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Un des symboles sulvants apparaftra sur la darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — ^ signlfie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signlfie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre fllm«s A des taux de reduction diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en ui soul cliche. II est film* A partir da Tangle sup«rieur gauchfr. de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant ie nombre d'images nicessaira. Les diagrammas sulvants illustrent la mithoda. 6 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., F.RS.. Dirktob. REPORT OK GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND EXPLORATIONS IN THE OOVrSmS OF 6UY8B0R0TJGH, ANTHiONISH, PICTOU, COLCHESTER, AND HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, FEOM 1882 TO 1886. BY HUGH FLETCHER, B.A., AND B. R. FARIBAULT, C.B. PUBLISHED By AUTHORITY OF "PARLIAMENT. MONTREAL : DAWSON BROTHERS. 1887. / -A ■ <,«.-* ^'^ V t '-/-^^ / i,l 1/ h ^% 1'^ t>^ ^77 To Alfred R C. Selwvn, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S. Director of the Oeolugical and Natural Uutorij Survey. 8l», — I have the honor to submit herewith the repf»rt« of Mr. B. R. Faribaalt, C.E., and myself, on worit done during the summerH of 1882 to 1886, in the counties of Guysboi-ough, Antigonish, Piotou,Colche8ter and Halifax, Nova Scotia, as described in the summary reports for 1880- Sl-82, page 21 ; 1882-83-84, page 14; 1886, pages 22 a and 62 a, and Report of the Department of the Interior, 1886, Part III., pp. 31 and 32. Mr. Faribault has devoted himself to an investigation of the gold- ?)e4ring rocks of the Atlantic coast, and was assisted in the field by Messrs. M. H. McLeod and Archibald Cameron, while 1 have been aided, both in the Held and office work, by Mr. J. A. Robert, B.Ap. Sc. and Mr. John McMillan As in previous yeai-s, the greater part of our time has been Mpent on topogranhical surveys ; and a map on a scale of one mile to an inch, has been constructed almost wholly from these surveys, and laid down on a projection prepared by Mr. Scott Barlow, who also reduced from the Admiralty chai-ts the coast line between the Strait of Canso and Pictou Harbour, thus connecting the present map with that of the Pictou coal-field, drawn by him on the same scale tor Sir William Logan and i)ubli8hed in the Report for 1866-69. I have again to thank many gentlemen for information, assistance, and hospitality, but more especially thefollowing:— Sheriff Hill, K. g! Millidge, C.E., H. C. Smith and W. ». Robb, of Antigonish ; Charles Lundy, Superintendent of the Direct Cable Company, Tor Bay ; E. D. Arnaud. of Annapolis; Rev. John Chisholm, P.P. of Heatherton ; Rev. Peter Forgeron, P.P. of Harbour Bouch^ ; Archibald MoPhee, of Upper South River; Alex. Manson, of North Side Lochaber; Wm. Giroir, of Giroir's, Ti-acadie; B. J. Cunningham, Postmaster of Guysborough ; Jeffrey McColl, M.P.P. and Abram McDonald, of New Glasgow ; Capt. Angus McDonald, of Cape George ; Dougald Angus McDonald, of Malig- nant Cove ; Joseph McDonald, of McAra's Brook ; Henry Dunbar, Evan Ross and Alex. McDonald, of Sunnybrae ; Wm. McDonald, of Barney's River Station; David Walker, John Cameron. Wm. Hendei-son, of Big Island, Merigomish; David Huggan, of Avondale; Jas. R. Mackenzie, of Roy Island ; Chae. J. Macdonald, P. O. Inspector ; Edwin Gilpin, In- spector of Mines ; Dr. Honeyman, Curator of tho Provincial Museum, and James H. Austen, of Halifax ; Henry S. Poole, Manager of the Acadia Coal Mines, Stellarton ; John Rutherford, M. E. of Albion Mines ; Ambrose F. Churoh, of Bedford ; T. M. Williams, of Mine Hill, N.J. ; F. N. Giabome, Superintendent of Government Telegraphs, and CoUing- wood Schi-eiber, ChiefEngineer of Government Railways, of Ottawa. I have the honor to be, Sii-, Your obedient servant, Ottawa, March Uth, 1887. HUGH FLETCHER. The coanti< the go) Biver i graphj land 62 to the in heig Poraqu Bivers. The tion oi genera! woodla Ther betwee Those i of Low Silm-iai berland * Geol. I REPORT ov GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND EXPLORATIONS IN THB COUNTIES OK GUYSBOROUGH, ANTIGONISH AND PICTOU, NOVA SCOTIA. By HUGH FLETCHER, B.A. Intboduotion. The following report relates to the geology of those portions of the An* surveyed, [•counties of Guysborough, Antigonish and Pictou, which lie north of the gold-bearing series of the Atlantic coast and east of Sutherland's River and of the Pictou coat-field — a region which presents in its geo- graphy, geology and scenery, many interesting features. The highest fea°ire«. land extends along the Gulf shore from Cape George and Morristown to the Bast River of Pictou ; but few of the summits exceed 1,000 feet in height, and deep, broad valleys are cut b}' the Salmon, Guysborough, Pomquet, Antigonish, St. Mary's, Barney's, French and Sutbe>°!%nd's Rivers. The northern part, including nearly all Antigonish and a large por- tion of Pictou county, is well settled. Guysborough county is in general much less productive and contains large uninhabited tracts of woodland and barren. > GeoLoor. the There seems no reason to believe that any one of the formations ^^giji between the Triassic and the Pre-Cambrian is absent from Nova Scotia, f^JS'^^* Those found in Cape Breton are also found on the mainland with othere pjjjj^" '° of Lower Cambrian age — the gold-bearing series — Silurian, Cambro- Siloi'ian and Permian, most of which are also traceable through Cum- berland county* into New Branswick. * Ueol. Survey Report for 1886, pace 64 k. 6 P NOVA iCOTIA. I>Utribution of tha Pr«- Carbonifsrou ronnatiooi. Compuied Un«ly uf P«T0iii«n uiid 8<''iriMi roeki, tiNMr'i map. Atom of ii^ilariui rook). Area« of CarboDiferoui rook*. atlhe st^-fw ^;^.^*'-^«»"«'«"« m^tamorphic area, eighteen miles wide at the 8t,« t of Cans.. narrowH near Lochal.or, «b.,ut thirly-rtve .nile. l^dlZfn "^l"^'''''' '^' rar.<,nif«..ouH l««i„H of Merigoninh «ho.e ftt,m MoAraH B,-oolc to Livingstone Cove, near Cape Goorge Thmarea, deHenbci Uy Sir J. W. Dawson.f instead of being Silu- nTyTh:T„r '•^.'•'"V"'"''"' '^" '"^^ Strait of Canno to Loohaber. On gI; ^ T\ ""'''^ ^••"»»>'0-Siiurian and older formaUonL ceZllTTft ^•^"'^^^^'♦''"•'P of Nova Scotia, published in the Pro- r^t a*U.u r^ ?r T'i' ^""'^ ^' ^"^«" *'- 1«^3, p. 280, the tTo cinif ' ^V' '*"''*^ '»«tamorphic and silurian but way wht ".r^V^'^f ^"•^•- ^"»-bitant« iH colored in tho Jame sou^Lrt T ^"'""'^ '* •■*^*'""*' ^ ^^« gypBiferous serie«, the le St;,7oTi:,^i;:^'^ '- ''- - ^'^ ^-«^^"«« -• ^^« Small areas of Silurian rooks, holding characteristic fossils, are found resting unconformably on the older formation.: (1) at Capi George Hope (6) atLochaber; (C) in a basin extending southwani from itnd?Ri;:f.t7?''''''''"r:^ ^••«'»^'' «'^- ^-••'' sut^ landsRivor, (7) in a «mall basin at Moose River; (8) in irregular broken outcrops extending fi^m Kerrowgare down the KastZeTof Piotou. where fossils have been colIected%nd described by Sir J W A rich and interesting field of research is presented by the Cambro. S. unan rocks, from which few fossils have^et been /oPectH men" h !;« ri^ri"^ ^''" .«'''° *^ unravelling the structure of this hitherto little known series. Carboniferous i-ocks occupy three well marked belts often folded obliquely to the longer axis. These are: (1) The St. GetrefBuy basin, perhaps containing no beds higher than the Carboniferous lim^ Sr.l Tr K "f '■'*'" ^"'"^^ ^'^^'^ *« ^*"«' *»'«»^'« "^rthward to Cape George, but bi-oken at Antigonish Harbour by bosses of older rocks, the 2?tH M '^^''^\Tu ^'■"'^ '^' Sugar-loaf Mountain to Morristown; (2) the Merigomish basin, extending fi-om M cAra's Brook westward t Aeadisn Geolug)-, pp. 588 aad 868. t (Jeol. Survey Report for 1877-78. p. 16 p. ,„d Report for 1879-80, p. 32 ,. niTCHt*.] PRX-CAMBRIAN. 7r to the Piotou coRlfielH and overlain by the Permian of Big Island ; (3) the St. Mary'B baHin, the foHBil plants of which would indicate either a MilUtone Grit or Lower (!nrboniferou»* iigo;* but the altered •epect of the rocks would rather refer it to the latter ; it extends from the neighborhood of Salmon Biver Lakes to the head of West River, St. Mary's, and in mentioned by Sir J. W. Dawson in his Supplement to Acadian Geology, page 49, and in Lower Carboniferous Plants, page 10. These strata may be classified as in the following tabular view :— „ ^. «. 4. fermian, New Glasgow eonulomerate and rocks of Big Island, Meri- ftomish and Pictou Harbour. f G. 2. Millstone Grit. G. Carboniferous, •< G. 1. Carboniferous limestone. ( G. 1 m. " conglomerate. F. Devonian, I Upper red slattt and sandstone group. £. Bilurian, D. Cambro- Bilurian, A. B. Pre-Cam -. ^'..Jdle gray slate ( Lower conglomerate " " E. «. Lower Helderberg, Div. D. of Dr. Honeyman, at Arisaig. E. 3. Niagara, " C. £ ., f Upper Clinton " B'. " " "■\ Lower Clinton " B. " " K 1. Medina, " A. " " JUpoer Handstone and conglomerate of Bear's Brook. Middle shale and sandstone of Baxter's Brook. I»wer flinty s'ate and sandstone of James River & Eigg Mm. oBiii- f ^'•'•"'tes of the shore at Doctor's Brot.k and Georgeville; brian?i sy®"'*'" .^ocks of Ohio; and schists of Sutherland's River ( and Garden of Eden. Volcanic rocks are associated with these groups as high as G. 1 m, Volcnio wou while a large jiroportion of the material of the Cambi-o-Silurian and Pre-Cambrian is ai>paieiitly of volcanic origin. A. B. Pr£-Cambrian ? In this division will be classed pi-ovisionally, on the authority of Dr. Sl*"the"*°8lti7n" Honeyman, the felsitic rocks of ^-orgeville, Doctor's Brook, and Aris-J^^™* aig on the Gulf shore, which tv, at least, older than Medina; the syenite, felsite and allied locks between the head of the West River of Antigonish andGanlen River, upon which rest, unconformably, patches of Cambro-Silurian strata; and the gneisses, schists, and syenites at the base of the Cambro-Silurian, west of Gai-den River, at the head of Sutherland's and Moose Rivers and elsewhere. That part, or all of theoe rocks may be Cambrian, or even Cambro-Silurian, cannot be gainsaid ; but they are the lowest found in the region, resemble no rocks known as Cambrian in other parte of Nova Scotia, are strikingly •"ThefaunKof tbe»eB8nf ihc Lower Carboniferous coal formation and Permian periodi, boU in Burope and America, pre«ent so sreat aimilaritiet that they may, in a broad view of the rohieot, be retarded as identical."— Acadian Oeolo«>-, p. 283. • w NOVA HOOTU. MklifDint Brook. men... «... bonife..uH ^ene- at prenent recLgni,...' Z^J^^^ofZZT^'' x>nife.-,m» conglomerate. The extreme care ne^elrvZ^^^ ^ boundarieH of these formationH in thuH nhown an 1 ^U a^k ^^ ination will In, re<,uire.l to dear un all dTffl;.„u '^'l^'f^' "»«»- regarded by Dr HonovmanV 1 r^ ^ Acuities. The Iowe«t are bl«ncetoth^o«eof?;7or;r '''"""'""' »>— o*" their renem- Silurian conglomerate with which they ave m^cL^ t r.*- co«.-.o crystalline diorites and Hvenitel on Th« '^"''T^ ' "^^'-^^ '^e wan. areolder. but break througCriZtZ^^^^^^^^^^^^ line hmeHtone«. The latter are not extenniCely drveloM ^11^ UH can be hb d of them The felsit^^ lit- ^u / "^^«'opw, so that little with pink blolcl,e.; h»v. ehlor, J.„J fZ™' "ta Z f "^k"''?"^' harnn,,,. ; and .™ „„. „„„k. .„e „ We,y «'„„„,., llt^X.*: wrinkle,, compact to bro^l? e'Sr L' ''^ "''""'"f *^«'°-"ke patch*,, in one pl«.e forming a cKlnt; ft 7^ T h "'"^•'•"^^ of great thiekneL. A ,„„r,f vein »!, foil- ^'^ '"" •P1»"-'«J' ofdioriteiWm the lim^.one on Thel^'t'e/rl'^''' "'"""' ' """ ob,cm-ely oryetalline, «nely b.nd«l, resembling mic^chur bo. 1 ' • Geol. Survey Report for 1885, p. 54 r. ^ ^ ~ t «eol. Survey Report for 1882-88-84, p. 13 o. J W..,.eo..Soc. 18T., Tran.. N.S. Inn. Vol. n..p. m. Vol. I„.,p.3,. VoL IV..pp.« OrrtUlline HmMtone of Oeomeville. Quarti vein. Oreendale. VIITOMI*.] FBI CAMSaiAir. »r And thoM tins.* But ats at Can- th«f bsMfl »yeiut«,cui KskM wliioli ?atone and >« Pre-CSar- e latter are ed byCar- ' trace the ther ezum- loweBt ur« loir renem- •tJs-felHitea, Malignant e Oambrr>> tiei-eiiH the ) the eaMt- >d crystal- that little pidote and y oi-gray, which are I'W of the f Capelin f verying >zoon-like •ruginous jparently 8 a mass 'endale, a sh rocks, but con- y appear IV..|>|>.I to pawi, and whifli roMmblo concretinnary maxseK. Ab«ive theno are iit«el.gfny and diirk, flinty, quart«o-miinceouN, bunded Htruta, cut ulung the bedding by a dyke of flno i Mine diorite, throe foot wide. On tho road near (treondale iii« oufc-ropH of dark greeniBh dioritic Iron or*. flinty HJateH or ijchi«tH, with ncalen of Hpoculur iron ore, large biotchoM of milky quart/., tine golden mica ami minuto flbi-et* of black hornblende, either cut by, or pawing into coarHe nyenite for a few feet, and intei-- «tratirted with chloritic and epidotic, very maHnive HchiHtM, htrikingly lUwmbliinfl* resembling the rocks described by I»r. Selwyn at Yamouth,* which aVirmouth. are probably alwi Pre-Cambrian. Inn bnxik, near the ^ea shore, are greenish, epidotic, imperfect Hchists or slates, and massive syenite and diorite, which at the shore contain quartz-veins eighteen inchen thick, '^""''* *•'"*• and are not unlike greatly ultered Cambro-Silurian slate and flinty, compact sandmono, mixed with igneous deposits. The sott, sorpon- tinous, calcareous, whitish rocks of the shore north-east of the mouth of this brook, are peculiar. Near the brook a rock, probably volcanic, Incomes more trap-like to the euhtwaitl and pinches out the last of the Mniostone, which is here a bluish-gray banded variety. Succeeding it are rocks like those of Ca|)elin Cove, mentioned al)ove. The boundaries of the schistose and coarse dioritic i-ocks are shown as nearly as j>os- sible on the map. On the shore road, about oile mile west of Georguville chapel, is an Cfyitiiinn* outcrop of crystalline limestone, the only one seen inland. Felsitic Bocks of Doctor's Brook and Arisaig.— Of these, as of the fore- „, j , ., , ..,,,. i . 1 . . ■ or doubtful gomg, it should be remarked that although they '-loselv resemble the"*?""!* . , Jjouisburg and Goxheath Pre-Cambrian, they may l»e of any age older than Medina, and have been regarded l)oth as metamorphosed sedi- mentary, and as volcanic i-ocks. Full details regai-ding them have heen given by Dr. Honoyman and Sir J. W. Dawson.f They strike in a narrow broken l)elt along the shore between Arisaig pier and McNeil's Brook, and are cut by amygdaloid of Lower Carlwnifeious «ge. On the rocky point of Arisaig pier and on a neighboring knoll Ari»i« |.i«r. they consist of red and yellowish, flinty, compact quai-tz-felsite and ■quartzite, but f\irther east pass into fine grained syenite. The inter- Dy,yntribit«. stratified band of dysyntribite, which is traceable for alwut a mile, is ft soft rock, of green, whitish yellow and other coloi-s, alx)ut fifty feet thick, apparently underlying the rocks of the pier, and assot U ted with red or brown, shaly, ftagmental Louisburg shales, of considei-able variety of color, containing spheroidal concretions, two feet and less iu diameter, composed also of fragmental i-ock. * 0«ol. Survey Report for 1870-71, pace 271. t Trww. N. S. lint. Nat. So., Vol. ni., p. 233; Vol. IV., pi>.iB,60and«7; Vol. V., p. an.- Aoaduui Geology, p. 867, andSupplement, p. 90; Journal U«ol. Soc, Vol. VI., p. 347, and Vol, XX., M>. 339 and 341. IOp NOVA SCOTIA. Prenc Bun. renchmaii'i BM«h Hill Oovo. Hill ci™ 4.t i:t7o^^c.z?:t^.r'r'°'=^'' i-eddish quai-te-veined flinf^ „ e^Poames of greenish, yellowish, and -entar/felst^^f ;„:^: J^^^^^^^ obscurely granular andV^g- plane8ofbeddingorioint„r!««!Tl .''?«*'"'■«' ^'^"t and irregular ently striking wftrthefS T^ """^ ''*"^ amygdaloids, appar- ^-^-''-r<^-orrLsni.TC^:^l^^^^ layers and brands the coast to Docto.' bZI tf tK ?' Kh°n>ore * These occupy greenish and^wiilh ra^ Iv h T^'"'. ''' "'''*'^ '^''^ '''»<'kish. feleite and simiiri^rcl "^ a^Jgdaloids, reddish and purplish flint; t^nT^^^^TofZl^^^ '''^; Z ''' ''-' -«^' *^« "pi- famous trourb?4 belor^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"' indescribable rocks" of this rossiliferous strata l7Ci;;:r^^^^^^^^ ^^'^ ^«>- latter, which are full of th«ir lh« . "'^f^^jon >« apparent in taese contait. On the eft Ik abovr^'^ '"'- ""' '""* '*■""' ^'^^ MierMMpio Motion or MoDpuald's Brook. ™,-..„. fi'-«t Bight be mistaken for' re7d Jh al Jed P^K if '''"'^ "'"^^^^ '^^ yoio«nioHH,lc. seem in every case on HoL . Cambro^.lurian grit; but heath feisi ^ a concl«rn IZZT.'^ l' ""^'^ fiagmental Cox- madebvMr.ic Weston ^^ '" ^^ * microscopic section At the mouth of Eory McDonald's Brook ,.^^- u are again in contact with evenlXdS L n1 f f*^ ^'°*^ ^^'«'*«« reefs are the reddish and .rrJnLK, . ^ '^'"'^'^ while on the like rocks of CapeihnlTw^^^^ ^'''' ^^P- conglome.te,bStarerCftol^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ -^ Gaixlen Eiver consist chiefly of svenrt c din v T""'''^ "^' "^ rightly placed below the fosrill:rSinar^^^^^^^ ^''^'*''^ «^^-*^' considers them also Arch.ean jf while those we^^ o^'th^r'"'"'*"' ^'^^ the most part laminated or Schistose It iJ H L , f '''''" "'^ ^"'" rocks ai-e not in great part rZerZ'tJ ''"^*^"' '''^^^^''' *»»««^ rian strata would'sometrme^eem ^p^v^^^^^^^^ ^*!"^-«"- • Geol. Survey Report for 1876-70, p. 379 • for lS7fl 77 .,„ " t Tr»n,.N.S.I„8t.N»t.So.,Vol v. p/aS. ^^«-^^' »"•• ^« «><« «5 ; and for 1877-78. p. 8 p. «•] PRE-CAHBRIAN. Hi Frenchman's ^ellowish-gieen 8, eveiy grain il of about half ©east of Beech yellowish, and ular and frag, and irregular daloids, appar- ers and bands These oocupy are blackish, mrplish flinty »d, the "pic- rocks" of this with Medina rent in tjese bot from the tes might at an grit; but fmental Cox- iopic section lintyfelsites 'hile on the I HOft, trap- idstone and i and r/pper tiy ea«t of Jitic strata, rman, who rer ai'e for >ther these imbi-o-Silu- iity of vol- ly the con- 'tered sedi- ihe felsitic 7-78, p. 8 p. Up areas. On the hill west of Lochaber, fossiliferous Silurian rocks are underlain by a ridge of trappean, fragmental and poi-phyritic felsites, like those of East Bay ..nd Louisburg, showing lines of obscure bedding, frequently dioritic or passing into red syenite, and associated with greenish or gray, fine-grained or compact, splintery, pyritous, mica- ceous diorite, hardly distinguishable from fine sandstone, with threads and druses of quartz. These rocks are seen both on the streams flow- ing into Lochaber and into MacGillivray's mill-brook, in which latter they comprise greenish and purplish, compact, tine-grained and frag- mental, Coxheath felsite, with tiaces of calcspar, hiematite, epidoto and serpentine. North of McNab Brook, compact gray or greenish-gray porphyritic felsite or diorite, blotched with quartz, is mixed with flesh-red compact quartzfelsite, greenish-gray granular felsite, whitish- purple porphyry, with the oblique slaty cleavage of the Coxheath aluminous shales, and the prevailing rod syenite of Upper Ohio. The contact of the Silurian rocks is here so abrupt, that without a fault, the felsites could not be regarded as in ive among, or newer than the former, only three feet being concealed between the felsites and a series of little altered greenish and gray fossiliferous argillites or dark slate and flaggy tine sandstone, veined and blotched with quartz. A ridge of high land indicates the extension of the felsites northward to a point behind John McNaughton's, where traces of copper pyrites are found in connection with blotches of quartz. Similar rocks ai-e cut through by the biooklets which enter the West River of Antigonish, on the west side, above Beaver Meadows. On the tirfet of these brooks, opposite St. Joseph's chapel, they under- lie a gray, coherent, Carboniferous limestone, which has been quai-iied ; they consist of very lightcolored and greonish-gray, splintery, compact^ obscurely porphyritic and granular felsite and quartz-lelsite, contain- ing spots of hornblende, chloiite, epidote, hajmatite and other minerals ; and of beautifully mottled felsite, much of which is granular. On an adjoining brook, are gray, compact, flinty felsite and quartz-felsite, sometimes light in color, resembling the variety at Coxheath fit for tire-clay, but containing specks of pyrites. Along the hill, near the Ohio cross roads, felsites underlie carboniferous limestone, the boun. daiy of which has been closely traced. They are of the usual colois, hold veins of white quartz, loose blocks of which one foot in diameter lie around, and they pass into syenite or into beautifully mottled, fragmental, coarse felsite-breccia and epidotic porphyry, containing traces of copper. The dark gveenish-black color of the rocks in the large brook south of the cross roads, indicates their hornblendic character. They are succeeded upstream by a lighter greenish granular mixture of felspar and hornblende, which extends to the Keppoch road. Loohaber. McGiUivn]r and McNab BrookD. Contact with 'Silurian. rock;« Copi>er ore. West River of Antigonish. Contact with Carboniferous Quartz veins. Copper ore. Kepnocb> 12 P Hasmatile. NOVA SCOTIA. tapper Ohio. Mo'V'? rock of Cttilahan Brook. Iron ore. Oanrie Lake, St. Mary't Beaver River, loids, the relation of whthTth! J'"'' ''^^'' *"**« ''"^ amygda- Cambro-SiJurian, prlb^^ate -eTbvT ''*'*"^'''°' ''"^ P°««'Wy «learly of the same age I the «v \ 'T' ^^'"''' '^«^«^«'-. *«•« ""t -er. may be of theTame IZT 'f'T '''''' *'•*?«' '^- Siluiian strata of James Elef Thl T."''' '^"^ '"*^ **»« ^'»™*>™- gray, coai^e and compact evenif« l.t T IT ^""^^^^ °"'^ ••«ddi«h- dam on the West Z^ l^intV ' '''"^''•*'^'*°'«^*^« W'" -h^ile in the Hve, imm^eTaZ^ thX b^.T "'^ '' '^""**''« ' and purple trap. Below the hHd!, f o. "^^®' ^''^ S™^' f«J«te the syenite anS ofThe Cai. ^ ^ ®''^'''''''' *^« ""Conformity of here containing min„ e scItte'^T" ^'T " "^" ^'^^-"' ^'^^ ^-mer several pits. ' ""'"^ '''^^'^^ «* «?««""«'• ifon, explored in with blocks of prpitrt::'/^^^^^ River, bluish-gfay, compact 'f^. " '^' '*'"'^™«°* «" *b« ^es nyenlteoftheroad fiirn? .' accompanies the red and gray interrupted bVo^t/pTofgrn If ttti «^«*- ^--'«' ^^^ i^rook, porphyritic felsite of rL ? *^' ^'*^ '^^ ^'« ^^^^ows it«fragmentaf structure oTwe'thtt^^^^^ *"'.'^*'" ^^'"•«' "^«--g gray, not greatly altered sarcTrn!, TT' '' '" P'**^«' "«'^'- '^ddish- In the branch of Cvei Rit f ' P'"'^"''^^ "PP**" ^«^«"'«°- «re exposui-es of reddish and of L ^clsaac's, at the county line, felsite. ''"^ of g'-ay, compact, flinty felsiteand quartz- g-TgTefnlh 1' ri';X" fel 1"" !f ' ""'^ ''^'^^ ^ *^« -*-- i^ppear as far as the orossfn! If !.^ T'"'"^ porphyritic diorite tion of these rocks to the Cal «f' • '""^ *" ^<^^<>^n's. The rela- ity is obscure. Near the fm-k o''f. ?"°, ^'"''^'^ «"^^«« ^^ '^' -'«-- Lake, are outcrops of br/h^.;; '''' ^'"'^ ««^^°g f"^"^ McEachei-n's burg felsite. That one of the T''" '"^ ^™^ fragmentary Louis- one of the outcrops of felsite is newer than the obscurely granulai- lute veins and crys- The syenite some- thwaid, paaeea into ft. ailing Pie-Carboni- mediately overlies , tufts and amygda- and greenish flinty snian, but possibly h, however, ai-e not These traps, how- cuts the Uambro- •oses only reddish- 's and of the upper tity of ha>matite ; 0, are gray felsite I unconformity of hown, the former iron, explored in Lake, light-gmy, j 'f vitreous, color- | te. I lis neighborhood, ent on the West e red and gray t. Mary's, but is of Big Meadows colore, showing ice, near reddish- Jvonian. the county line, Isiteand quartz- the eastward, )hyritic dioiite n's. The rela- is of the vicin- n McEacheni's nentary Louis- ewer than the niTCMIK,] PRS-CAMBRIAN. 13 P slates, seems to be certain, but that the red syenite is also newer, requires further proof Gray and blackish, fragmental, Louisburg brec- cia and bright-red, compact, flinty felsite, passing into syenite, are also seen at the cascades, with fine, pyritous diorite. On the hauling-road from this branch to Angus McDonald's, greenish Cambro-Silurian slate is found near the clearings ; while felsite and diorite occur for three- quarters of a mile from the river. In the upper part of the river, no rocks are met with, and the felsites, diorites and quartz-felsites, which form the southern boundary of the green slates in Coillteach Brook, more closely resemble newer intrusive i-ocks than Pre-Cambrian, and those at the mine in the branch from McEachern's Lake, appear also sedimenta to be mixed intrusive and sedimentary. At the shaft, greenish-gray rP^H" "f, the and whitish, very flinty, porcellanous rock, full of cubes of pyrites and ^**^*' ^i"^"- threads of quartz, has been mined ; but the veinstone shows only chlorite. The syenite in the immediate vicinity would appear to alter the slates : it extends up to the lake, and is exposed in rocky gorges, and at cascades, then passes into quartz-felsite. Between the lake and the Black Brook road, are blocks of hornblendio slate. From the lake westward to Andrew McKay's, the soil is bad, and is strewn with blocks of coarse, white or flesh-colored granite, composed of trans- - parent milky or colorless quai-tz, pinkish felspar and light or silver- gray mica, the mica being in small proportion or altogether absent. On the middle branch of Barney's River are felsites, diorites and similar rocks, not belonging to this division, but cutting Cambro-Silu- Barneys Riw rian slates. voicaiiio rooks.- Above the road to Forbes Lake, crystalline rocks are very abundant, consisting of granular diorite and gray or reddish syenite. At the out^ Forbeg Lak... let of the other smaller lake is a ledge of greenish fine diorite, compact felsite and reddish syenite containing little horablende. In the little brook east of John J. Eobinson's, greenish felsite and diorite are sue ceeded downstream by Cambro-Silurian quai-tzites. In the neighbor- hood of the Rossville school-house, dioritic rocks are in place, and diorite, syenite and felsite in the brooks between this Settlement and the west branch. Where they come in contact with Cambro-Silm-ian slates, the latter do not seem to be more porcellanous than usual. In the west branch of Barney's River, apparently mixed with the Ctimbro-Silurian conglomerate, described elsewhere, are outcrops of reddish and greenish, compact, porphyi'itic felsite, quartz-felsite, fine diorite, red syenite and allied rocks, perhaps intrusive, perhaps belonging to this division. Higher up, in cliifs and at cascades, are seen red syenite, or.a gray coarse niixture of felspar and hornblende with very little quartz ; and still higher, the prevailing rock is syenite, with, occasionally, felsites. The rocks are well exposed in the roads, fields and brooks, while on the 14 p NOVA SCOTIA. Brora Lake. Campbell Brook. red syenite, extend to the mZk u !.i "'^ ^'**"*«' ^»th bright- That Honle of the pc^lyH ' tT,!'?'^'^.*'^"" ^^^^ ^^^ ^'^e- Cambro-Silurian ^ongij me Ito ee„ Joi. "1 "''' "'' °''^^- '^'^ '^^ for the well-rounded pebblelof f h« . ? '^*''^"' '^ *'">»«* ^^''tain ; ment« of felsite. ^ '''' conglomerate often consist of frag- Cambro-Siluzian. On he r^a^Vrom Tr "1 "'''^ ^'^ ^'**««' P^^aP River, felHites are seen Tn ^al T "^"^ "^ ^^" *« ^^^'^^^/b next division, and syenite Td iS'"'' '"T'"^ ''^ '»»« ««h>«t« «f the Eden and Beaver lZ UclZbeU^^^^^ '''"^^" *^« ^^^^ o^ erates. perhaps Cambro-SiLSTLemtoh- ""Tu"'' '^^ <^'-Slom. andgranular,n.assivefelsitr;ith bTotle :fS "'"'"^""P^^^ with felsitic slates of variou colors «, !.rf^^^"*'"^' associated conglomerate, composed of the fore^'o n f"^ "'''*'"'"'" ^^^ ^'''^^^^h by gray, m„ty, massive a^VltraTe^'l^^^^^^^^^ "' """'^ ^^*^" in both branches of the hmnt «,„„ .' . heath felsite. aluminou It'ti pS Jv'""" ■'' ''"^"«"*''' ^-■ rock, are found, as well asinihelLlSh^Virr "' '""'^'^'^^^ perhaps, in part at least, intrusive A U .k' ^ ^^'^^S^"' they are the Garden of Eden a J C? Moit- '''^' '" '^' ™^ ^^'^^^ felsite ofvarieties similar to thofe^lT*^"' ^T' "' ^^^''''^ '^"^ Oreen Settlement, and on ZtZ^r^WiZ^n T-^ °° '''' ^^^ *« past Thomas McBean's back to Thlln . . . '"*^^^- ^^ the mad by bluish-gray slates and ^ o rpe^ns^^^^ T'' *''« «--«^«^ Reddish syenite often coa.1 ' ? ^^ Cambro-Silurian. |L^^fe-^^eppochanJB.a:Lt:oran:^^ fit. Marv.. Above the settlement Ck BmoV ""*? '""^ ** ^««* «'^«r- felsite and quart^.felsiteuceededintf'''^"'^ bluish-gray, massive flinty slates' probably cZZTn^lL^■ '''"°'^!' ^^ '"-^ ""^^^ ^-^ felsite, syenite and dforito ofmZTJZ''^''^' "'"" '^«'"' "P ^ pac?s;t:ir;;rur^^^^^^^^^^^ coarse diorite, veined with epidote Above tt '°^. ?' ^"'■'^-«™^ ' forms the walls of a rocky gorge wUh tZ , "T'^ ^^^'' «^«°i*« is a celebrated dome-shaped falf t^I «! ^ ^7' ""^''^ ''^'^^^ '^' ^^^e diately above the x.,ad, a"^; th s lott Ik;?'' , ''^ '''' ^•^'^- '^^^ St. Mary's roads. Black Brook takes- Jordan Brook. It of red syenite, then d diorite, with bright- lenco paat Brora Lake, sr are oldei- than the I) is almost certain ; often consist of frag- 1 syenite, and bluish, 'h i-ed slates, perhaps of Eden to Barney's by the schists of the tween the Garden of rtzites and conglom- ches among compact ky quartz, associated )stream by brownish nd succeeded again of fragmental Cox- lite and hornblende here again they are •n the road between »st of syenite and ound on the road to ly's. On the i-oad Isites are succeeded bro-Silurian. e road between the i-oad at East River, lish-gray, massive 3h by red and gray >lace higher up to >fied, nearly com- and of dark-gray, ond lake, syenite lile below the lake eet high. Imme- utcrops of coarse, I and mixed with :, where they are i led, gray and »iiTeMiii.] PBE-OAHBRIAN. 15 P green, obscurely granular and compact felsite, passing into red syenite, is associated with gray, softer felsite, and a band of breccia, like that carrying the copper at Coxheath.* In the other branch is a bright-red and mottled felsite. Crystalline and Schistose Rocks of Moose River, Blue Mountain and Sutherland's River. — These rocks, supposed by Dr. Honeymant and Dr. Ells to be Pre-Cambrian,| and now admitted by Sir J. W. Dawson § to be as low as tLe base of the Cambro-Silurian, extend in a belt. Extent, several miles in width, from the Garden of Eden up Moose Eiver to Blue Mountain and McLellan's Mountain, where they are overlain by Cambro-Silurian and Silurian strata. Their most easterly outci-op seems to be in Campbell Brook, in connection with coarse conglomerate, flinty grit and quartzite, probably upper Cambro- Silurian, and reddish-green syenite or felsite; red, white-spotted, fragmentary felsite ; variegated red, whitish and purple felsite, like that of the Green Settlement school house ; fragmental, soapy and soft aluminous slates, weathering to look like grit, of groat variety of color and containing specular iron. Felsites and fragmental slates are also found on the west side of Eden Lake, Eden Lake, and in Moose River above the lake. How they are related **"*** *'^*'' to the Cambro-Silurian i-ocks at the copper mine is uncertain • but fragmental slates are here also present. Pearly talc and mica-schists, containing spots of quartz, occur in Moose River below Barney's River road, with greenish, porphyritic, fine diorite ; they are sometimes chloritic and closely associated with light-gv&j, flinty, siliceous, Cambro-Silurian slates, like those of Eigg Mountain. Lower down are pearly, scaly slates, containing serpen- tinous matter, and giving a beautiful play of colors. These consist, essentially, of quartz and felapar, and are interstratified apparently with fragmental rocks, perhaps fit for fire-clay. In the large mill-brook from the north, are dark-greenish or gray pyritous, fine diorite or felsite ; porphyritic and fragmental, epidotic, ,^^^^ ^^ quartz-felsite, with films of haematite in the joints ; soft Coxheath slate, '"" ""• often fragmental and full of scales of specular iron; below these are compact and granular felsite, and higher up the stream, schists, granular „ , li J i ^11./. .lo,. » Ewt branohfof slates and crypto-crystallme, fragmental felsites. In the east branch of French River. French River, for some distance above Manning Mountain road, ai-e good outcrops of compact and gi-anular, flinty felsite and quartz-felsite, passing into reddish and gray syenite. Higher up, the river loins in • Oeol. Survey Report for 1879-80, p. 128 v. t TrwM. N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. V., p. 206. t Geol. Survey Report for 1885, p. 54 r. « Supplement to Acadian Geology, p. 80, and Can. Naturalist. Vol. IX., No. 8. 16 » NOVA SCOTIA. Foot road. \ITC granite or gneiss- l^^Zl 7 '^ ''''*^' «°«'«^g™ined, taleoee «!« head of Gai-don River. '»«'eabout, extending eastward to thifeliu On the Foot road sonfh nf ♦>,» <«» x *>*'® and slate near Glen'shee o" « llT:^ °^ ^^ ''"'''•^••" ^■•'' ^^'^ felHite; pearly soanvMuJo^ u ? of g'-eeni«h, nearly compact S^ micac^i: ho^Sltts" itn: ""j ''": «^S«ther Jd's Je; |>f ] mica-schists, resembling a frjienfalr^ T^^^' talcoee.chloriti. .„d f hu. qua.•t^ in imperfect cr/Js aZrl f Ses^h ."'' • '"^ ^'"^ «' r Sil»ri.„ outlier veined with quartz, and extend f.T« ^^'^i'^^^ "''^ »° ""any place« >>le. in the valley of the .^tthl.-rf'*'?^'"'"^'^^'- POB Jffice ; to tl -ad from Moose Ri; I" Blue irtaTn"' \ ' '''"""*'*• ^" ""^ ^^'^ Hites extend for some d^n : J^rrt Se tZ ^'l^^"?-^' ^e' P™ the track between Robert ChisLlmHr sS T T"^'^^^^ ^" ^"^' ' felsites, syenite and Silurian stratT ' ^''"' "" ««*»"*<>«^' ^latt^^em^LTtttr^^^^^^^ of the fire-clay, fit for^t^rf f tuh T"^^ '"" ^P^''^ ^«"«*>' plates. Ared^compact'^^XirUl't';?"'*^'^ Hoapy, mottled, scaly shale passill^^^^^^^^ and a pearly, fine, soft, grit, are also present. G een^ soft ft^r^ *" ^^ ^""'^'^''^^^ « < red. flinty, quartz-veined fS^lltZt^ .^"'«'>'^« shales: |)ure and similar rocks are abovTfh-K -^ * ' '''*'^' ^i^ty felsite fet. cliorit.; they extZ' t^ ^^I^;" ^^/^^b of dark-green ^l^v. the East River of Pictou. Settlement and beyond, towai-d jbe ofc In the neighborhood of SutharlftnH'a T^i , Jlimea and granular ftlsit^ and qu^tftSte ^T" ^^^^'^^-^^y. compact l^onul lake to the southward, the^e Ict^^l -^^ '^' """''^^ "«*- ^^e small 1 Th ferous strata, and extendThenee t Smith' Tf * ^'^^ ''«^'°'' ^««««'- F""^ snurian „«.«. Silurian rocks occupy the "^L d^^ *k ^^'- !«'«*^« Eiver. from the Blanch^ard rL schoirhoulTt f' ^'^ fatherland's [ably Praser's, where large blocks of flmfl ** ?' ^"^«« ** ^'•*'»»ib«W CH>Bsing to the eJsidoTthlrtTtr" ''"k'^'*'"^ '^^'^ ^«'^^- «» blendic and other schiste occuT mitr^' ^''^^^ "^ ^«'«'*'°' ^°"- Silurian rock. ' ""'^^ '**^«- down with others of ^:^^^?:!!!i!^^^!^^ in place Read of the Ba«t River of Piotou. Sutherland'* River. Tht sketcl • Trang. N. s. Ingt Nat Se.. Vol. y n aofi. t Geol. Surrey Report for mln, ^'^ •Ti |VL,p.S tTi •rite and light-gray, fli„t %ITCHIII.] OAUBRO-SILURIAN. 17 P ter still faHh^r "•"/""■> '«;; ^^'"^ d'«ta»c«; •"»* beyond it on the main road are schists, some of i«'*- 1. The lower flinty slates, qmu-tzites and " whin " Hi,. , . James River and Eigg Mountain ; '*'" "^'^^ ''^^'^^ «^ B:rD:;rBror.^ ^^^^^ «^ ^---^ ^-^ -d 3. Th^^-eddiah and gray sandstone, grit and conglomerate of Bear's J":^ 1^:, r r zi 'i^tt -t '- «>-- subdivisions of the latter rem,i.r? ' .u '^""<^«"«« betw^een the chiefly on the accuL^deJZlnT^^^^^^^ " *^«>^^«P-d rocks in region where .ontTn «f *hree somewhat similar sets of and where fos'raTescaroiralllT" ''' "^^ ^^^° ''"'^'-^'^^ indefiniteness. The fosJi s fZZ ^7 ■""'* ''" '"^^^ ^^^'^ t^eir and th W gre™ Tht l„^J ""•! °°'^ •»"■»' •'™'« °f «te «co„d the ^■'^'^Xyl';:i^;:2:^-'cj^i- ^ «■«;-.„„ An isolated hill-ran^e of L.CT . ^^^ f''^^ «'>aJ«8 unconformably. theshorex^adfrllXl 1' rM '^.'°'* "'^"""^^ '''^^ J'«« ^««t of Sugar-loaf and tC^^iZ^^r^ CeTCl^ T^Tett greenish-gray flinty, rubbly slaL anVoull Jtt^urr ''"^ ^^ quartz veins and by dvkes of «v«n.t^ ^ *l"™te8, cut by numerous * Acadian Geology, Supplement, p. 79. "^ " • t Thuis. N. S Inst. Nat. So., Vol. VI.. p. 3I8. ^orS^T^T^:'^^^ th. Geo.. S«..,Ropon. II Tran«. N. S. Iwt Nat. So., Vol. IV . p 70.^^^' "• ^^ "' *°<^ ^886. p, 38 o. Anticoniah Hilli. nireHm.] " the i^rayish con- > of Londonderry son have included ns, at Malignant this age.§ Throe chists and feleites in "-like i-ocks of ter's Brook and Jmerate of Bear's » rocks is closely es between the as they depend at similar sets of often attainable^ made for their to the middle 9, of a fragment pods. Perhaps^ y are abundant. ••—These i-ocks, 8868, chiefly of f alteration was a of the second e the case ; on anconformably. cks lies west of the Antigonish nsist chiefly of by numerous h and greenish, along the old e mixed with IVfcIsaac Point al. Survey Report* CAMBRo-sriiCRlAN. 19 p "^^^^^ul^^^^^^^^ «--«»• -' '-^''i^h. Jointed, crossed in «|TXocUoTh Kv nT.^ . ''" *^"*' ^'"'^ ^''^ ''""""^'te and resembling the uL^7";'7r'' '"' ^^ '^'^^^ ''''y ^«^ y«'-d« at IT s : :;^ - z "-'tr^ -' ^^ --^^^ -"p« *•>- where the dykes^.u^t the h M^"" ^ f«lBite-broccias, espocially hematite, cak' ' h/« h "^^ ^^'''' ^>"^«'* ««"^«''> fl'">H of •« underlain by greenish alterTIl^''^''*'"' '""«'«'»«'•«*« o«««°Bn,ok. "ko that of ^r^ve. w T *"^ ""^■''o"«»omerate or breccia, brook. Eougrdlff oSi'laT L. ''^^T "«"•" '^^ ^^« '^^'"i «f ^h« mountain. On thf hllT and '" h '"" '"""' indifferent parts of this office, they are more Ztthn '"'*'^V«"^»' "^ Hallowell Grant post- HaUoweU Brook group and are c^SC "'" u ' P''"''"P' '•^P''^"^"' *»»« ^axterV, """"• conglomeme. "'' "'*'" '^^^ ""^ool-house, by Carboniferous G^'exttds S TrZ'f *^"' "^^«''' ^«^--"g n- Cape are ala'in found (^^ tie shofrl P '"' ""-.f^f '''^ ^••^'^' ^»^««« -cks house^ the dark s^ate t 1 1^1"^^'"^'' J^'^" ^"^'^ McPherson's Ooo.evU,e. Boge.^ Brook, HalloirGranfa,r^^^^^^^^ '^^ ''''"'^^' '^' '''^"^ '' pieces seldom JargerThan ' T > ^* '"^ J"'"*"^ *^** ^^^^ »>'«ak into dioritewhichabXgli:tYern^;?|estl?r^^^^^^ ^'^^ ''^' and porcellanous and th«l,. ,.J u, ' ^^ ''®*'°'"® ™ore pyritous .is relrkable. ThTa cTb v'dT ^'^ w"'^"" «^*^«««'d-fields granular ouartzitecontaTninf ^,?^ f- ""^ *^^°"** *"^ ^^ * ^hi^ Totheno^thi^tw^d ;rtwo"^^^^^ ^^'^ ^«'«P-- cove, is another brook be^Lj iT !;^^' ^^Ptying into a fishing- pebbles of both dark and lighL ay sll^^^^^^^^ '' ''^''^ ^'""''' of coarse crystalline sveni/flf^^ slate being numerous, with othei-s are pebbles ofCauS! *"^, ^''"*^- ^"' """^ abundant than these samL tTat S; "X "'f ""fv ''''^ conglomerate is the than the Bjl^BZ^l^rZ^^'':'''^ T '^^'^"' ^° *^« ««"es longing also to one JtL! Zuns hav '^^^ "' '"*^ '*'^*^«*^°««' *>«■ which in the brook east JT^' ^*^,? °°""«'-«"»« ««»«» quartz-veins, Greendale wlt ^ d 1 ^^ At'^^^^ *^« ^^^^ce ai * Aoadian Oeology, p . 347. 20 P NOVA SCOTfA. OontMt of Carboniferous •nd older rooki. Urinisttne wo. and on the Mhoro road both east and weat of it, beinc well oxnosed in the Ittlo brooks. The various linos of conta;t of fhe Ca.Stol" congWate Cambro-Silurian conglomerate, syenite and slat^'ab" de onbed will be seen on the map. Between Livingstone Cove and Ballan .ne Cove, Carboniferous conglomerate is perhaps everywher present on the road, butto thesouth of it, greenishlgray. quart/veinej James R.ver slates are found in the broolcs, and in the brm,ch of The light and dark-gray flinty slates and lenticular beds of bluish-grav compact hmestone on the shore near Livingstone Cove probaWv underlie the conglomerate mentioned above, the latter being in tun; ovorlatn, not far west of the cove, by Carboniferous conglomem e, Tn taming pebbles of both these groups. «iaie, con Up the brook about 600 yards southwest of Livingstone Brook, Car- bomferous conglomerate is in place for some distance fron. the shore but .H succeeded below the road by fine outcrops of Cambro-Silurian conglomerate, greenish, fine, rubbly grit and soft quartz-veined lates hke those of Baxter's B.^ok. The black massive 'slate ner the road TutT 'f'' '"^^ ''^ ^^P^""-" ''■' "-^^ S^'- Higher up are chffs of greenish, quartz-veined, flinty rocks, with soft, very calcareous Voleanio rock., dark ha^matitic, chloritic and epidotic trap and diorite ^ *'®''"'' u.; n «^f*^ conglomerate and associated Pre-Carboniforous rocks of Mati^antcove Malignant Cove apparently represent the higher of the two ~ a Georgeville, while underlying them, on the%ributaries of M Hgnan Bix)ok from the westward, are Jaraes River sandstone ff.it and slat« B...r., -e-Not^ar above the mill at the shore road, search was rad'e.:fl vert greenish and dark bluish-gray pyritous flinty rock, in thick and flag^ ThoHon TTI^ poi-phyritic felsite and diorite. Near the head of ArS ThoHoiiow. Brook, the precipitous walls south of the Hollow are of felsite an! dionto which cut flinty slate and quartzite shown, but without definUe dip, at the cascades of the little brooks. "'•nniie ^ . . J'u''^ *^' ?'r°'' r*^' "* *^' ^''"^ ""'i «««^«d«« of the steep and Doctor.,Brook.bouldery west branch of Doctor's Brook, similar strata are still Vore argely disp ayed, comprising greenish-gray compact sandstone or siliceous argilh^. crystalline, greenish, pyritous. ine-grained anSpot cellanous arg.ll.te, with a somewhat obscure dip. greatly jointed and cut by dykes of greenish crystalline diorite ^ ^ The volcanic and sedimentary rocks on the east branch of Doctor's Stl ' ' r r T"'' f ^^'^'-''^^'^-^ 'i^e^tone. include patches o bottle-green, flmty conglomerate like that of the Georgeville shore Farther south.on the Pleasant Valley road, are outcropf of Len^sh S^'[oWu,,!!'";rfhi"''^^^^^^ T' ''' '''' found in the back settlement of] 5 Ariu,, Ansaig. the precipitous descent to the Little Hollow probably separat-' f it, being well exposed in ntact of the Carbon iferouH 0, syonito and HlatoH above 'oen Livingstone Cove and ite ia poihaps ovei-ywhero eoniMh-giay, quartz-veined, )k8, and in the branch of M of pyrites in the I)edding iticiilar bods of bluish-gray vingstone Cove piqbably , the latter being in turn liforous conglomerate, con- rUTCHH.] 0AMBR0-8ILCKIAN. 21 P •f Livingstone Brook, Car- I distance fj-om the shore, crops of Cambro-Siluriari soft quartz-veined slates, issivo slate near the road ot good. Higher up are with soft, very calcareous, id diorite. -Carboniferous rocks of her of the two groups at tributaries of Malignant sandstone, grit and slate. 3h was made for Hilver in rock, in thick and flaggy !fear the head of Arisaig dlow are of felsite and 3wn, but without definite scades of the steep and] lar strata are still more] com^jact sandstone or as, ine-grained and por-j dip, greatly jointed and! east branch of Doctor's j itone, include patches of the Georgeville Bhore.l e outcrops of greenish l the back settlement of J oUow probably separat-j ing them from the overlying group. At the heiwl of the various tributaries of the east branch are cascados down cliffH of massrve Cani- bi-o-Silurian sandstone and slate, sometimes ribandeil, and like the former cut by dykes. The rocks first seen among the diorites of the head of Knoydart Kn..y.i«rt Brook, west of the little lake, belong doubtfully to the Baxter's Hr-jok "'''"'''• group ; lower down, others 'f the flintiest description hhow the bedding by bands of (iittercnt colors, as they do also at the watering trough near ^MinmaglusB. At the west end of the Hollow, near Bailey's Brook, a knob df flinty Uuiieyt Brook, sandstone and porcellanous argillite, with indefinite dip, is isolated from the main mass 'of these rocks in Brown's Mountain by Silurian and Carboniferous strata, or by reddish, sandy grits of the Bear's Biook group. In the mountain east of John McLean's, James River rocks are cut by dykes of poi-phyritic folsite and diorite. On Vamoy's Brook, greenish-gray, flinty slates and sandstones, inter- vamey't Brook sectcd by a network of minute quartz-veins, come from beneath the fossiliferous Silurian shales of the lowland and rise into a hill. On the main branch, below the mountain roail, fragmentul felsite and diorite are associated with slates which, at the road, are somewhat pearly, soft, greenish and finely laminated. The rocks of the west branch of Bailey's Brook and the head of Bruce and Bear's Brooks, are perhaps also of this age. The flinty slates and dykes of Right's River Right'. Riw require no special mention. Above Clydesdale, massive, twisted, jointed, ribanded, white-weathering (luartzito and slate are cut by dykes of dark crystalline diorite, and hold blotches of quartz and calcspar near the contact ; they prevail also in the mountain west of the Pleasant Valley, and on the Brown's and Eigg Mountain roads. The typical rocks of this group found on James River succeeding red jameg Riyer intrusive syenite consist of beds like the foregoing — light-gray and greenish gray, flinty, splintery, compact sandstone or siliceous slate, so coherent that the bedding, always obscure, is here distinguishable only by bands of color. Further up, the beds become more distinct, but are intnuiy.rookfc intersected by dark-green fine diorite,blotched with epidote and calcspar. Above the syenite on the first branch from the west, these rocks arc full of quartz-veins, some of which are pink, and probably, from the syenite which again succeed- higher up and with alternations of argillite occupies all the district hereabout, and passes sometimes into massive granular felsite or diorite of greenish and gray colors. Near the Brown's Mountain road, and above the falls, are outcrops of whitish fine, flinty sandstone or quartzite. Below the confluence of two large branches and just above the falls, greenish-gray flinty slates and sand- stones are cut by dykes of fine pyritous diorite. 22 WOVA aOOTIA. Briefly Brook Iron on. CompMition. Baxter's Brook Brian Daly's ^•^«.i.a vein or dyko itTZci T\^'' ?""' "'" ^a-e brooIcH at . not HO lar^e In the ^.apuirn^?^ homogeneous, and the fri-niuH On anothe. brook, JZlaZtl '"" T' '" "'''''"' ^'""' *h« "'"SeB. red quaHz-feiHi.e, holding p'^^^^^^^^^ « compact, fle,„ part of the .ed «yenito ma^H in ' 'n^ t w h th "', '"'"'''''' P'^^»»^' ■ ■n-egular boundary and throwing r«^^ T ^ «'"te8 along « venr On BneWy B^i, nl''^ f 3,: t'^.^^^'t^;^ ^^''' '''^^^ the railway are other dykes of mldLT "«'«hborhocvJ above alate. Wont of the .nah, b.^n I ^ ' "^'^"^V" ""^^^^ """^"^"^ «"«! Son^eoftheCambro-Silurian «".«"'; *'"""'' '"' «P«eular i.^n. belong perhaps to this g oup b^ tl ^T^*'' r «'»« fountain defined. *^ ^' '"* ^''^ boundaries have not yet boon 2. Soft Slates of Bartrr'a /.«.; » • rv . locks of this Middle cVn^bro-Silul" ^"'^'* ^''^^^^-The typical ffi-its ofMarshyHope appatenHv ^'^P ""<^«'-''e the reddisl.gray tionsofthetwognrp^a^eXnol ' T*^'^' ^''''^^^^ *»>« -S^ They consist largtl , of contom^rar''" "",' *^' '^""^*"«« ^«"btfm. thesedimentaryU appoa "T in nl-I T" T"'"'^' «"^ -- top of the bill, at thehe^J^of W'TCk T"'""'" '"^'"- ^" '^- flinty, reddish-gray g.-it are in n.„ ^ ' *'"^'""°P" of quartz-veinod der McDona,d■s^^iTv lo : het::^ "'T" "'''^ *"'"" ^'--- these outc.x>ps the detritus i^greenil «m^^^^^^^ ''"'\ ^««^-'-d f-- lite, which is in place with fir '..'7 '''''''"'"''>"* P««'-'ya»-gil- b^ok. Upstream,'on the main blnTab'rr? T^^^"^ '" ^'^^ are cut by dark-greenish, nearly conlct d^o > u' ''"''"'' "'^'^^ come reddi.h-gray, quartL-.eined flTr ? ' ""^''^ b^gber still the fork are cliJof^ray, I^po Jp'^^ t W.: "' ^'"f-. ^«'- and green mottled, soft, friable slateHoTl. ,' '"'*'*'«i«f' by red in the joints and sm.I Iraees of tmaL " "'' ''"« "^ ^ '«' I- reddish flinty, fine-grained or compact I... ' f '• . . '"' ^'"""'''^ ""'^ Bbaly or massive argillite veined S 7 ' "*^'' sandstone, and argillito, extend to t1,e teXrph ^ad '""^^ '' *"' ^"**«« ""^ ">«--« .^S^:^S-;:;td:t^*:^j" ^-^ ^aly, B.^k.* are P:fedoftl.de^^en^^^ ^ VlMXt. N. fi. ft,.* W-» a- ■., . .. -^ — — ^ Tr-.u.. N. S. rn.t. Nat. So.. Vol. V.. p. 199. or srj highe All tl the hi itppea River sbalo!' in tiii iniUMi siRty : ciups •yon it In 1 and ci this g mount in the rocks to the rtilverj dykes Un 1 bridge greenii ed, ru of Mai good a epidoti The Und Brook, ifei*ou8 calcspa 4iid th structu quartz- the bro spots 01 veins ol Bluis in some Ontl the darl riiTOHiR.] Jivor, Hyenih. and gray 10 oi" haae Irookii, at u downwanl, „f flonhred, with a fow ^rainH oij «neon8 onito OAMBKO-KlLt/HrAN. 28 r or arglllitoH, liko tho»e of Baxter Brook, wh. ,, are In place, a little higher up, with flinty, splintei-y namintoiw ami m.,io silk . oiw argiiiite All these are ovorlain by the Mclina b«l. ..f Marnhy Hope valley In «,„„,„ ^^.o. •■ «•»■"- «'■ I ^^^^ *''"-''»"«« ^tw««''Antigoni«h and Mur.Htown, rooks ,,fthi/ffrnu,,?r''^"'''^^^ 'J«, and the gi-ainHJ nppeai- to he largely developed. At the head of a branch of North n«»*' Vk ^''V*''" P™- u^'' '" ''.'-•"""'•'^"••'•''« »"•««"'"• of K'-ay and light-eolorwl rragmental newer than the Hiates. ' • ■ • - ^ ^cks, i8 a dark, Indian Ihor, a compact, fle i, ' "f fol^par, probah?s- le sliiteM alon .; n very JHtance into ♦' ,i,ter. ' »eighborhos or dates, perhaps volcanic tufts ; and numei-ous similar outcrops in tiH. roighboring branches, ass..ciated with syenite, Kreenish-Kray imwaiv. .late and .,uarUite or sandstone, and reddish-pink and gray,' »\My felsite and quart/.ile. Lower down, and below the highest out- ciups of Carboniferous limestone, are felsitic rocks and a beautiful rod syenite passing into almost pure (luartzite or (tuartz-porphyry . , I '" ^T*" *"■"""'' "■'"" ^^^ «««tward, greenish, rusty, ferruginous "a«gy sandstone and I «"^ calcareous or dolomitio sandstone and shale, probably repres. at ces of specular i.-on. | *»''« ««-o"l'; the grit and conglomerate, near the school-house on i he mountain, may also l.e doubtfully referred to it ; while other ou...o, . in the neighborhood belong perhaps to the James Rivor group. Thes- rocks are well seen on the little brooks south of North River; on that to the north they comprise flinty, massive, flne sandstone, and greenish, silvery, smooth-bodded slates, with crystals of iron-pyrites,' cut by dykes of syenite. i ^ > j On the north branch of Right's River, about n mile above the railway »,,,,,..,,„ bridge, the little brooks from the eastward show massive cliffs ^f'""" "'"'"• greenish-gray and gracefully banded argiiiite and flinty, greatly jointr ed, rubbly, quartz-veined, pebbly sandstone and grit, liko tho rocks of Malignant Cove and M rristown. Tho land in the neighborhood is good and well cultivated. The slates are cut by dykes of gray fine epidotic, htPmatitic diorite, containing quartz-crystals in vugs. The Hallowell Grant slates have already been described Underlying the Carboniferous conglomerate in Livingstone Coveuvin„„.„ Brook, above the road to Ballantine Cove, is a bottle-green Pre-Carbon- ^'"'«- ifei-ous conglomerate with a band or vein of broadly crystalline calcspar or limestone; also, black slate, like that of McNeil's Brook ami the shore at Georgeville, but less porcellanous, with shiny, structureless graphitic markings. Higher up, are black and gray quartz-veined slates and soft, light-gray sandstone. Above the road in ' the brooks nearer Ballantine Cove, are outciops of dark slates full of spots of pyrites, which is also in Hlms between the layei-s, with many veins of white oily quartz. Bluish-gray flinty slate, probably of the James River group, occurs m some parts of the hill, and not far from the shore road On the 8hol^e, east of Georgeville, at the month of McPherson's Brook, Qeo^evili. the dark and hght-gray, flinty rocks, seen higher up the brook, ^^0 •eand Blue Mountain 58 have not yet boon ^roo*a.— The typical '•lie tho reddish-gray ', althou^'h the rela- boundaries doubtftil. materials, and even Jilar origin. On tho opsofquartz-veinod, iToad fromAlexan- t'er. Eastward fi-om newhat pearly argil- is sandstone in the fork, similar i-ocks ; while higher still 3 and grit. Below 5, succoeded by j-ed • films of f Jc(..ar vn, greenish and »ble sandstone, and slates and massive >aly'8 Brook,* are 5rate, largely com- reddish soft slates 24 p NOVA SCOTIA. well seen on the reefs at low watei exln ' ^"""^ '"'^' ^"'^ '^l^'"^ house. whe.e it is interstrat^eTwUh v :^^^^^^^^^ *° the next fish-|pass ther west by a band of green congloLrte meenfl:i "T""^ '''' veins run in the bedding of «ne.|-^' -- calcareous trap and po.phyrifc Sr fq a^^^^^ F^^' exceeding one foot in th,-nWr,««c ...^ u„ ' . "^ *l""i t^-^eins, sometimes FIETOH Mar weat passi th08( aeso( perh opaq friab in th of mi dove Veins. Conglomerate. «=e inch .„d lesB. The consloLrato 1,1 ' . 1"''''^'' .""=»I""> "' ^'■°° «=e inch .„d IcsB. The coTrmerL wh,!' "''''"' """'J""' "' compose, of pehhles ofe^enft'^rS, ;t\elTLrlt,r ' '' To the we,tw..xl, «„er ..ooks p.«i„„i„';,e, ». .TreXeS pe&hr.;xr:ss:;Lr.--^-^^^^^ Op the next bi-ook to westward tho ..lid- syenite, light and darJ< gray flinTS Ind fl. """'■«'."» «"<>" "■■e of pearly, which shouM yiSd f«l and'^^ .'T!™'" ■"""■^ »"" more ffinty rocks with tmpdyZ ""'""' °1»'"»°' ''^ . =tS.''a„1wtthitref'"^^^^^^ are interetratified with greenish flj^^.f''*-"^' '^"^ »««'' the saw-mill, flinty as those of Jamil?.! f *^' quartzo-feld spathic rocks as Brook, Georg:vTa?d ^'^M? W '"^^tt ^^^^^'^^^'^ obtained; but whether cert^nTn f' ^ "" "^^'"^ ^^''^''^ ^^re Conoiomerates Bear's R.nnt,,- , *'^'*' ^"^ "«' belong to theuDoer or rftwoperiodg -"eaisiJiookgroup, isnotcear. Thev must h^ ^a,.»P u ,. ^."PP^^' o^ Of fonnation. however, from the Carboniferous conXll h^^^^^ Below Blind Allan's shnn «,.„ a- * '^""^''^^f "te higher up the brook. «n„„... T°*««.4"obab? Wont ^i,Th:„t,S''"'\°"?^ ■'"'«• -".... Which crosses the Snif Ld W tCLrr,I:t;;:,ytrZ' grit { Th disu stone light- loose pearl shore giapl Jut Conor diorit the ft ish-gr obscu Neil'6 careoi the r quart Jamet tance ledgef slates neigh At trap; ite, w brook 8 conglomerate of Living- he slates and trap, and is 'g west to the next fish- ark slate, succeeded far- fteen feet wide. Quartz- > and irregularly in the iside a nucleus of Jamee f the James Biver group, d holding lenticular cal- lliferous, niferoiis conglomerate is ish. slates, massive, fine, , intersected by greenish juartz-veins, sometimes of whitish calcspar, of 8 very much altered, is and flinty argillite. s already stated, is redder, and besides of red syenite, ai-est the shore are of sometimes papery and nderlain upstream by conglomerate around! : diorite and reddish )ove the bridge on the tic grit and red slate, rocks of Marshy Hope. , and near the saw-mill, io-feldspathic rocks ae crystalline that they and fragmental Louis- associated with lime-' mouth of McPherson's m which fossils were long to the upper, or arefully distinguished, higher up the brook. ■ rocks, cut by diorite. ar rockn of the brook immediately north off '•] CAMBRO-SILUBIAN. 25 P Maiyvale — cream-colored, light-green and dark bluish-gray, rusty- weathering clay-slates, with a few hard bands of light-green sandstone, passing into compact quartzite and underlain by brownish slates, like those of Sunnybrae, the Keppoch, Baxter's Brook, and other places, associated with light-colored slates, containing white porphyritic spots, perhaps of volcanic origin, and cut by veins of a flinty mixture of opaque quartz and ankerite. Pits have hero been dug in a brown, flinty friable rock, which contains films of calcspar, hii'matite and serpentine in the joints, and irregular veins of calcspar. Near the road, outcrops of massive, gray, flinty sandstone or quartzite, with a reddish tinge, aie cut by red syenite, which contains very little hornblende. These rocks, perhaps, cross the road in the high knolls which bound the Carboniferous strata of Malignant Brook. At the mouth of the little brook, about a mile east of McNeil's Brook, greenish, compact diorite is in contact with greatly altered fine grit and reddish conglomerate like that of Malignant Cove. The first rocks seen above the shove road in McNeil's Brook are red- disu porcellanous, fine friable argillite and greenish-gray flinty sand- stone and argillite, cut by dykes of diorite, and interbedded with light-gray and whitish, somewhat micaceous sandstone and grit, often loose in texture. Higher up are bluish and blackish, vefy- flinty, pearly, twisted slates, probably of the same formation as those of the shore at Georgeville, from which were obtained certain narrow, fine gi-aphitized wavy markings, probably trails of annelids. Just below the falls are red slates and greenish, earthy, massjve concretionary sandstones, associated with dark hsematitic traps and diorites. Dirty-greenish and reddish-gray soft argil lites are, above the falls, cut by coarse, dark granular diorite ; and higher still, green- ish-gray, soft argillaceous shales show markings of fucoids and an obscure cystidean stem. Fine exposures occur on the branch of Mc- Neil's Brook, at the fork of Angus Campbell's road, where the red cal- careous slate and gray-greenish more flinty slate strongly resemble the rocks of Baxter's Brook; and the gray and greenish, ribanded, quartz-veined, flinty slate and grit, perhaps the highest beds of the James Eiver group. Westward of McNeil's Brook, and some dis- tance above the shore road, are several outci-ops of htematite among ledges of greenish-gray flinty sandstone and shale, surrounded by red slates, and cut by the greenish-gray massive diorite and traps of the neighborhood. At Angus Campbell's gate, red slates are mixed with syenite and trap ; and in the small brook to the northward, whitish, flinty quartz- ite, with reddish and gray felsite and quartz-felsite. Lower down this brook, the quartzite overiies the red argillite of the little branch from Mining operations at Maryvale. Volcanic and' seilimcntnryl rooks west of Malignant Cove. MoNeU'B Brook. Fossils. Volcanic rocks. Fossils. 26 P NOVA SCOTIA. Black alates. Doctor's Brook. the left, and is overJain by cliffs of „r«. • u ceous, more or less sand/sh f tTZ *"' -««— lored, „.ica- wath ankerite. often mottled wTth Ted 'T^*^,,^"*,^*^' ^^W spotted are covered by Carboniferous sandstone but •' T ''''^ ^^e slate. southward, again appear mixiwhh K *^^ "'^* ^'-"^^ tothe g-y compact quart'^fels tet ^ni e a'Td'r'"^'^^' and greenish- la- higher up by tuffs and roTks ^^^^ ^-"^« ' ""^er- River group. ^^ piobably belonging to the James s&nrocks ,, ^^'^ ^^^ ^usty-weathering slates nearest th„ • of theGulf road Gulf road evidently belong to this J^ u "''" ^"^ ^««* °f the mnty.ribanded slaters, somells^XrdT' "' ''^'^^ "^ «- -«- traps containing streaks and am'dls of oS" '"^ ^ "^^''^''^^^ ^''^ .On the second brook crossTnf the S ? ^""''^^ ""^ calcspar. similar calcareous and dolomit cf-ustv w!^ 1 ' T^ "' ^«''^^^'«' with small crystals of irolpvHt^^^ «'«*«« «''« crowded breccia or conglomerate, ardSlvr'' "''''' " ^''^^^^^^^ like and fragmental rocks. R^tvul: T\" ''"'* ^'"*^' "'^^ ^'-ap- slates like those of GeorgvillefndMeV^^^^ "lack crumbling ,.aphitk to the Baxter's Brook rock is mo^f ^•^ 'f " ^^'^ ^•^^^".blance They are underlain by another band o,'"^. ^''^^''' ""^ *^« ^rook. apparent f.m the u^nderly^gtm: Iir t^ ^^"^^'"^' ''"^^ ' Bo7Tni:T f^*'^\«-'^*»-''-' - th« g-y slates of Bf^ei""^- .Ti f ■ . ^^^'*' ''""^ "'^ ^'^""«" '-ocks appear, nor does the stabJ r th"? '7 r ''^ ''''' ^^-^^^-^^-^ of Lind;ay's old stag tte end J„^^f;-^«/--the north-east at the 30th mile-post and I ivlrnffl^ . ''"^' "-^P"'" ^'■^«"'«'^' fl'°ty «'-giHites, cut by 8 of this group, seen in a ; Lake, succeed a reddish lies Carboniferous rocks, te, with a tinge of green, | te dykes. Upstream are ■ n the roads west of this ] tone underlying the Car usual cut by dykes and ; , like those to the south- i rian reenish, smooth-bedded, ; smerate, and are cut by i-n Brook, greenish ai-gil- \ 1 of a mixture of quartz i.ve a cleavage oblique to issociated with a breccia Its of soft green slates : 30 p NOVA SCOTIA. Piedmont Cambro- Silurian rockg Avondale. West, River of Antigooish. Gold (?) Black Brook, St. Mfiry's. At their contact with the syenitic rocks of the mountain towarc Tr.e of tH Tn''^ °r "^"^ '' '« '"^•■^ P-cellanous than ueuaT Thuse of the h.U south of Piedmont Valley, belong in part to the tiusive lock. On the southern slope of the hill. Medina sandstone is "!'."" ^/ "r^^'''' ^"' ""' *^« '^'Sb^'- g'-o^Pi underlain tnturrbv, radish, soft slates and flinty, splintery sUtesflike those of Gl nlW l^rZ^^'uF'T''^ ''"**''' "^"^ "^^ *»»« "«'«^«»-n «lope, by green .1 and reddish banded slates. ^ "'^ gieenifiy On the top of the hill, near Avondale railway station, at John McLeods house red syenite is in contact with greenish, Cambr Silurian slate, while nearer the station and also towaT-d Wm. Mun-ay'. «nf? P L ?' ''''^' '^'''y ^^'^' ^««* «^ ^i^dmont station, brownish soft Carboniferous sandstones,are underlain by greenish sla os srmed s^nds^nrf w'"'/^'"'^"^'^^^^ «°^ S-^' calcareous Ts". sandstone and slate, and reddish and greenish flinty argillite. On thli hills, which are for the most part cleared, fine outcrops of alMhes I contr:-?.' ^'^"'^.r™'""^- ^" ^^« ^*g-- ^-'«^. -ndston s h j" contact with greenish, quart^veined, almost papery, Baxter's Brook Between the road and the top of the hill northwaM, mottled redl and green, soft, pearly slates, veined with quarte, resemble certein sktes seen on Sutherland's Eiver. On the mountain f^her roHh hese are cut by reddish and gray, flinty, compact felsit and qua-t. fdsite, holding small crystals of pyrites and passing into reddish Jno syenite^ Nearer Piedmont greenish-gray and reddish ribande^ slate" J m^ott?.H T^^™^'°'^ ''^^''^ fl-tyBlates, compact or finegrained? sX Ir^h ''■ ^T*''*^ '°^ ^°« ^"*- ^* *^« head of Loht settlement, the gray and greenish-gray flinty slates of Callahan Bi^ok a ready referred to, are perhaps Cambro-Silurian. In the m nutel Similar slates, found among the felsites on the i-oad to Black Brook J are probably also of the same age, as well aa the small outliers or^ ^^riarnroit -^^^^ ""'-' ^--^ ^^^^^ -^ *^« ^-^ s-r On the shore of the upper lake, redcish sandstone, grit and con^lo ( Zt' tr^'v.''T*° *'^ "P^«>- group, are' almostcerS!^;' m place; and from the abundance of blocks of sandstone and Sv aZulh'fl?'^''* T ''"f^"" ''''' ^'^^'^ ^'^^ occux- theTfa 0^ although felsitic rocks prevail everywhere in the neighborhood i Black Brook, not far above the St. Mary's road, cute tiiro^h" bluish- ts of the mountain towai > porcellanoiis than usual CHtll.] CAMBRO-SILUriAN. 31 P ty, fine micaceous, coherent slate, doubtfully Cambro-Silurian, rest-Contaotof alley, belong in part to the ficTno mint T^' '"'''^''T'' T'"'"'''''^^^ contact with ^tn" .ate. ^68 of syenite and othe!- i^ Tfi "«**"^«'-ph>«°^ '« noticeable. It contains fucolds and passes -"• f<""'-- be hill. SL Ids oL A K . a' ^""^ '' ''''"'^""^ argillaceous and so cleaved that tho oup; inTeraTn t; ttn bT'l? r'^- ^* *»>« '«^«'' P'"'^ -' ^he outcrop it is dirty-green. tetnTtZsTorVX^^^^^ '"^ T^' '' P-^Pf^ *"^ ^--"^ b>-«h.gray, with about ort!,«,.n ^ll! K '''^''"^•^,'f f««t of gi-ay calcareous argiUito full of minute, hard crystals doh- o,t.e,n slope, by green..l|ly produced by its contact with the quartz-felsite The pur^o ' railway station at Jnh f T°*«';'^""*"^'/'''^°^ '^'g^^'' "P tl>« Black Brook, are perhaps aUo ^ct wrgrrh. cL^ret^^^^^^^^ ''-^ ™^^ '- ^-^- -^ ^ -«-«<>" :o::rd:iitra";.ernTi:^^^^^ Picd^tstation^bro^shP^r^-tr^ gray calcareous, massivclns of specular iron, and associated with marl and grU I co^ dn! sh flmty argdhte On theAbles of the syenite, felsite and similar rocks upof which t x^ste /ner rnT^ ? /" theselal.o of red and whitish, flinty sandstone ax^SgriT On Gall; ft LT.^' r ;^°'.'' ?r' '^' '^'''' *^«^« ^'-^^r'^ ^'•^ bluish and gre^nisCay flinty and St papery. Baxter's Brookiritous, but are followed upstream by red, soft slates ^ ■On the west side of l-:den Lake, in-egular areas of Baxter's Brook Eden L.ke tes, presenting considerable variety, are cut by dykes of felsite, but It more metamorphosed than usual at a distance of three feet from ^ contact; so that the general great metamorphism of these strata is larly not dependent on these intrusions. On the Copper Mine Brook, above Eden Lake, are large outcrops those rocks, but whether they are contemporaneous with or newer m the neighboring schists and fragmental felsites, has not yet >n determined. "^ r slates of rallah^n R -a^^'^^J^^^y^^'teaod Silurian rocks of the lower part of the little Head of the SilnHan ? !k ^!*^^^'fc^ ""^'^^ «'•««««« theroad between Eden LakeandKerrowgare about Pi^t'or*""^ Sxluuan. In the ^uiutelnUe east of the East River of Pictou, appear good outczTofgrry greemsh-gray, massive, rubbly argiUitc, ferruginous, calcai-eous and .bably dolomitic, cut by dykes of greenish, fine diorite. Higher up ledges of flinty, rusty-weathering quartzite or grit, overlain by ly, sandy, pyritous, fine slates, often veiy dark, containing veins of ionie which have been worked, but ai-e apparently of no value ; iron o.^ idstone ^'''^ greenish flinty argillite and fine f sandstone and argillit;|Greenish and reddish argillite occur in the East River below Smith th^ t'» °.r; *i''"' "'''' r '' ** '"^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ * «"I« ^^^o^ from the eltw^^ i^^ oad, cuts through bluish- |h and greenish ribanded slate and sandstone ^ ill northward, mottled red h quartz, resemble certain > mountain farther north, lompact felsite and quartz- passing into reddish fine Qd reddish ribanded slates, cross the road, succeeded^ IS, compact or fine-grained, At the head of the Ohio have been discovered! the i-oad to Black Brook,, as the small outliers oi Lake, and the dark slate I ndstone, grit and conglo )up, are almost certainly 32 P 'flnnnybrae NOVA SCOTIA. Iron ore. FoMila. Voloanioi-ooks. Iron'ore. Tbompion Brook. BUnohard Brook. Iron ore. Silurian rocks, MoLellan's Moantain. French River. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -,^^« --^ ^-•^ Of the Ea«t yards upatn am'i an ou ^p of 2^i " ^ ^^'^' "' """''' ""' '"^ .yai^s higher, .eddish;S;%ltaercr^^^^^^^^ *"' "''^ ^""^^«<* of fllma of specular iron At ,r"P"^^' ^«™bro-Silunan quartzite, f\,U and school, the fine andstlV n . "^'^' ^'""'^ ^''"^ '^' '^^^-^^ resemble the rocks at Dunba?« on ♦»! '^'^ '"''"«' "» «^"P«« or bands, which obscure brach.^Ls IT J 7^"''*' ^'^^ "^" '^' "^«'-. ^n Brook. At the chulh a,?Ce^ «' '/f "" ^'"^^^ «^ ^""^-'^ to the eastwai-d blackish and tt ? "'''' ""^ *'"" °«^* '^'■^^'^ indefinite thick'beds' w'h S^^^^^^^^^ -»>'>>7 «'«tes, in and fra,.mental fels e and S te hw ^^'"1''^ *™P and porphyritic films of specular iron '^^'^ ""''^ 'P'^*^*«' ^"«rt^' «nd asThe%t:it tLts^ctet;;'"^^^^^^^^ ^^ Oambro-Silurian as far they require n;sp:clTrn1o;tSr^^^^^ map. Thev come fi-nm ha,.„„*i, o- • extent will be seen from the a belt of no ^3 wWth Xve '."''r '''''' '"^ ^'"™P««" ^^•-•^. - succeeded ag!in bj S funa^ t! tl • ''"' ^'''''^"'' «i»^<^«0"« ^'a^es, cascades of considemb eT2 ^\*f«"- ^''^^ter hardness are . due of Silurian and clrb^l.^ "^^^^^^^ ^^« ^^^^^ sistof reddish Durnlish ^ni u "'""P'^"'^; these rocks con- breccia, and i'nclude alumil^T",''' P^'-P^^^'-''^'^' ^^-^Y felsite and specked With m aceou "^n o^^^^^^ T"^^""^ ""^'^ ^"^^^P^ -^ of eveiy size, but usuallv sill 1 ^'^Sments of the breccia are Silurian^-ock; olrTgh^/,r'^" ^^^^ T^ *'^ '^P '' ^'«-- agaiT. by bright-ffreen fa ' « 7 T^^ horizontal dip, succeeded Lak"fl.„m the Werth^m. f '^^ ""«"»«">»' "«"■ Sutherland rtowi on the ™p '"'"'""'"^ ""^ •"O "■"«» athwart „ On the branch of Cnolfiilr Zw^ T'™ -S".*""'" ""'"'pMon- and greeniah alatea ^Z^ZdZt^^ "°'°'" ''°^''' ^-V Onther.eraho™.h.eonCetoTr:X:rj::l;:„t":- : of the East red and fifty )ne hundred uartzite, fbll the chureh gray elate, 'OS or bands, !ie river, in of Doctor's next brook y slates, in porphyritic [uartz, and rian as far not newer : n fi'om the I Jirook, in I0U8 slates, ' are . due the cliflFs ocks con- elsite and cspar and reccia are obscure, succeeded breccias, i-Silurian 1 reddish 9, which therland ward as Bridge- but the ountain ription. 8, gi-ay idstoQo. ures of niTOMM.] 0AMBRO-8ILCKIAN. 33 P greenish, soft, ribanded slates and sandstones, cut by dykes of norphv- nt.c dionte and felsito. which for a few inches from the cont^t ren- ^«'-« ^'''•"^^ «^-«'-^l cascades ana tails The rocks seen near Alma mills, at the crossing of the Devonian rook, ailway bridge, are somewhat similar, and among them is a |reenish Ki^'e? i?'a« bi-eccia like that of Hartshorn Brook ; but Sir J. W. Dawson reports the discovery of Devonian plants; so that the strata of this brook are, no doubt, newer. ^i' 7^^^"; (^^'fro.Silurian Rocks or Reddiah-gray Sandstone, Grit and 2t : "^ ^'^r^ ^'•o^^-Some of the Cambro-Silurian strata of Itnv^Tf 7k f " ""'^ of Livingstone and Malignant Coves may, as above stated, belong to this group, which is, however, most largely developed on the various branches of Barney's and French Eivers On the east branch of Barney's River, east of tho road at the railway „ ^' ^"•^^"'«h porcellanoua rocks aie found near the mouth of Bear's Brook stone '?u'irof C' T!- "^'^"'■''' ''^''^'^ ^"« conglomerate and sand- stone, full of reticulating veins of quartz, arc ..-.orlain by ereci.ish ough, flinty nearly compact Medina sand'stpnc, that lias b'^.ert raced both up and down Barney's Eiver. "««» uacea Bailey-aBrook. At uppe, Bailey's Brook, a belt of reddish and bluish-gmy coherent g^^nt and of flinty, quartz-veined sandstone and nut-congloLiLfoC the old mountain road, underlying Silurian fossiliferous strata, aid underlain in turn by the flinty rocks of James Eiver, which c^n be K,efe', Brook, tjacod to a tnu,k between the head of Keefe's Brook and WilHam McDonald's road to the northward. vvuiiam Below the road in Keefe's Brook, reddish-gray fine grit is associated with greenish-gray, somewhat resinous, ribanL, plrly slate Hke • that of Baxter's Brook. Grit and sandstone, with miLte quirt !;dns tZnZ I ': T?'•''"^^«^ ^^''^y'^ Brook, on Brown's MountaTn .te:'' ^'"" ^^« «'•««*« a"d precipices of the hills east* of Barney's River rail way station show sparkling quartzose, pebbly grits, ifnde^^ng the" CfjnUot with fiilnrian. CpnUot with Silarian. •Transaotlons N. S. Inst. Nat. Sc, Vol. V., p. 195. niTCMin.] CAMBRO-SrLITRIAN. tnchoH, th© It tho falls, ono, Rotne- sonish tino r. Oulton'H, istono and f greenish-' cnlcareous limestone, lUH diorite uins. The It ) at the ^tpflrentJy ckbedded ur^illites ay coarse •n Brook, oua rocks and sand- greeiiish, )n ti-acod coherent e follows •ata, and 1 can be William 380ciated ate, like •tz-veins, lountain >f James ver rall- ying the triangle own the 35 p exposures of conglo^r a d"l f^ H^'^t t^Z.^""'' . «"'1 Bait's T T'-v-'-' thent:i^;eT::\,:r::: zr"ofB^?.^jit.^^[ Barneys R.vor, above the bridge at iiobinson's, Hurroun.led bv and underlymg S.Iurian strata ; and «I«o in the hills ^outh-er and east of Konz.ov>lle, containing pebbles of nyenite and nlato, and alciated The porphyry fl.-et seen on the large branch which enters aTS e t dl k'h'r m'", '' 'J '•^''^'^'^-^'-y -nd'^tone, grit, breccia ad fie dark hornblonde-rock or diorite; by flinty, coarse, pebbly .rit and Tafn arv\T' T"?'^™^' ""^' l-'t-eine/sanL; nd agam, above i\lexander Bannei-man's, by light-gray soft tran ,.«H compact po..phy.y and flinty dionte. bn'the wesf ,Tbl h a '^^^^^^ ScN eirs'B o^k'rott'btr^^'' ""''''"' r ^ --' -^-'''^' ^^^^^^^ol McJNeu 8 Ji.ook both belong apparently to the Baxter's Brook ffroun In the sma 1 brook from the westward at Sutherland's, g it and nu^ and egg-conglomerate are again exposed; the pebbles nclude a red ""'*'""''*'• and purple porphyry, like that of the rivLr and some o? fb« nl! !i grits bear a strong resemblance to the fragLTtal fSef '" "'^^'^ in the htt e brooks running north into Piedmont valley east of th« radway station, many large blocks of reddish-gray flfnty qua tz'"''''''"-'- veined quartzUe, grit, conglomerate and felsite probaLly fni^^ate thfs ana grit, overlain toward Fi-ench River by Medina strafn r..u „ j&*'V'""* TdtfThrhiifT'^'-^^^^^-- ''"^ 'y^^-oi:^^^^^^^ mil ^'"* ''°"*'''* ^'*h *^« Silurian and Carboniferous rocks has been carefully traced. In the east branch of French W n above the Piedmont i-oad, a cliff of Cambro-Silurian quartz ^an?re^"eX o"'""' ot'lfi'lrn r'7? *'?^"' ^" '''' '''''''^ ^■'^«' -d- i-nieSfately&T. ovei la n by Clinton slates, the Medina being here wanting There i^ z^nJIl The fl :''"'^:"1''^ ''"^' '''''' -- ^° be taHyTor ! zontal. The flmty, whitish quartzites and gray and rustv nuRrt, vemed grit seen east of the school at Beaver Lake^ and on soL\f 2'«- brook^^north of the East E.ver of Pictou. are doubtf;il7cambt^ In contact with Medina sandstone, in the east branch of French River, are greenish coarse grits, with crystals of pyrites, passin/Tnto ^nc^A' egg-conglomerate, which holds pebbles of the r^ CamCsHu ^^ argilhte of the mountains. On the next brook to the westward sSn 36 p NOVA lOOTIA. Onntaot with Silurian nnd Pre-Oambrian. Neui- Paul and Alpino Grant's, south of Glenshoe, Bimilai- strata are penetrated by fine poi-phyiitic trap, a flinty conglomerate, contain- ing pebbles an lar^o a« oocoanuts, of reddish porphyry and other felsites. Neai- Glensheo, McCJrath's Mountain, and in the country to the south- ward, reed as Pre- s-voins. In the reddish cks. H Eiver, on ribod (pa^e I'elations to n page 6 p, ribed; and tta. They Sir J, W. aore nearly concerning 7, pp. 10 to in on "The ical Society )wded with uthority of uently sup- River.f A • by Mr. T. nd will be previously e result of in the pro- FLETCHER.] SILURIAN. 37 P 'J aj ■r u: < X ■A * a /. •J X ■r. u, <•. m O S u ii a b < r. X < a: l£ ^ V 0. a: ;; s /, 'X H H W' E M X ^ '/, — & u ■/. as u i; 'A /. ^ c 3 a: H j\ u w x The following groups are so distinct that they can usually be Cassincation recognized apart from their fossils: t^iassinoat.on. El. Medina, ji 2 i Lower Clinton, 1 Upper Clinton, E3. Niagara. E 6. Lower Helderberg, Division A of Dr. Honeyman. " B " B' " " C " " D '< An approximate section of these rocks underlying Carboniferous * • • ,. conglomerate and trap on the Gulf shore between McAra's Brook ^od ' '"" Ansaig pier, where they are most accessible and well exposed, will serve to show their composition and genei-al characters. The direc- tion of the shore is about 53°. SECTION OF SILURIAN ROCKS AT ARISAIG IN DESCENDING ORDER. -- E 6. Lower Hbldbrreeg. ''''^- '^''^^ 1. Reddish and purplish altered flags with bright emerald- green blotches and layers; more or less argillaceous, flinty and splintery, containing thin caloa-eoua layers full of blackened shells. The red and purple beds greatly predominate; they end about fifteen yards north-east of McPherson's Brook. Diplfi6°<46'' 100 2. Dirty-gr^en, greenish and gray quartz-veined flags and shales, holding encrinites and shells in abundance. Seen in Stonehouse Brook as well as on the shore. Veins cut across the bedding and are sometimes three inches thick. Perhaps unconformable to 1. Dip 207° < 41°. End at the mouth of Joseph McDonald's Brook 1^ 3JQ Q 3. Dirty-greenish rocks finely ripple-marked, full of fossils. Dip203X32° 205 4. Dirty-green and gray, rubbly or prismatic, rusty-weather- ing argillo-arenaceous flags. The bottom of Dr. Honey- man's Group D.— Lower Helderberg or Ludlow Tiles- tone. (Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 1864.) Dipl94''<38° 393 q 6. Indian-red crumbly prismatic marl, with a thin band of gray limestone full of fossils. In the upper part mixed with bright-green patches and full of calcareous nod- ules, like the rock of Indian Brook, Cape George. The green of the beds immediately overlying is brighter than usual, and the whole mass is more or less con- cretionary and nodular. This is Dr. Honeyman's " red stratum," Op. cit p. 336, and is also described in Mr. Red rocks. MoPherton's Brook. Stoneho «e Brook. Joseph MolJonald's Brook. Red stratum. 38 p NOVA SCOTIA, Cone-in-cone MoAdom'g Brook. Fault? Veins. Fault? 'If 1''!^".'!/''"°'^ ^"^ ^^"^'^ ^^ View No. 6.* Dip'"'^' '"''^"^ 169 < 34 It hM been traced more than half a mile eastward of the Trunk road ,„ „ E 3. NiAGAEA. bands of limestone. Dip 1G9X 37°. Ends at the mouth ' 01 a little brook 7. Dirty-greenish and gray,moW;;^ilb;;;;sandVrumbly, ^ ° ^ with numerous layers of gray limestone remarkably rich m fossils. Dip 171° < 26° — 44°... oon 8. Light-gray more or less argillaceous rock. Dip 189°<44° 9. Dark-gray and bluish-gray argVliite^.'bi^akinglnto knif; ^^^ ^ and needle-shaped fragments; hard flaggy bands and a few small layers of limestone rich in fossils. The proportion of coherent bands to the great mass of the argiuites IS, however, very small. Din 177" ^-^r" ca 10. Dark shales in cliffs ; v;ry fL hard bSfls! aI! 'on- '' ' cretionary mass of cone-in-cone limestone, four teet in diameter and full of shells, lies in the shales, which are also rich in fossils. Large spherical concretions prob- w!fm°<38"!!'!/'"°" *^''' ^'^'- "" "'^ *^« ^«^«h. 11. Dark shales as" Vn^io.*' t^" "the" mouth '^fMci'dam's ^^ ^ Brook, where the dip is 164°< 36° i oq 12. Dark shales, like 10, but with more h;;d"'bands " Dipl64°<36°. Here the dip turns to 202°< 42°. but probably indicates only an unimportant local undu- ,„ ^.T'°°'^°!"»8hort distance further it is 165°< 37°.... b8 n 13. Dirty-greenish and gray, prismatic, somewhat flinty calcareous argillaceous rocks, with occasional veins of quartz and calcspar and thin layers of fossiliferous limestone. Dip 168°< 36°. Reefs and low clifi-8 175 n 14. Dark-gray and greenish argiUite, jointed or broken into small pieces, and containing lai^e calcareous concre- tionary masses and beds very rich in fossils. In a distance of fifteen chains on the shore, the dip chamres roml68o<37° to 134°<23° back to 153°< 27randXn chains farther east, to 189°< 40° ... . «« 15. Dark-gray, rusty-weathering shales, not unlike" ihose' of Barney s River, containing thin concretionary layers of hght-gray fossiliferous limestone. In nearly contin- uous clifl-8 and reefs, but thickness obscure owing to dianges in the dip. Probably not more than.... f... 45 a Dip at the base 176X 27°. " *0°8O''aseriesof21views, takenbyMr.T.C.Westnn in 1S7Q „„ • » .... GeoL Surrey museum. weston. in 1873. copies of which are in the E2. E2. I 20 VliTCHER.] SILURIAN. FEET. INCHBB. 30 95 , 328 128 50 17. 200 128 58 175 18. 86 45 iob are in th« E 2. Upper Clinton. 16. Light-green shales, with thicker and more numerous hard bands, which are sandstones rather than limestones and not so rich in fossils. Some of the layers have a brownish tinge. Forty yards west of the contact with 15, a small brook (Smith Brook) falls over the cliflF. These form apparently the highest beds of Dr. Honey- man's Group B' {Upper Clinton). Geo). Jour., 1864, page 336. A small fault or disturbance separates 15 from 16, the dip of the first green rocks being steeply west, while at a distance of five yards to the eastward they dip 174° < 11°. This fault is probably an upthrow on the east side, by which the red band representing the iron ore, and seen in Smith Brook, is concealed on the shore 'Green shales with flaggy layers of light-gray, fine and nearly compact flinty sandstone, seldom six inches thick. In the sandstone are threads of quartz and blotches of calcspar in the shales, but the general absence of veins is remarkable. At the top an undu- lation makes the dip 212° < 11°, after which it is 179°<19° Green shales, like 17, with some of the layers of flinty sandstone one foot thick. Dip ]81°< 20°, but the lower beds are greatly contorted, as if for an upthrow fault on the east side 19. Eastofthis point the shore rocks are greatly disturbed, , and 50 yards east dip 113°< 28°; at 45 yards further 16°<12°; at 40 yards further, 303' < 29°, flattening a short distance further east to < 6°, and turning to 254° < 8° at 31 yards further; 80 yards beyond, to 219° < 23°, while at 334 yards from the first mentioned disturbance, the dip is 156° < 50°, and at the mouth of Arisaig Brook, 176° < 37°. In the first part of this interval, the B' green shales and flags— sandy, micaceous and very evenly bedded— are ontheshore, with a few 4hin brown layers, succeeded further east by dark-gray B crumbling argillite, with occasional bands of light-gray flinty sandstone, like the strata of 15 E 2. Lower Clinton. 20. Dark-gray or blackish, rusty-weathering, crumbly, papery argillites, with scarcely a trace of a hard band, seen in clifls near the mouth of Arisaig Brook. The relation of these rocks to 18 is not clear : they may underlie them either directly or after a gap. North-east of the mouth of Arisaig Brook, they are exposed, for about 250 yards, in descending order. The shore then 39 p FKHT. INCHES. 32 Fault. Iron ore. Velng. 53 63 Change of dip. Arisaig Brook. 40 p NOVA SCOTIA. Arisaig pier. runs on the strike. The thickness of B rocks here ex- posed— the dip rising to < 49° near the bottom— is . . . 21. North-east of the little brook and boat-landing, where this section ends, the dip changes to 96°<17°, then to 16° < 45° ; at 235 yards to 186°, and 30 yards further to 79 steeply. No estimate can consequently be here made of the thickness. At the lobster factory, the djp IS 98° < 35°, and between this point and the flinty quartz-felsites of Arisaig pier, only obscure outcrops occur of dark, crumbly, papery shales, above high water, and of the following :— E 1. Medina. 22. Dirty-greenish and gray, rusty-weathering, argillaceous, usually more or less massive, flinty sandstone, ob- scurely seen at the base of Arisaig pier, but well exposed to the eastward, and variously estimated at 163 and 201 feet Dr. Honeyman's Division A, or Medina FBBT. INCHES. 345 182 Total thickness qqqq ^i^lf'"'' Ti, n following ascending section, measured by Mr. Weston in Joseph McDonald 8 Cove, shows in more detail the beds immediately under- lying JVo. 5 of the preceding section, which contains Nos. 17 to 21 of Mr. Weston's section. 1. Olive-green even-bedded argillaceous shales, with bands of a similar rock, but much harder, containing more lime and silica and breaking with a conchoidal fracture „ 2. Green even-bedded argillite, with fucoids i 3. Calcareous sandstone, with Favosites ,..".' q 4. Green argillaceous shale ] q 5. Compact argillaceous limestone, breaking with an un- even fracture and holding RhynchmcUa and other obscure fossils ^ 6. Green argillaceous shale, with fucoids and Rhynchondla 7. Green argillaceous shale, interstratified with bands of calcareous sandstone and thin beds of limestone holding Rhyvchondla, Modiolopm and other fossils.. 5 8. Green argillaceous shale, with thin beds of light-gray limestone holding fragments of encrinites, Rhyn- chonella and Modiolopm g 9. Hard, argillaceous, calcareous shale, with splintery frac- ture g 10. Calcareous shale with thin bands of limestone crowded with Rhynchondla, Modiolopm and other forms .... 2 INCIIBS. 3 4 3 3 5 4 FEET. INCHES. 345 182 006 1 in Joseph tely under- 17 to 21 of !BT. INCHES. 3 3 1 4 3 3 5 4 5 5 3 2 ■r. i- •r. a. u a u V B '^ :< I is o s .H i; Q /, '£ < \^ < ^ s '-1 i; ■r. <; C 2 < Ja z /, S *-* U «% T. M U Mn *-\ l x F* ■-. ^ 71 ►^ ^; ^ (J iti ■r. riiTCHI 11 12 ' 13 14 ■l , 16 pier W<'' riiTOMM.] SILURIAN. 41 p «o„ Ml , . ... PKsrr. INCHES. . Oreen argillaceous shale, with bands of calcareo-argilla- ceous sandstone contfiining a small coral 1 2 12. Light-gray limestone 2 13. Green argillaceous shale, with bands of calcareous sand- stone and limestone, holding Favositei', Rhynchoncl- /a and other fossils 3 o 14. Light-gray limeston" with Rhynchonella and fragments of other fossils 3 q 15. Light-gray limestone with Rhynchonella, Modiolopgh and encrinites. These beds also hold black nodules made up in some instances of fragments of Rhyn- ' nodure^s?"' chonella and other brachiopods, an analysis of which shows theia to be phosphatic 2 16. Green argillaceous shale with a few thin bands of lime- stone holding phosphatic nodules as above; also fossils of the genus Tentacuiites, Hormlonotus Daw- «oni and other forms 13 q 17. Greei id red even-bedded shales holding Modiolopm, R/iynchonella and other fossils . . ;'..... 2 18. Maroon-coloured argillaceous limestone, with splintery fracture, holding nodules of light drab-coloured limestone 12 19. A limestone similar to the preceding, but highly charged with elongated nodules, having a position trans- verse to the bedding 1 20. Maroon-coloured argillaceous limestone, as above 5 21. Limestone similar to the preceding, but of a more shaly nature, and having numerous light-green patches-. 10 22. Green argillaceous shale and limestone, resembling the above and holding obscure fossils, among which are & Lingula and n Discina 15 Total thickness 88 2 The structure at Arisaig is a syncline, six miles long and one mile Arisaig and a half wide, extending from MoAra's Brook to McNeil's Brook, """"'"*•• bounded on the south by the fault indicated by the Cambro-Silurian ^*""*" escarpment of the south side of the Hollow ; and on the north by the Pre-Cambrian series of Doctor's Brook, Frenchman's Barn and Arisaig Contact with pier; overlaip to the westward by Devonian and Lower Carboniferous DevSand' strata. A "block less than a miie wide seems to have been thrown up ^."''°°'^"°'"- by two faults running north and south between Smith Brook and a point east of the Trunk road. The bottom of the Silurian system is w<'' defined by the presence of the two lowest groups, the Medina sandstone resisting disintegration and rising high on the slopes of hills composed of Cambro-Silurian i-ock, while the Lower Clinton black slates with liuguia nodnies, although deeply denuded in the valleys are found in cliffs flanking fro iivers. Some particulars concerning the different groups in the areas above mentioned will now be given. 42 p NOVA SCOTIA. E 1. Medina. Extent. Fouilt. Marehjr Hope basin. !i Tho Medina is apparently present in all the areas except that of Cnpo George. At Ai-isaig it is exliibited in a narrow belt from the pier eastward to Beech Hill Cove. In Doctor's Brook, at its contact with the felsites, it consists of dirty-greenish and more or less argillaceous sandstone with flinty siliceous layers. From the cove west of this brook many of Mr. Weston's fossils wore obtained. Vamey's Brook The Silurian strata of Vamey's Brook are probably Medina, but are «of limited extent, and although fossils are abundant, none were collected. Eesting upon Cambro-Silurian grits, along the railway in Marshy Hope valley, is a long narrow trough of gray and of greenish, rusty- weathering Silurian sandstone well displayed in the little brook east of Lindsay's old stage-stables, where the former consist of gray flinty pea-conglomerate with beautifully mottled, pink, brown and yellow porphyritic, compact ar»u iVagmontal felsite and quartz-felsite ; the latter of comparatively unaltered sandstones. The strata have been fully described by Dr. Honeyman,* and the fossils enumerated as follows : "Similar {i.e. A.) rocks., in the Marshy Hope partof the Anti- gonish and New Glasgow road, at the Antigonish and Pictou county- line. . . contain Petraia, Lingula, Comulites and a Cyrtoceras and at the west end of the Marshy Hope... abundance o( Athyris in casts." On the west side near the head of Lochaberf in John McNaughton's Brook, Dr. Honeyman obtained Petraia and other fossils. A small collection, including Bellerophon, Athyris, Chonetes 1, Leptocoelia, Stroph- omena subplana ?, S. rhomboidalis, encrinites and other forms, \ as made here in 1885 ;• another by Mr. Weston and Mr. Eobert in 1886. The rocks consist of dirty-gray and greenish, micaceous, white- weathering slates, blotched with quartz ; and further west, of greenish, quartz- veined, sparkling quartzite and slate, overlain toward the south FoMils. Loohaber foggils. Contaot with Devonian and P^VambriL. and noi'tb by red Devonian slate, and underlain by the traps of the Avondale and Satherland's River basin. hill. More evenly bedded slates are found in other brooks, as for example in McGillivray Brook, a branch of West Eiver ; but the whole band is small, although including, according to Dr. Honeyman, at the north-east end, the characteristic fossils of 0. A small patch crosses V], Lochaber to the eastern shore north of the chapel. A larger basin extends from Avondalef up Barney's Eiver to Kenzieville, then to the east branch of French Eiver and to Suther- land's Eiver, containing important areas of both the lower and upper . ^ groups. Its boundaries are both defined : at Avondale and Glenshee ''^^P®^ * part of • it plun is in c( singuh Siluria dykes I connec On J possibl down near it sandstc Spring On the and CI and pel belt of search twenty InB sandstc Siluriai Ontl greenis are cut charact where t These Dr. Hoi Arisaig ing har mill bel Weston, consi< ietermii iisturbe overturi • Trans. N. S. Ins. Nat. So., Vol. IV., p. «3, and Vol. V., pp. 194 to 199. t Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So. , Vol. IV., pp. 76 and 440 ; Canadian Naturalist, Vol. V. , p. 294. t Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. III., p. 9 ; Vol. IV., p. 193. • Acadia V^ol.V.,p.: areas except that of narrow belt from the ok, at its contact with •0 or less argillaceous he cove west of this )ably Medina, but are bundant, none were le railway in Marshy id of greenish, rusty- the little brook east jonsist of gray flinty k, brown and yellow d quartz-felsite ; the strata have been fully merated as follows : pe part' of the Anti- h and Pictou county- i Cyrtoceras, .... and of Athyris in casts." 1 John McNaughton's der fossils. A small ?, Leptoccelia, Stroph- d other forms, ■v as Mr. Robert in 1886. micaceous, white rUTCHCR.] LOWER CLINTON. 48 P ler west, of greenish, lain toward the south by the traps of the )ther brooks, as for Eliver ; but the whole )r. Honeyman, at the L small patch crosses )el. Barney's River to liver and to Suther- the lower and upper rondale and Glenshee It plunges beneath Carboniferous strata, but in most parts of its course Fow voioanio 18 in c&ntuf.t with Cambro-Siluiian rocks. All the Silurian areas are ''"*'"• singularly free from volcanic intrusions as compared with the Cambro- Silurian, but the rocky ridge south-oust of Kenzioville is intersected by dykes of dark fine crystalline diorite. Other features of interest in connection with this basin will bo again referred to. On Mooso River, near the post-office of that name, a Silurian trough, Moo.e River possibly of this age, lies among the older schists. Another belt runs''"''"* down the East River of Pictou, genei-ally on the north side from S'p'jJl'oIfEa.in. near its head to Springville.* On the upper part of the river the basal sandstone and overlying black slates alone are present, while toward Springville, highei- rocks prevail, characteristic fossils abounding in all. On the brooks near Beaver Lake, Kerrowgare and Sunnybrae, Medina and Clinton fossiliferous strata are in contact with Cambro-Silurian and perhaps older rocks, and are overlain to the southward by a wide belt of Devonian gray slates. In the black slate, near Kerrowgare, Search for ooaU search was made for coal, several pits being sunk to a depth of about twenty feet, and S400 wasted in the search. In Blanchard Brook, not far above the bridge at Sunnybrae, Silurian sandstone, rich in fossils, is underlain by porphyritic and other Cambro- Silurian rocks, followed again upstream by Medina sandstone. On the shore of the little lake, south of Sutherland Lake, whitish, Sutherland greenish and bluish-gray micaceous, compact quartzite and argillite^''*""^' are cut by dykes of dark-gray calcareous trap. Rocks of similar chai-acter. are found in the brook from this lake, as far as the road, where they cortain fossils, much of the land being barren. E 2. Lower Clinton. • 199. fatarali8t,Vol.V.,p.291. These rocks, as they occur at Arisaig, have been described by^rig,,gB^fc, Dr. Honeyman in the papers already referred to. At the mouth of Arisaig Brook they are dark, rusty-weathering, papery slates, contain- ing hai-d concretionary bands full of fossils. They extend to the old mill below the shore road, where many fossils were collected by Mr. Weston, among them two species of graptolites. They must be Cmptoiiteg. of considerable thickness, but are too much crumpled to bo accurately leiermined. Unlike the rocks to the westward, which are not greatly disturbed, those east of Arisaig Brook are nearly vertical, sometimes overturned. In the brook east of the old road and west of Arisaig chapel are dirty-greenish and bluish-gray slates, probably the upper part of this group, succeeded in one of the branches by higher rocks, Iv ', 4,'"«^'*° C^eolo^y' P- 6«8 : Supplement, p. 76 : Xmns. N. S. Inst. Nat. So.. Vol. HL. p. 8. and 44^ NOVA SCOTIA. lii' Mine? Iron ore. iucludin tt band of red hji'matito, two foot thick at the wostoi-n side of tho brook, but thinning out to one foot on the oast side, the outcrop being only four foot long. The hiematito in cut by a quartz-vein, which also cuts the enclosing greon sliites. Tho ore, by tho way in which it replaces tho elates acioMs the layers, partaking of thoir bedding, seems to be a more or loss concretionary contemporaneous mass like the limo- stones at the mouth of Arisaig Brook. Covered by twelve foot of coarse stratified gravel, below the road, in the brook, aro good outcrops of dai-k slates, which continue to tho shore, and aro underlain by Medina sand- R^&'brian? »to"o, which in turn gives place to tho Frenchman's Barn series. The o"inton''blSok"' 8l»0''o I'oad is on a belt of black slate the whole distance from Arisaig to slate. Doctor's Brook, newer strata being evoiywhere to the southward. In the small brook at the carriage factory, below the road, they are underlain by Medina sandstone, greenish-gray, wrinkled, rippled, coherent, micaceous, flaggy and thick-bedded, containing lingula, encrinites and other fossils, underlain by the folsitic rocks; and the same succession is found in Doctor's Brook. Bailey'* Brook. On the east branch of Bailey's Brook ai-o soft, gray, crumbly argil- laceous shales and black slates, cut by quartz-voins which carry a small quantity of iron pyrites, and have been mined. They lontain hard bands, have a variable dip and show no fossils, although in blocks, apparently derived from them, wore found brachiopods like thone in the hai-d concretions at the mouth of Arisaig Brook. Tho relation of those to the Cambro-Silurian strata of the neighborhood will be under- stood by reference to the map. The contour of the hills and valleys of Barney's River depends on the distribution of the Silurian and Oambro-Silurian rocks; and the troughs of tho former can be plainly defined from the tops of the hills. They seem to have been deposited in depressions among the Cambro- Silurian hills, just as the Carboniferous limestone and conglomerate among those composed of Pro-Carboniferous rocks. Where Silurian strata come from beneath the Millstone G-rit in Barney's Eiver, below John McPhee's house, they consist of greenish flinty sandstone, from Salt spring. the thread-like meshes or joints of which water oozes depositing a small quantity of salt. Upstream these are overlain in cliff's by soft gray and greenish rusty-weathering argillite, containing obscure fucoids. Higher still are Clinton shales— dark, bluish-gray, papery, micaceous, somewhat sandy, rippled, and broken into pieces by cross- joints. A dyko of dark fine diorite or hornblende-rock cuts these slates : its effect in son.e parts is not discernible ; in others, the slates are rendered somewhat more porcellanous and coherent near the contact, although a few feet away the proximity of the dyke would not be suspected. Barney's River. Dykes, the wostorn side of it side, tho outcrop quartz-vein, which le way in which it loir bedding, Heems maioIc at the ( arriago iuctoiy, and in tlio oast branch of Doctor'H Brook. In Doctoi-'H Hrooif above the ehoi-o road, are groenish-Kniy, quartz-veined, pearly, soapy slates, interrupted by a knob of greenish flinty fbl«ito, containing quartz; beyond, tho slatoH, which contain thin layoi-s of gray limestone bear a striking resemblance to those near Dowar's mills in Barnoy'^ River (p. 46 p, lino 2,) and are thickly set with fucoids, encrinites and Irachiopods. Upstream they bocomo more flaggy and are succeeded by dirty-greenish, calcareous, higher rocks. On the shore, Mr. Weston collected graptolites of at least two species from a bed about 4^0 paces oast of the mouth of Smith Brook (p. 39 v, line 6). The faults in tho gieon rocks east of this brook, mentioned in the section, are perhaps only thrusts or folds without great displa/^e- ment. The last, fifty paces west of the graptolite beds, seems to be only a crumpling of a mass of these strata about fifteen yards wide, accompanied by a thrust of the eastern rocks a few feet over the crumpled portion, and perhaps a corresponding displacement between the latter and the western undisturbed locks. On account of the un- dulations between this point and the mouth of Arisaig Brook, no good section can be obtained. The thicknoss is, consequently, 'un- certain, but might, perhaps, be ascertained from other sections The contact with the overlying E 3 group is by a fault, the edges of these strata running into those of E 2 on the reefs ; but the amount of throw has not been determined. Other faults, including the great dis Smith Brook. Faultf. Fault along the HoUow French River. Moose Hirer. Eaat River of Piotou. location which separates all these rocks from the Cambro-Silurian along the Hollow, may bo studied on the map. The E 2 group ends at the little cove 100 paces west of Arisaig Brook, but the boundary between the upper and lower groups of E 2 is not very clear. They do not resemble E 3, nor can thene latter je confounded with E 1, the most Biliceous ol the Ai-isaig Wies. Among the nearly continuous outcrops of the east branch of French River, rocks, probably Upper Clinton, hold graptolites. ThegreeniHh nlates of Moose River, already described (p. 43 p, line T), are, perhaps, of the same formation. They hold fossils in abundance' and are well seen in the river for a short distance below the bridge^ forming a small outlier among older strata. John McDonald's Brook,* about two miles below Sunnybrae, on the south side of the East River of Pictou, flows among cliffs and 'reefs of rock, apparently in part of this age. At the bridge on the post-road are so ft, soapy, evenly-b eddod, dark bluish-gray and gray argillaceous •Tram, N. 8. Iwt Nat, So., Vol. lU.,p. 86. ' ^ ^^~ or© they consist of ratacontttinin;^ tho «toU nt the (arriiige In Doctoi's Hiook, nod, poaily, soapy fblHito, containing sofgray limostono, mills in Barney's )io""- sandstone, with afew hiacknodules ; greenish quartzite andT^b Ih gray crumbling arKillite. with small, hard gray limeBtono con ..tions" and thin layers dark-pm-ple, red and green crumbling argil lite 3 andstone. full of calcareous nodules. These rocks afo ve^ry eh n fossi «_5;,.„.,,, Mynchonella, Lingula, two species of BeyriZa upplr and lower valves of Discina, and other forms f ^^ In McAdam's Brook, at Arisaig, the red stratum l.otween this and the m a. • tlZ"'' T"" T"" '^'^"*^*^ '■««^'"-- ^h« fork of tJe two«-^ • branches, and can be traced from this point westwai-d to the sho^e whichj^o«ld^mJo_b^ form of the iron ore band ;' • Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So.. Vol. IU.,p.7. ~ ' t Detennined by Dr. Honeyman. 48 p NOVA SCOTIA. Oontaot with Devonian. Iron ore of Arisaig Brook. Doctor's and McNeil's Brooks. above which is a considerable thickness of shales, lying in a synclinal, and covered by red Devonian slates. The iron ore of Arisaig Brook, fi-oin which Mr. Weston made a large collection of fossils in 188b', and of the brook to the eastwai-d, apparently belongs to this group. Where cut, on the Trunk road, it varies in thickness from one foot throe inches to two feet six inches, is shaly and oolitic, full of fossils, like the Wanchard ores, veined with quartz and calcspar, the containing rocks being thrown into small sharp folds. In Doctor's Brook, this group is well developed. Near the mouth of McNeil's Brook* is a small outcrop, apparently of this age, of greenish and reddish soft argillite, not well seen. To the eastward, as far as Malignant Cove, few rocks are met with. ,E 6. Lower Helderberg. Mr. Billings description of fossils. Sutherland's Kiver. The Ai-isaig fossils described by Mr. Billings (Palaeozoic Fossils, Vol. II., Part I.), were all collected by Mr. Weston from the upper part of this formation, west of Stonehouse Brook, where fish remains w'ere also obtained by him. Its base is seen at the red stratum in Joseph McDonald's Cove. Some of the entomostraca collected from this neighborhood have been described by Prof. T. Eupert Jones.f A large development of Lower Helderberg and underlying Silurian strata occurs in Sutherland's Eiver, above the St. Mary's road. J Immediately above the bridge are high cliffs of gray, fine, smooth, somewhat slaty, crumbling argillaceous shale, with moi'e coherent layers of micaceous sandstone ; succeeded higher up by shelly shales and flags, associated upstream with gi-eenish, flinty, quartz-veined fine sandstone or quartzite, crowded with fossils ; and with greenish, more coherent, and siliceous rocks, containing large spheroidal concretions abounding Volcanic rocks. ^'*^ shells. In a cliff, about a mile above the road, a greenish, massive calc-veined trap and porphyritic, finely crystalline felsite, containing little hornblende, are seen to cap the argillites. Above the trap are light greenish-gray fine micaceous flinty sandstones, or quartzites, with threads of quartz and much calcspar in the joints. Flinty fine sandstone and argillite form a beautiful gorge, with falls and cascades fifteen or twenty feet high, the river coming down in two rocky parallel runs, nearly on the strike, with an island twelve feet high between. In this gorge are large concretionary masses or rolls, full of fossils. Highei still are outcrops of greenish, flinty, fossiliferous sandstone, with patches of coarser grit and layers of gray, fine, coherent micaceous • Trans. N. S. Inst., Nat. Sc, Vol. IV., p. 61 . t Transactions N. S. Inst. Nat. Sc, Vol. V., p. 313, and Quarterly Jour. OeoL, Soo., Vol. XXVI., p. 492. t Trans N. S. Inst. NaU So., Vol. III., p. 71, and Vol. IV. , p 463. ying in a synclinal, SVoston made a large astward, apparently k road, it varies in c inches, is shaly and led with quartz and i small sharp folds. , Near the mouth tly of this age, of . To the eastward, Iffiozoic Fossils, Vol. 1 the upper part of h remains Were also stratum in Joseph sollected from this ert Jones.f underlying Silurian St. Mary's road.J gray, fine, smooth, lore coherent layers lly shales and flags, ined fine sandstone ish, more coherent, icretions abounding a greenish, massive 5 felsite, containing p^e the trap are light jr quartzites, with linty fine sandstone cascades fifteen oi' ocky parallel runs, \i between. In this of fossils. Higher IS sandstone, with oherent micaceouH irly Jour. Qeol. Soo., Vol. FLETCHER.] DEVONIAN. 49 p argillite, with quartz-veins sometimes one foot in thickness. These o„.w , are succeeded by Cambro-Silurian, and perhaps older strata. The rocks ' " hv ^t\ T*r '^^ ^'*""^*''^ *"^ ^P""g^'"«* J^«^'« b.en examined hL;-K :■ i """ *"** ^'- Honeyman, but many details of their distribution have yet to be ascertained. F. Devonian. | As already stated,t a broad belt of rocks, similar to those regarded similarity toi m New Brunswick and Newfoundland as Devonian,! extends from I't-^^^^^^ the Stra^ of Canso to Lochaber, thence keeping south of the Eas'We-Sa River of St. Mary's and of the East River of Pictou to strike the Intercolonial railway near Glengarry, form the high land south of Truro and pass unconformably beneath the Carboniferous of Stewiacke River. A second belt of the highest members of this series extends from the Arisaig Trunk road westwai-d to Bailey's Brook. me strata of the fii-st belt are separable into three distinct groups CiMsifi<«tion. corresponding closely with those of New Brunswick, as follows:- Lower Conglomerate Group Middle Gray Sandstone and Slate Group] = Bloomsbury Conglomerate = Dadoxylon Sandstone and Cordaite Shale = Mispeck Group. Upper Red Slate and Sandstone Group = A zone of the lowest group, five or six miles wide, runs due west from Du,trib«Uon Guysborough Harbour to South River Lake, keeping south of Roman Valley. The second and by far the most largely developed group occupies most of the country north of Guysborough Harbour and Roman Valley, to the Strait of Canso, Upper Tracadie and Merland, and extends in a narrow belt on both sides of the lower group as far as Lochaber, where it is. only half a mile wide, increasing, however, to foui- miles at Kerrogware, and still n: ore to the westward. The upper group, nowhere exceeding six miles in width, runs from Merland to the westward of Lochaber. At the bu e of this or the top of the Po^^WHty of , preceding group, or possibly forming an independent sub-division, is a '°""'«™'"'- belt of greenish and red slates and rusty-weathering, flinty, gray sand- stone containing iron ore, which has been worked at several places, iron o« The upper i^ocks are found again near Union railway station, and also at McAra's Brook. When the Devonian rocks on the Strait of Canso and Cape Breton Devonian of ^^^^^^J^^mmedm^l S, § they had not been sub divided. It may be ^•''^B"'^"- • Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So.. Vol. UI., p. d5. "" ~ ; n, V ' ^^'' ^""'*'' ^*P"' <■»«• 1«86, p. 62 A and 50 k. § Geol. Survey ^port for l«n-78, p. 16 f.. and Report for 187iMO, p. 32 p. Carboniferous limestone. Mistalce in Report for 187d-80. Mistakes on She«t22. North Canso. 50 p NOVA SCOTIA. well, therefore, to supplement the description of them by a few remarks; although further investigation is necessary to indicate clearly the areas occupied by the different groups. The limestone of St. Peter's, Campbell Hill and Tom's Brook* is Carboniferous, as shown on the sheets IT, 20 and 21 of the map. The rocks of the district are for the most part Middle and Lower Devonian, except the red argillite (p. 19 p) in some of the L'Ardoise brooks and elsewhere, as on McNab Lake, Tom's Brook, the west branch of JMcNab Brook, the St. Peter's road not far north of McNab Cove (p. 22 p) and west of Salmon Creek chapel, Dettor Brook,t and the north side of Madame Island (pp. 35 and 38 p). On the mainland, those in the neighborhood of Melford Creek (p. 41 p), Eddy Cove and Middletown are probablj' Upper Devonian. When the Geological Survey Eeport ibr 1879-80 was written, only the rocks of the shore at Harbour Bouch^ had been examined ; and in the section on p. 44 i\ three distinct groups are included. Nos. 1, 2 and 3 of the section belong to the Carboniferous conglomerate. G 1 m. ; No. 5, appears to be the only Devonian rock ; while No. 4 is, as there doubtfully suggested, "the limestone of Plaster Cove and Pirate Harbour, unconformably overlying the other groups. This was partly corrected on sheet 22 of the Eeport for 1882-83-84; but it was not then known that the limestone of Blue Cape (p. 61 p.), instead of passing south of Harbour Bouch^ to join the outcrop on the shore at North Canso, runs out to the shore between Cape Pond and Cape Jack ; that consequently, the measures between Cape Pond and North Canso, although Carboniferous, belong to the basal group; and that the limestone of the section at North Canso probably overlies these Horton shales unconformably at their junction with the Devonian. The Devonian rocks are also shown too near the railway between Little Tracadie Eiver and the winter road east of the 68th mile post. The relation of the different groups on the Cape Breton side of the strait is still somewhat obscure, owing to the number of unconformities. On sheet 22, a small patch of calcareous Horton hales has been omittedj immediately east of the Pre-Cambrian boss there shown. It is near a band of black slate like that seen half a mile noi-th of McDonald Brook on the Nova Scotian side and also in the road near the mouth of Horton Brook, tphich is probably distinct from the calcareous shales, and appears again on the i-ailway near Cape Porcupine, west of Port Mulgrave behind the lime- stone quarry (p. 61 p.), at the mouth of Pirate Harbour, and thence • Qeol. Survey Report for 1877-78, pp. 18 and 21 f. t Seol. Surrey Report for 1879-80, p. 34 f. t Aeodisn Geology, p. 391. VLETOHER,] DEVONIAN. "51 P of them by a few (cessary to indicate nd Tom's Brook* is 1 of the map. The nd Lower Devonian, 'Ardoise brooks and B8t branch of McNab b Cove (p. 22 p) and nd the north side of nland, those in the 'ove and Middletown ) was written, only leen examined; and 3 included. Nos. 1, erous conglomerate. I rock ; while 'No, 4 if Plaster Cove and ther gi'oups. This art for 1882-83-84; lue Cape (p. 61 f.), oin the outcrop on lore between Cape jures between Cape belong to the basal irth Canso probably their junction with bown too near the ) winter road east rent gi-oups on the lat obscure, owing , a small patch of amediately east of % band of black slate on the Nova Scotian on Brook, tphich is ippears again on the ive behind the lime- Jarbour, and thence may belong to the Horton Groim • hnf fK«- ^ ^^* *>*) iforouaiime- ^rrit,r,^■ 4. • . P ' "'^^ tJioir unconformitv to thfi ovflv »'on« at"! lying limestone is evident ^ <^^®^- conglomerate. conglomerate Inreelv ™,„I1T f ''^ ^' °««^ '"ndBtono and B,ook are n,u„h n,o« altered/ On VreiJ'reratS resemble the rocks of n/p ^«dd»«h-gray sandstone and argillito from the ior to" clt butTl ' '"" P"'^'" "''^ ^« ^p'-^^^ the Carbonifero^std devoir "'"""' "'^"^''^"«" '^'^ ^«^-- coherent .u, da;;a^;UHte roSrr'^^^^ '""^-^"^^ ""' ^''^ conglomerate A and rnd ^o"owing this road, outcrops of coarse Devonian, are m^ewxtha^df^thr'"''' "^""'^' P"'''^!^^ ^PP- small X.;.V..rf^.rln/pu±^^^ ^^--^- pearly and mottled, like tho^ ^p 49 f l^uZ J'J ^'f-',''^^- the upper-eroup In fbi, rnJii^ L ^ ''^'^^ *^« b«8« of Porcupie slaZ; a ^ anli HLv .T/'T"'''^^ ^"* '' Cape Capo Po.a.„e sandstone. At the T4th ml noV^ groen.sh-gray flinty slate or fine succeeded in a cuSnlbv dark Tlf ^''T""" '^"'^ conglomerate is stone. Simila. aUe .afions fl^^ "f ^"'"f ^^^ ''^^''^ «^"*^ «-d- . do„„t..w „„ .te eas. .de, w^hic,. n>a'«°'*« ^"d porphyry. Soft pet^ Itke thT^"\'^f '^ '^'^ *^« *«P of theca^cad'esfsfmewhal of TJlo V ''' "^^'"^ ""PP^'" ^a« found at Eiinvillo Slates ftuf; SvU'of' K^T^'r""*^ ^''^^"P^"^ «^^«- of dioHte and TomMcDonal/ K ; *^''' *^' ^^'••"^^- o" ^«''*J» Branch Lake, daloid tZl r ^^"'•"/-^'«*^' ^''^^' ««id's, displays columnar amyg- vSand bTtetS "?, «^"'«*«- «°d other greatly altered rocl!. ^rnVLako I f r'*' ' ""^ "^^^'^ o'^ t^« i«k« southwest of trmnt Lake, gray, greenish and reddish slates are out by tran N-«a,. the outlet of Grant Lake mottled slatfls nf .iZ i , ^ P' ^"°' l*^'- altered unH u««, f mottled slates of similar colors, serpent nous, ajieiea, ana sometimes verv cohfij'fir.f a^.«. ^-.^ a -^l , and nn ti,o ™ J o r. "^ t-oneient, are mixed with conglomerate. and on the wood road from this lake to the shore road red ar^illite purplish grit, sandstone, conglomerate and trap accompany whiUsh' nelr^tte "ill tS' ^V'"^''"''^^*^ "PP*'^'' '''' ^ «^-* ^i^^ance, while zji T n; trnVr" rr^^'^^ ^^^-^t ""^' ^^"^ 1 i «-"iij,iuiueiaie. jut the size of a hen's egg. Ir the branch of Guysborough River flowing from Gavin's Lake, are bluiah and reddish-gray, flinty quartz-veined quartzites. From the confluence with a branch from another lake, greenish-gray slates, cut in the bedding and aci-oss it by quartz-veins, continue as far as the road at the head of this lake and to the post-offlce at South Merland. In the main stream above Mira Falls, strata resembling those of the Monastery Brook are seen. High clifts overhang the falls and the gorge below, in which dark gray slates, associated with flinty sand- stone and quartzite, have been quarried. The pieces of coal said to be found in the river are, probably, derived from the drift, which is largely composed of soft Carboniferous debris. Slates which have been niTOHIR.] DEVONIAN. 67 P quamed occur in all the neighboring brookB. At and above Mira I-allH, they dip nearly vertically downstream. The concealed Hpacos are oo great to admit of a noction ^oing made ; but the thickness of strata exposed, after making due allowance for repetition by folding is evidently very great. °' In Guysborough Eiver, the reddish and gray jointed sandstone and Mink and porcellanous slate seen above the Mink Brook, perhaps belong to the'^'"*""""^''' lower group. Atwater Brook displays light-gray, flinty quartzose conglomerate, grit and sk-te, streaked with green and rusty py.itous bands. In Butler's Brook are ledges of grayish quartz-veined sand- stone and slate, and near Fitzgerald Lake the quartz-veins are spotted Quart, veb. with ankente, and have been mined. mined. Grayish slates and quartzites are also exposed at fills and cascades. Monastery chfls and rapids above Durney's sawmill, on tho Monastery Brook. ^""»''- From these rocks below the mill, a collection of fossils, made by Mr Fciipianu. Weston, and examined by Sir J. W. Dawson, yielded " Lepidodendran corrugalum, Stigmaria rootlets, and remains of ferns, perhaps Cyclop- tens Acadicar forms supposed to be characteristic of the Lower Carbon- iferous (Horton Series). Gray slates ai-e in the Merland road, from the Monastery road east- wai-d; while the red rocks to westward of the fork are probably higher. Grayish slates and quartzites, including the bright-green slates of Silvey Brook, occupy the Afton road for some distance. In Afton River Alton Eiver, immediately below Boyle's at Upper Afton, the slates of Durney's Bnill are found .exposed, and overlain toward Flynn Lake and New Fi-ance by the upper red rocks and by Carboniferous strata. At the cross-roads at Healy Lake and at Delahanty's, green and gray pearly slates, with red bands, indicate the upper part of this group. Following down Afton Eiver, from the outcrops mentioned above, gray slates and sandstones at the road contain minute elongated, car- po,,i, „,,„,, bonized markings of plants, probably rootlets. Lower down, jointed, flinty, reddish and greenish micaceous shale and flaggy sandstone are associated with whitish quartz-veined quartzites. Underlying Car- ^""^'^t with boniferous marl and conglomerate in the west branch are white and red ^''"'°""'"'""- irregulai-ly-bedded quartzite and slate, belonging apparently to the Highest group. Some distance to the southward, between Keys Lake and Black Eiver, the junction of the middle and upper groups is again Ju"o«on of recognized in outcrops of reddish quartz-veined slate, gray and~E?o"up8. greenish pearly slate, compact and fine-grained sandstone, and rusty-weathering gray slate and sandstone like those of South Eiver (p. 55 p, line 14) ; and again, near Caledonia Mills, Hughie's Lake, and Alder Eiver post-office, the rocks at all these places being spotted with specular iron ore. From Hughie's Lake Iron ore. 68 p NOVA 800TIA. South Kirer of AntiBonith. Diorito. MoPbM's mill- brook. Qusrti veins. Iron ores. Pyritous veins mined. Sonth River Lake. Pyritous quartz veins. Iron ore. westward to South Rivor, only a narrow bolt of the ^reon slate and hn>mat.tic aandstono or upper part of this group appeurn, the gra\ elates having been removed by faulting or denudation; it again widens in the direction of Goshen and Lochaber, and includes a great thici near the foot of South River Lake are p, Ml.ubly of the same age. On the east side of the lake, a great part of the road is occupied by blackish coarse diorite, crumbling to a brown or rusty sand, and hrtving altered the slate and sandstone with which it is in com net. At McPhee's mills, purple slates of the upper group occur. Im- mediately above the road a wild and beautiful rocky gorge shows quartz-veined white-weathering quartzite and purple slate, underlain higher up oy bnght-green'and gray slates and flinty sandstones, some- times graphitic, containing large irregular masses of white quartz, covered with dims and spots of specular iron. About a mile above the mills, soft greenish slates enclose small lenticular layers of brownish fer- ruginous limestone or ankerite, and in other respectn strongly resemble the rocks of Guysborough Harbour (page 56 p). In the branches from the south, as already stated, the lower conglomerate comes nearly to the main brook. In the eastern branch of the large brook from H. McDougall's on the north side, reddish and greenish flinty slates, dip 161 < 79°, are veined with calcspar and quartz, and asociated with bluiHh-gray, micaceous, pearly slates, holding a very obscure Psilophyton and dipping 325° < 85°. In the branch to the westward these rocks Bhow the same changing dip. The fact, therefore, that the slates and quartzites seen nearest the conglomerate seem often to dip under it does not prove that the former is older. The pyritous veins of these two brooks have been mined, and indications of specular iron also followed. Red slates follow the road to the westward, but conglomerate is in place 325 yards west of the road to Vernal. Red and green slates, with bard bands and rusty-weathering slate and sandstone, extend thence to John Chisholm's. being succeeded everywhere to the northward by the upper red elates, From their contact with the upper group at McPhee's mills, greenish and gray .lates run up South River and along the west side of South River Lake to Goshen, ^^ear the outlet, and in the brook from the westward, they consist of yellowish, silvery and greenish-gray slates and quartzites intei-sected by threads of quartz, full of pyrites and often micaceous. On the lake shore, below, the church, gray quartzites with veins of quartz and specular iron, are interrupted by trap and IITCHIK.] DIVONIAN. 69 P In Hattio'8 millHtream, at the mill above the road, bliUHhgray, very Hatti.-i mill flinty slate dips 346° < 55°. The dioritic and Hyonitic rocks of this "a^Kjo rookT neighborhood are very cryHtaliine and gnciseic. At tlio Polson'B Lake {j°p;,er'ilke copper mine the detritus is dark slate, veined with quartz, which has ""''''®'' '"'"*" been dug in one of the pits behind the main shaft ; whorei'is in othei-s • it is the light-gray siliceous argiliite, which in the outlet brook is associated with dark-gray argiliite and micaceous sandstone, with impressions of fucoids, pn the south side, at the foot of the marsh, is u hill of greenish-gi-ay quartzite, greatly broken and spotted withFuooid.. specular iron, intoi stratitiod with wrinkled slate, voined with epidoto, and probably in the vicinity of intrusive rock. On the hill further east, the wrinkled slates are composed of a mixture of quartz, felspar and hornblende, cut by dykes of black hornblende-rock. Blocks of these rocks extend to the outcrop of whitish marble, and nearly to the Marble, lake. On the road from South River Lake to Copper Lake, greenish slate and sandstone are again seen; to which, between Copper Lake and Lochabei-, the upper red slates and quartzites succeed. At the lower end of Copper Luke, very dark, almost black, argillaceous sandstone, in thick and flaggy beds, contains geodes of specular iron. In the Iron ore. brook near Ireland Lake, reddish sandstone, flinty argiliite and dark bluish-gray papery argiliite, containing blotches of quartz, are in conuict with gray and greenish trap and diorite, with threads of specular iron. Gi-ay Devonian slate apparently occupies all the road Ochen. through Goshen to the mill at Pringlo Lake, where blocks of Carboniferous grit abound ; and grit is unquestionably in place at the Junction of South River road. Out Tate's and McDonald's road to the eastward, &n?feroul Devonian slates are probably present past the first housi- and to the brook about 300 yards from the main road, beyond which Carboniferous rocks begin. There can be here no mistaking the change from Carboni- ferous to Devonian. On the road at the lake we-st of Pringle Lake, is a hill apparently of slate; but the boundary to the westward is obscure. In the brook which follows the road fiom Goshen to South Lochaber, however, gray and whitish slates and quartzites reB<'mbling those of Birchtown, Clinton and Pirate Harbour are wcl i expo ed and contain ^"""p'ants. obscure fragments of Psitophytm. In a large branch fi'Om the south- ward is a quartzose conglomerate, with pebbles as large as a plum. In another branch are small bands of bluish shaly limestone containing specks of copper pyrites. They are first seen on ihe Sherbrooke road coppM^re.*"*^ near the head of the little lake between Lochaber and Two-Mile Lake, Loohaberand but between this point and Sandy Lake are doubtfnl. Between '^'"''■^"«^''« Lochaber and the head of Two-Mile Lake the land is low and swampy. In Hattie's Brook, the first outcrops are whitish granular quartzite or y 60 p KOVA SCOTIA. H^.-. Brook, altered gnt like that Been on the road to Goshen from the foot of Lochaber. At the end of the clearingn, a thick band of gray, micaceous. B.r™„.. 8till higho. I, - Urge outcrops of white flinty quart.ito on barrons aa rocky an those of Grand River. Above a small pond and havmar"h Z achff of greenish and gray.micaceouH, fine, flint^nandstono'^^^^^^^^^ wh te-weath.nng, rusty in places and spotted, like the quarLito« of Loch Lomond, with minute traces of specular iron in the joints. This outcrop ,s not fur below Hattie's Lake, on the shores of which the ocky barrens en. and there is a clearing on good soil. In the brook at the head of the lake, dark bluish-gray, flag,.y a„d slaty micaceous argilhto or very fine sandstone is followed by dark slates^underlain by green.sh-gray fine flinty sandstone and arena, . >us share, containing large scales of mica; and by white quartzite aid irrits an far a^ H.i„h tekTvil- f f illan-s clearing. I„ County Harbour ^,'1^ EighTS l.ake gray, compact micaceous quartzite contains minute veins of t^\^ quartz. On the roads south of Argyle. on that to Duncan Mcintosh's gMnd faP; About a miie west of Yellow Lake, the boundary of the gray Crboniferou. argdlaceous Carboniferous sandstone and Devonian slates is seen ^ The rocks of ErinviUe and Salmon River have already been described Ihe higher green strata are not seen, being p.obably covered by the Carbomferous At the contact near the confluence of the north branch, the difference between the Devonian micaceous sandstone and bluish-gray wrinkled slate and the overlying Carboniferous sand- Btone 18 as unmistakable as at Pringle Lake Loohaber. The contact between the upper red slates and green slates is well Been on the roads in Middleton, at the foot of Lochaber, and on the west side of that lake, the latter being associated with dark bluish-gray pearly, friable slates, like those of Copper Lake, and with rusty gray lj«e.ofiron argiUite and sandstone, spotted with specular iron and veined with calcspar or ankerite. The dip is south-easterly or north-westerly at a very high angle. j' »" » te??er, ^° ^"'^^^ ?I!^^^ °«'*^' *^« ^««d of Two-Mile Lake, not far above the inBo„8Brook.Joad, are reddish and greenish flinty sandstone and gi-it probably Carboniferous. Higher up, at the picturesque old saw-mill, are flinty grits like those on the Goshen road and at Hugh McMillan's, perhaps a so Carboniferous ; but in a small branch above the road are dark bluish-gray, papery Devonian slates, succeeded in the main brook by coarse rocks, probably Upper Devonian. I»R ^^"'■'*'''' °"''^' ^'^"^ ^'"^^ *'-^^«'-««« b^tb th« "Middle and upper MoNab Brook, gi-oups near their contact with the Silurian. Near the road, the rod argiUites and quartz-veined quartzites of the latter form cliffs with rllTSHM.] DEVONIAN. fil P » serien of mils and cnscadon of great beauty. At the top of the full«, whoro the brook app,.oaohe« (he track to Murpl,y'«, Kray.hale« contain Ko„„p,.„u Psilophyton and ob«cure fo.nH. Downstream, the fewoutcrop« indicate the usual succession above thene HhaloH-groeninh and cream-coloured pearly Bla.es, with veins of quarts, sometimcH eighteen imhes thick. Qu.,u^i«. which contain chlonto but no metallic matter, overlain by red .lates The Hiates upstream, where the brook croHses the track, arc obscure. and may be either Devonian altered by traps, or older. The g.enter part of this track is in the greenish slate found everywhere in the neighborhood from Peter Murphy's eastwai-d to the little lake and north-eastward to the head of Ca)J«hun Brook. Where Callahan Brook cuhanBrook becomes rapid -ompact, flinf;/, spli, tory, greenish and bluish-gray i"ntah".'^" slates form chff«, down which ho wator .mbles tumultuously twenty- five leet in cascades and a fall «v oh hav out a ravine with walln more than hfty feet high, through tho u,outb .f which a man can barely squeoM. If the slates are, as al., e suggested, Devonian, the light- A,, of the colored and reddish compact and granular quartz-f.-lsito and syenite'"'"""'""^""' of the neighborhood would seem to be newer and intrusive. if. i Ud so bhcl^aT?.? '''f '' i"" -^T""" ^'"""'^ '"'' ^''^^'y graphitic slates, araphit." so black as to have been dug for coal ; followed downstream by white, fr,',",*'.!,^?.' •"'" Amy quartzite, like that of the Goshen road, and by quartz-veined, K:S?.^'. pyntous dark slate and bluish-gray, flinty, micaceous sLdstone and grit. About twenty yai-ds below the fork above the settlement is an exposure of groenish-gi-ay slate; while flinty, purplish altered sand- Btone, perhaps Carboniferou.s, is found along the west side at the McKay B«,ok. settlement. In McKay Brook, also, above the St. Mary's road at the tannery, blu.sh-gray and black slate occurs, as well as in the country to the eastward. -' thJtTp**'"''" ^-Tt'^ ^^ ^^^ ^''^°°'*" ^'^^' ^»>'«J^ extends along Southern the EastRiversof St.Mary'sand ofPictou. is Veil defined, whereas thete^"-^"'. juncion with the Carboniferous on the s'outh is often oLcurro'LgSF"' partly to the barren, unsettled character of the country, and partly to the similarity of the gray slates and quartzites to the shales and sand- stones derived from them. In general, however, this boundary, as shewn on the map, may be taken as correct; it is seen more or less distinctly on the track whi. n runs westward through the barrens from Newtown, as well as in the various brooks. In this belt none of the greenish pearly slates seem to occur, nor the red rocks of the upper group. ^ ' * From the confluence of Black Brook, flinty, coarse, white glassy |«t River of quartzite, like that of the Goshen road, the foot of Lochaber, Grand "* *""'''• River and Clam Harbour barrens, extends in line clifi-s for some distance up the East River of St. Mary's. The flinty quartzite and 62 P NOVA SCOTIA. ii 1 1.1^ •1 If BarreiM. Sutberland'a Brook. Fd88il plants. Qaartz veins. Trace of iron ore. Fonil plants. Graphitio shales. Ankerite. East River of St. Mary's. Similarity to NewBrunswiok Devonian. dark argiUite of the road to north and east belong probably to this group, and for a great distance to the westwai-d the road forms the boun daiy. Immediately south of David A. Sutherland's, barrens as rocky as those of Grand River show blocks nd outcrops of coarse, quart^- veined, rust-spotted giit or quartzito, well seen also in Sutherland's Brook, below the fork of the branches from Long and Elbow Lakes associated with gray argillite, breaking into in-regular pieces a foot long and two inches wide. At the fork, gray and bluish-gray crumbly slates contain obscure Stigmaria rootlets, and are overlain by thick beds of white-weathering, flesh-red and white grit or quartzite, containing quartz-vems, seldom large, running in all directions and very numerous Immense ledges of quartzite occur in various parts of this district and trouad the lakes. The cliffs at the cascades below the fork mentioned above show gray, fine argillaceous micaceous sandstone, mixed with the finest and most flinty quartzite, flecked with specular iron in the joints. In the branch from Gunn Lake, and again, above this lake, are ledges of white, glistening Grand River quartzite, varying from compact to coarse, pebbly grit, breaking into innumerable, irregular angular pieces, usually smaller than a hen's Ggg, and fit for macadamiz- ing roads. In Sutherland's Brook, the first rocks of the cliffs at the cascades below this branch are greenish-gray and gray flinty sand- stone and slaty argillite, the more shaly portions, particulary the gray beds, yielding fi^agments of plants. Fine, micaceous, quartz-veinod sandstone, and red and green mottled argillite, flinty grit or quartzite with lines of jointing that might be mistaken for bedding,-in alternate thin bands, or in great masses, sometimes finely rippled, but generally splintery and difficult to examine,-aro succeeded lower down by bluish and greenish-gray, smooth-bedded, micaceous argillaceous shale, inter- stratified with fine-grained, micaceous, quartz-veined sandstone and ^it and with layers of dark-gray graphitic shale, from which Mr Weston collected a large number of badly-preserved plants, which resemble rhizomes of Psilophyton.^ In a bed of white, flinty, coarse quartzite, not far above the confluence with East Rfver, is a fine Stigmana, surrounded by graphitic matter. The quartz-veins carry a small quantity of ankerite. Similar outcrops occur both above and below the confluence in East River, are also displayed in unbroken cliffs in the gorge above Campbell Brook, and below the Gai-den of Eden pass into a nut-conglomerate, forming the walls of the gorge with its nearly vertical beds. As exposed everywhere about the lakes south of East River, these rocks present no features of special interest : their dip IS indicated on the map. The sirong resemblance to the Dadoxvlon sandst one ox' New Brunswick scarcely needs to be a gain pointed out. •Doterminedby Sir J. W. Dawson. ~~ ~~ ~ " FLETCHER.] DEVONIAN. 63 p Bare ledges of white quartzite and flinty conglomerate, with large Eden and pebbles of white quartz, occur in the barrens southwest of the Gut ^'"'^*'" ^''*'' and of Beaver Lake, and strike across the road fi-om Sunnybrae to Caledonia. The gray, shaly and flaggy graphitic quartzose locks west of the head of Eden Lake are probably of this age. In the EastEiver of Pictou, below Kerrowgare, bluish-gray and Ea.t River blackish, contorted, pyritous, graphitic, polished slates, greatly broken, ifrrphitTo contain veins of a rusty mixture of calcspar and quartz resembling those '''''*^' of Eoman Valley and of Deyarmond's at Pembi-oke, near Stewiacke River. They strike down the river, and are seen in other brooks from the southward. In the mill-brook, a mile and a half al. /e Sunnybrae sun„ brae bridge, they are exposed at the mill, too much cleaved to yield fossils, """'^ ™* but succeeded in cliffs higher up by quartzite, sandstone, and grit' interstratified with bands of greenish and bluish-gray micaceous slates and flags, containing numer us markings of Fsilophytm allied to Fossil plants. P. glabrum and P. elegans, and obscure Cordaites.* ' i the branch from the westward, these strata are associated with gi-eenish and reddish soft shales, spotted with haematite; in places the sandstones are Hematite and traversed by veins of limonite, one of which, about four inches thick, """'"'**• cuts across the stratification, is mixed with sandstone into a sort of breccia, and throws threads through it. Black slates are found in other branches of the East Eiver, nearer Bridgeville, but have not yet been examined. The track from Sunnybrae to Archibald Cameron's house, at the West River of West Eiver of St. Mary's, crosses good exposures of Devonian rock,®'" '^'"'^'''• about a mile south of Peter Cruikshank's house, where they consist of white quartz-veined quartzite, bluish-gray micaceous slate, and spotted red and green slate, the quaitzite being cut by small veins of limonite, i^n ore and stained blood-red, as in Sutherland's Brook. The country is more or less barren throughout, covered with blocks of quartzite, which has Barrens, sometimes a slight pink, sometimes a bluish-gray or purple tinge. The greenish-gray, flaggy, micaceous sandstones, near the Icgging- camp, at the crossing of Bryden Brook, with gray and rusty layers. Junction of full of comminuted plants, are probably still Devonian, although im- Ca7b™if" "ous mediately beyond, the blocks of gray conglomerate are Carboniferous. iCi'^''" On the roads about Trafalgar, toward Lome, and in the vicinity Trafalgar and of the French settlement north of Ellen Brown's Lake, alates and ^■''^«-*" *° quartzites underlie rocky barrens of great extent, very little of the land being fit for cultivation. At West Branch Lake, however, blackish slate begins, and the country is better. Near Nelson's, they j ^ . are overlain by Carboniferous rocks, a belt of which extends down the i>evoni'a'n°and .^_____ ___^ Carboniferous » tT. . , , ,, '. ! — — _ ^f Trafalpir. * Determined by Mr. Ami, i: ■t If , I 64 p NOVA SCOTIA. Devonian rooks on the railway in Cololiester county. Fossil plants. Carbonaceous Bhale.with iron stone nodules. Fossil plants. Barrens. Ironstone. Riversdale. Limestone. Fossil leaves and fruit. Shells. tTrBoutr'' ^*'''°^ ^^^ ^'"°'*'' ^'^^ '^^''^ ""^^^^ gold-bearing series on Along the Intercolonial railway, from West Elver station, about onL";- \fT f'?' ^''*^"''^ **^ ^^y«°^ ^^'^ 33rd mile-post, only a few blocks of white-weathering sandstone and greenish quartz! ito are seen Then begin smoothly-bedded, gray argillites, with bands of rust-spotted flinty sandstone, full of Cordaites; and still further west ovei-lymg these, are gray shale and sandstone, containing prostrate t^^unks of trees the sandstone predominating. These are precisely like the rocks of the barrens near the Garden of Eden, and are overlain by similar rocks interstratified with layers of red and green crumblv shale, and thin bands of dark shale, containing plants afd trees Good Z'irrV'1 ''*' r^ ^'^^"''^^ ^^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^^stone, having occa- sionally the texture of underclay, are found near the 34th mile-post • these rocks are not unlike the Carboniferous rocks near Wallace bridg^ Tt'Tlt' ^ ''^ *"** ^'^y ^'•«'"'*"' ""''^ ^^y^"-" «f flinty sandstone .About 300 yai^s west of the 34th mile-post is a cliff of blackish car-' bonaceous shale, full of small hollow concretions of iron-stone in numerous thin layers, seldom exceeding half an inch in thickness, the intei vening layers of cordaite-shale being from one to two inches thick- t^Z K 'ti T fl>°ty. <^chre-spotted grit, quartzite and shale, suc- XLlf "v '"^r^"^«^ «'^«>«' ^"J^ bands of quartzite, at the 35th TLTT: "" '^"'' '''^' ^'''''- ^^^^^'^ «^d Eobert collected Lepidodendron corrugatum, Stigmaria ficoides and stipes of ff.-ns * Thev extend to the westward in rocky barrens, and include a band of siliceous underclay, with Stigmaria and erect trees. The highest strata occur at the siding and 36th mile-post, the dip varying from 316° < 53° near West Eiver to 355° < 68° at the top. If the sequence is unbroken 21 seems probable, the thickness cannot be less than 6,065 feet, nearly' all of which IS exposed, the railway running nearly due west For about a mile and a half further, these i.cks ailrepeaL ; they av Z ob scure, the dip being reversed at an angle of 80°. at a pr< oable fault' but decreasing again to 40° near the 39th mile-post, where the iron- stone band again reappear, and the measures are again troubled for some distance. About three-quarters of a mile east of Eiversdale tation le .. uand of greenish and gray crumbling, impure, rubbt hmestone quartzite and calcareous shale, from the vicinity of which ^tZ; t? '"' ^"'r* obtained anew species ofCalaJtes of great inteie t with leaves and fruit, and a Sphenopteris.^ With the plants are also found at many places g ood specimens of AnthrLmya •DeterminedbySirJ. W.Dawson. ' ~ — " or MuIsS Gri^ '" '• ""• ''""'"'' ""'' •««"'''^- '•"> -"«« - •-'>''»"y Lower Carboniferous riETCHER.] DEVONIAN. 65 F taring series on [• station, about !3rd mile-post) ■eenish quartz- tes, with bands d still further ining prostrate are precisely »d are overlain ^reen crumbly id trees. Good , having occa- 4th mile-post^ Wallace bridge nty sandstone, blackish car- iron-stone in thickness, the > inches thick- nd shale, suc- e, at the 35th bert collected fe-as.* They id of siliceous trata occur at !° < 53° near unbroken, as et, nearly all b. For about ar< then ob. obable fault, ere the iron- troubled for f Eiversdale pure, rubbly ity of which nites of great th the plants Anthracomya er Carboniferons (Nmadites) elmgata and A. Icevis. At the 40th mile-post, half a mile west of Eiversdale, the dip is 161° < 60°, at the beginning of a continu- ously ascending section, which shows 3,531 feet of alternations of gray and brownish flinty quartzit&s and slates, forming a very barren country, and no doubt a repetition of the section* east of Eiversdale- overlain by 6.468 feet of red beds of the upper group, the summit ofR,a,ookaof which IS reached at the shanty, half a mile west of Union station t^^'^ll Beyond the shanty these upper beds are, for a mile and a half, i^peated Jfn^ T.f '"^-^^'7 '^'^*'"' *^'" ^"'^'^ or troubled, covered on the Contact with imeot the railway by red rocks of Triassic age, but run on a ridge™"''*'- south of Truro, where they were recognized by Dr. Ells.f On the road south from West Eiver station are gray shales andi. • , sandstones like the foregoing; dark argillite and quartzite, containing °tew?X.°' quartz-veins and minute seams of ankerite in the joints. Upper Red Slate and Sandstone Group. The rocks of this grou;, on the rocky barrens along the railway consist of red or brownish shales or slates, with bands of quartzite or flinty quartzose, glistening sandstone. As theyhave been examined only on the railway, on a road between Truro and Stewiacke, and on another between PembrokeJ and Eiversdale, they will not be again referred to at present. Upper Devonian rocks underlie the Carboniferous in another large area between upper Tracadie and the College, west of Lochaber; a third extends from Arisaig to Bailey's Brook. Upper Devonian of Tracadie and Lochaber. w«?rJr''' '^"'^ («»»f *22), from the contact of the Carboniferous, Carboniferou. west of Grosvenor, red and purple quartzites and argillites extend to SF^Stld?!'"' the old post road. To the westward, on this road, are greenish and gray rocks, probably at the top of the middle group. Purple and red slates also occur on the Mathy road. In Tracadie River, at the Salmon Hole, is a flinty, reddish-gray sandstone, perhaDs Carboniferous and lower down, greenish flinty grit, traversed by minute threads of quartz, and passing into nut-conglomerate. If, as seems probable these represent the strata of the " big cut" on the railway (page 71 p),' a tongue of Carboniferous conglomerate would seem to run up this valley to the bridge at the post-office. • AoadisE Qtology, Supplement, p. 48, 1. 99, t Qeol. Surrey Report for 1886, p. 80 1. t Aoadiao Oeology, p. 660, 1. 40. 5 I'll 66 p NOVA SCOTIA. & Monastery Brook. Blaok River of Pomqnet. i Contaet with Carboniferous, South River and Loohaber. Contact with Carboniferoua. Iron ore. At Breen s mill, on the Monastery Brook, reddish and greenish-gray glistening sandstone or quartzite is associated with softer, shaly beds and overlain by Carboniferous limestone and red boft marl At Backlands, Eraser's Grant and New France, red slates and quartzites abound on ^ho brooks and roads. In Black Eiver, below the old road gray flinty argiUite, dipping IIF < 50', is underlain at the post road by red argillite and quartz-veined sandstone. Lower down a belt of greenish slate shows a south-easterly dip ; but the prevailing rock 18 red argillite. In the tributaries from Eraser's Grant, and in the main river below them, red argillite, having a south-easterly cleav- age-dip, and greatly jointed and broken, rises into rough, picturesque crags. The harder bands, interstratified with the argillites, alone mark the dip. The river is almost continuously rocky, in gorges with cascades and falls for several miles, and expoees layers of white' flinty, quartz-veined quartzite among the prevailing red ; below which' crumbly red and green soft shales and sandstones, with thin bands of ruflty limestone, indicate the beginning of the Carboniferous basin the contact of which is again seen in Pomquet Eiver, not far above the bridge at Meadow Green, where the Blue Cape limestone and associated strata rest upon reddish flinty sandstone, rusty-weathering quaitzite and red argillite or slate veined with quartz, and well exposed near Beauly. ^ Eed or purple rocks, more or Jess argillaceous, are displayed in the bouth Eiver of Antigonish for three hundred yards below the bridge at Eraser's mills; mounds then indicate the probable crossing of Carboniferous limestone. In the brook along the road to Lochaber blocks of red argillite occur and outcrops are found in all the brooklets from the southward. Where the road turns away from the brook red slate IS in place thirty yards above an old mill, with Carbonife'rous limestone one hundred and fifty yards to the westward. Above Eraser's mills, red or brown, scaly, micaceous, quartz-veined argillites are seen m South Eiver and all its branches, as well as in the brooks running to Lochaber, the veins holding chlorite and crystals of transparent quartz On the road from Copper Lake to Lochaber, the bluish-gray and green- ish rocks of the middle groap are overlain by red and purple shales containing a little specular iron. In the brook at Lochaber chapel, pearly, soapy slates, of the usual shades of red and purple are continuous to the top of the hill where they are underlain by gray, bluish-gray and green slates of the same character, resting in turn upon greenish aud gray quartzites holding specular iron in the joints and veins. On both sides of Lochaber, red and purple and dark bluish-gray FLETCHER.] DEVONIAN. 6 p i greenish-gray 'ter, shaly beds, arl. red slates and liver, below the inderlain at the Lower down, ; the prevailing Grant, and in i-easterly cleav- gh, picturesque rgiilites, alone iky, in gorges, lyers of white, ; below which, thin bands of irous basin, the far above the and associated ring quai-tzite, exposed near isplayed in the low the bridge le ci'ossing of I to Lochaber, II the brooklets the brook, red Carboniferous ihovo Fraser's illites are seen iks running to parent quartz, ray and green- purple shales , of the usual le hill, where s of the same tzites holding k bluish-gray slates and quartzites are well exposed, associated on Oi-ockett Island* with green slates and a band of Arichat conglomerate. In Hurlbert Brook at the saw and grist mills, a fall thirty "eot high cuts through red slate and quartzite, dipping about 100»<5, . Above the fall the brook is rapid for some distance, tbon opons out into a inai^hy lake and chain of alder-marshes and ponds, above which is a fork *^f""[thwest branch, re-^ slates dip ll^<69^ turning more to the south higher up. Rod slates aro in all the neighboring brooks In the little brooks near the foot of Lochaber, on the west side red and purple slates and sandstones, quartz-veined, broken by joints and containing traces of specular iron, rise into fine clitfs The rocks of McNab Brook have been already described. On the track from Peter Murphy's to Lochaber, the blocks of reddish altered sandstone which abound with others of greenish pearly slate, belong apparently to this group, 'r j , 5 Near the copper mine at the College, reddish sandstone and argillite Lo,h»b«, are found not far from fragmentary rocks, perhaps Pre-Cambnan • -^ '---•• while at the mine, a greenish granular diorite is associated wl"^ cop! per ore, mixed with a large quantity of speculai- iron. On the road north of Angus Cameron's, Devonian argillite is cut by intrusive rock Down Boggs Brook, below the little lake, reddish-gray, fine, flintv„ sandstone and smoothly bedded argillite, with a few veins of quartz """• are succeeded by flinty, reddish-gray sandstone and fine, white siliceous rock, weathering cream-colored and streaked with threads of quartz well exposed at a cascade. At another, are cliffs of reddish-gray coarse, flmty grit and fine conglomerate, with minute veins of quartz passing into coai-se conglomerate, with blotches of specular iron andr beautiful crystalline aggregations of quartz. ^ '"'" ""' .K^^^ FI^^ "^"^ cascades near the foot of the rocky portion is cut through flinty, fine sandstone, grit and conglomerate, the thickness of which must be considerable. Conglomerate also crosses the road north of the foot of the lak^ about one hundred yards from the lake road- it 18 cut by veins of quartz, and is so unlike the red slate group, and so like that at the base, that it will possibly be found to be a recurrence of the conglomerate of the east side of South Eiver Lake (p 64 p) At William M.Donald's and at John Carroll's, red and purple slates • are abundant. On the track between Carroll's and Garvie Lake, felsites appear. ~ ' Upper Devonian Hocks of Arisaig and Bailey's Brook. Of these rocks, at McAra's BrooK, Dr. Honeyman says:! "They ai-e certainly not Lower Helderberg. and may, therefore , be Devonian . . .b/fl"?^ •Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. Sc, Vol. IV., p. 76. ' ■ — t TraM. N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. HI., p. 13. 08 p NOVA SCOTIA. By Dawsoti . MoAdam Brook) The Hollow. Br.:.>Jt. Upon these, the lower Carboniferous conglomerates lie unconformably, • •_ *, ''°® of junction being behind a ma's of amygd aioid." hy Sir J. W. J)aw8on, thev are also apparently regarded an Pre-f Jarbonif^r )U8 *^ although not separated from the Silurian. Succeeding a syiidinal of Lower Helderberg /irata, in M(;Adai Brook,t 18 ,1 great ti.ickness of indinn-red and redd sh gva' soIV flat* and calcareous, micHceous sandstone, cut by veins of whito barren quartz, with vugs holding crystals of quartz, v-hich are found in nearly continuous outcrops for about half . mile, and l^eyond this point; at intervals, as far as the Hollow (' B.uin's Highway"), interstratiaod with a few feet of greenish-gray micaceous fiuartzite, showing nbscwre remains of plants. About 183 pjices west of Btonehouse Brocic, en tbe sbors vo&d the>-6 rf,od expc rtires are also cut by McAra's Brook, behind thfr mHmoy-i^y.flnloid st the shore, consisting of red, flinty, micaceous pin$mt.-,,MonB and slate, often concretion a/ r, interstratified with. gioenisJ toick-baided and flaggy sandstone, co.-taining traces of car- boaaUoi copper and iron pyrites; the brook hemg rocky up to the- shora road. From the latter, a collection of fo« vis was made by Mr Weston, comprising fragments of plants &nd fish-v.etb, not certainlv^ determinable, together with certain interesting footprints like Pro- tichnites carbonarius-X Devonian rocks, broken by dykes, are found as far as the head of ^18 brook, on the road to the Hollow, in all the district from the Hollow northward, in the valleys of Dunmaglass, but rising, also, inta high peaks among the hills. Downstream in Knoydart Brook, below Dunmaglafls, they are admirably displayed in a clean, beautiful valley with either a rocky or pebbly floor, contained by mural crags or steep' mossy slopes, from which the trees meet .overhead. The red argillitea are so greatly cleaved and jointed that the 'dip can be obtained only on the few accompanying bands of reddish and bluish-gray fine sandstone; they are cut by dykes of fine calcareous diorite, are- sometimes spotted green, contain greenish, concretionary, hard bands and nodules, are seldom pearly like the red slates of Lochaber, and are unconformably overlain by Carboniferous strata, the junction being plainly seen above John McGillivi-ay's mill. The boundaries of the different formations, closely traceable here- and towards Ardness by excellent outcrops, are 8h( vr. on the map. Copp«r. Fossil plants, fish and foot- prints. DuDmaglass. Rnovdart htiiok. Dykes Oontaot with Carboniferous, Ardnen • Acadian Geology, p. 816, line 4, and Supplement, p. «. line 16. t Trans. N. S. In.» Nat. So., Vol. IV., p, 66. } Supplement ' < . Qeol., p. 66. fllTOHU.'] inconformably^ loid." liy Sir '«rbonif.>i-)ti8,*- , in MoAdai ; ray sof; plati, whito barre.-i iaand in nearlj- this point; at interstratifiod jwing obacwre ii'« voud these rook and the >nncipally of k, behind the- y, micaceous, itratified with, traces of car- ky up to the- made by Mr. not certainly ats like Pro- the head of riot from the ng, also, inta Brook, below atifbl valley,, ■ags or Bteep, red argillitea be obtained bluish-gray 8 diorite, are- , hard bands ochaber, and notion being iceable here- the map. OABBONIPEROUS. 69 p ^^V^l^''^^^^^^^^^ southward at Ardnem ost-offlce, soft, reddish Carboniferous conglomerate and marl are sue, oeded immediately above me road by red, calcareous, concretionary Devonian argillite This ^'l*- u !l''!.**' ?^«*«^«°*1 g'-««°i«'^ bands, to the Hollow, on the slope of which the d,p IS 300» < 10° at the contact of layers of sandstone and argilhte; while the dip of the cleavage, replaced by lines of jointinir nine inches apart in the sandstone, h 204°<70°, and might easily be jnistaken for bedding. Near Vamey's Brook, red slates sui-round the v • « v hill of Silurian rock, and high ridges on the east side of the brook "^""' snow cleavage planes running 246° to 271°. The reddish-gray fine sandstone, underlying Carboniferous limestone P-, .„ . an the east branch of Bailey's Brook, is probably Devonian "'j^f^ «"'«''•«-''• succeeded upstream by brick-red argillite, and still higher, by traps And Cambro-Silurian slates. ^ ^ be^Devontan "''""" ''*°'^*'"*' '"°''' ** Avondale post^ffice may also Avondai,. G. CAEBONirEBOrS. The general distribution of the groups which contain all the Car- boniferous strata exposed in this region is given at page 7 P of this report. ^ ° These groups are : G Im. Carboniferous Conglomerate. ^ !• do. Limestone. G 2. Millstone Grit. G Im. CabbONIFEEOUS CONatOMBEAM. The rocks of this group r iemble those described in previous Geolo. n , v gical Survey Eeports* and n tolieunconformabrytoZcarb'^o'K ferous limestone. This unc. ormity. as seen at the Strait ofTnso """'^^^^^^^ and Antigonish, at Lake Ainslie, Margaree Forks and other placest is not merely local, as stated by Sir J. W. Dawson,t and the suppositionll that a portion at least of this division is probably contemporaneous with the Carboniferous limestone formation" can be regai-ded as true of only a small portion of it. The great difference of thickness in so many places m adjoining areas canno t, in the absence of faults, be ex- W ;"'""' ^'""'' '"' '"''-'"■ "• ''' ' '"" '''"■'"• -• «^ ' '" "^-7«' P- 23 '. and for 1882- I Sheets 11, 13, M and 22 of Report for 1882-83-84. t Supplement to Acadian Geology, p. 102. II Qeol. Survey Report for 1876-77, p. 437. 70 p NOVA SOOTIA. ^, I 1 hi i 11'. Mi Similnrity to the Albert ■hales. Diatribution. North Oanao. plained otherwise'than by unconformity similar to that found in New Brunswick, and noticed by Mr. Robb, Mr. Brown and Professor Hind* in Capo Breton. The whole series of Lower Carboniferous rocks in Now Brunswick is considered at page 354 of the Report for 1876.'77 and an unconformity betw.^en two of the divisions described on page fu A,u" f^'J^T"' ^°'' ^^^^•'^^' P"^*^ ^^ °' ^^^ q»««ti«" of the age of the Albert shales, which correspond with this lowest Carboniferous group at the Strait of Canso, is discussed, and also their relation t» the Devonian ; and in the Report for 1885, p. 33 e, a section is given, sub- divisions 1, 2, 3 and 4 being of this group. The principal areas of this formation are: 1. At Tracadie and Harbour Bouchd. 2. On the peninsula north of Antigonish. 3. At McAras Brook 4. In the long trough extending from Salmon River Lakes to Trafalgar. 1. Basal Carboniferous Rocks of Tracadie and Harbour Bouche. The strata of North Canso are described in the Report for 18'79-80 p. 61 F, and in the present report at page 50 p. At the lighthouse, red- dish-gray argillite and flinty sandstone resemble the Devonian strata of Union station. In the little brook, up which the shore road climbs, a mile east of the head of Harbour Bouchd, the reddish and gray soft shales and fine micaceous sandstone are perhaps the same as those found in the railway cuttings ea.t of the station. About one hundred and fifty yards west of the school, very flinty rocks, probably Devonian are on the road and in the hill to the south; but two hund red yards from the school, Carboniferous argillite is again on the road, indicating an irregular boundary. The land about the head of Little Tracadie HarScur, from T W Kinney s to John Chisholm's Brook, is very rocky with reddish-gray' coarse, crumbling Carboniferous grit and conglomerate. On Tate's road, at the railway crossing, those rocks become much more coherent and contain blotches and veins of quartz; and some distance south of the crossing are underlain by red Devonian slates and flinty quartzites the former perhaps representing the first rocks seen on the shore of Harbour Bouche, which are also traversed by quartz-veins, and under- Black shales *'" .''^ ^'«*** *"^ dark-gray papery shales, crenulated on the strike and limestone, passing into pure limestone and including flinty bands of greenish rippled sandstone, jointed into small pieces, covered on some surfaces with shrinkage marks and containing concretions of compadt lime- stone; these oocu])y the shore for about half a mile south-east of the lighthouse, and are, according to Sir J. W. Dawson, the equivalent of the Horton shales. Uttle Tracadie. Quartz veins. Contact with I>evonian. * aeol. Survey Reports for 1872-73, p. 173, and for 1882-83-84, p. 45 h. FltTOHlH.] CARBONIFEROUS. Tip found in New ofoSHor Hind* reus rocks in t for 1816-11, ribo(l on page of the age of Carboniferous elation to the is given, sub- Tracadie and onish. 3. At Salmon Eiver r Bouche. for 1879-80, fhthouse, red- Ionian strata I road climbs, nd gray soft ime as those one hundred ks, probably it two hund- i on the road,^ , from T. W. •eddish-gray, On Tate's »re coherent, ice south of y quartzites, ;he shore of , and undor- \ the strike, of greenish me surfaces npadt lime- i-east of the juivalent of At the grist-mill, north of the 67th mile-post, are indefinite outcrops of greenish-gray, flinty, fine grit and reddish conglomerate, blotched in conglomerate the joints with quartz and associated with fine argillaceous sandstone and shale. Similar rocks, found in Little Tracadie Eiver and other brooks of the neighborhood contain pebbles of red syenite, whitish quartz-folsite, red tine sandstone and compact, quartzose grit or quartz- ite often as large as a goose's egg. On the railway, near the 6«th mile-post, are reddish-gray fine sandstone and argillaceous shale, not unhke the strata of Janvrin Island and Hawkesbury. In the " big cut" between Tate's road and Little Tracadie Eiver, and also nouth of the railway on the roads to the eastward, are greenish, very flinty, quartz-veined grit, conglomerate, quartzites and purple slates, which perhaps indicate a passage to the Upper Devonian. Eeddish Crumbling argilhte, at the crossing of Little Tracadie Eiver, and again nearer Harbour Bouche, is associated with greenish flinty sandstone and grit or quartzite. At the 70th mile-post, reddish sandstone and argillite are found; while still further east are rocks unmistakably Devonian- gray quartzites and bluish and greenish-gray slate. The fl^inty, coherent grit and argillite, immediately above the second Monastery mill and underlying the limestone in Monastery Brook, probably ^'°°''- belong to the base of the Carboniferous rather than to the Devonian They end about half a mile upstream, being underlain by the gray slates and sandstones, from which foSsils were collected bv Mr "Weston. ^ 2. Basal Carbowferpus Rochs of the Peninsula north of Antigonish. The rocks in this area are precisely like those described above, except that, in addition, there are found small seams of coal or black coai bituminous shale, which have been, to a small extent, worked; the conglomerate is, as a rule, also more friable, although, in several places, d,.,, cut by dykes of igneous rock ; it everywhere underlies unconformably " the limestone and plaster of the next higher group, and is well exposed in the brooks and on the shore. Indian-red coarse conglomerate and sandstone, and red and green ogdo i rook marl, apparently of great thickness, occupy a broad belt in Ogden ^'^""^ ' Brook, associated with gray beds containing coal. On the shore, near Cribbean's Head, the conglomerate which overlies the Cambro-Silurian strata is red, gray and greenish, friable and thick-bedded, with bands of reddish argillaceous shale and rusty sandstone, enclosing fossil plants and trunks of trees. North of Laknule, similar rocks, often calcareous, contain layere of blackish argilmccous shale, and red and green shale, but the prevailing Black shale. 72 P NOVA aOOTIA. rock is conglomerate, compoHed of pebbl*« o^-^reat varietv nf^u ■* diorit., „„e,L, several Ct C" '0.;^ T T"" """ o/C::,.:t^i:- 1?^ «eC'^, - rr- "; °™-- Fouil pUnta Mdflihei. CMkl oil. Rithfa River AnajDlorruton town sourceof coal-oil* The b. I9 in T?icrl,fu ir -"■^ -^^m u» a. samflno-A T,. *i, ... ^••••"' ™g"t8 iiiTerare proiublyof -he •Cr: .ISO Trans. N. S. In.t. Nat. So.. Vol. IV.. pp. 70and465. fUTOMM.] iety— ofdlorite, 8, quartz- veined i-ockH hitherto I conglomerate, t with reddiah odditih, impure, iVHte, and other limestone. A lerute, reddish Stigmaria and Jiuerate being taining minute » cells of the ate are easily hem is also a iat of George- dicated on the h shore to the ,and is cut by 'x; it can be iindred yards • pe George, les is largely ? syenite -md ' reddish nut- fate is 1. early passing into gstoije Cove, jrate, of the of a number : -Lepido lenr niscus. The ieeiy similar tb'^r t< the ^0 rii 11 in r them as a 'biy of the sandstones, : ^alamites, tr liigher in OARBONIPBROUS. 73 p the series than the l,eds last mentioneci." Ah already stated, thes. coa. ror«.tioa beds Hoom rather to beloi..^ all to the same group, anc|, to underlie the^""'"' Urbon.ferous l^me.tono. Near Ogden Pond and Lakevalo,* pits have Coal pit.. been dug fo.- coal m black bituminous carhonaceo..s nhale, associated with gnt and conglomerate; gray, rusty-woathering, micaceous shale and flaggy, fulHo-h.Mldod sandstone passing irregularly into the coarser beds and containing broken plants. Sovo.-al largo trunks of fossil trees, havmg the bark inverted into coal, have also lod to the .earch for coal on and near the shore in this vicinity. In one of the beds of ci-ay coarse sandstono a seam four or Ave inches tWck, but only six feet long tapers to a point at both ends, boing probably derived from a large losBil trunk. ° On .he Beavor road, gray and reddish mottled micaceous sandstone and shale are again interstratifle^l with.biaok bituminous .hale, worked tor c.^al. Sometimes the sandsto... is nearly white, weathers rusty, and passes into gray grit and conglomerate. The red and the gray conglom- . ^•ates seem to be the same, for one is always neai- or mixed with the '°'"""°''™'- other. On the highland of Uape George, the red calcareous variety is alw.ys preH*>Mt, and usually also in Ballantine Brook and tho other northern streams, passing in places into limestone-breccia and traversed *)y minute veins of calcsjjar. On the barrens or commons about Greondalo, Heffernan Marsh ando Mahgi mt Brook are good outcro,,H of bluish and greenish-gray coarse mndstone, g,-it and conglomerate, like those of the shore. In Graham Oi -Sinclair Brook.f the coarse rocks are a..ociated with mottled, reddish .»i iT"'l r"''!'*°"^ and marl, containing plants; and in the bruach called W h Br- ok, with dark bluish-gray shale. The 1. bout Cape George is very fertile and well settled, although high, being und. -lain by calcareous con, lomerate. The glen, of the Cape are singularly beautiful. In Malignant Brook, at tho bridge a mile and a half above the mouth, the Carboniferous sandstones a^d^^P"' conglomerates are more altered than those just describe*!, which is perhaps due to the amount o' Iding and tilting to whici- ese ro-ks have been subjected. Th. landalungfhe road up the east side fron, ais bndge.s not thickly settled, ti.e .oil being for the most part rouo.ied, too rocky for cultivation by blocks and outcrops of gray sandstone and ^'"''■"• pebbly grit, somotimes quarried for rough work in building. In tho brook, good exposures begin not far below the saw ill at Marwalc **'"'""''"'* iine and coar.e, thick-bedded and flaggy, gray sandstone and conglom- erate, verj nicaceous and like ti.e i-ocknof the St. Mary's Oar onifer- ousbasm^ntaining, among othei-s, pebbles oJ . ed syenite, and oi the *Aoadian Qeology, pace 349. tTrang. N. S. Inat. Not. So., Vol. IV 69,andV(,!. VI., p. 313. 74 Y NOVA SCOTIA. CoAlplti. Rescmblanne to Millitone Grit. BiBok ahalei and ooal. Foasil plants. Right's River near Antigo- nisli. Thioknesi. Clydesdale. Copper ore. ro.1 Umbro-S. urian grit of Malignant Covo. Noar tho mill black pearly. p..l.Hl,od, grapbitic, argillacoonH nhalo has b..n dugfo • 'oal ami' .H .n e..HtnU.fied wi.l, dirty greoniKh-grny and gray ,. oft „ iCu m-g,lhto, coapBe gnt a,.d flaggy «andHto..o. Upstream, .ome of 7e rocks are HO flmty.Hlaty, jointed and broken that, at «rs, night thov m.ghtbem.H^ .on for Cambro-Silurittn; tho asnoHatod ..JuLlvZ also weathers very much like that of Malignant Cove, but is nt bo fl.nty and .s. moreov,.,-. interstratiHod with reddish flneirit HhareLd npplod, m.caceous sandstone. At tho mill, comparatively stft, 'o ..^bl ng conglomerate is assfftiatod with black nha o In tL nn Uk T f 0. Malignant Brook, above the road to the tcklls ^o 1 iro > Sr TITT. ?"'''""' ''"' conglon.erate, sometimes ullyZl pact ih.ck-bodded, jointed and flinty, like quartzite, which toZ.! Z ' ; K T" "''''"^"*"°" «f fli"ty rocks with more crumbly ds o?" r "'""'^ '""^°' "•* '" ^^'^ ^«'-'"""-- Someof the beds of gray brown or n.sty-weathering sandstone could not be d.8t.ngu.s^^<., from Millstone Grit; but, there is no evidence thu aU these rocks do not underlie the limestone of Hallowell, Grlnt Lake vale and Antigonish. Immediately above the bridge at Mary v^^^^ green,sh-gray fine sandstone, cut by minute threadt of caTspar U followed by three feet of black, ealcareo-bitu.ninous, graphi c 2le breaking w.th smooth, polished faces bo as to resemWe coa md cu^ n all directions by threads of calcspar, associated with ^reen sh •umbling argilhte and massive, gray, coherent, coarse and fite aTd ^toneand gnt containin.^ spots of coal and impressions of IS d^dron On the old Guh road, black shale detritus is abundantT^ the head of Malignant Brook. ""unuanc neai At the bridge on Eight's* Eiver at Murphy's mills, fine exposures of ddisb crumbling nut- and egg-conglomerate. dark shales and patch- of fine sandstone are interstratifled with small bands of limestone and contain Zep.dod^dron. Up the eastern branch are outcrops of bright sarn'ifrthrP T"'7''''^' f"''"^"^' "P '"^^ -"«^ f-- «bove the flTof H^t! ^-^^1 r*"'" '■""^- ^ '^'^"^"^^^ «f ««^«'-al thousand on by faulting; while at other places, as at Williams' Point and the ZTa7ZJ- " .*'' °'' ^"If.""'' ^'^^ «-^'lomerate is altogetie n t'hn rm r r 'T '^''•^"^'y »P«" Pre-Carbonifei-ous rocks. In the little branch at the Clydesdale school, the conglomerate which^BfoM^^ stained gr'een with Top'^Cj • Acadian Geology, Supplement, p. 49. niTCHH.] OARHONirKROUa. mill, black, [forooal, and ^ mioaceoiu tomo of the Hight, thoj "iiglomerate •ut is not BO it, shalo and t, crumbling arth branch • outcrops of nearly com- licb, toward h coal wan re crumbly 3omoof the uld not be Qce that all innt, Lake- Maryvale, salcspar, is hitic shale, >al, and cut h greenish fine sand- of Lepido- ndant near :po8ure8 of id patches stone, and of bright- d between above the thousand ne repeti- it and the iltogether ous rockH. ;lomorato, »pper, and TSp inter8tratiHeevonian The conglomerate is probably only in patches in the sandstones and shales of the river at Archibald Cameron's, which consist t'ely"^^^ daik argillaceous shale, sometimes very coaly, sveatW iointfd Lh n coherent, but without quartz-veins. H.Vher L Ui e rfve h!f "^ ""''"" d,m and not far from Trafalgar, are fine o'utcLp! ^l^Zi^l^ Iniirf r"-'' '''''Y '^"P"^ °' P^^'^'- ''^ "- - lying granite and gneissic rock, and succeeded upstream by reddish-Laf Mien Browns Lake, this sandstone is again met with, not far from the contact of Devonian quartzites and slates. G 1. Carbonifebous Limestone. A perfectly well defined base for this formation is given by the Blue Cape limestone, the outcrops of which, to the wes^twa^d, 'at North Canso Pirate Harbour, Lennox Ferry, St. Peter's, the Bras d'Or Lake and other places have been already described * It is ov«lVn T. great distance by an important belf of gypsl, and ZZ^Z'!^: -- ' '" ably upon all. the formations from thePre-Cambri^n* to the Carbonitous' conglomerate. The contact of this limestone with the Devon an rck of Guysborough Harbour has been already referred to.f At anothe point, at the mouth of Ingersoll Creek, the limestone is gray and ed- dish gray, impure and concretionary, often shaly, contains h^maite and IS mixed with conglomerate. n<»maute, Another patch of limestone, not indicated on sheet 24,t is found on the shore road, at the north end of the bridge over Sfeen Crer = underlain by gi.enish,flinty,q.artz.veinedsands?onei:dcoS^^^^^^^ by a considerable thickness of brown, red and green, mottled spTinterv conceld . ''''r:^''"' '^PP^"^ '''°<''°' *»^« ^--tone, akrl concealed interval, dipping 325° < 19° to 340° < 25^ and the under lyiug greenish flinty quartzite, in which it fills a depression as on the opposite side of the Strait, 0° < 19°. ^ • Pago 50 p of this Report 6i r, etc. t Geol . Surcoy Report for 1879-80, p. 59 r tQeol. Survey Report for 18 2-33-8i. Acadian Geology, p. 350 ; Geol. Survey Report fcrl879-i 9.P.56P, 80 P NOVA SCOTIA. Bine Cape limeatone traceable un- broken for 87 mile*. Folds. Ontliers. Traoadie lime •tone quarry. Shelli and plants. CoaL Onmgm. From the outcrops at Cape Pond and Blue Citpe, the limestone s' Jo !^h T p' '"'''T'''' "^'"' '^"■*^-«- -i'^^' thence b^ ^il/« Zk T ^'^"" ""^ ^"*'g«"J«h to MorriHtown. twenty-six miles further; ,t reappears on the shore at Knoydart* and runs abont e>ght mUes to Avondale, where it is overlapped^ MilSone GHt '^ fax- as the margm of the Pictou coalfield. In the Ltigonish bas n it IS frequently repeated by north-ea.t folds, which will be readily u^de stood from the map. some of which bring up Pre-Carbonifero s^"l i SoctZ^ TT "T' '''" '' *'^ ^^"«««' «* H""«-«» Grant and Doctors Brook and a narrow belt extends up the East Eiver of Pictou from Springville to Sunnybrae. ^n%oni.A to„.-At T. W. Kinney's, southwest of Tracadie Har- bour several hundred tons of limestone have been quarried and b^u^t The hme makes an excellent mortar with two-thirds sand, and Ims also been used with good effect on wheat- and grass-land, ihe ,ime stone 18 bluish-gray, shaly and thick-bedded, oolitic and veined wTth ca^cspar. About Giroir's and Black Bridge! at the head IfTlI^^e Harbour, are several outcrops of reddish and green fine coherent sTnt o' r^'"*^ '^"^^"^ ^"' Purplish-wfathering soft Id lie wUh dt^'f """"" ^^^'' ''' ^^^« '' S---h calcareous shale with nodules of more or less impure limestone; gray smooth calcareo-bituminous shales holding obscure shells; red and Zn mottled argilhte, jointed and ripple-marked; and reddish and^ay sandstone wavy and false-bedded, too shaly for building, contain LT rCer of r k "' T""'"''- .^^"^^*^ ^"« ^-'^ «f this^'sandstonTS Bv^'fes wbtT\''^K °"' '^'""''^ ''''^'''' streaks of coal and TslllM t T T'^ ^"^* '"^^' ""-^ ^« ^S-in underlain by shales, which occupy the shore for some distance east, becoming in places dark and slightly bituminous. ' and interstratified with fh n These rocks extend to the mouth of Little Tracadie Harbour + In the Monastery Brook, above the shore road, are high cliffs of red- dish-gray, gi-eenish and dark-gray shale, sandstone and marl, con- taining calcspar in minute veins in the bedding, in nodules, in vugs and m sheets in the joints. Near the monastery, these shales are associated with gypsum, underlain by twenty or thirty feet of gray bitummous limestone, in layers from four feet to nine inches thick with fluorspar in calcspar veins. In the adjoining fields, gypsum is in place in mounds white and without crystals, or sacoharoSal and full of cry stals of anhydrite. On the road to Tracadie wharf, broken land •Qeener'g'Geology, p.134. ~~ ' " ' — ~ ~ t Qeol. Survey Report for 1879-80. p. 61 r. nETCHER.] CAKBONIFEROUS. 81 P the limestone unbrokenly to 68, thence by i'n, twenty-six md runs about Istone Grito* Jnish basin it readily under- ferous strata. bH Grant and Sast Eiver of ^racadie Har- ed and b"nit. and, and has 1. The lime- l veined with i of Tracadie Sne coherent ijEf soft sand- ih calcareous ?ray smooth and gi-een, 3h and gray :, containing sandstone i» of coal and mderlain by jecoming ia 1 with thin e limestone. iir.f cliffs of red- marl, con- ies, in vugs shales are set of gray ches thick, ?^pHum is in al and full poken land perhaps indicates also the occurrence of gypsum or limestone amon» the soft rocks, but no outcrops are met with. " On Alexis Head, banks of gravel and boulders are succeeded by Alexis Head, cliffs of red, gray and greenish smooth shalcH, mottled and in alternate ^"'"'^'''' layers, with bands of fine sandstone, often beautifully rippio-markcd, but having the I'ipples interrupted by small pits, which give them a rhombic appearance. The marls and shaly and fal>se-bodded sand- stone at the west branch of T.'acadie Harbour, contain broken Fossil pianto plants. The few outcrops between Ti-acadie and Bayfield, consist of Bayfield red sandstone and shale, with green and gray bands, containing com- minuted carbonized plants ; but better exposures aj-e cut in the brooks, where the sandstones are sometimes (juarried for rough building-stone' Afton Eiver, below the railway, exposes high banks of greenish- Afton River gray and red marl and sandstone, often like Millstone Grit. Above the Indian Eeserves, reddish, greenish and gray smooth shales, like those of Black Eiver, are associated in both branches with red coarse con- Devonian and glomerate, and overlie Devonian quartzites; while downstream are *^*'''"'°^^°"'"»- bands of ferruginous limestone and ripple-marked sandstone. At Gorman's corner, the basal limestone, wrinkled and oolitic, is in contact with flinty rocks. On the west point of Pomquet Island nearest the breakwater, gray, Pomcuet Island greenish-gray and reddish, fine, micaceous sandstone dips 334° <45°. Further north, greenish and gray a)-enaceou8 shale and sandstone show impressions of fossil plants. On the shore, wesuvai-d from Bayfield Fossils, wharf, the first rocks seen are gray fine sandstone and arenaceous shale, rusty in spots and blackened with carbonized plants, with reddish-gray layers and lenticular patches of gray pea-conglomerate and coarse grit. But the greater part of the shore shows only wide beaches of fine gray sand, blown and rippled, strewn with boulders. Pomquet Harbour is low on the east side, from Heatherton northward Pomquet nearly to the Indian chapel, where fine, gray sandstone, rusty- ^"''°"- weathering, and not unlike that of Port Hood, dips about 300° < 50°. Between Phraser's Grant and the post-road to Guy sborough, the Lower Carboniferous country towards Heatherton presents many good out- crops of sandstone, shale, limestone and gypsum in the brooks ; Gypsum, these rocks are always soft and marly, and are very different from the adjacent Devonian strata. Among the red, gre^n and gray soft Carboniferous shale, sandstone Biaok River. andrasty-woatherinf iii..f.,t)rie overlying the Devonian red argiUites in the various branci-ea oi filack Eiver, none present any points of interest except the ^rt.e;.tona and a band of gray and brownish sand- Sandstone stone quarried at Hck i :.c;ton. The coal and underclay found near the feSrton mouth of Pocaquet Harbour will be desci-ibed hereafter. On the road Coal. 6 82 NOVA SCOTIA. m It Pomqaet copper mine Oypsum and limestone- Fowils. Meadow Qreen Coal of South Riyer of Antigonisb. • Contaot with Devonian. sWinfop •?''''"'"" *'^ '""' '« ^'''' ^"* eon,ewhat clayey. ^Tv!uT-Z^^ ™'"""P'^ "^ reddish-gray sandBtone ; west of Pom. C h :: T. r"" ""'"t«'««t-g. with few rocks. Up PomquTt fnd «^ r\' ' ' «'^' '* •'•' ^^■^^'•"P'^ '•«'^^' '«^^^« ""d cliffs of giay and redd.eh-gray fine soft argillaceous sandstones and flags wit^ green layers, rippled and wavy, are associated' with red S and contain the "copper mine,"* worked some years ago, in a greenish firmsTt n^r T''^^"'■*'^^''"^"■^^ •"*« ^««' - thin ikyers j'r copper. Gray and red marl and sandstone, greenish and bluish-grav aijallaceous shale and gray, strongly coherent shale o. Jmpure ifmT with white gypseous marl and impure limestone, red and irayish- white, crumbly, marly sandstone, cream-colored gypsun: and dark soft Bhells. The beds are greatly contorted. The gypsum is shaly and conformable with the limestone, veins of .elenft; parsing from one mixed as i^";; 'T' " T^ T''''' ^'^P^"'" ^^^ ''™-*-« «" mixed, as if the former had been intersected, when plastic, bv gypsum veins. Gypsum, gypseous marl and limestone occupy a considerable breadth in the river. At Meadow Green bridge^he lowest, or Blue Cape limestone, red crumbly shale and sandZ; ^^ well exposed and underlain higher up by red flinty Devonian rocks «ie contact of which is also well seen in some of'^^he streams near Marydale. In one of these, the limestone is bluish-gray, veined with calcspa,^ pmbably exceeds ten feet 'in thickness, and is interstratified wi h a band four or five feet thick, mixed with the red argiUites. It will thus be seen that, in general character, these rocks are precisely like those assigned to this formation in previous reports on New B,-uns- wick and Nova Scotia. • ?.!''"'''• \f ''f ^f "d^**'"^ «"d shale or marl, gypsum and limestone, in the neighborhood of St. Andrews, South River, Glenroy, and othei- places, require no special mention. A reported discovery of coal among these strata in a brook on the west side of South River, at Joha Fraser s, above the iron bridge at the head of the tide, proved on ex- amination to be a bed of gray sandstone, full of large carbonized trunks of Lepidodendron and Catamites, mineralized throughout by coal and pyrites in layers. ^ A short distance out on the road from St. Andiw's to Vernal, fine red soft sandstone and »hale or marl, limestone and gypsum, are 8ucce;ded by flinty Devonian argillite and quartzite. • Trans . N-S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. IV., p. 76. and Vol. VI. . p . 322. ' FLCTCHCR.] CARBONIFEROUS. 83 P mewhat clayey, ; west of Pom- . Up Pomquet id dirts of gray nd flags, with- red marl, and in a greenish- plants, chiefly thin layers or n carbonate of nd bluish-gray • impure lime- psum, speckled I and grayish- and dark, soft, 98 and broken I is shaly and »ng from on& limestone are m plastic, by 3ne occupy a m bridge, the sandstone are 3Vonian rocks, streams near r, veined with interstratified argil lites. It are precisely n New Bruns- nd limestone, 5y, and other voiy of coal iiver, at John roved, on ex- onized trunks by coal and rnal, fine, red ire succeeded The cliifs of the shore at Monk Head* shoAv largo exposures of Monk Head, gypsum, limestone, red marl and gray, tine, rust-spotted sandstone, with large patches of nut- and egg-con;.'lomorato. The sandstone has been quari'iedfor building, and was used in the abutments of the iron tjuarry. bridge at South Eiver. These rocks, particularly gypsum,* are also found on Antigonish Aniigonish Harbour, below this bridge, as far as the mouth. An outcrop of lime- ^'"''"*"'" stone, near Taylor's road, is gray, massive, and spotted with galena. Galena. Carboniferous limestone strata occur, with doubtful, variable dip, in South Eiver, and its branches below Fraser's mills, as well as in the fields and roads about Pineville, Anhdale, and Dunmoro. Along the brook on the west bank of South Eiver, north of Fraser's mills, broken land seems to indicate the passage of the lowest limestone ; and on the hill, not far to the northward, reddish-gray fine sandstone, said to be Quarry, easy to work and to harden on exposure, has been quarried. Tl^orth of Gillis Lake are outcrops of red and green marl.and limestone skirts the neighboring millpond on Dunmore Brook. Between Pitcher's farm and West Eiver, red sandljtone, marl and greenish-gray sandstone probably overlie the limestone. Eeferenee has already been made (page IT p) to the fossiliferous l-imestone-and limestone which caps the syenite on Williams Point and the east sido^"'"""' of Antigonish Harbour. This limestone is gi-ay, massive and vesicu- lar, resembling that of the Ohio Eiver as well as 'n its relations to the immense outcrops of gypsum in the neighborhood and to the red shales and marls. The broken land about the harbour well exemplifies the term " plaster land." On Eight's Eiver, near the head of Antigonish Harbour,t the lime- Shells, stone contains Productus semireticulatus, P. cora, Cardinia Antigonensis and other shells. In the Beech Hill brooks, the frequent exposures consist of lime- Beech mu. stone and gypsum, overlain by red sandstone and marl, with dark bluish-gray papery shale, dipping usually at a low angle. Fine ^"k shales, outcrops of Carboniferous limestone extend up the West Eiver of Antigonish to the head of the settlement. On the road between Ash- dale and West Eiver, a bluish-gray bituminous limestone, full of shells Fossils. and concretionary nodules, in layers four to six inches thick, with veins and films of calcite, is associated with reddish-gray argillaceous shale and fine sandstone. On the road between Fi-aser's mills and Glen Alpine, greenish fine ^°'°""'' ""**' diorito and rusty amygdaloid have greatly altered the compact bluish-gray limest one of Blue Cape in its course from South Eiver • Trans. N.S, Inst., Nat. So., Vol. IV., p. 72. t Acadian Geology, pp. 304 and 347. Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat Sc, Vol. rv.,pp. 73 and 75. 84p NOVA SCOTIA. I m Devonian and Silurian toeka Trllobitea. Contact with Cambro- Silurian. Limestone quarries. Copper ore. Gypsnin* Ogden Pond. Barite. Copper ore. nmth of Glen Alplxiepct-offlco, the limestone is immediately under lain by red slate, and sandstones of the Upper Devonian In the b-ook from McMillan Lake, both above and'b'elow the mm, a e red nt?Tof r' -S;"'^-T flinty, jointed and perhaps Devo man. North and west of the mill are ledges of flinty quarU-veined Bandstone ; and n a brook not far south of'the road, s^oft blufsh-gray Ca bon.fe..us hmestone. To the south-westward in McGillifray Brook, Silurian rocks are overlain by Carboniferous conglomerate and h^estono. One of the Ohio " limestones is of pal^of toW cl interest as containing trilobites, (Phillipsia), " Spirtfera, Product^ 5pmo5U5 and other fossils * j<^'u, xroauctm An abrupt change from Cambro-Silurian metamorphic slates to Carboniferous strata.is seen in Hartshorn Brook, a tribut'a ry of Beave^ Elver, the latter consisting of bright indian-rcd marl, with green spots, very crumb y and little more than hardened mid. ZoaZ with masses of white and gray gypsum and limestone. The limestone of Brierly Brook and other streams near the railway toward James Rivor, is from six to to. :oot thick, in lasers two toS feet bluish or dark-gray, flaggy, veined and blotched with calcspa fil for building, and everywhere quarried, It is underlain both brand stained w^tV'"^ '' ^''"""' °'^*- ^°' «gg-"g'o-erate, invlrl'y stained with copper ore near the contact, and worked foi- copper a^ niany points shown on the map. R-om Mcintosh's quarryf in a brook half a mile east of Brierly Brook, the limestone used'in the A^tigon'sh cathedral was extracted. Both here and to the eastward bf Mufphyt mills (Troer'sfactory)t the limestone and overlying gypsum can be readily followed in great cliffs, mounds and pitsf S in Zost continuous exposures of the underlying conglomerate. No spS description is required of the outcrops in North River andTthe^ streams flowing xnto Antigonish Harbour. Those of Ogden Pond HreyZ.,?'"^' ^"' '^'^'"'^ '' «"• '■ ^- ^—1 a-d I^- On the shore at Mclsaac Point, near Morristown, gray flaggy and Bhaly limestone, about seven feet thick, veined with calcspar 7n/2k and white heavy-spar, reste upon highly inclined reddish and giersh grit or conglomerate, and is overlain by a much greater thiclneTs of bi-eccated limestone. South of Ballantine Cove, conglomerate Ton ^""'°^--"»"q^ ^i;ylgl^^^onate of c;ppeif nrnVor t Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. IV.', p. 73. § Acadian Geology, p. 347. II Trans N. S. Inst. Nat. So.. Vol. IV.. p. 72. and Vol. VI.. p. 313. FIETOHER.1 CARBONIFEROUS. 85 P ably overlam by light-grav shaly, concretionary limeetone, perhaps five feet thick; nucceedeo - croam-colored, massive, ve^i.^ular lime- stone passing upward into a brecciatod, more or leys concretionary impure variety, containing only a few very indistinct fossils. ' Outli^ west of Lochaber.-The limestone near Dan. Gilli«' house in the College grant, is of the wrinkled Blue Cape variety, veined with calcspar and may indicate a synclinal of the lower Carboniferous among the Devonian rocks of these hills. In the immediate neigh- borhood are outcrops of red argillite and trap. Limestone is also found on the road, in the fields behind the schoolhouse, and near the copper mine, where a little brook runs into a cave. Outlier at Hallowell Grant.-l^h^ limestone seen at the Big Marsh post-ofiice and mineral spring, and again about a mile further nouth m- , ■ comprises shaly, brecciated and impure concretionary varietil, stdt '™ mgly like those of the shore, at least ten feet thick, bounded on all sides and underlain by the gray, rusty-weathe.ing, plant-bearing, mica- ceous conglomerate, sandstone and gray and black shales, from which ^ojiof the a little coal was dug in the vicinity. roof """^ Outlier of Doctor's BrooJc.-T!h\^ oulcrop of gray, compact, Carbonif- erous limestone, which was first described by Dr. Honeyman,* seems to be less than a quarter of a mile long and seven chains wide ; it over- lies Upper Clinton slates in the east branch of Doctor's Brook at Arisaig half a m.ile above the fork, is eight feet or more in thickness, and has' been burnt ibr lime. ilfmfirm.sA5««n -A section of the strata, as they appear on the shore west of McAra's Brook, will be given with the Millstone Grit oveilain in Knoydart Brook by coarse conglomei-ate, false-bedded ''"^''• with bands of greenish and gray flaggy sandstone, full of rusty car- bonized plants. Inr.mediately above the bridge at the mill, these rocks are overlain by bluish-gray compact limestone, succeeded, in the rocky rapids lower down, by gray, sandy flags and false-beddcd sand- stones, reddish shale and sandstone with concretionary layers Near the shore road a gray and greenish flaggy sandstone, at least eight —n 'lu '''"*'^? P'^°'' '""^"^'^^'^ ^"*^ ^^^1 ^"'l «^«i°«i bright Coulandcopper green with copper.f Limestone is seen in Bailey's Brook, at John McLean's and again m Cai^ichael^i^^Blow -the^l^ land perhaps marks * Journal Qeol . Soc . , 1864, p . J P- 15; and Vol. IV., p. 63. t Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. V., p. 108. Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. I., p. 116; Vol. III., 86 p »OVA SCOTIA. ti its oxtonsioii down tliis brook, and on the railw.y v. ...st of Avondale, beyond which it ia apparently ovorhippod by MillHtono Grit. Basinofthe East River of Pictou. — The limestone of thi> banin with its accompanying fosHils, has been fully deHcribod Iv Sir J. W. Dawson,* and Dr. lloneynianf ; but the relations of this and the acicompanying Btrata to the Cambro-Silurian, Silurian and Devoniiin rocks of the upper part of the river, and to the ^Millstone Grit of the Pictou coal-flold hiivo not yet been clearly defined. The limestone is like that of Morristown and Brierly Brook, has been largely quarried and is Qaurles. ovorlain by gypsum, aad by red and ^a-eenish sandsiuiie and shale. The e.vtent and relations of these i-ocks, so far as known, will be seen on the map. G 2. Millstone Grit. The possibility that certain small areas of the upper rocks in the Antigonish basin, about Tracadie and Bayfield, may be Millstone Grit, has already been stated, and also that those of the St. Mar> 's River basin may be partly or wholly of the same ago; but the only area in which this formation clearly overlies the Carboniforous limeston*' and gypf.Iii.ous series, extends along Mei-igomish Harbnm-, from Lismore and .A t' : ndale south-westerly to the Pictou coal-field, being w oil exposed on .' h^' cihwe, in Bailey's Brook and in Barney's, French and Sutherland's IJivfciSi, The following section of these and the Lower Carboniferous rocks ;ir the shore, will servo to indicate their composition and general character; SECTION OF CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS FROM PONDS, MERIGOMISH, TO KNOYDART, ON THE SEA SHORE, IN DESCENDING ORDER. G 2. Millstone Grit. febtt. 1. Measures concealed, for thirty chains north-east from the IhePondi. mouth of the brook due north from Ponds post- oflBce ; dip 306° < 10° In the lower part, obscure reefs and broken banks of gray and reddish-gray fine, crumbling sandstone 115 2. Greenish-gray and rusty, flaggy and false-bedded sand- stone 14 3. Reddish, fine, shaly sandstone underlain by gray and rusty false-bedded sandstone 5 4. Bed and green, soft argillaceous shale with bands of red- dish false-bedded sandstone witli green and gray spots, iinderlain by gray, massive, very crumbly sandstone,, * Acadian Qeulogy, p. 285, etc. t Trans. 'N. S. Inst. Nat. Sc, Vol. V.,p. 213, etc «lITCH(lt.] CARBoNirXROUS. 87 p V'KVfP contalninn broken carbonized plants, and coberent con- cretionary niHBSOB. This gray sandwtone in not iinliko Umf of I'ort Hood and Marjjaree Island (Gool. Sur- vey Keport for 1882-84, pp. r,-s and 70 n) lo 6. MensuroM concealed attbemoiii m of two little brooks ;.bat seen o,i tbe ro»?f'8 below bi^jb-wator to consist i,/ strata similar to tbe above, tlie lower beds of wbicban- well exposed g^ 6. Gray fine sandstone including a lenticular layer Iv o inches thick of ;.iuoni8b->,'niy, caloareouh mloni- eratic ro k, which increases further east t foot, and is wholly concretionary, while still fur mt it is an underclay, showing fine Sliijinaria con\ , d into a mixture of coal, calcite, pyrito, blonde and galena. Prostraf'* trees also occur in tbe sandstone, having the bark converted into coal, and in the bank hereabout, coal is said to liave been sought. An undulation here turns the dip to 291°— 300' < 15°, but it is only local although obscuring somewhat the thickness.— Mouth of a small brook 26 7. Reddish and gray and greenish simlo and sandstone, with a band of gray and rusty, flaggy ani\. false-bedded crumbly sandstone, the gray beds full of broken, car- bonized plants 33 8. Measures concealed 13 9. Red, greenish and gray sandstone underlain by red marl, with bands of red sandstone, like tlie rocks of Lower French River. At tbe mouth of Bailey's Brook 49 10. Measures concealed, but apparently red marl and sand- stone seen in broken reefs at low water. Dip 304' < 10°, the shore being nearly on the strike for half-a- ™ile 20 11. Red sandstone and marl seen on broken reefs with large gaps. The sandstone is often knobby, with small cal- careous concretions, and blotched with green, but as a rule, the rocks are very crumbly and micaceous. Several thick bands of gray sandstone. Dip 302" < I5'. A hoadlanci east of two little brooks 120 12. The same as 11 206 13. Reddish, fine sandstone, in nearly continuous reefs. Dip 306° < 20°. Mouth of a small brook 99 14. Measures concealed, but probably the same as 13 16 15. Reddish and gray sandstone, with a larger proportion of gray crumbly sandstone. Patches of couglsmerate in the lower part, some of the pebbles being as large as a hen's egg jjg 16. Measures not well seen at the mouth of Knoydart Brook. 92 17. Gray sandstone, more coherent than usual, containing large, spherical, concretionary masses of fine sand- Stiemaria. Cosl. Foisil pUntf . Bailey'i Brook. Knoydart Knoyd Brook IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .V <- ^' fe * y. 1.0 I.I ■ JO Ui Ui IK tt |4.0 125 i u 1^ 1^ 1 2.0 1.6 150mm — .> 7' /IPPLIED^ 'M/IGE . Inc .aSB 1653 East Main Street JIS -- Rochester, NY 14609 USA .iSsr^ Phone: 716/482-0300 ^^■^~ Fax: 716/288-5989 e 1993. Applied Image, Inc., All Righib Re«eart concretionary. Tlie tlnckness of tlie strata is here d.mhtfid, the dip changing by a fold or unconformity to 279° < ao". ... 22 Total thicknpss G 1. CARiioNtFRnorg LniraTONE. 18. Measures wncoaled j^g 19. Gray wand^tone, of in.leflnite thickness, incluVlod in 18. '. . . 20. Re! 37. LJmostone liice .11 ' ^y^ Total thickness 2110 G Im. CaRBOSIFEIIOI-S CONriI.OMEHATE. 88. KeddisI- sandstone, shale and marl, with tfray and jrreen- ish bands, foruing lii^h, rocKy ciifls. Dip as alnivo. . 680 39. Dark xn^ninh and rwl.lish whit«.8ix)ttod nuijudaloul, Amv.i.i«ii veined with white and reildish caicife. Some of the A">r«ii»iom. amyfrdules are as iur^ic ss cocoanuts, usually of calc8|)ar, but also of leolitic minerals, chalcoilony, cidorite, etc. The texture of the tr.ip is varial.lo, and it paHses into {.'reenstone or diorite. The alteration of the atljoining beds is not noticeable 10 40. Reddish roujfb conj^domorate and grit, holding pebbles of a pray oolitic limestone, like 31, but otherwixe all clearly derived from the Silurian and other Pro- Carboniferous strata, sometimes as large as a cocoa- nut, but usually much Nnialler 20 41. Greenish, concretionary, ncnlular, impure limestone, underlain by a mas.s of amygdaloid o 42. Conglomerate, friable and re8(Ml in n^e*'l^ and banks. Itr'.djjo on a }ro 280° < 10° 20 11. 1{«(1 roi:k8, chiefly soft -rni.nblinj: miirl, with hands of red- dish and uroeiiish-itray samlstune and shale, cut throuj/ii and cxp(«(«l by tho hnniU, both imnuoliiitely above tho road and ajjuin a mile higher uiatroam ... 28 12. Gray siialy and tia^'Jfy sandstone 12 13. Rod riM-ks, likeil. Di,)29(r^-7' 50 14. Gray rusty-weathering 8an,e chore and ako the sandstone seen at n foot-bridtie, alw>ut fifty chains Imlow the bridge near D. D. Mc- Donald's shoj), on llif road between Knoydart t-.nd Avondalo 7 Total thickness of Millstone (irit 942 G 1. Carbonifehoi s Limektone. 16. Reddish sandstone and marl, with preenish and gray bands, not con tinuonsly oxpos^l in Bailey's Brook, but better seen in Vamey's Brc s the distance across the strike between 14 and W J.ens and in Vamey's Brook, is not more than a mile the thickness \b pro- bably, with the prevailing low ..^p, less than 800 feet, indicating a con8ider..ble unconformable overlai>~for there is almost certainly no fault 800 IC. Bluish vray compact limestone; veined with cal<»par, often ferruginous, and containing in one place specks of copper pyrites. In Bailey's Brook there appear to be two or more bands resting immecHately on red Devonian elates, as also in Vamey's Brook; while at John Mcliean's, it overlies rocks, supiwsed by Dr. Honeyman, to be Cambro-Silurian. It is swn again in Cannlchaors Brook, and again doubtfully indicated by broken land on the west side of Barney's River, near Avondale railway station, where it is apparently overlapiied by the Millstone Grit ^ 800 Total thicknes.>< of Carboniferous 1742 FlITCHtll.] CARBONIFEROt'S. ni P In Bnmoy'H River, liolow tho c-onfluonco of fionl..n Brook, ami in iiumcy-iRiTw. other brooks oC tlic tioi;,'hborhoo(I, i^'ray and >,'re«'nisli, hiown aixl rod- diali Haiii|>toiu' aixl nlialo, tho fornior momhiuiiu'm quarried for building', s»ntl«tnno and holding spiion.ida! concrotionH of harder, nodular sandstone and '"""'"• many carbonized plants, arc exposed at intervals in tho clitrs, Im- mediately above (iordon Brook are banks of gray, line, tla^'gy and FomII pkntt. shaly sandstone, rusty and full of carbonized plants, wbicli is in thick beds hi-,'her up, has been quariied, and is underlain by reddish ripplo-markiMl arj,Nllaceous shale and crumbly talso-bedded sandstone <'ontainiiif.' patches of conglomerate and concretionary limestone. Above Avondalo bridge, tho Carboniferous rocks are underlain byCniactwith groonish flinty Medina sand»tone; but at the bridge, and also i„ *''""'"»• Anderson JJrook, Carbonilbrous sandstone is in place. On the south shore of Morigom.sh Harbour, on all tho road* in the noighborlu.od, in Morifomi»h. tho brooks and on the railway, are frequent outcrops of those strata. Near the Presbyterian church, reddish-gray and greoidsh, soft, fiable Bttndstono and aronaceous shalo, with impressions uf Calamites and other fossil plants, and concretionary masses one foot in diameter, have a north-westerly low dip. Near tho mouth of Frond ivivor, a line grindstone grit has beonorintbtonM. largely quarried from a bod ton to fifteen foot thick, dipping ()°<5"'; whereas, a short distance further east, the dip appears to bo 111°<7''. Gray shaly sandstone, greonisli argillaceous shale, reddish or brown, micneoous, ' ituminous sandstone and mari, with gray calcareous con- glomerate and associated i-ocks, are found on tho shore to the east- ward. About two hundi-eu yai-ds oast of Mitchell's whai-f, a gray and reddish, flag.'y and shaly limestone has been quarried and buint, and Limwione. shows on another point still further east. in Huggan Biook, are gray and reddish, rusty-weathering, crumbly, flftggy, shaly and false-bodded sandstones, containing plants, in which traces of coal have been discovered. Near Piedmont station and on Congiomewte. tho valley road, there are outci-ops of conglomerate between those finer beds and the Cambro-Silurian strata of the hill; thence the conglo- merate follows tho boundary towards French Iliver. Fine exposures of Millstone Grit occur in picturesque nearly con- French iuv.r. tinuoiis cliffs along French llivei-, between tho shojo road and (ilonshee. The first beds seen above tho salt marshes are of red and green soft marl and fine sandstone, followed upstream by gray fine sandstone, fifteen feot thick, which has boon ([uarried, capped by ten feet of red Qwrrie.. marl and sandstone. Higher still are reddiuh-gray, fine, flaggy sand- stones, certain layers of which are mottled gray and dark-reddish, like those of Huwkesbury, others rusty and containing bands of dark nut- CoDgiomer»u. conglomerate, romarkaiily persistent as far as seen. Gray sandstone 92 P NOVA SCOTIA. Irouatoo*. Coal. Pebbica of iron ore in ooDglomerate Junotion of inetomorpliio rooka. Sutherland*! River. Fanlt. Loiu'i aeetion have the u..a, .aHf llawkenhury; Zli l!" •" mnO', .,uart.-ve ned Devonian quartzi.o; wi.iti«h-gray «no T d ume •' wh.t.Hh quartzito ^>eined with ealc«par and 'nkeri.e, Z^Zi: a., -dn.. certain.; Lower Carhonitl::^fr^^X^t:rr vh.ch occupiOH a hread.h of nearly half a n.ile in the river he ."!'» I"ol.«hly to the base of the .Millstone (fri( It is «onn t. r ...otamorphic rocks, and can bo traced i- ontaot wi h the mT ' tl.o telegraph road to the westward of Glcn.hee "'"'^ In the railway cuttings about Morigomish and Sutherland's River gray and reddish flaggy sandstones with conoretiona.y lave.. lu.vo a norther y d.p these layers passing into lin.estone of h^Z^y «elow the ra. w.y, on the right bank of the river, are ma,.y bS of g,ay sands one and concretionary calcareous coiglomerate a da one po.nt a cliff of conglomerate or br.ccia eight fett t^ k o ^ies gray flaggy sandstone On the east side of" the rive.-, akmt two hundre.1 yards above the railway bridge, the dip is 338^ < 47 ' At the brtdge the angle of the dip is 26^ A short distance higher a .ands tone, that has been quarned, dips < IG", the red rocks 'tve<55" Above he bndge on the teleg.aph road, the rocks are\:featly disturbed tor some distance, consistinir of r^d .Kni^ i *', "''^ withgraylayers, holding carboni.edpla^ntsl:tbabr^^^^^^^^^ reddish and green, like the san.istones of Hawkesbury. A sXion ,f these roc ks, at Ross' bridge, in g ivenbygi^^ Logan.* a" the Geoi Survey Report for 1866-6 *. p. 12. nrrcMiK.] rEUMUN. MP glomorai... n.ix,.,lwi,l .„,„ V,,.. "',""'■ «'l. '■•Itii.c.o,,,, coar.o ,-..„. Mo..™, ,;„„ ™u:.';ii,:::::: .;::;'■■ ::;;"„r:,;;™'^' :■" rho hnooxpoMiroH <,f AlillHtonc (Jiit in Pino T.o« R>.,. l . .. have l.oc„ doK-ribod by Si.- Wi,iiu,„ I.,;.,,.* A. , ; vo t H r?,'" of the ove.4inri" i:;;:;!! • '■"'^'•"""'•"''^ ''"•- ^-"»- ti. p..oHonco» Pnrk'< nillt. 'not with nuiitn. G 4. I'KKMtAN. part of the Middio (V.al FoZ o « I ^ '' ''"' '"• '°^'"- a« ho j.laces in l.is Devonian .o.-ios in f . ' p- , . ) ^"'''"""' J"«* because th^routHidoth'oalH'n'"': ^"'"""' ^^'^^ «^" '^"•'"""•-. w.oteinl845^.TLtafra^ :f:7:,7i^^^^^^^ a woll-markod boundary which we ZZ . \ mea«u.os, forniH ment of tho Newo.- CoalV'rltion -7 Tl^.^Jh " " /V ""'"""^"■ accompanied by unconformir i.n "/'"'/''« fe"-«at l>'oak i, also Hartley**; and airtha T. ^ 7^'"«'^«'y «huwn by Lo^an and ^noo„fo™,t.. - ^^_^«"^'«^thaUhoJln.o ot 8epa.ation between the conglom- • Geol Survey Report for 1806-09, p. 9. ~ t Acadian (Jeolotfy, p. 320. t (leol. Survey Report for 1866-69. pp. 13 and 65. S Ueol. Survey Report for 18864)9 n 7 ■ An.ji n , -;sc..vo.. nx..p. 1.. -diL^:.ir:^^iK^:rn"^S;K?:i^;-^^ S. LrKTorif..%«--'"" ^o'""^ »^ ^-O-'. Vol. r..P.»«. Cf. .1. xran.. ^ " Geo.. Survey Report for 1866-89. p. 13. .,.« «. and p. 66, Sappl. Aead. G«„. . p. 36. 94 !• WOVA BOOTIA. Fanlti do not kffM>t the flon(lomeriilp. MoCulloch Brook. Pormian of Big blund. Tlio foMila Permisn. Qiumr bland Orindftonei* LIfflMtone. oialo anil tho coal nn-aHiii-oH is not a fault. On this aHHiunpiion, ihori' . ix tin nocoHxily for tho cx|ila?iafi()h of tho Ntnictiiro by tho Minjrhill, boon pirKlucod hofoio tho iloponition of tho conghnuofatc. which has Hul)s«'inu«ntly ovoilappoil tho unoonfoiinahio contact of tho MillMtono (Jrit and Pro-Cai-bonifoioiis licdH, another pioof of which is fdUtid in tho occiiri-onco of a largo patch of congloniorato resting upon tho latter in McOiilloch Brook, nt and above tho crosning of tho Acmlia Company's railway, but not shown on liognn's map. It Hooms highly probablo that tho above is the true oxplaiuition of tho structure, notwithstanding all that has boon subsequontly written to disprove it,* a supposition also greatly strengthened by the traiing of tho belt of congloniorato eastwanl from tho last outcrops mentioned by Logan, through Quarry and Oldfng iBlands to Kobinson or Uig Island, whore tho rocks are admitted to bo Permian. Tho same groat physical break between tho ho called Newer Carboniferous and older rocks is found in tho Cumberland district, iti parts of which there soems just OS much reason to place tho fornor in tho Millstone flrit. Tho tracing of those strata oastwaivl, to join tho>o of F'ictou Harboui-, should make tho unconformity still m<»ro evident and remove oyovy oi„t. At the point a.-o .inui"u Ik Is. 1111. """"l. I"''"^'- '•-^• I-or two hun.|,..,l and titty yards alon^. ,}.„ .o.nh shore arc rcldUh jand.tono and „».,. with patciu. of ^roon ma.l; m. ce ".l" ^ hundroil an.l (on yanls from the point by ro"»'•'•>' ^>"'^"l'oned some vears ago Q.^ ut ha, been ^.'orke.l out ; hero a band of gray, impure. c<.,;cretiona1y Komelimos coarse and pebbly, but with lavem Ht f,.. '"."' ^"*'^'*'^'' .hick „,. ,hi„ M.. e,.„i,,. fi;,.,x «;» hiz; x:^^^^^^ :««- lay at least eighteen inches thick, underlain by yellowish gHtwt5 Btthbv .'■■"•.r"''''''^ ^" ^^« -"face, succeedli a short'd Jt^n e wimgi ay thick-bedded sandstone and L'rit bol.lin.r n ...... . . Blu,.h .„d g,-een,Bh.g,-.y, «„., .h„r- ,„d Jaggy «„„d.,„„e, with hl!^ 96 P NOVA BCOTIA. SiDMbtin Iletd FlnlHffon enliivi Und. But Hirer of Piotott. Blaok ihale. QuarriM. Haher'i Grant Limeatone. Hphoi-oldal nn rohcn'tioiuiry coiiKlomoiato, two foot (hick, uivUnlio to Moi i^iomisli I'oint, hoyoml which, for «omo diHlanco Hoiilli, outcropH are more obHciiro nnd neon only at l(»w water. Tho thIckneHH fioiii tho coal to thin c.iigloiiUM-ato in probably nlKUit two hundred and sixty foot. North of th«( biwo of Sava^o Point thoro is ox|K)somoia(o, two foot or Horno iliHlnnce low water. Tho )lial)ly alK)iit two Hv Point thoro is thin, (-(incrotion- iiich hJKliornngle inor hlioruH kIiow ity nanilHtono and woU u.xpoHod. •f concrotionary, iiinoruiirt on the lanlly likely to e ol" the (Quarry 1 low water, bods vtlie HtonoM. At Vifi iHlnndH, are ifal oonurotionH, iry linieKtono. ate, on tlio KoNt onvy Poole* and , theHo comprise li or bliUHh-grny of tho mouth of »H been quarried. at a low angle ; t, bright-red and usty-woathoring irt of Shipyard bridge, between nly obscure out- 1 Handstone and d coDcretienary nto nearly pure U'bour and also )en, a consider* and sandstones, t the mouth of ntTSNH,] l-EHMIAN. J»7p Mddlo H.vor, ,n the cove «,uth of Skinner Point, go-nl ..x,K.H.ro, of mi.mi. Ri.., mid.Mhgray and whitish Hne H«nd«tone and grit. t.r..«m...o|,;.od argil "^ '''''- luceouH shale and re.i.li,h, crumbly, arenmoous „h..lc. dipping 7r< 14° ""lloHle « turn .,( the ba.in to ,he northward, a c.,rrc.p..„,|.,.g riJxuro of the underlying conglomerate bringi.,g il,« latter l„ the shore n.-nr t he l.mding gro„„d at (Jranlon. On Ueggs (hit, rtHhIish and gray Hhult and sandstone ure overlain, in a little brook (rom the ..astwanl . . by twenty feel of groonish-gray and gray, frce.w.»rking .amlMorc, in^--^"' Unck bove the loading-ground, Mid.lle Jtiver shows n.. rocks; then reddish, shaly .and.L.nc caps .•o„.,|on.. erate ,n a bank tlftecn (bet high, (ho pebbles of the latter ranging in S..0 from a cocoanut downwanl. Further south on a flat point, clay is ...ek^,., obtained for bruk-making ; and imm..liatelv beyomi, red sott grif j, '""•"'"• ttssocmted with bright.g,,.,.n marl, rich in carb<,nimi plants, underlain ^ „ . by coarse conglomerate, with bands of red.iish-gray sandstone and """"• Hhale. Other exposures of rcklish marl and conglomerate are found as far as the narrows, as shown on Logan's map, and above tidewater fornri rough reefs and high, steep banks. On the road from Alnui mills, o^„h ,u wes twai-d across Greenhill, tho conglomerate is well developed, but has not been closely examined. At the base of the sandbeach on tho east side of the mo.ith of Pictou Jlarbour, are outcrops of bluish-gray tine sandstone; while up the creek beyond, to tho bridge on the shore i-oad, are cliUs of gray and grcenish-gray sandstone in nearly horizontal layers, sometimes false bed- ded rusty and pebbly, with upright trees and carbonized plants, streaks »..„, , , and blotches of coalv matter, some of which have been dug but seldom exceed an inch ii- • okness. Above the bridge are broken banks of ^ similar sandstone vith a northerly inclination, which is somewhat obscure, m.t from lack of exposures, for tho dills ure twenty feet high and the reefs numerous, but owing to the cuavsc. irregular beds and low angle of dip. Some of the lami in tho neigh borhoo.1 is very rocky »; , ^ J-errous sulphate oozes from the difts. and the water of many of ^^'/'""•"''''••' springs is strongly astringent. Fast and west of Mackenzie Head are repetitions of those rocks, with M.cken.i. a north-westerly dip ; at Soaring Bull Point tho dip is north-easterly, feln^Bull and the cliffs show red mar! and tine crumbly sandstone, some of the ''»""'• upper betls being very calcareous, concretionaiy nodular and cappe'ng Lm 0^;!:;^ Ua. boui to South R.ver Lake uro contemporaneous, or nearly so with Aw- e ed.mentary strata of this belt, scarcely admits of doubt but U « some of them are newer is also j>robablo GuXrou^''"'''''' ^'"" ''" "'"" ^-"^ •"''"^•''"^^•^ "-^h ofo„.wou.. At Bigsby Head, to the southward, a mass of blackish, greenish reddish and blu.sh amygdaloid, full of veins of calcspar, and holdil specular .ron and epidote, is in contact with alterecl andln t^f '~" "'• ' conglomerate west of ' head of Carding-MiU Brook, in TovyT-. ok and other sf-eams of th. neighborhood; trap and diorite are asCi ed Toward the eastern end of Rocky Lake are reefs of pinkish and pu^; fsh felsn " V"' "''^"■" ^"' '' ^''«"' ^'^^ "- blocks of l)uipl,.h felspar.porphyry, veined with quartz and spotted with hte thl ''I' "* '"" ; ""' ^" *'" ^''"^ -'"^ f-™ ^his lake to the Hhoie, hese rocks ai-e m place. On the lake south-west of G.ant Lake and chlontic diorite, m contact with light-gray ar^iUite Onothm- Aii^t: It: R^^"^ r f '"^'"^' ^'^"-«' ^0-^ i^-oh lI m: W^LltTi -rr^ ^-^«'*^--P. ^^0.,. and felsite pr.ent The frequent occurrence of veins and blotches of specular iron orespooal^ m connection with volcanic rocks leads to the conclusk>n that h.s o e' "- owes Its ongin to them. At the Erinvillo iron mine, wedges and vein! of cn-e are found in diorite. but also brecciated with L cream- white da" Large outcrops of crystalline diorite cross the road south of Cud- GfeLo« aT .'': r' '''^"^ *''« ^'•«" •"•"« to tho shingle-mill at Mencoe. About half-a-mile out on the road from KrinviUe to GianL- „ , Lake volcamo broccia and chloritic trap occur ; and a small dyklof '*'"'• :;Xhro;^ -^^^ others in the' u\ • u n. linioi, below the stillwator, consist of darkW^erof bluish-gray flinty argillite. and are in contact with light-gray amygda- """"'* 102 p NOVA SCOTIA. Cape Geoiie. South RlTor Lake. Poison's T^aku copper mine. Loehaber «opper mine. lo.d, perhaps continuous with that of the road. The amygdules are- pnnc.pally of calospar or of yellowish agate-like quartz, chlorite and other minerals. Lower down, greenish compact diorite and whitish- gray granular quartz-felsite ir.tersect micaceous sandstone, coarse grit and arg.Uite showing impresMons of Calamites. Still lower, knobs of hght-colored trap extend nearly as far as a small brook f.om the west- immediately above which is gray granular quartz-felsite, succeeded at and below the brook by greenish trap, which again passes into com- pact porphyritic felsite or quartz-felsite, and into obscure granite Lower down light-grny, flinty, porphyritic quartz-felsite, with small* spots of bnght-colored vitreous quartz scattered through its mass, cuts highly altered sandstone or quartzite, succeeded again by light green- ish-gray fcls.te, made up of fragments two inches and more in diameter. Ihe greenish and gray plant-bearing flags and shales occur a few vai-ds lower at a bridge on a farm road. A short distance below, trap and quartz-folsito are again seen, also at the foot of the gorge, and again to the north-eastward of the brook, as deHned on the map 5. Dykes in Silurian and Devonian Bocks.-Tho few intrusions among Silurian sedimentary strata have been all noticed. One of the most interesting is that west of Indian Brook, near Cape George, where red crystalline syenite and greenish, tine, calcareous diorite, themselves intimately mixed, containing porphyritic and globular masses, displace and are mi.xed with gray quartzite, probably Silurian, like the un- altei-ed fossilifei-ous rocks of the immediate vicinity, but possibly On both sides of South River Lake are large outcrops of coarse hornblcndic dionte. In some of the branches of McPhee's mill-brook diontesare associated with amygdaloid. At the head of Poison's or Copper Lake whitish coarse quartz-lelsite, a granite without mica, is abundant. On the opposite side of the lake, running 83° from the shaft-house on the hill at the mine, and also at the road, a ridge of red- dish and gray trap, line-grained and obscurely amygdaioidal lies between a belt of wet lowland on the south, and the outlet of the lake on the north. Near the outcrop of whitish marble is a ledge of rock either igneous or so metamorphosed as to be irrecognizable as sedi- mentary. It should be remembered that here, as in other places, the volcanic areas on the map represent rather the points where such i-ocks have been seen than their extent and the intricate line of their contact, which can seldom be closely indicated. Near the Colh-ge copper mine, whitish granular diorite or granite like that of Poison's Lake, breaks through purple argillite. In the brook runnmg from the little lake in this vicinity are many blocks of greenish-gray, white woatLeiing, tine amygdaloid, but none in place niTCH' Hi.. 8UHFi»CE OKOLOar. 103 P e nmy^dules are- artz, chloi'ite and I'ito and whitiah- stone, coarse gi-it lower, knobs of k from the west ; site, succeeded at passes into com- obscure granite. Isite, with small* igh its mass, cuts 1 by light green- nore in diameter. )cciir afewyai-ds below, trap and ;orge, and again nap. ntrusions among )ne of the most •orge, where red rite, themselves masses, displace in, like the un- y, but possibly crops of coarse bee's mill-brook, d of Poison's or without mica, is g 83° from the I, a ridge of red- lygdaloidal lies itlot of the lake a ledge of rock nizuble as sedi- thor places, the rats where such te line of their rite or granite, •gillite. In the many blocks of none in place. On the road from Lochaber to John Carroll's, the epidotic, quartz- veined dionte, containing blotches of specular iron, is doubtfully newer than the Carboniferous limestone. 6. Lower Carboniferous Volcanic Mocka.-^ amevons dykes cutting Carboniferous conglomerate at McAra's Brook and on Cape George peninsula, have been described in connection with that formation. AtAri«ti,. Arisaig pier, a black trap, probably an extension of that of McAra's Brook, cutH the felsites, and extending along the shore outside them is seen at other pointu to the eastward : it is amygdaloidal and containa green sorpentinoas spots. A pillar-rock of greenish-black amygdaloidal, spheroidal trap occupies PiiUr rook, the short piece of rocky inaccessible shore south of Ballantine Cove Most of the amygdules are calcspar, and a bright-red soft mineral is in the veins. The trap of the small dykes northeoKt of Livingstone Cove clva"'""' 18 raven-black and greenish-gray, veined with calcspar. One of these dykes, about twenty feet in width, runs 15G° wiUi a nortfe and south vertical obscure lamination, scarcely altering the reddish coarse Carl)on- iferous conglomerate, which must not be confounded with the flinty conglomerate and older system of dykes on the iron bound coast fur- ther west. Surface Geology. The prominent mounds or accumulations of drift materials along Malignant Brook from Maryvale chapel northward, on the Ohio and ^unP'* other rivers, and at Anfigonish, have been described by Dr. Honeyman,* ""° '* who has also given many particulars concerning the flats on the banks of the rivei-8, the deltas at their confluence, the large tracts of fine arable land in the intervales of Boaver Meadow, South and West Rivers Right's River, James River, Brierly Brook and the great interval^ upon which the town of Antigonish is t)uilt. Less attention has naturally, however, been paid to the superficial deposits than to the more interesting and important rocks which underlie. " The geology of this county, and the physical features, or hills, lakes, rivers, uplands and intervales which largely originate from its geology, constitute Antigonish the finest agricultural county in Nova Scotia." A section of stratified sand and gravel, resting on drift in p bank on Meri,omi.h the shore a little to the eastward of Merigomish Harbour, isciven bv Sir J. W. Dawson. t ^ On the Canso road east of Guysborough is a great ridge of sand and Gn„boro«gh. vr^''pp."S3a.'■ ^'*" ^''■•^"'- ^- '• "»• Vol- III.. p.32l7v^,ll\^p^75;;J;9^a„7^^ t Aoodian Geology, p. 81. 104 p NOVA SCOTIA. Sand and tnrel-ridgM and mound*. Hogsbaoka* gravel known as the Gravel Pit, and near Halfway Cove on the upper side of the road, a deep hole culled tho,Piinch Bowl. BankH twenty-tive feet high line the roa?!:««"'■'»<"' take place .n the position of these easily moved materials.'The mouS '' ""'''" of he eas orn beach of lioy Island, for example, shown on the Admi.Ro,r.,.„a ralty charts, have been levelled, the beach at the west end lengthened and a patch of lowland at the northwest corner removed. The inner Hhm-e of the island is all low and much of it marshy. A broach was made m the bar by the August gale of 1873, but was again closed by the sea w.th.n two or throe days, and teams cross from this so-called island to the mainland even at high tide. At the base of Colquhoun Point is.a beautiful beach for bathing, and there are many others on these shores. Fi-om the eastern end of the long beach, a bank of sand fringes the woodland nearly to the entrance of Me.igomish Harbour. fn^rr ' T T.!;""'"^' ^.'"''°"' ^^'^ •" ««•""«»' ■•i«<^ ft-""* t^o ground Miner.1 .pri„. in many parts of th.s district, particularly where the underlying rocks are of the Carboniferous limestone and gypsum formation. AtlWlor's road and on the road from Pomquet Forks are several strong salt ■ springs near one of which, in the intervale of Pomquet iiiver, is a de- posit of bog manganese. At Big Marsh in Hallowell Grant is the spring H.„own from which the water came that was analyzed for Sheriff Uill by M? *'""'• Hoffmann.t In the country about Ashdalo and Dunmore are many thelrfunnt'T /'". ^'"T ^''^ "" '^ ""' ^P'-'"^^^ ^^'^^^ derive Plater p.u.„<, then supply of water from the surface. One of these pits in the neigh- "'"'*'• bom-hood of Ogden Pond is said to contain snow all the year round Near the house of Michael Gillis, Dunmore, is a sink-hole, in which, at the time of my visit, the surface of the water was forty foot below the surrounding country, and said to be very deep in the centre. The h^lo^s^bcm^oneh^^ ,o„g J,^ «evonty-Hvo yards •Acadian Geology, p. 36. t Ocol. Survey Keport for 1885, p. 15 m. 106 P NOVA SCOTIA. V'i DanmagUM. Wide, and has water-lino8 at ehort intervals round its hopper-shaped baHin. On the railway near James River, are other remarkable plaster pits and ponds of considerable size. East of Brierly Brook railway station, on the road to Antigonish is a sti-ong, cold, saline spring, in broken plaster land. At New StrathglasH, a very strong spring gives rise to a branch of Jaraes River. It is cold, fit for drinking, and comes probably from an adjacent valley which, except in uncommonly wet weather, is dry Another spring below the Marsh settlement, forms a large branih of house ""''^'^ ^'''*"*' *'*'"'"^ °"* °^ ^^"^ ^■''""'^ "* ^®'"'S® ^'""®«*' A uineral spring, much resorted to, occurs on Donald McEachern's land in the Hollow near Dunmaglass post-office; the water has not been analyzed. Springs, probably of similar composition and greatly relished by cattle, are found on Barney's River at Avondale and at the mouth of Bear s Brook, oozing from Pre-Carboniferous rocks. At the bridge near the mouth of Anderson Brook, a small brook de- posits yellow ochre, no doubt derived from the sandstone of the neighborhood ; and similar ferruginous springs have been already men- tioned as occurring in other districts. Immediately below Park's mills in Sutheiland's River is a s'klin* spring which deposits yellow ochre. Another occurs in the bed of the nver a short distance above the mills. These and the salt springs in the neighborhood of Antigonish will be again referred to About one hundred and fifty yaixis south of the telegraph road, seventy-five yards west of the iron bridge over French River at Glenshee, Y a large sink-hole on the west bank of the inteivale. Beneath the sod 18 a thickness of three or four feet of black mould, composed of roots OU.«dpeat. and leaves; beneath this mould, an indefinite thickness of white clay ^eat bogs are particularly numerous in the rocky country along the Atlantic coast; but no examination has yet been made of the depth and quality of the peat. l^'^L.ri.^^T'''' "f ^°f»««"«l eai'th and marl like those found in western ^ova c5Cotia * occur in many lakes of this region, some of which have been described by Principal McKay, of Pictou. A little lake on McKay Brook, St. Mary's, has been drained to turn It into hay-land, exposing a bed of shell marl. Scenery, Climate, Timber, Productions, etc. Messrs. .fackson and Alger say in the short sketch which accompanies their map ofNova Scotia, published in 1841, that "it possesses some • AoadiftD Oeology, p. 3l! ~ '^ "^ ■ latberluid'i Irer. t« hopper-shaped )raarkablo plaster y Brook railway saline spring, in JO to a branch of probably from an ather, is dry. a large branch of I George Cluness' lald McEachern's e water has not atly relished by at the mouth of small brook de- andstone of the !on already men- ,. . / uver IS a saline in the bed of the ) salt springs in to. telegraph road, iver at Glenshee, Beneath the sod, mposed of roots 8 of white clay, untry along the )f the depth and 3und in western e of wliich have drained to turn ETC. 3h accompanies oossesses some riiTCHi*.] 8CKNIRT, CLIMATI, TIMBER, PB0DCCTI0N8, ETC. 107 P Of the most varied and remarkable Hcenory in North America,. . . diver- Scn.r, Hifled with beautiful lake scenery and picturesque coa«t views. ve.-dant hills and valleys and many flourishing villages." In Haliburton's History and novels, Gesner's Geology and Industrial Resources of Nova Scotia, Davison's Acadian Geology, and a host of other books, frerjuent reference is also made to the scenic attractions of ^0 coasts and mountains of this province.* The southern const is Au.ntlo oo..t bleak and barren, with sluggi.h brooks, lakes and marshes ; and is almost uninhabitable, except for the fishing and mining, although there are many excellent harbours affording picturesque views among their nu- merous islands and bold, rocky headlands. In the northern part, the, „ , scenery is more attmctive, and we again find the " cool clear rills trick- ling down the glades;" the views are more picturesque, and the numerous meadows form a pleasant landscape, the land being well irrigated by brooks, and on either side.of which it rises in romantic boldness to a considerable height, but seldom approaches to the altitude of mountains. The coast of Canso, Dover and the islands in the vicinity are wildcan.o and romantic, presenting to the ocean rough bold cliffs, mostly granite. ' the surface being either barren or supporting a fow scraggy spruces cranberries and other low-growing plants. The most northerly of the Crm.berry Islands, called the Frying-Pan, is the home of innumerable sea-gulls. Extensive barrens lie between Canso and Tor Bay; but hny-n marshes fringe some of the brooks, and small spots of cultivable land ' are fourid on the shore. Toward the head of New Harbour, mossy spruce land, interspersed with clumps of birch and maple, occupies the valleys and also some of the hills on which, however, much of the timber is blown down. The valley of New Harbour River to the head of tidewater, is very ^ew and Deautilul. the hills on either side being high. Above the salt water it I^'o'-Uwhour .8 wide and easy to follow. On Isaac's Harbour River, tine meadows '"■ and marshes occupy a narrow belt about the lakes, while higher up the river flows through a well-wooded valley from which a large Ship-timb«. quantity of timber for shipbuilding has been obtained, but which is otherwise apparently unproductive. Good hardwood is found between the upper part of this river and Lawlors Lake, and toward Country Harbour j^nd westward, interspersed with barren tracts, which are also characteristic of the Canso peninsula, as of all the largo areas where granite aoounds. The scenery of the St. Mary's River at Melrose, is picturesque in itsMeirce well cultivated meadows and numerous small lakes, enclosed by rough woody hills. Many of the lakes which empty into this river a,^ Jk^ ^,,. !^^"^^!!!J^^.^!J!^ '^^t^^ hardwood and evergreens, insid e which a • Oggood'a Maritime Province?, page 3iH. ~ 108 p NOVA SCOTIA. Riven. Piotnretqne boulder. Holy Hill. white lino of blocks is froqnontly hoen. Wl.oio brooks ontor, however the Bboioa are goi.eraliy low and marnhy.and lagoonn. difficult to ciohh' extend far upHtroam ; the lakes are thus ea«ily dammed for lumbering or other purimes, and much of the country, in their vicinity, ia liable !om' ^lot"^. ""."'■. " n """"^ '"in-to'-m. A great freshet, on September 12th, 1882, flooded all the mines noai- Shorbrooko. and for a time con- verted a great part of Goldenville into a lake. One of the roughest rivei-8 in the country is the plctureH(|uo portion of the East River of St. Mary's at liocky Mountain, where the gorges and high overhanging cliffs p.esont during a fiCHhet a scone of wild and terrifying grandeur. Sutherland's Brook is a stream of great beauty, with its foaming cascades, its pools, and woody banks. Not far above its mouth a boulder of conglomerate forms a little island, crowned by a clump of spruces, one of them nine inches in diameter. The conglomerate is like that of Arichat; the cliffs are of gray argillite and quartzites sometimes finely rippled. All the branches of the East River about Holy Hill, on the contrary wmd Hluggishly among alders and marshes in half barren land, with little fall and t'evr rock outcrops. South River Lake and Lochaber are singularly beautiful Of the latter, the late Honorable Joseph Howe thus speaks in his poem Acadia : *^ Winding in graceful folds, 'twixt hills that rise On either side, the fair Lochaber lies." MoPhee'e miii-^n the brooks flowing into this lake, and on several branches of South ««»• River, scenes of rare beauty are alfoi-ded, one of the most remarkable of which IS the rocky gorge above the lower dam in McPhoe's mill- . brook. Pomqueund The brooks of the well settled districts of Pomquet and Tracadie, are, as a rule, tame and uninteresting, exceptions being found, however' m certain picturesquely rocky portions of the Monastery Brook' and of Tracadie, Pomquet, Black and Afton Rivers. ' PWoMoantain. Brooks flow from the Ohio Mountains, where they rise from springs and small marshes, as gentle, often steep, but never dangerous mountain-streams, in whose sheltered gorges ferns are green till the middle of Novembe.-. The land at the head of St. Joseph Lake is hilly and broken by limestone and plaster which form pits, ridges and little CaluhM Brook knolls. Callahan Brook, with its picturesque, rocky walls of red syenite and slate, its falls and deep, narrow gorge has been already Tmt. described. Many of these brooks and lakes abound in trout, which outer, however, ifflcult tocrosH, 1 for lumbering cinity, ia liiiblo , on September or a tinae con- roM(juo portion ore the gorges scene of wild h its foaming ) itu mouth, a by a clump of )nglomorate ia nd quartzitos, 1 the contrary, ren land, with utiful. Of the in his poem Be iches of South it remarkable [cPhoe's mill- iind Tracadie, ind, however, istery Bi-ook, from springs ir dangerous jreen till the Lake is hilly, gesand little walls of red been already trout, which »ilTOMi«.] 8CKNERV, CMMATE, TIMBER, PRODUCTIl.NS, ETC. 109 P differ greatly in size and coloi-, oven in waters no great distance apart as for example in the two Black Brook lakos, in the uppermost of which the fish are of a fine red color, whoroas, in the lower, they are black-a circumstance perhaps due to the color of the shores and bottom which are largoly composed of rod syenite at the upper lake, but at the lower of black slate. The Sugar-loaf at Antlgonish, and the hills on the Gulf shore, A„ti„„,.H command hne and extensive views of the surrounding country and to *^«''' seawa.-d. Arisaig Urook, the lower part of Doctor's Brook and its east branch run in deep and beautiful valleys, like some of the Mabou rivei-s. as shown in Mr. Weston's Arisaig photographs. But there is in th 'scenery of this district no more striking feature than the Hollow The Hollow, or Bruin s Highway," a pass ..r gateway extending along the northern boundary of the Cambro-.Silurian rocks from McNeil's Brook to Baileys Brook, nowhere wide and comparatively level, although the hills, particularly on the south, are high.* Tl e scenery of Marshy Hope valley resembles that of certain Cape Marshy Hop,. Breton glens; but the outlines are usually tamer and loss attractive' James Ji.yer, Brierly Brook and other streams of the neighlK,rhood afford wild and beautiful views, like those of Margarce. Brierly Brook flows with two fine falls of ten feet each, through a narrow gorge with high perpendicular walls. The celebrated falls of James Kivor arow.Ri,er best seen from above on the lotl bank, for from below they can be^''"' seen only ,n part. "Green quartzite forms an elevated peak which rises abruptly above the falls. The water flows in great volume over precipitous rocks, and from a height of about one hundred feet into a capacious basin, the whole forming a scene of impressive grandeur." f *^ A cave, one hundred feet long and six feet wide, in the limestone ofcave McLellan Brook is quaintly described by Gesnor.t A small stream of pure water runs along the floor, and rude overhanging masses of rock iorm the walls and mof. A succession of fine falls occur in the gorge of SJIM"!?"- Sutherland's River at Park's mills, among cliffs rising to a height ^f ^"'• more than fifty feet. The lowest falls over two steps of one and two feet, into a deep, rock-bound pool, while above there are two cascades aggregating twenty feet, which cut through the rocks in three separate gorges. ' "The beautiful talleys and hills which suiTound the thriving village Sunn,br«. of Sunnybrae, on the East River of Pictou, render it worthy of its name, and one of the most picturesque spots in Pictou county." •Trans. N. S, Inst. Nat So.. Vol. IV., pp. aian'67. ~ ~~ tDr. IIoneymRn in Tran». N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. I., p. Ua ; Geology of Nova Sootia, p. 135. I SolU. h >«roDiaB. CWrbonlferoai llmaitooe. LTf ,' 8t Mary'i bwreiu. 110 P NOVA 8C0TIA. Wild flowers. llefoioneo has boon mndo in this ropoit to the chaiaclor of the soils yiol(lo^ome cases, superior to those of the Carbonifoi-ous limestone, the highest red bo.ls imng very produc- tive, as shown by the thriving farms at Beauly, Lochaber, South Biver, Vernal, Marydalo and elsowhoro. The soil derived from tho Carboniferous limestone is rich, loamy and calcareous in tho neighborhood of limestone ; but tho clay-land derived from shales, as at Tracadie and IJoathorton, although free from stonos, is wot and less productive than tho more stony land of tho roar. Between ritcherV Farm and West Rivor. only a fbw inches of soil cover a shaly rock ; consequently tho land is bad and in great part still under forest, although comparatively level. Considerable tracts of barjen occur on the peninsula north of Antigonish, underlain by Carboniferous conglomerate and associated i-ocks, but with few other bxcoptions, all tho land in this county is tit for cultivation. But between the East and West Rivers of St. Mary's, nearly all the country underlain by this formation and by Devonian i-ocks, is irreclaimably barren, dry and locky, covered with blocks of whitish flinty sandstone and grit. In part, this barrenness is no doubt due to bush fires which have destroyed much valuable timber; but the gray sandstones do not seem to possess the substance necessary for a luxuriant growth of vegetation, so that the injury done by the fii-e is not repaired, the forest being replaced by shrubs and mosses, or the bare surface of the i-ock left without oven a covering of moss. The mossy spruce- and tamarac- land, the pools and mossy marshes bordered by sciaggy spruce, the sluggish brooks, lakes and other uninteresting characteristics of this district have boon frequently adverted to. But whether "waste or woodland, hill or plain," the wild flowers are there, hidden away among the trees, making bright the open barrens by their charming variety of color and form, trailing in the streams or rising from tho water of marshes and ponds. A pretty little flower the water Lobelia (Lobelia Dortmanna)* was found growing in the upper Black Brook Lake; a Purple Fringed-Orchis (Habmariaflm- briaia), and white water-lilies (Nymphcsa odorata) are seen in some of the brooks; cranberries abound in the marehy lakes. In Gunn's Lake, the marshland is golde n with the fragrant and beautiful little Hood-shaped • Determined by Professor Macoun; ictor of tho Hoils loir capacity for lorlain hy Pro- storilo; that of ro.;,/u*a odorata) on July 10th; whereuH the latter was not in flower on Flynn and Gavin Lakes till Aiigunt 8th in 1884 AuZ St'h'l'fiL"' "r'^"'''r ^r "P^ "^ ^•">-l>o-'«h intcvalo on August 8th, 1884, and an extra.Kl.nary crop of wild strawborrio. was pe at tho College on July 10th, 1885, the dewberry having preceded them several days. ^ The crops ai-o similar to those of Cape Breton, the land in the northern part of the mainland being, however, better nettled and in a higher state of cultivation. Much interesting and valuable inlbrma- * tion about tho chmato, resources, scenery and population is contained m Hahburton's History of Nova Scotia. Wheat ripens on Koy Island wb,iu B.g island and al.mg the greater part of the Gulf shore, but no"; iways m the interior A h.rge quantity of ton timber is shipped to England chiefly from Guysborough Harbour, but the woods of the greater for' Z. the country are small, and barely supply the local demand foi lumber. The animals are tho same as in Capo Breton. Moose and bears were once common on tho ban-ens of St. Mary's, the former are now scarce, although still occasionally killed. The population of Guys p ,^, borough county is 17 808.* of Scotch, English, Irish, Filch and German '^""'■ descent with 900 Africans; 1601 are fishermen, and 1568 farmers, Z nf f« n«n^ T'? -T P"P"'"^»«"- Antigonish county has a popula- French t' J' T ';'' ^^''""'-^ "" ^^" ^^^^^^ de-entf the remainder i^ienth Irish and English chiefly, with a few Africans; 3256 being engaged in farming, 43 in fishing. Of the 36,535 inhabitants of Pictou county six-sev.nth8 are of Scotch descent, the remainder chiefly ttl fit al;r ^ '™'^' ''''-' '-'''"''''' ''■' '^' -"^ «^ ^'^ In Guysborough, the number of acres under cultivation for giain, isProdaooof TL f r?''' '"'''' '''' ^"^' '''^^'- The annual yield of whe*; is^^ih. ^2i^'^«i_l^-!^y^^l52j_of oats, 42,988; ^buckwheat, 11,?20; •Census of 1881. — "^ — '■ lit 9 KOVA tOnTIA. potutooH, m/JM; turnlpB, 12,01«; of other r-)otH, 2,062 , nnd of hay, 20,512 toriH. Butter, chooMO, wool, cloth, colil<', nhoep, piga, horHl„,.k 8ilu.i„„ nlatcH, b„ u^,.,-,. ,.o.b.-,o.... „„., or piocoK of ccul and (ho .on.uinH „f ve,. «N J ? ho on ly boon m.H(akon To., coal.l into which (hoy par,.. , "7,IS" il,H^^ t^^^^ "''^"*"^^'" hedivi.leMh .m into two 'i »eSr" g.ou, H, the lo vor seventy o.- oighty foot in thicknoHH, inclu. ing twenTv uppe. 150 loot th.ck, in immodinto contact with tho lime«to„.. con ain mfr a la.-go po.-cent«go of oil. Tho pits d..g in 8oa.-ch of? •,'^^"*"'"; ^b..t Big Ma,.h. a..o «hown on tho .^p. Tht ^7:11' 1 cia";:' w.th hgh -g..ay m.cacoouH ehalo and «andHtone. full of imp.., .ionHf broken plants. In the .-epo.-t of tho CommisBiono.- of Min^oJ Zel page 21. a retu.-n in made of $682.50 o.Kponditu.e fo,- p.-opa-^aL, - wo'k in dnvmg a tunnel into the face of a hill fo.- the pu..pl%c.ut nHit cam of coal. An additional o.xpenditu..e in retu.Ld of $590 no- let bu the presence of faults noa,- tho c-op of the «oam is Bni.l to L e im peclci p..og,.es«. In 1870 conBidomblodifficuIty i. Haid again to ha hi' xpenonced .n consequence of the distu.-bed state of the sfl a Z faults hav.ng thrown the seam out of its regula,- position, and no, esst tated much extra wo.-k in drifting.g At two of the pits, o the Bo ver road, a black ve.y bituminous shale passes into g..«y. rusty ci^nblv Hhale, ghsto n^ng with mica and c ontaining obscure plants'^' Coa^'lj •Geology 01 Nova Sootia, p. 142. ~ ~~" ' t Acadian Qecloiy, p. 84i»: Trans N S Vu» a. v ■ trr -.. - Sootia. p. U • ^- ""• ^' V<»»- VI., p. 70; Ollpin', Mine, of Nor* t How'g Mineralogy, pp. 28 and 34. I Rutlierford'8 Report. 8 ' ^i 114 p NOVA SCOTIA. I I Ogden Pond. Piedmont. lK)»rer South River. Merigomi«h* also been sought in the black, bituminous, carbonaceous shale near Ogden Pond. On Graham Bro ected by I)r. Honcyman .ieidoU. nearly 48 per cent, retalli;:: ""^""• watei 11.12 sesquioxide of manganese 4.73; siliceous gangue 13 86, and traces of phosphoric acid, lime and magnesia. Carbonate of iron micaceous iron ore and copper ore are stated by Dr. Honoyman to be also widely but thinly distributed among the Devonian slates, from which this specimen was obtained. The iron ores of the Ea«t River m Pietou have been described byg-tRiverof Gosner,t Dawson,| How,|| Hartley,§ Honoyman.f Poole,** Gilnin t+ "" Harrington.tt and others, but will not bo here referred to, since the region m which they occur has not yet been thoroughly examined. Bed Hamatite and Specular Ore.-The wide range and distribution of these valuable ores of iron in the counties of Guysborough, Antijronish andPictou, in beds veins, strings, blotches, tilms, and specks, in all the rocks from the highest to the lowest, has been frequently pointed out Some of the outcrops would seem to indicate the presence of laree bodies of ore, but none of them are now vigorously worked At Blgsby Head, east of Guysborough, a vein of specular ore runs a k u 244° among ti-ap and purplish felsite. Guysborough. A most promising deposit of specular iron has been worked near ErinviUe by the Crane Iron Company, of Philadelphia, under theErinviiu management of Mr. T. M. Williams, of Mine IIilI,Ve; Jersey to whom I am indebted for many of the following particulars .—To test the ore, a shaft was sunk fifty feet, from the bottom of which a drift was extended twenty-five feet through the ore to a wall Another tunnel was driven sixty feet north-east in the ore, and a third south-east thirty-five^feet, also in hematite; v.hile in an open cutting, another band was found to extend twelve feet in a south-easterly direction On the top of the back or ten feet vein, are masses of quartz, full of lone narrow crystals, crystalline fragments of the ore, and a little iron * How'd Mineralogy of Nova Sooliii. p. 99. t Geology and Mineralogy of Nova SootU, p. 69, Industrial Resource, of Nova Scotia n 258 VolIY n'^ n'""'': ", '!' ' Supplement, p. 94 ; Canadian Naturalist. Vol!VlI., p I'sLnd Vol.IX.No.6,. Report of the P.otou Coal and Iron Co., 1875; Report of ^he American AssooTa II Mineralogy of Nova Sootia, p. 97. § Geol. Survey Report for 1886-6it, p. 182. IT Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So.. Vol. II., Part 4, p. 67 ; *♦ Reports of Commissioner of Mines for 1872, p. and 1877, p. 43. tt Nova Scotia Mines, p. 64. tt Qeol. Survey Report for li73-7i, pp. 314, 223,229. and 259. I Vol. III., p. 171; Vol. v., p. 204. 8 i for 1874, p. 49 ; 1876, p. 61 ; 1876, p. 87 ; 116 p NOVA SCOTIA. t. Gnysborough River. pyrites. Other openings have been made about one hundred yards^ 232° from the main shaft, in all of which more or less ore was cut! The walls of the veins seem to bo in evei-y case composed of greenish, diontic, felspathic, trappean and brecciated rock ; but, at the time of my visit, Sept. HOth, 1882, they were not well exposed, and no work has been done since. About three thouHand tons had been extracted at a cost of fifty cents per ton, the cost of hauling to a shipping place at Guysborough being $1.50, and the price at the time $7 to $8 per ton in the American market, where it was used for lining puddling furnaces. At another opening, on Thomas Kent's claim, about a mile to the westward, specular ore has been found in wedges and veins, brecciated with cream-white claystone and quartz, in blotches and veins, with crystals of pyrites, in two pits not far apart, no.ir one of which is a strong, ferruginous spring. A vein, six or eight inches thick, occurs in compact, greenish-gray soft rock, probably an altered argillite, but without apparent bedding. In the neighborhood are great outcrops of dark-gray trap in contact with conglomerate, the ore Ic'ng scattered through all these rocks. In Guysborough Eiver, immediately east of Mink and Atwater Brooks, is another deposit of specular iron, which has been mined in a flinty^ quartzo-felspathic rock, containing large ciystnls of calcspar. Th& ore forms a sort of bieccla with a ferruginous calcspai-, and is also veined with it, being itself a vein six feet wide, which runs 65", but is not well exposed. Some parts contain a large percentage of iron pyiites, and very little of it is quite free from this impurity. No undoubted volcanic rock is seen, the grayish-white claystone being probably a mixture from the vein. Iron ore is said to have been found at Angus Mclsaac's, Giant Lake, but nothing is yet known about it. Near South Eiver and Vernal, the Devonian slates and sandstones contain traces of specular iron ore. In a pit west of the Vernal road, the quartz-veins, which penetrate a flinty quartzito, are associated with veins of ore, seldom exceeding a quarter of an inch in thickness, but very numerous, reticulating in the cracks of the quartzite, sometimes without the quartz. OaledoniaMilis At Duncan McDonald's, Caledonia Mills, a shaft was sunk through compact sandstone, spotted with a considerable quantity of iron ore» which is also present as films in the joints, and associated with a breccia composed of specular iron, red haematite and spots of felsite. In a small brook on the west side of South Eiver Lake, dark-gray, coherent, argillaceous sandstone is cut by a vein of quartz, six inches thick, holding half specular iron. It runs 4° and is traceable for some distance in the bedding. Other small and unimportant deposits of this neighborhood and Lochaber are indicated on the map. QUnt Lake. South River. Sonth RiTer Lake. ♦LiTCHEII.") ECONOMIC MINERALS. 117 P hundred yards, )S8 ore was cut. sed of greenish, t, at the time of and no work has a extracted at a ipping place at to $8 per ton in Idling furnaces. b a mile to the- eins, brecciated md veins, with > of which is a 5S thick, occurs !d argillite, but •eat outcrops or ho'ng scattered twater Brooks, ed in a flinty, calcspar. The ar, and is also •uns 65°, but is ntage of iron impurity. No laystone being s, Giant Lake, nd sandstones e Yemal road, issociated witb thickness, but ite, sometimes sunk through y of iron ore> with a breccia site. ke, dark-gray, i*tz, six inches table for some iposits of this In a small brook which flows from the back settlement of Arisaig to Doctor'. Brook the confluence of the east and west branches of Doctor's Brook at John """"°'~^* and Andrew McDonald's, red hematite, six feet thick in a north and fiouth direction, shows itself in the bank among outcrop, of fragmont- aiy rocks and slates; but whether as a vein or bed was not determined Ibeore 18 m part excellent, but somewhat variable in composition About fifty yards upstream from this outrop is another, naid to be twelve feet thick, and smaller bands are stated to occur lower down ■Uther important deposits have been discovered between the back settle- ment and Doctor's Brook : one of these shows eight foot of good coarsely oolitic ha3mat.to in a light-colored siliceous rock ; another, six teeto ore among red slates. The numerous similar deposits of this neighborhood, perhaps, owe their origin to the proximity of syenite ^lorite, and other igneous rocks.* On the new road from Doctor's Jirook to Pleasant Valley, below the bridge on the brook, a band of rock, SIX feet wide, in a north and south direction is strongly impres- nated with and passes into pure haematite. Near this and, perhaps continuous with it, is the so-called twenty-four feet bed, in a greenish flinty sandstone. Measured from north to south, the breadth of ore- bearing rock is forty-one feet, the more northerly small vein bein/r however, separated from the other by about twelve feet of greenish-ff ray banded, flinty quartzite, dipping 331°<63°, in layers one to eighteen inches thick, and in the thick bed are several of these bands, more or less lenticular, and, therefore, diff-ering in thickness in difterent parts of the putting At one point, the haematite is said to have measured twenty- lour feet of solid ore; but where best seen, the thickest layer does not exceed SIX feet, while to the eastward, all, except this and an eighteen inch band near it, may be said to be quite cut out or replaced by quartzite The ore is oolitic and good, like that found elsewhere in the neighborhood; near it are reddish and mottled fragmentary rocks dionte, with veins of epidote, red concretionary, hsmatitic slate, and other similar strata. ' To the north-westward, a shaft twenty-five feet deep was sunk, some McNeil-. Brook yeareago, m trap showing traces of specular iron. In the small brook ^'^'^ which crosses the shore road east of McNeil's Brook, are two larco outcrops of red haematite, about eighty-eight yards apart. The upper one shows about ten feet of pure haematite; the lower 15 feet, with horses" of greenish flinty rock. Immediately we,t of McNeil's £rook, near Angus Campbell's, is a bed of oolitic haematite, three feet wide, opened for twelve feet east and west, and separated by about forty-five feet of Cambro-Silurian elate, from another large indefinite band to the northward. ♦Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. IV., p.. 53. 118 p NOVA SCOTIA. Ottlf rosd. Arisaig. Hanhy Hope, Arondale. French Rive^. West of the Gulf road, on the line between Angus McGillivrar (Andrew's son) and Eanald McDonald, is an outcrop of fine red htema- tite, six feet thick in an east and west direction. Greenish diorite is in the vicinity, and the detritus indicates also the proximity of rusty- weathering, soft Cambro-Silurian slate The bed of hicmatite interstratified with the Silurian rocks of Arisaig IS described at pages 44 and 48 p. It is probably that of v/hich an analysis is given by Mr. Poole,* containing 52.34 per cent, metallic iron The Webster iron ore is a very siliceous, red hematite of varying richness, apparently a contact deposit between Silurian and Cambro- Silurian strata, like the Lower Carboniferous ores of Cape Breton. At Marshy Hope, a small quantity of specular iron is found in con- nection with trap and Cambro-Silurian rocks, on the north side of and close to the railway, west of the Bear's Brook. Nearly opposite the post-office at Avondale is a red siliceous rock not actually seen in place, but evidently underlying, which passes into an iron ore, apparently njt rich anough to pay for working. It may indicate a patch of Devonian rock hei-o, but is perhaps Lower Carbon- iferous. On the slope of a hill on the west side of a tributary of the East branch of French River that crosses William Irving's land twenty- eight chains south of the telegraph road, two miles west of Kenzieville, (Barney's Eiver) is an outcrop of iron ore that may prove of import- ance. It lies at the contact of the Medina and Cambro-Silurian strata and seems to be a mixture of trap and grit, passing in places inta oolitic htematite of fair quality. Bog Manganese.— The earthy and bog ores of manganese, largely used for paints, are found in small quantity as nodules and earthy beds in the soil in many places, as, for example, on the road to Goshen from the foot of Lochaber ; on the telegraph road near Afton, where porous, rusty-' .„.hering rock occurs in a swamp and stinking-pool ; in Pom" quet River, below John Chisholm's house; in Sutherland's Brook, im- mediately above the East River of St. Mary's; and on the hill south of the railway, west of Piedmont station. Pyrolusite.— Large pieces of this ore of manganesa are said to be found in the drift on the hill, four hundred yards south-east of Calla- han's house, near the head of the Ohio settlement. It is also found, associated with iron ore, at the East River of Pictou.* Copper Ore.— Ores of copper are widely diffused among al! thegeo- logical f o rmations in t his region, but although large sums of money * Report of Commissioner of Mines for 1876, p. 60. t Gesner'aQooIogy, p. 63 j Geol. Survey Report for 1873-74. p. 230. I^-*" niTCHER.J KCONOMIC MINERALS. 119p gu8 McGillivrajr )f fine red haema- eenish diorite is •ximity of ruaty- rocks of Arisaig hat of \/hich aa nt. metallic iron, atlte of varying ftn and Cambro- 'ape Breton, is found in con- lorth side of and 1 siliceous rock, hich passes into rking. It may 1 Lower Carbon- iry of the East s land twenty- t of Kenzieville, •ove of import- Silurian strata, J in places inta janese, largely ind earthy beds to Goshen from , whore porouB) pool; in Pom" d's Brook, im- le hill south of ire said to be ■east of Calla- is also found, ng all the geo- ims of money have been sy.ent in developing some of the more promising deposits, none of these have yet realized the expectations of the explorers The occurrence of copper pyites in specks in dark slate, associated M„A,ii.ter'. w.th the trap and syenite .f McAllister's Brook, near Guysborou^h ^'-i^ " was pointed out on page 53 p. In the northwest branch 'oi' Salmon Eiver,* about a mile above Erinvilie, an indefinite quartz-vein wa8„. .„ mined twenty or more years ago for copper. A tunnel was driven a few feet into the west bank of the river, and a shaft sunk forty feet to meet it ; but the vein was not cut in the shaft. It contains copper and iron pyrites and is associated with bluish-gray ve.y coherent slates A ^f tK mTp*^ "".^ '""PP"" ""'" ''"'"'■•' '" '^" ^'°*y ^«^«"i«» quartzite Mink Brook. 01 the Mink Brook, a tributary of the Guysborough River On Poison's or Copper Lake, east of Lochabe.-, fragments of copper p , , , , and iron pyrites, sometimes three to five feet in diameter, in an impure ' brown ha3matite, are found in the surface gravel.f derived from veins near the junction of Devonian and igneous rocks. " Spasmodic ettbrts were for nearly forty years made to find the vein from which the boulders came. . . . At last, in 1875, a vein containing copper pyrites was discovered,"§ six feet wide, dipping north with the con- taining slates, and consisting chiefly of spathose ore, spotted with cop- per pyrites. In 1876 this vein was opened by a shaft twenty-flvo feet deep, ' the mineral matter at the point opened being chiefly spathic iron ore, yielding 35.5 per cent, of metallic iron; it is spotted with iron pyritas. In 1879 two shafts were sunk about sixty feet, but work was then suspended. At a distance of one hundred and fifty feet along the vein, where the cover is reduced from twenty to five feet in thick- ness, another opening was made, and the width of the vein there deter- mined to be eleven feet. The percentage of copper ore is said to have also largely increased." Fragments of the associated Devonian dark • slates are enclosed in the vein-stone, and in places a crystalline rock is attached to a breccia and quartz occasionally mixed with the spathic iron. The land n.es steeply from the road to the mine, and near the road, traces of specular iron have been found in spathose veins travers- mg greenish-gray and purplish argillite. Two specimens of ore from this mine were examined by Dr Har- nngton.ll The first taken from a considerable depth was found to consist of a mixture of copper pyrites, spathic iron ore and a little iron pyrites, containing 11.70 per cent, of copper, butnosilver. " The s pathic iron ore is pale brownish-gray in color, c oarsely crystalline, * How's Mineralogy of Nova Seotia, pnge 72. ' ..^XS:^S^:X^-^\^'-^-^^ '-'''- Goo,ogy.p.«0,; supplement. 120 p NOVA SCOTIA. Loffhaber. w $ and has a specific gravity of 3.61. It was found to contain 73 68 per cent^of carbonate of iron, or 35.573 per cent, of metallic iron '. "^ Pvrils' nT "^'"™T ''? ^*"'" '^'' ""'•^'*^«' and consisted of copper matte, n "!' ^^l'''"'' ''^^'"'^'^'^ P«''°^"^« ^^ »•«"' ""^ «ome fook mat er It was found to contain 5.67 per cent, of copper." Funher pa fculars concerning this mine, and that on the west sfdo of Lochaber will be found at pages 59 and 102 p. -t^^nuoei, a Mhl*''" ^r?T ''"''^'' ''^""^ two miles west of the foot of Lochaber a shaft eaid to be 85 feet deep, was sunk in 1876 in greenish epidoti' serpen mousdiorite traversed by veins of quartz in wh ch as well as ■yomts ,n the diorite, occur large blotches o'f specular iron Z J^Z Iron pyrites is sparingly present, and spathic iron is mixed with quartz as the vein-stone in one or two places. Some of the blocks f"m the veins ai-e three feet thick, of quartz and diorite mixed; in them gations of specular ore. In many of the neighboring pits purple colTot"r''"f' '" '"" '"''- '^^^ ^-^'^^-^ «^ the^vSs'"ck sustndH .Tk ' '"* "' ''''' ''""' ""' "^ ^'«^*' ^^^-^ having been lol suspended at the mines; but Mr. Gilpin* states that: "L depS u^tz^Td r" T""^ r ^''^^"^ '^"^"^^ ^'-'^ -'I red sha fs nd coul bv'a I, ■'"" '■ r '^''"^ '"'^"''^ ''' '''' ''^- «-«t and west couise by a dyke, apparently containing talc and serpentine. Ihe first vein met going east is about two feet wide T hnv« T,n provea to a depth of eighty-five feet ; it varies in width from five f«flf SIX inches to six feet three inches, and holds about 20 pei cent I? coL per pyrites, evenly distributed in talcose slate, greenston" and qlT and micaceous iron ore. The thii-d vein, 216 fett distant, is from one foot SIX inches to two feet wide, and holds copper pyrites wth 7:t\7r\T:''''^r"'' ^"'^ ^'^^-^ greenlne.'Ce 'fourth celt' of i-icT '"•;>," """T '^" '"* "'^«' '""^ ^-"- -bout 10 ; r cent, of 1 ch ore, w^h much quartz. The fifth and sixth veins are respectively fifty and one hundred and fifty feet further ea«t • fh!! about each thre^eet wide. . In thLlTl X ' ^'^ ^ r , ... in tnese last, the micaceous ore has been to some exter t replaced by carbonate of iron. . ThlZll vein IB gradually returning to its east and west course ; and at a fur ther distance of three hundred yards, it has been op n^d again Ind proved to be four feet six inches vide; and, nearly half a mife to the east, on the strike of the vein, two small veins have been found hold! xng^very good ore. and large boulders, proving the passage of the larger •NovaSootiaMines, p. 78. and Quarterly Journal Qcol. Soc. Vol. XXXHI.. p. ^ • U'. contain 73.68 per ilHc iron." )n,si8ted of copper n, and some rook opper." Furtlier side of Lochaber, foot of Lochabei', jreenish epidotic, which, as well as r iron and copper 1 is mixed with f the blocks from mixed; in them ful leafy aggi-e- ing pits, pui'ple e various rocks aving been long : "the deposits id red shales and in east and west ntine. de. I have no iistant, has been h. from five feet )er cent, of cop- 'ne and quartz, nt, is from one pyrites, with e. The fourth IS about 10 per ixth veins are east; they are caceous ore has . . The sixth and, at a fur- led again and a mile to the in found, hold- ;e of the larger C.p. 751. """""•3 lOONOMIO MINEEALS. 121 P "The quality of the Lochaber ore is unusually good ; the chief variety met ,e copper pyntes, with a small admixture of ca.-bonale of ZZ s.^r:,T;^ind:r^^^ -' ''- '-'- ^^'- ^-^ - -^y^^y Metallic copper Metallic iron ^^21 Sulphur '"'..'.'.".'.'.'!.".*.'.'.".*.' ^^'^^ Carbonate of lime V.V.V.V.V. ^"'^ Oxygen, etc \[[ ^"'^ Gangue ^-^7 23.01 100.00 An analysis of the pyrites from the second vein gave the writer: Copper Iron 20.00 Sulphur 29 70 Silica '.'.'.V.'.'.V.'. ^^'^^ Moisture '."....!....!.. • ^"^^ Carbonate of iron ^^ 6.20 100.00 onltf"™^^^ ^''*™ *^' *^""^ ^'^" ^'*^«' "^ S'^^"«««' 31-25 of metallic Tn "itjir?^ °^ ^®''®" ''^^■' ** S^^""»«a, gave 1 9.87 per cent, of copper "* in l»77t,forty tons of ore were collected from the pits "and from the 'evej, driven on the three parallel narrow breaks called the fourth vem abo^e. The breaks carry small bunches of solid ore, and were «nvenion in hopes of striking a main vein. On the brook side half a mile away, a tunnel driven into the hill cut a small vein, showing copper ore, and a large vein, composed chiefly of spathic iron ore, simuar to the vein in which copper pyrites has lately been found in quantity at Poison's Lake." The copper ore in the Lowei- Carboniferous rocks of Pomquet Forks p . r- u js described on page 82 P of this report; that of Knoyd^ bIS S ""'" '°'^ page S5 K Ihe latter was mined in 1884 by Mi-. Hartley of Newir .^ Glasgow, and is said to contain traces of silvei and gold ^^^^noydart. At Brierly Brook, on the Ohio River, and near Beaver Meadows then • , „ ,. •ore found at the contact of the Carboniferous limestone and coriom -"0^'"'' erate has been mined to a small extent at various times, during the ast twenty years, good specimens of yellow and purple copper pyrites beingo btained at many points.§ The position of the principal pits is • Poole, Report of Commr. of Mines for 1876, p. 62. ! ~ ' T Keport of Commr. of Mines, p. 48. § «eol. Surrey Heports for 1876-77, p. «0; and for 1882-83-84, p. 91 h I 122 p IVOVA aoOTIA. Ariiaig. Oarden of Eden. marked on the map. Near the head of the Ohio settlement, several openings have been made in the folsites which underlie the Carbonifer 0U8 limestone. The principal of these is in a finely mottled felsite- breccia, with a broken, softer portion, containing large blotches of broadly crystalline calcspar, mixed with streaks of yellow and gi-ay copper ore, blende and galena. The rock has no regular strike or jointing, but is greatly broken, and the whole of the vein and ore materials may have been infiltrated after the containing rocks were fractured. The ore yields* 1,120 lbs. of copper, 6f dwts. of gold, and a oz. of silver to the ton. Behind and to the westwarH of Arisaig chapel, and also at the pier several openings have been made on very small irregular veins in which specks of iron and copper pyrites and galena were observed. m the miU-brook that crosses the St. Mary's road above Eden Lake an excavation was made some years ago, about 110 yards above the bridge, m an irregular vein of calcspar, five feet thick, contain in^ specks of copper pyi-ites^On the o^st side were soft, shaly, fragmental rocks; on the west, a little pearly mica schist and greenish mixed argilhte, perhaps also veinstone. Higher up the brook, are cliffs of fragmental rock, succeeded by greenish soft Middle Cambro-Silurian argillite. Other similar deposits are stated by Mr. Gilpin* to occur in the neighborhood. Galena— The occurrence in the Carboniferous limestone of specks and crystals of galena, of no economic value, is so common as to attract little attention, although it has sometimes led to the unprofit- able expenditure of money in the hope that these traces might lead to richer deposits. " Fragments of Calamites, with the tissue infiltrated with galena and iron pyrites, arc found on the outcropping of a sand- stone bed near Arisaig.-J Lead ore is said to occur also in Salmon Salmon River. Jiiver near Guysborough.|| ^old.-The gold mines of the Atlantic coast will be found described m Mr. Faribault's report. Search has been made among the hills, to the northward, for the precious metals, as in Right's River, North River Bailey 8 Brook, Georgeville, South River, Malignant Cove and many other places, but without success. LimestGne.-ThG numerous quarries from which limestone for burn- ing and building has been obtained in the Lower Carboniferous basins ! ""pin- Keport of Commr. of Mines for 1884. p. 23. and for 1885, p. 84^ + Mines of Nova Scotia, page 78. t Poole, Report of Commissioner of Mines for 1873, p. 3,5 II Gesner's Geology, p. 64. Arisaig, settlement, several rlie the Carbonifer. )ly mottled felsite- : large blotches of if yellow and gi-ay I regular strike or ' the vein and ore aining rocks were dwts. of gold, and id also at the pier, irregular veins, in were observed. above Eden Lake, yards above the thick, containing shaly, fragmental d gi-eenish mixed rook, are cliffs of 5 Cambro-Silurian Gilpin* to occur aestone of specks 80 common us to 3d to the unprofit- aces might lead to ) tissue infiltrated opping of a sand- r also in Salmon e found described ig the hills, to the veVf North Eiver, Cove and many nestone for burn- boniferous basins '""""] lOONOMIO MINBRAL8. 123 P are shown on the map, and many of them, as at Brierly Brook, Dun- more, Ashdale St. Andrew's, and other places, have been incidentally described m the course of this report (pp. 79 p et seq.). The gray lime- stone of the monastery at Tracadie has been largely quarried for botu Tracdi. these purpo.es. Near Black River it contains veins oJ" white calcspar -^''''• Brook, at Eraser's Mdls. in contact with red Devonian s-atos, is a light and dark-gray limestone, of good quality, like that of Blue Cape, which has been quarried for seventy years. Veins of calcspar, spott^l with fluorspar, are so numerous as to form a mottled breccia, with which a little conglomerate is sometimes mixed. The limestone follows the brook on the strike in high cliffs and knolls. The dark bluish-gray strongly bituminous Carboniferous limestone of upper Ohio, can easily be traced along its contact with the felsites. It is covered with sof( •in in?'f.T ''" ^^"'^^' ^'■''""^ fissured, and brooks sometimes « crystauL ' ""* ''''*• '^^^ '''""'"' P^'""^"** '^'^ broadly ""'' An analysis of a sample from a bed of limestone, " 15 feet thick Ea.t River of dtind';:^:-? '"''™^' '' '^'"'"^^'"^ '^ ^"pp'^ "- ^- '"^^ '-• Carbonate of lime Carbonate of mairnesla , ,....,, ^ q*^ Oxide of manganese ^k Oxide of iron ,'.*.!!.!. Alumina ' '^"^ Sulphur ^.. ...!!!!*.*.'.'.!...,.. ^^ Phosphoric acid. . i Silica. .'.'..''■ ^3 Moisture '*'*• ^'^^ 17 102.02 Gyp^m.-Tho immense beds of white, gray, red and variegated gypsum, associated with the Carboniferous limestone at AntigLish Harbour and other places, have been already noticed. Formerly it was shipped from Antigonish to other Canadian ports, the shipments in 1877 being 703 tons, but of late years none has been exported.f The com- Alabaster and pact, white variety, called alabaster, and the transparent pure variety'"'-'^ called selenite are abundant. vmieiy Phosphate of Lime.-'^ho black phosphatic nodules, so abundant inph„,„h.f the Silunan rocks of Arisaig, have been described by Mr. Westo.lt -* out are of no economic value. • Poole, Report of Commissioner of Jlines for 1875, p. (i9. ~ ' N^"Tnst''Nr£V'o,'1^!?S^^"^'''^'=''"''^^'''-' - ''■' Acadian Geo.0^, p..3.7 ; Iran.. X Geol. Survey Report for 1876-77, p. 434. 124 p NOVA BCOTIA. ir '■: Vl Salt.-Htih npringa and pondn arc f..und overywhoro in tho neighbor- hood of the gypsum, an at Poinquet, and South RivorH, Briorly JJ.oolf An.lr.nUh. Addn.gton Forl<8, and other piaceH. Salt was nmdo many years ago from tho Halt pond near tho town of Antigonish. In May, 1866, a com- pany called tho Nova Scotia Salt WorlcH and Exploration Comimny waa incorporated under the management of Mr. JoHJah Deacon, to conduct boring operations to discover tho souree of tho brine.* The first \>onntr was sunk on Town Point, near tho mouth of the harbour, a six-inch borehole, lined with iron tubing, being driven through a considerable thickness of soil and clay, then through a thick band of gypsum into sandstones, without finding any indication of brine ; so that further operations in this locality were abandoned. Encouraged by indications of salt wiitor and salt on the surface where the railway station now standi, a Lo.-ond borehole was put down hero; and a nine-inch cast-iron pipe uok through sixteen feet of gravel, full of weak surface brine. The auger then passed through red, blue and brown marl, with thin bands of fibrous gypsum; then through several layers of magnesian sandstone, striking a bed of gypsum 141 foot from the surface. After penetrating 18 feet into the gypsum, there was a flow of pure strong, hmpid brine from a cleft, which flowed nearly to the surface' could only be lowered a few feet by pumping, and discharged u large volume of sulphuretted hy iiogen gas. A sloam engine was "erected for pumping, and furnaces, tanks and evaporating pans of large dimensions, constructed for the production of salt. After tho manufkc ture of a considerable quantity of salt, tho strengOi of tho brine became very much reduced." Another borehole was accordingly put through c ays to a depth of 650 feet, but finding no indications of brine, that of the other boring being too weak for use, and the working capital exhausted, the work was abandoned." Mneral Springs -Mr. Adams' analysis of the water from the spring at Big Marsh, Hallowell Grant is given in the Geol. Survey Report for 1885, page 15 m. Near St. Andrew's, in the neighborhood of outcrops of bluish-gray massive limestone and gypsum, is the " rotten spring," of blackish mineral water, resorted to by rheumatics and other invalids The water from the brine spring in Sutherland's Eiver, above Parks inill8,t IS also highly^esteemed for a variety of diseases Hallowell Grant. St. Andrew's. gutherland'g Siver. Tnoadie. Clays, fit for tho manufacture of bricks, occur at many localities. At the Tracadie monastery, bricks of good quality have been made for local •Gesner's Geology page 92 ; How'a Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, p. 145 ; Trans Nat. So Vol IV "■ tko^tMrXTp'l^.' ^--'"^^''-'"'-erof M.Lror'.mZT ''•'''''''''•' nrrcHiN.] ICONOMtC MINERALS. 125 P U80. SovernI bnck-yanln nro in active operation near AnlJKoniHh ami Ami.nn..h «l.o about throe milo. from tho town on the Sherhr^oko po't roa I an m the .ntervalo of WoHt Rivor. On tho ri«ht l.ank of South lU^^l «hort,, stance above McKachern's bridKe. near St. Andrcw'n, in a hir^o quantity of ruHty.whito clay, which woul.i make good l,rickH. Hiffher up South JJiver in a nmall brook from the eastward at fumminKH- yaSVlr"o1-'trrai^ ""r'"'" poBt.offlceand nchool. about 150avo„u.„. yaras west of the mam road, is a seam of bright-red, heavy clav resembling putty, u«ed for paint; and a short distance northward a thin band of tough blue clay. The brick-clay of the Middle Kivor Mi..dle Ri..r. 01 f ictou has already been mentioned. The annual make of brick in Nova Scotia was estimated by Mr. „• , , Gilpin at 10,000,000 for 18t9 ; an.l the selling price in Hnlifa.x at $8.00 ««'''•" ■"""" per 1000. In 1850, How gives 2,845,000, and in 1860, 7,659,000 as the annual production. ' Firecfay.- " 40,000 bricks were made in 1879,* from a bed of fire- clay four foot thick, overlying the McGregor .earn. The clay was considered by Mr. Jamme, at that time manager of tho Londonderiy iron mines, to bo the best plastic clay he had over used for lining blast and puddhng furnaces. " According to Mr. Haliburton. the clays of this district have been pronounced by parties in Staffordshire unsurpassed by any in England."t Building Stmes.-Thonseonhe various bands of Carboniferous lime- stone and sandstone and of Permian sandstone for building purposes, has S MarvrhT vv n'- f^T °^ '^' ^'^^^'^'^^^^ "^ '^' ^ost River of.. Mar.. T 7 ;, "" ^^'*""'' ^'■''^S^' "^''^ ^"'t*'^'^ ^«'- fl"g« «"d grindstones In the Monastery Brook, Tracadie, a flaggy micaceous, Lower Car-Trac«die boniferous sandstone has beert quarried for local use ; and near Monk's Head and other localities, rough building stone has also been obtained from the same formation. A gray sandstone, quarried at Heatherton, „ea.horton was used principally in the construction of railway culverts ^ J """"'''°''- bridges. In certain localities, as at Ogden Brook, the rough gray sandstone associated with Carboniferous conglomerate has also been quarried for local use. In Barney's and Trench Eivers. freestone and Bame/. »„d grindstone have been obtained from the Millstone Grit But by far ^^""^ ^'*"* the largest part of the stone exported comes from the quarries between Piet„„ Harbo„, Pictou Harbour and Big Island. Merigomish. The yield from these aST^'Nl quarries in 1877, was 1500 tons, valued at $7,500. In 1885, Antigonish ""'' exported thiity-slx tons of building-stone, va lued at $144. • Report of Commisgioner of Mines, p, 15, ' ~ ~ ' ~— t How's Mineralogy, p. 167. 126 NOVA 800 TCA. m Iftrffomiiih, Sontb River. Georgerille. But Hirer of Piotcu. Frui Moui lefi ouDtain. Brown's MouDtaii), Grind8tones.~ln addition to exeollont building etono, fl.o quanios liiMt mm.tionod furnlHl, u Iui-ko .,uantity „f Ki-indslonen. '. „o yield of the MengoMUHh rt by Mr Conte on tho Mining industries of tho Dominion, Part H. Sc!/the.8tone,.-On tho point of Big Island wost of Sraashem Head, a reddish, hard, shaly sandstone has been locally used for sharpening scythes and for other similar purposes, for which it is aaid to be well adapted. Marble.-Tho crystalline limestone of Hattie's millstream on the west side of South Hiver Lake, may be from a largo, homogeneous vein. It IS white, finely crystalline, pure and good, like the finer variotioH of Marblo Mountain and George fiivor.* Tho mixed, impure crystalline limestone of Livingstone Brook, is probably a vein The largo mass of the shore at (ieorgevillo is described on page 8 p Professor Howf describes a greenish colored marble from the East Kiver of P.ctou, and a gray, patterned, concretionary variety from Fraser 8 Mountain, which exhibits in a polished specimen "concentric waved bands in separate sets whose outlines somewhat resemble expanded flowers, ... it would make fine inlaid work." The quantity IS said to be considerable, but not all equally beautiful. The so-called marble worked on Brown's Mountain, is a gray and reddish, pink- weathenng grit and syenite, jointed and full of quartz-veins. Syenite, Porphyry, c^c.-Many varieties of these rocks fit for orna- mental work have been met with, but none utilized. Baryted,-Th\s mineral is frequently found in association with veins ot calcspar in Carboniferous limestone, as at Hallowell Grant • it ist mixed with red oxide of iron at Frenchman's Barn, and accompanies the iron ores of the East Elver of Pictou, in small tabular plates.g Oraphite.-Soveval pits have been sunk on Salmon River, above the lor Bay road near Guysborough, in a black shale, probably Devonian and near the contact of the gold-bearing series, which contains a con- siderable quantity of graphite. • Geol. Survey Report, for 1875-76. p. 38i; ; for 1876-77. p. 456 : and for 1877-78. p. 80 , tMineralotryofNovaSootia, p. 158. « '"r ou .o.p.ouF. tTran.. N. S Inst Nat. S=. Vol. III., p. 233; How's Mineralogy, p. 181. fOesnor's Mmfiralogy, page63. "»'. p mTOHM.] ICOWOMIO MrNERAI.a. 127 I sks fit for orna- different lukora T^Z nytaTL^;^'''^^^ '""« •'«'"-♦'' ''- present or i„ thoi.- .dat o ^-o"^:^^^^^ ]i ^i^'^'Tr '" "" "•^"^"^ l-y largo Ht.-oa,„H bearing ea -thy jlimon, f ' "''' "''" ""^ "^''^"'"^ ' '''■"«•"'«'' '""J, Homotimonof the hand. Thl rd wl en . l* T '' " ^"''^ ^"" ^'" «««">' "''"'ven by vegetable matTer ilTvI M t' " '" '" *"''"'""^" ^''« -'b-nacoou^ percentage i« very S Inl , T'"*^'" '^P'""''*'- ^" «""•" P'"-^'^. ^hiH spicule. The diat<,maceae grow n ^ol-in t7" """""; ?''^'' '^"^ but in the stroarnH flowing, into H „ 1 '^ ""'^^'■' '^'^ ^''^^^ '"'^''^ developed m .J The "'" ' 7 '^"^ '^'''' ''*'''"^'^« "'■« ""^ «M waters'of the Ike They attS'th"" ''? "''"' '""'' '^"'^^^ ^^^ •^^•"«'' <'f ^.I.rruMged woll or hL« '^"''''^'''' *« «"d grow upon portions «ive inoruitirlve,^ re:rth" r'' ""^"'"^^ '^■■'"'"^' ^•^^«"- lobed and even branch ng Se ' on' fl«T' T"*" ^^"'"^ '•^^'^""'^«'^- innumerable microHConio Bnlol^lK*' ". ^ ' ^'"^ "^'"^ *'^"*^ ^'"^«'-' scattered in the wa te'T sotC \ ''"''""•^ '**" ^^«'^^«"' «''« ^^us form a greaterCpoi-tion o^ll'T" '''''''''*^-^' '^' «P«»g« «P-"'- diatomace»." P'"P"'^'«" «^ ^^^^ ^epodte than the valves of the various purnoses and in fK^ \- polish mg powder for l^ui poses, and in the manufacture of dynamite "* The lakes mentiotied hv \f,. \f„i- "/"»nine. ■^ are : Ainslie in Cane R,.«fn t uu^^ ^ containing these deposits Brook. Eden GraTMcLan^ild^ Pictou Coun V • MacS^K i: ? ' °'"^''' ^'" ""'^ T«»«3^ I^^kes in the lakes ^hth ^^ ."te ^yTHalffa''""^^^'^-^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ' Dartmouth Lakes in Hahlv ^ of Halifax with water, Grand and county. ^^''^"^ ^°"°*y' «°d Kempt Lake in King's filey-s River. T^e extent o/ttl^^^ .^'"•^^''"*^' Upper Ba™.. r,.„. i« fifty yards Wide, of iTdeflnit leno^rtt ". "' 'r^? ^ *'^ ""'^^ two feet thick immediately ^ndtSsid^ ''^" ^""''^""'^^ ^'^'^^ tote fft'etnTifaiitt^hL^'b'' ^"^^"' '^ ''^'''' '' ^^'^ «-*^' -'^ «- B«eo„. Fiaser Tn,.!! ! %^ ^' ^ ^*®" somewhat largely dug by Mr J ll!!!!j;^!Z:!!^^Ml:^^as^ behind the village ' 128 P NOVA SCOTIA. Roy laland. Arondale. Baat River of Piotou. Ouyaborongh KiTer. Arisaig. Itook crystal. il^Ttr T '^"f '' ^"""'^ °" "^^'"^ «^ *^« ^^'^ ''«««he9 and among T , r5 u '*'"«'^«''*'''1« quantity of fine sand from the beach of Roy Island hrfs been used at Acadia coal mines. North of Avondale post- office, a deposit of sand, said to bo suitable fo moulding, is found close to the road to Bailey's Brook. It is also abundant on the East River ot I'lctou * the best known deposit being near the mouth of McLellan's Jirook. In 1876 Antigonish sent 227 tons of sand, valued at $1 a ton, to Prince Edward Island.f Slate.-On the north branch of Guysborough River, above the Aiton road 18 a quarry of dark bluish-gray Devonian argillite, evenly bedded but having also an oblique imperfect slaty cleavage. The shales do not always break out smoothly, and the adherence of the different layers to one another is very strong. In Shaw's and Aikens Brooks, similar slates have been quarried, but no satisfactory roofing slate seema to nave been discovered. Pencil ^?one.-Clay-slate,iuseful for making slate pencils, is found in abundance, according to Dr. Honeyman, among the Silurian and Cam- bro-Silurian soft argillites of Antigonish and Pictou counties. Dysyntribite.-Associ&ted with thefelsites of Frenchman's Barn and Arisaig pier ,8 a soft unctuous rock, of yellow, orange, red, green, gray and other finely mottled colors, belonging to the agalmatolite parophite and dysyntribite group of minerals,! said by Dr. Honeyman to be twelve feet thick, traceable for a great distance, but passing on the strike from a massive rock into slates. It is susceptible of a high polish, but broken by cleavage joints, and tarnishes easily; has been quamed to some extent as an ornamental stone, and might also pro- bably bo used for anti-friction purposes and pottery making. Gamet-J)r. Honeyman mentions § garnets as occurring at Poison's Lake. Crystals of quartz, of great beauty, are often found in veins among the Devonian slates. • Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol IV., p. 145. t Report of Commissioner of Mines for 1876, p 64 t Geol. of Can., 1863, p. 484 ; Trans. N. S. Inst Nat. go., Vol. III., p. JTrans. N. S. Inst. Nat. So., Vol. I., p. 110. '«'•*'»••'"•'»• , and Vol. VL, p. 320. REPORT ON TUB LOWER CAMBRIAN ROCKS OF GUYSBOROUan AND HALIFAX COUNTIES, NOVA SCOTIA. By E. R. FARIBAULT, C.E. mdVoLVL,p.320. Introduction. This report, and the maps which accompany it, comprise the re«„l, v/i ooi vii^es lenaeiea in the performance of this wn^t or,^ """"t'" ofSaLon i.^-^T^' «f Country Harbour Cross-roads; Thos. i'^eil' of Salmon River Lake; J. C. Flick, of Holland's Harbour Dr A P Melrose- W T a^uu o , • ^^-^^n^'e, u.Ji., and J. Stewart, of 9 130 P NOVA SOOTIA. Foresta. &"Sfe' ?^}'^ "".^^'^ °^*^« ««""t«-y »*>der consideration is low the hills seldom ns.ng more than five hundred feet above the level of the sea The granite hill east of Donahue Lake, 725 feet high, and the Bull" ■ ■ ^J'^'frST^ '"'■ ''' ""'-' P'-^™^"«"* ^e;aionI of t "e dwtuct. A decided and uninterrupted ridge follows the northern boundary of these rocks from Cape Canso to Trafalgar and beyond indicating the axis of the principal granite manses. The leTand larger streams of the district taking their rise from this ridge flow southward into the Atlantic. ^ ' ^ ..^k" -^T^Z ^'"■^''"'" ''"^ ®*- ^^'y'' ^'^^''' however, rise further nor h in the Devonian formation, and intersect the ridge at ith angles in gorges with high, steep sides. The valleys oT the o he. arge streams are also often deep and narrow, and"^ present ve,; httle intervale; the rocks being hard and compact, produce on y «n T' ^""'r ^•''"'^'•'"^'•^ ''' *'^« "^""--^ ^ A poinds, Tagoonf ^r^brsreyr'"^^ -^^^ ^'^™- ""'- ^'^^ ^vA-^^-e/s Extensive fires, at different times, have destroyed the forests alon^ Lo. •'' ff " °»^"7 places to a great distance inland. increS food hln't r"""' 'n ''' '"""''''■ ^^''^^ ^-- ^--^. affoS ng good ship-timber, are still to be found on the headwaters of the riveif of New Harbour, Isaac's Harbour, Indian Harbour, Liscomb Ecum fsSSuia^Hedo' "^^f"'' f ™- ^^ ^heet Harbour, and rumbling Liscoib «^*«"«'^«ly on those of Sheet Harbour, Moser's and of Sit ';* ^^-^ St. Mary's and Country Harbour valleys, the interior aLtultu" "^'h ''r'^Tl: '""^'«'- ^'^^ '»*'«* part uisuitable or iffishtg ' ^"^ '""^ ''"■' "•^^^'^ '""^ '"^^b^'^-t^ -- engaged 0«itiv.blel«.d Fine tracts of woodland, fit for agriculture, occur, however on Tt^^'^^r/r"^ rV"''''" ^'^'•^^"'- ^^^«-' whe're thTde^Htu: 0. the black slates, which attain hert their greatest width yields The sea-shore is intersected by numerous deep, narrow harbours bays coves and creeks, which afford good shelte'i for fishlg vess^^^ Count'ryTT ''t"" 1 "'"^« '''' '^''^^ ^^'^ ^ WMtelTen,' S^ th f;'whrteha?'r "l^r"' ^'•^■J-^P^. Beav.. and sheet or these, Whitehaven* and Liscomb, together with Halifax am regarded as the best harbours along the Atfantic colt of Nova s;otr being never obstructed by drift ice. ' fiarbonn. • Haliburton's History of Nora Scotia, Vol. L. p. los. i low, the hilla level of the sea. ?h, and the Bull- loviitions of the vs the i)oithern jar and beyond, The rivers and this ridge, flow ^er, rise further ' ridge at right lys of the other i present veiy , pi-oduce only ponds, lagoons, » hundred lakes le foi-ests along ind, increasing 'rests, affording 1-8 of the rivers iiscomb, Ecum and lumbering ir, Moser's and P's, the interior unsuitable for 8 are engaged , however, on le the detritus width, yields lartzit^. row harbours, ishing vessels, ) Whitehaven, erand Sheet; Halifax, ai-e 'Nova Scotia, TARIMU1.T.3 GRANITE. Area op the Gold-Bearino Rocks. 131 P from 6000 to ,000 Bqua ^'i, ' nfT " .""f"' """""■"""• The eastern part fnly arfaTTZl^nu^'T''^'''"'''''''^'''- oiti::r;irt£~^^^ line runs a few dLiees north of ^T™^«- ^'•«'» thi« Point, the itr ;;ir;;r; rn;;.? r^T '--' -'^--^^^ on this coast. ' «"^^«'«"d« «o dangerous to navigation Classification of the Rocks. folltV-"' " ''' "^"" '""'^«^ '» '"^'^ -P-*' -ay be classed as Gr. Granite (porphyritic and gneissic.) €. Lower Cambrian, \ Jf ^er or quartzite group, ( iJpperorgraphitic and ferruginous slate group. Gr — Granite, probably arUen from deStt i„ ^XT^' 'L:";: -"-'^o^'''^' t«o lan^e. The mUtake^, wh.oh. a« I have alr«»dy pointed out f, ^,,7.^ ' f„ e,"oe« %?."?' ''*. ''" ""* «™«*"'' '»<"" ' «eoIo«cal maps, from which the computl«ons re^^Vtnh k 1?'^"* '" " »" P-bli.hed represented on Sir W. E. Logan's larae Zn nVn ^ ''*''^ Probably been made. The area aK. on the Atlantic sea-boar^/ No^: ^e^o^i^i'Jl^^t^^ 5.1.WTX. '"""^ ''•"' *''•' •'"""'"« "<>» Biven by Mr, Faribamt.-ALFKKn R, 0. m :ti.' 132 P Saperfloial extent. NOVA SCOTIA. 6nbdl?i«Ions. Characters of the granite. Bxposnres. Sohut. Dykes. T?afal/a' l'^"' ''""" '' '*■ ^^••^'«' ^-^ Cochran's Hill to fifth ofTh« K 7'"^ approximately 235 square miles, or about on^ i" '»g.h,\ ?f„;4"° '^l^- *;:„«-;^^^ ™.jc,. and a hair This iiifo,.o<,v • 1. ^ altered sedimentarv ropka the Ea.. Biverof L Ir"°; '"™"' """ " ""' "'"""^ «««• «" «AIIIIAULT.] GRANITE. 133 P and they become Bimple quartz veL ^ '''sappears gVadually Good examples of such quartz veins ar« t« K Dbscbiption of the Granite Areas «re weu d..p,aycd, Ld « cZodC Z ^'St": """" '■"""" oaeily accossiblo. It doo« nni «v„» , -^ ""'" '"■"'■J' P'rt mile., taking 1„ .ho I C„ S oVg"""'"?''''"""" ''"■ '"°'™ Island, and CaMO whonc. t S of Seorgo,, P,»oatiqai and Du.d, constitutes the dvkes and vn!,, . "^ ^"^"'^®' This variety also granite masses wUh^e JI ^d^^^^^^^ !^* ^'^ ^f-^ o^'t^^e main Bhore road to Canso east of To! r * ^ '' ^^'''^ ^^""'^ °" the old and veins of qual ^"7. Penetrated by numerous patches overy direction by vel of S T ^'T^''^^^^^ ^-^e'^ed in in thickness from eight feet down to lltlT ''''"^- '^T"' ^"'"^^"^ ^"'"'""'"- ex^r^^of the^S~S^^^ -- -d of two hundred yard fromT ;' ^' «'7'^talline, even at a distance of crystallization s but !^iL/r '"'''' *'" ^'""^^« ' ""^ ^'>« ^^^-^e '^^:^ltuJ:''!c Mine on the Canao road. Thini mtws. FARIBAULT.] ORANITE. 135 P th« IIT, t«Jt8 dykes and veins of granite are associated with tL th H-i*^', '"" «'""'*« '^'''''' ««™«times copnecting them: these are d.fficult to trace in detail, and those marked on th! map as crossing Wilkins, Charles, Young and Dover Lakes and he North-East Arm are, thei efore, indefinite ; but it will be seen that they have, as sual, the tendency to follow the strike of the stratified ockf although ,n many places they are also much intermixed with them ^ On the north Hide of the xNorth-East Arm, a contact between siatewh.K and granite W.S observed, the latter being fine-grained and in p Ic^ ""• ahnost a pure quartz.te, but succeeded by the common light-gray graniti of the country which extends as far as the North- West Arm. The slate for two inches from the junction is converted into a granitoid rock com- posed almost wholly of crystals of andalusite; at three inches thero"k aTe'con'cX.'^ ' ' '" '"'"■"''^*' '^^^"'^ "^'^'^ *^« ^^-t*^ In the country between Dover Bay and Whitehaven are found many small lenticular patches of gnei.s, running east and west, or north-east and south-west, parallel to the strike of the quartzite and slate further Period of north; this would seem to prove that the gneiss was foliated at the^"'"^'""- same time that the latter were folded. The granite country between Cape Canso and Whitehaven is all bar ren, and the rock more exposed than in any other part of the district Huge erratic blocks of granite are found on the polished surfaces of the highest elevations, while the depressions are filled with smaller angular tlocks, which give the country a rough and rugged appearance! ,.!• ^l' -»«i' ^;««»'^f ^^««.-Further west is a second area, which differs from the first in that besides the ordinary light-gray or reddish gray variety, it contains a large quantity of porphyritic granite »!.""" It lies north-west of Tor Bay, extends twenty miles west to New Harbour River, and is occupied by three separate masses of granite The easternmost extends from a quarter to one mile north of the shore of Tor Bay to within half a mile of Crow Harbour, and from ^ , Cole Harbour Eiver to Halfway Cove Lakes. First mass. A very interesting contact of gneiss and granite was observed on the edge of this mass, half a mile south of Lamb's Point, west of Crow Harbour. The two rocks are mixed along the contact through a width of n „ more than a hundred yards, layers of gneiss striking east and west in * the granite, which holds also wedges of gneiss, sometimes six feet long and nine inches wide. At one place, granite dykes cross the bedding of the gneiss, which is of comparatively fine texture full of mica, and contains lenticular veins of clear vitreous quartz/ on the ».ie„i.;vein.„"erp„:^.^,;i!;r,::r"' "°""""'°« '<>"«- quttrVrS tZ« Ve""'" ,?" '•"■"■= -'--^ «..• three. .bouthalfa^SlaCZfortr' T" °'' ''""y'' ^"''^ »ile In Width, and i. entirS^ „„" e."^ TZ!"'^ ».<1"»"- of » ™»Khly foliated, and altering the nZhteurf„r ^T"'° S'""""' On the eastern shore of Crow TWh , ^ tmcn^hist and slate. with obscnre line. „ L'^'ifcat fon ^n/ivdi^'" "' ™'''""' """ «""■'«■ the laminate! whin or qnart^ft wh» h^T' '""" ":. "■" '"*''''"« »' dyke I, probably connected with Th, fl, , ■"'" "" *<"■»■ ^his a mile distant «L i,. ' *" """ S"""" "■"». 'Hhough over The second mads nf tVio Tm. tj„ bounded o. thel;' t; th IZiZZ^'V'"' '''''' '''''' ^« Lakes. a,d extends north I ctda&avlh^ '"' ""^""^"^ Haifwaycove. the shore from Halfway Cove westwa,^ Z' '''•? '' «^P«««d along It presents at its wesLn end the mot/n "^''^ ""*^ " ^"'*'-**^'-- diatrict, and rises east of DoZVelZ^Z^lTfe f 7""V "' ^'^^ of the sea. The shore of Chedabuoto C ''^^^^ *^" '«^«' indented for the first three qu^^^L, of ^^ '' ""''^ ^""^'^' '"'^^^^ -"^ and, as well as the Canso ro^d which 's c t T '' w ""^^ ^«^«' often coarse. '°''® **y' consists of granite, Which in one place app'^^^Iot.tl^rfnd 'a .^0*;".°" """' d..^bln..h.gray felspathic rocl., li,' tle-'cn'ri-rt:" .nte':it:tretlro^;:r:™r"». '■-'^-e^ with ,na* lowed b, very^coherent felsifr„" S^ IZZ' U^^:'^'' '"'■ Cajehn Cove.f and apparently sedimen J/ Zu'a * of I ■™, ' "' Halfway Cove Brook, the n,ica.scWsts din N 46° W off , f , ° "^ gramte, which follows the brook, and is ako 111 r," °' ^'"^ farther west, where it ero.se. a L1 IXZZITZJTu "^ Up this brook, there 1, a beautiful while varS ^f """ °* *» »l«o. compact texture, composed of ^r.i;. J T^ of granite, of uniform »»-" u... Donahue Lake on?or: e a^ rCI^tte'dt. f" """■ i^!!!iz!:'^^i:!!ii^»L lont Lr 'S'-seri'^sr • Geol. Survey Report for 1875-76, p. 373 ' t Geol. Survey Report for 1877-78, p. 9 p. W« MUIT, GRANITE. 137 P islandH, and full of fine tronf Tk„ .•en. between thin lake and the SandrCovo T.;./ ?>'r'*' ^"'-«— • surfaces, without a trace of ve^retation L . ?' '^''P'''^ '■°''^>' Hiabs of granite, detached frorfho tSZ " Z '>" '■'^''"^'"''"• At one place, long, parallel 'uLl .^^' '''"'P''""""'>' "''"""•'• one to three foet anar ell 1 ''""^^/'•'>'n one inch down, and -un N. 5.= w. in i:^^::^^^^:::::! vrr^ '''''-'' along the strike At tho nn -tK. I'aceable for twenty-hve yards and tlate are «cen to dp Li l^t" "' ""T"''' '''''''' -'-^-^ist varying between 7o"anS 70 " '''^"'"'' ^'^^ ^™"^*« ^^ «« ""gle the Tor Bay road rv« «! 'Z^"""''" K'^«''. beyond the bridge on masses of this district. ^* *" *^>^ other On the shore, half a mila eaiat nf .„„• reading of the quartzite, and place,, inaeed. the to a™ ZJL^'STZ Z " T^'l '" loot wide, contain, «„ i„„h „f qua*! elh h ^"r""' '"'°'" * Jike qnailj-vein, and „ivi„„>l "?'"■'''" ,'"'^'«» of granite, precisely in thLaao wLy Si'Iof'l'rf 7;''°" ^' ""y ''»'"' °*aatej have ...ve,. boe,f ooJ'e'ctrSr; 1 iT aT °' ""? T '""' east, . granite .„„ i, replaced o/JZZTy ot'7 ZTTl again on ,t, .trike contains patches of granite ThZoLT "'""'> """I" "'»■ more than three or four feet wi,l. h„f -TlioM bands are never cn>ssing the Canso ro^ a oTa.^f .'.f T'""' '" """""'"' "o"""^' and ending wi.,,i„"a"^:r„':a:i,:?Sal%"'^°°™/'-°°^' -tone; .0.C n,es,ap^are:tV,:r;:;art,ror5d':;f ^'■"■"'"^ heft':L':h:^Zgrst:;::;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ and thence follows the south bank of L b ' "^™ ""o "'o"'' or More above the Tor Bay «^ ""'■ *" ' """' """"'""' gr°nite"t rsl^ClTwh^rarrtii-^'.-'S-"""'' '■'■■'^ g-aiued, dark diorite. This belt avXr^aTlLTTrne^tiSh:"""- 138 P NOVA BOOTXA. Third mug. Tor Bay niid atw Harbour. SlllrSr '" "-■T«""'f *e "«*- b„„„.»r,orw Dyket. Bxteot. Five mafises. First mass. Oeden. milcH with a breadth of five Ittr f ' . '"« '' ''"«^'» o*" *^«'ve and often rendered all^tL^elrn'^K'' ^'■"^""' '"''">' «"^ barren. -rubby.socond-growtrWaraCut tI "^ "l"'-"*"' '"^^'•'"•*«^ ^^'^ Tor Bay road opposTte S naltT f ^'^^ "^''^b^'"" boundary leaves the NewHrrbourroTonf^'^e :u;ronr th.-ee-quarter« of a mileruth of r t •^""^*'«"'«"^ I^^O" I^ake Brook, gray and reddish gt„ie the n^nH^'• ^'"'*'^ ^'^ "'•'""••>' "t"»^ places, especially «^b?Ls?e/Zot:^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^"^ mens show large crystals nf f.i u Harbour, where speci- mase. An irrefuS ' fl ^^'n "^T""'""^ «^'*"«'-«^ through the quarter of a rn^^till^^^^^ T'^' '"''^ '"'^'"^ "'^ * this granite mass, as far asCante. «n T° '""f' '" ^'^^ ^^''^ '""^^^ «'' three mllos. Thi rocks of thilu T^''"'" ^"'^'«' '^ '^'^^^^^'^ «^"ver dently cut by the Znl « ^^\''''^^ «««t and west ; they are evi- also. Lg dy^js -u' Ct^;:^^^^^^^^ «''-d. Prom the western end First and Third Forr On^nr?. '"''. 7 ^"'■'^"'■^^^"* ^^^^^^'^the OceanLakehalfa n^i, "bebw the H .^^'" '^°"°^ ^'^^ ^^^^^ ^^«- Btnke of the associaTed qut^itl ' " "^ '''"^'^'^ P"''*"^' ^^ ^^^ eas^t:rnd/:f'rs^^^^^^^^^ One of them, of gmy .'it!, t ' T'''''" ""'^ ^'^'^^ '"^'^ ^^''^her up. g.eatly altered slatTlfi .Tfi, !? stt' ^f ' ""^ '" ^'^^ ^^^^'"^ '^ and cut by many irregu.a; l^ ^^ '^T "'"^'^ ""^' ''' ^^"^«*' 3. Cbwn^ry ^Tariow;- Granite Ar^n tk- west of the last and extendsf.f V? **'"* '' '^"»« ^^'^^ "^"^^ twenty-two miles. It foccupienv / *° '""■'™^'^^' ^ ^'«'-^« «^ a f^v, smaller ones ^ ^ ^""^ '^P'*'"*^^ piincipal masses and tact with the Lower Devonfan f,,. ^ ^ I "'"■*'' ''^^ '* '« '" ''°°- wai-d along the Guysbm-Zh T 7 ""''"'' ^"^"^ ^^"^''" north-west- granite iB^verlai^by th/cinf '"^ *'' '^''""' ^«^''"'«"' ^^^ west along the old Bant.v 5 ""'' ^^^ ^^^^t^^^ running south-" CrossBoadl A anw bLTo/wh^^ of Country Harbour granite and the CarbonTfero^! u .f ''^'' ^"^^'^«»-' ^^^^^^^ t^e three miles. The LZtZT T 'f ""'^'^ ^'*^«' ^"^^ « '^'^t""^^ ^^ is very irregular comf„ '" ^I^k 7 "'"^ *^' ^^'' ^^'"brian rocks « a., coming near the Country Harbour road at the lower rAKIMUlT,] GRANITE. 139 P ndary of Lower ><1 Oa tends from f New Harbour ingth of twelve i-y and baiT«n, itorrnixed with dary loaves the nd crossing the on Lake Brook, ordinary light aand in many , where speci- al thi-ough the more than a vovy midst of istanceofover they are evi- wcstern end ver above the » brook from arallol to the kes cross the le further up. e bedding of ■ the contact, three miles i distance of I masses and four square it is in con- north-west- ivonian, the ling south-' •y Harbour Jtween the distance of jrian rocks t the lower budge on the nver, and also further dowr. at Johnnon Brook, where it rountrr adjoins the Country Harbour gold-district; while in other places it isfcC?''"'- ovor a m.Ie and a half fron. the road. The lino of contac^t further cast srr\ MM .""'".^r"' ""' '"'•'' "l^ "'" "^'■""'"' t''« headwaters of Stewart M.il-brook throo-quartorH of u mile above the lako, and thence runs to the foot of tho Big Still-water. At the east ond, the mass divi.les into two prongs separated by a tongue of Lower Cambrian i-ocks, one mile and a half wide, running westward between them for somo six miles. On the lino of contact in Lawlor's Brook, one hundred vai-ds above the m.ll-dam, irregular dykes of light-gray fine granite break m-ron. the bedding, but also run parallel with it for many yards. Tho associated rocks are much altered, but the linos of contact are quite doKnite, and there is, apparently, no passage of one into tho other as was observed in some parts of tho masses to the eastward. About two hundred yards ZZZ "r- T '•'■*'"""'"fe' fe"-""ito is white, with streaks of a fine red Red ^anite. vaiety chiefly composed of compact crystalline quartz and felspar, with a few largo spots of mica. This rod granite appears to form a large part of tho eastern end of this -mass. It was observed on the Salmon River road at a small brook near the Ogdon schoolhouse, whore It passes into a beautiful deep-rod, finely crystalline quartz-folsite or syenite ; and also, one mile and a quarter further west, at a ten-feet fall ot a small brook, south of the old Bantry road. Foliated, coarse gnoissic granite appears to oceipy much of the country west and north of tho Big Still-water of Isaac's Harbour Uiver. wdlarbou. It was seen up a small brook a few hundred yards west, at the line of "^- contact a quarter of a mile up the east branch, and half a mile up the west branch. On tho headwaters of the east branch of Stewart Mill- brook numerous blocksof gneiss are found with huge blocks of granite; and there may possibly bo small isolated patches of gneiss in si,u in the v.c.nity, although the blocks may have been drifted from further north. In some of these blocks, the plates of mica are one inch square, the crystals of felspar much larger, while the quartz is in masses or veins several foot wi^ «.ta«. P««^dofcrystallinequartziteand(,uHrtzfri r f' "''^'-nately com- evidently the " whin " rocl d o.^^dt 7 1 f '" S"«'««'^g-""o, mile north of ,i.i«dyko are aur fi '"^ "P''«'^^'«^ ^'^^ the granite. One to some extent sevendyrsr^^^^ measures which were worked The other prong runs f^m f i n Z "'''" ''^°"^ abandoned, after crossing IndtaXr,^^^^^^^^^ ? '^ T"" "^" ^^««^' ^d' out to one mile and a quart. „t,"eEall r '."'"'^ ^''^'' ^'^««« "orth side of Archibald L k aL ^1^0 l'"' i'"' "'''"'^ "''^"^ ^''^ FentoD'.Brook The oa«.e,-n end of this ZJ ^''""^• light-gray tine 'ZitV^^ rXn^r^^'^r^ '''^ ^' hour as far as Fenton's Brook tL In ^ '■** "* ^"""^'^ Har- tho mo.st interc.ing in the distr ^t Z V' ''" '''''^ '^ «"« ^^ gneiss. an,laiusito pyritous stto ^n ' ^"''^^'^ ^'''^^'t^' «"« veins in succession c,U hoi! nl?' ""'""'■""** '1""''*^ masses and 'nixed, the granitTo u ,nt Z ' T "'' "'"^'^ ^"^^''^'^^^ ^^ -ter- mriuult] ^ prolongation „f tho . , ' ^ .'"°*' ">«'Pho-^«^i '"iks ; it appearH to bo a Lake Brook ^ fo^hu:' d ya dT rrdT:?'" ^T? '^'"^^""^ other «mall ma.«o.s between So uint.fn^l 1 . ' "^ ^""'^'' ««^''''"' "Tho^nr-'-"^'^" jirba':; or;r2. "•"^^^' ^-^^-^-^ area.?that:;V:"";r2r^^ ^" ^'" ?r""^ Harbour granite.r..«. account of i* relation to theTh^ "I '''""' '^"' """'' '""'•« «" "" trict. itue.sonot,n;rhr?e;'ut:?::;;e^:lt;';': ™;"'"^ ^^•^~- '•oad, oxt .-ndH northward to th^f of If Vk Tu "^ ^^"^ Sherbrooke Harbou,. Lukes and to the oad to ii 1 ''''''" "''P^'' '"'''"" eastward t.. tho foot of fb; l ... """''^'^ "'" Aroi.lbald Brook, Where it runs aiotg f j ^17^1 'T'"'" I"''"" """''«'"• ^'^'^- mile of Mitchell Lfke " Brook n«!.' m r"'''"^''"'' ^" ^'^'''" half a Harbour Lakes ^i^:t;:Z:^ :::^^'^ '^\ ^'^ Indian.. ,. c iffs three to four hundred foot hthThlTani ;"'''•''?'" bold ""- ^''e. often splits into rectan-^ular slabs tb« ^''^^"*"^*« ^"''"""g these cliffs an easterly and woate"?; dit 'u^n ri^r""* ^".'"^ '•"""'"^' '" building, in blocks ofalldimrs on if h„,' '""'-T ''"'''''^ ^'^'-Quan, extent east of the hi^rhest Tak' „ . '' ^T^^""" "^""^"'"^ *« " ^mull ^• piers and abutments of tie htn T, iV"' construction of the othei- purposes Two L f h k i^ ^'' °^ ^^' '''''''■•^*' «"d alno for little -rtHf the gTli te Z^^^ f^^ --* «^" ^^i^ lake, and a of a cliff who,-« ;d*^^' '^ ''^"*"^* ^«« observed on the face 142 p NOVA SCOTIA. pesoriptiong by Dawaon and Hind. About a mile east of the po,t.offlce at St Mary, Bay, the sarfkce of WJ.dl.M.i. °?r'™°,"f " ""tleflymg mass of small extent, the nearest to th. w™ Harbour gold-minin, district, whleh is th^e J^Z rhaVf DykeMoDgand ■*• (Granite Area of West River, St Maru\ — Thia «,.»„ • .. . numerous. oppnni«fi Ktr ri,ri,^ j i ^', "t. ^arys.—Lh\B area 18 entire V to the Cameron eettement. The conn fvxr ,•„ +k« . . ' """^-^eaose but a small part of the '^rTS:i^fZZ:°V:':^lTZ length foil 1 .,, jzrCii: zi:z^z^.:i!: z l^ochian 8 H II, and the dyke to the south of the Crow's Nest afforrl good examples of such contacts + Af ti.<. i •.* ^[^^^^ ^^^^^> attord =X^ts:i':-£r^^^^^ on examination h. Mr. r»t;:„:.orstZrt';tLT^^^^^ with httle m,ca and passing into quartz-felsite or quartzlte ' at ?t°„7?f' M , *"■""'.'," "" ""'' "■"■■ O"" """i"* 'to Kooky Br«,k at a ten-feet fall two miles due east of Cochran's Hill ™u „■ other, in a bold oliffon the east side of St M^'s rT'",.*,u "'"'' ' ,"■ fj^::i!l^^^:^««Wat.„i,hpos^oLT^^^^^^ Halifax, N.8., 1870. uaaeriying tlie Gold-bearing Rooki of Nova Sootia." t Supplement to Acadian Geology, pp. 84 and 85. Vdni. Cochran's Hill and Crow's Nest gold- district. MRIBAULT.l ORANITE, Joarser and has h altered, 'd by Sir J. W. Jge 84. About nite, with very ern side of the been described , the surface of inite, probably nearest to the ilea and a half •ea is entirely ^tending along from Melrose y of Cochran's ■ many dykes, iinly forming elation to the n width they Jed a mile in uartz-veins of nother, which other cases, iing, but are measures at Nest, afford ate is, at the chist, largely hich proved, ranite of the 3n very fine, e. Jocky Brook d-mine ; an- ree-quarters crossing the '■oi. XX vr., pp. ' Nova Sootia,'» 143 P -d on the west side of the river, a quarter of amile below the Crow ^ ^^^:^^zs:^r-^!^^^^ Lower Cambrian strata aL| T oZreTa^^'^Tt.^ "'^' *^\— band begins one mile and a half east o Zrir wl'- •. ^'' '^''''''' -^'^' by Carboniferous rocks, and runs a 1 d Z^Tou h n " TT"*'"?-^^"'- distance of more than twelve miles, crossing the i> ^ ^aifet"" mjle and a half below Melrose and t^l^ f the Sherbrooke road one Mary's, at the Glenelg brZ/apmoacr ?.' "^"^^ ^'^«'« «^ ^t. Bilvermine, crossing Churn I ok^r^^^^^^ ff f"' ""' '"^^^^««'d ";ile up. parsing on the norSsL of c' nb« r'"?''''^ '^^' '^^'^ ««''--'- Donald Mill-brook one mile and a\„lf 7^ ^''''' '^"'""S Mc- lake of Px-ancis Gut B ook Jheea.t n^' T T''"^ ^' '""^ "PP«r iB seldom over one hundred y^T^Z. ^1 1" " ^/^"^'^ ^"'^^«. widens, and at the McDonald Mill Wt I P""'"* '* g™dually mile in width. Where itto.^tZ^uT""^l three-quarters of a one mile and a half ea.tof MeZe i^lf . IT^ "^ ^^^^«" ^rook, -^, the granite passes LToZi^^^^^^^^^^ and hornblendic fragmentary rock whtV J .' '°"'"'' ^^^'V^^^^^ for some hundred yards Twentv Lh ^ T*'""'' '^^^^ **>« brook Carboniferous sandstone. iCl^wTl^'^'''''^^--''^^^^^^^^ black, crumblv vA^iJ.^Ji^ ^^""^ ^^^ 'oad is a bluish thisp;int,:sft'i:rasG:;rrdir^'^^^^ '^ ^^ ^«"'*- ^-- fine g^nitoid gneiss, .ittimfo^:,^:. IZ^v'^:^ '"•'-^'•'*^' Cove Brook. The westfirn nr.A • 7 , ' '^^^^^bling that of Sandv g.ei». g.ne4°„r: ," .t; 7Tu2Zr:'°r °' *"■■'" «olor, but alsoof tr„e granite On th„rhi'^ ''°'' "hitlBh-gi-ay eighth of a mile, and runs aonTtZ 5"" * ''«"'^'' ^^"^^^ «f one- Mitchell's Mill.b;ookVaTe'w?lcUt :l""'' ^' ''' "-'" - ^-^ as Carboniferous conglomerate t^l^ ^I" ^r-: "JT: ^^"'^'^ ^^ pears again in a dyke, one or twnhlr.f FT °^ '*' detritus, but ap- Brook and the voL o7guZombei'lt ? TJ'^' ^"^«'"« ^^'«^«''^ Hver. and extends seemfngirZee ml'' .lu ™''^ ^^"*^ ^^ '^^ Trafalgar granite area. ThU band is o ?"'" ^*''*' "P *« ^^e aimilar to that of the westXt^ V^^^^^^^^ ''^^''^^' ^-- 144 p NOVA SOOTIA. '?! At Big' 'Liaoomb Bistlnot Tsrieties of granite. Second Bocky, Bruin HunL.! l,.'^""'^^^ «° ^^e south-oaat by the Big and Litu; l" c^mb !1h pk J^.^'T""^ ^*'^«^' on the east, by boundary from cSolm Lake f-n".K ^'''''' ^"''^ *^^ "«'-*h«'-n road as fur as Dorln Lol ih '""^^ '""''' '"'^ "'*•>« W««' K'ver of it; crosses the sou h::!^^^^^^ bridge, and the MusquoStM^ !h ^•^^'' «"« ™i'e above the Porcupine Lake- it CT ... '^'^^-^i^^'^^'^ of ^ mile west pf followed further west °'''^ "' ^'^'^^^'^ ^*^«' ''»* ^as not coal^i;rd";o:phyHr?hi:^r;'^^ massis.ostly whitish-gray, branch is ofVn^er'^ra^^^ 7ol ted ! h ''^ ""'""■' "' *^« ««"*^ black mica, which gives it a dark PT^^^^^' g«"«rally holding the West Eiver of f Sw ^^'*^ '"'''''• ^^'^ ^''^^ «"d that of. and their desciptio^^n^7thV■'^"^?' '"'""'"^ "'^'"^ ""--t^'y/ The mode of ^^1 of tt" '-f '""".' *° '^"''*^«'- ^---- to differ from that o; the three trnt:::;'"^ ^"^ "^"^^^ ^PP«^^« C. Lower Cambrian Rooks. fully discussed bfB&:rrd t^'^otr^ sorvations I have alhided to Ld\7 ? ""*^'''"' "^^^^^ ^^ belong to the Lower SHuLlrV't.'^f'^ '^''' '^^^ P'-«bably formed after persona exZZZ f\ ^^ ^''' impressiofi of them, alogical and CttranM!^ . ^^'* ''''""«'*' ""^ ^ased on miner senfed the grourSwn 1 T^'.''-'''^ ^°'^' ^^ *^"' ^^ey rep L and the Linglflag Lie' ^'^" '^ ''^ ^"'^^^^ S"* - 1»-tzite " The resemblance n 1?! ? V"'' "^ Newfoundland, as follows : • Geo). Survey Report for 1870-71, p.^^^^^ ' " — t Supplement to Acadian aeology n 81 « Goologiool Survey of Newfoundlandl'lsS- p. 536. ' mm, MWaAUlT.] LOWER CAMBRIAN. 145 P i^ be of Lower Silurian acre- whn« fk " ' V ^^ * ^^''*''* « s"PP08ed to unconfor™ab.y belo" tpntlltr' '"'"''^'^"''^"^ ^^ ""'^^'^^^^'^ plat: lltL",fr:i^^^^ ^^,n« -T '^ ^«^«'* Cambrian -S of IheVair ^' " T^ ''''^''''' — "e Z^^. L;.e t.e. the, aret r^r alre^f; ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^;- ^"mSF-' analogy may alsoTe fo^:" betw n Ze ^t^^' ^ """'^>«^- ««-« of r Woods, described by ^TatlZ^t ''"^ ^' ^'^ ^'^'^ of tr/ocr:Lrw?::n^^^^^^ r ^-r -^ *« *^« -- ^-- tion will lead to the d^^ol tl t\ "X"" \"^^'^°^' '''''''''^' «^«'»'na- ■:ecided; for, it r^JlZZlZ^'l ;:Te ''^ ^ ouBtry examined so far ffranit«Tl . . ^'■®"**"' P*'"' «^ the strata to such a degree ^ 'to Zov^lTr "'"^f^^'' ^"^« «'*«r«d the gold-bearing rocks^re'eprll^ -^^ TheTMCn,,. 15.000 feet in thickness llZTl ! *^"'*'"'''' ^y measures over mica slate, or gm;hrc\rZ^^^^^^^^ ' '^" "*"«"«« <>^ •^"-t-te fourths of the Vo^ ThX IJ ,' ^'"*'"*'^*' contributing three- morphosed to a much higJe dlt' 'T^' ^''^^'^ '*'*«™^' '^^^ ">«*« Of granite, and in cll^J^TZllZTV'^ "'* '' ""^'^^ been rendered thoroughly cZttmn.l *" ^''' '^""P'*'' ^ave into fine gneissic rock ^he^rcXl inTm '*' 'T'''^ P"«'"« staurolite schists and he bluTsh b ad o « .T^ '""^ ""^"^'"^^'^ "^^ compact siliceous stauromerindiul^^^^^^^^^ ''''''''' ^*'*' BO far been discovered in these stra^ "' ""' '""^^^^^^^ ^*-« No «.eno„e. J^'s^C^c^^:^T ^r- "^'"^'-^^'^ -^^« -*° two, , group." This d Wisirapp Lf ^^^^^^^^ '"? *" "PP^ '' " ''''''' ^'^^-'^te -'rdFa. the name of the uppex To' ' vl ""T ""^ "^^'^ ^^^« *^ ^^^P^ed, characteristic one, thus /^ ^^' '^'^'^'^■' '^^"^^'^ ^ * n^ore 1. Lower or Quartzite Group. ___f^J^PP^^;_^^^^itio and Ferruginous Slate Group. • Supplement to Aoadisn Geology, p. 92. T Ueol . Survey Report for 1886. Part J ; w '■ i"'^^^ ^P""*' '■'>'• 1885, Part CO. • Nova Scotia Gold-Fields, 1863. 10 ite. 146 p NOVA SOOTIA. ThioknesB of the quartiite groap. Pyritea. Slate. Aariferoas vaini. Oonglomerate. C 1. Lower or Qcartzitb Group. This group, which is over 11,000 feet thick, is mostly composed of the dark-gray, reddish or greenish quartzose rock called by the minew " whin," a tei ra used in Scotland for an igneous rock resembling trap or basalt. This Nova Scotia whin is a compact or granular quartz-rock or quartzite, containing minute scales of mica uniformly distributed in a direction parallel to the bedding and to the cleavage ; but when they do not correspond, presenting upon a fresh fracture, a very charactoi^ istic glittering surface. When the mica attains a large proportion the quartzite becomes gneissic and can be split into large thin slabs as often occurs in the vicinity of granite. It frequently shows rusty stains in small streaks, also parallel to the bedding or cleavage, and due to the arsenical and iron pyrites with which the rock is always highly charged. Certain thick beds of coai-se quartzite contain large cubes of iron pyrites often over an inch in diameter. This coarser rock is generally found in beds several feet thick; but the average thickness of the beds of quartzite is usually not more than two feet, while some of the slaty and fine granular varieties are in beds between one and four inches thick. Intel-stratified with the quartzite are numerous bands of slate, usually less than a foot, but sometimes seventy-five feet thick • the principal varieties of slate are light-gray glistening micarslate, almost wholly composed of mica; dark-bluish, papery, shining, fine micaceous slate; dull-gray, dirty, rusty, arenaceous, earthy slate; greenish, soft unctuous slate with little mica ; and bluish-black or dark bluish-gray compact siliceous slate, generally metalliferous and holding arsenical and iron pyrites in crystals or nodular masses, principally in the vicinity of auriferous quartz-veins, with which they are often associated. To this group belongs also a very flinty, compact conglomerate, six or seven hundred feet below the summit of the group, noticed in two places ; and an auriferous or bai-ren quartz, forming numerous veins apparently interbedded. The base of the quartzite group is characterized by the occurrence of coarse quartzite and grit in thick beds which, at the mouth of the St. Mary's Eiver, appear to be underlain by bluish-black and greenish siliceous slate holding small crystals of andalusite or staurolite. The thin bands of slate are more numerous and of greater thickness at the middle of the group, where they are associated with auriferous quartz-veins. C 2. Upper oe Graphitic and Ferruginous Slate Group. The black slate group is separated from the quartzite group by a few layers of greenish, soft, smooth slate which becomes darker as it «rAP)IBAULT.] liOWER CAMBRIAN, 147 P approaches it and insensibly passes into it tk.-o thickness of over 4 000 feet JhI ^ , "P^""" «™"P •>»« aThiokne«of •Certain flinty lavei-s n,-A a ii r.e • , ^"""^^ '""«t'^ fibrous-textuie. of granite, these slate., are wHnklod In^ft ioft ^rr"''^."''"'*"^^^ of andalusite anH «f„„..-.i* *^ beautiful pearly crystals Andaiu.he. Genekal Si,„ct„ke Of T„E Lowm Oamb«,a» Eocks. These iwk9 have been irreatlviiiHtiirhw) f.«r» ■ «l««vage, whickC,„™„ New Harb.„„. „„d Sheet Harboa.. Eiver, S.^- w LYltTr^ Eiver, it attain, thirty-two miie" """""'■ °'"' "' ^heet HaAour of new gold lieir Tbov 1,. ''r ".' J^'"" """"^ "" '^^•'^^7 aa„t.7 Ha" 'where I grTt rZ T""^ ^''T^ =» '" «» harbou,-, atoarent r eute themTnrf I ' T'"* '""'"'■™' "P tte'"!"- •bent fo„,.Le, „or.r tJX "datinn"™' T ™'" °" ""> ""« »'"» (...■bour, however L not ve hl^H .? "L° "PP""" """ "^ ""e «au.re or even th;;:,^;^::;':?;;:: ;:r °""^ " ""''•'"- "^^ 148 p NOVA SCOTIA. accuracy as to the westwai-dand along the shore, the dislocations caused by masses of granite having disturbed the regularity of the folds which require to be studied with more detail. An extensive fault probably follows the northern boundary of the Lower Cambrian rocks from Chedabucto Bay to beyond Trafalgar. The reasons for this conclusion are the remarkably straight course of the boundary line between these two points, the unbroken escarpment on the south side and the occur- rence, near Melrose and other places along its direction, of crushed black slates and quartzites with slickensided surfaces, deeply striated and coated with red htematite. Its straight course is interrupted, however, near Country Harbour Cross-roads by a subsequent line of faulting which crosses the other, and has caused on its east side a shove to th& north, of three or four miles, corresponding with the Country Harbour fault just mentioned. Many other faults of more or less extent, have been noticed in differ- ent places, and these form no doubt but a very small proportion of the largo number to bo expected in such a disturbed disti-ict, especially in the vicinity of granite masses. An%. Granite. Blaok slate. Surface Distribution of the Lower Cambrian EocKd. It will be found cavenient, fo- several reasons, to sub-divide the region between Cape Canso and Sheet Harbom- Eiver into four dis- tricts, as follows : 1. Chedabucto Bay District. 2. Isaac's Harbour District. 3. Indian Eiver District. 4. Liscomb, Moser's and Salmon Elvers District, 1. Chedabucto Bay District— This district has an area of about 275 square miles, and lies south of Chedabucto Bay, from Cape Canso to New Harbom Eiver. The Cape Canso and Tor Bay granite areas described before, pages 133 and 135 p, are included in and occupy about half of this district, the remainder being covered with flinty, quartzose schistose and gneissic rocks. Some authorities have supposed these to be older than the gold-bear- ing rocks, but upon examination, it is clearly seen that they are th» continuation of the Lower Cambrian rocks of the western districts, which have become thoroughly crystalline, more especially when in close contact with the granite. A glance at the map will show this continuity of the strata. Two synclinals, crossing the New Harbour Eiver above the Thii-d Fork and exhibiting bluish-black graphitic slates with all the characteristica ■r«SI»AOlT.] LOWER CAMBRIAN. 149 P eastward as far as Cane Tun^n tj, 7 ? ilarbour Jiiver and associated band^^rf ^X into /? ^'^^'^^^ ^^' '^^ qu-rtzite Eastern H..d of New Harbour and'^Smon Bivt.? "".*'' ^■'"<'"-••• degrees north of east and h,.i„ • '^'^''^o" -K»vor, running a few ^uartziteandglhU ' Tat!'" "^ «uccessively to the surface the and are shown J h J ' - ' ^^'j'- '' ^'"''' '"" *"''" "P"'"'"' their distributi n It J; b 1h H t"' '' '''' ^^'•" — -".- ^elts have i. ..n/^eS tZ^^;: ;rb7Z' S.:'.? "^^ ''^l TpSd;'^ a rule, the dist„rbanee^s less^tht ^;:',::^^ The strata sometimes dip awav from mn=»« t- Bay area, bat more freauentl7Z- . T ""^ ^'■""'^'^ °^ **>« Tor <'n one side and ''esumeTt at "T "''"' °°'"™^' «*"'^« "P *« ^hom has not mere y rushTd a idf th Z )" "''"•• '^'"^ ^'•'*"'*«' '"^^^^d. them, but actualiroccupies the ir^^^^ " "f''^^' ^*« -^^ through Which have disap^a^d':: T.llZ or Hf Jl 1?^ ^"'. '"!;' subsequently worn away. In this dis r ct « 7 ^ ^"'^"''^ and We^r,. With the upp. slate gro^up than tan;:"h:othr ^"^^ ^^ '''''"' Ihe structure of the wide belt nf Ki.,; i ui ■ this age. at Whitehaven b twee Mlhlc^vr/Zr''''"^ ''"'' ^^ Wash Brook, and stretching ea tward to Larrt T"'' ^' *'^« ^'•'tehav.. been clearly made ouf Tw« .7 -l^airy s River, has not yet eite, occur in this belt «Pn.n.„f ^ u f ' ^'* ^ystals of andalu- a few hund ed yldfof oS '^ '' "''^ ''"'''" *^« ^'^^'^ ^'^^^^ ^y the quartzitegC while th-HT-^™^ «Iate, resembling rocks of distiit. oneTa:s' :^^^'::^]::^zTiT'''' ''- the Whitehaven road nt r.- i,,™' ■![ ? ^1'°"' ^'''"'. <"<»8ea « .he head of Zt l^^^.'ZTl l^^'V"'.'""" "»"■ P««' shown at the oute,- part of fh. °^''™ ""> ^hooH-ou-e, i, along Ch.,-lo', ^le.Zll',!Zt VI"' "' '="«"* <^". »"<' .hove .he Chape., CCe I e^X ?",:„''"'£ ""ir "" ° ™" Pou,e. P„,„t, and f„,..he.. north, a,o„g :hr:o J'oVviJ-^^hSrrd' 150 P NOVA SCOTIA.. Soolu higher than the blaok •Ute group. New Harbour fault. Qnarli Teini. Area. Qranite. Blaok slate. Port Felix. They seom to come in on two of the three synclinal axe» in the black slates, and thus most probably overlie them ; in which case we havfe here a group of rocks newer than the graphitic slate which it would be interesting to compare with the upper divisions ot the Cambrian of the Eastern Townships, A close examination of the quartzites on both sides of New Harbour Cove indicates a fault running along the harbour. The well defined anticlinal and synclinal on the enst side are repeated on the west side, but are here about a quarter of a mile further south, and have also changed considerably in direction, the result of a displacement of about a quarter of a mile to the north on the east side of the line of faulting. The rocks on both sides are crossed by numerous veins of quartz running norta and south across the strike. The belt of bluish-black slate which crosses New Harbour River at the mouth of Patterson Brook, appears also to have been subjected to a break of about the same amount, but nothing very definite can be said about it. This fault probably extends north-westward along New Harbour River, the boundary o*" the granite, and thence in a northerly direction to the Salmon River fault, thus dividing the Chedabucto and Isaac's Harbour districts. This supposition is strengthened by the remarkable stralghtness of tl^e lower part of New Harbour River which nearly coincides with the boundary of the granite ; but the direction of the part running north, from a little above the Thii-d Fork • • 18 very indefinite. A broad synclinal probably passes near the east- end of Loon Lake and runs north to Salmon River, toward which the axes of the synclinals and anticlinals dip on both sides. This would account for the many belts of bluish-black slate branching off in that vicinity, and for the thinning of the whin belts from both sides. 2. Isaac's Harbour District. -This district extends from the line of fault at New Harbour River to Country Harbour, and from Salmon River to the sea^shore. In the northern portion are many masses of " granite, in the neighborhood of which the stratified rocks assume, like those of the first district, a schistose or gneissoid character. Blocks of ' quartzite and granite are very abundant, but outcrops are rare ; this fact, together with the total absence of the bluish-black slate, makes it impossible to ascertain the structure. The southern part of the district is crossed by two bands of bluish- black slate. One of these, already referred to, crosses the New Harbour River, but appaiently runs no further west than the south end of Ocean Lake. The other crosses Isaac's Harbour, a few hundred yards above the post-oflices on the east and west sides, in a deep, sharp syn- clinal, which extends due west as far as Country Harbour, and prob- MRIUULT.] LOWER CAMBRIAN. 151 P ably not more than two miles and a half oant of I«aac'H If arbour But thesynchnal ax s Btill continues its course eantward. passl imme- where it has been already mentioned ' fai^L' alt' T'l "' "'" '^"; *" """^''"«' '•""« P«'-alleIwithita8 otUr ^"""7 «»'•''«»•• .'»o"e direction, and New Harbour in the othei. It passes immediately south of the main shore of Coddles r ... „ Harbour, where the strata are beautifully exposed and dip N ir p < 'ou^?-&ai. tL~ ' ^^^^^r'^'^T*' '^' «"^'1« g'-a^'ually decreases, and, withi^ three.qua.ters of a m le of New Harbour Headf the rocks Lre s en dip Se of 20^"'Th" ''' r" '*"'' ''P^ ** •'"'« -"^'^ «^ «-t at- anSclinal ' """' ''" "''"'' '" '^^'^ ^^^ ^^'-bo"'' end of the F.?h^rf "'T "''''?'"' ^'•■^''^ ^" ^'^^ «««t "»d west sides of Isaac's Harbour lie on both sides of this anticlinal haao'sHarbour 3. J«d/an mver Bistrict-Thh district includes the Lower Cam brian rocks between Country Harbour and St. Mary's River aTd IS mostly drained by Indian River and the Indian Harbour Vain , . of lakes. The strata along the west side of Country TIaZuTZ well exposed, and belong to the lower ff.onn tk. " , ' *\® sufficiently clear, as may' be seenTthf Zp, llrl'Ti: '^''^' ' clinal and synclinal axes are indicated. The so tion on this dde' "haToT'th:" r'.r:'^-'^y «t«^ted, seem to corro pond ; th that on the east side, but is ohscure, for want of good outers The question of the existence of a fault in the harbour must be de Zrj kt r^ 't"^ -minations on the east side, aTthough the'""'" email dykes of granite running parallel with the harbour between Squints Brook and Armstrong Creek, the many lines of disl'ocat bnof the highly altera strata, also following the harbour between Mount Misery and a point three-quarters of a mile above the molth of Am trong B..ook, and the numerous slicuensided surfaces, aiTs In/ptol 152 P NOVA SCOTIA. Aurlferoui belt Johnion'i Brook. Ooohron'g Hill Blookalate. Watomigh tynolinal. lower group. Folda. Stillwater •ntioUnal. The aui-iforous belt brought up bv tho mr,«f ««,.♦!, i thediHtnct. and runni^ frl CodL'H HiTto tho V ^^^ ^ ""' 'i'""' '^ '-ing N. 20'- W. alLg w tern f' VofT' ^''"7^"-«' --"t'^tion iH undoubtedly the continLT.nn ^^ ^^ """"" '>f granite. This belt by the Count-^F .^^u IlH I "' " ''?'''""'" "'"' ^""'^^'^ «'^''«- ..y the uphenv', of the Inl'll '^ ""' '""' '^'^'«^«"- P-'-'^-d Hi^tl::rba:rof:i:J;:;^:^^r'•^^: -^-^'^ ^^^^^^ ^-•^--^ a nynclinal. It i see : ^ wLl u '^' ""denuded along tho axin of St. Mary's Biver lie ou bin r' ;•!;: r'"''^^""^""'^ ''^^-d the road at\he bridglt::^:^^ il t Lt w^ ''' ''-''-'^ of the whole band. It extends north on tK k ^ P"'*'' ' '^^"°" which makes a width ZTal\\r '^'^^'^^k to a forty-feet fall, apparently runs drel blT^ f "^ "'''• *^'""™ '^'« '^''^^k i of a mile no th of tri?d k'T ''1'^'^''" *« three-quarters no trace of ^'^.^'L^^:^^::^''^^:^^^^^^ ten ^-ought' u;x r ;:: Lr^^^^ ri;''^**'^ '^^^"^'--p '^^^ indication of the unne!- .r,.n,m i! k „ ''""'"'^ eastwai-d. No vicinity ot ChIrZHlTd7f '1!''°" '''" *'" ^"""**-^ ^^'-b^"''' *° ^^e Cochra^n. Hil,, til^ro: trno:fa;f^r^^^^^^^^^^ /* overtuined dip to tho nnvth ,r„. • i. . synclinal, present an The lower group occunie, „ll?h», , \ ^ "''"'" "'" '''»™"- .ween .he VvS er.L Z^Vl " Jl' r„°V 1''".'™' 1,^"'« "'• miles below Sherbrooke Tf i, < i Tj ' "'"°'' " "l""' '"O clinal cu„e.„L :*.,„" ,J*e Iv '""" 1"° '=""''''"" ""«" although not alwav, won defiJlH 1 T ""'' «""■«« of which, p«.ibii The n,r u^r. ;:^; h:'a«r:i„'°„r'' r "'""'^'^ "• south of the Waternish .late be , but hr' " " "'"' """ doubt aireeled brother fold, of I, '"'eivening ,trata are no Countr, flarboCher 1 ant i^d t' " "."T "" '"^ "'""« ..e weat braneh of .:j;l Br^/X^bTir r^^: rAWiAUlT.] r.OWEa CAMBRIAN. 153 P ofSf AfZ p '7'' ®^^«"dinK no great diHtanco to tho oastward broad sviifliniil k..;„ .• , . ' '^" "^""<'^ "n four of have beenaccuratelydefined and^lVe; bu^t Z '"" ''^*f*- "^'^^ clinals, require careful re-examinatin ' ^"*°**'^''«' ««PecialIy the anti- with the gold mines. "^"'""^'^*^"» «" account of their close relation • For this reason it will be hatta,. f« • , defer fo- the present, a fuller and 1 ^™^''^ enumerate them and to , Beginning ^ith the mo t „ fheT T?'' '""'P"^"- ciinals alternate as follows :1^' ^^''"' anticlinals and syn- the north enrofZl"' lZ ""' "^'^ '' ^"«''^^' ^'^^^^-^ by FARIBAULT.] Its length between at its widest part, bour and Caledonia.' ° W. and N. 80° E. side of this course. ' West River of St. 3f Trafalgar, which fvkes, are the only -altered rocks are >xception of those ry-gray staurolite- bove the crusher, i-oximity of some reach the surface, luartz often found pyrites and other small local faults 'xtent as to affect ist described, and 'es or their non- )ne another very ic graphitic slate )08ite side of the ccording to the >n slow and nni- 11 plastic, other- >ave been traced edonia ; four of disti-ict. Sc>mo eciallytheanti- ir close relation te them and to tion. linals and syn- above West same river, estward by LOWER CAMBRIAN. 2nd 2nd 3rd. 3rd. 4th. 4th. 5th. 6th. 6th. 6th. 7th. 7th. 8th 8th. 9th. 9th. 10th, 10th. 11th. 11th. ■ Synclinal : not traced. . Anticlinal : follows Little Liscomb River from Metl>iff'« Brnnt ♦ SvnTr'w"' "" "^^ '''''' ^'^'^ - west onhls 1 '"' *° Anticlmal : passes near the Dreadnauirht dam «mi »* ♦! xJrook. ^sllrp .•*«'" »'»°8 »!'« "'"^hore between B.,„„ l,i.„a „j 8m, h P„,„t „d PMM8 wMtwarf .t B..ver HarboSr Anticlinal : also begms north of Bird TalanHB ^9\ a tween Horse Isla.fd and SutherLd' 'id ^^ "' '""' '"■ ISTp 158 P NOVA SCOTIA. North and Muth folds merely local. .Si! 5 General Sthuctcbe op the Gold Districts. gV/Zr'*'' S«^e,-al of the principal gold-districts of the province have be«n beanngrookt:. Studied minutely and rflnf^i-t«H „«„ u j-^. "" P^^^'^^e nave been cambH„t":„l"f itdlh?"";? ;"".'"■">""■"' ■•*""« *<> '"o i»-,. mav !,«!,?,., ,u • S»W 09 ounces of gold. >ns of quartz, in the four other )osehead and Har- )ntain also visible ai-e the veins piiss- 1 Eiver; thote on vest side of Gold- ' side of Li-na. Jh found in sm^.U quantity in manv aunferous quartz-veins. eBp..a.|, wLou tb.«e a.e ,. dosepl m^to ^anite masses as at Golden.,iie. OroWs Nest a..; .almon^Eive? an^ the gold usually contains .. small percontar . ,^f silver B« Thl only place wh.re ga..na wa. iound .n Lge qutr^iv ^ ^ Sn^fia^ on the south bank of the West Ri.ev of sl Mary's. L IfeT wes of (^lenelg, whove it occurs in small veins cutting the nanw bJtof q.a.tzue left I...^een the granite of the south-sifo of the ver ani the overhang Carboniferous conglou.orate. M. Henr. S, Poole* 't' the following re- ultB ci two aoalyses of this ore :- ' ^ Canso. Lead tSiiver Iron Copper , Zinc Arsenic , Antimony . . Sulphur Lime Magnesia Silica (sand). Moisture tEqual to per ton. No. 1 No. U 86 -12 86-02 •044 -049 •07 •02 •03 •03 absent absent mere traces. mere traces. mere traces. mere traces. 13-32 13-30 trace. trace. trace. •18 •426 ■402 trace. trace. 100-00 100-00 15-75 oz. 17-75 02. Mr. Howard Clark prospected this locality some years ago and took out several tons of the ore; but nothing has been donrsinfe 1884 Wxous places along the northern boundary of the Lower Cam bHan eferred to has also beeu mined, but only minute traces of galena have so far been c jscovered 6'"«'ui* uave Copper Ore.-Copper pyrites is generally found associated with arsenical pyntes and other minerals in the auriferous lodes as for example, on the south side of the Canso road, half a mile east^f iti junction with the Whitehaven ,H>ad, on the fam ofMrjtL^L^ll^ ment T'M" V'^°'°"P'^^ °' ^"«^*^ ^^"^ g-nite andXady mentioned zn the description of the first granitearea. Both thequartz and granite, which are intimr . mixed, contain yellow and hor e flesh copper ore iron-pyrit spickel and green clay. ItZ opened in 1881 and 18-? by ■ ..ns of cross trenches, but abandon J • Report of the Department ues of Nova Scotia for 1875, p. 6S. mniaAULT.] sniiiH quantity in many %re ir> close proximity to Bill! t»ilmon Biver; and «"> M silver. But the ftEi:iiy is at Smithfield, ry's, two miles west of ng the narrow belt of Jido of the river and the Henry S, Poole* gives BCO> ,MI0 MINBHAL8. 163 p ( :- No. 1 No.S 312 86^02 •044 •049 •07 •02 •03 •08 It absent traces. mere traces. traces. mere traces. ■32 IS^SO trace. ■18 •426 ■402 trace. ■00 100 • 00 •75oz. 1775 02. }ome years ago, and been done since 1884. f the Lower Cambrian srushed slate already traces of galena have north Bide of the Sherbroorcl,«t l,T */'""' '°"^- °' *• :rt^;rror"'"-'™-"'- :ro;r£t;:-rorerzt^~ exactly where the upner 8lat« hnn,! , I^'scomb Eiver, magnetic n.^^^ o^ T.^J'^'j^ZJ^ 'The' '"/"^ f' w ^™ a,„ „„.,„ed to he ,„ .hit .oL:;^::?,^; ^::jx Ogdeo ,choal.hou,e, a, im « Z " „..^'e^ '1m ''"'"r *«»-"""•• v.™ties a,-e ,«eptible of . heautZ ^ ihrwh", K*'*^ «™mto has aW been need for n,i,u,o„e., and I;eraUhi„Y„J. "'" .ome yea., ago, token for this p„rpo,e fi^n, MilZ JS. """'' "'"""■■"■ Some of the bluish-black lavspH ^f tu^ ''rs^,rT''''f '""°"»- .- .0 the At Stillwater, good sand, and clav 8uitahl« fn^ k ■ i along the banks of the river but W 7 I u ^'"•''^•'""l^ing. occur g,.. very few bricks havrbri " ''" " ^^ ""^^^ ^''** and associated with riferous lodes as, for If a mile east of its fMr. John Reynolds, granite and already •ea. Both the quartz 1 yellow and horse- reen clay. It was es, but abandoned. 63.