardships and perils to encounter' They were annoyed with almost e^•erything that could injure he human family. Indian wars, sickness, famine, and destruc- tion of almost exerything that rendered life comfortable were visited on the first settlements of the colonies. This kind of kfe for several generations together, gave the people of the colonies a decided character of independence and courage In fact, they possessed all the cjualities of mind and body to enable them to accomplish this memorable revolution The very moment the liritish Parliament infringed on their nghts as fivemen they resisted it. It is true, at fiVst they had no Idea of freedom and independence of the British crown Ihey were not, at the commencement, united; and therefore did not know their .strength; nor did the parent country know the young lion she was rousing into action. The British Gov- ernment continued their oppression and illegal measures in par- J'I(.).\i;1';k iiisroin- ok Illinois. 119 < if I' liamcnt, until these colonists, who knew their rights and dared maintain them, would not submit an}- lont^er. The energies and bravery of the colonies were exerted for the mother-country in the iM-cnch war, so called; which was closed b)- the treaty of Paris in 1763. In this war the colonies lost twenty-five thousand men and expended their revenues to sustain it until they were reduced to poverty. It was these colonies that wrested the western country and Canada from France, and it enabled them also to conciuer their own freedom and independence from the mother-country. The British Government being clear of any embarrassment arising from France in the new world, commenced a different policy with the colonies, and in March, 1764, the next year iifter the treaty of Paris, commenced the memorable stamp act and similar oppressive measures. The Government of Great Britain decided to raise a revenue from the colonies without them being represented in parliament. This measure violated that fundamental principle, that taxation and representation must go together, and the Americans resisted it with all their energies. The colonies from the beginning established for themselves in each province a legislative assembly. These assemblies were the great means of achieving the freedom and independence of America; and for ten years these assemblies and the people continued a political warfare with Great Britain, one party con- tending [for despotism and the other for the rights and privi- leges of other Britons. It was at last recommended by the people and adopted that a general assembly or continental con- gress of all the colonies should convene at Philadelphia. The object of this congress and their constituents was not indepen- dence; but to petition the Government of Cireat Britain for a redress of their grievances. No one in that body thought of independence. This continental congress, the first ever convened in America, met in Philadelphia on the 5th Sept., 1774. This asscmbl}' contained .some of the greatest men that ever figured in the actions of men. In it there were a few above fifty members, elected from the different colonies. Peyton Randolph was elected president and Charles Thompson secretar)-. In this ! ^ I i i IH ^.il: .( 120 I'lONKKU JIISTOKV OK JMJNOI.S. assembly were Geor^re Washington. John Adams, Roger Sher- man 1 atr.ck Henry. Richard Hland. ]Jenjamin Harrison. luluard Pendleton John Jay. Silas Deane. John Rutledge. Sam'l Adams. Thomas MclCeon. and a host of others of equal merit and noto- riety—all known to fame. This congress was composed of not only great men, but also of nioral, pious men. On the 6th September, it was "I^eso/vcd, That the Reverend Mr. Duche be desired to open he congress tomorrow morning with prayers at the Carpe.Uer's ilall at nme o clock." ^^ " Wkdnksday. September 7. 1774. 9 o'clock a.m. Agreeable to the resolve of yesterday, the meeting was opened with prayers by the Rev. Mr. Duche nT''f' T^' '^'^ *''''"'^'-' °^ ^^^ ^'^"S'-^-^^ be given to Mr Duche by Messrs. Gushing and Ward for the performance of divine service and for the excellent prayer which he composed and delivered on the occasion." These proceedings prove that this assembly entertained the proper respect for morality and religion; and they also estab- lished the f^ict that they were much pleased with the prayer of Mr. Duche. This congress made a .short session. They petitioned the crown for the redress of grievances and made an address to the people of the colonies. They also recommended the meetin- ot another congress. *" The following is the census of the colonies, in Sept., 1774: SOULS. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Gonnecticut, - . . . New York, - _ _ New Jersey, - . . _ Pennsylvania (including lower counties), Virginia, N. Garolina, - . _ _ S. Garolina, - . . Total, 400,000 150,000 95.678 192,000 250.000 1 30,000 320.000 650 000 30o,ooO' 225.000 3,025,678 ; ', ■■I PIONKKR llIST(.)kV <.)K IIJ.INnls. \2l I presume the above census iiicliRlcd tlic colored population as well as white. It may be presumed that the above census IS, at least, not low, but, perhaps, enlar^etl to some extent. It appears from the proce(■din^^s of this con^n-ess that Georgia took no part in the movement. Another continental congress convened at Philadelphia on the 5th of September, 1775, but not a sufficient number of members to do business were in attendance. They adjourned to the 13th. To this congress Georgia sent members. This assembly also contained great and wise statesmen. Gen. Wash- ington had been appointed by the previous congress to be "commander-in-chief of all the troops raised" and "to be raised ui North America," but the great philosopher and statesman, Thomas Jefferson, was returned in his place. Washington was appointed to the command of the army on the 10th May, 1775. The contention between Great Britain and her colonies was so much widened toward the close of the year 1775, that ever\- discerning man in America saw at once that the case was indJ- pendence of Great Britain or a slavish subjection to her des- potism. This congress was occupied in preparing the country for defence, rather than presenting petitions to the king. This assembly voted to raise twenty thousand troops for defence and three millions of dollars with which to prosecute the war. The nation was preparing for the terrible conflict to be freemen or slaves, and this to be decided by the force of arms. This congress adjourned, and the most memorable assem- blage of men that perhaps ever existed convened at Philadel- phia in the year 1776. This year is so intimately connected with liberty that it will be respected and admired so long as liberty and freedom exist on earth. Thomas Jefferson, a mem- ber from Virginia whose extraordinary fame and character is known all over the earth, drafted the celebrated Declaration of Independence, and on the 4th July, 1776, it passed the con- gress and was signed by all the members. This declaration v.ith the force of arms made the colonies a free nation. After a most bitter struggle of seven years. Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States and agreed to the treaty of peace, signed at Paris Sept. 3d, 17S3 i ' it 12: riuNKKK |||ST(.)kV Oh ILLINOIS. I ' ■ •'! n Diiiinjf tlic Revolutionary War, a most singular chriractei* arose, wliost." actions wcw excessively bolil and i'ncr<^fetic. I'aiilette Mailkt, which is pronnnnced IMia, was horn at Macki- nac, in the \i'ar \~S^. of l'"rench pannts, and, hke Othello, from his tender \ears he "used his dearest action in the tented field," and he knew little of the world, "except what pertains to feats and broil of hattU." Me was an InJiaii trader, and roamed o\'er the country toward the sources of the Mississippi and the Rock)' Mountains. lie was raised and Ii\cd out ol the pale of civilization, lie possessed an extraordinars' strong mind and a kind of sinj^ular ferocit\" of cour.ij^e. lie foundeil, in the year 177.S, the new town of I'eoria which occupied the site of the present citj' of that nanu'. The old villaj^e was a mile ;ind a-half up the lake from the present city. This new villa;4e was often called Ac /'///(■ ti Maillct. The Indian traders and others settled around Maillct and made a village at the outlet of the lake. He heard of the defeat of Thomas Brady of Cahokia by the Hritish and Indians, in the fall of the year 1777, at St. Joseph on the east side of Lake Michii,fan and was determined to aven<;e it. He had relatives and acquaintances in the expe- dition conducted by Brady, and some of them were killed, which roused him into a threat rage to have satisfaction. The next year, 1778, Maillct called on his legions, who were always ready to serve him, for suppoit to t.ike the British fort at St. Joseph and to revenge the death of his friends. This was not made in vain. About three hundred warriors, white, mi.xed, and red, assembled under his standard. In this corps were many of the most respectable citizens who marched with Mail- let for the relief of their countrymen, who were taken pris- oners the previous year while under the commanil of Brady. The Indians joined the expedition for plunder and friendship for Maillet. They started from Peoria and marched on fool to St. Joseph. On the march in the hot prairies, exhausted with fatigue and not much to eat, one of Maillct's men, M. Amlin, gave out and was unable to travel. Maillet had no time to spare, and no provisions e.\cept a scanty supply of dried meat packed on their backs, and if the British garrison knew of their approach their defeat was certain. This great I ' ri()\i;i;K iiisivtuv oi.' n i.inois. I -'3 sav;i},rc \v;in-i(M- luolly ,iiul deliberately took his tomahawk and sunk it deij) int.. tlu' brains of the e.xliausted soldier. This was savaLje and ferocious; there is some palliation for it but no ju'^tification. The object of the expedition would be -, and down toward the Illinois River. He obtained a supply of Indian goods at Mackinac, and contrary to Spanish regulations, he entered the Missouri River to trade with the natives in the Spanish dominions. He had proceeded up the Missouri some distance, when a party of Spanish soldiers from f , \i Iv I ■A H ■, I. a. I" I 1-4 I'loNM'.U lllHliiKV tih ILLINOIS. Si. Louis with .111 officer ill .i h.iij^c ovcitook tlu'iii iiiul lapt- iiifd Ills 1)11.11, ^ooils, ami all ixci-pt liiiiisi.ir lie luailc Ins escape uitli dill)' his ^niii .mil lii> life. St. Louis was the S|)aiiish post from wliieh the aiiuameiit proceeded that captiiiid I )iicharme's boat and mcichamlisi'. I'his m.ide him .swear \eiit;eaiice against this post. All w niter he was active in raisiii^r his sava^^e friends for an attack on St. Louis, His uar-uhoo|) u.is heaiil from Lake Superior to the I''alls of St. Aiithonj-, and down to Rock River, and fifti'en luiiuhi'd warriors responded to the call. The Hritish garrison at ALickinac furnished a i'cw rej^ular soldiers and some Cana- dians to join l)ucliariiie. With these forces Ducharnic made arranj^ements to captun- St. Louis on the ^fith of May, 17X0. lie made the assault, and killing as man)- as appeased his wrath, he withdrew his red warriors and abandoned the massacre. It is said that when Ducharme and his Indians saw many of their old friends dead, their aiij^er turned into sorrow and they withdrew tO' their wij^wams in the North. The year of this attack on St. Louis, 1780, was known afterward as "L'a/i/w ii/t ro/t/)/" It is astonishiufi the ^reat influence Ducharme had over the Indians. The British joined in, as Spain and Great Britain were then at war; but the British acted a subordinate part to Ducharme in this matter. It was Ducharme's campaign, not the British. In the fall of 1780, La Balme, a native of France, orfjani/.cd an expedition from Kaskaskia to capture Detroit. 1 le marched from Kaskaskia with twenty or thirty men; at Vincennes the)^ engaged a few more. He moved up ihe Wabash to the British trading-post, Ke-ki-ong-a, at ihc lica.4 of the Maumee, and' destroyed the place. After securing the plunder, he marched to the river Aboite, and while encamped, a party of Miami Indians attacked his troops in the night and killed him and dispersed the balance. The expedition must have been rathef of the privateering order than regular war. The celebrated Col. Clark was on the Mississippi, perhaps at Fort Jefferson — now the Iron Banks — at the time when La Balme organized his party to capture Detroit, and if a regular campaign had been on hand Clark would have been its leader. I'Il of the emij;rants e:;caped down the river in the boat to the Iron Hanks, not bein^ able to stem the current of the Mississippi to Kaskaskia. This defeat interrupted the emis^ralion of this famil\- for many years; but in the year 1797, the surviving; ehildrcn of 1 lushes, toi^ether with the widow and her second I'.u-^hand, I'illars, as she iiad married a^'ain, moved to the toun- liy and locatt'd in Kandolph County where m in\' of their descendants reside' at this day. The chilil sijoken of above was shot thro the iiead and its brains scattered over the mother's breast. .Such is the barbarit)' of Indian warfare. It has been stated that the ]''rench |)opulalion of Illinois commenced to (U'clini' from the concjuest (»f the countrj' b_\ the British in the \'ear 1763, and the villages of h'ort Char- tres and St. rhili|) weri' at this time, 17^,^, rapitlly declining. After the year iMoo, not a I-'rench fimily residetl in either of tluin. The other Frencli villai^cs of Illinois ;ire fast verj^ini^^ to the same fite of their e.xtinct neiL;hbors. Mr. Mverett was tln' onl\- inhabitant of the village of .St. I'liilij) in l'ed the first selections of the lands in the country, and with all these advantages that popu- lation has in all the settlements declined, anil in some locali- ties none at all exist where once were populous villages. The French population will not, reside on farms, each family to :i /'■.'■ i^ 1-6 ri()\i.i:U 111>I()RV OK ILLINOIS. K 'M \ r ail .1 i) I > itself, like the Americans. They always live in vilhiijfcs where they may enjoy their social pleasure. The chui ':h also induces the'.n to settle near it in villages. In these villages the inhabi- tants can not farm to the same advantage as those living on separate plantations. The French also neglected to educate their children. This is another heavy drawback against them. It seems that the creole French do not possess that indomit- able energy of character that the Americans so eminently cnjo)". The masses of the French are unambitious of wealth or office. They are innocent and honest, and care but little for the future if the present is prosperous anil happy. They ilo not trouble themselves with that restless ambition to obtain wealth and power that frequently renders the .\merican popu- lation extremely unhappy. This course o[' conduct and life will, of necessity, make one class of people outreach the other in the race for wealth and worldly advancement. One class oi people will be the most efficie"* and will extend itself through- out the countrx'; while the other race will at least remain sta- tionary or decline in the vicinity of the Americans. Yet it is iloubtful which race is the most happ)'. Fxcessive, restless, ungovernable ambition, such as actuates the American popula- tion, does not produce happiness — while the French ; re less actuated by ambition and have less energy, the\- enjoy more of the calm of life and indulge more in the social enjoyments which I believe makes them a happier people than the .\mcri- cans; but not so energetic. This course of life of the ere )le French has almost entirely- secured them from any iiifr.iclions of the penal laws of the countr)-. Very few or none of the Creoles were ever indicted for the crimes the law-books st\le iiialitin '.it sc. Not one to m\' knowledge was ever in the penitentiary for a crime. 1 believe the records of the courts in Illinois do not exhibit an indictment against a creole Frenchman for any crime higher than keeping his grocery open on a prohibited day of the week. In the year 1782, the Spanish authorities at St. Louis, I'pper Louisiana, fitted out an expedition to capture the same British post, St. Joseph, that both Urady and Maillet h.id before taken, and the same that La.Salle erected in 1679. It is known that I ^ riOiNKER HIST(.)KV OF II.I.IXOIS. \17 the Britisl: Government retained sonic of the posts in the Northwest after the treaty of 1783 whicli were uitliin the Hmits of the United States. This fort was one of them. It will also be recollected that Spain and (ireat liritain were at war at the time. A company commanded by a Spanish cap- tain with sixty-five men marched from St. Louis across the prairies of Illinois and captured the Uritish garrison at St. Joseph. This was a singular expedition — not known whether it was against the British or to seize b\' force of arms some of the western countr\- which the Spaniards laid claim to, as tb.e\- had assisted the Americans in the Revolution. The court of Spain ur^ed this concjuest against the Americans wl en the Spaniards contended for a part of the western country. The Spanish captain retained possession of the post only for a short time and returned to .St. Louis. About this time, 17S3, Cahokia was the partial residence of many Northwestern Indian traders. Julien Dubuciue made it his residence before he established himself on the west sitle nl the Mississippi near the [)resent city of Dubuque. He pur- chased of the Indians the lead-mines to which his name was i;iven, situated (Ui the west side of the Mississippi, 22d Sep- tember, 1788, and on his petition to the Baron de Carondelet at New Orleans on the loth November, 1700, these mines were granted to him. This tract of land extends on the river six leagues and three ba_lc. L\ibu(jue's L;ra\e is abuet one mile below the city of I)u- bucjue; and was b\- die Indians held in i^M^eat \eneration while they remained in t'.e countr\-. It was stated by the Indian traders that the Sau'-c aiul I'.).: Indians ma'te it a n or men, coun- four All I It is very near correct that the lieatls of faniiHes in lUinois being two luindrcd and forty-four in the year 1788, because eacli head of a family received a donation of four hundred acres of land, which would induce them to be recognized before the proper officers to obtain their lands. The public documents of the government state the abt)ve number, and by estimating each family at an average to have five members, the whole population of Illinois in the year i7cS8 would be twelve hundred and twenty souls. It might jach to two thtnisand by counting transient persons and all others. The Indian depredations were severe on the Americans in these early settlements which compelled, the inhabitants to erect stations or block-house forts all over the country for their protection. Many of the sites of these stations are almost forgotten at this time. They were important in war times. A block-house was erected near Bellefontainc by the first emigrants to that section of Illinois. Another was established in the American Bottom by Bond and his followers at his first residence in the present county of Monroe. Another station was erected by the Flannarys, that was on the main road from Kaskaskia to Cahokia, and known in after-times as Whitesidcs' Station. Another was built by James I'iggot and others, that was situated at the foot of the Mississipjji Bluff, where the small creek, the Grand Risseau, so called by the I'^'ench, south of Columbia, runs thro the bluff, and about one and a-half miles west of Columbia in Monroe County. Capt. Nathaniel Hull erected one including his residence, also at t!.e foot of the Mississippi Bluff in Monroe County about twelve miles southwest of Waterloo and above the Narrows. The families of McKlmuny and i*"lannary built a station fort as early as the year 1783, on the Mississippi opposite the Island, 22 in the present county of Alexander in townshi[) 16, south. These settlements were composed of hunters who made small improvements. Some of them ma\- have been those who met Col. Clark in the year 1778 near T^irt Massac. These inhabitants left the country long before 1800, and scarcely a trace of their settlements could be discovered at this date. Beshears erected a fort in the American Bottom, south of. i m Ji m I' T-^ I f I'i !' I H 132 I'lONKKR HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. Jioiul's, near section 18 in township 3, south ranffc il, west. Golden erected another in the s.ime neighborhood near sec- tion 24. No traces of these stations are visible at this time. A block-house fort was ife, and thereby La Vossiere became diseased of a kind of mania. Me was determined to put an end to his existence. That he might do this in an hon- orable, chivalric manner and with his friends, he decided on having a splendid dinner; and' when all were in perfect happi- I'lONKKK IIISTOKV ()!■ ILLINOIS. 135 ness and being ethereal with wine, to fire a quantity of powder prepared for the purpose in the ceUar under the table, and all to go off in a frolic together. He prep.ired the dinner, wine, and powder and called in his friends. The feast for a while went on well. The dinner over and the wine going round in floods, when his guests perceived something strange , and just before the powder was fired oft' they had retired barely far enough away to save their lives, while La Vossicre war. killed by the explosion. He left two children who are yet alive. His widow married her paramour, Maillet, whose fate is before narrated. It is the great misfortune of all new countries that there arc no means of educating the children. This was the case with Illinois from its earliest settlements bj'^ the French and for one hundred years after. The Jesuits at Kaskaskia had some kind of a religious institution of learning established in the year 1720, but the children had no schools at all, or scarcely any, wherein they could receive a common education. It is true, the clergy attended particularly to the learning of the children the catechism and other religious teaching, but not much more was given to the youth of that day. It was not the custom of the times, and thereby this essential ingredient of man's happi- ness was almost entirely neglected. There is much excuse for the omission of schools in early times with the Americans, and almost a justification of it. The people were, almost all of them, poor, and the hostile Indians were always pressing danger and death on the frontier settlers. In many instances the school-houses were guarded and the children on going to and returning from school were in danger all the time. Schools to exist under such circum- stances were out of the question. Thus it was, the greater portion of the people raised on the frontiers received no book education. But this defect, to a great degree, was remedied by the circumstances of the country. As it has already been stated that the dangers, perils, and troubles of various kinds which are experienced by pioneers in settling a new country, and that country in a war with the Indians, will develop and improve the mind. The inhabitants must become active and energetic in self-defence. Reflection and action will both be m : I, I ' •36 I'KJNKKR 1IIST(.)RV ()!• ILLINOIS. forced on the people in siicli situation, and thus they become wise antl ener^a-tic men. They can not make a display in literature, but thej- possess wisdom and practical common- sense which is far preferable. The frontier inhabitants raised in adversity have more prac- tical sense than those livinj; in the old settlements. One race have their minds always in action; while the other indulges in a lifeless monotony. \ A mixture of book education and backwoods activity pro- duces the greatest race of men. I'.ducation by means of schools or otherwise must be extended to all classes of citizens in this Republic, or otherwise it is impossible to maintain a free government. The system of Sunday-schools is among the greatest dis- coveries of human wisdom. The great man, R. Raikes, who first put this machinery in operation, should be hailed all over the world as "the poor man's friend, the kindes' and the best." The children of the wealthy can always obtain an education; but it is the poor and the humble that this system accommo- dates and relieves from ignorance and op[)ression. The benev- olent and the charitable have the time and power on the Sab- bath to attend in the schools and instruct the children in morality i'.nd the Scriptures. Nothing can be so pleasing to the heart of a good man or woman as to instruct the children to pursue that course of life which will make them good and happy. On this earth a more dignified and pleasing sight can not be seen than a talented and accomplished lady having her flock of little girls and boys with her going to the Sundaj-- scliool. These groups having with them the sacred writing to teach them happiness here on earth and at the close of life the way to heaven will be ready to open to those that are happy here. Sunday-schools must be regulated by wisdom. The proper books and the proper teachers must be provided, or otherwise they will be a curse rather than a blessing to mankind. This is the case with all systems of education or teachings. To' educate the heads of children and leave their hearts unin- structed in morality and honesty, is doing mankind an injury and harm. Science and literature without inoralit)' and lion- rioNKKU IIISTOKV or ILLINOIS. 137 csty will be a curse to the human family. Sunday-schools will aid in the education of the heart to a jjrcat extent. The female childrer deserve more the attention of the public in theii education than the males. It is the mother who first gives their tender offspring the leading bent of mind. The infant around its mother receives its first impressions from her, which may govern it thro life. How difficult it is to discard early impressions. If they are good and received from a kind mother they arc c.ilculated to make the person happy thro life. The legislature should do something to advance the cause of Sunday-schools. The teachers might be paid, books and rooms provided for the schools at the public expense. No money could be expended to do as much good, if it were properly applied, as to advance the Sunday-school system. James I'iggot, John Doyle, Robert Whitehead, and Mr liowen were soldiers in the expedition under Colonel Clark in the year 1778, and soon after the campaign settled in Illinois. Doyle had a family and resided in or near Kaskaskia. He was something of a scholar and taught .school. He spoke French and Indian and was frequently employed as an inter- preter of those languages into the ICnglish. He was unambi- tious and lived and died without much wealth. He was con- sidered an honest man and was always respected while alive — as he is now, when dead — as one of the brave men who assisted Col. Clark in the conquest of Illinois. liowen and Whitehead were both correct men. Whitehead raised a large family and lived to an advanced age. Howen lived single and received a pension as a Revolutionary soldier. All these soldiers of the Revolution, Biggs, Piggot, Kicld, Rutherford, Doyle, Whitehead, Bowen, and others who aided in the conquest of Illinois under the celebrated Col. Clark, perforniec' services for their country that entitle them <'■ wie gratitude and respect of a people who are now enjoying the harvest of their labors. Under any circumstances a brave sol- dier of the Revolution is entitled to much honor and gratituile. The conquest of Illinois under the perilous and dangerous cir- cumstances attending it entitles those brave men who achic\ed it the highest honor that man can bestow on them. During the Revolution, Mr. Huff and family left the Monon- ril>. I I'' •3« I'lONKKK lllsn.iKV or ILLINOIS. },'alula country in Western I'cnnsylvania for Illinois. Ho liatl married a widow Murdocli, who had three sons witii the part)-. This cmij^ratiii^,' party was tolerably stron^^ and had |)repared and fortified their boat. They starteil from Red Stone, Olil Fort, so called in those day.s, where the town of lirownsvilh was built in the year 1786. On the Mississippi near the Grand Tower, while encamped for the ni^jht, the Indians attacked the party and killed Mrs. Huff, one of her sons, and some others. The survivt)rs retreated in the boat and thus saved themselves. Mrs. Huff was maiij.jled in a shocking manner before the eyes of her husband and family. She was cut open and cpiartercd and the Indians drank her blood. This was the reason that her son, John Murdoch, who was a very conspicuous char- acter in the early times of Illin(Ms, swore vengeance against all Indians, and could scarcely be restrained from killing them in time of peace as well as in war. The party came on to the American Bottom and settled there. Mr. Huff, only a few years after, was killed by the Ind- ians on the r(Kid between Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia His watch and some other articles were found, many year after, where he had been killed. Toward the close of the Revolutionary war, many American families settled in Kaskaskia. Ichabod and George Camp first resided in Kaskaskia, and afterward made improvements on the high land west of the Kaskaskia River, on a stream called Camp's Creek. They afterward moved to St. Louis and resided at what is now called Camp Spring, west of that city. They gave the name to that spring. John and Israel Dodge resided in Kaskaskia; so did John Cook and Jacob Judy and their families. Israel Dodge was the father of Hon. Henry Dodge,* the pres- J'' I ''' Isii I « * Gov. r)o(lge represented the State of Wisconsin after its admission to the i''ederal Union, as one of its first senators in congress from 1848-51; at the expiration of the first term he was reelected and served a second term, cndin<,' in 1857, wlien having jjcen contimunisiy in puliiic life for a period of more than fifty years, he retired to a well-deserved rest, making his home with his son, (len. A. C. Dodge, in ISurlington, Iowa, where he departed this life, full of years and honors, June 19, 18O7. Cien. Augustus C. Dodge, son of (!ov. Henry Dodge, had a career of no less interest than tliat of his honored sire. Horn in Ste. (Jenevieve, Missouri, in 1S12, he received the best tuition the country alTorded, which was but spare. He removed I'loNl'.KR IIISToUV i)l II.I.INi.ilS. 139 cnt senator in comj^icsh from tla- Stati- of Wisconsin. The father liacl resided at the Iron Hanks and was on his way from there by V'incenncs to Kentiieky, and al V'incennes llcnry Dodge was born, in the year 1777. Israel l)odj;e resided witli his famil)' for several years at Kaskaskia, while Henry com- posed part of liis family. I'he lioil^fc family left Kaskaskia about the year 1790, and resideil in upper Louisiana. Ilenr)' Dodge was raised in a new country, where the oppor- tunities for education were almost entirely urt of Spain. On his return to Burlington from Madrid, he retired to private life and, except serving a few terms as mayor of the city and the filling of a few minor positions of trust, he never again entered the political arena. (Jen. Dodge died, universally esteemed and generally rt'gretted hy a large circle of personal friends, N'ov. 20, 1883. Krom 1S48 55, the Dodges, father and son, were members at the same time of the United States senate, a coincidence without a parallel in American history; and the untimely death of (iov. Dodge's half-brother. Dr. l.twis l.ynn, before the expira- tion of his term as senator from the State of Missouri, prevented his service in the same senate with the father and son. A daughter of (Iov. Dodge is also well known in Illinois history. Mary Louise Dodge was married to Col. John Dement at Kt. Leavenworth in 1H35, and has been truly one of the pioneer mothers of our Slate, liy the death of her distinguished husband on January 17, 18S3, she is left to survive most of her family. Her present residence is in Dixon, Lee County, III. Her son, Hon. Henry Dodge Dement, is the present secretary of stale of the State of Illinois, a position he has attained by the exercise of those (pialificatioiis of integ- rity, ability, and geniality, which have descended to him from both families of his illustrious ancestry. Mr. Dement has represented his county in the State le;.;islature, and served four years as a senator from his ilistrict in the Slate senate. He also has maintained the fighting re|)utation of both sides of the house by making a good soldier in the late war, entering the service as a second lieutenant while a mere boy, early in 1S61; he was promoted to a first lieutenant shortly afterward; and made an honorable record in one of the veteran regiments of Illinois — the Thirteenth Infantry. —J. II. G. ..( i i I I ;| (''I ' 1 ^ 140 rKJNKKK HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. and immoralities so much practised at that time. And altho he had not the opportunity to receive much education inside of a college, yet he studied men and things outside; so lliat he has acquired a great store of intelligence and informa- tion, which enables him to occupy an elevated and conspicu- ous standing in society. Nature bestowed on him some of her most precious gifts. He possesses a strong and solid judg- ment; but he moves to a conclusion with caution and reaches it with mathematical certainty. His leading traits of char- acter are: a strong intellect, great firmness, and much dignity. \ature designed him for the profession of arms, and he has embraced the military on all fit and appropriate occasions. In his youth he was much engaged in, hunting the wild game and often remained in the woods for weeks and months together. On these occasions his apparel corresponded with his vocation, which would make a strong contrast with his present respect- able and dignified appearance in the senate of the United .States. Such are the blessings of our free institutions, that merit can risi; from the humble Ire of a hunter to the most dignified and elevated stations known to the people. In former days, he manufactured great quantities of salt at the works below Ste. Genevieve. He had sever.il hundred laborers in his service, at times working this s.Uine. In the late war with Great Britain, he was engaged almost the whole time in the defence of the frontiers. He was elected a general of the militia of Missouri before the war of iiSi2, which enabled him to keep the militia in a proper organiza- tion for acti\'e operations. He took command of a battalion of foiu- hundred men, com- posed of United-States rangers, mounted riflemen, and others, with a S(|uad of friendly Shawnee Indians, and removeil a band of the Miami Indians from the Hoone's-Lick Settlement on the Missouri River to the Wabash. These Indians were made to unite with their own nation on the Wabash, for safe-keeping out of the influence of the hostile Indians in the north. When they resided on the Missouri and professed to be friendly, it gave rise to suspicion that they harbored and sustained the others who were hostile. It was wise and benevolent polic>' to settle them with their own people on the Wabash; thereby I'lOXEKU HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 141 " keeping them out of temptation." Gen. Dodj^e performed this delicate service with jud5^ I'lUNKKR IIISIOKY ot' ILLINOIS. i'l ■Ii power ami uoaltli aiul tlic hit;hcst olTiccs are ()j)oii tn merit, so that all these incentives to action dcvi'lope the intellect aiul enerj^ies of the people until the Americans arc a siijjerior race. Our old enemies, the Hritish, and their American friends ^ivc us the name of new An^do-. Saxons. ()ur name, hlooil, .md lineaj^fc are ;\merican and not An^;lo-S.i.\on. It is true th.it most of the .American., are descendants of i'.nropi'ans, hut the preponder.ince of bli>od is not of the Anj,do-.Sa.\on race. There arc more of the descendants of the Irish and Germans in tlu' United States than ICn^dish. In fact, the American race at present is so compounded and improved that we are a stock of our own. It is stated that in 1814, the farms of I'rairie du Chien were in hi^h cultivation. Between two and three hundred barrels of flour may have been manufactured there that season besides a vast ([uantity of corn. The hrst American school-master ever appeared in Illinois was Samuel John Seely, in I7«i- losophy, etc. The Indian depredations prevailed throughout t. country'' so much that the education of the children could not be mu Iv attended to before the peace with the Indians in 1795. The Indians were never hostile to the French population. They might do some injury to their property and at rare in- :4 I'lONI'.KU IIIsn.iKV OK IlI.INnlS. 155 vals kill a white man; but there was never a settled detcrniin.i- tion to waj^'e war a^Minst the l''rench, with sonic exceptinns, wlurc the Uritish iiisli;;ali(l the sava^^is to tlu; deed. Hut l.ir (.liticrent it was witli the American population. It is ilirticiilt to say when Indian depreciation on the /Xmcricans comminccd; but Wayne's treaty, in 1795, put a stop to these hostilities. Wherever the American population was lar^^e enough in Illi- nois for the attention of the Indians, then ;i bitter marauilin;^ warfare comniciici'il. In 1786, was the lirst decisive Indian war wa;;e(l ai^^ainst the Americans in Illinois. James I"'lannar>' was killed in I7' the Indians, but this was not considered a general war. In 17.S6, not far northwest of Waterloo, Monroe Count)-, James Andrews, his wife, and daui;hter, James White, ;iiul Samuel McClure were killed by the Indians and two dauL;h- tcrs of Aiulrews were taken prisoners. One died with the Intlians and the other was ransomed by the French traders. This fust act of Intlian warfare on the Americans in Illinois was bold and decisive. Five were killed and two taken pris- oners. The dau^diter of Andrews who was ransomed is still alive and is the mother of a lar^e family. This slauLjhter of part of the infant settlement of Illinois produced a ^reat panic amon^ the pioneers and caused them to erect the stations and forts that are heretofore mentioned for their protection. A continual murderous warfare was kept up aL;ainst the first American settlers until 1795. It is astonish- ing ln)w so small a settlement as was in the country in 17.S5 could sustain itself against the great numbers of Indians that were in the cowntry at that day. The whites not only fortified to protect themselves, but were compelled to mount guard d;ky and night for their safety. When a man was plowing in the field, one other or more were stationed outside to protect him. The same with the domestic affairs of a family, guards for protection were indispensable to save their lives from the attack of the hostile Indians. In 1788, December 10, Benjamin Ogle and James Garrctson were fired on by two Indians while they were hauling hay from the Bottom. A ball lodged in Ogle's shoulder and remained there. Garretson made his escape in the woods. In stacking d "ll \ i I 154 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, :ii' ■'1l m -;i. Mi (i the same hay, Samuel Garretson and Mr. Reddick were both killed and scalped. Mr. Ogle received a pe sion for this wound. The year 1789 was one of continual commissions of murders and depredations by the Indians on this small defenceless set- tlement. The citizens at that day must have had iron wills or otherwise they would have been exterminated by the Indians. We read of repeated an i repeated murders of the inhabitants almost daily, and yet the wise conduct and unparalleled bra- very of the people saved them from destruction. Three boys were attacked by six Indians a small distance from the block-house fort in the American Bottom, situated not far from the Fountaine Creek, where it first enters the Bottom. David Waddle was struck with a tomahawk in three places — scalped — made his escape and recovered. The other boys run to the fort and were saved. James Turner, John Ferrell, and three others were killed this year at several times by the Indians, and John Dempsey and another were scalped and left for dead, but recovered. These are only the partial items of the horrid and revolting murders of this year. No individual, male or female, night or day, was safe. This year may be denominated the year of blood in Illinois. The settlement of the present county of Monroe must have suffered this year by the Indians a loss of one out of every ten of its population. The enemy acted with savage ferocity, not only on the in- habitants, but turned that same savage malignity to destroy the animals cf the whites. They not only stole horses — which is rather a beggar commerce with the Indians — but destroyed the stock with a wantonness unparalleled in Indian warfare. We will abandon these horrid murders committed by the Indians for a moment, and turn our attcnticMi to the organiza- tion of the Northwestern Territory and other matters more pleasant. It will be recollected that Virginia ceded Illinois to the United States in 1784, and on July 13, 1/87, the ordinance, so called and known in the territory, was passed by congress. This territory included five States, as they are at present organized ; Illinois being one. This act of congress, which calls itself a compact as well as an ordinance, is made the PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 155 foundation of all territorial governments organized since that day. The great and leading feature in it is the provision against the introduction of slavery in the territory. This ordi- nance secured all the Northwest from slavery. I think con- gress has the power to legislate on the subject, as was done in the case before us; but it is unwise and impolitical to act in the case; but permit the people of the terr :ory to use their own judgment on the occasion, whether they have slavery or not. Arthur St. Clair was appointed governor of this territory, and remained in office until the State of Ohio was organized, in 1802. In contemplating the life and character of Gov. St.Clair, a melancholy reflection forces itself on us; as he appears to be a man doomed to misfortune. His motives and impulses were pure and patriotic; yet, in almost every enterprise or business in which he was engaged during a long and eventful life, he failed in almost every instance. He was born in Edinburgh, in 1734. and v;as of good family, but unknown to history. He came to Amvirica with Admir.il Boscowen, in 1755. Having served in Canada as lieutenant under Gen. Wolf in 1759 and 1760, he was, after the close of the war, appointed to the command of Fort Ligonicr, in Penn- sylvania. When he left the British army is not known; but in December, 1775, he was married and held si.\ offices in thj State, to wit: clerk of the court, prothonotory of a court, judge of probate, register of wills, recorder of deeds, and surveyor of the largest county in the province. In this same year, 1775, he acted as secretary to the commissioners who held a treaty at Pittsburg with the Indians. He became known and popular; so that without solicitation, he was, in January, 1776, appointed colonel in the continental army w';;h orders to raise a regi.ncnt to operate in Canada. He raised the regiment in six weeks, and left Philadelphia with six companies on March 12, and reached Quebec on May ll, to cover the retreat of the troops from that place, while the other four companies remained at Sorel, on the St. Lawrence. He was appointed brigadier- general on August 9, 1776, and ordered to join Gen. Washing- ton's army, then retreating thro New Jersey. Gen. St.Clair p ,il' 4 '""i I I \\ \ I' ■^?^T-^«cap iasEinRSBr>r.77T ■■ i ■(' \i% m \i 156 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. acted well his part in the battles of the Revolution, at Trenton and Princeton. On Feb. 9, 1777, congress appointed li.m a major-general, and on June 5, he was ordered to take command of the fort at Ticonderoga. He abandoned this fort, and altho it was done on the consultation of officers, yet the public disapproved of it. A court-martial sustained the movement, and congress, in 1778, confirmed it. But still the wound was not healed in public estimation. Washington always retained his first confidence in General St. Clair. He acted his part well at the battle and siege of Yorktown, at the capitulation. From this point he was sent with six regiments to Gen. Greene in South Carolina, with orders to reduce all the British garrisons in North Carolina. These posts were abandoned at his approach, and on Decem- ber 27, 178 1, he joined Gen. Greene at Jacksonburg. After the peace. Gen. St. Clair resided in Pennsylvania, and was elected a member of congress in 1786, and the president of that body in 1787. When the Northwestern Territory was established, in 1787, he was appointed governor of the terri- tory. He did not desire this appointment, but he seems to have acted on the principle recognized by Gen. Jackson, "he would neither ask or refuse office." St. Clair observed that " to accept the office of governor was the most imprudent act of my life." He was appointed in 1788, and remained in office to the year 1802, when the State of Ciio was organized. On July 15, 1788, Gov. St. Clair appeared at Marietta and put the machinery of government into operation as far as pos- sible. Washington County was the first-organized county in the territory. In September, 1788, the governor and United- States judges for the territory — Parsons, Barnum, and Symnis — prepared and adopted a code of laws for the Northwestern Territory, which has formed the basis of the statute laws of all the States formed out of this territory. Gov. St. Clair and Winthrop Sargeant, his secretary, in February, 1790, arrived at Kaskaskia and organized the county of St. Clair. The governor also appointed the various officers in the new county necessary to the administration of justice, and partially adjusted the land -titles of the citizens. i PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. •157 The county of St. Clair was called for the governor and was bounded as follows : beginning at the mouth of the Little Mackinaw Creek, where it empties into the Illinois River, and running a direct line to the mouth of a creek which empties into the Ohio not far above Fort Massacre ; then down the Ohio to the Mississippi; then up that river and the Illinois to the place of beginning. St. Clair is the mother of counties in Illinois, and still retains her youthful vigor, looking around with pleasure on her happy offspring. It will be recollected that the Ancient Dominion, in October, 1779, erected Illinois into a county of that name, which retained a kind of obsolete existence down to the year 1790, when the county of St. Clair was carved out of part of it. Gov. St.Clair appointed William St.Clair clerk of the court and recorder of deeds in St.Clair County, and many others to office the same year. He had, in the year 1788, orgaaized the second grade of ter- ritorial government and caused elections to be held in the several counties which he had established. Both the branches of the legislature met in Cincinnati, first, on September 16, 1789, and adjourned on the 24th of the same month. Knox County, at that day, included both Vincennes and the Illinois country, and from the Illinois part of Knox County, Shadrach Bond, Sr., was elected to the house of repre- sentatives. At that session an excited struggle was had for the election of a representative to congress from the territory. Public opinion settled down on William H. Harrison and Arthur St.Clair, Jr., the nephew of » governor. Harrison had eleven votes and St.Clair ten. This election came off on Oct. 3, 1799. Gen. St.Clair died August 31, 1818, on the top of the Alle- ghany mountains, in Pennsylvania. Henry Lcvens and family settled in the New Design in 1797. He landed at Fort Massacre with two teams and wagons; one was an ox team. He put a large skiff on one wagon, for a wagon-body on land and a ferry-boat when they reached the creeks that were swimming, on their march to Kaskaskia. They were twenty-five days in this pilgrimage from the Ohio to Kas- kaskia. \ '1 t 4] At M k i % u " HI ■' i 1 t ! i i f H A-M mrrrosr % i: hi V '■■fl I' f, >!! I '.M 138 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. He emigrated from the western part of Pennsylvania and was well calculated to brave all the dangers and difficulties incident to the settlement of a new country. He was a very large, stout man, and a stranger to fear. He was not educated to any great extent, and was rather decisive and energetic in his common intercourse with society. He was kind and hospitable to those he esteemed, and to those he disliked he acted the reverse. He possessed rather a strong mind, but uncultivated, which was formed under circumstances unfavorable to , advance the meek, mild, or amiable traits of the human character. He was, withal, kind and hospitable to those, friend or foe, under his roof; his house was the common hotel for dancing and con- vivial parties. He raised a large family, and as the old and young, male and female, were inclined to gayety and sociability, they indulged in the pleasures of the ballroom and other amuse- ments of a similar character. A greater portion of his sons and some of his daughters played on the violin, and all, young and old, danced. This family was the centre of attraction, and many are the happy days, and particularly nights, of innocent amusement and recreation, which were enjoyed in pioneer times at the friendly and hospitable mansion of Henry Lcvens, on Horse Creek. In 1800, Levens erected a saw-mill and grist-mill on Horse Creek, near his residence, and carried this mill on with energy and advantage to the public. The lumber for nearly all the flat-boats built in early times in Illinois was sawed at this mill. The sons of Levens were like their father, active and resolute men, and as most otlier pioneers, they, too, were excellent hunters and marksmen. The rillc with the early settlers was literally a staff of life, and almost every one became not only expert with the gun at ihc shooting-match, but were also excel- lent hunters. Old Nimrod would have been pleased to have the young Lcvens in his corps, as they would, in the chase, do honor to their captain. The Levens family, while they lived together, became more ^vealthy than the neighboring pioneers. Their stock was raised, winter and summer, without much labor, and the mill and farm yielded considerable income; so that the family had the means PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ^69 le IS ly cl- ave do of supporting the frolics and amusements they indulged in. The sons also made something by the peltries arising from hunting. The whole family were active and energetic people; but they delighted in sport more than in work. The gun, race -horse, and violin v/ere articles of the greatest admiration in the family. They were strictly honest and extremely kind and hospitable, after the manner of their father. The Levens family were an excellent sample of a prominent pioneer family. They were all blessed with good intellectual faculties, and were very active and energetic, and were also large and portly men and resolute to excess. For many years there were four or five grown sons and two daughters in the family before any were married. The sons or father never indulged in any great intemperance, nor much gaming, farther than amusement. The sons delighted in the rural sport of foot-racing, wrest- ling, jumping, etc. Horce-racing, shooting-matches, and dan- cing in early times were enjoyed by almost the whole commu- nity, and the Levens family indulged in these amusements with a particular delight. The males, young and old, were not bash- ful in a fight, in which they indulged at times to the great discomfiture of their adversaries. In fact, the Levens family possessed a respectable and con- spicuous standing in society, which, together with the circum- stances already stated, enabled them to enjoy an uninterrupted round of pleasure and of happiness of the character above described. The aged sire, at last, like Boone, was interrupted by the approach of neighbors, which produced too near him a species of mathematical society, which he disliked, and he sold out his possession on Horse Creek, in 1818, and moved to the frontiers of Missouri. lie lived to advanced age and died in that State, the aged patriarch of a large family. The Indian murders and troubles seemed to increase in 1790. This may have arisen on account of the Indians seeing the Americans flocking to the country and a government being organized in it. The red men on this consideration may have made greater efforts to prevent the settlement of the country, and thereby the natives would occupy the homes of their fathers longer. This year was a sad and sorrowful one with the infant settlements of the Americans in Illinois. ■3 ■;c V! " ■ Ml ■t •(! ■' i ■ iR^SPBBQSSnHHHM HV ! ■ n- 1 i J' 1 1 1 1 i J i6o PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. It was mostly the Kickapoos that were so extremely hostile and ferocious against the whites. This nation resided nearest the Americans, and were better armed and more vijjorous than the other Indians to commit depredations on the settlements. And they committed their savage warfare with a vengeance unequalled in any other country. In the winter of this year, 1789, the Osage Indians crossed the Mississippi and stole some horses from the whites in the American Bottom. The Americans pursued them towartl the river, and James VVorley, being in advance of the rest of the party, was killed and scalped by the Indians before his com- panions could rescue him. It was not common for the Osages to commit depredations on the whites on this side of the river. It was stated that the Indians cut off the head of Worley and threw it in savage triumph toward the whites as they advanced. I presume that when Worley was killed and the whites found that the Indians outnumbered them, that they recaptured the horses and came off about " second best." William Morrison emigrated from Philadelphia to Kaskaskia in 1790. He was recognized by the act of congress granting land to all those who were enrolled in Illinois for military duty on August I of that year. He was a native of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and soon became, after his arrival in Illinois, one of the most influential and conspicuous characters in the coun- try. He was a self-made man, casting his lot in a new wild country and depending on his own resources for fortune and fame, and he accomplished both in an eminent degree. Like most great men, he never underwent the drudgery of a scho- lastic education. Whether his means or other circumstances prevented it, I know not; however, such was the fact that he acquired barely an English education at the schools; but he studied in nature's great academy and became a very eminent man. His natural genius and talents were of such high order that he acquired information at every step he made thro a long and eventful life. His business and his proper sense of pro- priety enabled him to frequent the higher circles of society and thereby become one of the eminent. He made one of the most interesting and conspicuous characters in every society wherein he associated. Dignity and polish of manners seemed "H I I. I 4 I JBJ I I.4 WPWI PIONKKR IIISTOUV (.)I' II.I.IN(.)IS. l6l n'o- ind Ithc lety lied to be natural with liiiii. lie was a polished gentleman without effort. Notliing little or cramped existed in his character. His mind and impulses were fashioned on a large scale. It is seldom united in the same person, the strength of mind and the polish of manners that were blended together in the character of Wil- liam Morrison. He was not only kind and benevolent in all his relations with society, but also honest and upright. As to a husband, he was everything that would make a wife's heart overflow with love for him, and a kind and indulgent father to his children. Morrison came to Illinois, ambitious, enterprising, and talented. He located himself in the centre of the great valley of the Mis- sissippi, where his talents and energies had ample scope for operation, and most nobly and honorably did he execute his destiny. By his great activity and sound judgment, he was the head and front of almost all the commercial operations of Illi- nois and upper Louisiana during a long series of years. He was associated with his uncle, Guy Bryant of Philadelphia, in merchandising, and the firm of liryant v^ Morrison was known throughout the West as one of great wealth and honorable standing. Bryant did not himself operate in the West; so that his partner, Morrison, had the control of all the commercial business of this vast region of country. The commercial busi- ness of this house extended from Kaskaskia around to Pitts- burg, New Orleans, Prairie du Chien, and the Rocky Moun- tains, and William Morrison was the master spirit that managed and conducted all these vast mercantile transactions to a suc- cessful termination. No ordinary talents could combine, con- trol, and execute with success all this complicated machinery. It required the first order of intellect, and such was Nature's gift to this great and noble pioneer. Kaskaskia was, when he came to Illinois, one of the largest towns west of the Alleghany Mountains, and possessed not only its central position for commerce, but had many other advantages, and he settled himself in it. By his industry and energy, he became very wealthy. His main store, wholesale and retail, he kept in Kaskaskia, and from it the merchants of St. Louis, Ste. (ienevieve. Cape Girar- deau, a,nd New Madrid received their goods. About l8oo, he 11 '11 \ '., 1 iF'-' ' I I' i4 ' if 16: I'K)\i;kr history ov Illinois. established a store in Cahokia and placed in it a clerk — Willianv Atchison. This clerk was a singular and eccentric Irishman. Me soon, by excessively high prices, acquired by derision the name of Chape WoUie, which he retained while he remained in the store. Many anecdotes are told on this Irishman. Kev. Benjamin Young, a Methodist circuit rider, at the request of Chape Wollie, preached at his store in Cahokia in 1807, and it turned out that Young had a small congregation. Atchison made excuses for his French neighbors not attending the preaching. " For his part," he said, "he would walk, on Sunday, miles thro briars and lidl to hear such a sermon as that ye prached; but these d d T^rench love dancing better than praching. An', Misther Young, could yc not stay with us tonight and go to the ball this evening.'" The Methodist preacher begged off from Mr. Atchison's civility in going to the dancing-party on .Sunday evening. Mr. Morrison furnished the Indians and Indian traders with great quantities of goods, and on them a great profit was realized. He accumulated great quantities of land, which descended to his children; yet he was not what is known as a land specu- lator. He purchased much, but sold little. About the time his store opened in Cahokia, he encouraged the farmers of the New Design, and, in fact, throughout all the sparse settlements at that time, to cultivate wheat. He com- menced a commerce in flour. He conveyed the wheat to Fdgar's mill, near Kaskaskia, and had it there manufactured into flour. Flat-boats were built at Lcvens' mill, on Horse Creek, and on them and other vessels he shipped the flour to New Orleans. He was generally fortunate in his voyages on the river; but a Targe boat laden with wheat from Cahokia and bound to Kas- kaskia, struck a sawyer in the river above Ste. Genevieve and sunk with the entire less of the wheat. I think there were more sawyers in the river at that day than at present. For a long scries of years, he carried on a heavy commerce on the Mississippi, between Kaskaskia and New Orleans. He shipped to Pittsburg and New Orleans almost all the surplus products of the country, to wit: peltries, furs, lead, flour, horses, > I ' •- I I'loN'KKK HISTOKV OF ILLINOIS. 163 but Kas- ;\nd kvcre Icrce He [plus Irses, etc., and returned with articles for the consumption of the people. His boats were large and of the first class of that day. On these large barges it required forty or fifty boatmen to force them up against the strong current of the Mississippi, and it sometimes occupied four or five months to make the voyage from Kaskas- kia to New Orleans and back. In I1S04, a fine j-uung creole Frenchman, La Chappelle of Kaskaskia, had ciiargc of his boat laden with a costly cargo, worth probabl)- fifty thousand dollars, and he died on the voy- age up, at Xatclie/. When the commander. La Chappelle, diet!, none other on the boat was competent to take command. Many others of the men also died on the voyage, so that the boat was left at Natchez. The cargo was put in a warehouse, but the liciuors and wines leaked out of the casks, and other articles also were destroyed, so that the whole cargo was almost entirely lost. In 1801, he built a fine stone-house in Kaskaskia and fur- nished it in an elegant manner. This house, at that d,i\-, was the best in the country, and in it he lived in a princely style. At his table, with his friends and family, he displaj'cd the hos- pitality and elegant bearing of a well-bred gentleman. In the war of 1812, with Great IJritain, he obtained the con- tract for this military district to furnish rations to the troops; and with his talents, energy, and wealth, he performed the responsible duties to the satisfaction of all concerned. Out of this contract he made a large sum of money, altho he abounded in wealth before. The garrisons to be furnished were situated from Prairie du Chien to the extreme South and througliout the West. They were punctually supplied with rations, altho so remote from the settlements and surrounded by hostile Indians. He employed Thomas Van Swearengen and John Postlewait, two men well known here at that time, ' > take charge of beef- cattle along with Harrison's army to the battle of Tippecanoe, in the fall of 181 1. Swearengen and I'ostlewait were bold and daring characters, and withal, men of strong minds. They had no guns or arms at the commencement of the battle, and were .sleeping in a wagon. The Indians' bullets soon shattered off the splinters of the wagon into their faces, which compelled l i I \^ m . ^ff-. lC)4 im(in'i:i;r history ok im.ixois. U. I : 1^, lliciii to enter the battle-field. They soon found guns and other weapons, whose owners were aheatly killcil in the battle. With these anus, these two men sou^^ht the liottest of the conllict and fouyht with such cool and determined bravery that the)' excited the admiration of the whole army. Mr. Morrison possessed a public spirit and was ready and willing to enter into public improvements that would advance the interests of the country. He was the main pillar in erect- ing two bridges across the Kaskaskia River; one adjae^'iit to the town of Kaskaskia and the other at Covington, in Washing- ton County. That at Covington he built himself lie was exemplary in his morals and never indulged in light and frivolous amusements. Gambling and drunkenness he abhorred. When the graceful and noble animal, the race-horse, was led out on the turf at Kaskaskia, he frequentiy attended the races and became much excited in the sport. He at times bet on the race a suit of clothes with a friend, or some such small amount, and cared very little whether he lost or won. His personal appearance was dignified, commanding, and pre- possessing. He was of the ordinary size of men, and in his advanced age, rather inclined to be corpulent. iCncrgy and activity were discernable in his walks and movements, as well as in all his conduct. He made it one of his fixed principles to dress richly and with taste and elegance. He had a just sense of propriety on this subject. He was always uneasy when in compaii)' with a sloven. He often said that a man frequently made his f)rtune by a decent appearance. He was always extremely gallant and polite to the ladies, and often advised his friends to frequent female society. He said intelli- gent and correct female society was the great lever to govern luunan actions and to promote morals and religion. Mr. Morrison possessed a decided and marked character. His predominent traits were a strong mind and great energy. All his impulses were of the noble and elevated order. Toward the close of his earthly career, lie became interested in religious matters, and after due reflection, he joined the Roman-catholic cluwch. He devoted much of his attention to the church before his death, and performed all the duties en- joined upon him with a sincere devotion. l'?^l riUNKKR IIISTOUY OK ILLINOIS. 165 lie (licil in the arms uf the chiiicli, praishig God. His dcatli, altho he was aged, was much rcjirctted by the community, as "one of tlie ^rcat had fallen in Israel." lie died in April, 1837, and his remains rest in peace and ijuiet in the old graveyard at Kaskaskia, where he, in his life, displayed so much energy and activity. How death changes the scene! In 1798, Robert and James Morrison, brotiicrs of William, arrived in Kaskaskia from Pennsylvania. Robert remained an inhabitant of Kaskaskia din-ing life. He held various offices under the territorial governments and performed the duties to the satisfaction of the public. This gentleman was extremely civil antl polite to all persons, and particularly to strangers. His house was made the home of many gentlemen of merit whose means were limited. It afforded Mr. Morrison great pleasure to extend to his friends the civilities and hospitalities of his table. He died in Kaskaskia in 184J, much regretted by his family, friends, and the public. He married in 1806, his second wife, a sprightly and talented lady from Baltimore. This lady, Mrs. Robert Morrison, being of wealthy and resjicctable family, received an excellent educa- tion and was, in fact, a fmishcd and classic scholar. She pos- sessed a strong, original, and sprightly mind. She was endowed with strong perceptions and much originality of thought. Her mind disdained the ancient shackles of any system when its strength was based on its antiquity alone for its support. Nature gave her rather a romantic turn of mind, and by rea- son of this disposition, she accompanied her brother, Colonel Donaldson, from Baltimore to the West, in 1805. He was a commissioner to investigate the land-titles at St. Louis, Mis- souri, and his sister, Mrs. Morrison, after her marpiage, made her residence at Kaskaskia in 1806. She, like most others who aie endowed by nature with rare gifts, possessed great energy and activity of mind. Her delight and home were in the rosy fields of poetry. Her grave deserves to be decorated with flowers. Her versification was decided by critics to be far above medium and many of her pieces to reach the higher order of poetry. She remodeled in verse the old onthodox Psalms of David, and had the volume presented to the dignitaries of the church UM1 ,\ I i\ VSBMB91 k < \(>G rioM.I.U (llsTdUV ol' IM.INulS. H. »)) i ill riiil.idcl|.hiii for ailoptioii, inslcad of the I'salins used in the cluircli. TliL' (liviiu's ^avc the work of Mrs, Morrison a critical cxaininatioM, and barrly rejected it, more by its advent from an unknown indi\idiial tli.ui from a w.int of merit. Iler pen was never idle. She wrote for \\w sciciUitic iJubhcations of Mr. Walsh o(' I'hiladelphia, and maii>' of her |)ieces in prose and verse j^raee and sustain that cekhrateil work. Iler contribu- tions to periodicals were numerous ami highly pri/etl. Man) of the political characters of Illinois in early times were [^reallx benefited and atUaiiced b)' her ener^^etic and talented produc- tions in the newspaper discussions of that tlay. 'I'his lail)' wrote, on many occasions, at the rci|ucst of her friends, petitions and memorials to congress and to the presi- tU'iit that were chaste and classic in their composition ami sound aiul substanti.d in their appeals made to the jjjeneral government. I'or this cla.ss of writing this lady was celebrated and much esteemed by her friends, She entered thoroly into the investigation of the various religious .systems. She became a I'resbyterian, but on further research and much reflection, she entered the Roman-catholic church and became a very warm and zealous member. This lad)' was ardent and enthusiastic in all her pursuits. She was also ambitious of honor and fame and possessed a force of character that was almcxst irresistible, Jiy her e.\ami)Ie and in- fluence almost all who came within her circle became Roman catholics and joined that church. She lived to an advancetl age and died in Belleville in 1S43, much regretted by her friends and the public generally. The fruit of the marriage of Mr. Morrison with this lady was an interesting famil)', three of whom are now alive. These three sons were born in Kaskaskia aiul are at this time con- spicuous members of the bar. Jesse Morrison, who is the youngest of the family, emigrated to the counti')- in 1805. He .md his brother, James, formed a commercial partnership and established themselves at St. Charles in Missouri, lioth these gentlemen raised large and respectable families. Jesse Morrison is now a resident of Galena, Illinois, enjoying, amidst a large number of relatives and friends, the luippiness of a well-spent life. He has reached that elevated M 1 i !. I I'loNKI'.U IIIMitKV (»!■ ILLINOIS. 107 I I stand i)f liuiiiiiii nature wlu'ii all the wild and unruly passions lias'i" subsided and tlu- ju ifcction of tliat nature remains triuni- pii.mt; so that lie, in his old a^'e, tastes some of tlie bUss laid up beyond the jfrnve for the uprii^Iil and just. Samuel Morrison, a Ijrother of the abovi-, arrived in Kaskas- kia in 1807. lie was a moral anil e.xcelli'iu youth. He did business for his brother and rcmainetl in Kaskaskia until, it was said, a youn^ lad\', whose beaut)' and charms were so irresistibh that she wove a web of love around him from whi« h he could not extricate himself till lu' called in time and distance foi- relief. He was too )-oun[^ and unsettleil to e.xtricate himself from love In' marria^'e. I-'or redress, lu; embarked in the kock\- Mountain Company of iMiianual Liza and others, and trapped and traded witij the Indians on the mountains for three years. He returned home safe and cured of his love monomania. He returned home in 1811, and some time afterward married. He made his residence .it C"ovin},fton, Washinj^ton Count)', III., where he died in 1.S2.S. I le was universally respected and es- teemed, and his death was lamented and rcj^n'elted by a great portion of the community. Another brother, (iuy Morrison, emi^n-ated to Kaskaskia in 1814, and soon entereil into the business of his iirotlKjr William at Cahokia. He was employed in furnishinl- ILLLN(.)I>. I/I { \ He always cmploved his time in sonic honorable business and never permitted himself to be idle or enijaijed in light or frivolous amusements. Like most of his countrymen, he pos- sessed strong passions, and at times, altho he possessed a strong mind, his passions swept over bis reason like a tornado. His friendships were ardent and sincere, and his hatreil and anger were excessively scathing for the moment. When his feelings of ire were excited, his words burnt his victims like drops of molten lead on the naked skin. He was mild and amiable until some injury or insult, as he supposed, was offered to him: then he burst asuiuler all restraints and stood out the fearless champion of his right, bidding defiance to all opposition. He possessed a great degree of personal courage. In the fore])art of i8o2, he again moved to Vincennes and was appointed a L'nited-States judge of the Indiana Territory. He and Col. Joiinson revised the statute laws of Indiana in 1807, and the legislature of that State enacted them with ver\- •inle alteration. The substance of these acts is still retained in our statute-books, as Illinois at t.hat time comprised a part of Indiana. In 18 10, Judge Jone'% moved to St. Louis, Missouri, but did not reside there anv great time, but settled in Washington County, Missouri, at Petosi. Here he found Moses Austin, with whom he formed a jiart- nership in the lead business. They erected the first cupola or reverberating furnace ever made in the United Slates. By this furnace, fifteen or twenty per cent more lead can be extracted from the ore than by the former furnaces. Judge Jones was a member elected from Washington County, Missouri, to form the first constitution of that State. Jones was a wise and efficient member of that convention, which sat in St. Louis in 1819. He was a candidate before the next general assembly of the State for the United-States senate, but Col. Benton was elected. Judge Jones was elected by the same legislature one of the judges of the supreme court of Missouri, which office he retained during his life. His decisions in the supreme court were always much respected b}' the bar arid the public. He died in St. Louis, while in office, in 18^4, and was nearly .1' ,'9 ^ \r i 'ill ^ 1 J .i 172 I'lONKI^iR HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. A; t. . i I sixty-five years of age. On his death-bod he said "he did not desire to Uvc any longer, as he could be of no further use to his family or country, and might be a source of trouble if he lived any longer." Ho was perfectly resigned to his fate and died with that calm c-omposure that always attends the exit of the " noblest work of God," an honest man. The person of Judge Jones was small, but erect and active. His complexion was dark and his hair and eyes very black. His eye, when excited, was severe and piercing. Judge Jones lived a life of great activity and was conspicuou.s and prominent in all the important transactions of the country. In his youth, altho not bred to the military profession, yet he was engaged in the wars against the Indians, both in Indiana and Illinois. The death of Judge Jones was regretted by a wide circle of friends and the public generally. His integrity, honor, and honesty were always above doubt or suspicion. He was exemplary in his moral habits and lived a temperate and orderly man in all things. He left a large and respectable family. His sons have filled, with credit to themselves, many of the most important offices in the country, and one, at this time — Hon. G. W. Jones — is in the senate of the United States from the State of Iowa. Rice Jones, the eldest son of John Rice Jones, was born in Philadelphia in 1781. When his age permitted, he was placed in the institution in Kentucky, and was a classmate of the late Colonel Richard M. Johnson of that State. Young Jones was endowed with great intellectual powers and thereby made rapid advances in his education. He quitted the school in Kentucky with a reputation for talents and education not inferior to any student that was at the institution. After finishing his education, he studied medicine in Phila- delphia, and graduated from the medical school with a diploma and what is better, with much honor. After practising medicine a short time and disliking that pro- fession, he abandoned it and commenced, in Litchfied, Conn., the study of the law. After some years of intense study, he quitted the institution with increased honor. He located himself" in Kaskaskia in J.*^o6, and opened a law- office. No young man at that day, and not many since, com- jLiti ' j i - mma ii Vim PIONEER HISTORV OF ILLINOIS. 173 mcnccd with prospects of a more brilliant career of life than Rice Jones did. He possessed a stron^^ intellect, but was also endowed with an excessive ambition, together with an ardent and impetuous disposition, and showed the Welsh temper more tlian his father. Me practised his profession some time and his friends needed his talents and energies in their political cam- paigns. Party spirit raged in and about Kaskaskia with a violence not equalled at any time since. Many of the prominent poli- ticians were almost crazy on the subject. Young Jones caught the mania and became excessively zealous. Altho he was yeung, yet from his talents and energy he was at the head of one of the parties in that day. He had been elected a member •of the legislature of Indiana, held at Vincennes, and was be- com'ng a very conspicuous character in the country. The other part^ did not like his prominency or standing with the people. In this excited state of the parties, and Jones at the head of ■one party, it was not difficult for the parties to quarrel or even fight. A controversy growing out of politics commenced between him and Shadrach Bond, the first governor elect for the State of Illinois, and a duel between those persons (Jones and Bond) was agreed upon. The parties met on an island in the Missis- sippi, between Ste. Genevieve and Kaskaskia, and when they had taken their positions and about to fire, Jones' pistol, having a hair trigger, went off by accident. Dunlap, the second of Bond, said it was Jones' fire and Bond might fire at Jones; but ]^ond,with that greatness of soul that appeared in all his actions, public and private, cried out, "it was an accident." The parties settled the controversy on the ground on honor- able terms; but a bitter quarrel ensued between Jones and Dunlap on the subject. This controversy waxed warmer and more malignant, until at last Dunlap shot Jones in the public streets of Kaskaskia. Jones was standing in the street, leaning on the railing of the gallery and talking to a lady, when Dunlap came up behind him and shot him dead with a pistol. This horrid murder of such a talented and promising young man shocked the community and to some extent quieted the part}- feuds for a time. . ^ \ i V* i )::\ iwJ 1 ; \l ■V:. .» * |i!i| ,;!' 174 I'ldM.l.i; 11ISI0K\- OK Il.l.INOLS. This murder occurred in i8og. iJunlap escaped to Texas ;uk1 was never punislietl by the tcmpnral courts. Thus ended, in liis twentj'-ei^dith year, a young man of ex- ceedingly great promise. Judging from the character he accjuired at .school, and what was known of him at Kaskaskia, it is not improbable that his superior was not in the countrj' before or after his death. The whole communit\- mourned for the death of this fine young man — cut off in his jjrimc by an assassin. It was indeed shocking to the public. In earl\- times the inhabitants of Illinois were in a small degree tinctured with the absurdity and nonsense of witchcraft and fortune-telling; but in after-days this ignorant superstition has entirely disappeared. The French at no time were troubled with the ap])aritions, ghosts, or spirits. Haunted houses were out of fashion with them. It is true, they had an imaginary being they called ic loitp gavrcaii — the growling wolf This was hatched up more to scare children than the grown ft)lks. Yet the ancient French in Illinois believed that the negroes in the West-India Islands possessed a supernatural power to do injury to any one that had incurred their displeasure, and had power, also, to look into futurity. This power, the old French ladies believed, came from Africa and was retained with the African negroes. It may be said that this belief of fortune-telling was \wi~) ijl, h k' i t ;■■ •7« i'i(iM:i:k iiisroRv of Illinois. k Kr i li^) r I and tlicrcby the most promisiiifj part of tho ^lobo, with all its population and free institutions, may disappear and a tlreary waste of water a{^ain occupy its ])Iace. There is nothing permanent but the f^reat Supreme Ik'ing and Mis eternal laws which L^overn the universe. After the close of the Indian wars, the French and Ameri- cans associated themselves together more and adopted each others customs and habits to some extent. The Americans became enamored with the French custom of c/inru'nri, and practised it sometimes right, but more often wrong, according to the rules established by the French. The old French charivari was innocent. It was, in their hands, a merry rural serenade, sustained by all sorts of loud and discordant noises. The charivari party was composed of old and young, and generally conducted by some orderly and aged man. They enlisted into their service all .sorts of things that could by any means be forced to make a noise. They used bells, horns, drums, pans, tin kettles, whistles, and all such articles as would make loud, harsh sounds. This French organ- izeil charivari was such a merry, noisy uproar that it would make a monk laugh if he hoard it. The proper l''rcnch custom was that if persons married of the same condition, there was no charivari ; but when discord- ant materials wt.'re tied together with that delicious silken cord which is so dazzling to the female eye, then a similar discordant noise attended the celebration. For example, when neither of the parties ever before tasted the delicacies of matrimony, there was no ground for a serenade; but when a widower, who had before worshiped at the shrine of Venus, married a lady who was never before bound in wedlock, then, in such cases, the charivari was invoked with all its merriment. And the same with a widow who had before feasted on the sweet viands of love and married a man whose lot had heretofore been celibacy, in such cases the charivari was in order. Generally among the French the married parties were as will- ing as the others for the sport, and were prepared to extend some civilities to the good-humored crowd. Thus frequently the case ended in the best of feeling. But when the married folks were refractory, the charivari was kept up for a succession riONKKR IIISIOUY <.)!■ IM.IM^IS. 179 liU- Ind tly ]cd Ion of nij^iits, until they yioldt-tl to tlic ciisloiii. .As tlu; fiiicc jiro- cccdcil, if the nuinicd parties wore sour, the serenading crowd had the privilege to hint, in a wild manner, first at the character of the bride and then at that of the bridegroom. These hints generally closed the scene in good luimor. When the noise was made in the crowd, some one would cry out at the top of his voice, " chiuivari! charivari!" and some other in the party would sing out, ''pour qui:'" — " for whom?" The answer to this ([uestion gave rise to hint at the female and her character. i\t times, the bridegroom also was charged with things he wouUI not like. This was the dernier resort. When this or other means pro- duced some kindness or civility, then the whole farce ended in the best of feelings among the French. But with the Ameri- cans this charivari is sometimes attended with disagreeable con- scciuences. And, in fact, the serenading party is sometimes in- dicted for a breach of the peace. In all cxjuntrics the administration of the laws is extremely important to the people. No matter how free a people may be, if the laws are not properly executed, that people can not pros- per and be happy. To make a people prosperous and happy, the laws must be not only equitable and just, but executed in the same manner, with equity and justice. In 1790, (iovernor St. Clair organized the government of the Northwest Territory, and also the judiciary of St. Clair County. He appointed justices of the peace throughout the county; but their jurisdiction was limited to twenty dollars in civil matters, and in criminal cases they had no power whatever, except to act as an examining court. The opinion of the people in olden times was opposed to giving justices much jurisdiction in civil and none in criminal matters. The rule of ancient times is relaxing, with experience, and at this day, the justices' courts are the most important tribunals in the country. A jury before a justice of the peace, in former times, was never known. Gov. St. Clair also appointed judges of the court of common- pleas, or quarter-sessions as they were sometimes called. They held these offices at the discretion of the governor ; but he scarcely ever exercised his power in dismissing *any from office. '^h r*: m !4 U'i I 1 ;( f-i ^ ^ ^^n^ ^7^^^' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // <^.%^ c/ 1.0 I.I "" 13 2 iiiim las. ^.2 ^ |36 '^ |4 12.0 i.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 M 6" — ► 4 a^ 'ij," <\%' Mis <5p / W t/j » i j( ri / f .1 .i t ;,■ :( i ' 1 ,1 |\ d t i8o I'lONKKU IIlST<.)kY OK ILLINOIS. The practice of disinissiiiLj men from office was not much exer- cised in early times, and it is a discreti(jn tiiat reciuires a sound juiii^ment and a just sense of propriety to exercise it to the public interest. The old sayint; of Jeff(;rson is known to all: " Is he capable ? Is he honest ?" It may be proper to chaiiLje the policy of the republic on account of the _i;reat chanj4cs in the (juantit)' and ipialit)' of the population in these days. These county-courts held sessions to do business e\cry threj months, which j^avc them tiie name of (piarter-sessions. The governor and judj^es of the Northwest Territory adopted the common-law of (Jreat Britain and the British statutes in aid thereof, to the fourth year of the reign of James 1. of Great Britain. Tiicse laws provided for the trial by jury and recognized all .such other appendages as are found in the common-law, appli- cable to ovu' government. The ordinance of 1787 introduced the comi'ion-law into the territory and many other salutary regulati'.ns. The hnbtds cor/^iis was secured to the people and such other fundamental principles as are generally provided in the various state constitutions. St. Clair Count)' was ])arcelkHl off into three judicial districts, and the courts held their sessions in each district; one at Kas- kaskia, one at Prairie du Rocher, and one at Cahokia. The judges, sheriff, and clerk had jurisdiction throughout the county, but the citizens could not be sued out of their districts. I saw a case in the ancient records of Kaskaskia district, where a citizen enteretl his plea of abatement, in 1 790, to the jurisdiction of the court, because he was [not] sued in the district of i'rairie du Rocher, where he resided. This plea was made by John Rice Jones, his attorney, and prayed a nonsuit from the court at Kaskaskia. The writs are dated at these villages: Kaskaskia, I'rairie du Rocher, and Cahokia, and run within the respective districts. In 1790, John lulgar of Kaskaskia, Jean Ba[)tiste Barbeau of Trairic du Rocher, antl John dc Moulin of Cahokia were the chief-justices of their respective districts, and in whose names the judicial proces.ses of their districts were issued. William St. Clair and William Biggs were the clerk and the sheriff, whose authority extended throughout the county of St. Clair. 1 ' '.V'. riONKKR HISTORY (.)K II.I,IN<.)1S. i8l I of lie |cs he of (iiaiul-jurics were organized in each district and returned in- dictments. I saw a record proceeding at Prairie du Rocher against a colored man for the murder of a ho^. At that daj* no prose- cuting attorney attended the court, and I presume the grand- jury found the form of an indictment in some book, for murder, and apphed it to the negro and the hog. It was mahcious mis- chief in destroying the hog, which I presume was the offence the grand-jury was investigating. The same ecjuitable justice may have been done under the indictment for murder, as if it were one for mahcious mischief and prosecuted by the ablest attorneys in the country. In those days John Rice Jones was the only attorney practis- ing in these courts, and the next, in 1794, was the celebrated Isaac Darniellc of Cahokia. Ivjectment suits were common, at that day, for particular and valuable tracts of land. I can not perceive that there was any mode pointed out for an appeal from these courts, and in no case was it practised, so far as I can discover. The United- States judges of the Northwest Territory held their sessions at the seat of government at Cincinnati or Chillicothe, which was .so remote from Illinois that an appeal to this court was much more impracticable than an appeal at this day is to Wash- ington City. The jieople, at that day, required not much from the courts and nothing from ap[K'als. Toward the close of the Indian war, the country south of the New Design commenced its .settlement. Johnson J. Whiteside and others laid off a town, not on paper, but on a site situatetl on the west bank of the Kaskaskia River, not far south of the northern limits of the present count)- of Randolph, and called it Washington. This town was commenced in 1795, and occu- pied a beautiful situation on the high bluff of the river, oxer- looking, to the west, much of the Horse I'rairie. The inhabi- tants enclosed and cultivated large fields of grain and raised stock to a consitlerable amount. The houses in this town were log-cabins; but streets and other tow/i itolioiis were observed in the building of the place. In the early settlement of this town, the Going families were conspicuous. The Goings, the old and young William, emigrated «y n it; f / I I! t Hi ^4 182 |'|om:i.i< iiisn.iK' ni Illinois. from KciUuck)' in 1794, and erected a station a short distance soutliwest of the Ik-llefontaine. In tliis fort, John I'uUiam located himself and family in 1796. Some other families like- wise were tenants of this station this j-ear. lioth father and son were blacksmitiis, and the youncjer was a man of considerable t. dents. The old Ljentleman was a plain man, except when lie became excited with tafia. Then he was a rouLjh custonu'r. At courts and other leatherings he hail bells to sell, and he often put a cord thro the staples of the bells, perhaps a do/en, more or less, of all sizes, and then tied the cortl around his waist. To make the scene more imposing;, he dressed himself with a fox -skin cap, with the tail siisi)en(.led behind, .»nd other dress of the same outlandish character. Thus equipped, he danceil in the crowtl, so that his noise would dro^vn thuniler. lie was not lart^e, but vcr\' active and stron.Lj. In early times, Judj^e S\'mmes, one of the United-States jud^rcg of the Northwest Territory, held court at Cahokia antl (ioiiiL; tormented the judj^e with his beli-dance. I^Ianj' other such wild freaks, (lointj and others of his da)' indulj^^cil in. The okl man died in W'ashinj^ton, on the Kaskaskia Ri\er, and is buried, w ith man\' nuire, in the old <;rave\-ard, north of the town. William (ioini^, the son, was of a different order of nun. His mind ami person were both formed on a iar^e .md substantial scale, lie received a ver)- limited education and could barelj- read and write. Hut nature did much fcjr him, tho he did little for himself With his natur.'d shifts, he mij^ht have been anions; the first men in an)' countr)-. As it was, he w.is leader, in his manner, lie possessed a siroiii;' ii.ittiral mind and a bold energ)- that was on some occasions exerted in a manner of which the community did not approxe. I lis courage and daring braxer)- were alwa)S ecjual nv su|)erior to the emergcnc)\ These traits of doing's character no one ever doubted. Mis person was large and modeled on the stern and rather defiable order. lie was neither repulsive or ver)* prepossessing in his a])pear- ancc; but all who saw him, at once came to the same conclusion that he was a decided, hrm, and great man in his sphere. His decision among his comrades was the law and the gospel to them. No one of his friends ever murmured at, or attcmptetl an appeal from, his judgment. He was the great governing ■ I'lONEKK HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. 183 on is to cd II 'J: spirit ill liis circle at the races, shootiiif:j-iiiatclies, and card- tables. His impulses were naturally on the side of honesty and intet^rit)-, but bad associations and habits gradually grew on him, which forced the public to think strange of his conduct. He was ardent and sincere in his friendships. He had a high sense of honor in his peculiar notions of that virtue. He would suffer martyrdom before he would desert or abandon a comrade in his distress, and would risk his life for a tried friend. The wealth of a nation might be committed to his care, and it would be safe, if he pledged his honor in the case and confidence were placed in him. If he had lived in the days of the crusades to the Holy Land, he would have been a leader of magnitude. Talents, courage, energy, ami chivalric notions of honor would have placed William fioing the leader of many of the bold and daring attacks on Jerusalem. If (ioing had been with (ieneral W'ajne in his army, he would have been, in all probability, one of Wayne's men in storming Stony Point. Ikit as it was, his life was wasted away in an obscure corner, where his talents and energies had not the proper theatre in which to act. He was a blacksmith and gunsmith, but like many others raised at that day in Illinois, he had no ambition for hard labor. He worked in his shop for his pleasure and cared but little for wealth, save a support for himself and family. He possessed a talent for repairing guns and shooting them, having steady nerves and excellent eyesight. With these qualities and much j)ractise with fine rilles, he shot with great exactness. An eye- witness, who is now alive, informed mc that he saw (ioing, in 1807, at his residence on the Kaskaskia River, a short distance below the present town of I'ayette, shoot a rifle, with a rest, ninety yards, and put fou'' balls into the same hole, near the centre of the target. Tiie fifth bullet touched the same hole- This is a precision in shooting that is r.uely reached. It will be remembered that a great portion of the time of the people at that day was occupied with the gun, either in defending themselves from Indian attacks or in procuring a living for their families. Altho (ioing was possessed of a strong mind and great firm- ness, yet he was not invulnerable against the attacks of beauty. Love made him sever the ties of a former marriage, and he 'I'l ■^ i } .'-'! '■ r ■ 1 'h I \fi 184 I'lONKKK insT<.)UY 01 ILLINOIS. bcc;imc the victim of a new flame This second marriage di- factu remained during Ufc and the jiaities Hvcd in peace and harmony. lie died in Arkansas in 1830. Johh I'uliiam was also, in early times, a resident of this town. iJy conimon consent, this place changed its name from W'ash- in^ton to that of Horse- I'rairie Town. Under this name it linsfercd anil tlied. In 1796, John Pulliam emigrated from Kentucky to New Design, in Illinois, lie was a native of llotetoiirt Count)-, \'ir- yinia, ami emiijrated to Kentucky just after the war of the Revolution. Me moved to the west of .St. Louis in 1797, and remained some j'ears at the Flourisant and Owen's Station. He returned to Illinois in 1799, and settled in the Horse-Prairie Town. 1 le cultivated the field near the town for a few years and then made a farm, in 1S02, on the Prairie-du-Long Creek, near the mouth of Richland Creek, in the present county of Monroe. He sold his place and made another plantation on the Kaskaskia River, o\\ which he lived ana died. His last residence was near the present town of Fayette, where he settled in 1808, and died in 18 13. Mr. Pulliam was a man of good mind and more energy and activity than ordinary. He had a large family, whose descend- ants and connections were very numerous in Illinois. Xot many pioneer families in Illinois, of whom I am acquaintei!. are so numerous in their lineal descendants and the connections and ramifications as the Pulliam family, all descending from John Pulliam, the aged patriarch of the family. John (irosvenor resided in this town in 1799, and for some years. He was a native of Connecticut and was a stone-mason and farmer. He cultivated a large farm adjacent to the town and sold much produce. He v/as an honest, correct man, moral in all things, except, perhaps, in his young days he permitted the Godess of Love to iurnish him with a traveling companion, from Connecticut to Illinois, at whose departure some one, at least, in Connecticut felt sorry. As the country in the Horse Prairie improved, this town declined, until the village ceased to exist and the country flourished. Another town was staked off at the Bellefontainc, but obsti- ^> - ...-..., I'lUNKl.R IllSltikV «.)F ILLINOIS. IS: ,n fry ti- nrtcly refused to <;i-o\v. French as well as Americans settled in this village. It had a shorter hfe and a more iuimble one than the llorsc-l'rairie Town. I" 1793. Ilhnois received a colony of the most numerous, darinj^, and cntcrprisin<^ inhabitants that had heretofore settled in it. The Whitesides and their e.xtensive connections emi- grated from Kentucky and settled in and around the New Design in this year. Not only the numerous names of White- side was in this colony, but also were their connections: (iriffin, Gibbons, ICnochs, Chance, Musick, (ioin!.j. and others. This large connection of citizens, being all |)atriotic, courageous, and determineil to defentl the country at the risk of their lives, was a great actjuisition to Illinois, which was hailed by all as the harbinger of better times. The Whitesides and their early connections were born and raised on the frontiers of North Carolina, antl emigrated to Kentucky. They had been inured to Indian hostilities and other hardships incident to frontier life, from their early years to manhood. The patriarch and leader, William Whiteside, l;ad been a brave soldier in ihc Revolutionary war and was in the celebrated battle of King's Mountain. To be a soldier in the battle of King's Moiintaii: is an honor of itself His brother, John Whiteside, w.is also in the war for independence, and acted well his part in that struggle. The Whiteside family were of Irish descent and inherited much of the Irish character. They were warm-hearted, impulsive, and patriotic. Their friends were always right and their foes always wrong in their estima- tion. They were cap.ible of entertaining strong and firm attacii- ments and friendships. If a Whiteside took you by the hand, you had his heart, lie would li / /, 1 I .1 I ■ ' 1 i86 I'I«>m;i;k iii^ioin' ov ii.iinois. William Whiteside, soon after he .irrivetl in Illinois, became cons|)ieiioiis and efticient as .i leatler in the Indian war. lie was the c.iptain of man\- pailies that took sij^nal vengeance on the savaye foe for murders the)' committed on the women and I hildren, as well as on the ^rown men. ( )ne trait of character -br.ivery — the Whiteside f.imily possessed in an eminent dei,nee, and the patriarch of whom 1 am s]K'akin,i,f was as cool, firm, and ilecitled a man as ever li\etl. Scarcely any of the f.imil\- ever knew what fear w.is. William Whilesiile was the captain of a party of I'iLjht men, who pursued a larije number of liulians anil overtook them on Shoal Creek. In 1/93, the Kickapoo Indians stole a number of horses from the American i^ottom, not far disl.int from the present residence of Mr. Miles, and fled toward their towns at the sources of the SaiiLjamon l\i\er. Many of the citizens assendjled to pursue the Indians, but only ei;4ht came to the sticking; point, Wil- liam Whiteside, captain, Samuel Judy, John Whiteside, Samuel Whiteside, William I larrinijton, Wm. L. Whiteside, John I'orter, antl John Dempsey. The>' pursued the Indian trail near the present City of Belleville, toward the Indian camp on Shoal Creek, It was a hazardous and dangerous march, eight men in pur- suit of a large body of Indians, and going into a country where hundreds of the enenn- could be calleil forth in a few hours. Scarcely eight men in any country could be selected, with the same talents and efficiency, to succeed in such a perilous attempt on the enemy, as those composing tin's almost forlorn hope. These pioneers had no time to prepare for the march, or the Indians would escape. 'I'hey hail scared)' anything with them tide family that I furnished lion. I'!, li. Washhurne, to he used in an .adilress delivored hy him hefore iho At^ricidliiral Society of Whiteside <'ounty, in 1S77, I fell into the error of taking the (iovornor's account of Ihis double marriage without due rellcction. Afterward, on meeting with .Mich.iel While>ide, since deceased, who lived in this county, he said he did not lielieve the story, and referred to circumstances that satisfied me that it was not true, and upon rellottion 1 am constrained to believe either that the (Jovornor culled this ornamental story from his imagin.ation or some one injectetl it into the story. The (Iovernor was in the habit of having fine passages written by his frien- )ears, developed his mind anil made him a grave, reflecting man. His person was stout and active. He, as it was with most of the name, was a stranger to fear. He was calm and meditative in times of peril. He never permitted any rash impulses to influence him in battle. His remains now rest at his old Station, in ])eace and ([uiet, from the din and uproar of the battle field, where his energies and commanding talents have, on many occasions, won the victory for the stars and stripes. He was the leader and pioneer of the Whiteside family and connections in Illinois. They arc exceedingly numerous, extending throughout the country. They may look back at him with esteem and respect as the pioneer, Moses, that conducted them thro the wilderness to Illinois, the " promised land." Joseph Kinney came to the New Design in 1793, and raised I'luM.I.U lllMt.iUV Ul' ILLINOIS. I.jl a cnip preparatory to the cniij;ration of his family to Illinois. I If rcsitk'd at tin- timo on Hrar-dr.iss C'rci-k. si-ven miifs from I.uiiisvilK', Kt'titiKky, ami the next year he moveil his rami!)- to the New iJesiy^n. He had seven sons and four d.iii^liters, •mil raisijd them all to years of maturit)- before any one of them died. This family was a j;reat a ■< uisition to a new eoiin- try. They descendeil the Ohio from I i uisville to l-'ort M.is- sac, ami thci crosseil the country • from .Massac to KasKaskia. In this early time there was scarcely any road for a wa^on, or even for pack-horses, from Massac to Kaskaskia ; bit Mjc energetic pioneers overcome all obstacles and performed the tour. It was said that William Kinney, the son of Joeph Kinney, and afterward lieutcnant-^jovernor of the .Stat< I lUi nois, drove the first wagon on this road from Massac lo Kas- kaskia. Not only h.id Llis family great diflkn ity in moving t^ the country but they also experienced many more disasters and dangers m this new country. One of the greatest misfortunrs that the family had to suffer was the want of .schools to educate the childien. The younger portion of the family were almost entirel)' deprived of this blessing. Natinx* had gifted this family with strong minds and great energy, but they had no opportunity of impioving their minds in their younger tlays. The youngest il.uighter of Joseph Kinney, when she was married to Rev. Joseph Lemen, in iScx;), possessed no book- education, whatever; but her husband, much to his credit, sent her to school, and .she learned, after she was marrieil, to read and write. She is now an intelligent lady and the mother of a large and respectable family. i i i\» cd * The I'rcnch coiniiuiulcr wlio evacii.itcd I'oit Dii'iueMU- in OcUdIict, 175s, 011 tlio ajiproach of (U-n. Forbes, descended the Ohio Kiver, and MoiieUe s.-iys: "Made a halt alxmt forty miles from tlie mouth, and, on a ijcaiitiful eminence on the north hank of the river, commenced a fort, and left a detachment of one hundred men, as a tjarrison. The jiost w.as called 'Fort Massac', in honor of the commander, M. Massac, who superintended its construction. This w.is the last fort erected hy the French on the Ohio, and it was occupied iiy a garrison of I'rencii troops until the evacuation of the country, under tile stipulations of the treaty of Paris. J^uch was tlie origin of lort Mass.ic, divested of the romance wliich fahle has thrown around its name." — " History of the Valley of the Mississippi." \'ol. I, p. 3 '7- -J. ". «. 1 IRJ.W f^^mmmmm mmmtmm \i -t i. / 1.V >j 192 I'lONKKk HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. Toward the close of the Indian war, Joseph Kinney settled on Rock-House Creek, a few miles east of the New Desi^^n, ami erected a mill on this creek. He also made a farm on the premises. This creek beinjf small, and in the fall deficient of water to propel the mill, he built a horse-mill. These mills were a n^lief to the neighborhood and were hailed, with the others built about the same time, as a great blessing to the piblic. j?efore these mills were constructed, the people were forced to resort to expedients or to go to the horse-mills at Prairie du Rocher or Cahokia to procure their grinding. Trips to the mills at these villages were dangerous, on account of the Indians, and also a considerable distance to travel. Joseph Kinney possessed a good sound mind and much enterprise. He left the old settlements and located in a new country, for tiie benefit and advantage of his large family. Scarcely any emigrant that ever settled in Illinois was blessed with such a numerous family as the patriarch, Joseph Kinney, was. He lived at the Rock-House Creek, in the even tenor of his way, for many years, and died there iu 1803. He was a strong, athletic man, and enjoyed, as he deserved, an excellent character. He was moral and correct In all his actions, and his death was much lamented by his friends and the community generally. Mr. Dement married one of his daughters in Kentucky, in 1792, and moved to Illinois. He located himself and family a few miles southeast of the New Design, and made a fine farm on his premises. He was a pious, orderly man. One Sunday morning he was preparing to go to meeting and went to bridle his horse. The horse kicked him so that he died of the injury. His death occurred in 181 1. Andrew Kinney, one of the sons of Joseph Kinney, built a water-mill on a spring branch, southwest of the New Design. This mill occupied the same site where the late Gen. James owned and rebuilt the Kinney mill. This mill, while in the hands of- Andrew Kinney, was one of the first in this section of country that manufactured flour for the St. Louis market. Before the wav of 1812, this mill manufeictured flour for the foreign markets. Iljl..li,lp •1^1 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, 193 luilt a jesign. [anics \\\ the :ction [arket. jr the In building this mill, Kinney was much injured by a large piece of timber falling on his breast, which caused him to be confined to his house for years. He became melancholy or depressed of mind. The public considered him laboring under the hypochondria. Either by dreams or otherwise, he decided in his own mind that he would die at such a time — naming the ■day. For months before the time, he still adhered to his notion, and so stated it to his friends and family. On the day he was to die, a large concourse of people assembled at his residence to see what they would see. Kinney went to bed and lay out as if he were to die. He supposed he would die. The crowd gazed on the scene, but he did not die. He lived for many years after. During this time of his melancholy, he either could not, or supposed he could not, ride on horseback. He was con- veyed about in a sled, and hunted and killed deers while riding in his sled, with his son driving him. He became a candidate for the office of member of the State convention, in 1818, and either the exercise or the excitement cured him. He then rode on horseback and became a sound man in mind and body. He died a few years since, in Missouri, at a respectable old age. Mr. Kinney was an upright, honest man, and always deported himself with great propriety and morality. Robert McMahon was an emigrant from Kentucky and set- tled in the New Design in 1794. He was venturesome and risked himself and family on a new place in 1795. He located himself a few miles southeast of the New Design, in the prairie now known as the Yankee Prairie. Four Indians attacked his house in daylight and killed his wife and four children before his eyes. They laid the dead bodies in a ro\^on the floor of the cabin, and took him and two of his smai* daughters pris- oners. A child in the cradle was found unhur' by the Indians, but dead. The cradle was upset, but the people supposed the infant died of hunger. What a shocking sight this must have been to McMahon — to see his family butchered aud himself and two daughters in captivity! He presumed the Indians were taking him to their villages to burn him to atone for some loss of their warriors killed in the battles with the whites. This murder was committed in December, 1795, and the weather was excessively cold. The party were on foot and the frozen ground 13 ■I li .1 '\'-^ %' ! II ,■! p<»i 'V; PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 197 His daughters were ransomed and one of them married a Mr. Gaskill of Madison County, and has raised a large family. McMahon himself, in a few years after the murder of his family, married again and made a fine plantation on a beautiful emi- nence in the Horse Prairie, He was appointed a justice-of-thc- peace and judge of the court of Randolph County, and exe- cuted the duties of these offices with punctuality and honesty. He possesed a good standing in community. He moved from Randolph County to St. Clair, and resided on a plantation a mile or two northeast of Lebanon. At last he settled in Madi- son County, southwest of Troy, and died the»e after living a long and eventful life. The Indians, in very early times, cared but little about the Americans emigrating to the country. They supposed they would occupy but a small portion of the territory, which would not do the Indians any injury. The Indian wars raged in Ken- tucky and Tennessee before much trouble was experienced in Illinois from them. This was a great inducement to the Ogles, Moores, and Lemens, and many other early settlers, to emigrate to the country. But the Indians saw that a great number of Ameri- cans were locating themselves in the country and organizing a government. In 1790, the red -skins commenced the defence of their coun- try, by attempting to prevent the whites from settling in it. In the whole West, the Indian war, in 1790, and for several years after, was carried on with rancor and bitterness not experienced before. The federal government commenced hostilities on a large scale against the Indians located in the northern section of the present State of Ohio. It was thought advisable to carry the war into Africa, and the northern nations of Indians must be subdued before a permanent peace could be established. With this view, the government ordered Gen. Harmar to march against the Indians in the Northwest. He organized an army of one thousand four hundred and fifty men, three hun- dred and twenty of whom were federal troops and the balance Kentucky and Pennsylvania militia. This army left Fort Wash- ington, which is now occupied by the City of Cincinnati, Sept. 30, 1790, and marched toward the Indian towns on the Maumee- !^-! m n I ft n I. ^ ! I wmrmmm n. i I I; ,11 'I I . '*. i' ' 1 ^ 1* f i ■^ i' ,; ■I 198 riflNKKR HISTORY l)F 1I.1.IN(.)1S. \ He separated his army into several divisions and made many cliarges on small parties of Indians and on deserted villa<;cs; but on the whole, he did not sustain the honor of the stars and stripes. On October ig and 22, he was partially defeated. The public and the Indians considered llarmar as having failed in his cam- pnif^n ; but the general himself, at least, at the time did not think so The Indian account of the battles is that Harmar lost five huiidred men, killed, and the rest retreated, while the Indians only lost fifteen or twenty warriors. The Siiawnees, Pottawatomies, and Miamis were the Indians engaged in these battles against the American army. The government believed that the campaign of Gen. Harmar was a failure, and in conse- quence, made arrangements for a more powerful prosecution of the war against the Indians. An act of congress for the protection of the frontiers passed March 3, 1791, and Gov. St. Clair was, on the 4th of the same month, appointed to the command of the Northwestern army. Messengers of peace were sent to the Indians, but the Hritish agents prevented them from accepting the terms offered by the I'nited States. Before St. Clair could get ready. Gen. Charles Scott of Ken- tucky was ordered on a campaign, in Maj-, 1791, against the Wabash Indians. He destroyed all the towns at and near Oui- tenon, or Weastowns, and returned. Gen. Wilkinson was also engaged against the Wabash Indians, and both expeditions were successful. Gen. St. Clair and Gen. Butler, who was second in command made the utmost exertions to raise and organize an army to retrieve the honor of the country, which in the other campaign did I'.o: shine out with the accustomed brilliancy. The ami)- under St.Clair amounted to two thousand three hundred strong, and left Ludlow's Station, near Cincinnati, on September 17, 1791, for the Indian country toward Detroit. Gen. St.Clair haltetl at the Miami and built a fort, called Fort Hamilton. Then the army proceeded forty four mile, and erected Fort Jefferson. This fort was commenced Oct. 12, and finished on the 24th. When the troops commenced the march, the army did not proceed more than se\en miles per -I (1 l'I(.)Xi:i;U IlI-^ioKV ()!• ILLINOIS. IW tla}', and at many times sixty or more of the militia deserted at a time. Twenty-nine miles from I'ort JelTerson, the army camped on a small stream twelve yards wide, whicli was a branch of the Wabash River. The regiment of Col. Ilamtrainck, and the colonel himself, were sent back for deserters and other troops; so that on November 3, he had only fourteen hundred men under his command at the disastrous battle. Half- an -horn- before sunrise, the Indians, on the 4th, surprised the army and defeated it, killin<^ and woundinj; eight or nine hundred men In Braddock's defeat of one thousand two hundred men, he lost seven hundred and fourteen, in killed and wounded. Hrad- dock had eighty-si.\ officers, of whom sixty-three were slain or wounded. In St. Clair's army there were between eighty-six and ninety officers, and sixteen were killed and wounded. The causes of the defeat of St. Clair and army have been much canvassed and discussed before military committees of the army and of congress. The defeat has been placed on the grounds of lateness of the season, want of discipline in the army, and a disa jreement between the generals, St. Clair and Butler. All thee minor causes go to show a want of such great military talents in the general that he must pcssess to enable him to succeed. St. Clair was honest and upright, and possessed ordinary, good talents as a general, but his health was bad. He could not get on or off a horse without help, and old age was advanc- ing on him ; so he was not the energetic and talented man that he was in the Revolution. He was surprised by the Indians; his troops were not trained or disciplined; it was late in the year (and not very late either — November 4), and Col. Ham- tramck was absent with his regiment. All these were causes a man of talents would have guarded against. He could not stop at the time, but he could have been out sooner, or not at all, that season. If he had fortified his position and waited for the return of Col. Hamtramck, the loss of eight or nine hundred men might have been avoided, and what was also desirable, the honor of himself and army. To be surprised by Indians is an argument against the .sagacity of a general. Gen. St. Clair, after this battle, retired from the army and ■J ' •-■ fe I'l -I ^ ' ,1 v^-' ' 1' • 1 200 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. demanded an enquiry into his conduct, which was granted him. He was acquitted by the committees, but the public and the Indians did not discharge him from blame. The ne.xt year, Gen. Wayne was appointed to take command of the army to conquer a peace over the Indians in the North- west. The government disliked to shed blood and to expend the treasure of the country, and therefore they resorted to nego- tiation for two long year*. It seems unreasonable that the government would try peace measures with the Indians when the Hritish agents and ofhcers were urging them up to fight the Americans and they having already whipped two American armies. All the peace-talks ever presented to the red men could not have kept them in peace under these circumstances. Gen. Wayne said he had with him about four thousand mes- sengers of peace to make a treaty with the Indians at the muzzle of the cannon. It must be written for the Indians with powder and lead. No other treaties had ever any good effect with savages and scarcely with any other nation. All this time, two years, the government were coaxing the Indians into peace, Wayne was preparing his army for active service, and on August 19, 1794, he arrived in the vicinity of the enemy. He here erected a strong fort, called Fort Deposit. In it he put all his heavy baggage, etc., and on August 20, gave battle to the Indians, nearly under the guns of the British gar- rison. He entirel} defeated them, and the next year, on Aug. 3. 1795. a general peace was made with the Indians at Green- ville. This peace relieved the people of Illinois, as well as throughout the western frontiers, from Indian hostilities. After this memorable epoch, immigration set into Illinois and the settlements commenced to extend themselves from the New Design and the forts in the American Bottom, into other sec- tions of the country. About 1799 and 1800, a settlement commenced in the Horse- Prairie. Samuel and Winder Kinney, Chance Ratcliff, Gibbons,. McMahon, and some others settled in the upper end of Horse Prairie. At the time they settled there, the country was almost entirely prairie and barrens, with a few scattering large trees. Now it is covered with young growing timber, except iiio fields ' u PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 20 r that are cultivated. So soon as the fire is kept out of the prai- ries they soon grow up with timber. It is a fact that is known to all the pioneers, that there is, at this day, much more timber in all these old counties than was in them fifty years ago. The timber grows faster than it is used, since the first settlement of the country. Tetcr and others afterward also settled in the Horse Prairie; but the settlement almost entirely broke up before 18 10, and nearly all the inhabitants left. Levcns and some others re- mained. The Horse Prairie lies west of the Kaskaskia River and cast of Horse Creek, and both the creek and prairie obtained the name by herds of wild horses running, in early times, in and around this prairie. These horses escaped from the French vil- lages and lived in the prairie. About 1796, the Ogles, Higgs, and some others formed a set- tlement in the Bottom and on the hills near the Bottom, where the road from the Bellefontaine to Cahokia descends the bluff. The Ogles made a large farm in the Bottom. George Lunceford and Samuel Judy purchased the sugar-loaf tract of land and made a farm on it. Judy sold out to Lunce- ford and went, in 1800, to his residence in the present county of Madison, where he died. The sugar-loaf was rather remarkable in the first settlement of the country. A small mound rises on the top of the rocky bluff, which is supposed to resemble a sugar-loaf, that gives the name to this place. It is five or six miles south of Cahokia. The American Bottom received many immigrants about this- time. Many from the New Design moved to the Bottom. Edward and Thomas Todd, the Badgleys, and others left the New Design and settled in the Bottom. James Gilham, Sr., emigrated from Kentucky to Illinois ire 1797, and settled in the American Bottom. He had resided ort the frontiers of Kentucky and the Indians had taken two of his sons prisoners. These two boys, Samuel and Clement Gilham, remained with the Kickapoos for several years, and were ran- somed in Illinois. The Indian traders purchased the young men from the Indians and it took the family many years' toil and labor to pay the ransom. They paid " Chape -WoUie" Atchison at Cahokia, I I • I' il .' •» 'B 1! ' ! \i , I ft' ■ 202 I'lONKKK IIISTORV (iK II.IINoIS. Mr. Nliirdoch ami family cinijjratcd from Kentucky and scttlc-cl in the y\mcrican Bottom in 1796. He resided near Judge Bond, where he died the next year. lie was the father of John Mur- d(,ch, the eccentric and (juiz/.ical pers()na;^e, of some ceUbrilj- in a*"ter-times. The widow Murdoch, in a few years after her husband's death, married (leorge Hlair, the first proprietor of the site of Belleville. The Bi|.; I'rairie, in the American l?ott(Mii, contained a con- siderable settlement before iSoo -more than it ever did since. James (iilham being the pioneer, a large connection of th it famil)' followed him and came to Illinois at an early period. They settled first in the Big I'rairie. The American Bottom, in earlj- times, contained a ilense set- tlement almost from Fort Chartres to Caliokia. At one time, 1 presume, three-fourths of the American population in Illinois, resided in this bottom. The people residing in the American Bottom gave tone and character to a great extent to the entire population of the country. The customs and habits of the early settlers of the Bottom were fashioned very much on the I"'rcnch model. They were extremely gay, polite, and merry. In the American Bottom a support for a man and family arose almost spontaneous. The Indian wars were closed and the people enjoyed a kind of perjietual jubilee for many years. They associated themselves with the French and imitated that jieople in their amusements and recreations. When any work of any importance was to be done and it coukl not be put off any longer, the neighbors assembled to- gether and organized themselves into a kind of working frolic, and the job was performed. The harvest of wheat was always gathered in this cheerful and jovial manner. No one heard of pay for work in harvest in old times. House-raisings were the same. And if a neighbor got behind with his work from sickness or otherwise, his friends around him assembled together and performed his work without pay or reward, except the pay of an approving conscience, which is better than all the gold of California. Flax was cultivated in these times, and was often pulled at the time that the wheat was harvested. Tiie girls frequentl}- -'■*; - i'i()Ni;i;i< iiisroKv ok ii.i,iNt.)is. 303 attciulcd these flax pullings and then animation and brilliancy were infused intf) the wIidIc atmosphere at the ^;atherin'f;s. A proper number of ohl ladies were mixetl with tin: ^irls to see that matters wiM'e conducted witli a proper proportion of j^ayet)' and merriment, toj^cther witli moderation and decorum. Other females were in attendance at tlie cookiu}^- department, wliile the ^rown men WL-re out in tlie wheat-fickl, witli eacli one a reap-liook or sickle in his hand The aged men aiul boys were shocking the wheat and carryin^j out water, At noon all came in to dinner. Then there was a feast of good feeling; with both the youn^; and the old. The whole people, male and female, would wash and fix up for dinner. These personal preparations with tiie young people were speedily made, so that they would be the sooner in the gay and cheerful society of each other. When these pioneers mixed together under shade trees at the.se gatherings, much kind feeling and sociability were en- joyed. The aged sires were |)roud to see their sons do a man's work in the harvest-field, while the old matrons were excited with intense feeling of pleasure to see their daughters make such a decent appearance and so much admired and esteemed by the people. Groups of old men were often sitting on the grass, under the shade of a tree, with a bottle of Monongahela or tafia in the centre, and talking over the Indian battles they fought before Wayne's treaty, and what hard fights they had with the British and tories at the Cow-Pens, Guildford Court-House, and King's Mountain. These old sires, at times, were excited at these con- vivial meetings, with liquor and the wars, until they burst all restraint and swore eternal enmity igainst the liritish and tories. It did their hearts good to evalt over the manner they hung the tories in North Carolina, and at last Providence and Wash- ington conquered the whole concern at Yorktown. It must be recollected that these times were but a few years after the Revolution, and all the transactions of that terrible conflict were fresh in the minds of these old men and perhaps many of them had been engaged in them. Hut it was the young- folks at these harvest noons that forgot dull care and enjoyed themselves with a hilarity and social feeling that can not be ,i-i^ L 1 n I >! 204 IMONKKR HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. '/, f l 1 ,1 / I described. These yoiinu people, after they washed and thcr girls made their toilets, under the shade of a tree, met perhaps at a fine sprinjj of water, in the shade, ami talked, laiit;heil, and almost amalgamated together. Then was seen innocent and honest society. Many of this young group liad neither shoes or moccasons on their feet, but washed them clean, and the cus- tom and times made it all right. After the common salutations were closed and the crowd seated on the grass, some one would propose a song. At that day .songs were much admired and enjoyeil. The singer, as a matter of course, had a bad cold. He " ko(c/i his cold," he said, "by running after a wounded ileer." However, after the pn)per solicitation, lie commenced to cough and spit and then asked, "What song will I sing.'" Half a dozen mouths shouted for "William Kiley." In old times, if a song was not sung loud, it was no singing at all. Often this "William-Riley" song was sung so loud that it could be heard to a considerable distance. He finished, and the common praise was given to the song and singer, and dinner was announced. A table was erected under a shade, with the sides and bottom planks of a wagon-body, placed on cross-pieces of timber, sup- ported by forks set in the ground. This tabic was made in pro- portion to the company. All the dishes, plates, knives, etc., of the neighborhood were collected for the occasion. Benches, stools, boards, and all such articles were prepared, on which tO' seat the company. Almost always two very dissimilar things were mixed together at these dinners, grace at the table and on it several bottles of liquor. It was the universal custom, in olden times, to use spirit- ous liquors at these gatherings. Sometimes these harvest-frolics were closed up at night with a dance. At all events, all went home in fine humor. I do not believe that any happier people existed anywhere than in the American Bottom for twenty years, from 1790 to 18 10. These were the palmy days of the American Bottom, and such a feast and flow of good feelings, generosity, and most of the virtues that adorn human nature, as were experienced in the American Bottom, rarely exist in any country. PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 205 Al)<)ut this time, 1796, a small settlement was formed between the Hellcfontain'-' and the Mississippi HlulT. Short, (irilTm, (jib- bons, Roberts, Valentine, and some others were located in this vicinity. These inhabitants resided here a few years and aban- doned the new settlement entirely. A large graveyard in this settlement may be seen to this day. William Scott, an ancient and respectable pioneer of Illinois, was born of Irish parents, in Hutetourt County, Va,, in 1745. He emigrated to Woodford County, Kentucky, and remained there for many years. He was energetic and ambitious, like most of the pioneers, to explore new countries. He visited Illinois in 1794, with an intention to reside in it if he liked it; but he returned to Kentucky and entered into a traffic between Frankfort and .' ' i^ouis, in the then .Spanish country. He and his partner, Hranham, (itteil out at Frankfort, on the Kentucky River, a small craft, laden with articles for the St. Louis market. They continued this trade to St. Louis for two years, and when they dissolveil the jjartnership, Mr. Scott found that his partner had injured him to a considerable amount. This was one reason of his leaving Kentucky. Late in the fall of 1797, the family of Mr. Scott and son-in- law, Jarvis, emigrated from Kentucky to Illinois by land and reached the Horsc-l'rairie Town, on the Kaskaskia River, which was the first white settlement they saw in the country. Mr. Scott, having remained in Kentucky a short time, joined his family at the New Design the same fall, and about Christ- mas, they all located themselves on Turkey Hill. This place,- with the French and Indians, was conspicuous as a trading-post. The Indians had made this place their camping-ground for ages past, and the traders had met them there with merchandise to exchange for their peltries, furs, etc. Blue-grass grew around this beautiful eminence, and other indications show it to be a place of general and ancient resort of the Indians and Indian traders. Turkey Hill is a commanding and imposing situation. It rises to a considerable height and can be seen from the east at thirty or forty miles distance. Turkey Hill was known to the French by the name of Cote de Dindc for more than one hundred years past, and many legends and tales of olden times are told of the Indians of this place. I ; i'l ^ ,■ I 206 riONEKR IIISTORV oK ILLINOIS. Tradition says that the Tamarawa Indians liad a larj^c town on Turkey Hill a great many \'cars a.40, and that the G.eat Spirit sent .in old Indian, a wise, j^ood man, with the seeds of all the good things for the Indians — corn, be.ms, potatoes, and peas- — and this old man showed them how to plant and raise them. That the old man lived with them many years anil gave them good advice: never to go to war or to kill any one. For a long time, while this good man lived with them, the Tamara- was did well ; but at last the Indians got too proud and did bad; then this good, wise man left them. This tradition may be the reason that the prairie south of Turkey Hill was called Prairie Tamarawas. At the time Mr. Scctt settled himself on Turkey Hill, he and the Indians held the country as tenants in common. The Kicka- poos were his nearest neighbors. They hunted and resided nmch of the year near him, but were friendly after Wayne's treaty. Mr Scott and family were the first American settlers north- east of Whiteside's Station, in the present county of Monroe, and remained so for several years. He had a large family of sons, which enabled him to sustain himself in his new settle- ment, which was so much in advance of the white population. His sons, in 1798, being the next year after their arrival at Turkey Hill, cultivated a crop in the American Bottom, and also some improvement was made on Turkey Hill the same year. After this year, the family made a large improvement on Turkey Hill, where they all resided for many )'ears together in peace and happiness. At length the sons marriod and settled in the neighborhood around the venerable patriarch, until he might, with propriety, say: " I have filled my destiny; I have run my race; I see my family and ni)- country happy, and that makes me happy." Turke)--Hill settlement was the next important colony of the Americans after that of the New Design and the American Bottom. This settlement and Mr. Scott became quite conspicu- ous and were known throughout the West, until the country became densely populated and the original names disappeared. He w;».s known far and near as Turkey-ITill Scott, and around him, the ne.xt year alter his location, Ilosea Rigg, Samuel Schook, and a few others, settled. I'lONKKK lllsr(.)RV (.)|' IIJ.INUIS. jo; lartjc town the G.cat ;hc seeds of )tatoJS, and t and raise rs anil gave y one. For he Taniara- lud and did idition may I was called Hill, he and The Kicka- and resided "tcr Wayne's ettlers north- / of Monroe, rgc family of s new settle- population, eir arrival at Bottom, and ill the same improvement [ears together lieighborhooil Ith propriety, ]cc ; 1 see my happy." :olony of the |hc American lite conspicu- the country disappeared. , and around .i>runctualit)'. In the war, he was captain of a moMnLi..d cu.npany to defend the frontiers. He perfornictl this service tc the satisfaction of the public. He was thro life a man of giv.it energy and activity. Nature gifted him with a sound, strong mind, and altho he had no A-B-C education yet his long life tin'o so many scenes and trials maile him intelligent and wise. He entertained a high sense of honor and integrity, and no one doubted his patriotism and devotion to his countr)-. His mind was well balanced, and he was honest and correct in all transactions. He lived for h\ I'lONKKR mSTDKV (.H IM.INdlS. 319 111- as tlie Lon I- of -Mid of ity. iKUl anil ill isin uul for almost Iialf-a-coiitury on his farn) and died iIktc. lie was tlcscrvcdly popular .mil the public rcnrctti-d vcr)- miiili his death. As soon as tin- Wi-st increased its p()|)ulation and raised .1 surplus produce, the navi^Mtioii of the Mississippi was all im- portant to ship their surplus to market. It is astonishing' at this da)' to look hack at the excitement of the Western people for the free navigation of the river to the ocean. I'he people seemed to be frantic and almost cra/.y to do an^lhin^ or join any government to secure the free use of the Mississippi. It must he recollected that Spain owned both sides of the Mississippi at the mouth and did actually prevent the West for a time to export their products to market. And what is still more astonishing; that many leading char- acters in the West were willinj.; to sever the Union for the sake of the navij^ation of the river to the (luif of Mexico. A meet- ing of the staff-officers who were enijaged in a campaign in 1786, from the I'alls of the Ohio, Kentucky, to chastise the Wabash Indians, met at V'incennes, October S of that year, and agreed to organize a separate and independent government. The object of this organization was mostl)' to secure the navi- gation of the Mississippi. The Spaniards were either to be driven off or joined, as the circumstances might be. This boanl of field-ofTicers determined "to garrison that post (\'inceniies), to raise supplies by impress- ment, and to enlist new troops." This new government was about to treat with the Indians and had seized a large amount of Sjianish propert>- in Vin- cennes and Illinois. Letters were written to the State of Georgia to induce that St.ite to join in the cause, as the terri- tory of (icorgia came in contact with the S[)anish frontier. Congress hearing of this movement at \'incennes, pre|)arecl troops to suppress this nev/ go\ernment. Public opinion and the good-sense of the people put this scheme down, as they did the whiske>" insurrection and the South-Carolina treas(jn to dis- member the Union in modern tinu's. The officers decided at \'inccnnes that, as the Spaniards would not permit the .Americans to descenil the Mississippi, the Spaniards should not ascend the river. i' i,' i 120 PIONEER HISTORY OI" ILLINOIS. Pi tl About this time, 1793, Gennet, the minister of the new French RepubHc, arrived in the United States. He landed at Charles- ton, South Carolina, and made a kind of a triumphal proces- sion from that city to the seat of government. He presumed much on the friendly relations, which were or ought to be in his opinion, between the United States and the French govern- ment. It will be recollected that France had commenced her glorious revolution for freedom and had established a republic. Gennet was its minister to the Federal government and pre- .sented himself, on March 18, 1793, to President Washington. It also must be borne in mind that the federal and republican parties raged with violence and bitterness at this time. The federalists took part with Great Britain against France, while the republicans were for France and opposed to Great Britain. The administration was rather federal. Gennet, by all the means and arts in his power, attempted to induce the government to take sides with France against Great Britain ; but the firmness and wi. lorn of Washington and his cabinet kept aloof from any "entangling alliances" with Europe. The same wise policy has governed the councils of the Nation to this day. Gennet was dissatisfied with the government and appealed to the people. He was a talented man and had just come from a warm political discussion in France and attempted it here. He had not neglected the West and had given com- missions out, even in Illinois, to levy troops to sustain the West against the Union. Our government requested the Republic of France to recall him and they did so. The next minister, Adet, who came to the United States in 1796, attempted the same policy but failed more signally than his predecessor. During this season of excitement and confusion in the West, the Spanish authorities were active and vigilant in carrying on intrigues with many influential citizens of the West to induce them to throw off their allegiance and become an independent republic. The free navigation of the Mississippi was the great cause of dissatisfaction, and it was not healed up until Jay, our minister at the court of Madrid, made a treaty with Spain in 1795, which secured the free navigation of the river to us forever. m wsmmmmm^m^ ' n PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 221 ISC of lister ihich The Federal government was vigilant and active in guarding against all these assaults on the Union. The garrison at Fort Massac was repaired and fortified. Troops were stationed there and increased as danger threatened. In fact, soldiers had been -Stationed there almost all the time since the treaty of peace in 1783. Gen. Wilkinson, about 1795, made below Massac what was called Contonmcnt Wilkinson. The remains of this fort can be seen at this day. In 1800, two companies of regular soldiers were stationed in Fort Massac. Capts. Russell and Daniel Bissell were the com- manders. One of these companies was, in 1802, ordered to Kaskaskia and occupied the top of the river bluff east of Kas- kaskia, where once stood Fort Gage. This company remained there almost three years and until Louisiana was transferred to the United States in 1805. Then it was ordered off to St.Louis, in Upper Louisiana, and never returned. The celebrated Zebu- Ion Pike, who was destroyed in Upper Canada, at Quecnstown, was attached to this company as a subaltern officer. He was very young at that day and was an active, energetic youth. He was restless and ambitious, and was mostly out of the gar- rison on some scientific excursion. He delighted, while at Kas- kaskia, to be on horseback and exploring the country far and near. Gen. Wilkinson, in the West, acted a singular part as well in the transactions with Spain as with Aaron Burr in 1805. He seemed to have been born and to have acted all his life equivo- cal. Courts of inquiry and the stri^^est investigations could not reach any solid charge against Jim; but still the public always believed him to be not entufily free from blame or at least of suspicion. He h' d fine tale;>ts and wrote h's own memoirs and even that v.ork It ives him do'ibtful. An oflicer of the United-St itcs army, high in comma"'d. should act in that elevated am', upright manner that his con- duct should be above doubt or uncertainty. He should " bo like Caesar's wife, above suspicion." In 1794, the celebrated Isaac Darniclle arrived in Cahokia and remained in the W'est for several years. He was the second professed lawyer that emigrated to Illinois, John Rice Jones being the first. He was a classic t>ch<>lar and w?.-, in his m < >. , ■ . •i l^_ 1' If ' '' ' l^v 1, I 4 ^ ! I -.; t 11 i r 222 I'lONEER HISTORY OV ILLINOIS. person genteel and agreeable; he possessed the easy and grace- ful manners of a polished gentleman. He was large and portly and made it 7i sine qiiu iion to be extremely neat in his dress and attentive to his personal appearance. He studied all the arts and mysteries of gallantry and thereby made very deep and rather lasting impressions on his female friends. Darnielle studied the ladies more than he studied his profession of the law. He was benevolent and kind to all mankind, and particu- larly to the ladies. Rumor said that he had been educated in Maryland for the ministry, but his gallantry was too strong for the proper observance of the gospel precepts. It was also stated that he had occupied the pulpit for some time, but took I'^rench leave of his congregation and appeared next in Caho- kia. He possessed a strong intellect and his faculties had been well disciplined to study. His honesty, except in gallantry, was unquestionable. With these advantages it did not take him long to study the law, which he did, and practised it also. He being an agreeable speaker, together with a fine appearance of person, made him conspicuous and popular at the bar. The courts and juries at that day were not remarkably well versed in the technical learning and therefore Darnielle could figure with ease and safety before these tribunals. He was indolent, except in the pursuit of the pleasures of gallantry, and in this pursuit he spared neither time or exertions. When in a phrenzied state of love with a married lady of Cahokia, and she in the same delightful state of madness, they took a snap judgment on the husband and escaped to Peoria, where for many years they lived on love. The husband remained in Cahokia in sullen silence. At one time he and his lady love — not, perhaps, the same that lived with him at Peoria — made their resting-place on the highest pinnacle of the Mississippi IMuff, northwest of the peni- tentiary at Alton. Altho Cupid selected this spot as the most delicious place of love, yet Col. Easton of St. Louis made sober reality out of it by^ purchasing the preemption right of Dar- nielle to the land granted to him by act of Congress. Darnielle became acquainted with the land-titles in Illinois and made a commerce in land. He never was wealthy; this was not his ambition. He indulged in the land-trade more for • \] PIONEER 1IIST(JRV OF Il-I,I\OIS. ^-^3 linois this l-c for occupation than for profit. He never married according to the laws of the country, but to all appearances, he was never with- out a wife or wives. It was also rumored that he left a married wife in Maryland who was an obstacle to a second marriage in this country. Darnielle had no malice or bitterness in his composition, but seemed to consider his suuiintun boiuiin to consist in an easy, luxurious life. He was moral and correct in his deportment, except as above referred to. Darnielle never indulged in drinking or gaming, but fre- c[uently slept all day and made the evenings extend all night, in the sight and hearing of his tcrrestial angel. At one time, while in the zenith of his glory, he was the beau ideal of Caho- kia. His talents, his gay and graceful manners, together with \\\?, penchant for this sort of life, authorized him to some extent to be styled the Lord Chesterfield of Cahokia; but in practice he was more the Earl of Rochester than Chesterfield. . While Darnielle retained his youthful vigor, this life passed off very well; but when old age crept on him, his former pur- suits were aljandoned from necessity and he remained an old man without sincere friends or means for support. He taught school in the western part of Kentucky, where he died, rather humbled and neglected, in 1830, aged sixty years. If Darnielle had abandoned this one failing, the excess of gallantry, he would have enjoyed the character of one of the most honorable and respectable gentlemen in Illinois. In 1793, John Hays emigrated to Cahokia and remained there and in the vicinity during life. He was born in the city 'of New York in 1770, and when quite a youth, entered the Indian trade in the Northwest. He was a clerk to a wealthy house in Canada and was sent first to Mackinac and afterward toward the Lake of the Woods and the sources of the Missis- sippi. It was toward the headwaters of Red River, of Selkirk's Settlement, that he and two Canadians were caught out in a snow-storm in the prairie, and were compelled to lie under the snow for three days and nights, during the storm. The\- had a scanty supply of dried meat to eat and thin blankets to cover them. The storm raged with such violence that they were not able to travel in the open prairie and were forced to remain n ! ^ 224 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. under the snow to preserve their lives. It snowed in the time to a considerable depth. No one who has not experienced the hardships in the Indian trade of the Northwest can realize it. The want of water under the snow was that which incommoded them most. He returned safe from this storm, and afterward he made arrangements with Messrs. Todd & Hays, who had formed an extensive commercial partnership, to act as the agent and clerk in their business. He settled in Cahokia, in the employ of the company of Todd & Hays. But Todd dying and the com- pany dissolving, forced Hays out again on his own resources. He turned his att^ .rion, a? many others did, to the Indian trade. At times he .1 .(.pt a small assortment of goods in Cahokia. His boats, •, /iv^r with himself or agent, generally made a voyage once a year to Prairie du Chicn with articles for the Indian trade, and returned sometimes the same fall and sometimes in the spring. With a due regard to economy he madt. money in this commerce. He married a lady in Vincennes of excellent family and what is still better, of sound, good sense. They lived together in Cahokia and raised a respectable family. He turned his atten- tion to agriculture. He purchased land in the common-field of Cahokia and cultivated it to some considerable advantage. He managed his farm with good-sense and economy, as he did all his other business. He held the office of postmaster in Cahokia so long that "the memory of man" scarcely "runneth to the contrary." This was no profit to him, but he held the office for the accom- modation of his Creole neighbors, whose acquaintance with school-houses was extr:?mely limited. He was appointed to the office of sheriff of St. Clair County by Gov. St. Clair in 1798, and he continued to exercise the duties of this office down to 18 1 8, when the State government was organized. I presume this was the longest term of office ever held in Illinois. It is the strongest evidence of the punctuality and honesty of the incumbent. Rotation in office was not then practised. In 1822, he was appointed Indian agent of the Pottawato- mies and Miamis at Fort Wayne, in the northeast section of the State of Indiana. He remained in this office for several l'\ ; I ; I rj'M; i'K)Ni;i;r historv of Illinois. 2^s litrary. laccom- |e with ited to lair in office ;ed. I Uinois. |csty of .1. lawato- ion of leveral years and received a handsome annual salary. He returned home to Cahokia and enjoyed his old aj^e in peace and happi- ness with his family and friends. During a long life of industry and economy, he acquired a handsome property, and was in his advanced years very comfortably situated, having all the com- forts of life that render the human family happy. He died in old age, much regretted by his family and friends. Mr. Hays possessed a moral and honest character; his morality throughout life was very exemplary. He was not a member of any Christian church, but observed the precepts contained in the word with due respect and devotion. At his death his fortune descended to three daughters, his only children. He possessed a common-l^nglish education and spoke French fluently, and enjoyed a very respectable character; his memory is well entitled to the respect of posterity. Another personage of considerable celebrity, John Hay, whose memory is much esteemed by his friends and numerous acquaintances, settled in Cahokia in 1793. This pioneer was born in Detroit, on May 8, 1769. John Hay, his father, was a native of Chester County, Penn., and was the last British governor of Upper Canada. The mother of Mr. Hay was a French lady, a native of Detroit, ten years younger than her husband, the governor of Upper Canada. The subject of this brief sketch, when quite young, was sent to college at the Three Rivers, in Canada, and graduated with the common honors of the institution, receiving a classic educa- tion. Particular attention was paid by him to the languages taught at that day — Latin, French, and English. His mother- tongue was French, but he spoke English without any French accent. The high standing of his family in Canada and tne amiable and kind heart of himself attracted the attention of the most respectable inhabitants of the province. Lady Hamilton, whose husband was the highest officer in Canada, wrote to Mr. Hay, when he was at Three-Rivers col- lege, the following letter: "Quebec, March i6th, 1785. "Sir: — Your letter of the iith inst. persuades me that you are diligent and desirous of improving yourself I have, there- fore, for your father's satisfaction, enclosed your letter to him. IS a?' Ml ■ \ ; I> /• / 1 Hill ' ^'! 226 PIOxNEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. " When you next favor mc with a letter, let me kno.v to what particular profession your disposition leads, and not only con- sult your inclination in a point so essential to your future hap- piness and credit, but take the opinion of some friend as to the talents nature may have supplied you with for making your way thro the world. I shall be happy to serve you, on occa- sion, should it happen to be in my power, and am, sir, your very obedient and humble servant, "An NY Hamilton. "Mr. John Hay." This short letter of Lady Hamilton shows her kind heart — her interest for Mr. Hay and also her good-sense. The Briti-sh government held possession of Detroit and other posts on the lakes long after the treaty of peace in 1783, and the father of Mr ' t.vy continued to be the governor of Upper Canada until his death, in 1785. Mr. Hay was only seventeen years old at the d°ath (.:i \ 228 PIONKER HISTORY OF ILLhNOIS. '1 * '*, II lie wrote and did business for the merchants of St. Louis, in Upper Louisiana, and the American side also, for support, liut liis abilities to serve the people in office were made manifest, and Gov. St. Clair of the Northwest Territory, on February 15, 1799, bestowed on him four several offices: the clerk of the court of quarter-sessions, clerk of the court of common-pleas, clerk of the orphans' court, and treasurer of the county of St. Clair. These commissions were dated at Cincinnati and signed by the governor and his secretary, William Henry Har- rison. By his proper and honest deportment and his kindness and affiabilitj-, he continued in office and in several at a time, from the above date to the hour of his death. He has been, almost all the time, a notary public and justice-of-thc-peace, and was often judge of probate and for a series of years, as the records will testify, was the recorder of land-titles in St. Clair County. The commissioners at Kaskaskia to adjust land-titles, having the utmost confidence in his honesty and integrity, entrusted him to take depositions in support of land-claims in the Kas- kaskia district. This was a very delicate trust, and he was found, as in all other situations, worthy of that confidence. All the administration of the governments, commencing with Gov. St. Clair in 1799, down thro all the territorial and State governments, to his death, have placed confidence in him and have given him office. It is not common that a man can retain as many offices as he did at the same time antl enjoy them for almost half-a-century without the people losing confidence in the incumbent. It is evidence of his accommodating disposi- tion and his honesty and capacity in the performance of the duties of these offices. For many years he filled the office of judge of probate of St. Clair County. This office is an important one. The duties involved very often the most ab.strusc principles of the law; but he performed them and the duties of the various others to the entire satisfaction of the public. Out of all these offices he made a bare living. He had a very large family and raised them with great tenderness and affection ; so that he expended much of his income to raise and educate them, and he was so kind and indulgent to his children :r! i'i<.)XKfc:k iiisTORv or Illinois. (I? that he could scarcely deny them anything they asked, if it were necessary or not. He never was wealthy but always enjoyed a full and plentiful competency. He had not the least talent for speculation, altho the whole country, almost, were engaged in it. He never bought or sold any land, as most of the other gentry of Cahokia did, and his own right to the land the government gave him, he sold at a very reduced price. He lived in peace and happiness in Cahokia among his French friends until the county-seat of St. Clair Coun*:y was moved from Cahokia, in 1814, to Belleville. This was a terrible shock to the whole family. The French, by living together many ages, begin to think they could not exist out of a French village. Their social inter- course are so interwoven in their composition that to separate one from another are looked upon with a kind of horror. Thus it was with Mr. Hay and family. They were supported so long on the proceeds of these offices that they became a kind of second-nature to them, and to leave Cahokia, the church, and the ballroom was quite impossible. The offices had to be kept in Belleville and Mr. Hay attended to them for many years in this place and saw his family at the end of each week. At last this was found to be disagreeable and he sold out in Cahokia and located permanently in Belle- ville. In early times, a majority of the country were French inhabi- tants, and he spoke and wrote the French language as well as the F.nglish; so that he was well qualified to accommodate each class of people in performing his public duties. In 1804, when Gen. Harrison took possession of Louisiana, it was becoming the occasion to make a demonstration of our good feeling to our newly-acquired citizens, and that the people of Cahokia and St. Clair County should attend at St. Louis on the occasion. With heart and hand, he headed the cavalcade and made a grand display in the ceremony of taking possession of the country. At the treaty with the Indians, in 18 15, at Portage dc Sioux in Missouri, he was employed as interpreter and assistant-secre- tary to the board. He was \'ery expert with the pen and was quite serviceable on such occasions. He had many peculiari- ■ i\ P I IV MMMP 230 I'lUNKI llISTOkN' ol' II.I.INOIS. >\ ir iii tics and became ([iiite sj'stematic. For many years he went to St. Louis, Missouri, at a stated time in the fall and remained there for a week. In this time he purchased the stationery for liis office and other articles and visited his friends. He went and returned to the hour; and toward the close of iiis life, r.o matter what was on hand, if the weather permitted, he an 1 his i)td lady took an evening walk. He and his wife lived together for almost half-a-centur)-, .ind very few ever enjoyed more of domestic happiness than they did. Their marriage was based I in i)roper principles and their union was sincere. It was founded on mutual and ardent affections. At mature age, he read, reflected, and became a Catholic. He was raised to respect the church of England more than any other, and was, thro the early part of his life, inclined to that church; but he changed his notions and became zealous and enthusiastic in the faith of the Romish church. He often be- came excited in conversation on religious subjects and frequently used words in the e.vcitement of the moment, and forgot tlicir unfitness in such cases. These words were similar to those I'ncle Tobey used when his feelings were excited to the highest pitch at the sight of his friend about to expire and said: "By (i , he shan't die." The angel above did not record it against Uncle Toby, nor will the angel record the utterance of these words against Mr. Hay. Morality, virtue, and honesty governed him, and he observed the injunctions imposed on him by these great guides to happi- ness with scrupulous exactness. It was in his last sickness that he displayed the calm philosopher and the Christian hero. Age liad naturally destroyed in him much of the frailties of human nature. The passions had ceased to bewilder his calm reflection. The mind will turn back on the actions of life, and if they are good an approving conscience makes a kind of " heaven on earth below." This seemed to be the case of our friend. It ai)peared to be his transit from a sinful mortality to a happy immortality. Death reached him in that state of existence when its terrors were not regarded by him. He was anxious and pleased to realize that "undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveler returns." He died in Belleville in 1843, aged seventy-four years. His friends and the public felt real sorrow i l«H riONKKR IIIMORV (»!■ ILLINOIS. 251 Age aged and grief for his death. W'lien he died lie had no enemies, but a host of friends wlio yet converse of Iiim with temler regard. Their hearts and affections are with him in the tomb. In the first settlement of the country, wild animals were very plenty, which induced almost the whole community to become hunters. The range was so good and the vegetation in summer grew so lu.xuriant that a vast number of these wild animals were sustained in Illinois. The vegetation — particularly the grass — grew much stronger and higher fifty years ago than it does at this time. Corn does not grow as large or yield as much per acre as it did in these olden times. This is the opinion of almost all the pioneers : that the vegetation is not so luxuriant and stout as in former days. This is a fact and to account for it would be difficult. If a tract of land were fenced and thereby the tame animals prevented from pasturing on it, yet it is doubtful if the earth would produce as it did in former days. Fifty years ago the fire in a dr>' prairie with a strong wind was grand and rather terrific. In the fall it is often dry for months together ; so that the prairies were very dry toward Christmas and the Indians and others in hunting universally set them on fire. Sometimes the hunters made what they called ring-fires. They set fire to the grass and leaves around a considerable tract of country so as to enclose a number of deer and other animals. The fire, as it burns, contracts; so the ga'ue is huddled up in the centre and killed, more or less. These dry prairies on fire with a high wind were dangerous to man as well as beast. Often deer, raccoons, and the smaller animals were destroyed by the fire. It was also "death on the snakes." At many times a prairie miles long and on fire with a strong wind was in a dense flame for hundreds of yards wide at the same time. This flame often arose many feet high and would destroy any animal, man, or other that would be caught in it. The old pioneers will recognize the truth of this descrip- tion of the prairies on fire. It was this excessively thick and strong vegetation, burning in the fall, that caused the prairies. It is generally the case that the prairies are the most fertile soil. This caused the strongest fire which destroyed the timber. In the poor soil, -•I If ^3-1 I'loNKKK IIlSTiJKV Ol' II.1,IN(,)IS. I / where the VL'^ct;ition did not grow rank, tlu-sf fires ilid not ilestroy llie timbc"r, ami about the water courses timber grew without the cUsturbance of tl»e fwc. 'I'iie proof of the above is tliat the prairies, when tlie fue is kept out of them, soon grow up with trees. lUinois will have in twenty years more timber in it tlian tliere is at present. While the prairie is in a general conflagration, a terrible roar- ing, something similar to thunder, is heartl. With this terrific noise and the flames so high, broad, and dense, a terror is pro- duccil easier imagined than described. Two men were burnt to death in the American Hottom by the prairie burning, a few miles southeast of the ferry opposite St. Louis. These unfortunate men took refuge under their cart, but were, nevertheless, destroyed. In the first settlement of the country, hundreds of acres of timber, in some seasons, were all killed at the same time by fire. These trees would fall down— rot or burn — and a prairie would .soon be formed. At that time the small undergrowth was burnt out and in many places nothing but the large trees were standing. In process of time these trees would also dis- appear and a prairie be formed where they grew. Not only was the summer range good but the winter also. All along the Ohio River and up the Mississippi to Muddy River and sometimes higher, the cane grew .so thick and strong that man or beast could scarcely penetrate it. These were called brakes and were so thick and matted together that deer, buffaloes, horses, and other animals were completely housed and sheltered from the storms. Hunters say they have often heard buffaloes in the winter bellowing in these canebrakes as if it were summer in the prairies. Above tlie cane region the rushes grew on the sandy margins of the Mississippi and on sandy islands, strong and thick. They are more nutritious and better on which to winter animals than cane. Horses, cattle, deer, buffaloes, etc., will keep as fat on the ruslies as if they were put in a cornfield in the fall. In the fall of 1S07, my father put a large gang of horses on Gaborit Island, in the Mississippi River above St. Louis, and they wintered well. The region of country adjacent to the Illinois River, as ^1 I'lONl'IKK IlISTOKV Ol 11,1 INOIS. < n Iti timber They ;ils than fat on iver, as r'allicr Marquette observeil, protluccd tlie stronfjest vofrctatitin in olden times of an)' oilier section of IlHnois, and the ri\er and tlie swamps adjacent to it afforded the natives more sup- port than any otlier pail of llie West. The fouls, in the spring; anil fall in their tiii^qations, st*)pped here and the Imlians kilUil man)' of them. Also a ^re.it number of musk-rats were cau:.;lit in the lakes near the river, and it was conceded by all thai no river in America produced as many fresh-water fish as the Illi- nois did. I'his great suppl)' of provisions for the Imlians enabled more of them to subsist in this section of coiintr)' than in any other in the West. The Indian traders visitetl this river in great numbers and many made fortunes by the traffic with the natives, Under these circumstances, Peoria was, perhaps, the greatest trading-po'-l in the Mississippi Valle)'. At Mackinac more wealth was collected on its transit there than at any other point. The traders of the North met the mcrcli>uits from Canada at this post and exchanged the peltries, furs, etc, they collected from the Indians either to pay old debts or for Indian goods. At some seasons of the \'ear Mackinac was a very im- portant and interesting place; but when the traders and Indians disappeared the village assumed its former size and inefficiency. Prairie du Chien possessed something of the character of both Peoria and Mackinac, In it goods were exchanged with the traders for their peltries, etc., as well as sold to the Indians. At Mackinac ami other points where the traders, voyagers, and hordes of Indians met those from Canada, a general jubilee was instituted. Great and grand doings of all sorts of amuse- ments and pleasures of which the French genius and their limited means at that place permitted were carried on at Macki- nac during these celebrated festivals. Men who had been in the Northwest trade for years, came to this post to meet, per- haps, their wives, relatives, and friends. Parents came out from Canada to see their absent sons and to give and receive some kind civilities. Or, perhaps, the more substantial article, per- sonal property, was exchanged on the occasion. Old debts and new ones were attended to. Many of the transactions of mankind, either in business, pleasure, or otherwise, were exhibited at these annual fairs in olden times. I'' #r mm :34 PIONELR HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. * I : i >i> I' l*Hit I / At times Mars, the god of war, was invoked to settle some old feud or to gain the triumph at the time in some personal quarrel, and even duels were not neglected at these gatherings. That barbarous practice of dueling, which is the brutal remains of the Roman shows of the gladiators, the Spanish bull-fights, and the English boxing-matches were hailed at these meetings by the code of lionor and to some extent adopted. A duel was fought between two Northwest traders, Crawford and Campbell, that was so grossly unjust and inhuman and so much against the laws of both God and man that it had a ten- dency to arrest this brutal mode of settling disputes for a time. All this Northwest trade was conducted mostly in bark- canoes and on the backs of the stout and hardy Canadians. Sometimes a Mackinac boat, so called, and at rare intervals a schooner were employed in the commerce on the lakes. No craft can equal the bark-canoe for its cheapness of construction and for its neatness and utility. Its invention by the natives is before Indian antiquities and used by them on the lakes and adjacent rivers so long as they remained in the country. The bark-canoe is made out of strong, light, and elastic wood for the timbers within and covered with strong birch-bark, which gives the craft the name of a bark-canoe. The timbers within arc strong in proportion to the size of the canoe, and are tough, light, and elastic. They arc formed with great neatness and strength, and at the same time with shape to sail with the most facility. They are very sharp at the ends and rounding on the bottom ; so they may glide thro the water with the greater speed. Pitch is used on these canoes to prevent them from leaking, and the voyagers are always provided with the means of sewing up the splits and repairing them in the shortest pos- sible time. When the canoe becomes leaky it is unladen, car- ried on the shore, sewed up, and repaired in a few hours. These canoes are light and portable. When the waters of the lakes are rough, they are unloaded and taken on shore, out of the reach of the waves, and at the portages they are easily packed on men's shoulders across from water to water. Thej' are pro- pelled by the voyagers using paddles and the patroon at the stern steering it also with a paddle. The paddles arc made nice and neat, out of strong, elastic wood, and painted with all riUNKKR HISTORV OF ILLINOIS. and most \ the eater from leans pos- car- hese lakes the eked pro- the Inade hall the taste and elegance of a boatman's genius. These canoes were, on occasion, greased with deer's tallow that they might sail the easier and swifter thro the water. Races were conimon and wagers made on them. Boat-racing seems to be coeval with boats. It is a cheering and interesting spectacle to see a crew of hardy, stout Canadians dressed in the uniform of the Northwest voyagers, paddling a bark-canoe under the excitement of boat -songs and an animated race. There is no excitement more intense and acute than these vo\- agers experience in a canoe-race. They would freely exchange their freedom for life, for success, and almost hfe itself The)- invoke the Virgin and promise masses for victory. These races are topics for French discussion of the canoe- men for years after. The Mackinac boat is a plain, unpretending vessel, somewhat similar to our skiffs, but larger and coarser made. They are sharp at the ends but flat on the bottom. They are not honored with a deck, but a tarpaulin cloth was generally used to secure the merchandise from the rain. I^rom three to six men navi- gated them. One at the steering-oar and the other hands row the boat. They were generally about thirty feet long and the planks of the side three or four feet high. These boats were intended to be carried over the portages. They sustained a heavy burden to their looks. As to the schooners used on the lakes in French times, who- ever saw a fishing-schooner on the shores of old France saw a vessel ahiiost similar to these lake schooners. The I<"rench are a greater people on land than on the water in ships. In vessels below a schooner the Canadians did well enough. These Northwest traders also used the most simple and primi- tive mode of carrying on commerce, and that was by packing the articles of traffic on men's backs. The packs of merchan- dise were generally weighed and the Canadians packed them over the portages. Often they carried these packs out man\' leagues from the depots to the Indian camps and the peltries back again. Very little horse-power was used in this commerce. An efficient and enterprising colony of Americans immigrated from. Hardy County, Virginia, and settled at the New Design, Illinois, in 1797. This was the largest and most flourishing \ l\ 1: ,1 , iip li 1:1 f: i I I •■I / ll ■Hi 1 ' ( i 236 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. company of farmers, mechanics, and laborers that ever ca;iic to Illinois at or before that day. A year or so before 1797, David IJadgley and Leonard Car came out to explore the country. Daniel Stookey, Abraham Kyeman, Mr. Whetstone, and Abraham Stookey also explored the country before the colony settled in Illinois. These ex- plorers came from the south branch of Potomac. Hardy Count}-, Virginia, on horseback and examined the country thoroly. They remained in the country most of the summer and R- David Badgley frequently preached. Mr. Stookey and othc. > crossed the Mississippi at St. Louis in 1796, and gave that French village, the country around it, and the commandant a passing notice. • This exploring party decided on making Illinois their homes for life. They returned to Virginia and reported the facts of their discoveries to their neighbors and friends. This whole colony then mustered up and commenced a long and arduous journey, at that day, for the Far- West. It is said that Solomon Shook and Mr. Borer came to Illi- nois the year before. This colony, all numbered and all told, amounted to about one hundred and fifty-four souls. They crossed the mountains in wagons, on pack-horses, and on foot to Morgantown, on the Monongahela River. Here they waited son.- time for their boats to be finished. At last, in May, they set sail down the rivers to the land of promise — Illinois. After a long, tiresome, and exposed voyage down the rivers, they landed at Fort Massac, on the Ohio River. The flat boats or broad horses, as they were sometimes called in derision, were not covered and the families in them were exposed to the in- clemency of the weather and the heat of a summer sun. This year, 1797, was uncommonly wet and the streams be- tween the Ohio and Kaskaskia were all out of the banks and swimming. It rained almost every day and the roads between Kaskaskia and Massac were literally co\-crcd with water and the mud almost impassable. This colony fixed up their wagons, horses, and all things for the New Design, Illinois, and left Massac. They were detained in this wilderness of mud and water for almost a month — exposed to almost a ver- tical sun over their heads and positive mud and water under their feet. nONIiER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 237 It must be .ccollected that at this time not a house stood between Kaskaskia and Massac. They rafted the creeks and at last reached civUization and contemplated relief; but wofully were they disappointed. They were hailed at Kaskaskia and the New Design with all the good feelings peculiarly incident to the pioneers; but a tempest of the most direful calamity was gathering to burst upon their devoted heads. Almost one- half of this cheerful and flourishing colony died during the first summer and fall of their arrival. This mortality is almost unprecedented in any country or under any circumstances. A most malignant fever prevailed, which was supposed to be contagious. This prevented the people from paying that kind attention to the sick which they needed. Scarcely a physician could be procured. When they reached the New Design, they could not procure houses to receive them and they were huddled together to the great injury of their health. In fact, provisions were not plenty. The Indian war had only ceased a year or two before and the inhabitants had not raised much support for themselves or the immigrants. At any rate, such was the mortality that even the burying of the dead was scarcely attended to. The graveyard of 1797 may yet be seen at the New Design, •which will cause the observer to shudder at the mortality and consequent distress at that day. Scarcely a family of all these immigrants but had to mourn the loss of one or more of its number, and many of the families were almost entirely e.xtinct; leaving, perhaps, a few helpless children to grieve over the loss of their parents, brothers, and sisters. At this time there were no means of relief for this distress in the country, except kind and benevolent hearts. The country was healthy after this year and the immigrants who were not swept off soon did well. Scarcely at any time or in any country will be found so many moral, honest, and laborious citizens, to the number of this col- ony, as the immigration from Hardy County to the New Design. The names of Car, Stookey, I-Lyeman, Shook, Mitchell, Clark, Badgley, Tcter, Miller, and others will be recognized as the heads of families of this colony, whose descendants at this day are numerous and respectable. This colony introduced into the country an orderly and moral m M. n "i ■ mS ;i 8 Hi "/r* 21? 8 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. III / * influence, which did great service to the previous inhabitants. The emigrants from Virginia attended strictly and honestly to business and not only improved the country, but their example also improved the people. They were the first who raised sheep to any number and manufactured the wool into clothes. They turned their attention to the culture of wheat and raised a surplus for market. They also encouraged the breed of horses and cattle and raised a great number themselves. The beneficial influence of this colony to improve the coun- try was in a short time perceived by everyone. The people composing it were not proud or overbearing; but on the con- trary, they were remarkable for their modest and amiable deportment; .so that they taught by example the people, who esteemed and admired them. This colony was extremely moral and correct and their descendants to this day are noto- rious for their sober and orderly conduct. It was .stated in a former page that John Murdoch came to the country with his father in 1796, and that his father, dying soon after, left the son with his widowed mother. He was born in Kentucky in 1790. He, like most of the youths at that day, acted his own part as he pleased, without the control of his mother. Murdoch run almost wild and attended very little at the school-house. He received a very limited education, but nature had bestowed on him singular parts. He was in his youth an odd kind of boy — more intellect than ordinary chil- dren; but always applied it in a singular and quizzical manner. He was accustomed to play tricks on his step-father, Blair, when he was very young. He often pinned a cloth to the coat- tail of his step-father, and when the prank was discovered, he never showed the least emotion or laughed. He shaved the hair off the manes and tails of his step-father's horses; .so as to " have a joke on the old man." As he grew up, these tricks increased on hifti, until Blair and almost all others were heartily tired of him. From his infancy to manhood, it cost more coax- ing, threatening, and labor to make him work than the work he ever did was worth. He was born to a kind of involuntary hatred to work or to do any business that was not of his own selection. He would labor for days and weeks to accomplish some iliBPlHi '^^"^^TrZT^ 1']()NE1:R IIISTORV OF 1M.IN<;IS. 239 his chil- inncr. ^lair, coat- d, he the as to tricks artily coax- work ntary ; own some prank: such as to carry rails a half-mile to make a fence in the night around a man's door. lie would get up out of bed when the fami!\- were asleep and ride miles to accomplish tricks, and would be back in bed before morning, and no one would, per- haps, ever detect him. But he obstinately refused to work. In a sly manner at church he often put old decks of cards in the preacher's pockets. He had not much friendship for an old Baptist preacher in his neighborhood, and when the old man was engaged in the house of devotion, Murdoch slipped to the preacher's horse, which was hitched' in the brushwood, took the saddle and bridle off the horse and put them on a large, old mulley ox. The horse ran home; but there stood the old ox, saddled and bridled for the preacher when he went to get his horse. No one could scarcely ever detect him in these tricks. He possessed in his composition not much malice or malig- nity; but at the same time, a moderate share only of the dis- position that adorns the human race was found in his character. He married and lived only at intervals with his wife. He made a sorry husband, as he did almost everything else he attempted. He entered the military service of the country in the war of 18 1 2, and ranged or staid at home almost at his pleasure. The officers could not do much with him. At Peoria, in the fall of 1813, he provided himself with two black bottles; one he filled with water and the other he left empty. He had not much credit with the sutlers; but asked for a quart of whisky and had it put into his empty bottle. Murdoch was slow, orderly, and circumspect in putting his whisky under his hunting-shirt. He put the bottle containing the water where the sutler first saw him put the whisky-bottle. In a grave, serious manner he observed to the sutler that he had no money, as he was out from home, and he must charge him with it. The sutler refused and then Murdoch offered him the bottle containing the water and said, he must put the liquor back again into the barrel. The grocer did so and put the neck of the water-bottle into the bung-hole of the barrel and let the water pour in. Thus it was that Murdoch exchanged a bottle of water for a bottle of whisky. He played another trick in the present county of Madison, •*. ' V . 1 ■i t>' L 'Ml I i 240 I'lONKKR HISTORY OK II,l.INOlS. I fV 1 A ■i y ' .■ 1 L. Mi 1 1 I ; } 1 ' 1 on a landlord near Rattan's Prairie, in the war of l8i2. He and several other jovial fellows were in a drinking frolic and had not the means to obtain as much liquor as they wanted. Murdoch liad but one bit (twelve and a-half cents) and gave it for a half-pint of whisky. He watched where the landlord put the bit and saw him place it into a teacup which stood high up on a shelf The master of the house went about his business out of doors, and when he was absent, Murdoch took the same bit out of the teacup and called for another half-pint of licpior. The bit was again put into the same cup and the same process was carried on until evening, when the landlord supposed he had a cup almost full of bits; when lo ! and behold! he had barely one bit in the cup and his company, Murdoch and others, were in high glee. It was the law that the United-States Rangers should find themselves provisions, and they were permitted to go home, fix up, and return with the necessary supplies. Murdoch had been at home and on his return to Camp Russell, near ICdwardsville, he caught a ground-hog and put it alive in his saddle-bags. When he got off his horse, which was hitched near the fort, he whispered that " sonictliiug was in his saddle-bags;" making the man believe that it was a bottle of whisky in them. His con- fiding friend, having more taste for liquor than discretion, slyly alone went to Murdoch's horse and thrust his hand into the saddle-bags for the whisky; but the moment he put his hand in, the ground-hog bit him. This ranger that got bit thought he would bite someone else. He said nothing about the ground-hog biting him; but told another ranger, in under tone, that he got a first-rate dram out of Murdoch's saddle-bags. The man put his hand into the saddle-bags and the animal caught his hand and held on; so the second bit man roared out for help to get his hand out of the ground-hog's mouth. Such transactions gave Murdoch great pleasure altho he al- ways appeared serious and scarcely ever laughed or made any outward demonstrations of joy or pleasure on their success. This singular and curious character was rather silent in com- pany and never indulged in loud or boisterous conversation. His remark.s, like his pranks, were severe and satirical. The PIONEKR IIISTORV OF ILLINOIS. 241 else. told out the ; so it of al- lany lom- tion. iThe ■same talent that caused him to perform these tricks also enabled him to make similar remarks. His person was of the ordinary height and erect; but spare and emaciated almost to a skeleton. He seemed to possess no great passions or impulses; but his energies of mind Nvre inclined to such feats as above. The pranks of his life would fill a volume. His mind pos- sessed some strength in its peculiar manner. It was active, clastic, and sprightly ; but was deficient in solid, sober judg- ment. It ranged in the lower regions of poetry, but never reached the platform of common-sense. If he had been raised and educated under different circumstances, he would have been a character of some celebrity. His natural gifts, without improvement, were an injury to him. By a proper education, these parts would make him rather a shining and brilliant char- acter; but not a solid or judicious one. After the close of the -war of 1812, he enlisted in the regular army and died. For years after the peace was established with the Indians, hi 1795, many cases of hardship and suffering were the conse- quences of that war. It will be recollected that James Gilham, Sr., emigrated to Illinois at an early day, and at a still earlier one, he emigrated from South Carolina and settled on the frontiers of Kentucky. In 1790, he had selected himself a residence in Kentucky and was in the field plowing his corn, with one of his sons, Isaac, then a small boy. The boy was with his father, clearing the young corn from the clods and sods which the plow might throw on it, while the rest of the family were in the house. Several Kickapoo warriors went to the house and captured •Gilham's whole family that were not with him in the field. The field was some distance from the house and he did not immediately discover the disaster. These savages captured his wife, one girl, and two sons. What horrid feelings Gilham experienced when he returned from his work as he supposed to his family and dinner; but dis- covered his house sacked by the Indians, his family captured and either killed or doomed to savage bondage! His grief and anguish must have been excessive; but " Man was made to mourn." The Indians made the family, by signs, remain quiet; so as i6 4' u i 4 ii 1 1. II I f. u I- I n' ' I I' I. . 1 \ i ■ ■i 1 \ f; •i J4J riONEKR HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. not to alarm Gilliam in the field. They made quick work of it and started for the Kickapoo town, toward the sources of the .Sangamon River, Illinois. They cut open the bed-ticks and took such articles out of the house as they could carry away on their backs. They were afraid to take any horses, lest the whites wfjuld follow their trail and destroy them. The country where Giiham resided was thinly settled, and before he could get a party to pursue the Indians, they escaped. .Mrs. Giiham was so terrified that she was almost bereaved of her mind. After the Indians liad taken the house and the family, the first thing she recollected was her son Samuel, a small boy, say- ing : " Mamma, we 're all prisoners." Giiham and neighbors followed the Indian trail a considerable distance; but could not overtake them. lie, on his return, suffered misery and mental anguish that is indescribable. Yet hope lingered with him that as the Indians had not killed his people, he would again recover them. Hope never entirely abandons anyone in almost any affliction. The Indians steered clear of the settlements and were ex- tremely cautious in their march. They kept a spy before and one behind on the trail; .so that their retreat was guarded as much as possible by their numbers. The party suffered much from hunger. The three white children were in great misery from their hurried march and the want of food. But human nature can endure much and will contrive many expe- dients before suffering death. Mrs. Giiham patched up rags round the feet of her children to save them from the briars and thorns. They traveled over a wilderness without roads. A mother's love for her children knows no bounds. Sympathy at last seized on the warriors and they treated the prisoners with all the savage kindness and mercy in their power. They were out of provisions and one day they halted to hunt for something to .save them from starving. The children had a small morsel of dried meat to eat, and the grown ones nothing. Two of the best hunters were sent out and one returned with a poor summer raccoon. Mrs. Giiham said the sight of this poor coon caused her more happiness than any other earthly sight she e\'cr saw. .She was afraid her children would eitlier perish I'lONKKR HISTORV OF ILLINOIS. great But |o hunt had a |t)thing. I with a |is poor sight perish with iuingcr or the Indians would kill them to save them from starvation. The party could not hunt near the white settlement for fear of detection, and if they delayed, the whites would overtake them. This was the reason of their going so long without food and almost suffering death from hunger. This coon was not dressed in Parisian style, but most of the hair and fur were taken off and some of the contents of the extreme inside were thrown away, while the balance was put in a brass kettle and placed over a fire. The coon was soon boiled into a nondescript dish — mixed together the meat, bones, hide, some hair, some entrails, claws and feet of the animal. As soon as this mess was cool and before, the horn and wooden spoons were in complete operation and the whole assembly of white and red-skins got some relief from absolute starvation. As they approached the Ohio River, they became more cau- tious, for fear of meeting the Americans on the river, either waylaying for them or in boats descending the river. They came to the Ohio a small distance above Hawesville, Kentucky, and camped near the river until rafts could be made on which to cross it. They were detained more than a day in making rafts. Dry logs were procured and tied together with red-elm bark and the rafts placed near the edge of the water, so that they might be put in the river in a moment and not touch the water before they started over; as they would not be so light, having received some water before. The wily savages were afraid to cross the river in daylight. Mrs. Gilham was much terrified at the idea of crossing the river at night. The party had three rafts. The largest one took Mrs. Gilham and her three children, with two prudent old Indians to paddle it over. The others crossed in the two rafts prepared for them. The embarkation was in the night, as silent as if they were in a graveyard, and the rafts were paddled over the Ohio with the same secrecy. These warriors considered it a great triumph to take these four prisoners and conduct them in safety to the Indian towns. In this proportion they exercised all their talents of bravery and sagacity to accomplish it. But when they had crossed the Ohio, they considered themselves safe and released their watch- fulness and caution to some extent. 11 i. f-',. '! f I I- I It ^1 1 i I, :44 I'lONEKR HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. In the country south of White River, in the present State of Indiana, they hunted, marched slow, and lived well in compari- son to the time they ate the coon. They steered clear of the small white settlements around Vincennes and crossed the Wabash below Terre Haute. They marched thro the present counties of Clark, Coles, and Decatur, Illinois, and finally, after a long and hazardous travel from the southwestern frontiers of Kentucky — three or four hundred miles — they reached in safety the Kickapoo town, which was situated on Salt Creek, north- east of the Klk- Heart Grov<^ in Sangamon County. What a horrid situation the Indian war placed the Gilham family in! Four with the Indians and two in Kentucky in v^vciit misery and affliction. Gilham, as soon as he found his family were not killed, but taken prisoners by the Indians, took courage and hoped again to see his wife and children. He sold his improvement in Ken- tucky, put his soil Isaac with a friend, and set out in search of his people. After much delay and fatigue of mind and body, lie found they were alive among the Indians and made arrange- ments to purchase them. At last he obtained all his lost family and they lived together many years in happiness. The young son, Clement, could not talk a word of luiglish when he was iX'gaincd by his father. In 1815, i\nn Gilham, the wife of James Gilham, obtained a grant of land of one hundred and sixty acres from congress, as an honorable testimony of the sufferings and hardships in her captivity with the Indians, as above narrated. The principal town with the Peoria Indians, in 1680, when the whites first explored the country, was at the outlet of Peoria Lake, on the site of the present City of Peoria and Fort Crevecoeur, where LaSalle first erected it in January, 1680, was one mile and a-half east on the lake from this Indian town. The site at Crevecccur has been uniformly recognized by the old French inhabitants as the Old Fort, ever since that day i '> 1 ;/ ll 1 ' I I ^m t ' ? ^\ . i VI i' fi if nil ill' 946 litjM.KR mSTUKV til ILLINOIS. it was commcMcal by Maillct. It will be seen by the report of the I 'iiiti'ii-Statc^ olTiciTs, sustained b)' positive proof, that one Aiitoine St. I'raneois had a family in I'eoria in 1765 and cultivated a field of ct)rn .idjacent to the villaj^^e. Other inhabi- tants also resided there at the same tinu' and lonj; before. It is true, most of the citizens were Indian traders and those livin;4 on the trade; but this trade recjuired sui)porl by men and pro- visions, which were both fiuMiished to some extent by the set- tlers at I'eoria. AV-/v////'-Xcnch gave the name of Peoria to that place on account of the Peoria tribe of Indians, who resided at the strait or out- let of the lake when they first explored the country. Thomas I-'orsyth settleil in Peoria in 1809. He was of Irish extraction and born at Detroit, December 5, 1771. His father, Robert h'orsyth, emigrated from Ireland to Philadelphia in 1757; went to Canada and was wounded in the battle at Que- bec, where both Wolfe and Montcalm fell. He married in Canada and emigrated to Detroit, then a British province. John lulgar, the same that lived and died at Kaskaskia, Jas. Abbot, and Robert For.syth were three prominent Irishmen at Detroit, whose friendshi[) for the American Revolution caused at least two of them, ICdgar and For.syth, much hardship and suffering. The British governor of Detroit, hearing these Irishmen con- demning the war against the Americans and particularly that brutal conduct of exciting the Indians to murder the American women and children on the frontiers, seized P-dgar and P'orsylh and cast them into a dark and loathsome dungeon at Detroit. The British, not repenting of their barbarous conduct toward these noble Irishmen, became more enraged and put them in 'fl in I'loNKI.U HIMOKV M|. ||.|,|\(HS. -m; irons for im-Tcly expressing; their opinions in favor of the Ameri- can Revolution and conticninin^ the nuircler of the women ami cliildren. The British [;o\irnor of Detroit sent l-'.dj^ar in irons toOuebec; but on Iiis passa^'e he csc.iped near Montreal and went to Boston. IK- continued liis march until lie reached Kasktiskia, as heretofore stated. The cnrayed Hritislj nt. lined I'orsyth for a lon;,j time in prison, and at last, fuiding nothing a<;ainst him, turned him out. James Abl)ot was a little more cautious and was not imprisoned; but the frowns of the govern- ment were heavy and stronj; ayainst him. Thomas I'orsyth, the subject of this sketch, was raised and educated at Detroit until he was seventeen years old. lie received a plain, common education, which (lualificd him in after-life for both the public and private business in which he was en^a;red. In 1793, he left Detroit with his half-brother, John Kinzic,* tlie founder of Chicago and the father f)f John II. * John Kinzie— son of a Scotchman nairifil Joliu Mackenzie, who lived in <,)uebec, anil later moved to Detroit, where he died — was horn in (Juelicc in 1763; his mother had previously iieen married to a gentleman of the name of llaliburtoii, whose only ilaiigliter by this marriaj^e was the mother of (Jen. I'lemin{; and Nicholas Low ol New York. John Kin/ie was the only child by this second marriage; his father died lu,"^ i w - H>«^l'.-I' iliWilJW ril!: i L y iill ■:i 248 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Kinzie* and other children. He remained with Kinzie fifteen- months and continued the Indian trade with a Sco*rh merchant, Mr. Sharp. After Sharp's death, in 1799, Forsytli ;ommenced' business himself and steered \ve.st thro the Indian country by St. Joseph, Chicago, Illinois River, to the Mississippi. He win- tered one year at the Two Rivers, on the Mississippi, and traded with the Western Indians for several years. He married a lady in Upper Canada, near Fort Maiden, and soon after removed to Peoria. His wife was born in Hagcrs- town, Maryland, and her family name was Le Motte. Her father and family were captured on the Ohio River by the Indians as they were emigrating West, and this lady and others of the family were sent to Canada, where she married Mr. Forsyth. In the war with Great Britain in 1812, Mr. Forsyth acted an important and efficient part in that contest, and at the same time a very dangerous and confidential part. In the beginning of the Indian troubles in 1811, he resided at Peoria and had a Col. Wm. Whistler, U.S.A., and died at Chicago, Dec. 12, 1873. Shaw-nee-aw-ke— silver man — Mr. Kinzie's Indian sobriquet, was U.-S. Indian interpreter, sub-agent, etc., and died at Chicago, Monday, Jan. 6, 1828. — G. 11. F. * John Harris Kinzie, born July 7, 1803, at Sandwicli, Canada, arrived with his father at Chicago, Oct , 1803, where he remained till l8i2 — when Fort Dearborn wxs- abandoned -wlien the family returned to Detroit, and in 1816 returned to Chicago, wiiere he remained till 1818, when his father apprenticed hirr at the M.ickinac agency of the .\merican Fi.r Co. ; in 1S24, he was transferred to I'rairie du Chien; in 1829, he was stationed at Fort Winnebago, as sub-agent of Indian affcirs, and was a sub- scribing witness at many of the treaties made with the Indians. Aug. 9, 1830, at Middletown, Conn., he married Miss Juliette A., daughter of Arthur M.agill of thr\t place, later of Chicago, 111. In 1S33, Chica^'o again became his home, and was engaged in the forwarding business; later, his brother-in-law, now Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, was his partner. In 1841, he was appointed registrar of public lands liy Pres't Harrison, and removed by Tyler. In 184S, when the Illinois-and-Michigan Canal was completed, he was appointed canal collector. In 1849, President Taylor appointed him receiver of public moneys. The office of c.nal collector he held until commissioned by President Lincoln paymaster in the army, in 1861; and this laUer appointment he held at the time of his death, which occurred on the cars approach- ing Pittsburg, I'a., June 21, 1865. His widow, born Sept. II, 1806, ;!if'd Sept. 15, 1870; their children : Eleanor L., wife of W. W, Gordon, and hves at Savannah. Ga ; John Harris, Jr., killed at Fort St. Charles, Ark., June 18, 18O2, aged 23; Aithur M., married Caroline (iilbert, third daughter of John Lush and ^'aiia E. (Whipole) Wilson, now living at Riverside, Cook County, 111.;, and. George II., 1st lieutenapt,, iSth Infantry, U.S.A.— G. II. F. . »'; riONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. M9 A I5r thur .Dle> apt,. great influence over all the Indians; but more particularly with the Pottawatomics. He had been raised with this nation, spoke their language well, and was well acquainted with their char- acter. His position, Peoria, was in their midst; so that he had a knowledge of all their movements and even their councils relative to war. He was on business at St. Louis in the early part of i8ll, and became acquainted with Gen. William Clark, the superin- tendent of Indian affairs. He related to Clark, on being requested, the state of the Indian disposition and their in- tended hostile movements. His character and merit were immediately appreciated and he was appointed an Indian agent at Peoria; but this appointment was not made known, for wise and prudential considerations. If the Indians were to know it, he would lose all his influence with them; but by retaining his standing and influence with them, he could ameliorate much of the horrid barbarities that are commonly practised on both sides in an Indian war. Forsyth had not the power to avert the Indian war, but he aided much in i*"s amelioration. In the fall of 1811, he understood that the Sac and F'ox Indians were about to make an attack on the frontiers of Mis- souri, and he sent down to the officer in command at St. Louis, a confidential PVenchman, Antoine Le Pense, who gave the in- formation to the officer and much of the calamity was avoided. Early in the spring of 1812, when a kind of (/nasi war existed between the Indians and whites, he descended the Illinois River to Si"". Louis to consult with Gov. Howard, and also proceeded to Kaskaskia to see Gov. Edwards. He laid the whole Indian affairs in relation to the approaching war open to these two executive officers of Illinois and Missouri, which gave them the true state of matters, so they might make arrangements accord- ing to the exigencies. On August 15, 1812, the Indians massacred most of Capt. Nathan Heald's company at Chicago, Illinois, and Lieut. Lina T. Helm was wounded and taken prisoner. Hehn was the iirst lieutenant in the company of Capt. Heald. The Indians took him to the AuSable on the Illinois River. Mr. Eorsyth, hearing of the massacre of the troops at Chi- cago, at the risk of his life, went directly to the Indian towns . . 4 It i ; 1 / ^mam^f^msmn I'lONKKR HISTORY QV ILLINOIS. M\ iff :(i \r I \ ill > 'I on the Illinois River to see and ameliorate the condition of the prisoners. He found Lieut. Helm at the AuSable with the Indians and had the influence with his captors to ransom him. He advanced the amount of the ransom out of his own funds, and perhaps all of it was never returned to him. He ransomed the lieutenant and had him sent in safety to St. Louis. Mr. Forsyth risked his life every moment he was engaged in this important and truly dangerous service. If the Indians, the Pottawatomies, were to receive a bare hint of his Indian agency, he would have been burnt at the stake. He risked his life for his country and was in extreme and imminent danger for a great portion of the war. It required the utmost sagacity and great propriety of judgment to manage the matter so as to retain the confidence of the Indians. Much of their friendship was for him personally. His personal influence was the great cause of his success. He had been uniformly kind and benevo- lent to them. To show his confidence and friendship to them, he took with him a few of the old friends of the Indians, who had married squaws and had before the war resided at Peoria. He also took with him some of the half-breed children to see their Indian cousins. They had no weapons, guns, or powder with them. They carried in the boat such articles as the Indians needed and such as Forsyth had heretofore sold to them, except ammunition. They asked Fonsyth the reason why he did not have powder and lead with him in his boat, as he used to have. He told them that in a war all the powder and lead belonged to the great father, the president, and he would not let any of his children have it until the war was over. He said Craig had seized him and all their old friends in Peoria by force and dragged thcin down to St. Louis, for fear their friends would do the Indians some good. What made it the most dangerous was the influence Dickson had with the Indians, and he all the time tempting the Illinois- River Indians cither to kill him or take him prisoner. While P'or.syth was on one of these missions of benevolence from St. Louis to his old friend, a Pottawatomie chief whose name in English was Sugar, he very narrowly escaped losing his life. He went to his friend, the chief, at AuSablc village, lll> \ IMONKKR HISTOKV OF ILI.INOJS. 25' above Peoria, and staid with him all night. In the night he discovered his friend, the chief, very uneasy. He could not sleep and was frequently up, looking round his camp. Forsyth asked what was the matter. The Indian said: "I am afraid for you. Dickson tried to get me to take you prisoner. I told him you were my friend and I would not hurt you; but," he said, "there are some Winnebagoes not far off; they are drink- ing and I am afraid they may come to take you. They shall not take you; but in the conflict they might kill you." No Indians came that night ; but the next night Dickson had a host of Winnebagoes at the camp of the chief; but For- syth had left the same day. If he had remained he would have been killed or taken prisoner. Late in the fall of 1812, Craig was in the Peoria Lake with a boat and some Indians came down the lake in a boat and fired on his boat. The conduct of these Indians enraged Craig against the citizens of Peoria. He said they were friendly to the Indians. He forced all the inhabitants of Peoria — Forsyth, the Indian agent, as well as the rest — on board of his boat and landed them at Savage's Ferry, opposite the mouth of the Mis- souri. These poor people were harmless, unoffending inhabitants of Peoria and were forced from their homes and living to almost starvation. Many of them soon returned to Peoria and some the same winter. They had left their cattle and all their sup- port at the village. Craig, in his rage, also burnt most of the houses in the village of Peoria. While Craig was kidnapping J'^orsyth, he did not inform Cr^iig " the fact that he was Indian agent, residing at Peoria for the public service and at the request of the general government. Mr. P^onsyth continued to act as Indian agent for the Illinois Indians during the war; but when peace was restored, he was entrusted with a very important agency — that of agent for the Sac and P'ox nations of Indians. He attended faithfully to his public duties in this office. He was entrusted with large sums of money and great amounts of merchandise for these Indians, and his accounts and duties were always approved bj- the government. He was an e.Kcellent and faithful officer. He iiiade treaties with the Sac and Fox nations, which were i i < .ii -•V ] I, t 1 «■ 1^ ■t' i ••J ) ■(-• ■V .' ' ' 252 riONKER II1ST(,)RV OK H.I.INOIS. always ratified by the government. But his services in the war and his benevolent and humane conduct to the wounded and distressed prisoners on the Illinois River, deserve the lastinj^ gratitude and esteem of the government, as well as those whose sufferings he so kindly relieved. He retained the office of the Indian agency of the Sac and Fox Indians for many years, and if he had been continued in the office it is not very probable that Black Hawk would have attempted a war against the government. Forsyth had such influence over the Indians that it is quite certain he could have quieted their feelings and no blood would have been shed. After the war, in 18 15, Dickson and For.syth met in St. Louis and talked over their doings in the war. Dickson confessed he was near making Forsyth a prisoner; while Forsyth said Provi- dence and justice prevented it. In the decline of life, Mr. Forsyth purchased a fine farm west of St. Louis and improved it. He died on it in 18;; 3. His death was a loss to the community and as such and for the re- spect and esteem entertained for him by the people, his friends, family, and the public generally, lamented his death with heart- felt grief and sorrow. Nature bestowed on him a sound, well- balanced mind, and benevolence and kindness of heart were his predominant traits of character. His person was large and portly. He occupied a prominent standing in community and well did he deserve it by his uncommon services to the public. His private life was amiable and kind. His duties as husband and father he performed in that amiable and benevolent manner that showed a heart overflowing with "the milk of human kind- ness." He possessed many virtues and trr.-'ts of character to be admired and approved, while he had very few to be con- demned. In 1795, the territorial legislature erected a new count\- out of the southern part of St. Clair and called it Randolph, in honor of the governor of that name of Virginia. The line dividing Randolph and St. Clair counties runs nearly east and west to the head of Ryan's Creek; pursued that creek to the Bottom, and thence to the Mississippi. Kaskaskia was made the county-seat of Randolph County and Cahokia that of St. Clair. IJ f; s in the war xindcd aiui the lasting' hose whose le Sac and 'ntinued in ►'oiild liave had such ■ould Jiavc shed. I St. Louis ifcsscd ]ic aid Provi- farni west L'3. His 3r the re- 's friends, th heart- nd, wcll- were his Tge and nJty and - pubhc. Iinsband nianner m kind- ictcr to be con- ^t' nty out 'Iph, in !ie h'ne St and to the made liat of i^^ »*i*^^WW» ^w ^mm^^mmmmmmm nr < '* m .,! :l'^ I: I" \^M^f^:^ -i ■' V'i aTii^nous and mrf . reiii'^ioiis instituti •! :, ■ II k i I M iid the pioneer cii , cll!t^^'ate t]v - . 1 to luy fricu^i, . ir j Coim'y. The bn'ci' r.^p I ho sketch ; Mr. )• 'I'M, 'M<1' ic'dU- i:d when: he <.I.m 1 'to, jj, •1^ sblirleerth <-"r)f -: ':ir,'.. ■K v^iiitcr 1 f-n'infoiri ■iTipiair.tf '^' anu ii'riUiij; «%•:■,•( \' i'"'-- age hi" ^va.-' t. ■-• H'.ii\isli7' or teuif^ii. '..,;<.; ■ rwii'*. It Wns iicfhaji? r,) ic hitiiielf s wife, aj'.d snii - !rki.\^J, I7;;v. vfhr, ;'/tt:r 'k 111 !,,i!';hfieii.!, (.on A. aasvl Hamuh (P"«rni!ni) PsoV, waslioiri (.i'.iIiHcM Co., C'onii. Hb came of ruriUn '•'fsa IVck emijtniteil from li.wex Co., ling., ^^hIch plare he was- i.rift cif the iimpnctor ;!ie farm 'Ji l\iitie I; ■ 'i'; Ann, . , ■ , .vif>. '.;•' 1)1 iSl.C.i'r (.>!., lil. ; \ym, S., bom ■. I Ivnry %'., ooir- -").• s' .>o >eai 1 lati"!:, t : \ \. he ■ V,, \h'n knc-.vi-r. :> i-'i ui<{, school-tirachr .ettled vit.iiii V; 1,1 iSj,, .nil -'n'.fti' v.-t'-i!!- ilfM-n I'.v iiiit \h ■" ... roiiiniu;. . niixv fsit ie;if. , while lie tn.veitrt,! {••■ 'Uu'r it 'Vi»s his iluiy t<» prepare himsi.lt i> . a.< the cliicf reliriiite of his poor anj intinn ■ •- . Mitijce to the l.-itter choice that h« loolc ir.ih f'Hiiie, Ijod: iri (Hcen Cn , NY, ' ' • ■ lit to hi-r itscffhef'^ • ?.S, i'8i.i (liefi fj« I'-, iRt; !<•, 1: -V'lri'f. ;:,nni-'S A., I"':u Sepl 21, i.Sjl. ciiili; to VV."i\(|h,uii, (irt'en (.0., ' " ■' '■-'■ ^'.yoiyJ to preach' m ih.'.i s|;irstl)-. ' Ji. iit vuiiit-y J l>y h\iui in a . !;!. .irrii ill ■ i.ui- i-i ti !< ."•': nic*: "^!;-'.:tHirt T<;r'y, piVachmgj on 'I other religious matter, • v^t <1 .!'? Iff p' 'm. I \:- f 'M'\ ' 1 1 ,J • i ' CHAPTER VII. 1 I The Religion and Morals of Illinois prior to 1818. For the following sketch of the early American pioneers, their religious and moral character, and the pioneer efforts to form religious institutions in this territory, cultivate the minds and morals of the people, I am indebted to my friend. Rev. John Mason Peck* of this [St. Clair] County. The brief reply to the request made him precedes the sketch : ^ John Mason I'eck, tlie only child of As.i and Hannah (Farnum) Peck, was born Oct. 31, 1789, at South-Farms Parish, Litchfield Co., Conn. He came of Puritan stock, his ancestors Dea. Paul and Martha Peck emigrated from Ksse.x Co., Eng., 1634, and settled at Hartford, Conn., of which place he was one of the proprietor.s and where he died Dec. 23, 1695. John M. lived on his father's little farm and after his fourteenth year a large share of its cultivation was performed by him. During the winter months a part of his time was spent at a common-school that must have been inferior to the average institutions of that kind then in New England, as he complained that after he was eighteen, and had began to teach school, his own spell- ing and writing were sadly deficient and he did not pretend to understand grammar. At this age he was brought under a strong religious influence, and soon it became a serious alternative choice with him whether it was his duty to prepare himself for the ministry or remain upon the farm as the chief reliance of his poor and infirm liarents. It was perhaps to reconcile his con.science to the latter choice that he took to himself a wife, and married, May 8, 1809, .Sarah Paine, born in Green Co., N.Y., Jan. 31, 1789, who, after her father's second marriage, went to her mother's relatives in Litchfield, Conn.; and died at Rock Spring, St. Clair Co., 111., Oct. 24, 1856. 'fheir children were: Eli Paine, born July 28, 1810, at Litchfield, Conn., died near St. Charles, Mo., Oct. 5, 1820; Hannah I"., born July 10, 1812, married Asliford Smith of Rockville, Iowa; Harvey Y., born Sept. 28, 1814, died Dec. 17, 1855, leaving a widow and six children; Wm. C, born I'eb. 11, 1S18, died Sept. 14, 182I; Mary Ann, born Sept. 18, 1820, wife of Sam. G. Smith, resides on the old homestead in St. Clair Co., 111.; Wm. S., born Nov. 13, 1823, lives in Iowa; John Q. A., born Aug. 27, 1825, lives at Rock Spring; an infant, born Dec. 10, 1S27, died sin iioiniiie; Henry M., born May 7, 1829, resides at Rock Spring; James A., born Sept. 21, 1S31. Two years later, 181 1, he moved with wife and one child to Windham, Green Co., N'.Y., then known as Big Hollow; the six following years were devoted ) preach- ing, school-teaching, and organizing churches and Sunday-schools in that sparsely- settled vicinity; in 1817, with wife and three children, he journeyed by land in a small wagon drawn by one horse to Shawneetown, III., arriving late in the fall; thence in a keel-t)fi;U, commanded by Capt. Nixon, late of C.ilhoun Co., 111., his brother-in-law, to .St. Louis, Mo., where, or near St. Charles, his family resided for the next five years, while he traveled through Missouri Ter'y, preaching, organizing churches and Sunday-schools, distributing bibles and other religious matter, except n • 554 I'loM'.I.K IIISIOUS' OK ILLINOIS. I*i!l' ! "(jov. Rl'.vxoLDS : -Voiir K'ttrr of March 1st, rc(|uestiii^'- from 111)' pen sketches of the rclii^inu^ ami nmral history of fi)r a siioit time wlifii he taii;;lit schonj at St. Louis anil Sl.C'liarlos; in llie sprint; nf I.S22, he |)urclia^e(l from llu' L . S. s^c. 27, T. 2, \.\<. 7, W., alxmt .^ miles \ve>t of Lebanon, St. (lair t'o , 111., kock S|uin^, so n.imc.l liy him from a spriii;^ t;u>liin^ from the cloven rock, near wliich tli',- ^ame year he h'.ull his first doable lo^'-hoii-.i'. In I'el)., 1S25, he went Last and seemed funds and arran.Lied for the establishment of a liaptisl seminary; with the aid thus secured, tojjellier with Ills personal contri- butions of money and labor, a two-story frame buildin)» with two one-story winj^s was completed in 1827, near his re-.idence, and with 25 students, soon increased in KX), was opened the "Rock-Spring Theolo^'ical Seminary and llijjh-Schnol," the hrst institution in the State of a hij,dier dignity than a common county-school. Dr. I'eck was professor of theology; Rev. Joshua Itradley, (iresident; and Rev, John Messinger, professor of mathematics; in iSjl it was closed, and was reopened at Upper Alton in l8j2 as the Alton Seminary; a charter was granted in iSjj, and declined by the jirojectors on account of its restrictions; intermediate legislation in 1835 6 and the session of 1841 repealed the objectionable provisos; Dr. Peck had in the meantime induced Henj. .Shurllel'f, .NLI)., of Itoston, Mass., to contribute $10,000, in consideration the name was changed and is still known a-. Shurtlell College. About 1822, Dr. I'eck became the general western agent of tlij Ar.terican Bible Society tor western half of Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri; he had strong anti-slavery sentiments and took an active, (irominent, and leading part in the struggle of 1823 4 that i)revented the introduction of slavery into the .State; in 1826, was a year at college in I'hilailelphia, where he ac(juired a knowledge of Greek and Latin, the sciences, and something of medicine, .\pril 25, 1829, at Rock Spring, was issued the first number of V'/ie /'idiuv/; Rev. Thos. 1'. tlreen, publisher, and Dr. Peck, editor; it was a five-column, single-sheet newspaper, the .second established in St. Clair Co. ; in the fall of the same year. Dr. Peck, by purchase of Green's interest, became .sole proprietor; in 1836, Viit- /'loiiiYr followed Rock-Spring Seminary to Alton, where it reappeared as li'est:ni r'wiieer iind Hiiplist Slaiiiianf- /h'arer. Dr. Peck continuing as editor and .Ashford Smith, his son-in-law, having charge of the printing; in 1839, it was merged in the lUf'tis.t Hainier of Louisville, Ky., to which the good- will and subscription lists were turned over. In addition to his many and varied duties, besides being a prolific lecturer on agriculture and aboriginal and early Western his- tory he found time to contribute to newspapers and many lengthy and studious articles to magazines, .as well as to write the following: "Guide for Lmigrants, containing sketches of Illinois and Adjacent Parts. Boston; Lincoln & Kdmunds, 1831." "Ga/-etteer of Illinois; in Three Parts, containing a (Jeneral View of the State; a General \'iew of eacli Town, Settlement, Stream, Prairie, Bottom, Bluft", etc.. Alphabetically .\rranged. Robert Goudy, Jacksonville, 1834." Another, " Second edition, entirely revised, corrected, and enlarged; 'mns on his march, which he did to relieve his mind from ilespondenc)-, they concluded he was a "great medicine" and held intercourse with the Great Spirit, and ruist not be killed. They took him to their town on the Wabash, from whence, thro the agcnc)' of the h'rench traders from Vincennes, he obtained his freedom — the people of New Design paying one hundred anil seventy dollars for his ransom. lie visited lUi- nois the third time, obtained his saddle-bags and papers, which ■contained some evidence of land-titles for his friends, and re- turned to Kentucky, where he lived and died. The next preacher who visited the Illinois country was Rev. Joseph Lillard, a Methodist. Mr. Lillard had been in the "traveling connection" of the Methodist ICpiscopal for several years. In 1790, he was placed on Lime-Stone circuit, Ken- tucky, a ni.'w one, and in 1791, on Salt-River circuit. In 1793, he visited the Illinois country, preached to the people, and spent some time there. luther then or at a future time 'le withdrew from the traveling connection, not being in favor of the government of that church. He organized the first Meth- odist class ever formed in this territory and appointed Capt. 17 i I \ I li' 'I: I J. r.S PIONEER HISTORY OF ILI.INOIS. * i m* Joseph Ogle class-leader. The captain not being a ready writer, his sister, Mr::,. 1 olin, kept the records for him. Mr. Lillard was esteemed by all as a pious and exemplary man; but while in Illinois, he became afflicted with aberation of mind, made his escape from the house, and tho pursued, he outran his friends and followed the tiail toward Kaskaskia. On the route, he came across the body of a man by the name of Sipp, whom the Indians had killed and scalped. While looking on this horrid picture, he became calm, his conscious- ness was restored, and he returned to his friends at New Design and made report of the discovery. The people made up a party, visited the spot, and buried the unfortunate man. Mr. Lillard continued to preach the gospel as a kind of inde- pendent Methodist in Kentucky. About twenty years or more since, he made another visit to Illinois and preached in this county. After the visits of Elder James Smith, meetings were held more regularly, unless in times of Indian alarm, and were con- ducted with singing, prayer, and reading discourses. The late Shadrach Bond, Sr., called Judge Bond, frequently led in these meetings and read the discourses. It was probably in December 1793, or January, 1794, while Judge Bond vvas officiating in ibis informal manner on Sab- bath, that a straiigor came into t;'e meeting. He was a large, portly man, with dark hair, a florid complexion, and regular features. His dress was in advance of the deer-skin hunting- shirts and Indian moccasons of the settlers ; his countenance grave and his aspect .so serious that the mind of the reader was impressed with the thought that he was a man, perhaps a preacher, and an invitation was given for him to close the exer- cises, if he was a " praying man." The stranger kneeled and made an impressive, fluent, and solemn prayer. There was a man in the company of small talents and rather narrow views, who from his national origin bore the sobriqiut of Dutch Fete among the people; or Peter Smith, as his name appears in th_' land documents. Pete was a zealous Methodist and when his own brethren or preachers prayed, he felt moved by the spirit to utter amen at the close of every sentence. While the people were on their knees or with their heads bowed low on their ■Bd^i^Q^^ PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 2 59 Sab- largc, ;gular inting- inance er was laps a cxcr- cd and was a views, 1 I'ctc in thj icn his c spirit people n their scats, Pete manifested uneasiness during the prayer of the stranger. He fidgeted one way and then another ; uttered a low but audible groan and to those near him seemed in trouble. The very impressive and earnest prayer of the gentleman excited his feelings beyond suppression. He miglit not be a Methodist; but Pete could not hold in no longer and bawled out at the top of his voice: "Amen, at a wcnture ! " The stranger proved to be Rev. Josiah Dodge from Nelson County, Kentucky, who was on a visit to his brother. Dr. Israel Dodge of Ste. Genevieve and the father of Henry S. Dodge, late governor and now United- States senator of Wisconsin. Hearing of these religious people being entirely destitute of ministerial instruction, he had arrived opportunely to preach to them. Mr. Dodge spent some time in the settlement, preached frequently, and in FebruEry the ice was cut in Fountain Creek and he baptized James Lemen, Sr., and Catherine, his wife, John Gibbons and Isaac I'^nochs, who were the first persons ever baptized in this Territory. During the next two years the people remained without preachers; but both Baptists and Methodists, without organized societies, united in holding prayer- meetings, in which, as for- merly, the Scriptures and sermon-books were read, prayers offered, and hymns sung in praise to God. In the spring of 1796, Elder David Badgley from Hardy County, Virginia, made a visit to this country. He arrived in the New-Design settlement on May 4, and preached day and night until the 30th; diT'r.g 'hich time he baptized fifteen pcr- .sons on a profession of tjith in Christ. Baptist immigrants had come horn Ke';tU' ry ':Mice the visit of Mr. Dodge, among whom was Joseph Chance, who had been set impart as a lay- elder in Kentucky. He and Mr. Badgley organized the first Baptist church in the country, of twenty-eight members, which was called New Design. This cliurch, with various fluctuations, continued until 1821, when, having been reduced by removals, deaths, and the formation of other churches, it became extinct and the remaininL^ members joined Fountain-Creek church in the same vicinity. Rev. David Badgley returned to Virginia and in the spring of 1797, removed his family to Illinois and took the pastoral : II; Ui 'i 260 PIONEER IIISTORV OF ILI.IXOIS. Si". ' m f L I i charge of this church. A revival of rch'gion followed and in April, 1798, Badglcy and Chance formed another church of fifteen members in the American Bottom, a few miles above Harrisonville, In 1796, the late Rev. Ilosea Riggs, then an cxhorter in the JNIethodist-l'-piscopal church, came to Illinois and settled in the American Bottom near Chaffin's old place. The class formed by Rev. Joseph Lillard had been dissolved or ceased to hold regular meetings, and Mr. Rig."^'' gathered together the old members, the Ogles, Casterline, Williani Murray, and others, and formed the class regularly at Mr. Ogle's in the bottom, Monroe County. Subsequently, he formed another class in Goshen Settlement. Both of these subsequently ceased as social organizations and the members who mamtained a Chris- tian character were merged in other classes. Mr. Riggs was born in Western Virginia, April 4, 1760. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and when twenty-two years of age, enlisted in the army of Christ and joined the Mcthoilist church. He soon became an exhorter and pro\'ed a diligent and faithful soldier. In 1003, he went to Kentucky to attend the Western Conference and to solicit a preacher for Illinois, and the conference appointed Rev. Benjamin Young to form a circuit. Mr. Riggs was subsequently ordained and for a long series of years maintained a respectable character and standing as a local preacher. Me removed to St. Clair County at an early period, settled two lU'lcs east of Belleville, and died October 29, 1841, aged eighty-one years; at that time the oldest man in the county. In ii J \> > ' * Rev. Charles R. Matlieny wa.s a member of Ca[it. James IS. Moore's company of "rangers" during the months of July ami August, 1S12. He was afterward a member of the territorial logislaUire, representing St. Clair County in the lower house of the third and last assemblies, in 1S16 8; and was also a member from tiie same county in the second general assembly in 1S20 2. "In 1S17, tlie territory of Illinois was divided into three circuits; ami in the fust circuit, including the comi- ties of St. Clair and Ramlolph, presided over by Jesse H. Thomas as judge, Charles R. Matlieny was prosecutiiig-attorney. In this capacity he attended the first circuit- court held in Monroe County, at Ilarrisonvillc, July 21, 1S17. lie was succeeiled hy Daniel Tope Cook, beginning at the fall term, iSk); the latter being the first prose- cuting-attorney under the new State organization " Removing to Sangamon County on its organization, in 1821, he became its fir^t county clerk, a position he held uninterruptedly until his death, Oct. 10, 1839. He was also circuit clerk until 1835. His wife survived him many years, dying at a ripe old age in 185S. Mr. .Matlieny was succeeded in the county clerk's office by his i. I ) 111 Hi 262 riOiNKKR IIISTORV OF ILLINOIS. u « ecoiid son, Noah W., who held the position continuously for thirty-four years, retir- ing in 1S75 to accept the presidency of tlie First National liank of .Springfield, III,, a position he held until his deal';, April ]o, lons, Abner, Richard, James, and I'^lijah, and three d.iugliters, Rachel, Elizabeth, and fehoida, eniigiated to Illinois in early days and settled in Jefferson, Clinton, Marion, and Washington counties, where they now have a large number of descendants. Abner, the oldest son, in 1S24, settled about three miles north of the pre=';nt town of Richview, Washington Co. ; raised a large family, nearly all now dead; his son, Richard, was somjwhat noted as a liaptist preacher of promise, and died young. Richard, the second son, settled the same year near by his brother, both being on the old Vincennes trace; raised a large family, and his son Jacob, born on the claim the first year of the sojourn (^f the family in this .State, yet own* and occupies the old homestead, one of the fniesl farms in Southern Illinois. Klizabeth, his oldest daughter, married an Ijiglishman named Edward Russell; their sons, Thomas and J. K. Russell, are well-known cuizens of Washington County. Martha, his second daughter, married Recce Williams, and raised a large family, and surviving her hus- band, now lives in Texas with her children. James E., the oldest son, lives near I'ort Scott, and was a soWier in the -Mexican war in Capt. Coffee's company of Col. Uissell's regiment (2d) 111. Vols. Aaron, the second son, lived and died near the old home farm in Washington Co.; was a soldier in Co. E, 14th Reg't I'.-S. InPy, during the Mexican war. I lis daughter, Mrs. T. B. Afllock, resides in Richview. Abner, the third son, was drowned when a young man, in crossing Grand- Point Creek when the stream was in a swollen condition. Richard, the fourth son, mar- ried l'',lizabeth Taylor, daughter of I're^s. Taylor, a well-known pioneer of Washing- ton Co. ; was a soldier in the war of the Rebellion in Co. 15, 62d III. Infantry, and died at Pine Bluff, Ark., August 2, 1S64. Jacob, the fifth son, the youngest and oaly surviving member of his father's large family, was born Feb. 5, 1825, on the farm he now lives on and owns, one mile south of hvington, W\-\sliington Co., at the crossing of the Illinois-Central Railroad over the old X'ineennes and Raskaskia "trace"; married Elizabeth XN'lIlard, anil has a family of four sons and one daugh- ter, who have all survived their mother. Col. fames, the third son, settled about 1S2S on Crooked Creek, (liiUon Co., a .few miles s. -w. of the present city of Centralia, and built a water-mill, about 1830, I 1 k 17 i , ^ ) u \' h I 264 PIONEER IIIST(.)UY OK ILLINOIS. and father to Col. James Jolliff of Marion County, Illinois. His peregrinations were made on foot — the mode in which he trav- eled his circuits in South Carolina — and in this way he arrived in Illinois in 1797. Mere he preached with great acceptance on that strciin lu-ar the site of Shurwood's horse-mill, erecteil in 1S17; was .1 \'ir- yinia soldier in liie war of 1812, and with his brother-in-law, James Khca, serveil with I'erry on Lake luic, being amon_^' the continj^eiit of one hundri.d and fifty men furnished iiy Cien. Harrison to Com. I'erry to complete the crews in his lleet; and were both afterward enya^ed in the battle of the Thames, Sept. 17, 1813, where the celebrated Indian chief, 'recumsch, was killed. They were both celebrated Indian fighters in the early days of the Northwest. Col. [oUiff was twice married an, 62d 111. \ol. Infy, in the Rebellion, and died at I'ine Bluff, Ark., July 28, 1864. Idijah, fourth son, .settled in JelTerson Co. in the spring of 1825; had previously married in Kentucky and had several children; was accidentally killed, Christmas, 1832, at the home of ni Jefferson Co. and by his nephew, Capt. James Rhea— a tow wad from a Christmas gun severing the femoral artery. Of his sons, Randall and William, and his daughter Lli/abetli, married to James Willard, live in Oregon Co., Mo, I'.lijah Jolliff, his third son, lives near Irvington, Wa-^hington Co. Rachel, the oldest daughter, born in Creenbrier Co., \'a., Oct. 16, 1783, married Nov. 20, 1801, James Rhea, born in the same county, June 3, 1780; moved to Bar- ren Co., Ky., h.ad ten children; then moved to Jefferson Co., 111., to the old Rhea place, four miles northeast of Ricliview, in 1824, where their ycnmgest child, Thos. F., was born, July 27; in 1827, Jas. Rhea and most of his family moved to Island- (irove township in Sangamon Co., ^^■here he died in i8|3, his wiiiow in 185 1. Of their children the oldest was Klizabeth, born in 1802, in Barren Co., Ky., and mar- ried there to (jeorge M ly; emigrated from thence with their parents first to Jeffer- son Co., then to Sangamon, moved afterward to Mason Co., where she died; her husband and children then moved to CJentry Co., Mo. The oldest son was James, who was born Aug. 27, 1804; married in Jefferson Co., 111., in 1826, .Susan Matto.x; was a soldier in Capt. Bowman's comiiany in the Black-Hawk war; a captain of militia in 1S32-3; after killing his uncle accidentally in 1832, moved near Little Rock, Ark., in the fall of 1834, and died there in 1840, leaving a widow and three children. William, the second son, born March 10 1807; married Dec. 11, 1828, Susan Foutch, in .Sangamon Co. ; h.ad twelve children, nine of whom lived to matu- rity, and died Feb. 8, i860; his widow lives near New Berlin, 111. Richard, the third son, born Jan. 14, 1809; married to Kliza Rhea and had three children; when he died, his widow married William lAheridge, and moved to Iowa. Jehoid;-, born (Jet. II. 1813; married in Sangamon Co., John Foutch, in 1827, and h.ad four chil- dren, and died about fifty years ago. Rachel died at the age of ten. John, born July 14, 1817; married Nov. 14, 1839, Julia A. Stark, born June 2i, 1S23, in Rut- land, \'t. ; they had seven children, and with their children and descendants, live iV [• % I'lONKKR lIlSruKY (JV 1LI.1N(.)1S. 265 C)f lar- I'or- lior ll'S, tox; if It If I L'e ;,S, atvi- liU- lorn un- live among various classes of the people in the settlements about New Design and the American Bottom ; formed one or more classes and taugiit the children and young men in science and literature. Of his first pupils, several arc yet living and hold near Xew lierlin, "r-iirainon Co. >rahala, boni Ajiril 25, 1S20; niarriod in .Sanga- mon Co., Joseph i'lilsifcr; had twin sons, .Novo ami Novi, who are married and live in (jentry Co. , .Mo.; their mother died soon after their birth, ancl liieir father disappeared, it is thouj^ht was murdered for money while on a business trip to St. Louis. Mary A., born Oct. 27, 1822; died April 2S, 1.S51; married I!. U. .Msbury; had one child, Lucinda, who married James Shuff. 'i'lionias !•". Rhea, the yoini;^'est son, born in Jefferson Co.; married Oct. 3, 1S44, Lueinda Wilcox; has tive children livint;, all daughter^; is a stock-raider and ilealer at New lierlin, .Sangamon Co. Eli/.nueth, second daughter, is a mo^t noted pioneer matrun of Soiuhern Illinois; was bcrn in (ireenbrler Co., V'a., about 1S03, and is now over eighty years of at,'e; was m;;rried in \'irt;inia to John Faulkner, a member of the celebrated family of that ilk which has fiirni>tiod to Virt;inia many able men, one of whom was governor of that State; shortly after their marriatje, they removed to Kentucky and afterward to Illinois, settlini; near lier brothers, .Miner anti Kichard, in 1S30, when .Mr. laiilk- ner soon afterwaron Lo., from whence they again removed to Clinton Co., near the town of Central City, where both died nuuiy years ago, leaving numerous descendants. — J. II. G. M I 1 :!l m. I' \ ll u .1 V 266 PIONKKK HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. tlif memory of Father Clark, as he was familiarly called, as pre- cious. Amoii}^ those who are indebted to him for their educa- tion are those venerable men Of this county: Robert I.emcn, I-'sq., once marshal under the territorial government, and Rev. Joseph and James Lemen. At that period, Missouri, called Upper Louisiana, was under the dominion of Spain and of course the Roman- Catholic religion only was sustained and tolerated by law. But the commandants and otliL-r officers, being disposed to encourage emigration from the United States to that country, permitted Protestants, after a vague and general examination, as a mere matter of form, to settle in that country, and large numbers had expatriated themselves to obtain grants of land. It is but just to the memories of these people to state that a presenti- . nieiit e.xistetl in their minds that ihe country would come under the American government and they, or at least their children, would enjoy equal rights. Father Clark was the first preacher of the gospel to cross the Mississippi and to preach to the American people there. This was in 1798. His excursions were regular and frequent, during which he would spend from two to three weeks. There were three settlements which he visited: one near the Spanish Pond, north of St. Louis, one near Owen's Station, now liridgeton, and the other on Feef 's Creek. He was a man of singular sim- plicity of manners, unaffected piety, and wholly disinterested, and took no pains to conceal his visits or his object in the Si)anish country. The late Zenoe Trudeau, commandant at St. Louis, knew his character, his liabits, and his purpose in cro.ssing the river. He was friendly to the American residents and not disposed to molest them; but he must make a show of enforcing the laws and about the time Clark's appointments were finished, he would send a threatening message into the country that Mr. Clark must leave the Spanish territory or he would put him in the calcxborjo — the prison. No personal moles- tation was ever offered. At a subsequent period, when the laws of the United States were extended there and settlements greatly enlarged, he made his home on that side of the river, but continued his visits to Illinois dut'ing his life, which terminated in 1833, at the age of , s#tjegWfli..j» ■ I'lo' i;i:r iiisi'ORV oi' Illinois. 26- latcs liade Is to re of seventy-fi\'c jcar.s. Marly in the present centiirj-, he became a l^aptist and subsequently was connecteil with tliat chiss who were termed, from their opposition to slavery, " I'riends to Humanity." Amonjf the early pioneers of Methodism in this territorj-, the late Rev. Jesse Walker deserves a conspicuous place. His birthplace was the vicinity of Petcrsburjj, Va,, but his youth was .'^pent in North Carolina, where he was accustomed to labor on a farm. This was in a settlement of wealth, aristocratic and irrelijrious people, where the Sabbath was spent in amusement and excursions to other settlements. It was while on such an excursion he heard a Methodist preacher, whose punj^ent exhor- tations arrested his conscience and went to his heart. iVfter .some two or three weeks of agonizing' distress, he obtained relief and rejoiced in the forgiveness of his sins. He imme- diately joined a Methodist class, became an efficient member, then a leader and exhorter, and soon after a laborious and suc- cessful local preacher. He was received on trial by the Western Conference, held at Cumberland, Tennessee, in October, 1802 ; ordained deacon and performed circuit duties on the borders of that State and Kentucky four years. He was emphatically a pioneer, continually advancing into new settlements that were unprovided with gospel administra- tions; for in 1806, by his owu request, he was sent to Illinois, and the same year Rev. John Travis was sent to Upper Louis- iana, as Missouri was then called, being the first circuit preacher sent into that field by the Conference. The next year Mr. Walker returned two hundred and twenty members from Illi- nois, including a society of twenty on Coldwater in St. Louis County. This was a gain of eighty in Illinois in one year under his labors. It was in the summer of i(So7 that the late Bishop McKen- dree, whose name has been per[)etuated in the Methodist col- lege at Lebanon, made his first visit to this territory, and as presiding-elder, with Mr. Walker for an assistant in preaching, held two camp-meetings: one in Goshen Settlement, near Edwardsville, and the other at Shiloh, si.x miles northeast from I^elleville, where a log-house was erected for a chapel. This was the first meeting-house and these were the first camp-meet- inS07; became a preacher and entered the traveling connection in 1809. lie was married, in l*Y-bruary, 1816, and tlie next autumn, selthxi at Union Gro\-c, south of Lebanon. Mr. Thompson bccame^i prominent and useful man in the ministry. Amon{j the local preachers, Rev. Josiah Randle of luhvards- ville was anionic the prominent men in the Methodist r;'.nks in early times, and for many years clerk of Mailison County. As the first Baptist preacher who settled in the country we have already mentioned David liadjj[ley, who, with Jo.seph Chance, constituted the first church in the territory. Mr. Had 1 270 PIONEKR IIISTOUY OF ILLINOIS. ! \ ■ar fi ki • 1 I'' farewell, assuring them they would see him no more on earth. He complained of no illness, but was serious and devotional. A short time after, on Sabbath morning, he rode ten miles from his residence to the house of Judge Hond in the American Hot- tom; preached with much power and effect from Rom. viii, 14, and died the same evening while sitting in his chair. The last words he uttered were: "Lord Jesus, thou hast promised to save me; come and receive my spirit." He was the father of Elder Gideon Simpson of this [St.Clair] county. Klder Joseph Chance, already mentioned, was oorn in the State of Delaware in 1765. His father died when he was a small boy; his mother married John Gibbons and moved to North Carolina, where young Chance was raised without much opportunity for education. He married for his first wife Jemima Morris and moved to Kentucky, where he professed religion, was baptized, and commenced exhorting. In 1794, he removed his family to Illinois and became connected with the New- Design church. He afterward settled in Horse Prairie, where he preached to a little society; removed and settled east of Silver Creek, where a small church was organized in 1807. He made an excursion to Indiana and while there, was ordained. Mr. Chance was not a man of great talents, but he was faithful in the improvement of the gifts bestowed upon him ; devoted much time in preaching and visiting destitute settlements ; raised a large family ; and while on a preaching tour, died, in Washington County, Illinois, April 20, 1840, aged seventy-five years. Among the good men and ministers in the Baptist ranks, we must not omit Elder William Jones, who came to the territory and settled near Rattan's Prairie, east of Alton, in 1806. He was born in North Carolina, but professed religion and entered the ministry in East Tennessee, and in company with John l''inlay, another pioneer, came to this region to do good. Be- fore the war, he removed to Shoal Creek, but the Indians becoming troublesome, he returned to Madison County. He was a preacher of moderate abilities and was moral, grave, peaceable, and pious in his habits. He represented Madison County in the legislature one term and died at his residence, in the hope of eternal life, January 2, 1845, aged seventy-three years. 1 II I'lONKKR lUSTOkV UK ILLINOIS. 271 ing we The name of James Lemcn, Sr., has been mentioned amony, tlie early pioneers of Illinois. He was born in Berkeley County, Virginia, in the autumn of 17G0. His grandfather was an emi- grant from the north of Ireland. His father belonged to the Church of England, a branch of which existed by law in Vir- ginia before the Revolutionarj' war, and died when James was a year old. His mother married again and he was raised by a strict Presbyterian. In 1777, he entered the army under Wash- ington ; went north ; was in the action of White Plains, and continued in service two years, when he was discharged and returned to Virginia. He then went to the vicinity of Wheel- ing, where he resided for a time and married Catharine Ogle, daughter of Capt. Joseph Ogle, already noticed. There are some amusing traditions among their descendants, relative to their early acquaintance. Hoth were young, moral persons, religiously educated, and early and simultaneously be- came impressed they were destined for each other. It seems this mutual attachment was strong, steady, and lasted thro life. Not a jar in feelings or an unpleasant word ever occurred be- tween them. James Lemen was a rigidly honest, humane, kind-hearted, and benevolent man; independent in judgment, very firm and conscientious in what he believed right, and exhibited much decision of character. He was opposed to war as an aggres- sive measure, not combative or cruel, but would fight like a hero when impelled by a sense of duty in defending the fron- tiers from Indian depredations. He followed his father-in-law to the Illinois country in the spring of 1785, by descending the Ohio River in a flat-boat. The second night the river fell while they were tied to the shore, and his boat lodged on a stump, careened and sunk, by which accident he lost his pro- visions, chattels, etc. His oldest son, Robert, a boy of three years old, floated on the bed on which he lay, which his father caught by the corner and saved his life. Tho left destitute of provisions and other necessaries, James Lemen was not the man to be discouraged. He had energy and perseverance, and he got to the mouth of the Ohio and from thence up the Missis- sippi to Kaskaskia, where he arrived July 10, 1786. The Indians caused .'••equent alarms, provisions and all other i! 272 I'!(jni:i;r iiistukv of Illinois. lii i , If necessaries of liviiij^ were scarce. He subsecjuently settled at New Design, on the old hill-trace from St. Louis to Kaskaskia, and his hou.se became the half- way stopping- place for many years, and none were turned away. He had been subject to religious impressions from his childhood, but was not clear in his mind to make a profession of religion until James Smith arrived and preached to the people. He was generous and hospitable, would divide corn with the destitute, observed the Sabbath strictly, kept perfect order in his family, and yet was never harsh or severe with his children. He was an acting justice-of-the-peace for many years under the territorial government and for a time one of the judges of the county-court. He took an active part in the lead of religi- ous meetings many years before he was licensed to preach. He was an opponent to slavery both from principle and policy and came to this territory to live in a free country. From some strong expressions he made on this subject while preaching at Richland Church in 1809, which ought to have been passed without notice, Larkin Rutherford, one of the members, took offence and brought a complaint into the church and the conse- qujnce was an illustration of the Scriptures : " Behold how great a matter a little fire kindleth." The little church became divided; the association of churches also divided, and the issue" was three parties of Baptists, who existed for ten years and two parties much longer. The association was formed in 1807, of the five following churches, to wit : New Design, Mississippi Bottom, Richland, Wood River, and Silver Creek. There were three ordained preachers and sixty -two members in these churches. At the division of 1809, there were ten churches, of which three were in Missouri, eight ordained preachers, two in Missouri, four licentiates, and four hundred communicants of the three parties of Baptists, including six churches on the eastern and southeastern parts of the territory. Presbyterians. — At the date of the constitution in 1818, there was no Presbyterian minister residing in the State, nor had there been a church organized in this part of the State. One or two small churches had been constituted in the southeastern part of the State under the jurisdiction of the Presbytery of West, now Middle, Tennessee. Two Presbyterian missionaries fum I'lO.NKKU mSK) ()!• ILLINOIS. 273 f s of the here here two tof /est, t oni the [general assembly of the Presbyterian church had visited the territory and prcaclied at Kaskaskia, Sliawncetown, and other settlements. In 1 8 14, Rev. Messrs. Samuel J. Miles and Daniel Smith, Conj^regationaiists from New England, performed an exploring mission thro the Southwestern States and territories, with a twofold object: providing for the distribution of the Scriptures to the destitute and future missionary labors. They were at St. Louis November 7, at Kaskaskia on the 12th, and Shawnce- town after New-Vear, on their way down the Ohio and Missis- sippi to New Orleans. A subscrijjtion was starteil to form a liible society at New Design and Kaska.skia, to which the names of James Lemen, Sr., James Lemen, Jr., (lov. Ldwards, Nathaniel Pope, and many other gentlemen then living in Illinois were appended, witli subscriptions of five dollars and under for the object. Nearly one hundred dollars were subscribed ; but it apjjcars they never organized or paid their subscriptions. At that period. Bibles and school-books were very scarce and not to be obtained without sending to the Atlantic cities. Another similar but ab )rtive effort to form a Bible society was made at Shawneetown in 18 16; a constitution adopted and directors chosen which failed from lack of a little further effort. The late John Messinger, who was a philanthropist as well as mathematician, tho never a member of any church, obtained subscribers for the quarto family Bible.s, published by Matthew Carey of Philadelphia in 1S14, antl circulated copies in many families in St. Clair County. Mr. Messinger taught many young men the theory and practice of surveying and he frequently taught an evening-school for young and old; and it is no dis- paragement to some gentlemen, who have since been distin- guished in the State, at the bar, and in the pulpit, to have it known that they received the ground-work of their education, after they had families, from Mr. Messinger. There was a small colony of Tunkers and Dunkers, who settled in Union County and had a preacher of their own in early times. I will close this protracted sketch by a brief description of the manners and customs of the American pioneers I have 18 1 l!n itp 1 I • 274 PIONLKK HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. 'J^ noticed. They were rough in personal appearance and unre- fined, yet kind, social, and generous. They were hunters and stock-growers; and confined their agricultural operations chief!)- to corn and a small amount of wheat. They were brave, pr nipt, and decided in war, yet liberal and magnanimous to a subdued foe. They showed great energy and a just spirit of enteri)rise in removing from five to fifteen hundred miles into a wilderness country and pioneering out the way for the future prosperity of their descendants. They were hospitable, generous, and ready to share with their neighbors or newly-arrived strangers their last loaf They were guided by Providence, preserved amidst dangers, sickness, and savage assaults, and thus became the pioneers of civilization, the founders of a free government, and the extension of pure Christianity. They turned the wilder- ness into a fruitful field and prepared the country to sustain a more dense population and to increase in wealth and prosperity. Their habits and manners were plain, simple, and unostenta- tious. Their dwellings were log-cabins of the rudest and most simple structure. Their furniture and utensils and dress were the most simple and economical possible; for such only could be obtained. For clothing, dressed deer-skins were extensively used for hunting-shirts, pants, leggins, and moccasons, and the red skin of the prairie-wolf or fox was a substitute for the hat or cap. Strips of bufifalo-hide were used for ropes and traces and the dressed skins of the buffalo, bear, and elk furnished the principal covering of their beils at night. Wooden vessels either dug out or coopered, and called noggins, were in common use for bowls, out of which each member of the family ate mush and milk for supper. A gourd formed the drinking-cup. Every hunter (and all the men were hunters) carried his knife in his girdle, while not unfrequently the rest of the family had but one or two between them. If a family chanced to have a few pewter dishes and spoons, knives and forks, tin-cups and platters, it was in advance of the neighbors. Corn was beaten for bread in the mortar, ground on a grater, or in a hand-mill. From the cession of the country by Virginia to the conti- nental congress in 1784, to the organization of the county of St. Clair by the government of the Northwest Territory in 1790, there was in fact no civil government in existence in the Illinois I'loNKKK iriSTOKV ()|- ILLINOIS. -/3 country ; yet tlic people were a law unto themselves. Their morals were pure and simple; the ^^ros.ser vices were rare, ami there was very little use for the administration of either civil or criminal law. Ardent spirits, that outrage upon morals, social order, and religion, had been introduced into the country but in small ([uantities before the commencement of the present century. Theft and other crimes against the peace of society were rare anil fraud and dishonest dealings seldom practised. In the I'Vench villages, as in most Catholic countries, the Sab- bath was a day of hilarity and pleasure. The (Jatliolic popula- tion, being principally French, attended mass in the morning and practised their devotions in the church; and in the after- noon, assembled in parties at private hou.ses for social and merry intercourse. Cards, dances, and various sports made up the pastime. The French people in Illinois in those times were not intemperate in eating or drinking on such occasions. The wealthier classes used, moderately, light-red wines, especially claret, while the poorer classes, in convivial parties, drank tatia and a liquor called noyati. I have often heard the old French settlers deplore the habits of intoxication and other vices which, as they fancied, were introduced by the immigration that came after 1800. But old men always imagine the morals of the people grow worse and fraud and dishonesty increase as they advance in life. 11 1 > f • !'■ 1 ' 1 1 ' i' n f; 1 Hl'iiii iKl'iiaiiwMirillilii »lr--.'V'T-'---^6^v',i 0\ I In I' It. ! i I 1 ' 1' : I !l ' 1 i CHAPTER VIII. Illinois iiiider the (jovernnicnt of Indiana Territory. TlIK Nortlnvcst Territory being sd large — extending from the shores of the Mississippi to the western line of Pennsyl- vania, and from the Ohio to the lakes and the northern limits of the United States — the people became uneasy and restless in their situation. One other consideration was that (jcn. St. Clair, the governor of the territor)-, was very unpopular. The whole community, for various and for different reasons, was anxious for a change in the government. The Northwest Territory was divided May J, iSoo, by act of congress ami the western section was called huliana Territorv. The cistern boundary of Indiana was a line beginning on the Ohio, opposite the mouth of Kentucky River; thence to I'"ort Recovery, and thence to the northern limits of the I'nited States. Indiana Territory included the Illinois country. VN'illiam Henry Harrison was appointed by the general gov- ernment the governor of the territory. lie was born twenty- five miles from Richmond, V'a., I'ebruary 9, 1773. I (is father, Benjamin Harrison, was the governor of Virginia and acted a great and noble part in the Revolution. Young Harrison was educated at Hampden .Sydnij- College and left it at the age of seventeen. He was placed, by his kind father, the governor of Virginia, at the medical college in I'hila- tlelphia in 1790; but remained there not a long time. The defeat of Gen. Ilarmar in the West and the excitement to su.s- tain the honor of the stars and stripes had reached the young and patriotic heart of Harri.son in Philadelphia. The eloc|ucnt entreaties of his guardian and friend, the celebrated Robert Morris of that city, had no effect to retain him to the study of medicine. The mortar and pestle were exchanged for the sweet music of the drum and fife and he became .t soldier in the war against the Northwestern Indians. He urged his pretentions 276 :an I'loNKKK IIIslttUN' 1)1 ILLINOIS. V7 on I'ltsidoiil \Va;;liinj;t()n so stioiit^ tliat he was appointed an Lnsi^;n in the army in 1791, when lie was on'y ei^'hteen years oUl. lie repaired to the West, but too late to i)artici|)ate in the disastrous defeat of St. Clair, November 4, 1791. lie con- tinued in the army and was aid-tie-camp to Gen. Wayne. He was in all the active militar>' oijcrations for several years pre- vious to the celebrated battle of (ien. Wayne a|.;ainst the Ind- ians, in Aujjust, 1794. In this en^M^femcnt, young Harrison was found fi_L;htin^ always in the hottest conflicts. After the treaty at (ireenville in 1795, Capt. Harrison — as he had been promoteil to that olTice — was left in command at l'"ort Washin<.(lon, the site of the present City of Cincinnati, where he married that year the dauj^hter of Judjje Symmes. He then left the army and turned his attention to civil employment. At twenty- four, he was ap])ointeil .secretary of the territory under (lov. St. Clair. He executeil the duties of this ofFice \Vith punctuality and honesty. In 1799, he was elected by the general assembly of the territory to the office of delegate to congress. This office was one of great responsibility and the duties onerous and interesting to all the country northwest of the Ohio River. His first attention was imperiously called to the subject of the public lands. A heavy emigration commenced to the territory and the public domain at that day could not be sold in less tracts than four thousand acres, except fractions on the rivers. To poor settlers the land-system was a curse rather than a blessing, as it is at this day. Harrison was appointed chairman of the com- mittee on the public lands in the house of representatives and he reported a bill, which passed into a law, authorizing the sale of the public lands in tracts of three hundred and twenty acres. This was the smallest tract that could be sold in 1800. The new law required one-fourth paid down and a credit given for the balance of one, two, three, and four years. This was con- sidered at that day a public service which Harrison performed in congress, of the greatest importance to the country. To contrast the present system of the public lands with that of 1800 and before, is comparing night to day. Now tracts of forty acres may be sold, and before 1800, not less than four thou- sand could be entered by any settler. The passage of this law \ r *!S»s fl. 'i II 27S I'lnNI I U lll>>|i>UV nl III IMMS. \>f. i- m iiiulcrcil llanisDii ixtiiiiul)' popular, lie also obtained tht' division of tilt iLTiilor)' and u.is ap|)oiiUcd j^ovcriior of Indiana, wliiili is n. mated al)o\c. Mxlramliiiary duties were imposed on (io\. Harrison. He- sides tile ordinal)' duties of a [jovernor of a territory, the addi- tional and iniporlaiU trusts of the general aijiiuy of all the Indi.ms and the duty of insesti^Mtiiv; the ancient land-claims in the territor\- were also eonliileil to him. More treaties with the Indians were made and more land purchased by him from them than l)\' any other m.m in America. His various duties, ei\il and military, requind much eiier^jy and business habits in the office to enable him to perform them. These e.xtraordinary trusts were executed with much .ibility and much to the satis- faction of the pec)ple and the L;o\ernment. It is trul)' astonish- ing;, the many, the various, and the important offices which (icn. Harrison held and the duties of them lie performed. His mili- tary career of itself would till volumes, and his civil emi)lo\- ments were numerous and hi^lil)' important to the couiiti)'. In 1791. when he was eiijhteen }ears oKl, he was first, ensilnKV i U II I.IN(.i|S. 279 lie iIuIIl's .is xaiiciit as tlu- population. I'iuIlt all tlusf events and circumstances, he acted .veil his part. Tlu' facts demonstrate Harrison to he no onhn.iry m.m ; l)ut .tt the s.inv. time, lie diil not possess the highest order of intellect. He was a safe, pru- dent, anil cautious man and one (|uality he enjo_\ed in an emi- nent di'j^ree and tli.it was ixhihited in all his tr.ins.ulions, public anil private— a rij,jiil ami positive rci^ard to hoiusty and in- li'j."ity. This p.irt of his cli.ir.icter w.is tried in the fiery fur- n.iee of parte politics and came out, like D.inicI did out of the dill of lions, unhurt. In the presidential canvass of i' until death relieved him from the importunities of these vultures for office. The love of (iod and his country were in his heart the last and his lips gave utterance to these sentiments in the transit from earth to eter- nity. Almost his whole life was spent in the service of his country and the l.ist efforts he m.ule when death was upon him w.is in praise of that C(juntry. Harrison possessed an e.\traordinar\' energy and activity in busines.s. He was verj- moral and correct in his habits .md all his riiergies of mind and body were preserved for the service of the country. He possessed in an eminent degree both phj'si- c.il .iiid moral courage; but he did not possi.-ss that high order of militar)' talents to command that under almost all circum- stances ensures success and victory to the army. He was plain and unostentatious in his manners and never paiil much atten- tion to his private financial affairs. He lived antl died in moileiatc circumstances. I'jiiigration from the States commenced in earnest to flow into Illinois after the division of the territory in i.Soo. The American and even the French settlements began to extend throughout the western section of Illinois. Peace ami plenty .'.St) I'KiM.I.U IIIMoUV i)|' III ISnlS. ■J I '.I. ^..l. \i prevailed in every section of tlie coiintrj', wlucli, toi^ither with its natiir.il a(l\.mtat;es, encoiira^jed imini^jralion. In this year, iSck), the lirst man, Mpliraini Conner, loeati-d hiinsiK in (ioshen, twenty odil miles in ailv.mce of the settle- ments. His settlement was niaile in the American Bottom, near the bliifr some five or six miles southwest from the present ti<)KV <•!■ iiiinuis. 381 tin- Wfstcru and SoiitluTii States. \'cr)' iVw l-lasUrn luupUr III- N'ankns scUlcil in Iiiinuis at tliat clay, TIk- Ohio Kivcr wai tlx' iiiaiii ihanncl on which the hardy pioneers tv.tchcd tlu- couiitry. I'he (»Kl I'urt Mass.ie was a depot for iminii^raiit-'. Almost time immemorial, i few families and sitllers resided in anti adj.n.»'nt to the fort. In ver)' ancient times, a military road was »)p»'ned and njarked, each mile on a tree, from Massac to KasUaskia. The numl)irs of the miles 'were cut in ciphers with an iron and painted red. Such I saw them in iS(k). This road madi' a ;;reat curve to the north to avoid the swamps and roui^h coun- try on the .sources of Cash River, anil aUo to obtain the prairie country as soon as possible. This ruad ,. 1 ■ fust made by the l-'reiuh wlu-n the)- had the dominion of tue country and was called the oltl M.issac road by the Americans. A loail also extended from l-'ort Mussac to C.^'O Girardean, m the then Spanish country. In olden times, two „'rcat crossin^j-plnccs on the Ohio for the immi{»rants were at Lusk's and Miles' ferries. These pioneers were both most excellent, w.' also in a bad spirit as •/ell as a good one. They perform their devotion.-, to both powers, to court their friendship or to ap )ease their anger. They believe in a future state of existence ; nd, of course, in the immortalitj- of the soul. They also believe in rewards for virtue and punish- ment for crimes committed on earth. Guns and other articles and even at times their horses arc buried with the dead to enable them to go to and hunt in the spirit land. Their notions are that a wicked man will be placed in a cold, dreary land, where the briars and flint-rocks will tear the flesh from his U\ NS4 rioNKKR HISTORV oK ILLINOIS. m I I i«: i I >'} M 1 1 bones and the game will be within his reach and altho he is starving with hunger, he can not kill anythii. " A good man will have a fine, warm climate, good hunting, aiid many wives. The Indian belief of a future state in a dreary region is somewhat similar to the "A^ut/i/i///" of Virgil, described in his "Sixth Book of the /Eneid." Roman intelligence can not reach further on this subject than Indian ignorance. It is pro- hibited to man, learned or unlearned, to look into futurity. Religion seems to be a constituent part of every rational being. The fundamental principles are recognized by all man- kind that there is a great First Cause and that religion and adoration are due that Being from all His creation. Thus far all human beings agree; but when this adoration or religion is reduced to practise, nearly all the world disagree in the details. The variety of religious opinions among mankind arises from our ignorance of the Supreme Being ; yet all nations know enough to make themselves happy or miserable, as they may act. There is no mathematical problem more conclusive than that virtue produces happiness while crime causes misery. A difference of opinion will always exist on this subject among men, and it is the duty of man not to condemn his brother for opinions different from his own. Therefore, I con- sider, a liberal and charitable toleration of all sects and denomi- nations of religions is the enlightened platform of modern churches, and a departure from it, demonstrates the want of religion and also the want of every virtue that adorns and elevates the human family. It is impiety and blasphemy for a frail man to condemn his brother to perdition because he does not worship the Supreme Being in the same manner as he does. Toleration, forbearance, and charity are taught in almost every page of the New Testament. " Father, forgive them ; they know not what they do," should teach the human family a lesson on these virtues that exalt and elevate mankind. A religion that is based on proper and liberal principles should be taught, advanced, and urged on frail mortals; not by the sword, but by benevolence and charity and love. The more mankind arc advanced in a pure and proper religion, the more elevated and dignified stand will the human family occupy. The more we love, revere, and worship God, the fountain of happiness. ^ PIONKKR IIISTORV OF ILLINOIS. 285 the nearer we approach Him and thereby the more happiness \vc must enjoy. Enlightened religion and virtue are correla- tives with happiness. One can not exist without the other. An austere, ignorant sectarian can not enjoy the same happi- ness that a liberal and enlightened believer is blessed with. Many nations in ancient and some in modern times sacrificed animals to court the favor of the Great Spirit. Hlackhawk and his band, in 1832, when they marched up Rock River, im- molated a dog every night to appease the wrath of the Great Spirit. The dog was tied to a tree a short distance from the ground, with his nose uniformly pointed in the direction the Indians were marching. He was cut open and a small fire was made under him ; so his nether end was, in a small degree, burnt. The sight of this sacrifice e.xcited sympathy for both the dog and the Indians. The Indians resort to this when the)- are overwhelmed with a great national calamity. The Indians pay considerable attention to the burial of the dead. When a member of the family dies while they are out from the towns, where the common graveyard is, they often cut a trough out of a log; make it light and neat and tie it in the top of a tree; so the corpse in it may remain safe from wolves, etc., until they return. They then carry 'u to the common burial-ground and inter it with its forefathers. It was a matter of curiosity to see these coffins fastened in the trees when we were ranging on the frontiers in the war of 1812. These poor Indians and most of their customs have passed away and are almost forgotten. In 1799, four Indians, Shawnees, were loitering about Lusk's ferry on the Ohio, and were in search of a man in that region, to kill. It is supposed that some one at Fort Massac wanted to destroy a man named Duff, who resided on the bank of the river, and hired these Indians to commit the murder. They came to the house of Mr. Lusk and examined him minutely, but did not molest him. He was not their victim. At length, they killed Duff, who resided at the mouth of Trade Water, on the Ohio. They escaped and there the matter ended. It was rather common in these times to employ Indians to commit those crimes. Vi Ik 2 so I'lONKKU HISTijKV OK ILLINOIS. if' J I ! ''■: ' it •'■■Mi '.'A \-> 'J r h\ .. !• ,i !r. M I I) In 1800, Lusk built a decent house on this shore of the Ohio, wliere Cioiconda now stands, to accommodate the travelers, A few years after, (icn. Lacy established on the Ohio another ferry, a short distance from Miles', and some time after, Ford occupied Miles' old ferry. In Ford's day, this ferry and the country adjacent to it, on the west of the Ohio, became noto- rious for the violation of the peace and order of society. In 1806, at the place, ten miles from the Ohio, where Potts resided afterward, on the road west of the river, a blood)- tratjedy was acted. A man by the name of Steagall — the same who assisted to kill one of the Harps in Kentucky — eloped with a young girl and made the above place his resi- dence. Our country at that da\' was new and almost without inhabitants ; so that Steagall supposed that neither law or gospel could reach his crimes; but far otherwise. Two or three of the brothers of the seduced girl and her father followed them from Trade Water, in Kentucky, the residence of the father, and after dark, shot Steagall to death and brought back the deluded girl to her home and family. They found Steagall and the others sitting up under a gallery outside of the cabin, with a lamp burning. The assailing party advanced in silence and secrecy near Steagall and shot him without doing any of the others any injury whatever. In 1756, Jean Baptiste Saucier, a F'rench ofiicer at Ft. Chartres, and married in that vicinity. After the country was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, he located himself and family in Caho- kia, where he died. He had three sons: Jean B., Matthieu, and Francis Saucier, who were popular and conspicuous characters in early times in Illinois. These brothers, while they resided in Cahokia, were employed in various civil and military offices and bore a conspicuous part in the transactions of the country at their day. Jean B. Saucier died in Cahokia, while the other two founded the village of Portage des Siou.x in Upper Louis- iana. This vi'lage is situated on the Mississippi, at a narrow place between that river and the Missouri, where the Indians made a portage between the two rivers, which gave it the name of the Sioux Carrying Place. Both Matthieu and Francis Sau- cier raised large families at this place. Francis had five edu- '■ |'I(»m:i;i< iiisiokv (>;•• ii.i.inoi^. JS; u- catcil ami accomplished daughters, whose inarriajrcs united liiiu to tliat lumibcr of conspicuous families. Cols. Menard, Chou- teau, .Sr., James and Jesse Morrison, and George Atchison were the sons-in-law of Saucier. The two aged patriarchs (the Sau- ciers) died in this village. In 1792, Jean Francis Perry emigrated from France and set- tled in Illinois. Me was a native of the city of Lyons in France and was the descendant of a very respectable and wealthy family of that famous city. His mother was a branch of the French nobiiit)- and his father a judge of dignity and high standing in Lyons. Yoiiirv Perrj- received a liberal and classic education. He also stu ied and practised law in I*' ranee. He was gifted by nature with a strong mind and improved it by the best education the old country could bestow on him, which made him a very superior man. He was forced away from the bright prospects before him, of wealth, honor, and high standing with his countrymen, and left his native land, his father's house and family, for an asj-lum in America. The French Revolution breaking out, caused him to migrate to the United States. His father decided that his son must retire from the scenes of bloodshed for safety in the new world. He was fitted out with money and came to the United States. He associated with him M. Claudius, a Frenchman, in merchandis- ing and they started from Philadelphia to the West. They passed the new settlement of Gallipolis on the Ohio; but the good-sense of Perry advised him that that settlement was too new and too poor for him. He and partner reached Cahokia with their small store of goods; but soon after settled in Prairie du Pont. In a few years after they had opened their store, Claudius went to Philadelphia to purchase goods and was killed by being thrown from his horse in the streets of that city. His foot caught in the .stirrup and he was dragged and torn to death on the pavements Perry purchased the ancient mill- site on Prairic-du-Pont Creek, where the Mission of St. Sulspice first erected a mill, long before the cession of the country to Great Britain in 1763. He built on this site a new and profitable mill and occupied the dwelling near it with himself and family. About this time. { : \ m 'ffi '5* \\y w 288 PIONKKR HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 1794, he married a j'oung and beautiful Creole, a daughter* of Jean B. Saucier, above mentioned. This union was prosperous and happy. Altho Perry was a sound and well-read lawyer, yet he never practised in our courts. He availed himself of the in- telligence of the law and his great energy and activity in busi- ness; so he amassed a great fortune in a very few years. He started into operation his mill and kept his store also in profit- able order; so that both these means advanced his fortune; but the greatest part of his wealth was acquired by his profitable commerce in lands. His strong mind, together with his knowl- edge of the law, enabled him to enter the arena of land specu- lation with the power to contend with a giant in that traffic. * Adelaide Saucier, was l)orn in the villajje of .St. Philip, tliat adjoined Fort ClTirtips, in 1758, and died at Helleville, III., in 1833; of her two daughters by this maniajje, tiie eldest, Adelaide I'erry, born at I'rairie du Pont, .St. Clair County, January 24, 1803, died at her home in Helleville, May 13, 1881; and married, (,kt. 18, 1820, Adam \V. Snyder, son of Adam .Snyder, a derman house- carpenter, who emigrated to America from .Strasburg, in the then rench province of Alsace, and located in Reading, Pa. ; later he removed to Conneilsville, where he resided until his death, in 1836. .\ilam Wilson Snyder was born in Conneilsville, Fayette Co., Pa., Oct. 6, 1799; in l)i)yliood he was physically incapable of hard labor, tho necessity compelled his exertion, and he supported himself by wool-carding during the lon;.j summer vaca- tions between the winter terms of .school, where he acquired the elementary English branches with a slight knowledge of Latin. In 181 5, when scarcely 16, prompted by a desire to try life in the West with wider opportunities, he visited a half-brother near Columbu.s, Ohio, where he soon became a clerk in the country store of iMcFarland, who afterward settled in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair Co., 111.; shortly after, while visiting his former home, Jesse 15. Thomas, at that time one of the judges of Illinois Territory, residing at Cahokia, the county-seat of St. Clair County, and later at Kaskaskia, the most important town in the Territory, called upon him and offered him a situation in a wool-carding and fulling-mill that, to supply a long-felt want, he had decided to erect at Cahokia. Accordingly in the spring of 1S17, with all his earthly possessions in a moderately-sized bimdle, he accomp.anied Judge Thomas, to whom he had been highly recommended, to Cahokia, and on his arrival immediately commenced mixing mortar and carrying stone for the first wool-carding mill in Illi- nois; with the advice and encouragement of his employer, he commenced and dili- gently prosecuted the study of law during the hours of labor, until he was admitted to the bar in 1S20; with the assistance and influence of Judge Thomas, then L'.-S. senator, he readily gained a professional, political, social, and, and financial position, and in 1830 wr-,s elected State senator from St. Clair County, serving in the seventh, eighth, and ninth general assemblies; wa; in the Black-Hawk war as a private in Capt. John Winstanley's Co., enlisting April 18, 1832; on the 29th was appointed adjutant of his (1st) regiment, and upon the second call 1 ii.%ed a company of which he was elected captain, enrolled },[ry 27, mustered out June 21, 1S32. Among the '.-*'• i.^*i..«.D I'lONKKU IIISIOKV (»!• ILLINOIS. 2S9 lie owned at his death choice selected lands all over the coun- try, and what is the best evidence of his sound judgment, he owed not a cent at his decease. Perry was, with all his wealth, a plain, unostep.latious man and lived and dressed in true republican style. lie paid due regard to all the various rules of economy and was amiable and benevolent in an eminent degree. Mis house was always open to the poor coming from a distance to his mill, and he enter- tained and made them comfortable ."uid happy with everything his means afforded. He was very popular and much esteemed by all classes of people. His friends forced him into public employments: he acted for a long series of years as a judge ot liiyh privates of his company were lions. Joseph (iillespio; James Sompleof Madison Cuiiniy, afterward U.-.S. senator; I'icrre .\lt-jiard of Kan(U)lpii County; and Col. John Thomas of St. Clair County. The county-seat of St. Clair Co. having been removed from Cahokia to Belleville he purchased and occupied the former residence of (iov. Ivlwards in 1833; in 1834, was defeated for con^jress by (iov. Reynolds — both were democrats; in 1836, he defeated Reynolds for conjjress; in 183S, was again defeated for congress by Reynolds; in 1S40, was elected State senator; and in l)ec., 1S41, received the democratic nomination for governor; the election was held in Auj;ust, 1S42, but (in May 14 previous he died at his home in I5elleville; and Judi;e Thomas Ford was selected to till his place on the successful ticket. Of his family who sur- ;ived him, the widow and three sons: Hon. William II., his eldest son, born July 12, 1825, has resided all his life in .St. Clair Co., and in lielleville since 1833; was gr.iduated from McKendree Colleye in 1845, and immediately commenced the study of law in the otTice of Gov. Koerner, and was admitted to the bar in 1846; was jiostmaster of Helleville by appointment of President I'olk; during the Me\ican war he was enrolled at Alton, .May 26, 1S47, as ist-lieutenant of (i. W. Hook's Com|iany K, and June 8, was adjutant of his regi- ment — Col. Newby's; was twice prosecuting-attorney of the Helleville circuit; repre- sented St. Clair Co. in eighteenth and nineteenth general assemblies; was appointed and declined a lieutenancy of dragoons in 1856; member of the constitutional con- vention of 1870; and is now serving his third term as judge of the circuit (3d) court. Frederick Adam, second son, born Dec. 8, 1827; gr.aduated at McKendree Col- lege at age of 17; was admitted to the bar two years later; in 1847, received appoint- ment of 2d-lieutenant, Co. G, i6th U.-S. Infy, in Mexican war, disbanded .\ugust, 1S48; practising his profession till 1S49, he crossed the plains to California, and after a brief mining experience, located in San Francisco; in 1853 was a member of the legislature and one of three of its members appointed to revise the statutes of Cali- fornia; died en route to Lake Higler in July, 1854, in his 27th year. Or. John Francis, youngest son, born March 22, 1830, at an early .age commenced the study of medicine, and has so far devoted his life to its practice; resides at Vir- ginia, Cass Co., III. ; was elected a member of the legislature in 1878 from the 3()th district; is known in the scientific world by his contributions to .\meiican ethnology and arclui'ology. 19 ¥ fi u"; 111 290 I'loNICICk (tlsnikV i.H MIINiils. '•! *;■ '1 l-ii i] ., > 'I ^1 / ?!' the court of common-plL-as. He also acted as a justicc-of-tlic- pcacc in and for the old St. Clair County ahuost all his life after he reached Illinois. Perry learntil well the luiglish language; so he was at home in that as well as the French. He was pre- vailed on to serve one or more sessions in the legislature of Indiana Territory. He was there in one session at Vincennes with Judge liond and Major Murdoch, members of St. Clair County. He actjuitted himself in all these various offices with, honor to himself and advantage to the public. Some years before his death, by .some excessive e.xertion, he injured his constitution, which caused his death. His s\steni was so deranged that the blood-vessels refused to perform their ordinary functions. He wrote to Dr. Rush of Philadelphia on the subject and had directions from that celebrated physician who to manage the case. He lingered in this situation for several years ami became, by the disease or by some other means, very corpulent. Hlood was taken from him every month or oftener, to save his life. He died* in 1.S12, in Prairie du Pont, where he had resided for nearly twenty years. His decease was a sore calamity to his family and the public of that section of the country. His familyi* lost a kind, amiable, tender parent and husband, and his neighborhood was depri\ed of their best friend. His mind, as it has already been stated, was of the first order for strength and solidity. It was improved and trained by edu- cation and by jjrofound meditation. I le had nothing of the gaudy or tinsel character in his composition; but his talents and energy, in this new and poor country, had not the appropriate theatre in which to act. He was forced off from his country and settleil in an obscure corner. His talents at Prairie du Pont were like " the rose that wastes its fragrance on the desert air." He possessed great energy and activity in business, and with these qualifications, he reached the iir plus ultra of his situation. He was placed in the highest offices in the country and became * His widow marrioil, in 1S15. Augustine Pensoueau, who (lied in the fall of 1819} his widow and two children -Ktlicite and Augu-sline — -survivinj;. t Ileniiet, his younj^ci- dauijhter (wlio died in ,St. Clair Co., April 22, 1882), mar- ried, ill the fall of 1S22, I.ouis (died I'Vbruary 22, 1826, at Point a la Pierre), son of l.ouison I'eiis(jneau; their only child, l.ouii Perry I'enscneau, now lives with his married dau_i;litcr —///.> only child at l';a>t .Si !.jvi>, 111. > - I I'lONKKK IIISTOKY i.>K II. MM US. jyi very wealthy; so lie acted well his part in tlie limited sphere in which he was situated. He was upright and correct in liis morals, but never identifictl himself nith an)- church. His church was nature's creation before him ami (iod the teacher. 'I'owartl the close of the last centur)-, three brothers, Pierre, n)'polite, and l*'raiicis Menard, emi^rateil from Canada and set- tled in Kaskaskia. These l*"rcnch pioneers were conspicuous •intl very influential characters. Thej' were n.Uives of Ouebcc in Canada, and were of respectable family. Their father had been an olTicer in the I'rench service and was in the military ojjerations near i'ort l)u([uesne about the time of Bradilock's defeat. Pierre Menard, the oldest brother, was born in 1767, and re- ceived a common, plain education in Canada. He was, like many of the youni;- Canadians, fdled with adventure to come to the West. lie readied Vincenncs in 1786, ami entered the employment of Col. \'i{^o. He was an aycnt for Vij^o in tl.c Indian trade. 1 le was employed that j'ear aiul several others subsccjuent, to ])rocure from the Indians supplies for the army under (lens. Clark and Scott. He headed many parties out from Vincennes to the Indian huntinfr-grounds and packed meat back for the troops. Col. Vigo and Menard crossed the mountains to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, to see President Washint;- lon on public business in regard to the defence of the countrv . This was in 1789, and they met the president at Carlisle. In 1790, he and Du Hois of Vincennes became partners in mer- chandising and established a store of Indian and other goods in Kaskaskia. This year he located himself, a young, single man, in old Kaskaskia. At this time, his mind and body had reached man's estate. He had been mixing with the world for several years and had some experience in the affairs of men. Nature and education had conspired to make Menard a con- spicuous and very popular character. He was endowed with a strong, vigorous intellect and was also blessed with an energy that never tired or ceased exertion, only to enjoy rest, so as to be able again for redoubled activity. But nature and education had also given to him the most candid, frank, and honest deport- ment, of which very few men are blessed in such an eminent degree. His words, actions, and all his movements indicated a : •1 )i: I ■{ 'i il ^ il, 292 l'H.)M,i;ii UlSlOKV (iK II.IINolS. pure ami upright heart, where neither j^uile, deceit, nor cunning liad any resting-place. With these traits of character, he was one of tiie most con- spicuous and influential personajics in the countr)'. Few men in Illinois ever enjoyed the honest and sincere affections of the people in such degree as Col. Menard ditl. Not only did the the white population admire and respect his character, but the Indians almost worshiped him as they did the (ireat Spirit. At any time, an Indian would prefer giving Menard his peltry for nothing than to receive double value foi* it from a long-knife American. He was the United-States agent for the Indians for many years and acted in such an honorable and upright manner that both parties were highly pleased with his conduct. No man in the West had more influence with many of the Indian tribes than he had.. He was appointed by the government in many cases to treat with the red-skins. He and Lewis Cass were at the Lower Rapids on the Missis- sippi in 1826, on July 4, preparing for a treaty with the Indians, and during the festivities of th'* tlay, he named the town at the foot of the Ra[)ids, Keokuk, which it has retained to this day. This place was then just started and was ch.risteiied Keokuk by Menaril, one of the most popular aiul influential pioneers that ever was in Illinois. It will be recollected that Keokuk, for whom this town was iiameil, was a great and talented chief of the Sac and Fox Indians, lie was by nature not far behind any of the great Indian chiefs. He had the good-sense to know the red-skins could not contend with the whites and always on this consideration inculcatt-d peace in his braves Keokuk was made a war-chief b\- his merit and not by birth. In the late war with (ireat Britain, the Sac and Fox Indians were about to be destrox'cd, as they supposed, by the arm}' under (jen. Howard in iKv (»r iii inois. ^';,> It si) liappciicd that the Americans wcic not near thcni and the panic arose without founchition. I was with the army inuler (Icn. Howard and we were ahnost as much alarmed at the Ind- i.uis as the Indians were at us. Tiie\- liad three or fourfold over our number. This movement made Keokuk a war-chief of the nation and (ien. Scott and myself, as commissioners at the treaty of Rock Island in i^i2, with the Sac and Fox Indians, con- firmed him in this office. Keokuk had sctund, good sense. lie took the news])apers and got them explained to him. Col. Mtnard was almost all his life, after he left Canada, engaged in the Indian trade. He was never idle. lie con- sented on manj' occasions to serve the people in the general assembl)' and was elected to represent Randolph County, with two others, Robert Morrison and Robert Reynolds, ni}- father, in the legislature of the Indiana Territor)' in 1803. Me was then quite a }'oung man; energetic and well ac(iuainted with the country between Kaskaskia and Vincennes. This assembly convened at N'incennes in the winter and the traveling across the wilderness, a hundred and fifty miles, between the Mississippi and Wabash rivers, was excessively bad. The creeks were swimming and the weather extremely cold. At that day, not a house stood between the small settlement near Kaskaskia and the Wabash River. Menard was first in almost every enterprise in pioneer times in Illinois. He was in the first legislatures of both the territo- ties of Indiana and Illinois and was t!^^ first lieutenant-governor of the State in 18 18. He was elected to the legislative coun- cil, so called at that day, of the first Illinois legislature from Randolph County, in 18 12, and was elected speaker of that body. He presided in that assembly, as he did in many subse- quent cases, with good, common -sense, but without pomp or parade. He was contir.ued in the legislative council of the Illinois Territory from the first assembly in 18 12, to the close of the territorial government in 1818, and always elected the presiding-officer. He had a sound, solid judgment and true patriotism to govern his actions in these legislative assemblies. He never made speeches of any length, but, like Franklin, told anecdotes that were extremely applicable and made remarks that showed both his good sense and patriotism. Many of the ii !i !i; .^94 rHiMlU IIIS'KtkN ol IIIINOIS. wine and cijuitablo laws which have madi- Illinois so prosperous, cauK* out from under his fostering,' care. After the close of the term of his ofTiee as lieulenant-j^'overnor, he almost alwa)s ileelined any further public emi)lo)inent. lie accepted the olTice of commissioner to treat with the Indians, hut lon^'ed for retirement, so as to attend to his private busi- ness anil f.imil)-. lie ^Maduall) declined any public ofhcc and turned his attention to acts of benexolence and kinilness, which were so congenial to his heart. It was not in public life where he excelled; but it was in hi^ jjrivati- and domestic conduct where his true and {genuine be- ne\()lence displa>ed itself antl all thi- virtues that ailorn ami ennoble the human family had a proper theatre in his heart for their action. The poor and distressed alwa)s received charity at his hand. The "milk of human kindness" never reigned more triumphant in an)- heart than it diil in his. In his younger days, he had, as most others did, purchaseil lands of the citi- zens. These lands, together with his Indian trade and other means, nuule him a princel)- fortune; but his amiable and kind ilisposition diminished it to some ex'ent. lie could not refrain from bi'in^ sicurit)' for many individuals whose debts he was compelleil to pa)'; but at last he dieil, seizeil of much wealth. The legislature of Illinois, in hS^cj, as a markeil honor to him, calleil a count)- Menard, which is at this time a (lourishiny county, situated northwest of Spriufjlield, lie was extremely active and energetic duriuLj a long and eventful life. He was a part- ner, in iSoS, in the mammoth compaii)- of ICmanuel Liza and others and remained in the Kock\- Mountains a \-car, doiu'; business for the compan)-. Menard died at Kaskaskia in 1844, aijed seventy-seven )'ears. Ill his de.itli, the country lost a great and good man and his f.imil)- a kiiul and affectionate parent. He had no enemies to rejt)ice at his ileath, but a host of friends to mourn their loss. The blessings of the people rest in the grave with him. He was a liberal and enlightened member of the Catholic church, and died happy, confiding in the doctrines of that church. In 1795, I'lancis and Ilypolitc Menard left Canada when they were young men and settled in Kaskaskia. Hypolite was quite u youth when he came to Illinois. Francis soon became a great I'lM.VKIU IIIST«.»kY <>\ II I.INOIS. 295 ami conspicuous navigator of tlif liiibiiliiit and headstrong Mis- sissippi, lie liad the strong; and cncr^fctic talents ecjual to the einiit;eniy to master the river and to conduct his gallant vessel, with t"ift\- or eij^hty nun on hoard, with safet>- from port to port. A commander acts under an immense resi)onsil)iht>- in this ser- vice, Property to a jjreat value and the lives of his crew were cmifided to his judj;menl and discretion. A wilderness of five or six hundred miles extended alonjf the river between the upper ami lower settlements I'nder all thesi- circumstances^ it required ^reat and i.nert^etic talents to succeed over all these difficulties of the Mississippi. Menard Ii.id the capacitj- to perforn) these hazardous and ]H'rilous vo),i^'Cs and thereby he obtained a reputation not • iju.iled in the West for his juili^ment and coura^^e in navi^,'at- in;4 this dangerous river, lie h.id such extraordinary jur'^ment and corrcsixjiidin;^' energy that he took advanl.ii.'' of circum- stances that a man of less intellect and firnniess would n.)t dare undertake. On man)' occasions, when there weri: storms on the ri\er, little less than tornadoes, blowing' up or down, let it be niLjiit or day, Menard would imfurl the sails of his well-organ- ized craft and run Ijeforc the wintl, jjerhaps eighty or a hundred miles, before he would land his vessel. In thest- great emer- gencies, he assumed without effort a calm and composed dig- nity The iiigh order of talent and nrmmss which he so emi- nently possessed occupied the commander to the exclusion 01 the common traits of human nature. He dressed himself in his favorite c.ipote .uid red cap; invoked the favor of the Savior ami promised inassos. In such crisis, he showed himself the greatest of the great in his profession. Ills features imlic.ited intelligence and extreme funiness on these occasions, bordering on rLcklessness. In these perilous storms, he took the helm in person and seemed almost as .solid and tlrm as the rock)' blulTs of the Mis- sissippi which hi' passed in his barge. He often sailed his ves- sel against thr str.)i)g curreiil of the ri\er to a great distance before he toucheil land. I))' this he g. lined eight or ten days' hard labor. In ouj of hi-- vo)ages to New Orleans, when his character wa- we!! known in that cit)', as in Kaskaskia and also on till, river, one of his )'iiung men froiii Prairie du Rocher got f ill i J; > ' 5, ■ I 2^)6 PIONKKK IIISTORV OF ILLINOIS. I •!l iK W Jvl ;i little tii;iit just on the eve of their ilep.irtiire rroiu N nv Orleans to Illinois, and saw a cage of hinls a Sp.iniartl hail to sell. The crei)le from Prairie du Rocher look it into his head that the birds would do better to be free and turned them out o( the cage. The oliicers sei/.etl Menard's man anil were about to commit him to the calaboose. Men.ird was reail_\- to start iiome and disliked to lose his man or to wait for his tri.d. Boatmen in olden times were rude and the police had mucii trouble with them in New Orleans. l'"or this reason, a guard iif soldiers was put over the bird liberator. Menard was never one day in pi. ice but all his ac(|uaintances were his ilevoted friends. This w.is the case ,it New Orleans. There was something unac- ci)untable and indescribable in the frankness and candor of Menard to g.un him friends wherever he was known. His hon- esty aiul disinterestedness seemed to aid in his popularit\"; but such was the fact. The boatmen of that day alwa\-s carried their arms. He ordered his men to parade under arms. One or two were left with the boat to guaril it and a swivel or two were charged to hre on the police, if necessary. lie marched at the head of his corps to the place where the guard and police-iUlicers had his man in custod\-. It will be recollected that nine-tenths of the citizens of New Orleans were I'rench. Menard informed the guard, he came for his man; he would pa)- for the binls and would have his comrade. The die was cast he must succeed. In his loud, commanding voice, he told the assembly in I'"rench, who had crowded around the prisoner, to withdraw. He ordered his boatmen to cock their guns, and then in a decisive manner, he ordered his Creole to lea\e the police and the th^st man of the guard that tried to prevent it, should be shot. The prisoner left; the guard was intimidated and Menard marched his man to the boat amid the loud cheers of the people. The Spanish government, just before the ces- sion in 1S03, was becoming very un{)0[)ular. Menard was attentive to his religious duties. He and crew performed their church devotions in both Kaskaskia and New Orleans, before and after a voyage, with sincerity. He alwa)'s had masses said in both churches, returning thanks to God for his success. It was a sublime spectacle to see these rough, hardy boatmen, who bid defiance to all creation but God, kneel- ing at the altar in sincere devotion to Him on high. iip |'|<).\i.;i:r iiisiokv of Illinois. -9; Menard had mostly on tlic boats he navi-atcd, some part of the frcinht. by '.viiich he manacred so as to make money. Mr purchased f.iie farms near Kaskaskia and became (piitc^ uealtli\- .iltho he was e.xtremely hberal. He lived to an old ..^v and died at Kaskaskia. No deatli was more kmiented than his I'.veryone considered they had lost their best friend, lie pos- sessed a stron^r, uncultivated mind, with a heart, imder an e.xte- nor of no t^r.eat poli.sh, t'lat did honor to human nature. Tlu-se two Menards were descendants of the ancient and noble Harons of Normandy, and if tliey luul lived in olden times, they wouKl li.ive been knighted on the field of battle or buric.l there will, tile lionors of war. Hypolite Menard was an excellent citizen; raised a lar-e family and was a f,rood farmer in the Point, so called, bctxveui the kaskaskia and Mississippi rivc-s. I Je was (juite respectable and at times, represented Ran.jolph County in the general as- sembly, lie was an honest, .xirrect man in all his actions, public and private, and pos.ses:jd more I'rcnch vivacity than' his brothers. He also lived to an advanced age and iiis remain.* rest in peace in the old cemeter)- at Kaskaskia. In olden times, the whole country between 1. jwcr Louisiana and Canada was called Illinoi.s, and the French citizens, down t.) 1810, or thereabouts, called the United States, America, and did not consider themselves c/tws V Amn-iqiic, as they termed it. It seemed strange to my ear to hear the l-rench, in i.Soo, speak of America as a different country than theirs on the Mississippi. In fact, the people, their dre.ss, language, houses, manner of liv- ing and doing business were so different from the Americans in the States that it almost made us believe we had traveled out of America. Add to this, a great number of Indians^-perhaps two to one white man—were, for the most part of the year, in and camped around Kaskaskia. The other Indians forced all the Illinois tribes to remain near the whites for protection. It will be recollected that the Spanish government, in 1795 and after, when the difficulty about the navigation of the Mis"- sissippi River was settled between us and .Spain, encouraged the Americans from the States to settle in Upper Louisi;ma. This policx- was to build up a barrier of Americans against British encroachments from Canada. Tliev knew the AniL-ri- : ! ^1 'I J \ ijif ■.}~ i I 'J i ■I 1'ion[:i;r history ok Illinois. cans disliked Great Britain and would not permit that nation to trample on them. Thus it was that liberal donations of lands were given to the settlers. In ICast Tennessee, about iSoo, it became cpiite popular to move to the Spanish countrj- in Illi- nois, as it was then called. The Birds and Murphys, two re- spectable and numerous connections of people, emigrated from ICast Tennessee to the west side of the Mississippi. The neighbors of my father had been out to see the countrj* and put the people on fire to move. My father, Robert Reyn- olds, caught the mania. He emigrated from Ireland — was brim full of energy and disregarded moving. The travel at that day from East Tenne.s.see to the Mississippi was considered more troublesome and dangerous than the journey is at this time to California. The intelligence of the people and the facilities for traveling have been much improved within fifty years '-ist. Our traveling caravan consisted of m\' two parents, six dren (I the oldest), one negro woman, three hired men, eight horses, two wagons, and the appropriate number of dogs ior a new country. Wc started from the northern section of Knox County, Tenn., for what was then literally true, the h^ar-West. To show the unparalleled improvement and growth of the West since i.Soo, I state that we crossed Clinch River at the southwest point, into a wilderness country belonging to the Indians. We saw a great abundance of cane near the Can\- h'ork of Cumberland River, where we crossed it at Walton's ferry. At that day there was no Carthage there. We passed Dixon's Spring, Bledsoe's Lick, and Betts' tanyard at the Red- River Ridge, so called at that tlay. We traveled thro the Red- River country to the place where ITopkinsville now stands. At tiiat day there was not a house there, except a jail. We passeil the residence of Judge Prince and Richie's horse-mill. Here my father purchased considerable provisions and the next point was Lusk's ferrj- on the Ohio, where mj- father'.? three hired men left us. The first Illinois soil I e\-er touched was on the bank of the Ohio, where Golconda now stands, in March, 1800. When we were about to start from the Ohio, I asked Mr. Lusk " how far it was to the next house on the road," and when he told us that the first was Kaskaskia, one hundred and ten miles, I was sur- nONKKR IIISTUKV vl- Jl.l.ixois. 299 pnscd at tlie wilderness before us. My fatlier hired a man to assist us in traveling thro the wilderness.- We were four weeks in performing this dreary and dcsohite journej-. The first diffi- culty we encountered was a terrible hurricane that prostrated tlie timber and filled the road for miles with the trunks and branches of the trees. This detained us considerably, to cut a new road round and over this fallen timber. The next -reit obstacle was Big- Muddy River. That detained us seter'al weeks. We first waited for it to fall; but at last we were forced to raft It and swim the horses. The horses became poor for the want of gi-a n or grass, as it was then in the month of March and scarcely any grass was up to support them. A small mat- ter in a crisis ,s much regarded. We had two a.xes. but lost one in Big Muddy. The axe fell into water twenty feet deep- •so we could not regain it. If we had lost the other, surrounded with high water as we were, we might have been numbered if not with the dead, at least with the distressed. The next creek was Little Mudd>-. We had learned the arts and mysteries of rafting and so we did better. The next creek Avas that small stream a few miles cast of Jkaucoup. We rafted that and Bcaucoup, making four in all which we thus crossed. Alter that we reached Kaskaskia without much diffi- culty. We saw plenty of buffalo sign between Big and Little .Aluddys; but were no hunters and killed nothing. The citizens of Kaskaskia, Messrs. Ldgar, John R.Jones, Robert Morrison ..leiiard, and others were anxious that mv father should settle on this side of the river; but he went to St. (ienevieve to obtain some permit or license from the .ommandant to settle in the country. The regulations of the government requiring him to raise his children Catholics determined him not to live under such government. My father and mother uere born and raised in Ireland in the Protestant laith and would not consent to live m a Catholic countrj-. We were destined for the Murphy's Set- tlement, on the .Si. iM-aneis River, but the above caused u^ to settle 111 Illinois. We made a plantation a few miies east of Kaskaskia, m the settlement already described, and resided there until 1807, when we moved and settled in Closlien Settle- ment in the American Bottom, four miles southeast of the pres- ent town of ]':dwardsville. I!l 1* : f\ ■• ■ I / hi U 300 ri()M-.i:R IIISIOKN (»l ILLINOIS. My father was born and raised in the count)' of Monohon, Ireland, and my mother in the City of Dundalk. They Lindetl at Philadelphia not long after the Revolution and I was born in Montgomery Count)-, Penn., in 1788. The same year I was born, my parents moved to Knox Count)-, Tenii., where the)- left for the Spanish country, as before stated. M)- father was a man of strong mind and possessed a good English education. lie was ardent in i)olitics and restless when )'oung. In his matured age, he read much and wrote essays for the papers. He was a great admirer of Jefferson and hated the government of Great Britain with a ten-horse power. I never knew an)' man who loved the government of the United States more than he did. In his younger days, he was elected representative from Randolph County to the Indiana legislature and held the offices of judge of the court of common-pleas of the county and jus- tice-of-the-peace. Judge James McRobcrts* of Monroe County was a very early and respectable pioneer of Illinois. It was by him and similar citizens of moral and correct deportment that Illinois has taken a stand in her infancy whicli bids so fair to prosperity in maturer days. James McRoberts was born in Glasgow, Scotland, Ma)' 22, 1760. lie emigrated to America and settled in Philadel- phia at the age of twelve years. At the tender age of seven- teen, he entered the tented field in the Revolutionary wp.r and became a soldier in that most glorious struggle that not onl)' broke to atoms the chains of bondage from our limbs, but it * Judge McRoberts' family came to .Vmeiica in 1772, residing at Philadelphia a short time, thence to Washington, Pa., where a permanent home was established; al 17 years he joined the army at Hrandywine, was in 'he battle of that name, at the siege of Yorktown, and witnessed the surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19, 1781 ; remained in the service fighting Indians on tlie Ohio until ilischarged in 1783. Of his nine children, five of whom were daughters, six survived him; of the four sons: janies. Jr., .Samuel, Thomas, and Josiah; the three younger reached maturity and filled: various State and national positions. At this time but two of the nine are alive- Mrs. Mary Trail of Waterloo, Monroe Co., 111., born February, 1818; married 1841, Maj. Xerxes F. Trail, major, July 1, 1S46, of Col. liissell's regiment I2-mo. vols , ill the Mexican war, anil fought in every battle Irom liuena Vista, where he di-.tiii- guished himself while in command of three companies in the conflict at the mountain on the left, to the final surrender of the city of .Mexico, their two children : Mary Francis, wife of Col. .Milton .Moore, and Samuel, now living in Austin, Texas; and Circuit-Judge Josiah McRoberts of Joliet, 111. ^1 I PIONEER lIlSrOKV OK I1,MN(^1S. 301 AVashington. I>. < '. m si m m ;»! ■' 1 ! Ill ; •' I ' !,■ 302 I'lo.NKKK lllMttRV nl' ILLINOIS. senate of tlic I'm'tcd States, It is also the Ijitthplaec of the taleiiteil and inlercstini^ nienil)rr of tlu' liar, Josiali McKoherts* of Joliet. Illinois both the sons of Jiuh^e MeR(ii)erts. juilt^e McKoherts was .1 praetieal firmer and siipported Iiiin- si'lf and fanul)- by his at:[ricultin.d iiuluslr\-. ( )r all the ])rofes- sions pursued by man, farmin;^ is the most honorabk' .md inde- pendent. In the c.ise of mechanics, professional nu'n, s.ulors, soldiers, etc., they must of neeessit)' depend on others for sup- port; but the farmer iloes not di'pend on man for his bread, lie depiMuls on the earth and Providence and if lie does his dut\' the)- will not desert him. Juii_L;e McRoberts w.is a conspicuous settU'r in his section ot countr}', which iiuluceil others to locate around him; ami thro all vicissitudes of the countr\-, he remainetl on his plantation almost as firm anil as rei;ular as the days and ni_Ljhts succeed each other, lliswisilom ami tjood .sense were appreciated by the people and he was calUnl on in many cases to serve the public. To accommoilate the neiL;hborhood, he acted as justice- of-llu-peace tor man\' years, lie was also elected to the office of count)- jmli^e under the Slate government. In all these t)tVices, he acted with sound, ;;ood sense and aciiuitled himself much to his honor and to the l)enerit of the counlr)-. When In; was on the bench nf the county-court, the finances and the policy o\' the count)- were manaj^etl with t;ood sense and with i^reat ad\anta^e to the public. llie duties of this court are ' Josiali McKobiTts, lioin in MunroL- ( o,. 111., June 12, 1S20; w.is iil.iced under |;iine-^ I'hailers, a .St-Dtcli ^clioolniaslcr, :i pioluuiul scliolar and .suiicrior linj;iiisi, wlio l.iid the foundation for his ilassical cdut.itioii; in lS_^(), he entereil SI. Marys (olloLje, Mo., Isfv. John D. linion. ])ri-siileiil ; after hein^ s;;raduatcd in iS^o, lie lii'i^aii his Ic^al studies al Danville, II!., uudir his brother Samuel; in 1S42, he entered the law-school at Transylvania Tniversity, LexinytDn, Ky., and after receiv- ing his diploma, returned to Danville in i,S44 to practise; was elected State senator from the ('lianipai^uanil-\ erniilion district in 1S46, and at the ex|)irati()n of his term moved to Joliet, 111., where he now resides; was appointed hy Ciov. Mattesou State trustee of the Illinois-and-Michii;an ( an.il in iS^i. holdinj; this four year-.; in iSt)(), was appointed liydov. t^j^leshy circuit-court judi;e to succeed Sidney W. Harris, re>ij;ned, this olTice he now tills, havini; been elected three successive times_ Jud{;e McRoberts married at Joliet, .Vuy. 9, 1S49, (lertriide Ilelmer, dau. of Robert and fatheriue ( Myersi Shoemaker, horn at Herkimer, \.\-., March (1, 1S2S; came to Illinois in iS^t), and dieil at Joliet, July 11, 18S?. Of their ei.t;ht children but three are now livintj: Louise M., wife of l-'.dward C .\ikin; Frank II.; and Josiah, Jr.; Fli/abetli, the -ecoud daughter, haviui; died Nov. 2, 18S0, aijcd 25 years. T I'I(»N1.;|-,K IIIMOKS ()|, ll.i.ixois. .l".i iiiipoilaiit to the coinmiinity .iiid llicy rcA\uWv tlu; most cxpc- ricnced aiul wise men in the county to pciTomi tlu.iii in a I)roiK.T manner. Jii.l-e McRoln-its possessed the somxl mind, uitli lon^r experience, and practical -ood sense to fill such office and he did so to the improvement of both the county ,ind the morals of the i)eop|(>. Ihis venerable patriarch, after livin- a Ion-; and useful life and seein- his family raised and doin^^ well, died on his farm, ui September. 1X46. ajre.l ei-hty-six years. He was moral! punctual, and correct in all his acts, pidjlic and private, lie lived a lonn and interesting life. His life may in truth be said lo be eventful, altho he resided in one and the same locality for nearly fifty years. His emi-ration lo y\merica was an impor- tant event; the next was his .services in the threat and t,rl,„ious Revolution; the next was exploring ,uid settlin- in lll'inoisat such an early day; and the last and -reatest was his continued and uninterrupted residence on the same place for forty-nine years. This pioneer seemed to me to have |)erformed all the ordinar)' duties assi- never departed from those wise and proper in- structions. Her descendants for the most part are resi)ectable and interesting. The conduct of this matron in her family proves the jiropriety of iiaying particular attention to the moral and correct eilucation of the females; as it is the mothers who give their children the first impressions. If these impressions are good and wise, the ciiiklren will become worthy and respect- able citizens. Altho emigration into Illinois had commenced in good ear- nest in anil about 1800, yet the country was new and much iii- festcil with reckless savages. In 1802, a single young man was returning from Kaskaskia to the States and about fifteen miles east from Kaskaskia. on the Ma.ssac road, an Indian .shot him, * M.iry I'lettlier, burn in .Nashville. Te.m.. in 177O; nianied in 1794; and did 111 the -pnn- ,,l iJii,2, ai^L-d 86; Mirvivin.i; licr Imsband lO years. ill I .^ m § d r vl f' ( '''} I 'I •1 304 J'lONKKk IlISTOKV OK ILLINOIS. This imirdcr was committed on the waters of the river Mary. No inhabitants wore Uvinfr near the place and the whole coun- try was a wilderness and crowded with Indians. The murdei*cr was a stra^rglin^ Delaware from the west side of the Missis- sippi. When he committed the murder, he took the n)an's saddle and some other articles and escaped toward the mouth of the ]V]tr Muddy, in the Mississippi Bottom. The whites tlis- covered the outrage and employed the Kaskaskia Indians to assist in the search for the murderer. The Indians found the Delaware in the Mississippi Bottom antl brought him to Kas- kaskia. The friends of the murdered man proved certain articles the Indian had with him, which, with other circum- stances, convicted the Indian. It was rather a sham to try an Indian, as the juries would always convict them if there was the semblance of evidence against their old enemies. Late in the fall, this Delaware was hung by Cieorge Fisher, the slieriff of Randolph Count}', on a Jioney-locust tree on the bank of the Kaskaskia River, a mile or so above the village of Kaskaskia. This was the first man I saw hung and the revolting spectacle made a lasting impression on my mind against capital punish- ment. I recollect, the jxior sa\age in his death-struggle reached his hand to the rope around his neck and it was with great diffi- culty the sheriff could extricate the Indian's grasp, so he could be hung until he was tlead. Mow revolting it is to Christian principles, properK- understood, to execute a human being! Another barbarous execution was committed in Kaskaskia in 1804. l'jnsle\- Jones killed a man of the name of Reed in the Mississippi Bottom, some twelve or fifteen miles below Kaskas- kia. Jones was executed in the commons, south of Kaskaskia, in the presence of a great concourse of people. I never would witness another execution after those of Jones and the Indian. In the earl)' settlement of the country, when the people were too jioor to erect suitable ])ris()ns to confine these malefactors, they were compelled, in self-defence, to resort to capital punish- ment; but at this da\-, there is no excuse for this barbarous and anti-Christian practice. I think it is horrid to force the mur- derer before his God with his brother's blootl red on his hands. The convict should enjo\' his natural life for reflection and re- pentance. Let him be put in a dungeon, so that he has an • ,' fl 1'I(im;i;r iiisi(iu\- oi- Illinois. 305 ' to j)rc[)arc liimsclf by priiitciicc, contrition of heart, and such other chani^cs as will fit him for the presence of God. Venovereis'nty took place at St. Louis, March lo, 1804, under the treaty whicli annexed Louisiana 'I'erritory, and the French flaj; was lowered, he unfurled the first American Hag in L'i)i)cr Louisiana, from the balcony of his resi- dence. I'lUNKKK mSTOKV ol ILLINOIS. 307 mcrcial Plm-cs, traiis- 04, under eretl, he his resi- actions tlnoiighout a great portion of the Mississippi Valley. Tlie old village of Cahokia he termed Cahos at that day in his letters, Wliile Mr. Gratiot was engaged in successful commerce in Illinois and having great influence with the white and Indian population of the country, in 1778, (icn. Clark invaded the countr)- with a small army, bearing on its banners liberty anti iiulepentlence. Altho (iratiot had been educated in i'.ngland, yet the spirit of his tlear native Switzerland burned strong in his heart for liberty and without hesitation, his sound jutlgmeiit and his generous impulses for freedom declared for Clark and the American Revolution. This was not an empty declaration, but he embarked his whole energies and fortune in the cause of the Revolution. It is known to all that Clark had received scarcely any means from Virginia to concjuer and retain the Illinois country. The army commanded by Clark was in a starving and destitute con- dition, except they were supported by the resources of the country. They remained in the Illinois and Wabash countries for several years and were sustained by the inhabitants of the country during that time. The French inhabitants were too poor to give away their substance and the support of the army fell on (Iratiot, Vigo, and other such choice spirits, for the most of the above crisis. If these supplies were not given by (jratiot and others, the great and glorious campaign of Clark must have failed for the time being ; but the generous heart of Gratiot hesitated not a moment and he came to the rescue, (iratiot paid to the citizens and became accountable to them to the full amount of his vast estate for supplies for tlie American army. His heart and soul were enlisted in the cause of human freedom. The blood of the country of Tell burned in his veins and all his means were exhausted in the glorious contjuest of Illinois. He paiil at several times for army supplies as much or more than he was worth at the time of the concjuest of the country; but his talents and energies soon enabled him to become wealthy again. At the time, both X'irginia and the colonics, and for a long time after, were unable to refund to him the amount of money he so generously expended in the conquest of Illinois, and in fact not much if any has ever been paid back to him or his m J* '1^1 & i \i t • ' .1 m i I "I 3uH I'liiNI.I.U lll^|■|»k^■ III ILLINOIS. t.miily liy tlu- ^ovuriimcnt to lliis da)'. \'ii;.;inia, always nolili- ami j^L'iUToiis in licr councils, aj^icccl to ^ivc (iratiot thirty llioii- s.md acres t)f laiul on the southeast hank of the ( )hio, inchulin;.,' tile present City of Louisville; hut hefore the ^M'ant was com- pleted, Kentucky w.is or^Mni/.ed as a State over the connlrv and the promise to (ir.itiot was never completed more for the want of application than otherwise. The j^cneral assembl)' of Virj^inia plact-d tin- ckiims of (iratiot on the list to he paid prior to man\' otiu'r debts; hut his chums remain unpaiil, with m>ui\ others of a similar chaiacler, to the present time. Not only the operations of the army under (ien. C'l.irk would have been crippled for llu' w.mt of supplies if (iratiot and others had not ^iven them; but the various treaties made by that ^reat and talenteil ^'eniMal, Clark, would not have been so many or so f.ivorable if it were not for the aid these ^Meat and eminent patriots at'forded hin. W hen Gratiot saw his country free from l^ritish despotism ami his exertions for the imlependi-nce of .lAnu'rica crowned with success, he retireil from the public ser- vice anil coiifmeil himself more to ilomestic enjoj-ments. .\lllio lie employed his exertions and e.spentled his fortune for the emancipation of his country, without pecuniary compensation, yet his heart e.xulteil with ;4reat jo)- to sec the colonies free, which was superior to aii)' other pa)'ment that earth could bestow on him. lie married, in l7.Si,a Miss Chouteau, a sister of Aufjuste and I'ierre Chouteau of St. Louis, L'pper Louisiana. This famih' were the foumlers of St. Louis in 1764, and were of the hrst standing; and respectabilit)- in the West, (iratiot, after his mar- riage, made St. Louis his resilience for life anil became one of the most conspicuous ihuacters in C[)per Louisiana. In tlir decline of life, he ,ib;t:hl.'iied the Indian trade and turned his eiiert^ics to more Uw n slic emplo)'ments. He was ent;at;ed in manuraclurin!^' sail on the Merrimac, west of St. Louis, and turned liis attention to the lead-mines of the Cpper Mississippi, lie also acipiired .1 lar^e ([uaiitit)' of land west of St. Louis and made a plantation on it near the Riviere dcs Peres. He pur- chased slaves in \'irL;inia and cultivated this farm. He resided on it at intervals and improved on it a ver)- large plantation for that day. iM Mi m 1 ' I I i '' [hi '!:■ 11 '! I w 0. m-A ^ -e^-^'-/- t^-^~^j ^j (Z/^^^c/^^. -9 ^r I f il •^ >'" ,'1-1"K' ..J. Ill' r .•. ,-;s -, ., ifTI;i-r ■ < 'V: (J j, ,^ t. '■ M il!{ .1! It!,' lit , iv 1 K, >■ ■ '. .. I ■'"(' ■ v 'a- .r.",ti'; "-■ (,' ■•'■ ■-' n.> ; ... :''•■''';•;'' « >! --.„>!>- -lie,, I.',.' ' i ! ■ W - i .1. • ,->.:!' ■■ inr, _ i '. U,,,i '! ' OU ,.',Ll ' -; '■~->iA. J,. - :i in H 1 "■>:, Al. . i\| I Hi' i'i ■r- 1 i ' ' t t i I'loNKKR lllSTiiRV OF I1.1.1M»IS. 309 After enjoying life for sixty-five years and the most part very active and important transactions he performed, he died in St. I.ouis in 1817, amidst the tears and himentations of his family and friends for the affection and respect they owed him and for the loss they sustained in his decease. He was frank, open, and candid in all his transactions, public and private, and his hon- est)- and integrity were always above suspicion. He was moral and exemplary in his deportment, and altho he was never a member of any church, yet his conduct was approved by the wise and good of all denominations. He raised a large and interesting family."'' One of his sons, Henry Gratiot,-^ was an Indian agent for the Winnebagoes for nany years and died in that office. Charles Gratiot,:^: another son, was placed in the military academy at West Point and graduated in that institution with much honor and high reputa- tion for his talents and the progress he made in the sciences taught at that academy, and was, after long and arduous ser- vices, promoted to the head of the engineer corps of the United * His family, who suivived liini, consisted of four sons and five daughters. t lleniy Gratiot, second son, born St. Louis, Apr. 25, 1 789; moved to Fevre- River Lead-Mines, now Galena, III., ()ct.,iS25, on account of his aversion to slavery and a desire to bring up his family in a free-state; married, June 21, 1813, Susan, dau. of Stephen Hempstead— a Revolutionary soldier, and one of the earliest (181 1) emigrants fronj Conn, to St.l-ouis, Upper Louisiana ter'y — father of Hon. Edward Hempstead, first delegate in congress from Missouri Terr'y, and of Chas. S. Hempstead, one of Galena's early lawyers, as well as of \Vm. Hempstead, a prominent and influential merchant of early Galena. Henry with a younger brother, Jean Pierre Bugnion Gra- tiot, were among the first to develop the Fevre- River Lead- Mines, and for a long time maintained a large mining-and-smelting business at Gratiot's Grove, now in Lafayette Co., Wis.; enjoying the Indians' confidence, he was enabled to exert great influence over them during the lilackhawk war, rendering inestimable services to the entire white population; d. Barnum's Hotel, Baltimore, .Md., Apr. 27, 1836; four sons sur- vived him: Chas. H. Gratiot, b. St. Louis, Jan. 9, 1814, d. Gratiot, Wis., Mch. 15, 1883; Lt.-Col. Edw. Hempstead Gratiot, b. St. Louis, June 19, 1817, late ass't-pay. U.- S. A.,d. Platteville, Wis., Dec. 17, 1882; Henry (Iratiot, b. St. Louis, Oct. 25, 1S24, resides at .Smartsville, Cal. ; and Stephen Henipste-ad (Iratiot, b. St. Louis, Nov. 21, 1831, d. Wash., D. C, Dec. 17, 1S64; his only surviving daughter, Adt-le, is the wife of Hon. E. 15. Washburne, late U.-S. minister to France, and now living in Chicago. i Gen. Chas. Gratiot, eldest son, born St. Louis, Aug. 29, 17S6; admitted to West Point from Misiouri Terr'y, July 17, 1804; 2d lieut. eng'rs, Oct. 30, 1806; capt., Feb. 23, 1808; chief-ciig. Maj.-Gen. Harrison's army in 1812-3; bvt.-col. Mich, militia, Oct. 5, 1814; eng. in defence of Ft. Meigs April and May, 1813; married Ann Belin, Phila., Apr. 22, i8ig; attack on Ft. Mackinac, Aug. 4, 1S14; maj., Feb. 9, 1815; licut.- col., Mch. 31, 1819; col. and prin. eng., May 24, 1828; brevet brig. -gen., "for merilo- rious service and general good conduct," May 24, 1828 (Se|it. 29); inspector to mili- tary academy. May, 1828, to Dec, 1838; died at St. Louis, Mo., May 18, 1855. V:l vl f w\ I ij w 310 1'Ioni;i:k iiisTom' or Illinois. •7- . :! \U n ' h 1 i i States and honored witli the office of general of that scientific department. lie remained in this liigh and dignified station for many years, performing the most scientific and difficult duties the government had to transact in this department. He was the officer that directed and governed the construction of Fortress Monroe, at old Point Comfort on the Chesapeake Ba\', which will remain for ages, a splendid monument of the talents and science of Gen. Charles Gratiot. For durability and for scientific proportions and work, there is no fortification, perhaps, in America which surpasses that of Fortress Monroe. The war 'Icpartment ordered (ien. Gratiot to take into custody the amoi -ir o*" mone)' necessary to construct the fortress and dis- burse .;. v.nie. Under the order of the department^ the gen- eral took > iv -gc of the funds and paid out, in the construction of the fortification, perhaps two or three millions of dollars. It had been the uniform practise of the disbursing officer, for his responsibility and care in keeping and paying out the money in such cases, to retain a certain percentage on the money dis- bursed. Gen. Gratiot retained the customary percentage and without trial or explanation was dismissed from the service for the above-supposed offence. Others of his children were also conspicuous and respectable citizens. Judge Gratiot of St. Louis County, Missouri, held the office for many years of county judge and acquitted himself well in that office. One of his daughters married J. P. Cab- banne, who was a talenterl, efficient business man. Another married Pierre Chouteau, Jr., who is one of the most talented and enterprising merchants in the country. He was for many years the head of a large company that traded to the Rock)- Mountains, and by his commerce and other industry, he has acquired an immense fortune. The descendants of this Revo- lutionary patriot and meritorious pioneer arc numerous and respectable, located in .St. Louis and in many other sections of the Union. The)' may all look back with honest pride and exultation to their illustrious ancestor and say of him with the great poet: "An honest man is the noblest work of (lod.'" John Beaird and family emigrated from Wayne County, Ky., to Randolph Count)-, 111., in iSoi, and settled on the east side 0» IW ■■ ■I PIONKKK IIISIOKV OF ILLINOIS. 311 of the Kaskaskia River, four miles northeast of Kaskaskia vil- lage^ licaird was born in Virginia and raised in the mountains of New River of that State. He came to Tennessee in 1787, and married a connection of my father. He was located on the frontiers of Knox County, Tenn.. while the Cherokee Indians were hostile and did much damage to the settlements in the northern section of Knox County. Beaird was uniformly elected a captain to pursue the Indians when any depredations were committed. He was brave, energetic, and decisive in his character and possessed a strong, uncultivated mind, but had not attended to an early education. His person was stout and comely and his courage was never doubted; but on the con- trary, this trait of his character was often tested in both private and public acts. In 1793, the Creek Indians intended an invasion of West Tennessee, called at that day, Cumberland, and William Blount, the governor of the Southwest Territory, gave Major Beaird the following order, dated at Knoxville, April 18, 1793: " Sir : — The object of your command is to relieve the Cum- berland inhabitants, Meroe district, from a powerful invasion of the Creeks." I\Iajor Beaird had under him one hundred and twenty-five men. He marched from Knoxville to Nashville, two hundred miles; met some Creek Indians; killed a few, and returned home in good order with his command. On IVIay 28, 1793, (}ov. Blount ordered Beaird to pursue certain Indians with fift)' mounted men and scour the Cumberland Mountains. The Indians had killed two citizens near Clinch River, of the name of Gillum. The country at that day was in a singular situa- tion. On one side of the Tennessee River, the Indians pre- tended peace and the government prevented the troops from crossing the river in search of those Indians committing mur- ders on the frontiers. When an Indian committed any aggres- sion on the whites, he would flee to the peace side of the Ten- nessee and be secure from the whites. The Cherokees, who resided on their side of the river, concealed the murderers and put the crime on the Creeks. The policy of the government and the practise of the Indians inflamed the minds of the people to the utmost excitement. M w 1 I ! I 'A 1 m t^ ^ ! 1 1. f \, : 1 h ,1 \ •h ^ilf^l ; i'> r 312 I'lONEKR inS'K,)kV OF ILLINOIS. When Capt. Bcairtl organized his company of fifty mounted men, to pursue tlie murderers of the (iillums, he, in defiance of his orders, crossed the Tennessee and chastised the Indians at Manging-Mau's Town, so called. He killed sex'eral Indians there. Heainl was daring and decisive and took the responsi- bility. Xine-tenths of the people approveil of his course. The government ordered a court-martial to try him, but )ie laughed at a trial. He and company found in the nation a quantity of Indian goods which the government had there to present to the Indians if a treaty were made with them. Beaird and men took the goods from the guard and 'burned them. All these proceedings were sustained by the people, but highly condemned by the government. In all the Indian wars on the frontiers of Kno.x County, Ten- ners , Beaird was the most efficient, bold, and daring officer in the .service. He did more service with the least means than any other officer on the frontiers. When the State government wa: *orn... J, .le was elected from Knox County to the general assembly of the State and his public services were always held in high estimation by the people of Kno.x County. He moved from Tennessee to Kentucky and thence to Illinois, as above stated. He made an excellent citizen in this new, wild coun- try ; improved a large plantation and assisted to change the habits and customs of the people from hunting and idleness to work and industry, which the country at that day much needed. He died in 1809, leaving a large family of children. One of his .sons, Joseph A. Beaird, in after-days, became a conspicuous and respectable citizen. He represented Monroe County in the general assembly for many sessions and made an efficient and conspicuous member. He possessed a sound mind, with much polish of manners. Gentility and urbanity of man- ners seemed to be natural with him. He was honorable and rather chivalric in his character; his probity, punctuality, and honesty always ranged high and above suspicion. His neigh- borhood made him their executor-general, while he would con- .sent to do the business appertaining to that troublesome situa- tion. He died in 1829, aged forty years, leaving a considerable property and several children. Another son, William A. Beaird, the old sheriff of St. Clair Count with seeme refuse the niB He pt observ ried. distres or ki case. in thr 1818; office formec at one I'loM'Kk IIISTORV OF ILLINOIS. 1 I 1 County, almost ever)' one in the county knew. He was blessed with a sound, soHd judgment, altho he did not use it as it seemed to his friends lie might have done. lie obstinately refused to become educated or to receive any information thro the medium of books or from print in an)' manner whatever. He possessed much practical knowletlge, which he actjuired by observation and his intercourse with the people. He never mar- ried. He was kind and benevolent, particularly to the poor and distressed. Any one in distress, no matter what color, nation, or kindred, were sure of Heaird's assistance if he knew of the case. He was appointed deputy-sheriff in i(Si5, and continued in that situation until the State government was organized, in 1818; then he was elected by the people and continued in that office by biennial elections for twelve years. In all, he per- formed the duties of that office for about fifteen years. He was at one time very popular; his kindness to the people made a lasting impression on them. Many in the county owe their taxes to him at this day. He died in Belleville in 1843. In 1 801, that dreadful .scourge, the small -pox, made its appearance in St. Louis. Many of the citizens of Cahokia were inoculated by Dr. Sougrin of St. Louis and were lodged in his hospital in that city. It never came into Cahokia so as to sweep entirely over the village. It reached the vicinity of Kaskaskia some few years after and was principally confined to a house of refuge, erected by Dr. Fisher at his plantation, six miles out of town, at the foot of the bluff, on the road from Cahokia to Kaskaskia. Here the doctor provided a hospital, with all things necessary, and almost the whole French popula- tion passed thro this dreadful malady at this place under the the treatment of Dr. Fisher. I think very few died in this hos- pital. The citizens of Kaskaskia kept up a guard all summer at the outskirts of the village to prevent the contagion reaching the town. This disease did not reach the American settlements at all. The small-pox never raged thro the country and at last were rendered harmless by proper vaccination. In 1797, Abraham Eyeman, John Teter, William Miller, Mr. Randleman, and a short time after, Daniel Stookey, located themselves and families in a settlement a few miles southwest of the present City of Belleville. This colony was composed f;': , '■ ; 1 ' ■ ,' ' '; i if : A ■ A'' I ' v 1) r \ 1 ) ', J I ( 314 riONKF.K HIS'lOKY OK ILLINOIS, (if industrious, moral, and upright citizens and it grew and pros- pered in the same proportion. In 1802, the whole country extended its borders. Many citizens — the Ogles, Enochs, and Whitesides — left the older settlements and located themselves in the fine, healthy country northeast of the present City of Hellevillc. This colony settled on that beautiful tract of coun- tr)' known as Ridge Prairie, extending from two to eight or ten miles from Belleville. In this same year, 1802, the Goshen Set- tlement was enlarged and improved. The Gilham and White- side families settled there. These two large connections em- braced nearly all the inhabitants of the settlement. The Caster- lands, Seybolds, (iroots, and some others located at the foot of the bluff, above the Ouentine Creek. In 1803, Samuel and Joel Whiteside made the first improvements on the Ridge Prairie, six or eight miles south of the present town of Kdwardsville. These settlements were made mostly by the pioneers who had been alread\- in the country for many years and who had been accustomed to a frontier life. This frontier was exposed to Indians not entirely friendly to the whites and it required the most hardy and brave old settlers to brook the fierce and savage bands of Indians that infested the settlements at that da)'. Dennis and V^anmetcr had been recently killed and the whites were distrustful of the Indians for many years in the early settlement of the country. It must be recollected that fifty years ago the whole country ■was crowded with aborigines and there was a very small amount of white population in proportion. On the frontiers in Ran- dolph, the inhabitants were not so much exposed to the fierce and hostile bands of Indians as those in the north. What also prevented the growth of the country was the want of mills, schools, and houses of worship. All these difficulties taken together were adverse to the speedy growth of the country. These colonies in Illinois lingered in this condition for many \ears. When a brave, hard)-, independent family came and settled among these original pioneers, it was hailed as a jubilee and all treated the new-comers as brothers. The most trouble and labor was in either obtaining corn-meal or doing without it. T'lour at that time was not much in use. .Ml the frontiers of Goshen Settlement and in fact all the upper I Pi |'|()Ni;i;r histouv (.)|' ii,i,in(.»is. 315 colonies were compelled to go to Cahokia or to Judy's mill, near Whiteside's Station, for their grinding. The extreme set- tlements were forced to travel fifty miles or more for their meal for ma'iy years. This is the neccssarj- result of a pioneer's life. To relieve absolute want, the band-mill, propelled by horse- power, was the pioneer that made its appearance and was hailed as a kind of Godsend. Several of these mills were erected in Goshen Settlement. The Pruits built one at the edge of the prairie a few miles east of the present town of CollinsviUe. Talbot liad first a horse-mill and afterward a small water-mill on the Oucntinc Creek, south of Collinsvillc. Cornelius built a water-mill on the same creek, below. Elliot had a horse-mill south of the present Kdwardsville about three miles. Carpenter kept one in the Six-Mile Prairie and Thomas Kirkpatrick built a water-mill many times on Cahokia Creek, adjoining the present Kdwardsville. These were the pioneer mills of the frontiers for many years and were built before 1807. I have myself rode on bags to the most of them when I was a lad residing with my father in Goshen. In early times, McCann owned a horse-mill of much celebrity and standing. This mill was situated a few miles cast of Tur- key Hill and was attended by its customers far and near. The mill of Hosea Rigg was a few miles west of that of McCann. About this time, Chapman built a small water-mill on the creek west of Belleville and old Mr. Schook erected a still smaller one on the small branch west of the mill of Chapman. These water-mills were like faith without works, not worth much. In the southern settlements, the people procured their grinding at the New Design, Levens', or at Kaskaskia. Under these^cir- cumstances, what great rejoicing it was with the people when green corn and potatoes made their appearance and were fit for use. To procure grinding was the greatest trouble and incon- venience of the new settlements. This want of mills retarded the improvement of the country in early times more than all other considerations. Schools and preaching could be dispensed with better than corn-meal. The country at that day was more sickly than it is at present; but the only disease then was the bilious fevers with the pleu- risy at rare intervals. The bilious attacks showed themselves i M i ij? 1 L , t, ^ '■^\ \t '/: 1 N I [l \l 3i^> rH)M;i;k iiisri.tkv oi' Illinois, 4 u •I • v !;/ ■'. V:) •: ■ t ' i i mostly in the form of fever aiul aL(ue. Tlie fever witlioui iL • .i_i;Lie or some chill with it wus nol fre(iuent. These diseases attacked the i)co[)le in the latter [)art of the summer and in the fall and were very common, but not often fatal. The sickness at this time is not so common, but more malij^nant and dan- gerous. Many in olden times were sick in the fall, but feu- died. By improvement or by some other means, the diseases of the countr}' have chanL^ed within the last lift)- years to be much fewer cases, but more fatal. The remedies to cure the bilious fever and a-oung folks almost frantic and sometimes much c.xciten ■> t was displayed to get first on the floor to dance. Generally the fiddler on these occasions assumed an important bearing and ordered in true professional style so and so to be done; as that was the way in North Carolina, where he was raised. This decision ended the contest for the floor. In those days they danced jigs and four- handed reels, as they were called. Sometimes three-handed 4 1^: ! .1.' IP \4- .(I \l f ■ 318 IKiM.KK IIISTOUV ol' II.I,IN(.)IS. H I 1, ■f. i H I I ; reels were al-o tl.uKeil. In tli ^e dances there was no standing still. All were niDvin^; at the same time, at a rapid pace, tVom the l)e;^innin;^ to the end. In the jij^s, the by-standers tut one another t)iit, as it was called, so that this dance woiikl last for hours at times. Sometimes the parties in a jij; tried to tire one another down in the dance and then it would also h ■ n;^ time before one or the other j;avc up. The cotillons m stand- still dances were not then known. W.dtzes were introduced into the country at a late d.iy by the ICuropeans. The dress of these hard)' pioneers was gcncr.dly in plain homespun. The lumtin^f-shirt was much worn at that time, which is a convenient working or dancing-dress, .Sometinus dressed deer-skin pantaloons were used on these occasions and moccasons, rarely shoes, anil at times, bare feet were inilulgcd in. The bottle went round at these parties like it did at the shuckings and male and female took a dram out of it as it l)assed around. No sitting was indulged in and the folks eitlur stood up or danced all night, as generally daylight ended tl.e frolic. A great deal of good feeling was enjo)ed in the inno- cent parties and very little of the green-eyed monstci dis- played on these occasions. Mothers could then pi ..ith sincerity the beauty and the grace in the dance of their neigh- bors' daughters ; while at this refined and civilized day, such praises come t)nl)' from the lips and scarcely that deep. IC.xces- sive refinement and accomplishments may polish the outside; but it is doubtful if the inside is made better by the operation. Many a sweet love-story was told over, in a laughing manner, by the young hunters t)r farmers to their sweethearts during these nights of innocent amusement. The young man of eigh- teen would cough, chcjke, and spit, look pale, and sweat when he was aiiout to tell his girl the secret movements of his heart in her favor, while his heart thumped with almost as loud a noise as a pheasant beating on a log. The girl received these outpourings of her lo\ cr's heart with such sparkling ej'cs and countenance that it spoke volumes of love to her beau. These love contracts that ended in marriage were frequently made at the. dances. What ineffable pleasure it was to these young folks to dance together, who had in sincerity unfolded their hearts to each >Vt I'loNKKK IIISTOKY nl ll,l,l\i»IS, 319 and (itlicr. 1 lusf lioMcst, unsupliislic.itcil chiKlicn of iialiiu love uitlj iiiorc sincerity ami honesty than the excessively relinecl and educated do. In the niorninji, all go home on horseback or on foot. No carria^;es, waijons, (»r otiier wheeled \ehicles were iiscil on these occasions for the best of re.isons : because they had none. The pioneers dropped slowly into llu' Illinois country, j.icob Jud)- was a very ancient and res|)ectablc pif>neer in Illinois. I Ic came and settled in Kaskaskia in 178.S, He was born in (Jer- maiiy anil emigrated to thi; I'nited .States when he was si.x \ ears oUl. lie married in I'Vederick tOimty, Maryland; UKued to rittsburg, where he workeil for the public at I'le ^ninsmith business for many years and received nothing' for it. lie had three children. In 17 Judy, then eisrhteen j-ears old - who is still alive and eight)' years of age steered the boat, while her father, her brother, S.imuel Jud)', his son, and the hired man rowed tl'.e craft with all possible speeil by this dan- gerous section of the river. lie remained two years near Louis- ville in Kentucky and descended the Ohio in a flat-boat. He was forced up Cache River, in the present county of ALwander, for protection from the Indians and remained there for seven weeks until a boat could come from Kaskaskia to his relief. He resided at Kaskaskia four years and then moved, in 1792, to the New Design. In 1794, he settled at his mill and ilied there in 1.S07. Jud)' worked at his trade in Illinois and accumulated con- siderable i)roperty. He possessed a strong mind, with much enterprise and energy. Samuel Judy, his only son, came with his father to Illinois in 17.SS, and became a conspicuous and enterprising citizen. He married into the Whiteside famil)' and settled in (ioshen, as before stated, in 1801. In his )-()utli, ho was active and vigorous and was always ready and willing to enter into any campaign against the Indians or to do battle with them. In 1794, Joel Whiteside was driving a yoke of o.\cn about u% If I I, w hi 520 i'|i.).\i;i:r iiistdk^ oi' ii.i.i'Xois. one luiiulrcd and fifty yards southwest of the pubUc square in the present town of Waterloo and an Indian shot him. The ball passed thro his body, but did not kill him. Judy, Todd, Andy Kinney, and some others pursued the Indian with dogs and guns; overtook the murderer and killed him under a large tree which stood near the main road, about half a mile south of Whiteside's Station. The tree is now cut down and a field made round it. Young Samuel Judy was very active and ener- getic in the pursuit of this Indian and displayed the warrior in this, his first Indian skirmish. In two desperate conflicts with the Indians — one on .Shoal Creek with old Pecon and the other near the bluff and below the place where the macadamized road descends it — Judy showed himself to be the bravest of the brave. In the late war with tireat Britain in 1812, he was always actively employed in the service. He commanded a company of spies in the campaign under Gov. Edwards in 1812, against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake, and acquitted himself, as he always did, to the satisfaction of the public. This ser- vice in the campaign of 18 12 was arduous and at times dan- gerous. The spies were in advance of the little army, a mile or more, and were ordered to fight the enemy, let him be great or small, until the main army were placed in the order of battle behind them. He shot an Indian near the Black Partridge's Town, at the upper end of Peoria Lake, and killed him. In the next campaign, in the fall of 18 13, he also commanded a company in the army of Gen. Howard. Like all his military services, he did his duty to the entire satisfaction of the public. In many of the skirmishes on the frontiers, Judy was active and efficient, and at the .iame time, prudent and cautious. He was always, in these military preferments, very modest and unas- suming. He never solicited an office in his life and would always have preferred acting as a private in these operations against the Indians; but his neighbors and friends almost com- pelled him to take command, as above stated. He was elected to the legislative council of the Illinois Territory, in the fall of 18 1 2, from the county of Madison. This was the first Iggisla- ture that convened under the territorial government and was a very important general assembly. This body convened at Kas- kaskia and transacted very important business in organizing and 9\ mmmm riONliER IIISI'ORV UK Jl.LINOIS. 321 starting the machinery of the new government into operation. The finances were to be regidated ; taxes imposed, and the mihtia organized. These subjects were of the greatest impor- tance and interest to the people. Judy performed his duties in this office much to his credit and also to the advantage of his constituents. Nature had been bountiful to Judy and had bestowed on him a clear, sound, and solid judgment. He had very little oppor tunities of education and could barely make out to read and write and knew but little of the arithmetic; but his condition in life and his .strong mind, with his retentive memory, made him a very able and efficient member of the legislative council of the territory. These qualifications, together with his merited character for honesty and probity, gave him a standing in the legislature which was not .surpassed by any member in that body and which was always wielded for the benefit of the public. He remained in this office for four years and made an excellent member. The people of Madison County elected him to the important office of county commissioner for many years. His solid judgment, together with his positive honesty and practical economy, made him a most able and efficient member of the county-court. This was an office in which he displayed his talents. The county levies were to be made and the money expended on proper objects. This required just the judgment, honesty, and economy which he possessed in such an eminent degree, to enable him to execute the duties of the office. The finances of Madison County were safe in the hands of Col. Judy. With these talents, he managed his own private business with great success. He became wealthy by the common operations of agriculture, without speculation or chicanery. He improved a large plantation and built a fine brick-house — the first erected within the limits of Madison County. This house he built in 1808, and much enlarged and improved his farm the same year. In this new country, he availed himself of its advantages and raised large stocks of ht)rses, cattle, hogs, and sheep. The cattle lived winter and summer in the range and the horses did the same, with a small amount of food in the bad weather of the winter. In the matured age of Col. Judy, I, as the executi\e of the 21 I I * (!l ■(■, I- i ' '1/ i ''I'l •J' I / 1 ; i-'. h ' ! 322 nONEKR HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. State, appointed him, with three others, warden of the peniten- tiary at Alton. The duty of this board was to adopt a peniten- tiary system ; erect a suitable building, and put the whole machinery into complete operation. I was one of the board and found that Judy was a wise, prudent, and efficient member. The plan and system of the prison at Alton were based on that of Auburn, New York. This at Alton has succeeded admirably well. He died at his residence in Madison County in 1833, aged sevcnty-frve years. The death of Col. Judy was sincerely regretted by the public. His large fam''" -^nd connections knew well his worth and mourned his death \, 1 heart-felt grief But mortality is born with all human beings. It is the just law of God and we must and ought to submit to it with pious resig- nation. Few men had a mind more equally balanced than his was, It was moulded far above mediocrity. No trait had the ascend- ancy to destroy the legitimate operations of the others. His powers of judgment were strong; so was his perception clear and discriminating. His imagination was kept in proper bounds by his solid judgment and his kindness and benevolence were strongly marked in his actions thro life. His courage was of the unterrified order, which had been tested on many occasions in the service of his country. He was moral and correct in his habits during a long life; never joined a church, but sustained all with his good-will and friendship. He never indulged in any of the excesses so prevalent in his day — of gaming, drink- ing, or light and frivolous amusements. Judy was a pioneer that gave standing and character to ihe country and it is the seeds sown by him and such characters that have produced such fruits in Illinois of her future power and greatness. He left a large family of children and also a large estate. The stock of Col. Judy was injured by that mysterious disease known as the milk-sickness. It made its appearance in early times in his stock and remains to this day rather a mystery as to the cause of the disease. That such malady does e.xist, there is no doubt. The human family as well as animals are destroyed by it. I had a sister whose death, it was supposed, was caused by it. It is known that the disease is a poison. Dogs and other animals die with the poison when they eat in the dead the penitcn- pt a penitcn- t the whole )f the board lent member. )ased on tliat ;d admirably nty in 1833, ivas sincerely cctions knew t grief. But e just law of pious resig- han his wa.s, 1 the asccnd- others. His :eption clear roper bounds volencc were u-age was of ny occasions :orrect in his )ut sustained indulged in ming, drink- as a pioneer md it is the 'oduccd such ;. He left a rious disease .ncc in early ;i mystery as s exist, there ire destroyed , was caused Dogs and in the dead !T!!W!!?5Pi^H!aR" iilP '' i'l r.: >■ l.b '.1 I' I if n N ', 2^ S-LCUC^ ^^h^/^^- led W'lh V': •!l ^ib 1^1: 'tf iUiUin^ DC! '!! with tl, Uli: L. kept ; water ininrrs^nat' Til, til. it ])iolM-' ; ^ f ! i.-iv look ! ., •as one of the IT J am! !fh ;h. i'ioiiii, ^^ lie j. :);[ji:itcd to !!:. . U.<-,to:M with li!-. u?'. '- SHT''':M.-h i-ond "!nc! in -cioiKc aii "rforc him ■ d and the wu ■ ■ ' ' life !!)!' ■ iir-r'i : t ■ ifli i: >" i ' ju-U i ^m i' w. »' J - 'g -i ' iLL ' . - I r ' I ^ , ■( ' \--. ' \\ n /'•--, ' .>) -t-'ears and moved to his plantation, a few miles southwest of Helleville. He died there in 1836, aged almost eighty -seven years. Mr. Primm was born in Stafford County, Va. ; served in the Revolutionary war imniediatel)- under Gen. Washington, and assisted at the glorious capture of Lord Cornwallis at V'ork- town in 1781. This was the crowning battle for the freedom of the human race and Primm enjoyed the honor of aiding in this great and glorious victory. He had a large family — seven- teen children — four girls and thirteen sons. He lived the even, temperate life of an agriculturist and performed all his duties to the Creator and to man in a moral and correct manner. One of his sons was carrying the United-States mail in August, 1814, on horseback from Cahokia to Clinton-Hill post-office, two or three miles northeast of Belleville, and in ' ')eri;sh Hollow, so called at the time, near the H- 'top ne and Ins horse were killed by the lightning. His b( ui nt black '^y the electricity. In 1799, .sailed down the Ohio Ri> Mattl'ew Lyon and family, with John Messinger and Dr. George C Iwell and their respective families. These last two named were the sons-in- law of Lyon and all settled at Eddyville in Kentucky. Mat- I- f I 1 I'KJNKI.K IIISTi.)KV ()!■ ILLINOIS. 3.'y thcw I, yon liad ohtaiiUMi a considirablc cclclirity as a mcmlxT in cont,'rcss from the Stale of ViTiiiont, lie was a n.itivv of Ireland; had been in the Revolution, and was a warm advocate of Thomas Jefferson ,ind republicanism as^ainst John Adams and federalism. lie possessed some talents and much ardor and enthusiasm. While he was in con^,M'ess, he had a difficidty with a nuiiiber of the federal party anil spit in his fave. He was up before con^jress for contempt; but speeches were the only result. He was extremely bitter against the administr.ition of Adams anil he was fined and imprisoned under the alien and sedition laws. While he was in prison in the State of Vermont, his friends elected him to congress and took him out of confine- ment to .serve them in the con^jress of the United States. He represented his district in congress from Kentucky for several terms anil was always, during a long and important life, an ex- cessively warm and enthusiastic partisan in politics. He was at last appointed an Indian agent for the Southern Indians and died there at an advanced age. Long after his death, congress paid back to his heirs the fine he paid, with interest. It was con- sidered by congress that the fine was paid under a void law and that it was due to principle, as well as to his descendants, to refund the amount paid and interest. I voted in congress to refund the fine and interest to his heirs. Matthew Lyon was a droll composition. His leading trait of character was his zeal and enthusiasm, almost to madness itself, in any cause he espoused. He never seemed to act cool ami deliberate, but always in a tumult and bustle, as if he were in a house on fire and was hurrying to get out. His Irish impulses were honest and always on the side of human freedom. This covers his excessive zeal. Messinger and Dr. Cadwell left ICddyvillc in 1802, and landed from a boat in the American Bottom, not far above old Fort Chartres. They remained in the Bottom for some time and Dr. Cadwell moved and settled on the Illinois bank of the Mis- sissippi, opposite the Gaborit Island and above St. Louis. He was quite a respectable citizen ; practised his profession and served the people in various public offices. He was justice-of- the-peace and county-court judge for many years, in both St. Clair County and in Madison also, after its formation. Since II t" BW9I JlHkl fimmm M? •;.i ( i: m ' ' ik /I I It i ' I". i I' 4 hi 33^ riONKKR HISTORV i)V II.I.IXOIS. the northern Hniits of the State, in latitude forty-two, one-half degrees north. Hon. Lucius Lyon of Michii^an was the com- missioner on the j)art of the United States to assist in the surve}'. Messint^er was an efficient and scientific astronomer ami mathematician in calculating the latitude and surveying this line dividing the State of Illinois from Wisconsin. He and Philip Creamer, a celebrated artisan, made surveyors' compasses that were as well calculated and as well finished in workman- .ship as any made in the United States. Messiiigcr was never ambitious of public office, yet the public called on him and he served them botii in the general assemblies of the Indiana Ter- ritory and the State of Illinois. He was elected, in 1808, from the county of St. Clair to the legislature of Indiana Territory and did much toward obtaining a division of the territory, which took place the next year. He was elected from St. Clair Co. a member of the convention that met at Kaskaskia and formed the State constitution in 18 18. He made a cautious and pru- dent member, always wise without rashness. In the first gen- eral assembly of the State of Illinois, at its organization in 1818, he was elected speaker of the house of representatives. He was a member elect from St. Clair County and made an upright and impartial speaker. This was an important legislature and much business was done during the session. He gave his children a common, good education and learned almost all of them the art of surveying. He never acquired any great amount of wealth, altho he had great opportunities to acquire property. He had no talent for speculation ; was rigidly and scrupulously honest and possessed an ambition to appear plain and unassuming. He seemed to be proud of his want of pride. His morals and orderly bearing were abi)\c reproach and such as even a clergyman might be proud of His mind was strong and mathematical and all its various movements seemed to be in search of some abstruse problem in that science that delighted him so much. He died on his plan- tation in 1846, aged seventy-five years. At his death, he hatl no enemies, but truly all friends that mourned his decease. He had not time or disposition to attend to his farm. He seemed resigned to leave this vale of tears with the hopes of being with his God to enjoy a happy immortality. PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. -5 *> T .^i: William Kinney was a great and talented pioneer of olden times and enjoyed a high and conspicuous standing in Illinois. Mc was blessed with a vigorous and strong intellect and also with great energy. Kinney was born in Kentucky in 1781, and emigrated, in 179.5, with his father to the New Design, Illinois. When he came to the country, he was thirteen years old and at nineteen he married. His youthful days he had spent with the young people of the country in gay and amusing society. The young folks at that day did not work much and received no book-education whatever. The occupation of the youths and sometimes of the aged of that day was pleasure and amuse- ments of \arious descriptions. Young Kinney was never behind an)' one in these merriments and recreations. He was the leader in these festivities and amusements and altho many of the young men were injured by them, yet Kinney learned by this course of life much of the human heart and the various movements of human nature. He inherited from nature great l)arts and he improved them in every situation he was placed in during a long and important life. His mind was strong and solid whenever he took time to reflect. His judgment of men and things was good to a proverb. His memory was retentive, as he never forgot what he learned in either a frolic or under the droppings of the sanctuary. His energj- and activity were boundless. These great and strong traits of character were all developed before he ever opened a book and in truth, he never went to school regularly as a scholar more than three months in his life. Both his natural disposition and his early education inclined him thro life to gaycty and amusements of every char- acter. He po. ssed a fund of pure attic wit and his satire, when called out on proper occasions, was severe and scathing, and his anecdotes were extremely pertinent on many illustra- tions and were boundless; but his sound judgment restrained these traits of character in their appropriate limits. After he was married, he was taught by John Messinger to read and write. The arithmetic he mastered himself in his own way. This is the foundation of all his scholastic education and on it and his observation and reflection, he became intelligent and made one of the most prominent, popular, and influential characters of his day. It would be almost useless to remark n M ■it. I T 334 I'lOXKKk HISTOKV OF ILLINOIS. that at his marriage and always before and for some time after, he was entirely destitute of worldly means, except a mere sup- port. In his youth, his wild-oats were strong and rank, so that he had neither time or disposition to accumulate property; but being the head of a family and assuming a rank in society, he was forced to reflect and he changed his conduct. In 1803, he located himself on a beautiful and commanding eminence a few miles northeast of the present City of Belleville and commenced with his own hands to make a farm on these premises, llis wife was a most excellent lady, of sound mind and amiable dis- position. They were both, at that time, young, talented, and poor; so they possessed the elements of success and they used them much to their honor and advancement. His amiable and excellent wife, with her first-born, was often out in the clearings and in the field, assisting her husband to gain their daily bread. They placed the child on a blanket and the parents worked in its neighborhood to improve their farm. Mr. Kinney in those days went to market himself in St. Louis and Cahokia and sold his surplus articles raised by his own hands on his farm. He resided first in a small house south of his late residence a half- mile or more and it was there he and wife made the first im- provement. In 1809, Mr. Vonphul persuaded Kinney to take some few articles of merchandise and sell them ; if he could not sell them, he might return them to Vonphul again. After some hesita- tion, he took the goods. They consisted of a few bolts oi domestic manufactured cotton cloth and Kinney packed theni before him on his horse from St. Louis to his farm. At that time, he could barely write and knew nothing of book-kee[)iiig; but his natural strong talents enabled him to invent a system of book-keeping for himself, without any previous knowledge of the science. This is the very humble and the very honorable commencement of the pecuniary career of Gov. Kinney. lie began at this low foundation without any resources but his great mind and energies and he made a princely fortune in the same place and countr)- where he commenced thus humble. He traded in merchandise, lands, horses, and almost everytliing that had any value attached to it and always made on the busi- ness he embarked in. He erected a comfortable house on the I'loNKKR IIISTOKV OF ILLINOIS. 335 eminence where it now stands and in it, he displayed a kindness and hospitality rarely equaled in any country or in any iv^c. Mis house was almost ahvaj's crowded with his friends and they were always entertained with an unsparing hospitality. In matured life, he entered the political arena and was a warm and efficient politician. He was a Democrat, " (l\-ed in the wool," and maintained the doctrines of the party without fear or affectation on all occasions. He was often elected from .St. Clair County to the general assembly of the .State of Illinois and made an efficient business member. In the first general assembly after the organization of the State government, he was a member and assisted to put the political machinery in operation. In 1826, he was elected lieutenant-governor of the .State and presided in that office in a manner to give character and standing to the State. Altho he served the people in these [jublic offices, he attended strictly in his early life to his private business and accumulated wealth all the time. In the decline of life, he was appointed commissioner of internal improxe- ments, which gave him much trouble and was a great injury to his fortune. He died in 1843, aged sixty-two years, on his farm where he lived forty years. His death was regretted by his friends and family. In his early life, he became interested in religion and was baptized in 1809. He not only became a worthy and devout member of the l^aptist church, but was jiuthorized by the church to preach the gospel and became a distinguished and influential preacher. His sound judgment displayed itself in this profession as well as in all his other transactions in life. The travel on the road from the Ohio to Kaskaskia increased and it became necessary and also profitable to make tavern stands on the road. Comfort Joy, an I^astern man, in 1804 made the first establishment on Big- Muddy River where the old Massac Trace crossed it. He resided some years here He was on his wa\' to the Ohio Salt-Works with his cart and and oxen and b}' some means, the oxen kicked him, causing his ileath. The famih" broke up and left the stand. In 1803, Hays and some others formed the first settlements on Big-Bay Creek, some miles northwest of the present town of (iolconda, Pope County. This settlement continued to in- f iia i\ : ::n ;| -J fi 00^ PIONEKK HISTOKV OF 1 1,1,1 N(.)IS. ;:^t 'i •fi'i crease. William Jones and John I'^inlcy stopped in it in 1804, and remained tliere two years before they moved to Madison County. In early times, in this settlement a murder was com- mitted. The accused was brought to Kaskaskia for trial; as all that section of country was embraced in the county of Ran- dolph at that day and Kaskaskia the county-seat. Tiie man accused of the murder escaped. In 1S05, Phelps, Uanicls, and some others made a settlement on the Massac road, ten miles cast of Big Muddy. Two settlements were made on Silver Creek in 1804, which were the first on the creek. One was made a few miles from the mouth, in this j'car, by Abraham Teter, I'eter Mitchel, and a wiilow Shook — the sister of Teter. They were the first families that located in the neighborhood of the present Solomon Teter, who is the son of Abraham Teter. The other was made by the Bradsby family," about three miles north of the present town of Lebanon, at tlie edge of the Look- ing-Glass Prairie. William II. Bradsby, the oklest son, with two other young men, came out in the spring of 1804 from Kentucky; made an improvement and raised corn on the place above mentioned. The family moved in the fall. The settlement of the Bradsb\'s SI i . I, * Jolin Bradsby .iiui William, his brother, soldiers of the Revolution, c.inie to this country from Ireland about the middle of the iSth century; William was never hoard of after enterin:^ the army, and il is supposed died in the service; Joim mar- ried Mary lligyins, a native of N'iryinia, i:i Bedford Co., Va., in 1785, and shortly after the birth of their eldest child, 1787, moved to Barren Co., Ky., where he taught school and preached for several years; and their children were: Dr. Wm. 11. Bradsby was born in Bedford Co., \a., July 12, 17S7; married, \ov. 6, iSiS, Catharine M. lli^'gins (born in l'>arren Co., Ky., iSoi); of their ten chil- dren : 3, I'^loise, wid. of Wm. .\dams, living near l,ebant)n; 8, Henry Clay of Effing- ham, HI., born Feb. 29, 1832, Covington, Washington Co., 111.; was educated at McKendree College, HI., and Jefferson College, I'a. ; lawyer; was married July 2S, 185S, to Melinda, youngest child of Hon. I'Mijah C Berry, fust State auditor, and have two children — the eldest married F. W. Burnett, attorney, Springfield, 111. ; 9, Indiana, wid. of J. II. Williams, residin.; in L.-banon, 111.; 10, Catharine, wife of -\ddison I'yle, residing near Lebanon, 111.; the others died young without issue. The Dr. was the lirst postmaster in Washington Co. (at Covington); the first .school, teacher; also the first circuit and county clerk and recorder; was probate and county judge when he died; and during many years was deputy U. S. surveyor, and surveyed much of this portion of the State, his labor extending as far east as Wayne and Clay counties; besides being clerk of all the courts he was virtually county treasurer, hav- ing the custody of the county money. All of the early records show his neat anu elegant hand. He died in Nashville, 111., August 21, 1839. M PIONKKK HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. 337 it in 1804, o Madison ■ was coni- )r trial ; as ty of Ran- Tlic man aniels, and , ten niilcs on Silver One was • Abraham r of Teter. borhood of ham Teter. three miles ■ the Look- ther young ;; made an mentioned, e Bradsbj's ition, came to iam was never e; Jiilui inar- ?5, and siioitly liere he taiiglu married, Nov. their ten chil- !]lay of Kffing- is educated al ried July 28, auilitor, and njjHeld, III. ; thaiine, wife ithout issue, e fir.st school, e and county and surveyed yne and Clay reasurer, hav- his neat ann ■\vas in advance of the other inhabitants seven or eight miles. The liradsby family were brave and energetic pioneers. They possessed good talents and were fearle.ss and intrepid. They were firm and decisive when they took a stand and were also moral and correct and made excellent citizens. The old sire taught school in various neighborhoods. He had a school, in 1806, in the American Bottom, almost west of the present Col- linsville, and the year after, he taught another in the Turkey- Mill Settlement. The other small colony on Silver Creek was also some distance from any other inhabitants. They likewise were gooil citizens. Peter Mitchell, in matured age, acted as a justicc-of-the-peace and county commissioner. He was a moral, correct man and was one of the ancient emigrants from Hardy County, Virginia, who settled at the New Design in 1797. It would seem that there was a kind of fatality in colonizing a new country. Single families will frequently locate in advance of the other inhabi- tants, many miles in a wilderness, without obtaining any greater advantages than those enjoy in a more dense settlement. The two oldest sons of Mr. Bradsby — William and James — were in the ranging service and made good soldiers. William II. Bradsby, after he was here a few years, returned to the old James, the second .son, who served as a ranger in Whiteside's company, died at a ripe old age at the old home, near Lebanon, in 1S68; left two .sons, Addison and William, and three daughters, .\Lary, I'riscilla, and Pauline; all dead e.\eept Addi- son, who lives on the old homestead. The third son, Richard, was 7 years of ago when his father moved to Illinois; was married in 1831 to Lucinda Adams, and settled in Looking-! ilass I'rairie; was in the Ulack-llawk War, first enlisting in Capt. Wm. Moore's company of Huckmaster's Odd Haltalion in 1S31, joining a s|)y company on the 19th of June; no record of his later service has been preserved; in 1848, he was elected one of the county board of St. Clair Co., a position he held for many terms; and died Sept. 5, 1S75; leaving one child, Virginia, the wife of nr. James L. Ferryman of Helleville. Mary married Richard Higgins; both died several years ago, leaving three daugh. ters who, with their descendants, live near Lebanon. Priscilla married Thomas Chilton, and removed to Sangamon Co. in 1819, and from thence to Wisconsin, where both died, leaving several children. Tane married Jesse Bayles, and was massacred with Lucinda Higgins, a sister of Mrs. W. 11. ISradsby, by the Indians on Sugar Creek, in the fall of 1814. John married Naomi Laris; died in 1845, on his farm near Lebanon, leaving two ■.^ons, Francis and William, and a daughter. Francis died in 1880, and William now resides in Greenville, in Bond County. — J. II. G. 23 . It ■ w ;a 338 I'lONKKR IIIST(.)UV OK ILLINOIS. I H settlements; (lualified liimself and studied medicine. Me was u good pliysician and practisetl some time, but disliiltiKV unt\- in land in the ^rant made to Clark and his soldiers; hut the congress of the United States, recoj;ni/in^ the honor. ihU' services rendered to the colonies in the Rivohi- tion l)>' Lieut. Mi|4.L;s, or.mted him, in 1826, three sections of land. The con^ness of the L'nited States gave Judjje Hi^fys this public and honorable testimony of his important services bestowed on his country for its liberation from British despotisnu .Soon after the close of the Revolution, he returned and married in West Virginia. Not long after his marriage, he, with two brothers, emigrated to Illinois and settled at Hcllefontaine. In the spring of 1788, he had been out hunting and had got some beaver fur, which he was desirous to sell in Cahokia. He then resided at the Hcllefontaine and started with his beaver fur, in company with John V'allis, to Cahokia. Jc'in Vallis was from Maryland near Baltimore. JCarly in the morning of March 28 of the above year, Higgs and Vallis were riding on the main road from the fountain to Cahokia— the same road that is at present traveled ^ — about six miles from I'iggot's I'ort in the Bottom, and the)- heard the report of two guns. Biggs sup- posed them to be hunters; but soon after, he saw sixteen Indians with their guns presented. He and Vallis whipped their horses, but in vain; all the Imlians fired their pieces at him and com- rade. The bullets riildled the horse of Biggs; killed him and shot four holes thro Biggs' overcoat, but did not hit him. A ball entered the thigh of Vallis and of which wound he died six weeks after. The horse of Vallis carried him to the fort. Biggs, his furs, saddle, and all fell off his horse antl after running some distance the Indians caught him and made him a prisoner. When Vallis reached the fort, thcj- fired a swivel to alarm the neighborhood. At the report, the Indians run with Biggs for six miles. They were Kickapoos and started direct to the rioM.l.l; lll>|(>KS nl ll.l,l\(i|>. 34.? ' 1 Ik- t'tiroUcd lie acted \ 177S ant! iisL'd thcsi- cl Colonics • withstood I' campaign r. 1 U- I'L- irk and his recognizing the Rcvolu- scctions of ud-rc Hi^'jis ;\nt services 1 despotism, ind married c, with two )ntainc'. nd had ^nt ihok'ia. lie his beaver 1 Vallis was ij;- of March )ii the main 1 that is at ort in the I}iy<;s sup- con Indians leir horses, n and com- d him and it him. A he died six )rt. Blgi;^, nning some isoner. to alarm with Biggs irect to the Weastowns or Ouitenon on the Wabash River, two hnnilred miles abo\e X'incennes. ( )iU' of the Indian^ ihat captureil liiggs attempteil to kill him, but to get rid of this Indi.m, his comrades killed him. These savages have no regard fi)r life except it be their own. The first day, they traveleil with Miggs fortv miles. Tlu'>- had no horses and must have traveled fast ' agreeing to pay a .S[)aniard, Ba/edone, two hun- tlred and si\t\- doll.u's ran.som antl thirty-seven more for other necessaries on which to enable him to reach home. He descended the W.ibasli and the ()hio to the Mississippi; up that river to Kaskaskia and on home to the liellefontaine. It was a miracle that so m.mj' Indians fired at Biggs and X'allis, anil within fort)- yards, did not kill them both. Biggs suffered much, but he saved his life. He was a fine, handsome man and his beauty had its effect even on the untutoreil females of nature, as many of the Indian belles offered their hearts to him in wedlock; but he acted the second Joseph with them on the Wabash River as his illustrious predeces.sor did in I'-gypt. Mr. Biggs wrote a narrative in 1826 of his captivity and had it published. (iov. St. Clair in 1790 appointed him the sheriff of St. Clair County, which office he held and did the business of it for man\' years, as the ancient records testify. He had received a plain, common education and had mi.xed so much with men, danger, and war that he was well (|ualified to execute the duties of this office. He was kind and obliging, so that the office of sheriff sixty years ago, as it does to this day, enabled the incumbent to become popular, if he be an honest, agreeable man, with conunon business talents. He was popular and the citizens of St. Clair elected him to serve in the legislature of the North- west Territory for two different terms. He attended twice and rode on horseback to Vincennes; thence to Louisville; thence thro Kentucky and the territory to the seat of government of all the country northwest of the Ohio River. w \\l ilf 344 PIONKER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. At a time when Bond and Biggs were doing military service in Illinois, in 1778, under Gen. Clark, they concluded to returii to Illinois after the war was closed. They said in a joke that they would like to represent this country in the legislature, and behold, they both did realize their waking dreams expres ;i-d in the war. They were in the fwst general asseuily of the terri- tory, convened west of the Ohio, after the Revolution. Biggs acted as justice-of-the-peace and judge of the court of common-pleas of .St. Clair County for almost time out of the memory of man and made an honest, ^afe officer. He was elected from St. Clair County to the general assembly of the Indiana Territory in 180S, and acted well his part in obtaining a division of the territory. Illinois Territory was establishetl soon after and the legislature of which Biggs was a member gave motion to the ball. Judge Biggs was elected, in 18 ij, from St. Clair County to the legislative council of the genera[ assembly of the Territory of Illinois ; remained in this office four years and made a solid and useful member. He was act- ing in the first organization of the first territorial government. We arc now enjoying the fruit of his and others' labors. TowartI the close of his life, he manufactured salt in Madison Count\\ on Silver Creek, and died at Col. Judy's in 1827, an aged an^l respectable pioneer ci' Illinois. Few men have had the good fortune to live in the age and had so many opportunities to perform services for the human family as Judge Biggs had; but in all these public transactions, he did not attend to his private interests. He never was wealthy — only posse.ssed a reasonable competency. His remains now repose in peace in a country wherein he acted in such important scenes. After the Indian war had closed in 1795, the citizens of Illi- nois turned their attention to the improvement of their stock. The breed of horses were advanced and many good ones raised in the country. Illinois at that day, as it has been ever since, was a good climate for horses. Col. William Whiteside, in 1796, introduced into the country a fine blooded-horse of the Janus stock. It is supposed by the best judges of horses that a better horse has never since stood in Illinois. Many of his colts made turf nags that won races not only in Illinois, but in many parts of the Union. The owners of two of these horses, both sired i M 'l(JNr..::R HIsrOKV OF II.I.IXOIS. 345' '(' ^1 by Whiteside's horse, made a large bet on a race between theni^ of three miles and repeal. The race took place in the Horse Prairie in the spring of 1803. The people of Illinois at that day were all comprised within St. Clair and Rantlolph counties and were not numerous. The whole country, with a few excep- tions, were great amateurs of the sport and the race, and the horses were as much discussed, to the number of people, as the late Mexican war was. I would not be surprised if one-third of all the males of Illinois attended the race and part of the females. The celebrated r.icc- horse, Sleepy Davie, whose famous character all the ancient pioneers recollect, won the race, beating a fine gray horse much larger than himself These races were in their character something similar to the Olympic games in Greece and the railroad conventions and mass-meetings of modern times. It is essential for the people to assemble together to form friendly acquaintances and wear off unfounded prejudices. This is a great and important ele- ment in the congress of the United States. It gets the extremes of the nation together, and by a friendly intercourse among the members, the Union is made more permanent. By the Olympic games, the Grecian States were preserved and the people im- proved. Our Illinois races were nothing more m a small way than part of the Olympic games. The people came together from all parts of the inhabited Illinois and had a friendly inter- change of sentiment; became acquainted with each other, and returned home as friendly as brothers. At that day, 1803, less than .-.i. iy miles north and south and fifteen or twenty from the Mississippi, east and west, embraced the whole settlements, I'-i'i;ch and Americans, in Illinois. .\i these races almost every description of business was trans- acted. Horses were swopped and contracts made. Debts paid and new ones contracted. Amusements of various species were indulged in. Foot-racing, wrestling, and jumping were not neg- lected. Sometimes shooting- matches were executed; so that in old pioneer times these horse-races were names for meetings where much other business or pleasure was transacted and expe- rienced. Small kegs of whisky were often brought to the races; a keg in one end of a bag and a stone in the other. Sometimes a keg in each end was the manner of getting the liquor to the M \ M m liu it i ' ^ V fe' ^s^sa tm I ) ' 346 i'ii)Ni;i;k iiisioKv of Illinois. *.«^^'-N '{^ \\:^^' i ■ • J ) iMccs. Old fcniiiles at times had cakes and methe^liii for sale. I'liis race in the Horse Prairie was the most celebrated match- race that occurred in Illinois in early times and drew to it the L^reatcst concourse of people. 1 think, in a moral point of view, the community was improved by it ; not on account of the race, but by the friendly intercourse amonj^ so vast an assemblage of people at that day. 1 presume, in 1803, there were scarcely three thousand souls, French arai Am.;ricans, in all Illinois. No census at that day was taken and it is difficult to be certain in the number; but judging from the best i/a/cf in my power and my personal obser- \ation, I think the above is correct. This estimate is allowing an increase of one thousand souls in fifteen years — since 1788 t(t 180,',. The French during this period were diminishing and the Americans made up the increase to scarcely three thousand inhabitants, About this time, 1800, and onward, the inhabitants changed to some extent their mode of business and living. Th' as- sumed more the agricultural pursuits and abandoned hunting. A commerce had commenced to New Orleans in flour, tobacco, and live-stock, which induced the people to change their em- ployments. The game was more exhausted; so that hunting was not so profitable as heretofore. This change graduall}' took place after 1800 to the war of 1812, which checked its pro- gress to some extent. The immigrants were mostly from the ."Southern and Western States and had been in the habit of cul- tivating cotton and they continued its cultivation in Illinois. It was supposed fifty years since that Illinois was a good medium cotton country. Tobacco was also cultivated. Flax w.is raised and manufactured into clothing. Wheat was more (.ultivated than in former days. The range was good; so that cattle, hogs, and horses were raised in abundance. The only misfortune of which farmers complained was the want of a market for their surplus produce. This change in the industry of the people justified the erec- tion of more mills. Tate and Singleton, in 1802, built a good water-mill for that day on the Fountaine Creek, a few miles northwest of tlie present town of Waterloo. The mill -house ■\\as made of stone and the capacity of the mill was made in 7. i I ili m rioNI'illU IIISTOKV (.)F III.INOIS. 347 •»i II for .s;ilc. d niatch- ■ to it the It of view, f the race, nblage of ind souls, that day nber; but nal obser- i allowing ■iincc 1788 shing and ; thousand s chancfed Thry as i hunting, r, tobacco, their em- it hunting raduall)' cd its pro- from the 3it of cul- lUinois. a good Flax was more so that The only ant of a the erec- t a good few miles nill-house made in eti is proportion to the demand of the country at the time. ICdgar's mill continued to do the most of the merchant business of the country then and for a long time after. Madame Beaulieu, a pioneer lady, was born in the village of St. rhillipi)t: in 1742, and was educated in Quebec, Canada, llcr father .1 subaltern officer, came with the French troops to l-'ort Chartres and located in the above village, sometimes called the Little X^illage. His name was Chouvin. lie settled after- ward in Cahokia, where his daughter married M. Bcaulieu. This lady was educated and intelligent. She was the director- general in moral and medical matters. She posses.sed a strong, active mind and was a pattern of morality and virtue. She was the doctress in most cases and the sageyiv;////^ general for many years. She was extremely devout and an exemplary member of the Catholic church. This, together with her merit gener- all}', enabled her to fix I'.p many of the male and female delin- (juencies of the villar^. She was sincerely entitled to the prai.se due a peace maker. Many of the young and accomplished ladies courted the society of this old lady for improvement. She lived a long and useful life and died in Cahokia in 1826, eighty-four years of age, much lamented by all classes. On June 5, 1805, a terrific hurricane swept over a part of Illi- nois. It was one of those tempests of the whirlwind order. The tornado moved from the southwest to the northeast antl crossed the Mississippi about a mile below the mouth of the Merrimac. It was about three-quarters of a mile wide, and to that extent, for several milefi in Illinois, it prostrated trees and even swept the water out of the river and the lakes in the American Bottom to that width. William Blair had a boat moored on the river near the place where the storm crossed it and was certain that most of the water to the above extent was raised out of the river by the violence of the tempest. It also took the water out of the lakes. Fish from the river and lakes were scattered all over the prairie in the course of this storm. It occurred about one o'clock of the da\- and the atmosphere before was clear and the sun shining. Col. James A. James resided with his father nearly in its course and was an eye-witness to this terrific storm. Dr. Cairnes and family were directly in its course, and when they W I . -1 ^^w«5S« ^simm n if hf i're original and eccen- tric talents than in an old settlement. It seems that all the latent sparks of genius are called forth by the circumstances of the countr\'. These singular talents were often exhibited bv the jjioneers in their games and si)orts. In 1806, Robert PuUiam of Illinois and a Mr. Musick of Mis- souri made a bet of two hundred dollars on a horse-race of one-c[uarter of a niiie. This race was agreed to be run on the ice in the Mississippi a short distance above St. Louis. It was a singular place — on the ice— to run a horse-iace; but the par- ties run it and were not injured. Another strange wager was made in Kaskaskia by two very respectable citizens. This bet was made in perfect good humor and for sport. A dozen bottles of Champagne were wagered on the following game: The snow was four inches deep and the bet was that the game- sters were to go out in the commt)ns of Kaskaskia; strip off their boots and socks to the bare feet, and whoever killed the first rabbit on the snow in their bare feet, won the wine. It < ii 'I , ili ■31 ii' 1.1 JfUI!iJlUa>SJlJ il«3n!M».'W*M if" i i^^i M/ ,13 o l'|i.>Nl.i;k IIISIORV OF ILLINOIS. would puzzle Ilt)\lL' to (iL'fiiic the principles on u'^icli this last ^ame was based. In 1800, an entcr[)risin^ and talented pioneer, Michael La Croi.x, settled in Peoria and extended his tradi' niostl>' with the Indians throut^hout the Upper Illinois country, lie frcquentl)' visited Caliokia, but his main residence was at I'eoria. lie was a Canadian-l-'rcnchman and had recei\ed a liberal education. The person of La Croix was stout, digni- fied, and prepossessiuL;, and his appearance indicated what ho reall)- was: a man of sound mind and j^neat cncry>\ Me was a successful Indian trailer for man\' years and was in Canada to purchase i^oods when war was declared in 18 12 a<^ainst (ireat Hritain, and he was detaineil in Canada, a Uritish pro\ - ince, to tlefend it. He was also forced out into the service against the United States. This he disliked; yet, if he had deserted to the I'nion, his jroods and estate, which were con- siderable, would be forfeited to the king. He remained on the side he disliketl and the <^overnment pressed him into the militar)' service. While he was forced into the army, he accepted a lieutenancy, mereh^ to raise him from the ranks. When peace was restored, he returned to the I'nitetl .States, and in 1815, he was naturalized. Before he went to Canada in 18 12, he built a fine house in I'eoria and when Capt. Thomas E. Craig was at that place in the fall of 1812, he became excited against the citizens of Peoria and burnt the house of La Croix and many others. This burning by Craig was considered by all reasonable men as a wanton act of cruelty. After the war, the Indian trade was not so good as heretofore. The whole countr)' on the Illinois River was being settled with a white population, which took the place of the red-skins. M. La Croix died in 1821, in the \illage of Caliokia, much regretted by his famil\- and acquaintances. It will be recollected that Virginia, in her cession of the Illinois country and the Northwest Territory to the United -States in 1784, a compact was made that "the I'^'ench and Canadian inhabitants and all other settlements of the Kaskas- kias, St. Vincents, and the neighboring villages, who ha\-e pro- fessed themselves citizens of V^irginia, shall have their posses- J 'loNI'.Kk IIISI'ORN- OF II.I.IN'OIS. this last Michael niostl)- ly. He was at ;L'ivccl a It, (liyiii- what he Mc was 1 Canada aj^ainst sh pr()\ - 2 service f he had ^ere c(in- ained uii I into the army, he he ranks, d States, house in phice in iti/.ens of y others. lahle men ian trade •y on tile on, which in 1.S21, iniil\- 3 sions and titles confirmed to them and be protecteil in tin 'njo\nient^ .f tl leir ntrhts anil h bertic In J une. ■8S. lesolntinii of the old conf^rcss ])assed, ijrantinj;' a donation of four hundred acres of land to each head of a famih' in Illinois and also eonfirmin^ them in their possessions, as recpiired b\" Virginia. An act of congress passed in 1791, granting a donation of one hundred acres to each militia-man who was irolled in the militia service of that \-ear. The go\-ernors o r the territories of the Northwest and Intliana were authorized to adjust the claims arising out of these various acts of congress. They had granted some of the claims, but man>- were still unadjusted. To remed\' this evil, an act of congress was passed in i'oung men espoused the quarrel of their older brothers and Harton fell in the conflict. William Rector commanded ' (Ml ny, and ns were ip-yuns. advance ifficer so L all the 1 a duel 3uis. and ;i deer in of their n Rector of 1812, d in the • camp to always r blood a com- reek in as fired irni was ched his roni his ted sur- e made jLhI and 1.S04. In jd at the two fami- :ttlement, [nox Co., ition that f< olloued m a lew fe >' ears alter fti Th {•)' were 355 lonest, correct farmers. About this time, the .Si.\-Mile I'rairie .Settlement in- creasec 1 al so. In this j'ear, 1804, Delorm, a I'"renchman from C'ahokia, set- tled at the ed;4e of the timber east of the Bi^ Mound in the ri le rencli American Bottom, near the Ouentine Creek had resided on the IV\<^ Island in the Mississippi, l)elow the mouth of the Missouri, at intervals, for fifty or si.\t>' years before. S([uire l.aCroi.\, who died in Cahokia an old man .1 few years since, was born on that island. The Ouentine X'^illaj^^e commenced its existence soon after Delorm settled east of the Hi^' Mound in 1S04. It extended from the mound west, alon<; the margin of Cahokia Creek for some miles, ami was at one time a handsome little villa^'e. They most!)- emigrated from I'rairie du I'ont. About the same time, 1805, N'icholas Tur^Mon, .\uj;ust Trotier, Dennis Vallentine, and others commenced the I'"rench Villa};e, which is situated in the American Bottom on the banks of a lake. It extends west from the bluff and the macadamized road now passes thro it. X'allentine built a horse-mill in this village. This little I'rench colony, like that of the Ouentine, fiourished for several years and both were neat little French settlements. The Ouentine has been declining fi)r some time and has almost disappeared as a village. The country around it is assuming an agricultural existence and that of a French village is merged in farms. It was in the neighborhood of this village that the monks of La Trappe established themselves in 18 10, at the Big Mound in the American Bottom. It seems that this order of religion- ists carries on a crusade against human nature in their own persons. We read of the bravest of the brave, but they were the most rigid of the rigid. They carried out the nc plus ultra of fanaticism. Two of their vows were celibacy and perpetual silence. It is strange they did not declare against eating. Females were not permitted to enter on their premises. It is said they swept off their tracks if any came within their walks by mistake. This order is a branch of the Cistercian monks and was first founded by Rotrou I., count of Perche, in 1040. It relaxctl in its severe discipline until Abbe Ranee reinstated •ii t >l ■1 r I ♦ i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) V /> {/ /. :/, 1.0 I.I 1.25 '- Itt IIM 140 I 22 2.0 1.8 U III 1.6 V] & /a 'eA /y /A 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 73 WEST MAIN STREET WEbST£ rfmammmm 556 I'KtNKl.k HISTURV OK ILLINOIS. •i it in its vigor in 16C4. It was situated first in tlu' most gloomy and w ild province of France — that of Pcrche. Its last fouiider, Ranee, got st)ured at the world and particularly against his mistress, who discharged him for another lover, and he com- menced a war against himself. He lay on a rock, lived on bread and water alone, and removed a handful of earth from his grave each day ()f his life; and what is strange, he had fol- lowers. I have myself addressed many of the monks at the mound and the\- were as silent to me as the grave. The New Testament teaches no such doctrine as that. The Re\(jlution in I'rance removed them from that nation and public opinion, which is more powerful than a revolution, discharged them from the American Hottom. They locateil themselves first in the United States in 1804, at Coiiewago, Pennsjlvania; then in Kentucky ; then at Morisant, St. Louis County, Missouri ; and lastly, as above stated. They were sickly at the mound; sold out and ilisappeared in 1S13. Soon after the jjurchase of Louisiana, I'resiilent Jefferson projected a peaceable campaign across the continent to the I'acific (.)cean. The object of this e.xploration was to acc|uire information of the country between the two oceans and secure tile friendship and trade of the Indians. Merrvweather Lewis and William Clark, brother of (leu. (j. K.Clark, were ap])ointeil the leaders of the expedition. The e.\ploring party, consisting of thirty-four men, camped the winter of 1S03 antl 1804 in the American Hottom, not (av from the Mississi])pi, below tlu- mouth of Wood Ri\er. This camp vras the nltaina t/ni/r of the white settlements in Illinois at that daw Lewis was a captain and Clark a lieutenant in the United-.States arm\-. They visited Cahi)kia, .St. Louis, and the settlements around in Illinois during this winter. The)' embarkeil on the Missouri River on May 14, 1804, ;uul returned to St. Louis in December, 1806. Man\" of the part)', John V>. Thompson, Collins, Willard, Newman, Windsor, I'"razier, (iibson, and perhajis some others settled in Illinois autl most of them remained there. In the years progressing from 1804, the settlements of both Randolph and St. Clair ciumties enlarged considerablw Lae>-, Tindalc, (iaston, Franklin, Herd, Cochran, and others located in the settlement east of the Ka'^kaskia Ri\er, in Randolph I'loNKKK IIIsroKV OK ll.l.lNdlS. J3/ Count)-. Smith and Taylor locatcil in the American Hottom, between Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia, in iSoi, and botli raised hirge famihes there. Henry Noble and Jesse (ire^gs were the two first families in 1804 that settled on Hi^-Muddy River. They were the pioneers of Hi Kaskaskia in 1804. He practised law some years in the courts of both Randolph and St. Clair, and was a promising young man. He built a house, not in the settlement, but, at that day. in the wilderness, four or five miles east of Kaskas- kia, at the head of Gravelly Creek. He remained in Illinois but a few years, and went back to Kentucky, where he became a very eminent man. John Rector, a lawyer — one of the Rector family before mentioned — located in Kaskaskia hi 1806; opened a law-office, and attended the courts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. He prac- tised his profession for a few years in Illinois, and left the country. I'loNKKU IIIsroKV i.)V II.I,IN(.)IS. 3^" rr anic; but coluil, lii'' I Kaskas- )\v.uil tlu: it in turn II in oUk-n about hall was in the of a splcn- rnicd on a Ho was a ;tlic-pcacc. ted from it ution. lie died on his irncs was a orrccc. He :e. jratcd from 1805. He unties. He I good huv- i appointed md left the nigrated to :ars in the promising [lent, but, at of Kaskas- in Illinois he became liiily before la law-office, He prac- Ind left the 'I'he fust attorney who made C'ahokia his permanent resi- dence, after D.irnielle, was William Mears. He came to this village in 1808, and there commenced the practice of the law. He was born in Ireland in iJtiS, and emigrated to the L'nited States. He landed at I'hihulelphia, aiul taught school some time in l'enns\'lvania. He came to Cahoki.i, about forty years of age, as if he had dropped down from the cloutls — without horse, clothes, books, letters, or anything except himself — a rather singular and uncouth-looking Irishman. He hatl read law while he taught school in Pennsylvania. He possessed a strong mind and retentive memory. In his earl)- days he was not a scholar, but by application and severe study he not only acquired a profound knowledge of the law, but al.so became a learned and intelligent man. He was appointed attorney-gen- eral for the territory of Illinois in 1814, and, to my own knowl- edge, he made an able and efficient prosccuting-attorncy. He moved to Hclleville when the county-seat was taken there, in 1814, from Cahokia, and remained in this place during his life. He was elected clerk of the house of representatives of the general assembly. He married a respectable lady in Missouri — built a house in Belleville, and died there in 1S24. Mears had no talent for speculation or acquiring wealth; but lived decently on his practice, and died about even with the world. In 1809, Samuel D. Davidson, a lawyer from Kentucky, came and settled in Cahokia. He was a decent young man — moral and correct — but made no impression on anything where he lived, moved, or had his being. He wrote a beautiful hand, which was about rhe beginning and ending of his talents. I think he taught a school in Cahokia, and he entered the mili- tary service in 181 :•. In the campaign of 1813 he was appointed to some office in the quartermaster's department. Some time after the war, he left Cahokia to parts unknown. Rus.sel E. Heacock practised law in St. Clair County in 180S, and moved to Jonc.«boro', south of Kaskaskia. He marrietl in that vicinity, r id practised law for several years in that section of Illinois. He moved to Huffiilo, New York, and then to Chi- cago; and acquired considerable property in and near Chicago, [where died of cholera in J 849.] Joseph Conway emigrated from Kentucky, and settled in I' : J \f t 1^2 I'lONKKK IIISTORV OF ILLINOIS. -1 ' k.iskaskia, as a lawycT, in iSi:;. lie acted in the contractors' (iepartnient for some time on the frontiers diirin^j the war. He ])ractisi(l law in tlie courts in and south of Kaskaskia for some time after he settled tiiere. Jiidj.je Thomas, one of the L'nited- States jiid' tin- |)i'oi)ie, .md lunanuel J. West was put in the office of clerk of the Madison circuit -court. Conway was popular, and the jjeople electeil him to the State senate for four years. Then he was appointed clerk in Kock-Island County. He remained in this olficc for several years-went down the rirer and died. Three brothers,* I.ouison, ICtiennc, and Louis I'ensoneau, hilil^ent iiii|uiry has so far failed to iliscovcr the ilusreiulants of Ktii-nne and l.iiui'- ruiisoneau, and it is not known if they left any. After Ktienne purchased from i!lair the land upon which the i:ily uf liellcvillc stands, he liuilt a water-niiil on Kiililan I Crock alioiit two hundred yards >outli of tin- prount site of the ^rcat liar- ii'-iin steam-mill, and contiiuied to operate it until he sold out to(iov. Kdwards. lie then retuiiieil to t'ahokia, and from there removed to St. Louis, where he engaged in business and remained until his death. .^Uoul 1794, L')uison I'ensuneau niirrieil Mis-; I.i/ette l.cCi)in_)t in the village of (ahokia, and after residing some years in I'eoria, settled on a farm at I'oint a la I'ierre. near the (Irand .Marais, four miles east of the Mississippi, on the Melleville road. At that |)lace tie died in 1832, and his widow continued to reside there until her death in 1.S41. Of this union there survived ten children, three ilaughlers and se. en sons. The daughters were IJridget, Marie, and Louisa; the sons were Louis, I'aschal, Laurent, Ldward, N'arcisse, t'harles, and I'ram.ois, the two last being twins. liridget was niarrieil to Aniahle Trambie in iSlS, ami dieil in 1851, and her hus- band, a Canadian- I'lenchman, survived her but three or four years. 'I'hey left two .sons, Louis and L'ran(,ois Trambie, who both dieil without issue : Louis, a journey- in.m iirinter, dying in .San Francisco, Cal., in the sjiring of 1S50, and Franij-ois was iiiiiwne perhaps still living. Of the sons of I.ouison I'ensoneau and l.ize'te I.e Compl — now all dead —Louis, born in 1800, married Henriet, youngest daughter of Jean Fran(,ois Perry, in the fall of 1822, and died where he had always lived, at I'oint a la I'ierre, Feb. 22, 1S26. His uidy child, Louis I'erry I'ensoneau, born May 1, 1824, is now residing at Flast ric)M;i:K histouy oi ii.i.indis. i^K\ contractors ic war. IIl- cia for some the Unitcd- cl him clerk Ic remained a-^itated b\- fficc of clerk lar, and the rs. Ihen he remained in ml tlied. ; rensoneau, j of I'Uii-nnc ami .lieniie imrchnsed It .1 walcrniill on of llKt;rcal Har- iv. Kdwarils. Ik" ere he engaged in t ill the village uf irni at Point a la on the r.clk'vilk- reside there until [ree daughlers and sons were l.ouis, ) la>l beiiiLj twin-. i\l, and her hus- . They left two Louis, a journey- and I'lauijOis was le year, on his re- o., furlraders of \cr llieir marriage, Itav Horn, a Cana- lahoUia. She had Ijl. Vital larrot in jlar-West, and i> all ilead— l-ouis, Terry, in the fall Je, I'eli. 22, 1S26. residing at Kast emigrated from Canaila, and settled in Cahokia in 179S. Ilu) were b(jrn at tiie old I'rairie Fort, so-calleil, in the 'I'hrec- River Settlement, Canada, between the years 177J and 1776, I'hcse brothers married in Cahokia and made excellent citizens. Loiii^ occupied tlu' firr\- betwien Cahokia and St. l.ouis for nian\- years. In olden tinjes the ferry between these two xilla^^es w.i^ kept below the month of the old Cahokia Creek. This was west of Cahokia anil l.ouis I'en.soncaii was the ferryman for a long time. T.tienne was a very active and business man. He l)ossessed e.\traordinary energies, and improved the country consiilera bh II e mil ide the first house, "the biick-house. calletl, in olden times in Illinoistown. lie then purchased the site of Helle\ille from (ieorge Hlair, and sold it to Gov. Edwards, lie went to St. l.ouis, purchased property, and died in 1821. M. l.ouis with a married daughter, /its only child. The widow of l.ouis ren.soneau, withiier son and widowed mother (;/<•«• I'crry), removed to ISelleville in 1S33, and she died at Maseoutah, St. (lair County, April 22. 1S82. I'aschal I'ensoneau, the next son, in early manhood became identilied with the Kickapoo Indians, married one or more of them, and died a few years since on (he reservation of the remnant of that tribe, in the Indian Nation, leaving several half* bleed children. Laurent, the next son, born in 1S05, married I",li/al)eth I lays, daughter of John Hays, Es(|., and died at I'oint a la I'ierre, without issue, July iS, 1S4S. His widow .ifterward married Hradford Hroulettc, and reinoveil to X'incennes, Iiid,, where she -•till resides, her second husband having o. N'arcisse I'ensoneau was born in 1812, and married lelicite I'enscMieau in Ilelle- ville in 1S35, an I ilied at Maseoutah, III., Oct. 8, 187S. His wife dieil at the san\e place. Novend er 2S, i87(>. Of several childr. « I I', I l.oiiisdii I'l'DsoMcau, when he arrivett in Illinois, ciiibarkcd in the Indian trade, and remained in it alniust diirini^ life. Mr ni.ule the Illinois River the scene of his opiralions, ami the Kiekapoo Indi.ms were his customers. I'eoria w.is his main depot, and the prairies round .d)oul were iiis counters where In sold his ^oods. He was the (irsl person that moved in the •idjustment of the old i'eoria claims. ;, le ^ut up a petition from the I'eoria inhahitants and sent it to lion. I)aniel P. Cook, representative in CoUj^ress; and the consecjuence was the act of coni.;ress of iiS::o, authorizinj; the register of the land-oflke at I'",dwardsville to hear evidence and report on the claims, His report was confirmed by another act of congress, pas.sed in 1823. These I'eoria claimants stand in the same situation as any of the ancient inhabitants of Illinois who have- had lands granted to them b>' the t;overnment. Louison I'cnsoneau died in 183J, much ref^retted. * The settlements in the two counties, St. Clair and Randolph, iidarfjed considerably for some \ears before the territory ol Illinois (in i.Socj) was created. The inhabitants had located themselves on the frontiers; so that the Wood- River Colony was made stronjjer and enlarj^etl. The same of the settlements on Silver Creek and the Kaskaskia River, from (ioing's Settle- ment down. Some few had located on the River Mary, in Ran- dolph, and in the Mississippi Bottom below the creek called (in^nie. Hickman, Manscoe, and some others settled in this bottom tjs early as 1806. About this time Howerman and Steel settled on the Massac Road, some fourteen mil-;s cast of Kas- kaskia. Two or three of the Hird family located at the mouth of the Ohio — the present Cairo. The Hirds were enj^^agetl in the commerce on the rivers, and made this establishment to accommodate themselves and others navigating the western waters in US05. Near the «.)hio .Saline, as it was called, a .settlement was formed in very early times, which increasetl for several \*ear.s before the year 1809. A few families were residing on the west side of the Wabash, near Vincennes, some time before the war of 1812; but they left during the war. In 1809, Macauley emigrated from Kentucky, and located on the Little Wabash where the Vincennes road crossed. He abandoned this place in the war, but returned afterward. .lubarkcil in 11- life. Ilr )ns, ami the as his main CIS where hi; lovcil ill the ip a pctilion iiicl P. Cook, kas the act ol laiul-oOlce at claims. His is.sed in uS^.v on as any of lands jfranted died in 1832, nd Randolph, c territory ol 5 had located River Colony le settlements ioing's Settle- Mary, in Ran- : creek called ettlcd in this lan and Steel cast of Kas- at the mouth c engaged in iblishment to the western ittlement was several years \g on the west )cforc the war [09, Macau ley .ittle Wabash ciiai'ti:r IX. Illinois iiiKJer ilic (iuvernnicnt ul' the Illinois i'crritory. THK settlements werj so remote from \'incennes, the seat ot j^overnment " was uninhabiteil and a wilderness. In the general as^embl)' of the Indian. i Territor)-, in iSOiS, Jesse li. I'homas, .1 member of the legislaturi', was elected a delegate to congres.s, and instructed lo obtain a ilivision of the tcriitory. On l"'ebruary 23, 1.S09, the territorj- of Illinois was i>tablished. The boumlaries of the Territor)- were the same a> those of the State at present, except the Territory e.xtinded iiurth to the northern limits of the Initeil States. The h'eileral government organized the territorial government .md appointed the otTicers to administer the laws in it. Ninian Mdwards wa^ appointeil governor; Nathaniel Pope, sLcr--tar)-; and Jesse H Thomas, William Sprigg, antl Alexander Stuart, the judges. Stuart soon resigned, and Staiile)- (iriswold was appointetl These officers, ft)r the most part, were great, talented men. and gave character and standing to the counti)-. Nathaniel I'ope being present, entered into the administration of the government in the absence of Cjov. Ivlwards. Secretar)- I'ope, acting as governor, appointed the proper number of jus- tices-of-the-peace and other officers in the two counties. John llays was appointed sheriff, and John Hay clerk of the c>\ Illinois. 365 i r m ry \ i«^ riMNKKK IIIMOKV Ml ||,|.IN»)|S. ii: > I vf. ! .' ) jj \ I Ihc establishment of a separate- ^;()v^^Mmt•nl in Illinois, in 1809, had ^rcat influence on iinnii^ration. The country w;is tluii better known and its merits appreci.ited. A ^reat many ail venturers followed the government, and (iov. lulwards was greatly instrumental in procuring immigration. Matthew Diinc.in, an eilitor and proprietor from Kentiick)'. established the first newspaner in the Territor)-. Tlu' paper was published at Kaskaski.i in the fall of l a ^reat lever to make known the advantages of Illinois. In 1S15. Uobert HIackwell and Daniel 1'. Cook purchased this paper,* ■ mil published it Tor several years at Kaskaskia. ( (^1. Henjamin Stephenson anil niany other immi<;rants came to the country under the patronage of (iov. lulw.irds.f The Rector family beinjj already there, with many others, .mil toyeflier with the colony arriving; with the new };overnment. made old Kaskaskia a ^jay and fashionable place a;;ain. Never dill Kaskaskia witness as much };ayety, carousal, .iiul amuse- ment since the winter of iSoy and 1810. It is stated that the number of inhabitants in l8iowas 12,520. I think this num. bjr is swelled a little for efVect; but the countrj- was populating " In Mel ><>nougli'* "History iil Kaiululpli, Monri)e. ami Perry cdiiniies," puli. li'^hcd in 1SX3, we fiml the fwiii(; : •' Writer. ili>.-ijjrec . . to the li.ite of the first appearance of a newspaper in Illinois. KtynoMs -..-ly that it was as c.irly as iScKj, while others e'|ualiy relialilf (i\ llic ilat( III 1.S14. All, however, a;;rei' ihai tlii; IUiuihs UeiiiU was the lirsl paper pubhshe'l III tlif Tenitory, and thai Mnttlicw Duncan was the puhlisher and editor. Thi-.'-e points heinjj settled, we arc prepared to fix positively the date of its first appear.tnce. We are in jHisscssion of No. ,;2 of \'ol. II. of the Illinois //I'yiiU, published at Kas- kaskia (Illinois 'I'crritoryl, Tliiirsday morning, April iS, iSki. I'rckumin^; that its publication coniinuefr o, iSi4, pai;e KJ4. On the same page, we are informed that the date of the transfer of the lleiaU to [Daniel I'.] Cook & [Robert] lilackwell was August 2s. 1S17. I hey chnniifd the name of the paper to the lllinoh Inlelli- A careful examination of the files of the Missouri Gazelte and Illinois . IiiMhc.na.- Mr. Hrmt. He then wa. sent to the o c tarhs^ Pennsylvan.. He did not graduate, but le^ ^ .,. 'tire and ni<; h/-\»n.-. '-,* ¥U„ . r . ^' ' Iej:je and his home at the a>'e -.r „? Nature bestowed on F.dwar Po.sse*;scd a mind -.-f exl, that brought f irtit iv.- years ( hrr '> Mi iil^ iiifted hini His inteii.v ,.,,-. ,, .ind these quahties. together v%-itii iiade him a very superior man. He rose in Kenturl . mi^h^nd important office of chief-justice of the n :s,;:::r':.T\!^"^"""- -^ ^'^^ ^^='-^'^-^' ^^ ^"^-- '^^ presid.: Madi' frg.i t Jt'V. i ties of M.;,, s vote of tiu: i loveriHnen*, h; lection i'H.i(_\ 111 ravor o\ ^rdrri .1, on Septen ■ the Iccihi ■'h:s ai.seuibiy wa^i convent?-! atKas; Vhis wa :hc d' "incil an(? ■»pe Count) John Thoina unri!,- ,n,f Wii.,.. 'ne (lf>or-k'. enirntah ■ nvi! f!, Kaihluij .. bot'i ^ Ul >-3 • ^y /ny h riONKKk lIlSTDkV (.)1' I(,I.IN(.)IS. 5C^7 m fast at that time to what it was in former days. All the influ- ence of these officers of the Territory that they could exercise were exerted for the welfare and jjro\/th of the country. In 1809, Gov. ICdwards appointed John J. Crittenden attor- ney-general of the Territory, and, on his resignation, his brother, Thomas T. Crittenden, was appointed to the same office. These gentlemen did not remain long in the country, but returned to Kentucky. Gov. Edwards was born in Montgomery Count)-, Md., in March, 1775. His parents were wealthy and respectable; and his education was commenced under favorable auspices. He was a companion at school of the celebrated William Wirt, and prepared for college under the tuition of a respcx'table clergyman — Mr. Hunt. He then was sent to the college at Carlisle, Penn.sylvania. He did not graduate, but left the col- lege and his home at the age of nineteen years for Kentucky. Nature bestowed on Edwards many of her rarest gifts. He possessed a mind of extraordinary compass and an industry that brought forth every spark of talent with which nature had gifted him. His intellect was naturally strong and vigorous, and these qualities, together with his assiduity in his .studies, made him a very superior man. He rose in Kentucky to the high and important office of chief-justice of the State. He was appointed governor of the territory of Illinois by President Madison, and by appointments continued in that office to the organization of the btate government, in 18 18. Gov. Edwards, by proclamation, establi-shed in 181 2 the coun- ties of Madison, Johnson, Pope, and Gallatin; and having had a vote of the Territory in favor of a second grade of territorial government, he ordered, on September 16 of the same year, an election for members of the legislature. By his proclamation this assembly was convened at Kaskaskia, November 25, 1812. This was the first legislative body elected by the people thai ever assembled in Illinois. The whole Territory contained six counties, and the general as>^embly twelve members — five in the council and seven in the house of representatives; as it seems Pope Countj' had no member in the council that session. John Thomas of St. Clair County was elected clerk of the council, and William C. (ireenup of Randolph, clerk to the house. One door-keeper attended on both houses, and each i! 368 PIONKKR HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ,' ) Ji r )' j ;• 1 1'; branch occupied a room in the same building. It i.s said that the whole assembly boarded at one house and slept in the same- room in Kaskaskia. The members of the council were Samuel Judy of Madison, William Higgs of St. Clair, Pierre Menard of Randolph, Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and Hcnjamin Talbot of (jallatin. The members of the house were William Jones of Madison, Joshua Oglesby and Jacob Short of St. Clair, George Fisher of Randolph, Philip Trammel, and Alexander Wilson* of Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. This legislature did much business, and made a short session. Soon after Gov. l-idwards and other territorial officers arrived at Kaskaskia, they organized a colony of themselves and located in the prairie below Prairie du Rocher. All made habitations * Alexander Wilson, native of \'iryinia, came to the State in iSoQor 1810, from Kentucky, and settled at Sliawneelown. Was appointed a justice-of-the-peace of Randolph County by (lov. Kdwards, July 20, 1810. Was a member of the first territorial legislature assembled by dov. Edwards at Kaskaskia, and with Phillip Tranimell represented the then new county of Ciallatin. I le took his seat Novem. ber 25, iSi2, and died while a member of the legislature. Mis son, Harrison Wilson, altho but a youth, was a volunteer in the war of 1812, and served as ensign of Ca|)t. 'rhonias K. Craig's company of territorial militia in the expedition against I'eoi ia. After his f.ither's death he w.is active in his section on all matters relating to tlie protection and development of the new territory; was appointed treasurer of llallalin County, Dec. 28, 1813, and justice-of-the-peace in 1817. As the friend of (iov. liond, he seems to have been well esteemed by the latter. His inclinations were for the military service, and after the close of the war of 1812, altho colonel of a militia organization, he had no opportunity for further duties until the Black- Hawk War of 1832, in which, as captain of one of the companies of Posey's Brigade, he served with credit to the end. After the end of the Indian troubles, he settled down upon his farm in Gallatin County and lived a quiet and uneventful life until his death, at Shawneetown, in Feb., 1852, at the age of 63. Alexander Wilson was succeeded in the legislature by Thomas C. Browne, and at his instance, in recognition of the services of his pieilecessor, as one of the pioneers and founders of the territory, the legislature by a unanimous vote, with the full approval of the council and (jov. Edwards, Nov. 29, 1814, granted the heirs of Alexander Wilson a right of ferry-franchise across the Ohio River at Shawnee- town. This franchise has ever •~ince remained in the family and is now owned and operated by the heirs of Harrison Wilson, whose sons, John Andrew Wilson of Ha'iiilton County, Maj.-Cen. James Harrison Wilson of the regular army, and Maj. Henry S. Wilson, i8th 111. Cavalry, and Maj. Bluford Wilson, late solicitor of the treasury, have all served the .State or national government with credit, and den. Wilson with distinction iu the war of the Rebellion. Gen. Wilson and Bluford Wilson alone survive, and since the war have been the promoters and builders of the St. Louis-and- Northwestern, Cairo-and-Vincennes, and Louisville, -Evansville- and- St. Louis railroads, in their native section of the Stale. — ^J. H, G. riONKKU HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. 569 is said that in the same vcrc Samuel c Menard of amin Talbot am Jones of :iair, George der Wilson" s legislature ficers arrived s and located 2 habitations 509 or 1 8 10, from ;e-of-lhe-peace of mber of the first and with Phillip his seat Novem. lis son, Harrison I served as ensign expedition against 1 matters relating ipointed treasurer 7. As the friend His inclinations 12, altho colonel Is until the Black- I'osey's Brigade, loubles, he settled iventful life until C. Ihowne, and |r, as one of the linious vote, with Igranted the heirs liver at Shawnee- , now owned and lidrew Wilson of Igular army, and |on, late solicitor J with credit, and lilson and Uluford lid builders of the l-Evansville-and- in this neighborhood, and many of them resided there Gov. Juhvard.s, Judge Thomas, Judge Stuart, some of the Rectors, Stephen.son, and perhaps some others, resided in this colony. It at last broke up, and all the first pioneers left it. . Gov. Edwards was very energetic and active in his youthful days; and the war of 1812 gave him an ample theatre in which to exercise his talents and energies. The country was weak and the enemy — the numerous bands of Indians — were strong, and were abundantly supplied by their allies, the British, with the means of annoying the settlements. The inhabitants were so e.\tended over such a large country, which made it more difficult to defend thetr than a small territory would be; and the general government had not the power to relieve the Terri- tory to any great extent. Edwards was equal to the emergency, and performed his duty nobly to his country. He attended to the defence of the country in person, and was present in all the important transactions, guiding and directing the whole. He remained at home with his family a very small portion of his time during the whole war. He was elected to the senate of the United States in 18 18, and was shortly after reelected, as his term soon expired. The duties of this high and important office he performed with an ability and force of character that gave him and the State much standing and reputation. In 1826, he was elected governor of the State, and gave to this high and confidential trust all his experience, talents, and energies. He was the fast friend of the canal, not only in the senate of the United States, when the law passed granting so much land to the State for that noble improvement, but also while he was the chief executive of the State he urged that measure with all his great abilities. At the close of the war of 18 12, he was appointed, with August Chouteau and William Clark of St. Louis, a commissioner to treat with the Indians; and in 18 15, many humane and equita- ble treaties were made with them. While the cholera was raging in Belleville, in 1833, he was out, attending night and day to the afflicted with that scourge. With his knowledge of medicine and his true benevolence, he was a kind and efficient friend to the sick. It was his great anxiety and exertions in time of the cholera to save the dis- 24 h' i( ur- ne of the delegates his last legislative be first State super- ,sition he filled ably c acquainlance, as ince proven to be ^Ir. Edw.\rds is still ney in the courts ■yer was deservedly .he board to inves- ihc author of the fallier's letters and ;70. Mr. Edwards ;)f iheir descend- E.dwards, is also a iTiliiig a member of lected judge of the resignation the year is today one of the bench in Illinois but a short time, and was appointed judyc in the territory of Mis'^ouri. Stanley Griswold was appointed in his place in Illinois, as before stated. Judge Thomas presided in three upper counties in the Territory, Spri^;g in the centre, and Stuart or Griswold on the Ohio and Lower Wabash. This system greatly improved the judiciary of Illinois, which was very much needed. Nature has been as bountiful to her native-born sons in Illi- nois as she has been generous in providing the fairest and finest country for their support. Samuel McRoberts, one of nature's loftiest sons, was born on his father's plantation in Monroe County, February 12, 1799. The natural gifts of Samuel McRoberts were great; and he added to them by an assiduity and intense application to study that would almost overcome any obstacle. Three great leading elements composed iiis character: a strong and vigorous intellect, an untiring energy and industry, and an unbounded ambition. These traits, while yet a young man not much over forty years, raised him from an obscure and humble situation in life to the senate of the United States, which is one of the most elevated and most important stations that is known to man. In his tender years a tutor in his father's house instructed him in the rudiments of education. When he was of the proper age, he assisted his father to cultivate the farm for their support. At maturer age he was placed under the care of a very competent teacher, the late Mr. I'Ldward Humphry. Mr. Humphry was an excellent citizen and a fine scholar. He commenced a school in the American Hottom, near the resi- dence of Mr. Chaffin, in 1805, and continued to teach for many years. His merit raised him to the kind consideration of the people, and he held many important offices — member to the general assembly, register of the land-office, etc. Young McRoberts received at this school an e.\cellent Eng- lish education, and al.so studied the Latin language. He delighted in mathematics, in which science he became well versed at this institution. He continued to prosecute his studies with his means and under the circumstances of the country until he was twenty years of age; then he accepted the clerkship of the circuit court of Monroe County. While in ■il :!? . r '; : m ■'■ V i: I' 37^ I'lONKKU IIISTOUV OK ILLINOIS. this situation, he acquired the means and opportunity to im- prove his mind, and lie let no opportunity escape; but read day and night, while other young men of his age and condition were enjoying themselves in society and amusements. At the age of twenty-two years he entered the law department of the Transylvania University, at Lexington, Ky. The faculty at this time were William T. Barry and Jesse liledsoe, whose fame and characters are known all over the nation. He attended three full courses of lectures, and had the degree of bachelor of laws conferred on hirn by the president and faculty. For classmates he had ex -Senator Morehead of Kentucky; H. C. White, Jr., of Tennessee; .Senator Sevier, Arkansas; Mr. Harri. son. late member of congress from Missouri; Mr. Speaker White of Kentucky; Gov. Hoggs of Mis.souri; Hon. Mr. Howard of Indiana, and many others, who became distinguished characters on the American theatre of great men. After his return to Illinois, he commenced the practice of the law at a strong bar — Kane, Cook, Star, IMackwell, Mcars, Thos. Reynolds, Mills, llaker, and others composed the bar of this section of the State where McRoberts commenced the practice of the law; but he succeeded to the admiration of the public. In I1S25, he was elected by the legislature circuit-judge of the second circuit in the State. In 1827, the judiciary was changed and he was placed again at .the bar. In 1829, he was elected by the counties of Monroe, Washington, and Clinton to the State senate. In 1S30, he was appointed, by President Jack- son, district-attorney for the district of Illinois; and in 1832, he was appointed receiver of public moneys at the Danville land- office.* In 1839, he was appointed solicitor of the general land- * Prior to 1832, the land-office for Kastern Illinois, north to the Wisconsin line, was at Palestine, Crawford Co.; all north to the dividing line between townships 16 and 17, and west to the 3d principal meridian, was cut off of the Palestine district in 1831, and formed into the l)anville land-district, with Mr. McKoberts as its first re- ceiver, and on June 26, 1834, the Danville land-district was subdivided by an east- and-west line between T. 30 and 31 (now the northern boundary of Iroquois and Livingston co's), the territory north of which composed the Northeastern land-dis- trict, and opened for business at Chicago, May 28, 1835. This explains why early settlers within the limits of the last-named district had to go, successively, to Palestine, Danville, and Chicago to enter government lands. Judge McRoberts remained re- ceiver of the Danville land-ofiice until his appointment as solicitor of the general land-oflice at Washington in 1839; the house he lived in from 1S32-9, a two-story frame, still stands on S.Vermilion .St , Danville. — II. W. 13. !/' i m I'loN'KKK MISTOKY OK ILLINOIS. 373 ity to im- ; but read 1 condition s. At the lent of the faculty at ,vhosc fame e attended of bachelor culty. For icky; H. C. Mr. Harri- :akcr White Howard of d characters ictice of the Clears, Thos. bar of this the practice the public, udge of the ivas changed was elected nton to the iident Jack- in 1832, he anville land- eneral land- Wisconsin line, ten townsliips 16 jlestine district in Irts as its first re- lided by an east- pf Iroquois l'M)Ni:i:U IIISTOKY OK H.IINOIS. '-il (jov. I'Oiil possessed many of the lii^jh ami noble traits of cliaracter tli.it constitute an eminent man. fie was ^Mt'teil witU a strong; and investii^atint^ intellect, anil also possessed a lirm, open, c.iMilidness of char.icter that was ailmired hy all. ills mind w.is ori^jin.d and self- sustaining;. Hein^; in his ii\f,incy thrown on his own resources strenj;thened this tr.ut of cli.uactiT. Mis firmness, mor.il and physical con ra^jc were ni'ver doiihtfd by tijose who knew him. Ilis ambition was prudent ami well re};ulatcd by his soinul judgment. His imagination w.is b.in iy sufficient for a i,'reat man. The j^reat governing; element thai ^ave him the hij,di standing' and celebrity which he so justly deserved was his strong; mind. This kept his whole ment.d m.ichinery in operation, and jjroiluccd the results which are so much admired by mankind. Hut at last one trait was defective — he «w//1' ILLINOIS. 379 ;S. adc so that n Belleville. Belleville to he court of he nahic of Belleville is , and it has Lit the same County. It the present an old fort !reek, late in spicuous for )tel built b)- 1 the hotel de the public- popular than [Cy., in 1790. \ located on ladsbys. He .re in humble "or a school- defiance of ss mischief his disposi- e was in his was not so and activit)-. aged on the y knew him apt. William ncd another ommand of eight miles nd County, ust 20, 1 8 14, ext morning pp. 547-I^- at daybreak, Journey and party were mounted and out to recon- noitre the country. They had not marched far before they entered an ambuscade of i. large party of Indians. The warriors fired on them and Journey and three of his men were instantly killed. William Burgcs and John Boucher" were wounded — Boucher slightly. The horse of liiggins was shot in the neck and fell to the ground, but soon rose again. Higgins remained a moment " to get a pull at them," as he said. He took delib- erate aim at an Indian and shot him dead. He then mounted his horse and was about to return to the fort, when a familiar voice hailed him from the grass and said, " Tom, you wont leave me.'" Higgins hollowed out to him to "come on." " I can 't come, my leg is smashed to pieces," answered Burges. Higgins dismounted instantly and was getting the wounded man on his horse; but the horse scared and ran off. Higgins told Burges "to limp off on three legs, and i;e would protect him." Burges crawled off thro the grass and saved himself, while Higgins was left behind to fight the most bloody a. id terrible battle that ever the same number of men^^three Indians and one white man — were engaged in. Higgins had loaded his gun as soon as he had killed the Indian and was ready for the enemy again; but all at once three Indians made their appearance near him. He saw a small ravine close to him and ran for it; so he could defend himself against so many Indians. While he was run- * [ohn Boucher, son of a Frenchman, was l)orn in Kentucky in 1782: came to Illinois Territory in 1801; was married, .Sept., 1817, to Marj^'aret, a native of Hardy Co., Va., and with l;er parents came to .New Design in 1796, dau^^hter of Solomon Shook; was a man of great physical strength and activity; and after moving about the then settled parts of Soutiiern Illinois, he finally settled do«-n, in 1856, in Wash- ington Co., a few miles west of Nashville, where he resided until 1851, when he removed to Jones Co., Iowa, where lie died three years Later, aged 72; his wife died at Monticello, Iowa, Oct. 4, 1866, aged 75. Of their si.v childieii, four son> and two daughters, throe survived their parents: i, Thomas, >till resides on the Id homestead in Iowa; 2, Jt'hn \'incent, born Sept. 27, 181S, married, March 5, 1S44, Mary H., daughter of Allen Rountree; enlisted in the late war as orderly sergeant of Co. E , loth Missouri Inf'y, and contracting a dangerous illness, starteil iioine on a sick furlough, and died at Richview, Aug. 30, 1863; Jtis oldest son, Ceo. O., aged 17, enlisted in Co. I, 80th 111., and served for three years, and is at present engaged in mercantile pursuits at Joplin, Mo. Two other sons, Hiram and John, were ^ngaged many years in merchandising in Nashville, where they still reside. I'. II. and Lyman T. are practising law at Houlder, Colorado. The only daughter married l)r. Salem Goodner and lives at New Minden, Washington Co. — J. H. 0. \\ 1 li^ ' .ri n — ^ ?8d PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ii'i ^. y; I ■;. I ning, he discovered for the first time his leg failed him — he \va* wounded at the first fire, but did not know it at the time. One of the Indians was a very large, stout man, as large as Higgins. The others were small and not so courageous as the lartre one. Hicrsins was satisfied he must receive the fire of the large Indian and attempted to dodge it; but the bullet lodged in his thigh and he fell; but rose instantly. By this time, the other two had also fired at him and both balls hit him; he fell, badly wounded, but soon again was on his feet, with his loaded gun in his hand. The Indians threw down their guns, as they had not time to load them again, and rushed, whooping and yelling, on Higgins, with their spears, tomahawks, and knives. When they advanced near him, he presented his gun at them, and that would keep them ofif awhile. Higgins often told me that the large Indian was as brave as a lion — he -uld not daunt him or intimidate. him in the least; but whe, e small ones came near him, they quailed under his furious looks. They could not look him in the face, " but the large Indian could look the devil in the face," as Higgins expressed it. The bold Indian was rushing on him and he shot him dead. It is supposed the large Indian did not believe Higgins' gun was loaded, or he would not have rushed on certain death. The Indian had a great soldier — Higgins — to contend with. When the other Indians saw their main man killed, it made them more fierce They raised the warwhoop the louder and rushed with greater vigor on poor wounded Higgins, who had in his body four Indian balls and had lost much blood ; was weak and almost exhausted; had an empty gun and no other weapon; was near many Indian warriors besides the two pressing on him, who were armed with spears, tomahawks, and knives, and were strong, having lost no biocd, nor were they wounded, as Hig- gins was. They gave Higgins many flesh-wounds, as his shirt and body were literally cut to pieces. One of the Indians threw a tomahawk at him; cut his ear nearly ofi" and laid the bone of his head and side of his neck entirely bare. This blow knocked him down, and when they rushed on him with their spears, he kicked them off. When one of the Indians presented his spear at the breast of Higgins while he was stretched on the ground, he caught the spear, and the Indian pulling it, PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 381 raised Higgins up by it. Then it was that he took his gun and literally knocked the brains out of one of the Indians. This blow broke the skull of the Indian and likewise Higgins' gun. It was shattered all to pieces and the barrel was bent. Then lie had but one Indian to fight, but he was nearly exhausted. During most of this fight, it was in sight of the fort, and a woman — a Mrs. Pursley — became excited and said " she could not stand and see so brave a nan as Higgins murdered by the Indians." She mounted her husband's horse and started to his rescue. The men in the fort could not see a woman go alone and followed her. As soon as the Indian fighting Higgins* saw the rangers coming, he fled, and they found Higgins prostrated on the ground, nearly dead — cut and mangled and almost torn to pieces. It is supposed, when the Indian fled, the excitement of Higgins subsided and he fai:ited. In fact, he was nearly dead when his friends relieved him. He barely escaped death fron^ his wounds and never entirely recovered from them altho he lived many years after. He received a pension to the full amount of the law."f" He was appointed door-keeper to one of the houses of the general assembly of Illinois, and resided in Fayette County; was a farmer and raised a large family. He died at his residence, above Vandalia, in 1829. Higgins was a generous, open-hearted pioneer. In the war of 1812, the exposed situation of the country, the weakness of the population, and the strength of the Indian * Gov. Reynolds in his later work, gives an amusing account of a duel fought with rocks, between IIig.;ins and another man, at the lead-mines, in whicli the celebrated Indian-fighter was victorious. — "My Own Times", (2d ed. ) iiage 169. — f. II. G. t 1 was well acquainted with Hiram Arthur, a remark.ibly honest and truthful man, who was in the fort near the scene when it took place, and observed it all. I le gave me ' written account of it, which is now amonj; my papers, from which it appears that about nine-tenths of the amount of the melee is all bush. " lliL,',i;ins, " he s.iys, "was a brave fellow, but the trouble with the stoi'v we read of is tliat but a small percentage of the facts stated ever occurred. The account originated with Higgins himself. After the war, he lived in Fayette County, 111, and there he met ■with a Mr. Hall, who wrote or contributed to the 'Annals of ihe West,' and gave him his version of the affair, and it took wings and lias flown ever since. All that can be said is that the account is altogether overdrawn." I knew Tom llig^ins well and he was in the habit of telling tremendous yarns, and was a capital hand at making himself the hero of all his adventures, particularly when he was in his cups. — ^J. ■Gii.i-Esi'iE, Jan. 25, 1883. i 11 \4 i^ ; - l^" w \H2 PIONEER IIISTORV (JE ILLINOIS. I ■ f [?'■ '-,,1 'I , ' i ■ *il >■ enemy brought into actual operation the whole capacities 'of the country, physical and mental, for its defence, and among the pioneers that came to the rescue was Thomas Carlin, who emi- grated to Illinois in i8ii and became a conspicuous and popu- lar character. Carlin was born in Fayette County, Ky., in 1789, and moved with his father to Shelby County, in the same State, in 1793. The family moved in 1803 to the Spanish country, Platin Creek, St. Louis County. The father of Carlin died the same j'ear he settled in St. Louis County, !eaving his widow and seven children — Thomas the oldest. The parents of Carlin on both sides were of the Irish extraction. The circumstances of the father were very limited; so the son had no opportunity of an education. In fact, the county where they resided, in L^pper Louisiana, was destitute of schools at that day. Carlin attended school at rare intervals; but such long periods passing between that he forgot almost as fast as he learned anything at school. At school his only guide was the Dilworth spelling-book and the Barlow knife to make pens; but Nature came to the rescue and recognized Carlin as her favorite son. She spread before him her ample creation and she herself became his teacher. He was highly favored with a strong and vigorous mind and an untiring energy. He possessed strong and excitable feelings; but his firm and decisive judgment compelled all these turbu- lent and violent passions to revolve around it like the planets do around the sun, the common centre. He possessed a marked and decided character and one of great force and influence. By mere accident, he got hold of an arithmetic, and without a teacher, he became well acquainted with that noble and grand science. On June 3, 1812, he entered the military service of the United States as a private in the company commanded by William B. Whiteside. The war was about commencing and the prospect was gloomy; but this was no impediment to Carlin to deter him frpni the defence of his country. Among his other decided traits of character, he had courage and firmness, even to des- peration. He made an excellent soldier; always prepared for any service, let it be perilous or not. In the fall of 1812, he was in the campaign to Lake Peoria, and the army under Gov. Edwards halted and camped within a few miles of the Black- i'i()Ni:i;u iiisroRv of ii,i,in(jis. 383 Partridge's Town, on the east side of the Illinois River, nearly- opposite the upper «end of Lake Peoria. It was necessary to select some choice spirits to reconnoitre the Indian town at night. This was considered a dangerous and perilous service. Carlin volunteered as one of four to reconnoitre and report, and he and three Whitesides — Robert, Davis, and Stephen — were entrusted with this delicate service. They proceeded to the Indian village and went thro every part of it without detection. If a dog were to bark or other alarm made, these bra\e men must have perished, being thus caught in the midst of a great number of hostile Indians. They reported the strength and situation of the enemy ; so that the army could the next morn- ing be conducted with certainty to the attack. The United- States Rangers were established for the defence of the frontiers and they accomplished that object to the fullest extent; but in performing this service, great battles cr long campaigns were not contemplated or required; yet all such services as were re- quired, Carlin and others performed to the satisfaction of the public. Carlin marched in the campaign under Gen. Howard in 18 1 3, thro the country between the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Toward the close of the war, he married a beautiful young lady of Madison County, of strong mind and of pleasing and agreeable manners. This lady being matured by age and expe- rience, developed a sound judgment and an amiable and happy disposition, and was to her husband in truth a helpmate during his life. They raised a large and respectable family. In 1815, Carlin emigrated north from Madison and located on the high land between Macoupin and Apple creeks, and was about the first family that settled north of the Macoupin Creek. When Green County was first organized, the county-scat was laid ofi" on his land and the scat of justice called Carrolton. Carlin was elected the first shcrift of Green County and per- formed the duties of the office with punctuality and fidelity. This was the first office he ever held and he then gave proo'" of his efficiency, integrity, and activity to be r.scful to the people, and they always thereafter appreciated his merit. Me was often elected to the general assembly of the .State from Green Co.; always his public services were approved and he became still f ri i I 3^4 I'lONIiliU HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. :h I h ■(/ nt li I }^ i :/ *' ' I 1 ' 1 more popular. He was a cautious business member. When the county of Macoupin was established, the county-seat, Car- linvillc, was named in honor of him. He was appointed receiver of public moneys at Quincy and remained in that office many years. This was a very responsible office, as great amounts of money were received in that office for the government, and the accounts were settled to the perfect satisfaction of all. In this office, as well as in all others, he exhibited a positive honesty and integrity, which is one of the brightest ornaments in the human character. In 1S38, he was elected the governor of Illinois. This was a high and important trust, and he performed the duties of that station with a sound judgment and practical common-sense. He was sworn into office at Vandalia in 1838, and on Dec. 7 of that year, he delivered a chaste and statesman-like message. It is short and well adapted to the situation of the country in its embarrassed condition. He appealed with warmth and sincerity to the people and the legislature to promote education. He also urged the completion of the canal and the necessity to legislate with care and caution on the subject of State banks. His measures and policy will be at some day admired for his wisdom and good sense. It must be recollected that Gov. Carlin* was a warm and ardent politician, and in fact he was ardent and enthusiastic in all his actions; but in politics, was firm, consistent, and ardent. He was one of the deepest dye in the democratic party, and was a great friend to Gen. Jackson. He was in his politics, as in all other transactions, honest and correct. His course in politics gave him great standing with his party. * In 1814, Gov. Carlin married Miss Ucbecci Iluitt, and resided on the Mississippi, opposite the mouth of tiie Missouri, and four years later removed to Greene County. After retiring from public life to his Carrolton farm, he was again called from his retirement to serve out the unexpired term of Hon. John I). Fay, who had resigned his seat in Illinois legislature, 1848-50. His death occurred Feb. 14, 1852, aged (>}, leaving a widow and seven children, si-x having died. Gov. Carlin was captain of a company in the Odd liattalion of Spies, commanded by Maj. John I). Henry in Gen. Whiteside's brigade, in the Black- Hawk war, and which served from April 20 to May 27, 1832. James Carlin, a brother of the gover- nor, was a private soldier in this company, and was at one time clerk of the circuit- court of Greene County, and died leaving considerable property in real estate in that 1'1(.)m;i;k histouv of Illinois. 385 er. When -seat, Car- ed receiver )ffice many iniounts of lit, and the 11. In this ve honesty ents in the This was a ties of that mon-sense. )n Dec. 7 of lessage. It untry in its nd sincerity cation. He necessity to itate banks, ired for his I that Gov. fact he was johtics, was pest dye in n. Jackson, honest and mdin"- with |tlic Mississippi, Iieene Couiily. ;alk'd from his lo had resigned Iseven children, les, commanded |lawk war, and ;r of the gover- of the circiiit- \\ estate in that After (lov. Carlin was married, became the head of a family, and had arrived at full maturity of mind, he became seriously concerned in relij;ioLis matters. He received his first impres- sions of religion from the preaching of Rev. John M. Peck of St. Clair County, and became a member of the Baptist church. He was kind and benevolent to all, but to his family he was affectionate and sincerely devoted. He gave his children an excellent education and they profited by it equal to the efforts made by the parent. He died at his residence in CarroUton in February, 1S53, full of years and full of honor. His death was lamented and regretted by the public and his family expe- rienced an irreparable los.s^ and as such they mourned his decease. Carlin was, in the true sense of the word, a self-made man. He commenced humble in life, and by his talents, energy, and integrity, he reached the highest office in the gift of the people in the State, and has reached still a higher station: that of a large place in the hearts of the people. About the time (1809) the territory was organized, the coun- try on the margins of the rivers down the Mississippi from Kas- kaskia and up the Ohio and Wabash rivers almost to Vinccnnes, commenced to settle and improve. Samuel Omelvany" and county; he was the father of ( len. William I'. Carlin, whose record as colonel of the thirty-eighth Illinois infantry and afterward a brigadier-general in the army of the i'umlieiland, is part of t!ie jiroud achievements of Illinois, in the late war. At the ilose of the war (len. t.'arlin had attained l)y successive promotion^ the rank of major in the regular establishment, and brcvct-major-general of volunteers, lie is yet in tile regular army, being colonel of the 4th Infantry. His younger brother, Hon. Walter li. Carlin of Jerseyville, was also a lieutenant in the thirty-eighth during the Rebellion, and at the age of nineteen refused a commission as captain of his com- jiany, tendered him by Gov. Vates. He represented Scott, Creene, and Jersey coun- ties as one of their Democratic members in the thirty-third general assembly. He is a banker by occupation, a member of the firm of Carlin and liagley, and as a finan- cier ranks high, having when chairman of the county board caused to be liquidated under his management a heavy county debt. — J. II. G. * John Dmelvany, with his wife, two younger sons, Patrick and William, and a (l.uighter Mary, who married a McConnell and settled in Tenn., came from Ireland . about 179S-9, and, after a few years residence in Ky., settled in what later became I'ope Co., near his oldest son .Samuel, who landed in Charleston, S.C, in 1797 or 8, where he married and soon after (Reynolds says in 1805, see next p., 3S6) came to Illinois Territory, settling in Pope Co., on the Ohio River. In addition to farming, trading, and llat-boating to New Orleans, he was for that day an extensive de,aler in the products of the country — corn and hogs. Later he removed to Randolph Co. and was a member of the county-court in 1S19. Still later he resided in and repre- 11 ■:»] L :' ■ i ^^ ?86 I'lONKKR IIIST(.)kY OK ILLINOIS. ■;iiK' i/ others formed a colony on the Ohio River, near the mouth of the Grand-]'ierre Creek, as early as 1805. The margins of the rivers commenced settlement as early as 1804 or '5, and con- tinued to increase rapidly. A family of Quakers from North Carolina of the name of Stokes settled some miles east of the present town of Jonesboro' in 1808. It was called for ye.irs after, Stokes' Settlement. The Loj^an family emi<^ratcd from Missouri and settled on Big Muddy in pioneer times. Dr. Logan* is still alive and a seiiled I'liion Co. in the legislature in 1820-2, contesting successfully tlie seat occu- ))ied by Samuel Alexander; anil died about 1828. His mother died the year of their arrival, and his father and younger brother Patrick the year following. His children: ( 'leorge died at jo, and Jolin still lives in I'ope Co., a successful merchant and trader;. Margaret, married Wood, and Mary are long since dead. William, the youngest son of John, born 1775, married 1799, Susan McKee of Ire- land, in So. Carolina; moved to Ky. in 1804-5, settling near Elkton, Todd Co., III. He had six sons and hve daughters: (1) John, born in Ky. 1800, lawyer, settled at Carlyle, Clinton Co., III., in 1830, where he practised law till he died in 1836; served in Capt. Andrew Bankson's company in lilack-Ilawk War. (2) William W.. born in Monroe Co., 1829; brought up to the law; coimty-clerk, 1843-8; now living in- Centralia. (3) James .M., bred to his father's trade, brick-making, in 1853 entered the mercantile buiiness in Centralia, was postmaster for several years, and now lives at East .St. Louis, where one of his sons is cily attorney. (4) Kdw.ard, lawyer, repre- sented Monroe Co. in the legislature of 1846-8; was presidential elector in 1852 on the I'ierce ticket and died before the Rebellion. (5) Harvey K. .S., also a lawyer of Centralia, was judge of the second circuit from 1858 61, fdling the v.icancy occa- sioned by the resignation of Judge Hreese; moved during the late war to California, where he is now (iractising law. (6) Constantine was killed in his 18th year at Water- loo by the accidental discharge of a gun. Of the daughters, Nancy, born 1802, mar- ried, 1828, W. W. Moore in Monroe Co., and died at Oakland, Cal., Feb., 1883; .Martha and .Mary, twins, born 1804, married, and have descendants in .Marion and Jefferson counties; Susan, 4th, died at San Jose, Cal,, 1864; Elizabeth, ilh (Con- cannon) is living in Oakland, Cal. The mother of this numerous family died in Marion Co., Feb., 1875, aged 93. * Dr. John Logan came to this country from Ireland early in this century, and mar- ried, in 1824, Miss Elizabeth Jenkins, a sister of Hon. Alexander M. Jenkins, after- ward lieut. -governor of the State, a lawyer of high rank, and a judge eminent for his probity and legal acquirements. Dr. Logan raised a family of eleven children, several of whom hp.ve shown marked ability, and the oldest son, distinguished as a soldier and a statesman, is Hon. John A. Logan, at present a United States senator from Illinois. Dr. John Logan was a man of great force of character and served in many public positions with satisfaction to the people and credit to himself He was a member of the house of representatives in the tenth general assembly, serving with .\braham Lincoln, John J. Hardin, James Shields, Stephen A. Douglas, Augustus C. French, John A. McClernand, John Dement, Jesse K. Dubois, and many other political celebrities. He was reelected to the eleventh and twelfth and again in 1846 i'ii»m;i;r iiistokv ni Illinois. 5«7 moLitli of 'ins of the ;, and con- rom Noitlv uast of the I for years settled on alive and a r tlie seat occu- he year of tlieir His children: lant and trader; 1 McKee of Ire- , Todd Co., 111. ,wyer, settled at in 1836; served illiam W.. liorn i; now living in in 1853 entered s, and now lives ^1, lawyer, repre- ector in 1852 on also a lawyer of le v.icancy occa- ar to California, year at W.aler- born 1802, niar- al., Feb., 1883; in Marion and beth, 5th (Con- family died in enliiry, and mar- Jenkins, after- eminent for his .•levcn children, istin;;uished as a d .St.ites senator er and served in imself. He was bly, serving with oiiglas, Augustus and many other nd again in 1846 respectable and living monument of the pioneers of Southern Illinois. This gentleman has been in much public service and acted to the advantaj^^e of the public interest and much to his own honor. t(5 tiic fificcnth general assembly, Iiis last appearance in public life. He "wa^ a corporal in Capt. .\. .M. Jenkins' ct)nipany in the I!lack-Hawk War, serving thrnu^li- out June and July, and was mustered out August 10, 1832, at Fort Hamilton." John Alexander Logan was born Feb. 9, 1826, at Murphcysboro', Jackson Co.; his early eiUication was limited by the resources of the country, but he had passed through a course at .Shiloh College when the breaking out of the .Mexican war called him from his studies to the field. He enlisted at Alton, and w.is enrolled May 29, 1S47, in Company H of Col. I'ldward W. H. .Newby's (5th) Regiment of Illinois Volunteers; was elected 2d-lieutenant of his company and afterward served for a tune as adjutant of his regiment. After the close of the war, he studied law in the ot'fice of his uncle, (Jov. Jenkins; was elected county-clerk of Jackson County in 1849, serving one term; continued his law studies and graduated from the law department of the University of Kentucky at Louisville in 1851. He went into the law practice with Ciov. Jenkins in 1852. In June of that year he was elected prosecuting-attorney of the first judicial circuit, and removed to lienton, Franklin County. He was the same fall elected to represent Franklin and Jackson counties in the eighteenth general assembly; was married, N'ov. 27, 1855, to .Miss Mary Cunningham of Shawiieetown, 111. In i85(>, was chosen a presidential elector for the ninth congressional district on the democratic ticket; in 1858, was elected to congress from that district and again reelected in i860. He was an ardent supporter of Stephen A. Douglas, and followed the le.id of that able statesni.in in his support of all necessary measures adopted by President Lincoln on the suppression of the Rebellion. While yet a member of congress, he took a nnisket and went into the ranks, participating as a volunteer private in the niemor.able battle of Bull Run. Returning to Illinois, he raised the 31st Regiment of Volunteers and became its colonel, and made his next record on the field of Uelmont. On March 5, 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and declining a reelection to congress in 1862, was made a major-general in November of that year, and devoted himself arduously to the task of putting down the Rebellion. He participated in nine of the battles about Vicksburg, afterward at Resaca, at Kenesaw Mountain, at Atlanta, at Dallas, and in many of the holly-contested fields of the campaigns of 1863 5. His promotions were rapid, from a division he rose to a corps commander, and finally, on May 23, 1865, he was advanced to the command of the Army of the Tennessee. In 1865, he w.is appointed minister to .Mexico, but declined. In 1866, Gen. Logan was elected congressman-at-large from the .State of Illinois, and reelected to the same position in 1868 and again in 1870. In 1871, he resigned his scat in congress to accept the succession to Cov. Richard N'ates in llie United-States senate. His term expiring in 1877, he was the candidate of the republican party for the succession, but was defeated by David Davis. Two years later he was again elected and succeeded tlen. Richard J. Oglesby to the seat he now fills. Oen. Logan was nominated by the Republican National Convention as their candidate for vice-president, at Chicago, June 6, 1884. Wm. H. Logan, a younger son of Dr. Logan, and a lawyer of much promise, died soon after the war. He represented Jackson and Williamson counties in the 24th general assembly, possessed oratorical powers of no mean order, and acted us a Union independent democrat. — J. II. G. f ;8.S I'IDM.I.R IllSrOUV Ol- II.I.INDIS, '■■!, », ' ni Ak'Nanclcr M. Ji-iikiiis," wlio was partially raised in Soiitlicrn Illinois, is a talciitctl aiul conspicuous citizen. Jenkins, like most of the pioneers, had no opportunity of an early education; but in after-da)s, he improved himself, so that he is at this time not only a gootl scholar but an intelligent and well-read man. He was when a youth compelled to work op his own hook for the means to obt.iin an education, and succeeiled well. lie has been elected nianj' terms to the general assembly of the St.ite. and commanded a compan}- from Jackson County in the Biack- llawk war. In 1S34, he was elected lieutenant-governor of the State. He was appointed receiver of public money in the land- office at I'.dwardsville and resigned that office. For some years before, he had been merchandising and afterward he studied law and commenced the pracuce in the southern counties of Illi- nois. He was elected a member from Jackson County of the convention that formed the new constitution in 1847, •*"<^1 '^ '^^ this time a practising lawyer. John Dougherty was also raised in Southern Illinois and has, by his merit and exertions, become a gootl law)-er ai.d r.spect- able citizen. He labored under embarrassing circumstances in his youth; but b\' his natural resources aiul his exertions, he has surmounted all obstacles and is now enjo}'ing the rich re- I III ■ * Mr. Jenkin> was elected to tlio lei;i>latiiix' to represent Jackson County in 1832-4, at the cspiration of wliicli term he \va- elected lieutenant -tjovernor, hoUlinf; that posi- tion until his resi,L;nation, which occurred in 1S36, to accept the position ot' president of the first Illinois-Central Railroad lOniiiauy, chartered January it), 1S36. When the .'^tale adopted its ill-fated system of public iniprovenients, {''ebruary 27, 1S37, the -urri-nder of this charter was denianded. and altlio\i;;h the company had already es- pcuclcd cnusideral)!e money an ward that is alua)'s given to an eniryetic and [)r(p[)i-r course of eDiidiict. His father was limited in his nie.ms and his son was compelleil to rely on himself for his education and the study (if the law before he commenced practise. He worked, tau;^dit school, and used all honorable means in his power to obtain an education. He has been elected time aiut time a^ain to tin- j^eiieral as.sembU' of the State from Union County and often from both the coimtie.s, I'nion and Alexander, when the\- voted together. Houi;herty lias a Ljood voice, a pleasing, elotjuent s[)eaker. 1 le possesses a good mind and a kindness and benevo- lence of heart. (ieorge Hacker was appointed a justice-of-the-peace in Ran- dolph County in 1810. He resided then on Cache River. John S. Hacker was an early pioneer of Illinois and has, by his natural talents and e.xertions, become a conspicuous and l)opuliir man in Illinois. He was thrown on his own resources in his infancy and was compelled " tt) buffet the storms of life" without aid or as.sistance from any quarter; but his natural talents arc good. He pos.sesses a quick and discriminating mind, and he has had such incessant intercourse with the people that he is well acquainted with the human character. Mankind seemed to be the school-house in which he received his educa- tion. He married a lady of fine common-sense and of mild and amiable disposition. She has acted in the family the part of a wise and dignified matron, to whose proper conduct much of the success of the family is attributable. Hacker was about the first settler in the pleasant town of Jonesboro', the countj- seat of Union County, and has remained there thirty years. He makes a good speech and is listened to with pleasure; is original in his ideas and so utters them in his stump-speeches. Samuel Omelvany was a popular pioneer in his settlement and in fact throughout the south of Illinois in his dixy. He was a native of Ireland ; had resided in Kentucky, but ended his days in Southern Illinois. He was blessed with a very strong natural mind ; possessed not much education or book intelli- gence; but the strength of his mind was visible in all his actions, public and private. His person was large and he had no parlor polish in his manners; his mind corresponded with his exterior, strong and natural. He was a member-elect from Pope County I i' Ji T .)'JU rioMiu msn.)Kv or Illinois, s iCi i'-: : i! H I =i to tlR- convention in iSiS that formed the first constitution nf till" State, and he lias been elected often from the same count)' to tlie State le^Mslature, aiul has served the people in v.irioiis other stations w ith abilit)-. Hamlet I-'eryiison resided in pioneer times at or near Ciol- conda, Tope County, and was a respectable citi/en. He I'lllcd various offices and was a member in the State convention that formed the constitution in l8l8. " lie acted well liis part, there all the honor lies." A yreat many worth)' working emigrants from North Caro- lina, I'cnns)Ivania. and some from Kentucky settled in the region of countr)- below Hig Muddy and not far from the Mis- sissippi. Tlu)- were of (ierman descent and formed a moral, excellent settlement. A very conspicuous and talented man among them was Rev. George Wolf, who was a preacher of the gospel and was nature's great man. He was raised on a farm and pursued that profession for a living for himself and family, lie is one of the Universalian Baptists and preached his ser- njons to contain the .scriptures and reason together. In early times, large settlements were made in the present limits of (jallatin County, and the old Shawnectown, that the aborigines hail occupied for a;j,cs past and Col. Croghan visited in 1765, was again brought into modern existence. It receivetl the name of Shawneetown on account of a band of Indians of that name having lived there in olden times. This town was first settled by talented, great men. John McLean, Thomas C. Hrowne, Jeptha Mardin, Joseph M. Street, Marshall, Jones, Hubbard, Railings, Gatewood, Kirkpatrick, I'osey, Vanlaving- liam, and others of talents and enterprise, located in Shawnee- town at differenf ♦^imes during its pioneer days. At the Licks, as the saIt-woil;v \ ;re then called, were settled Isaac White, the United-State agent; Guard, Philip Trammel, Leonard White, John Lan.e, and others. About the close of the war in ii ii.i.iNuis. .VJ I ill the Ohio saline U)r some years, (iov. lidu.ircls appointeil liim captain of a company in 1810. He was with Ciov. Harri- son in the campaign up the Wabash in 181 1, anil was kilted in the battle of Tippecanoe in November of that )ear. The tleath III this brave soklier was very much re^retteil j^iiierallj . The le^;islature called a count)' White in honor of him and to |)erpetuate his name. I'robabl)' i>f all the pioneers of Illinois, nature did the most for John McLean of .Shawneetow n. Mis j^ij^.mtic mind, his form of noble anil manlj- sjinnutry, and his lofty and dii^nifieil bearinj4, all demonstrated him to be the " noblest work of (iod." His person w.is lar^'e and formed on that ukhIcI of natural excellence that would at once attract the attention and admira- tion of all spectators. The vi^or and compass of his mind Avere e.\ceedinj;ly ^reat and other traits of character equally strong. His eloquence flowed in torrents, deep, strong, and almost irresistible. Nature did so much for him that he tlepended too much on his natural abilities and did not as much for himself Yet without effort, he naturall)- took the highest stand in any situation in which he was placed. McLean was born in North Carolina in 1791. His father ijul family emigrated to Logan County, Ky., when his son John was only four jcars old. He was raised there until he was twenty odd years old, and then he settled in Shawnectown in 1S15. This pioneer, like most of thu others, was raised in a coiintr)' destitute of schools, and thereby had in his early days not the advantages of an education. His mind was permitted to exercise its own originality, without restraint or discipline; but it was so great and powerful that it would, to speak in sailor phrase, "right itself when thrown on its beam's ends." He studied law in Kentucky and commenced the practice in Shawneetown as a lawyer should be: poor, talented, and ambi- tious. When ne reached Illinois, he had nothing to depend on but God and himself, and on this foundation, he soon became one of the most conspicuous and pojnilar men in Illinois. Be- sides his great strength of mind, he was possessed with a lively imagination and much elociuence. There was no man in Illi- nois, before or since his day, that surpassed him in pure natural eloquence. Nature made him a great orator. M T-^ 39- nONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. i! \ i: ': The first great trial of his strength was with Hon. Daniel P. Cook for a scat in congress. This was the first congressional election in the State. Tlie country was much e.xcited and two of the greatest men tlien in the State, or ever have been in it since, were started on this track of honor. They vere both open, noble-hearted Kentuckians, generous and chivalric; so that the canvass was conducted on honorable principles. The fashion at that day and ever since has been to have political meetings and address speeches to the people, literally from a stump of a tree. This custom was introduced here from the Southern and Western States. From the stump, these two young orators, both favorites of nature, addressed the audience in such streams of eloquence that has never been surpassed in Illinois before or since. These two young politicians were pioneers for whom any community would feel an honest pride. McLean was elected then; but Cook beat him the next election. McLean was elected many times to the general assembly from Gallatin County, and was almost always made speaker of the hous„ of representatives. He was elected to the United- States senate twice. The first time for one session to fill a vacancy and the next was for a full term. But in 1830, at Shawneetown, he died. No man possessed a stronger hold on the people than he did; so that his death was considered, as it really was, a great public calamity, and mourned for with tears of sincere affection and sorrow. A county in Illinois bears his name, to do him honor. He was not wealthy; left a wife and many friends. In the fall of 1808, a wagon-road was laid off from Goshen Settlement to the Ohio salt-works. This road crossed the Kaskaskia River where Carlyle is situated at present; by the Walnut Hills, and so on to the salt-works. This was in olden times called the Goshen Road. Thomas C. Browne, a living and conspicuous pioneer of Illi- nois, was born in Kentucky; emigrated to Illinois and settled in Shawneetown in 18 12. He studied law in Kentucky and commenced the practice as soon as he reached the north- western shores of the Ohio River. The first courts in Gallatin County were held at the county- seat, Shawneetown, in flat- boats; as they had at first no court-houDe. Boats were plenty. ^ i! I'lONKER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 393 Daniel P. igrcssional d and two been in it verc both ivalric ; so pics. The c political dly from a ; from the these two e audience irpassed in ;ians were nest pride, xt election. I assembly speaker of he United- )n to fill a jn 1830, at er hold on ered, as it with tears bears his wife and m Goshen ossed the It; by the s in olden bein<^ floated down the river and moored to the bank at the county-seat. The grand-jury occupied one, while the court, bar, suitors, witnesses, etc., sat in another. Thomas C. Browne possesses many excellent traits of char- acter ; he is endowed by nature with a strong intellect and with a benevolence and goodness of heart that have marked his whole progress thro life. With these traits of character, he delighted to mingle with the people and he obtained much of his education and intelligence in this manner. With the solid mind he possessed, he was in an academy of human knowledge every day and he profited well by the occasion. In (814, he was elected with Philip Trammel to the legislature of the Territory of Illinois from Gallatin County, and made a wise and discreet member altho he was rery young. In 1815, he was appointed prosecuting-attorney for the counties of Gal- latin, Pope, Edwards, and others in the eastern part o( the ter- ritory. All these duties he performed to the satisfaction of the public. In 18 16, he was elected from the same county to the legislative council of the territory. This office contin ed to the organization of the State government in 18 18. By being in the legislature so long, and being a sound, solid member, and becoming so well known and popular throughout the country, the first legislature under the State government elected him one of the justices of the supreme court of the State, without much opposition. He remained in that office for nearly thirty years. Honor, integrity, and fidelity are prominent tra'ts in his character. Nathaniel 1\ f e was a younger branch of a great and talented family in the vVest. He emigrated from Kentucky to Upper I.ouisir na in l8o.|, and remained on the west side of the Mis- si-^-iippi A^r some years. For some time, k^ made Ste. Gene- \ ievc his home and attended the c-vurt'- on this side of the river. In 1809, he was appointed sc^.v-iary of the territory of Illinois, ana then made Illinois hi.: rc;,idciice during life. He was born in Louisville, Ky., in 1784. At an early age, he was placed in the Transylvania University at Lexington, Ky., and received a cla.,3ic education. He also ieariied well the French language and spoke it fluently. At college, he attended assiduously to his studies, which, gave presages of his future j ll I i n f m i ^): W '! W- 1 ;' ■? '. 'I d'! i f It \ i| 394 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. S^reatness, and he graduated with a high reputation for his learning and abilities. He studied law with his brother, John Pope of Kentucky, and soon became well versed in the laws of the country, for a young man. Nature had bestowed on him rare and great talents ; his judgment was strong and profound, and his great natural in- tellect was thoroly trained and disciplined by study. Nature gave him also an unbounded benevolence and kindness of heart. Nothing savage or cruel lurked in his breast, but the sunshine of kindness to all mankind illuminated his path thro life. He po.ssessed a noble dignity of character that gave him a due degree of self-respect. With these admirable traits of character and his profound knowledge of the law, he stood at the head of his profession and enjoyed an extensive practice. He married a lady of accomplishments and beauty. She also possessed a strong mind and an amiable and benevolent dis- position. These worthy parents were the progenitors of a re- spectable family of children. In 1816, he was elected a dele- gate to congress from the territory, and I think he did more important services for the people than any one man has done since in so short a time. Among various other measures, he procured the northern boundary of the State to be extended north from the southern bend of Lake Michigan to latitude forty-two and a-half degrees north. On this globe, to the extent, there is not a better tract of country; and when there were barely forty thousand .souls in the territory, he had passed an act of congress authorizing the people of Illinois to form a State government. When the State was admitted into the Union, he was appointed the United-States judge of the district of Illinois. In this office he remained upward of thirty years and made a judge that added dignit) and respectability to the office and State. It was in the social, convivial parties where he was the greatest of the great. When the society was composed of learned brilliant, and witty, he was among them, the centre of attrac- tion. It was in his own family circle, with a few accomplished friends, men of science and talents, where he displayed his great social qualities. Pope County was called by that name to honor him and to perpetuate his memory. He died Novem- ation for his brother, John i in the laws talents ; his It natural in- jdy. Nature kindness of east, but the liis path thro hat gave him able traits of r, he stood at sive practice. ty. She also nevolent dis- itors of a rc- :cted a dele- he did more lan has done the northern the southern -half degrees 1 better tract ousand souls s authorizing: . When the )pointed the In this office ;i judge that id State. It the greatest of learned :re of attrac- icconiplished isplayed his y that name iicd Novcni- Vi, ' i4 I -"»" •>>.'» Ji»f iiHl m ii' 1 I -■ 9' /i2.^ ^s:^^ 'en tf' ■ ■i.i..j. 11,, iutiuc ■- ■ ' t.t , 1 i; ; 1 *.. --• He Y). icl act i-'O-:-,., fl!in,^^, Kilt?m Hcrt '■■'•■■■■ »nyal. • -^imt^ an-! jr]:)! svi. .ik!y ncans ^f 1 H ^ ;i !1s- i' j!f ber, 1S5 dcatli it tian res cstecmc considLi In ca cheap in Indians- not onI> Molassc extreme often kil green pi the heat could not with a bl prairies, they disaj It is al great favo nois. He one time brilliant, £ were nobh Cook is ye Illinois, election .' " talent were country, parents we ing by cult weakly chil scribed me, not much ; limited edu In 181 1, Genevieve, any influen J le was em I'loNKKR niSlOKV OK ILLINOIS. 395 bor, 1850, with great coolness and com[)osiirc ; conversed of death itself with respect, but with as much cahimess and Chris- tian resignation as upon any otiier subjecL He was much esteemed by tlic pubHc and his decease was in fact, as the)- considered it, a public calamity. In early times, before the New-Orleans sugar was sold so cheap in this market, the inhabitants— French, Americans, and Indians — made maple-sugar. Quantities were manufactured not only for domestic use but as an article of commerce. Molasses was also made. In early times, horse-flies were extremely annoying to animals. In the summer, horses were often killed by them between Kaskaskia and Vincennes. A green prairie- fly was the most numerous and annoying. In the heat of the day they were the worst. Sometimes farmers could not plow in daytime and at times they covered the horse with a blanket. Millions of these flies were produced in the prairies. When the country became settled and improved, they disappea: ^d. It is almost forty years since Daniel Pope Cook, another great favorite of nature, commenced his brilliant career in Illi- nois. He rose high, shined bright, and died soon. He was at one time the darling and idol of the people ; he was great, brilliant, and active in his mind ; his qualifications of heart were noble, generous, and benevolent. The name of Daniel P. Cook is yet sweet music in the ears of many an old pioneer of Illinois. They almost involuntarily cry out: "When is the election .' " His genius, vigor of intellect, and versatility of talent were rarely surpassed and not commonly equaled in any country. He was born in Scott County, Ky., in 1793. His parents were pious, respectable citizens and obtained their liv- ing by cultivating a farm. Cook was, from his infancy, a sickly, weakly child, which wa!> one reason, together with the circum- scribed means of his father, that his education in his youth was not much attended to. He started in the world with a ver)- limited education. In 181 1, when he reached his eighteenth year, he visited Ste Genevieve, Mo., a poor, sickly youth, without friends, wealth, or any influence except his native talents, energy, and honesty. He was employed as clerk in the store of William Shannon at \] Hi 3'/' I'lON'KKR IIISIORV ()!■ I I.I.1N(.»IS. i ^ I'^ii : i \ f- > •I Stc. Genevieve for several years. In tliis situation, his mind ileveloped itself and he acquired friends by his agreeable address and amiable disposition. He attended punctually to liis busi- ness and displa)ed those great abilities that in after-days were the admiration of the country. In 1813, he commenced the study of the law with Judge Pope in Kaskaskia, and b}' extra- ordinary exertions, he obtained license to practise in 1815. B\' intense study, his health was injured; so that he was compelled to take a voyage to restore it. In 1817, he went to the city of Washington and was appointed the bearer of dispatches to our minister, John Ouincy Adams, at the court of St. James. Cook became acquainted there with John O. Adams and returned with him to the United States. In 18 18, he was appointed judge in the western circuit of the State, and became very popular in that office. The same year, he was a candidate for congress. In this canvass, he displayed the highest order of talents in his masterly appeals to the people, and demonstrated a statesman- ship that was surprising in so young a man. He did not suc- ceed, but was elected attorney-general of the State after the August election. At the next election to congress, he was elected over McLean. He remained in congress many years and made an efficient and able member. About this time, his health became enfeebled and he was sinking fast under a pulmonary complaint. On his return from Washington the last time, he visited Cuba and New Orleans for his health, but to no effect. He returned to Kentucky and died at his father's residence [Oct. 16, 1827], aged thirty-six years. " Alas, poor Yorick." His bad health and death were regretted by all classes of citizens. His opponents ceased their political warfare and joined in the sorrows and lamentations of the people for the death of so young a man and one of such high order of talents. His delicate frame and constitution would not admit of intense application to business or study. Confinement uni- versally made him sick, which was a great impediment to hi.s intellectual improvement. He possessed a genius of such capacity that he acquired information as if by intuition. His mind was rapid as well as deep in its researches. He was ready and prepared on short notice for all ordinary subjects. He was eloquent and fascinating in his speeches. Nature ' ( liONKKk HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 397 blessed him with a benevolence and a good will to all mankind in a superior degree, and he was a most amiable and interest- ing companion in society. His career was short but very bril- liant. As he could not, on account of his bad health, study books, he studied men and was a profound philosopher in the science of the human family. It was this information and his native eloquence that gave him such power at the bar over the jury and on the stump over the masses. The county of Cook is called in honor of him. Jcptha Hardin was a branch of the large and respectable family of Hardins in the We.st; was a half-brother of the ccle- bratetl Benjamin Hardin of Kentucky, and also a relative of the late John J. Hardin'"' of Illinois, and he possessed traits of character in common with that talented family. In 1815, he came to Shawneetown a lawyer from Kentucky and remained there during life. He possessed a strong, original mind, and seemed to disdain scholastic education. He studied the law- books no more than answered his purpose at the bar and on the bench ; but mostly applied his strong mind to men and measures as the\' passed before him. He practised law to a considerable extent and became wealthy. He resided on a fine farm and enjoyed himself in scientific agriculture. He was appointed circuit-judge of the court and performed the duties of the office with ability and integrity. He sustained an irre- * His grandfather, John Hardin, born in J'^auquicr Co., Va., Oct. I, 1753, died in 1792. He early became an e.\cellent marksman; served with distinction in the Indian wars of Virjnnia, and as a lieutenant in Morgan's Rifle Corps in the Revo- lution; settled in Wnsliington Co., Ky., in 1786. He commanded a detachment of Kentucky and Pennsylvania militia under Oen. Harmar at his defeat, Oct. 19 and 22, 1790; commanded l>rig.-Gen. Chas. Scott's advance, and distinguished in his succossfid expedition against the Indians on the Wabash, in May, 1791. Murdered 1)y the Indians while be.iring a flag of truce, near .Shawneetown, O., for his horse and e(iuipments, which were very fine; was the father of Martin I). Hardin, lawyer, born on the Monongahela River, I'a., June 21, 1780; died Oct. S, 1823; educated at Transylvania Academy; studied law; several years a member of the Kentucky legislature; secretary of state in 1S12; a major under M.ij.-tien. Harrison in the Xorthwestern army in Lieut. -Col. John Allen's Rifle Reg't of Aug., 1812; U.-S. senator in 1816-7. He published reports of Laws in Kentucky Court of Appeals, 1805-8, Frankfort, 8vo, 1810. His son, John J. Hardin, born in FVankfort, Ky., Jan. 6, 1810; educated at Transylvania University; practised law at Jacksonville, HI.; was prosecuting-attorney; member of the 111. legislature, 1836-42; representa- tive in congress from 111., 1S43-5; col. first reg't i2-month volunteers in Me\ican ■\ , fiil ! fill • ;iii ! /'- I i 3y« ni.)M,KK IlISTUKV ()|- II,I,IXU1S. 1 l)n)acliablc character, and in his old aj^c, died ux Uthy at ills residence near Sliawneetown. Tiioiiias Harrison is a noble and existinj^ nKMUunent of the worth and merit of the ancient pioneers of Illinois. He and many others may look back with yreat satisfaction to their lives spent in the performance of their duties to God and man, and say: "We are the pioneers that fust improveil the country; defended it in times of i)eril, and are now about to transmit it, the finest country on earth, to our posterity." Thomas Harrison was born in York District, South Carolina, in 1779. His parents were respectable and obtained their liv- ing by cultivatinj^ the soil, which is the most ancient and honor- able occupation on earth. His father moved to Rutherford County, North Carolina, and resided there some time; then set- tled in (ieorgia ; afterward he resided in Huncomb County, North Carolina, and from that point, Thomas Harrison, the (ialbrcaths, and some others emij^rated to Illinois in July, 1804. They campetl on the bluff near Kaskaskia and from whence they explored the country. At last Mr. Harrison and some others of the immiirrants settled the same year three or four miles southwest of the present city of Belleville. He improved a plantation, and in 1813, built on it the first cotton-gin that ever was established in Illinois. It was propelled by horse- power; but when the price of cotton was reduced so low, the d •■, war, June 30, 1846; killed, I'"eb. 23, 1847, in battle of liuena Vista, while leading his leg't in a charge at the latest conflicl. His son, (Jen. Martin D. Hardin, great- grandson of John Hardin, born at Jacksonville, 111., June 26, 1837; graduate of West Point; brevet 2d lieut. 3d artillery, July i, 1859; 2d lieut., Jan. 2, i860; ist lieut., -May 14, 1861; lieut. -col. I2lh I'enn. Reserve Veteran Corps, July 8, 1862; brevet- capt., Aug. 29, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Grovcton, Va. ; brevel-maj., Aug. 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious .service in the battle of Hull Run (2d), Va. ; col. 12th Veteran Reserve Corps, Sept. i, 1862; brevet lieut. - col., Dec. 14, 1S63, for gallant and meritorious service in an encounter with a band of guerrillas; brevet-coi., May 23, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of N. Anna River, \'a. ; mustered out of volunteer service, June 11, 1864; brig. -gen. of volunteers, July 2, 1864; brevet brig. -gen., March 13, 1865, for gal- lant and meritorious service in the field during the war; mustered out of volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866; maj. 43d Inf'y, July 28, 1866; transferred to ist Inf'y, Mch. 15, 1869; retired with rank of brig. -gen., Dec. 15, 1870; loss of left arm and wounds in line of duty (under acts of congress, Aug. 3, 1861, and July 28, 1S66).— (.'i.XRP- NKK, DR.\KK, HaMI'KSI.V. ^ II i'i'iM.i;u iiisroKv Di ii.i,iN()i>. 3W iltliy at his ncnt of the is. He and their Hves III tnan, and he coiintr)'; transmit it, th Carolina, cd their liv- : and honor- Rutiierford le; then set- iiib Count)-, larrison, tlie 1 July, 1804. rom whence n and some irec or four le improved ton-gin that by horse- so low, the while leailinj; Hardin, i;ioat- rarluate of Weft S60; 1st lieut., 1862; Ijicvet- e of GrovL'ton, in the battle of brevet lieut. - er with a band service in the line II, 1S64; 1865, for gal- ut of volunteer St Inf'y, Mch. ni and wounds S66).— CARli- eotton business and his gin were abandoned. Soon after, lie l)urchased an on tread-mill in Helleville and carrieil it on for some time; then built a small steam-mill, and then a larger one at the west cntl of the town. This mill, with sixtj- odd thou- sanil bushels of wheat, or more, were burnt. Then they erected the splendid mill that they own at present. This mill is one of the best in the Slate, with four run of burrs and a capacit)- to manufacture two hundred barrels of Hour in twenty-four hours- lie has raised a large and respectable family, natives of St. Clair Co., and the males are associated with their honored sire 'n the mill business. Mr. Harrison and family possess strong and vigorous minds , ,uul great energy and industry. Their probity, honest)', and punctuality have gained them a high standing throughout the country. They have a large capital vested in their business. By their sound judgment and economy, they have amas.sed a fortune. Mr. Harrison embraced religion when a young man; joined the Methodist-l-lpiscopal church, and has been an efficient and talented local preacher in that church for about half-a-cen- tury. On Dec. 16, 181 1, an earthquake visited Illinois. A convul- sion of nature of this character was never before experienced in Illinois. The first occurred in the night and many of the in- habitants on the frontiers supposed it was the Indians throwing the houses down. On the Kaskaskia River below Athens, the water and white sand were thrown up thro a fissure of the earth. The violence of the earthquake was so great that it threw down chimneys and injured houses. In the early spring of 181 1, Jacob Short and Moses Quick-'" * Moses »,)uick was one of three sons of Isaac (^uick, who emigrated in the latter (lart of the last century from New Jersey, where his sons were born, to I'ennsylvania, and from thence to Illinois, settling near the present town of M?'-coutah, in St. Clair County, in the year 1806. Isaac . f >: ki\iiclcil|ili <,'oiiiily", ill !» lUt of L'litiicx, Aaron '.liiick appears to li've I'lilerod Uo acre-, of land near llie proent site of I'alestino, on NovcihIilt 17, lSr6. The second son, Thomas, was never married, lie wns a man of (inu social ipialilics, and died in Itcllcville in ihe spring of iSj;, lamented liy a lar^c circle of friends and relatives. .Moses (Jiiick, the yoimtjcsl son, was of an adventurous, s|)cculative disposition, be- sidi'. the inierprise to whicii llov. lU'ynoids allndi.'s. lie nin owned a mill nc.ir Kelleville, on Uichland Creek, and a firm adjoininj;, wiiicii lie 'r.' fall of iSid, tu Major Washington We^t. • in this mill was )>round the firs. . manufacturcil in St. t lair County. A shi|iiiiciit of 200 barrels was made liy (^)uick to .New Orleans in tlie year iSiO, Th ■ fi)lio\viiii,' advertiiciiient is from the .Uisumri (i.iu.'/i tiiid Jltiiwis Aihvrtisfr, of Saturday, April 27, 181O; "KOK SAI.F, A S.WV Mil. I,, now in full pli.L^lil, anil eipial if not superior to any in the ter- ritory, and a (iklST MILL partly built, which can be put in operation at a bmall expense. .\lso, l()7 acres of well - timliereil land, situated one mile from lielleville, Illinois Territory. April 26. .Musis (,)ii( K." 'The consideration for which this property was sold is shown by the deed-reconU to have been three thousand dollars. Moses (Juick removed shortly afterward to iMissi-,,ij.pi, where he became larj;ely interested in the steam iiavit;ati()ii of the .Mis- sissippi River, ownin.,' at one time several boats which plicl on that river and Lake I'onchartrain. He died in 1S35 or '36, while makinjj a trip on one of his boats to St. Louis; his de^cendants, who are numerous, all reside in the 'states of Louisiana and Mississippi. Is.iac (j)uick bad also fourteen daughters, five of whom mar 1 loft descenil- anis, eitjhl of whom died youiiij, and one of whom never ma,. Jlis daughters married as follows: ^L■\RY, to Cornelius Kettinjjlious, and a second time, to Georye Harris, havinjj several children by each; Amy, married to Charles Messen(,'er, leav- ing many desceiiilants; RiidDA, married to (ieorge Harrison, by whom she had live sons and five daughters; S.\raii, married Henry .\llyii, and with her children and descendants live in Wasliiuijton 'Territory ; Lii'KK 1 1 a, married (leor^'e Allen, and with her descendants live in Kock-Island County, Illinois. Hon. 'Thomas i^)iiick, now a prominent incmiier of llie .St. Louis bar, is a son of Aaron y, and did much to successfully wind up t!ie business of the system of unstable bnnUs with which Illinois was then afllicled. He iiurc'iased a farm in Washington County in 1S5S, and removed to it, giving ii|) temporarily his large and lucrative law practic-c. He was, in 1861, one of the incorporators of the Irvington Agricultural College, and was afterward one of the first board of trustees for the Agricultural Col- lege at ('liampaign. lie h.iil si.\ children - four of whom tlirej sons and oiij daugh- ter—are yet living; his oldest son, Orlando 'T., died in the army in 1865 ; his oldest living son, Ldwin, is a promising young lawyer, in Chicago. 'The descendants of the (Juick family form today the strongest and perhaps the largest body of relations among the .\merican residents in the St. Clair County. — J. II. G. I'KiNI'.l'k lir^lOKV ()| II.I.IVOIS, 401 ; ciiliTcil Ilio 'The si'cimit ifs, illlil (licil and relalivfs. spositiuii, lie- I a mill near ■fall i>f i8i(), imifaciiirfcl in New CJilcans ri (.l.r.i.'U Olid iy in tlif ler- )poratii>n at a iiic mile from (,)l II K." e (Iced-rfcord- I afterward to ju of I lie Mis- iver and Lake if Ills lioat-* to s of I,oui^iaua I left descend- Ills daui^liters ', to (ieorj;e ;ssen};er, leav- she liail five liiMren and :e Allen, and , is a son of rit\ ; lie was 1 at McKen- Ucrloi) from 1. lie re- I'ukcr. IIl- >. Nalcs and in of unstable \Vashinj;ton iicralive law AL^riuiikiiral cnltnral Col- 1 one daugli- 5 ; his oldest ndaiUs of the of rclation> ni.ulf .1 tliit-boiit oil till' north sick- of the Kaskaskia Kivcr, about tlirco-tiuartcrs of a mile l)el()\v tlic prcsciU town of Athens, and loaded it with beef, cattle, ami corn. In March, tliey set sail down the river to New Orleans. They soUl out and rctiuMied on horseback. This was the first boat built on the river above 1, evens. It has been stated that the judiciary of the territory was much improved by the Unitcd-St.ites jutl^es hoUlin^ the courts; \'et the old system was retained to some extent. These judj^es were rec|tiired to hold courts twice in every year in each count)- A\\i} a court o^ iii! iiicr resort at the seat of government. These jud^Ljes were gentlemen of high standing and character, which added much to the reputation of the country. Jesse H. Thomas'" was a man of talents, but did not particu- larly employ his mind on the dr)' subtilties* of the law. lie was born a politician and never ceased the avocation unt'l death closed the scene with him ,1 few years since, in the State of Ohio. In 1818, he was elec ud a member from St. Clair Co. to the convention that formed the State constitution ; was elected the president of that body, and gave general satisfac- tion in the ])erformance of his dutj'. lie was also elected to the United-States senate the same year; made a good business "Jesse liur},a'ss Thomas, a descendant of Lord Hallimore, was born in IIat;ers- town. Md., in 1777; moved west in 1779; studied law with his brother, Richard .Synimes Thomas, in Hracken County, Ky. , where lie was married — his wife dyin;; within a year after marriatje. On the organization of Dearborn Co., Indiana Ter- ritiny, March 7, 180J, he located in I.awreiicel)iiiL;h as a ))ractisin.L; attorney, and was fleeted, Jan. 3, 1805, to represent that cinnity in the lej;islature which convened at \incennes, Feb. I, by proclamation of (lov. Wm. II. Harrison, to choose members of the legislative council; from the ten names thus selected, congres> appointed five; again, on proclamation of the governor, the legislature assembled at X'incennes, July 2<), 1S05, and at this, its first .session, he was elected speaker, and lieiij. Chambers of tlie same county, president of the council; he presided as sjicaker of the first and second sessions of the general assembly at Vincennes, from Sept. 26, 1805, lo Oct. J4, iSoS -three years and one month, when he was elected by the assembly as dele- i;ate to the loth congress, to succeed lienj. Parke, resigned, serving from Dec. 1, iSoS, to March 3, 1809; was appointed and commissioned, Aug. 24, 1805, by Gov. Harrison, a captain of militia of Dearborn County; during his legislative term, he married the widow of Maj. John I'rancis Ilamtramck, and moved to Vincennes, resid- ing there a short time; on the organization of Illinois Territory, Mch. 7, 1809, I'lesi- deiit .Madison appointed him one of its judges; he then moved to Kaskaskia, thence to Cahokia, and later t>) Ivdwardsvillc; in July. 1S18, lie was a delegate from St. 26 \ 402 PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. '.h )'f n member; was a j^n-eat friend of Crawford for the presidency, and did much in the compromise of the Missouri question. He was a gentleman of fine appearance and address. He had a saying on which he acted considerably : that " you could not talk a man down, but you could whisper him to death." On the bench or in the senate, he possessed a dignified and re- spectful bearing, which added much standing to his character. William Sprigg possessed a strong, discriminating mind, and made an excellent judge; was a fine classic scholar and a well- road and profound lawyer. He was born in Maryland and was of excellent family. His brother was the governor of Maryland and other relatives occupied important stations in that State. He had an utter contempt for street politics. A purer heart or one with more integrity never found its way to the bench. He was a spectator iil the campaign of 1812 under Gov. I'Ldwards to Peoria Lake, as he had no gun or weapons that indicated belligerency. His pacific and sicklj' appearance, together with his perfect philosophic indifference as to war or peace, life or death, made him the subject of much discussion among the troops. He was the only savant in the army, to my observation .Stanley Griswold was a correct, honest man; a good lawyer; paid his debts and sung David's psalms. He was transferred to Michigan Territory and in his place Thomas Towles was appointed, who presided on the east of the territory. Cb.ir Co. to and president of the convention that formed the constitution of Illinois and suggested its name; was elected by the first general a.ssembly of Illinois one of its first two United-States senators, serving from Dec. 4, 1818, to March 3, 182S; in 1S20, while fn the senate, he introduced the Missouri Compromise, was chairman of the committee of conference on this measure, and as adopted was his work, this lie regarded as the most important act of his life; in 1824, he was a member of the caucus that nominated his friend, William 11. Crawford, fur president; in 1840, hi; took an active part in effecting the nomination of his old friend. Gen. Harrison, fur )iresident, and attended the convention held that year at Columbus, Ohio; in 1S20. he assisted in the organization of St. I'aul's Episcopal church of Mt. \ernon, Ohio, of which he was a consistent member, where he had moved at the close of his last term in the senate, .''nd owned a large property; he was also one of the town proprietors (jf Krookville, Franklin Co., Ind. In stature, he was full six feet, with florid-brown complexion, dark-hazei eyes, dark-brown (nearly black) hair, with a well-developed muscular system, and weighed over two hundred pounds; was very particular in his personal appearance, and had the mode of a refined gentleman of the last century; was very considerate of the rights and feelings of others, and would not buy al a sheriff's sale. He died, childless, at Ml.\ ernon, O., leaving a large estate. May 4, 1853, aged 75 years.— SAMUEt. Morrison, Indianapolis, Ind., Sept. 4, 1884. I jresidcnc}-, i question. ;. He had I could not :ath." On :d and rc- character. mind, and uid a well- id and was F Maryland that State. ■er heart or lench. He If. lid wards t indicated jcther with ;ace, life or among the bservation od lawyer; transferred rowles was tion of Illinois Illinois one of larch 3, 182S; was chairman his work, thi-; Tieml)cr of the It; in 1840, hL- I larrison, fur )liio; in iSjo, rnon, Ohio, of if his last term iVn proprietors h fiorid-hrowii well-developeil irticular in his le last century; I not buy at a estate. May 4, 4, 1884. m ': I m 1 ».i i-,f m r ■ s ^. fi ': 1 ! r ' nh4 'i 4^ ^^^=^^^»S^^ t 111 I ij n)i I 3 m m I'lOXKKR IIISTORV OF 1M,INUIS. 403 After the close of the war of 1812, Josepli Duncan emigrated to Illinois and settled at the high bluff in the Mississii)pi Bot- tom, near the Cirand Tower in Jackson County. Duncan was young, unassuming, and of genteel deportment. He was born and raised in Paris, Ky., and was an ensign in the United-States army in the campaign to Canada in 1813, under Gen. Harrison. He was in the defence of Lower .Sandusk)', with Maj. Croghan, and behaved gallantly. He was governor of the State and i:i congress for many years. He died a few years since, much re- gretted by his family and friends. President Madison, on June i, 18 12, recommended war against (ircat Britain, and on the i8th of the same month, war was de- clared. John C. Calhoun made an able and dignified report, appealing to the people to defend the honor and character 01 the nation and recommending war — the last resort to sustain our national honor. The Indians had been growing sour and hostile to the inhabi- tants for years before the declaration of war. Tecumseh and the Prophet, his half-brother, were exciting their brethren against the Americans for years before. It is sur[)rising how quick and correct the information is that the Indians receive of the rela- tions between us and Great Britain. A very great chief, Tecumseh, appeared among the Indians at this time. His father was a .Shawnee and his mother an Ottawa woman. At rare intervals, extraordinary men will arise among the Indians. Any one that will study the character oi this great chieftain will sincerely deplore his situation and that of the aborigines generally. This great man was almost or per- haps equal to an\- of the renowned warriors and statesmen among the North-American Indians. He possess^ ! an extra- ordinary strength and vigor of mind. Tecumseh had a magna- nimity of character of which few of the great men of the nation were gifted. There was something noble and grand about him; he disdained the friendship of the British, except he wanted to use them to save his country from destruction. This Indian Napoleon had his Tallej'rand, the prophet. This last-named man was educated in Canada and was a cunning knave. He used, as well as counsel to the Indians, incantations, dreams, and juggling to rouse the red men against the whites. li J i I >f 404 PIONKKk HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Robert Dickson, a talented Briton and Indian-trader, whose residence was at Prairie du Chien, had great influence over all the hordes of the savages in the North. He had prepared three or four thousand warriors ready to attack the frontiers of Illinois and Missouri. But these warriors were more needed in Canada. They were sent there and thereby we were saved. The war in Canada was our defence. While Dickson was pre- paring his Northern warriors, Tecumseh was South, rousing up the natives there to war against the government. Some few murders were committed on our frontiers before war was declared. On June 2, 1811, a family of the name of Cox resided on Shoal Creek, near the forks, and the Indians discovered the family from home, except a young man and woman. They killed the young man and mangled his body cruelly. The girl they took prisoner and also took several horses. Col. Fruit acting as captain, Henry Cox, Ben Cox, and some others, to the number of eight or ten men, pursued the Indians and overtook them and the girl about seven miles from their town and fifty miles north of Springfield. A kind of bash- ful fight ensued. In the scramble, the girl broke from the Ind- ians toward the whites, and as she ran, an Indian wounded her severely in the hip, by throwing a tomahawk at her. The whites got some of the stolen horses and the girl. They reached home in safety. The next murder of the same year was Price, a relative of the VVhitesides. Price was killed on June 20. near the spring in the lower end of the present city of Alton. Price and another man were plowing their corn and they saw the Indians approaching them at the spring, where there was a small cabin. The horse was unhitched and the whites had a gun. As the Indians came near the spring, the Americans asked them if the)- were for war or peace. One of the Indians, who was ver\- large and tail, laid down his gun and gave his hand to Price, but held him fast and the other Indians murdered him. While the conflict was going on, his companion jumped on the horse and was wounded in the thigh in making his escape. This was war, and the frontiers commenced building forts and preparing for the contest. Daring this summer, Tecumseh was in counsel with Gov, Harrison at Vinccnnes, and his conduct K' ii.! nONKKU l!IST(?RV OV II,I.IN()1>. 405 brcatlicd war. The Prophet had assembled at his town on the Wabasli at Tippecanoe all the hostile aiul straggling Indians in the Northwest, and had them in a rage against the United States. For the protection of the country, Gov, Harrison was compelled to disperse them or make them quit in some manner. He marched an army of seven or eight hundred strong against this town and encamped near it on November 6. The Indians made a furious attack on the army some time before day. If it had not been for the regulars, it would have been another St. Clair defeat. The regulars saved the army. The volunteers fought well, but they could not escape, as the enemy had almost surrounded them. This battle put the frontiers into a still greater panic. Indian war was considered to be declared by this battle. In the early spring of 1812, several mounted companies were organized for defence of the country. Small block-houses, family forts were erected all around the frontiers from Wood River to the mouth of the Ohio and up the Ohio and Wabash rivers. Camp Russell was erected about a mile and a-half northwest of the present town of Edwardsville, and was called for William Russell, who was colonel of a regiment of ten rang- ing companies. This was the great military depot for men and other material. Campbell, a United -States officer, erected a small block-house on the bank of the Illinois River, on the west side, twenty odd miles from the mouth. Another military sta- tion was on the Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the Missouri. This stand was to guard the river, as well as to range on the frontiers. Another was established on Silver Creek, northeast of the present town of Troy. At the site of the present town of Carlyle, a block-house fort was built. The same class of forts were built, one a small distance above the present town of Aviston, in Clinton County. This was called Journey's fort. Two were erected on the east side of Shoal Creek, known as Hill and Jones' forts. One on the west side of the Looking- Glass Prairie, a few miles southeast of the present town of Lebanon, and known as Fort Chambers. On the Kaskaskia River, at Middleton's and Going's, were block-houses. Another block-house was erected on Doza Creek, a few miles from the mouth, at Nathaniel Hill's. All around the southern frontier I ' I %\A li \i! ^mmm 4U() I'loNl.KK niST(.)KV OF ILLINOIS. (l-.^f ■', sonic security was made a. 411 y ami im- L-nt States, and ncvci inilics ill it. ilitary sci- thcmsclvcs ly nia^ic to not a State jcrccl equal j)opvilation, IClias Kent led at Teii- lle was a uitc young. 1 his native /olence and a profound In 1818, he lis office for nbly of the nate of the (l|I)ec. 12]. he death of also by the m ciukarcd dcvvd them c\ated and ading, Pa., Issic scholar ^iiont, N.H., [i^e received oVnaincd |l in Illinois ath that Iccease was li Kentucky and settletl in Illinois in 1S15. McLaughlin posscs.sed a sound judgnuMil and nuicli eneniiy and industry. Ili married a lad\- of excellent sense and an .'.niiable disposition, ileresideil for a time in Hellesille, but finally locateil in V'andalia, where he has been the balance-wheel (to speak in boat phrase) of the town for many years, He is now enjoying, in ease and wealtl", the respectable life of a pioneer. He has a wife, wealth, anu no children. C"oI. Ik-njaniin Stephenson moved with his family to Illinois from Ki-ntucky in nSuy. He was sheriff of Randolph County for many years. In the war of 1M12, he acted as colonel in two campaigns. Stephenson was elected a delegate to congress from the territory of Illinois in 1S14, and was appointed register of the land-office at lulwardsville. In public or private life, he was a polite and agreeable gentleman. Death closed his earthly career some years since (at l-Alwardsville.J Major William (leorgc IJrown is a respectable and living pio- neer of Illinois. In the Old Dominion and I'rince lulwards County, he was born in 1777. The father of Maj. Hrown emi- grated to Kentucky in early times and the major moved to Illi- nois in 1 8 16. At the Long Point, so called, he settled and has resided there for more than one-third of a century. The county of St. Clair has been represented by him in the .State legislature for many years, and he has been active in the defence of the country in all the Indian wars of his day. With the public, liis character stands high for his good sense and honesty. James Lemen, Sr., was blessed with a large famil}- of chil- dren.* Most of his sons arc members of Christian churches * The "V. S. IJiog. Diet.," Chicaj;o, 1876, jjivcs tlic following adililional facts conccriiint; this celebrated family. James Lemen, Sr., was l)orn near IIai|)er's Ferry, \'a., in 175S; was married in \irginia in 17S2, and had born to him eleven children, 01 whom tliree died in infancy and el(,dit lived to be over si\ty. This remaiknble finiily consisted of six sons and two daughters. James I.emen, .Sr., lived to lie ()4, and died in 1822. His sons were as follows: I. Robert l.emen, born near Harper's Ferry, \ a.. Sept. 25, l"8_^; married Hoter Tolan in 1805; settled in Kid^'c I'rairie, Si. Clair Co., 111., and there reared a lamily of fifteen children, most of whom arrived at years of maturity; was edujated under the instruction of that eccentric and able pioneer ^apli^t pre.icher, " Father" Jolin Clark, and was far above the ordinary men of his day in native an ■ P\ 4i: 1'I()\i:i:k history of Illinois. J and many of tncm preachers of the gospel. Robert Lemeiv one of his sons, was engaged for many years in teaching school at a time when the country was in great need of schools. 2. Kev. Joseph Lemen, , orn also in Virginia, Sept. 8, 1785; married Mary Kin- ney, daughter of Rev. Will. am Kinney, .Sr., afterward lieut. -governor of Illinois, and with her raised a family of fourteen children; was a prominent liaplist preacher for m'bre than half a century; lived in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair Co. ; and died June 29, 1861, aged 76. In McDonough's "History of St. Clair County" is a chapter written by Joseph li. Lemen, a member of this family, in which is given the history of the l!a))tist churches of that county. I le says, speaking of the Richland-Creek Dapiist Church, first organised June 14, 1806: "In 1809 these people built a meeting-house on Richland Creek, some three miles northeast of Helleville; and at that time had a membership of about forty. Among the members were lienjamin Ogle, James Lemen, Sr., Wm. Lot W.ii'eside, William Kinney, Isaac Enochs, Larken Rutherford, Rev. Joseph Lemcm, Robert Lemen, Polly K. Lemen, Catharine Lemen, Ann Simpson, Hetty Lemen, Ann Whiteside, Sally Whiteside, Ann Lemen, Elizabeth Uadgeley, Mary Kinney, and others. " On July 8, 1809, Kev. James Lemen, Sr., who had been licensed to preach one year previous, arose in church and denounced slavery and the practise of holding slaves as one he could not tolerate; to this some of the membership objected, and the senior Lemen and four others withdrew, and with two others organized a new church under the name of "the Baptist Church of Christ, friends of humanity," afterward known as the Hethel Baptist Church. Their building was located two and one-half miles sauthea.st of Collinsville, and is yet a flourishing society. Josc|)h Lemen sus- tained pastoral relations with Hethel Church for many years — except when his brother Moses was in charge — during almost the fir ; half-century of its existence. He was assisted also by his brother James during many years of the time, who is described as "a man of much power." 3. Rev. James Lemen, born in Monroe Co., 111., Oct. 8, 1787; was also a Baptist preacher of considerable renown, preaching in Illinois, Missouri, and Ken-ucky; married Mary Pulliam, Dec. 8, 1813; reared a large family; and died Feb. 8, 1870, aged 82. " He was the second child born of American parents in the colony. Enoch Moore being the first." He was a member of the second territorial legi>lati!re from St. Clair Co. in 1814-15; again representing the county in the sccotul gLMier.il assem- bly, 1820-22; and was state senator from 1824 28. His widow died in 1876, aged St. 4. V/illiam Lemen was born in Monroe Co. in 1791, and also belonged to tht Bapti.t church from an early age; married in the same county Maud Miller, who bore him seven children, only two of whom lived to adult age; was a soldier in the Black-Hawk war; and died in Monroe Co. in 1857, aged 66. 5. Rev. Josiah Lemen, born in Monroe Co., III., .Vug. 15, 1794, w.ns also a Bap- tist preacher; married Rebecca HnfT; reared a large family; and died near I)u(Juoin, in Perry Co., July 11, 1867, aged 73 6. Rev. Moses Lcmcn, born in Monroe Co., III., in 1797, became a Baptist min- ister in early life; married first, .Sarah Hull, by whom he had tlnce children; second, married Sarah Varnum, by whom Iv had seven children. He re]>resenled Monroe Co. in the house from 1828-30; and died in Montgomery Co., 111., March 5, 1859, aged 62. — J. II. G. LTt Lemcii, hing 30ls. hing school ied Mary Kin- lor of Illinois, aplist piL-achcr 1 died Juno 29, ihapter written history of the -Creek Uapti^t k, some three of about forty. Not W.il'eside, ^emim, Robert ■ Lemen, Ann y Kinney, and to preach one tise of holdinji jjected, and the 1 a new church ity, " afterward 10 and one-half [ph Lemen sus- len his brother ce. Me was is described nd also a IJaplist Ken-ucky; Feb. 8, 1870, oiiy. Knocii i>lati!re (i\An ;L'nerril asseni- [876, aged 8t. longed to tht Miller, who wldicr in the IS also a Hap- '.ir Dutjuoin, liaptist min- iren; second, ntcd Monroe ircli 5, I«59, riONEKR HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 413 James Lemen, Jr., was born at the New Desi.,n in 1787, and Mas raised in lUinois. He has been electeJ at various times to ■one or the other branch of the general assembly of the State for twelve or fifteen years. Likewise, he was elected a member from St. Clair to the convention that formed the first constitu- tion of the State. In all these situations in which the people placed him, he has acted with ability and fidelity. The public awards to him an unblemished reputation. The Casey family, a numerous and respectable connection, emigrated mostly from Tennessee to Illinois and se^.ied in several of the counties in the interior of the .State. Hon. Zadoc Casey* is a conspicuous and worthy pioneer of the * /.adoc Casey's father came from County Tyrone, Ireland, settled in North Caro- lina before the Revolution, and w.is a soldier under Marion antl Sumpter. Zadoc Casey was born in Cieorgia, March 7, 1796; was brought up in .Sumner County, Tennessee, where the family removed while he was quite young; was married in Ten- nessee, Aug. 31, 1815, to Rachel King. They have had seven children. While his oldest child was an infant, CJov. Cnscy removed with his family to Illinois, in 1817, and settled in Jefferson County, near the present town of Mount Vernon, of which iiie was the founder, where his family was reared; and here he lived, died, and was buried. Gov. Casey was elected to the house of representatives of the third general assembly, to represent the counties of Jefferson and Hamilton, in 1822-4, the first representative either of said counties had in the general assembly. Two years later, Marion County having in 1823 been organized and added to the district, in 1824-6 lie represented the enlarged district. In 1826-30, he was in the State senate repre- senting the district comprising Jefferson, Hamilton, Marion, and Clay counties. In August, 1830, he was elected lieutenant-governor at the same election with John Reynolds as governor. He resigned this position in 1833, to accept a seat as 01. e of three members which Illinois was allowed in the Federal congrcs alter the census of 1830; and served five .successive terms in congress, being reclci hI at every election until the district was changed in 1842. He was a prominent mc iber of congress and was chairman of the committee on public lands, and the State 1 Illinois is indebted to him for the land-grant which enabled them to build the lilinois-and-.Michigan Canal. He also made the first report to congress in favor of a giant to aid in the construction of the Illinois-Central Railroad. Senator Dougla>, in a ....■r'..,pondence with ludge Breese in 185 1, gave to Gov. Casey the credit of the first official recogni- tiim of the importance of the road in a report made in 1837, to the house of repre- sentatives of the national congress, while chairman of the coniiniitee on public lands. Gov. Ca.sey was elected o l6th general assembly in 184S, and was speaker of the house; he was reelected to the house again in 1850-2, as a colleague of Gen. Ilaynie, representing Jefferson and Marion counties. In 1S60, he was elected as state sena- tor from the 20th district, composed of 'he counties of Jofleison, Wayne, F.dward>. Wabash, Marion, Clay, and Richland, and was holding thi> position at the time of his death, Sept. 4, 1862. Gov. Casey's oldest son, Samuel K. Casey, was educated at McKendiee College, ' M . ■ i' 414 i'i()Ni:i:k iiisioRV ok ii.i.in'ois. faniil)- and has held many high and honorable offices in the State. In 1830, he was elected lieutenant-governor and has been a member of congress for many \'ears; was a member of the last convention to form the State constitution, and is at the present time a member of our State legislature. In early youth, he did not attend to his education, but in after-life, he improved himself very much and is an intelligent man. Xature blessed him with an interesting family, man)' of whom bid fair to be useful and distinguished citizens. Hon. John A. McClcrnand "' is a conspicuous pioneer of ^1 *; Lebanon, Illinois; licen-ied to j^ractise law in 1845; was warden for many years of the Illinois State penitentiary at Joliet; returned to Jelfcr^on County after the Rebel- lion, and was elected to the .State .senate in 186S; and died during' iiis term of office, May ji, 1871, at his iiouse in Mount N'ernon of hemorrhaLje of the bowels. .Mahala, the oldest daughter of Gov. Casey, married Rev. Lewis Dwight, and died in 1844; her son, S. L. Dwight, a jironiinent lawyer of Centralia, Marion County, was a member of the house in the State legislature of 1870-2. Hiram R. Casey, the second son, died in Louisana in 1856. Dr. Newton R. Casey, the third son, was educated at the univeisity at Athens, Ohio, is a |)hysician and surgeon, and lives at Mound ( 'ily. i le was a member of the house in 25th, 26th, and 2Sth general assemblies, from Pul.i '• i County. The fourth son, Thomas J. Casey, was educated at McKendree Collei'e, taking the Master's degree in 1S50; he was licensed to practise law in 1853; in l85(), he was elected circuit attorney of the twelfth circuit, to which he was reelected in i860; m the summer of 1863, he raised the lioth Illinois In^^ntry, of which regi- ment he was elected colonel; served with his regiment thro the fall campaign with liuell in Kentucky in 1862. with Uosecrans in the battle of Stone River, making a splendid record for personal gallantry in that severe engagement; and iri May, 1863, he was mustered out at h\> own re(iuest on a cons(jlidation of liis reginiL-nt, hi-, busi- ness interests, and those of hi> father, who had died in the meantime, reipiiring his jiersonal attention. Col. Casey wa.s married in 18(11, to Miss M. .S. Moran of Springfield. He was a member of the house of representatives in 1870 2, and suc- ceeded his brother, Samuel, in 1872 b, in the State senate. He was elected one of (he judges ol' the second circuit in 1871); and was selected as the judge of the appel- late court from his circuit, a petition he now fills. ( iov. Casey's youngest son. Dr. lolin K. Casey, was educated at McKendree College, and afterward received a thovo nietlicrd education, and is now a practising physician in the city of Joliet. — J. H. ('•. * Cien. McClernand was born in lireckinridge County, Kentucky, in 1S12. When lour years of age he lost his father, and hi,-, early years were years of trial, hardship, and difficully, which lie >urmounted with an indomitable will, and at the age of twenty he had placed himself in an honorable position in the profession of the law. He moved to Shawneetown, Illinois, in 1830; volunteered as a private in Capt. Har- rison Williams' company in the Black-Hawk war, in the summer of 1832, and was |iromoted to the position of assistant-cpiartermaster on the staff of lirig. -( ic.ii'l Ale.\- ander I'osey, commanding the isl brigade. He established a Hemociatic newspaper in Shawneetown in 1835; was elected to the legislature in 183(1 8, ami again in l8.(o; 'loNKKR IIISIORV (.)!•' I l.l.lN'i )1S. CCS in the r and has member of J is at the irly youth, ; improved ire blesseel fair to be pioneer of many years of 'tcr the Kebel- terni of office, vels. Mahala, died in 1S44 ; ounty, was a iey, the secoiul as educated al t Mound ('ity. s, from I'uli I- i ndree ColleL^e. 1S53; in 1856, s reelected in )f which re^i- anipaijjn with r, niakinjj; a May, 1803, nt, hi-, busi- ei|uiriiiL; liis Moran of , and ^uc- ecled one of of tiie appel- l son. Dr. ived a lliovc) -I. H. (i. S12. Wliei) , hardsiii|). the aye of 11 of the law. n ('apt. Har- 832, and was (ii.n'l Ale.\- c ne\v>i)a|!er ain in iS.(0; Southern IlUnuis. He was raised in (iallatin County and worked his way thro many difficulties to eminence ant! a hii;li standing. Law was his avocation and he practised liis profes- sion for some time in Southern Illinois. In constructing; the lllinois-and-Michiyan Canal, he acted an efficient part as a State officer and has represented Gallatin Count)- time and time again in the State legislature; but most of his public services were in the congress of the United States. In this honorable body he made a conspicuous and efficient member. Nature gifted him with an active and vigorous intellect and much energy. was reelected in 1S42; antl in 1843 was elected to con_!;ress, to wliicli po^ilioii he was reelected in 1844, again in 1846, and still a.L^ain for the fourth conseeuti\e term in 1848. He ileelined a I'fth reelection, and removed to Jacksonville in |S^I. In iS.jo he was elected a presidental elector on the Democratic ticket and in 1852 he was elector on the I'ierce ticket. In 1856 he removed to .Springfield, where he engaged in the practise of his profession before the Federal courts. In 1859 liu was again elected to congress from the Springfield district, to fill the vacnncy caused bv the death of Maj. Thos. I-. Harris. He was married in 1S43 to Sarah, daughter of ( o|. lames Dunlop of Jacksonville, III. In August, 1861, (len. McClernand was commissioned as a brigadiur-gtneral by President Lincoln. He immediately resigned his seat in congress and returned to Illinois, where he recruited a consideraljle force of volunteers in a short time. Ho resumed command at t'airj, Sept. 5, 1861. After leading in many imiiortant cam- paigns and expeditions, and distinguishing himself at I'ort Henry, l-'ort I )onaNon, and Shiloh, in each of which engagements he commanded a divison; ami being pro- moted to a major-genera! after the surrender of Fort Donelson, he was next assigned to the command of an army corps, by (!en. Ilalleck's order, and in this position did much to further the Inion cause in 1S62. Gen. McClernand is undoubtedly entitled to much of the credit for jilaning the campaign of 1863. Unfortunate disagreements occurred between him and (lens. (Irant and Ilalleck, and after his victory at Arkansas I'ost, he was ordered back. lie afterward took part in the battles of Fort Cibson, May I, Champion Hill, May 3, and Dig Klock, May 17, 1863; aNo in the siege of \ icksburg which followed: and on June 18 was relieved from the command of the I ^th corps, (ien. .Mi rnand tendered his resignation Jan. 14, 18(14; which the I'resi- ilent refused to lA.^ept, and he was replaced in command of the I3tli corps, and assigned to the ilepartment of ( len. Uauks, on Jan. 23, 1804. He took part in the ill-fated Red River campaign of i86.;, until prostrated by sickness, and on [une u was brought home shattered in health and unable to return to the field, .\liho he sought active service afterward his health was not in a condition to justify it, and unwilling to hold a position that he ilid not fill he again tendered his resigna- tion in November, 1865, and it was accepted. He was president of the Democratic National Convention in St. I.ouis in 187(1; has always been an ardent politician of the old lefferson school. He is still engaged ill the active |iiactise of his profe>sijn in Springfield, a member of the firm of .Mc- Clernand iV Reves, (. H. 1 i. .v' mj.mm iJ ' 'I •^ k i! i 41C PIONEKR IIISTORV OF ILLINOIS. Rev. John Mason Peck emigrated to the West in 18 17, and has been extremely efficient and energetic in advancing the morality and religion of the country. This reverend pioneer was born in the State of Connecticut in 1787, and reached Shawneetown in 18 17. For many years he resided in Missouri and he and family were much afflicted there with sickness. In 1S21, he located in Illinois and has resided at his celebrated site, the Rock Spring, ever since. Nature has endowed Mr. Peck with her choicest gifts and he himself has been indefatigable and energetic in his scientific and literary labors. A strong, vigorous, and discriminating in- tellect he possesses in an eminent degree. In addition to this great gift of nature, he is also blessed with an activity and energy that shrink from no labor and research that is within the compass of his power. With his efficiency and energy of character, he has accomplished much in the West. Education has been a favorite pursuit with him during his whole life in the Western country. The Sunday-.schools may greet Mr. Peck as their most efficient supporter. The temperance cause may also hail him as its best friend and champion. Morality and religion itself were greatly advanced in this new country by his untiring e.xertion. The eminent talents of this divine are devoted mostly to preaching the gospel and writing books. Sermons of this gentleman are clear and strong and contain in them not only the theory of religion, but also the practical application to the actions of men. The writings of Mr. Peck exhibit much talent and research and do him and the country much honor. The literary character of this author stands eminent throughout the West and he promises much to advance his literary fame. The Baptist denomination of Christians he has joined and is one of their most efficient members. William B. Whiteside, the captain of the company of United- .States rangers in the war of 18 12, was born in North Carolina, and when a lad, came with his father. Col. William Whiteside, to the country in 1793. He was raised on the frontiers and without much education, but possessed a strong and sprightly intellect and a benevolence of heart that was rarely equaled. All his talents and energies were exerted in the defence of his country. He was sheriff of Madison County for many years. i PIONEER HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 417 1817, and ncing the d pioneer d reached 1 Missouri - )ns of this not onl)- on to the uch talent or. The ihout the nie. The is one of of United- Carolina, Whiteside, ntiers and sprightlj- equaled, nee of his my years. )n At his residence in Madison County, he died some years since. Chicago was known and visited by the explorers of the coun- try from the earliest times to the present ; but no regular vil- lage or colony was ever established there until modern date- Indian-traders and the engage were often located there, but no continuous settlement was made. The name is of Indian ex- traction and means in English the Land of Onions or Wild- Onion Field. The Indians, in 1812, [Aug. 15], massacred al- most a whole company of regulars there and kept the place until peace was declared. Jean B. Pont-au-Sable had a store of Indian goods there in 1795, and John Kinzie settled there about 1804. The Illinois- and-Michigan Canal gave Chicago the first start in modern times and now it bids fair to be the largest city in the valley of the Mississippi. John D. Whiteside, another son of the aged Col. Whiteside, was born at Whiteside's Station in 1794, and was raised, lived, and died there in 1850. This pioneer possessed a strong, solid mind. Many important public stations he occupied with credit to himself. At various times, he has represented his native county in the State legislature and occupied for many years the office of treasurer of State ; also the office of fund-commis- sioner. The business of this last ofificc required his services in Europe, where he transacted important business for the State. It is singular that he was born, lived, died, and was burled on the same locality, the Old Station, in the present county of Monroe. The Moore family emigrated from Georgia and settled in St. Clair and were respectable citizens. The iv^vd patriarch, Risdon Moore, was a popular and conspicuous man of his day. The county of .St. Clair was represented in part by iiim for many years and he was elected the speaker of the house of representatives of the general assembl}-. He died many jears since and left an unblemished character. A large connection of the Mitchells and \\\-sts"' emigrated * The West family arc of lui^'li-.li ancestry, an I Uie t'lr^t of the n.une came with Calvert, Lord I'altiinore. to Marylanil in 1632. [olif West, a progenitor of tlie present family, lived an . ?i from l^ortctot County, Va., and settled in St. Clair County, cast of liellcville in early times. This colony was composed of in- telligent and worthy citizens and the descendants have spread over the country far and near. Geor<^e E. Walker, a respectable and worthy pioneer, was born in Tennessee, and his father and family, in 181 1, settled on the east of the Kaskaskia River, near the northern limits ot Randolph County. Yount;- Walker in his early da\-s startt'd out into the wide world to make a living, and most nobly has he sustained himsi.'If He traded with the I'ottawatomie Ind- ians and the white population on the Illinois River to much advantage. Walker was an eificient member of the companj' that built a railroad from the Mississippi Bluff to the river. This road was constructed seven miles long in 1837, for the pur- pose of conveying coal to the St. Louis market, antl was the first railroad built in the State. In 1839, he commenced mer- chandising in Ottawa, 111. At this time, he is one of the most wealthy and efficient merchants in this State. He po.ssesses a strong natural mind and energy and activity unec^ualed. Washington; his son, Washington We>t, was horn in Maryland, but was moved in infancy to Virginia, where lie married I'lancos .MitciiL-ll of \irginia. 'I'lieir children were two sons and one daughter. lienjaniin Hillary Wot, the younger of these sons, was one year old when the family came to Illinois in 1818; he was married to- Maia Catherine Hiel, also a native of \irginia, and from this union sprang a family of eleven children; all reside in St. Clair Coun'.y; prominent among these is the third son, Dr. Washington West of liclleville. The elder son, Tilginnan Ililliary West, born in Montgomery Co., Md., Sept. 20, 1773; married in iSo;, .Mary .Mitchell, and moved to Illinois Territory with his brother, I5enjamin II., and their families and sons in iSlS. His son, lienjaniin J. West, Sr., was married to Louisa A. Mitchell, June 7, 1S36, and settled in liclleville. I'rom this union sprang IJenjamin J, W^est, Jr., born in July, 1846; he was educated at McKendree College and St. Louis University, and did efticicnt service in the 1421! Regiment Illinois volunteers — during the late war; was married June 12, 1S69, to Miss L. Iv. (lereof .\lton. 111.;. and was mayor of liclleville, 111., in 1S81. Hon. Edward .M. West of Kdwardsville, Madison County, 111., an older son of Tilghman H. West, born in liotetourt County, Virginia, -May 2, 1814, is the head of the banking-house of West & Prickett. In 1858, he was elected treasurer of Madison County, and reelected to a second term. In 1844, he was elected school superintendent of the .same county, and was one of the delegates from his county to the constitutional convention of 1847, ^"'1 ^^'is largely instrumental, as a member of the finance committee, in securing the adoption of those wise measures which protected the State from repudiation and placed its credit on a sound basis. He has been a prominent member of the MethodLst church since 1842; and held the position of chaplain, with the rank of captain, in the Illi- nois National Guard. — ^J. H. G. r%i iiity, east :d of in- ,'c spread APPENDIX. iccr, was I, settled limits oi s started iobl\' has Miiie Ind- to nuich C(Miipan\- the river, r the piir- 1 was the iced mer- the most os^sesses a :d. I'as moved in licir children iger of these s ni.inied to aiig a family e is the third illiary West, ry Mitchell, heir families » Louisa A. ing lienjamin lege and St. is volunteers f Alton, 111.-, '".dwardsville, ourt County, riekett. In econd term, was one of 7, and was he adoption 1 placed its odist church in the Illi- MK.MOIR OF CHARI.LS (iRATIOT, SR. [Revised by the author, Jan. 7, 18S5. From the St. J.oiiis Rc'fiiNiiaii, Aug. 24, 1878.] CoMiMiKii IKOM Ai;tiii:.\tic D.\t.\ in mssKssioN oi- IIIK \Vlilll:R. I have hiMg liad it in contemplation, from uiy connection with the family of the deceased, Charles tiratiot, .Sr., to prepare an article relating to the aliove individual, who, from the date of his first t'st.TlilishmeiU in the then little village of Cahokia in 1777 (but thirteen years after the commencement of the cmiiryo village of St. Louis by Lacleile) to his death in 1817, a period of forty years, was, from his education, accjuirements, and business capacity, one of the most inlluential residents of our early St. Louis. I am more directly induced to commence this procrastinated intentinn from the perusal of an obituary in the Sunday RcNiHii.in of July z\, of the recently-deceased (July 13, 1S78; aged 81 yrs. 8 mo. lodys. ) Isabelle, relict of the late Julius DeMun, and the last-surviving child of Charles Ciratiot, which obituary contains so many material errors of fact, particularly as regards .Mr. Ciratiot, that 1 deem it but proper for the truth of history that these errors should be corrected while fresh before us. Ijut little is known at the present day of the ancestry of Charles tiratiot but what was derived from himself in his lifetime. He was of French origin, his ancestors being of those Huguenots who were coin|ielled to leave their native I'Vance after the revocation of the edict of Nantes by Luuis XI\',, at ihe latter part of his reign, toward the close of the seventeenth century, owing to the persecutions they experi- enced for their religious views and o]iinious. A large portion of these jiersecutcd jieople crossed the eastern boundaries of France into Switzerland, where all religious opinions were tolerated, anil many settled in that country; among these were the immediate ancestors of Charles Cratiot, who in his lifetime always claimed to be a Swi.ss, and not a Frenchman. Charles Cratiot, the only son of Uavid* and Marie (IJernard) Cratiot was born at Lausanne, Canton of \'aud, anciently Lemaii, situated on the north shore of the ancient Lac Leman, modern Lake of Ceneva, Switzerland, in 1752. After his school-boy days he was sent to an uncle Bernard in London, a brother of his. mother, in whose mercantile house he spent some years, and then came to Montreal, Canada, arriving May 30, 1769, to another uncle Bernard, a merchant of Montrtal, with whom he served as clerk for some live years. In 1774, this uncle sent him in the Indian tratle to .Michilimakinac; and in 1775 to the Illinois country, with a venture of goods for this uncle's account, where he remained about a year, and took such a fancy to the country that he determined to return and settle in it. So in 1777, having left this uncle's service and formed a copartnership with |)avid McCrae and John Kay, two young Scotchmen of Montreal, fur-traders like himself, under the style of David McCrae & Co., he came to Cahokia late in November. 'I'he * Cli;irli.s Gnuiot in his marriage contract in tlic Spanisli arcliivcs is called the son of Henry Ciratiot and Marie Bernard, hut in all his letters to his parents he addresses them to his father David Gratiot, wliich dmibllcss was his correct name. \ K 419 1/ ,. ,»>'. ) i , I »: '^1 420 AI'PENDIX. writer of this is the possessor of his first little k'ith a house of posts, 40 by 20 feet and another of 20 by 15. And subseipiently, in 1787-S, the south half of the same block, upon which was also a small house of posts. On this property he resided for some years, and here .several of his fust children were born. Itetween the years 1792-3, Mr. Cratiot was associated with one Solomon Abraham, a merchant of Montreal, in trading with some of the Indian tribes of the upper CDuntry, the goods for these outfits being procured by Abraham from London. In the ^irosecution of this business they met with heavy pecuniary losses, as did all others engaged in this trade at this particular time. This was caused by the revolu- tion in I'Vance, involvin;^ that country in an immediate war with Cjreat Britain, and subsequently with marly all luuope, materially depreciating the price of furs in that country and enhancing the cost of the goods for the trade. At this period, 1793, Mr. G. made a voyage to Europe, being absent about twenty months. The facts connected with this voyage I derive from his letters from Canada anil London (in my possession) to his brolhirs-indaw, the two Chouteaus. at whose instance principally the voyage was undertaken, they then having a largi- fiir-trading establishment in Mackinac, from which it appears that Mr. (iralint, having experienced heavy losses in business some time jireviinisly, and finding him- self very much emliarrassed pecuniarily, had conceived the jiroject of this voyaije, then no small undertaking from this remote point, induced thereto partly by the very liberal remuneration to be allowed him by these gentlemen and others, whose furs, etc., he was to dispose of in I-oiidon, theft the great fur-mart of the world, and there purchase for them the goods lliey needed in the prosecution of their Indian trade, instead of, as heretofore, at Montreal, but mainly by the confident hope that, from his business capacity and his knowledge of the English language, "something mi^;! " t.nii up" that wcnild enable him to retrieve his affairs, and a.,'ain place him in .1 API'KNUIX. 421 (Uviiting; ihe IS route here; lu Chieii, ami t the close of :arly in 1781, New Orleans, s, on June 21, esiding at the lie house that completion in )r a few years, uie, was born, ; a journey to ? had sustained ; of his In. havini; a Iar5;e it Mr. (Iratiot, d finding him- lof this voyage. Illy by the very |er>, whose furs. orld, and there Ir Indian trade. Iiope that, from )mething niii^li' kco him in .1 prosperous position. In this iiope he was not disappointe ', as will subsecpientljr appear. lie left St. Louis nt the end of May, 179J. Ihe route then was by canoe or periogue up the Mississippi and Ouiseonsin rivers, through (Jreen Hay to .Maekina', thence down through the lakes to Montreal. lie was in Maekina' in July and in Montreal about August 20, and embarked for luirope about the close of (.)itol>er. At this time, .\Ir. (i. was in the prime of life — just forty years — and had been mar* ried about twelve years, leaving at home five children, his wife giving birth to their sixth on Oct. 25, just as he was on the eve of his departure from Montreal. Arriving in London at the close of the year 1793, he spent the winter in unceasing application to the inteve-ts of those parties for whom he had undertaken the voyage, as is shown by his letters from that city. In attending closely to this business, he became intimately acipiainted with a Mr. .Schneider, a merchant of very large means, at the head of a commercial house having extensive business relations with some of the principal cities of Kurope. This gentleman conceived a warm friendship for Mr. Gratiot. He made him propositions to establish a house in St. I'etersburg, Russia, where large (piantitios of furs were disposed of. He proposed to furnish the capital necessary therefor, would procure for him consignments from other I'.uropean cities, and eventually give him an interest in his London house. This generous proposition .Mr. (J. gratefully aceejited, as he states in a long business letter of March 30, 1794, from London, to his brothers-in-law, the two Chouleaus, covering some twelve or fourteen pa^es of large foolscap. Nothing could better exemplify the honorable character, the innate sense of those qualities which constitute the gentleman, and the liberality and self-sacrificing dis- position of the man, than a perusal of this letter — but as that would require too much space ill this article, I will merely condense the subst.incc. The largest jiortion of the letter is devoted to the business interests of those for whom he made the voyage. Then, as to his personal matters: Kxplains the considerations that induced him to accept the otTer to establish himself in Kurope; regrets the .severance of the ties, perhaps forever, that bind him to his friends in America; gives specific instructions for closing and settling his alTairs in St. Louis, enumerating all those to whom he is indebted, whh directions to pay all his debts and to dispose of all his property, etc. ; desires his wife to prepare herself and the children for the voyage to join him in Kurope "when she will have received his instructions to that effect, and concludes with the hope that his friends there will cherish his remembrance and his sincere affection for all. " In view of his contemplated ab.sence from St. Louis, for possibly a long period of time, Mr. Gratiot had executed to his brother-in-law, Aug. Chou- teau, before his departure, under date of May 24, 1793, a general power of attorney, clothing him with full authority to act for him in his absence in all matters, as if done by himself in person. — Archives, vol, iv. 505, ii. 770. At this period, his brother-in-law, Pierre Chouteau, had just lost his first wife, Pelagie Kierscreau, to whom he had been marrieil some ten years, leaving him a widower, yet comparatively a young man of thirty-three, with four chikben. He then began to entertain the idea of a trip to Kurope, as mentioned by Gratiot in the foregoing letter of the 30th from ' oudon; but it appears that Chouteau had aban- doned the idea of this voyage, as ae had just previously to the date of this letter t3.ken to himself a second wife, IJrigitte Saucier, of which fact, of course, Gratiot was not apprised when he wrote, expecting Chouteau to come over and bring with him under his protection Gratiot's wife and children. It appears then the voyage of il 422 APPKNOIX. ; I Mrs. riiatiot was nbandoneil, if ever fiUcilaincil liy licr. Mr. (Iiatiol remained abroad soiiil' Iwciily luoiitln, nnurnini,' Id .St. I.miis al tlit- Lominencemciit of 1795- HciDUst have met witli iieeiiiiiary Mieccss in liis tMiler|iri^e, as wc find him suljse- (juently in easy circiini.stances. At the elose of I7'J<), Mr. (jratiot pnrehased from Ills l)rollier-iii-law, To' family." 'J'liis t\cet\, executed Sejit. 12, iSol, is on record in the archives, vol. i. p. 442. On this property >.'r. and Mrs. I'apin resided until their respective deaths some years thereafter, and with the growth of the city it became very valuable in after years. After his return from luirope, Mr. (Iraliot a^ain embarked in business, in which he was eng.aged up lo the period of his death, in 1817. In his later years, and after the country had passed into the possession of the United States in 1804, Mr. C, possessing a knowledge of the lOnglish language, was a prominent man in the alTairs of our little town, filling various oflices of trust, etc. He was the first proiding judge of the court of common pleas after its organization in 1804, having for his two a'sociates on the bench Auguste Chouteau and David Delaunay. Subseiiuently a jusiice-of-the-peace, and afterward, upon the organization of the town, chairman of the board of trustees for 1811-3. .Mr. and .Mrs. Gratiot continued lo reside in the house above mentioned until their respective deaths; he died April 21, 1817, aged sixty-four, and his widow June 15, 1S25, aged sixty-five; surviving her husband eight years. They were the parents of thirteen childien, four of whom died in infancy, and nine — four sons and live daugh- ters — grew to maturity, and were all married in this house with the single exception of their eldest son Charles, then of the United States army, who married in I'hila- dclphia in 1S19, some years before the death of his mother. Mr. Gratijt named in his will his widow and his eldest .son-in-law, the late John I'. Cabannc, as his executors. The widow continued to reside in the old family mansion until her death. Her youngest son, I'aul M. Gratiot, then a clerk in the employment of the I'rench Fur-Company on the waters of the Upper Missouri, which occasioned his absence from St. Louis about nine months of the year, lieing then under an engagement of marriage with a sister of the writer, to take place at the expiration of the term of his engagement to the company, which had yet three years to run, being then in St. Louis on his annual return for two or three month.s, ratiot remained emcnt of 1795. find him subse- law, Jusi'pii M, Dill on Main by his inothfr-in- Ihis liouse was 17S0, imilt the to Mr. (Jratiot ■i lioiise his six irt anil iminit'i- ''fl),, 1797, not ard I'ratte, for 32) north and '1^0 stone-house Marie Louise " (so expressed lationship, and the losses her always mani- record in the led until their city it became ness, in which ears, and after 1.S04, Mr. U., 11 in the affairs first liresidiny ng for his two iubseijuently a 1, chairman of led until their idow June 15, the parents of id five daugh- itjle exception ied in Phila- tlie Lite John le old family I clerk in the per Missouri, e year, being talie place at lad yet three hree months, j I , -.'I I .■ < 1 . i Col. Fh a ncis V loo. I'l .1 l.tili>i^:r.i|ili l>y Mtik. MLVAir.i hr.nMi liv L'li.is. AK\. l/.-siKiir, ,y J '(. ;i tv I I Ai'i'i:xi)ix. 423 and olil Mrs. (iratiot, then v.'ry inrirm, fiiuliiiL; her end rapidly approachiiiL; and desirous of \villic--^in!; the nuptials of her last and yinin.i;o>t child, as slic had tho>e of all her elder children, ilesired that lliey nii^ht be united in her jjresence before she left this world. Accordingly the marria_i;e ceremony took place on Jjuie 6, 1S25, in the clianiber of the old lady, where she then lay on her death-bed, tile few persons present being the lelatives and a few intimate friends of the two families — the writer ■of this being one, as elder brother and guardian of the bride. Mrs. (iratiol survived this event but nine days, breathing her last on June 15, 1S25, aged si.xty-five, l''ui;:i. L. r.ii.i.oN. I'R.WflS VIC.O. Francis Vigo was born in 1747, at Mondovi, Sardinia. As a Spanish soldier, he was with his regiment, tirst at llavi'.na, and afterward at New Orleans, when that city was a Spanish post, lie left the army and came to St. I.ouis, then the military heaihjuarters of the Spanish for Upper Louisiana. Mere he became the partner of the commandant, Don I'rancisco de Leyba, and was soon extensively engaged in the fur-trade, ac<|uiring great intluence among the several Indian tribes between the waters of the Ohio and the .^Iissouri. His sympathies, already cnlisled in favor of the Colonies, took active form on the appearance of Clark at Kaskaski;i. lli> time, inlluenje, and whole fortune were staked with an open hanil upon the issue. lie turned out his merchandise to su|)ply Clark's destitute soldiers, and sustained the credit of the X'irginia continental money, l)y taking it at par or guaranteeing its re- demption, at its face, to those who exchanged their provisions or supplies for it. His advances or liabilities incurred in this way amounted to more than twenty thou- sand dollars, which, with Hamilton's, the British commander's confiscations at Vin- cennes, and losses through reprisals of Indians hostile to his side of the war, reduced him to poverty. Living to a ripe, old age, he also gave much of hi^ time, subse- quently to the Kevolutiouary war, to the military and civic alfaiis of the old .North- west and Indiana territories, when the latter embraced all the former, except the present .Stale of C)hio. He was never recompensed for his pecuniary sacriliees, though the United States made a tardy and jiartial restitution to his heirs. Toward the close of hi.'i life, he lived upon his tittle homestead farm, near X'incennes, in great poverty and cheerful to the last. Recurring to his old age, he often said in a re- signed, ioc lar way, " I guess the Lord has forgotten me." His wants were relieved often >'!'.i^ by the kimlly attentions of his neighliors, among all whom, particularly lilt!-: c'llldrcn, he was a universal favorite. The nearly effaceil inscription upon an iinpreundhig stone that marks the neglected siiot where rest his remains, in the old <.-;n. lev at N'incennes, advises us that he ilied March 22, lS^5. Tlie sketch of \'igo is a photograph copy, preseiuetl to the writer by Prof. John Collett, Indiana-State geologist, and taken Irom the original, drawn by C. A. I.e- seure — the great artist and ichthyologist of the expedition of la Peruse, titled out by Napoleon 1. to explore Australia — while he was associated with Rob't Owen at New Harmony, Ind. The sketch was recogni/cil by N'igo's friends as a very good and striking one. This note is summari/ed from jiapers on \'igo, published bv late Judges I.aw of N'incennes and tiookins of Terre Haute, Ind. both personal ac'iuaint- ances, and the latter, Vigo's executor — Clark and Jelter-on's cone^pcindence. Prof. Collett, an 1 reminiscences gathered by ihe writer while on a visit to \'ineennes for that purpose. (September, 1SS4. ) II. W. Bi:civ\ViTH, Danville, 111. bv 'M >'.■' {■■ • APPENDIX. NAMES OF EARLY ILLINOIS SETTLERS. In the "American State Paper';, I'ublic Lands," \ol. 2 fDutf dreen edition], pp. 132-4, is a statement, dated Kaskaslvia, Dec. 31, 1809, of claims founded on "Im- provements " in tile district of Kasliasl^ia, whicli wore affirmed l)y the board of commissioners appointed under act of congress to take evi:. 425 idition], pp. :il on " Im- le board of land-claims lants. The piiear to be ■ants " ; ( -'llara, 'elers, u Robins, Smith, Smith, Sniitli, I Standltc, t Sybold, Wallis, m Wells, West. s of couqiresE he 'li.-irict of cor.ijrc ,s, one ivated or im- 10 four hun- were Ameri- Robins, . Rogers, uthertord, ne Ryan, yan, K. Simpson, Smith, as Smitli, Sullivan, iced, Wallace, e Ware, Watts, West, Wiley, Williams, h Woriey, m WycotTf Congress also donated 'one hun.lred acres* of land to each militia-man enrolled and doing duty in Illinois on Aug. i, 1790, within the district of Kaskaskia." The claims under tlii^ act were made mostly by I'rciicli settlers, as they constituted tlie greater part of the militia force at that date. The following are the names of the claimants other than those of I'rcncli birth or origin alTiiaied by the n)mmis,ioners, Kaskaskia, Dec. jl, 1S09 (same honk, page 139-47): William .\rundel, Timolliv liellow, (ieorg I'i'-Igs, John lira. I V, Isaac 1 hasten, William liutts, Thomas ( allalian, Isaac Clialfm, William ( liaffin, Alexander Dennis. John IvJgar, I-aac Enochs, Philip Ciallaher, [ohn I (avs, lulward Ilebert, John [ones, John Rice Jones, William Jones, Jacob Judy, .Samuel ludy, RobLMt Ridd, William .Murry, Joseph Ogle, Levi I'iggott, W'illiam I'iggott, Daniel Raper, William Robins, ISeujamin Rogers, Alexander McXabb, John Sack, I'Mward .McXabli, I'lbenezer Sevans, Jatiu-s Moore, Jr.. John Moore, William Moore, John .Moredock, William Morri.son, Daniel Sliultz, John K. Simjison, r)aniel Sink, Christopher .Smith, Robert Sybold, 1 evi Thet'd, Ivhvard Todd, William Todd, .\Ie.\ander Waddle, David Waddle, Jesse WadiUe, I lardy Wear, Fiedcrick Weis'jr, John Whiteside, Wm. F. Whiteside, William \'oung Whiteside, James Wilson, Thomas Wimi. The commissioners (.Michael Jones, John Calilwell, 1 homas .Sloo) afterward (Kas- kaskia, Jan. 4, 1S13) rejiorted another list of those who were, in their opinion, enti- tled to four hundred acres each under the act of March 3, 1 791, as settlers prior to 1788 (]iai;e iSo of same volume), (if these the following appear to be Americans: Joseph Anderson, George Atchison, Frances I'ellew, George liiggs, 'i nomas l'>iggs, William liiggs. John Dimpsey, William Dove, Raphael 1 )rury, WMUiani Drury, Juiin lOdgar, Isaac Enochs, Archibald .McXabb, James Scott, James McRoberts, Ebenezer Severns, Charles Martin, Nicholas Smith, Shadrach ISond, .Sr., Daniel h'lannery, Tobias I'lrashiers, Elijah Flannery, James Moore, John .Moore, Elisha Nelson, Benjamin Ogle, Joseph Ogle, William Oglesby, David I'agon, Jonas I'iggot, William I'iggot, Abraham .Stanley, lames Stillman, John Sullivan, Levi Theel, Thomas Todd, D.avid Wad.Ue, R(jbert Watts, George Wear, Lay ton White, James Wiley, Thomas Winn, Charles I'urk, James Garret.son, Benjamin liyram, Charles (iiil, I'eter Casterline, James Gray, William ChalTm, Samuel Hanley, L. G. Chamberlain, (ieorge Hendricks, CJeorge Powers, William Cheney, Thomas Hughes, Aliraham Rain, Frances CLirk, James Lemen, Larkin Rutherford, ('harles Wood, John Clark, Henry Levins, Catharine Ryan, Joseph Woriey. Robert Creighton, William Lewis, Josiah Ryan, * The coiiuiiissioiicrs in conln-inint; tlio tour-iiuiulred-acrc grants deducted tliis hundred acres frOEiv all who received it. 'I'hc niiliiia-mau wf i7i;o therefore received liut three hundred acres of the con- gressional yrant. — J. II. (>. ^i '/;■! w^^^ i I' i n i V 'i-f: 420 Arri;M)i\. 'I'lie following adveitisciiiciil apiLarcd on S.itiuil.iy, Maicli 11, 1S15, in the jMissoKri iUizctle and Illinois Adfeiiisci\ inilili--licd at St. Louis, Mo. ; "jACKSOWILl.i:, A 'I'ovvn, which the .Subsciibcr liiis just laid out on a liberal plan, and offers at private sale, liUlI.DINt; lois to Mechaiiick^, Merchants, and others, who may in- cline to settle therein. Jacksunvii.ik is situated on the easterly bank of 1,'Abbe, or t.'ahokia (reek, not more than four hundred yards from the Mississiiipi River, immediately oiipo-ite the llourishinj; town of .St. Louis. It is deemed unnecessary to go into detail of the many advantages that this situa- tion jiosscsses : .Snffice it to say, that it is a good a\id beaulihd site for a larjje town, and admirably well situa'ed for commerce. That it is backed by an e.xten>ive tract of as fertile lands as any in the Western Country; where there are at iiresent, many industrious and respectable farmer^, anilion by the scathing pov, e-- ol his burning oratory won her cause; and at the close of the trial aniiounce 1 in the courl-room "Cod willing, John Taylor will [ueach in this court- house at early candle light. " — J. II. G. KAULIEST NATURALIZATION RECORD IN ILLINOIS. i Fruiii t'l i. Julr.i 'IVidil's RciMid - tioul;, prcsuiUcd to tlic (liieago Hi-liuical Society ly luluard (1, ^l,l^"^, .'irul is ilie suljjcct nf one of his lectures liefore the Society.*] " I do swear on the Holy evangelists of Almighty god that I Renounce all I'idelity to gcorge the third. King of Crcat Brittan, his heirs and Successors, and that I will bear true allegiance to the united States of America as free and Independent, as declared by Congress, and that I will not do, nor cause to be done any matter or thing tint may be injurious or Prejudieial to the independence of said Slates, and tliat I will make Known to some one Ju'-tice ol the I'eace for the unitcil States alj Treasons, all Treatorou.s, Conspiracies, which may come to my Knowledge to be formed against said united .States, or any one of them. So help me '. uid. "Sworn at Kaskaskia, !o July, 17S2. J.\mi:s Mcjori:." * "llli^l'i^ in the iStli tcniuiy," tliiec Iccaiics by E, G. M.iion, ui the Cliic.iijo Uai. No, 12 111 t'liKtas' Ili-.rnKic.M. Si;uit.s. iSi5, ill the and offers at who may in- k of l.'Abhe, issipiii Kivcr, Pioneer History of Illinois. I N D E X. Iiat this sitii.i- a larj;o town, 5xten-ive tract present, many ating Iiy emi- i.\(jK.nm;au." I Si 7, apiieai.-- )-.e lo practise e of Missouri. s and Howard n'ics of liond, ;centricilies as ndrous pulpit jcntury. We Arl;ansas and a newspaper the last lialf nst a wealthy uman's attor- oppo.iilion by se of the trial in tills court- rois. cly 1 y Edward :e all Fidelity id that 1 will lependent, as my matter or 1 Slates, and led States all .vledye to be d. lus Moore." Dai. No. 12 Abbeville, .S.C, mention, 352. Ablnit, [anies, niemion, 240", 247. Aboite Isiver. mention, 124. Abraham, Sohimon, meiilion, 420. Adams, John, mention, 120, ^29. Adam-i, John (,)iiincv, mention, 396, 41 1 n. Adams, l.ucinda, marries Richard llrads- Adams, Samuel, mention, 120. Adet, P. A., I'Veneh minister to the U S 220. ' ' Aflloclc, .\[rs. T. ]!., menticn, 2('i',n. Agiiculturi. under I'rencli, (,;■ 9. ' Aiken, luKvard, mention, ;o2 n. Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 66. Albemarle County, \'a., mention, 6; Alexamler County, 111., representatives, ,vS9; mention, 131. Ale.xan.ler County, Ky., mention, 310. Alexander, Samuel, mention, 386. " Alexander Settlement, mention, 26S. Alijdnquin Indians, mention, 17. ■Mliry, Jean liaptiste, entitled to laiid- .i^raiit, 424. i Allef,rhany .Mountains, name, iS; mention, I ■N .io, (,7, 75, 1,2, ,57, >oi. .\lle;;liany River, mention, 63, 65. Alien, (JeofLje, mention, 400 n. Aliewige Indi.in nation j^ave name to .MIeghany -Mountains, iS. Alluue/., Claude Jean, missionary and (irst "liUe settler in Kashaski.a, 41. Allyn, Henry, mention, 4r,on. AKhury, !■:. R., menti m, 263 n, Al-biiry, J.ucinda, inarriLS [amc 265 n, Alton, mention, 27, 190, 222, 244 n, 270, ■Mton renitentiary, mention, 322, American liottom, why .so called lin- early settler.s, 201 ; social life in the,' 202 4; mention, 43, 46, 49, 66, 115' 'jl. '3S, 146, l.;9, 167, 200, 201, 207, • Shuff, :S5. 2to, 265, 270, 2S0, 299, ri23, ,524, 325. .126, 327, 29. 347., M^, 3S5- 357, 3iS, 571. American race, superiority of, 151-2. American settlers in Illinois, 112-8, 125, '27, 130, 137-44; depredations of lu- dians at^aiiKst, in I7,S(.-95, ,^2-4; their social life, 273-5; principallv from west- ern and scjiithern states, 340. Amherst, (len. Sir leffrey, 77. Ainlin I Jean Jiapti'ste], cruel death of 122 3. Amos, Uev. .\braham, member of fust Illinois Territorial lej,rislatuie, 26S Anderson [David and' James) family mention, 3,2. An.lerson, Joseph, one of Cen. Clark's sohber.s 339; mention, 215, 341 ; enti- tled to land-grant, 425. A drew.s, James, kille.l'by Indians, i:;;- settler of 17CS5, 25s; dau-hter (l)rusillai captured by Indians, 15^. AMrews, Mrs. James (Oj^le), killed by Indians, 153. Anlya, Pierre, resident of Prairie du ( ■hien, '5'' .•Vpi)le Creek, mention. ^S;. i .\readian,, liritish cruelty to, 66-7; finallv settle .iloiig the .Mi-sissi|>pi, 67. j .\rkan-as, mention. 1S4, 426. j .Vrkaiisas Indians, locality, 27. I .\rkansas Post established I6,S6, 40. j .Arnold's (Benedict) Canada expedit'n, -jt; Arstugus, see Asturgus. Artaguiette, Pierred', governor of III., 54; leads troops .a-ainst Chickasaw.s, caj.-' tnre, death, 57-8; mention, 505. Arthur, Hiram, mention, 381 li. Arundel, William, entitleci to land-nrant 424. 425- ' j Ash Hill, mention, 35S. As-iimaboin Country, mention, 226. A-iurgus, .Minard, mention, 215. Atchison, Ceorge, settler of "1786, 256; marries daughter of Francis Saucier,' 287; entitled to land-grant, 424, 42; Atchison, William ("Chape Wollie'"), an- ecdote of, 162; mention, 20t. Athens, 111., mention, 401. Athens c'niversity, 414 n. Atkins, \\ illiam, mention, 280. Auguel, Anthony, sarnamed the Picard du Gay, mention, ^;^. M/ mm 428 I'lOXKKR HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. (imenue, Isabella, marries I'.dward I'ensoneau, },^i}, n. Bolten house, Joseph, killed by Indians, 408 Bond, Ur. Benjamin, notice. 328. Bond, lionjamin N., menlion, 327 n. Bond County, mention, 1 10, 337, 426. Hond, l".niily. mention, 327 n. Bond, Isabella 1'"., marries James P. Craig, 327 n. Bond, Joshua, and descendants, 327-8 n. Bond, Julia k., marries Frank Swanwick, 327 n- Bond, Mary A., marries Joseph B. Holmes, 327 n. Bond, Nicholas, father of Gov., mention, 323- Bond, Nicodemus, mention, 327. Bond, Shadrach, sr. (Judge), early (1 781) .settler, 112; native of Md., 113, 255 member legislature of Ind. and N.-W, territories justice for many years, 1 14-5 with others erects block-house in Am, Bottom, 131; elected rep'sentative, 157 lay preacher, 256, 2i;8, uncle of (Jov. 323; with (ien. Clark, 328, mention 132, 149, 202, 270, 290, 344, entitled to land-grants, 425. Bond, Shadrach, jr. (Gov. ), duel with Rice Jones, 173; Ciov. of 111., portrait, sketch, 323-7; advocates III.-and-Mich. Canal, 327; descendants of, 327 n ; mention, 368 n; entitled to land-grants, 425, 426. Bond, Mrs. Shadrach, Jr., mention, 256. Bond, Thomas, notice, 328. Bond, Thomas S., mention, 327 n. Bon .Succour, near Cahokia, 113. Boon, Daniel, mention, 84. Boon, Nathan, major in Gen, Howard's expedition, 408. Boonsboro, mention, 87. Boone's Lick, mention, no, 140. Borer [Jacob |, mention, 236. Born, (Jctav, mention, 362 n. Boscawen, Admiral lulward, mention, 155 lioston, mention, 247. Botetourt County, Va., mention, 184, 205. lioMcher, ( leo. t)., mention, 379n. I) nicher, Hiram, mention, 379 n. I'loucher, John, wounded by Indians, 379; sketch and descendants, ib. 11. lioucher, John \ incent, mention, 379 n. Boucher, Lyman S., mention, 379n. I)(i\ulier, 1'. 11., mention, 37911. lioucher, Thomas, mention, 379 n. I iiuldei, Colorado, mention, 379 n. liouqiiet. Gen. Henry, relieves Ft. Pitt, 70 Bouigmoiit, Sieur de, erects fort on Mis sciiiri River, 52. Bowman, Capt. James, his company in Black-Hawk War, 264 n. Bowman, Capt. Joseph, at Cahokia, 98; visits Rock- River Indians, 98 9; men- tion, 92. Bowen, , settler 1780, sketch. 137. Bowerman, Jacob, mention, 364. Boyd, John, entitled to land-,L,'raiit, 424. Bracken Co., Ky., menlion, 358, 401 11. Braddock's [(ien. Ildwardj Defeat, refer- ence, 6;, 76. 199. V :.. \:N ;»1 i I 430 I'loNLKR HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. liraiUcy, Rev. Joshua, mention, 254 n. liradsl.y family, i^ii, ,^,^7, ,!,-;S. Bradsliy, Aii, inciUioii, 33711. Iira(i>liy, CatiuiiiiK, marries Aililison I'ylt^', 3.1'' >v Hradshy, Kloise, marries William Aiiams, 33'' n- HiatisI)/, Francis, m(ntif>n, 337 n. lirailsby, Henry (lay, menlicin, 33''>n. 15raii>l)y, Indiana, marries J. II. Williams, I'radsliy, Ianie>, mention. 337; notice, ili.n. lira Ishy, Jane, mariiis Je.>se liayles, is massacred hy Indians, 33711. Ilradsby, John, and de>cendanls, 336 711. liradsliy, .Mary, marries Richard I Ii^'s4ins, llradsbv, raulinc mention. 337 n. liradsliy, I'riscilla, marries I lios. ( hilton, 337 "• liradshy, Richard, notice, 33711. I>raljy, I )r. William II , and descend- ants, m> n. Hradsliy, Mrs. Win. II., nieiilion, 33711. Hrady, John, entitled to land j^rant, 425. ISrady, I'homas, captures St. Jo^ejili, 89; captured by lii6. I'>ridi;ewater, 111., jiroiected 374. Brisliois, Michael, resident ot I'rairie du Cliieii, 1S12, lit. liritish. buy |)art of West from Iroipiois, 01; colonization and coiii|iies! of ( )hio \'alley, 60-5, Empire, 305; government of Illinois, 7,:, 79-82. Hrockville, Iiid., mention 402 n Broulette, Bradford, marries Mad. Laurent I'ensoneau, ;iO;>, n. Brown, Gen. Jacob, mention, 359. Brown, Maj. Wm. (jeorge, sketch, 411. Browne, Thomas C, member of Terri- torial legislature, 36Sn, settler at Sliaw- neetown, 390; sketch, 392-3, IJrownsville, I'a., built 1786, 138; see Red-Stone ( 'Id Tort, 373. lirownsville. 111., named lor (ien. [acob Brown, 359. Dryaiit, (iuv, I'artncr of Win. .M(jrrison, I()I. Bryant ((luy) iV Mori i^on (Wm.), exten- sive business of, i()i. Brysoii, Wm., Indian >eout. 175. Biiclianan, Jaine>, meiuion, I3<)n. Bucks County, I'a., mention, Mio, 373. Buell, Cen. I lonCarlos, meiitioii, 41411. Bnllal mention, ^()i, I'.uHalo Rock, tradition of, 35. Bullaloes, 299. liuissomere, .Mphonse de, la, governor of Illinois, 59 ()0. Buneomb County, N.C., mention 398. Burges, Will., wounded by Indians, 379. Bulk, (has., entitled to land-grant, 425. Burlington, la., mention, 13911. Burnett, ]•'. W., marries daughter of II. (.'. liradsby, 336 n. Burr, Aaron, mention, 221. Bush, llrury, entitled to land-grant, 424. Butler, Cen. Richard. 2d 111 command .>t. Clair's expeilition, njS, i()9. Butts, Wm., entitled to land-grant, 425. Byraiii. Beiijamiii, entitled to land-grant, 424, 425. Byram, Joseph, entitled to land-grant, 424. liyrd family | .Mnaliam and sons], men- tion, 298, 3()4. Cabanne, Jean I'ierre, manufacturer of salt, no; mention, 310, 422. Cache River, Ky., mention, 319. (Jadillac, Antoine Laumet de la iMotlie, mention, 44. Cadwell, Dr. (leorge, sketch, 329-30; mention, 328. C;e.sar, Julius, mention, 79, 22t, 328. Caliokia, established |6S(), 40, mission- aries and traders ^it, 41; growth, 1700, 43; flour and skin.-, shipped from, 44; in 1 72 1, 50 I; Pontiae killed in Calio- kia, 75, 79; cai)liired by Americans, 96; treaty with Indians at, 99; inundated, 113, 114; negro slaves Ir.iiig for being witches in, 175; court held at, 180; county-scat of St. Clair Co., 252, 377; post-ofVice at, postmaster at, 224; called Calios, 307; mention, 18, 19, 23, 49, 07, 89, 90, 98, 122, 123, 127, 129, 131, 161, 167, 168, 170, 174, 185, 188, 189, 192, 201, 102, 211, 214, 215, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 245, 280, 287," 289 n, 306, 313, 315, :i28, 333, 342. 347, 350, 356, 359. 3''>o. 3<". .362, 3()5, lb. n, 419, 420. Cahokia Creek, 128, 214, 407, 426. INIiFA'. 431 , 138; sec lien. (aLC)l> MoniscMi, 111,), exteii- 75- M 11. "'O. .?7.v Dii, 414 n. governor of ion 39S. (Iiaiis 379. ^rant, 425. ■liter of li. i;raiit, 424. jininaiul .~>t. ^niiil, 42.S. land-i^rant, l-uranl,424. solisj, nicii- ifaelurcr of ">)■ a iMotlie, |li, 329-30; I, 328. ), mission- nvth, 1700, from, 44; (1 in Calio- [cricaiis, 96; inundated, for I>ein5j Id at, 180; . 252, 377; I224; called f9. 23, 49, , 129, iji. , 188, 189, I 222 22'^, I289 n, 306, |> 35'5> 35^1 419, 420. [426. f ( alioKia Indians, 18, 50. < 'ainies, ( aldwell, |)liysieiaii, anecdote of, 347; ^Ueteli, 31)0; mention, 377. Cairo. III., iiuniidii, 3(1.;, 41511. ( 'airo City-aiid-* '.iiial Co., iiieiilioii, 3S811. ( 'airo-an(l-\ ineeniies Railroad, Imildiiij.; of, 308 11. Caldwell, Robert, entitled to land-grant, .(24. ( allioiiii Count V, iiienlioii, 25311. ( allioiiii, Jolin ('aldwell, report 1812,403; iiienliiin, 340. ( 'aliforni.i, nu'iition, 53, 28911, 2i)S. Callahan, 1 liomas, entitled to land-grant, ■425- I 'ahiniet, mention, 90. Calvert, Ceo. (Cord lialtiniore), mention, 41711. (Jamp's Creek, mention, 13S, Camp, (ieori;e, of Kaskaskia, 1 783, 138; (Jiie of Ceil. Clark's soldiers, 339; en- titled to land-^nant, 424. Camp, lelialjod, of Ka>ka>kia, 1783. 138; one of Cell. Clark's -oldiers, 339; en- tilled to !aiid-;_:rant. 424. Camp Kii-.sell, location, 204, 405; name, 405; niiliiary , mr-ntioii, 75, 79. (Jarond .'let, Franc^ois Louis Ilectore, I'aron de, mention, 127. ( "arondelet Town, nicknamed A'/i/t' l\uii'Ih\ "empty pocket," 82. Carpenter, N'athan, early miller, 315; men- tion. 357. ( 'arr, I^eonard, mention, 236, 237. ( arroltcjii, 111., county-seat of (jreen Co., 3S3; mention, 385. tion, 3S6n, 392. ('artliaj^e, Tenn., mention, 298, ( a^ey ianiily, mention, .(13. ( asey. Or. JmIhi R., mention, 41411. Casey, Hiram R., iiotici', 41411, Casey, .Maliala, marries Rev. l.ewes I)wi;,dit. 4i.( II. Casey, I )r. .\ewion R., nnliee, 4t4ii. Ca^ey, Sanuiel K., notice, .(13 411. ( a'-ey, Thonia-, |,, notice, 41411. Ca^ey, (iov, /adoc, notice, 413 4; sketch, 41311. Ca-li River, mention, 281, ('ass (.'onnty. 111., mention, 2S9n. Cass, (iov. Lewis, mention, 292. (^^^te^land, sei-' ( 'a>lerliiie. Ca^lerliiie, I'eler, entitled to land-i;raiit, 425; meiilion, 2()0, 314. Cat Lland, mention, 58. Catholic eliurelios, priest, mi^>.ions, 2()6,. 275, 29(). 299- Celeron, Louis, coniniaiider of French company, 51); deposited i)lalcs in ( >liio N'alley claimini; country f(jr France, 02. Central City, 111., 265 11. (!entiaiia, mention, 203 n, 38611, 41411. (!ere. Cabrii I, -ee Cerrc'. Ceni, < iabriel, merchant of St. Louis, 114. Clliaffin, see Clialfin. (Jhalfni, I.^aac, entitled to land-grant, 143, 358.371,424. Cliallin, William, entitled to land-grant, 143. 35S, 371. 425- Clianiberlain, L. (i., entitled to land- grant, 425. Chambers, lieiijamin, mention, 401 n. ( liambers, |ohii, entitled to land-!/ ,i int. 424. ('liambers, Nathan, mention, 377. I Cliaiiee, Rev. Joseph, settler of 1796, 259; ' sketch, 270 mention, 185, 2(19, 357. Chance. Mrs. Joseph (Jemima Morris), 270. ! "Chape WoUie," see Wni. .\tchison. (.'hapelle, .Viitoine la, of Raskaskia, death. 1O3. Chapman, Filijah, early miller, 315. Charivari, description of, 178-9. Charleston, S (' , mention, 220, 3S5 n. Charleville, Capt. Francois, mention, 102. Charlevoi.\, I'ierre Francois Xavier de, visits Mar(|uctte's liurial place, 31; visits Ka^ka'-kia, 50. (Charters, James, mention, 302 n. Cheney, \Vm., entitled to land-grant, 425, (-'herokee Indians, mention, 84, 311. ('hester, 111 , mention, 327 n. Chester, I'a., 225. Chesterfield, Lord Philip Dormer Stan- hope, Flarl of, mention, 223. Chicago, site inhabited by I'ottawatomies, 17; Sainte Ange and wife, settlers of in 1765, 1 68; massacre, 249; land-office^ \\ :i! 43^ I'lONKLU HISTORY OV II-LINOIS. '\ I > / f^ ,}7Jii; early history, 417; naiiif, ili. n; sue iiiidor joliii Kin/ic; ineiilion, 2S, ijo, no, 247, ill. 11, 24S, 11). 11, j6i, 42611. <'liicaj;i) River, iiicMitiuii, \l). Chickasaw Indiiins, camiiaiyns of French a^^aiiist, 5() (), ((4. "(Iiildc llaioM," reference to, 147. ( liillicothe, ()., iiieiitioi!, 117, 181. Cliill.s and fever, ,515. (liillDii family, mention, 357. (liiiioii, Thomas, mention, 337 n. C'liiiia, mention, 30. Cliippcway Indians, mention, 19. ClioKTaat lielleville, 1S33, 3(19. Clioiitcaii, Aiij,'iiste, Indian commissioner, 369; jud^je of common pleas, St. Louis, 422; niLiition, 30S, 421. Chouteau, Marie Tlierese (IJourgeois), mothi'r of Mrs. (has. (Iratiot, Sr., 420. Chouteau, Marie Louise, marries Joseph M. I'apin, 421 ; ^ift U>, 422. Chouteau, I'ierre, Sr., marries Pelaf^ie Kierseran (see Kiercereau), and after- ward Hrigitte Saucier, 421; mention, 287, 308, 421. Chouteau, I'ierre, Jr., mention, 310. Chouteau, X'ictoire, marries Charles Ora- liot, Sr., 420; death, 423; mention, 308. Cliouvin [Jean Uaptiste CMiauvinJ, men- tion, 347. Church, hrst in Illinois, 267. Cluuch of l';nj.;lan(l, 230, 271. (.'incinnati, lej^islature meets at, 1 14; occu- position of I'ort \Vashin!,'ton, l<)7; men- tion, 50, 181, 198, 228,' 278, 301, 373, 374. Clark t!ounty, mention, 244. Claik I'laneis, early teacher, 152; entitled to land-yrant, 425. Clark, Cieorije Rogers, early life, portrait, S3; ap|)'t'd to or(;anizi' Ky. militia, 87; appointed delegate to \'ii;;inia assembly, 88, conquest of Illinois, 90-8; thanked by \'irj;inia leijislature, 99; sketch, 129 30; rcca|)tures N'incennes, 100 6; organ- i.?es giiverninent, 107; troops receive land-grant, 108; aidetl by C'has, (iratiot, 420, and l'ran(,ois \ igo, 423; nienlioii, Si, 85, S(), 87, 113, 1 15,, 124, 128, 131, 137, 168, 2 1(1, 255, 291, 304, 307, 328, j42, 35'>- <'lark, Rev. John (l'"alher Clark), early teacher and jireacher, 152, 237, 262-6, 411 n; entitled to land-grant, 424. Clark, William, superintenilent of Indian affairs, 249, Indian commissioner, 369. (, laudius, Jean Anloine Ale.\is, trader, )iartiier of J. 1". Perry, killed at Phila- delphia, 1792, 287. C:iay County, representative, 41311; men- tion, 336 n. Clay, I leiiry, reference, 326. Clemsou, Col. Lli IJ., inspector Cien. Howard's uxpe2n- ;.,n. Lomj.any ot ini/eii, 47. :t;; '4; proprietor iivass for con .566, 372, 37.V [kasUia, 1783, :, 424- ;7- hiiUer, 315. Imention, <)8, h lurrender, ref- 552- lion, 41311- lyy Si. 167, 33611. 54 n. l.y Cox [AliMoiam], nientinn, 35a. Cox, ISeiijamiii, bravery, 404. Cox family, iiieiilion, .(04. Cox, Henry, bravery, 404; killed Indian^, .n»). Craij;, James 1'., mention, 32711. (lain, ( apt. 'riiomas !■,., meiitioii, 250, .}U7; expedition aj,'aiiist I'eoria, 245, 350; his company in war of r8l2, refer- ence to, 3118 11. Crawford, Col. \Vm., burning; of, 86. Crawford, William Harris, nominee for president, 402, ib. n. Oawford, , duel of, 234. Creamer, I'liilip, sketch, 348 9. Creek Indians, mention, 311. Crei^jhton, Robert, entitled to land-grant, 425- Crittenden, John [., attorney-general of Illinois Territory, 367. Crittenden, Thomas T., attorney-general of Illinois Territory, 367. Crogaii, Mai. <'eo., nephew of (ieo. K. Clark, defends Lower .Sandusky, 403. Cioghan, ('ol. I ieorge, aj^'eiit of Sir Wm, Johnson, liritish coimnissioner, visits .■sliawneetown in 1765, 79; captured by Iiid'ans, So. Ciomwell, Oliver, mention, 176, 326. Crookeil Creek, mention, 263 n. ('r.)zat, Antoine, of Paris, monopoly of Illinois commerce, 44; surrenders his charter, 40. "Crusoe, Robinson," mention, 324. ( iilia, Island of, mention, 396. Cumberland .Mountains, mention, 311. Cumberland River, mention, 1 29, 298. Cumberland, Tenn., mention, 2(17. Cummins, Thomas, meiilion, 357. Cunnint,diain, Mary, marries jolin Alex. I.ogan, 387 n. Cupiil, mention, 222. Currency about 17S3, loS, Curry, James, one of Clark's soldier.s, 339; anecdote of, 340-1 ; sketch, 341 ; entitled to laiid-^rant, 424. Cushing, Thomas, member Continental Con.L;re.ss, mention, 120. D. I )anie, Charles, grant of land to, 50. Daniel, the prophet, mention, 279. Daniels, , 336. Danville land-office, 372, ib. n; mention, 254 n, 302 n. Darnielle, Isaac, second lawyer in Illinois, 181 ; sketch, 221 4. Dauphin Isl.and, mention, 42, 43. Davidson, S. D., early lawyer, notice, 361. Davis, David, U.-.S. senator, 3S7 n. [died, Bloomington, III., June 26, 1886, .e 71,] 28 Dcane, Silns, mention, 120. D''arborn Co., Iiid., orj;anii'ntion, 401 n. Decatur, III., mention, 2.)4. Deliaut, Lancelot, as»a-.siiiates l.aSalle, 38, 3'J. Deists in Illinoi',, 2(10 I. Delaunay, David, judge, mention, 422. Delaware Indians, mention, 17, 18, 304. Delaware, U■tler^ from, 270. Delorme, | Hubert 'I, >eltler of l,So4, 355. Dement |l ieo. |, dinlli, settler of 1792, I92. Dement, Henry Dod^;e, notice. 139 n. Dement, John, mention, 139 11, 3S()n. Dement, .Mrs. John, notice, 13911. Democratic -National Convention, 1875, 4Csn. DeMoulin, John, .sketch, 180, 20() 11. Demountlirun, Timothy, comm'd't of 111., 107, 144. (Ill Joiiii I odd's Record Hook he signs hi,-: name, " Tliimothe Demunbrum, I.t. conid'g, par interem, etc. "I Denipsry, John, attacked by Indians, 154, 175; Iiulian tighter, |S(); written Dimp- sey, entitled to land-i;raiit, 425. De.Muii, Isabclle ((Iratioll, decease, 4I(). Dennis, Alexander, murdered by Indian-., 2.S0, 314; entitled to land-grant, 424. Derush Hollow, mention, 32S. Desha, Col. Robert, in command in (ien, Howard's expedition, 40S. DeSoto, Hernando, discovers the Missis- sippi, 25. Detroit beseiged by Indians, 73 <); size in 1705, So; Laltalme's expedition against, 124; under control of liritish, 22(); land-oflice, 3Si; mention, 54, 75, SS, 97, 102, io(), 107, 19S, 216, 225, 245, 246, 247, lb. 11, 24S n. Dew, Rev. John, mention, 2()8. Dickson, Robert, incites Indians against the .\mericans, 250, 251, 252, 404, Dillard, Capt. 'Thomas, mention, 92. Dilworth's [ Thomas | " Speller," reference, 382. Dimsey, John, see Dempsey. Dinwiddle, Robert, governor of Va., 63. Disunion measure, 17S6, in 111., 219, 221. Dixon, III., mention, 139 n. Dixon Ferry, mention, 141. Dixon .Spring, 'Tenn., mention, 29S. Dodge, Augustus (,'., sketch, 138911; mention, 142. Dodge, (Jen., (iov,, and Senator Henry, manufacturer of salt, 109 10; sketch, 138-42, 13811; mention, 259. Dodge, Dr. Israel, settler of 1783, 13S. 131); entitled to land-grant, 424; men- tion, 259. Dodge, John, settler of 1783, 13S; entitled to land-grant, 424; one of (!en. Clark's old soldier.s, 339; mention, 215. i t ■ '■ e>. ^%. ^ .^^ %^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I '-lii IIIIM Z2 M 1.8 - 1.25 1.4 1.6 -* 6" — >■ ^ w /}. A ^^y//// ^ '//// V^ O / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ,\ iV ^^ o Wl\ '9)^ ^ A^ a^ -oclnc, Mary Louise, marries Jiihii lifiiifril, l.><)n. I lonalii.s'iii, ( 01. [allies 1... mention, H15. i I )i)iiL;liiTty, |(ieort;f IL f\, miller ol New 1 Iie^ii^n, i.ii). I i loiij^licrly, John, lawyer, notice, 3SS 9. | houj^la*. Alexaniler, entitled to land- | Uianl, 424. l)(iii^las. Mi'plien Arnold, mention, 3S»)n, SS7n, 41311. Dove, Win., entitled to land-grant, 4.25. I lowiiinj,', Ija^. or Win. ?|, mention. 357. lioyle, liriij. IL, lawyer, mention. 3(10. Doyle, jolin, settler abort 17S0, sketch, IJ7; one of (ien. Clark' soldiers, 33(1; early teacher, 35.S ; entitled to laiid- .L;raiit. 424; mention. Jti. Do/a (reek. Mock-house on, 405. Drunkenness little known in early times, 1 1 1. Drury, Clement, cnt'lcd to land-s^raiit. 424 Dniry, Kapliael, entitled to laiul-L;rant, 425. Drury, Win., entitled to land-i;rant, 425. Duliois, Je>se K., mention, 3S(>ii. Diiliois, lou>aint. partner of I'ierre Men- ard in 171)0; I Indian trader and inter- preter; major on (ien. lIarriM)n's -talT; drowned in Kaski.skia River in 1S21; a county in Indiana nnmed for liiin; father of lion. Jesse K. Dubois, who dieil at Springfield, 111., Nov. 24, iS7()J, 291. Duhreuill, , invents cotton gin and opens sH(.;ar plantation, 64. Duhucpie, 111., mention, 22, 127. Duliiuiue, Julien, sketch, 212, 127; resi- ilint of I'rairie t duel ill Illinois, Si-2. Du(T, llohn M. ?], killed liy Indians, I79i)|?|, 285. Dulf, John, of Kaskaskia, 92. I >u( iay, see ( iay, and AuL;uel. J)ululh, ( ireyselon, .Sieur de, comdt. of tradin;; parts, 33. Duncan, (iov. Joseph, portrait, sketi h. 403. Duncan. Matliew, established first new- paper in Illinois, 3()(), ib, n. jHindalk, (. ity i>f, mention, 3CX). I )uiikers. colony of, 273. Dunks, .Andrew, mention, 215. Duiilap, I )r, James, kill-. Rice Jones, 173-4. Duiilop, Col. James, mention, 415 n. Diinlop, .Sarah, marries John A. .McCler- nand, 415 n. Dunmore's, Cov. (John Murray, 4th earl of), expedition against the Indians, 83, S4. ,S(). Dii<,iiiniii, 111., mention. 412 n. Diii.ilde, .Martin, mention, 421. Diilisiie, Claude*, has,. cNploralions of, 43. DwiLjIlt, Rev. Lewis, mention, 4l4n. Dwiglit, S. L., mention, 41411. E, artlKjuake of iSit, 390. ast St. Louis, nitrlion. 3860. a-t Tennessee, mention. 29S. aston. Col. Riifus, of ,st. Louis, men- tion, 222. beinian. Rev. Win., mention, 377. (Idyville, Ky., mention. 328, 329. ar ( ounty. name. 1 17. li;ar, John, niaiuifacluier of salt, I lo; sketch, portrait, I 1(1 S; chief-justice of Illinois under .\.W. Territory, iSo; mill owner, 215, 347; imprisoned by Hritish, 246-7; entitled to land-grant, 425; men- tion, 299. linburgh, mention, 155. Iwards, lienj. Stephenson, notice, 370 n. wards County, representative, 413 n; mention, 393. 413 n. dwards, (iov. Niniaii. orijani/es legisla- ture, 365; excites immigration. y>(i; advertises slave for sale, 3(111 n; sketch, jiortrait, 367-70; leads troops against Indians, 407; mention. 149, 249, 273, 2S9n, 320. 354. 3()2n, 36S. 3S2. 391, 402. dwards' " History of Illinois." reference, 37S n. (Iwards. Niiiian Wirt, sketch. 370 n. dwards, .Mjv. Ninian W., men! ion. I43n. .dwardsville. land iitVice, mention, 3(14, 41 1 ; seal of Mailison C'ouniy. 378; men- tion, i<^, 240, 267, 280, 299, 314, 315, 401 n, 405. '.Ik-l leart (irove, mention, 20, 244. Uliot. , early miller, 315. iiianuel, — , a slave, shot, 175. .mhtrids, V'/k; mention, loi. '.ngland, settlers from, 1 28, 269, '!n,i;lish- Turn, mention, 43, 66. 'Enochs, Isa.ic, Indian lighter, 188; entitled to land-grant, 425; mention, 185, 259, 3M. 377. 4"2"- ■Episcopal Church, mention, 402 n. ■>wiii, [Joseph ?J, mention, 352. issex ( ouiity, l''.nglany Hriti-.)!, rant, 425; nun- , notice, 370 n. ntative, 413 n; ani.^us legisla- linration, 3()(); jdon; sketcli. troops against 149, 249, 273, ,3s J, 391,402. )is, " rekrence, [tell, 370 n. liu'niion. 143". Imeiilion, 3ii, Hamlet, notice, 39*';. erguson, 'I'homas, member of first 111. territorial legislature, 3(18. errell, John, killed by Indians, 17S9, 154. erry at Shawneetown, 36811. evre-River lead-mines, mention, 309 n. inlay, John, see John I- inley. inley. Rev. John Lvans, mention. 270, 336 inley, .Samuel, entitled to land -grant, 424. isher, tleorge, sheriff of Randolph Co., 304; early physician, 358; member of first 'illinois territorial legislature, 368. isher, Myers, mention, 170. lanary, Abrani, entitled to land-grant, 424. hinarv, Joshua, entitled to land-grant, 424.' lanary, Thomas, Jr., eiililled to land- grant, 424. laimary family build block -house, 131. lannary, James, killed by Indians, 153. annery, Daniel, enlitleil to landgraiit. I'.lijah, cniilled to land-grant, 425. lannery, 424. letcher, .Mary, notice, 303; marries James .MeKoberts, il), n, ouri^ant, .Mo,, nieiitioii, 1S4, 35(>. I'orbes,! ien,, John, captures li, Duipiesne, ()5; mention. I91 n, I'ord's |James| I eiry, meiilicin, 207. I'onl, koberl, menlioM, 373. Ford, Mrs, Koberl, notice, 373 4. I'ord, ( iov. I liomas, birth, 373; education, 374; sketch, 375 7; mention, 2S1). Ford's "History of Illinois," lelerence, 371), ill. n, 377, Foripier, (leo,, birth, 373; education, 374; sketch, 374 5. Forsyth, Robert, imprisoned by Itritish, 240; sketch, 24711. Forsvlh, 1 homas, settler of i8o<), 246; sketch, 247-52; mention, 247 n, 250; [died, St.I.oiiis, Oct, 20, 1833I. orl .\ilams, mention. So. ort .Assumption, building of, 59. ort (- liambers, location, 405. ort Chartres built, diagram of, 46; seat of government, ib, ; injiiied by frchet, description, ib. ; village adjacent to, 50; why b'lilt, 52; rebuilt, (i2; coiiit^ at, 74; abandoned. Si; inundated. 1 13; popu- lation declining, 125; nieiilion, iS, 22, .S^'. 57. ('J. 74. f riONKKK mSTokV (il ILLINOIS. 'It 'ort Leavenworth, mentioi), i.v^ii, 362 ii. F oil l.elliiiif, iiunlion, 77. F ort L'lliiillcr, iiR-iition, 4;. F oil I i);oiiiir, iiiciitioi), 77, 155. ! ort Mackinac taken l)y l!rili-li, 77; by F urt Madi.ion luuni-d, 40Q. ort Maklcn, nifulion, 248. ort Mason, nii'nlion, 40S. ort Massac (ur Mas>acri') hnildini,', name, 53; called lort Clierokee, i>2; true ori- (;in of name, ■<>■ n; de|>(>t lor iinnii- };rants, 280; military road from to Kas- kaskia, 2S1; repaired and (^ariisoned, 221; mention, |iioneeis, 61, 125 0; emleavor to retain supremacy in West, O2 5; eini- f^rate fioin Illinois at cession, 74; those remaining conlirmcd in right*, l25-ee (iilbrealh. alena. called levre River, 30;) 11; men- tion, 21, lOI). allalier, I'liilip. enlilletl to laiid-gr;'nt,425 allalin County, salt springs, lo<); estab- lished, 307; senators and represent.i- tives, 3().S, y)2, 415; treasurer, 3(1811. settlements in. yio; county-seat, 31)2. 393: mention. 10, 79. 1 10, 3(18, 392,415. alii;. oils, mention. 287. aiiie before I7t)5. 73; about iSoo, l6<). arretson, Samuel, killed by Indians, 154. arretson (al>o written (iarrison). James, early settler, 112, II3, 114, 115; shot at by Indians, 153; entitled to land- grant, 425; mention, 255. arri*on. Miss, niariies John Murdoch. 140. askdl, David, marries Miss Sally McMahon, 107. a*toii. .Mexandtr. settler about 1S04, 35(). atewiiod. William J. (Jeff), settler at .shawneelown, oo. ly, I'icard ilu. mention, 33; see .\uguel. met, l-;dmoiid Charles. I'rench minister to C. S., 220. entry (.'o.. Mo., mention, 264 n, 26511. eorgia. invited to join in disunion meas- ures, 219; settlers from, 413 n, 417; mention, 83, 121, 398. iNi)i;.\. 437 30911; men- < icrnrtline, Aiitoine, buys property in 1764, 121); mciitiuii, 74. licre, MisN I.. K., marries lienj.itnin J. West, Jr., 4lSn, (icniiaiiy, settlers from, 319; mention, 2S9 M. (iinrd, Basil, resident of I'rairie du Cliien in iSij, 151. • iil).-iuii, I'ather I'lcrrc, of Kaskaskia, 96, 97- (iibralter. 111., mention, 245. (jil)lions family, mention, 185. (iiliWons, John, settler of Horse Prairie, 200; settles near lielk-fontaine, 205; n\entiiin, 259, 270, 357. (;il)S()n 1< Icorgel, settler about 1804, 356. tlilbrcatli family, mention, 39S. (iilhani faiMiiy, mention, 241. (iilham, Cli-mont, see James (Mlliam, 201, '.iilliani, James, .Sr., settlor of 1797, 201; wife anil two children (Clement and Samuel) captured by Kickapoos, 201, 241 4; mention, 202, 303, 357. (iilham, .Mrs. |James|(Ann liarnett), cap- tured by Indians, 242-4; obtains land- Urant, 244. (Iilham, .sanmel, see James (iilham, 201. tiill, Charles, entitled to land-grant, 424, ( lillespie, Joseph, recollections of Painted kock, 27 n ; notes on the Whiteside I'ainily, 18911; lliram Arthur and 'I'hos. Ilijjguis, ^Sin: mention, 2S9n; [died, l-.dwardsviile, 111 . Jan. 7, 1SS5.] Gillum, , nimde eis of, 312. ( iirard, see (iiard. (iirard's (Hasil) Kiver, mention, 151. (iirty, Simon, sketch, SO; mention, 87. ( list, Chrisliiplier, a^'t of the Ohio Co., 62. ( iladw yn, .Maj. Henry, balHes plans against lort I >etroit. 7S 9. (jlasgow, mention, 300. (Joint's (\Vm. I lilock-l louse, 405. (Join:; family, mention, 185. Going, William, sketch, 181-2; settler about 1S04, 357. Going, William, Jr., sketch, 182-4. Golconda, III., mention, 281, 335, 357. (iolden, , erects block-house, 132. (ioodner, Ilr. Salem, mention, 379 n. "(loody Two Sh le^," mention, 324. (iookin-, Juil|.;e Samuel H., mention, 423. Gordon, William W., menlion, 24Sn. (ioshen Settlement, cami>-mee'.ing in, 267; location, name. 2S0; enlari^ed, 314; road to laid out in iSoS, 31)2; n\ention, 2{x), 2'i<), 315, 319, 354, 392. Governors of Illinois, reference to, 327, 3(>5, 3()Sn, 3O9. 370 n, 375, 384, 400 n, 403. 41 i- Granil- Pierre Creek, mention, 386. Grand- I'oint Creek, mention, 263 n. irand-Kivseau Creek, mention, 131, Irand Tower, mention, 138, 401. irannnar, John, member of first terri- torial legislature, 3(>S. irant, I'lysses Simpson, mention, 415 n. ir.atiot, Adele, marries Iv I!. Washlmrne, 3o<) n. jratiot, Charles, Sr., sketch, 305 9, 419 23; descendants, \iv) 10, ib. n. iratiot, Charles, Jr., sketch, 3091); men- tion, }Oi), 422. iratiot, (.'has. Hempstead, mention, 3 n. ratu)t, Julie, marries John P. (.'abannc, 420. iratiot, Marie (Iternard), motlu A Cha>. (.iratiot. Sr., 4K). iratiot, I'aul M., mention, 422, 423. iratiot 's drove, mention, 309 n. iravelly Creek, mention, 215, 3f)0. ■ ray, James, entitled to land-grant, 425. Great liritain, menlion, (15, 73, iiO, 119, 121, 170, 220, 2S7, 300. ireat-Western U.K., mention, 388n. ireen, Kev, 'I'liomas, menlion, 254 n. Green Hay, I'rench name, l.e IJaie dcs Piiants, 20; mention, 2(), 28, 32, 245. ■ rcenbiier Co., \a,, mention, 263n, 2()4n. ireen Co., III., oi}.;aiii/ation, representa- tive, 3S2; first slierili', coiiiily-seat, 383; mention, 330, 3S4 n. ireene, Gen. Nathaniel, mention 156. ireemip, William C., clerk of Illinois ter- riritorial legislature, 31)7. ireenville. III., mentidii, 337 n, 378. ireenville, treaty of, 84, 87, 200. iregg, Jacob, settler of 1S03, 357. ireggs, Jesse, settler about 1S04, 357. GriOin, [Joseph ?|, settler near ISellefon- taine, 185, 205. ■ riflin family, mention, 337. lirilToii," vessel, 31, 32. ■''.^'li l.l"li"l ^: I'lliol I Hugh] mention, 25411. I.NiiwJ. H. I.ippiiu'ott iV Co. I iriswold, Stanley, judge in Illinois lerr'y, Wabash histrict, 3()5, 371; notice, 402. iroot family, mention. 314, 339. irosvenor, John, settler of 1 799, sketch, 1S4. irundy, I'elix, mention, .?oi n. iuard, .Seth, settler at .salines, 390. iulf of Mexico, mention, 3(1, 219. iunn, John II., notes by, on Gen. A. C. Dodge and family, 13S 9n; John Todd and family, 143 4 n; refers to "Fergus' 43« I'lONKKK lllS'n.)UN' (»F ILLINOIS. J'- Ilistiiriinl Series," 17511; mit^iii of iiaiiif l-t. M.i^N.u-, |i)I n; ( '. U. Mullu'iiy ami (li>i I M'l.iiil^, Jill J 11; Aliiifi Jiillill" aii, jo; 511; ( iov. Ituiul and ll^scl■ll'laMl^, ^2~t\; Kratl-liy family, 3.5() 711; Malllii'w I'liiuaii ami ///iiii'is y/i-rii/f, _;(i<)ii; Alcxaiiilcr Wilsf ami ilL'>n-nilant--, ,5(>Sn; (iiiv. I.dvva: • and dcMjciidatils, .;7i)n; JdIiii lluialicr and (Ic^K-ndaiilN, .;7'>ii; icrciiiii^; In Key- inil(U' "My tiwii liiiiis," y'>l n; Tlios. llii,',:;iiis, ii). ; (inv. ( arliii and di'ML-nd- nMl>, .;S4 ^n; ttin-'lvany family, .^S.S t>; Dr. John Lilian ah I dc^ctiidants, .;S(i 7n; Alex \\. K•lll«in^. 3SSn; tjuick faiuilv, V)i) 4CX); L'""-"'' Ltmcii, Sr., and dcsLind.Mil>, 41 I 2 11; /adiic < 'a>cy and dc-ci'ndanl>, 41; 411; ( ien. Jolin A. .Met UiUiinil, 4I.J 511; Wol famdy, 417 Sii; K;isilii\vn, Mil., intnliDii, J4S, 40111. la;^L;in, Janie^, early lawyi-r, 3(10 lall|rcnuy. , early scliunl- teacher, 15J; mill owner, 177. i.ildinitxn, , menlinn, 24711. Iall>. jnd-e l.i-., ".Snnals i,f the West," rt Icicnce, ,;Sl 11. lalleck, lien. Henry Waiter, incnlinn, 415 n. laniill.in, Lady .1 mv, letter i if, 22-, (1. laniillon * u , ic|iie>ent.itive, 41 ; n; mcn- liun. 27.'^, ^n.S n. lamiitiin, ( inv. 1 L iiry, <'aiilnres \in- cennc^. nn. ii>'>; iscapinrid. 101 it. lamiidiii .'Sydney ('(ille,i;e, menlKill, 27(1. laniir.imcli, < I humas, .Sr., 401 11. j land. lien. I.dwaid. nientinn, 91. Iani;in,i;-Man lnwii. nientinn, \\2. | lanUv, ^;iniiiel, cnlilleil to l.uid-i.;rant,424 laimilial of ( aitliaL;e. lefircnce, 75, 32(). | lanmlierry, I'aliicU. siltler of iSol, 2S0. j lansiin. |o>eph. enlitled to landi^rant, 424. lardin, I'leniamin, of Kv.. mention, 397. latdin, Ici'llia. settler in Slmu neetown, V)<); slu li h, J,')- .S; (L-i cnd.mls, ib. n. lardni, John, mention, .i<»7 n, ;i)Sn. lardin, John 1, ketch. }')~ Sn; men- lion, ^Sd 11. 307. lardin, .Mai tin i >, sketch, ,ViS n. laroy t'o., \ a., mention, 235, 2J(), 259, ,5.i7> .iS'*^! .5"'* "• i llar){ravc, \Villi!<, captain in war of 1K12, 401 ), 407. I larmar, ( len. Josiah, his cnni|iaigii a^ai'i>t the Indians, 197 S, 21(1; his defeat, 27(1, j<)7 n; mentioi), 21. Harness, Leonard, entitled to land-grant, 424. Ilarniss, - , settler of 17S3, 143. Harper's Kerry, mention, 34S, 411 n. Ilarpe [^licajah, The 'Hit;''!, murder of, 2S(). Harrington, Wni., Indian tighter, |S(). Harris ( leorj^e, meiitii.n, 4W}n. Harris, jolin, entitled to laiul-^-rant, 424 Harris, .Maj. Thomas L., mention, 41511. Harrison, .Mlieit I! , memlier of congius< from Mi~-oiiri, incniion, 372. Harrison, Iteiijamin (father of Win. II. 1, j;ovcrnor of Nirj^inia, 27(1; thanks lien. Clark, 130; mention, 120. Harrison t'onnty, iiieiilioii, 4211. Ilairisjii, lieorye, mention, 400 n. Haiiisoii, Kev. I lioinas, sketch, 398 9. Harrison, William Henry, campaij^n of '■^Li, .>4! elected to con^re-s from .Northwestern Territory, 157; taLe> ])ossessioii of La., 229; sketch, 276 i); campaign of iSii, 31)1; convenes lirsi Ind. lei^islalnre, 4111 n; nominated for pre^idenl, 40211; attacks Indians at Tippccaiioe. .104 5; mention, 22S, 24Sn, 2ii4n, 30911, 3SS, 397. Ilarrisonville, III., mention, 2(10,2(11,374. Ilairod, I'apt. William, mention, 92. I Iarro(Ulaiii;, mention, ,S,S. llarroiK" | |aiiies| Station, S7. Ilaitford, tdiin., mention, 253 n. Havana. ( iilia, mention, 423. llawesviUe. Ky., mention, 243. Hay, M.ij. jeliii, ;.;ov. of Lpper Canad.i. 225; mention, KXi. Ilav, John, sketch, 225-9; clerk of court. .V>5- I lay, .Mrs. John (Maif^aret I'onporl). 227. Ilavnie, (ien. 1-hani .N., mention, 413 n. Mays, i;ii/alielli, mairies Laurent I'eii- soneaii, jilt:i, n. Hay-, John, sketch, 223 5: settlor of iSo;. 335; siRrill, 3(15; eiilitieil to land j;ianl. 425; mention, 3(1311, 377. Ileacock, Kussel 1'^, early lawyer, notice, 391. Head, James, entitled to land-j^rant, 424. I leald's, I apt. .N.Tthan, company, 249. Ileanl, Joseph, .-etller ahoiil 1S04, 35I). ilelieil, Ldw., entitled to land-grant, 425 1 leckewelder, Kev. John, missioii.iiy to Indians, mention, I.S. Ilehr, ( apt. I.eonaril, at capture of Kas- k...skia, 93 ; commander at \incennes, 9S; :.urrenl>uri li'iiilciry, .;ix)n. Icmpslcad, Sicplieii, nicnlinn, .>09n. Iemp>tt'a(l, ^ii-.aii, niarrio Henry (Jra- li'inpstiMil, William, ini.'ntioii, .>CK>n. IfiiiUrscoi IJaino.'l, settler of 17S5, 145, Icnilricks, (ico., cntitio4. licks (or Ilix), David, entitled to land- Krant, 424. liel, .Maria Catharine, marries llenj.iniin II. West, 4lSn. Iit;j4ins, Catharine .M,, marries Wni. II. l!ra(M)V, lii;u;iiis, .vi'in. Ii!;'.;ins, liuuins, l.iieinila, mention, 337 n. .Mary, marries John liradsliy. sichard, nuiition, 337. Thomas, sketch, 37S Si; duel and character, 3H1 n; ii._ntioi', 341. I ill, ,\dam, mention, 352. lill. .NallianicI, mention, 357, 405. lill's lerry, mention, 40S. iill's I Isaac] I'Ort, location, 405; men- tion, 37S. lillsl oripu;;!). 111., mention, 331. liltelnand, John, one of (ien. Clark's soldieis, 331); mention, 215; entitled to lanil-i^raiit, 424. li\, I 'aiiitl |l)avid ?|, mention, 215. lollv. Ilor.iiio, mention, 301 n. lolme~, Joseph I!., mention, 327 n. lolsclaw. linocli, mention, 205 n. loMier, the poet, mention, 77. Ionian and llerseche, Arni;..nd l.ouisde I >eliMidarce, liaron de la, untiuihful (?) explorer, 43. look's, (I. \V., company in Mexican War, 280 n. Io|>kins, ( ien. .Samuel, le.ids troops against Indians of Illinois, 407. I lopkinsville, Ky., mention, 208. Horse (reek, mention, 157, I yi, 162, 201. Horse I'rnuie, eaily siiilers and location, 2ix), 201; old name Washington, 184; mention, 181, 1S4, 1S5, 197, 205, 270, .?4'>- Horsc-racinf;, 33(1, 345. Horses and cattle, fil, 344. Howard County, .\io., mention, 426. llowari'. Jidin, nnniiou. 407. Howard's, (ien. ami ( lov. Itenjamin, ex- pedition aijainsi Indians, 292 3; men- tion, 249, 320, 3S3, 408 I). Howard, Hon. lil^hman A., mention, 373; |ilied lS.}4, liuried at Kockville, I'arke Co., In(l|. Howe, Wni., entitled to land-(;rant, 424. lloyle, I'.dmund, nuiUion, 350. Ilul)liard. .\(lolphus I lederick, early set- tler of Shawneelown, 31)0. llurV, Michael, settler of aliout 1780, 137; killed hy Indians, 13S, 14!); entitled to land-f^rant, 424. llulT, .Mrs. — — , killed hy Indians, 256-7. llulf, .Mr.s. .Michael (widow .Murdoch), killed liy Indi.ins, 1 3S. Hulf, Kehecca, mairies Josiali Lemcn, 412 n. llu,;L;ins I Robert and David) family, men- lion, \-t2. 1Iul;1i's, Ihos., sketch, 125; one of ( ien. (lark's soldiers, :,y); entitleil to land- j^ianl, 424, 425; mention, 215. 1 liij;uenois, meniion, 305, 419. limit, kehecca, marries Thomas Carlin, 3S411. Hull. Daniel, settler of 1 71)4, 2oS. 1 lull, 1 >aiiiel, son of .Nathaniel, death, 2oS. Hull, Nallianiel, erects hlock-liouse, 13I; commands scpiad aj,'ainst Indians, 175, I7(>; sketch, 207 10; eslaldishes ferry an2. Hunt. Kev. James, William Wirl's tutor, mention, 31)7. I lunlei , ( ien. I )avid, meniion, 24711, 24811. Husking parlies, 31IJ. I. Ilierville. Tierre I.eMoine d', explorations of, 42, 43; menliiin, 41. Iherville liayou, mention, 80. Illin-i, meaniui,', 17. Illinois under Trench, 46-73; under Brit- 440 PIONKKR HISTORY OK ILIJNOIS. ish K»vcriinK-M(, 7?, 71) 82; hiuKt jjov- ernnivnt of Va., Sj 144; lioiiiulnrit.-^ of county of, 98; county of or^ani/c7; about iSix), 314; territory cstnliliNhfd, 344; Xiryinia's ces- sionto L'.S. of, 350 I ; territorial organi- zation, 365, 3K5; boundary extended, 394; A^^ricultural CollcKf, mention, 4cwn; American >ettler>in, 112 S, 125, 127, 130, 137-44; Indian liepredations a);ainst, I7S() <)5, 152 4; their social life, 273 s; l>rinci|)ally from Western and SoHllicrn States, 34O; second child of Amurican parents in, 412; attorney- yencralsof, mention, 3(>i, 3<'7, 37on, 375; bees in, i(><) 70; block-houses, 131 2; life in, 132 4; year of blood, I7S<), 154; commerce about 1712, 44; cotton and tobacco in, 64; constitutional conven- tions, reference to, of 1S18, 358, 3rovinient in the judicial system, 181, 370 1, 401; land claims allowed, 326, 350 1, 352; lan 1818, 253; nndisturlied during first years of revolution, 83; sec Salt Springs; want of schools in, 215; secretary of state, 374, 393, 410; characlerislics nf settlers, 44-5; its sickly conilition, 3i5-t>; social habits in, about 1800, 317 9; S|)eakcr of house, irferenee, ^^^2; ,Stale penitentiary, 41411; improved stock, 344; superintendent of instruction, 37011; survey of northern bdunclary, 332; tim- ber increasing in modern times, 54 (1; hai)py times in 1732, 54 6; torn.atloes or hurricanes, 347 8; traveling in 1797, 157; and in 1800, 29S c); treasurer of State, 417; U.-S. district judge, 394; I'.-S. senator, reference, 289 n, 301 11, 372 n, 386 n, 387 n, 392, 401 n," 410; vegetation, 1800, 231; volunteer regi- ments of in war of rebellion, 18th C'av,, 368n; 62(1 Inf., 265 n; 84th Inf., 2()5 n; I loth Inf., 4i4n; tilth Inf., 2(>4n, 265n; 130th Inf., 262; 14211 Inf.,4i8n; war of revolution opens immigration, III -2; independent expeditions during, 122-4; during war of 1812, 405-9; wheat raising introduced, 54 ; .ibout |8J n, 415. 417- lllinuit River, mention, 17, iS, 19, 20, 28, .<.?. 'iJ. '57. 232, 247 n, 24«, 249, 250, illinoistown, first l)rii.'k-liouse in, \()ji. Iuinii(;ration, 41 2, 43, 11 1-2, 200, 279, 410. Iniliann Torritory eslalili>licil, 140: il^ boundaries, 27(1; territorial lenislnture, 2i)o, 321;, \\2; mention of territory and stale, 11), 101, 114, 145, 27S, 3(15; re- vision of statutes of, relerence, 171. Indians can not liecivili/ed, l<); liesl policy toward, il). n; seek to terrify explorers, 2(1; can not licchristiani/ed, 42; friendly to l-rcnch, 54, ()l ; I'rench r.i. lirilish tre.itnieni of, 7s; hostile to Americans, 152 4; converted to clirislianity, 15;; employed liy whites to commit crimes, 2S5; depreiiali.)ns liy, I7<)I, 175 (>, I.S(> -'); before iSoo, 193 7, |i)7 2(x>; cease from hostilities, 401;; see under Indians; outra^is, 152 4, 249, 2S0, 2S5, 3.57 ". 340 I, ^71) So, 404; two ureal races, 17 S; trade, how coiuhuted, 2.54 5; social life, 2S2; relij^ion, 2.S5 5; tr.idi- tion j;eiiernlly unrelialdc, 17; war in 1774, S',; war prosecuted for nineteen years, S4; war under I'oiitiac, 75 <». Iowa, mention, loy, ij; mention, 48, 363 n, 388. Jacksonbiir};, mention, 156. Jacksonville, III., mention, 3i)7n, 39Sn, 415 n. J.icksonvillc, .St. Clair Co., III., advertise- ment in 1815 of lots for sale at. 426. James I., mention, 180. James, I Jen. Thomas, builder of mill, 177, 192. James, James .\., anecdote of, 347 8. janeltc, n supposed wilch, 175. jarrot, an liulian, 21 2-3. I Jarrot, Nicholas, sketch, 211 4. j jarrot, .Mrs. .Nicholas (.Marie C. liarbcau), \' 214. Jarrot, Mrs. .Nicholas (Julia [St.demme] llauvais), 214. S. I Jarrot, Col. N'iial, mention, 3b2 n. Jarvis, I'ranklin, settler of 1797, 205, I Jay, John, mention, 120, 220. ' Jefferson ('olltj;e, mention, 336 n. JefTcrson County, III , represeiilalivrs and senators, 4l3n, 41411; mention, joii, 2(14 n. 38(1. Jelferson, Thomas, mention, 91, 121, iSo, 210, 300, 329. 35(>. 375, 423. Jenkins, .Mex. .\l.. liolice, 3SS; sketch, ib. n; mention, 381)11; his company in lilack-llawk War, iiuntioii, 38711. Jenkins, I'Ji/abelh, mariies I )r. John l.o;;an. 38011. Jersey County, III., mention, 38511. Jerseyvyie, 111., mention, 385. Jesuit niissitmaries, praise of, 25 (>; men- tion, 49. johiison. Col. Richard .M.. menlion. 8(>, 171. 172. Johnson < o , 111., estallisheil, 3(17; sena- tors anil representatives, 3()8. Joliel, Louis, the discoverer, 25 8. Joliet, III., name, 39; ineiilion, 31)011, 302 n, 414 11. lollitT, .\aron, mention, 2I13 n. Jollifl", Uev. .Miner, sketch, descendants, 263 5n. Jollitf, .Miner (Jd), and descendants, 2(1311. Jollitf, .Miner (3d), meiilioii, 21)311, 204 11. JollilT, I'Jijah, and descendants, 2<)4 n. JollitT, l-.liiah, jr., mention, 21)411. Jolliff, I'.li/abeth (1st), marries Russell, 263 n. Jolliff, Klizalieth Williard, 2(14 n. Jolliff, Kli/abeth (31I), marries Jn ner, 2()5n; descendants, ib. n. Jolliff, Jackson, mention, 2(14 n. Jolliff, Jacob, mention, 2()3n. Jollilf, Col. James, and descendants, 263 4 n . [olliff, (ainrs Iv, mention, 263 n. Jolliff, Jehoida, marries Ijiocli llolsclaw, 2(15 n". Jolliff, Martha, marries Recce Williams, 263 n. Jolliff, Rachael, marries James Rhea, 2(1411; 4 liiiics Ciiiiiily, la., iiiiMiliiiii, .i7iMi. Jy Iniliaiis, ili, joiifs, ( iiMjr^;!.' \\.,llic I '.-S. MMi.itnr, 172. Iiiiics, liiliii, ('iillllci). JiiiK S Mkliacl, i 4-4, 4-.v Jdiics, Kice, ilcatli, 17; 4. Jiiiii'-, Kcv. William, nifinlior cif (iist Icr- nliuial li'j;i>.laliirc, _5(iS; t'tilitlt'il tn land- i;iant, 425; iwitici', 270; lueiiliun, ^^Jd. Jcijilill, M(i. , IlRlltiull, ,i7Vll. JuM'I'li. mi'iitiiiM, 2S(). IdSfpliillc, |■Jll|l|•^■^^, refcii'iice, 17,}. Iciindaii, I'raiici-, creels fort, 40(1. joinilaii, lame-., womnle.l iiy Imlians, 406, JoUKlaii, lliomas, creels foil, 40!). Journey, lort, tiieiilion, 405. Journey's, Lieut, joliii, corps, aixl its en- eoiinter with Iiiilians, ^7.S ,So. Journey, Nnllianiel, eaplain ! ; sold ill 1711(1, S2 ; raplureil dy .Kmerieans, >)\ ii; inmiilaied, 11;, 114; iinmii^r.iiitii, IIS; importance, lid; .Vinriican set- tlers, I7S^, I ^S I); ^ettlels alioiit I 7.S <, 142 ;; legislatures held at, 1411, .<2o; larj^esi town at Ue>t, km; emirt held at, l.Sii; county-seal Uandolpli I ouniy, 2S2; road lo loit Ma^sae. 2S1; and io \iiuennes, 2i)i; land olliee mention, }2t>, \2', v^l; consliUiliiiii.il convention lield in, ^;2; .L;aycty in I.Slo, i'ld; popii lation, ill.; capital of Illinois 'rerrilory, 3(17; menlion, |S, ii», 4(1, 40, (id, .S|, 87, S.S, i)\, 1)2, m, i»S, 101, 104, 107, KM), 112, lid, 117, I2.J, I2S, I.>1, I.1S, IJi», 144, 1^(1, 157, Idtl, Id2, U>\, 1(14, Ids, II17, :•:. i; i7-». I7d, iS-i. e\piilitii)ii, .v*^; estimate of l.aSalle, }<). Joy, Comfort, estalili-hes fort, 5,55. Judy. Jacoli, settler in Ka>ka>llatiue, V''^; captain eompany of spies, 407; enlilled lo land-i;raiit, .(25; mention, 2,So, ^H), .^20. Jumonville |Coulon de|, I'rench ofl'icer, [also called \illiurs de J.), dj. K. Kane, lilias Kent, sketch, 410; mention, Kankakee River, called the 'I'lie-an-keki, J,2; mention, 247 n. Kamiahwa -alt-works, 1 10. Kansas, visited by I- reiich in search of mines, 45; menlinn, 20511. Kansas kiver, mention, 26511. Ka-I.askia, estaMi;licd idSd, 40; mission- KM, 207, 215, 21S, 221, 245, 247, 241), 25S, 2dd, 271, 272, 21)1, 2d4. 21)5, 2ijd, 297. -')'»! .?"'. .?".i ". .?"». .?"d, ^> I, .?'.?. .?"5. ->'•'. .?-.S. .>-•'•. }y>< .V^'^ .^A'^' .U'). .vsC. .vs-', .is.?, .vv"". .i.i'A .idO, .5I1I. _\(>2, 5dS, 5,S5, 401 n, 410, 4 2d. Kaska>kia Indians, localion, iS; fate, 21, 22, 2!,: mention, 215, 5(14. Ka-kaskia Kiver, mention, lo, it;, 1411. iSi, i.S;, 1.S4, 201, 215, 2.;d. .511, .Vi'i. }>''< .vs7. .\'>-' 4K'i 4"S -i^^- Kay, John, mention, ,505, 4I'». Kay (Johiii it .McCiae (liavidl, menlion. Ke-kauk-kem-ke, Indian name for I'eoria. 24(1. Kekioni;a. Urili-h trailinj^-jio-t on .Mau- inee. 124. Kelly I Wm. I, settler on Kaska-kia kiver, 170(1. 215. Keiinedv, Patrick, entitled to lanil-L;raiil. .4-4- Kenldil, .'Simon, -ketch..S(i 7; ciimniaiided detacliiiieiil of .Nmericans at Ka-k.i^kia, • 15. Keniucky, selllers from, 1S2, 1S4, 1S5, 191, I'l.i, -"-2, 205, 264 n, ^^\o. 7,_\\, .i.s7. .>S\ .i.s'l, .?(">. M<>, .V>4. .i7^- .?7'i. >S2. ^1)2, .V).?, ;v»5. .W7. 410.41 1. 4'4''; mention, Sj, S7, SS, i)0, m, 104. lod, 107, 1.50, I4_5n, 172, 1S2, 1.S4, 1S5, 192, Id.v l')7, 1')!^, 202, 205, 2ld, 22\, 2,5s, 241, 251), 2(K). 2di). 270, ,511), _;;,5, .?4.v .vS7. .i''7' .i79n, .'ySdn, 591, 51)!, \i)(), 411, 420. KenUuky kiver, menlinn, 2 1 7, 276. Kenkiik. chief nf ,n, 41)! n. l.nroriiiiHf's I Jean Irniu/iiis . nn'iitiiiii. 110 Uir rciiria. ka^kia Kivci, o laiiil-'rant. ciimniaiKled Kickn|i, Itiiality, 20, lutt, J44; (otiiit ili'| c^iKililiiiii in Aiiitrnli.i, 41; ciiiiiilv li> wliitf. -M; iiu'iitiiiii, Ho, no, l.a>allr Comiu, iia iiir, )i). li'S, iSii, joi, i('. (fi?!!, {(14. I.a^nllc, Kiilioil Ufiu ClicvaliiT dc, ex- 1(1(1, KcIhtI, laily M-ltl(i. I\i, 1 1 !, II4, nlnialKiiis, J<>- ^S; ili'.itli, jS; dukiailiT- 115; Clilllkd to lai|(l-;;i.llil, 4.'^; Illi'll- |s|ii», ;(); \l-ll-. ^ll^• of I'curia, J44; IMII, I Kiiiifii-aii, I LiaL^ic, mam tiaii. 4.' I. KiiTsfian, ~i'o KieiciTiaii. iiiciitKiii, .S(i, ;(!(. c^ rieric CluiU' l.a I i.i|i|.t.' iiKnik^ 111 111., js.S-*'. l.a\'(i-» l.iiUI-> jf IS (Icalii (if, I \.\- tragic Kiiuaiif (Kinktadi, jaino'*, ciilitlcd tii , l.acy, * n'li l.dw. ml, i-.lali|i>lie-. firry, 2S(). l.iiKltiranl. 4.'4. I.a(.v, Joliii, ^ctll(.r nf 1IS04, lucntum, 35(1, Kin;;, I\aLlia( I. man ic. /ailiii('asfy,4l_5n. 5^7, Kiii;;etller of 17(14, -ketch. Lake Mitlii;;.'.n, iiicntioii I'lO J. KiniK y. Mary, marries Joseph l.cnicn, 4lJn. Kinney, Sani'l, >eltler c I'rairie, -•ex.). Kin/ie, Arthur M., nicntion, 24X11. Kiii/ie, |-.le.inor I.., meiitii 11, J4.S11. Kiii/ie, I li/.il'Llh, nieiiiKiii, -4711. Kiii/ie, l.llen .Maridii, mention. J47 11. Kiii/ie, (icoij^e II., nifiitioii, 24811. Kili/ie, jaine-, iiK iition. i.\' 11. Kiii/ie, Joliii, .iiid defendant-, .skctcli, J47 11; nunlion, 247. Kin/ie, joliii Harris, -ketch, 24S11; men- tion, 2.|7, ill. 11. Kin/ie, jolm ILuri-. j'.. mention. 24S11. Kin/ie, .M.iila, mention. 24711. Kin/ie, KoUeit .Mien, inciiiion. 24711. Kin/ie. William, iiuntion. 24711. Kirk|ialricti. I lioiiia-, M.ttler of sh.iwiK »■■ town. V": iiHiiiion, _^iv 578. Kitchen. < liarle-, ti^jlii-. Indi.in-, .(07. Ki>o\ C-oiinly, 111., oiii;iii;il lioiiiidaviis. 157; ie|>re-,ent.itivc, il>. Kno.x Co.. leiin.. mention, 2i|S, ;i2, 554. Klio.wille, 'leiiii., mention, ^11. Koeriier, liuv. Ciu-iavu-, mention, 2S(jii, I.'.Mihe [Cahokial (reek, nicntion, 420. I.aiialine'' |(dl. Sloltiii dr| (.■Npcdilion to capture 1 Ictroit. 124. I.:i( liappellc, ^ec ( 'ha|'pelle. l.aclede, I'ierre i.iL;iu>tc, mention. 41'j. l.at iiiniite, see l.cCompl. l.a< idi\, Miciiacl, settler of iScx), sketch. ,;^i); liorn on lii<; I>land, ^55. J.allainme, Md'lle, marriaj^cs to Sainte .\iii;e (I'cK-itel in lyt'j, .M. l.aCnmpt in 17S0, and I lioinas llrady, i(jt>. 17. .i". >"•'• I- liiS, ,VM Lake < inlario, ;i. lake I'eoiia, l.|(|. Lake Su|ieiiMi. mention, 12.;, I2.|, vxi. I. .ike of the W (mxU, 221,. I.anca-ter I (iiiiity, I'a. mention, 14^11, Land -ysieiii lufore iNiki a cui-e, 277 S. lane, John, -eltler at .^alines, y/.). Laurel I lill. niciiiion, '1 ^ l.au-anne, meiitimi, ,{oS, 4111. Law courts, none amoiif; I rciidi. 7.?; Iir-t court, i7tiN, 74-.V Law. |nd;4i- jolin. mention. 42 v Law. |('hii. and hi- scheme-, 411. LawreiiceliurL', Ind., nuntion, 40I 11. Lawyer- ol Illinois, early, 170, ,(7ii-2, l.ayola, sec Loyola. Lcllai( lies I'liants. scetirecn llav. I l.cr,,mpi. Mad. .sketch. HiS-(i: see ' .Md'll l.aLl.imine. Let oiii|it. I.i/clle, marries Loui-oii I'lii- soiieuu, \i'2 II. I.eCompte | Louis |, idS. I e( ialloi- (le lleaujen, see licaujeau. Lc.Mollc. .Mi-s Sarah, inairie- I lioinas lor-ylh. 24S; Idled .Nov. 21, 1S211I, l.el'eiisc, .\nloiiic. incnlioii, 24(1. LeV'ille a .Maillel. old iianie lor I'eoiia. 122 I.ead-sniehinL,' in 111., .)S; llr-t till "'•' '^"''' iiace loi, 171 , Leliaiion, 111, mention, U)', 2;.tn, 207. 2()i|. 33(1, ill. 11. Lie t 'oiiiity. 111., I v» "• I.eiiien family, mention, I(|7, 207. I.em n, .\iiii, mention, 41211. I enieli, ( atliarine, 412 11, Leiiiin, llelly, mention, 412 11. I.cinen, Kcv. Jaincs, sr., Indian llL;hter, 175; settler of l7,Sli, 2511; kelcll, 271 ; i.oticc, 41 I n, 41 1-2; denounce- slavery, 41211; entitled to l.ind-.i;iant, 424, .^25; ineniioii, ii)(i, 251;, 2()(i, 27;, .^57, ,577. I.emeii, Mrs. James, sr. (Calliarine t^'yle), 251J. 444 I'lONKKU msiOUV (il ILLINOIS. .^1 i r % l.t'incn, Rev. Jamen, jr., notice, 4liM, 4I,{; tncnlioii, 37). Lctiicn, Kev jiim'iiIi, nmrrics (laii^litt'r i>f |iiM'|i)i Kinney, iciuIh wile in ^ilxinl, l<)l; iiiiliit-, 41 J; iiii'iiliiiii, 2. Lciiu'ii, William, Until (', 41J11, l.r.Mniiic, sec Itniivilli'. Ilicrvillo, Moii- tinny, L-fn-iii-L-L'n-n|H' IndiniiK, 17. I.eotiit, , one <>f tnc as,n*sinatiiri< of l.iiSallf. .^<). l.t•^lll•lM, I lias. Ali'x . iiii'iiti'in, 4J V Li'Vfii-, Henry, seillfr nf 17117. Nketi'li, 157 S; siiijf, ill llursf I'laini.'. joi ; early niilicr, fis; ciitillcil to laiul-i^rani, 425- Li'wiH ( Mfrriwentlier) and < 'lark's (\N m. ) i.-\|>fiii vigils llliiKiis, {>(>. Lewis, Win., I'lilitlol to lana, I'lniici^co ill', inL-iilinii, .\i\. Lovinnioii, Ky , nicntion, 14.511, .{75. l.icUiii^; KiviT, iiifiillnli, S7. I.illaril, Kfv. |osi-|ili, priMiluT of I7<),5, iiiiluf, -5"-S; iiu'iilion, j(k), 2(19, Liiiifsliiiic t ri'fK, nicntidii, H.S. I.iiiii'-Moiu', Ky,, mfiilion, i^y. Lincoln, .\l>inliaiii, nu-iition, I4,in, {7un, _}.S(>n, 41s n. Linriiln, .Mrs. Alirnham, 'iicniion, I4jn. I.iiitolii <'oimty, Ky. , nirntioii, 2S<>. Lincoln \ I'^liiiiiiiils. iiunlioii, 2540 Lincoln, Knlu-rt Toild, nirntion, I4.in. Linn, ('ajit. William, o( Clark's c.\|)fdi- tioiJ, i)S. Litchrii'ld, Conn., mention, 172, 253 n. I.itllf Muddy Uiver, iiKiition, 21)9. Link- I'rairii', mi-iitioii, 34S. I.iltlc Kock, mention, 204 n. Little \illat;e, mention, 256; see St. I'liillil.e. Little W'al>asli River, mention, 102, ^64. Lively IJolin and Joseph) family, men- tion, J52. Li/a, I'aiiaiuiel, mention, 167, 20,**, 294. I.ofliis, Maj. |.\rlliur|, defeat of, Sc. Loltiis I .\rtliiir| I leijjhtsor I't. Adain.s, 80. Lo),'an County, Ky., mention, y)l. Loj;an j 1 ali-j;ali-jnle|, the Indian, murder of family, S5. Lo},'an, I ir. John, notice, .^S6-7; sketch, ill. II ; descendants, ,5X7 n. Lo;;aii, John Alexander, mention, j.'On; sketch, .587 n. Loyan, Stephen 'I'., mention, 262 n. Lognn, William IL, notice, .)K7 n. Ld^stiiwii, liiiliaii treaty of, ville U.K.. mention, ,»»iHn. Low, < ien. I' leiiiin^, mention, ' " n. Low, .Nicholas, nirntion, 24711. Lower UapiiN, mention, 2i)2. Lower ^aii'lii-ky, defence of, 40.?. Loyola. I^natni-- de, mention. 2$. Ludlow's Malioii, nuiilioii, ujS. Liincefoid (or l.iiii'.fordi, < ieor|.j'', setllei of l7.Si, I4K one iif Ccn. Claik's noI- dier>. .;;<); entitled to land'^rant, 424; mention, 201. I.usk. John 1.. Iiiiil'is '.I'THs and rin- ferry, 2Si^, 2S(i; settler of i.Soi;, 357. Lusk's jjaii ' Kerry, 1 10 miles to lir^t house, 2i)N, mention. 2.S1, 285, .557. Liitli, .Sieur dc, see lltiliilli. Luther, .Martin, menlion, 26. I.yleior Lislei, I >r John, early physician. notice, .5s'i. I.yle, John, entitled to land-(;rniit, 424. Lynn, I )r. Lewis, death. 1.5011. Lyon. Matthew, sketch, J2S-i;. Lyons, France, 287. M. McHride, William, mention. .352. MiC.inn, James, early miller, 515. .McCarty, (apt. Kichard |" l.nnli^h"], of (ien. Clark's e.\|ieditioii, 102; notice, mill owner. 12S; entitled to land-(;raiii. 424. Mci'lernand, John .\., notice, 4;4-.s; sketch, il). 11; menlion, .58(111. McClcrnand (JidinA.)* Keyes (Charles A.), mention, 415 n. McClure, Samuel, killed by Indians in 1786, I.S.5. McCoiinell, - , married Mary Omel- vany. .585 n. McCormick, John, entitled to land-};rnnt, 424. McCrae, David, mention, .',05, 419. McCrae, l)avid, it Co. (John Kay), men- tion, 305, 419. INDKX. 445 7n. ine (le la, • \Vi»i, .\i>. I, 4io, W> 1, 3J6, 405. of l4t . 54. il»), 41 I ilf Iklll^ •>( )Hi/iii>j, 44; ^t. l,.iiiis 17. 7.1. "Ill nji, JiS. .., incntiDii, ••"n. m irjj'', selllfi ( laik^ Mil Uriini, 4J4; M and I'lii- S05. ,i57- liles lo lirli"l. «if I02; not ICC. ]lanil-t;raiit. 4:4-5; (Charles |ln(lian> in [ary Oniel- llaml-urant. I 419. vay), men- McDonalJ, Kolirri, menlion, ,{Si. Mel >(ini)ii^'irH "lli»t«iry of ili, MciDrof, aii'l I'fiiy • imiilii^," .ninlfil, {lid II. 4(1(111 Mi|i..noiii;li^ " History of Si Clair « «> ," i|U(it(.-il, 41 J n. Ml I )iiiiiiii);li, Mace, (if Kaii'lulpli in.. I \\: sketch, 2i«i->i. Mi'l'.ltiiiiny family Imilii'i lilock-luiUHV, Iji. Mcl.liniiiiy, jiihii, |r , cniiili'd in laml- Uraiil, 4.'.| .Md'arlaii'l, Oaviil, ol Kul^o I'rairic. incti- tliili, iSS 11. Mi'lli'iuy, William, lapiaiii nf ci)m|i.iny in war nl iSi.*, 41M1. .(117. .McKi-e, Susan, marries Wm, Oiiu'lvanv, ,\Xh n. McKcnihci', ll|i. Will., liiilMs liisl incii. in^-lion'c and holds lirst i'aiii|i-iiii'(liii^, Jli"; ini'iii'' -I, '1)8. McKiMulri'c I'lili' ;' nieniiiin, 2S<)ii, \\(>\\, 40(111, 41.; II, 4! I 1, 4iavid|, aiiaL-kod I'V lull . >-, 40.S. .Mcl.caii, Jcihn. scli .cr of Simwiu'ctciwii. ynt; ski'i'M,, ?()i 2. Mi'.Malion, Kolicil, sellU'r of 171)4, skckli. ").V7; sell U'), at r isf I'rairif, jot). McMaiion. Mrs. Kohcii, .md Iht four cliildrcii killfd jiy Imiiaiis, |)ci., l/'l.' "M-4- Mc.N'alil), .Mcvaniii'i. ciilitleil to lam!- t;r.int, 4J5. .McNalili. .Vixliilial !. cniilied to land- j;raiit, 4Jv McNalili, I'.iiward. cntitlfii .1 'aini ;;raiil 4-'.V McNair, < "ol. .Me.v, in tlcii liowaid's e.xpeililion, 4o,S. .McKae, set' .Nkrrae. .McK'oliurts, IHi/ali(.'lli, mention, ;o2 n. .McUolicrl'', l-raiik II , imiition. ;o2 11. McUoIhtIs, Jiidi;!' JaiiU's, ^eltiir of l7S(i, 25(1; ski till. .;iH)- 5; desi'iiidaiits, joon; cniilied to laiid^raiit, 425. .MtKoherls. janiis, jr . ineiitioii, ^(xjn MeKolicrts, Jn(l|4e josiali. ,;*■. 4''>. 4^"' Maekin.u Indians, trading with, J\\, Mackinaw 1 leik, nieiiiion. 1^7, .Mackinaw Kiver, nicniion, 211 I .Mackenzie, John, lullier of John Kin/le, 247 n. Maikcii/ir, .Marjjarei, iiiairies John Kin- /k;, 247 n Ma(i>u|iin to., county seal, \S\ M.icoui'in I leek, nieiilioii, 3S;, 407. Mad Kiver, I Miio, mciilinn, 211S. Mada^orda Hay, l.a^.ille lands al, and lliiis nilsses liiiiliiii; llie iiioulh ol llie .Mis^i,,i|i|ii Kiver, ;S. .Madison I oiiiily, re|ire-eiitalivcs and sena- tors, 270, 3211, 3(i,S; I iiiiiilyidiiimissionei, 321 ; jud^e, 32ion, 321, -yii. 3311, 3(.,S, 3S3, 401. 417, 42(1. Madison, jame^, niiniion, 307, .|i)i n. Madiid. .Sjiaiii, inciilion, 131111. Ma;;ill, .\illuir, iiienli. n, 24S n. .\laj;ill, julittU' .\., menlion. 24S n, Maillel, I'anlelle, exploils, 122-3; selects new silo for I'eoria, u., 24(1; iiKiitinn, I2li. 134, 135. .Majoi John, of S.C . menlion, 2I12. .MaKarty, iMaeUi|ue, or .Malarlie, or .Ma- cartici, ( liev.ilirr, jjov. of lllinoi-, (to, Maiiscoe. see Maiisker. .M in^ker, John, settler of .Mississippi llottoin Ml iSoii, 3I14. Manuel, liiint; for lieiii;^ witch, 175, il). 11. Maple sii^ar inamilactiired, 3115. .MaresI, Kcv. (laliriel, iiiissioiiary at Kas- kaskia, 41; life in Illinois, 42. Marj^ol ('leek. mention, 59. -Marietta, ineiitioii, ' 5(1. .Marion ( Hunly ori^ani/eil. 413; represen- tative, 143 n; nicn'ion, 20,, 2(14, 381) n. Marion, ( ien. I'riincis, mention, 413 n. Manpietle ( duiity, nanu , 31). Maripiette, lami , (j ii|Ucs), the explorer, 2s <»; dealli, 31. Marr-, I'll s., entilled to laiidt;ranl, 424. •Marshall, John, ehicljiistice, mention. .S4. .Maislial. John, settler of .Sha\Mieetown, 31K); entitled to laml-niant, 424. Marshal. Kev. William, mcntinii, 2(11). Martin, < liarles, enlillcd to land-jjrant, 4^5- Mary Kiver. mention, 304. Maryland, settlers from, 1 13, 323, 341, 342, 348, 367, 401 n, 402; mention, 223. 440 FIOXKKR IIISTOKV OF II.I.INOIS. Mascout.ih, 111., mention, 290, 363, ib. n, 3<)9 n. Mascoiiten Indians, So. Mason t'ounty. III., luenlion, 2(140. Ma.son's, iMlward ( iay, "('dj, John Todd's Record Hiiok." quolc'd, 1750, 426n. Mason, (iei)if;e, mention, 91. Massac l\)\inty, mention, 53. Massac Trace, mention, 335. Massachusetts, po)nilati(in in settlers from, 207, 330. 1774. 120; Matheny, (liarles !■;. , notice, 261 n. Matheny, CliarUs K., sketcli, 2()l-2; de- scendants, il). n. Matheny, t'hailes W., mention, 262 n, Matheny, K. C'ool<, nuntioii, 262 n. Matheny James II., notice, 2t)2 n. .Matheny, I,. I) , notice, 20211. Matheny, Xoah \\ , notice, 262 n. Martini(|ue. mention 174. Malteson, (lov. Joel A., mention, 302 n. Matto.N, .Susan, marries James khea, 264n. Maumee, ( )hio, n;ention, 247. Mauinee River, mention, 77, 124, 197,306. May. tieori^'e, inenlion, 204 n. Maylield, James, emitled to land-grant, 424. Maysville, mention, SS. Mears, William, early lawyer, sketch, 3<"' 372- Membre, /.enobe, sent with dispatches to France, 37; missionary, 1690, 43. Memphis, 'lenn., mention, 25. Mellaril County, name, 294. Menard, Frain,ois, sketch, 294-7; mention, 291. !Menard, Hy polite, 'notice, 296; mention, 291, 294. Menard, Pierre, marriasje, 287; sketch, 291-4.; ill first territorial legislature, 368; mention, 2890. Menijwe, name for Iroquois, 17, i8. Mercier, Francois le, missionary, 1721, 51. Merionthshire, Wales, mention, 170. Merrimac, Mo., mention, 30S. Merrimac River, 111., mention, 1 10, 347. Meroe District, Tenn., mention, 311. Messenger, Charles, mention, 400 n. Messenger,John,teacher, 254, 273; sketch, 330-2; mention, 328, 333. Messenger's "Manual or Hand Hook of Practical -Surveying," reference of, 331. Methodists, churches and preacher.s, 207, 257, 260, 262, 263, 267, 268, 269, 390, 418 n. Miami Indians, locality, 19; removal, 140; mention, 124, 198, 224. Miami River, mention, 198. Michigan, name, 18; mention, 19, 141, 145, 402. Middleton's Ulock-IIouse, 405. Middletown, Conn., mention, 248 n. ' Miles, , mention, 186. Miles' I'crry, mention, 281, 286. I Miles, Rev. Samuel J., visits Kaskaskia, I 273. ! Militia of .St. Clair County, 1S9. I Milk sickness, 322-3. I .Miller, John, mention, 352. Miller, Maud, marries William I.eman, I 4i2n. Miller, William, mention, 237, 313. Mills, see under Illinois, early mills. Mills, Henj., member of Illinois bar, 372. Milwiukee, mention, 247 n. Mississippi IMuffs, mention, no, 131, 210, 222. 280, 328, 348, 418. Mississippi Hottom, cultivated by French, 150; mention, 113, 304, 3(14, 403, 40S. Mississippi River, called Fish River, In- dian name, Naniivsisij u, 17; discovery by DeSoto, 25; by Mari|uette, ib ; called .St. I.ouis River, jl,^; outlets discovereil, 30; called River Colbert, 37; rediscov- ered, nameite(l by liritish until 17(15, 5''' '•o, C3-t); first Anglo-. American settlement on. So; navigation in iSth century, 108-9: free navigation of, 219, 220; voyaging on, 29.1-6; steam navigation on, 400 n; mention, iS, 21, 27, 33, 43, 47, 49, 57, 75, So, 112, 122, 124, 125, 1 38, 14(1, 150, 157, 227, 232, 248, 2()i)', 271, 273, 276, 293. 297. 304. 3^^*^. 307. 329. 347. 3f>.S. 3S5, 421, 420. Mississippi \ alley, extent and fertility, 28-9; exjiloration of, 33. Missouri lead-mines opened, 54; sujircme court, reference, 171 ; first cimsiiiuiional convention, 171; Roman Catholic re- ligion established, 26(); meiilion, 140, 141, 159, 229, 249, 268, 309 n, 34S, 366 n, 386. Missouri Compromise, introduced by Jesse H. Thomas, 402; reference, 401, ib. n. Missouri Gazette iiiid Illinois Ailvertiser, reference, 366,4000; extracts from, 426. Missouri Indians at war with Spaniards, 52-3- Missouri River, called by Indians Pecki- tanoni, 27; its discovery, ib. ; Ft. Or- leans erected on, 1724, 52; mention, 37, 123. 140, 362 n. Mitchagamie Indians, 18, 22. Mitcheil family, mention, 237, 417. Mitchell, Clark W., mention, 265 n. Mitchell, l'"rances, marries Washington West, 418 n. Mitchell, Louisa A., marries lienjamin J. West, Sr., 418 n. Mitchell, Mary, marries Tilghman II. West, 418 n. Mitchell, Peter, notice, 337; mention, 336. IN'DKX. 447 liam I.eman, no, 131, 210, Mobile, Frencli at, 42, 45; mention, 49, 5'. 54. 56. Mondovi, Sardinia, mention, 419. Mont-ttu's "lli^tiry of tlic \ailey of the Mississippi," (luotation from, l()l n. Monolion County, Ireland, 300. Moiioii[;aliela C'ouniy, mention, 1 5S. Mononjjahela Kivcr, mention, ()J, t)5, 236, 397 "• Mononyahela whisky. 202, 316. Monroe Co., circuit jiidijc, 301 n; repre- sentatives and scMiitors, 312, 372, 374, 3S6n, 40011; clerk, 3S()n; nieiilion, l^, 47, Iio, 113, 115, 131. 14(1, I4«), 152. '75. '7''. '77- ^^4' -55. 2<>c), 2t)i n, 300, 3oon, 3oni, 312, 300, 371, 372, 374, 38(1 n, 400 n. Montcalm, l ieii. I.oiiis Joseph de St. Viran, .Mar(|uis de, mention, 24O. Monti^omery County, Ind., mention, 3t')7, 41 Nn. Mont.i;onK'ry County, I'a., mention, 300. Moi\tgomery, I'ajit. and Maj. K)hn, 92, 9*'. 9^; settler of 17S3, erects water- mill, 143; visits I'eoria aboil' l7,Sl, 245; one of Gen. Clark's soldiers, 339; en- titled to land-yrant. 424; mention, 215. Monticello, la., mention, 379 n. Montreal, mention, 220, 227, 247, 4 r 9, 421. Montren^^er, Creval du [.Nlar^jry 111, i)o|, La.Salle's nephew, assassinated, 3S. See Moranget — erroniousiy printed. Moony, Mary, entitled to land-i^rant, 424 Moore family, mention, 197, 417. .Moore, Aiuirevv, and son kiileil by In- dians, 400. Moore, Jame.s, early settler, 112, 113, 114; settler of 1781, 255; enlitled to land- grant, 424: naturali/alion oath of, 42t>. Moore, Jas., jr., entitled to land-j^rani, 425 Moore, James Biggs, mill owner, 194; captain of company in war of I Si 2, ii'^ n. .>53. 40('- Moore, John, coroner, 31)5 ; entitled to land-grant. 425. Moore, |ohn Milton, mention, 255. Moore, Col. Milton, ineiuion, 3oon. Moore, kisdon, notice, 417. Moore, William, captain of company in black -I lawk «,ir, 337 n; entitled to la d-grant, 425. Moi re, W. \V., mention, 386 n. Mo)re's |.\ndrew] I'rairie, mention, 406. M'.-ran, Sliss M. S., marries Thomas J. Casey, 414 n. Moranget, nephew of l.aSalle, assassin- ated, 38. See Montrenger. Moreau, , hang for being witcli, 175, ib. n. Moredock, see Murdoch. Morehead, Senator James T., of Ken- tucky, mention, 372. Morgan County, 111., mention, 330. .Morgantown, mention, 2T,ty. .Morris, Jemima, marries Joseph Chance, 270. .Morris, Joseph, entitled to land-grant, 424. Morris, Kobeit, mention, 276. .Morrison, Cuy, sketch, 1(17. .Morrison, James, marries daughter of Francis Saucier, 2S7; mention, l()6. .Morrison, James, jr., mention, l()(). .Morrison, Jesse, sketch, l(>t)-7; marries ilaughter of Francis Saucier, 287. Morrison, Robert, skelcli, lOj; represents Illinois in Indiana legislature, 293; n\ention, 21)9. .Morrison, .Mrs. Uobert (Donaldson), sketch, l(>5-(). Morrison, Samuel, sketch, 167. Morrison, .Samuel, jr., note on .Senator Jesse Hurgess 1 homas, sr.. 401 n. Morrison, William, sketch, 160-5; entitled to land-grant, 425; mention, 107. Moscow, mention, 214. .Moulin, John de, judge of Illinois under Northwestern Territory, 180, 204. 403. 423- Nashville, III., mention, 336, 379 n. Nashville, Tenn., mention, no, 114, 31 1. Natchez, mention, 163. Naturalization Record, earliest in 111., 426. 448 I'lONEER HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. i '■ ffl. Nebuchadnezzar, mention, 63. Negro slaves introduced into Illinois in 1719, 47. Nelson County, Kv., mention, 259. Nelson, Klisha, en led to land-,t;rant,425. Nelson, Lord llora, mention, 374. New Herlin, mentioi., 264 n, 2()5 n. Newby's, Col. Kdward \V. li,, re{;iment in Mexican war, 289 n, 387 n. New lJesit;n, settled 1782, 146; settlers of 1797,235-6; {;reat mortality, 237; men- tion, 152, 157, 162, 181, 1S4, 190, 191, •92, Itjj. "95. '96. 200, 201, 205, 236, 255. 25b, 257, 258, 259, 265, 270, 271, 3'5. 3'9. 328, 335. 337. 35^. 359. 373. 379 n, 413' New-Eiiylanilers nicknamed " Hostonians. " 92, 93- New Hampshire, iiopulation in 1774, 120. New Harmony, Ind., 423. New Jersey, iiopulation in 1774, 120; set- tlers from, 216, 399; mention, 155, 216, 399 "• New Madrid, mention, 161. Newman [Joseph ?], settler about 1804, 356 New Minden, 111., mention, 379 n. New Orleans, laid out, 46; trade with III., 108, 346, 401; tlat-boatiui,' to, 385 n; mention, 49, 51, 56, 57, 67, 107, 108, lie. III, 127, 161, 162, 163, 211, 273, 296, 396, 423. Newspaper, first in Illinois, 366. New York, population in 1 774, 120; set- tlers from, 223, 410; inenlion, no. .Ncw-S'ork City, mention, 223, «47 n. Ni;ii,'ara River once had its outlet into the Illinois River, 34; mention, 31. Niles, Col. Nathaniel, mention, lS9n. Nine-Mile Creek, mention, 125, 215, 341. Nixon, Capt. , mention, 253 n. Noble, Henry, settler in 1804, 357. North America, mention, 113, 121. North Rend, home of (ien. Harrison, 278. North Carolina, population in 1774, 120; settlers from, 80, 339, 39!, 416; men- tion, 80, 156, 185, 203, 267, 270, 338, 390. 39». 4'3n. 4>('- Northwestern Territory, organized, 154-5, 156-7; legislature, 157, 343; courts or- ganizeil, 179, 180- 1; mention, 114, 117, 170, 350. Nowlen, Rev. J., mention, 268. Oakland, Cal., mention, 38611. Oj^le family, mention, 197, 201, 260, 314. Ogle, Renjamin, shot by Indians, 153; Indian scout, 175; entitled to land-grant, 425; mention, 412 n. Ogle, Catharine, marries James Lemen, sr., 271. Ogle, Joseph, .sr., Indian scout, 175; fir>t Methodist class- leader, 257; mention, 255, 260, 261, 271 ; entitled to land- grant, 425. Oglesby, Dr. Joseph [should be Ogle], 261. Ogle.sby, Joshua, member first territorial legislature, 368. Oglesby, Richard J., U.-S. senator, 387; governor, 4(X); mention, 302. Oglesby, \Vm., entitled to land-grant, 425. O'Hara family, mention, 207. O'llarr., Henry, entitled to land-grant, 424 Ohio, mention, 34, 87, 145, 273. Ohio Co., estalilished, 61 ; mention, 63. Ohio River, unknown for many years, 27; explored, 53; called River of the Iro- i n. Pi-Misoneau, Paschal, notice, 363 n. Pensoneau, Wm. Hissel, mention, 363 n. Pequea, I'a., mention, 143 n. Perry, Commodore Oliver Hazard, men- tion, 264 n. Perry, Adelaide, marries Adam W. Sny- der, 288 n. Perry, Harriet, marries Louis Pensoneau, 290 n, 362 n. Perry, Jean Francis, settler of 1792, 287-91 ; judge, 209; mention, 362 n. Perry, Mad. Jean Francois, marries Augus- tine Pensoneau, 290 n, 363 n. Perryman, Dr. James L., mention, 33711. Peoria, e.stablished 1686, 40; supposed copper mines near, 48; founding of, 122; greatest trading-post in .Mississippi \al- ley, 233; early history of, 244-6; oldest settlement in Illinois, 246; raid on liy Thos. I-;. Craig, 251; campaii^n against. 382; expedition, 402; mention, 21, 34. 4'. '27. '34. 213, 222, 239, 248, 249. 250, 251, 350, 362, 364, 377. Peoria Indians, location, 18; killed Pon- tiac, 75; mention, 23. Peoria Lake, encampment on, 408-9; men- tion, 32, 320, 354. Peters, John, entitled to land-grant, 424. Petersburg, \'a., mention, 267. Petosi. Mo., mention, 171. Pettit [Jonathan], mention, 215. Phelps, , settler of 1805, 336. Philadelphia, mention, 119, 121, 155, ito. 165. 170, 246, 254 n, 276, 287, 300. ib. 11, 361, 422. Phillip, Capt. John, U.S. A., mention, 401). Piiillips, David, sketch, 338-9. Physicians of Illinois, early, 358-60. Piankesiiaw Indians, location, 19; men- tion, 98, 340. Picardy, mention, 47. I'ichawillany, British trading-post, des- troyed, 62. Pickett, see Piggott. Piggot's IJame.s] Fort, mention, 342. I'iggot, James, builds block-house, 13I; settler about 1780, 137; settlers at Ka^- kaskia about 1783, 142, settler of 1781, 255; one of Gen. Clark's soldiers, 339; entitled to land-grant, 424. 450 PIONliER IIISTOkV OF ILLINOIS. H 1^ Piggot, Jonas, entitled to land-giant, 425. I'iggot, Levi, entitled to land-grant, 425. I'iggot, Wni., entitled to land-grant, 425. I'ike, Zebulon, as subaltern, U S A., 221 Pillars, James, settler ot 1797, 125. I'incenneaii, sse Pensoneau. Pine Hliiff, A.k., mention, 263 n, 264 n. Pinel [Kran,oij or i'ierre], Father, mis- sionary at Caliokia, 41. yVcwrt'r, IVie, 2d paper of St. Clair Co., 254 n. Pioneers, characteristics, 85; life in Illi- nois, 135-0. Pittshurg, (ien. Clark receives powder at, 88; three companies raised for the ex- pedition, gi; treaty at, 155; mention, 50, 62, 63, 65, 91, 161, 162, 248 n, 319. Platin Creek, Mo., mention, 382. Point a la Pierre, location, 362 n. Polk, James Knox, 289 n. Pollock, Oliver, agent for United States at New Orleans, 107. Pont -ou-Sable, Jean Haptiste, mention, 41 7 Pontiac, sketch, 7S-9; death, 23, ability, ib. Pontotoc County, Mi.ss., mention, jcS. Pojie (,'ounty, established, 367; represen- tative, 390, name, 394, mention, 335, 385 n, 3«9, 390. 393- Pope, John, of Kentucky, mention, 394. Pope, Nathaniel; secretary of Illinois I'y and acting governor, 365; sketch, ^93-S, mention, 273, 396. Porter, John, Indian scout, 175, 186. Posey, Thos., settler ol Shawnectown, 390. Posey's, Alexander, brigade in lilack- llawk war, 4i4n. Posllewait, John, bravery at battle of Tippecanoe, 163-4. Potomac, \'a., mention, 286. Pottawatomies, location, jiower, 19; at AuSable, 250; mention, i68, 198, 224, 249, 250, 418. I'otts, Mr. , mention, 286. Poupart, Miss Margaret, marries John Hay, 227. Poure, Kugene, mention, 420. Powers, (Jeo., entitled to land-grant, 425. Prairie flies, 395. Prairie Fort, mention, 263. Prairie du Chien, position, name, 150-1; settlers, 151-2 Indian trade at, 212, 233; captured by lirit'h, 1814,409; men- tion, 161, 163, 211, 227, 248 n, 404, 420. Prairie-du-Long Creek, 184, 194. Prairie du Pont, location, 51; in 1763, 67; inundated, 114; founding of, 129; niili at, 287; mention, 89, 128, 290, 348. 355 Prairifedu Rocher, settlement destruction, 50; inundated, 114; court neld at, 180, 181; mention, 49, 138, 192, 196, 214, 29s. 296, 368. 369- Prairie-fires, 231-2. Prairies, cause of, 231-2. Prairie Tamarawas, name, 206. Prairie 'laminarais, ste Twelve- Mile Prairie. Pratte, Hernard, mention, 421. Presbyterian churches and ministers, 166, 25b, 272, 353. Price, , killed by Indians, 404. Primm, John, settler of 1803, sketch, 328. Prince, , judge in Ky., mention, 298. Pi ince-Kd wards Co., Va., mention, 411. Princeton, liattle of, reference, 156. Procter's [Gen. Henry A.] army of 1 8 13, 36 Prophet, the (Tecuinseh's brother), notice, 403- I'ruit, Abraham, settler 1804, mention, 354 Pruit, Col. James, skirmish with In- dians, 404, 409. P'uit, Solomon, early miller, 315. Pulaski Co., representative, 414 n; men- lion, 419. Pulliain, |uick, Edwin, mention, 400 n. I Quick, Isaac, sketch, 399 400 n. ; (Juick, I.ucretia, mariiesGeo. .\llen,40on. 1 Qiuick, Mary, marries Cornelius Retting- I haus, 400 n. ; Quick, Moses,- '.juilds first flat-boat, 399 - I 401 ; early miller, 400 n; .sketch, ib. j Quick, Orlando T., mention, 400 n. j l^uick, Rhoda, marries George Harrison, I 400 n. ' <,)uick, Sarah, marries Henry Allyii, 40on. (Juick, Thomas, mention, 399 n, 400 n. Quincy land-oflfice, 384; mention, 408. Raikes, Robert, mention, 136. Rain, Abraham, entitled to land-grant, 425 INDEX. 45 » kains, Misses, marry two Mr. White- sides, 189, il). n. Kallinys, Moses M., settler of Shawnee- towii, 390. Kance, Al>l>e Armand Jean le Uouthilier cle, notice, 355-6. Kanille, Rev. Josiah, local preacher, 269. Kaiulleman, .'tlartiii, mention, 313. l\untlol|i|i, tiov. Beverly, county named for, 252. Randolph County, judge, 197, 300; organ- ized, hoiniilaries, 252; sheritf, 350, 41 1; settlements, 304; senators and represen- tatives, 368, 410; mention, 48, 125, 128, 143, 181, 197, 261, 289 n, 293, 304, 32711, 336, 341, 356, 300, 304, 367, 368, 385 n, 418. Raiuloliili, Edmund, clerk of Virginia House, 99. Randolph, John, of Va., mention, 151. Randolph, I'eyton, president Continental Ci)nL;res>, 1 19. Kaper, Daniel, Indian scout, 175; entitled to land-grant, 425. Rasles, .Sebastiai', missionary, 42; mur- dered in Illinois, ib. RatclitT, , settler about 1804, 357. Katclitt", Chance, settles at Morse I'rairie, 200, 357. Rattan, 1 homai-, mention, 357. Rattan's I'rairie, mention, 240, 270. Reading, I'a. , mention, 289 n. Reagan, Mrs. Reason, and six children killed by Indians, 409. Ribourde, (iabriel dc la, missionary, 43. Rector family, sketch, 353, 354. Rector, John, early lawyer, notice, 360. Rector, Nelson, bravery of, 353-4; early surveyor, 354. Rector, Stephen, notice, 353. Rector, Thomas, duel of, 354. Rector, Col. Wm., early contractor, 331 ; notice, 353-4; mention, 407. Reddick, , killed by Indians, 154. Red River, 'I'enn., notice, 223, 298. Red-Stone Eort, now Brownsville, I'a., mention, 13S, 373. Reed, , see Emsley Jones, 304. Reed, Col. John (of Jackson Co.), men- tion, 74. Renault, I'hilip Francois, agent of French mining company, 47; his mechanics a great acquisition, 48; smelting of lead by, ib. ; mention, 305. Rettinghous, Cornelius, mention, 400 n. Revolutionary war, begun and ended at West, 84; notice, iiS-22; reference to, 145, 184, 203, 245. Reynolds, Gov. John, hatred of British, 67; reminiscence of Jarrot, 213; of a prairie lire, 232; commissioner of Rock Island treaty, 293; witnesses executions, 304; governor, appoints .S. Judy warden of State penitentiary, 322; a U.-S. ranijer, 338; appointed Thomas Ford proseciil- ing-atlorney, 375; writes of old courts, 378; a member of Judy's company of spies, 407; sergeant in Whiteside's coin- panv. 408; mention, 289 n, 370, 415 n. Reyno'lds' (John) ".My Own lime>,"" ref- erence to, 381 n. Reynolds, Robert, father of John Reyn- olds, represents Illinois in Indiana Ter- ritorial Legislature, 293; settler of 1800; 298; sketch, 300; nuMition, 189. Reynolds, Robert, jr., marries daughter of Wm. H. Whitesides, 18911. Reynolds, Thomas, menilier of Illinois bar, 372. Reynolds, Dr. Wm. I.., early physician, sketch, 358 9. Rhea, Eli/a, marries Richard Rhea, 264 n. Rhea, l')li/abetli, marries ( itH). May, 264 n. Rhea, James, menlioii, 204 n. Rhea, James, jr., nieiuioii, 26411. Rhea, Jehoida, marries Jno. Foutch, 26411; descendants, 204 5 n. Rhea, Richard, mention, 264 n. Rhea, Thos. F., and descendants, 26511; mention, 264 n. Rhea, William, mention, 264 n. Rhode Island, population, 1774, 120. Richland, 111., mention, 269. Richland County, senators and represen- tatives, 413 n. Richland Creek, location, 338 ; Baptist church at, 412 n; mention, 184, 194, 400 n. Richmond, N'a., mention, 276. Ricliview, III., mention, 26311, 264n, 379n Rider, Nancy Ann, marries John K. Simp- son, 269. Ridge I'rairie, mention, 2S9n, 314, 411 u, 412 n. Riggs, Rev. Ilosea, early preacher, sketch, 2(K); miller, 315; mention, 206. Right, Capt. Toliver, killed by Indian's, 487. See Wriglit. Riley, Daniel, miller, 50, 60. River Mary, mention, 364. Riverside, HI., mention, 24S. Riviere des I'eres, mention, 306, 308. Roanoke, mention, 80. Robb, William, early miller, 214. Roberts, Wm., settler near Hellefontaine, 205. Robins, Chas., entitled to land-grant, 424. Robins, William, entitled to land-grant, 424, 425. Rocheblave, I'hilip Fran9ois de Rastel, Chevalier de, lieut.-gov. |?| and com- mander at Fort Cage fKask.iskia ?], 92; captured, 95, 143 n, 144; sent a prisoner to Virginia, 96; mention, 85. 452 riOXEKR IIISTOkV (,»K ILLINOIS. I ) , I ' ' li n- koclielle, Francf, French fleet fitted out •■"• 37- , , Uocliester, John Wiliuot, Karl of, men- tion, 2J3. Rock Kort, mention, 32. Kock-1 louse tiefk, mention, ii)2. 330. Rock I^lanl ten companies of rangers, 405; mention, 407. Russia, mention, 214. Rutherford County, N.C., mention, 395. Rutherford, l.arUin (or Larken), early settler, 112; mention, 113, 115, 137, 255, 272, 412 n; entitled to land-grant, 424, 425. Rutland, Vt., mention, 264n, 265 n. Rutledge, John, mention, 120. Ryan, Catharine, entitled to land-grant, 424, 425. Ryan, Josiah, Indian scout, 175; builds water-mill, 177; entitled to land-grant, 424, 425. Ryan's [Josiah] Creek, mention, 252. S. Sac and Fox Indians, mention, 249, 252, 292, 293. .Sack, John, entitled to land-grant, 425. .Sainte .Xnge, or I'elate, and wife, settlers at Chicago aiiout 1765, l<)S. Saline River, mention, 19, 43. .Salines, settlers at, 390. Salt Creek, mention, 244. Salt River, Ky., mention, 257. Salt springs, early, of Illinois, lo<)-Io. .Sandusky, Ohio, mention, SO, 247 n. .Sandwich, Canada, mention, 24Sn. .Santa Fe, Spani>h expedition from, 52. San Francisco, mention, 2S9 n, 362 n. Sangamon County, organization, 261 n; county clerk, ih.. 262 n; judge, 26211; representatives ("Long Nine"), 37011; mention, 244, 247 n, 264 n, 337 n, 374. .Sangamon River, mention, 20, |8(), 242, 407. .San Jose, Cal., mention, 38(1 n. .Sargeant, Winthrop, (iov. S' Clair's sec- retary, 1 5(1. Sarpy iV Co., John I'., mention, 3()2 11. Saucier, ;\delaide, marries Jean I'lam-ois I'erry, 2S8, ili. n. Saucier, llrigitte, 421. Saucier, Jean I'ranijOis, notice, 28(1; .-.ons- in-law, 2S7. Saucier, [ean I!te., notice, 286, 287; men- tion, 2S8. .Saucier, .Margaret, marries Edward I'en- .soneau, 363 n. Saucier, Matthieu, notice, 287; mention, 3631. Saugrain, Dr. .\nthony I-., of St. I.oui-, inoculates for small-jxi.x, 3 3. Sauk Indians, western imiri^ration, 21; mention, 20, 127. Saunders, John, of Kaskaskia, guide ol American army, 93. Savage's Ferry, location, 251 ; mention, 245. .Savannah, (!a., mention, 248 n. Schneider, John Henry, of London, men- tion, 42!. Schook, Samuel, early miller, 315; men- tion, 206. .School-hou.ses, early, 357-8. .Scioto River, campaign to the, 83, 84; mention, 319. Scotland, .settlers from, 152, 155, 260, 300. Scott, Cien. Charles, expedition against Indians, 198; mention, 397 n. Scott County. Ky , mention, 385, 395. Scott, James, entitled to land-grant, 425. Scott, Wm., sketch, 205-7; mention, 377. Scott, Gen. Winfield, commissioner for treaty at Rock Island, 293; mention, 291 Scripps, Rev. John, -mention, 268. Seely, Sam'l John, ftrst -American school- master in Illinois, J52. Selkirk's [Thomas, Earl of] Settlement, mention, 223. i INUEX. 453 Semplc, James, private in Ulack-IIawk War, 28911; L'.-S. senator, ib. Si'nat, Antuine, a niuni<, burnt to de&th by Inibaiis, 58. Seneca Indians, 86. Senot;al, M. , kills 1'. Maillet, 123. Scverns, libenc/er, entitled to land-^iant, 425. Sevier, Anil)rose II., L'.-S, senator from Arkansas, 372. Scyi)()l///<• C'ofi; 82; mention, 166, 253 n, 254, St. Charles County, Mo., 420. St. Clair, Can. Arthur, governor North- west Territory, 117; visits Kaskaskia, organizes territorial K"'^'^"""ent, 144, 179; sketch, 155 7; expedition against Indians, 198 9; deleat, il)., 216 7, 277; aci|uitted by co\irt martial, 199 200; impopular, 2711; mention, 21, 128, 228, -77- St. Clair, Arthur, jr., candidate for Con- gress from Northwest 1 crritory, 157. .St. Clair County, judt;cs, 114, 209, 214, 22S, 290, 32<), 344, 359, 3()0; senators and representatives, 148, 149, 2S9n, .1.1-. .U?, ,?44. .i''X. 4'7: orj;ani/alion, name, original boundaries, 157: judici- ary organized, 179, iSo; sheriffs, 224, 312, 343, 377; treasurer, 22S; 'I linkers colony in, 273; settlements, 3()4; c(uni- ty-seat, 377 8; mention, 18, 48, 114, 115, 128, 100, 197, 252, 253 n, 254 n, 2f)0, 261, 270, 274, 331, 337 n, 356, 3f". 3'>7. 385, 399. il). n, 4con, 401 n, 412 n, 41S, il). n, 426. St. Clair, \Vm., clerk of St. Clair County Court, 157, I So. St. I'rancis l\iver, mention, 299. St. I'rancois, .\ntoine, at I'eoria, 1765, 246 Si. (leninic, see liauvais. Ste. (ienevieve, started, 82; nicknamed A/i.f.ut'r, il). ; salines, 140; mention, 43, no, I38n, 139, 140, lOt, 108, 173, 214. 259, 21)1), yt6. St. Helena, mention, 75. .St. jean. I'eter, mention, 407. St. |ose|ih, founded, 89; called Cow T'ens, ib. ; caplured by .Americans, (jo, 122 3; expedition against, lilted out at St. Louis, 120 7; mention, 245, 247 n, 248. St. Joseph kiver, mention, 32, 37. St. Laurent, , commander of French company, 59. St. Lawrence Kiver, mention, 155. .St. Louis, fiiunded, 82, 30S, 4i<); nick- named "Lain Court," 82; expedition against, 123 4; land titles at, 1(15; see /enoe Trudeau, 2()(); Louisiana trans- ferred to the V . S. at. 30()n; ferry, 3(j3; university, 418; menliim. 74, So, 101, no, 113, 114. 124. 138, 161, 171, 184, 18S, 192, 203. 21S, 221, .''28. 229, 230. 232, 241). 250, 252, 253 n, 254 n. 2(15 n, 2(j6, 272, 273, 280, 290 n, 30(>, 309, ib. n, 327, 331, 333, 34c), 354, 350. 302 n, 363"i 3''')". 3'io. 373. 4(). .Stuart, .Monzo C, lawyer, notice, 410. Stuart (John Tcxld), I'.dwards (llenj. S.), i\: ISrown (Christopher C), of Spring- field, mention, 370 n. Stuart, John Todd, mention, 143 n. [died, Spriui^tield, 111., Nov. 28, 1S85, aged 78 years, 18 day.s. ] Stuart, Rev. Robert, see Hannah Todd, 14311. Stuliblefield, Thomas, mention, 357. .Sueur, .M. C. le, exploration of, 43. Sugar-cane, introduced into I^a., ()4. Sugar Creek, mention, 195, 33711. Sugar-Creek Hotlom, 4CH). .Sugar Loaf, near Caliokia, 201. .Sullivan, John, entitled to laud-grant, 424. .Sumner County, Teiin., mention, 413 n. INDKX. 455 Siimptor, (Ion. Thomas mciilion, 41311. Suaiiwick, I'ol. Frank, iiiuntiun, 5^7 11. Swil/LTlaml, seltliTs frmn, 20<), 305. 4'")- Syl»)l(l, Kolicrl.of Kaskaskia, alxmi I7S.<, 142 -3; entitled to lanil-^iaiit, 4J4, 425. Sycamore t'reek, mention, 141. Synmies, Ju(l);e John Cloves, father-in-law ofden. Harrison, 277; mention, I5(); jmlge of U.-S. court at Cahokia, i8j. T. Tafia, (liinkin;;, 20?, 316. 'I'alliol, lienj,, early miller, 315; mcinlicr of lir>t legislature, Illinois Terr'y, 30S. Tallalintchie kiver, mention, 50. 'Jallyranil-irerigord, Prince Charles Mau- rice (le|, mention, 403. Talon, jean, intcndant of ('ana; mention, 50. Taneylown, mention, 34S. Tannaliill, Jas,, l!ellevillehotel-kec]ier, 37.S Tauniur de la Source, Dominic, mission- ary at Cahokia, 51. T'ate (John I, of T. it | I'idward] Singleton, millers, mention, 34(1. 'I'aylor, , settler in American Uottom, iSoi, 357. 'I'aylor, John, lawyer, of I'eck (Jas. II.) iV Taylor, 42(1. Taylor, Meg, mention, 265 n. Taylor, Oen. /.achary, expedition aqainst I'liitisli and Indians at Rock Island, 409; mention, 24Sn. Tecumseh, sketch, 403; and (len. Harri- son, 404 5; mention, 70, 264 n. Teel, I.evi, one ol den. Clark's soldiers, ^31); anecdote ol", 340 I) mention, 215. Tell, William, mention, 307. Tennessee, .settlers from, 300, 354, 360, 418; singular condition of, 31 1; men- tion, no, 114, 1890, 197, '270, 311, 3S5, 413 n, 41 8 n. Tenne-see Uiver, 129,311. Terre H;iute. Ind., mention, 244, 423. Teter, Abraham, settler of 1S04, t^1,(), Teler, John, settler at Horse I'rairie lie- fore 1810, 201 ; settler of 1797, 313; mention, 237. Teter, .Solduion, mention. 336. Tex.is, nunlion, 21, 174, 230 n, 426. Thames, battle of. reference. So. Tli.ankeki, see Kankakee, 32. Theel (see Teel, I.evi), entitled to laiul- L;rant, 424. 425. Thomas, Judj^e Jesse lUirgess, sr., del. to Coni^ress, 365; jutlge, 261 n, 365, 371; resident of I'rairie du Kocher, 31)9; notice, 401-2; sketch, ih. n; builds lirst wool-carding mill in Illinois, 289 n; mention, 362. honias, John, of St. Clair, clerk of III. Terr'y council, 3(17; colonel, 2.S1) ti. honias, Kichai'tt .Symines, mention, |oi n hompson [James and ArchibaldJ family, mention, ^\. 'hom|ison, John U. [l'.], settler about 1804, 356. i'hoinpson. Rev. Sam'l H , sketch, 268-9. 'hree- River Settlement, Canada, 3(13. liree Rivers, ( anada, mention, 225. ilhn, Gov. lulwaid, surveyor-gen'i, 331. iinon. Rev. John !>., mention, 302 n. 'indale, Robert, settler of Randolph Co., rSo4, 350. ippecanoe, battle of, mention, 21. odd, Oavi.l, and descendants, 143 .\n. Olid, I'Mwai'd, entitled to land-grant, 425; mention, 201. Olid, Hannah, marries Rev. Rob't St lart, 111 pther of John Todd Stuart, 14311. Olid ( ) it Hay (John), mention, 224, 227. oild. Rev. John, uncle of Col. John Todd, 14311. "oild. Col. John, defeat, 8S; commandant of Illinois, 98, 107; death, ib. ; organ- izes government of Illinois, 143 4; see Kdward (1. Mason, i7Sn. "odd. Dr. John, brother of .Mrs. \. W. ImI wards and .Mrs. A. Dincoln, his de- scendants, 143 n. odd, '. ien. I.evi, notice, 143 n. odd, Rob't S., and Illinois descendants, '43 4"- 'odd. Thomas, entitled to land-grant, 425; iiirnliiiii, 201. 'odd. Will , entitled to laiid-i^rant, 425. 'oliii, 1 lester, marries Rob't I.emeii, 41 i n 'oliii, Mrs. , sister of Joseph Ogle, mention, 258. '0111, .Mr. (Thomas Urady), S9. 'oinl)ii;iiee kiver, mention, 5(>. (>y onnawanto Creek, mention, 31. 'only ( Tonti), Henry de, lieutenant of l.aSalle's expedition. 30; in possession of Fort Creve-Cceur. 34; abandons it, 35; in command of Illinois country for 21 years, 39 40; mention, 31, :^i, 30, 37. 41. 305- I'owles, (udge 'Thomas, notice, 402. I'radewaier Creek, Ky., me..:. on, 285, 286 I'rail, .Mis. .Mary, meiilion, 30011. I'lail, Mary l'raii:is, marries Col. Milton Moore, 300!;. rail, Samuel, mention, 30011. rail, Mai. -Xerxes T'., marries Mary McKoberts, 3(X)n. "ramble, .Amalile, mention, 362 n. ramble, Tiani,i)i>, ineiilion, 3<)2 n. ramble, Louis, mention, 362 n. !!■■« '^ 456 I'lONKKK HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. i I |!f ><) 1:! \, rainmi'l, I'liilip, mcinbcr of lllinoiH Ter- ritorial Leni-ilalure, iSij,.;OS; ami 1814, .V>j; stiller at Saliiics, {90. 'raiisylvania I'tiiviTsity, .join, jo2 11, .?7on, .572, }')], .V)7"- 'ravi^i, Kev. .jdIim, I'lrst circuit ■ preacher ill MisMMui, 2()7. riatyol ( irecnvillc, mention, 200, 277. reaty of Madriil, int iilion, 220. reaty v>f I'ortajjc de Sioux, 221). rent's, (!apt. \Vni., cunipany Mirremlers to iTencli, (>,?. rinity River, LaSalle assassinated at, v>- rotier, Aug\ist, nienlion, .VS5. rotier, Joseph, settles in C'aliokia, 1775, 108; trades with New Orleans, ih. ; nienlion, .V»2 n. Irotier, Mar;, marries \'iial .[arrot, H>i n. Irout, Jack-.on, mention, 2(15 n. I roy, mention, 11)7. i roy, 111., nieiition, 405. I'liideaii, /enoe |or /eiion|, comniaiidaiit al St. Louis, anctdoie of, 2(i(). Iiiiiaea, lii Rivcr>, minlion, 24S. i'yier, I'resident John, nienliuii, 248 n. Union Connty, representatives and sena- tors, .5S7n, .',89; mention, 273, 386. Union Orove, 111., mention, 2(19. Uniontown, renn., mention, 373. United -Stales lii(>.i,'raphical lliction.^iy, cpiotations from, 41 1-2 n, United-States census, 1774, 120. United-Slates land-system, l4.S-(). United-States rani;ers of Illinois, services, 383; reference, 240, 416. University of Kentucky, mention, 3S7 n. Ursins, Niarc Anioine de la Lone des, secretary of Company of the \Ve.->t, 46. Valentine, Dennis, early miller, 355. Valentine, (Jeo., mill owner .ibout 1798, 176; settler near Hellefontaine, 205. Valentine, John, mention, 362 n. Valentine, Louisa, mention, 362 n. Vallis, John, anecdote of, 342-3. Vanlliiren-I larrison campaign, 279. N'anlluren, Martin, inention, 301. Nance, John, manufacturer of .salt, 1 10. Vundalia, capital of lllinoiii, 384; nien- lion, 37011, 3S1, 41 1 Vanhoo/er, | .Mirahain .'|, mention, 357. Vanlavin^ham | N'aiilandin^'ham, ( illver C ? I, settler al .sliawneetown, 3<)o. \'an.Metei, Ji'liii, murdered hy Indians, 280, 314." V'anSwearcin;en, Tlios., bravery of, 103 4. Variuini, Jas. .Milchell, U.-S. judiji', lit). Varnuin, .Sarah, marries Moses Leiiien, 4i2n. Vaundreiiil-( 'ava;,'iial, I'ierre l''rani,ois de Rij^aud, .Marc|uis de, governor of L.x., 59; leads expedition aijainst iheChicka- saws, 64 ^; transferred lo Caiiaila, i>^. Vermilion (Niunty, 111., iiR'iition, 110. Vermont, mention, 329, 3.50. N'icksbiiri;, .M iss. , siej;e of, reference, 41511. \'iyo, ('.)l. I' raiiijCiis, sent to recoiiiuiUie I'ort Sackville, 101; sketch and por- trait, 423; live. her public domain, 145; population, 1774, 120; settlers from, 235, 23O, 238, 255, 259, 260, 264n, 267, 271, 328, 329, 330, 337, 3.S8, 368, 4.1 1 n, 412 n,4l7; soldiers of, who settled in Illinois, 339; mention, 79. 83, 91, 102, 130, 14.^ n, 265 n, 269 n, 336 n, 368 n, 4iSn, 42b. Virginia, HI., mention, 289 n. Voisiii, , youth of sixteen, leads French on retreat, 58. Vonl'luil, Henry, merchant of St. I.ouis,. mention, 334. W. Wabash County, representatives and sena- tors, 413 n. f 1 i IMiKX. 457 s "Li HI}; re creates jut nie:ins U. S. her on, 177^, 23S. 255. 329. :\^t>, ; soUlit-VS niention, n, 269 n, and sena- ^Valli»^ll Indians, incnlinn. So, i)S, ic)S, jh) VVal)ii-li Uivcr, nifiiliiin. ig, jo, 2], 77, S(^ l»j, u.(, 140, ii), J44, 39), ,jo(>. .i.'7, <4i, i(.4, ;S5. Waddle family, mention, ,557. Waildle, .\lc\ander,cnliilcd In land-jjraiii, 4-'.S Wacldlc, |)aviil, settler nf 178(1, J5(i; en- titleil to l.ind');iant, 425. W.tildle, jiaviil, jr., tomahawked and scalped, recovered, I 54. Waddli', Jesse, entitled to land(;i.int, 4J5. Wales, settlers Iron), 170. Walker, (;eor^;e !•; , sketch, 41S. Walker, Kev. Jesse, sketch, .'(>7 S. Wallace, I )r. , early iliysuian }!,'), Wallace, I lavid (written Wallis), eiilitled to land-j^rant, 424. Wallace, Mrs. Wm. S,, iiientii'ii, 14^11, Wallis, see Wallace. Walnut Hills, nu'iition, i'n. Walsh, Kol)erl,of I'liiladelphia, puhlisher, Walter's I-'erry, Tcmi., mention, 278. War, see i'llack-llasvk War War of iSi J, in Illinois, 405 <>; reference to, 140, 141, 141), K)^, i()7, i<)0, 24S ii, 264 n, ,?2o, _;5j, ?54, .^(.i, 311811, 378, 381, 382, 307 n, 40,5, 41(1; see iJattles. War, .Nlexican, reference to, 2(>}\), 2()5 n, 2S9n, 300 n, 328, 3S7M, 31^7 n; see Battles. War of the Kchellioii, reference, 131)11. 2(1311, 26411, 2()5n, 37■ Washington County, III., mention, 164, 167, 2()3 n, 2(J4 n, 265 n, 270, 336 n, 372, 379 n, 400 n. Washington Co., Ky., mention, 397 n. Washington Co., Mo , mention, 171, 426. Washington County of Northwestern 'I'er- ritory, mention, 156. Washington, Cieorge, sent to I.ogstown, 63; skirmish with French, surrenders l'"ort Necessity, ib. ; mention, 23, 83, 84, 120, I2t, 155, 156, 203, 220, 271, 277, 29'. 326, 328, 375, 41711. Washington, 111., town ol', l.iiil out, iSi; meiilioii, i8j; name cli.tiiged to llorsc- I'r.iuu' I own, 184. W.isliiiigtoii, I'a , tow n of, mention, 311011. Waterloo, 111., propiielorM of, 374; men- tion, 114, 131, 177, 255, 3txjn, 320, 3411, 373, 3811 II, 4(Kin. W.itts, Janus, eiiiitlod to laiidgraiit, 424. Watts, Kob't, entitled to l.iiid-graiit. 425. Wayne, ( ieii. .\ntlioiiy, sioimiii'^ nf .siimy I'oiiil, 1)5, 183; lieaty with Indians, 84, 15 ?, 203, 211(1; sucnssiul e.iiii|iaign, 200, 218; imntioii, 21, 87, (15. 183, 277. Wayne ( 'oiiiily, leprescnt.iiues anil sena- tors, 413 n; mention, 3311 n. Wear, deori^e, see Ware. Wear, ilaidv, I'lititled lo land-gronl. .(25. Weasluwii, meiilioli, 343. Weisir, I'lederick, entitled to land-grant, 425. Wills, llayden, or Il;iydnii, entilhd to land-grant, 42.); meiitioii, 215. Weiitwoith, Noll. John, mention, 301 11. Wesley, Joliii, meiilioii, 2t>}. West family, sketch, 417. West, lieniamin, iiieiition, 41711. West, lieniamin Ilillaiy, nnlin', 41811. West, iienj.iniiii J , notice, 41811. West, 111 ii|amiii J., jr., notice, 41811. West, lidward .M. , notice, 418 n. West, l'!nianucl J., clerk .M.idison-Couiity court, }t>i. West luilies, mention, 47, ill. West, Isaac, entilltil to laiid-'^r.iiil, 424. West, John, and liis desceiidaiils, 41711. Westnioieland ('o., I'eiiii., nuniioii, 2()i). West I'oint, menlion, ;oi) n. West(i:dward M.)\ i'rickett (Wm, K.), mention, 418 n. West .sitocU bridge, Mass., nuntion, 330. West, rilghman llilliary, notice, 41811. West, Washinglon, notice, 418 11. West, Washington, jr., notice, 41811. H'ts/iill i't nicer illht Jl, If/lit .St,inil,ii ,i lutiter, reference to, 254 n. Wheeling, \'a., mention, 255, 271. Whetstone, — , mention, 2.^(\, White County, name, 391. White, II. C. , jr., of Tenn., mention, 372. White, Isaac, U.-S. agent at .Salines, 390; notice, 390 I. White, James, killed by Indians, 153. White, John, of Kentucky, speaker of U.-S. Congress, mention, 372. While, I.ayton, entitled to land-grant, 425 White, Leonard, settler at .Salines, 390. White River, Indiana, niention, 244. Whisky drinking, 34(1. Whistler, John, jr., niention, 247 n. Whistler, Col. William, mention, 24Nn. Whitehead, Kobert, settler about 1780, notice, 137. 45« riONKKK lllhroKV (»!■ II.I.INolN ■il Wliiiisidc fnniily ninl iisdnim cli< n, 1S5-6; ' iiiciitiDii, ,)I4, .u<>< 4fl, settler of Kiiljjc I'rnirio, iSo), 314; wiiiiiuli-d l)v Indian, , {HI io. Wlnivsidr John, Kt'vofutionary itoldiei, 1S5; Indian Hcoiil, lS(>; entitled to land- l^innt, 435; ineniiDn. iKs, 190. Whiteside, John l>., sketch, 417. Whiteside, Johnson J., lays out town of Washington, III., 181 ; Indian scout, 1S8 Whiteside, MichncI, mention, lS(>n, Whiteside, Koliert, mention, ,5S_v Whiteside, Sally, mention, 412 n. Whiteside, Snm'l, Indian scout, 18(1, iSH; his company of ranjjeis in War of iSij, .{.?8n, 40(1; bravery, 4o<>; made first improvements on Ki(l|;e i'rairie in l8oj, Whiteside |Wm.] Station, location, 25S; mention, i.^i, 175, 176, 185, 187, 188,1 "')". 3'.S. \io, }■;), 417. I Whiteside, Stephen, mention, \ii\. ' Whileside, Thos. , killed hy Indians, 18.S, j Whiteside, Del, wounded, 18S; marriage, iSi); marria),'e denied, il), n. Whiteside, Wm., sketch, 185 90; bluoded slock, 344; mention, 41O, 417. Whiteside, WiUiam Holiii, ntairiaRe, 189; | nickname, marria^^'e denied, ih. 11; maj'ir | in (ien. Howard's expedition, 408; sketch, 416; reference to his company of ranfjers, .}.}7 n. 338, ih. n, 378, 382, •tod; mention, 3!;7. Whiteside, Mrs. William Holin (Arundel), nuMition, 189. Whiteside, William I'"., entitleil to land- L;iant, 425. Whileside, William I.ol, Indian scout, l.Sd, 1 88; mention, 412 n. Whileside, William N Oiunj, entitled to laiul-nrant, 425. Whitney, lili, cotton-fjin inventor, men- lion, (14. W i,;L;ins, , selller of 1801, 2S0. WiL;i;ins' [Samuel| leny landing;, men- lion, 213. Wilcox, l.ucinda, marries Thos. 1'". Rhea, 2(15 n. Wiley, James, entllled to land-^rant, .124, 4VS- Wilkliis, Col. [John], appoints judges for Illinois, 74. Wilkinson's, (Ien. Jas., expedition against Indians, kjS; singular conduct of, 221. Will, (Conrad, manufaclurer of salt, no. Willard fSinion?], settler aljo\it 1S04, 356. Willard, ICli/aheth, marries Jacob jollill", 203 n. Willard, James, niention, 2^14 n. Williams, (apt. John, coninmnds force* ni Kaskaskin, i)S. VMIIianis', Cnpl. Harrison, company in Illack-IIawk War, 414 n. Williams, I. II., mention, 33f>n. Williams, John, cnlillere»entative, 387 n. Wilson, Alexander, member of iirst Illi- nois Ten ilorial Legislature, 3O8; sketch, desceiid.inis, ib. n. Wilson, .Maj. llluford, solicitor of treas' ury, 3(>Hn. Wilson, Caroline (Jilbert, marries Arthur M. Kin/ie, 24Sn. Wilson, liirrison, sketch, 3^18 n. Wils(jn, Maj. Henry S,, mention, 36811. Wilson, James, entitleit to land-grant, 42v Wilson, Gen. James llariisun, mention, 368 n. Wilson, John Andrew, men . ' , ;;iiSn. Wilson, John I.usli, mention, . jSn. Wilson, Marie I'). (Whipple), mention, 248 n. Wlmhester, Solomon H., reference to trial, for murdi-r of, 301 n. Windham, N.V , mention, 253 n. Windsor, see Wiser. Winn, Thos., entitled to land-grant, 425. Winnebago Indians, Ireiuli name for, locality, habits, no connection with other tribes, 20; mention, 212, 213, 251, 301). WlM^tald^•y's, Capt. John, company in lllack Hawk War, mention, 2,SSn. Wirt, William, mention, 3(17. Wisconsin, mention, 19, 21, 138, 139, 141, 145, 259, 337 II. Wisconsin River, mention, 26, 28, _^}, 150. Wiser, I'eter, settler about 180O, J50. Woddlc, see Waddle. Wolcott, Dr. Ale\an4; iiKiilion, 190, 405, 409. Woodford Co., Ky., niention, 205. Worley, James, killed by Indian.s, 1 789, lf)0. Worley, Joseph, settler of 1785, 255; en- titled to land-grant, 424, 425. Wright. Cajit. 'I oliver, killed by Indians, 407; .see Right. W'ycolV, William, entitled to land-grant, 424. Wyilie, (ieo., mention, 91. B I Y. INDKX. Vaiikcf Prairie, iiirnlioii, irjj, N.'iifN Kiclmnl, j;<>vcrti.ir, mention, {8511, t"<>n; re^i^;nalion as I'liiced-Stntci son- ai.ir, {S7n. \'n/i«i Klver, mention, s'> Vork |)iH|iiii, S.C., mention, jijS. ^ orklown, siuije of, reference, "156, .joon. 459 \ouni,', Kfv lleniamin, anecdote of, 16a; tirsl circuit preacher in Illinois, jiio i Voiint,' [Fniny-i,], kille, 408. Zcisl.er^;er, Kev. Itaviil, missionary to Imlians, iS. /enku;r Ma.lison. Wis.; the late JmiKe .[oskpii Cillkspik, Kdwardsviile. Ill • Iuiln JlK.SKV (i. N.N. .SprinnlicKI, III.; W. I). IIixu.n, Mav.ville, Ky.; .Sxmiii M„k. KisoN, jr., In,li.inapoIis. hid.; Dr. j..iiv Kk.ancs .S.nvi.lk, Virginia III • U .M SiiMM.N, .Marietta, O.; and to Ai.iii.Kr Davii. Mack, Fkii.kui. k \ 'lIirNT* Uev. IlKNIrV (LAV KINXLV. I:„UXK,.(;aV MasuV, Wm. KuinKUMK l-oniK' Mrs. I',. 1!. Wasimiik.vk, and }nu\ Wlmwoktii, Chicago. C/iu;i,i,v. Jhv. /(., 1SS6. ^'- " ' • FERGUS i';ubliHhe. Pp. is ; 8vo. 1»7(!. 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