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Mapa, plataa, charta. etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Thoae too large to be entirely included in one expoaure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diagrama illuatrate the method: Lea cartea, planchea, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre filmte A dea taux de reduction difftrenta. Loraqua le document eat trop grand pour Atra raproduit en un aaui clich*, 11 eat film* * partir de i'angle aup*riaur gauche, de gauche * droite, et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'imagea n*ceaaaire. Lea diagrammea auivanta illuatrent la m*thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 :xi&? "W WR -Bi rJ?^ 39304/ NEW TRAVELS T H .R O U G H ORTH-AMERICA: In A Series of LETTERS; /•■•* Ixbihiiing the H'ifiory of the Victorious Campaign of the AU'u'! Armietg under Hu ExcelUncy G'tieral Washingtom. and th Lount de Rochambeau, in the Tear 17*1. -T/-. - ., ■ ■ ■■W.-i,. >f-,. interfperledl with political and philofophieat Obferva^iens, upon thi ' genius, temper, and cultoms of the AMERICANS : Alfo, Nar- rations of the capture of General BURGOYNE, and LORD CX)RNWALLIS, with their ARMIES j and a variety of interclling particulars, which occurred in the courfe of the WAR IN AMERICA. ■■V* ►.f: - ■; " M->iV ^;' hi)') M >t''fy'- " ■ k:r*« ••'^--'% ^,P^>... *-• l£ \rRANSLArED front ihe Or^ginai »/ /A^ Abhe R ^ I AT? t Ow o/'/A^ Chaplains to the French Army in AMEitiCA.^, " ' pill ' ■ — .. . ^ * ' ( I '' * ;,V*'' Fr By ftiture poets fhall be fung. Westward the ftar of Empire takeg iti way | The four fira afts already pafJ, A fifth (hall clofe the Drama with the day i^^ Ti«c'» Boblcft offspring is the laftr ■' » ^ t^'.' T' IN the even iand rail [natural nationa Some le, the j^t often do duces fc The It ideas on (|iom ou ^times pe fn difco' only fro ;|n readii fuch ma local pi( ■fi ^ Tmey Ition on a cribe the |y find a works ol plendor ut the \'lhemfclv his coui Mo SI Britiih e rally tak |)eyond i ations, oi-manc( arious c ith the then coio Ifhofe ge them COT lely fo reat.Bi i V:^ ; *;^4''^:M'** ^^ Mr g Ami iviNBaAd <•> 4 ^^ ^^ ^t INTRODUCTION. IN the followingLetteri the reader will not meet with a dry relation of events merely military. The Author, avoiding the naked brevity [and minute precifion of a camp Journal, occ:)rionally adverts to tho [natural hiftory, and politics of Ari^etica, as well a» to the religion, national ohara^Ur and culloms of the inhabitants. • ; Some pains have been taken, in this tranflation, to retain^ if poflli- pble, the ftyle and philofophical mannor of the French original, wliicii .often deviates from the cqmmon |ine oi pimple narration, isml ititro- ;' duces fentiment as well as defer iption. The Author appears to be a Philofopher, and though many of hie > ideas on religion, politics, genius i;t' the people, 8cc. may be diHonant ;^jFiom our mode of thinking on ihefe points, in America, and fomr . jiimes perhaps really ill founded, yet there is certainly more fatijfaftioa jn difcovering what opinion a foreigner entei fains of ps, although only from acafual acquaintance, a tranfieht viiit to the ccjuntiy, than ■'■{j^a reading the beft accounts and narratives of cur own, wiiichi iu l^fuch matters, may be fufpetted of being top ready to bunjoui our |!|ocal prei'idices, or ilalter our vanity. ■ y ' ■ . . \--:&':-'^ '^' V The V. who would faunter over half the Globe to copy tlw infcrip. ition on an antique column, to meafure the altitude of a pyramid, or df(- |cribc the ornaments on the Grand Seignior}* State Turban, wili icarce- ||y find any thing in Atnerican Travels to gratify thtir tafte. 1 lie : works of art are here comparatively trivial and inconlidcrable, the plendor of pageantry rather ohfcure, and confequcntly few or none lut the admirers of fimple Nature can either travel with pleafure hemfelves, or read the travels of others with fatisfaflion, through |his country. « V Most of thofe accounts of North- America,given to the public by ;^riti(h explorators and others, previous to the Revolution, arc gene- jrally taken up, with the recital of wonderful adventures in the woods %eyond the Lakes, or with the Hiftories and records of the wild Indian lations, fo that by the time the reader gets through one of thufib per- ormances, he never fails to be better acquainted with the Ottagtmiies, Ikerohes, Miamcts^ Nadou'iuejfiam, and a hundred others, with their ariouscuftomsof faw ^vawing, or methods of making 'wampum, xhin nth the moft interelting particulars lelative to xht inhabitants oi tht >**« colonies } //>?/? wei e but rarely thought worthy mentioning by ^hofe gentlemen, and when they are, it is mortifying enough to fee them conltantiy cdnfidered rather as meie beaft!> of burdenr^al^lated "* lely for the fupport of the grandeur, wealth and omnipotence of reat .Bi irain, thctn as men and Free-Men. '' Vv9, **rench Author is more liberal — two years befofe the prcfent i^ he confidered the UnitiU States ;js a great independent n,ation, jiciug with haity ftrides to th« lummi: of power and favereignty,' ' , ... ' CONCISB. ■■■ f .':^i ■ s U : INTRODUCTION. CoNCisr, yet curious accounts of two oftlie greateft'cventi that h:\\'t hi.ppencd in this or any other age, will be found in the following p rForn^atKir } ihtfe c:innot fail ot attrafting fome (hare of the reader's atttn i< n, not only br cauff; they were the vifible means of accelerating an inviejii-iulcnce, »* li'n \\, at -ordiiig to probability, and in the natural c.Tuile of tiunirm ^ti'.iirs, '*.t= tlie taik of another century, but alfo bccanl'e lUe MjitofoplitTS both of America and of Europe, in confe- quence of th« paciticition thereby clf;;i.':>'?d, h:ive their ideas upon the ftr tjli.caitCullv Antlc'.vi.'.iiag the coratnerciHl, and political advantages cr diladv^ntageij refuiung from this very extraordinary Revolution. ' : ^ Tmi TK A MSL ATOR. V T ■l^r. . V-i, -f^m 'B I :^- r, t t * H :3 '^' vt o '.ft.Sir'V.;.: '*- ; ' ^ ' -'H. .'n . V 1 ' CON TENT S. L F. r T E R r. 7"/v Author^ s Voyny^e from Trance to Amertca,—Af- L • '; .riihii lit I'jo'ior,, — Bcjlon and its Hnrhow. — AlanihTS and cujloms of the hihah'iii^nts — of the ^ukcrsy and nmiirhs upon their mode offwnr- J?.'lj). — A)n,:rkan Ladies. — Cnyiimcrce of Bojlon. — CcUcges aiCcmhridge. — AitiericiAii prijtidiccs aga'rij: the French vat ion. — Arriial of Count Kochaml/eiiu and the French Anny at Newport in Rhode- IJland. [II, K, T T E R ir. 7 he author joins the Frmcb r.nny at Pronndencc.-^ Drfriptir.v of Proindence. — Roger Willlanis^ its founder. — Fatigues of ~ a miiiiary lifc—Retvarks on the drefs^ ffhicns and food of ike Amcri- cnns. — Ignorance of the people of Connet-iiiiit in pnhit of >'- (' '^J hrcad, — Their temper, peniHiiriti's and rharnftcr. — The foil and f re df the rvivtry. — Hartford — the for f Is and feixral kinds of trees. — State of . Xe-w-Tori. — Hudfon'j ri-ver.'—De'va/iations occafioncd by the luar. '«0 F. T T E R III. yunSion of the French and American amies at Philipjbitrg. — lV'fl-P-ji::t. — Expedition of a party ofEnglifh toTarry- Toivn. — Jiravery cf thirteen French Soldiers. — A dctachinent ofFrench and Apiericans riuirch to reconnoitre the '^.vorks at Neiv-York, — Gene' ml I'Vafhington. — Reinarls upon the A>7icriran ar^ny, — Their nzilitary. drefSf and manner of living.'— Di/cif^li/ie. — Uncertainty of the obje^ of the campaign. — Various opinions. — Impro'.alrl'ty cfficceeding in an: fdta^k upon i^'e-zu-Torl: — Marquis de la Fayette, and his army in Vir^ ginia,-~-A march to the Sculhward ^lot unlihily, ay LETTER '4 ^ •• *>^ ;-,i-^-:- CONTENTS. , E T T E R IV. KciV'Tork Menaced hy th aUie4 army on the Jidf of fCi'if^'j-Antn^i; itnrl Slatcv-IJland. — "The po/fcffion of this ijlofui ahfo- iuti-iy neccfjaryy before aity attempt can be made upon Long-Iflund or Kt. at- York,— Ant our of the troops for attion. Puge j j If ;i Tv"' ;u of KcW'^erfy . ■rr.jier ofthv piOpU'.— the army nrrives fit 36 M' J, E T T E R^ vr. Trnitofj,—Th heimty of iisftiwtivi.—Rn'.'r De Lvivare,, — Tie co.ptwc if tie llefjians.) in l-^iS. ■Ji'^ N H . I I |. ETTER Vrr. rhi'?,ynr.h arrnv rrnch Philfid!:M>hi.—E)icMvp on n pliiln rci-rjje Sr:::()ik':!!, — /JcTVi'TC of the n^j^i'Ht of Sj-Jjunnan. — /v'vi' in'.-llii^:rr^.' of the urrinyel of the Count dr Orcfje i/i the LhrjU' pLn.k:\ — C! xries Ti't'V ^fr,^.-~'T}^fcnpti:^n of ^hihuicblin.—r The fcirrijl rei' -ynytfr-fs thcrc^cntbwnt'al Congrefs. — Statc-llouft. — 'Phtlofophi- eal SocLly. * j9 I. E T T E R Virr. 7 he army nrnves at the head ofElk.^Emharka' i'fjn '}f f.ii'^n'1 r-^hf/cnfs rf that place,'— The main hod;; proceed on,— Saltlra^jr.- d^in'rhd, — Oflh' Acadlnnsy or French Hnitrcl^^ fettled shirr. — Their ni'i:lfirrSi re'}^^>o^o dfipHnei i^'c, — The unfilled Jlate of the cfjurihes in Maryland end FhyJrAa. . 43 I. K T T K R IX. The fo??-'/.v// < r>;'.Vf ewhark at Annapolis frYor k vi Fir^ptUi. — Dif,:reiiCiOfthcmaimeria}idciiJlomsy in the Norther it and Southern ShUa.. 45 ^*5 • V, I 4 1 LETTER aT. Arrhml of the troops at James-Toiun.—Williamf'- hur:\ — Jts Safe-Hoyf — CoIIef^e, Lthrr.r^;, crid Profel/brj, — Clirnate of V^r^nya—Tacacco — Comm.rce — Populctlon — Cordiiion of the flaiies— Riz'crs of the country — iro'i and pJonts, — A ciiruvs Jpecies of the Cat- fiiy:flar,'—Dai7y"c-ts cffi-dsfrom tbcfiir.^ of a 'cpukr.-' Petri factions toinmoti in Virgini.u 46 * ', >:••' 1 F T T E R Xr, Th.' cornhlned forces march from WilV'amfburg.-" T'irJi !.h<-j.-}'sd, — Farious prepe:r,:;i>jry operotir^m of the irrny, — Batte- ries Q-jCKcd •ipG.i th-' to:ivr!.-~-T/:e C>',-!ron hiort. — Dijlrelfid ftttation fyfLord C(irnr.<_a!!is,-—TurhoTi\'! expedition.— -Rfuifd by the Duke de LciUZ'iK, R:-"eflhins npoufe^i^.s and hutile'^-'-A paj'iyof the hefteged ftir'v'f,'. a Tr ^n:.b hattiT}, — Lord Corn-jjalUs cKdeavours io if -ape in theTin-^bt to Oloi(cefi:.^r.-"Preventedhy hadlV.ather,-"SenJs out a fag. -'-{.if/l'rf to caf.tu!::t:---The i^rtldes f fur re ?idf-:r.-' ~ Mutual haired be- InuixitOe ibn'/rfo or.d A'l'irlcans. — Defrud'roit of ih-'; tcivn of Tork from ibe ciin/io.iading,'—The, troops go into vjinter qiiariers. 50 I LETTER, ■'-^'f- h:-' on the J!dt ijlmiti ahfd- ^'tjltind or ^orth-CaJile. be Refugees, ind thnnt- , ut NciV' y. — Cericnil arrives at RiiK'r De' '■ 38 . — F.nciimp Sjijjhnitals. thi' Lhrfii- Vhc fcvmjl 'PhUof'jj)//t- 39 C O N t E N t s; ; I. E T T E R XI T. Charc(Slcr of Gen. Bi'rtrovff^.—A'roiiiUKif/.is un • forttwnte ex/fetlition in iTj-j.—Afaijnatiimitji of Sir Gtiv Ciirit I ■>•.-••' A confiderablc hijtly (fludinns jf'iu Jiiir>:;cyne."-Hc .nukis ii /^ t .'> 1r thern,'-'TicotuUrog(t ohandoued by the Ainericar}i,-"Thi- fm nriif uf General Burgoyne and his army aC Sdratoga."' A coinpui ijbii hi'iLii.xt General Jiurgoyne and Lord ConiMullis, ., s S9 VX E T T E R Xin. Advantages arifng to America^fram the c^p' ture of Lord Conhwallis.—Tbi future importance of th'tt country,—' Her kiirioui local advantages over ruro/a: — Poliiical Knipirir/s art- fingfromtheahoit/hmentofthefiudnlfylJ^mof tanvs it: Ainerica.-" The free and independent /jtuatinn of the American piq/iiuiry. Nati- onal charnl'ler of the feo^de in America, not yd arrivrd to m'tturity.— Their natural tngcnuily and inventi've turn. "-The poUtlcal (oiuli'tl if the UngHfj Miniflry, nfprdttig America, prefions lo ti-i.' hra/.irig oat cfthe f APPENDIX, ^is for York Northern, 45 miliamf Climate of c /laves-— f the Cat- 'rifaciions 46 ijhurg.— —Bntte- fit lation ' Duke de hejieged fcapc in lit a fag. aired hi'- of Torik JO APPENDIX. CONTAINING. F* • General Wafhington^ s Letter to Count de Crajfe. ! n. Lord Curnwa/lis's Letter to Sir Hcmy Clinton. Ill* Character of his Excellmey John Adams. \T^:- ,^« ■mw 'f...- -^ '■ ^^- ...% '*^- I If trri of I ,Arn *i Y\ '<^-k H' m Hi ^hty the >int( kdth ,Xi' lofi I EW TRAVELS THROOGR # # ORTH-AMERiCA. iTT5R 1» . T&f 4titi9r' J P^eyage. from France f$ Ammea'^. Irrmal at BoJIom^BofitH and iit Harbour ,r-rManntrt and iujioms §ftbt inbabUtttitS'-~of ibt fakirs ^ and retnurkt ufmn tktir mode- of nuor/bip.»-4f»fUim Ladfes.--Ccmmeree of Bo^M.'^ColUges at. Cambridge, •^Atntricali prrjudicet again/ the French Natkn,-^ ^Arrived ^ Count Rocbambeau and tbe French Artiy at Newpatip in Mgde-ljlani, BbsTOKi 7^«/ 24/^1 17SX* H A ViD at lengthf tuy riear friend, aceompjifhed my. loh^p 'Voyage over the vaft Atlantic. For the fpace .of no lefs than- ^hty five days we were tolTed about in our floating habitation, but the worft or our danger, and when we weke feemingly upon the.' >intof bein^ overturned by the fury of the «riD<^s stSd waves, I id the fatisfaAion to find'that'our Ikip cunltantly rimmed to hel* riginal (fofition by that univerfal ai) pervading prTncipIe,' thv (nrral attraflioti of gravity.' How many efFort«, how much time, jroft it have, taken to have perfefted' tljeft hu^e ^rtd ^ttwid^f* lachiner, by the aid of which men'are enaWed to defpife the ofr^dft*. iry and moft violent Agitations of th« wav(^4 Cike m^* BokJ^- ley Mu-b the impetuofity pf the winds, or by .the power of reaftipil - »rcetaefBi^to contributis to the progrefs of the voyage, in almoft >ppofite directions. ^ . tBilt alasl this noble art has not yet beep able to fecure t^^ >yagtr from that diCigreeable malady called ftafick?i*fi^ oco'a^o^; 3 byq^e motion of the Teflel. I believe I hav« fulf^red as fldu^ FrojAthis naufeout complaint a» any perfon tbatcverwenrto fea, loi aotwitiiftaadiiig the frequent ttfe of acld«i it fpr Alp^g time 'P lUfcwiljr to NEW TRAVELS ill i\i wholly prevented me from attending to any kind of bufineft, M payings particuUr attention to the many objeiU that furroiinded me. Languifliing with weakneft, and confined to the narrow bound* of this floating prifon, hparing nothing from morning till sight hut the barbarous phrafes peculiar to the fea dnd failor*, I tf as in no condition to obierve or refle£i upon the awful beautiei cf the ocean, or the grandeur of the fcene around me. With per* fefl indiffierence I beheld it toffing, boiling and foaming j fwelling iato mountaiDt, or jumbled into <* chaos of confufion ; its Tspour exhaling into the air, or forming artificial rainbows about our velTet, while it at the fame time menaced us with deftruflion. With littlt or no emotion, I faw it abate of its rage, gr«|9 fmooth, extend the limits of the horizon, and prefently refemble an immenft mafi cf oil, ftill however retaining its undulation^ But it was diflRcult for me to withhold my attention from ihofe fcintillations of light, which the moft inconftderable motion in the water ftruck out of obfcurity { they were particularly rematkable when a frefli gale drove the vefTel through the <^ater with an encreafed mpidity | ihe then feemed to plunge into torrents of flaming phofphorui, ;1 iind to be making a tiemendous progrefs through plains of liquid ^ ^rc. I revolved in my own mind, what could be the caufe of this I fingular, though common appearance, which I believe has never teecn thoroughly inveftigated i Are they atoms of fait, which, | from their (ever&l Airfaces, refle£V the rays of light ) Or is it their 1,^ colUiion with the (ulphufous particles, that kindles them into^*^ flame, or are they rather the igneous fluid, the radical , fire that isj^j fuppofed to he the firft cauie of fluidity in the other elements ? We fleered a fouthetly courfe till we came to the 30th degree of North Latitude. The fea in this climate appeared to me to have more of a greenifh caft than befor«, and to abound throughout tvitli this Are, refembling phofphorus ; we there faw thf codflfli, the voracious dolphin, and the flying fi{h, which to efcape the former, flies uut of the #atcr, but falls down again as Toon as the air has dried the nioiflure on its wings- t did not know the galley fifli, though common enough on our cvafts ; but the failors caught one, which I examined v^ith the moft icrupulous attention. Nature bai given it a bladder, vhicb buoys it up and ferves as a ludder to dirsft its courfe j its whole contexure is nothing more than i Himv ma(s» the organifation of which I had not time thoroughly to cooflder ; it is provided with long flbres encircled with ringfi which ferve to give it a hold in the water, fo as not to be driven «wiy by the voilcnce of the wind j and through thefe fibres they alfo fuc'c up the food that fervu for their fubflflence. I touched .^ this animal with my finger, and immediately had the painfull^ fenfitioi of a burn, and forty-eight hours afterwards I ftill felt thc| eflt;<;>s of this penetrating cauttic. ^ In fine we.-ther, I uled to take great plcafure, at nj|;Kt, in con- templating the grand profpeft of the ftarry firmamicnt over our b«"ad8 } bnt the wonted order and regularity of the Heavens wai wholly altered ; the ecliptic circle had withdrawn itfelf a grea| dif< taiice from ihe Horizon, the pok-lfar had approached very near there. to, and ihi great Sear was about retting and coacealiog himfelf ei 11^: t. .-.■H THitov OH AMERICA; ii ely from our view t what furprifed me mod, wai, t^at the mWkf jfay had difappeared, although 1 filainly perceived the c»nilellatioa |r the Stvan, which is known to have its place in the midil of it— ;couId wifli the philofophers would explain this allronomical myf* pry, thofe efpecialiy who argue that the Galaxy is nothing more than immenfe collection ot liars { for why (hould thefe (lars difappear, irn ?*i the reft ot the lieavtnly bodies are vifible here as v»eU &> other places ?«~~ I now no longer wondered at the idea of the icientf about the riling and ftttiiig of the fun in the ocean : [Being often forced for the iake of frefli air to be upon deck at the me ot his appearing or difappearing, I obferved him fumetimes ds- kching hirnlelf flowly from the line that bounded the Ikies and wa- brs, and at other times, falling peipendicularly into the midtt of the (aves ; the eye, with a momentary deception, perfuading itlelf thai le Horizon was pbrnging after the great luminary.—— The fea, you well know, has plants and herbage (peculiar to itfeH{ is remarkable that Nature has formed them ronhderably difieicnC rom land vegetables in colour, fliape and prcperti s ; and if of a left elicate ifrtiflure, it was daubtlefs.ordered fo becaufe ftit did not in> ;nd this element to produce animals as precious and fo exquifiteljr brought as the other. The marine plants, however, are not with*' jt evident traces of the wife hand that formed them } 1 often ivtif Ihe fea covered with thefe faime herbs for a great fpace, and in exji- Inining them, remarked, among other things, that inftead of fibrott* roots, they had parts fcmewhat like hands to attach themfrlves to the rocks, a (tem flatted a: the end, and thick leaves, the betttr to re* |jGrt the (hock of tl)e waveis j and ali provided at fmall intervals with cells nearly empty of air, which by this means count erpoii'ed theif fpecific weight, and forced them to tend conftantly ii) a perpendicu- lar direction toward the iurtace of tlie water. I cannot give you a competent idea ot the agreeable emotions I Ixperlenced at the fight of land, which at fiift appealed like a thin Wft at tMt very extremity of the Horizon. What moment of Hfe p comparable to that when a man is upon the point of re-enjoying kis health, coming within reach of objfcls which interefl the mind, Ihe heart and the frnfes, and finding, inilead of a late chaos and the rhaftly image of deftruffion, a world of nature every where organized fnto the molt elegant fymmetry and perfeflion — to walk upon the WrafTy plain, to breathe »he perfume of a thoufand Hewers, to enjoy the (hade of the trees, to lirten to the harmony of the Vmdsof the ferove, and to fee them foar aloft anrf poi'e themfelves in the ?ri i F It is abfence fiom thefe enjoyments that makes their vahtt the bettei* known, and that fwells the foul with gratitude to the Ueingt*;* Creator of all, when we are reftored to tliem. A leafy bi^nch Rwat- ing on the furface of the water made my heart leap with joy, as thla. wa« thetoken of a new world ready to appear. We had tl«wJ|pii(ubled Cape Ann, and were at the moi-th of the gi est Bay oFM»flVchwir|is»» could plainly perceive the waves breaking upon the focfclAtCa^e- ' God, and in a few hours might have been at Uofton, hadncV«*i^iSgfc fog fuddenly furrounded us, and left us at a lo»>wh[puIation, * ii formed >ut abuv9 tores and cs at right large and iS Itreet IQ > or thref municat-t he houies nd wood^ an townc, Fhe woo* n boardst our rooft ale white n it would & for the by a wall tage thefe. ifr weight they may have Icea not more,: e leen the travelling loufehold h failiionv covered ikle themr ufes, and or the fe* with tafte Jhurch of ed with «> oughout.. sfe placet where at other timea there ^ fuch a hxxtty, of bufineft, Uoq thia dqr a mere deferf; yon ^\y walk the ftreeta withput meetiog a Hngleper** foR, or if by cii -. you meet one, you fcartely dare to ttop aa<^ talk with htiq. A frenchman that Ipdged with me took it into Ms head to play on the 5utc on Sundays for his aniufement ; the pcopj* ^tapon hearing^it were greatly enraged> collected in crowds round the 'houfe and would have carried mattera ^o extremity in a (hort x'xttA iiprith themufictan, had not the landlord given him 'warning of hi* ianger, and' forced him %p defift. Upon this day of melancholy yoii annot go into a hopfe but you jBna the whole family employed iai - reading the Bible } ajid indeed it U an a^e£ling fight to fee the ^o ther of a family furrounded by his hou(hoid» h'^ring him explam i| the fublime tfuthi qf thi* facred v^jun^e. . ^ Nobody f^la here of going to the place of worlhl^ appropriated t9. his fc:£t. Inthefc places there reigas a profound hience i an order and refpe£^ is alfo obfervable which h^s not been feen for a long tim« iV in our Catholic churches; Their pr«lmody is grave and majefiiib^ %4l and the harmony of the poetry, in their national tongue* adds a gra& ^ A ^o the mufic, and contributes greatly toward^ keeping up the atte^-^ \| lion of the worfhippers. ' '^ • AH thefc churches are deftitute pf ornaments. No addrefles af#. '$. made to the heart and the imagination } there is no vifible obje£t t6 ^' ^ugficft to the' mind for wh.it purpbfe a man comes into thefe placesi Who hew and wh)t he lu'til Jbortly bf. Neither painting' nor fculp^ lure reprei'ent thofe great events which ought to recall hina to hgt duty and awaken his gratitude, nor are thofe ktrog's in piety brdught into view, whora it is his duty to admire and endeavour to imitate. The pomp of ceremony is here wanting to thadow out the grcatnefa of the bein^Mc goes to worship j there are no procelhons totellify the iiomage we owe to bim, that great Spirit of the Univerfe, by whofe will Nature itfelf exiils, through whom the fields are covered with harveftj, and the trees are loaded with frijits- ^ The Qaakers, ftill greater enemies to outward ceremonies in wor- ftip, have tani/bei! from amongft them the very appearance of* priellhood s In'yain will you look into their meeting houfesfor * minifter particularly commifiioned to fpeak in the natwe of ibeDivinity, The eye can drfcover nothing but a filent, meditating, mcfancho^ ', ' sITeqibly, coljeiied together without any apparent motive or defign } *|^ till at length' the holy fpirit, feizing upon ;he faculties of fome one ^ in the congregation, heats, agitates, and makes a prieft of him in an* ^ inftant. This* infufion of the fpirit, is beft<>»'ved without exceptitJn of age, fex or condition. He who has been eng'iged all his lite in the' ineaneft and mott infigniiScant occupations, and the circle of whofe ideas Nature has circumfifribed within the moft narrow boundsi be-^ comes all at once an oracle, and an interpreter of the fubKme trutha of chriiliinity.^ The principal virtue of the Quakers ought t6 be /«- ^ence : for their injpired orators often put it to itvere proof, and tihe tromen, always attentive to the fuggeft ions and d'.ftates tiff t^|%'d> vine i|>irit, mike, it is faid. Very free ufe of the precious gift of l^i^h.;^, ^ j_ Such an extraordinary manner of worthip, qwlu "^Ot l^pofe well enough, as their hair is commonly of an agreeable Kgh| folour ; but the'more fafhipnable among them begin now to adofrt: the prefent European method, of fctting otFihe head to the beft ad- ii^ta^e. They are ot a large fi:5e, well proportioned, their fcaturef generally regular! and their complexion fair, without rudineis. They have lefs cheerfulnels and eafe of behaviour, than the ladies of Francet buit more ot greatnefs and dignityi I have even iinagined that I hava feen fomething in them, that anfwers to the ideas of beaitty we gain , from thole maiterrpieces of the artifts of antiquity, whieh ai-e yet ex- t.tnt in our days. The ftature of the men is tall, and their carriage «re£l, buttheir make iirather (lim, and their colour inclining to pale. They are not fo curious in their dregh way, fo that it would be no difficult matter to render this a place of great (irength. Hard by is an eminence which commands the whole town, upon which the Boltonians haye built a kind of light houfe or beacon, of a great height, with a barrel of tar fixed at the top, leady toiet fire to in ca(e of an attack. At fuch a (tgnal, more than forty tboufand men <.voiild take arms, and be at the gates of the town in l^fs than twenty-four hours. From hence may be feen the rnins of Charleftown, which was burnt V the Englifh, on the 17th ot June, 1775.1 at ^he battle ot Bunker'a kill — a meianchojy profpe^, calculated to Keep up in thebreaftsof thf Boftoniaai, • I'Tttb tbtlih ifit^niion^It:;amineialf.th» ehurehyardtfrom l^ojlm 1$, ITiUJaMjburgbf almjf tbrte bimdnd leagues, and faupd nearlj the fioH^' refult. ' THiretfGff A M E R I C A: i-v ^ ^^ I /"' 'B«ftoniant, the fptrit and fentimenti of liberty. TbU town vHit (epa- .rated from the peniofala Qnly by Charles river, and was buflt in ti\i angle formed by the jundlion of this river with the Mvftic. The buildings in it were good, the whole capable of being fortified to aid- vantage, and Teems to have been about hulf as big as Bofton. The harbour of this laft mentkned city, can receive more than $v« hundred fail of vefTels, but the entrance is di(Hc*'It and dangerous, being only a channel about the breadth of three fliipl. 86m« ftrohg batteries, ereded upon one of the adjacent iflands, proteff the road, and confeqiiently relieve the town from ^riy appreheiifioni of an in- lult from an enemy by Tea. The capes that bound the entrance of the hay,--the reef of rocks that edge the outlet of the road, and the little iflands that are feen every where fcattered up andf down, form fo m^ny obftacles, which diminifh nnd repteft thie fea-fwel), and ren- der this harbour one 6t the fafeft in the world. 1 he commerce of the Boftonians formerly comprliised a variety of articles, and was very extenftve before the breaking out of the prefent war. They fuppIieJ Great- Britain with mails and y^rdi for her royal na>y, and built, either upon commifllion or their own accoUht, a peat number of mertihantmen, remarkable for their foperrOrity iit failing. Indeed, they were of fuch a flight find peculiar conllru£t\oft that it did not require the abilities of a great connoiileur to diltin- gui(h their ihipt in the midft of thofe belonging to other naU<^s« Thofe that they freighted on their own account vrere.fent either to' the American iilands or to Europe laden with timber, plank, jpiner* ftuiF, pitch, tar, turpentine, rofin, beef, fait pork and iomt furrs ; but their principal obje6l in trade was the codfiAs, which they caught upoa their own coafts, and particularly in the bay of Maflachufettt. f The produA of this iifhery was about fifty thoufand quintais, an< Aually, which they exported to the other neighbouring p^vintesy and even to Spain, Italy and throughout the Mediterraneali^ WHile thofe of the worft quality were deftined to the ufe of the negfoes in the Caribbe Iflands. In this fifhery they employed a great liKiiiiber of hands, and by this means furnifhed th'emfeives with excellent land^'. The province of Maflfachufetts, tboMnferior to the reft in theq^^it^r of the foil, will always be rich and powerful while it retains tbia branch of commerce,, and if at feme future period this new world fiiall difplay a great and formidable force upon the Tea, Boflon wi^ be the place from whence we (hall firlt fee them advancing to'atTerC an equal right to the watry Empire. In exchange for thefe exports they return with wine from Medeira, Malaga and Oporto, virhkh they p'-efer to ours on account of their fwectneftf or perhaps rathec ^caufe they are more accuftomed to them. From the Iflands they bring vaft quaatitiet of fi/g»r» whicfa^fhey confume with their tea, nn article the North-Ameritan^:'niakeyfe of at leaft twice a day; molaffes they import in ilill greaf<^j::^uani|ties9 they diftil it into rum, which when mixed wich water is them-or^HSia- ry drink. The demand for this article was cohfiderabief tiij|^ -tijbv ifuaotity imported fo great that, before the wa^, it was not Worth i^^- f Cape Codflrttehes out into the fea in the form of tt^iti& ilkam/p atut . V tforms a bay^ having taken its mane from this fjb. It isrenwkable thta i •V^^'""" *'^'* '**' ''^^ ^ ancients, are taken from tbt f^tftftiet cr '\fiiktienrftf)eflactf,trtkf9rio((tffthnrMf(Wtrj, , ■"*' '\ w » I III ' ■■ i m i^ NEW TRAVfiL i ihof%ilum two AiUingt the gandii*. tniy often when !b twti'be coaft, which drew to themfelves tbofe difPercnt branches of trade vhich their feveral fituationsfayoured tbfm irt.' •> , The preat demand for rum among tbe Americans led them to form connexions with the French Coiontestand our wines isnd brandies making this liquor of fmall requeft among us, they fiiittered M^ni-. ^Ives that they.cjoutd impqrt roolaCes to advantage. This attttnpt^ Receded beyond their expectations, although they hii4 nothing* to giiye in exchange, but loVnber, .and fome fait i^rovifions. ButtM ^ngUfli goveriunent perceiving the injury its own iflands thereby ' fuffered, prohibited this commerce entirely. The colonies, upoA< this,, complained bitterly, and repcefented, that by hiiadering them ffom exportingjthe produ6tiont,oAheir foil to what port they ]:dea<; ^^^^fed, they would be rendered unable to pay for thofe iodifpenfably /^JTieceiTary articles, which they purchafed at aa exorbitant price lA England. : * , The governn\,ent then toqk a niiddle way { permitted them tb^ exportation of lumber, and loaded Frencb fu^r and other foreigii commodities imported, whh very h^avy' duties. But 6hisdid:not Tet fatisfy the coiajiiest they confidered the mother country in the light of a j«aIous and avaricious ftep-root-her, watching every oppor* tunity to turn to her oWn advantage thofe channels of gain, wbich- Airuuld, have enabled them to live in eafe^ad plenty. This waf one of tjhe principal cnufes of .the mi IB to ittcm brandies ^ed t.^nm*. is atttiQpt^ othingr to But t*i • thereby' tiet, upoA< ring them they i^ea« irpeiirably t price ia them tb^' \T foreigu is did not ry in the ry oppor* in, which - 1^39 one of {land an4r> : a chainge a« by no. ue to hef at boBi^ . fats p}ace» ! fome at* tempts .. ■ ' ...,,.■' www AVt^P" V 17 impti at broad cloths } thofe yhat have been lately manufaAured are llofe and well woven, but hard and coarle ; their hat manufaftories ave fubceeded not better than the dothij they are thick, ipungy ind without firninefs, and colnie tar ihort of the beauty and iblidity il)>f ours. > . ..-,:■■.''•• I The province of Maflachufetts-Bay has mines of iron and copper (■ le iron is of a, quality fupetior to any other in the world, and will tear hammering and drawing to a furprifing decree. ' .» ' The Europeans have long been convinced of the natural and ma-^ 1 dangers to be apprehended, in ac<^uiring education in large townsw 'he Boftonians have advanced, farther, they have prevented thefe ngers. < Their Univerfity is at Cambridge, feven miles from Bof* n, on the banks of Charles River, in a beautiful and healthy fituf* on.. There are, four collegesi all.ofbiick, and of a regular form: he EngH(h troops. made ufe of thcjti as barracRsin 1775, nnd forced |he profeflbrs and ftudentt to turn out. .The library contains more 'lan xooo volumes } and they have an excellent printing-houfe, uell irnimed, i;hat was originally intended for a. college for tjie native idians. uTo give you an idea of the ^erit. of the feveral profenbr* rill be fufficient.to fay^ that they correfpond with the literati cf irope, and that Mr. Seivall, in particular, profeflbr of the Oriental iguages, is one of thofe to whom the author of genius and ability been lavifh of thofe gifts } their pupils often »t\ tragedies, the |bt)je£l of which is generally taken froth their national t;v£nts, fuch *M#t^''* ^*"i* o* Bunker's Hill, the .burning of Chaileftown, tl>e Death ^i^l" General. Montgomery,, the capture of Bi'irgoync, rhe treafon of ^ij^ .and the Fall of firiti^ tyranny,, You will eafiiy conclude, l^at i^n Aich ainew nation as this, thefe pieces muft fall inHniiely f^orc If that perfe£tipn fo which oqr European literary piodu£iion» of this |nd are wrought, up i b|Ut flill,'they havea greater cft'e£l upon the nnd than the befl of our^ would have among thtm, becaufe thole [anners and cuftomsaredeJineated, which are peculiai: to tlKipfelvcs^ 'the events are Aich as interell them aVove.all others : The dra* is here reduced to its true and ancient origin.* C It • fTe confine our thfaU ical pitees either to fabulous heroc, the charaBert d manners of 'which have Itttle or no refemblance to ours, and jwhofe ac- \s lue can take.no part in,,or elfe dranv our piilure: ojliftjram that clafr focietywptch a^ethe leajl nuntgroifty 1 mean the great end rich. TA* )^fj^lt itude can take noJnttreJI,can apply nothing to themjel've! in theft pet' rmances, and mufi derive all their entertainment front feme adi.entiiicKf 'iaufiesijiicb fit the connexion of the plan, the choice of the fituatictis, tkk rtnony *fthe nierfe, &c. 7 be Creekif nvhom nve hiir:e badly imilaredf ^ivere in thefe points much more rational \ all their dramatical fuhjeSts bad reference to their onvn mythology, form of ivorjbip, government, cvdtbt anmfi and cufloms of the federal States ; hence, thtir tkcatricelpiecti uqjiAt fiipported lunbaut Igrue jfiSiions, or an abfurd mixture of iticidenfr^y Inih btu been faid about depravity oftcfte, permerfion of manners, lndj9 ^ nvbtn the Parians have been found to forfake tfie great thtat, esy and itojoreign exhibition f. But people deceive thcmjelves in this matter ; '^vji^ivbojlocked thitberf with toe greatefi eagerncfs, vuere feople mofien^^ "figfd in b^fin^tf §94 (cnfe^uent^ Uft corrupted in tbetr manmr'i than tit ff-eaU ., il NEW T R\A V E L S ihv'W. It il ilifflcult to imagine what a ftran^ idea the Americans bad •! the inhabitants of Fiance, prior to tlic ^r j they looked dpon them as a people bowed down beneath the yolce of defpotifm, given up to iuperftition, flavery and prejudice, mei« idolatera in their public Wor(hip, and, in e were men ion ; and ftinguifli- 3ney to a The fim- rendered venturer* •ouspun< >mFrance, ; ideas re« fon, only, i at aeon* t fuperior. i^cre much iiminutive [ed them : people in ire them a ;utes, ha- med them )lour their d Roman ral of the their old a trifling jrrence, ' bibolJing as they re- } Jretv tht vhen about I him nvitb t the hand' :d barniony id Uft regu^ Sng bisjfi^ ;\^i «€ennf't;vade. The French at Newport were no loneerthat ficklo, prefumptuous^. luftering, haughty people that prejudice had piftured them j at the entertainments they gave, their whole behaviour was quiet and rerer- ved, and their converfation confined to the American guelts, to> whom they became every day more and mor c dear. Thefe younj French noblemen, whom fortune, birth, and the habit of a- court life, commonly leads to diffipation, luxury and a love of empty pomp, were the hrrt to let the example of a fimple and frugal manner of living ; and they now (howed then^fclves as affable and ns courte* ous to all, as if they had lived their whole lives with thef'e citiecns, in the quality of equal*. This conduft, ftriftly perfevered in, brought about a total change in the opinions of the Americans, regarding us. Even •j- Tim if the capital totm tfthe State ; the goodnfft ofltsJiU and tf-tt txcelUnce of its climate haue gained ii the r.a»ie of the ^itti^Mi of Ncko* England :. its trade nvas vtryfiGU*-iJhing before thf njoar ; Bejides iuinffp- "^hr and fait pro-vifions, nvhicb mere exf>orted to the Ifands, /^f^yirllfe** Uure guattiUie;o/ betTf cheefCf ^ultrj and tallunju^ ,;f. r H' le NEW T R AVl^l^S Fven the Tories t coald net but refpr A the French, altbo* tht/ detcfled the catife they fupportedi and I am informed they' were iim finitely more .aft'c£^H with lorrewat the departure. of the army, thaa they had been alarmed with fear at their arrivah t !^ , r The Prei>ch have in general, been upbraided a long time for pay- ing no regard to the noil facred of all connexions, when their gaflan. try it concerned. Perhaps Newport may have afforded Tome examples. A French officer, hy hii attention and afCduity, gained the affeAionp of a young and amiable lady- Htr huihand, who. loved her tenderly.^ Awas foon convinced of the reality of this new attachment, and alt ho*. afflicted in the moll fen^jbte manner, he did no difcover his tronbk to her either by cojuplaints or reproaches {the reputation of hi» guiU ty fpoufe.w(as Hill dear to him,~and he waieven afraid (he would di& cover that he had know ledge, of her infidclityv i "..And yet if (he con« tinues doubtful o^ ir (Hiid he to a friend) fhe will give over all hope* ot regaining my efteem i her ruin will of confequeace enfue, and myi own peace be facrlBced : let us then ende«vour to awaken herteudefi »efs, and recall her to her duty by remorfe for what is paft/'. t From this mom?rit he became more aiHduous and v ihe afTiftance of a friend, fo contrived matters, as to hinder him. from arvy^jrivare interviews with her whatever. T^efe repeated difajv*. pointments 2r;«|i)(;ii-ed to the Frfenchman to bb mere efte&s of chance ( he, howct^er, gre»ii^]l!:n and peevifh upon it,' and confequcntly be-^ came.lefs amiable in th^cyes.pt the lady, and her hulband m()re fothan ever; and thus, that virtue which had not l#ft all its claims to her fcduLtd heart, foon recalled it to irs duty. Such a procedure as thisy in fo (Lelicatr an affair, diicovers great knbKyiedge of ^le human heart,, and iiilltQore of dominion oyer itfelf. ....•.' , • i ],, .. . . . The army left Newport the 9ih of June to go, it is fuppofed, to the Southward, andthey are now actually at Providence. . lam jult fet*. ting out to join ir, and if it continues its rharch, I make no doubt I fhall be icnabled to entertain you iwijLh particulars Ail) more inlercHing.! LETTER II. The author joint the French armj at Pron^icfence.-^Defcrip- i^ ttonofPro'ifidence. — Roger IfiUiamSt its founJer.^-'' Fatigues ofamiUta- . ry H/e.-'-'Xtmdri's ta the drefi't fajhion' and food of the Americans.' ■ ' > J^ftdrance of the people of CcnneSicut in point of making bread.-^-^—'Ttttr fimper, peculiar itifs bndchara£ief'.'-—^7ht foil and fate vf the country -' — Hartford-theforep and federal kindt of trees. —-^ State ofHeiM York.'-^-*^Hu'dfon''s river. ^-Devajiations oicaftoncd by the War, %?W ' ' S I R, Camp, at Fbiltpjhurg, June 30, \^%^. I FOUND the army at Providence, encamped on a rifing ground. This is a confidcrabletow.n, and. pretty well, peopled j .foroeof th« houftt tories i. e. Rtjalijff, 7Ut word it 4frivtdfrm tht Samn* :i #' for pty- ir gaiUn. xamplet. affcAionp tenderly^ nd alibo*. tronble lii» guiLr ould di& F (he con. all hope* > and myi T tender^ ". ( From her than ntenancf n and ci.r it i i but, nder him. ^ed difap., ' chance | ently be-« re fo than ns to her •t as thii^ lan heart,, ed, to the n juft fet*. 9 doubt I lerefting.! he ctuntfy e of Nets r. wl .P J - *:■, lioufei are built of brick and otherj of wool; it it fituated at th« Ihoutb of the river Patuxit, at the bottom of a bay betwixt the Stats* ♦f MaiTachafettt, ConneAicut, and Rhode- Ifland t Thii fituation af. fordi iia gainful commerce in corn, maize, lumber, and fait prcvU- ^n« for tb* Iflandi | there are alfo man> veiTeli built here. • Tliic town it the capital of a colony of the fame name, Providence Plantation^ now inporporated vvith the St«te of Khode-IQand. J\, oertain perfon, named Roger Williami* « mtnifterin Maflachufetta- Bay, who had been baniflied by the magi(^rtte«for preaching up new^ do£lrinei, retired to thia place with hiafolioweri, apd founoed a co- lony, giving it the name of Pro*vi(lciicet in order to preferve to pof- verity, the remembrance of the odieus treatment he had experienced. He there lived forty years in a rational folitude, Vi holly taken up with i^pro\ing this infant fettlcfment, and inftru£>tng the Indians { he al- fo writ iome i^teces againlt the principles and pra£licei of theQiiakers, and, in the end, his regular manner of life, and benevolent cernduQ forced his enemies to repent of the' infujts they had offered hin. And thus you fee, fir, the annals of the new world furniih examplea of an intolerant ftiiric amon^ft a people, whd have upon ainiolteverjr Other occafiun (liewed themlelves the greated enemies to it. > How ditierent are the ebjefls that ilow (urround me, from tbofe which have hitherto taken up my time and attention 1 Bred up in the <}uiet retreats of the arts and fciences ; living conltantly with thofe» who either cultivated or patronized them^and always deuroufto make them the coinpanipns of my labours and my plea(u res— what a change do I experience now, when I am tranlported into the midft of the hurry of camps ; all tumult and tommc'tion around me, and expe- riencing every moment a thoufand wants ! Here I am taught to fix the true value upon uleful inventions,* and diitinguilh them from thofe which ate only curious and whimilcal. A fingle ftieet prote£li me from' the inclemency of the weather ; and being without books to divert my mind from the fatigues* I feel, I frequently write, for want of ink, with the' juice of an herb •• happy,' if I could reft for any length of time in tranquility— but no fuch' thing— after two in the morning, the drum orders us univerlally out of our bard he's ; In hafte we ro)I up our travelling bed-furniture, moUnt our horfe*,- and, with the How pace of an AmbafTador's train, follow the march of the foot foldiers, bending under the weight of the burden on their backs. ■ • ■ ' ■ .. . :' ' ■ • When, at length, arrived at the place deftined for our encamp. ment, we have ftil^ to wait during the hottcft part of the day for the baggage waggdhs, before we can ♦akc any repofe. The fun has eves fometiaies almoft finilhed his course, before our weak fto. mui)ii!\i)ce aid frugality, invite theoHicers lo a ihle of living which the want of dorneltici and other neccirary meant would render it impoffilile lor them othci wile to enjoy, they encourage the foldiery •»nry of having made the inofl lalfing imprefljons in thefe countiie.;, and rendered the memory of the French name dear and pre- ciou« to all 5 an atchievemcnt more flattering to true anjibition, and t'criup'. m-re difTieult to accompliHi, than gaining battles, or fpread- ing oaivcrral conq'ieft. Jiciorc I arrived here, I had no expectations of difcovering the traces of the French modes and fi»(hions,in the midlt of the wildsand forell5 of America. Tiie head drelleg of all the women, except Qua- kers, arc high, fpreading and decked profuftly with our gauzes s and Mere f csnnot but rtfle^ upon theoddnefs of their taftc, when I find,. tiirciogh the whole Itate of Connecticut, fo prevailing an inclinatioa f' iy.^*- y , ■■■•■■- i ■..:■' ^ ' ■ fot . f ilf. U Vicomte dt NoaiUesbas in particular made a ^boU campaign on t Theirneivs papers, during all our march, have never faiUa to di juf' tice to the difapltae of cur army, * M. le Marquit it la Fajette is uviverfallj kuwim to the JmerUans, m 'i^lcalt < Wufbfta • r' THROUGH AMERICA. «3 1g t^drt(k, (I miy fay to a degree >f extravagance) with manneri at the fame time (o fimple and i'o pure, ai to rcfemhle thofe vf the an* dent patriarchal age. Pulfe, Indian com, and milk, are theirniott con^mon kinds of food ) they alio \\(t mnch tea, A,\d thia Ibber infii* fion conftitutes the chief plcafure ot their lives } there it not a (inglt 4 pcrfon to be lound, who does m ^ drink it out of china cupi an4 > iaucert, and, upon yuur cnteiing a huiifc, the greatett mark of civi- IIHy and welcome they can (how you, is to invite you to drink it with tHcm. In countrie* where the inhabitants live upon foods and drinks of the moft fubftantiai kind, it may be ufeiul to the health« but I bs- lieve it it prejudicial in thofie where they fubrtft mofllv on vfgetabica and milk, efpecialiy when the foil, yet too much fliaded by the woods, makes them the lels nourilhing ; and perhaps this may be one of tl^l The inhabitants of Conne6ticut, who raife fuch excellent com, are, :^|ibwever, ignorant of the valuable art of rendering it more digenive, <^ . and confequently more nourithing, by thorough fermentation an4 ' '^neading ; whenever they want bread, they make a cake, which thty to bake at the fire upon a thin iron plate. The French, whom tht ar brought inta America, never could accuflom thcmfelves to thia ind of bread, but did their endeavour to inftru£k the natives how t the road we foupd* 'me tolerably good, but far inferior even to that fnade in our army. " e inhabitants who reftde at adiftance from the high ways prefervc- eir ancient cuftoms in this and other ftarticulari with great obdina* (ty, and believe no bread in the world to be better or more palatable- than tueir own. Scattered about among the forefls, the inhabitants have little inter- courfe with each ether, except when they go to church. Their dwel- . i ling-houfes, are fpacious, proper, airy, and built of wood, and are at "^ealt one ftory in height, and herein they keep all their furnituieand urbftance. In all of them that I have fecn, 1 never failed to difcover races of their a£tive and inventive genius. They all know how to ad, and the greateft part of them take the Gazette, ptinted in their illage, which they often digi»ify with the n^e of tcwn or city. I d not remember ever to have entered a fiogle houTe, without iecing huge family biblie, out of which they read on evenings and Sundaya to their houfhold. They arc of a cold, flow and indolent difporitioi), nd averfe to labour ; the foil, with a moderate tillage, fupplying them with coniiderably more than they r»n condime ; they go and [return from their fields on horfeback, and in all this country you will fcarcely fee a traveller on foot : the mildRefs of their cUr^cltiti if at much owing to climate as to their cultome and ms^ncers, ioi j cu finjl^' the fame fbftnefk of difpofition even in the animaU of tlx country. [Tne hones are of an excellent breed, and it i s cominoft ior thtm to ^'^ long journeys at the rate of fifty oi iJxty miks i:d|>y V they are > - . . .-. very \ 24 N E W TRAVELS !•'!! if V I ¥i i f.; *'.{>v i . f ■ p. 4' .^r very teachable, and it is a rare thlrvg to find any of therp ftabbforn m!f ftittilh : the dog is here of a fawning, timid nature, and the ftrangeft %ure of a man need not fear any violence iron* bim. I have obf ferved, too, by the way,that his Voice it rather broken and hoarfe, ai well as that of the cock. . , The Americans of thefe parts arc very bdfpitable } they have com? monly but one bed in the houfe, and the Challe fpoufe, although flis Vkeic alone, would divide it with her guelt, without hefitation or tear. What hidory relates oi the virtues of thejroung Lacedemonian wO' ititn, is far left extraordinAry. There is here (ucb a confidence iqi tilt public virtue, that from ttoilon to Providence,..! bave often me^ young women travelling alone on horfcbaclc, or ii) fmall riding chairt^ through the wo,ods, even when the day was far upo.n the decline. :. in tlxefe fortunate retreats; the father of a,, family fees his happi^ »ef$ and importance increafing, with thjc pumbcr of bis children : ht is nut tormented with the ambitious desire of. placing them in a rank *f life, in which they might blufli to owp hirfi for-a father.. Bred up Bnder his eye, ..nd formed by his example, they will not cover his ol4 age with fliame, nor bring thofe carei an4 vexations upon' him, tha<; ^ould fink his grey hairs with forow to the tomb.. .He np mo.refe»r% tliis, than he would a fancied, indigence, that might one day com« Mpon him. wo6nd his paternaf feelings, an^ make t^ tender, partner ef his bed repent that the was- ever the mother. of children. Like hini( they will bound their cares, their pleafures, and ^ven their aqibition, to the fweet toils of a rural life, to the raifisg ard multiplying their kerds.and the cultivating and enlarging their fields and their oarcbards, Thefe Anxrican hufbandmen, more fimple in their niaQ,ners thai) our peafants, have atfo lefs of their roughnefs, ana ruHicity ; more •nhghtened, they polieft neither their low running npr didimulati, en; fa.'-ther removed from luxurious arts, and are not fo much attached to ancient ufages, but are far , more dex- terous in inventing and perfecting whatever tends to the convenU •ncy and comfort of life.- , , . * . This country is interfc6led with an incredible number of rivers and , xlvuletsi batConncfticut river Is them'oCk confiderablejn tjhe wholly #tate ; the town of Hartford, (ituitc en its banks, is the capitally and confifts at pre(ent of i»ot more than tour or five hundred houfcty •n a ttreet two miles in length. The river is deep enough to fio»{ • ■veJTeU of about one hundred and fifty tons burthen^ up to the town*, The foil is light, except on the fouthern fide of the. river, *nd yet it, {Produces maiZe «r Indian corn, and feveral other kinds of grain, ii| {^reat abundance, thie bread of which is much whiter than that ia France, and the tarte equally excellent ; this.was a confiderabie ar- ficle of the American cor^nerce with the iflands, wherp they nej», verthelefs preferred our European grain, being of a mgre mealy fub^ Sance, and keeping f*ce; a much longer time. The feveral kiudt^ of wood here are much lighter than ours.and far lefs durable, as th« •roots are almoin at thf (urface ofthe grQund : The fpil being new,, the vegetative particles are more abundant near the fur/ace, and thc^ roots, of confequeuce, direct themfelves hoiizontaUy,,and thus thejr- they are mare eitpofed to the impreffions c»f cold, heat,.droi.^bt ajMt moi'h're, and liable to be affe^ed by the variqus .changes .orthc irt^ uofphsre ; a/>d, indeed, I have r^eourklli; tb»t the tfcii Ucrc RlmqA livrsycbcgiotodecay^atlUcrooc* I " AMERICA: ii rc«» loat ecit ill ia ! ar- (' I oiice iirisgined that thefe antique forefts, into which the arm of ^aiiui had never carried the deftruftive ftrokcs of the ax, would have notbin; to offer to. thp view, at every Itep, but inctent trees, whof*. rugged, knotty, hollow trunks, worn by rains and fruits, lupported nothing mure rhan a dry uak^d top, llripped o^ its extended houghs. Initead of thefe venerable tokens of age that I looked for in the woodlands, I found every where the fieftinefs and vigodr of youtli the moft iobult. The trunk;), clofe and compatl, ftraight, and low- ering into the air beyond the reach of the eye, dilplay from the to^ a multitude of branches,, cloathed with a deeper green tharf ours caa boalt of. The oak is by far the moft frequent to be met with j— for the tree moft lifeful to man, is the tree of ati climates ; and I haveob- ferved no lefs than fix or feven different forts ih this country : the leaves of one fort are broad with aimolt imperceptible indbntings, in others the Incidons are ftill deeper, and in fonie they are fo deep, that the principal fibres dnly reiiiain extended ; a day or two ago I met with fome oaks, bearing leaves that are long and narrow and verj much refembling thofe of the peach tree. But the nionarch of thefe forefts is the tulip tiryellow tree : its af* piring top rifes above the loftieft oaks, and its thick extended bran- ches proje£t their (hadow to a ^v^ry great diftance { its leaf compa^l, fmooth and (lender, is fomewhat in Ihape like a man's hand, witlt this difference, that the longeft (ide appears to be cut tranfverfely; l;ach leat is originally: folded in a particular wrapper, formed fimply of two other leaves, of an (^val (Kape touching in every {>uint of their circumference ; iliis principal lei^f afterwards Separates the two othert in order to expand and give roota for growth, in the fame manned as a young bean (hoots out from between the leaves that confined it on each fide. The tulip, that brilliant flower, Upon which our Flo- rifts la¥i(b fucb a profufion of toil and expence, grows to the number of thoufands uppn this (lately tree, refre(hes tlie eye of the Ameri-^ can native, and perfumes the air which he breathes beneath its Qiade. Qut of this the Indians make their canoes or troughs, formed wholly of one piece ; and in this particufar the Englifti Americans have tot- lowed their example^ making feme of thenf large enough to carr/ more than thirty mien. Being of a nature fitted to Houri(h in everjr climate, it would, I think, fucceed perfe6Wy well in France j mof» pleafant to the fight than the great chefnut tree, aftd more clean, it^ ' would form wwods and avenues full as thick and lofty, and its timhtr would be infinitely preferable for every kind of joiner's Work. Th4, fafTafras, an aromatic (hrub, is found in open places, exp(!ifed tO thk fun } alfo, on the ndes of the highways and along the dcirts of fields % its leaf refcinbles that of the fig-tree, but not fo large nor fo^thick^ and is of a paler green \ it produces a fmal! fruit growing In a podj snilky when IHs green, and of a puiple coloar when ripe j its odori* . ferous quality is refident chiefly in the bark, and partioulaily iil that of the root; its property is fudorific. Some fay, thefir(tKwopean» ihat came to America, being afflifted with that dreadful sd^^^^'Uv* progrefs of which hat been fo fatal in Europe, made ufe of i%}i Wsij^r . l»ith fuccefs. "^ r . We alfo found upon the banks of Connefliout river a fort of rdfe* Ifturel, covered with flowers, and affording a delightful profpeft lo> the eye; The gum-tree, which we'found in low interval land, is id, ^e^}?} of groTcUurdi tb« ^ell of wfaicli ii fomcivhat like that of ■^ A? ■Jv-l" ■iM 25 NEW TRAVELS ■■■$\t. *'.!;i.f' • 1 our common laurel, but more agreeable j its fruit, much like grami bf pepper, ii covered with an oily fubftanre, of which they raakewa>t •andles j the wax is drawn from the berry, and collefted hy boiling' them in water; and thefe candles when burning emit a mod delight- ful (aiell. But the procefs i« too troublcfomc, and the produft to* Ihiall for it ever to become an objpft of commerce. The maple ticc grows here to a verj great fize and is one of the moft valuable produdlions of all North- America : when the fap run* they make incifions io the body of the tree, from whence a rich liquor :ftow8 out, which when boiled down, becomes a perfcft fugar, and as ufcd as fuch. Tins tree perfeitly rcfembles our maple in France, and yet why is it that it has this diftindl property ? Can it be becaufe 5t vegetates in a new Foil, where the juices are in greater abundTnce for its noui iOiment, or rather are we yet ignorant of the real proper- tics of our maple f * Clufnut and vjinuf trees are H5:ewife very common here. The left are v I'-ious in their kinds, and the differ ence is known by rhe leaf and the fi ult ; there is ond Joit, the wood v.f which is full of veinsi and !n'kcs cscftllent furniture, and the outfide cf its fruit has conii- c[erai>ly tlie fiiifll of citron. They all piodiice nuts, the kernel of Vk'liicii is nut tafy to come at, and they are btfides very hard to break ; thfi meat is not got out of the (hell but with great tr;ouble, and by fmall qu.i.ntitits, and after aJi tlie tafle is Itrong and difhgreeable. We air.> fouiicl here a kind of buiich cherry, fmall and foinewhat bitter. The crape vine, the culture of which they are wholly igno- rant of, even in Virginia, is feen every where climbing, and fupport- ing itfiif upon the trees. (|y \|^lt belon^os to man to nu7?*.ply, to fertilijie and bring to perfedlion ... Sle ufeful prodiit5tions of the*various countries of the world, — by va- i^VrtfJiig the foils, dire^fing thecourfe of the lap by pruning, and blend- {■^V ing the fcy''.rr.l kinds of fruit, by means of ingiafting. We are in- ', >!SlSfbted to he experience of many ages for thefe happy inventions, ai <' well as for ti;^ ornaments and opulence of oQr gardens and orchards. Man, * The atithor fecms not io kan^e bicrvn, thatthsre are tnioo forts o/"maple i« America, "vciy iirarly alike in external a f p. arance, but »f different pro- firtief. That here taken notice of is caliai the Sugar maple, a7id gronjus in ' grrnt ruaiititiei in th>; northern and ivejlcr/t parts of NenV'Tork and Pinn- jylvania. Translator. ^ I hn'vp ohftrnjed tnxo general forts of I'ine^ in America : thcjruit of cvnofivhich 'lOai of a ilofe coniexture, plump, and at large as the fmalUr species o) plumbs , but the tafle nuat intolerably infpid, and I do not belie-vi that tkc culture of this fort nvould turn out to any ad'vantageu The raijin, . tr fief }y part of the othrr, tvas fmall, the jkin hatdaftd the kerneUarget pvfferi'ttig a grccnijb tafle tsuen ivhen ripe : / am con'vinced if thts kind *tt:as culti-uatcd nvitb due care it ivauldjuon come lo pirjeclion. The fines ive fee in France, in the 'i/inejard proi'tnces, grotuing at random in hedges ru'ithoui :uttinc^hr cuitu,' e,are of a kind 'uery litdefuperior. TheEnglifh ba-vt iryf.i plantati'.ns of 'vincs in P'trgtniaii bu,t ne-ver could fucceed. Infieadof h-'vii^ing ihevt from foreign countries^ and cultivating them in the manner of thofe countries, th,-y/houU have taken fuch «r nvere natural to the foil^ and gvv(:n them a culture fuitahle to the cltmate, and then fuccefs ittight be ex- peded. The Ro^uan <.atholic minifterat Baltimire, in Maryland, toU ttl£ he had a vim^'ard of tins fort ffrooifwkifb bfbadgrttit f^4^5ls groves, and upon the faded ruin? of the vegetable world. Saddenning at tbi^ mournful filence, and the viev; ot thofe lonely objeih whicb difcover no traces of tho dominion of my own fpecies over the wild genius of nature, I haften- td to revifit places and abodes, better calculated t« enliveji and gra- tify the foul of fenfibility. The knowledge of the birds of this country will conftitute one o£ the moft interelting parts of its natural hiftory, I have feen in Con- nefticut a kind offtarling, the middle part of vhofe wings is of a deep red ; and have obfervcd another bird of jhe colour of thofe brought from the Canary Ifuuids, but foniewhat larger. What thejr call the Virginian nightingale is more commonly met with as you advance to the South, but ha? no refemblance to ours; it is larger and its head and belly are of a red like that of the Bowvreuil.* If Nature has been more bouniifuj to it in refpeft of plumage, (he haa neverthelefs been far from granting it fo melodious a voice as ours. The mocking bird, almoft the fize of a thruth, fpQtted with white and grey, has the faculty of mimicking all other birds that it hears. The humming bid which they fay, I'ves only on the jujce of flow- ers, is common enough, but, by the rapidity of its motions, there, are few perfons that have ever had a dirtinft view of it. The fquirrtlsare of a pale alh grey, larger than ours, very com- mon in the wo )ds, and eafy to be tamed ; thofe called flying fquir- rels are of a darker grey, and fmaller in fize than the other j their Ikin is large and loofe c^uite tg the extremities of the paws, whicli they extend, when rhey'leapfrom one branch of a tree to another, and thus are enabled to make ufe o? :i greater c^uantity of air, to fup-" port themfelves upon, as a bird does in flying. The whole country, frbm Bofton to Providence, is level ; and I have in this extent met with hrooV;s, which we couk' cill rivers j— . their beds, in thofe places where I p.nfTed, looked as if they had beca "hollowed out of a foil of foft and fpungy If one, of a grey and red complexion. I met, too, with fume blocks of petrified clay, iikI*>- fir.!?- pebbles or round flints, which, when tlruck upon, wcitcaluy laofencd, and lefi the mark of their form therein. The whole State of Connefficut is ovtrcd w'ith little hills, biittntt country is "ot fufficiently cleared of the wood, nor sre they of iucli a fize that we can calily determine their general dircfllijus : for rhe '■■•.'' HlOlt^v Wl , -■ .1' •it::. 'Vf: ■ t« ^EW Tli^Ay^LI Uiqll part, we can only rank them in that claTs of hills which lutu- piiftsdenominnte reQ()ndary. They are often cut through, in order to render the defcent leis Itecp, aj^d appear to me to be nothing bat a mafs of Hones ot dJiTerent kiiuls and various rizes,with their corners broken and blunted. Many of them are more than a cubic foot \n thicknefs, and fnnys three or four j. the crevice* between them being iilled with a vegetable earth, that has little or no adbercncy to the. itone. The Airface of the foil i< covered with the fi»me kmd of pe- trifaftions, tiie woods and field b**.' bod nd with them throughout, an4 to get rid ot tfiem the inhabitants oft?'e country either throw them in heap.i, or pile them up carelefsly in form of a wall, on the line* that bound their poffeilions. Thefe ftones, from forrtc trials I have nvade upon them with aguafortis, I find to confift of a*gravelly, gritr' ty i'ubltance, but- not fubjed to diilblution by fire : Here is alfo the ipat Ito/ie, (or.illnglafs) quire pure, and great plenty of talc i and otbers of tlV^fe rocks abouud with ferruginous particles, upon which Ihfi load (tone aits with confidereble eftedV. . » T!ie State of New- York, ftilJ more mountainous, and the territo- ry of Piiili;>fburg, wliere we are now encamped, pre fents the fame r objefls to our vie^v. . So many millions of theie (tones, lying in he«ipa^ am) (cJtiered through the fpace of more than two hundred milei, are the n\olt certain and authentic monupients of the long continuance of the waters on thefe countries.. Torrents dnd rivers could never have thus royn^ed, intermixed and thrown them in heaps { the fef> sloae mult have ieperated them by flow degrees, Scattered them into. different parts, te-uuited, and impre(fed on themthe(i5 general forms by ii continual at-trition : But however attentively I. have confidered things, I. have not yet been able to find any v^ftiges of animal petri--" facti^ms, or of trees .indfliells. The North-river has, in and aboul; vs bed, very Few ilonea of the granite kind, but plcntv of marblcj^; free itone and (late. . ' • ^,> As we approach tov^ards New York, between the Lines of both Arinies, we lee more and more of the forrowtul vertiges of war and- de(o)atii)n,— — the boulcs plundered, ruined, abandoned or burnt,i Tiieie Americans fo foft, pacific and benevolent by nature, are here transfoi iiied into moniters implacable, bloody and ravenous j partv rage has kiuflled a fpirit ot hacred betnn' to }nake fame olffrxations Jtpon New iWk. Th:!y '-.verst ho-ive and eiev: Ferhaj^ THRdubfT AMERICA; 5* F«rhaps the exterior of no man wat ever better calculated to gratify, tbefe expedations than that ot General WaUiington i He is o i a tall and noble Itature, well proportioned, afine, chearful,open counte- nance, a (iinple and modell carriage j and his wliple mien has fome« thing in it, that inteiefts the French, the Americans, and even ene- mies themfeives, in his favour. Placed in a military view, at tlie held of a nation, where each individual has a (hare in the fuprema legiAative aiuhoriiy, and whcie the coercive laws are yet in a great degree deltitute of vigour, where the climate and manners can ad4 but little to their energy, where the fpirit of party, private interelti, ilownefs, and national indolence fl.ikcn, I'ufpend and overthrow the beft concerted meafures j although io fituated, he has found out z method of keepi'ig his troops in the moil abfohite fubordination : ma-; king them rivals in praifing him j, fearing hi™ even when he isfilent^ and retaining their full confidence in him, after defeats and di/grac«. His reputation has at length arifen to a moit brilliani pitch ; 3n4 he may now grafp at ihe molt unbounded power, jwitli out provoking envy, «r exciting fufpicions. lie has ever ftjo'wn himfelf fuperior fo fortune, and in themolV trying advcrfity has difcovered reiources till - then unknown ; and as it hisabiliJcs only increafcd and dilated at the profpeit of diffi-culty, he is never better fupplied than when he feems dettitute of every thing : nor hate his arms ever been fo fatal to his enemies, as at the very inltant when they thought they haA Crushed him forever. — •■■ It is his to excite a ipirit ot heroifm antl enthufiafm in a people, who are by nature veiy little fufcepiible of it j to gain oyer the relpeit and homage of thiole whofe intereft it is to retufe hj and to execute his plans and projects by means unknowt) even to thofs who are the initruments j he is intrepid in dangers, yet never feeks them but when the good of his country demands it, preferring rather to temporize and aft upon the dcfenCve, becaiif* he knows fucha mode of conduct beft fuits the genius and circum- ftances of his nation,and that all he and they have toexpeft, depends tjpon time, fortitude, and patience : he is frugal and fober in regard to himfelf, but profufe in the public caufe ;-, -like Peter the Great, he has by defeats condufled his army to vidlory ; and like Fabius, but with fewer refources and more difficulty^he has conquered with- out fighting, and fa\ed hi» flountrv. Such ^re the ideas that arife in tl. • mind, at the fight of this great man, in examining the events in which he has had a ftiare, or in lik- ening to thofe whofe duty obliges them to be near his perfon, and confequ^ntly can beft difplay his truecharafter.— — In all rhefe ex- tenfive dates, they confider him in the light of a beneficent God, dii- penfing peace and happinefs around him.' Old men, women and children, prefs about him when he accidentally pafles along, and think them (elves happy, once in their lives, to have Icen him — they follow him through the towns with torches, and celebrate bis arriv- al by public illuminations.- The Americans, that coolund ftdtit):',, people, who in the midft of their moft trying diflicukics, have'at:-.. tended only to* the directions and impulfes of plain method and com- tnon reafbn, are roufed, animated and inflamed at the very mention of hip name ; and the firft longs that fentiment or gratitude has dis 'oui d M .v^ .«. ''ii :?(.»;■ ■>">1 ■ If •■■,'' ■■/'J n ''Mm: :^M- ■mm m km. m i* NEW T R. A V E L i . * ,■ :■ If. meant to conceal the real humbel*, even from thofe who cOnfp^rv/i \i, i9metimes with a few troops he forms a fpacious cattipi and increa<' tes the number of tents ) at other times with a great number, he contrails it to a narrow comparx ; then again b^ detaching them in- fi^fibiy, the whole camp is nothing more than the mere (keletonand ihadow of an army, while the main bod/^is tranfported to a diftant part of the countr)r. / » Neither do thefe trOops in general wearregular unifortfis i but the •fficersand ir^orps of artillery are obliged, without exception, to Aich diftin6(ion. Several regimen'.s have fmail white frock8,with fringes, which look well enoti|;h } alfc linen over iAlls^ large and full, whici^ are. very conveniei)t m hot weather, and do not at all hinder titi free u(e ot the limbs i.i matching : with food lefs fubllantial, and M f onftitution of body lefs vigorous than our people, they are better able to fuppett fatigue, and perhaps for that very reafon. This advan-r .^iage in dref', 1 believej has not b6en..fufBciently confidered lit l^rance. We are apt to confult the gratification of the ^ye toaiar« and forget that troops, were defigoed to aA, and nof merely to (how themfelves and their finery.< The nK>ft proper appar*-.! w«uld bd that, which being as little burdenlbme as poflible, woQld cover the fotdier beft, and incommode him the leaft. The regiment oi SoifTon* iiais has in all this tedious.march, had the feweft ftragglers and fick . ofany other)— one <^the priricipal caufes was, without doubt, the I trecaotjion of the Colonel, who, on purpofe for the campaign, hadl inen breeches made for his whole regiment. ..The American military habit, aUhough eafy.to be foiled, is never- thelef^ very decent and neat ; this neatnefs is particularly obfer^able amonj^ the officers : to fee ihem, you would fuppofe they were equip* ped with every neceiTary in the compleateft manner, ancf yet upon entering their tents, where perhaps three or four refide together, t have often been aftonilhed to find, that their whole travelling equip* age and furniture would not weigh forty pounds ; few or none have iDatraflTes ; a ilnglerugor blanket, ftreched out upon'the rough baric tf a tree, ferves them for a bed ; the foldiers take the fame precau* tion never to fleep on the ground, whilft ours prefer it to any otbefr way. Their manner of living i« very fimpfe, and gives them but little trouble } they content themfelves with , boiling their meat, 9ncl parching their cqrn, or baking unleavened dough, made of Indian sheal, upon the hot embers, lii fome regiments they have negre companies, but always com* tfianded by the whites. Their difcipHne is exceeding fevered apd the power ut a poor defence, and the iflands, Itiil more ciifficult to be jtlievca by timely afliftance, wo.uld lie entirely at the m^rty of .at» cr.emy. , On the other hand, Ne\y-Yoik is well fortified and defended, botU by land and water, and the fortificatiqns very extenfivt j it is bertdes^^ garrifoned by the belt troops of Gieat Britain, amounting to fifteen thouiand men, including the troops railed in the country ; fo that to lay fiege to New York there would be wariiting, bsfules a fupesior maritime force, at lealf thirty thnufand men 5 whereas, uur combined army does not amount to much moit than ten thoufand ; it 'S tiue the militia of the country may be colleitril, but thc/e are notiiug more than undilciplined troops^., ifie duration of wliofe feivice js ai« Vays limited ; and what could fuch do apainil: regular force:, well in- trenched, and inured to all the dangcts and harolhips of war, for. fijc er feven campaigns? Even the French army, however breve aod well ^ifcipiined it may be, is com.poled of troops, vei y few oi .v>hcun have e light of a feeble Ally, would lofe courage, turn their views toward peace» and perhaps purchafe it at any price whatever. The bouth i», moft probably, the real objeft of this camnaign s Thofe States hnve for a lon^ time felt all the miftries of war, and have been wafted alternately by friends and enemies. Virginia has l)een the fcfne of the cruelties and devaftations of Arnold j and Cornwal- 3iK, difquieted at the news of our marching, has quitted Charleitown and traverled, with a large body of troops, the Carolinas and Virgi- nia } at the fame time plunde)«.igth(. fettlements, kidnapping the ne- groes, and fpieading death and defolation wherever he happened to march. So many repeated diftrefTes and lufles have difcouraged the inhabitants, and inclined them to do any thing at all to better their iltuation. The arrival of our army among them, can alone free them from opprelRon, and revive their courage. Acer'ain tivarrw\Marqu'ts de la Fayette] at the head of twrJve or fif- teen hundred m^n,has neverthelefs mund means to keep his ground all this time in Virginia j the impetuous Arnold, and the adive Corn- wailis, not daring to attempt any thing againfl him. You will doubt* lefs fuppotc, that this nvarrior is one of hoft men, whom long expe« rience and brilliant fucceffes, have tendered formidable to the enemy. This leader, T .iflure you, 'n a man of only tweaty four years of age» vho has left the arms of an afFe£liunate and amiable wife, arefidence among pleafuies and high life, where his name, and an alliance with an illuftrions family, opened a v»ay to the grrateft dignities, to come to this countryj and, under th< American Fa < us, defend the facred Caufe of liberty, and learn lo (erve his king and country^ The word JMarquif, which has been fo long Ufed among us, to chara£ferize fop. piih ficklenefs and levity, univerfally excites admiration and gratitude» at the very mention of it, throughout the American world. A fouthern expedition would be lefs hazardous in its nature, and lefs decifive in its efFefts, than here, but more prefiing upon the enemy,- and promifing a more certain prolptdt of fuccefs. We have intelli- gence, that Lord Cornwallis is fortifying at York, a fmall town in Virginia, fituated upon a river of the fame name. This news begins to elevate the fpirits of the French, who, if they could once bear of the arrival of M. de GrafTc, would conclude, that this campaign would not yet go over without feme confiderable events. Several of our officers employed their leifure time hR winter, in making a tour to the fouthward. One of them, M. de Saint Viftor, Captain in the regiment of SoifTonnais, and well known to be very (killFul in every particular that regards his prottfTion as a foldier, and who did not make this tour without reaping confiderable advantage f-rcm ir, has viewed Tork, and judges it incapable of being fortified to any great purpofe, being dcftitute of an opening for a retreat ; io that Jiaving a fquadron that could command Chefapeak-Bay, in his opi« Hion, we could foon bring the enemy to what terms v»e pleafe. i 7t is ditficnlt, however, to perCuade one's felf, that Corni|allis, who l^nows the country fo well, and has acquired fo much reJAtff^on in this war, and who is by no means ignorant of the motions of Our ar« niies,*would pitch upon fuch a fituation, without h r- hf.XT rmeed Uimn 8« NEW TRAVELS LKTTER V. The main hoJy of ihe arm) returns to fforth C^flh.»'-m Tie auihtrloft In the wooJ'^ and in %i^tut danger from the Btfugees.'^-^ TL'i com'. in'fl forcer march into the Jerftys.—^-StaitM Ijland tbrtaiim^ nvitb a'iiel'cent. Sw prizing inaiittity nf the Englijb, at Ne the army left Philip, oMilf nnjiulv. and having made a retrograde move^ THcnr, leiu net-l to North CiiJiU, twenty two miles dittant. A heavy rain reudeicd this miich very diftifireeable, for inltead of reachtr^c ^liat place at ten or eleven in the morning, as 'vc cxpcd^ed, (»e dicl llot rji live till eight o'clock the iitxt day } both cfiicfers ami fdldier* having iVent the nigitt in the road^ in the rrtoft difmal weatl)er, and Watei linif Jej liccp Neither was I exemj)t from the general misfor- tune i tor 1 had imi)i udcntly advanceti, uriaccampanicd, r>iTie miles before the. army, and g.>t into a rorad infeiled witl'"Kelugee8 (Who ne- ver grant quarter to Krtncbmeii) where a doihcltic of mine efcaped trom then, very nairowlv, a-nJ had he not been armed, would doubt-' leis have lull his lifr. They have lately hanged a'Sccretary belong- ing to or.e iit our CommilVaries, and aitalRnatcd an officer of the ler glon or tauzim ,• f"o that I wiH conf^fs to you, when I found myfelf alone and dcfencslcfs in thele woods," I was in dread of adding to ttjc nijn\l)er of thole who have fallen viflims to the refentment of tbete enemies of lepuhlic.Hnilm ; yet 1 had tht good fortune to arrive fvile at the tamj>, having palled the night without tent or Ihelter of ^ny ioir, ill etched out by a Targe fire, loalling On one fide, ^nd half dru'^ned on the otlier, — and even found meatis to fleep lijveral hours. How many of you rich fliiggards, under your gilt Cielings, and upon you<- beds of down, have not been able to do as much ! Tbe inlubitants of the country were greatly furprifed to fe* us ret in ning the fame road I'o loon, an'l the toriej, with a malicious fneer, demanded ifivv ivere ^oing to reji jrotn our labours j but it Was not' long before they difcoveied the feint. We were now advanced confiderably up the North river, and in thrae days were as high as King's ferrv, but the Americans, having travelled jtlong the river fjde, had arrived tilere before Us. • Some have alledged, that if the Engliih' had fent (ome armed vef- fels lip the Hiidfon, they might have retarded us confiderably, and done ii« infinite mifchlef. l be retrogratfe march that we made by' order of General WafiiHngton', was doubilefs meant to divert cheni> from "his BtttH)pl 5 but neverthelefs, after the trial they had ».)f the'' at»ilitier of oui artillery men, they niuft have known they would^-tiii' a grf at ri que of having their vcllels Ueltroycd, eliiceially it thcy'ha^" met with dims or contrary winds. • > .* - ^^ ->.% ,-• fr.^-t ,1, "k THROVSK AMERICA; I? The allied army hai croflfed t great part of the State of New Jer« (ty, drawing a Urgd qu^intitv of battcavm withthcni upon caniagfa, and always menaci^ Staten iHnnd. It proceedi in two columni, (h^ Ikmeric in« t«jrn#|| that next to the frv, altliongh their number ;sn ci'ltiv-.ttd tor acintury paft, and is in height from feven to et^rht feet ; the Ilatks are plump and vigorous, and the ears long and heavy. " Generfl Wafhington has rendered this place famous to the lateft times, by a vidory, in which he fo happjlj; dif^lofed the amazing re.- Iburces of his genius. ' The Engiilh troops in T776, being ananged in cantonments, for- , jued a line from Brunfvvick, on the river Raritan, to the DtlawaeCj^ f'-Mrttert or fitreen hundied men vere at Trenton, as many at BoJ^' 4?ntovvn, and a third corps of equal Itrength at Burlington^ v^'^'l^lu • This ii the famQUi Orrery by RiUtnboufe^ -% ♦ M R e c o H A M E U 1 C A. ssf h only twenty miles from PhUadelphia. General Wafbington's army^ which had Icarcely dared to ihow itfelf the whole cann)«ign, ani was everyday growing ^weaker and weaker, left the Englilh in enjoy- menr of the greateft fccurity, and only two nights freeeing weatl>e*- vvauld have enabled them to crofs the Deleware on the ice, and t:\ht poffeflion of Philadelphia. In this critical fituation of affnii s xhcCoh'^r^fyi retired to Baltimore in Maryland, and America, with dread and cou. Vernation, beheld the fatal moment approaching, whea lier chains were to be riveited on her forever. General Washington, not finding himfelf in a fituation to maiw iiead againft the united force of the enemy, formed a i\ei]gn.r){' at-" tacking them feparately : In hade he colltfled the militia of Peon* fylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, and divided the yr|)ole into three bodies; two could not pafs the Delaware for the ice, hut that party iinderthe diredlion of the General himfelf was more fortunatV ^ for he croflcd the river, and after a fmnrt confiift, tct>k above run*; hundred Heflians prifoners. A fliort time afterwards, having kindleci fires through his earn p,aAd left one man to take care of each, he inarched round abouf, and came upon the rear of the enemy, iur- prifed them once more, nearPrinceton, and obliged another confidcc- ablc body- to furrender their arms. The Engllfh were then, in thck" ivrn, forced to retire, and put themftlves on the defen|^'it)eyaUer dc la Luz;;rae, mimitcr from i]x^ cour: oi Fan^, ■*- Had' ' . "M-^-^ \ *» ,N E W TRAVELS )'*! % HM ind afterwards encampetl in a large plain corttgtioui to •JiciiveT Schuylkill. The next day after oar arrival, the regiment of SoifTcrt. ikais went through the exercife of the fire arms : at leaft tvyenty ikPU- land perfons, and a vaii number of carriages, remarkable for their lightr.efs and fclegance, flddecJ to theluftre of tljis exhibition, whick was ftill heighr-ned by the plcafantneCs cf the fituation, and tbere- tnarkable fei cnity of the day. The rapidity of the military evolutir ©ns, the foldierly appearance cf the troops in general, and the er- idtnefs of (heir motions, furprilcd and enraptured the beholden, but their attention was Itill more excited, when they beheld in one of bur chiefs, the rtlation and friend of that young Utro to whom they are lo much indebted, and for whoni they profeis an admiration a- rifmg almolt to enthufiarm : a lofs, • (which one muft be a father, and of great fenfibility loo, to have a ju(f idea of) had for fome dayi rendere'' him a prey to grief and melancholy ; not even the pharma of Ph'ladelphia could diaw him from his tent j and like anothe^ i^chilles, nothing but the clafii of arms could make him forget hit forrow. We were a good deal amufed with a mifiake of Icme of the com- mon people, who took for aGeneialorie of thofc alert fellows, whom •ur commanding officers commonly have in their retinue, to run up and down to carry their written orders. H;8 fhort tight bodied coat| his rich wailtcoat with a filver fringe, his rofe coloured fhoes, his Cap adorned with a coat of arms, and his cane with an enormous head, i—all appeared to them fo many tokens of extraordinary dignity. Altho' he approached his mafter, the Colonel commandant, merely to receive and publi(h his orders, they imagined that he gave them of his own accord, and diredcd the movements of the troops, indepen- dent of any fuperior. , - The Piefjdent of Congrefs,-f in a fuit of black velvet, honourea this review with his prelenee. , Theiie honeft Pennlylvania'ns differ very confiderably irom us in the ceremonies of drefs, as we differ from them ag:nn in our modes of iegiflation. The manoJiivres of our troops raifed the moft flattering eiepcftati- ons in the minds of the fpeftators ; and they did not hefitate to de- clare, that fuch (ofdier's >*ere invincible. This day was dettined for favourable omens. M. le Chevalier de la Luzerne, who, upon this occallon, received his countrymen with the.dignity and genercfity of the reprefentative of a great Monarch, and ihe fr?.nkne(s and coiiiialiry of an individual, after the reviews, inviied all the officers »o dine with him. Hardly were we feateit %t the table, when an ^xprels arrived : a difquieting filence immediatc- fy fi-ized every gueft -our eyes were fixed upon the Chevaliver dc la Luieine, every one ehdeavouiing to guefs what the meffage would turn out to be " Thirty fix ftiips of the line, faid he, com- *' manded by Monfieur le Comte dt Graffe, are arrived in Chefapeaic '* Bay, and thice thouluid men have landed and opened u commu- " nication wirh the Maiquis ile laFayette." Joy andgood hipl itiour, immedi;itely tcfiitned their place on every count^'narce---Otti.k impatient leaders began to count the days, and reckon iiow long if^T afterwardi .- • He had feme days before received the neavs of hi: daughter" t death* t TkiHamurabU Ihomat'WKtan, Efiuire, 'wdstbtn PrtfiMt^ •T H \ u Q K K M E K I C A; I At yi6xi\d be before the3r^ would liave it in their power to fare the enemy j fend tht'ir heated imaginations made the time much flictler ihnn ih afterwards proved to be. Healths were hext dran!<: ; and that of tho Miniiter of the iriririiie of France was not forgotten^ whofe r^dtivit/ and great abilities, have pavtd the way to the mod brilliaiuTurctfreV 6f our fleet : The f)iefdnceof his (on, M. Ic Comte de CharUi.fecond <;olonel of the regiment of Saintonge, added lUll-more to our plea- fure and f?tisfadion. \ ' " ■ . . ' Anion'g others, Charles Thdrnfon, the Secretary of Oongrefs, the fbid of that political body, came alfo to receive arid prefeiU his com- j^limtnts. His meagre figure j furrowed countenance ; his hollowr', fparkling eyes } his white, ftraight hair, that did not hang quite as low as his eais, fijCed our thoiough attention, and filled us with fur- prize and admiration.' ' The important news of the' arrival of Count dtji^^fflCffi'^WasroonL fpfead throughout the city, and echoes of joy wete^WafjNi'ft'bift every" quarter : Some merry fellow* mounted upon rrs, Dutcii Oil** Vinilts, Ahabaptift«, &c.' but the mod riutneiuus f«6l is that of ih"; X^akers, and of tliits. perftjafion was the fonnf'ier u'f the colcny. ■ 5i:A' *'"' feet pretends to uiore toleration, 111 idtnefs cf moi.'^ls, arid " tltjuality of conditiotrtltan any other, and was etVabliHied ip Fcivrirvl-;' Vania jnlt after they attracted the notice of the Luiopcan wrirtd, by* th^'peculiarify of their religion, and a tin)e whtn the cont^ni!!c:11<-;Di mad contempt into which uihcr perfuafions had fallen, feivtd lu (ui.>- F ,no;t'''' ■««'( ?!■ ^V'-m- NEW t R A t fe L S 4i pert It in nil its energy and auflerity ; fo their Icgiflatiort tended ftlli more fa make thd't colonics iree, equal and (iniple in their maqncrs. The milf Williani Pcnn is yet far from being accompliihed» but vi perfected more and mbrc.as the tort'n enlarges : it is eafy to ^u ipe what an .nmaxing growth it has had, when we find an old man . yet alive in Philadelphia, who r-eraembers when the very firft ftoiMr ' of it v.3<', laid This town, fituated on a river where vefiels of waTr^ 1 vay bhiuy come up, and upon a fertile foil v»hich requires little la- :nr to cuhiv^te it, and built after a well confidered plan, cannot .: i nf becoming in time ouc of tlic largcft and moft beautiful citkt . 'Vwoild. I am, &c. m .»'■''.., If. THiiouc?H A M E R I C A: 43 Ju E T T E R VIII. Tbe army arrrjes at tkeHead of ElK—Emhark* ation of J'fveral ragiments at that flacc.'-'T^he main body proceed on.—* Baltimore dcjcr'thed. — OJihe Acadlam^ tr French neutrals, fettled there, , »i Their wiai/lers, religious difcilUne, (^c.-^The Uiiftitled f.ate ofthi (f}urchei in Maryland and Virginia. Baltiujorf, Septemberi/^, lyZi* WHEN the army reached the Head of Elk, a place on the north oi Chelapeak bay, wc had the mortification to fin4 there wai not afufhciency of tranfports to receive u» all on board. It was with difficulty that we ccfuld even procure fhallops and boats, for the mod part open, to take in the <^renadier», chiifieurs.and (oinc American rf giments : in cafe ot bad weather thefe troops will luti'cr much and run a confiderable rift: of being drowned j General^Vofh- ington and Count Rochambeau, have advanced on by land, to con- cert their plans of operation with M. de Gr;-< I'g ihfEnglijh encroaching upon ihem^thfy dctermiued ralber to re/nuve toN^-w- Francei^Canada)than run tte rifque of ha'in*tlit7 lavV a French clergy inan, ivfeemed ^o revive the idea eftliSir former padors. They even urged me to officiate jn thcip, church, and while ; was perlormin;; that Iacred duty in con»pliancc with their reqviell, I could not but. congratulate them upon their, piety, and Uy before tlieni a patt'-rn of the virtues of their lathers » Trecallfcdto tiicir minims the long-vanifhcd ideas Qfthofemuch re- ipected perfons, and they imn:;ed:ait:iy dif.blved into tears : the mUf fie too, which I had inirodi;ced upoi. this cccaf.on, contributed its fliare to melt and. move they hcaitq. , - . .Maryland hns a gre.1t proporth^ir of catholics among its inhabi- tants. At Fiedri^l1)irjj:h and other places in Viiginia there are fe-^ Tcral churches, as well as at Charleftown,, the capital of South-C.ar6'>i lina. All the Norfh-AmcricSn churches were i'.ndej- the jurifdidtioi^ of the hilltop of London, who fince the revolution, however, has re-jt linq.iifhtd all conreilion with tbeni, piotcftants as well as papilltS, and they are now left to theinfefves, without head and wjthout uni- ty The religion and number of thefe people ought aevcrtheleft to cjaim \hc attuition cf the patrons of the church. ,. , I am, &c. , ', "^ tETTEI\ ;:<* T H R o u e H AMERICA; 45 I, E T T E R iX. The comhineii nrmie: embark at An7iaf>:!is for ^ York In yirfjuta.. ■ Difference of the maimers and cufoms, in the Nof^ tbtrn and Southern States, ' • ( . , 7 Annapolis t Ttptcmber 21, 1 781, TH E army was to prolecute the reit of the march to Virjini* by laiul, and with that view took the road leading to ALxu.t- oiis, buj the horluiv ^wd carriagtk comiruitd iheir journey by lard. > , A?,we ati\'ar..^e towards the Uurth wc ul)Icrve a Iciiiible difi'erencc in tlic manners iind cufloms cf the people. VVc no longer find,- as i.n Conncijicut, hoiuVs fituated along the road at iinsll dilt^V(Ccs,jv»ft large enough to contain a unjile family, and tl;e houfliold furniture nothing more than is tiarely riCJcHaiy j here aire ip.tcious habitati- pns, coil'fting of different buildi)igs,at foine diflance from each other, lurrounued with pJiiiitations •h-'^t exttnd beyo.nd the reach cf the «!ye, cultivated not by the bands ot freemen,. but by 'thole unhappy blacks, whom European avarice Jind injulticehas taken from their native reeions of Atrica to cuUivate poiTefTions not tlieir own, in a foreign (oil. Their furniture here,' n ccnflrufted out of the moft. (fiollly Icindsof wood, and ihc>nipit- valuable marble, enriched by the (elegant, dcrices of the artifts h^nd. 'J htir^idin^ machines are light and handfome, and draw/i by the ilecteil courfers, 'managed by flnves richly drefl'ed; this.opulence was particularly o\)lcrvable at 4»nafiolij. Ihat very inconfidei-able town, Jlanding at the mouth of Jhe liver St'vern, where it tails into the bay, out of the few building** It contains, has at ItdH three fourths, fuch as may be ftiled elegaht a^nd grand. Female luxury here exceeds what is known in the pro*- vinces of France : a Ficnch hair drciTtr is- a man of impor- t'Suce among them, and it is fsid, a certain dame here hires one of that craft at a thoufand ciowns a year falary. Ihe ilate-houfe i# a very beautiful building, I think the moll fo of any I have feen in J^mcrica. The periftyie is fet off with pillars, antl the qdiiiffc is top- jt.ed with a dome. ' , . .' We are embarking with the greateft expedition 5 the weather i$ the fined you can conceive, and the wind fair : I think the impati- Cipcepf the French wiU foonbc at aq end. :y'-U!^ ''■'■i**'^ ftiTTER *■ > ^ r 46 NEW TRAVELS tm. I? I"* pi; P L K T T E K X. Arrvifal of tbs troops ai JavisToivn. Williawf burg, — i_L'T SlatS'ILuj':. Confy,e, Lihrarj and Proffjors, Cli^ muie of f''irgi/tta^-'—Tolja>.co—-^CoMmerte—~—'Fof>ulaticm'-—^Condi - ti'/! of tl.'e S/wvej--— -Riven ofihi Country Irtet and Plants— ■■ A carious fpecits of the Caiterpilla. Dangerous fjfe^sfrom iht/Jitng 'ill a iipider'--'-Vct)\faSii'Jni cofnmon ia Virgimai WilUamJhiirgy Zeptemhtr 30, 1781, ^~g^ H E ?rmf has had a very agreeable paflTage hither, except ihe A P,rcij,nlier5, chafTcurs, and the fiilt American regiments,* who yur.c t'ourtet'ii (ia).s oii tl)e duatcr. Judge how inconvenient this rmlt h^vf: btjen to troops crowded into a narrow- (pace, and without ^•ny «{:;• arty hibitatioiis \ but the few we faw were very agreeably fituated. This country wil( lie, in time, twitli.'t;iadj;ts: the forces ofCyrnwallis were three or four times Wi-i numbsr. I ilnnikl have mentioned, that M. de la Fayette, in i^'idity of M;'.J >r. General of an American army, ar the age of twcn- l>y f jur years, found himlVif at this time fuperior in command to a Freirli genera! '^frloei, nnd co;ninued fo till the other detachments ■fif the Si my were colie6fed into one body, under General Wa'lhing- V/ilii.imOiir'^, though ronfjderable, as the capital of Virginia, is in. oili.' r itrpe6fsi a p'ace of little importance : it is iltuated upon a }/uio, ievcl piece i.'fliiid) and the r^iain Itieet, paflTing through the mivi;t",.f ir, is more than one hundred feet in witflh : at one of the fxireaiities, and fronting the ftreet is the capitol, or ftate-houfe, a fi.iall out regular building ; and at the other end is the college, ca- pa';!^ of containing threc'hundied 'ttudenti : there is a library be- l**nginjr to it ol about three tho'ifand volumes, and aii^apparatus for «x,ierimf^ntii philof.)piiy, tolerably complete. With the moft live-, ly ratisfiiMi>n I coatempl.-red thefe monuments of the real glory of m"!) } ami while I toutcmpI»ted them, they recalled to my mind wlaces and pcrfons moft intimately connected with ray heirt, 'iht tinnulr oK uins has diiven from hence, thofe who had the care of thife philjfophiciil JAiftrumcnts, for the laufeayou know, 't0i no *rL3fefu:kdJromiheHsadofElk, m THR otroH A M E R i C A. 47 a, IS an a the the fe, a i ' 1 , ca. be- i for ive-, y of iny ;are mo 9 #v ' j)lenfurc but in the abodeg of peace : We could only meet with ore folitary profeflbr, ot Italian c.aradiion; and I cannot but fay, bi« converfation and abilities appeared to be fuch, ',hat after what he hudi told u« in coijimend.ntion ot his brethren, we could not help regirt- ting their abfcnce. Williamlbnrg does r . contain above a hundred and fif»y honfcs, anil is the only town we hAve yet fcen iiiViigitiia worth .neniiGiiiiiir s notfituated on the banks of anv ■'•vr, it fiand^ at an equal cljilarce. from two fmall ones, one of whuii .^'.!s imo Yojk, tlic otlier iruo James River. It is fnbjeft to the ir.convcnicncy cf fcarcity of good water. What nn:^kes the fituatioji of this place valuable, is tlie neighbourhood of James and York rivers, between which grows the belt tobacco in the whole State, and for this rcafon it feems to have been built where it. is : i do not think, ncvertaclefj, th.at it will ever, be a place of any great importance i the towns of Yoik, J.-iines,NLir- folk, and Edcnton, being more favourably fiuiatcd for trade, will undoubtedly eclipfe it. Although Virginia extends from 'the ^iSth to tiie 39th decree, of north latitude, the winters are very fevere, and great quantities of fnowfomctimes fall. The Ibuthern a.rd ealisrn winds are excti"- five warm, and ihofe from the north and well, coming over tncun- tains and lakes, equally cold. In a day's tjipe there will often be a rapid tranfition from one extreme to the other. The country produces feveral very excellent kinds of wood, and about Wil?iaml-v burg and the (ho/'fs of the bay, the land is covered with trees, yielding rozin : the meadows and marfties fubfift great numbers of, excellent horfe»>''wbich far exceed thcfe of the other Gtatrs in pniut of beauty : Vaft quantities of hemp are raifed here, as welJ as flax, Indian corn and cotton : The cotton flirabs produce annually, and at thf fifft view we took them for beans in blDfTom. Silk wcrnis fuc- ceed here very well, and it is not improbable but they may at lome future time form one of the moft confiderable branches of trade in., this ftate. The commodity moft in demand is tobacco ; you well. know the charafler it has, anf ''. « ';|.' y *'; uC tit '■ ri Cfi'"' ■lif ! .1 W- k i isC Pt^ s ^bH ^p ll^l^*, I^'lMl^ p^^'i IS® |'"%;li| ;s;:f m •4^ NEW TRAVELS |i':,' it has- ncver been known to bluHi with tlu-ir blood. The Aii^riran, not at all indulh ious by nature, i.s confidciate enough not to expe<£l too» much from his flave, who in fuch circumttances, ha« fewer inoiiveft to be laborious than hjn>relf. . .. The great risers whic!* vrater this proT''ncff, hive their fovirce I'n the blue mountains, a chain^ uf which, nuns through th© whole coun- ry, from north to foi;tI-.. I?eyond thcie rolls the Ohio, tbrowgh vaft )>, 11 orefts and ineadowf, in a terpentine courfe.'till it unites with the, IV^itiilippi : i^ccoidingto the reports cf trayellersj the fiped and moft fertile countries in the .vorlc) extend along the ihores of this river. i*hicU are uevcrthciels. .. . yet b-.U ill elcplored. It is faid> that Ge- Deral Wa^liino^ton lud in contemplation, if ho could not break the. chains ("his country, to. po ynd .e(iti'i''><^^«n™'clf there with thofc f|ihora the love of .liberty and independence ftiould incline to partake of his fate anf! fortune. ,, .,. . • - As y«u advance to the fouthward, the difF«?rcnt. degrees of he;it aire oblervable hy the difference of the vegetable produitions. Th« gunv laurel rifes here info a ti-ee, and the taflafras becomes tall and ftately. We took notice in Maryland, of a fruit very common there,, (|ia»p tafted and bitterifh before it was ripe, but, like our forb apples, lufcious, infipid and flabby, when come to maturity, being about the bignefs of a.plnrab,. and of a bright yellow. ' . Almott all the plants here are odoriferous : the white_/7i9iiTr /t/^r- /g/?i>^, of which the fiejds are full, is femarkably fo. ^hc cattq;- pillars differ entirely from thofc of,Europe, being covered witUtuftS, yrhich hide both their headsand feet : thefe tufts are long, clofe and. fmooth as if they had been trimmed v^itii fciflbrs ;. f9me are all. over, of one colour, fuf h as a very fine vernniliion, others are chequered with regular fpots. , . i , We found near the NorthrRiver in the f^ateof New- York* another fpecies of this infeft , rem^rloble for itn (*7e and beauty. M. le Ghe* '^ valier de Chattelux, • whom th«e great affairs of ^n army do not en-j tirely preclude from allotting: forne moments to literary amufement|i; inade^me a preferf t of one, which 1 have delineated upon paper : it, vras about four inches long, and had feven or eight rings paflrng round . • M. le Chevalier de QhalUlux, Mnrechal dt Camp, one of J^e fi^^J^l, memhers of the French acadtmjt is Major-Gtncral mtbe arm^^CQu^' iocham'jt au» * .j,, m. 1 nother you It eGhe- ot en-. ffjy« ment,*) er : it. tafdng und „ %i #-■■ ■ it. Jv".; .. THROUGH AMERICA; <9 fomi'i the body; its fkin was tliJn and cf i liplu r;refri, tflioiigh nvhith you might perceive the motion of the biuod in tlir ;ii cries ) * bis eyeballs v»cre about the bigncfn ot a pea, and his tail ^ f a dtrp y<;llow ; each of hij rings had tour little b;anchy h(»riis, haul .mci yf a jet black, about two twelfths of an iiirli long : his head wps armed with eight more, more than an inch in length," ftiong, bramhy, and bent towards each, other, yelltiw, arid black towards the rxiiemiiies, and polirticd in the moft exqnifite manner. Thii. ftattly in(ed lets V.« knovy, by the arrogance c^" its carriage, that it .' M!:' m it- " '•' .■ii V r.»i ■il 'm 1 f ■'?(! i V ■m 1 1? "'i> H ■■•■ V ;>' *■ ''I If V'^ 'L< '50 NEW TRAVELS L E T T E R xr. Tie combined Furees march from Hllliam/hurg..^^* fork kvfjffj. yarioHs pnp-iratorj opiraliont qftlit armj.. Eat. Urits opentdupvt the toivn The Charon burnt DiJIrtJfid fitw atiou ofLorJCrntvallis. rareUtotii txptditian Htfulfed by tht Duke de Lauzun. RrJIeaions upon/teget end battles. A par^ tyojtbebefugedjurprixe a French battery Lord Corn'walUs en. ^(aveurj to efcapt in the night to Glocefler. PrcvtHted by badivea. , tier Sends out a flag, CJftrs to capitulate rhe articles of furrender, Mutual hatred betiLixt the Englijh and the Americans. * Drpu£lion cfth^ town tf York from the cannonadittg. Tht troops f^t into ivinter quartirt. Camp at York, November 6, 1781. TV E combined army left Wiliiamfburg the iStli of Septem- ber, with a view to'invclt Yoik ; and advanced the fame day tc wnhin three quarteij of a league of the town. Such approaches asthefe are not commonly made without great circnmlpeftioh, fince the cncmipmcnts muft necefl'irily be multiplied in proportion as you draw near to the enemy, but the impatience of thetxoops for aiiion rendered them rather too -venturefbrne on this occaHon, not hefita- ting to march twelve miles in the face of the enemy through dange- rous woods, upon a loofe, fandy foil, and through the molt exceflive heats. One of our young Colonels went fo far, as to ufe every ar- gument he could think of to ;trevail upon General Waflnngton to liiffcr him to attack tworcdoubis that lay in our way. The General referred the matter to M. le Cnmte de Rochambeau, to whom he had intrutted the immediate dircdfion of the fiege, but Count Ro- chambeau thought it more prudent to give the troops a littl<» time for jepoie, and reconnoitre the places, before he made any attempt tf that kind. A body of Ameiicans, headed by th^ Marquis de la Fayette, com- pofcd the right column, and the French, preceded by their grenadi- ers and cliallcurs (oimed' the left. The army of M. le Comte de Ro-* chnmbeau, confuting of the regiments of Bourbomais. Royal Deux Fontf, Soijjbmuiis and Sain'otigc was placed in the centre : The troops un(ier the command of M. de isaint Simon extendcl to the left as far as York river, and the Americans occupied the ri^ht, flanked by the fame river. On tite thirtieth, the enemy evacuated the two redoubts, which the young Colonel was fur .ittacking upon our firR arrival : they were diftant about four hundred toiles [eight hundred yardsj from their main works, and upon their leaving them, the French imme- diately rook pofieifion. On the firlt of c;6lober in tke night, the Americans began two re- dyabts to the right of the others. The enemy diCcovcring this, in- ilantly turned their fire that way, and as we expedfed, feveral of th& American woiknicn were killed. This, however, did not at all in- ^ tiniidate their companions, who held on at their 'bufinefs with thoyi^ lame ardour as if no accident had happened.'- )|p * Thifc ixae militia meiif (g 'whta tht/*ege 'wat a J^eilack altogethr^ t Jit* THROUGH AMERICA; 51 The army was bofy, till the fixtli* in conftru^llng lon^ and fttort fafciHei, gabions, and landing the ui tillery and nuunuiuiiun. \V« were foon aft«i in a Ittu^tiua to open the trencher. 'I'hc regimcntt pf Buurbonnais and Soiflbiinai«,ci>Mim:uided by tiaron de Viunirnily and fifteen hundred Americans under the Marquis de la Fayitte> pofled themfelves all night in a deep ravine to prutett tho 'ilteeii nundred workmen on vhe right. At the fame time the regiment do Touraine opened the intrcnthmcnt on the left, and raifcd a battery overagaintt a redoubt, detached hom the main works, and intended to keep off the fire direi5)ted from the right of the enemy. The ac- -tivity of the workmen and the natural loofrnels of the foil, to our great allonilhment, put the parallel into a ftate to tecuitre the troops on the next day. They entered it about noon, with drums l)cating. The opening of the trenches, which is ordinarily the molt fatal period of a fiege, was in this inttance executed without the effulioa of blood } a circumllancc the more fortunate,as the wounded would have been unprovided with flraw to lie on, and linen rags for the dreffing of their wounds. 1 his wnt performed on the yth : on f h« Sth and 9th they laboured hard in conftiuding batteries, which were prolecuted with fuch expedition th.it tholi: of tfie Amcricant and Monficur de St. Simon opened about five in the evening. J^he latter foon forced a frigate to nmvefiom her moorings, that had been very troublefome in firing upon our encampments ; tlicy al- fa levelled a red hot bail at the Charon, a forty-four gun (l)ip, ;uid burnt her, as they did likewife a (bop. The battel ies of CountRo. Chambeau began to play on the tenth, at feven io the n)on>ing: } snd now the difference of the two firings could eafily be dittingui/h- ed J that of the enemy was flow and irrej;(ilar, while ours w.is biil]?; and well fupported. Our engineers had pitched upon the mod ad- vantageous pofitions, and the artillery men made every difchai,oj4 take effeft by the exadtncfs of their aim, and their alcrtncfs in woric- inglthe gtins. Lord l5)rnwnllis had not prepared his troops for fuch falutationa as thefc 5 he had allured them, on the contrary, "thi^t we weie un- provided with battering cannon, and had only fume field piscts} that our troops were raw and unlkilled in war, aixl that thole of M. de Saint Simon in particular, were nothing bctttr than undifci- plined vagabonds, collefted in the Welt Indies, enervated by a hot- climate, and would foon be conquered, were it only by the firft at- tacks of cold weather, prevalent in tbole countries : arjd as ttt the American troops, they knew very well what didrtired circunofiances they were in } and finally, tiiat powerful fuccours from New-York would foon put them in a fuuation to befiege the befiegers." This harrangue did but increafe their confternation. As fcon as. they began to hear the terrible roaring of our batteries, we that viere on the heights faw them flying precipitately from their redoiibts, while their batteries in an inftant were entirely filenced. They iVad . been quiet fpeftators of our labours, and we now became fo in our turn with refpefl to them. At this time I watched an opportunity. . \o traVerfeoi'r lines, which confifted of a large ditch, broad enough. for carriages to travel in, about four feet in dcptij, and covered by a i^l^part of gabions, or cylindrical bafkets, fixed upon the ground^- ^^ intans of projecling ftakes, filled 4nd coveted over with looTe m If i- 5» NEW TRAVELS » ■ w. m' m- f rr; ' i I'*' ; * dl'^f, and forming a heigfit of about feven feet on the fide towards the e;ui began to play macfs a faliy by way of Glocefter, at the head of hrs legion conlitting of four hundred picked men. M. Ic Choi^, Brlgiidier-General, then marched agnintt him with a part of bi<5 f oops, who together with M. le Due deLanzun.at the head of hit. . BuiTais, fcpnired him with the lols of about filty of his men : this event was a thunder ftroke to the inhabitants of the country,who had Kiiherto believed Tarleton invincible, and torm-d a judgment of his talents from t'oe boldn^is ot his thefts md robbc ri«js. - '. In the night of the eleventh we opened a fecond parallel, at about three hundred yards from the enemy's main works : a prodigious quaniity of royal grenades, or tpnad bombs, from the enemy difturb- ed Ihe w rd, which did not however prevent them from poinji; ow with alacrity ; but we now rcicxed the fire of o»r artil'tiy for tear of doing tl. cm damage by our fliot, as wellasbecattre'. we began to deniwlnh our old batteries to ccnllniit nevr one*. At ' v this time the fire of the rnemv became hrifker thiin ufvial ' : *" 'J xuc bravery manittib itfelf chiefly in ficges. The conf«fit>t»;jt*« v' .-';■•■. ,- hurry,- _^^'- , Ours nvrs nadt offafchiPt^ afui ififfquentlj W£re lefi tfcpofeMo tf ' " '* THROUGH AMERICA: 53 ■irtf.''.,. hurry, theexample of others, all contribute during a battle, to roufe, niQvc and animate the moit timid, who, in an inltant become fupe< rior to themfelves : but jn the long continued fatigues of a fiege, Where dangers are inceiTantly growing out of each other, where, in the (ilence and foiitude of daiknefs we have to face death with cocIf Viefsand unconcern, to reile6V on its confequence/and horrors with calmneU, and fet the real lofs of lite in conapetition ^ith theuncer« tai«)ty of our hopes and expectations in a (fate of futurity, then it is that the courage of a warrior proves itfeif to fpring from an un* bounded love of honour^ and an invincible attachment to his duty. '■'■. The French, in this fiege, Teemed to become rivals to e?ch otlier , and each officer envied the lot of him vvhc was fent upon attempts of the greatcft danger j they hurried away, with the curiofity which I cannot but cailiaihnetis and matJnefs, to examine the works of the f neroy, and halten the progrcfs of our owa> Even the obfcure com- pion loldier, whoTc life and death is equally configned to oblivioii,*' ftrove to outdo his renowned oHicers inthefe daring enterptizes, and >vent up in defiance of the enciny to th: Very edgesof their intrench- ipents. Tl^e miner with his axe in \nU hand, advanfefl^with a de- termined Itfj* through a Ihower ©t grape Ihot to cut down the tree at his leifure, which perhaps (hielded him from deftruftion. The corps cf artillery, fo diltinguifhed by the -jbilities and intrepidity of their officers, weie no lefs (q by the adlivity, fpirit and courage of their foldicry.* General VVaftiington himult beheld the cftetfs of this daring fpirit with aftoni(hment} abomb or a bullet, fortunate- ly pointed, excited in them the Uvely emotions of an eager huntf* roan, who is upon the point of feising his piey. ;- . • , A gunner, at one of me embraftires, had hi* footcarriec^ away by a bullet. I tried to confble the unhappy man in the firlf moments cf bis anguifh, when hegave'mefor'anrwer,--"lainlersafHi6fed forthelols of my toot, than for being fo unfortunate as.not to have had time, before it li.ippened, to dilcharge the cannon I bad pointed with fo much care !"--He Toon after died of his wound, and never ceafed to complain, till the lalf, of the failure he had made in firing the piece. As long as we were working at the batteiies of the fecond paral- lel, the fire«f the enemy was inceffantly kept up. The W9rks, that were carried on with the greatelt vigour, were not, however, ex-v. tended as far as the affsilants witheJ. They demanded, with vehe- ment exclamations, to be led on to attack thetvtro detached redoubts which incommod.-?d tljem much, and the pofleffion of which, would suable them, to enfilade a part of the works ot the enemy i The ea- g'er valour of the baron de Viomenil, was particularly impatient of reltraintin this enterprize, when, at length, on the i+th, he was or- dered to attack one of them, having under him Count William de Deux Fonts, fecond Colopel of the regiment of Royal Deux Points and M.t le Chevalier de Lameth, AideMarecbat : Tb6 MArquis de la Fayette commanded the attack upon the other, and : , ■ M-. ■: ' > * '^hsfoldiers ofthefe nrpt, are no nvay inferior to the other t in brifverVp ftfUplikntj/t and afonumji for doing their ttuty. I muf conjcfs they are not f^ftcHguedhy condani extrcife, mrfubje^ed to fo fever t a difdpliye as the a^ffri^ and Lh^refore if the fame ends can beaccomplifbedhy morefimfle me- "i&dt, lefs fatiguing to the officers, and lefs hard upon the filUitrSf lubj ^^uU ive hi/date to f refer that mode wbicb ij tbe tajtefi f •'•'■« ,i '^:i :|':jfe 54- NEW T R A V E L S^ M. de Gimat was placed under his dire£lion.--both redoubts w«rf token fAord in hnnd ; but unfortunately CountWilliam was wound- ed, and the Chevalier de Lameth mortally in both his knees. The following night four hundred of the befieged, pretending to be Americans, lurprized one of our batteries, nailed up fcven pieces of cannon, killed Ibrae foldiers,made a few prifoners, and wounded about thirty i a lad of fifteen years old, lervant to an officer, who vvas Ileeping jutt by, was Itabbed with a bayonet in thirteen or four- teen dltieient puts of his body. The regimeqt of SoiiTonnaist vhich was poltcd a fraall diftance off, knew nothing of this alfai^ till it was over, becaule the officer who commanded the redoubt had given orders not to fire, or make an alarm at the approach 6^ theie pretended Americans ; this regiment, however, foon haftened up, and had not the Lieutenant Colonel of Saintonge founded a re- treat, the Englifh would have been completely furrounded. Several of the enemies foldiers were wounded and brought to our hofpitals, and the men who a moment before had been cutting each others ihro.us, were now col!e6led under the fame roof, and received, in- dilcriininatei^, the fame care and attention. And thus it is, that in the midlt of the horrors that diftrefs and difgrace our nature, ther^ are itill feme traces left of the once noble and exalted difpofition of mankind. , On the fixteenth and feventeenth, our new batteries began to play j broke (bme paili(adoe$, and even made a breach in the enemy's ^AO^ks. Lord Cornwailis finding himfelf upon the point of being torn and crufned from every quarter, now took the defperate refolu- tion (if paffuig over in the night to Glocefter, a port ]lill lefs capable of defence than York. Bad weather, however, hindered him fromi accomplifliing his purpofe, and on the ieventeenth,at ten in the morn- ing, he fent a fi:ig to alk a ceflation of amis for twenty-four hours : the deputies weie reminded of the behaviour of their Generals at Charleftown and Savannah in Hmilar circumftances, and had their re- qiieft refuferl. Another flag then came out propofing a furrender, when two hours iuTpenfion of arms was granted them, which term vas afterwards prolonged. Lord CornwalHs delired to know what termj i>f capitulation were to be allowed him. • Those ofCharles- TO\v(i,'lainf*yerc(l (general WaOiington, with fpirit and Judgment, By thu«';recal!ing a vi^lory to their remembrance, in which they Iiad'mintfeffed the molt overbearing infolence, he taught them to, trsat thc;i^rtiericans in a different manner, for the time to ceme, when fhefj>'flionld happen to fall under their power. M. le Vicomfe t^e IMo.liHes'aiu) Mr. Laurens, an American officer of great merit, foa of that Prelidentof Congrefs, who was fo long in the tower of Lon- don, aded as commitiioners on this occafion. The firft requeft the Englilh deputies made was to know the names of our chief ii-ngi- reers and officers of artillery j for they declared, that it was not ih the power of man to point out perfons poflefTed of greater talents T fkill in their pr(»fenjon. On the ti^liteentti of Offober, about noon, the articles of CapitUf lation were (l^ned, and on the nineteenth. Lord Cornwailis and h^ army furrendered themfelves prifuners of war.:,UyJ}tod thct the property of the inhabitant f of the Stats, lubich Jhall be ^ifiblj in the bands oj the garrijon niay be reclai?ned.* 5. • This lafl clatiCe of the article cauftd great dificultj on the part of the Englijh. 1 heftmple fupppftion that they had pUindired the inhi'hilcmh ijua^s buM'Jiating ; if it '.vas proved, it 'ivould be difjcnourabk. Ihij motvue, as tut'll as the no'velty oj'th fight, --was the occnfion of many thoifcnJs of Americans flocking doivn tojee the furrender op York. Ibcir mo'i imper- iant ohjeSi was the negroes. There hdn}e hi en fe-veral anecdotes hiuidfd about relative to reclainiid property, one of'tuhich bears rather hard upon Tarlitofi. He fnt out one day to dine nuith o/:c of cur conunnnJing officers, ttnd nuas mounted upon a very fine horje, accompanied by fiver al trench 4idsde Camp. An American injl/tntty appeared and claimt J his hcrfi, run Up, flopped him and obliged the Colonel to difmount, loading h;m at the fame tim -with the mofl bitter invedix'ts. Scmehody then I'-ni him a I'try^n-.ean Hee^, upon •vuhtch he arrinjfd among cur rflicers, ivko ivere utterly at aiofi ^'(QHtri'veho'wa tnm of fa mwhj^irtt ccuUfttdurt tg be fa kutrMj mountadr ir. is NEW TRAVEL 5. The foldiery fliall remain in Virginia, Maryland orferiniylvi* liia, and fhall be dittribated by regiments as much as pofllible : thty tvi'i receive the fame rations as the American foldiers ) and an officer ot each nation, F.nglifh, Anfpach or Hcfliaii,: and other officers^ upon, their parole, in the proportion of one to iijftv men^fhall have liberty to.reOde near their reCpeftive regiments, to vifit them often, and be vritnefTes of their treatment : the ofHcers will receive and diftiibute the cloathing-and other neceflaries, and paitports (hall be gr;Jnifed for them whenever they are demanded. TheOeneral, thofe in civil oiH- ces, and other ofhceri not employed as mentioned in the foregoing article, and who ihall defire it, fhall have peimiflion to go to New- York upon their parole, to England, or any American poft, aftually in the poffeffion of the Englifli forces, as they (hall fee i&t. <. The Count de Graffe (hall (apply the necelTary vefTels to carry them to New-York, in ten days, reckoning frora'the date of tbefe ar- ticles, by way of flag r>r truce, anrd they (hall remain^in a place to be agreed upon, till they arc ready to emt^rk. The officers of the civil department of the army and marine, are included in this article : snd palTports by land (hall be given thofe wbo cannot he furniihed with vellett to go by- water. . 7. The oSicers (hall be permitted to keep fuldiers with them in quality of fervants, according to the common ufage of the army: thofe fervants who are not foldiers, are not to be confidered as prU, foners of war, and may go with their matters. ■'[ 8. The Bonetta (k»up of war (hall be fitted for fea, and retained' by her former captain and crew, and left wholly- to the difpofal of Lord Cornwallis, from the moment the Capitulation fliallbe Hgned. She (hall take on board an ^id de Cam^ to oarry difpatches to Sir i^tnry Clinton. The (bldiers that he (kail judge proper to fend to New-York may go off without being examined, whenever his diC. |iatche$.ihall be ready 1 hi? Lord(hip will engage on his part that tke veiTel (liall be reftored to the orders of Count de Gra(re if (be cfcapes. the dangers of the fea, and ti.^t he will not cajry off any pubiic property in her, and will keep an account of the number of the (bldiers a\id crew that (hall be wantingon her return, and which be engages to account for. V 9. The merchants to retain their eflefts, and (hall be allowed three months to diCpofe of their property, or carry it away, and are not to beconfidered as prifooers of war— (Anfwer) — the merchants may fell their e(fe£l$, the allied army to have the Aid right of pUr- chafe. (Thenierchants to be held prifoneri of war.) 10. The natives or inhabitants of the different parts of the coun»' try, at prefect in York and Glocefter, are not to be puni(hed for hav- ing joined the Engli(h army'— —Anfwer-r-— This article cannot be agreed to, as it is wholly a matter of civil concern. Hofpitals (hall be furnifticd for the fick and wounded } who If. iliall be attended by their own furgeons on parole, and furni(hed ' with medicines and provifions from the American ftdres— — Anfwer . •-—The Hofpital (lores at prefent in York and Glocefter, (hall be given up tor the ufe of the fick and wounded of the Engli(h } and they (h^H have paflports to procure (upplies from New -York, at oc- CA^an (fiall require ; and proper hofpitals (hall be furniihed for re-*, cciving the iiU AAd vrouAdcd qf t>9th garnf^joi/ 4, ^ 1% ?» thl tti pla T H R o V OH A M E R I C a: 57 ,..!». Waggons (hall be provided to carry the baggage of fuch cfH- «rs as fhall remain with the foliiiers, as well as ihe furgeons, wheh ;rave'ling for the purpofe of recovering the (ick, and wounded . and thislhall beat the public expence. , '3- The (hips and boats in both harbours (lull be delivered up with *ll their ftores, guns and tackle, in the condition they now a'-e, to an officer of the French marine who fliall be appointed for that pur- fofc; firft unloading the property of individuals, which had been put on board for fecurjty durtni; the li:ge. ' .^'♦; No article of this capitulation to be violated under pretence of rtpri(al ? if there are any dubious exprelTions in it, they are to beex^ plained according to the common form and import of the words. Done at York, in Virginia, Oftober 18, 178 1. ■ Signed, Cornvrallis J Thomas Symonds, M The nineteenth about four in the afternoon, the Englifh and Hef- iians filed off, with their colotirscafed, betwixt the Fjench and Ame- rican armies, at the head of which were General VVaHiington and great advantage, who, notwithftnnding lb much tatigue, raamtsined at all times an ere6t, iojidierly and vigorous air. But we were alltfuf- prifed at the good eontiition of the Englifh troops, as well a^ th^ii? ^ ctegnlinefs of drefs,; to account fof their good appearance. Corn"*' wallis had opened all the rtores to the foldiers before the capitulatioa took place. Each had on a complete new fuit, but all their finery J feemed only to humble them the more when contralled with rlie mif- crable appearance of the Americans ; thcfe haughty Knglilh:nen did , jjoteven dare to look up at their conquerors :filentand alhamed they f otie aicer an other depofited their arms in the (tipulated place, and that they might not fink and die under their humiliation, we kept iwfpc6tatorsata conliderablediftance. Upon their return, the Eng- ^^ufficer^bad the civility to pay-^ compliment to the tnea'^eilof tbe li French, m^ i'ii{ 11 V' 1 f.' > 5* NEW TRAVELS Frenci), which they did not deig^n to do to the American! of the hijheft rank.. 1 riiis hatrsd betwixt the two nafiont has manifefled itfelf upon fe- veral occalions j and luch of the Englilh as remained di farmed at York, hid to bear a great deal from the Americans, '^ho feemed refelved to take ample vengeance for tlie robberies and murders tiiat bad been ]ierpf:tr;ucd in their habitations, /vraong others I fawr the lady of an I'nglifli Coionel come lo our camir; with tears in her eyes, to beg th« prottiiiiiwn of a French guard to defend her and her infants from the Tioleiice of an American loldier. The next day after the furrender, the officers that were piiloners came over to view our entrenchments, but when they wenc to examine thofe of the Americans, they wer«t driven away with contempt and indignation. During the whole time- they remaiixed at York, I do not remember that they had the leaft connexion or intercoufe with the Americans, while they lived upon familiar teiins wi:li the French, and fought upon alloccailons to give them proofs of their efteem.* I have been through the unfortunate little town of York fince the fiege, and i'lw many elegant houfts livot through and through in a thoufand places, and ready to crumble to pieces j rich houlhold fur- niture criifhed under thtir ruins, or broken by the brutal Engliihfol- «lier } carcaies of men and horfes, half covered with dirt, whofe moul- dering limbs, while they poifoned the air, Itruck dread and horror to the foul ; Books piled in heaps, and fcnttered among the ruins of the buildings, let ved to give me an idea''of the tafte and morals of the in- habitants ; tlitfe weie either ireatiffes of religion or controvenlal divi- liitv ; the Ay/';>2)' of the Englifli nation, and their foreign fettlcmentt j' III rvlleiiiom of charters and i>8s of parliaments; the works of the celebrat- ^ cd Alexander Fope ; a tiaiaiation of Montaig?ie''s £J'av i Gil Bias dt Sannllo'ie, and the exji-Uent FJJay upon IVoftien, f by Mr. Ttoma*. The plan of the foitilicatioHs tor the defenceol York and Glocefter, lias been cntiiely changed j they are drawing them into a narrower compals than beforCj have deftroyed the Englifli works, and are buly sft conftrutting new ones. The travelling artillery is partly at Wil- , 'Mamiburg and partly at Yotk j and the heavy cannon is at Wtlt- ,' ^oint (called i^Wdtcvz)-^ in the maps,) a place litiiatcd between the • 'two riveis that form that of York. On the twenty-iourth, the troops began to go into winter quarters. ■ -['^ ■ , _ ■' ■;,. fe:-- Xhe t A?S qfjicer behiipin^ to the A.>Krricnv. a>-my remarked, that after iht'/ur- render, th Fnglijh Oihaved -Tvitb the fatne o'Vtrbeariug jttfolense as if they had been (unqugrors. the Scots 'wpt bitterly, mjhile the Germam only con- ducieJ tlimffl^ots decently, a7id in a ?ija}:ncr' becoviing prifoufrs.-'Wtth a fynaitncjs ahi'i,} atUndant i^pcn '■uitriquificd infulc77ce , the E.nijijb fer vilely ^ritftredti the French, 'vcinly atteinpiing tafcrein the difs^race cf being ««- /fuered by ihofettey hadfo ofitft dcnomuiatiid American rebels, andrefubm Hcans. I^^j * Ti:e Eni'J^fl' nc=i< f papers haw gfuen the French Jull credit for the getif rvfity and dc'luacy billeted about in the country betwixt York and Hampton j and this latter place, luuateU on Janes liver, if occupied by the Legion of Lau'^un. 1 amj &c. LETTER XI I. CharaJIer of General Bur^oyne.-''—Jccou/iI of his uft' fortunate expedition in ijTj .--•^Magnamtnity of fir Cuj Carleton. — •■■ A confiderable body of India nt join Eurpjne.—— He makts a f^eich tq them.- i •'Ticonaeroga abandoned by the jiuwicam.-'"The jumnder of Central ' oyne and hit arpiy at '^ '•"t'^g^i.^—^A comparifon beiivixi Cttf.ji Bu. jnt and Lord Corniui^du. ■*■ York, N on: ember 14., 17 gr. THE Atnerican war, the foccefs of which has appeared io dubidui? offers to our view two events, almoft unpaiallelcd in any war that hiftory has recorded in her annals s I mean two entire atniiesi made prifoncrs, who neverthelcfs were under the dirc^ion ot Gtnei ala of the lirft note and ability. It now remains to aHc, wliich of the two hasdifcovered thedeepeft talents, and the moft activity, or expeiienc- ed the greatetl obilacles, and committed the mott mittakes. Being myllilf a witnefs to'theefForts of one army, and (urrounded by perfons who had a (hare in reducing the other, having alPj in tny hands Tome exa£t and faithful accounts of that aii'air, I will venture »few refieftioas. Let ui in the firit place take a curfory view of Burgoync's campaign, and we fliall be the better enr.bled to compare him wiih his brothel* . in misfortune, Lnrd Cornnvalllt. Burgoyne, formed by nature with an a6live, enterprifing difpofiMonv animated by a moft extravagant love of glory, a favorite aWb of tbfe court of London, was furnilhtd anaply vvjth the means of fecm ing the moft brilliant fuccefs. His army confided of feven thouf^nd ore hun- dred and leventy three regular troops, Engliih and Germans, exclufivg. of a corps of artillery, and (even or eight hundred men, under the or- ders of Colonel St. Leger .• all iii» officers were men of approyed me- rit, and he was provided with a confidtiable train oF artillery and ammunition of every fort. Guy Carleton, Governor ofCan^da, who had tlifrcare of furniHiing the particular articles, forgot notlwng thr.t:, might contribute to the iuccefs of thcexpedition. The I'ervic.t:*; fi\ta Governor had rendered the Crown,— the prtferyauon of Cjiii~da', which was owing to his exertions alone, and ihe perfe61F kho*|ecig>e be had of the whole country, fecm to h:\ve given hiio.tjje heft pV-4-*^ tenfions to the chief command, but he had a Ipirit great, eui'i'gli. Ij>-, forget this piece of injultice j* and went io far in favour of life rivaj, , 'as t' V "* Tkny hanje nonv made hint fh/ir command f in chirfin North- J»?i-Hi-^. tttt^M the room ff Sir Henry Clintnti, Mujortunes are nec.Jfay^ in e'vry ccuntry to fdence cohal and intrigue^ and render Dnptcrilnl jufue to ir,cfit^y., liif if foo often bnppan^ that applications to really d{ja:yjy}^ min^ cme t93^ iftHstfh^ofanyftr'vieft / :^ .. ' ' m 6o NEW TRAVELS 1. a^ to confent to make treaties with the fayagei, tho' contrary to hi« own private opinion, and from them obtained a cunfiderabls body of Indian* and warriors. The uriltcady, capracioui tbniper of ihefi; f.eopW, their barbarvun and bloody cuftoms, their thirft for plunder, tlieir infi<1eiity in fulfilling their engagements, did not all hinder tlu I'^nglifh from making therti the companions of their expeded' tonqnefts : Butgoyne harrangued them with an eloquent oration oii tht ihoie* ot Lake Charaplaine, calculated to inflame their courage ind icttr^in theii barbariry; But what influence (Iran eioqueoca^ have over the minds of thole msn, whoin thcii; whole language have not words to ftguily cgiulj and humamty.X The fiill attempts cf hurgoync before Ticondet'oga/were crowki-' ed wiMi the moft flattering fuqctls. This place^ built by, theFrenrb, in 1756, is fitu.itfd weltward, towards the rtreight that preferves the communicstion between the Lakes Geori^ty and Champlaine^ upon a point of latui coveied *ith fiiaip rotks, and hemmed in by water on three fivks. The pan adjoining the main land is covered by a d(r«*p luarfh, pri'd iltfciuled by the old French lines : to thefe the Americans had added ieveral other works, and a gfoup of fortifi- cations, called by them a /^/ir^ /;o«/i'. Thty allb U)rt:ned the lum» mit and the foot of a high mountain, bn theeaftern fide, called Mount JihUpcnd'cKce, mm\ v^'nh aJtonilhing aidour ant^ iiiduftr^ united both, tliefe pults, by a bridge thrown over the ftreight, fupported by twen- ty tv«o huge piles, each fifty feet long, and twelve thick, faAened together by ct amp irons and large chains. . ••'■'• " '■ Lake ^ <■* V- + 7hefe Sa'vagc behg parcelled out into numerous tribes, hanxt coHfe- gufntly manners f/iore or Ittjs barharoui ; je'veral ofthttn take the mem^ hratie ikat canjers tht fcull, from the enemies they kill in battUf dad carry it off ia triumph, 'u-iih the hair-on, and enjen drink their bloods \ The iipamard^ have bem reproached Jor exerctjing cruelties upon tht' inhabiia?itj of tht countries ihiy cotiqwrtd^ but it appears thai reproacbei oj thi< kind are no hi's ivell founded agaitijl the Englijb. ' An Indian fpeech that ^d thoughts uf fortifying it, but cQOcludfd that the works were ai« jready too extenfive for their means of defence, and expected that its diHiculty of accefs, and the rocky .quality of its furface would hin« ^er the eneiny fronv taking advantage of its fituation. The royal army acivanced with great caution along the fides of the lake, having in the centre their fleet, which, on its cuming up, an* chored within cannon Ihot of the enemy< On the approach of the riglu wing, the Americans, to the gre;it lurprize of the royalifts, a^* bandoned their works on the fide next Lake George, and fet fire to tlieaa : Major General Phillips then took pofilffion oTa . advantageous poft on M'-.wxM Hope, which, befides that it commanded their lines, cut off their comm'unication with the lake. Ii. is (aid the Americans Shewed but little courage in defending the other potts on this fide as litrell as on the other. The Bi itifh army advanced with an equa 1 celerity on the other fide of the lake, and in a (liort time invetted all their wuiks. The ad- vantages the Sugar Hill prefented, foon determined the Englilh to build redoubts there, apd the paths they were obliged to climb, upon a rugged and.almpU perpendicular furface, did not hinder the alert iVlajof General Phillipsfrom eie;£^ing t^ie woiksin a very ih&rt fpace q( time. . , . . ' The American Generals now thought proper to hold a council of war, in which was rcpiefented, •• that they had not above half the lieceffary number of working hancisj that iheneccllity for labour in- creai'ed as the hands duninilhed, and that the place would be inevit- s^bl/ and completely invefted in lefs than twenty-four hours." It was then unanimouHy refolved to evacuate the putt, which was im- roediately "put in execution. .... * It has been fi nee allced, with a degree of reproach, "why, if the^ forces were not fufiicient to defend it, did they not withdraw the tf oops J remove the artilleryand floras and deraolifh the iortificatlons before the ariiyal of the enemy ? Why did they wait to be lurronnd- ed, at an inftant when a retreat was apparently more prejudicial than 'afurrender upon fuch terms us might havte been granted, and *hich would have been infinitely preferable to therii-^ue they ran of having their fortifications carried by aii'ault ?" Immediately, upon the determination of the council to cvacnate' .the plsce, the American army embarked their baggage, their at tillery-, and their provilion* in a decked veflel, and more than two hundied' batteaus, efcorl H g' >g Skenefborough, while the ganifon inarched towards Caltlctown. The next morning the royalifis having difcovered tiie precipitate • ' flight ofth** Americans, took pciiVCion of the bridge and torUHcati- dns,'and thisenormoili majs, whiclrhad coll more than ♦venty months ,S'' '' labour, was now cut up in ^-t-.k time than it wty land. He overlook them, at lengtli, near Hktnejbo.'mgh falls, where he feized two ot the ^alhts, And blew up three others. The Americans, being now in a ilelp«tate fttnation.fet fire to their batteaus.mllliand fortiricatloni, and jjHvcd themlelves in the woods.unprovided, and deftiiuteof every thing. Contufion and difmay predominnted in likv.* manner among the forces an the !eft ; the foldicis no longer obeyed the comiiunds of their officers, and in this fituation Brigadier General F.-azcr came up t»trh their rear guard, with a body of troops fsr inferior, and attacked them, expcttinj; every momsnt to be joined byGeperalReidcifel The Americans, at lirft defended themfclves hravely, but at the coming up ©f the lalt mentioned commander, they fled precipitately, after lofmg a confiderable number of their men, together with Colonel Prantis, tlieir leader, p.nd one of thtir bravelt officers. General Saint- Clair, ii»ho commanded the van guard, when inloimed of thefe difaftrous ciicumitances, took immediately to the woods, in doubt whether to march to the vipper pait« of Conncd^icut or towards Fort Edward. Colonel Hill wis detached from Skenclborovigh, witl. the ninth rcgi- »ent towards Fort Anne, and on his way, fell in with a body ofr American troops, fix times as numerous as his own, which he defeated aftf r rhice hours engaging. The Americans then burnt Fort Anne^ and ''.ed to Fort Edward upon Hudfon't river. Gtiicral SaintClair arrived -at Fort Edward(where General Schuy- ler commanded)with the remains of his army, after a marchpf kvtTV li.n-s, in a mod deplorable condition, having fuffered every diftjefs fhat uTiigiivation can conceive, from the bad quality of the waterjand want of clor»th« and provifions : He was here joined by the other fu- girivw, equally weak, fatigued and difcouragcd. Bargoyne, without lofingtime, fet cut from Skencfborou7h,on hit m.-^rcli to Fort Edward, hut encovmtered great difficulties and embar- rannenrs, although the diltance is not very confiderable ; for the uniiy is naturally fo wild, (o defert, fb incumbered with marfhes. c •. > ruerfciVed with creeks, and the enemy had fo increafed thefe natural Ok>ftacles by huge lines of abbatis, that it is not eafy to conceive how much he had to fufFer in furmounting thefe dilhculties. fie had to conltruft near forty bridges or caufeways, and one of them, made of trunks of trees, was more than a mile in length. Jt is true, he might have avoiiied all this trouble in taking his rout round by Ticonderoga, but he feared a retrograde movement of his army might give the Americans time to recover their courage, and flaken the ardour of his own troops. • It Is worth while to obferve, that in all this diflr^fs, misfortune and univerfal confternation, not a Ungle diflrift in America feeniedinthe !£.iU dif'pofed to come in, or make its fubmifTion. The danger did not difcourage even thofe States which were niuif expofcd to the de- predations of the enemy ^ under the dire^iion of the Coiigrefs they a;li united with thCj-^reatcll vigour to repuife them ; and General Ar- nold was difpatched to t!:s Northern army with a train of artillery, tUrnifned t!im by General V/afhington on piupofe for this expedition. At his anival, he ordered the troops from Saratoga to a place called Stdlvjatevt in orUer to be in a b:tter fituatiou to check the progrofs o|^ . . Coionei' THROUGH AMEUiCA; of ight the of ^3 tolonel Saint Leger, who was advancing toward Mie Mohawk river. HJ> troop*, however (St. Legcr's) fuftcred gicat loflcj from the Jn- 'dians : the ttforts of Hurgoyne not being lufficient to relhain ilteir cruelty, friends as well as eneinieti fell alike viitinij to tli-^ir tliitll c( h\ojd. The murder of Mif« ivrCRf a, iu paiticular, llruck tinor Ir.to every heart : She was then iu the bloom and innocerce ft Ucautv and youth, her father was nttaclied to ths royal par»y, and upon ibV very day that flie fell a facrifice to th«; wanton barbar iiy^f the lavages, ihe was to have been married to an Enp,liOi officer. Scenes fu (hacking as thefc,ir; stated the people almcft todiftra451ions and kindled a fpirit of haticd, even i.i the dinif^ctiUd, a lldin^ oF light infantry, wai ported at Unttenkill, with a de(lgn,iif ne- ceir.uy, to Inpport Colonel Baum. The latter, in his march, fell ill with a fmrdl provifion convoy of the enemy, which he took s But |he want of w:ng continuance of heavy rains, rendeied iris.,conirition almoft as wretched as can' poffrbty be conceived. Kiit the American Genera!, Starke, who commanded the Jlcnniti^ion militia, elleciiuallv prevented their judtion.* He march« ed on tlie i ')ti) of Anguft to attack Col'. Baum, and th«' latter was fo tar from expecting luch a vifit, that he took him at fiift for the re«nfor«menr he was waiting for: Howtsver,' he made a very brave defence, hut hi* little works were foon forced on all fides i thela- diaiis and the Englirn provincial troops, had already ran away into the wofx^iijand there remained orily the Germans, who, after they the enemy fword in hana»< ifoners of war, after feeing fiad txpiuU'd all their powder, charged I but were linally forced to furrender pri( their Coh nel fall. A Utile after this a£>ion arrives Colonel Bileyirtari, without knowing any thing of what had parted s Inftead pf friends, he faw himfclf fud- denly funomide'l by American forces \ but the fatigued and exhauft- < 1 ftate of his troops did not prevent him from making a foldierly de- fCTce. He even drove the enemy from two or three heights : but «v*ij*tt.o.vevcr, nt hit overjiowcred by numbers j and after firing awajr • ailtW amnuii/ition, made a retreat with great dtlficuhy, leaving two pieces of artilleiy in the hands of the enemy. Their loll in thektwo ailtions, amounted in killed, wounded and miirmg to five or fix hundred men j and in this (troke. Fortune now, for the firit time, fiiice the death of General Montgomery, illowed 'herfclf favourable' to the Americans in their expeditions to the north : The militia at length found thev could conquer regular forces : an opinion of more' i;:.)inrq\it;nce at this time than the gaining of a great battleupon other occalians. . ' " ' ." ' • * While Snint Leger was employed, vcith various fuccefs in befieg- ing Fort Stan^ix, vieneral Harkimer came at the head tof nine hun- ditd of the militia of the country to relieve and viftual the fort ;-• Upoa this Saint Leger, fearing an attack in his enirenohmcnts, fix- ed an ambvucatle, compofed of regulars and Indiani tu intercspt thcrn. The miliiiaj a thing almoft incredible in a country wher.e this kind of warfare is ufual, feU blindly into it, loft a coafider^ble r.inibcr, and could not be rallied but with the greateft difficulty. The Govcn)or of the fort, C;olooel Ganfevoort, informed, in the m;;;a time, of u'liat had happened, baiteiwd to{Q»k«a diverfluQ i^ faytt^^f .A:-- (hpuld nade \ I might an,con« i,^f ne- , fell ill k s But and fa- ind had oach tb attack, lation M len had obeyed* but bad I, addiend f heavy rrbly be ideu the march- ter was fur the Y brave thft la- ray into cr they hand»< feeing r . T nowiojj Iffud. xhauft-^^ srly de-* but away g t*o ietwo or fix lime, urable' iti^ at more other pefi<^g- hun- |rt ; — fix- spt rher.e jr^ble |ulty. the »«)«;> iTC* ^ TKROwoH AMERICA; ^S r*foHr of his frlentli, penetrated ^^^o thf TrijliOi criTrp, p!nn«l %»'ho hud defended the plaf,-, were 'anked, » weii ai General ^itarke and Colouel Warner., in the nuiiioer of tl. S«kViours •f thsir country. Burgoync, fupplyir.fcf liimfclf ronftantly wifh proviHo s fiora F^-t George, but with great Hitficuhy, pafled Hnii .> river nbrnt : middle of September, the eneir»y being at that t me n the vicinity c? Stillwater. Tiie Miniflry and Parliament have examir?d whetijcr thit march rrai either neceflary or feifonabV, but it hai poI- tp;>ei4rp-i that any fufficient arguments have been brought againit h : "it n evident, that Burgoyne *af deternriined in hi* m-«fufei net ciily by iinroediAie tir'jurnftancei, but alio by the iniUuitiora of hii ccurr. He ai'iCA'ii, Jt advanced through bye-road* and io.t* l.ttle frequcivred, along the river, on the Tame (ids with the enemy, and often ff^patafcd from tlicm only hy thin woodi. He marched in perfou at tb2 luMtl cf the Eoglilh line, which formed the right v^iof. This wing na* covered by General Frar.er and Coloitel Breyman, with the "grc-».x«IJc^A and li^ht infantiy, Indi^in efcoiti, PicviiM ".I'.s and CanaJian*,: thfti' left wjp.g and the artillery, commanded by Mbj ir» Philipt and HsUIit- fcl, followed the Ihores of the rive. . - . >", » The Americans now prefcnted t*.: .iel»ei in force to aHrtclc the fai'k of the Englifli liiic. 1 iie latter v^cre nut a iiul>: furpriiec^, v^bc-i th.»y faw with what boiJntlt the entroy btgan the ultack., a«;J v.irh wIiAt vigour and obftipacy they ..pportcd it fiom tlnfc in the aiier* > noon till tun-fet. General 'Xmolil kd oa hii troo^t, and c-outtcil rUnger with an ardor and ifmrpi-iify> which iltlirfin^h natuial tu 'lis cfaarafter, could never liave been liio'.vn to hcctcr advav-ta-v* : tUa American* howevr were coiiftantly rehiforc<:d with fVeth. trnop», whilft, on the fide of the iMigi.lh, the weigln and burden of th;: jilion ?yat alraoft continually fullaincd by the iim; pcrf'-'ni. Major-General Fhi)ip»> npoo hearing uhe SrlL fire, marched ^vith a part of the artillery :wjrof» a pifce cf v^oods, very difticolt of acctf^, .and hit" arriv *i, in a CMti< nl minnti», for that time favcd the army, whic|,>» '-^j, remained mailers of the held. Tail vidmy was honour.^bly'ictined-,^,- "*batg*vc iliem% know, that the Americans were capable of ; foitrcfles t Burj^oync by viay of anf^er, prefTed him for afl'ltancc, gave an ac- count fff his fiiuacion, and informed him that his provifions could not hold oui longer than the twelfth of the enfuing month. The nrtny under the command of General Gates, increafing from day to day, obli.ceivcd a wound. C'olc,:cl 'ir€}!r,;!n, wI,o commanded a German corps de rcferve.was jtili more unto; tuna»e } his camp was attacked and carried, hh hag- gage j-i I liiged, bis crumon tr.licn, and he himfeH p-riihcd in the afiVion. Thii day tlir KngiiO'. lof? a pirt of the;ir bravelt men, and rothing cotddexcsrd their misery 4!H^ diftreib ; 'hey labouied the whole n'lght To chanjri cheir roiltion, hopi;i_!;To ■)!i!!,5e fi>e enemy to change their* alio. Thiv buHncr* was acrouvplifhed « iih intredible f %ce ar.d a;.. tivity, and in iuiid,the profpcft mfclves; they be- ime fault in a per, II Indian the Pi o- ?d by an tterfrom about to ittacking (itrcffcs ! e an ac« ould not ing frons ittcntion, ecefl'arily cccflTeB of fore, and jt, Corn- ell r.t In- Ufi cut oW s oblig^iii bt be the ly. For »e braveft eiving hit (1 that the tfcey were nold pur- lavc toic- fervc.was hi? bag- he ufVion. \ nothing lolc rt'gbt igt ihtir* c ar.d £;.• b?t better to '"^^U fhe Englifli General was now informed, that the cneray baj dlf- atchcd foi waid aconfuleiablebodyjtu lurround him enciicly. 1 i.i?, " e look every meal'ure ia his power to p. event, ^ad upon the n'lghx ot the 9th of Oilober, began to march, leaving his lick and wo'ia-lfl tq uroyidefor themlielvei j but the care (kncral Gates took ct tlit-.eh;:* been fince gratefully acLnowledgeJ by the Ei/glifn therr.KlvKs. A heavy rain, that lafted the whole right, rendered rh^ir j>rogre{» very flow j and at break of d:ty he pttctivtd the Aniciiciu* polled and fortified on the heights aroiind him. He tlien took a rpfoiution to nraarch towards Fort H^dward,but iiis i oad cutter.-, being rcpuiifu, and the oppofite fliorecf the river lined witli enemies, he i:oiiciudc(J to call ^ councilof war ; upon confidering the m;ili';r, ihcy iiw ao otljer proba- ble way of reaching this Fort than by a night inai^h, and Uiv fbldicrs carrying their provilions on their backs : but while tiiey v> ere pr«par- inc; to execute this forlorn purpcfe, thty. learnt that the eneiay had taken fufficient precautions to v)revent the execution of Uieir defign. Nothing could have been more wretched- noiliinj^ tncre dsplcn- blethsn the condition of t hit army. Worn down by .a loiif^ teilis of ; fevere duty, marches and actions ; forfaken by tlie Indians in the netd-:< fa\ moment, weakened by <^erertion, de je(5ted and dilcouraged by the . timidity of the Canadians and provincird troops, llitir r'.g'iinr corps jreddced by repeated loires, to the number of only three ihouiand Ave hundred, their braveft officers l^ilied, the reil forcei! to be lontinu.Jly under arms, harrnlied day and night, by an eneiiiv that iiriRwd to grow out of the ground on every Udej having loU all hope t.f r?ilcf, and but three days provifiops left, their lalt refoujce w;;s to make the belt terms they could with theenemy. The General, v. illing however, jji an altair that regarded the future well being ot evv'ry iuciivid'.ial in the army, to have th^r unanimous voice, sa im as poliible, ca'kd 9. council of war, inviriug not only the generals and ffaft'-cfncfa't, biit all the commanding captains : tnefe imivt-rbily gave it ss vheir*pi- nion, tbal the army cculi mi do oth^r^iife than treat ^ujitk G.tneral Gates j lypfd the Englilh hivefmce done the latter tl)e juflicetu dt'cl.-.rt, rhat, (SBniidering the ground on which lie ftood, he Ihowed'not the lealt inark of infolcnce or arrogance. The fubftanceof the principal articles was, tl'.at the ^rn?y (lioujcl march out of their camp with the hopours of war, aitd tlieir anilltry, to an appointed place, where they (hould pile ih>rir arms : tiiat a paflags fliould be granted thcui from Bollon to Europe, upon con- dition of their not ferviog in Aineiica diuing the prefent v\-ir.-.- They reckoned their lofs from \\\t Tixth cf Juiy, to the capitulation, anclufivc, to amount to near fen thousand mer). The greac fault of Burgoyne, 'liid what prepared the way to all his misfortunes, was his march to Fort Edjifarti ; if he had rctwristi to Ticonderoga, iind proceeded to Fort Geor^^e, h* would douJ)tlc(s havo avoided thefe dil'allers, b.it, as has \v: trograde movement would d'^cken the ardour n* hjs troops, and ^ivn tlif Anjericaiip time to recvcr froni their furp.ife. A (kueraf w always blamer.ble when he ventures far into usiexplored countries ; bnt lfur^(>yre,who b^d (ecn the Americans fly, o»! all h Ifs.at his' appro:-' h, nocwithttandirg their lltperiority in number, and li/ofe vad toMidi.a- t»6i5s which both nature and art had renHcicd impregnable, ci-i.'.' l;e ,l>sli5ve that thefc very men would afterwards dare to (hew thcrui. I .■, Prrouud hira on ey«;ry llde, *pd f?gh5. \\vcsx iu the open ijeid ? 'i It ii'.-ti #1 u NEW TRAVELS The fnamscf re-ifcrated defeats, the immedUte cfclamities they f«ltj ?nd greater ttill to be cxpefled, the dread of Indian cruelty and in- tihoriniinate plunder ; ail thrie conn derations muft hara wrought wonderfully en tl.e miiuJe o\ the Amevicant to have produced lo lud- den aiui cniyeii'al a change : let it be rcinembered, however, that ihe very eltmcntB affiKed in the rednilion oiBurgoyne ; the heavy lains threw continual obttaciet in hit way, particularly in the affair cf Bennington, where, by delaying the inarch of Colone! Breymans Geceral Starks had an opportunity cf attacking and defeatii^g CoL ISaujK, before the oiher'»arrivii\ ; the Induni. likcwife, forfbok hina at the very time when they could be ot nfe to biro ; hi» «xpefted rein- "toitement* never i»«ned hint ; and Clinton, who then co'.nmandr.d at New-York, awd mi^ht with the gicuteft cafe have failed in force, ^ip the Norlh River, was too (low in makini;; the divcHion. All that; genius, activity and courage ci the armies of General Watoington and Count R(.chsii)hc^au, ought he no^ to have baldened, by forced nviiches, to attack aiui difperlc' them, that be inight afterwards have .; irt !u8 power to inak.e beaTl aj/kinft the others ?• But if, alter the iiinii-.tticris cl Clinton, and hit promifes of ipeedily reiicvlfifj him, he nftvcrtbclef* thought it impropfcr to hazard any at- tack, hcvr ailv».nta^coui *"uk.vir it tuight promiie to be, he ought at • Ji Tcv?.; IJlivtiff ^''firfi, tfat Cortnvallii ♦ prmy did u«f ctnfji of mort ikan jcui- or Jivt! thtujunJ tfun : iviihcui tfns prijurij-tion it 'woukl hav4 iun highly iwpi udft.t I'l M, Je SaitJ !-'itnoii to bu've landed his troops^ l«- l!,re the arrival of General Irajhinylon and Ccunt liochafnbcau. But j^' tiOtvitih'landirA^ that, ihar Imui'mg hud hfen attended •with ill cotj't jueiiCi.;, kt iviuid certainly ba.'ut bier, liable tojs'vtrt reprtkcnjlcn. THROUGH AMERICA; 69 ]l«ail to have done all in bis power fo retard and prolong tie fiegc j for whatever might have bc«« the relief promifed by Cliniun, contrary wi''ic»« rr.ight h.tve delayed it« arrival, and a few dayi giiincd would have been of the greateft importance to him. He likewi(e knew thit Connt de Grafii; had declared that he could not remain but a (here time in the bay ;. fothat, retarding his departure, would have beeii deran^n* his plant, and confsquintly hindering him fioni ferv 15 biB country eltcwhere : The uaion being, alio, pretty well advar.cti the autumnal rainf muft have made the fiegc very fatiguing to our traops, and perhapi have occasioned contagious dihcmpers among them, in a country whtre the ::iir and water aie lei& wholeibme than more northward. f The diftance between York and WilUamfbnrgh is twelve miles, and ♦bl« wUole interval is covered with very thick woods : it would cer- tainly have been an cafy matter then, for Cornwallis to have made Ymt$ o( ahbaiis throughout this foreft, and have ftopped up the road« from pott to poft .; three thoufand (laves at leaft^ which l^e had taken from the planters, would have rendered this mode of deteiice ftill more prarticable all our military conaoifleurs have given it as their opi- nioo that a few detachments and fome field piece's, might have re- tarded the combined arrry at lead a month in ifs approaches to the works at York, and probably would have deltroyed us a great num- ber of men. The lands adjoining the town wcr^* covered with Indian corn, and by taking it away or burning it. be would have obliged the afTaiUntt to get food for their horfcj ara grenter diftance, and by that means delayed the transportation of the artillery, wluch wa« landed feveral miles from the camp. Cornwallis thus (hut np in York> with artillery badly enough ferv- ed, and his works difadvantageoufly conflru^ied, had it not in his power to Tally out upon us without rifquing too much, while the be- frgsrs had time to prepare, to receive him, and even to cut off his re- treat : being thus incapacitated from a£Ving od^enfively, he could no way extricate himfclf but by fome defperate attempt. if he had known how to profit by circunaftances, rhe relief proraifed by Clinton might have faved him, or at leaft madt a great diverfion in his tavour. The Englit"h fquadron, confilVin^ of twenty.(ieven or . twenty eight &ip« pf the line, with four thoufaiid land forces on board, appear<;d o^fotc the capes on tbe a6th of Oftober, that is to fay, feven days after the furrender. Count deGraffe's fleet.being thirty fix flit pa of the line, was then at anchor within the IJer/iSioi, a f*ind bank,ov«r which vcflTels of war cannct pafs, except through a narrow channel on the eaft hde ; the wind blowing at that time right in, <;:ompleatly pre- vented tbe fquadron from gf tfi«g undrr way, and cqivftc«ently' could nut have hindered Clioicn from eijcdling a landing Vb'r bi« troops. I cannot (ay whether it was a fear of bat) weather that incllfttd th*; Count to raAkt choice ot thiipJace, but hit over great prfeiiiaution wa», I am lure, an obftacle to his purfuit of the Knglifti, the ftUvd being favourable enough, had the fi«et been in. any otner place. , May t TH' is ihf miT' frcbahtcy at tkt Imts bting very txUnfivt^ m refpeS fo the mimber of ./itn, tt:r inij njuas mere canfiant^ Somt fiilditrs nvere ile- kien nights -.i.thont lying Jjzvn m iUir itnii, a griattr .'iumltr frcsu or r-^iiiMiJ ike rfjij\ur ar^Ji'^jt, ■' m •i "1 i '. 19 NEW TRAVELS Si??- m ii if M-xy we nowr siHc which of the twoEnglifti General hai manifcKed (:'je btjt condud ? For ray part 1 am of opinion, Burgoyne iv*u1d h-tve lut;ee«lcd better in defending York.and thatCorDw»liis* could not hive dune iu«re iu the vfiideriicri, adjacent to Saratoga. I am^, &c. X.STPER Xlir. Ad'vanta^es arifing to Amtricny from the tapture Oj. LirJCornwallit.'^'-^T'kejuturei'nperianceofthiT ceuntrj'-'—Hir va- rious loca! advcmtages O'vir Europe-' PtUtical happinefs an/tug /rem tht abaUjlment cj tkt jtudalfyfltm of laius in America-'^l be free and in- depemtent fituaiion cftl:t AmeruaH pfafantry—^NaiiontU cbara£Ur of thepenphin America^ not yet arrfved lo'yfiaiurity-^T heir natural in- gentittjaHd iti'ventive turn The pDhtii.al cendu^ of the EngUji Mi- ft'/fj, refpi^ing America, prfvious to the breaking nut ef the ivar-'—^ rroceedi/jgs ofihtfrf American Congrefs General Cage andtbt Bof ton port bil l '• - The American aliiance H AMERICA; 7.7 mid. con- Fairs. I'ume veak: tour newr lutb, rene 7 of hich and '^ 'fhii couiitry is interfcfttd and watered in every part, wifh lakff, rifers, creeks ind liviileti. The I»kci, and forae of the livcis open a coremunication with very diiLant regions, a conveniency wbicH cannot be enjoyed in other paitj of the world to any great p^r- fcAion, without the prev'ous affiUancc of art, and the toi', and labour •f mfn ]« digging canals. There ate alfo rich mint's concealed in the baweh of the fftrth, efpeciaHy .hur moft uft-ful of all metals, iron 5 and the Tea coafl^, through wlir ^i To many gicat ri- ver* difcharge their waters, is every where inccuie-i '*ith bay», ha- ♦em, roadi, and ports, which abound with Ji/l'i of the nioft excellent kinds. The banks of KswfouadUnd 'viil always he a nurfery for feamen, while the fcrffls and the plains will continue to proditc© wood, tar and betnp, for ths conftrucling and s igging of fhips. , Our European cities and towns, for th'S rnoil part, afford us to this day ftriking proofs of the calamities, ignorance, noifcry and bar- barity of our anceftors, in rlicir unpL-afknt, uiiicahhy fituatjons, iri their wails planted round with battlements, their formidable tuiretn of defence, their clofe and compact buildings, almoft without air or lijrht, and their crooked, muddy ftreets, equally inccnimodious aiul difgufting ; but the American towns *re upon a different plnn ; not walled in, as if mankind were to lire in eternal dilhuft of cachotlur, lb«y are buVfc on agicv'-ibic falubtious fpots of land, w?.'hed by pure and navigable waters, farroundcd by fertile fiftids, K-iid out in fpac^- ou? ftrects crofRng each other in direft lines, and ornamented witli' buildings every where beautiful, convenient snd rcp'-iiar. ' If America, in point of foil, bids fair to txceed Europe, what will file not do in hf^ iejgiflation and her inannerrr, the baibarous, complicated fyllcms of feudal laws, ancient Itgifiation and modern manners, will never be united here under one ;4nd the, fame government, will never take up the whole tjme and abilities v? men of genius to unravel their meaning, •r recjuire numerous tr)ba.- Aals to difcuff! them ; or become a mere labyrinth wherein the fub- tle orator may lyde lunifclf, or furprifehis adverfary ; and under the ianftjon of Jdiich the all grafping lawyer may rob the widow and th« orphan « their rights.* Here, the criminal in irons will <:.~,rc to raife his voice, and call his defenders to his aid ; and the l^***, ?.- verfe to fanguinary nieafures, will patiently attend to what, he hss to fay, before it pronounces fentence againft him. Barbarous prejudices will not aim citizen agalnft citizen^ fiirnd againft friend, expofc il^e opprelTed to be crufhsd l>y the opprefibr, 6r bunifh from their country its moft ufeful defenders j fepariit; fn- thers from their families, wives frenj their hi'f])andt, children fiom thfir parents ; and produce thofe Oiamtful abA.idities which hv tht foldier under th« wretched necefTity either cf violaline the Uyv» . . cl- • / twm/J mt be underjtcod te fay, that ihi ck'i! L-'^l/Inii:r '.1 .'/•? Umff'! , States of America ts a^lually exempt fropi all thel't i/nonnfWfKCies mx^^ mbufti : jormtdi may jr^frdinnia^^^ red their cotrJfituticHs, but nevrr ivkilr their trouble! //-?/., hvf, them:, 0*1 ptrfeSioH. It it tit the calms of peace 'hat ftudhui «*«, t-nlifJitent^a «i)» *-V-. periftue, •will I e etiobltdto free tbemp-am (tnfti/kii, t^id cj . %'^tiH(iinx.iii^ ^mtat>llit»tkir (limattandcujlotnst m M ¥i fi NEW TRAVELS «f humanity, of religion, ot his country— —or to 'lofe at once th3 fruit of hi» i'orvices and dangers, and appear no longer among hio couatrj men except iviih diijgiaceand inlamy^ Legions . J In a difpnre betwix^ a Prencb and an Amrrican ofUcer (the on- ly one that hns happened) tlie Frenchman fiill diew his fword j the American rcfufed to follow his example, and finding his long halbert a more certain weapon of defence, wounded his adverfary therewith. Jn Franci? he would have been driven with difgraceout of the army, W General V/a(hiugtoj» contented hirnfelf with puoifting thtAme- rican, not for hnving combated with unequal arms, but for rai&ug i difturhance in the army. '4 The pradice of duellinB; deprit/es us of fevcral thoufand men year- ly ; a lofs the moft cortfidcrable, as they zrc for the raoft part expe- rienced officers, accviftomed to difcipline and able to bear fatigue, but whole place* are often fuppliwl by raw young fellows, ruined by de- liaucherT', and mofl; of whom link under the weight of the ferTice. It ii impofi-ble then to deJlroy this inhuman practice, which, notwitb- ftand'in^ the eirorts of leveral princes, remains to this day ? By no ineans fu ft of all i\\Q fenci*tg fchooh be fuppre-Ted j in thefe placer, young fclio-.vs fbun jrow idle and corrupt^acquire a wrangling fpirit, and a i;i:!lying bebavior.r, which is a plague to fociety, and moft frc- quently piovts fatal to themielvcs. Tne Knights of the age of chi* •»alry, whoni^ we are apt to cull barbarous and ig'norant, were iels fo in thi< refpcdt than curfelves. They excrcifed at arms, but only witl^ :* viewr to encourage an art which ftrengthencci| the|i;;.bodis9j and rcii- <'ercd them more aftive and redoubtable in ight.*f 'B^dt ^t what adf- vantage is the art of fencing among ui ? what good could an army of fencing n^alters do in repelling an invafion ? If, the», this art avaifa iiothiiig to the defence of a country, a»d is dangerous to the citizens, why not fupprefs it, and proli'bit the praftice ? Kxcept tlrearjns, the cullafs is the only weapon that the troops make v.ic of in actual Tervlce, and why cannot the management of it be harnt in fchools, appropriated to the corps in icrvice only, and the carrying (f it be forbidden to all other citizens, and even (as in the prailice of i'lrac nationj)/to the military ihemfclves, vrhea not upoA real duty. Let no officer hi expelled from his corps for having re-- i'ufed a challenge, but rathe: let fuch a conduct be the means of hii advancrrnrtit, cfpccially it his Hidland bravery have been tried on cth^r cccafions. The maa who is capable of iacrificing vulgar pre-; juJices to the good of his country, certainly merits its thanks j and whoever fhould reproach fuch a one, ought to he driven away or "'< puniflied, be he officer or folditr. Whocvr fends a'chailenge, ought ;~ to fufi":r djllioj/or and difgrcce, and the commanders fhould be alfo cbliged, under fcvere penaUies, not to fufrer duellijit'ni the army, any move fhan they now do men that refur? to light. Such ciRceis as. have difputes with each other, ftiould be compelled to fubmit them ttjjthe de'ciiion of their equals t this would have far more etteft ujx- i^tjTa giddy young fellow, than being obliged to fight a duel, where %fi might flatter hirnfelf that his (kill and dexterity would bring him off conqueror. The Frcuch, would not be reputed leis brave, for - having private fights among thcmfelves. The Gauls, the Greeks, and Che Romans at no time cut each, others throstts for an offecilve THROvoH AMERICA: 73 C«gions of birds and quadrupedes will not here be allowed to de- Iroy the hu(bandi fidi iih My nd he, as wcli us the iman rich and great, may iprtaa ins nets tor tilh, an me nvers mat wiiia through his meadows. The indolent, palTive chara^er of thefejpeople, would, it it tniej lead one to fufpeit that they will never arrive to tl—jiower and im» portatice that ijtniiny natural advantages leem to proinile. Buv tlun It mull be coKfidered that this national charaftcr ariics frpm vuitoin, climate and a manner ofliving which will one day be greatly changed s a regular retired manner of life, ignorant of the in.puhcs of aij'ui- tion, unacquainted with extravagant pltaP.i:e, and net exj» (cd to Ifreat and (udden changes of fortiuie, unaccuttomed to v^iritLy, and efs laborioully than agiecably fpcnr, cannot have that a^ivity ai.d c- itergy vrhich prefling neccfiities and uniuly paiHons excite and ke*.p> pp. Food, weak and unfubftantial ; drink wirhout a mixture cf (pirit, father difTolving than digeftive ; an air impregnated wish !.u., 'l par- ticles, from '.he evaporation of the forslti, mult necaff.cUy ll.i.keii 4nd relax the nerves, give a flower but more regular ciirulation to the blood, and confcquently render the feelings lefs xculs, rise ir.rgi-. nation left lively, and lefs animated, the humour more C'^ld lu'l dull, but not fo'inconftant as with us. Yet, when a more nutcfioui pj- pulation fiiall have levelled thefc immenfe ibrcits, and luiJ open ihe foil to the genial influence of the fun, when the air iha'l have Lf.ccnua tiioi'c free and thin, and new plantations, and an exteiidvec juim-ji.fi fhall have made th? ufe of fplritous liquors more cai.m.on, when t'le people fhall fettle nearer together and hav- more inteicourle tlia-.i at preient ; tbta the ptf|^hs will awake anvl be routed to sSclon, aud the Americans wiU;fno^ at once what they are to be. But vhat a fpcdacle do tijcfp fettlcmcnti even now aheady cr.hl* bitto ourview.confidering thafihey aic bi:t of I'atji more than a century ftanding, and have been conitantiy under the contuul oiF-ng-. lifli policy, alwayl Aifpicious and tyrannical, which Icized tl'.c huit* Ot their ind'iftry, and rendered itlelt the lolcpoiiliVv*;- of their cota- merce ?..,**•- Spacious and level rords already travc rL- the vaftly extenied furcfta df this country } hrge and coftly "onildings huve b\-n raiii'd, cither for themeetiiig of the repreftnrative* oi the atatei., for an at/lum ta the defenders cf their country, in diilrefs, ur for '.lie convenience of inftrufting yen iig citi/.cns in language, arts and ftiencc. Ihcfc lai!, *^hich are for the molt part enduwed with Conruiciiole p&lleiU-i: 74 NEW TRAVELS B I b« t»Vcti apart ai the |>le.trurc ©t the builJ^r are by their buoyancy »s I'jlikl and ufeful m* our rirm'^lt works, dcfgnn! for the fame ends. In o'Ucv }>Ia>jr< whoii aiivcr is too deep toi fixing the foundalicn ct a biiilf,ffVh' its Hwftoin, a. t\<-n\ m,i(«oi' timber wnrk is thrown o»cr iw acui feline, Aipported oi:l) at the exti<.niitic£,tlie internal ftrength ct vh;; rt-niilu'r iip'M'Uling if in etrry other psrt. Ticondcroga, -f- iheCikin^of (^Ijuhbytlie Euglith, .ovcrcd the Americana with coiiiofion. ftill prcvrd to their aftoni(hrd cncniit», to what a pitch ti)iii iftduli.ioi)! talciU could be canted. Fvciy bonrc and divcliiiij; eont rm? within itfelf almoft all the orl- fiiv^l ?nd molt nec'.i^Hry ,ir»: the baud that trace* out the liuniw, r\iy«i\ alio Ik,v* to j^ivn the {bj|;elt{.x b'utk of wci-d what foin i^ jlea- ivty how t'> p-^eiuuc t.if hidrr i'fcAltIc fur uie, and CAtrn6l Spirit frcm th- juive ')f buits I'ht young rxv:^\ ni-k'cn,* wUofe charming com- j'kr.imi has ret bee»i tnn»tdi;^wrj h) ibc burning rays cfiiic k»n, or rfi?hcr«d by blading wiiuls, upon wlHitt) pile Uideiy hasn«!rcr ftamped i;s hiitc'ul in>prcf!S»»iis hnbwB how to Tj-mu v.nol, cotton, flax, and af- teivvsvdi i»eJi»e tlcm int >iiloth. Ton cniu'.ut^ort are Teen every where iip- n tho bni!ljin(•R,v^hi;.b while (hty urefci vc the itiluibiiarts ficmthe lalAl tfi' (6i»c,-! lirhtning, ini«tioiiaii/;e the inemoiy of tTaitklin,that ve- 1 ( ivMr (s^j", \'.*n? :f tiic i.dtrmitifin of the P^n^.tni v ai^d (how at the fair': tit'.ic how mvich tht; PTtdifpoled to pi'iut tjy his in»ention9. VVhcvi the i!iei;uKcppicinvp a'^l^ wtic fianit-d, .did (cnt orrr to de- i^r'nythtit ptivileiitE, with »lm ptudcnce ulululion and courage did IJici net unite to tit fend. tlirm !— — and heie we or^jht to pnuCe, and ^x our atiention, t» ioi m a jnopcr jub'^ment of iht Americ.m*. Meiii ,;4 Icattcrcd f77'5 Europrar; kef:e hen rrtaliy vtijt'a^en -vf^mWgard to tht moivvei find hrha^vuiui' rj' '!)..■ A/atfican leader i on ft':,'t cJthaU-J (tc(flfiou. 'their nvhol' Jorct- cdnfijhd nf vf »•) I'ttL n-'^rg than ^ S"'^ mftty nvb'U thut rf ike itrt' tHy nLf's it hnfi ly.ooo. 'Vke pnji ccnlJ nrt ha%'e l>ee>: ez-acuottd 'ixUh any tvttour tiUthi' force and 7ru>-'.Jii\ af th cncvi'j nvcr* r.'-ettaititd, and tltSy from a 'variety cj caujit, 'v.as t.cl done in ihu itidtt-ie till ttty ivere alvwft upon ibc fpQt. Thus an abunddintieni oj the pUa- Ijicane ahfoiuii-'j titcfjjuryf t-i;dinfuch circUmJlanLCs i*:irij)-,tit il.al ntY.f mede, utidtr Ceneritl Si.ci4iiif, Tx'flj Cfriatff/y in ci;crj f-^Jc fropir a>:d pi af. -ai'U to nvaiiinp^ the. i^feni tf StH (ij/ariiy in ii-hich^futfi tht mtr-uKliry oj i.umbtrs^ tht pkice 'll'isuL in all frobabtiitj. ha-cr. bwn carried^ andfiH a foMitr Ifji to cJpojV the progrefs of ibe -{t einvMiiUk ivard. Ih': ar:-/]) at Charltjlo'n.n, in i7?o, iceri ntarly it: fi/uilar iu-(uv^i}a>ici'< ivith thalof'ii<:inJirrga,in 1777 ; ivhut bkodand d«:'Vaflaiion ivcvid have been favtd, ha J ibii a'ncy, t/^-mt ivtre efternxards PHidt prijhur, in that piacc^ bicn 1'. iihdr:nx» Jrcm the ^arrtfn jer th," de- fence of lb,: (cuntrv, iff cad of t'.Aiti/tO, to be fui reunUid by tt: at, ay. Ihe tworL\i^O'iv at Ittj^th, f!!'ir> Crrurel •^t.i.'latfjihu credit Jor the scntrou< and iiijinttrefcdpart he ii/-t.dat licand,.rcj:^0. if '.He he inai yet tn k\i iutrtncb" Kleniit is e'Jfri'f.' tj Ciilcml I arnci-, cue qj !. u c^-f;-% n.t:ith a magnamfritj thai (nnnni he fujficicnt'l^ admired— -^^* If 1 enfucuetn the place, W| cLn-* raSer 'will berwntd ; 1} I rewnin /yv, the army nvrll be loji j but for the fnjetr oJ the amy I am dt'.erviitted to e-vc.cueie it, cllbou^J} ttivilt fi^cfucl^ en alarm asboi not kaypened in its country fiau the nvar ecmmtittceU, " Translator. , * It ijevide/it that tie author inJhis place^ fs 'will as in rlhiny ttiers, it dronuing a piird'c! Lit'ivetn the condition nf the American peafanttyttm^. $koji effimnctf mtdfi'vsraliibif mntruf o/Europt^ Tr-amslatoRs T H R u e II AMERICA; 71 fcattered through extcnfivc countriej, different in cliinat*, and cbfh- ing in tht'u- intfrelhand mixlcs uf worOiip, to the v». order ct the whole world, formed iirociations, wtuch coincided «» ex»6tly in the" tlcci- fions, ni if the whale matter had been preconcerted, (rrout Ritaia vainly tiittcred hf^ fclf, that by Ihutling up the port of Holt-jn, Ihc had efFciftually intimiiiated thcfe provlnr-ei, and railed riiin73U9 UiriMcion* among tuem ; yet, alter this arbirrswy atl, their corni)l*itits wcir but the more urgeat, and the coijjmon ^.toger did but llrcngthcii rl'sir un- ion the more j the maritia.e towns in the nei^hUourhood of B^O: , inftead of being dazzled with t!ie iminenfe rtdvanfig»;3 which wtrre p> • miliid them, viewed tLs mealaie with indif^"t\atioa and horror. The town of Sal^m, to which the piivilcgcs cf tlie Koftoni.\ns were no«v transferred, wrote thus to the Governor of the provincj ; •• Ws are deeply ari:>5t'ed at tlie public calainitiea j and ihcmifcrlet'^ " of GVii brethren, in tiie capita] of the province gives us thegr ^^teit ** concern; we will continue to hope however that your txciUency ** will do your eodcavour to lighten the accumulated mifchi^fs that *' have fallen upon that unhappy people. Suine may i:nap,is« iliai ** the (hufing up the haibour of D'jiloQ will tarn ths v\liule com- •* merce of that place into our channel, and be greatly to our pro- •* fit; but Mature, when Ihe formed our port, rctuied ir equal ad- •* vantages, and has not atiorded us thofs convcnltncies that wonhl <* enable us to become rivals. Befidcs we have not renounced every ; ** idea of jiiflice and all the fentiments of humrinily, in tr.tertaiiiinoj;' *' the bale thought of growing rich and making foi tunes out of Lh» *' ruins of our neigltlxiurs : &c." Virginia refolvcd, ''That an attack made upon or? colony, to nbrge it to fubmit to arbitrary taxation, wr.sfquUiy iijniious to nil the reft, and threatened them with the total \o\\ of their privilegpi." (i he decifions of Rhode- lilaad, where the weight of arbitrary power, vva-^ molt felt, were not Icfs bold j but thofe of Maryland, a ptovir;de hx the hands of powerful proprietor*, fuj^.aHed tlieni ftili. » All iht rcIV of the continent tuinifelted the Isine <'a-ntri«-(s, and ef*;ib!i»'htd ej|!ery where comiaittees of corrcfnondence with the pcneral Con^rcfs.'" \ "* And thus this prohibitory bill, that was publiihid and laviflily $'C' femin'itf;d throujjh the country, far from iprc\iciin?^rf'il c>*n- fterni'tion, hrtd only, fays the EngliiJx hlltorian, the '.^V.^l rhich the poets attribute to the tcrcli*:s of tlie Fuiies, th;^t ol burning atid ccn* lumirg in every niace wh.ce they, happened to puts. ' Nft-.'' sc*ls, rdative to the lo.dg:ng of Ihe troops in tl'.e province or Maflachujetts B:;y, co.oipletpd the general indignsticn : ihcy now thought of nothinr, but ihutvin^ up the ports, xnaking contributions to luccour their Ailt«rin,5 brethrthin r.ultoii, and htiUlInr a general Conf;refs. In Ho'.hin, the conimitttt t>f correfpuiideuce palTcdui! A&^f in wliii^they oblijjed themfefvfs,. in the moft folemn manner, by tak,* i«g Gaaato witnclij, to abllain from all commercial iiuercoiirle wiil'i Great Brjjain, until the reji^-al of the prohibitory port a^^, iuict whatever elf2 nailitated afaimt their privi^^g-rs : net to cor.rume op purchaieany articles imported linc« the ]~lt of Auguft,--not to trade with thulc who did import, --to renounce all conn'jx.ion witit i'vcb at flio' W refufc to fiiblcribc to this agreement, and pablifh thttr natnc», to J^ held in everiahing dilgrace. ^iie fisveral provinces ftrove who Oiou'dheforrmoftincu'Cnng into.. r. '3 4 V . 1^ In vain^did General Qvl^z, Govei;jyj; of AyJaiiliCu-'fetii- NEW TRAVELS t'i Bny. rfpchre it, by li's proclamation, illegal, cleftru£Vive, contrary !• t^ie tsalty they oweil ili,« •<•!'«. tfniling to deltroy the Ifgal authority of the ,)arHatr<"n' ol lii'g'aiuT, ami injurious to the public neace and feciritv } i(^ vam iliii he employ threus, anJ order tire judges to ftii'e; upon Mioi'e vtho (hould lubltnbe it, countenance it, oriuve any lh.i'e in puuirtbinp it. Virginia, in ;iddition to hertnorecaily determinations, now rcrolved, tint iMc v/f^M import no more llavcs troin AfVica, or the We(llndie» i a■^•\ noBiifi'h imnufaiStures, after the ftill of November, if their grie- v.ii:tes were not tctlirliVd by tiic 15th of Au^uft, 1775 J that after this T^r. jd, ihe woijl 1 not export tobacco or any other merchandize to Gr;u jJiitain, and that to /ai'|''>" '"-r own neceifities, rtlc their ieati. But the people immediately <{.-clHred them enennec to their country, threatened to treat them a|' rfiich, and pronounced them incapanle of holding their places. The hwyers andinrics of the province, at the opening of the court** ' refiifcd to f*ke the uCual cafh, or ♦o have any connexion with them, •vhije the re^iiters of the courts afked pardon of their country.in the piib'.ic papers, for having lllued warrants for fummoning the jurura to attrnd, with promires nor to tominit the fi(me,fault again 5 declaring,. •t thf ilntic figit^. that they wouM' never forgive themfelvoi for it, al- tfio' thci; counrrymen (liould : Kntrarice into the cou; ts of judice was reluied the judges ; they were furrounded by the populace, wherever thw went, were puvi'hed into their very houfcs, and forced at laft to Cbrce.-'.l themlelve?, not only frotn the public, but from each otiier. The*>ld conltiriuion bein;^ thus annulled by aft of parliamenjf, thd prx pic at t!ie faine time rejeiling tlie new one, there was no longer law . n.jr goveriiinent in the province of MafTachuletts Bay \ Hoivevcr, even in. this ilate of anarchy, they committed no a^s of e3;cela 10 be re« . I/roachi:d with ; (uch an influence bad the old laws uponiheir minds» a? th- moment they were to be annihilated ! At length, the general Congr'.-lv opened at Philadelnbia, on the fifth ' •itf 53f'ren\btj-, i77<^., and piiblilhed i« the molt op-^n and fokmn man- r I ?, the rtiitlmpnt,-, the views and the refwurces of the '•On^rJerated J KMvinces.- Tiie i;iftiu6f:o> in the colonit-s in time of peace, without iheirconfeni, th-^t a naval force was employed to countenance unjnft impofitions upon trade ; thnt the authority of commander in chief, and Brigadier G«;nenJ, was bet-ome abfolutc in every gevcrnment !n America; that the com- manding Central was in time of pe;ice, nominated Gonjemoy of a co- lony \ and ftiat the number of expenfive, oppreflive officejs vvis unne- cefl'irily and prodigioviily increafed; thjt the judges were become whol- ly dependent unon the crown for their falaries, and the duration of > tiieir comiriiiri'jn to their fovtreign, or their love and > -neration for their mother country.— -They next tell him, " VVe have inherited from our ancefiors th<»t paffionate love of liberty, which placed your illulfriaust family on the throne." They then goon to btfeecb him by alt that is molt facied, .by the intereUs of his kingdem, by his own, by the fe- curity and profperity of \hc l-iws, by the happinefs of his fubjef^s, whofe father he is, not ro (tiifer fuc/. ;;ntiiTiatc bonds of aficdion to be broken alunder in expe(5h".tion of certain events, which, allho' they might poflibly turn out n. lad to his wiH), would never compenlaie for the inevitable loflVs that would attend ihem* In the memorial aJdreHeJ t*i the people of Britain, they bring into view the rights thty ought to cnioy as free men, citizcrvs and colonirfs, %he fraall regard they entertain for the prcf'nt Engliih miniltry, the attachment they h-jd always fliown for their mother country, the nu- merous fervices ihey had rendeied her laR war, and the taxes with whicii they were burdened tipon I-er account, ami whicli were fooli(hly fq.uardered upon court fa/jucires. They prove undeniably that fuc- rers againft them would be as dangerous to the liberties of Great-Bri- tain as to tliofe of America. *' America once fubje^fcd, fay they, 5* would Uridf become the inltrumeat of fubje£ting you." The/ it' i >« NEW TRAVELS k i They l.iftly bulM their hop-i of a re-ff^-.Mi{!in«e||A of peace Jind hn-. moiiy, fiiciicfhip and Uroilttrly'irf'cih'*;.; monjf ..^iThiii ui.ij^rty'j 'ub- )c(ih, upon tl)." jjrentnels and jn tice of w • 'tiiiii; iv.tnin, hy ch'-oiinf a wil';, inifpcivicnt parliament, afiiiiiarc< »u\t » love ot the public g>ort, r.iul A diTiie to defend their violated ;ight: againlt a wicked and ill defigninj; miniitry. ' In tlieir .idJrcls to tlie (Janndiw«,they difco»er th« greareft caution and discretion, and make ule of fucli .irgmnf «t» ai arc mj, from the ttfllrnoay of the mrft celebrated writers, that in bccofr.inj Engli(h fubjefl*, they participate in all their prerogatives ; they pro»« that the :j the people, who adhered ftriftiy to the opinions therein contained, in every particular : they flattered Themielves thnt fuch petitions and acldreites as thefe could not fail of bringing about fotne favourable chr.ngesin England ; but when they found that they had ro other eifedt, and wtic anCwcred no other way, than by an ail: pro- bibitinp; the exportation of warlike (lores from Great Biitain to New-* F.nj^lAnd, then it was that pacific meafurcs were totally given up ;— bftdies of militia weie immediately formed, regulations for difcipline vrsre made, and means t.«ken to "provide arms and ammunition. They cncourij3;ed the ercdling of powder-mills, manufa(!:Vures of falt-petri and fmill arms were let on foot. Some of the provinces went (o far, a'; to feize upon the ammunition and arms in the public (lores ; and thus it turned out that the a6l'3 of parliam'^it, the ftveriry of whic?i wai r.ieant to reduce the colonies to tranquility, only ferved to Incrcafe tii(f flames of animofity and difcord. All hopes of reconciliation being now at an end, feveral trifling acts of hoftility foreboded more conhdorableones to be near at hand. f-nghnd muft have feeu with ationifhmt'nt, the colonies dijcufling their rights with i'o much boldnefs and truth, taking tiK-afuresfo wife- ly, and dil'covtring Cuch undaunted relbliuion : but what inult have been her fear», when after her formidable aimaments had arrived to fib Uie t'?ein, (he faw them dare to advnnce, and diij^mte tvery iach •f grouad \^ith thcfe nuinenous v^ieran forces i Men '■- ■ ■ . -^ ■ r THROUGH AMERICA. 79 up ;— r!:jipline Tliey petri To far, ; and wliich ticreafe Men wbo liaJ iie^'cr learnt to obc), always acci.ftumed to tlif pcHvfl and quiet of a luiiil !lfe, bud ufT in abuiulancc, ot a ^tuw and [(dce- aWk diCpolition, Tilioic breads the vety idea of lioinaii bloid ordiiiation,i{eri>ifiiig hunger, the inclemency of the weatherifuppcrtir.^ long ar.d phiutul U4rche«i'{;ivinj^ anc) receiving death wirh iiurcpidlty,, and All a|;;iiuft a nation id tcniblc tothtm by her ancient fanie ai.d late Ajccfiiss ' Could ite ha.c believed than tbry would attempt arf thing apaanll her, whtn, deltitutcof experienced commanKleri, and unprovided nith arnuur aiiuuuoition, they found thcmlelvcs oblijr^ed to cu'pofc a warlike enemy, long pra^Hled in battlcii, and abunchuulf fupplyed with every tiling that could enfure fucccft ?— — Knnlaiid, no doubc, actuated by an ''^mbitieu'i policy, was thoroughly pcnuadcd ut firft tiat A [m*Vi number ot her trocps would {uificc to ti^ht and !ul:> duc the Amcricius : rijid it the''; troopa, with the itnmeiife hoite thiit fucefdcd tliem, fniiedin their mdeavouri and were toiujuctcd, Inill be bold U> Uy ii is a phentiuenon in the political wurki that no eni« pireor kingdom b?'J Aon the !ikeln paft uges, and ptrhapa nothirg like it will cvir happen a^-'.in. • V/e it» Frauce, were rot at all furpnrcJ to fccth* new rr.ifcd Ame- rican lejions fo often ftying before Uie enemy, difpcr/ing theniltlvea in the woods, or vanihiinga: the approach of the foe -, but we wrr« thund .rrtiuclc when we beheld the rn reuniting, iiiowiiig themlelven oncemoie in f)rcc, and ahvaya uipporfing hunger, wounds, and other evih incident to the war, with pativ-iice and couiage'. Th« more the haug,hty Knglifh had rtudied and oblervcd tlie genius, tliC jnclinationt and theiclburcci of the c-'lv hills, ih^ more they had to encourage ilitmfclvet to rely upon the I'ucccfs of their lirms. Ynt jiever were the plans of a nation more coiiifiletely fjuftratcd. With regard to America, their wifcft men reafoned like children : the ob- jedt wa» too great for thc'r ccnipieh iifion, and ae ihey had hittitit* only viewed the Ameiicani> in the calms of luraland copinKrcial IJie, they forgot, or did not know, or wou.ld not recollc6t,that native roav- arUice iiltlf, for v^hhthat ihty faileiy upbraided them, can be ioukd into h'-'joifin at the profpcft of Jipproaching ruin* --and tints their folly and aw^bition hat transferred a glorious Ibvereignty to the wtf- tern world w'ticli will, we hope, contjibute largely '.silts etiVc^s to the happinefs and well being of mankind in gentral, but pliilofcidiy lets us lee, that it will take feveral ages to complete tlie great rt volu- tion which has been begun in our day. You have hitherto fecn the Americans stl^t\Syin tkoj»y tmus 'ivhett fvahur fcod m the placf q( nufiibers and/kJl, ''ij^j;\liUi-,«:f!e'jjf.Jt, tillnu'iv, r-'ad of ri'n^ harraJJ'ed ivith internal fadkitSt uf/frWi^ifd S.ai.ii/f' th'- m'ans, and ij^fiorunt of the fcience ef ^varyi^alntnc the day <l '^^fenedrtaiion,a.!jvii(t iit rtfdurWi ttsduj'ai i/ihrlr(»>L^^i! g,ftiioj m »ti]^ in tkt worl4» h 11' I lii*'' :'■'■ I I6 NEW TRAVELS <.¥ lofophy may make cot^fiderable progrefs, among themi while the 'finii arts remain unknown, and while even puetry, which ir\ all other na<- vom has preceded the fcieces, forbears to railie her lofty and anima:« td Itrains. 'J'heir towns, their villages, their places of abode may afford eafet I^ealth and regulajity, but will prelieat nothipg that inteie(ts and re- frefties the imagi.^acion ; here aie no trees planted through the couiiii try in ftraight iineS) or bent into bowers to refre/h the tiaveller with their fhad-; : here are no gardens contrived with ingenious arrange- uients, where a pleafant I'ymmctry.and i happy mixture of flowers in- ebriate the fcnfts, and enchant the foul ; neither have they any the- atrical fliowsor dances, or thofe public exhibitions which might give \jsan idea of their felicity and cheerful difpolition— 'and yet how is it that jwiriotifm could unite fuch men, asd make them capable of fuch furprifing efforts ?. It w^s undoubtedly owing, among other things to the impolt upon tea, yirhich by depriving thcrl in an inftant of that article, feverely diltreffed every Individual ; it may alio be attributed, in part to theintolerant fpirit of Prefbytejiiniim, which has for fo long a time bren fowing the feeds oi o ord between them and the mother country ; and to the too limited »tate ot their commerce, which with the preduftions of one of the richeft foils in the wgrld, • has fcarcely yet lupjilied them with' what we call the rood common- neceflaries of life ; likewife to their newi'papers, which circulating through all parts,. fprerul alarms every where-, and prcfented the iftOftdifmal profpe<£lt, te tlieir view : but this critical moment, as I have already remarked^ was rol attended with a6ls of violence ar;d cruelty ; it was, on thy *".# Ithr' lorn rill to. their firft ally j they will not ere^ a monument to infamy, up- on whicW the whole world, and all future age$ would read France JtrJ} acknowUJgtd the hidcpttidence of America, and made the fifjl treaty of all\ance 'with her, fuppUed her iviih ammunition, affifed her ivitb Jker treafur*t,' and ihj ended her 'with her flttts and armiei : America un' gratefully violated her oaths, and burji ainnder the tiet ofJriendJlHp,asfoon as Jbe could ao it ^without danger to her/elf. ' AUho' (he ftwuld becapable, during the prefent war, of abftrafting licr quarrel from ours, and making a peace before us, ftill what wouid lie the refuit ? her power •wo\)ld no Ibnger be incorporated with that of Great-Britain, and foour great ohjeft would be nevfihclefs accom- ]|)ili(hed. ' Peace in America w'ouid likewife fave us the keeping on foot sin expehfive army in thii* country, the loan of inunenfe fuins.^nd iip- plying them vur ntti^e region, you will not go ann^.d wirh fire and fword to ra- v>gi*'*nd conquer regions that rife in tl»e ir.idll of the feas, beneath the flckly fervors of a torrid lky.~— ^Thofe happy plains which ycvi inhabit, and which furroirtid you on every fide, exrend evtr. be\ond y^our fondeft wiflies, and r.fk not a wafte of blood, but the hund of 'n- dultry, to open artd difclole their inexhauttihlt treiturts The nature of the climate may peihaps refuCe thefe productions which European luxury has taught you to efleem the real neccif^r-es of l:f-, bur your woods, youf'gratns, youf fi(heric», and your numerous flocks will al- ways be fufficicnt to procure you th''fs. "Their manners and climatr wiM not only far a long time incl'ne the Americans to peace, but their political fituation will prnh.ihly fiilt in- creaffe thrs rational propenfity ; they are not furrounded by rtifitA*, wnbiciou^ nations, whfj'will obiidge them to be incffTintly •irmed to «lrd againA their defigns ; altho' confuting of dittiiift bodi-;"!, they I never be expofed to thofe frequent a'/ercanons among themOlves 9v^ich vex the republics of Europe < their rtlpeii^ive ng ts arc to«> dearly eitabiifhed, toog^neralty received, and too intimjitf-ly conneft- cd no? to tend conllantly tothe deltruftion of the oppreiibr. Ntct;^tj,ftar and i^noranre hav« given birth to m:'n> wa.like natS- tn^ ai^tt fivroj^t would never have been engaged fe coultanily in Vi-Kn^ J* M mi ■ii# W ' i > 11 i )?!: I M : !i i : ■J,. $2 NEW TRAVELS hail ftic not been originally peopled by barbarians, fugitivrt, (onigntrta a.Kl fuch iS poflciTtd different inannersj and were violently oppofed to each, other, both by prtjudice and intereil j and if flie is Itill in this wulnppy ficuaiiun, it is only the coniequence of thofe milerable ages of»laiknel& and ignorance. The iinmenfe variety of dififirent forms of woi (hips will probably operate as the firlt caufe of future diifentions in America j altho' it is to this very circumllancc they own their ra- pid increale of power, and which will Itill contribute to their aggran- difement : but to kuppf>fc that tolera»iort can be prejudicial to the prof- pei ity ot dates, is, whatever you may think oi It, very far from the received opinion of our time. \ A s long as men live at a diftance from each other> toleration cannot be atten./^.>w,iujieiaucnaiaiim)CUer conaefted, rejefted aU.| I THR OOOH AMERICA." 63 brergnertj )ppofed to ill in this rable ages cnt forms liflentions I their ra* ir aggian- ) the pi'of- from the 311 cannot ched Itate y lefs full- ed, whea ong them olent and pring up. thelcfs, to' 'ft, whol- rabers to i to gain. 1 nations, Varies, ti- , at beft fupport. 3 power- :caufe the jeculative >ning and ions : fo s to each illiberal f each o- Jt for th« terror to they ali ;h has al- ind will ind mo- IS fertile 'iling ci- Lis opinio of their ir rivals* lerancy, y blom lier fiV d, of-^ out any mode of Sled ali I Mahometifm would never have been known in the world, or grown to what it is, had not iis author exprefsiy forbid toleration ; and ths ^i&rjtf/a« iworA/ has always difcountenanccd it, except only fuch feds as were unfcttled. and wavering in their doilrinal opinions. PiJlo- fophy, whofe bufiucfs it is to unite men, and moderate their pail.ons, has certainly inclined them in time palt to civil toleration, bur af- , piring to examine into, and judge ot every thing, it at iirlt necelTiriiy occafioned fpcculative, and afterwards political, intolcrancy ; becaulq the laws cannot be long indifferent io thofe matters, in which the pafllons of naen are particularly interefted. The happicft governmeat, and which promifes the moft lading profperity, is that which conneds all themetitbers of a fociety in the fame faith, and the famt; form of worlhip. True policy ought, then, coiiftantly to endeavour to recall mankind to a unity of faith ; but a dcfire of attrafting foreigners, and the fpeedy peopling of a country, has tempted fevcral ftates to tranfgrefs this principle, by opening an afylura to all religions without exception. Now, it it can be demon- ftrated, that a well circuniftanced nation, where they all pjofefs onq faith, doubles its number of inhabitants every twenty years, w-^uld it not be more honorable to live m religious harmony, with fuch a d<;- gree of population, than to be forever quaielling about creeds and te- nets, and torn by religious divifions ? this would be ferving the pre- fent age and polterity both at once. People, whom edifts of toleration invite into a country, thereby undoubtedly acquire thofe rights and privileges!, which the legilla- tive aathority cannot intringc without injuftice. Lo jis the fourteeiuh, by revoking the edift of Nantes, deltroyed at once in Jjis kingdom, the principle of inteftme divifions, and this perhaps (as fome have laid) might have been good policy, but not the moft juft ; becatife con- trails made with Heretics, ate not at all the lefs facred for that. The ruler of a country ougiit to confider himfelf as the father of his fubjefts alfo ; out of a principle of tendernefs, he fliould con- ftantly aim toftrengthen the bands which conneft his numerous fa- roily i and can there be a more powerful one than a re- ligion which infpires the Kime fentimeats, preTcrioes the ftme duties, and promifes tha fame rewards ? Kow many tni!- lions live and die enemies ■ ) each other, merely on account of diverfity of opinion in rdtgioiis matters ! hut the man who feels the influence of irue vir' le ind cathoJicifm, who keep« pterni-- ty conftantly m view, and pant? for a more intimate union with th;? pure fpirit of the Divinit". j.crceives his alFcclions expanding, r.nd his heart glowing with rapt ic, when he can entertain rational hopes of enjoying the future friendfhip of his fellow men on the other fu'e of the grave, in the regions beyond this tranfitory ftatc of being. One of the moft atfcfting k.ntz, and^which will do the moft hr*- nour to the world, will br; when all mtions fliall unite in erecting fie fame temples for the fei vice ot the Deity, and tuning the fame an- thems '•o his praife ; and philofophy, which pretends to render man, kind happier and better, ought to dirca all her views and ciiortr>'^ Mijj great end : But can ftic flatter herfelt with paving the way to ji»ch ^ revolution in fentiment, while (lie employs- herftU f lely to overtu^^ and deftroy all religions whatever? — ^-Bi^fore (he enterpnzed j-^ boldly, fhe fliould have offeicd the world a fyllern of faith built \s\^^^^ m txi I m. i y ■'H 84 NEW TRAVELS '^-^ better foundsittons, compri/ine; a greater number of moral trutlit« and which wouhi have pointed out more diftin^ly the extent and ,li« mitsoi human tea Ion, than that already received; that (boyld havi more inclined t'le hum: <;iliating temper. At this moment new empires are burfting into ex- igence, and mankind will unavoidably begin, to perceive t,he necefiity ofcxercifing their reafon to a better pprpofe than heretofore j more connected by commerce, they will recc^ive, and communicate know* ledge with greater facility than ever j the genius and talents of qntt individual man, ^nd the fpirit of party divifjons will no longer have;, the fame influence as formerly ; the ibameful errors of fanatics, and the contradled notions of bigots and devotees will now vanifh, anoT though they fliould revive under a thoufand different forms, this new^ and rational philofophy will, nbtwithftandJDg, at laft •'ecall all th^^ nations of the world to a unity of fentiment and woi (hip : perhaps the hope of fuch an event may be vain, but the Idea is certainly fiat" tenug and comfortable to the humaa mind. , '' ,<^* lat^i:' am, kc. ^ II B END. 3 T t I I APPENDIX ^ \ ., V CONTAININO I. Gentfttl WaJhingUiCt Letter to Count de Grajpt, II. to^d Corn'waUti's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, III. CbaraSer of His Excellency Jobn Adams t Efquire, I* .■'''■ ' < L i*- '■ ' "■" ■ " •• J I. Copy of a Litter from General fTaJbingt on to Count de Grajet hti' Williamjburgb September a6, 1781, SIR, I AM unable to defcribe to your Excellency, the painful anxiety under which I have labotired/iliice'rhe reception of the letter you 4id me the l^onour to write me of the x^d inftant. The motions of the naval force under your command, which your Excellency fays may poifible ]iapp point out the confequences that may follow ;, and warmly to urge a perfevcrance in the plan agreed upon between us., Permit piej, in the firft place* to repeat to your Excel- lency, that the attempt Ut>on York, under the protection of your (hip- ping, ia at.certaia oC fuccefs as a fup^rior force and a fuperiority of yieafures can repder any military operation ; that the duration of the ^ege may be,exa£lly afcertaincd 5 jind that the capture of the Biiiiffv army Is a matter fo im{>ortant in itfelf^ and in it& confequences, that it muft greatly tenii, to bring an end to the war, and put our allied arr;:i in Certaia pofredioniof the moll ineitimahle advantages. ., If your Excellency quits the Bay, an accefs is open to telieve York*, of which the enemy will inftantly avail themfeives. The confequen- ces of this will be not only the difgrace of abandoning a defign on iP'hich arc founded the faireft hopes of the allied forces, atter a pro- digous e;:pence,fatigae and exertions 5 but the probable difljandtngof the whole army { for the prelent feat of war being I'uch, as abfolute^ ly precludes the ufeof waggons, from the great number of large li- vers which interfe^ the country, there will be a total want of proviii- (U)8, unleft this inconvenience is remedied by water carriage. Thi* province has been fo cxhauited by the ravages of the enemy, and by the (upport already given to our forces, that fubfiftence mult be drawn from a dil^ance, ^nd that can be done only by a fleet fuperior in the Bay. {.(jarneftly beg your Excellency would confider, that if, by mo'ing your fleet from the fituation agreed on, we lole the prefent oppcrtu- nity,we ftiillnevei hereafter hav.e it in onr power toftiike fb decifivea ftroke, tbat the Britifli will labour without intermiflion to fortify a place fo*ufeful to their Ihipping; and 'hat then the period of an hu*; I^UI'i^le peace will be f^fthcr dlHaat than ever. Ihe , i\ •„•, ■'.;■.-. > . .. ; • V'^V- - ' - I I fS Washinotom, to de Gxajjb: The confidence I have in your Excellency's manly fpirit and naval talents leaves me no doubt that the confidetation oJ the confequence^ that mult follow your iJeparture from the i^ay will determine you to ufc all pofllble means f»r the good at the common caule. From the aflaranc(fi of the moll expert lailors, I am pefuadcd that your Excel- lency may take fuch a politjon in the Bay, as to leave nothing to be apprehended from an attempt qf the Englifli fleet ; that thi» pofitioA will at the fame time facilitate the operations of the ftege, fecure the tranfportation of our provifjons by water, and accelerate our approa- ches by landing our heavy artillery and warlike neceffaries in York river almolt dole to our trenches. The force faid to have arrived under Admiral Digby, as the new* comes from the Britifti themfelves, may not only be exaggerated, but perhaps abfoiutely faUij ; but fuppofing it to be tiue, their whole force united cannot be fuch as to give them any hopes of fuccefs in the at- tacking your fleet. If the pofitiop for your fhips to lie at an anclior, which we agreed upon, has fince appeared impra£licable, there is Aill stiother nieifure may be adopted ; which> though much inferior as to the feciiiity and facility it will give to our land ojierations, may ftill be of advantage to our affairs. The meafure, I mean, is to cruife off the Bay, io as to keep the Capes always in fight, and to prevent any Englifh vefTcls ge'ting in. Whatever plan you may adopt, I am to prefs 3 our Excellency to perfevere in the f'^beme fo happily concerted between us j but if yoti Ihould find infurmountable obltacles in the way, let me ultimately beg , ©f you not to reliquiih the lalt mentioned alternative of preventing alT vefTels from the tneray entering the Bay of Chefapeak. The Britirti Admiral may manoeuvre his fleet, and endeavour to , ,?^raw you from rhe main objeft we have in view j But I can never be- lieve, that he will ferioufly wifli to bring on a general a6tion with a fleet, whofe force, I will anfwer it, is fuperior to the mofl exaggerated ac- counts we have of theirs. Paifed experience has taught them not to jiii^ard themieives with equal numbers } and has drawn from them, though unwillingly, the moft refpef^ful opinions of their enemy. Permit me to add, that the aWitnce of your fleet, from the Bay, may frijftrate our deiign upon the garriibn at York. For in the prefent fitu^ aiion of matters, Lord Cornwallis might evacuate the place with the lofs of his artillery, b:iggage, and a few men, facrifices ; which >*ould be highly jultifiable from the defire of favingthe body of the army. ^ The Maiquis de la Fayette, who does me the honor to carry this letter to your Excellency, will explain to you better than any other perfon, or than I can do by letter, many particulars of our prefent po- tlfion. Tour Excellency is acquainted with his ca.'i'^car and talents vKhi J ent' .s him to your confidence. I have ordered bim not' to pafs lie Caoe for fear of accident, in cafe you Ihould be at fea. If ifeit be Io, he will in,.' • ethis difpatrh in a letter from himfelf. '. . , . / bav* the honour to be, &c. G. WASHINGTON. * H. M^ ■ 5^- 4 ( I t t a 1 c a « t h a w< ni it * ?^\"^- 1^ I CoRNWALLIS, TO CllNTON. «7 n. Copy of a Litter from lieutenant Genrral Earl C&rn^.vaUij, to iir Hn/tty Clinton, S I R, Tork-Tonvn in Virginia, .Oilolfr ao, i7?r. IUAVEthe mortification to inform your Evfcellency, that I have been forced to give up the pofts of York and Glouceller, and to furrender the troops under my command, by Capitulation op. the X9th inttaut, as priloners of war to the combined foi ces of America and France. I never faw this pod in a very favourable liglit j bnt when I found I was to be attacked in it in fo unprepared a ftafe, by fo powerful an army and artillery,^ nothing but the hopes of relief would have indu- ced ine to attempt its defence j for I would either have endeavouied to efcape to New-York, by rapid marches from the Gloiicefter fide, immediately on the arrival of General Walhington's troops at Willi- amfljurg, or I would, notwithftanding the difparity «f numbers, have attacked them in the open field, where it ■aight have been juftpufii-^ ble that fortune would have favoured the gallantry of the ljandardnefs, and to fpike the guns. A detadhmsot of |iilrds,'with the Soth company of grenadiers, under tiit - ommand of Lieutenint-Colo- iiel Lake attacked the one ; and ohe 6f ightinfantfjr^' under the com- inaad of Majtir Armllrong, attacked the othet } ahd both Tucceeded,' by forcing the redQjubts that covered tbem, fpikifig^Ieven guns, ani' killing or wounding about one hundred of tfre French troops who had the guard of that part of the trenches^ atid with little lofkon dnr'Udt, I'his action, though extremely honourable to the officers aitai Ibldierii who executed it, proved of little public advantage ; for the cannon ha*' \ins; been, fplked in a hurry, were foon rendered fit for fervice agaiif, and before dark the whole parallel and batteries appeared to be nearlf complete. At this time we knew that there was no part of rh^ whole f iCiu attacked, in which we could (hew a Tingle gan, and our (heiti vere nearly expended. I had therefore only to choofe between pre-. jjaring to iurrerider next day, or esdeavouring to get off with tbh grfatelt part ot the troops ; and I determined to attempt the latter, jeflecHng, that though it fltou.d prove' unfuccefsful iti its immediate object, it might at leaft delay th: enetny in the pro/ecutlon of furthet er,t.erprife)>. Sixteen lar;^? boats were prepared, and upon other pre- text* were ordcied to be - readinei's to recrive troops precifely at ted ci'clock } with theCe 1 hoped to pafs the infantry during the nigh:, abandoning our baggage and leaving a detachment to capitulate for; the town's p-?ople and for tlie fick and wounded : on which fdbjeft i letter was r'ady to be delivered to General Wafhington. '^ftcrmak*: i. g my arr.-'.ngemenrs with the utmofl fecrery, the light infantry, thj greatelt part of the guards, and part of the a 3d regiment, erhbaiked at' the hour aj^pointed, .and molt of them landed at Glouceftcr : but at thisciitical moment, the weather, from being moderate and calm^ changed to a moft violent (lorm of wind and rain, and drove alt the' boats, fome of which had troop* on boatd, down the iver. It wai foun evident that the intended p^iHage was impracticable, and that th# abfence of the boats rendered it equally impoflible to bring back the troojjs which had pafTed,- which I ordered iibout two o'clock in the morning, in this fituatioh, with my little* force divided, the enemy"** batteries opened at day break. The paflage between this place and' Glouccfter wai much expofed j but the boats having now rcturnedi,; ) ■^^im^ 'A: i VV CornVtallis, to Clinton^ $9 early atter^ urthet r pi fi- at ted foti ]C& i ; mak*: r, th«: ud at' }ut at calm^'^ It tb^ wai t th# th« th« my'i* and iDed. iShty were ordered to bring back the troops which had paited dt^ring the night, and they joined us in the forenoon, without much lui't. piir works in the mean time were going to ruin ; aid not havingi been able to ttrengthen them by abbatis, nor in any other inanntsr than by a (light frai7.ing, which the enemy's artillery were demoililh- Ing wherever they fired, my opinion entirely coincided with that of the engineer and principal officers of thearmy,that they were in many }>arti aifailable in the forenoon, and that by the continuance of the 9me fire, for a few hours longer, they would be in fucb a itate as to render it defperate with our numbers to attempt t« maintain them.— We at that. time, could not fire a iingle gun j only one eight inch mor- tar and littl<} more than on? hundred cohorn fhells remained : a diverf^on qf the French Ihips of war that lay it the mouth of the Norihi river was to beexpefted 5 our numbers had Ueen diminif;ied by tht enemy's fire, but particularly by ficknefs : and the Ihength and fpiriis of thofe in the works were much exhaufted by f he fatigue ol .onrtanC watching, and unremitting duty. Under all thefe circumftances, I thought it would be wanton and itthuman to thelalt dc«ree, to f^cri- fice the lives of this fmall body of gallant foldiers, who had ever be- bavcd with fo much fidelity and courage, by expofing them to an af-^, fault, which, from the numbers ^nd precautions of the enemy, coulii not fail to facceed. I therefore propofed to capitulate. The treat- ment in general that we have received from the enemy, fince our {ur- render, has been .perfectly good and propej^ : but ihp kindnef* andat- t^ention that has bceii fhttv^n to us by the Frtrich ofBcers in particnlar, their delicate (enfibility of o»r fituation, their generous and preffmg offers of noney, both public and private,,to any amount, has really irone beyond what I can poAbly d«fcribe, and will', I hope make an impreflion on the breaft of ever^ Britilh officer, whenever the fortune of «var (houtd put any of tbem lato our power. ' Althjough the event has been fo unfortunate, ^he patience of the foldiet's in bearing the greateft fatigue9,and thei|: firmnefs .:adintrepi- dity uiidej- a perfevering fire of fhot and (hells that I believe has not often been exceeded, deferves the highelt commendation and praife. A fuccefsful defence in our fituation was perhaps impoffible, for the jfilace could only be reckoned an intrenched camp, fubjedl: in mofl places to enfilade, and the ground in general fo difadvantagcous, that nothing but the neceffity of fortifying it as a polt lo protect the navy- Could liave induced any perfon to ereft works upon it 5 our force daily diminifhed by ficknefai and other lofTes, and w^s reduced, when we offered to capitulate, on this fide, to little mote than ^,200 rack and file fit forduty, including officers, fervants, and artificers ; and at Gloucerter about 600, intlndmg cavalr-y. The enf rny's army con- fifted of upwards of 8000 French, nearly as many continentals, and 5000 militia. They brought an immenfc train cf heavy arti>lery, moft amp'y furnifhed with aminunition, and perfeftly v^d] manned. Lieutenant Colonel Abercromhy m\) have,, the honour to deliver this difpatch, and i^ well quallifieH to explain 'o your Excellency every ;pircicular relating to our f»& anv"* prefent fituation. I have the honour to be, &c. (Signed) CORNWALLI M ^ [m » ' »v. . : T-'ft... i. .■ ■.- jf , Vx- *.:"•*.■»■ ■ ■■-1i •' ^■^ A . f. ■v.^JfM!:.i^i«> ^ lii^ • ' '.•^ '■ '5*' "|.' V T, # -w^/ t^ y- > ki!^- Character of His ExcellbncV JOHN ADAMS. Minifter Plenipotentiary from the Statbs of North -America; to their HiGu Mi«htinb«sS8 the States • Gcneral 0£ thc TUnited Provinces, MR. ADAMsisdefcendedfromoneof the firfl: familiei whicl* founded the colony of the Maflfachuletts Bay in 1630. Ho , spplied himfelf early to the ftudy «f the lawi of hit country j anrl >:c -. fooner entered upon f'p praftice thereof, than he drew the attentive;, admiration, and e(i^ «f hit countrymen, on account of hW r-.'^i- " of charafter. Not (atisfied with t.ate'y adividuals, he Toon lignalizc ! himfelf ia V, and mankind at large, by vri ring hih ad^ a.- Canon and Feudal Laws j a work well worthy the atten lonot evei man who is an enemy to ecclefiafticail and civil tyrann^ . It fliewcd the author at an early period capabl^ of fcconding effitacioully the tormation of repulplics on the princi- nent abilities and maintainini^ the i the defence of his cc mirable Differtation tarnilh the beft. But the art» of the governor, which had fuccceded with (o many, v^re ineffectual witk Mr. Adami, who openly declared he would not accept a favour, however flatteringly offered, which might in any manner conneil him with the enemy of the rights of Lis country* or tend to embarrafi him, as it happened with too many 4thers, iu the difcharge of Uis duty to the public*. Seduction t. U8 " y failing • 1*he waimth, which Mr. Ad-^mu (hewed in th? defence of th^ liberty of his country, did hot prevent his ailing in the fervice of hiec • enemies, where he thought they were treated with too much feventy. Called upon by his profeilional duty he therefore boldly flood forth uc •^ht advocate of Capt. Prelton, wh» had been imprifaned, as the mur- - derer of the citizens of Dolton. His client's caufe was mod unpopu- lar ; the whole city havmgbcen kept for fon;e time in aft^te" of irri- tation by the condufS of Governor Hutchinfon andthemilitaryPower; but as it was a juft one, the danger of incuning the difpfeafUie of liif. ' countrymen did not deter him from undertaking it. He a^ud thereiii with adroitnefs in keeping off the t.ial until the pallion of the People had (ubruled. When it came on j \f'UH<^ jor (ev^ial days together, during which he difplaycd the mo(t extanfive'tknowlege of the laws of his country and of Humanity j and at the Ctwiciufion had the fat. faai«n of proving to Great Britain httfelf, that rfir citizens of the Mafl'achufetts Government, although provoked to do Wong, ,)^ould ultimately do what was right. Capt. Prefton was acquitteU, and Mr. Adams is tt thi* day univerfally applauded for tli-e finnnefs ' and love •f jullice he manifelted in this great caufc, which for its ina- portance with refpe£t to the times in which it was agit3Ud, and the abmidance of legal matter u brought forth, is well worthy of bcins' inftrtcd in the state Trials of Gicat Britain, ^ ' {I ly Virtuous. I'hcy increai'ed his honelt firmnefs, becaufe they i)ianiw ftlfetl, Thut'the trtnes r^qiuied more than Crdlnary exertions of man- iy^vls. In confcqucnce' of 'this' conduct, Mr.^ Adams olstsiined the hlgl)c^^(t honour which a virtuous man can receive from the £|Ood aQ|d ihe bad. He was honoiited with fh'e difappiobation of thegovernof. Mho refufed hisndmil^on into^the council ot the province} and hel liict v.'iih ihe applauCe of his countrymen in general; who lent hihii M AlWA at the Congrefs in 1774, in which he was raoft active, being ry of elephants did upon certain ambaflfadors of old. TJie-utmoftpolitenefs haying pafled on both fidfs, the confer i^ ence eudedt 3S had been frreCeen, without any effect. ' Mt . Adams haVipg btfeii ^ftsen months oiie of the commifEoners cf the war department, and a ^>rtii©fpjil fliggeiior df the terms to bo oilered to France-, for tot ■ rung treaties ot alliance and conimerce, he was lenctq the couitot Verfatlles, as one ofthe miiiiftersplenipoten^ tiary of the United Staves.* After continuing fome time inveftcd with" this important tru't, he retrrned to Anieri'^a } wheie he no feoner appeared, tha!) he was called upon by the State of Maitachufetts-bayg' to^ainfl: in forming a fyfttm of government, that might eftabliHi the rights of all on clear,'] oil, and pernianent grounds. He was never ' nnuioyed in :} buiinefs ii'iorS agreeable to himfeif ; for, the happinefs' ct his fpHuw citizens is his great obieft. ' He fought r.ot honour in' ; t1/n arduous nnnertaklng, btit it fell ultimately upon him.' He has gained ic all over 2mo;5e.''If he endeavoured to obtain by it the cf* Uein luidlove of hii counfryiijen, he has lucceeded ; for they know' thty -I'C ciiiefi, in Reined to hyn for' the conftitution of tjie State of . Mafachuiiitsbay, I" it flTandsatlhisday.' This itnporto,,.ul]r.efs bcihj; compict^d (o th?Tatisfkftidn of all, he c.m'.e b?- k to Europe,' ^A'ith full powers from Congrefs to affift at any con^ctences Vvhich might be cpened for tVe eltablilhment of ■ p^race ; and had lent iiim, foo'u after, «>ther powers to negociate 7 ,' jo.\", of moneyfor the lifsof the UnitedStates; and to reprefeiit them, au thci' tuiniller ijlfnlndttntiary.to their High Mightintfre.s the State# Gener.il or the United Frovmccs. Such important trults fhew, va, w;>^i <*iHin uion he is held by his country ; and hts manner of exe- <:u»^i.ir, thtm, that that conhdtnce is well placed. ' Oil his ai.:v;il in HclLnd, nothing could hi\'C been more unprq- \ JOHN ADAMS: 93 tru< :p£n-. snifing to the happy execution of his miflion, than were theafFairi q£ that country. The inAuence of the court of St. James's over a cer^ iain fet of men, the intereft that many had in the funds and commerce of Rngland, and the dreaJ of her power, which generally prevailed throughout the provinces, obliged him to a£l with the utmoft cirf ^umfpe^ion. ^ Unknown, and at iirft unnoticed (at leaft but by a few) he had nothing to do but to examine into the ft.:te of things^^ ^nd characters of the leading men. This neceflary knowledge was fcarcely acquired, when the conduct of the Bgitiih Minillry affordedl ,him an opportunity of fhewing himfelf more openly. The contempt* ininlt and violencewith which the wholeBelgic nation was treated,gave iiim great advantages over the Englifh ambaflador at the Hague. He: ferved himfelf of his rival's rafnners and folly with great coolnefs and ^ability ; and, by confequehce, became fo particularly obnoxious to the prevailing party, that it was fomewhat dangerous for him to go to a village fcarcely a day's journey from his rdidence, but with the ticmolt fecrecy c the fate of DoriAar was before his eyes. Having been therefore under the necelTity pf refiding at Amfterdam, for pro* teCtion againlt the malice of the timeS; he foonga^ned the good opinion of the magiftrates by his pruHent conduct as a private citizen. The bad policy of EiigUnd, enabled him to ftep forward as a public chax ra£ter. As fuch, he prefented to the Spates General his famous me- morial, dated the 19th of April, 17S1, ^herein the declaration of tho independency of America on t(ie 4!th of July 1776, was juftified j the unalterable refolution of the United States to abide thereby aiTcrted 9 the intereil that, all the powers of Europe, and particularly the States deneral, have in maintaitiing it, proved j the political and natu- ral grounds of a commercial connection between the two republicf pointed out { and informatioj) given tibat the memoralift was inveft- «d with full powers froih'Congreft lo tireat with their High Migbtl* ii«J|es for the ^ood of both countries. • •. The preientingthis memorial was a delicate ftep j Mr. Adams was ftnfiblei jkhat he alon^ wa» am^'werable for the confequences, it being taken rt6^t merely froip his o\yn fingle fqggeftion, but contrary to the pplnion and advice offorae of great weight and authority. However^ maturely confidering the mearure,he faw it in all its lights^ s^nd boldly veniureJ on the undertaking. The full and immediate efFeft of it was not expetSlted at once. The firft objeft was, that th§ nation (hould confider the matter thoroughly ; it being evident, that the more it was ruminatsd en, the moreobvious would be the advantages and neceffity of a connexion between the two countries When, there- fore, the Memoriol was vaken by thejStatcs General, ad rtferendum^ the firft point was gained ; the people tliOUgi^t of, and reafoned on the matter fet before them j many excellent i^feings appeared, and they made the greateft imprefTjon ; a weekly paper ihf?^ticular, en- titled Le Politique HoUandois, drew the attention of all, o^ac^ount of its information, the fou;idnels of its argument, and its polJtfoal jtidgmeht and patriotifm. At length, the time came when the work wak to be compleated : the generality of the people of Holland, fee- .jng the neceffity of opening a new courfe to their trade, which the , ▼iolent aggrcflion of England, and the commercial ipirit of other na- tions tended to diminiHi, demanded an immediate conncdtion with the United States of America, as a means of indemnifyinj$ thcmf Ives for the lofs which a declared enemy had brought on thtm, ^i\A the rival- ,andpreftnted his ulterior addrefs of thepth of Jan.iySa; referring therein to his memorial of the T9rh of April, 1781, and demanding ;t categorical anfwer thereto. The towns, cities, qu^itert, and Itatea of the fevcral provinces took the whole matter into immediate delibe- r&'ion, and initruftcd their feveral deputies, ^n the States General, to concur in the admidion of Mr. Adams in q^u^lity of miniiter plentpo* tgntidry of the United States of North America. This was done by arcfolutloa, paffed by their High Mightineflbs the 19th of Apiif> itj^i i nnd on the zzd of the fame month, Mr. Adams was admitted iRccordingly, with ail the ufiial ceremonies. * V. This event <'eem.<; to have been as great a blow as any that has been giivsn to the pride and intereftsof England duiing the war. It ftiew- «d the Dutch were no longer over-awed by the pdwer of their enemy, iof they daieil to brave hira to his teeth. It fet an example to other n'atiojis, to p:irtake of the commerce of thofe countries, which Eng. UmuI had loft by hei' inconfiiierate conduft. It'confounded at once t.v. Kngliili partiiansin Ho^and, and proved that Sir Jofeph Yorke was n )t the great rainifter he had hitherto been fuppcfed to be. It gave occaljo.n to an ambailador of one of thegreateft mon^rchs of Eu- jfiipe to Uy to Mr. Adams ; ^ou: dvezfrappe, Monfieur, le plus grand ,mtn de U'Ut l' Ettrcpe. CrJ} le plus grand coup, qui a etc J'rappe dans la femj't' America: lie. Cffi 'uous qui wvez. effraye et terraj'e les An^hmannei C^tflent has been followed by others. One fh«y tMnfcribe with plealure a convivial one contained in the follow- ing line*, whi^bahingentouf and patriotic Dutchman addrefl'ed to his exctilcncy Mr^ Adams, on "drftikinf to !)»«» out of a large beau- }i4iiii ^'mIm tQr||icll is called a UctaU, aixd has^iiiiuribi:d round its • biiaj, Auriga Lthertas, ...,.'•■ A t-r a F A L T 9 K K T A s .' gaucfe ! pars altera nunds '■'inlice W reni'Jt fuhdcre coila jugO. Hii'c i^hi'if/^ar.ttn tfue^n cotifors Bflgarecepit i'ic:!]}',: jincero poculn, plena Jero. hvii'-nt rrf!: ncJii'':, fnox fij'pkienJa tjrannitt ^Ijis l/trifititi -vi/iculajacraprecor ! ■%??♦ fcWv.„-t ■,Aii. m: Thev wf nvoan opportunity of knowing his Ercellency Mr, Adnm*!, rtace in 'lis ferturcs tfje molt uiiequivocal marks of probity ;ii\.\ can'MJr. He wnites to that t;ravity, fuitable to the chaiacter 'ftuh which hji^ '... iiuv:lte.i. an atfability, which prejudjces yon in his t;ivoiti.-,,. Alrhoiighof a lilent turn, as. William the Prince of Orange >*'.<<, an; mu't'gitat tnen are, wito engage in important alfairs, he has j»cvt:ij!ielei".< a natur.u eloquenc? forthe difcuilion of matters which ;»rc r!^c; ob-.th of his miflion, and for the 4-pccoinmending and enforcing fit uurh;!, n:eufuics, and (y(tt;ms, which are di6>ateri h\ f-MMiH po- I'Oy. He has neither the corrupted nor corrupting principles of Lord Chclte; field, nor the qualities of Sir JoiVph Yorke iuu rhe plain And virtuju^; deiafanor of !-jir William Ttinple. Like him ^oo he is iimple in negoci.iticn, whtre he finds candour in thofe who treat with Kivo. OthcrwUe he has the fe verity of a true repubUcau, his high JOHN ADAMS. 9g sdea of virtue giving bim a rigidnefs, which mnkts it difficult for bim to accommodate himfclf to thole intrigues wl'ich Km opean politics li.we introduced into negociation. *' 11 fait (jueVart dcne^cc.tr ti'ef ^^c^sVart dUtttriguer et de tromper ; y«'/V tie coijift/ pas a ccrromprt ; ^ je ji-urr <-•>/. firmens et a j emeriti atarmet et U: di-vifmis \ quun negociattur kubiie ptui Parvenir a/on but fans ces expedtens, qui font la trifie resource dei intnga- ' snSf fens anjoi^ receuv a des maaau'vns detournes et extramdinairts, il frou'ue dans U nature mfrnt dts affaires qu'il negocii dis inadtns prettei i fdiirt renjir tous/et p, ojets. • ■: ' MtMfurtment of the countries ceded in America, •JL ,TA»Y people nre unable to form an adequate idea of the'extent AVi. cf tuc tiftrift ceded in America, becaufe the geography oi that ironaenfe country is not well known. It will not be amilis therefore to compare Lhe diftrift ceded, with the ccuntriei with which wearo more acquainted. The following meafui-ements are made with accu- racy. The river Ohio is navigable fr«m Fort Pitt to its mouth, w!hic)i h 1 length t i,64 miles s — r be lands on the banks of the Ohio, and between the Allej^ny Mountains, the lakes Ontario and Erie, and the Illinois and MtWiU . fippi rivers, contain 233,200 fquare .miles, which is nearly equal to Great Britain and France, whofe contCBti arc only a35,aj[7 i.;. v v ;.> ■'I sM'i: '.ifaManwfM IMaW<» *»-''" ''' ?%»iX i m!t J-i^ B *"" " *