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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m*thoda. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 FARTHER OBSERVATIONS, ON THE Difcovery of America, By Prince MADOG ab Owen Gwynedd, ABOUT THE YEAR, II70. Containing the account given by General Bowies, the Creek or Cherokee Indian, lateljin Lon- don and by fcveral others, of a Welsh Tribe or Tribes of Indians, now living in the Well- em parts of Mcrth America. By JOHN WILLIAMS, L. L. D. nil roWr et JE% triplex, Circa Pecf\us erat, qui fragilem truci, Commifit Pelago ratem Primus. Herat. I^.I. 0. ^. Jixvat ire pericHs AdDecus. Sil. It.L.IIlI. V. 36. LOUDON: Printed by J. BROWN, at the Printing-Offic6. Fair - Street, Horfly-dcwn, and Sold by White and SONS, FUet Street, J. JOHNSON, St, huVs Church Tard; E. and T. Williams, No. 13 Strand-, Qw^, No. 168, Pttetuhlfyi J. Ross, Carmarthen^ ea\d Edd0W£8, ' Sbrewjbury. M,DCCXCII. 6nrerQ at %tAt)omrjej \^$xu ,t • if \r ' ./ lu PREFACE. A FORMER Publication on this Subjea ob- tained a confiderable degree of attention, and was favorably received. What is here added, in my opinion, will demonftrate that on this day there exifts a Tribe or Tribes of Indians in North Ame- rica, who fpeak the Welfh Language, and alfo.that they are defccnded from Prince Madog's Com- pany who failed Weft- ward about the Year 1170. It is rather fingular that a Tradition fo ancient and fo general, Ihould fo long remain a matter of doubt, when its Truth or Falfhood might have been determined Centuries ago. If iive, fix, or more Perfons, properly qualified were employed to make the Enquiry, they would be able within the compafs of a few Years, fully and l&ally, to fettle the ihatter. To enfure fuc- »:'iv.. A cefi Prcif'-^ K V\ ' !'*^tory Dcpt. ^Ffi^-' « PROVi^j-^.lAL L 3RARY ' "^ VICTORIA, B.C. ( iv ) . cefs, a fulfieient number (hould be {tnt, by differ- ent Routs, for feat of accidents* A ftate of fufpence> even in matters ef little im« portance^ is, by no means agreeable ; and as we cannot expc6l.a more favorable opportunity it is to be hoped that this Enquiry will be no longer de- layed. If the intelligence that we, almod daily, receive en this fubje6l« doth not feTioufly engage us ta attend to it, other Nations, no doubt, will, if they have not already, avail themfelves of our fupine* Befs, and fecure to themfelves many advantage^ which we might have fecured: andihould that be^ thecafe^ the Public will have great reafon to regret fuch criminal inattention and negled ; elpecially, as it might have been efieded, at £q trivial an ex* pence, and with fo little difficulty^ That tfaefe ad<^ vantages are not viiionary, is evident from GaptaiDt Carver's Travels thro' the interior pant of North; America. I :i In the former publication on this Subje&> no* tice was taken of the difficulty attending Pnncfltr Madog's Difcovexyof Ataerka^JWilbouttfacMairir i > ner'4 .-■/''■' ifaJSE^ ( V ) ner's Compafs, then not known, which difficulty *s ftill held out as inexplicable. I beg leave there* fore to add a few things more on that circum- fiance. It is aflerted by various Authors, that the Phoe* nicians and Grecians performed Voyages to Bri»» tain and the Baltic without the Mariner's Compafs, We are alib told that feveral J ewifh Ceremonies and Cuftoms prevailed in America before the fup- pofed arrival of Prince Madog on that Coaft. As there were fome Traditions in very ancient times, that a People on the Mediterranean Shores, fail- ing through the Straits of Gibraltar, the ancient Calpe, were driven Weftward, by a Storm and were heard of no more; it is mod probable' that thefe Ceremonies and Guftoms were derivecf from them. They came to. America merely byi accident, and To niight Madog. It doth not ap-^ pear that this Prince had any Idea of a Weftern- Continent when he let fail, for he was not \^d by inclination, but f( rced by ne^eflity and prudence to leave his Native Country. He directed hiat cburfe Southward ; but adverfe Winds^ aud flrong Currents might drive him Weftward till be fell i^ A z with fc I ! ( vi ) with the American Coalt. This Voyage, therefore was not more inexplicable, than thofc of the Phoe* nicians and Grecians. Nor was his return to his native country fo dif- ficult to be accounted for, as hath ufuaily been thought. If in returning to Britain he fell into that cur^ rent which runs northward on that coaft, and was carried by it to the Latitude of Britain, which he could well know from the height of the Sun by day, and of the Pole Star, by night ; which, as a failor, he could not be unacquainted with; then Knowing that Britain lay Eaftward, on his right hand, altering his courfe, and going Eaftward, he could not well fail of coming to Britain. TJie Pole Star is not only a fafe guide to the North. and the South, but alfo to the Eall and Weft ; at leaft, fuilicient to prevent his failing on one point, whep he intended to fail on ope oppo(ite, « ' As to his going back to his friends whom he had left behind, 1 find on farther enquiry, that it \s by no incaps certain that he ever found them, but I ^1- I M ■•-"■ ~ -«-wr ( vii ) Ire but might be carried farther Southward, and fliipwrecked, as faid by Mr. John Williams : fee page 24, &c. or if at lad he did find them, it is mod probable that it was after a long and labo- rious fearch. If at prefent there aQually exifls a Tribe or of Tribes of Welch Indians on the Continent North America, which I prefume, is now proved beyond any reafonable doubt ; and if, from their Numbers, Per Ions, Manners, and Cuftoms, they appear not to be the defendants of a modern Co- lony ; it is certainly mod reafonable and natural to conclude that they are the defcendants of Prince Madi'g's Colony. How they fird difcovered the Country and fetded there, I pretend not to fay* Many events as inexplicable, have, at different periods, taken place in the world, though we cannot account for them ; and this may be the cafe refpeQing the Voyages of Prince Madog. In (hort, as fome ceremonies of the Chridian Worfhip were found in America, when the Spa- niards (irft landed; it is evident that fome Chridians had ■•f^ )i i ( viii } liad been there before them : and as no Europeans but the Welfh, have ever pretended to have vifited that part of the world, before the Spaniards, we irud be difpofed to believe that if the original na- tives derived their ceremonies and cuftoms from Europe^ it muft have been from the Ancient Britons. I have been informed that a Subfcription is opened either at Bath or at Briftol, to enable Perfons to explore the North Weftern parts of America. I am fully of opinion that if any No- bleman or Gentleman would encourage it, and fix upon Perfons and Places to receive Subfcriptions, si fufficient fum would be almoit immediately Kiifcd. . . The different accounts given by different Per-» fons, tho' perfeftly confiftent with each other, ye{ varying in fome immaterial circumftances, obliged me often to repeat feveral FaQs and Obfeiva^ tions. This, I hope, my Reader^; will look uppn as a fufficient apology. 1 am under very great Obligations to feveral Gentlemen, efpecially, to John Drummond, Efq, Mr. m. 'fe» 'fiiniim ( IX ) Mr.Wmiam Owen, Mr. Edward Winiams, and the Rev. Mr. Morgan Jones, for their kind and valuable Co'-munlcations ; without which 1 Ihould have had but liide to add to my former publication. Mr. Selden, in one of his Notes on Drayton'* Polyolbion mentions the Tradition concerning Madog. « Mr. Owen favoured ac with the Tranflation of the WclfhOdes." Sydenham, March, ift, I79'i* 1 IS ii « ■at it if <^^^^^f^<^^i^^^^^m Further Obfervations, &c. T H AT the opinions of the ancients, on moft ibjefts, in ail ages of the World, have been held in the higheft veneration, is well known; and when modeftly called in queRion, have always been (Irongly, and it may be truly faid, ob(li« iiately defended. Thus the philofophy of Ariftotle, for many cen* luries, prevailed every where among the learned. When Defcartes expreffed his doubts concerning its truth, and propofed another mode of philofo- phizing, he was immediately, and warmly oppofed. If Voltaire's fufpicions were well founded, his death was premature : for he fays, *' That he died at *« Stockholm, in the flower of his age, in the midfl *'of fome literati, who were his enemie9> and under ** the hands of a phyfician, to whom he was odious/* LetUrs oh the £ngli(h Nation, page 94, edit. sd. In lefs than half acCBtury afterwards, theilluflri- ous Sir Ifaac Newton, called the philofophy of Defcartes in queftion. This gave great offence, and he was condemned in general by many who under* fiood not bis principles. II ( 2 ) Galileo alfo, at eighty years of age, groaned in the priion of the Inquifition for demonftrating a a Truth, now univerfally believed, the Earth's mo- tion. ( Ibid. ) And the great and celebrated Mr, Locke was treated, to fay the leaft of it, in a very uncivil manner, by Biftiop Stillingfleet, for writ- ing his Eflay on the Human Underftanding; a work, at this day^ highly and defervedly admired and efteemed. Hiftoricai faQs have been long rejefted with fomething like contempt, until further difcoveries ©nd examinations eftabliflied their truth. The cafe of Columbus may be cbnfidered as an inflance. When he propofed to fail weftward in fearch of a Continent, or a nearer way to China, &c. he was, for feveral years, looked upon as no other than a projecting lunatic ; his plan was rejefted, and him- felf often infulted by ignorant Ecclefiaftics, and pretended Philofophers. The tradition that Prince Madog ab Owen Gwynedd landed upon fome part of the American Continent, in the 12th century, has, till of late, been generally thought an idle fi£tion. For fome years pall, however, feveral circumllances have appeared which icem to prove its truth. My opinion on the fubjeft, was not long ago mven to the public, and the following communi- c^tipns, received (incei 1 think, itrougly confirm it. Tbey 1 ( 3 ) led in ting a [s mo- ld Mr. very writ- ing; a [mired i with ►veries The ftance. :h of a le was, than a id him* s, and Owen erican f late, ' fome have g ago muni- rm it. They (hew that, at this day, thcr'^ is a numerous tribe of Indians in the weftern parts of North Ame- rica that fpeak Welfli. That they are defcended from Prince Madog's Colony, may, in my opinion, be juftly inferred from their manners, culloms, and complexions, which are different from thofe of the other Indians in that part of the World. My worthy and ingenious friends, Mr. William Owen, and Mr. Kdward Williams, for feveral months pall, have fent various particulars to the Editor of the Gendeman's Magazine, relative to the Welfli Indians. Mr. Owen had two interviews with General Bowles, and a Mr. Price, the Cherokee Chiefs, \^ho lately left London ; an account of which he obligingly communicated to me. When Mr. Owen told the General the occafioij of his waiting upon him ; that it was to enquire whether he knew any thing of a tribe of Wel(h Indians; he replied that he well did, and that they are called, '* the Padoucas, or White Indians.*' (Mr. Owen, previous to his interview with Mr. Bowhs, thought that the Padf)ucas were the Welfli tribe. ) They are called •' the White Indi- ans," on account of tlieir complexions. When a map was laid before him, on which that name was infcnbed, he laid, thefe are the people, and ihewed B z I I Ji ( 4 ) ilicwed the limits of their Country. He faid that, in general, they were called the White Pad )ucas, but thofe who live in the northern parts of their country, are called the " Black Padoucas.** On being alked the reafon, he replied, *• becaufe they *' are a mixture of the White Padoucas. and other ** Indians ; and therefore are of a darker complex- •< ion. The White Padoucas are as you are, (Mr. ** Owen is a Wellhman) having fome of them fandy, •« (bme red, and fome black hair." He alfo faid that they are very numerous, and one of the moft war- like people on that Continent. When he was in- formed of the lime and circumftances of Madog's Navigation, he faid, '* they muft have been as early as that period, otherwife they could riot have increafed to be fo numerous a people.'' 1 he Ge- neral faid that he had travelled their fouthern boun- daries from one fide to the other, but that he had never entered into their country. He was of opini- on that they firft came to the Floridas, or about the mouths of the Miffiffipi; and finding that»alow, and father a bad country, they pufhed forward by de- grees, till they came to. and fettled in the countxy where they now live, it being a high and hilly coun- try, but as fertile and delightful a fpot^ as any in the World. "When he was afked the reafon, why he tliought them to be Welfh, he replied, **a Welfhman wias wthtne at home for fome time^ who had been a Pnfoner i r. ( 5 ) Prifoner among the Spaniards, and worked in the Mines of Mexico ; and by fome means, he con- trived to efcape, got into the wilds, and made his way acrofs the (Continent, and eventually paffed through the midlt of the Padoucas, and at once found himfelfwith a people with whom he could converfe, and he (laid there fome time." Among?*, other particulars he told me *' that they had fever- al Books, which were mofl religioufly prcferved in fl^ins, and were confidered by them as myfteries. Thefe they believed gave an account from whence they ame, Thefe people told the Welfhman that they had not fcen a White Man like themfelves, who was a Stranger, for a long time :** Thi^'was the fubftance of General Bowles's informatipn. In the Gentleman's Magazine for September, 1791, a Gentleman hath made fome ftri£lures on the charafter of Mr. Bowles. From what he fays we are led to conclude th^t he had fome particu- lar knowledge, but rather a bad opinion of him. It has been faid that he is an Irifhman, and a Relation of a refpeBable Tradefman in London. But his Birth and Occupation, 12, or 14 Years ago, are nothing to the purpofe. Wc are alone concerned in his veracity. If he was a few years fmce, m " a humble llation," it is much to his honour to have attained to any diftinguiftied rank ; and certainly is a proof that he is poffeffed of fome kind of merit. His coming to England, indeed, la 1' ( 6 ) in any public CharaBer, (hews that he holds fomc honourable fituation among the Cherokees. His account of the Padoucas, or White Indians, is very credible, becaufe it is perfeftly confiftent with that of feveral others. When different Perfons, ftrangers to each other, agree in relating a Faft, it is a very ftrong prefumption, at leaft that there is fume truth in it. For this reafon I readil/ affiant to the truth of Mr. Bowles's account of the Padoucas. To object to it, for the reafons above afligned, is rather frivolous. It requires no great ingenuity in a **Commenta- tor,*' to difcover the affinity between Mad-Dog, and Madog, the name of the Welfh Prince. It is poffible that the Chiefs of this Nation may al- ways take the name of Madog in memory of their firft Founder. This practice was very common among the Ancients. No Man, however fond of Tides, would take a name which conveys fo alarm- ing and vile an idea ; therefore I am difpofed to believe that this name is a corruption of Madawg or Madog. Thefe people are called Padoucas by their neighbours, but it is moft likely that this is a corrup- tion, which might arife from their not being able to pronounce fome Letters. This, it is well known is the cafe with the Inhabitants of the South Sea Iflands. — See Captain Cooke's Voyages. The people Is fome His IS very it with [erfons, Faft, it there [readil/ of the above menta- i-Dog, It is nay al- of their )mmon bnd of alarm- fed to adawg their >rrup- ;able nown ^Sea The eople ( 7 ) people may call thetnff Ives, Madawgwys, Madog- iaid, Madogiaint, and Madogion, all of the fame Import, ** the people of Madog," that they call themfelves by various names, may be concluded from the various names given them by the French Travellers in Louifiana. Mr. Price, another Chief, who Was born Jimong the Creeks, told a Gentleman, that he un- derftood not the Welfti Tongue, but tbat his Fa- ther who was a Welfhman, had frequent Inter- views, and convcrfed with the Padoucas, in his na- tive Language. He lived the greateft part of hi« Life and died in the Creek Country. Mr. Owen had alfo an interview with one Mr, Rankin, a Clergyman of Kentucky, who affured him that fuch a Tribe now exiils, lituated fome hundreds of miles weft-ward of Kentucky; and that about aoo miles of the diitance is an uncttl- livated, defolate tri6l oF Hunting Ground, tbro* which it is dangerous to pafs, becaufe of the de- predations of the \\\d Indians, who deftroy every thing that comes in their way, Mr. Owen and Mr. Williams alfo waited upon a Mr. William Pritchard, a Printer and Bookfellcr in Philadelphia, who was lately in London; he told them thut he had often heard of thefe Welffi Indi^ ans ; that in Penfylvania they were univerfally be* Hcyed to live faf well^wardof the Miiliilipij and that he ( 8 ) 1ie had often heard oFpeople who had been among ihem. He faid that he at prefent knows feveral in Penfylvania, who have been among thofc Indians; and that he is very active to get all the information poflible concerning them, and that the bed account he had received of them, was from Dr. Samuel Jones, hereafter mentioned. Another friend of mine had the fame intelligence from a Mr. Jones, an inhabitant of Philadelphia. Soon after the publication cf the enquiry, the Author was favored with feveral letters, containing fafts and obfervatlons of which he was entirely ig- norant. The Rev. Mr. Thomas of Leominfter. Herefordfliire, mentioned in the Gendeman's Ma- gazine, September, 1791, fent the account there inferted, and which is fince confirmed in a Letter to me from the Rev. Mr. Morgan Jones of Ham- merftnith. Mr. Thomas received a Letter from a Mr. Morgan Edwards, dated Newark in Penfylva- nia, July 1786. in which he fays, that one Mr. John Filfon, in the Year 1784, publilhed a Traft en- titled " the Difcjvery, Settlement, and prefent ftate of Kentucky;" wherein, often mentioning the llbry of Madog, he hath thele words. *'This ac- count hath at different times drawn the attention of the world, but as no Veltiges of them ( the Welfli ) had then been found, it was concluded, perhaps, too i-aihiy, to be a Fable, at leait, that no remains of the Colony exidedj but of late years .■^' ( 9 ) among veral in ndians; mation account Samuel igence 3hia. ry, the taining ely ig- linfter. I's Ma- t there LeUer Ham' Prom a ifylva- John £1 en- refent igtho is ac-> ntion ( the ided^ that late ^ears years the weftern Settlers have received frequent accounts of a Nation at a great diflance up the MifTouri (a branch of the MiiriflipiJ in manners and appearance refembling other Indians, but fpeaking Welfh, and retaining Jome ceremonies of the Chriflian WorJJiip; and at length this is univer- fally believed to be Fa6l. Captain Abraham Chap- lain of Kentucky (a Gentleman whofe veracity may be entirely depended upon) affured me that in the late War, being with his Company in Garrifon at Kalkafki, fome Indians came there and fpeaking the Welfh Language, were perfeQly underRood and converfed with, by two Welfiimen in his Com- pany, and that they informed them of their fitua- tion as mentioned above." Mr. Morgan Jones adds from Mr. Filfon *'that there are remains in Kentucky which prove that the Country was formerly inhabited by a nation farther advanced in the arts of Life than the In- dians ; and that thefc are ufually attributed to the Welfh, who are fuppofed formerly to have inha- bited thefe parts. He alfo fays that a great num- ber of regular intrenchments arc found there, and ancient Fortifications, with Ditches and Baflions; one in particular, containing about fix Acres of Land, and others three Acres; that pieces of earih» en-ware vvere plowed up, a manufaQure which the Indians never were acquainted with. I have re - C ceived ( lo ) ceivedfimilar accounts from Monongalia near Fort Pitt, (ays Mr. Jones, from my Bi other who lives there. It is univer Tally believed there, alfo, that the Wellh had lived for fomc time in thofc parts." 11 Jii Mr. Jones alfo fays that about the Year 1750, his Father ?nd Family went to Pcnfylvania, wi.ere he met with feveral Perfons whom he knew in Walts; one in particular, with whom he had been intimaie. This Pcrfon had formerly lived in Penfylvania, but then lived in North Carolina. Up- on his return t) Penfylvania, the following Year, to fettle his affairs, they met a fecond time. Mr. "Jones's fiiend told him that he then was very fure there \vere Welfh Indians: and gave for reafon, that his Houfe, in North Carolina, was fituated on the great Indian Road to Charleftown, where he often lodged parties of them. In one of thefc parties, an Indian hearing the Family fpeak Welfli began to jump and caper as if he had been out of his feiifes. Being afked what was the matter with him, he replied, '* 1 know an Indian Nation who fpeak that Language, and have learnt a little of it myfelf, by living among theai ; and when examin- ed, he was found to have fome knowledge of it. When afked where they lived, he faid, " a great way beyond the MiffifTipi. Being promifed a hand- fome reward, he faid that he would endeavour tv bring fome of them to that part of the Country. But li I r Fort h lives lat the :ts." Iwlere few ill been ^ed in . Up- Ycar, Mr. y fure eafon, ted on ere he P thefc Welfli out of r with n who feofii amin- of it. great hand- ur tv mtry. But .1 I ( n ) But Mr. Jones Toon afterwards returning to Eng- land, he never heard any more of the Indian. This is a proof that there was a Welfh Tribe of Indians, a great way beyond the MifiTiflipi, in the Year 1750. We are alfo aflbred by Mr. Rankin that Wells are found there ftill remaining unfilled, and fomc Mill-llones. In the Gcndeman's Magazine for Julylafl, page 612, Mr. Edward Wiliiums lays that about twenty Years ago he became acquainicd with a Mr. Bi- non of Coyty in the County of Glamorgan, who had been abfent from his native Country about thirty Y'ears (in a Letter I received from him fince, he fays that on further confideration he thinks that it mufthave been fcveral Years longer ) Mr. Binon faid that he had been an Indian Trader from PhiU adelphia, for fevcral Years ; that about the Year 1750, he and five or fix more penetrated much far- ther than ufual to the Weftward of the MifFifTipi, and found a Nation of Indians, who fpoke the Welfh Tongue. They had Iron among them, lived in flone built Villages, and were better clothed than the other Tribes. There were alfo ruinous Buildings among them: one appeared like an Old Welfh Caflle; another like a ruined Church, &c. They fhewed Mr. Binon a Book, in Manufcript, which they carefully kept, believing it to contain themvfteries of R " * "^^ igion. They C2 Binoq, that ( 12 ) , 1 J .^1 that it was not very long fince a Man liad been among them who undcrllood it. This Man (whom they efleemed a Prophet ) told them that a Peo- ple would Tome time vifit them, and explain to them the myfteries in their Book, which would make them completely happy. When they were informed, that Mr. Binon could not read it, they appeared very much concerned. They conduB- ed him and his Companions for many days thro' vaft Dcferts, and plentifully fupplied them with the provifions which the Woods afforded, until they had brought them to a place they well knew ; and at parting, they wept bitterly, and urgently intreated Mr. Binon to fend a Perfon to them who could in- terpret their Book. On his return to Philadelphia, he related the ftory, and was informed that the Inhabitants of the Welfti Track ( in Penfylvania ) had fome knowledge of them, and that fome Welfh- men had been among them." A Gentleman in Company with Meffrs. Binon and WiUiams at that time, in a Letter to me con- firms the above account. He fays that Mr. Bi- non declared that thefe Indians worlhipped their Book as God, but could not read it. They alio faid that thirty or forty of them fomeiimes vifited the Antient Britons fetded on the Welfh Track in Penfylvania. This circumllance, by the way, will help us to account for the Interviews, which it is iaid have taken place between thefe Indians and the i / d been (wlioni a Pco- lain to would y were they :)ndu6l- s tliro' m with itil they ; and at treated ould in- ^elphia, that the Ivania ) Welfh- . Binon necon- vlr. Bi- ;d their ilfbfaid :ed the ack in ay, will ch it is ns and the ( '3 ) the Europeans at different times. When Mr. Bi- non faid that he came from Wales, they replied* ** It was from thence that our Anceflors came, but wc do not now know in what part of the World Wales is." This proves that they were not late Settlers, Mr. Edward Williams very lately had an Inter- view wiih a Mr. Richard Burnell, a Gentleman who went to America about the Year 1763, and returned when the American War broke out. During his rcfidcnce in and near Philadelpliia, he became acquainted with many Ancient Britons, who informed him that the Welfli Indians were •well known to many in Penfylvania. He perfon- ally knew Mr. Beatty, the Miffionary mentioned in page 41, of the Enquiry ; and the Mr. Lewis who faw thofe Welfli Indians at a Congrefs among the Chicalaws, with whom, and the Naiches, Mr. Burnell fays, they are in alliance. Mr. Burnell told Mr. Williams alfo " that there was in Philadelphia, and fuppofes that he may be there flill, a Mr. Willin, or Willain, a very rich Quaker, who had obtained a grant of a large extent of Country on the Miffiffipi, in the diflri6t of the Natches: and having taken with him a great number of Setders, he had among them Welflimen who underftood the Indians. Mr. Burnell eager to be more fatisfaQorily informed, waited il 1 ; I ( H ) baited on Mr, Willin, who aflured him that among liis Colony there were two Welfhmen, who per- feQly underfto(;d the Indians, and would converfe with them for hours together, and that thefe Welfli- men had often afTured hirn that the Indians fpoke the Welfli Language; that fome of them were fettled inthofe pans; othfers on the Wcft-fide (of the Miffiflipi) in feveral places, and fome in very remote parts." Mr. Burnell has now a Son, Mr. Cradog Bur- nell, fettled at Buck's Ifland, near Augufta in Georgia. He is a capital Trader in the back Set- tlements. A Company of about hundred Perfons, have of late purchafed forty millions of Acres from the Natches and Yafous, along the Miffiflipi, and the Rivers Yafou and Tembecbe, which fall into it about Lat. 33. N. The Settlement of this large Tra£l, goes on very rapidly and fuccefsfully. Mr. Burnell's Son is connected with this New Colony ; trades in that Couuiry, and is ofen there. His Father fays that probably, he knows more of thefe Welfli Indians, •' than any Man living." He has the bed oppor- tunities, for he reads and writes the Welfli Lan- guage extremely well. Mr. Williams, very lately hath had feveral in- tef views with Gentlemen of charafter and refpeft- ability 4 ( '5 ) It among who per- converfe s Welfli- ns fpoke m were fide (of in very og Biir- 5ufta in ack Set- have of 'om the and the into it oes on ll's Son in that lys that idians, appor- L Lan- ra] in- jfpeft- ^ibility ^^■i***? '■ '.pi :M. •rtt ability on this fubje£lj among others, Sir John Caldwell, Bart. This Gentleman, during the laft War, was fta- lioned on the Eaft fide of the Mifliflipi. He lived long in the Country, acquired a perfeft knowledge of the Language of the Inhabitants ; was adopted by them and married a Daughter of one of their Chiefs. He wa5 informed by them that the Panis, or, as the Englifh pronounce it, the Pawnees, areapeo* pie confiderably civilized, cultivated the ground, and built Houfes. Some Welfhmen in his Com- pany, underflood their Language, which they faid was Welfh. The Pawnees being brought up in habits of Induftry, v/ili work, but no other Indians will; and for that rcafon, when taken Prifoners of War, they are not put to death as other Indians are, but are fold to the Englifti, French, Slc. for Slaves. He faid that they are frequently to be met with ia Canada, and in other parts of America, in the condition of Slaves ; and that they have not the, ferocity of other Indians, tlio' equally war-like. Sir John faid that he became acquainted with a Mr. Pond, a very fe ihble anu iiiLclligent Indian Trader, who often frequenteo the Country of the Panis, which lies about the head of the River Ozages, ihe Southern Branch of the Mifliflipi; c3<;tendiDg far Weftward to a chain of Mountains; and 1 r I !! ■ { ! t i ' :\ \ -t tt: ' i ■ i ■ ind that from the top of one of ihcm Mr. Pond faid he could plainly fee the Pacific Ocean ; and that the Panis are whiter and more civilized than any other Indian Tribe. The following particulars were communicated to Mr. Williams by a Mr. Rimington, a Native of England, who had long been among the Indians. He faid that once being wiih feveral Englifhmen and with one Jack Hughes, aWelfliman, at the Forks of the Ohio, at an Indian Mart, fo me ft range In* dians came there from the Wed of the Miffiflipi. A Shawanefe Indian, who underftood Englifh came to Mr. Rimington and defired him to be his In- terpreter, lie went, but found that the Language of thefe Strangers was not intelligible to him : when he returned, and told his companions that he knew not their Language ; one of them exclaimed, "O ! they are the Welfii Indians." Jack Hughes was lent, who well underftood them, and he was their Interpreter, whilft they continued there. Thi« Gentleman laid that thefe Indians are tolerably white in complexion, and their drefs like that of the Europeans; a kind of troufers, coats with flceves, hats or caps made of fmall and very beautiful Feathers, curioufly wrought. He faid that thefe white Indians may be met with at the Indian Marts, on the Miiuffipi, at the Natches, Forks of the Ohio, Kafkafliies, &c. for all the Indian fr. Pond -an ; and [zed than unicated Native Indians, men and le Forks inge In- lifTiffipi. fli came - his In^ anguage n ' when he knew -d, "Of lies was as their Thi« okrabiy that of s with i very ^e faid at the tches, II the idiaa 'V;*!' ( '7 ) Indian Tribes on that Continent, even from the Shores of the South Sea, refort thither. Mr. Rimington a long time before knew that there were civilized Indians far Weft of the Miffi- Ifipi, who were called by thofe on the Eaftern fide, (by the Chicafaws, &c.) Ka Anziou, or Ka Anjou, which, in their Language fignifies, Jirjl of Men^ or Jirjl Men ; and he is inclinef*. to think that they are the Welfti Indians. This Gentleman alfo faid that Panis, or Paw- nees, in the Language of the Indians on the Eaft fide of the Mifliflipi, means ** a Slave," and that they call the Negroes in the Englifh Colonies, En- glifh Pawnees, and Black Pawnees; but thinks that they are not To called by any Nation weft of the Mifliflipi, They have far to the Weft, Tribes who cultivate the Ground, and build good Houfes, and have Tools and Impliments made of very fine Copper. Mr. Rimington faid that he had not the leaft doubt oftheexiftenceof a Welfli Tribe of Indians on the North Continent of America. Another Gendeman who lived above twenty five years in America, told Mr. Williams, that he had been informed that there were beyond the MiflTifli- pi, fome Tribes of Indians, who fpoke Wellh, and D that [ i; M i if i! I" 1 ( 18 ) that fome Scotch Highlanders were faid to undcr- ilaridthem, but he thought it not credible. However he faid that Anziou, or Anjou, in their dialects fignifies ** Man," and that fome Nations call themfelves, Anziou, Anziou, " Men above Men,*' or "Men of Men ;*' and that the Pawnees arc lold for Slaves, and in that condition, are often to be found in Canada, the United Spates, &c. This Gentleman faid, that if any were fent on fuch an Expedition, he would give them Letters of Re- commendation to fevQral perfons in that Country. He is a Gentleman well known to have many Acquaintances and confiderable influence in Ame- rica. A Gentleman in the Province of Quebec gave the fame account of the Pawnees, and of what the Scotch Highlanders had affe;rted. Another Gentleman who, during the late War, was flationed at the lllenois, faid that at one time, an Indian Nation came down the River Miffouri, whofe Language was guttural, which fome Wclfhmen in his Regiment, faid wasWelfh, and that they had among them a Manufcript Wtljh Bible, They never came down but when there were floods in the Miffouri, whence he con- jeftured, that they lived in very remote parts. They bring with them, Hides, Furs, Buffaloes Tongues, preferved or pickled, &c. . The T^gf^'^iirmamir'^'^^ .i undcr- in their above awnees e often >n fuch of Re )untry. many Ame- [uebec md of War, t one Stiver vbich ^el/h, Vcljh here :on- irts. loes ( »9 ) The truth of the above Information cannot be reafonably doubted, for it was given by perfons of very refpcBable charafters, but the n«mes of all of them, I am not permitted to mention. That thefe Indians have Books among them, is faid by diiTcrent perfons, and that the Highlanders might underftand their Language, will appear very cre- dible, from the evidence of Captain Drummond inferted below. In Glamorgan and Monmouthfhires efpecially, there are now living feveral old People who have often heard of thefe Welfli Indians, (fome who have aftually been among them.) Many, during the lad Hundred Years, from thofe parts went to Ameri- ca, and becoming acquainted with fome of thefe Wellh Tribes fent Accounts of them to their Friends in Wales It is oblervable that the names of Indian Tribes, and of places in thofe parts, very much refemble, and feem derived from the Anci- ent Britifh. Mr. Williams, at my defire, waited on an Ac- quaintance of mine m Wales, the Rev. Mr. Jofiah Rees, the Editor of the Welfh Magazine publifhed in the Year 1770, who told him that at that time, he had in his poffeflion two or three fair Manu- fcripts of Caradoc of Llancarvan, with the con- tinuation by the Monks of Strata Florida, Guttun Owen, &c. He compared them with Dr. Powel's D a Tranflationi I I 'i '' 1 1 ' 111 < I I li 11 i '! i ( 20 ) Tranflation, which he found to be the moft faith- ful that he ever met with in any Language. This Gentleman is very well known to many in Lon- don, His Character as to veracity will never be called in queftion. Thefe Manufcripts have been enquired after, but no Intelligence of them can be obtained, the Perfon who fent them to Mr. Rees having been dead many Years. Hence it feems evident that Lord Lyttelton was miftaken in faying that Dr. Powel, " drefTed up fome Tradition concerning Madog, in order to convey an Idea that his Country-men had the Honour of firft difcovering America;'* for this Gentleman faw and compared the Welfh Manu- fcripts with Dr. Powers Tranflation, and found it moft faithful. Mr. Williams is of Opinion that tho* Mr. Binon could fpeak Wclfti, he could not read it, and per- haps, knew no alphabet; for he left his native Country very young. Having had very little, if any Education, he might not be able to read the Indian Welfh, if he could read at all, tho' origin- ally the fame with his own. In the In ^rview Mr. Williams had with Mr. Binon, the latter feemed perfedly ignorant of Madog s Emigration. He confidered the Padou- cas %:■ ^^. ^:f' ^SSSi Iftfaitb- Thfs Lon- iver be after, id, the been V 21 ) cas as the original Inhabitants of the Spot where he found them. He faid that they (hewed him a Stone on which there was an Infcription, which they kept in memory of one Madog. On this Account Mr. Williams obferves, that from what fome French and other foreign Writers have related, there cxiQs on that part of the Continent, where the Padoucas are placed, a Nation of In- dians more civilized than any other on that Con- tinent. Mr. Williams refers to feveral Writers who fay that there now is fuch a Tribe. — Cox's Defcrip- tion of Louifiana, p. 16. and 36. Charlevoix, vol. 2. p. 225. Boffu's account of Louifiana, vol. 1. p. 182. He adds that thefe Welfti Indians feem to go by various names; fuch as Panes, or Panis. The Padoucas, the Panis, and the Canfez, are in- termixed with one another. Charlevoix, vol. 2. p. 224, fays that the Panis Tribe is very numer- ous and is divided into feveral Cantons, v;hich have names very different from one another. A- mong them he reckons the Canfez, and Ma6lotatas, Mr. Williams thinks that the Maftotatas of Char- levoix, and the Matocantes of Cox, retain fome- thing of Madog in their name. In the Silurian, or South Wales dialeft, the Welfh Prince's name would be pronounced Matoc, and that Matociait *nd Matociaint, whould be pure Silurian Welfh, for Madawgwys, :1 ■mi I 1 " i 1 ! i 1 ' i ;! ( 22 ) Madawgwys, or the people or Madog. It can liardly be doubted, but that the perfon who had been among thefe Indians and could read their Book, was Mr. Jones the Clergyman, mentioned in the Enquiry, p. 21. The circumftances per- feftly agree. In the Church-Yard of Hayes, Kent, there is a Tomb-ttone with this Infcription, "John Panis of the Tribe of Panis in North America, who died January 14th, 1763, aged 9 years." AH the In- telligence I could get of this young perfon was, that he was fent 10 Mr. Pitt, late Earl of Chatham, that he lived about a year afterwards, and died of a decline. In the Gentleman's Magazine for June 1791, there is a Letter inferted firom a Mr. Cochran, to the late Governor Dinwiddie, on this fubjeft. In this we are informed that the French Governor of Canada, fent three young Priefts to fome In- dians fettled at the back of New Spain, who found them to be Welfli, for they had Welfh Bibles a- mong them. They had a great averfion to the French, becaufe that when they firft fettled at the rtiouth of the Miffiffipi, they had been almoft cut off by the French ; a fmall remnant however efcap- cd to the place where they now live, who are now become a numerous people. When the French Governor heard this, he determined to fend an Army wsamm ( n ) It can who had *ad their entioned ces per- lere is a Pauls of 'ho died I the In- vas, that hatham, died of - ^79U ran, to a In >vernor lie In- > found bles a- to the at the )ft cut efcap- io are rench nd an Army M t M Army to deftroy them ; but the French bein^ then in a (late of War with Nations nearer home, the projeQ was laid afidc. Mr, Cochran then fays^ that the Man who furniihed him with this account informed him, that the Meffengers who went to make this Dilcovery, were gone fixteen months, before they returned to Canada, fo that this people mud live at a great dillance from Canada^ due Weft. We are alfo Cold that Governor Dinwiddle •greed with three or four cf the back traders to go in queft of the Welfh Indians, and promifed to give them 500I. for that purpofc, but that he was re- called before they could fet out on that expedition.** This Letter is dated Winchefter, Auguft24th. 1753» From the above Letter it appears that the French were not unacquainted wirh this Wellh Colony ; and there is little doubt but that it ia known alfo to the Spaniards : but they fay nothing about it, left other nations ihould employ perfona to explore that interior part of the country. Several years afterwards a copy of this Letter from Mr. Cochran to Governor Dinwiddle, wa» placed in the hands of Maurice Morgan Efq. by Dr. Morton of the Britilh Mufeum, for the in- fpeQion of Lord Shelburne (now Marquis of i«anfdown} then Secretary of State, In a Letter which ( 24 ) ,'1 li I ! '•; ; I I Vvhich Mr. Morgan obligingly favoured me with, he fays, that at the time, he thought its contents not deferving regard, and fo told his Lordlhip. And that within two or three years afterwards, he met Col. Cochran at New York, who confidcred the whole ftory as founded in delufion. The reafon for which Mr. Morgan thought /lightly of this intelligence, he fays, was, ** that Welfh Bibles were found among this people." To, me this objeftion has no Weight at all. I can eafily believe, that many Welfh people about the latter end of the laft, and the beginning of the prefent Century, penetrated into that country, and finding fome people there who underftood the Welfh Language, might leave printed Welfh Bibles behind them. I add farther, that when a Tradition is fo general, as to obtain from Mexico, to high Northern Latitudes, there mull be fome foundation for it. See the Gentleman's Magazine for May, 1791, p. 206. and for Auguft, 1791, p. 693. Spanifh Writers, in general, fay that Mexico and Peru were the mod civilized of all parts of the Continent, where they landed. Some modern W^riters attribute this circum- ftance to Madog and his Colony. Mr, John Wil- liams, in a late publication entided " The Natu- lal Hiftory of the Mineral Kingdon?, vol. 2, p. 410. ( 25 ) ne with, ents not ■>. And he met -red the thought " that ' To, I can out the of the Ti and od the Bibles edition 3 high dation May, exico >fthe :uni- Wil. atu- s» p. 110. 4to. c^'C. is ofopinion, that mt only Mexico, but Perd alfo was difcovercd by Nt^dog; that the few fair and white perfons fojuJ ihere by the Spaniards, were the dcTcendahts uf Madog's C^o- lony ; and that Manco Cap.ic, aim Mamma Oceilo, were Mad ig and his Wife. They are iuppofed to be the progenitors of the Peruvian Incas. Ai they were fo different fr;)m the original N uives in their complexions, they wire thought to be the children of the Sun; a fentiment which Manco might encourage for his own prcfcrvation. Mam- ma Oceilo, he thinks a corruption of Mamma Ichel, (Uchel) " high or flately mother." It is our Author's opinion, that Madog in his firft Voyage landed in the Gulph of Mexico, and that when he went back to his native country, he promifed thofe whom he left behind, to return to them; but that in his fecond Voyage he was driven by a ftorm from the North, down as lo\r as Brafil, and was (hipwrecked near to the mouth of the river Amazons. The fame Author farther thinks that he, his wife, and probably a few others, efcaped and failed up that river, and at laft arrived at Cufco, the capital of the Peruvian Em- pire, and that he never came to his firft Colony, He afligns various reafons for thcfe opinions. The Mexicans and Peruvians far furpnlfcd all •thcr Indians in the improvements of Society, K and p I 1"' 1 ' I ■ 1 1 ' ! ', • il I • l>l ' t\ l ( 26 ) and of Government ; and their year confided of 365 days. This is afferted by Spanifh writers. Another rcafon afU^nedby Mr Williams for his opinion is that the inhabitants of Mexico efpecial- ly, and likewifeof Peru, were deeply imprcfled with the notion that a people from the Eaft would viOt them. Madog s promife of returning again was handed down from Father to Son. In procefs of generations this tradition became more dark and uncertain. When Cortez landed at Vera Cruz, the Mexicans could not write ; for the difpatches fent to Montezuma were painted on cloih, &c. relembling every circumftance in the bufmefs of which he was to be infc^rmed. This Emperor was the eleventh Monarch who reigned from him who had tird conquered the country, or obtainec) itsfoveieignty. The Peruvian Prince who reigned when Pizaz- «o landed was the twelfth in fucceflion from Manco. European Settlements in Americajy Vol. 1 pages 71, 73, 133, 2d. Edition. The Spaniards deftroyed all the ancient monu« ments of the country, for they loc :ed upon them, as fuperditious memorials of Pagan idolatry. Thefe obfervations of Mr. John Williams are ingenious^ but I cannot entirely accede to them* It If ififled of »s for his efpecial- §__ Red with uld vifit :ain was ocefs of ark and a Cruz, rpatches inefs of ror was •m him btaine(j; Pizaz- » from », Vol. iTionu* them ( 27 ) It is poflible that Madop; in liis fecond Voyage might be driven to the co.jfl of liralil but it is not at all likely. I cannot ihink it probaMc that Maciog could make his way over the Andes, or r()il(>\>r the river of the Amazon^ up to Culco in I'eru. Itfcems 10 me more liki'ly that fonie oF Madog's Colony, or rather deicendarjis, dwelling on the fca coaft, well of Mevic o. niig' t. wienatlei. be overtaken by a fto:m and Carrie I to Peru, and not knowing how to return, feith there. Montezuma was t' e lab E.mp'Tor of Mexico, of that line, when Cortez landei in ih country. Atabalipa was the i2ih iLmpenor of i' ru, w'.en Pi- zazzo landed there. If ue allow abnii twenty years to each Empeior, we fh ill finvi, tnat the .iepar ure of I'rince Madog, from '>ritain, and the election of thefe two Empire.s nearly coincide. In a pe- riod of above three hundred years, iTr«'atcr errors in Chronology may reafonably be expected among an unenlightened people. Captain John Drummond, who refided in M^ex- icofor many years, in a military capacity, a.> an En- gineer, Geographer, and Naturalid, has favoured me with his opinion on the fubjed. He (ays. that " He is fully perfuaded and convinced, that Ma- dog was one of the C onlederate Chiefs who went upon an expedition weitward from Britam about the year 1 170 ; and that he hath heard of Colonies, E2 Of L' i\ l«', ( 28 ) or Tribes of Welfh people now cxifling, who lie thinks are defcendants ot Madog's people." And he is of opinion alfo that the emigrants were a mix- ture of Welfh, North Britons, and Irifh, and that Madog wds the Naval Commander. This is highly probable, efpecially when this Prince tailed a fecond time. When he returned from his firft voyage, it is natural to fuppofe that he would make his difcoveries as public as pofTible. The North Britons, and the Irifh were well known to, and, in fome meafure, connefted with the Welfh ; whereas, at that period, the Englifh were not on friendly terms with either of them. It is faid by Jeuan Brechfa, a Bard who flourifh- ed about the Year 1480, that Rhiryd, an illegiti- mate Son of Owen Gwyncdd, who, Dr. Powel fays ivas Lord of Clochran in Ireland, *' accompained Madog acrofs the Atlantic (Morwerydd) to fome Lands they had foun'i there, and there dwelt.** There can be no doubt, therefore, but that fome Irifh went with Madog to America. The profpe6i of dwelling in a fertile and de- lightful country, free from the many inconve- niences to which they were expofed at home, would induce many to accompany him to a place where *hcy fhould live in peace and fafety. The MM II iinniirri^ ( 29 ) who he c." And eamix- and that en this eturned ^fe that ^offible. I^nown ith the ft were ourifh- illegiti- el fays pained rome Iwelt/* Tome d dc- 3nve- 'here ■A m The Captain obferves, that Don Juan de Gri- jalva, a Spaniard, fays that '* He found the Celts of Mexico, fome having little or no arms, but clothed in hides ; and that the fierccnefs of their manners, and their undaunted courage, refembled the old Britons, as deicrihed by Henry the lid, to ihe Emperor Emanuel Commenes. He fays alfo that there were others with fhort (kirted vefts, of different colours, with Targets and fhort black fpears, and that thefe new men in Mexico were adored by the Natives, for their courage and dex- terity, for that they had never feen fhips till they came among them, from afar." It is the opinion of the Captain, that Madog and his company firft landed at Vera Cruz, in "the Gulph of Mexico. Mr. John Williams mentioned in page 24, kems to be of the fame opinion. But to me this appears highly improbable, becaufe it was hardly poffible for them not to fee land on the northern continent of America, before they reached the Gulph of Mexico. It is faid that Prince Madog did not, on his re- turn, fall in with his firft Colony, but was driven to fome other part of the continent, and there fettled another Colony (a ;) perhaps at Vera Cruz ; for being countrymen and friends, and having fo large (41) Gentleman's Magaiine, Sept, 1791, ?• 79St m :!:■': .1 t\i< ! I' i i\ ( 30 ) large a country before them, they would not foon be embroiled in quarrels: of confequence, popu- lation would rapidly increafe, and different fettle- inents would be made, on different parts, as in- clination or conveniency might recommend. Thofc vho landed at Vera- Cruz, would in procefs of time, as their number increafed, pufh forward to Mexico • piid it is highly probable that at various times. Colonies were planted on the coaft from Cape Sable, to the Gulph of Mexico. The Captain informed me, that he and his fcr- vant, who was an Highlander, paid a vifit to the only defcendantof Montezuma then Irar. who vas a venerable old man, and who told hnn ».nat his forefathers came from a diitant country, which this genu'emaathinks was Britain. The Captain alfo faid that on a journey thro' the country, he came to a hut of the Mexicans, where he heard a woman finging to her child. His fervant, with great furprize, told his mafter that he underftood what Ihe faid, for it was Erfe, the Language of the Highlands in Scotland; whence it feems clear that Madog's company had Scots among them. By the fame Gentleman I have been informed that Sir George Mackenzie, in a letter to James the Fourth Earl of Perth, his Grandfather, on the fubjcQ of the Celtic, as feme call them, as others, the ( 3» 1 fioi fbon -» popu- t fetiie- > as in- Thofc )cefs of k^ard to i^arious i from lis fer- to the who lat his which thro* cans, :hild. after Srfe, md = had ned nes the lis, the Briiifli, Difcoveries in Europe and Ame- rica, fays, that they are mentioned by Baronius, Scaliger, Salmafius, Lipfius, &c. as having taken place long before any other Nation in Europfc thought of vifiting America. In a Letter to the Right Hon. William Pitt, figned Columbus, inferted in the Public Adver- tifer, September, 23d, 1790, there are feveral very interefting fafts and obfervations on this fubjed. We are there told that Sebaftiar Cabot, about the year 1495, ^^^ years after the firft voyage of Columbus, difcovered Florida and Mexico ; and that he found on the different parts of the Coaft, the defcendants of the firft Britilh difcoverers, \vho fettled at Mexico about the year 1170. In the records of the Mexican Emperors, are fet down the arrival and fetdement of their firft great Progenitors, whom the unfortunate Montezuma de- fcribes in 1520, in a fpeech made to his fubjeQsj» after he had been taken priloner by that monfter of ciuelty, Cortez. ** Kinfmen, Friends, Countrymen and Subje6ls ; yoi know I have been eighteen years your Sovc-» reign and your natural King, as my illuftrious predeceflbrs and fathers were before me, and all the defcendants of my race, fince we came from a far dijlant i, ..'Hi fi 1 "'■■i ( 32 ) dijlant Northern Nation^ whofi tongue and manners we yd have partly pre fervcd. I have been to you a Father, Guardian, and a loving Prince, while you have been to mc faithful fubje6ts, and obe- dient fervants. *' Let it be held in your remembrance, that you have a claim to a noble defcent, becaufe you are fprung from a race of Freemen and Heroes, who fcorned to deprive the native Mexicans of their ancient Liberties, but added to their rational Freedom, principles which do honour to Human >;j . Our divines have inllru6led you of our natur... defcent from a people the moft renowned upon Earth for Liberty and Valour; becaufe of all nations they were, as our firft parents told us, the only unfubdued people upon Earth, by that warlike nation, whofe Tyranny and Ambition af- fumed the conqueft of the world ; but neverthe- lefs, our great fore-fathers checked their am- bition, and fixed limits to their Conquefts, altho* but the inhabitants of a Jmall i/land^ and but fe\< in number, compared to the ravagers of the Earth, who attempted in vain to conquer our great, glo- rious, and free forefathers, &c." The Author of the above Account told me, that he had feen Montezuma's fpeech in a Spanifh Manufcript, in the year 1748, when he arrived at Mexico, and that, moft probably, it is ftill extant. t f ■V^ ( 33 ) 1 would here juft obferve that as the anticnt Romans were the Cjr-querors alluded to, we may naturally fifpcft tlut Ju ius Caefar's attempt on Britain, was rathe r unfucc^fsful, or at leaft not fo brilliant as he cautioufly endeavours to repreient it. The above fpirited fpeech, plainly ftiews that the Mexican Princes, in 1520, looked upon them- felves as the Defendants of Freemen, and Heroes ; the only unfubdued people upon Earth ; who fet limits to the Roman Conqueft. though only the inhabitants of a fniall ijland in the North, and, in comparifon, few in number; and who taught them principles, which did honour to human na- ture ; probably, the principles of Chriftianity ; which though miferably disHgured, in 1170, yet were greatly fuperior to thole of an unenlightened favage people. The above defcription remarkably and exaQly anfwers to the Charafter, Manners, and Principle^ pf the Antient Britons. It alfo appears from the Negociations of Sit John Hawkins, an Englifh Admiral, ir the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's reign ; and from th« fpeeches of various Mexican Chiefs, to Sir John Hawkins's Officers, who were fent from Vera Cruz to Mexico, to negociate with the Spanifli Viceroy, that thcfe Chiefs looked upon themfelvei as defcended from the Antient Britons. F Some I ilii 11! i'''':~ ',l5- J: lit i|: i , . ■; .1: II m ( 34 ) ' Some traces of Britifh dircoverics are to be met with in Sir Walter Raleigh's expeditions, and iii levcral other'Writers. Antonio Goluafo, a Portuguefe Author of great repute, mentions the expedition of a Captain Machan, or Mackman, a J'ritifh adventurer, in 1344, who had been in Mexico, and had got ftore of wealth and filvcr from the Britifli Sovereign of that day ; but who was caft away on his return to Europe, with all his treafure. near Madeira, It is bighly probable that Columbus derived his notion of a Weflern Continent, from the reports pf former Voyagers ; efpecially from the papers of a Britifli Captain, who in failing from Mexico, or from fome part of America, was forced by a gale of wind, through the Straits of Gibraltar, up CO Genoa, where his Veflel was loft ; and who after the wreck, lived in the houfe of Columhus, where he died, and left his Papers, Books, Charts, and Journals in the hands of Columbus. He being an enterprizing man, and the beft Geographer of his day, profited by the intelligence thus obtained, and formed his project topurfue farther difcoverie* in the Atlantic Ocean, Captain Drummond intends publiftiing a Trea- ^fc on the Natural Hiftory, &c, of Mexico. Wc I W- M M ( 35 ) reat ain in ore of li to We have now a crowd of witnelTes to the pre- fent exiltence of a Tribe, if not numerous Tribes of Wclfli Indians on the continent of North Ame- rica. In this fequel 1 have enumerated feveral frefli evidences to the faft. Mr. Bowles, Mr. Price, Mr. Filfon, Mr. Binon, Captain Drum- mond, Sir John Caldwell, MeflVs. Rimington, Burnell, John Williams, &c. That they are not late Emigrants is certain from the ftate of ci- vilization and fcience among them: they know not how to read, nor how to ere6l regular buildings, nor, by what appears, how to repair old ones gone to decay. General Bowles's account is fimple and natural, and upon the face of it, feems to be a truth. He could have no particular intereft to promote, and moft probably had never heard of the Tradition concerning Prince Madog's emigration, until he was told of it by Mr. Owen. His account is con- firmed by feveral circumftances, which are per- fctlly confiftent with one another. They all agree in faying that there now is a Welfh Tribe on the American Continent, and that from thgr man- ners, cuftoms, and numbers, they muft have been there feveral Centuries. There are two or three paffages in Captain Car- ver's Travels in the interior parts of North Ame- rica, 4 ( 36 ) rica, which feem to confirm the idea of a Colon]^ or Colonies of Welfh Indians. In page 118, the Captain fays, ** a little to the North- Weft of the MefTorie (MifTouri) and St. Pierre, the Indians farther told me that there was a Nation, rather fmaller and whiter than the neighbouring Tribes, who cultivate the ground, and (as far as I could gather from their expref- fions,) in fomc meafure, the Arts." In the following page, fpeaking of the fame In- dians, he fays, " They are fuppofed to be fome of the different Tribes that were tributary to the Mexican Kings ; and who fled from their native country, to feek anafylum in thefe parts, about the time of the Conqueft of Mexico by the Spa- niards, about two Centuries ago." Again, page 386, &c. he fays, " the Jefuits and French Miffionaries alfo pretended that the Indians had, when they fir ft travelled into Ame- rica, fome notions, though thefe were dark and confufed, of the Chriftian Inftitution, for they were greatly agitated at the fight of the Crofs, which made fuch irbpreflions on them, that (hewed that they were not unacquainted with the facred myfte- lies of Chriftianity." There are other paffages in Carver to much the fame purpofe. Thefe ( 37 ) TheFe ExtraQs feem to imply that at prefcnt there is a Tribe, or Tribes of Indians in thofe parts, different from others in perfons and com- plexions; and particularly (hew that they have fome knowledge of Chriftianity. Mr. Giblbn, a Trader, told Mr. Kennedy, a Gendeman now in London, that he had been a- mong Indians who fpoke Welfh, and that he had converfed, at different times, with very many o- thers, who affured him that there were fuch a people. The cultivation of their Country, and the civilization of the people is a matter of aftonifh- ment to the Traders iu general. The following account is given by Hackluyt, vol. 3d. page 311, from Antonio de Epejo, writ- ten in 1583. The fame accounts are given by others, mentioned by Hackluyt. ** The Spaniards along the Rio del Norte, Lat. 37 upwards, found the Indians far more civilized and having a better form of Government than any others in Mexico. They had a great num- ber of large ahd very populous Towns, well built of ftone and lime, three or four (lories high; their country is very large and extenfive. The chief Town, called Cia, has not lefs than eight Markets. The Inhabitants are very warlike, have great plejity of Cows and Sheep, drefs neats Lea- ther 1 38 ) t!ier very fine, and make of it Shoes an 1 Boots %vhich no other Americans do. They have allii Deer (kins and Chamoife equal to thofe of Flan- ders, (probably brought to Flanders from Switzer- land. &c, ) and abound with excellent Provifions in the greateft profufion. They have large Fields of Corn, and make many curious things of Feathers of various colours. They manufaQure Cotton, of which they make fine Mantles ftriped with blue and white. They have many Salt Lakes in their Country that abound with excellent Fifti, and from the waters of which they make excellent white Salt. The Country abounds with wild Bealls, wild Fowl, and all forts of Game. They breed great numbers of Hens. The climate is very fine, the ibil rich, producing great quantities of delicious Fruits. They have amongft them Grapes, the fame as thofe of Caftile, and fine Rofes like thofe of Europe. They have alfo abundance of excellent Metals, Gold and Silver. The people are very indultrious and laborit us, and the cultivation of the Ground occupies all their lime. Their Houfes are flat-roofed. The Country is very Mountain- ous, and'hath excellent Timber; and the Inhabi- tants feemto have fome knowledge of the Chrifiiah Religion. They have many ( hapels, and ereft Croflcs, and they live in general in great fecurity and peace. The largeft Lake is in the Weftern part of the Country, and around is a great num- bei; ( 39 ) her of large, well built, and populous Towns*. The people are neatly dreffcd in Cloaths made of exceeding well drefTcd Skins and Cotton Cloth." The River Rio del Norte, or North River, by fome called Rio Bravo rifesinthe Country of the Padoucas, about Lat. 40 N. and falls into the Gulf of Mexico. That this Country is high and hilly appears from the many great Rivers which run out of it in different diredions. This defcription given by Spanifli Writers dur- ing the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, is curious and ftriking. It is a proof that the Inhabitants of that Country were not late Settlers, but mufl: have been there fome Centuries ; otherwife they could .not have been in fo flouriftiing a condition. This is an age diflinguifhed for Voyages and difcoverics. Our King has given great encourage- ment to purfuils of this kind, which hitherto have been attended with very confiderable fuccefs. Other Princes in Europe have done the fame. A Society of public fpirited Noblemen and Gende- jnen are now employmg Perfons to explore the unknown interior parts of Africa. It were to be ^ifhed, I repeat it, that the plan was extended by )iy them or by others, and that the like defign wa? purfued in the weftern parts of North America. There are very ftrong, if n«t conclufive reafons, to 1 }l\l ( 40 ) 10 believe that a fcene would open aflonifhing to the world: a Colonv of Britons would be found fet- lied in that diftant part of the Earth, defccnded from a people who left theirnativc country above 600 years, an i ftill retaining their manners, and their ancient original langugage. It is faid by Mr. Binon, about the year 1750; by the letter to Governor Dinwiddie, if it may be depended upon, before the year 1753 ; by Mefl'. Sutton and Steward about the year 1768, and is certainly implied in Jones's Narrative; and by Mr. Gibfon, the Indian Trader; (b) perfons un- known to each other, that thefe Tribes have Books among them, upon which they fet a great value, becaufe they believe, that they conta* m account of their origin, and of the myftenta of Religion, It is poflible that among thefe books there may be a Bible ; for we are told that they obferve fomc ceremonies of the Chriftian Worfliip. Their copy probably may, in fome places, be different from ours ; in fome palfages more corre6l, in others more corrupted than ours ; for it is certain that at the time of Madog s emigration, the groffeft igno- rance in religious matters prevailed in Britain* We might alfo from their fuperltitious manners and (Jf) Enrjuiry, pages 23, 42, 4S, ( 41 ) and cudoms, be able wiih fome degree ofexaElners to fix the time on which ih.y fiifl came to that Contiixent. Befides the intelligence which we might derive from thefe books, concerning religious matters, it may reafonably be thought that an advantageous commerce alight be opened with that country, at lead as advantageous, as any we are like to derive from the Southern difcoveries. We are told that it is a very extenlive country, and that its fouth- eril boundary reaches to within 300, or 400 miles of the Mifliflipi ; and that it contains many valu- able articles of trade, which the inhabitants might exchange for the manufactures of this country* And it is natural to conclude that they would pre- fer trading with us, a people living in the coun- try from whence their forefathers came, while we dealt fairly and honelily with them, rather than with any other nation. In this view of the matter the profpeft is plea- ling and promifing, and if a correfpondence were opened, it might be highly beneficial to this country. Private perfons, as well as public bodies of men have engaged in purfuits much lefs promifing than this appears to me, and were fucccfsful. Colum- Q bus, ( 42 ) bus, for iriftance, wben he firft failed to the \vel!, had not fo good a profpeft i he laboured under ab- folute uncertainty as to his obje£t ; fjr he knew not whither he was going ; but the white Indians are well known, and can be vifited without any great danger. Men of an enterprifing fpirlt may foon be found, well qualified for the undertaking. I know ibme who underfland feveral modern Languages, and fome of the ancient, who are ready to engage themfelves in the bufinefs. If a fubfcription be raifed, to enable them to proceed, I make no doubt, but that they would fully accomplifh their purpofe. It is thought that 500 Or 6ooI. would be fufficient to defray all expences; a fum of little confideration to a people who almoil every day rifle larger fums on projefts of greater uncertainty. If the Romans honoured and rewarded a man for faving the life of a Citizen, I am convinced that Britons would honour and reward a perfon or per- Tons who ihould happily civilize a whole nation of people, and thereby fave many lives; and aifo fuccefsfuliy, by difcoverie?, benefit his native country. Should any Nobleman or Gentleman fet the ex- ample, there is but little doubt, but that a fuffi- "cicnt fubfcription would foon be raifed. ] 3 ( 43 ) I (hall clofc with an extnft of a letter, I very lately received from the Rev. Mr. W. Richards, of Lynn, in Norfolk. ** I have written to Pen- fylvania, and expert that they would meet with iirong countenance there, (that is, perfono fent out on Difcovcry) at leaft, from Wclfhmen, and the defcendants of Wellhnen, who are very nu- merous there, and zealous in the fi^me caufe. I would advife them by all means to make Penfyl- vania in their way. The pecuniary aid that would be wanting, would be there made up, and they would get fome to accompany them in their jour- ney, w4iich would be through Kentucky, to which there ii now a good road made from Penfylvania. At Kentucky there would be others to join them, and thofe could not fail of being mod dcfirable guides, efpeciaily, if the report be true, that a party of Kentuckians have already penetrdted into the very country oF thcfe Padoucas, and by the means of a Wellhman who was one of the party, had a conference with fome of the people. Dr. Jones ♦of Penfylvania, a native of Gla- morganftiire, but went over with his parents in his childhood, told me that if it (hould appear that the Padoucas were VV'ellhmen, or that there is a VVelfh nation now exifting in the interior parts of A me- G a rica, • Dr. Jones lives at Lower Dublin, in Penfylvania. ^ I ( 44 ) rica, he would himfelf make one among tbofe who would vifit them, old as he is, being now, I think, fix or feven years, at leaft, above fifty." From the whole, it appears that the inhabitants of North America, in general, believe in the ex- iftence of a Welfti Tribe of Indians. 1 hope that the fufpicions of faRidious European Hiftorians 3|i>d Critics, are, or will be, removed.. POSTSCRIPT, ( 45 ) POiSTSCRIPT. My File Ad Mr. WiUVam Owen has favoured me with the follbvfing enlarged Extract from Sir Meredyth ^b Rhys's Ode, mentioned page J3th of the fehqiiiry. Helied Tfan, hael dyfiaid, Ar y tir teg, wedi'r tad ; Mewn awr dda, minnau ar Ddwr, O fodd hael a fydd heliwr. Madawg wych,mwyedigwedd, Jawn genau Owen Gwynedd> Ni fynnai Dir', f* enaid oedd, Ma da mawr ond y moroedd. ♦' Let Evan of a liberal (lock, hunt On the dry Land, like the Father, In good Time; and I on the Water By liberal means, will be Huntfman. Madog bold of ^..cafing Countenance, Of the true Lineage of Owen Gwynedd, He coveted not Land, my Soul he was. (i. t, I revere his memory) Nor great Wealth, but the Seas." Thefe additional Lines plainly confirm the meaning of them given in the En<|uiry. In a Letter, Mr. dwen gave me the following ^ material Informaiion. ( 46 ) ** I bave perufed the compofitions of the Bards who were contemporary with Madog ; but in all the Poetry of that age, that I have feen, his name is mentioned only three or four times by Cynddelw, iJywarch Prydydd y Moch, and Gwalchmai. Thefe are efteemed three of the moll celebrated of the Britifh Bards. Their works, now extant in Manufcript, would each of them, make a confi- derable Volume. In a Panegyric on Rodri, a Brother of Madog's, LI. B. Moch, hath the following Lines. Dau deyrn derwyn dydores, yn Hid, Liu daear a' u hoffes; Un ar dir, ar dorfoedd ry dres, Yn Arfon yn arwar trachwres; Ac arall mynawg, y n mynwes mawrfor, Yn mawr-far anghymmes. Two Princes, who in their wrath dealt quick devadations, Were by the Inhabitants of Earth beloved ; One on Land, leading his hard toiling Bands> In Arvon, quenching fierce ambition's Flame; The other of difpofnion mild, on the bofom of the mighty Sea, In great excefs of Trouble. In a Poem addrefTed to Prince Llewelyn ab Jorwerth, by the fame Bard, tht^e are the follow- ing Lines. Nid ( 47 ) Nid rhaid tra dylyn pell ofyn pWy, Py geidw'r gorddwfr rhag pob gorddwy ; Llywelyn ai ceidw, llcw yn adwy; Lly w Gwynedd ai medd hyd y Mawddwy, Lloegr wrthryn tra Llyn Llwmynwy, Wyr Madawg ermidcdd fwyfwy, Liaw orthrech wrth rwyian mordwy. '* Tis needlefs to be over folicitous, or to aflt who will guard the bordering Waters from all invafions; Llewelyn will guard them, the Lion in the Breach, Governor of Gwynedd, and its Owner as far a» Mawddwy; The Oppofer of Lloegr ( England ) beyond the Lake of Lloomynwy ; Whofe Hand overcomes in traverfing the Waves, Nephew of Madog, whofe departure we lament more and more." Gwaichmai addreifed an Ode to Dafydd ab Owen Gwynedd, lamenting his being deprived of that Prince's Brothers. Nid modd mau dewi, heb honi pwy oeddynt, Pryne^ynt eu moli : Owain angerddawl, anaw anfeidrawl> Aer wrawl wrydri ; Cadwallawn, cynei golli, Nid oedd^a Llydw y llawddai fi ; Cadwaladyr cerddgar, cerddau cyfarwar» Cyfarfu a'm percbi| Madawg • i ( 48 ) Madawg xn^dio^cld gpddpli, Mvy gwnaeth fy mpdd na'm coddi. •* I cannot be filent without mentioning who they vere, who fp well of me merited praife ; Owain the fierce, above the mufes fong. The manly Hero of the conflift ; Cadwallon, 'ere he was loft, It was not with fmooth words he praifed me* Cadwaladyr, lover of the harmony of exhilaN iting Songs, He was wont to honour me. Madog, diftributing his Goods, More he did to pleafe than to difpleafe me.'* In an Elegy on the Family of Owen Gwynedcl by CynddelW) Madpg is twice mentioned; one pafTa^e particularly feems worthy of attention. Oni lias Madawg, myr dygyforth far ? Mau afar car cynnorth, Oedd anwas cas cad ehorth, Oedd anwar par yn y porth. U npt Ma^dog dead,^ by the overwhelming wratb of Seas ? Ah! Grief aflails me fpr the ready helping Friend; He was not the Slave of Hatred in the toils of Battle, Nor was he tame in the Gate whea he grafped his Spear* From (49 ) From various concurrent evidences, it appears that Madog was the commander oF his fatbe/ tieet, which was fo confiderable as fuccefsfully to oppofe that of England, at the mouth ot the Mciidi , filie Channel between Carnarvunfhire, and the 1(1 nd of Anglefea,) in the year 1142. This viQory was celebrated by Gwalchmai, the fon of Meilir, in one of the mod animated pieces of poetry to be found in any language. This batde feems to be alluded to in Caradjc's Hiftory, page 163, 4 Edit. 1697. See alfo Evans's fpecimen of the Welch Bards, page 125. Edit. 1764. It is very probable that Madog befitated which fide to take in the difpiite between his brothers about the fucceflion; and at lad determined to join neither, but refolved to withdraw himfelf ; and being Commander in Chief of the Fleet, he was able without delay to leave his native country. Thofe circumilances will help us to accQiint for his fpeedy departure ; for by all that appears^ he failed within about a year after his father's deaths in 1169, In the above extraQs, the emigration of Prince Madog feepns to have been commemorated by Bards who lived very near the time in which it tqqk place ; and it i9 very likely that Sir Meredyth 9b Rhy's derived his intelligence of it from pre- ceeding Bards. H The ( 50 ) The Burying places of the ancient Kentuckians feem to have been very curious. The following diagram will give fome idea of them. It was lent by Dr. Samuel Jones of Penfylvania, to the Rev. Mr. William Richards, of-iynn, in Norfolk, and by him fent to me. t — 1 B <« The diftance from A to B, is 45 feet. From A to D, 12 feet; and from A to E, 6 feet. One Corps lay in each divifion, with their heads at the lines. \ and B, arid C and D ; and their feet, at the line E and F. At their heads c d feet, as well as at their fides, were flat flones, fet on their edges. Thefe ftones were about 18 inches high, and the apartments were about ?. ftet wide, fo that there were about 40 apartments. The firft doable Tier contained fo many bodies co- vered above with flat ftones above this was ano- ther double Tier of 40 apartments, and fo on." In a fmall pamphlet entitled " a Brief Defcript- tion of Kentucky," thefe burying places are thus defcribed. In . ( 5^ ) "'lalhc fettkmcnt of Lex.fne-tonare to b^ ft^en curious Sepulchres^ full of Human Skelctons,^mcil are tliusfabricafec?. First on the ground are laid great broad flonea on these were deposited the bo- dies of deeeaffpd perfons, ftp arated from each otiier by broad floms ^m^ covered with others, fup- ported by fide walls which "vsrcre aa a balis for tlie next layer of Bodies. In this orde. they vere biiill, "vvitbout trjortar, growing ilill narrnwcr to ahont th( height of ;* man." Sepulchres of this tbrrn fee;m not to have been Britifli; nor do 1 remember to have feen, or heard of any like them. To jjie they appear to have been ere^ed before the Chriftian ^ra; or by a people unacauaintej with Chriftianity; be- caufe, generally fince that period, the Christians have placed dead hodie.s West and East. The Bri- tons were Christians many Centuries before the Emigration of Prince Madog. But 1 leave this point to be fettled hy Anticjuaries fiiperior to my- felf. and hope that they will be able to illnftrate this matter, and that they -will inform us. in what Country, and at what period this cuftcm pre- vailed. F I N I S.