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H 
 
 Section IV , 1886. 
 
 139 
 
 Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. 
 
 XII. — Notes on (fie Limestones of East Rioer, Piciou, N.S. 
 
 / 
 By Edwin GiiiPiN, JuN., A.M., F.CJ-.S. 
 
 (Kciid May 1.'7, 18Sr..) 
 
 Tho followiug analyse.'* ol' limestoueN, Irom the Iwowor Carboniferous Marine Limestone 
 series of Piciou County were made some years ago by the writer, when engaged in an 
 investigation into the subject of fluxes lor the extensive deposits of iron ore which 
 charititerize this district, and they may be appropriately prefaced l>y a few remarks on 
 the extent and distriltution of the Lower Carl)oniferous measures of East liivcr. 
 
 The general arrangement of the subdivisions of the Carboniferous system in this 
 county can be readily recognized, and is given in suliicient detail in Sir W. Dawson's 
 " Acadian Ceology." It maybe remarked that, in the district more particularly referred to 
 in these notes, viz., that extending from (ilengarry, on the Interc.olonial Kailway, to 
 McLellan's Mountain, the Lower Coal formation does not appear, and may be represented 
 on the eastern edge of the district by the conglomerate beds of Irish Mountain and 
 McLellan's Brook. 
 
 On liig Brook, a tributary of West Branch, about four miles above Hopewell, are met 
 limestones and gypsum with red shale and Haggy sandstones, resting on Siluro-Cambrian 
 measures, and dipping to the north. These limestones are exposed on the West Braui b 
 and can he. trai'cd south ol" Grant's Laki' to tlie valley of l']ast River. They are associated 
 with red shales, and red and gray sandstones, and tlie measures are broken through by 
 several masses of the dioritic trap, probably contemporaneous. Exposures of gypsum are 
 not met until near the mouth of Anhibald's Brook. Here a compact, blue limestone, about 
 thirty feet thick, is overlaid by marl, and by an immense mass of gypsum, about 100 feet 
 in thickness. 
 
 It is impure in (juality, and contains layers of marl unil siliceous matter. In the 
 upper part, are layers of granular and librous, red gipsum. Above this come beds of hard, 
 red. shale, hiiving a general dip to the west. The course of the gyi>sum, as marked by 
 funnel-.><haped pits, is southerly or parallel to that of the river. Its final ex])osure in this 
 direction is distant about tliree miles, at the Black Ivock, where a small outcrop is visible 
 on the east bank of the river, on the farm of Mr. J. McDonald. At this point, it is associated 
 with apyritous, greenish, compact marble, and a compact, blue limestone, carrying limonite, 
 and tlie section rests ou a great ma.ss of an indurated breccia, <;onnected with the Cambro- 
 Silurian mensures of the opposite bank of the river. 
 
 Underlying the strike of the gypsum, on the west side of the river, are frequent 
 exposures of hard, sfialy, red sandstone, of soft uuvrl, and of red and green argillaceous 
 shales, interrupted at several points by dykes of black \nd dark-green dicritic trap. These 
 measures rest on the Cambro-Siluriau slates, carrying specular and limouiteiroa ores, and 
 
^ 
 
 160 
 
 KhWIX (Illil'IX OX lilMKSTOXK.S 
 
 lu'iir llic liiii' di' coiitucl, lit ji i)i>iiil (ipi)(i.>it(' the lilurl; Umk, urc luft lirncstoiii's i iirryiiii^ 
 liinonitc. Tho hcJoi' tlu' river, ami the narrow valley IVom this point ior some distuneo 
 south oT Sunny Brae, are occupied liy linie.stone beds (No. 1),' the principal exposures 
 oi' whith show a liard, coinpaet rock, ol' grey and hluish colors, in places arenaceous or 
 marly. Hetiu-ning' along- the east bank ol' the river, on (". Mai Donald's I'arm, i.s a compact, 
 bluish limestone, holdinu' rounded pebbles of the slaty breicia. 
 
 Still i'urther noiih. at Bridgeville, opposite the large exposun' of gypsum, already 
 alluded to. trial pits showed limonite, hilinu' the jun<tion between I'pper Silurian shales, 
 and limestone and gypsum. In all probability this gypsum is connected with that 
 exposed on the opposite bank nl' the river, between *his point and Springville, limo' ile 
 and limestone mark the coiitac t ol' the two systems. In the l)aiikol' the river, at Mcl'hee's. 
 is met a larae l)ed ol' dark-blue, compact limestone (Xo. 2), weathering to an ochre, and 
 holding nodules ol' hard, l)laikish, arenaceous limestone. The thickness ol this lied is 
 about 00 I'eet. At the [viiiit wln're the section is visil)le, I lie limestone lolds over a spur ol' 
 the Silurian slates, and its lower part holds rragmeiils of it. The limestone strikes to the 
 north-ea.st, alonu' the side of the hill, and is exposed auain in the Cross Valley I?rook in an 
 interesting section. The gray and brown ri>per Silurian slates, stained with patches of 
 peroxide of iron, and liilcd with seams holdiui;- red and white (piart/ and cahspar, strike 
 S. 75° E., and dip heavily to the north. Hesting on them is a breccia of fragments of the 
 elates. On the side next th<' older roik, the calcareous eement can hardly be distin- 
 Pfuished, but at a distance of six inches, the slate fragments grow scattered and are united 
 by dark-grey limestone, which quii-kly predominates to the excl .ision of the slate. The 
 limestone (No. 3), .'is exposed, is about fifty feet thick, but its normal dimensions are much 
 greater. 
 
 Immediately overlying the limestone is a wide out<rop of g/psum and marl, imper- 
 fectly exposed, and extending to the road from Springvilh' to Ne.v (lla.sgow. The line of 
 junction then turns to the nin'th, and passes over Irish Mountain, it the north end of which 
 it is marked l)y conglomerates. The gypsum may be traced by surface pits, on the same 
 course, Imt it is not exposed until A. Cameron's farm, .south of Forbes Lake, is reached. 
 Here it forms a large outcrop, restinu' on soft, grey marl and shale. The lower beds of the 
 gypsum are laminated and impure in ([uality. In the middle of the deposit which appears 
 to be al)out (ill feet in tliiikness, is a bed twelve feet thick, white and of good (|nality. A 
 few tons are (piarried anntially and "boiled " for local use. Th(> overlying beds are coarser, 
 in quality, with layers of soft, white gypsum. Above the gypsum ami marls are (>xposures 
 of red and gray shales with limestones, giving in all a section of about 450 feet. The beds 
 dip a little to the west of north, with an inclination which is heavy near the older rocks, 
 but gradually diminishes toward the upper part of the section. 
 
 IJelurning toward S[)ring\ille, at L. McLean's are met several thick binls of limestone 
 (No. 4) dipping to the west of luirlh. and overlying the gypsum, probably about 200 feet, 
 the interval beim>- occupii^d by red shales and marls. .'\t the East IJiver llridge, near 
 Springville, al)ont on the line of McLean's limestone beds, ar(> numerous exposures of 
 compact, gray and l)lue limestone, sometimes ariiillaceous, succeeded by red and gray 
 sandstones, with soft argillaceous shales and marls. 
 
 The nuiubeia given in tlie text ciirniHixniil tu liiose of tlie ivnalyseH, and to those marked on the sketuh map. 
 
OF KAST RlVHIf, riCTOU, N.S. 
 
 161 
 
 The geiu'ial relations of these strata may l)e gathered from the following section, from 
 a survey of the East River, below Springville, niadt; by me some years ago : — 
 
 Black, bituminous, iironaruous slialo 
 
 I!lac){, l)itiiiiiiium!s liiiiostdiie 
 
 • Iliinl-lilui! 11 iin'.-t 1)110, witli iirenaeooua bamla 
 
 Very lianl, rompacl, blue limestone 
 
 Soft, laiiiinatdd, caluaroims shale 
 
 ]l!ue limestone 
 
 Sof'l, liiniiiialtMl, drab Nbale 
 
 liliie, artfillaceons liiuestone 
 
 Caleareous, urcillawous sbale, joints filled with calfspar and lluorspar 
 
 Gray, ar(.'iIla<oous limestone, in places passiniJ! into shale 
 
 Hard, blno liniealonc 
 
 ConipaPt, white, calcnrooiis sandstone 
 
 8baly, drab marl, holding' sandstone I'oncrotions, and veins of <'alc8|)ar 
 
 dray, compact limestone 
 
 liluish-gray compact limestone 
 
 Orab, arenaceous sliale 
 
 Soft, trrey arjrillaceous liiuestone 
 
 Hard, blue, impure linicsfono 
 
 Gray, concretionary, aryillactious sbale, with bands of arenaceous shale 
 
 Soft, frray limestone 
 
 Gray sandstone, calcareous 
 
 Bluish, arenaceous limestone 
 
 Hard, blue limestone 
 
 Gray, impure arenaceous and argillaceous limestone 
 
 Hard, blue, arenaceous limestone 
 
 Soft, drab shale 
 
 Impure, argillaceous limestone 
 
 Soft, red sandstone 
 
 Measures oliscured (soft shale ?) 
 
 Uouj^b, compact, blue limestone 
 
 Soft, tsrey, concretionary sandstone 
 
 Coarse, blue, argillaceous limestone 
 
 Meiwures concealed 
 
 Limestone 
 
 1'ket. 
 
 In 
 
 i;f 
 
 (1 
 
 'J4 
 
 (> 
 
 :t 
 
 2 
 
 .-. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 • > 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 10 
 
 (1 
 
 <> 
 
 i:i 
 
 <) 
 
 
 
 (t 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 !t 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 ] 
 
 11 
 
 111 
 
 (1 
 
 (I 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 i) 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 • » 
 
 10 
 
 i> 
 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 ISti 11 
 
 Other sections show alternations of red and i^ray (•ompa<t sandstones and red arenaceous 
 shales, to the exclusion of limestones and marls, and, generally speaking, the limestones are 
 not connected with extensive^ sections of sandstones. 
 
 About three-quarters of a mile below the Springville Bridge, is an exposure of lime- 
 stone (No. ')) fiUiirried for building purposes. Here there are several thick beds of argilla- 
 ceous and calcareous shales, gray and breaking into thin splinters, and enclosing beds of 
 pale blue or gray argillaceous limestone. These beds are very hard and compact and, 
 owing to the presence of thin layers of calcareous lireclayor shal^, split readily into blocks 
 six to twelve inches thick. Similar limestones of a darker blue color, occur on the West 
 Branch, and have lieeu used successfully for constriiction purposes. 
 
 The measures referred to above are exposed in varying sequence in the river lianks, 
 as far as the forks, and preserve a general dip to the north and north-west, with frequent 
 
 Sec. IV., 1880. 21. 
 
/ 
 
 162 
 
 KDWIN (IILIMN ON I.IMKSTONKS 
 
 laults luul uiidulaiions. Tin' (J rani liim-Mfoncs (N<>. C>.) arn apparently, about the middle 
 of this fonnatioii, and may In- parallok'd with tho Forbi's, MrLellan and Kobi'ilison 
 limfstoucs (7, 8, !»)■ 
 
 On the West Brumh, a sliort dislam i' abuvc thi' forks, is a limited exposure of gypsuuj, 
 which is associated with gray areiiaicous liiiiotuiic, and a .-series of thii k bedded sand- 
 stones, holding Caleopyrite easts of plant remains. Similar limestones are met on the 
 extension of the strike of these measures to tho East liruncii, and .•• bed ol limestone (No. 
 10) several feet thick, composed of minute fragments of fossils, which give a rough pumice- 
 like surface on weatiiering. This is, pmbiibly, the limestone referre<l to in "Acadian 
 Geology" (p. ;n8), as showing in slices under the mi( roscope, that it is made up of small 
 fragments of shells, with entire specimens of very minute species. 
 
 Some of the limestones are well delined and persistent. At other points they are 
 quite local. It sometimes appears as if there had l)een a local accumulation of calcareous 
 matter (of shells or of a coral growth) which rapidly thinned from a central point, until 
 lost in argillaceous or arenaceous matter. 
 
 The gypsum at the Forks may be considered as marking an horizon very near the 
 summit of the Marine Limestone formation. It is dillicnlt *o arrive at any exact estimate 
 of the total thickness of this formation in the district under lonsideration, starting from 
 the basal limestone of McPhee's, and ending at the Fork.s. The longest continuous section 
 that I have been able to measure, did not exceed 1,040 feet, but from all available data, tho 
 total thickness may be estimated at about 2,Y''')0 feet. 
 
 Below the forks of the river, measures refei red by the otHcers of the Geological Survey 
 to the Millstone Grit, are met as far as the base of the Productive Coal Formation, a short 
 distance north of McKay's Brook, As yet, no fixed line can be drawn dividing these sub- 
 divisions. These millstou" grit measures, it may be remarked, are distinguished from the 
 corresponding horizon in other parts of the province by their highly calcaceous nature — 
 there being numerous beds of limestone, not usually equal in purity to those already noted, 
 and the cementing material of the sandstones being often calcareous. 
 
 The Marine Limestones and their as.sociated strata, In-come obscured as they approach 
 tho south side of the t'oal Field on ilie cast side of the East Uiver, probably by east and 
 west faults of great magnitude, similar to tho.se which have on all sides limited the pro- 
 ductive Coal Measures by an unconformable frame of Millstone Grit. Approaching 
 Sutherland's Kiver, they reajipear and are noted for holding important deposits of 
 spathic ore. 
 
 In this district I am not aware of any exposures of the peculiar "sh<-ll " limestone of 
 Windsor, Shubeuacadie, and Brooklield, referred by Sir J. W. Daw.son. to Subdivision E 
 of the Marine Limestone series, and parallelled l)y him wi!li linn'stones belonging to the 
 upper part of this section. Tliis limestone is a mass of shells, principally casts, tlu' delicate 
 spirals of Spirifer and Athyris being frequently preserved intact. This characteristic lime- 
 stone is largely qiiarried at Brooklield, as a llux for the Londonderry furnaces, and I am 
 indebted to Mr. T. SutclilTe, of the Londonderry mines, for the analysis of it, given further 
 on, plac(>d for comparison with one of the same rock from Windsor. 
 
 The analyses which I submit of East Kiver limestones, were made by me sometime 
 ago, when engaged in an enquiry into the question of iluxes for the extensive iron ore 
 deposits of the district, some of which have been incidentally alluded to iu my remarks. 
 
OP BAST mVFAl, PICTOU, N.S. 163 
 
 They are of samples selected principally from bods considered important I'rom their extent 
 or convenience to transportation facilities. Their value is merely that of their being the 
 first attempt at reprc8entin<>- the composition of this mineral over a considerable tract of 
 ground in Nova Scoliii ; and the point wliich is brought o'lt, is of their comparatively non- 
 magncsian character, except in the case of some of the lowest beds. They are arranged in 
 ascending order, and their numbers correspond with those marked on the accompanying 
 sketch map : — 
 
 (1.) StTNNY Brak Limestone. — Color bluish, with seams of white and brownish 
 calcspar, and oc^casional coarse grains of siliceous matter. Some parts of the deposit show 
 obscure fossil marks. 
 
 Moisture •0.")0 
 
 Limo ( 'iirbimato 8.') • 707 
 
 Miicnesiii (Carbonate 3"155 
 
 Iron carlxinnto 1'167 
 
 Iron Siilpliiile ■(•05 
 
 Pli<i8i)lioric Aril! ■ii70 
 
 Insoluble 8-440 
 
 ToTAi 9n-860 
 
 (2.) McPiiee's Limestone. — Sample il.— Smooth, compact, bluish gray with crystals 
 of silica, and no visible fossils, weathers yellow. 
 
 Sample B. — From overlying bed of same exposui*e. Hard, black, laminated I'mestone, 
 giving drab powder, and l)ituminous smell, fossiliferous. 
 
 COMI'OHITION. 
 
 Moisture 
 
 Lime carbonato 
 
 -Mngncsiu carbonate . 
 
 Iron peroxiile 
 
 Manganese iieroxido . . 
 
 ■Sulpbur 
 
 Pliospboric acicl 
 
 Alumniiv . 
 
 Insoluble re.sidue . . . . 
 Carbonaceous matter. 
 
 ToiAi,. 
 
 Sa.mi'i.b a. 
 
 84-2l'0 
 11-250 
 
 ■2.S2 
 MOO 
 
 •o;'.i 
 
 trace 
 •(;17 
 2-(h')0 
 
 1(10- 150 
 
 Sami'I.b B. 
 
 2':}50? 
 58-112 
 ()-571 
 1-850 
 
 •025 
 ■3.^)1 
 
 30'7<!0 
 small 
 
 100-025 
 
 (3.) Cboss Brook Limestone. — Sample A. — From limestone near point of junction, 
 compact, brittle, drab-colored limestone, with calcspar crystals, no visible pyrites or fossil 
 markings. 
 
164 
 
 KDWIN OrLPIN ON LIMKSTONKH 
 
 Sample B. — From overlying part ol' Hiimn bed. White and gray, not very compact, 
 crystallino limostonc, weatht'ritijj; red, with a few tryNtals ol' galena and iron pyriteH, and 
 obscure foNsil markingH. 
 
 (■OMrOSlTION. 
 
 Moistiiro 
 
 Lime carbonate 
 
 Matniosiu carbonate ■ 
 
 Iron carl)onate 
 
 MnngiinoHo 
 
 Aluniinu 
 
 Iron pyritoH 
 
 I'liosplioric ii(;i(l 
 
 hiHolnblo roHiduo.... 
 
 Total, 
 
 08-794 
 
 Hami'LhA. 
 
 Sami'i.h n. 
 
 1 ;;-)0 
 
 •116 
 
 iiirido 
 
 5H-7(i(! 
 
 •iti.') 
 
 O'HilO 
 
 l.''L>78 
 
 L'(IH12 
 
 triiro 
 
 Mir,.-) 
 
 •510 
 
 
 •737 
 
 •108 
 
 •lil8 
 
 
 1-Sj(i 
 
 3-OHL' 
 
 100-088 
 
 (4.) McLean Limestone. — Compact gray limestone, with abundant fossil coral 
 markings. 
 
 r 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Moisture 
 
 Linio carbonate 
 
 Magnesia carbonate. . 
 
 Iron jioroxido 
 
 Mangunose peroxide. 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 I'liosplioric acid 
 
 Sili('a 
 
 Total. 
 
 99 -00 
 
 Sample A. 
 
 Samplh n. 
 
 ■18 
 
 •17 
 
 93-90 
 
 90-20 
 
 2--ir, 
 
 2-33 
 
 -59 
 
 •57 
 
 ■50 
 
 .55 
 
 -12 
 
 -10 
 
 -03 
 
 .02 
 
 -03 
 
 .03 
 
 2-10 
 
 1.99 
 
 102-02 
 
 Analyst, Durham College of Science. 
 
OP KAST RIVKT?, PirTOU, N.S. 
 
 165 
 
 (5.) QuAunY LiMEHTONK. — Flivggy, ivrgillait'oUH liint'stoue, «lnib rolour, with fow 
 crystals of iron pyrites, iiiul ahiindiiiit fossils. 
 
 MoiHtiim -66 
 
 Liino carbonuUt 43-12 
 
 Ma^'iicMiu rarl)oiiato 2'0II 
 
 Iron ini'lniiiutit 4'10 
 
 Maii);aiu<8e {icMiixido l!'5ri 
 
 Hiil|>liur 
 
 I'liriHplioric acid 
 
 Iiisiiliiblo rortiiltio, silicatu of aluininu, uml u littlo ttantl 47*00 
 
 TOTAI itiJ-H!) 
 
 (6.) Grant Limestone. — Compact, grayiBh-hiuo, rough, red-weathoring limestone, 
 with veinlets of white iron and calcspar, and a few crystals of iron pyrites ; abundant, 
 obscure, fossil markings. 
 
 Moiature 1 .110 
 
 Lime carbonuto !lO-(i(10 
 
 Mannosia oaiboiialc L'-;500 
 
 Iron rarbonute 2 • 280 
 
 Manganose 
 
 Alumina 615 
 
 Iron 8ul])liide -(KM) 
 
 Phogplioric acid '125 
 
 Insoluble residue 2-000 
 
 t 
 
 Total. 
 
 »^-dO 
 
 (•7.) Forbes Limestone. — Dark, earthy blue, rough limestone, -with veinlets oi wniK 
 and brown ferruginous spar, and crystals of dogtooth spar, and grains of siliceous matter; 
 no visible fossils. 
 
 MoLsturo -124 
 
 Limo carbonate 80-600 
 
 Magnesia carl>onato 1-500 
 
 Iron i)croxido 1 .roq 
 
 Manganese jKiroxido. . j ^ ' 
 
 Iron carbonate 1-550 
 
 Iron sulpiudc -225 
 
 riiosphoric acid -055 
 
 Insoluble residue 5-743 
 
 ToTAi 00-44(J 
 
 (8.) McLellan Limestone. — Compact, dark blue limestone, with numerous broken 
 fossils ; little visible pyrites. 
 
 Moisture - — — 
 
 Lime carbonate 87-437 
 
 Magnesia cartionatw 1-417 
 
 Manganese |)eroxido -301 
 
 Iron jxjroxido 2-330 
 
 Iron snlpliide 2-150 
 
 Pliosplioric acid trace. 
 
 Carbonaceous matter -110 
 
 Insoluble residue 4-1 20 
 
 ToTAi 07-874 
 
166 
 
 HDWIN GILPIN ON LIMESTONHS 
 
 (0.) RoHKUTsoN Limestone. — Dark, earthy blue, compact, argillaceous limcstoius with 
 numerous foHsils ami a lew small crystals of silica and iron pyrites. 
 
 Moisturo lM5t) 
 
 Lime carlionatc 78:!44 
 
 Mn^tiioHia I'arl lonale traco. 
 
 Iron tarljiimito 2''22i 
 
 Mantrancso oarbdiiato 4'-Mr) 
 
 Iron Huljjliide ■4Hl' 
 
 Phtv loric acid 'fXH 
 
 Insoliihlo residue IMIOO 
 
 ToT.M !i&115 
 
 (10.) Forks Limestone. — Compact, hluish-black limestone, with crystals of calcspar 
 and spots of arenaceous matter. 
 
 Moisturo "330 
 
 Liiiio iarl)onatc 7!)'130 
 
 Maguosia carlxmate 2'1S5 
 
 Iron carbonate 5'()19 
 
 Alanganeso oxide trace. 
 
 Alumina "-lOS 
 
 Iron sulphide '754 
 
 riiospliorio acid '403 
 
 Insoluble residue 11 "302 
 
 ToTAi 100-308 
 
 (11.) SHKTiL Limestone.— The following are analyses of the "shell" limestone from 
 Brookfield and Windsor, referred to in these notes : — 
 
 C'oMrosmoN. 
 
 Lime carl Minute. . •■ 
 Magnesia carbonate 
 
 Oxide of iron 
 
 Piiospliorlfi acid 
 
 Insolidilo n^sidiic. .. - 
 
 Total. 
 
 liHOOKIIKI.D. 
 
 WiNDSOH. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 7-39 
 
 98-844 
 
 •94 
 
 •39fi 
 
 2-70* 
 
 2-ono* 
 
 trace. 
 
 10103 
 
 trace. 
 
 101-240 
 
 97-04 
 
 1-10 
 
 -07 
 
 t rai-e. 
 
 -(IS 
 
 99.49 
 
 ■* t'ontaininj' alumina. 
 
 These limestones, which can be compared most aptly to a heap of recently opened 
 and cleaned shells thrown together, are notable for their freedom from phosphorus, 
 sialphixr, etc., and are apparently little beyond pure carbonate of lime, the iron oxide and 
 alumina being carried in mechanically by water from the overlying clays. 
 
runs, k S. C. i«86. 
 
 (IKOLOGICAl. MAI' 
 
 Sec. IV. Plate XI 
 
 
 CARBONIFEROUS MARINE LIMESTONE FORMATION AT EAST RIVER PICTOU CO. NS 
 TO ILLUSTRATE MR E. GILPIN. JUN.s PAPER. 
 
(, 
 
 
 b 
 
 ;? 
 
 i 
 
 3 f 
 
 £ 
 
 '-? 
 
 Cl. 
 
 V 
 
 mr':^ 
 
 Total. 
 
 -~^ 
 
 K 
 
 'iiip 
 
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