CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■-IIIIIM IIM § IM Hill 2.2 1^ '""^ 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■^ 6" — » \ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may ise bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagAe Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^ et/ou pelliculAe Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gAographiques en couleur Coloured inic (i.e. other then blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrstions en couleur D Bound with other material/ ReilA avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge IntArieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appeer within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches aJoutAes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas At* filmAes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires: L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a *t* possible de se procurer. Les ditaiis de cet exemplaire qui sent peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique. qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mAthode normale de filmage sont indiquAs ci-dessous. 7 ti 1 P c I I Coloured pages/ n Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagAes Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurAes et/ou pelliculAes Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages dicoiorAes, tachetAes ou piquAes Pages detached/ Pages dAtachAes Showthrough> Transparence Quality of prir Qualit6 inAgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel supplAmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible I I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ I I Showthrough/ |~n Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I — I Only edition available/ T si T VI d ei b ri ri nr Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totelement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont M filmAes A nouveau de fapon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X n 32X y 12X 16X aox 24X 28X Th« copy filmad her* hat bean raproducad thicnks to tha ganarosity of: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Tha imagaa appaarSng hara ara tha batt quality postibia conaidaring tha condition and iagibility of tha original copy and in icaaping with tha filming contract tpacifications. Original copias in printad papar covars ara fiimad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or iilustratad impras- aion. or tha back covar whan appropriata. Ail othar original copias ara fiimad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or iilustratad impras- sion, and anding on tha last page with a printad or iilustratad imprassion. Tha last racordad frame on each microfiche shall contain tha symbol —^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaira film* fut raproduit grAca A la g*n4roait4 da: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Lea images suivantas ont At* raproduitas avac la plus grand soin. compta tenu de la condition at da la nattet* da I'axamplaire film*, et en conformitA avsc las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Lm exemplairas originauu dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commen^ant par la premier plat at en terminant soit par la darnlAre paga qui comporta une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par la second plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras exemplaires originaux sont filmAs an commandant par la premiAre paga qui comporta une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at en terminant par la darniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la derniAro image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »• signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 >*»%5-*^' t^^ ;*?M^'%.S VIA ThEr Oreoom Railroad £>' NAVIGATION Co (g,"^ p ^CLv-^ l.^J^-<^ '-'■^-c>x) r <2ytazl/uoest CoUectLOiv ^ THE NEW BONANZALAND ' WITH A BRIEF DISSERTATION ON BOOMS. BY P. DONAN. Issued by the Passenger Department of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, Portland, Oregon, 1897 / . I F. W. BALTES AND COMPANY. PRINTERS, PORTLAND, OREGON. ( :• {■ I < THE NEW BONANZALAND. L EXISTING IGNORANCE OF THE WEST. A Great New York Magazine Manifests a High Quality of It in an Elaborate Article on Booms. \17HAT the average American oriental does not know VV about his own country and its infinite capabilities, would fill a good many ponderous volumes. What even the wisest of Gotham and Cape Cod pundits and sages have failed to learn, or to appreciate, in regard to the majestic continent they have honored by permitting it to become their native land, would furnish a pretty fair foundation for omniscience, and leave several items of valuable information over for inferior intelligences. What the typical easterner never read, or heard, or imagined, of that vast and varied empire, vaguely characterized as The West, includes about all there is to be told or written of it. To a New Yorker, America is bounded on the north by the Spitting Devil and the Harlem quag- mires and goat-pastures, on the south by Greenwood Ceme- tery and Coney Island wooden elephants, on the east by Hell-Gate, and on the west by Hoboken and Jersey lightning. To a Bostonian, the sun rises over Fort Warren, strikes high noon above Bunker Hill monument, and sets just behind Back Bay. Half the world— a mighty hemisphere, incompar- able in grandeur, incomputable in riches, and illimitable in possibilities— lies west of all their geographies. Their maps are all too narrow, their ideas all too small. "Having eyes. 10S638 they see not, and having ears, they hear not; neither do they understand," that all the boundless productive powers and possibilities of the new-world republic lie in the match- less region, which they, in their arrogant ignorance, stigma- tize as "the wild and woolly west." The fields of grain and grass and cotton; the orchards and vineyards and gardens; the horizon-fenced prairie pastures, with their countless flocks and herds; the forests of timber and quarries of stone; and the mines of gold and silver, copper, iron, lead and coal, — on which they, as mere brokers and handlers, hucksters and peddlers, — depend for food, clothing, shelter and fortune, — are all here, in the west. The bullion for all their banks, and the material for all their factories, mills and forges, come from the west. All their railroads lead to or from the west, and all the business that maintains them is furnished by the west. The very existence of the nation depends upon the west. The total valuation of New York city, real estate and per- sonal property, under the census of 1890, was $2,106,484,905; and of Boston, $981,269,913; — a grand aggregate for both of $3,087,754,818. According to the same census reports, the yearly value of the farm products of the country — largely of the west — was $2,460,107,454, and the annual mineral yield amounted to $678,000,734. Add $250,000,000 a year for the timber and lumber, and $50,000,000 for the fish, game and other minor items; and all ordinary arithmetic staggers before the gigantic sum of $3,438,108,188, as one year's pro- duction of the farms, mines and forests of the Union — almost wholly of the west. So, if New York and Boston were swept from the face of the continent, wiped oflf the earth, and the very ground on which they stand buried in the depths of the sea, a single western crop — one season's yield of western fields and pastures, mines and woodlands — would make good all the loss, and furnish a surplus of $350,353,370' The valuation of the entire state of New York, in 1890, was $3785,910,313, and of Massachusetts, $2,154,134,626; or a total for both commonwealths, including their metropolises, of $5,940,044,939. So two years' produce of western ranches, farms, forests and mines,— amounting to $6,876,216,376,— would pay for both states, buy them outright, and leave a balance of $936,169,437! In view of such facts, it does not seem unpardonably pre- sumptuous to suggest, that a trifle less confidence of asser- tion would become the omniscients of the orient, when they speak of the Occident. Even a Harvard professor, or a Man- hattan editor, might find a number of things worth his knowing, west of that monumental blasphemy in bronze, the Bedloe's Island Liberty Statue;— and a few, perhaps,' west of the Mississippi and the Rockies. Incredible as it may appear, investigation would -»ossibly show that there are, in this part of God's glorious universe, some truths,— great truths in the abstract, and truths in the concrete,— that have not yet been fully comprehended by the most accomplished oarsman of a Yale boat-crew, or the most pro- foundly erudite captain of a Princeton football-team. The Forum, one of the so-called great eastern magazines, —a typical exponent of the Intelligence and Culture, to which the Atlantic wavelets plash perpetual peans of admiring adoration,— recently contained an article, on "The Passing of the Boom," that has attracted more attention than its intrinsic merits seem to warrant. It v as from the pen of a well-known and, considering his longitudinal environments, usually well-informed writer— himself the successful manager of a leading periodical. Starting out with the bold assump- tions, that this country has now been fully explored, its mighty wildernesses subdued, its lands settled and brought under cultivation, its mines discovered and opened up, its great railways built, its towns and cities founded, and all its 5 M fesources and possibilities revealed,— he maintains that hgnce- forth Americans must adapt themselves to the slow-going methods of old-world peoples; must lay aside their romantic and speculative notions, and become a nation of plodders and toilers and penny-savers— modeled jjcnerally on the European-peasant plan. And he winds up his pessimistic pronunciamento with the declaration, that "the day of the boom is past; this country will never see another." Papers hostile to the west, and to one of its long-recog- nized modes of development, have republished the boom- smiting, boom-squelching diatribe, far and wide; and yet, from its titular headline to its last oracular assertion, it is arrant nonsense, founded on baldest fiction. Every premise is baseless, and every conclusion preposterous, as the next brief chapter will endeavor to show. 6 DEFINITION OF THE BOOM. It is the Natural Movement of People De:iiring to Better Their Condition— Where the Next Gj^t Boom WiU Be. \ll/HAT ]s a boom? In the western sense, it is a rush VV of people into any region offering new and enhanced possibihties of improvement in condition or estate So long as the human heart, and its ambitions and longings, remain as they are, a boom will take place whenever and wherever any new country or section of country is opened up, pre- senting new riches of resource and opportunity; new advan- tages of soil, forest, mine or climate, and new and increased chances for energy and enterprise to win fortune speedily To say, that "the day of the boom is past," is to announce that the last great realm of earthly possibility has been explored, and all its treasures laid bare;— that the world's ultimate mysteries have been solved, and there is no longer an Unknown Land. Could absurdity farther go? The history of humanity began in Asia, and there Christianity had its birth; and civil- ization had grown old in Africa, when Europe was a wilder- ness of naked barbarians, and America had never been dreamt of. They are the old world's oldest lands. Armies have marched and countermarched; ehipires and dynasties have risen, and flourished, and fallen; scientists have chipped and delved, and squabbled; historians and philosophers have written, prophets and apostles have preached and taught, and poets have sung, for untold ages, on their ancient soil;— 7 and, today, exploration has but penetrated the outermost rim of their mighty areas, and their characteristics and capabili- ties are almost as much matters of romance and conjecture as they were in the days of the Ca?sars and the Ptolemies. A boom, whose possible extent and consequences no mortal intelligence can foresee, is now following the Russian trans- mundane railway into Siberia, long pictured as an uninhabit- able desert of perpetual snows, howling wolves and frozen prison horrors; — and, during the past eight or ten years, a boom, such as this generation has never seen surpassed, has swept over those desolate South African crags, whence Israel's royal Wise Man may possibly have obtained the gold that glittered, on his grand temple spires, in the Judean sunlight of four thousand years ago. Think of it. Daring explorers still groping and fighting their way through the coast jungles of the lands of which Moses and Herodotus wrote, and David and Hesiod and Homer sang. Booms just beginning in "King Solomon's Mines," in the domains of the Queen of Sheba, and on the trails of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan. While a New York magazine scribbler declares, — and alleged great newspapers endorse his declaration by reproducing it, — that exploration is finished, there is nothing more to be discovered, and "the day of the boom is pa^t," in a hemisphere against which the quaint old scows of Columbus drifted but as j'^esterday! America is, by many centuries, the newest of the great continental divisions of the globe, and the American Grert •West is the newest part of this new wonderland. The grass has hardly sprouted on the graves of Daniel Boone, Merri- weather Lewis and William Clark. The moccasined footprints of the first white men, who ever trod on western soil, have scarcely faded from the mountains and valleys and plains. The exploration of the west has not begun. Discovery and boom have marched hand in hand, and boom has followed 8 boom, through all its brief, bright history. The great agri- cultural boom, the free lands and free homes boom, in Illi- nois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and all the Mississippi and Missouri valleys; the copper, iron and timber booms in Michigan and Wisconsin; California's wondrous gold boom of fifty years ago, and her fruit-growing and townsite-platting boom of later days; the mighty mining booms in Colorado. Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Montana; the Comstock, Dead- wood and Coeur d'Alene, Leadville and Cripple Creek booms; the Texas and Wyoming cattle-raising booms, and a hundred others, have all been grand rushes of population fol- lowing some new discovery of riches and possibilities, and have all been potent factors in western growth and progress But the west is still unexplored and unknown. Its fabulous treasures of metal and mineral are unprospected and undreamt-of. The greatest mines of earth are vet to be opened in this western land of miracles and wonders. Moun- tains of gold and silver ore, beside which all the famed riches or Ophir and of Ind, of Golconda and the Comstock Lode, will some day sink to beggars' pence, yet rear their proud heads to heaven, untouched by pick or spade or drill. The veritable treasure-houses of the genii and the gods yet await the enterprise and muscle of the sturdy prospectors and miners, who are destined to fire the avarice and the envy of the world with their Midas-surpassing wealth of solid ducats. From Alaska to Nicaragua, the whole vast system of Rocky Mountains and Cordilleras is an almost unbroken ore and mineral bed. Although, since the days of the Montezumas and the Incas, thousands of millions have been taken from it, not one ten-thousandth part of it has ever felt the tap of a prospector's hammer. The surface dirt is hardly broken, the glittering hoards are scarcely touched. The great bonanza fortunes are yet to be won ! In a wild and hitherto unheard-of region of the Pacific Northwest, discoveries have just been made, and are daily being made, that bid fair to eclipse all the dazzling miractes oi the past; and this Forum boom-annihilator will only have to live a few months longer to witness such a boom, as the new world has never seen since the California golden days of 1849 — if even that is not surpassed. Where is this new El Dorado? It is in the Kootenai country of British Columbia — itself an almost unknown realm, in regard to which a few condensed facts will just here serve to form another short chapter. 10 IIL BRITISH COLUMBIA. A Few Brief Bits of Information About the Great Northwestern Empire, in Which Lies the World's Coming Bonanzaland. O TRETCHING from 49° to 60° of north latitude, and from O the Rocky mountains to the Pacific ocean, British Columbia is a vast empire of 383,000 square miles;— more than three times as large as all Great Britain and Ireland; and within a trifle of as big as Maine, New Hampshire. Ver- mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland. Virginia, North Carolina, Soulh Carolina and Georgia, which all com- bined have but 392,440 square miles of territory. It has a thousand miles of coast line, and many thousand miles of navigable lakes and rivers. It is a land of huge mountains, fertile valleys and magnificent forests. Its climate in all the coast regions is as mild as that of southern England, or of Maryland. Its soil yields bounteously all the most valuable grains, grasses, fruits and vegetables. Sixty bushels of wheat, and ninety bushels of oats, to the acre, are not unusual crops.' The earl of Aberdeen, whose brilliant and accomplished wife recently delivered the commencement address at the Chicago University, has a 13,000-acre farm near Kelowna, on Okana- gan lake, where he raises large quantities of grain, hops, all varieties of fruit, and fine yellow-leaf tobacco. Figs are grown at Agassiz in the Fraser river valley. The fisheries are immense and profitable. The city of New Westminster 11 alone, at the mouth of the Fraser river, has forty salmon- canneries, that employ 8,000 men during the fishing season, and pay out $750,000 a year in wages. Victoria and Van- couver are beautiful and prosperous cities of 20,000 popula- tion, each. Before the recent marvelous Kootenai discoveries, Brit- ish Columbia mines had yielded, according to the official, government reports, over $100,000,000 in gold, silver, copper, lead and other minerals. Two miles of gravel on Williams creek, in the Canboo region, panned out $20,000,000, under the most primitive working, with the crudest implements; and early prospectors on Wild Horse creek and other streams near Fort Steele washed out $6,000,000 in gold dust, in two years. These diggings lie nearly five hundred miles apart, and the discoveries of the last few months seem to indi- cate, that the whole vast intervening region is an almost unbroken mineral bed. Eminent experts, in fact, declare that, from Washington and Montana to Alaska, every moun- tain range and spur in all the Columbian dominions of the Widow Victoria will possibly be found ribbed and seamed with royal ore, and every stream and streamlet bottomed with golden sands. Think of 50,000 square miles, with a pos- sible bonanza in every acre! In the southeastern part of this huge realm of gr^at pos- sibilities is the new world's coming Boomland — the new- found Gods'-Treasury of Kootenai. Let a new chapter begin the story of its wonders — although all description must fall short of giving more than the faintest idea of the incredible truth. 12 IV. THE KOOTENAI COUNTRY. A Land of Fairy-Stories in Real Life— Just Discovered^ and Already Shipping $1,000,000 of Ore a Month— A Capitaliza- tion of $52,975,000 in a Single Week. KOOTENAI! It was unheard-of but a few months ago. Even now, scarcely one person in a thousand knows how the name is pronounced, or where the region lies. The pronunciation is "Koot-e-nay," with two-thirds of the accent on the first syllable, and the other third on the last. A ref- erence to the accompanying excellent map of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company will show its whereabouts. With eye, finger or pencil, trace any of the great semi-trans- continental highways to Denver, Salt Lake or Ogden. Then glide along either of the plainly-marked pathways to Hunt- ington, on the southern rim of the great eastern Oregon gold-fields; and, from there, follow the only line to Spokane, in the new and richly resourceful state of Washington. Thence push northward over the track of the Spokane Falls and Northern railroad to the international boundary line;— and, at Waneta, or Fort Sheppard, the Kootenai Country is entered; the world's newest Bonanzaland, where a thousand, or a million, fortunes await their lucky or plucky finders, is reached. It stretches from 49° to 52° north latitude, and from the Rocky mountains to the Gold range we?t of the Columbia river, and has an area of about 26,000 square miles, or 16,500,- 000 acres. The Purcell range of snow-capped giants divides 13 it into East and West Kootenai, each division as large as Rhode Island, Connecticut and Delaware combined. Every foot, of it apparently holds mineral possibilities, but so far the rush of discovery and development has been chiefly con- fined to West Kootenai, which includes the Trail Creek, Nel- son, Ainsworth and Kaslo-Slbcan districts. Let him, who enters here, leave — not hope, but — all his past experiences, impressions and standards of estimation behind. He treads enchanted ground. He is in a region whose whole history is romance; where all the gorgeous dreams of the Arabian Nights seem every-day realities, and the wildest fairy-tales become tame and commonplace. A few brief items must serve to furnish some idea of the incred- ible truths, the impossible facts, against which one stumbles at every turn. Think of a region, rugged beyond all description or imag- ination; an endless maze of mountains from 7,000 to 10,000 feet high, rocky, precipitous, covered with almost impene- trable forests of gigantic timber, and buried for six months of the year under from two to twenty feet of snow. A waste, howling wilderness five or six years ago. Scarcely two hun- dred hardy hunters, trappers and prospectors in all its vast solitudes, at the beginning of 1892. Virtually unexplored and unknown a few months ago, and accessible only by pack-mule and snowshoes. Today, one of the golden won- ders of the world, and the soon-to-be scene of the greatest boom in the last half of the nineteenth century. Fully 50,000 busy, eager, enterprising people digging, drifting, tunneling, building and prospecting among its savage crags and yawn- ing canyons. Traversed by three or four railroads, each a marvel of engineering, and the oldest measuring its history by weeks or months. New lines, branches and extensions planned and pushing in all directions. Trains all running as double-headers, with two locomotives apiece, and still unable 14 to carry the crowds of fortune-seekers, and masses of machin- ery, material and supplies, ceaselessly hurrying in, and the ever-increasing shipments of rich ores pouring out. Stauncn and handsomely appointed steamers, thronged and heavy- laden, plowing their liquid way, to and fro, on all the lakes and streams. Twenty or thirty flourishing camps, towns and cities, that have risen, like magic exhalations, from the wild mountain-sides and in the ragged gulches. Over a hundred producing mines that, during the first nine weeks of 1897, shipped out 16,174 tons of ore and matte, worth $2,030,144— or in even figures, $1,000,000 a month! Ninety-eight mines listed in the stock-exchange, with a total capital of $94,450,- 000; and fifty-seven new mining companies, with an aggre- gate capitalization of $52,975,000, organized during the single week ending March 9— an average of $8,829,666 a day, leaving Sunday out of the count! From the Washington and Idaho line to the head of Koot- enai and Slocan lakes, the whole air is filled with glittering fairy-stories, that are all true; and the bewildered traveler jostles everywhere against the gilded creatures of oriental rhapsody and fable, in real life. Two poor prospectors, in one day, located the five claims that are now the Le Roi, War Eagle, Center Star, Idaho and Virginia mines, worth from $10,000,000 to $15,000,000. Another prospector found a single boulder in the Slocan region, that yielded 7,800 ounces of silver and 46,800 pounds of lead. A man, comparatively recently, bought for twelve dollars and a half— $12.50— a claim that has since paid over $300,000 in dividends, and, at the actual selling price of its stock today, is worth $4,000,000, cash. A Spokane saloon-keeper, two or three years ago, grumblingly accepted stock in a Trail Creek mine, in pay- ment of a whisky bill of ten or fifteen dollars, because it was that or nothing. The stock has paid him $25,900 in dividends, and is .low worth $296,000 in gold. The owners of a claim near Sandon drifted two feet, struck ore, and had a shipping 16 mine with one day's work. A Rossland washerwoman, about New Year's of 1895, took a few hundred shares of Le Roi stock for a laundry bill. It has since paid her seventy dollars in dividends on every hundred shares, and every share is today worth eight dollars. A young Virginia tenderfoot, ' hen it cost from forty to fifty dollars a ton to ship and treat ore, dug a carload out of a mountain-side near Sandon, and was laughed at by all his neighbors when he told them he expected it to net him $8,000. It brought him nearly $9,000 above all charges. A young carpenter, in 1895, did two days' prospecting near Rossland, struck ore, and a few months later sold out for $50,000, cash. A Spokane lawyer bought a half-interest in a claim between Sandon and Three Forks, for $500. Last October, he sold out for $150,000, cash, and the mine has since paid more than twice the price in divi- dends. But why continue an endless enumeration? Pages could be filled with such instances, and there will be others — thousands of them — before the end of 1897. Nothing is impossible, nothing is extravagant, in a region where every mountain seems to be a huge snov;-capped or glacier- crowned ore-bin; and where ore, in carload lots, runs from one to twenty ounces of gold and 100 to 300 pounds of cop- per, or from 100 to 1,000 ounces of silver and 300 to 1,200 pounds of lead, to the ton! The gold-and-copper ore is chiefly found in the Trail Creek district, of which Rossland is the capital and center; while the bulk of the silver-lead ore is produced in the Slocan country, which in a general way includes the Nelson and Ainsworth mines. Each is worthy of a volume, but a chapter must suffice; and, as Trail and Rossland are most widely known, they come in for mention first. 16 1' I V. ^ TRAIL CREEK.'^ The Far -Famed Gold -and -Copper District, and Its Magical Metropolis, Rossland— A Marvelous Story. ABOUT six miles north of the international boundary-line, a bold, clear mountain stream comes tumbling into the Columbia river from the west. Its length, by its own winding and twisting course, is about twelve miles, though in an air- line it is only six miles from its head to its mouth. The great trail east and west across British Columbia, used first by the old Hudson's Bay Company hunters, trappers and traders,, and later by the early placer miners in the Wild Horse country, followed this creek its entire length, from which fact it took its name of "Trail Creek," now becommg famous- in the gold-mining annals of the world. Old prospectors have known for years, that there was gold about the head- waters of the stream, but the region was so inaccessible that no attempt at mining was made until 1887, when George Bowerman, of Spokane, dug a number of prospect holes on Red Mountain, today perhaps the vastest known body of gold ore in existence. Finding nothing that assayed more than $12 or $15 to the ton, he crossed over the site of the present city of Rossland, and located the Lily May, a short distance south. After doing some work on the claim, he abandoned it and went back to Spokane. Nearly three years later, in July, 1890, Joe Bourgeois and Joe Morris, on a prospecting trip, struck Red Mountain, and in one day located five claims, — the Le Roi, War Eagle, Center Star, Idaho and Virginia, — 17 I all of them now known throughout the world. The only recording office in the region was at Nelson, at the foot of Kootenai lake, sixty miles away, which, in that rugged wilder- ness of almost perpendicular mountains, mighty forests, and dense, tangled undergrowth, was a long and weary journey. At the office, they met E. S. Topping, and offered him his choice of the claims, if he would pay the fee of $12.50 for recording the five. After an examination of their ore sam- ples, he accepted the ofTer, paid the twelve dollars and a half, and chose the Le Roi. So began the history of one of earth's greatest mines and mining-camps. Outfitting himself with samples of the ore and assay cer- tificates. Topping went dov;n to Colville, where he met Colo- nel W. M. Ridpath and George M. Forster, two enterprising Spokane lawyers, and tried to interest them in the claim. They liked the looks of the ore, and asked him to let them take the samples down to Spokane and submit them to Oliver Durant, an old Utah and C(tur d'Alene mining man, adding: "What he says goes." Durant was so favorably impressed with the specimens, that an agreement was soon made to take sixteen-thirtieths of the claim for $3,000 in work to be done within six months. Durant reached the ground, with men and supplies, in November, 1890; and, in spite of deep snow, work was begun in December. Early in 1891, enough of ore to make a carload was sent out on pack mules to the Colum- bia river, then by boat to the railroad, and on to a smelter at Butte, Montana. It yielded $86.40 to the ton in gold and copper, but the enormous expenses of transportation and treatment left little of the proceeds. The experiment, how- ever, established the infinite possibilities of the mine, with improved facilities for handling and. treating the ore. A company was organized in November, 1891, with a capitaliza- tion of 500,000 shares at five dollars a share. The shares were not in much demand, and sold at anything from a cent or two up, while work went on in slow and desultory fashion. An 18 t I occasional shipment of ore was made by mule, boat and rail to far-off smelters; but, with shipping and milling charges in the neighborhood of $50 a ton, little could be done. Then, at a depth of 200 feet, the shaft ran into a body of ore that showed up only about $6 to the ton— practically worthless under the existing conditions. On top of all these depressing influences, came the slump in values from the closing of the Indian mints against silver, and the ruinous panic in this country. There was general discouragement in the isolated camp. It was during these gloomy days, that L. F. Williams, a court stenographer, is said to have traded a "cayuse" for 15,000 shares of the Le Roi stock. He is now secretary of the great bonanza company, and his stock has already pJd him $10,500 in dividends, and is today worth $120,000. cash. In the same dark period, W. J. Harris, who was keeping a saloon in Spokane, took 37,ooo shares of the stock, in pay- ment of a liquor bill— took the stock, much against his will. because he had to take it or nothing. He considered it vir- tually worthless, and tried to trade it to his partner for a half-interest in a horse he owned. The partner declined with emphasis; so Harris had to keep his stock, because he could not get rid of it. Within the last fifteen months, it has paid him $25,900 in dividends, and, at present market prices, is worth $296,000 in gold. The region abounds with such rem- iniscences. Topping let his remaining interest in the Le Roi go. Oli- ver Durant sold out and, with A. H. Tarbet, of Salt Lake, bought the Center Star and Idaho. Many other claims had been located in the meantime, and development work was being done on the War Eagle, Center Star, Virginia, Josie. Enterprise, and Nickel Plate, and every exploration shaft and drift showed ore. The men, who were working the claims, knew they had vast ore-bodies that, with any reasonable ship- ping and smelting facilities, would prove bonanza-mines; 19 f i I and, with true miners' faith, they believed the ore itself would, sooner or later, bring the facilities. Their faith was justified by results. Late in 1893, the British Columbian gold com- missioner for West Kootenai ordered the building of a road from the camp to the mouth 01 Trail creek on the Columbia, and the business men of Northport built first a trail and then a road up from that place. Transportation and smelter charges came down from $40 or $50 a ton, to $27.50, and in October, 1894, to $16. With the completion, in the winter of 1893-4, of the first road down Trail creek, over which a sled or wagon could pass, hundreds of tons of ore on the dumps of the Le Roi and War Eagle became valuable, profitable ship- ments began immediately, $75,000 was speedily realized, and the boom was on! Prospectors, miners, speculators and promoters rushed in, although the region was still so remote and inaccessible, that it was a common thing for a miner to pay a dollar to have a letter carried out to where it could be mailed. A town became a necessity, and Rossland was founded. And here begins another crystalized fairy-tale — another story of impossibilities achieved, of municipal miracles wrought. Talk about Deadwood, and Leadville, and Cripple Creek? In their palmiest and boomiest days, they were tame and snail-paced compared with this British American wonder. In February, 1894, there were but four log-cabins where Rossland now stands. The first of these was the office of The Weekly Miner, a boom paper, showing that the pioneers of the new world's grandest mining-camp knew which end of city-building to begin at. January i, 1895, the place had about 200 people. The first native-born citizen was a girl, who put in an appearance August 5, 1895. She was christened Columbia, and the townsite company presented her a deed to a corner-lot. In April, 1897, — ^just eighteen months later, — Rossland is a city of from 8,000 to 10,000 busy and enterprising people, 20 CO 05 00 o ad Q < tr. O 21 with electric lights, telegraph, telephone and messenger ser- vice; .water- works, churches, good schools; two live daily papers, and a half-dozen weeklies and monthlies; and between forty and fifty hotels, all crowded to overflowing. With the snow everywhere from two to ten feet deep, over 300 buildings are going up and in every stage of completion. There are scarcely 50 painted houses in the whole place. There is no time for paint. Shelter, walls and roofs, — places to live and do business in, — are what are needed. The arrivals of new people average 100 a day, or 3,000 a month. Every building is filled, pounced upon and occupied, as soon as it is finished — often before. When the great Bank of British North America established its branch here, it rented a building occupied by a barber. When the time came to take posses- sion, the tonsorial artist could not find another room in all the town; so an amicable arrangement was made, character- istic of the free-and-easy good-nature of a mining-camp too big and powerful and prosperous to cavil about trifles or stick at conventionalities. The bank moved in, and ran the finances of the region from nine in the morning till three in the afternoon, and the gentleman of the razor and shears clipped and shaved the long-haired, stubbly-chinned bonanza- kings during all the other hours. The bank soon erected a suitable building, and the Bank of Montreal also has its own quarters. Private banks and brokers' offices abound. Assayers, experts and engineers swarm like flies about a molasses-barrel. The streets are thronged, and every man one meets has his pockets filled with rocks. All are breezy, buoyant, enthusiastic, and the dolorous phrase, "hard times," is never heard. Two railroads fall far short of being able to do, with their present equipment, all the business oflfered. Many of the trains are run as double-headers, with an engine at each end, and all are jammed with eager, hurrying journeyers. mostly men, and loaded down with machinery, material and supplies 22 going in, or glittering masses '? ore coming out. Nine of the mines last year, under all the transportational disadvan- tages, made these shipments of ore: Le Roi, 55,331,900 pounds; War Eagle, 18,019,191; Ire n Mask, 1,408,760; Josie, 1,148,000; Poorman, 678,000; Crown Point, 300,000; May- flower, 200,000; Cliflf, 150,000; and Evening Star, 54,000 — an aggregate of 77,290,751 pour, is, or 38,645 tons. Add at least 5,000,000 pounds for numerous small shippers, and it gives a grand total of 82,290,751 pounds, or more than 41,000 tons, worth, at the lowest expert estimate, $2,250,000, or about $55 a ton. The mines in and around the city employ upwards of 1,500 men, whose wages average $3 a day, or $45,000 a month. Add wood-choppers, teamsters, clerks and other outside workers, and the Rossland pay-roll runs from $750,000 to $1,000,000 a year; and this is rapidly increasing, as new mines are being constantly discovered and opened up, new enter- prises begun, and new foundations for greatness laid. The population trebled during 1896, and the amount of machinery increased 2,500 per cent. — that is, the machinery equipment of the camp multiplied itself by twenty-five in a year. More than 2,000 mineral claims were recorded last year, and the mining foes for six months ran over $50,000. The collections at the three custom-houses in the Trail Creek district, for ten months of the year, were: Rossland, $71,247; Trail, $55,035; and Waneta, $7,756— a total of $134,038. Two powerful factors in the growth of Rossland, and the prosperity of the whole region, are the recent completion of the Columbia and Red Mountain railway, 17 miles long, from Northport on the Spokane Falls and Northern road; and the building of a smelter at the mouth of Trail creek, on the Columbia river, and a narrow-gauge railroad to connect it with the mines. The head of the smelter enterprise is F. A. Heinze, a Butte, Montana, smelter-owner. He learned that tens of thousands of tons of ore, that would be considered 23 r, i incredibly rich in other regions — ore running from $12 to $30 a ton — were being piled up on the dumps about Rossland, because it would not bear the heavy costs of hauling to the Columbia river, boating to the railroad, and railing on i.ooo miles further to be treated. As the mountains could not come to the smelter, he decided that the smelter should go to the mountains. He first made a contract with the Le Roi Mining Company to furnish him 100 tons — 200,000 pounds — of ore a day, for two years from the time his smelter was ready to begin operation, for treatment at $1 1 a ton. He selected the mouth of Trail creek, on the Columbia river, as the site, and work on the smelter was promptly begun. A railroad to bring the ore to it was needed, tnd it was no small undertaking to build it. Although the ai^tance from the chosen smelter-site to Rossland and the mines was only six miles in an air-line, a difference of 2,300 feet in altitude had to be climbed, and to accomplish it the road wound around for twelve miles, with two switchbacks thrown in for good measure in zigzagging. Work on the smelter began in October, 1895, but the difficulties of construction were so great, it was so hard to get in the necessary material and supplies, that the first furnace was not fired up until Feb- ruary, 1896. It started with a capacity of 100 tons a day, and the rush of ore immediately overwhelme : it. The capacity was doubled, but 200 tons a day was a mere bagatelle. The War Eagle, Iron Mask, Crown Point and other mines clam- ored for a chance to share the smelting privileges of the Le Roi. Additions were built that raised the capacity to 450 tons a day, and still the cry is. Far too small. It is now pro- posed to double its capacity once more, giving it the ability to reduce from 800 to 1,000 tons a day, and making it one of the largest smelting plants in America. The fuel used is wood, and anthracite coal from the eastern side of the Rocky moun- tains, which comes over the Canadian Pacific to Revelstoke or Arrowhead, and from there in scows down t'le Arrow lakes 24 and the Columbia river to the smelter. Around the smelter has sprung up the flourishing town of Trail, with 2,000 popu- lation, good hotels, schools, churches and a booming weekly paper. President D. C. Corbin, of the Spokane Falls and Northern railway, is said to be planning to put up a smelter, with a capacity of 250 tons a day, at Northport, or some other point on his line convenient to the Trail district mines. A branch of the Canadian Pacific, an extension of the Columbia and Western from Trail to Robson, and a line through Crow's Nest Pass, opening up immense coal-fields and giving direct connection with all the great eastern railroads, are projected, and two of them will probably be put through this year. With the improved transportation and smelting facilities, the cost of handling and treating the ores has fallen to from $10 to $15 a ton, and there are whole mountain ranges of ore around the Magical Metropolis of Trail Creek, that will yield from $15 to $25 to the ton. A few brief paragraphs in regard to these ores, and present and prospective mines, will form the next chapter. 25 i! VI. EXHAUSTLESS TREASURIES. The Ores and the Mines that arc Making Trail Creek and Rossland Famous throughout the World. THE ore-bodies have made the mines, and the mines have made the district and the city. Scientific dissertations on mineral formations are not usually of much interest to the non-scientific reader or fortune-seeker, but it may not be' amiss just here to indulge in a few paragraphs of pure "science" in regard to the wondrous Trail Creek ores, which have already made many bonanza fortunes, and, within the next few months, will make many more. Honorable Will- iam A. Carlyle, provincial mineralogist of British Columbia, in a report to Honorable James Baker, minister of mines, says: "The ores at Rossland, barring the exceptional free-milling gold quartz of the O. K. mine, may be divided into three classes: "1. Those large deposits of coarse-grained, massive pyrrho- tite, locally known as the 'iron ore,' in which little or no value in gold is carried. "2. The ore found in many claims on the south belt, such as the Lily May, Homestake, Mayflower, Curlew, Gopher, R. E. Lee, and others, in which the sulphides are not pyrrhotite, but iron pyrites and marcasite (white iron), with— in some of these mines— much arsenopyrite, and also zincblende and even galena, in which case the silver value exceeds the gold, and the percent- age of copper is very small or nothing. "3. The typical ore of the camp as sold by the Le Roi, War Eagle, Iron Mask and Josie, divided into first class and second class. The flrstclass consists of nearly massive fine-grained pyrrhotite and copper pyrites, sometimes with a little magne- tite, or misplckel, with more or less quartz and calcite. In this 26 (I I Hi 'i. class of ore, as obtained from the lowest workings of the Le Roi, the amount of quartz is much higher, the smelter returns giving 41 to 52.8 per cent, silica, and 20.6 to 26,8 per cent. FeO.; but this is proving the best ore in the mine. The average smelter returns on 1,200 tons were 2.6 ounces of gold, 1.8 ounces of silver, and 2.5 per cent, of copper, or $53.05, net, to the ton, while some shipments went as high as 4.06 ounces in gold. "The second class ore— and the bulk of the ore of the camp shipped will most probably be of this character and value— is a diorite, with a comparatively small percentage of these sul- phides, but the value is still very good; 1,800 tons of the Le Roi second class yielded, by smelter returns, an average of 1.34 ounces of gold, 1.4 ounces of silver, 1.6 per cent, copper, or $27.97, net, to the ton. Mr. Bellinger, of the Trail smelter, kind- ly gave the average analysis of this ore to be FeO. 22 per cent., Si02 42.5 per cent., CaO. 7 per cent., MgO. 3 per cent., A1203 18 per cent., copper 1.5 per cent., S. 6 per cent." The same high authority pronounces the veins true fis- sures, and says, "they vary in width from three to fifty feet, and are, as a rule, covered with a strong greenstone capping, heavily impregnated with pyritic or white iron." Another eminent scientist says: "The ore is a massive mixture of cop- per and iron sulphides, consisting of pyrite, archalopyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite and mispickel, with a quartz and calcspar gangue. This ore is not often crystalized, but is usually in a solid amorphous mass. It carries from one to four ounces in gold, three to ten per cent, copper, and a small, varying amount of silver, usually less than ten ounces to the ton." Rossland is walled in on every side by mountains of this "massive mi.'fture" of gold, silver, copper and lead, blended in all sorts of varying proportions. There are untold millions f\ tons of it, that can be richly profitably milled at present prices, and millions on millions more, that can be utilized as increasing railway and smelter facilities bring down the costs of treatment to any ordinary standard. There are now about twenty producing mines in the camp, fifteen of them ore-shippers, including the Le Roi, War Eagle, Iron Mask, 27 Josie, Poorman, Crown Point, Mayflower, Cliff, Kootenai- Columbia and I. X. L. Two of these alone, the Le Roi and War Eagle, could furnish ore enough, for years to come, to tax to the utmost all existing means of handling. The O. K. mine, which has the only body of free-milling gold ore so far discovered, does its own reduction work. The history of the Le Roi has been given. Given away, in 1890, for $12.50 recording fees. A few months later, sixteen- thirtieths of it sold for $3,000 in work. Capitalized at $2,500,- 000, and the stock traded for horses, laundry-bills, drinks, and anything else that could be gotten for it. The first real ore shipment made in 1894. Today, it has paid for all devel- opment and improvement, machinery, buildings and roads; pays in salaries and wages, and for supplies, $25,000 a month ; and has paid up to March, 1897, $350,000 in dividends, paying two of $25,000 each in January. It now has 10,000 tons of ore, valued at $500,000, on its dump; and experts declare it has opened up and in sight 150,000 tons of ore that will yield $30 a ton, and $10,000,000 worth of lower grade that y.'A\ run from $12 to $15 to the ton — a gigantic total of $14,500,000 in sight, in a mine that recently sold for $12.50! The War Eagle, another of the five claims choice of which was offered to E. S. Topping for $12.50, was sold in 1894 ^or $17,000. It was resold, a few months ago, to a Toronto syn- dicate, for $800,000 cash; and it is reported that the new owners are negotiating for its transfer to English capitalists at $2,475,000. It has been next to the Le Roi, as an ore- shipper; has paid for all development work, machinery and buildings, and paid $187,500 in dividends; and now has 50,000 tons of ore in sight, that experts say will run at least $25 to the ton, a total of $1,250,000. Much of its ore runs as iiigh as $80 to the ton. It took out ore enough from its first surface tunnel to pay $50,000 in dividends. The Iron Mask is owned and worked by the War Eagle Company. Its ore runs up to $60 in gold, six per cent. — or d staked out The Noble Five — called for the five of themselves. Meanwhile, as a result of the assays, showing hundreds of ounces of silver to the ton, the whole population of Ainsworth had strapped its blankets and frying-pans on its back, and struck out for the new-found El Dorado. By October 9, some- thing like so claims had been located, among them the now famous Slocan Star, which was located by Bruce White and Joe Sandon, for whom the city of Sandon is named. Snow { 1 .M 34 i )t began to fall the night of October lo, and the pioneers of the Kaslo-SIocan country shouldered their packs and fled. All this, according to one lot of historians, was but four years and a half ago; and, today, the whole region is dotted with prosperous towns; two railroads wind through its seemingly impenetrable fastnesses, and find far more busi- ness than they can do; steamers and barges plow their way to and fro on all its lakes and large streams, loaded down to the guards with passengers and freight; over 4,000 of its mining claims have been located, and stamp-mills and smel- ters have risen amid its rugged desolation; it has from 10,000 to 15,000 people, and its great mines are shipping out thousands of tons of ore every month, and have paid and are paying hundreds of thousands of dollars in dividends. The first ore shipped out cost $100 a ton in transportation and smelter charges; but it yielded 552 ounces of silver and over 1,000 pounds of lead to the ton! The ore from most of the mines now is "rawhided" to the railroad or wagon road in the winte'- and packed on mules or horses in the summer. "Rawhidii " is a mode of shipment to be seen in few other mining regions. The ore is put in sacks, and the sacks are done up in a green ox or bull hide, and hitched to a horse to be hauled down a rude trail on the snow. Each hide car- ries from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds, and one horse will pull two hides. Much of the trail is so steep that about all the horse has to do is to keep himself from being run over by the ore-loaded hides. Think of lead and silver ores, that will bear the expense of this sort of handling; then possibly hauling by wagon to a railway, boating down lake or river, and reshipping by rail, 1,000 miles or more, to smelters at Butte, Helena, Omaha, Denver, Pueblo, Tacoma or Van- couver; and, after all charges of transportation and treat- ment are paid, return clear net profits of from $5,000 to $9,000 to the carload! That is just what Slocan ores have done ever since they were first discovered, and are now 35 i i I doing every day. No ore that yields less than 50 ounces of . silver to the ton can be handled under existing conditions. Provincial Mineralogist William A. Carlyle, in his offi- cial report for 1896 to Honorable James Baker, minister of mines, says of the Slocan: "The richness of the ores may be seen from the lead and silver values, as per smelter Returns from a few of the mines, as: Slocan Star, 80 to 95 ounces of silver and 70 to 75 per cent, lead, to the ton; Reco, 83 to 730 ounces of silver, and 19 to 67 per cent, lead; Goodenough, 167 to 507 ounces of silver, and 15 to 67 per cent, lead; Noble Five, 62 to 543 ounces of silver, and from 30 to 75 per cent, lead; Last Chance, 135 to 238 ounces of silver, and 35 to 78 per cent, lead; Wonderful, 113 to 133 ounces of silver, and 70 to 76 per cent, lead; Ruth, 40 to 125 ounces of silver, and 15 to 7^ per cent, lead; Monitor, 142 to 367 ounces of silver, 32 to 57 per cent, lead, and $13 in gold; Wellington, 125 to 328 ounces of silver, and 10 to 55 per cent, lead; Whitewater, 72 to 326 ounces of silver, and 10 to 65 per cent, lead; Dar- danelles, T49 to 470 ounces of silver, and 15 to 55 per cent, lead; Enterprise, 155 to 180 ounces of silver, and 18 to 30 per cent, lead; Two Friends, 248 to 380 ounces of silver, and 38 to 52 per cent. lead. The other Slocan mines have ore of the same character and high e:rade. The lowest values in the above indicate the lowest smelter returns on ore that is classed as 'carbonates.' The average value of all the ore sold has been given above." Remember, that is the official statement of the highest government expert and authority; and think of mountains 8,000 to 10,000 feet high, ribbed from glacier-crowned sum- mit to volcanic heart with ore that yields, in carload lots, "by smelter returns," 730 ounces of silver, and 67 per cent., or 1,340 pounds, of lead, to the ton! At 3 cents a pound, the lead would bring $40.20 to the ton; more than enough to pay all shipping and smelting charges, and leave the 730 ounces 36 wsaa^ — or 45 pounds and lo ounces — of pure silver clear for every ton! This is the Slocan country! Near the center of the region, straggling up and down a half-dozen ragged gulches that spraddle out like the legs of a huge spider, is the city of Sandon. In June, 1895, it con- sisted of four or five cabins, all of which are still standing. The place, with its various suburban attachments, now has from 1,500 to 2,500 people, two railroads, electric lights, tele- graph and telephones, a live newspaper, a half dozen mills and concentrators, branches of the Bank of British Colum- bia and of British North America, good schools and churches, and eight or ten hotels, one of which is as well furnished and well kept as any house in Louisville, Memphis or New Orleans. The town is a miners' ideal. Every other man one meets is the discoverer, owner or worker of a mine. There are few speculators or promoters. Real miners go here, and nearly every man of them has made and is making money. The place is as orderly as Mount Holyoke, Massa- chusetts, or a mission station in New Jersey. All the prin- cipal mines lie near it and around it. A narrow-gauge rail- road 30 miles long connects it with Kaslo on Kootenai lake, and two lines of steamers run from there to a connection near Nelson with the trains of the Spokane Falls and North- ern railway. A branch of the Canadian Pacific gives another outlet, with two changes from rail to steamer, to Revelstoke on the main line. The first railroad and the first machinery reached the town and its mines in 1895. The vast forests furnish timber for all purposes, and water tumbles and foams and dances in every gulch The shipping mines include the Alamo, American Boy, Cumberland, Dardanelles, Grey Hoyle, Idler, Kootenay-Co- lumbia, Minnesota, Monitor. Noble Five. Rambler Consoli- dated, Reco, Slocan Star, Sunshine, Washington, Wonder- ful, Payne, Slocan Boy, Ruth, Ruby Silver, Surprise, White- water, Wellington, Jackson. Silver Bell, Black Fox, London, 37 Ill Montezuma, Mountain Chief, Irene, Lucky Jim, Iron Hand, London Hill, Charleston, Deadnian, Ibex, Ivanhoe, Gibson, Mountain Chief, Freddie Lee, Chambers Group, Reid and Robinson, Alpha, Bird-Holder, Enterprise, Exchange Group, Fisher Maiden, Galena Farm, B. and A., Briggs' Group, Two Friends, Silver Crown, Idler, Bon-Ton, Big Bertha, Kokanea, Trade Dollar, Texas, Fourth of July, Bell, Bullion, Blue Bell, Sky-Line, Sunset, Highlander, California, Highland, Yakima, Idaho, Ivanhoe, Best, Northern Belle, Blue Bird, R. E. Lee, Antoine, Paddy's Fraction, Great Western, Miner Boy, Jo-Jo, Goodenough and Black Dia- mond. Of these, a dozen or more are dividend-payers, and twenty or thirty others are paying all expenses and putting money in the pockets of their owners. Just south of Sandon is the great Slocan Star mine, which has paid for all development work, a mill with a capacity of 150 tons a day, all buildings and machinery, and $350,000 in dividends. Its ore runs an average of 95 ounces of silver, and 75 per cent., or 1,500 pounds, of lead to the ton. It employs 100 men, and its pay-roll amounts to $12,000 a month. The Payne group lies about three miles northwest of San- don. The history of its location by Seaton and Carpenter has been given. They sold a half-interest in it to S. S. Bailey for $500. In October, 1896, Bailey sold out to A. W. McCune, of Salt Lake City, and W. L. Hoge, of Anaconda, Montana, a partner of Marcus Daly, for $150,000 cash. Since then the mine has yielded, without machinery, nearly $500,- 000, and paid something like $300,000 in profits, paying $125,- 000 in February alone. It ships about 50 tons a day of ore that nets $100 to the ton. and is said by experts to have $5,000,000 in sight. 38 I ^K- nROBsn I ; I f ) 89 w ill ill 'I r. The Reco, about a mile and a half northeast of Sandon, has paid $287,000 in dividends, with comparatively few ship- ments. Its ore is almost incredibly rich. One shipment of 391 sacks, weighing 43,178 pounds, was sent to the Omaha & Grant smelter, at Omaha. It assayed 730 ounces of silver, and 67 per cent, lead to the ton, and yielded 95 per cent, of the assay; a total of 14,971.97 ounces of silver, and 26,036 pounds of lead. The silve .old for 6o3/^ cents an ounce, or $9.03933; and the lead brou^ ^023^ a hundred-weight, or $781.59, This gave a total of J>t^ 26.92. The duties amounted to $220.72, and freight and smelting to $636.97, making the total charges $857.69, and leaving as the net returns for the carload $8,969.23. Another shipment of 44,880 pounds to the Puget Sound Reduction Company yielded $8,665.65 net re- turns; and still another of 44,850 pounds returned $8,404.78 net. A recent shipment of 42 tons of ore from the Good- enough mine, which adjoins the Reco, yielded at the Kaslo smelter 524.8 ounces of silver, and 70.5 per cent, or 1,500 pounds, of lead, to the ton, and netted its owners nearly $14,000. The Noble Five lies just west of the Reco. Before its organization as a company, it had shipped out ore, at a cost of $90 a ton for transportation and smelting, that yielded a total of $225,000. Its mill and plant at Cody, a mile and a half from Sandon, cost $75,000, and are unsurpassed in Brit- ish America. The riill has a capacity of 120 tons a day, and the ore is brought down the mountain-side, 6,100 feet, by a Finlayson wire tramway, that delivers it automatically. The clean ore, in carload lots, averages from 100 to 556 ounces of silver to the ton at the smelter, and the mine is now shipping about a carload a day. A shipment from the Deadman mine, 40 T one of the Noble Five group, to the United Smelting and Refining Company, at Smelter, Montana, yielded 304.8 ounces of silver, and 19.5 per cent., or 390 pounds, of lead, to the ton, with a cash value of $200.71. To be wonderful in this region of wonders, a mine must be a wonder, indeed; and that is just what the Wonderful mine is. It is, so far as known, the only silver-lead placer mine in the world — the only one where silver and galena are washed out of the ground. The owners of the Wonderful cleaned up over $25,000 in a few weeks by hydraulic mining, and the mine is now a promising shipper. But this booklet could be filled twice over with such men- tions of mines in the Slocan that have paid from the grass- roots — if there were any grass; — have paid for all their own development, buildings, machinery and improvements, and paid, besides, handsome dividends to their companies, or profits to their owners. A brief roll-call of a few prominent names must suffice. The Idaho, by smelter returns, has yielded $236,000, and is a dividend-payer; the Alamo has pro- duced $186,000, and pays dividends; the Cumberland has produced $12,000, and the Minnesota Silver $42,000 — a total of $476,000 within a few months, by this group, all belong- ing to one company. The Last Chance has paid for itself, and paid a $20,000 dividend by the shipment of 26 carloads of ore. The Rambler-Caribou has two huge veins, one gold, copper and silver, and the other silver and galena; and has paid all expenses, and $40,000 in dividends. The Darda- nelles has been shipping ore that yielded at the smelter 470.2 ounces of silver and 56 per cent. lead. The Whitewater, from development work alone, has paid for itself and all improvements, and $36,000 in dividends last year. The R. E. Lee has made shipments that ran 130 ounces of silver and 75 per cent, lead to the ton. The Washington has built its own mill, with a capacity of 50 tons a day, and has three 41 sMj- miles of well-constructed road to connect it with the Kaslo and Slocan railway at McGuigan's Siding. The Enterprise was- bonded a little over a year ago for $25,0' to, id it was recently sold to an English syndicate for $325,000. The average yield of 400 tons shipped by the Wellington was 173 ounces of silver and 600 pounds of lead to the ton. It shipped every two weeks last year. The Two Friends has had to pay $15 a ton to get its ore "packed" eight miles to Slocan City. From there it goes by boat up Slocan lake to Roseberry or Bonanza, and is loaded on the Canadian Pacific branch, to be taken to Naskusp, at the foot of Upper Arrow lake. Here it is again transferred to a boat, and carried up to Arrowhead, where it goes on board the cars of another branch railroad, and is borne on to Revelstoke, on the main line. Thence it is shipped 1,500 to 2,500 miles to the smelter. Think of the richness of ore that will stand all this expense, and then return $150 to $175 a ton, in net profits, to its own- ers! The Two Friends made its first shipment last Novem- ber. In March of this year it paid a dividend of $20,000. The Chapleau, in the same region, has shipped ore that yielded $106 in gold, and 159 ounces of silver, to the ton; and a Howard Fraction shipment to the Kaslo smelter gave $26 in gold and 206 ounces of silver to the ton. There are over 4,000 locations in the district, and develop- ment work is being pushed on scores of claims; but the whole country is new, and virtually unknown. It has only been a few months at most, since attention was first drawn to it, and the first trail broken through its vast solitudes. There are thousands of square miles, just as rich in promise as any regions now opened up, that have never been trodden by a white man's foot, have never been explored, and never heard the sound of a prospector's pick or hammer. When the snow melts oflf in June of this year, — 1897, — there will be a 42 ^ ( T greater rush than Kootenai or British Cokimbia has ever seen. From the international boundary-line to the head of Arrow, Trout and Duncan lakes, and from the sources of the Columbia and Kootenai rivers to Okanogan and Osoyoos lakes, the whole country seems mineralized. Gold and cop- per, gold-silver-copper, silver-copper, silver-lead and gold- silver-lead ores are apparently to be found everywhere. Away over in East Kootenai about Fort Steele, millions of dollars have been washed out of the gravel beds, and numerous ledges of royal ore have recently been found; and, far to the west, in the McKinney district, the Cariboo mine has already paid $160,000 in dividends, and in the Boundary district many great bodies of ore have been discovered, that only await better transportation facilities to become famous bonanzas. Far north on Trout lake, some astonishingly rich prospects have lately been struck; while down in the Fern mine, ten miles below Nelson, a strike was made in March of ore that runs 12 ounces of gold to the ton, and metallic tin has just been discovered in the same region, though whether or not in workable quantities is as yet unknown. Around Ainsworth and Hendryx, on Kootenai lake, are mines that have yielded hundreds of thousands of dollars, and new and valuable discoveries have recently been made. A few weeks ago, in digging a cellar at Nakusp, on Upper Arrow lake, a lot of gold nuggets were thrown out, and in three hours every vacant spot about the town was staked oflf in mineral locations; and, within a week, the same thing happened at Salmo, on the Spokane Falls and Northern railroad, over 100 miles southeast of Nakusp, one of the nuggets in the last case weighing about $10. Ore that runs 3,500 ounces of silver to the ton has just been struck in the Lardo-Duncan region, and the claims promptly bonded for $50,000. Gersdorffite and platinum have recently been found 43 in two or three places. The Kootenai Country is the Pros- pectors' and Miners' Promised Land todayl It is all open, the laws are liberal, and every honest new-comer is welcome.' A few paragraphs, as to the mining laws, the climate, wages and cost of living, with mentions of the towns, and some suggestions as to how best to reach the new Land of Gold and Silver, will form the next brief chapter. Vffl. HOW TO ''GET THERE.'' A Grand Trip to the New Bonan^aland— The Towns, Mining Laws, Climate, Wages, and Costs of Living. |\]0 REGION of America, or of the world, today, offers I >l more opportunities for fortune, than The Kootenai Country. Thousands of fortunes are there just waiting to be found or made. Many fortunes were made there last year, and many more will be made this year. With energy enter- prise, and intelligent industry, no man need stay poor in that vast storehouse of riches, free to every finder and taker How to "get there," is a natural question with every one— whether his front name is "Eli," or not-who contemplates trymg his luck in the new-found land of golden hope and promise; how to get there most directly, speedily, cheaply and pleasantly. The question is easily answered. Here is a condensed guidebook: Any railway to Denver, Salt Lake or Ogden. Then, the Oregon Short Line to Hunt- ington. From there, or from Portland, the Oregon Railway 44 / and Navigation Company's line to Spokane. From Spo- kane, the Spokane Falls and Northern railway to North- port, wh^re a 17-mile branch leads to Rossland, while the main line continues to Nelson on Kootenai river. Steamers run from that point up Kootenai lake to Kaslo, and the Kaslo and Slocan narrow-gauge railway, 30 miles long, leads on to Sandon in "The Heart of the Slocan"— and "there you are." Straight through— only one change of cars from Denver or Portland to Kootenai. To go more into details, any one of a half-dozen great east-and-west railway lines will bring the fortune-seeker or sight-seer from the East or South to Denver, Salt Lake or Ogden. All the railroads from the mining regions of Colo- rado, New Mexico, Arizona. Utah and Nevada lead to the same radiating-points of travel. From Denver, as the map shows, there are two lines, and from Salt Lake or Ogden one. making direct connections, without change of cars, with the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company's line at Hunting- ton; and it is but eighteen hours' run from there, through a country rich in agricultural, pastoral and mineral resources, to Spokane, the beautiful and busy metropolis of Eastern Washington, and the railroad, commercial and financial cen- ter of the three great mining-fields of the Kootenai, Baker City and CiEUr d'Alenes. From Portland to Spokane, the Ore- gon Railway and Navigation Company's Columbia River Line is the only direct and scenic route. Regardless of any possi- bilities of bonanza-kingship at the end of it, the tr.^ is a glorious and memorable one The trains are superb, the track smooth and solid, and the scenery unsurpassed — if not unequaled— in the same distance, on any railway in the United States. It combines all that is sublime and enchant- ing, picturesque and beautiful, in mountain and stream, crag, cataract and cascade. For two hundred miles, on one side the greatest "river that empties into the Pacific ocean in North or South America, and on the other the giant peaks 45 k of the Cascade Range, that numbers Mount Hood, Mount Adams and Mount St. Helens among its mighty jewels. Precipices towering above the clouds on one hand, and huge falls or rapids of blue-green water roaring and foaming on the other. Multnomah Falls, 8io feet high, has been painted and penciled and sung throughout the world, but it is only one of more than twenty cataracts that tumble, flash ing and resplendently iridescent, from the mountain-tops along the route. A recent writer in The Scientific American pays this tribute to the glories of scene along the line: "Majestic and impressive as the Alps may be, they do not lift their heads any more grandly than the summits of the Rockies, the Cascades or the Sierras: and nowhere are they clad with such a wealth of noble verdure as is spread about the base of our western mountains. The Rhine may seem to sweep in stately fashion beneath beetling cliffs and hills that soar loftily above its waters, but in the presence of the awe-inspiring heights and depths and changing shadows of the gorge of the Columbia river, the Rhine becomes an insignificant memory, and the mind's sense of dimension is battled in the effort to take in this infinitely greater, nobler and more majestically beautiful Rhine of our native land." And every word is true. Spokane is a typical boom city. In i88g, it had 200 popu- lation; in 1896, about 35,000. In 1880, its total assessed val- uation was $1,800; in 1896, it had climbed to $15,262,274. In 1880, its postof?ice receipts were $60. and in 1896 they soared to $80,595. In 1880, it had' not a mile of graded street, no churches, no factories, no railroads; and now, it has 49 miles of paved and graded streets, 58 churches, 96 manufactories, and 5 railroads. In 1880, it had one bank and one public- school building: now it has 7 banks and 16 free-school edifices. It has 43 miles of electric street railway, and 128 miles of electric light wires. In the very center of the city, the Falls of the Spokane river, a mile of prodigious cataracts 4.6 ' and whirling rapids, offer water-power enough to run all the machinery of an empire. St. Anthony's Falls, at Mmne- apolis, have an extreme possibility of 90,000 horse-power. The Falls of Spokane have 374,ooo possible horse-power, or more than four times as much. Spokane last year, as one item of her trade, shipped 537,ooo barrels of flour to China and Japan. For six or seven years after the comple- tion of the Northern Pacific road in 1883, the city had a tre- mendous boom. In 1890 alone, $5,100,000 went mto new buildings, and whole blocks of skyscrapers went up, that would not have been pigmies in Chicago or New York. Then came the closing of the India mints agamst silver in 1891, and the panic and collapse of 1892 and 1893— and Spo- kane sufifered. Entire rows of buildings were empty, every- thing vvas for sale, and nobody wanted to buy. The outlook was blue to blackness, when the Kootenai mining discoveries were made, and the rush in that direction began. Spokane became headquarters. Speculators, boomers, grub-stakers and promoters, outfitters and supply-furnishers swarmed in: the empty buildings were once more filled and new ones began to go up. The hotels have overflowed, brokers' and assayers' offices have multiplied. Every man carries a pocketful of rocks, and has a great mine to sell or to stock— and Spokane is a-boom again! At a handsome station in sight of the glorious falls, the journeyer to the Kootenai gold-and-silver i'<^ds takes a Spokane Falls and Northern railway train, equipped with every improved appliance for safety and comfort. A spin of 133 miles through a region of grand forests, rich mines and fertile valleys,— including the far-famed valley of the Colville,— and Northport is reached. It is a town of about 1,000 people, on the east bank of the Columbia river, four miles south of the international boundary line. Here is the United States custom-house, which, from June, 189S, to 47 November, 1896, collected $125,806 of duties on 62,456,528 pounds of Kootenai ores, thai yielded 48,296 ounces of gold, 1,329,459 ounces of silver, 888,238 pounds of copper, and 10,353,406 pounds of lead, valued at $2,i8?.6o7; besides lead bullion, worth $77,650. From. Northport, a branch railroad, 17 miles long, goes to Rossland. the cars being ferried across the Columbia river on a vvire-pnd-gravitation barge, which is itself one of the curios of the trip. Northport is as crowded as a beehive or an anthill. The station platform, 400 feet long and 30 feet wide, is jammed whenever a train arrives, and it is not unusual to see from a half-mile to a mile of freight-cars in the yard. Baggage from the British side is iuLjpected here. Four miles north of Northport, the boundary-line between the United States and the Columbian Dominions ot Her Britannic Majesty is crossed at Fort Sheppard or Waneta, and baggage is overhauled by a British customs official. The road passes through a half-dozen or more little towns, all too new to be painted; and, about 60 miles from Northport, Nelson is reached. It is on Kootenai river, known here as the West Arm of Kootenai lake. The town is surrounded by famous mines. The Hall Mining Company, of London, with a capitalization of £300,000, or $1,500,000, owns 18 claims, among them being the celebrated Silver King, which, up to the last of December, 1896, had produced 31,220 tons of ore, that yielded 803.391 ounces of silver, and 2,583,840 pounds of copper. Its smelter is one of the most extensive and complete in all the American Northwest. The Poor- man mine, which has produced over $100,000 in free gold, is near here. Nelson has about 2.000 population, government offices, courthouse, two newspapers, churches, schools, and all modern conveniences. Over 100 houses were built last year, and there is not an unoccupied one in the town. Dur- ing the month of February, $119,138 worth of imported goods passed through the Nelson custom-house, and $566,620 of 48 cxports-the last, of course, nearly all ore; which is at the rate of $6,799,440 a year through this place alone. Nelson is the northern terminus of the Spokane Falls and Northern railway, and connection is made at Five Mile Point, just above the town, with two lines of steamers for Balfour, Pilot Bay, Ainsworth, Kaslo and all points on Kootenai lake. ^^ The trip up the lake is "a thing of beauty and a joy for a good while, even to one who has seen the world. The steamers are as comfortable in their appointments as those that ply on eastern lakes and rivers. Kootenai lake is one of the most picturesque and beautiful bodies of water on the globe. It is 1,780 feet above the l.vel of the sea. 100 miles long, 1,500 feet deep; clear as "tho icicle that hangs, curdled from' purest snow, on Dian's temple"; and walled in by majestic mountains, that rise almost perpendicularly from the water's edge, robed in snow and crowned with eternal glaciers. Under existing schedules, part of the trip is at night, and each steamer carries, as an item of its equipment, a powerful searchlight, like those in use on what arc known as United States war-vessels. If the voyager is especially good and well-behaved, some such gigantic official as six- foot-and-a-half-high Captain Hayward. of the "Interna- tional." may give him one of the memorable treats of his life by inviting him up into the pilot-house, and "turning on the light." It illuminates the lake and its mountainous shores, for miles in every direction. It lights up, with a dazzle of radiance, wild headlands and promontories, lonely mining- camps perched far up on the snowy mountain-sides, quaint little fishing villages, hunters' and prospectors' huts, and a hundred other points and objects of interest. Now and then, a blaze of splendor is thrown far up on the glacier- capped summits of the vast peaks, that rise like walls about the lake; and, as the glory of light glints and flashes, thou- sands of feet above and miles away, on the huge crags and domes and pinnacles of ice, that have stood there, unthawed 4«) T 1 and prismatically lustrous, ever since the Flood, the effect is weirdly and magnificently sublime. Leaving out of the question all consideration of mines and mining, quartz, placer, porphyry and pyrites, shafts, drills, tunnels, stopes and winzes, this lake and its shores will some day be an ideal of American summer resorts, combining all that is glorious in S'.enery and delightful in climate, with no flies or mos- quitoes, waters alive with fish, and a blanket to sleep under every night in dog-days. At Pilot Bay, on the east side/ of the lake, is a $500,000 smelting-plant, with a capacity of 200 tons a day. Just above on the west shore, is Ainsworth, with a backing of such mines as Number One, Skyline, Tariff, Mile Point, High- lander, Dellie, Jef? Davis, Little Phil, Black Diamond and Canadian Pacific. A body of ore has recently been struck in the Dellie, that runs 212 ouncf:s of silver to the ton. About 50 miles above Nelion, the whistle sounds for Kaslo, a beautiful little city o't 1,500 enterprising people, at the mouth of Kaslo creek on the west side of Kootenai lake, hemmed in by mountains of mineral and magnificent forests of timber. It has a sampling-mill, with all the latest improvements in methods and machinery, and with a capacity of 250 tons a day. The streets are regularly laid out, and there are many good buildings, a dozen or more hotels, two banks, churches, schools, and an excellent weekly paper chuck-full of local pride and boom. Steamers run to all points up and down the lake. Here is the starting-place ot the Kaslo and Slocan railway, a narrow-gauge engineering miracle, extending or winding and climbing 30 miles to cover the air-line 15 or so to Sandon, and furnishing an outlet — always gorged — for the great mines of the Heart of Slocan. New Denver and Slocan City, on Slocan lake, have about 1,000 people apiece, and each expects speedily tc become a great mining metropolis. Silverton on the samt lake has near it some of the best mines, and many of the 50 i I most promising prospects, in the district. All these camps and towns have sprung up like mushr. ns, as it were, in a night. The one thing that most amazes a man accustomed to the wild ways of booming mining-camps on the United States side of the line, is the absolute orderliness that pre- vails everywhere. The most rushing camp in all the Koote- nai is as quiet and well-behaved as a New England village. There are no bars, saloons or drinking-places anywhere except in hotels, and a drunken man is rarely seen. There are no gambling-hells, and there has never been a serious affray in the region. It is a land of law and order, peace, prosperity and boundless possibility. The climate is not severe in winter, and is perfection in summer. Kootenai lake never freezes and boats run all the year; but the snow begins to fall in October, and it lies unthawed till late in May or early June. No real prospecting can be done until it is gone. Timber and water abound, and the whole region is as healthful as any on earth. Common laborers get $2 a day; miners from $3 to $3-50, engineers and blacksmiths, from $3.50 to $4. Prices of living are not very different from those in Colorado, Oregon or Washington. Hotels and boarding-houses, of every grade and quality, abound, as the transient population is nearly, if not quite, as large as the resident element. Any and every person 18 years of age may become a free miner, by paying a license of $3 a year, and then has the right to locate claims as in thU country. The claims are 1,500 feet square, and ownership is retained by doing $100 worth of work annually, or by paying that amount to the government. When $500 worth of work is done, a crown grant is given, which carries full ownership. No region under heaven oflfers more inducements today to practical miners and prospectors. SI sa 2 o o w oi o H M o w n I •^mm DC EASTERN OREGON GOLD FIELDS. Nearly 15,000 Square Miles of Rich Placers and Ore-Beds, with Baker City as the Center — Great Chances for Prospectors. BUT great as the Kootenai is, and infinite as its riches and possibiHties are, it is not "alone in its glory." It will have no monopoly of the coming boom. At least two other regions, nearer, more accessible, and both on the Yankeedoodle side of the international boundary line, are destined to share to some extent in its grand rush of development and prosperity. Chief of these is the already fanous Eastern Oregon Gold- Field, of which Baker City is the center and metropolis. Stretching from the northeastern part of Wallowa county down into the northern end of Malheur and Harney counties, and from the Snake river far over on the tributaries of the John Day, and including all of Baker and a large part of Grant and Union counties, this vast mineral belt extends through two degrees of latitude and longitude. That is, it is about 120 miles square, and has an area of 14,400 square miles — or within a trifle of as much as Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, all combined. It is travt rsed in every direction by spurs of the picturesque Blue mountains from 6,000 to 9,600 feet high, and is watered by innumerable bold streams like the Wallowa, Imnaha, Grand Ronde, Pow der and Burnt rivers, and the tributaries of the John Day and Malheur. There are immense forests of valuable timber, the valleys are exhaustless in fertility, and the climate is mild and healthful. But the one all-overshadowing fact, to which 68 I * \\ the region owes its first settlement and growth, and will owe its future progress and celebrity, is that investigation so far indicates that there is virtually no limit to its rich and varied mineral resources. Its every peak and foothill seem ribbed with royal ore, and its every valley a mighty deposit of golden sands; while silver, copper, lead and iron abound, and pre- cious stones are found in some localities. It has produced untold millions of dollars in gold, that in earlier days went to San Francisco to swell the reports of California's yield. Grant county has turned out over $5,000,000 of placer gold alone, and Baker, county's aggregate production of quartz and placer gold has certainly not been less than $12,000,000; and both are in the infancy of their mining greatness. According to the report of the United States mint director, Oregon produced $1,690,950 of gold in 1893, of which $1,377,- 479 came from Baker, Grant, Union and Malheur counties; Baker county alone furnishing $728,496. The output of these four counties in 1896 was at least $1,500,000; and this year, with enlarged plants and improved methods of treatment, it will reach close to $2,500,000. The whole region is rich in resources and products now, and assured of being incalcula- bly richer as its mighty stores of hidden wealth are opened up, and the boundless opportunities it offers for speedy for- tune become known. Almost exactly in the geographical center of this grand empire of present and prospective mines, has arisen, as its natural capital and emporium, the handsome and flourishing little city, that bears the name of Oregon's soldier-statesman, General E. D. Baker, the hero and victim of Ball's Bluff. It is the county-seat of Baker county, which, with an area of 3.500 square miles, is larger than Rhode Island and Dela- ware put together. It is 422 miles, a little south of east from Portland, on the line of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, which runs 69 miles diagonally through the county, from northwest to southeast. The altitude of the 64 msau m city is 3,440 feet above the level of the sea. The climate is unsurpassable in all the qualities that are conducive to health and vigor. Though there is considerable snowfall, the win- ters are comparatively mild, and cattle run on the ranges all the year without feeding or care. The summer heat is never oppressive, and the nights are always delightfully cool. The valleys, for from 50 to 75 miles on every side of Baker City, are fertile in soil, yielding abundant crops of all the leading grains, grasses and vegetables, and fine fruit is grown in the lower altitudes. All kinds of livestock do well, with no care or attention, and thousands of cattle, horses, hogs and sheep are raised. Everywhere, north, west and northwest of the city, are forests of magnificent timber for all mining and building purposes, consisting generally of giant pine, fir, spruce and tamarack. To the east and southeast, the timber is less abundant. The whole region is watered by mountain streams, Powder river running through the very heart of Baker City. The Sumpter Valley railroad, 30 miles long, connects the place with all the agricultural, pastoral and min- eral regions lying west and southwest of it, for fully 100 miles; and well-constructed wagon roads, recently finished, bring it the trade of a large part of Baker, Union and Grant counties, and the northern end of Malheur and Harney coun- ties. It is the depot and supply-point for all the mines and mining camps of the entire region, including something like a half-hundred districts. With such a position and such surroundings. Baker City could not have failed to thrive, as few western towns have done in recent years. In spite of the general dullness and depression, it has steadily grown and prospered. It has nearly trebled its population since the census of 1890. rising from 2,600 then to something like 7,000 now. The gold yield of its immediately tributary territory has increased, within the last four years, from $600,000, to fully $1,500,000, a year. Its farming and stock-growing interests have great' y advanced, 55 and its business in every line has kept step to the music of a double-quick forward march. Its streets are broad and well- kept, and many of its public and private buildings would be creditable to a city of 25,000 people. Several of its busi- ness blocks have cost from $15,000 to $40,000 each. Its churches and public schools are handsome and tasteful. It has a number of flourishing manufacturing establishments, including a mill that turns out 80,000 feet of lumber a day, waterworks, gas and electric light plants, a street railway, and two live daily newspapers and three weeklies. The Ore- gon Railway and Navigation Company has a large and con- veniently arranged depot, a fine stone-and-iron warehouse and extensive stockyards. There is no busier or more pros- perous little city in the west, and its future is radiant with promise, for every day is adding to the number and pro- ductiveness of the great mines on which, at last, all its prog- ress and prosperity depend. Eight miles east of Baker City is the famous Virtue mine, which has shown that "Virtue is its own reward" by produc- ing over $3,000,000. Its ore is so absolutely free-milling that 95 per cent, of its value is saved by the simplest amalgama- tion process, and the remainder by concentration. The ore mills from $15 to $25 to the ton; but, as depth is attained, it grows richer. In the mineral show-window of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company's Portland ticket-oflfice there are now on exhibition some samples of ore from a recent strike in the Virtue mine that have attracted no end of attention. They are not mere chips or specks, but are what an old miner would style "big chunks," of ore that runs from $100,000 to $200,000 to the ton! From a five-pound lump of it, $500 could be pounded in a few minutes with a mortar and pestle! The specimens are locked up in the big ofifice-safe at night, like money or jewelry. The ore-body is opened up on the 300- foot, 470-foot and 600-foot levels, and a shaft has just been driven down to a depth of 700 feet. The main pay-chute, so 96 far as explored, is 800 feet long, and averages 3 feet in width. The mine is equipped in the best modern style, with a 20- stamp mill, hoisting-works, pumps and concentrating-plant. The capacity of the mill is to be doubled this season, giving it 40 stamps, and there is ore enough in sight to run it for years. The output now is from $20,000 to $30,000 a month, and it is only limited by the capacity of the machinery. Adjoining the Virtue on the south is the Consolidated Virtue Mine, Baker County, Oregon, on Line of O. R. & N. Co. Virginia, on which work is being pushed as rapidly as men and money and the most improved machinery can do it, to reach the Virtue vein. The Mogul, Gold Dollar and Texas groups lie north and northeast of the Virtue. The Emma-Monte, just north of the Texas, has struck ore that mills over $25 to the ton. North of the Emma-Monte is the Perry, at a depth of 200 feet, producing ore that mills from $5 to $20 to the ton. The Rachel joins the Perry on the north, and has thousands 57 of tons of ore opened up that will mill from $5 to $30. The Alturas and Del Norte, north of the Rachel, have struck good ore that differs in character from that of the district generally in not being free-milling. The Flagstaff, in the northwest part of the Virtue belt, is owned by a French company, that has a splendid equipment of steam hoist, eight compressed-air drills and a lo-stamp mill. Its shaft is down nearly 600 feet, and drifts have been run at the 100, 200 and 300-foot levels, opening up an ore-body from 200 to 400 feet long, and running from $3 to $50 to the ton. Good prospects have been found on the Cyclone, Red Jacket, Gordon, Lady, Adams, Phillips, Bradbury, Butler, McCord and many other claims in the same neighborhood. The White Swan, three miles east of the Virtue, has pro- duced over $300,000, and paid for all development and im- provements, and $40,000 in dividends, without the investment of a dollar. The ore is all free-milling, and runs from $6 to $25 to the ton, averaging $14. A few tons of surface ore from the Mabel, two miles southwest of the White Swan, yielded $24,000 in gold, and development work is being pushed. The Brazos, a half-mile south of the Mabel, has 2,500 tons of $8 ore stoped out. The Columbian, two miles northeast of the Virtue, has enough of rich ore blocked out to run a mill two years, and is preparing to put in a lo-stamper. The Friday recently milled a lot of ore that yielded $27 to the ton. In Quartz Gulch, between the Virtue and White Swan, several promising discoveries have lately been made; and clear on for 45 miles east and southeast to Snake river, every indication seems to show that the whole country is seamed with free-gold ledges. At Gold Hill, near Durkee Station, which is 27 miles southeast of Baker City, on the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company's line, the Burnt River Mining Company has opened up eight parallel veins in a dis- tance of 2,000 feet. The ore runs $14 to the ton, partly free- milling, and the company is just finishing up a lo-stamp mill and concentrating-works. 58 Within the last few weeks, there has been a tremendous rush to the newly discovered placer-field on the south side of Lookout Mountain. The whole region is being dotted with shacks and tents, and many claims have been located. Working with old-fashioned rockers, quantities of nuggets running from $5 to $15 apiece have been washed out. There is an immense territory full of promise for quartz prospectors, and some rich discoveries have already been made. About 35 miles southeast of Baker City is the great Con- nor Creek mine, which has produced $1,300,000. High up on the mountain, so that it can be worked wholly by tunnels to a depth of 1,600 feet, with abundance of timber all around it, and with a 3S-stamp mill run by waterpower, it can profitably handle ore that yields $2 a ton, and has paid hand- some dividends on $3 ore. Some of its ore runs as high as any in the world, and thousands of dollars have been taken from a few hundred pounds of quartz. After all its vast production, this whole free-gold belt, lying east of Baker City, 45 miles long by 20 wide, is com- paratively unprospected. It offers ten thousand opportuni- ties to both placer and quartz prospectors, as is shown by the number of new and valuable finds that are being almost daily made. It is easily accessible, and the climate admits of pros- pecting all the year round. Outside of this free-milling tract, the ores generally require treatment by smelter or concen- trator, though often interspersed with ledges of free gold. Up in the northeastern corner of Union county, at an altitude of from 4,600 to 9,000 feet, among the Powder River mountains, is the Cornucopia district, with a mineral belt 6 miles long, by from 2 to 3 miles wide, on which ledges of ore running from $5 to $50 to the ton are exposed in more than 30 mines and prospects. The Union Companion has opened up 20 fissure veins by a 1,200- foot tunnel, has a stamp-mill and concentrator run by electricity generated by waterpower, and a 6-ton chlorination plant. Its ore goes from $6 to $25 59 I to the ton, of which about 80 per cent, is saved, part by bat- tery and plate amalgamation, and the rest by concentration. The mine produces, with its present equipment, from $15,000 to $20,000 a month. The Red Jacket has milled several thou- sand tons of ore. A number of adjacent claims have shipped ore, running from $60 to $300 to the ton, to Puget Sound smelters, and the two small custom-mills of the camp are kept busy. The Simmons group shows several ledges of $15 ore. In Eagle Crerk district, southwest of Cornucopia, the Cady mines are profitably running a lo-stamp mill, and have thousands of tons of ore in sight. In the Sanger district, southwest of Eagle, the Bradley mine, formerly known, as the Sanger, has produced between $500,000 and $1,000,000, all above the 280-foot level. It has a lo-stamp mill, and has just added concentrating-works. The Basin, a new discovery, is working ore that goes from $10 to $60 to the ton, with a 5-stamp mill. The placer dig- gings around Sparta have yielded many hundreds of thou- sands of dollars — some authorities say millions — but there are immense placer-beds yet unworked, and prospecting for quartz has just begun. Some rich finds have been made within the last month. Starting westward from Baker City, the mineral beds begin almost in the municipal limits. Splendid quartz pros- pects have been recently found within two or three miles of the courthouse. A short distance southwest is Auburn Gulch, that has yielded millions of placer gold, and the Robinson and Carpenter placers are steadily producing the golden dust. The Elkhorn mountains, a spur of the great Blue range, are an almost unbroken series of ore-bodies. The Tom Paine, near Pocahontas, eight miles west of Baker City, has turned out some of the richest quartz ever found in the region, running into thousands of dollars to the ton. Its ordinary milling ore yields about $30 to the ton. 60 > Sixteen miles northwest of Baker City are the Baisley- Elkhorn and Robbins-Elkhorn mines, both with vast ledges of ore opened up, running from $3 to $300 to the ton. The Maxwell is running a lo-stamp mill on $15 ore, of which it has an inexhaustible mass. The Beckwith has yielded thou- Baiskky-Ei-khorn Mine and Mill, Baker County, Ore;gon, ON Line of O. R. & N. Co. sands of dollars; the Barnes, Phillips and Irving are promis- ing prospects; and the Chloride has a ledge from 30 to 40 feet wide, that runs $35 to the ton. It has a large vein of gold in granite, and another of silver in slate. About 34 miles west of Baker City is the renowned Cracker Creek district, with Bourne as its postoflfice town. 61 The whole region is mineralized, timber and water are abun- dant, and every facility exists for cheap mining. The Eureka and Excelsior, under the management of the Messrs. Long- maid, as lessees, has become one of the most notable mines in Oregon. It has opened up, with a 1,200-foot tunnel, an ore-ledge from 20 to 200 feet wide. With a 20-stamp mill and concentrators, 70 tons of ore a day are handled at a total expense of $2.90 a ton. The North Pole, adjoining the Eu- . rek'i and Excelsior on the north, has a lo-stamp mill, a 10- ton furnace, and a cyanide process plant, with a capacity of 25 tons a day, and is reducing its own ore. which yields $t6 to the ton, with enough in sight to run for years. Just south of the Eureka and Excelsior, the Columbia has a ledge from 30 to 70 feet wide, opened up for 250 feet. Part of its ore is rich in free gold, and specimens of its telluride ore have run from $100,000 to $300,000 to the ton — or about half pure gold. It has its own stamp-mill and concentrator. Good prospects have been found in the Appomattox, Golconda, Wide West, Amazon and Bunker Hill. Parallel with* the Columbia on the west is the Ohio, which has just erected a lo-stamp mill on a body of ore that runs from $2 to $200 to the ton. Five miles southwest of Cracker Creek, the newly discovered Ibex has a ledge ranging from 10 to 40 feet wide. A carload of its ore recently netted over $200 to the ton. The Ball Mountain, north of the Ibex, has three chutes of the same ore as its neighbor. Northeast of the Ibex, the Mam- moth yielded thousands of dollars of free gold with a 5-stamp mill; then the sulphurets were struck, and it was prac- tically abandoned — which is. in brief, the history of half the mines in Oregon. Now, with the improved methods of treatment, the Mammoth will doubtless speedily resume its place among the rich producers. There is a wide territory here almost wholly unexplored, and prospectors will find it one of the most inviting fields in America. 98 Cable Cove district, which lies six miles west of Cracker Creek, or Bourne, contains many lar^e bodies of rich sul phurets, that are only waiting lor capital to put the necessary reduction-works on them, to make them bonanza mines. Shipments of ore from the California have yielded from $()0 to $200 to the ton. The Imperial. Ivy May. Red Chief. Crown Point, Winchester. Mormon Hoy and Donnelly- Thornton have all struck good ore. The Baker City group has a ledge of free-gold (piartz that runs as high as $200 to the ton, and a claim recently discovered by luKvard Ransom has shipped a carload of ore that yielded $58 to the ton in gold and silver. Over the huge range of Blue mountains in Grant county are 4.200 scptare miles of mineral in ledge and placer— that is. an area more than half as large as the state of Massachu- setts. The placer mines of the county have yielded over $5,000,000, and there are thousands of acres yet that have never felt the touch of pick or shovel. Quartz-mining is in its babyhood, though great discoveries have been made and great mines opened. In the Granite district, about 20 miles northwest of McEwen. the Bellevue has exposed, by mere development work, 20,000 tons of $20 ore. and 20.000 more that will mill $14 to the ton. With a io-*on Crawford mill, the Red Boy has already paid for itself and a number of adjoining properties, built several miles of canal, and erected all its own buildings. Its ore runs from $14 to $20 to the ton, mostly free gold. Three miles southwest of the Belle- vue. the Monumental is running a lo-stamp mill on high- grade silver ore. while its next neighl)or. the Buffalo, has taken out ore that yielded $400 to the ton in gold. In the Olive Creek or Robinsonville district, the Bonanza mine, at a depth of 300 feet, has 300,000 tons of ore in sight that mills from $8 to $20 to the ton— an aggregate of over $3,000,000. It has a 20-stamp mill and a concentrating plant, its machinery is run by water power, and the total cost of • 63 mining and milling its ore is but $2 a ton. Some of its recent clean-ups have amounted to $1,000 a day. The capa- city of its entire plant is to be doubled, as soon as the machin- ery can be brought in and set up. The Phoenix and the Pyx have each a 5-stamp mill, running on ore that averages $26 to the ton in the Phoenix, and ranges from $9 to $70 to the ton in the Pyx. The Worley and Virginia have good show- ings. The Don Juan is a young wonder. With a little 3-stamp prospecting mill, it is taking out big money, its ore yielding $110 to the ton. Some of it, hand-picked, sacked and shipped for more perfect treatment, runs over $1,000 to the ton. The placers of this district have panned out hundreds of thouj.ands in gold-dust, and are still steady pro- ducers. In the Quartzburg district, some astonishingly rich finds have been made. For about 100 feet down the ore is free- milling; below that depth, solid sulphurets. The Giflford, with an old-time waterpower arastra, has produced gold enough to pay for itself and all development, and a good many thousands of profits. A recent run of 21 tons through the antique arastra cleaned up $2,740, or a little over $130 to the ton. The Keystone, Colorado, Little Denver, Cougar, Alta, Midnight and Jackson-Dunn all show fine bodies of ore. Two small mills cannot begin to handle the ore that is offered for treatment, and the machinery for another S-ton smelter has just been brought in. A lOO-ton mill would get all it could do. In the Susanville district, the placer mines, worked in primitive fashion, yield about $20,000 a year, and there is an immense territory still unexplored. Among the compara- tively few quartz locations is the group of the Elk Creek Mining Company, including, with a half-dozen others, the Cabell, which has yielded from one little hole 70 feet deep $88,000 in gold bullion. On the Princess group, owned by an 64 English company, a strike of ore has just been made, show- ing a mass of free gold. The Gem, South Gem and Ironsides are all in rich ore. More than $2,500,000 has been washed out of the placer- beds of Canyon Creek and vicinity, all by the crudest, old- timey processes. Millions of dollars are still lying in the gravel waiting for modern methods and machinery to turn them White Swan Mine, Baker County, Oregon, on Line of O. R. & N. Co. into the treasuries of the world. Canyon Mountain, the source of all this pan-and-rocker wealth, has never been prospected for the mighty lodes it undoubtedly contains. In the new Hot Springs district there are outcropping ledges of free-gold ore from 30 feet to 600 feet wide, miles of which have never been located or claimed. In the Fox district, the Butte mine has a vein 88 feet wide of free-milling gold ore 6fi n that runs from $2.60 to $10.50 to the ton, and its entire plant is a little 5-stanip mill. In the southern end of Baker county and the northern end of Malheur, and away down on Trout creek in Harney, many rich prospects have recently been discovered; a vast copper dike runs for miles through the Quartzburg region of Grant county, and immense deposits of coal crop out on the headwaters of John Day river. Vol- umes might be filled with the mere roll-call of possibilities to be met everywhere in this Oregonian land of gold. There \i no need of going out of this country to seek fortune. It is here for every one who comes with his eyes open, and ready to take it! 6tt THE COEUR D^ALENES. Mines that Have Produced Nearly $25,000,000— Some Recent 'Wonderfully Rich Discoveries. A PAGE of mention is enough for a region that has, for nearly fifteen years, written its name in letters of gold and silver on the most brilliant pages of American mining history. In the wild and rugged mountains of Northern Idaho, it has, since its virtu V. discovery in 1884, poured some- thing like $25,000,000 into the treasuries of the nation. Towns, like Wallace, Wardner, Murray, Mullan, Osborne, Burke and Gem, whose names are known throughout the world, have sprung up in its abysmal gulches and among its savage crags. Its great mines are famous to the ends of the earth. The Bunker Hill and Sullivan, the Tiger and Poorman, the Last Chance, Granite, Gem, Custer, Stem winder, Black Bear, Morning, Gold Hunter, and a host of others scarcely less renowned, have pushed Idaho far toward the front of the procession of mining states. She produces about a fourth of all the lead in the United States— or some 70,000,000 pounds a year. The gold placers of the Ccrur d'Alenes have yielded upwards of $2,500,000, although it is a silver-galena region. The shipping mines are now employing about 1,700 men, and probably 700 more are engaged in placer and development work. The pay- roll of these 2,400 men runs near $8,000 a day, or over $2,500,- 000 a year. Wages of other labor will swell this to a grand total of more than $3,000,000. The shipments of ore and con- centrates run over 6,000 tons, or 12,000,000 pounds, a month. •7 I New and wonderfully rich discoveries are almost daily re- ported, including two especially notable within the past week. A 25-foot vein was struck in the Silver King, near Wallace; and two prospectors, Snyder and Bell, while doing development work on the Eureka, about a mile from Murray, broke into a mass of quartz that runs into the hundreds of thousands to the ton. They chipped off a piece with a hammer, and that night pounded $50 out of it with a mortar and pestle. The next day they put in a shot and blew out rock, from which they pounded $750 that night! They have since opened up a 4-inch streak of almost pure gold, and the whole population of the North Fork country has gone wild. Think of gold quartz rich enough to work by hand, with a mortar and a pan! There is a wide territory yet unexplored, and mines just as rich yet to be found, as any of those that have already transformed poor prospectors into bonanza-kings, and made the Coeur d'Alenes famous among the great mining regions of the globe. THE BIG BCX)MS ARE YET TO COMEI Additional copies of this book may be had by address i ng W. R HURLBURT, General Passenger Agent, O* R* & N. CO*, PORTLAND, OREGON. 68 l*$«i^i yiak« Vollingtoi ^. Vernon ^.St^nwood l^artfd VWooOJa* ijT.Jo.-" ?A.. ZamUcha OLVMPIA^ Tenlno Oentralla jPn^al ^~<>i^^ ySiashwai Kamloo^j~PAcI I Armstrongf C'' o ' OKANOGAN \ ^LAKl •••r Mi Bier Peak One oolviIle^ Meyers Fa - Kettle Fa] ,^ JW OBELAl raukui Old Fort )Ok»nocen WEMlUbrtumX IS -^^ WUbttr J^'Wenatoliee |l9qRo6lyn iClealuin cV auth BendJc^g^^ia I Olequa St. Helen! PORTLANl Mt. tt. HtUi Whitesox Iherldanc ▲Irllej 3orvi\llLsJ Iff '^vroodbi iALEI Ibany 7orth Taklma 4 Rt Adams V^ p-O^ Bs'nS" Hunts • \^ WALLUI leuan^ Kent Heppner <*^^ Oonlon JurntHanch cm an) LLOAR' » /^Macleed f '*«ii,„ 'ILL. leyew Fe Kettle' RESE^ tldFtort tkanogan tEaiittlMum} WUbur ^BleeClty"' 0«»eUel ratt '^^4 l<5^ t»P^* yOaipdei I /Bathdrui I o G-^ /-^OTldenoed^ 'conneU Ollesi riACroj «"Da3 f Vails Be DeSi .Bavalll ilV&* .oV*- "'l.V. [arysvU '•*" '«///) Btevei aCWISTON Ciottonwood fit. Idahc o Melrose j \: BlilERIinT — \; / / Pt^derj I ^«7V, '««it„« 'TV* ^''\ % I BoaMiTt 1":^ Slib. '^'^ iw^.-'-y -3^" [•nfordi OMUroB Oltjr Expr Burnt / 3 f # '^**.X <5^ Oolllns Bellevlew '^'^ u ;gt««r c^ 8*5- lairo Bentoi Great Falls JILISSOU^ Cascade, L BarkejJ^ ^^ trtto ^v^Neiliart ° Lewlstown ■iM iDUlon Book i^Oinnabajn I? Mcnittj [BedliOdge I YELLOWSTONE r^^ rFt. CuB^uster ~4^ THE MINES OF NEW BONANZALAND »AC. f >*' ^. THE KOOTENAY REGION. I TRAIL ORBBK Idaho Contact Iron HoFM Virginia Iron Colt Columbus St. Elmo Leral Tend«r Northern Bella Defender Deer Park Superior Vulcan Golden Dawn Black Bear California CkKMl Frldajr Southern Belle Caledonia Buckeye Golden Queen LeRol DISTBIOT, B. O. War Basle Center Star Joale Jumbo Red Mountain Bvenlns Star Iron Mask llajrflower Kootenay ClUt llonte Chrlato Monte Crlito City of Spokane Homestake Commander White Bear Crown Point Nickel Plate Neat EEC I. X. U R. B. Lee a SLOGAN Slocan Star Noble Five Washlnaton Slocan Soy Monitor Ruth Wonderful Reco Last Chance Enterprise Payne Northern Belle Whitewater Antonle Surprise Rambler Wellington London DISTRICT, B. O. Mountain Chief Ivanhoe Fisher Maiden Blue Bird Ooodenough Best Idaho Rambler Alamo Cumberland R. B. Lee Queen Bess Galena Farm Mountain Chief Silver Bell Best Surprise 3 FT. 8TBBLE Minnie Wells North Star Sullivan Oroup Midnight Deane All-over Quantrell Utopia Stemwlnder Bis Chief DISTRICT, B. C. Eureka Queen Ann Group Jennings Walsh Toung Waters Lamont Scott ThMnpson 4 AIN8WORTH DISTRICT, B. C. Number One Sunlight Sky Line Gallagher Black Diamond Rand Little Phil King Solomon Mile Point Tarltt Nupsho Blue Bell 5 KEnTLB RIVBR DISTRICT, B. O. Comatock Minnie Volcanic Bmplr* Pathnnder Bonlta Bonaparte Ponanta Columbia R. Bell Elsie May « NELSON DISTRICT. B. C. Silver King Union Jack Ben Hassan Iroquois Maud S. Bagle Canadian Bella Forty-nine Fern Poorman Golden King Royal Canadian I^andv Majestic Grizzly Muldoon Koh-inoor Whitewater American Flag 7 Vernon, B. O. 8 Lardeau, B. C. f» Trout Lake, B. C. 10 Golden, B. C. M Windemere, B. O. 12 Ooat River, B. C. 13 Kamloopa, B. C. BAKER OITY REGION. OREQON. I a CABLE COVE DISTRICT. Last Chance Little Maud Eureka Crown Point Herculean Oregon Chief Fraction Ivy May Ontario Red Chief Top Hand Golden Rule Imperial 1 3 GRANITE DISTRICT. Oro Fino Ben Harrison Monumental Quebeo Buffalo Red Chief Sheridan Uncle Sam Worcester Jennie Reid Bull Run Fourth of July Milwaukee King Solomon Humpback 14 GREEN HORN DISTRICT. Montana Portl. Conal. Bally Ann Pride of Pendleton Ornament Myrtle Surprise Phoenix Intrinsic Tempest Bagle I. X. L. Anaconda Legal Tender Mammoth Treasure 1 6 ROBINSONVILLB DISTRICT. Don Juan Virginia Phoenix Strasburg Pyx Comet New Vtad Martin 16 BONANZA DISTRICT. Bonanaa Jay Gould Evening Star Protection Lucl^ Boy Paciflo Red Bird King Solomon MoGlnty Hope Flat 1 7 HANOVER DISTRICT. Mammoth Morning Star Ibei Amaaon BeUe Baker Kiillan 1 8 IDOL OITY DISTRICT. Monarch Cleveland I O RYE VALLEY DISTRICT. Odd Rldgs Uppermost Huffman Green's Discovery Romeo Herculean JuUatte Odell 20 COW CREEK DISTRICT. Brannln Claims Webfoot Basin Whipple Gulch Pine Creek P. L. Co. Cow Creek 2 1 CAMP CARSON DISTRICT. Hunters Camp Carson Limber Jim 22 BAY HORSE DISTRICT. Blue Dick Gypsum Mine Bay Horss KaoUn Mine Rapid O. K. Mine Coal Field* Lurid Storm 23 BIG CREEK DISTRICT. Shriver Mine Crane Claim 24 AUBURN DISTRICT. Blue Canyon French Gulch Elk Creek Black Hawk Group Deep Gravel Uren Alexander Griffin Gulch Filoon Pacers Lincoln 25 MALHEUR DISTRICT. Bruner's Ledge France Osar Long Way MoClellan Mitchell Linn Smith BoswsU 26 MINERVILLE DISTRICT. MlnervUla Tibbs Carnsa 27 MORMON DISTRICT. Fourth of July Colt Bros. Llttlg Rainy Rogers Basin Deera Humboldt Harrison Ledge Sunday Hill Taylor Anex Uo, 1 Fisher Anex No. 8 Wahkea Amelia 28 NORTH FORK DISTRICT. AJax Woods .Marrotta ^ ^ GaMsgher OorvnlllH ( imi IS bBrowni JnnotlonlS/ City «J rOottase Grove Diamond Pi Burnt Hanch >iSl Waterman^ , Daivllleo PrlnevUle Price o ' Silver Lake7Ww«*rXrtt JfiirfMy ^ MMtrt Xatm PMBXLAMM 3UtUl Tjftke^'Vie'W "Willc cOhlco r l^^S^fi True LWIN Pt. fMarj-a- , vine /^ MJIlf CARSON* I*- ^pR^VlUfi ,, ^ICSACRAMENX »- '^•lii , V*II«J 8| larai>i.Sftn Joee ^^\A/ P»fS;^ I Watermai ' Lon«\preek o "i^ \B{g Pat'ft* £aJM Canyonmy jB P>^ ^<^ ^ A-^ o / bonanza Jd(Cbq/Oity -r^ / , o -/ 3s.etchui alUs Pleasant pamey^ o "Oatfley Jordan^Valleyo! B0181 ^ ICaAel Corral o Halley .Tlcura Blc SHORT LINE Tiuby HlUc E V>-^-A D A REGON RAILROAD AND NAVIGATION CO. Map OF PRINCIPAL MINING DISTRICTS OF THE Oarflelc Qrantsvlllj "Terml ME II 1 Snltr Lakt Frisco 1 /' iJiA Oasper '•((i. ^* .^J^^'^'" >v< IHEYENNI "A >«•_ fr S ITLCAI 1^. Jonio jj[rj^ AIM ^*.<*'^ [LakeOitjr ORBQON. 1 ^ VIBTUa DISTRICT. Vlrtuo Kcyatom Kmma White Hwan Bobrpion RatUtr ilorilon JcrMjr (^iilumblui Dttrtuun PVI