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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OF THE

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PROVINCE

NEW-BRUNSWICK.

ABRAHARE GESIVER,

PROVINCiAL GEOLOGIST, &c. ,

■V #-

SAINT JOHN:

»BIIfTBD BT HBIfRT CHVBB, MABKET-l'^iCABB.

18S9.

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T . » •

REPORT.

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TO HIS EXCELLENCY

MAJOR-GENERAL SIR JOHN HARVEY, K.C. D. ^ K. C. H.

Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the
' Province of New-Brunsvoick, Sfc. 4'C' ^c.

May IT PLEASE Your Excellency, —

In compliance with the appointment I had the honour
to receive from Your Excellency, and instructions dated at
Government House on the 17th day of April, 1838, to com-
mence a Geological Survey of the Province of New Bruns-
wick, I beg leave to submit the following Report.

Knowing the object for which the Geological and P Hne-
ralogical exploration of the Province was authorised, nain?ly,
that of developing the resources of the country, and supply-
ing the elements of lawful enterprJze and industry, I have de-
voted my labours to the discovery and application of such
substances as have been found most important to the interest
and support of commerce, agriculture, and manufacture. And
althouffh an attempt has been made in some instances to give
some details of circumstances connected with the science of
Geology, and the situation of curious minerals, it has been
done with a view to shew that New-Brunswick not only pos-
sesses vast mineral wealth, but also contributes largely to that
collection of facts upon which a true theory of the earth can
only be founded. ' i^

As this subject will be new to those who have not hither-
to devoted their attention to such enquiries, I trust I will be

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pardoned in introducing a few hints relative to the importance
of these examinations, and the benefits flowinc from the mi-
neral kingdom,— the greatest source of national wealth.

When the condition of Great Britain is compared with
that of other nations, less favoured with coal and the metals,
it will be perceived liow much mankind have been improved
in their moral and secular state bv the use of substances found
only in the earth. And, when the present happiness of civi-
lized countries is contrasted with the condition of those bar-
barous nations, whose axe and arrow are made of stone, some
idea even at a single glance may be formed of the power and
wealth which have been drawn from the bosom of this planet.
Should an enquiry be made into the cause of the exalted state
of the mother country, and the sources from which her com-
merce has been derived, and is now supported, it will be found
that the vast and various productions of her mines are the
chief support of her manufacturing industry, and the great
centre of supply for almost every nation upon the earth.

The uses of Iron are so well known they scarcely re-
quire any mention. This metal enters into all the multifa-
rious operations of civilized life, and the purposes to which it
is applied in every kind of labour are almost too numerous to
be comprehended. It forms the plough of the farmer, the hook
of the fisherman, the safeguard of the mariner, and all those
terrific engines of war used for assault and defence. Its use
distinguishes a civilized people from those who are but little
elevated above the brute creation, except in their human form.
Next in importance to iron, is Coal. When Coal is view-
ed in all its relations to mankind, the mind is filled with asto-
nishment at its effects. To Coal, the generator of steam, the
multiplied operations in manufactories, the great improve-
ments in all kinds of machinery, the vast saving of animal
strength, the diminution of human pain and labour, and the
majestic strides of civilization, owe their origin.

Coal possesses the power of transmuting ships and land
carriages into animals, capableof performing the greatest feats
of strength without relaxation or repose. Through its influ-
ence directed to the production of steam, vessels now ply be-
tween Great Britain and America in a shorter space of time
than had been ever before anticipated, and the inhabitants of
countries far remote from each other are now brought into
frequent and neighbourly intercourse. Were the bituminous
treasures of England exhausted, her manufactories would fail,
her trade cease to exist, and the nation would gradually re-
trograde into a state of ancient barbarity.

he importance
r from the mi-
1 wealth.
:onipared with
nd the metals,
)een improved
^stances found
ipiness of civi-

of those bar-
of stone, some
the power and

of this planet,
e exalted state
rhich her com-
it will be found

mines are the

and the great
the earth,
jy scarcely re-
all the multifa-
)ses to which it
>o numerous to
armer, the hook
-, and all those
ifence. Its use
10 are but little
tir human form,
en Coal is view-
filled with asto-
ar of steam, the
great improve-
aving of animal
labour, and the

; ships and land
he greatest feats
irough its influ-
sels now ply be-
er space of time
le inhabitants of
)w brought into
i the bituminous
lories would fail,
Id gradually re-

'if

Referring to the effects of steam Dr. Buckluiul leiimrkH
** When we consider that a large proportion of this power is
** applied to move machinery, and that the amount of work
*' now done by machinery in England has been supposed to
** be equivalent to thot of between three and four hundred
*' millions of men by direct Tabour, we are almost astounded
" at the influence of coal, and iron, and steam, vipon the fat«
** and fortunes of the human race." " It is on the rivers,"
says Mr. Webster, " and the boatman may repose on his
*< oars ; it is on the highway, and begins to extend itself along
** the courses of land conveyances ; it is at the bottom of mines
" a thousand (he might have said eighteen hundred) feet be-
" low the earth's surface ; it is in the mill and in the work-
*' shops of the trades ; it rows, it pumps, it excavates, it car-
*' ries, it draws, it lifts, it hammers, it spins, it weaves, it
" prints." Should the advancement of this power be as rapid
during the next ten years as it has been during a brief space
that is gone by, it seems as if man would be indulged with a
long holiday, having nothing to do but to gaze upon his own
inventions.

Besides these copper, tin, lead, zinc and manganese
should claim some attention, and although but small quanti-
ties of the precious metals have been found in North America,
several of the most beautiful gems have been obtained in No-
va-Scotia and New-Brunswick.

The oxides and other chemical combinations of the me-
tals are extensively used in medicine, chemistry, bleaching,
dyeing and other important arts, and the beautiful colours used
by painters are only so many different forms of mineral matter.

Again, for the purposes of architecture, granite, porphy-
ry, marble, freestone, lime and slate are indispensable, and
the discovery of any of those rocks increases the value of the
country where they exist. Sail, clay, mineral and thermal
springs also form a part of national wealth. Nor is Agricul-
ture less indebted to geology, and mineralogy, than other arts ;
for this, lime, marl, gypsum and other substances of a mine-
ral nature are required to increase the fertility of the earth,
while those sciences investigate the nature of the soil that
yields our daily bread.

In the mineral kingdom lie the hidden properties of mag-
netism, and electricity, with all those chemical phenomena
now so well known, but whose true causes are but imperfectly
imderstood. The former guides the wandering mariner over
the pathless ocean, and the latter delights us by its extraor-
dinary effects. A combination of these two properties is now

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ilirccleil so as to be made obedient to the human will, and
from a knowledge of their laws a power has been obtained si-
milar to that produced b^ steam. In oil these the design, wis-
dom, and beneficence ot an intelligent architect ai-e displayed
in a manner so nicely adapted to human comprehension, that
none who enquire into them can forbear^to acknowledge the
power and goodness of their Creator.

If it, then, must be acknowledged that the prosperity and
happiness of the inhabitants of any country depend upon their
facilities for obtaining the necessaries and |)erhaps in some
instances the luxuries of life, just in proportion to the natu-
ral advantages possessed by any Province or district (provid-
ed those aiivantages are improved) so will the power and
wealth of its inhabitants be increased. Affluence does not so
much depend upon labour, as upon the objects upon which
that labour is bestowed, and that it is necessary the industry
and skill of man should be directed into proper channels, or
into those which will yield the greatest and surest rewards, is
obvious. One of the best sources oi' national wealth is found
in the earth, and wherever this great fountain of profit is open*
it should claim a due share of attention from those whose in-
fluence stamps the character of society.

From the importance and profit of mining operations,
every portion of the United Kingdom has been explored by
the aid of Government, and private funds, in order to discover
the riches concealed among its rocky strata, and although the
sums expended for such purposes have been enormous, they
have been repaid an hundred fold by the discoveries mode
and the knowledge purchased.

It may be said that the fate of France was decided by
her mines : when her foreign supplies were cut off by her
powerful foes, her legislators offered the highest rewards for
the discovery of useful minerals, and the success of her men
of science delivered the nation from impending danger.

The people of the United States, ever ready to learn by
the experience of others, have commenced geological surveys,
at a great expence, of every State in the Union. Some of
these are completed and others are in progress. The advan-
tages which have followed these surveys are incalculable ; nei-
ther talent, nor money, nor time have been spared ; and al-
though bituminous Coal has not been found in any conside-
* rable quantity in any of the eastern States, the dcvelopemenl
of other mineral treasures has returnetl an ample reward. In
districts where neither coal nor the metals were deposited,
quarries of slate, granite uiul marble have been opened, and

uman will, anil
icen obtained si-
the design, wis-
ct ai-c displayed
prehension, that
icknowlcdge the

e prosperity and

pend upon their
lerhaps in some
ion to the natu-
district (provid-

the power and
lencc does not so
ects upon which
ary the industry
per channels, or
iirest rewards, is
I wealth is found
ofprofitisopen,

those whose in-
ning operations,
leen explored by
order to discover
ind although the

enormous, they
liscoveries made

was decided by
: cut off by her
best rewards for
cess of her men
ng danger,
eady to learn by
ological surveys,
nion. Some of
ss. The ndvan-
^calculable; nei-
spared ; and ul-
in any conside-
lie developemenl
iple reward. In
were deposited,
^cn opened, and

v4l

large tnicts of country have been fertilized by the discovery
nnd use of marl.

T'..' geological and mineralogicol exploration of New-
Drunswick was commenced under circumstances truly em-
barrassing ; but, from the results already produced, it cannot
fail to mark a new era in the history of the Province. It will
be seen in the body of this report, how important this en-
ouiry is to the prosperity of the country, and so greot are the
uiscovcries olready made, even in the commencement of the
undertaking, that the names of those who have supported
the object will be remembered with gratitude by succeeding
generations.

Hitherto the energies of the Province have been direct-
ed to the exportation ot timber in its different forms, and the
commerce of the Colony has been greatly enlarged from the
fine forests which formerly occupied the interior of the coun-
try. But timber is gradually becoming more scorce, the ex-
pense of procuring it is annually increasing, and the time
will come when other objects for exportation must be sought
for. It is then certainly desirable that other resources of the
country should be opened, and while the agricultural dis-
tricts are encouraged and protected, the riches contained in
the bosom of the earth should not be overlooked.

Almost alt the Coal used in this Province is imported from
England, and Nova-Scotia, and it is a singular fact that the
steam boats plying on the river between Saint John and the
Capital are propelled by imported fuel, while during each of
then' trips they pass directly over a coal field now known to
contain vast quantities of that important combustible.

It is impossible that this state of things can remain for
n much longer period, and only by calling such resources
into action, can the enterprise and capital of New-Brunswick
and other countries be brought into successful operation, and
the Province continue to flourish.

It is justly remarked by Henry Bliss, Esquire, a ta-
lented writer on the trade and resources of the North Ame-
rican Colonies, that " the mineral resources of the Northern
Colonies have by no means been explored. Whatever, in-
deed, is known, has been less the result of enquiry than of
the voluntary and almost obtrusive disclosures of nature
herself, who has scattered indications of these her gifts on
the very surface of the land, and even on the shores of th?
sen, so that if the eye did not heed them, man's foot would
stumble where they lie. Enough, however, has been ascer-
tained to make it unquestionable that the mines of th^se Pro-

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viiices are destined to become an immense and inexhaustible
bource ot* wealth and power."

It would be in vain to attempt an enumeration of all thes
different mineral substances which have proved useful to man-
kind ; their uses are as wide as the field from whence they
nre taken, and the welfare of any country must in a great
measure depend upon the native riches contained in its
rocks, and success can only attend th<it industry which is
devoted to the legitimate objects of national wealth and in-
dependence.

Now it should be remarked that all the Iron, Copper,
Lead, Tin, Zinc, and Manganese and other metals also used
by the inhabitants, are importec' lirectly from Great-Britain
or some foreign port; most of those metals exist in the
country, and might be manufictured at a cheaper rate than
they can be purchased at, and conveyed from any other place.

The lorge quantities of timber shipped annually from
the Province are insulHcient to meet the amount of imports,
and the country sends abroad an article which other countries
have not, to purchase articles which she possesses. The re-
sult of such an economy must be readily perceived, and if
not remedied by calling forth our own mineral supplies,
must terminate greatly to the disadvantage of the Colony.

Were the Coal raised, and the Iron and Copper manu-
factured in the Province, in a sufficient quantity to supply its
own wants, then the amount of these necessary articles would
be saved to the country — the reward to honest industry
woulil be certain, and emigration could be encouraged. But
the more immediate means of support, namely. Timber and
Deals, are now required to balance with the importations,
and when these means fail, (and fail they will in time,) and
great loss has been sustained, will every object capable of
producing relief be resorted to; whereas, had they been
used at an earlier day, the general prosperity would have
been as steady as it now may oe made great.

The histories of ancient and modern nations shew how
much the civilization and happiness of mankind rest upon
natural resources, and the fate of empires depends upon
those stores of mineral matter laid up in the earth's vast
warehouse : these stores show their intended use, and the
care and foresight of a superintending power, which has
abundantly provided for all the wants of the human family.

Were it to be admitted that the opening of mines in the
Colonies, and the establishment of manufactories abroad,
wAuld diminish the trade of the Mother Country, it should

and inexhaustiblo

neration of all the
ved useful to man-
Trom whence they
y must in a great
contained in its
industry which is
nal wealth and in-

the Iron, Copper,
er metals also used
from Great-Britain
jetals exist in the
, cheaper rate than
am any other place,
ped annually from
amount of imports,
tiich other countries
jossesses. The re-
y perceived, and if
I mineral supplies,
56 of the Colony,
and Copper manu-
uantity to supply its
jssary articles would
to honest industry
)e encouraged. But
lamely, Timber and
,h the importations,
jy will in lime,) and
ry object capable of
Das, had they been
asperity would have
reat.

n nations shew how
mankind rest upon
pires depends upon
) in the earth's vast
tended use, and the

f power, which has
the human family,
ening of mines in the
lanulactories abroad,
r Country, it should

be remarked that Groat-Britain will long remain in advance
of her Provinces, nnd, as she always has done, will still con-
tinue to supply by latent advaotagcs, any seeming want in a
demand for her productions. And although among the sub-
jects of our most gracious Queen, none are more loyal than
those of New-Brunswick, it would be a silly patriotism for
them to sacrifice the natural advantages they possess, to the
supposed benefit of England.

Like Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick possesses the greatest
riches of the mineral kingdom ; but while all the best re-
sources of the former are held in durance by an association
whose interest is best supported by a partial and limited de-
velopemcnt of her n^ines, the latter is free from that embar-
rassment, and her inhabitants can participate in the benefits
to be derived from them. While the mines and minerals of
Nova-Scotia are placed beyond the reach of Provincial le-
gislation, those of New-Brunswick can be rendered profitable
to the revenue, and to the people.

The object of a geological survey is to examine each
rocky formation, and to discover, as far as possible, all the mi-
nerals they contain, with the view of making them subser*
vient to the demands of the country. It also embraces the
analysis of the different soils, mineral springs, &c. and freely
exposes them by a report of their nature, uses, and importance.
How far these objects have been obtained will be judged
by the following details, which, although they are confined
only to a small portion of the Province, cannot fail to shew
the advantageous results that may be expected to follow.

Specimens of all the useful minerals collected during
the survey will be laid with this report before Your Excel-
lency. A geological map of the Province has been commenc-
ed upon the plan of the actual survey received from the
Honorable Thomas Baillie, Commissioner of CrownLands,
to whom I am much indebted for geographical information.
Among my notes, which were almost always taken when the
objects described were before me, there appears some topo-
gra})hical matter, — of this, some is inserted in the report, it
having been supposed that it would be useful to those who
are engaged in other pursuits.

For such as are not conversant with geological terms, a
short glossary has been appended, and the whole has been
prepared with the greatest care and accuracy the time allow-
ed would admit of.

In concluding these remarks previous to entering upon
the general subject, I cannot but beg leave to express my

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sincere grniification nt the result of a single season'.* labour, in
a part of the Province which at first seemed to offer so few
inducements for exploration ; and that gratification is much
increased when I reflect upon the pleasure Your Excellency
will receive in beholding the prosperity, and advancement ot
New-Brunswick.

Perhaps among the reasons why the Province should be
explored in search of its hidden resources, not the least of
them is offered by the imperfect knowledge possessed by dis-
tinguished individuals in England, and even by Parliament,
of the value of the Colonies to Great Britain. Should an
attempt ever be made by foreign powers to possess the North
American Provinces, and seize upon their advantages, one of
the principal motives will arise from the value of their mines.
And, if there were any cause for the British Government to
apprehend that the Coal of England would become ex-
hausted, and to institute an enquiry into the quantity still
remaining, which was done but a few years ago ; it is cer-
tainly necessary it should preserve, if possible, those Colonies
which possess an inexhaustible supply of that fossil fuel.

It is pleasing to observe the interest taken in England
in the objects of natural history collected in this country. I
have already tran:smitted to Europe several collections of
minerals, anJ geological specimens of Nova- Scotia, and New-
Brunswick , and they have not only excited curiosity, but also
much surprise, as they shew how numerous, and important
many of those objects are to the welfare and prosperity of
these British Possessions.

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eason'.) labour, in
eil to offer so few
itification is much
Your Excellency
d advancement ot

ovincc should be
;, not the least oi'

possessed by dis-
en by Parliament,
itain. Should an
possess the North
advantages, one ot"
lue of their mines,
sh Government to
^ould become ex-
1 the quantity still
ars ago ; it is cer-
ble, those Colonies
that fossil fuel,
taken in
in this country,
eral collections of
1- Scotia, and New-
J curiosity, but also
)us, and important
and prosperity of

England

OERTERAIi UEl!iilRK8.

#■

The rocks composing the crust of this earth may be pro-
perly divided into two great classes. One of these classes has
had its members termed by heat, which, having acted under a
great variety of circumstances, has produced results in some
degree dissimilar to each other ; but as it has always fixed
the most important features of certain rocks, the geologist is
able to recognize each member of the class with some de-
gree of facility. Granite, syenite, greenstone, and pophyry,
belong to this division, and are intimately connected with the
more recent productions oi' basalt, and trap, which agree in
their texture and composition with the lava poured forth by
volcanoes now in operation. These compact and crystalline
masses of mineral matter, have from time to time burst from
beneath and overspread extensive portions of the earth.

The other great class of rocks has been derived from the
disintegration, and decomposition of older formations, and by
the action of water has been spiead out in many different lay-
ers at the bottom of ancient oceans, seas, and lakes. In this
way stratum after stratum has been collected, until they were
elevated to form dry land. The members of this division are
readily distinguished from rocks of an igneous origin, by be-
ing separated into strata piled one upon another, and like the
diflerent masses of stone placed by the skill of the architect,
they form an edifice exhibiting the most perfect order and re-
gularity. The materials of each stratum have been taken
Ivotn pre-existing rocks, accumulations of vegetable matter,
swept from the surface by floods, and the solid parts of ma-
rine, lacustrine,* and terrestrial animals; hence the variation
in their ingredients cannot be surprising, as the fluctuations
and changes in the causes that produced them were evident-
ly nu.nerous. These iliHercnt mechanical deposits are sepa-
rated by geologists into distinct groups or formations, accor-
ding to the kind of matter tliey contain, or the races of once

♦ r.acustrino—bclonfrinu to a l.ik<\

I* '
ft

^it

living aniinftls, now sealed up in their impenetrable vaults. —
It is only by consulting extensive geological treatises, that
even a theoretical view ot" this subject can be t)btaineil, and
the order of superposition understood. A practical acquain-
tance with the science not only requires a knowledge of
almost every branch of natural history, chemistry, and nnner-
alogy, but an actual inspection of each mountain mass, and
sections of the deepest mines.

Coal, and the most important of the metals are only found
under certain circumstances, and associated with certain kinds
of rocks, therefore the importance of such knowledge is mani-
fest, for the practical geologist can discover at a distance, by
the altitude and configuration of mountains and hills, what
rocks they are composed of, and he knows what minerals
those rocks are likely to contain.

Having obtained in the summer of 1837, an outline of
the geological features of that part of the Province which bor-
ders upon the Bay of Fundy, and commenced an examina-
tion of a section of the country extending from Magaguadavic
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, I was not unprepared to enter
upon a more particular investigation of the district to which
my instructions referred, and the labours of the past season
have fully confirmed opinions expressed in letters I had the
honor to address to your Excellency, previous to my appoint-
ment to commence a general survey.

Tlie south-east side of New- Brunswick, or that part
which reaches near the coast, extending from Shepody Bay
in the County of Westmorland, to the American boundary
line in the County of Chaiiottc, is occupied by an extensive
and moderately elevated range of mountains, composed prin-
cipally of granite, and other primary rocks. This range is
situated at an average distance of fifteen n\iles from the shore
of the Bay of Fundy, and includes the highlands eastward of
the River Saint John. Westerly, it embraces Bald, Eagle,
Douglas, Pleasant, and other mountains. The course of
this mountainous district is from the south-west to the
north-east, the general direction of all the principal forma-
tions in North America.

At the south-eastern base of this elevated region, the
slates and limestone of the transition series, and the sandstones
and conglomerates of the secondary formations, arc placed in
their usual order of succession, wherever they have not been
broken up, and buried by extensive eruptions of volcanic mat-
ter. All these rocks have been penetrated by large and nu-
merous dikes of trap, basalt, and pophyiy, and the surface

icnetrnble vaults. —
rical treatises, that
>n be obtained, and
I practical acquain-
ss a knowledge of
jiTiistry, and nnner-
lountain mass, and

etals are only found
d with certain kinds
knowledge is mani-
er at a distance, by
tins and hills, what
)ws what minerals

837, an outline of
*rovince which bor-
lenced an examina-
rom Magaguadavic
inprepared to enter
he district to which
; of the past season
in letters 1 had the
ious to my appoint-

wick, or that part
from Shepody Bay
American boundary
ed by an extensive
ns, composed prin-
ks. This range is
iles from the shore
hlunds eastward of
traces Buld, Eagle,
s. The course of
south-west to the
)c principal Ibrma-

levatcd region, the
and the sandstones
tions, arc placed in
they have not been
ms of volcanic mat-
d by large and uu-
y, and ine surface

of the country with all the islands in iliePas'^amaq noddy Bay,
exhibit the clearest evidences of having been the theatre oi'
violent earthquakes, and intense volcanic action.

The granite entering into the structure of this mountain
chain, is also succeeded on its northern side by slate and
grey wacke ; these have been examined as far westerly as the
Meductic Falls. Then follow the rocks of the great coal
formation, which extends from the head of the Oromocto ri-
ver in a north-east direction to Northumberland Strai'is, a
distance of one hundred and twenty geographical miles. —
This is one of the diameters of the New-Brunswick coal field,
which ranks amongst the greatest ever discovered. Only a
limited portion of Uii* coal region has yet been explored, but
in future examinations its boundaries will be defined, and its
importance to the Province more perfectly explained.

Each of these formations, and the minerals they contain,
will be described in the order ir, wi:ich they were examined,
this general outline having been given to assist the memory.

The transition and secondary rocks on the north-west
side of the primary chain already mentioned, are placed in
conformity to the order in which they are observed in England
and other countries, and thev do not appear to have suffered
much by forces acting upon them after the position of each for-
mation had been fixed. Not so with the groups of strata situa-
ted along the coast ; after these had been laid in their general
situation and position as they are found elsewhere, they were
displaced, the strata broken up and elevated, and both their
chemical and mechanical characters changed by heat, and
other agents applied under the most intense energy of sub-
terranean power.

Perhaps to some, such declarations may appear to assume
too much, and to have been drawn from theoretical views,
rather than practical inferences ; but the circumstances justi-
fy the most unequivocal mode of expression, and the facts un-
coimected with any theory have been honestly and faithfully
recorded. Whoever beholds the south-eastern side of the
Province cannot fail to observe the lofty mountain, the ver-
tical cliff, the foaming cataract, the rude outline, and other
sublime features of the district ; nor need he hesitate to attri-
bute to the earth(juake and the volcano, the contrast between
tins and the great coal region, where a more tranquil course
of changes has marked both the mineral, and agricultural
character of the country.

It has been observed by geologists, that the proximity of
thi sea is a necessary condition of the existence and continu-

tTM

.«p.-

11.

iiiice ol volfiiDOL'.'j. ir ihe intense lical ofthc crat«;r, audits
overflowiiiji; lav;i, aic the results pmdiicecl by water coining
in contact with the h.ises of the metals, ami ii consequent che-
mical reaction of all their united Ibices, it is readily explained
why both ancient and modern volcanoes are tbrnied upon the
niarj^ins of occ;uis and seas. It may bo remarked, notwith-
standinu:, that in the threat volcanic band of the Andes, sonje
of the craters are placet! at a great distance from the ocean,
the presence of which, in these cases, does not seem to be ne-
cessary to produce the fiery deluge ever rushiiii t'rom their
lofty cones. Hut a suOicicnt supply of water may be placed
in subterranean leservoirs to feeil the hidden laboratory. —
The trap rocks oi" Xova-Scotia and New-lirnnswick, although
by no means of recent origin, are j)laced along the shores,
and the interior of the country bears not the marks of those
violent eruptions whicii have taken place along the coasts. It
is true tiiereare none of those spleridid operations now going
forwartl in North America, and the inhabitants rest Iree from
the terrors of the earth's furnace, and the dismay of the sul-
phureous deluge ; but many rocks bear the clearest evidence
that such phenomena have existed even here, and the sliocks
of earth(|uakes felt from time to time, loudly proclaim that
their causes are not altoijetijer removed.

To ascertain the limits of any of the formations of New-
Brunswick is often extrcmelv dilKcult, on account of the loose
beds of (A/r///^o freciuently covering the rocks to considera-
ble depth, anil as much of the surface is still in a wilderness
state, and rendered at some places almost impassable by de-
cayed trees, and a thick growth of underbrush, much labour
is re(juircil under these circumstances to collect such facts as
are necessary to describe the situation and position of the
rocks beneath. If, therefore, any inaccuracies should appear
in regard to distance, and the exact situation of particular
minerals, they are such as could not be avoided under the
circumstances, and they are not such as can materially retard
the progress of any practical object.

It will be observed thai my instructions directed n:c to
commence the geological reconnaissance in that part of the
Province which extends southward and westward from the
River St. John to the Bay of Fundy, and the American boun-
dary line on the St. Croix, including the iiritish Islands 'n
Passamaquoddy Bay. This tract embraces the County of
Charlotte, and parts of other counties that intersect the river.
The examinations were commenced »)n the coast and islands,
and thence extended to the interior olthe comitrv.

!ic crnt»;i-, and its
I by water coining;
a consequent chc-
readily explained
e tornied upon the
innrked, notwith-
fthe Andes, some
e from the ocenn,
lot seem to be nc-
ushinj.', trom their
cr n»ay be placed
Iden laboratory. —
nnswick, allhoiii^h
alonj^ the shores,
he marks of those
)n<r the coasts. It
nations now gomg
ants rest free from
dismay of the sul-
e clearest evidence
re, and the shocks
udly proclaim that

brmations t)f Ncw-
iccount of the loose
)cks to considera-
till in a wilderness
impassable by de-
rush, nmch labour
ollect such facts as
nd position of the
icics should appear
ntion of particular
avoided under the
n materially retard

ons directed me to
in that part of the
westward from the
lie American boun-
liritish Islands mi
ices the County of
; intersect the river.
c coast and islands,
I countrv.

CHAKIiOTTE COI.^TY.

SAINT ANDREWS.

Saint Andrews is situated upon a peninsula on the east
side of the mouth of the Scoodiac or St. Croix, which at its
entrance is two miles wide. The peninsula is four miles long,
and is composed of new red sandstone, covered with beds t)f
clay, gravel, sand, and marl. The sandstone also forms
Navy Island at the entrance of the river, and extends in a
westerly direction into the American State of Maine. The
course of this formation is from the north-east to the south-
west; the general dip of the strata is to the south-east, at an
angle of 15° from the horizon; but wherever the rocks are
intersected by dikes of trap, the angle is often much increa-
sed. At several places this sandstone was observed to be
underlaid by thin strata of conglomerate, which belong to
the same formation. The upper strata of the rock is varie-
gated in its colours. Some of them arc soft, marly, or slaty,
resembling red shale; others arc more compact, and will
afford good freestones for building. These circumstances
of themselves distinguish the rock from the old red sand-
stone, which is of an uniform dull brick red colour, and
more coarse and granular in its texture. In an easterly di-
rection this red marly group extends live miles from the town,
and is met by rocks of an igneous character. The sand-
stones of this tbrmation are composed of small particles of
(juart/ mixed with mica, cemented generally with the oxides
of iron. The streaks of different colours led the celebrated
Werner to denominate the Ibrmation " Biinter Saiidsleitif"
variegated sandstone. Wherever the mica is abundant, the
rock becomes slaty, as the scaly particles of that mineral are
always placed with their lamiiiir parallel to the lines of stra-
tification. This circumstance is also evidence that the rock
was formed by water, which, by its currents, always throws
down substances of every kind upon their broadest surfiices.

VwHh

s,"».

't,

Wf,

It lias been remarked tlinl tlh» ixmI innrl group of Eng-
land contains no organic rcniainM,, except tlic ningnesinn lime-
stone which is nssocintcd with it. The members of i\m
group appearing nt Saint Andrews contain numerous relics
' of marine plants. Among them one was found resembling

«,, the Lnminaria Saccharinaf or common kelp, still growing
f? abundantly along the coast. Scarcely an atom of the origi-
nal plants can be said to remain, but the situations which they
occupied after the materiaU of the rock had been deposited,
have been filled up, and perfect casts of the originals still
mark the places where they ceased to live.

Among the lower members of this group, the sandstones
approach in their character those of coiil formations, and the
charred remains of land plants were discovered among them.
From this and other circumstances, it was hoped that some
sure indications of coal would appear, especially as they
, «, would be matter of greot importance in a part of the country
where every circumstanco cuunoctod with the transportation
of that mineral is very fa"ourable.

In order to ascertain this point, it cost me much time
and labour to determine if those rocks were connected with
the great coal field of the Province; but since my last visit
to Saint Andrews, I have discovered that they are separated
, from the great coal district of the country by n distance of
many miles, and the mountiiinoui chain already described.
It may, however, be probable that coal exists near Saint An-
drews, but the difliculty of asierlnining its situation, is great
under all the circumstances, and mucli capital might be lost
before the facts necessary to successful mining could be
known.

The conglomerate is ntadc up of rounded masses of
older rocks, firmly consolidated by calcareous and silicious
particles. The strata resemble mortar, in which pebbles
from the size of a walnut to that of an orange have been
mixed. Each of these rocks hava had their strata intersected
by numerous and extensive masses of trap rock, which fre-
quently extend in parallel lidgos to the distance of several
miles, and may be followed to the highlands situated north-
wardly, from which they branch olfin all directions, decreas-
, ing in their altitude according to the distance they depart

from their parent mountain.

At "Joe's Point," and near the ferry from Saint An-
drews to Hobbinstown, there arc two dikes of trap, each
about fifty yards wide, and the elevation tliny have produced
is distinctly marked upon the surface to a considerable dis-

irl group of Eng-

c innn^nesinn lime-

members of tWnt

II numerous relics

found resembling

Eclp, still growing

utom of the origi-

untions which they

nd been deposited,

the originals still

>up, the sandstones
brnmtions, and the
vered among them,
s hoped that some

cspecioUy as they
part of the country

the transportation

)st me much time

ere connected with

since my last visit

they are separated

try by n distance of

already described.

usts near Saint An-

ii situation, is great

npital might be lost

, mining could be

rounded masses of
reous and silicious
in which pebbles
I orange hare been
lir strata intersected
ip rock, which fre-
distance of several
nils situated north-
directions, decreas-
istance they depart

rry from Soint An-
likcs of trap, each
th(;y have produced
n considerable dis-

tance. They are separated about o furlong by a coarse con-
glomerate, which is overlaid by one of them in a remarkable
manner. It appears the matter forming the dike having
filled the cavity it now occupies, overflowed the opening*
and now covers the rock through which it passed, to a dis-
tance of several hundred yards. This fact reminded me of
having seen the liquid lava pouring over the sides of the
volcano at St. Lucia.

The trap rocks of the " Point" contain narrow veins of
calcareous spar ; in one of these veins, a small quantity of
the green carbonate of copper was found, but during an ac-
icurate examination of every rock near the place, no further
indications of that mineral were observed. Wherever the
sandstone is found in contact with the trap rock, it is filled
with small empty cavities, and resembles the cinders of an
iron foundry. But when these cavities are found in situa- '*
tions where the air has not had free access, they are filled
with the carl)onate of lime, and semiopal, and the rock be-
comes amygduloidal. The empty cells aie produced by the
jready decomposition of the minerals contained in them, and
wherever the volcanic rock meets the sandstone, amygdaloid
k generally formed — a fact also observed in Nova-Scotia,
and in England. It appears that the cellular structure of
lava, and scoria, arises from the presence of air, when those
volcanic productions are in a liquid state, and not from
small collections of gases, as some have supposed. These
openings have evidently been filled by mineral infiltration,
after the ejected matter had become consolidated.

Four miles northward and eastward of Salr t Andrews,
the Chamcook mountain rises near the entrance of a river,
, and the «-xit of a lake, bearing the same name. The most
prominent part of this mountain is 580 i'eett trigonometrical
measurement, above the level of the sea. It is composed al-
together of trap rock, and marks the boundary of the sand-
I stone which lies along its base, forming a wide, level, and
1 fertile plain, with a harbour on each side, and a beautiful
Btown at its extremity. From its summit, this pretty view,
W Moose, Deer, and several other Islands, scattered in Passa-
^ maquoddy Bay, llobbinstown, and other villages of Maine,
Saint Stephens, and the winding Saint Croix, afford a wide,
varied, and pleasing landscape. In a northerly direction,
the volcanic rocks are piled in naked mural precipices, which
appear to have burst through the red marly group, and
carried its broken strata even to the pinnacles of the highest
cliffs.

tIp.'SW"

i-t,^r"

\ ,.■-

1'- f

Ct ,

^i»

The soil in the neighbourhood of Snint Andrews is very
fertile, wherever it has been derived from the decompositioi)
of the sandstone ; the beds of clay and gravel are less pro-
ductive, and would be much improved by the application of
marl or lime. The former substance having been found here,
will be particularly described when the tertiary deposits arc
brought under consideration. But it would not be just to
proceed farther before noticing the existence and usefulness
of a Geological Society, formed in the town. This society
embraces a number of the most respectable and scientific
gentlemen of the county. Already a considerable number of
specimens have been collected, and some of the members are
making rapid advances in geological science. To them I am
much indebted for assistance and information, and it is ar-
dently hoped their labours may be as gratifying to themselves,
as they must ultimately prove useful to that portion of the
the Province.

Advancing up the Scoodiac, the conglomerate with thin
strata of sandstone were observed to occupy the shore, to the
distance of five miles. Both of these rocks are perforated at
many points by the dikes of trap or hornblende rock, which
by the heat evolved during their ascent, have rendered the
former remarkably compact and flinty, and changed the lat-
ter into an imperfect kind of jasper. The trap then predo-
minates, and finally passes into syenite.

At Johnston's Cove, four miles from St. Andrews, there
is a valuable deposit of marl, similar to that previously dis-
covered at Simpson's Cove, and ofterwards at a number of
places in the County, and on the American side of the line.
At the former situation, it appears on the north side of the
creek, and occupies a considerable tract. The bank where
it may be most readily procured and transported, is about
thirty feet above high water mark, and presents the following
sections:

No. Feet.

1. Vegetable soil, « 1

2. Sand and gravel. 8

- 8. Fine blue argillaceous marl, containing decom- I „

posed shells and marine plants, ..../

4. Lead coloured ditto, containing ditto, < 9

The upper stratum of this marl may be considered of
the best quality, as it contains a greater quantity of the car-
bonate of lime than the stratum beneath.

nt Andrews is very

the decomposition

gravel are less pro-

y the application of

iff been found here,

ertiary deposits arc

)uld not be just to

nee and usefulness

■own. This society

able and scientific

iderable number of

of the members arc

ce. To them I am

lation, and it is ar>

iving to themselves,

that portion of the

glomerate with thin
py the shore, to the
ks are perforated at
blende rock, which
have rendered the
nd changed the lat-
le trap then predo-

St. Andrews, there
that previously dis-
irds at a number of
:an side of the line,
le north side of the
The bank where
msported, is about
esents the following

Feet.

ining decom- I ^^

0, 9

y be considered of
juantity of the car-

At Sand Point a thick bed of diluvial debris covers the
rocks, and fornix .. siopinti^ bank on the side of the river, fifty
feet high. A large quaniiu of the yellow oxide of iron is
liiixcd with the sand, and at one spot is sufficient in quantity
to be worked for ochre. Several pieces of pitchy iron ore
were dug out from among the oxide from which they had
been formed ; — the sand and pebbles are often cemented
together by this mineral, and a perfect conglomerate is the
result.

Between this place and the mouth of the Warwig river,
the trap becomes syenitic. In some instances the hornblende
predominates, in others the feldspar is most abundant, and
^ften these two minerals are so united as to form a beautiful
material for building purposes. Similar rocks appear on the
American side of the river, and from being coated with the red
oxide of iron, have been mistaken for red standstone. Tiieir
decomposition is extremely slow, but from the potash con-
tained in them some of the valleys are rendered very fertile.
Notwithstanding these two varieties of what might be
considered the same rock, insensibly pass into each^other, and
partake of characters common to both, their line of junction
seems to be distinctly marked by a narrow valley placed be-
tween them, and which may be seen extending into the hills
eight miles above the mouth of the river.

The whole face of the country here is covered with cone
shaped hills, many of which are entirely bald and barren ;
some are partially covered with a scanty growth of birch, and
pines killed by the fires that destroyed the forest many years
ago. The scenery is peculiar, and wherever the soil is deep
enough for the plough, or on beds of sand, clay, and graveJ,
there are good farms.

The river to this distance will average a mile and a quar-
ter in width, and although the tide rises thirty feet, the cur-
rent is not so rapid as in many parts of the Bay of Fundy.
It was at the mouth of the Warwig River that 1 first disco-
vered the marl deposited at the head of a small indentation
fcalled Simpson's Cove, which has been formed in consequence
lof the marl being more readily washed away than the sycni-
f tic rock on each of its sitlcs. This deposit of marl reaches
across a small point, and extends twelve feet above high wate^.'
mark, where it is covered by a thin bed of diluvium. It con-
tains the remains of shells and plants like those already no-
ticed.

It will be unnecessary in this Report to give a particu-
lar description of every situation where the marl is found,

■*,'

but I shall cndcRvour to supply such details of itb clmnicteri
and properties ns may be suflicient to piide those who are
desirous to obtain the benefits of its fertilizing (juaiities. At
the before-mentioned situations it is seen under us most com-
mon circumstances, and therefore a particular account of it,
as it appears at either of those places, will be sufficient for any
practicable object. The tertiary deposit containing the marl
was also observed at the head of Oak Bay, and at St. Stephens,
where it is often perforated in digging wells, and in general
may b« known by the shells it contains. These shells arc,
however, often mixed in the clay stratum, and therefore the
test of acids is required to distinguish one from the other.—
On the peninsula of Saint Andrews the marly stratuni also
appears on the farm of Mr. Walton ; the upper layer is ex-
posed, and although it is rather above its ordinary level, by
opening the deposit to the depth often feet, the best kind may
be procured. It was observed in the interior of the country,
and at some future day will be found very useful when culti-
vation is extended farther into the wilderness.

I also had the pleasure of discovering this valuable sub-
stance in the State of Maine. Ai the Lubec Plaster Mills it
has been intersected by a deep canal, and from this single
circumstance aknowledge has been gained, which has resulted
in the discovery of other deposits in that neighbourhood, and
along the American side of the Scoodiac. Subsequently, the
formation has been followed eastwardly to Saint John, but n
perfect account of its whole range cannot be given until far-
ther examinations are made.

The great difficulty some have found to account for what
they supposed to be a change of level in the country is now
removed, for as two of the species of shells found in the marl
are extinct in these latitudes, it is evident the formation be-
longs to an era remote, and very different from the present.
Indeed the occurrence of the beds of diluvial detritus covering
the clay, marl, shells, &c. and evidently thrown upon them
by a current of water which has overspread the whole coun-
try, is ample testimony that those shells do not belong to any
recent period.

The appearance of clam, muscle, and scollop shells, like
those now found upon our shores, in situations remote from
the sea, and elevated far above the reach of the highest tides,
must produce astonishment in the mind of the tyro in geology.
But such phenomena are connected with a scries of events
that have effected the crust of the earth, and can in some mea-
sure be explained by changes still going forward on its surface.

r nay Ik> laid down as a <(ciiei-al ruk, tliat marl is useful
as a iiiauiti'i', in proportion lu llut (|uantity ol linu- and potush
it fonlains; tnid tlierclore llie larmei-, by applying acids us a
tost, fan discover the richest kiu(' without iht; aid ot experi-
ence, lint it shouUl ho observed, mat, although tin; lime and
potash may l)e present, the mixture may contain other in/rre-
dients dcletei ii>iis to vei^ctation, or such as will neiitrulize the
guuil eflccts of the alkali upon the soil.

'I'ho nu)st common chemical compounds found in marl,
destructive to the growth of plants, are sulphate ul' iron (coj)-
peras) and the sulphates ot'alumine and potash (alum). These
from their astringent properties ol'ten render soil, otherwise
teriile, perfectly barren ; therefore in employing this kind of
manure, that variety must always be avoided which contains
these ludts, unless their eilects can be prevented by other
aucuts.

The earth is not rendered fruitful by any single substance;
it is by the ailmixturt* of diirerent chemical agents the growth
of plants is best promoted. Even on a sn)all larm several
varieties ol" soil will be fountl ; one of these may require a
greater, atid another a lesser (juantity of lime, while a third
woidd be improved by a dressing of sand. It is only by pur-
suing the science of Agriculture, and by carel'ul observation
that the agriculturist can arrive at such a knowledge as will
enable him to turn the torpiil barren plain into aicrtile field)
.md the sidlen bog into a luxuriant meadow.

At several places in the County of CJiarlotte, the marl
is much injured by the copi)erns and alum it contains. For
an instance, at Johnson's Cove the stratum is covered by a
thin beil of sand containing the oxides of iron. These ox-
ides have descended by filtration into the upper portion of
the nmrl beneath, where they may be seen filling narrow seams
ami oiten occupymg the places and impressions of the fossil
shells, now decomposed and removed. This part of the stra-
tum would be injurious to the soil, unless its astringent pro-
perties were overcome. When the sulphate of iron, and alum
are pres(.'nt, they will be known by a white, or yellowish white
elllorescence coaling the marl, ;'nd by a sweetish and highly
astringent taste.

Again, the upper marl stratum contains a considerable
(juaniily of line gieen sanil, which renders it more applica-
ble to btifl' clay, than the lower stratum, which is better
adapit il to sandy tracts. These remarks will apply to that
substance, wherever it may be found; and it is to be hoped
'hat fauneii will direct their emiuiricb to this subject, and

, i;

rntlier than use the astringent vniiety, and consequently in-
jure the character of the whole Ibrmation, they will apply the
best kinds, and reap the advantage it is capable of giving
to their lands. The quantity to be applied to each acre,
must ever be regulated by its strength, and the nature of the
soil, for it is impossible to give delinite rules where circum-
stances are so various.

Many experiments have been made to correct tlie nox-
ious effects of spurious marl, and some of them have been
extremely successful. By exposing a (juantity spread in flat
heaps to the air, rains, and winter of one year, the copperas
, and alum will be dissolved and carrietl oli", while the calca-
reous and silicions particles will remain, and thus the mass
will become purified. In England, composts are made, by
which the astrmgent principle is neutralized. Professor Ro-
gers, of Pennsylvania, has recommended the application of
a small quantity ofyrfs/z/y bumcci lime, which is capable of
decomposing the sulphate oi' iron and alumine, antl produ-
cing the sulphate of hme, (gyj)sum,) a very useful manure.
This method is well worthy a i'air trial, but may not be ne-
cessary in the County of Charlotte, where jmre marl can be
obtained.

The following are the resnU<; of an analysis of marl ta-
ken from the upper sandy straimn at Johnson's Cove :

Silicia ".7. 40

Protoxide of Iron... 20. 10

Lime (!. 1.>

Alumina, fdayj 12. 40

Potash '. 8. 20

Water 4.

98. 5 J in 100 parts.

The lower stratum yielded a greater quantity of alumina, and
lime, and a lesser amount of sand. The leitili/.lng effects of
these deposits depend unon the proportions of lime and pot-
ash contained in them; ibr it, must be observed that the
latter is a most useful substance in the soil, when it is un-
combined with sulpiiur.

It is necessary to distinguish these deposits from beds
of clay associated with them. The remains oIsIilIIs and de-
cayed plants frequently appear in the argillaceous stratum
which yields the odour of marsh mud, in consequence of the
decomposition of ihe veiremble niatler it contains.

.^,.

The objects of this report would not be promoted by
taknig u wider range in this part ot" the subject, nor is it ne-
cessary, if the inhabitants will take the pains to apply to their
lands those stores of manure which have hitherto been passed
by unheeded. In Great-Britain, France, and Germany,
marl is considered of vast importance, and its lasting and
beneficial effects upon agriculture have been fairly tested.
In the United States, land which formerly sold for two dol-
lars and a half per acre, has increased in value to thirty-seven
dollars per acre, from the discovery and application of marl.
In the County of Charlotte, its discovery must be hailed
with satisfaction, and time alone can shew the greatness of
the prize obtained. It cannot fail to be an object of much
importance to this part of the Province, for it will supply the
j)lace of lime, which has not been found nearer than L'Etang.

I proceeded along the east side of Oak Bay, occasionally
making an excursion into the interior a short distance.
Granite, syenite, and trap, are the prevailing rocks. These
often pass imperceptibly into each other, and have their
component parts so mixed, that it is frequently impossible to
draw a line of distinction between them. Near the mouth
of the Warwig, and belonging to the mountainous chain al-
ready noticed, the granite appears; and although in general
most of its varieties are too coarse to be used in architecture,
on the property of John Wilson, Esquire, I discovered a
beautiful kind, and if the quantity sliould be found sufficient,
an excellent quarry might be opened, which, from its prox-
imity to the sea and river, would afford every facility required
for the readv transportation of its contents. This rock, in-
stead of mica, contains hornblende, united with feldspar, and
quartz, which are very pure, and white, and equally dissemi-
nated in small crystals. The (juarry will be opened next
spring, and considerable ad\.intage maybe expected to arise
Jrom its discovery, as heretofore the granite used at Saint
Andrews, has bfeen imported from the Ignited States, at a
great expense; while it is now known that a more beautiful
variety of that rock is |)lace{l but a yhort distance from the
town.

At Connick's mills, three miles up the Warwig, grey-
wacke and greywacke slute were found, meeting the granite.
The schistose rocks contain much sulphuret of iron, which,
by being exposed to the atmosphere, decomposes, aiul covei s
them with the brown oxide. Near the mill, there is a con-
siderable vein of iron jiyritcs; this, from its peculiar metallic
lustre, had been mistaken for gold. It is scarcely necessary

•fm

'M ,i

, i

i 1

• i

\ ■

I i 11

to ackl, thai it contain'; none of that vnliKil)le metal, and iv
of no practical importance. A larc;e granitic slab, placed nt
the door of Mr. Connick, contains lartjfe crystals of feldspar,
schorl, and o-arnet. The same minerals were seen in n large
boulder, by the side of the turnpike. At Bartlett's Poiul,
there is a considerable formation of reddish silicious rock,
containing transparent crystals of quartz. A chain of Kmali
lakes holds a communication between this place and Cham-
cook, a spot remarkable for its romantic scenery and volcanic
character.

More certain proofs cannot be required of a mighty
fush of waters having passed over the country from north to
south, than is afforded by the talus on the southern sitle of
almost every eminence in this part of the Province. This
fact is admirably displayed at Sand Point, and a small Island
at the head of Oak Bay, whe.e the diluvial debris is collected
on the side of a mass of rock, upwards of sixty feet Ijigh.
Circumstances of this kind, I do not recollect to have seen
noticed by others, and they will therefore be referred to here-
after. At the extremity of this liay, and (ive miles I'rom
its mouth, the shore slojies gradually down to the beach.
Bricks are here made, — but from the clay being connected
with the m.irl stratum, containing lime, they often crumble
down, when exposed to the air and water. Before the clay
is used for this purpo.^e, it shoidd be carefully examined, and
that kind should be avoi(k'd which contains shells, for tliesc,
by being burnt, are converted into (juickiin»e — will slake,
and destroy the bricks.

Oh the south side ol' the Bay, several dikes of horn-
blende rock were observiti, penetrating distorted strata of the
greywacke and greywacke slate. These rocks have sufl'ered
remarkable changes by the heat applied from beneath during
the filling of the dikes, ami the sulphur, being sublimed, has
united with the iron, and formed ilie sulphuret of that metal,
or iron pyrites. At one i)Iace, the greywacke contains a large
portion of the deeom])()sable variety of that mineral. This
is the hepatic pyrites of Phillips— f'/v.r stil/iin' epii^rne.J
The oxygen ef ihc almosphere unites with the sulphur, and
forms sulphuric ntid. This combines widi the iron, and
produces the sidj)liate of iron, (copperas,) which might be
manufactured on the spot, without hukIi expense. M Oak
Point, the granite rises to considerable height, and (piarrics
might be opened within a hundred yards of the shore. The
rock will supply pieces of large din'ieusious, but its crystals
are too large in general to admit of ornamcntid work.'

mmtm

SAINT STEPHENS.

At Saint Stephens, on tlic British side, and at Calair,
on the American side of the river, there is a variety of
syenite, which at several places was seen alternating with the
greywacke, and forming the narrow gorge where the river
passes. At Mill Town, there is a considerable vein of the
pyrites. It was covered by the freshet at the time of my visit,
but a specimen from the vein was examined, and its charac-
ters fully recognized. Both of the above rocks contain large
quantities of this mineral, which, by the action of the air, is
converted into the oxides of iron. At several places, and
especially on the farm of Mr. Marks, the syenite decomposes
rapidly, and a great quantity of these oxides are mixed in the
soil. Large spongy pieces are seen upon the surface, having
received their porous structure froui*the decomposition of the
crystals of hornblende and feldspar. The soil is rendered
almost barren, and vegetation is destroyed by the water rising
from these natural laboratories. The oxides are carried by the
rains upon the lower grounds, and bog iron ore is constantly
accumulating. This ore might be collected and worked, if^
the quantity be sufficient, a fact I had not the means to as-
certain.

Upon the farm of Mr. William Porter, four and a
half miles northward of Saint Stephens, there is a stratum
of graphite, (plumbago,) or black lead, situated between
perpendicular strata of the schistose rock. This stratum
had been opened, and was supposed to be coal. I was una-
ble to examine its thickness, as the excavation was filled
with water. The demand for this mineral is not adequate to
its supplies. Besides being employed in the manufacture of
crayons and lead pencils, it is very useful in diminishing the
friction of wooden machinery, and its powder prevents iron
from rust. Not far from the above farm, limestone was sup-
posed to exist ; the rock was, however, found to be grey-
wacke, which occasionally contains beautiful crystals ot lim-
pid quartz. The sulphuret of molybdena, a rare mineral,
was found here, embraced by a mass gneiss.

Although the tertiary deposits in the neighbourhood of
Saint Stephens are much like those before mentioned, the
marly strata were not found, notwithstanding they may be
discovered by the examinations of the inhabitants. Instead of
the argillaceous marl, beds of blue clay, containing the re-
mains of the raya, mytilus, and pecten, are spread over con-
siderable tracts, and are frequently covered with thin beds of

'• i

:l.

9.C^

alluvial sand. The clay exhales the odour of marihds,
neXformed by the sea. The soil is ol two k.nds-the
r^ancUhesTiffclay: both would be ...proved by usmg

lime, or marl, for manure. , • r r

Saint Stephens possesses a mmeral spring of no ordinary
medicinal powers. Near the church, and on the property of
Mr. Porter, a small stream issues from the earth, and con-
tributes to the supply of a brook, crossing the street. The
water is very clear-has a weak fetid smell, and unpleasant
taste, when first taken into the mouth. I could not have an
opportunity to examine this water, until several weeks after
it had been taken from the spring, and therefore the tollow-
ing analysis may not be correct, as new combinations may
have taken place during that time. The analysis was re-
peated three times with nearly the same results.

In each wine pint —

Sulphuretted hydrogen 4. 5 cub. in.

Sulphate of Soda 5. 4 grains.

Lime ." 2. 5 —

Muriate of Soda G. .. —

Oxide of Iron l —

The sulphuretted hydrogen reddens the infusion of lit-
mus, and precipitates the nitrate of silver black. The sul-
phate of lime was detected by evaporating a pint of the water
down to four ounces, a precipate of the sulphate of lime form-
ed, which was soluble in four hundred parts of water ; and
the solution aflforded a precipitate with oxalic acid, carbonate
magnesia and alcohol.

The aperient effects of this spring are very manifest, and
they evidently arise from the sulphate and muriate of sod»
contained in the water. From the above, it will therefore ap-
pear that it is not inferior in its medicinal powers to many of
those in England and France. Admitting that the good ef-
fects of watering places are in part produced by a change of
air, amusement, and scenery. Saint Stephens is pleasantly
situated, with a fine surrounding country, and will evidently
hereafter become a place of considerable notoriety.

There is also another mineral spring at Oak Bay. Its
properties appear to be similar to that first noticed, but in
consequence of my engagements at tliL- time when the water
from it was received, I am unable to give its analysis in the
present report.

i n-jlf i 'f] - |-J|pTjiiiii,|i||[|||| i r il l ll1_Bllli»^MTt||M»!l»

y-w^mim

Ids— the
)y using

>rdinary
)perty of
iiul con-
it. The
I pleasant!

have an
feks after
le ibllow-
ions may

was re-

sion of lit'
The sul-
►f tb^i water
'lime form-
vater ; and
, carbonate

anift'st, and
ite of soda
icrefore ap-
to many of
he good ef-
a change of
pleasantly
11 evidently
r.

c Bay. Its
ced, but in
\ the water
lysis in the

*i7
THE ISLANDS IN PASSAMAQUODDY BAY,

Having procured a boat and good pilots, I proceeded to
make an examination of the numerous islands in the Passa-
macjuoddy Bay. It will be seen by reference to a map of the
Province, that Deer Island is stretched across the Bay of
Saint Andrews in a north-east and south-west direction.
The Scoodiac empties between the south-west part of the
island and the American shore, while the waters of the Dig-

deffuash and Masajruadavic are

o"o*

discharged

into the sea

through two openings between its north-east point and the
main land of New-Brunswick. The largest of these passa-
ges is called " Big La Tete," and the lesser " Little La Tete."
The island obstructs the ready exit of the waters from the
rivers, and the tide rushes through these passages with great
rapidity, occasioning eddies which I'requently perplex the best
pilots.

On each side of " Little La Tete," a coarse red syenitic
trap, occasionally covered with detached portions of conglo-
merate and sandstone were observed. The small islands and
rocks situated in ami near these passages are composed of the
same rocks, into which numerous dikes of the trap have been
introduced. L'Etang, or Frye's Island, is valuable on ac-
count of being placed within the range of the limestone for-
mation that extends in a north-east direction from the Coun-
ty of Charlotte to St. John. The limestone is continuous
from one of its sides to the other, and is advantageously si-
tuated for being calcined and exported. A quarry has been
opened, and a kiln erected by Dr. Fuye, of St. Andrews. —
Fuel is abundant, and excellent lime might be supplied, and
readily shipped upon a large scale. The same remark will
apply to the quarries on the west side of L'Etang harbour,
owned by Mr. Califf, who is employed in the business, and
supplies the settlements along the coast. An excellent qua-
lity of marble was seen on the western part of the island, but
ihe rock appears to have been loo much fractured to supply
huge slabs. It is highly crystalline, and will bear a fine polish.

The limestone has been dej)osited between strata of grey-
wacke, and greywacke slate, but the introduction of trappean
mailer from beneath has effected great changes in the com-
position and position of each formation, and so altered the
situation of the strata that it is impossible to ascertain their
true inclination. A few small veins of serpentine were obser-
ved, and there arc numerous veins of quartz intermixed with
)iodular masses of dark green chlorite, exlcnvling through ihe

^^a,

<**».■,■

rocks in all directions. The limestone conlains a vein of milky
quartz two feet thick ; the sulphuret of iron is common, and
appears under circumstances like those already mentioned.

In order to avoid uninteresting details respecting the
geographical situation of, and the peculiar circumstances con-
nected with dikes and ridges of trap rock, a particular notice
of them is deferred until they can be embraced in one general
view, for they are too numvious to receive particular descrip-
tion, unless they should appear to be connected with facts of
some practical importance.

A number ot small islands at the entrance of L'Etang
Harbour were next examined. Many of them still remain
without being distinguished by names. They offer but little
variety in their structure, having been fixed in their present
situations and composed of the same materials as other high
lands to which I shall often have occasion to refer. Conglo-
merate and detached pieces of new red sandstone, interlaced
with dikes, is the prevailing character of these isolated rocks,
which were not found to possess any minerals of importance.
Tiie White Horse is a rude mass of trap, situated about
four miles from L'Etang harbour ; it rises abruptly from the
sea to the height of one hundred and fifty feet, and is so per-
pendicular that the largest ships in calm weather might lie at
its sides as at a wharf. This rock has been rent asunder by
some sudden force. A deep chasm, called " *tyx," and the
depressions on the surface, where caves have 1 alien in, point
out how much it has suffered by powerful causes. Not a tree
has ever taken root here, notwithstanding the Island is co-
vered with peat, and other decayed vegetable matter, to the
depth of four feet. The table land on its summit contains
about four acres. This is yearly covered with a fine growth
of wild grass, which is mowed and carried away by the peo-
ple of the inhabited islands. The sea-pigeon and other wild
ducks breed here, but their eggs are procured with difficulty
and danger, as they always seek seclusion in the sides of the
steepest cliffs. During a gale, the little island presents a
sublime spectacle. The sea, instead of breaking upon the
ordinary inclined plane of the shore, is thrown headlong
against the vertical rock, and, trembling under the furious
lash, the island is almost buried beneath the spray.

The Wolves, six islands of inconsiderable magnitude,
are situated at a distance of about ten miles from the coast.
These are well known to the mariner, for having been the
scene of many shipwrecks. They are composed of trap and
conglomerate— situated very unfavorably for the navigation

'> '

1 of milky
inon, and
itioned.
ctiiig the
nces con-
lar notice
ic general
r descrip-
:h facts of

FL'Etang
ill remain
* but little
ir present
>thcr high

CongK)-
interlaced
ted rocks,
iportance.
itcd about
r from the

is so per-
light lie at
sunder by
," and the
1 in, point
Not a tree
and is co-
ter, to the
ic contains
ne growth
ly the peo-
other wild
li difficulty
ides of the
presents a

upon the

headlong
he furious

•

magnitude,

the coast.

I been the

jf trap and

navigation

of the coast, and are under the drniinion of a poor but hos-
pitable fisherman and his family.

White, Spruce, Green, Cherry, and Casco Bay Islands,
and Pope's Folly, are formed of coarse conglomerate. Sandy
Island has a beautiful beach of fine sand, whence its name.
Indian Island is a beautiful spot, and consists principally of
altered slate. Jouett's Island contains about four acres of
soil, resting on conglomerate. Its comfortable mansion is
the residence of Captain Moses, now an officer of Her Ma-
jesty's Customs. I have been thus brief in the description
of these places, as they were not found to possess any mine-
rals, or quarries of any practical value.

DEER ISLAND.

Deer Island is not less than twelve miles long, and will
average about three in breadth. Its south side presents a chain
of low hills, composed of trap rock and broken slate. These
hills are scattered over an inclined plane, extending to the
shore, which is singularly indented, and occasionally occu-
pied by beds of sand and gravel. Sometimes projecting
masses of rock extend into the sea, affording fine harbours
for boats and other small craft. This side of the island is
also sheltered by u great number of smaller islands, scattered
along the shore. Many of the hills are naked ; others, and
the valleys, are covered with a light growth of birch and
spruce. Not a few inducements are offered for the inhabi-
tants to cultivate the soil, and a number of fine farms have
been cleared ; but as fishing is supposed to be the most pro-
fitable employment, they have been much neglected. I had
hoped to meet tlic limestone formation somewhere along this
shore, but was unsuccessful. The distance to L'Etang,
however, is not great, and lime may be readily procured to
fertilize the soil, now requiring its application. At a num-
ber of places, deep grooves appear to have been cut through
the rocks, and extend from cue side of the island to the
other. As these places are wjrn down smooth, and marked
with diluvial scratches, there can be but little doubt that
those grooves were produced by a current of water, that has
rushed over the surface. Near the " Little La Tete," there
are two remarkable eminences, which add much to the natu-
ral beauty of the surrounding landscape. The north-west
side of the island is abrupt. The rocks at several places
contain narrow veins of magnetic iron ore, but none of suf-

%ll

^cienl thickness to afford a })iofital)le supply of thai iiiinerai.
The precipitous character of its northern side, hns arisen
from the greater elevation always attained by the *• intrusive
rocks" than those which owe their existenct? to more trnnquil
causes; and althoiigh the slate, conglonu'ratc, and sandstone
cover the tops of tl)e highest hills in some instances, their
altitude can always be accounted for b^' the (act, that they
have been uplifted by forces applied from beneatii. Vast
masses of greenstone may be seen supporting the strat" rent
asunder and sloping down their sides. At a few plnccs^
toadstone and amygdaloid were noticed, occupying lower
situations. The latter often contains in its vesicles calca-
reous spar, and more seldom /oolite. 'I'heso arc thinly co-
vered with light green chlorite; veins of white (piart/, and A
kind of hornstone or chert appear very fretjiienily.

:^4>>'

CAMPO KELLO.

i : 5l

Campo Bello is upwards of eight miles long, and will
average two miles in brendtli. It.^ longisi diaiuetcr is from
north to south, and Mheihei- considered on accoinit of its fine
harbours, {isherit-s, or timber, is cxtVLMiieiy vtiliuible. The
rocks, from Harhi>ur l)e J.ute to Old V'rinr'ij Head, are
slates, through wliich large niMsscs of trap nii! protruded,
and elevated to form a number of conical hills or an'rular
prominences, seen scattered over the smjin'o. The changes
effected in the; slate, where the trap has beon forced through,
are very remarkal)le, ami the r{)cL^ are so miicli fractured
and thrown out of place, that no satisliiclorv account could
be taken of their (^ip. At those pintcs wlu"re the trap and
slate are in hnmediate contact, the cluiiij(es pijuhiced bv heat
on the latter, are singular and interesting, and .suHicient op-
portunities are aH'orded to observe those clumi'cs from the
highest to the lowest of their sevond degrees. Wherever
they are found in juxta-position, and the traj) has aiiv consi-
derable dimensions, the slate i^ convertt'd into iiovacnlitc,
whetslate, or Turkey stone. .lust as n departure is made
from a dike, so the effects of the heat which attended its
eruption are seen to decrease, until the slate assumes its true
argillaceous character. When the dike is luirrow, or such
as might be calleil a mere vein, these etl'ecls are scarcely dis-
cernable, as the accompanying heat of (.nly a .small portion
of the once melted matter, was insuflicirnt to produce the
changes effected by greater ertiptionis.

The iiovaculite reatlily breaks into small ihomboiclfif
fragments : larger pieces can, however, be procured by re-
moving the exposed part of the rncks, and will be found
equal in quality to any of the imported oilstones. At Friar's
Ray, and in the bank immediately below the village of
Welchpool; ihorc are several narrow veins of lead ore.
This ore, which is called galena, or the sulphuret of lead, is
contained and mixed in veins of quart/ and calcareous spar.
The largest vein, forming the matrix of the ore, is twenty
inches wide, and has two veins of smaller dimensions. By
ascentling the bank, which is about twenty-five feet above
high water mark, I discoveretl that the quantity of ore was
much increased, but instead of the galena, the whole width
of the vein is occupied by the sulpluuct of iron. As the
beach is covered with loose sand and broken masses of rock,
I could not ascertain at what rate the lead ore increased in
its descent, and I regret that 1 had not the means of ascer-
taining, by a deeper examination, what hopes this .spot offers
for opening a mine. There is another vein of the galena at
the head of Harbour De Lute. It occurs here, unaccompa-
nied by the quartz, and carbonate of lime. It is only four
inches wide, but of an excellent (|uality.

Tliere can be no doubt that this ore is connected with se-
veral veins, discovered but a few years ago, on the east side
of South iJay, and within eight nnles of Lnbec. I had pre-
viously visited that place, at t!;c re([ucst of one of the pro-
prietors, and am of the opinion that, by a judicious explora-
tion, ti^e ore might be fountl in sufhcicnt (juaiitities to repay
the expense of mining. A small smn of money, properly
applied in seeking the lead ore at Campo lielio, might be
amply repaid by new discoveries.

These veins of the suljihuret of lead were evidently pro-
duced by the heat attending- t!ie elevation oi" the trap rocks,
with which, there can be no doubt, they are contempora-
neous. The same remark will apply to the sulphuret oi'
iron, always found most ubuntlantly near a di!;e. The lead
and iron nuist have existed previously in the slate, where they
were combined widi other mineral:;; but when they were sub^
mitted to intense hear, they united with the sulphur, which
aided their fusion and fluidity. If it be remarkeil that these
ores are found filling veins in the trap, which is of later ori-
gin than the slate, the fact is by no means weakened, for
veins and dikes of that rock, often found crossing and entej*-
ing into each other, shew that it is of different ages, and was
thrown upwards at separate periods. Au euipty fissure in

^Vn..J

t !

t i

-M

>y I :

1| I

ihu pii'-cxiytiii{» nap, would be as readily injected with ine-
talileious mutter, as one left open in the slate.

From Harbour De Lute to Head Harbour, the horn-
blende rock is most abundant. At the harbour, and near
the light-house, the altered slate appears again. It is filled
"^vith the sulphurct of iron, which, from its decomposition,
covers llie rocks with the sulphate of that metal, and thus
an excellent opportunity is nilbrded for the n:anufacture of
ahim and copperas. The slate on the east side of the island
exhibits the same character, and has been distorted by the
same causes referred to in describing the west side. The
hoiieslate is abundant ; but, besides these, I discovered four
enormous dikes of porphyry, cutting through the slate at
right angles in some instances, and passing between the
strata in others. O'.ie of these dikes will be seen on eacli
side of Schooner Cove, and another appears nt Liberty Point :
but the most remarkable of the four is at West Quoddy, autl
almost opposite the lighthouse, on tiic American side of the
line. Here the porphyry cuts the slate at right angles, while
near it there is a high cliff of trap, which interrupts the slate
again. A drawing was taken of this remarkable spot, but I
have been unable lo have it engraved for the present report.

'I'!ie whole of the eastern shore is bold and iofty. —
Frightful needle-shaped cliffs, and shelving m:is .t.s of slate,
descend into the sea so perpendicularly, that, in foggy wea-
ther, vessels mi"ht be thrown by the waves ai/ainsl the cliffs,
beh)re any danger would be apprehended. Instead of the
overhanging jirecipicc, the west side of Camjjo Bello has a
gentle slope towards the shore, where the inhabitants have
made a considerable progress in agriculture. Friar's Head
is a considerable cliff on the south side of tlic harbour at
"Welchpool. It has a detached mass of trap placed at its
front, named the " Old Friar;" but the imagination must
be very active to recognise any resemblance between this
conical rock and any monastic functionary. The island is
owned by Captain Owfn, H. N., who resides at Welchpool.
West Quoddy light, on the American shore, stands on
a low cliff. Between Lubec and Campo Bello, the tide runs
with great rapidity; and as the channel, at low tide, has
scarcely two feet of water, and contains a number of danger-
ous rocks, the navigation is almost impracticable, except at
high water.

At all die islands, peat is abundant, and frequently co»
vers the rocks, even at places where it is exposed to the waves.
There are also large collections of clam shells in the harbours

•'«kik

.'Cted witli iiitt-

ur, the hom-
our, nnd near
II. It is filled
ccomposition,
etal, nnd thus
|i:anur:icture of
c of the island
istorted by the
St side. 'The
iscovered four
h the slate at
tj between the
seen on eacli
Liberty Point :
it Qiioddy, and
•an side of the
It angles, while
rnipts the slate
ble spot, but I
present report,
d and lofty. —
nas.cs of slate,
I i>> Jt^^jSy wea-
^aiiisl the cliffs,
Instead of the
)o Bello has a
habitants have
Friar's Head
he harbour at
) placed at its
igination must
; between this
The island is
at Welchpool.
ore, stands on
S the tide runs
low tide, has
ber of danger-
ble, except at

frequently co»

I to the waves.

II the imrbour»

and creeks, where they are often covered by the soil. They
are always found at the ancient haunts of the Indians,
who, before the discovery of the country by the whites, made
the "cinm" a principal article of diet in times of scarcity.

it 's impossible to conceive a more interesting sight than
is presented in the Bay during the summer season. Boats
and vessels becalmed, and earned away by the tide, are at one
instant hidden by the blackened rock, or the green foliage of
some little island. At another, they glide from behind the
curtain, and appear struggling with the overwhelming cur-
rent. Often several hundreds of boats huddled together, and
practicing a deadly deception on the haddock and cod, from
a signal given by the tide, draw up their anchors, and hasten
to the shore. The silence of evening is broken by the sound
of the Indian's gun, levelled with deadly aim at the rising por-
poise. The hollow sound of the " loon's " note is discordant
with the scream of the gull. Here the glassy surface of the
water is broken by a shoal ot herring ; yonder the spouting
grampus is blow^ing up the sjiray in preparation for another
(live. Perched on a rock, and armed with a pin liook, bait-
ed with a shrimp, the fisherman's boy can fill a larger bag
with herring than half a score of scientific anglers could re-
plenish with trout during a whole season. The sea is alive
with fish, its surface with human beings, and the air with
feathered tribes.

GRAND MANAN.

Grand Manan is a large and beautiful island, situated
about twelve miles south from Campo Bello, and West
Quoddy Head. It is twenty-five miles long, and upon an
iverage five miles in breadth ; its longest diameter being
from north-east to south-west. The north-*west side of the
island lies almost upon a straight line, notwithstanding seve-
ral high headlands that advance into the sea. It is uninha-
bited on this side, which presents a bold front of overhang-
ing clifls and lofty mural precipices of majestic grandeur and
beauty. Occasionally collections o{ dehrisy or broken rocks,
have fallen from the cliflfs, forming steep slopes. Upon these
slopes, wherever they are not too steep for the soil to I'epose,
the birch, alder, wild gooseberry, and currant, are planted,
and thrive amidst the ruins of the dilapidated coast. Be-
tween the main land and the island there is a very powerful
eurrent. both on the flood and ebb tide. When the wind is

t yr'j '.^WT'

ill' •

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i 1 ■'

n" :.

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i V ,

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«■

opposed to the current, u heavy sea is soon produced, which
by its violence is constuntly undermining the rocks, and pro-
moting their downfall. Deep caverns are worn out of the
solid base of the lofty wall, which tumbles headlong into
the sea beneath. Along tlie straight coast on this side of
Grand Manan, there is a lofty ridge of trap rising most fre-
quently in a perpendicular direction from the sen. The
brc.dth of this ridge is about two and a half miles.-— The
mountain thus skirting the shore is furrowed lengthwise, and
is occupied by several small lakes, that fill the deep circular
impressions along its summit. It can scarcely be doubted
that these basins, row filled with water, were once the craters
whence the trap llowed in a liquid state. The molten masses
that rushed down the sides of the mountain may still be seen
marking the limits of each fiery deluge, and the points where
they became too cool to How over the burning wave that had
preceded them. There is a wide difterence between the
trap rock and the schistose formations unlieiiig the southern
side of the mountain. The latter have deep ravines extend-
ing from north to south, and those distinguishing grooves
and scratches, that j)oiut out the course of a current of wa-
ters once sweeping over them. The diluvial grooves com-
mon in the Province are parallel to the ravines worn out of
the slate.

The mountainous district is covered with a fine growth
of beech, birch, and maple. The southern side of the island
is low, and (juile level. The different kinds of slate and
quartz rock, into which numerous dikes of trap Jiave been
injected, compose its base. These slates also have been
more or less changed in their characters by the heat attend-
ing the filling of the dikes, and the strata are much disorder-
ed from causes already noticed. It is to be remarked that
this island, and almost all those in the Passamaquoddy Bay,
have their longest diameters in the direction of the course
followed by the stratified formations of the Province, and
there can be no doubt that the direction of strata in all coun-
tries has greatly modified the courses of mountains formed
by intrusive rocks, independent of a magnetic influence which
is supposed to have had an effect of a similar nature.

It is probable that an opening in the earth for the trans-
mission of accumulated matter under the forms of lava and
gas, would be much more liable to occur in the direction of
the strata, and between their layers than at right angles with
their natural joints ; and it would be an important enquiry
that wouUI discover how far volcanic vents are influenced by

- »,

Uie rockii tliron^^h wliicli tliuy }}ass. Wherever the trap ex«
juts iiruissuciatuil willi tlie stiHtitiud rocks in the British Pro-
vinces, it is found tu attain a nnich greater elevation than
when it appears under any other circumstances. 'J'his may
be uccmnUed lor Uy the resis' mco the strata have niade wher-
ever volcanic viclence has not been sufHciently powerful to
remove them altogether, or to open such a passage tor the
lava as would allow it to flow freely from beneath,

I'\>rmerly the lower hinds produced an immense growth
of pine and spruce, but the large timber has been consumed
by (ire, the great destroyer of American fortrsts. The hard
wood upon the mountain was protected by its less inflamable
foliage, and the r'lick growth of green plants covering thtt
hills.

My examitiations were commenced on the north side of
the n)ain island, but the turbulence of the sea prevented me
from completing them in that (juarter, and a vessel ot suflici-
cnt size could not l)o procured during the fishing season to
bullet the waves ami aiford a retreat on an uninhabited coast,
where travelling on foot is rendered impracticable from the
lofiy cl ill's whose bases are washed by the sea to the depth of
many fathoms. Indeed, it is by no means a comfortable em-
ployment to be creeping beneath the precipices from two to
three hundred leet liigh, whose overhanging rocks are sui-
jiended above, and are constantly lidling ujjon the shattered
fragments spread along the shore, 'u- dropping into the ocean
to be no more seen. 1 was able, jowever, to determine the
character of each formation, and prociue the beautiful and
itUeies»ing minerals contained in thenj.

The northern side of th island will average from three
to four hundred feet in height. Its lofty mural clills stand
like rude imitations ot masonry, and rival in grandeur those
of the celebrateil C'ape Blomiilon in Nova-Scotia. The rock
at nnmy places is pertectly basaltic, and appears like largo
pieces of stjuared timber placed u[)right side by side, with a
perfection and beauty e(|ual to the basaltic columns of Staffa.
These are met by enormous blocks of rhomboidal and amor-
phous trap, which from their architectural arrangement ap-
pear to have been laid by the skill and ingenuity of man.

The amorphous trap is frequently alternated with amyg-
daloid, which by decomposing more rapidly than the com-
pact variety, hastens the undermining and consequent break-
ing down of the headlong steep. Whole facades of columns
have been broken otl" and carried away by the sea. Tlie ends
of the columns have been polished by the attrition of the

'-^^mth

I- ;::!i

■'-,i

^ i !

I' i^-

r If

li I

*'.''^^%.

SC)

waves, constantly moving the sand, and the lofty coioiinades
stand based upon a natural tessahitcd pavement.

About nine miles Irom Northern Head westward, there
is a singular indentation in the clilf called Dark Harbour.—
At the entrance of this opening tlie sea has forced up a bar-
rier of sand, pebbles, and drift timber, and completely closed
the mouth of a safe and very convenient harbour for small
vessels. During the flood tide, and at high water the sea in-
filtrates through the bar, and there is a regular ebbing and
flowing in the basin thus produced, and partially tilled by a
amall stream descending from the mountain above. It may
not be improper to remark here, that only a small sum of
money would be required to open this singular harbour,
which might be entered at all seasons of the )ear, and allow
the inhabitants to have communication with the main land
during the winter months.

The minerals between Northern Head, and Dark Har-
bour, are amethyst, agate, jasper, hornstoue, Thompsonite,
stilbite, htfulandite, calcareous spar, zeolite, and apophylite.
These are similar to those found in the trap rocks of Nova-
Scotia, and although they may not prove to he of much prac-
tical value, they are very interesting in the science of minera-
logy, and the discovery will give a new feature to the Province,
which is evidently not surpassed in mineral wealth by any of
her sister colonies. Several veins of specular and magnetic
iron ore were also discovered along the shore, but none of
them are of sufficient thickness, and are placed in such situa-
tions as will admit of their being worked with profit. Most
of the minerals first mentioned are contained in the amygda-
loid, which at many places forms the foundation on which the
amorphous and columnar rocks rest. The amygdaloid is
extremely vesicular, and has its cavities filled with varieties
of zeolite and calcareous f par.

At Northern Head, the green stone trap, and amygda-
loid present a lofty and perpendicular cliff of surpassing gran-
deur and sublimity. The precipice will average two hun-
dred and forty feet in height, and stands maj'^stically fronting
the sea, constantly rolling its green waves upon the broken
fragments of rocks scattered along its base. At the extreme
point, a detached mass of trap stands in advance, and is
called the Old Bishop. Whence this name was derived, I
could not discover, unless it was given to it in contradistinc-
tion to tiie Old Friar, at Canipo Bello, which it strongly re-
sembles. Near the Old Bishop, the rock is basa'tic, and
beautiful columns stand erect, apparently supporting the pre-

oiinades

d, there
bour. —
p a bar-
y closed
or small
e sea in-
)in(r and
led by a
It mav
sum of
i I arbour,
nd allow
ain land

irk Har-
ipsonite,
ophylite.
at' Nova-
jch prac-
'minera-
Province,
Liy any ot"
magnetic
none of
ich si tua-
(. Most
amygda-
^hicli the
daloid is
varieties

amygda-
ng gran-
wo hun-
fronting
> broken
extreme
!, and is
irived, 1
adistinc-
tngly re-
tic, and
the pre-

»7

cipice; farther soutlivvaril, many of these coUunns have fal-
len, and a slope lias been produced by their downfall, having
the ends of the columns with |>entagonal and hexagonal fa-
ces, inclined outwards towards the sea.

At Eel Hrook, the cliff is rendered accessible by a notch,
and slope; just above these, there is a small lake, abounding
in large eels; and a number of deep {)its were observed,
where money-tliggers hail been seeking lor treasures, suppo-
sed to have been concealed by the unfortunate crew of a
Trench ship, wrecked near the brook in the early settlement
of the country.

Whale Cove, at its extremity, exhibits a mural precipice
that has attained still greater elevation, and is three hundred
feet perpendicular above the level of the sea. This frightful
escarpment is co:ijj)osed of alternate layers of amorphous
trap and amygdaloid, and resembles a section of the most
perfectly stratified rocks. The layers vary from ten to thirty
fi:et in thickness, and dip to the south-east at an angle of 15".
It is remarkable that each alternate layer is composed of
amygdaloid, as there can be no doubt that this rock, and the
amorphous greenstone interstratified with it, are of volcanic
origin. But, ])erhaps, this kind of stratification may be ac-
counted for by relijrriMg to the periods of activity, and re-
j)Ose, common to all volcanoes. Why a compact trap should
be ejected from a crater at one time, and cellular lava at ano-
ther, is not reailily explained, unless one be admitted to be
the product of iubmarine action, and the other to have been
cooled by exposure to the air. The amygdaloitl abounds in
oval cavities, filled with calcareous spar, zeolite, semi-opal,
and heulandite. Nodules of these minerals often constitute
the greatest portion of the rock. Along the base of the cliffy
I collected fine specimens of calcareous spar, heulandite,
stilbite, laumonite, and semi-o))al, equal in beauty, and like
those found in the trap rocks of Nova-Scotia. They had
fidlen from the cliflT, or had been exposed by the constant un-
tlermining operations of the sea. Near the farm of Mr.
Thomas, and about a niile southward of Eel Brook, the ba-
salt appears again in. perpendicular pillars. On the south
side of the cove, there is a vein of quartz, containing the sul-
phuret of iron.

At Fish Head, and about two miles south of the brook,
the quartz contains daik green chlorite in considerable quan-
tities. This mineral is much used by the Indians, who pay
an annual visit to the spot, to procure a quantity of the
chlorite to make their pipes. Before they yrere made ac-

fill

I,.

> t

■^-

ijuaiiueil with iron, it was also used l)\ them lor pot* am!
other vessels, tliereibre tlie iiiuienil hns i)een eailed pipesloiie,
potstone, iv:c. Also the American fi-iherineii transport con-
siderable (jiiantities to the United States, where it is sold for
specimens, and other purposes.

Near a small cove, called the Swallow's Tail, there is n
dike of porphyry, about twenty teet wide, supported on each
side bv walls ol" <rreenstone. The porphyry is of the red
fl'lilspar variety. Leavinu: the lofty clifls of trap rock nt
Wliale Cove, the slates begin to appear, near the Swallow's
Tail, and crop out at Lonn; and Duck islands. Following
aloni^ the coast from Mr. John M'Intosh's store to the es-
tate of Wii.foud J''jsiii;n, Kscjuire, tljcre are beds of sand
and chiv, collected belwe«;:i the sharp ridges of slate, and.
dikes of preenstone irap. Near Ragged Point, there is a
narrow ridge of quartz ruck, which has been mistaken for
iiiaible. Tliis rock is interstratified with greywacke, talcose
anil hornblende slates, oilen Ibrniing in the schistone rock:;
veins of large diniensions. Some ot' these slates are com-
jiosetl of talc and hurnblentle, others of talc, chlorite, and
(|uart/, The same rocks compose Nantucket Island, Uuli
Rock, nnd the reefs connected with their..

Alou" the south side of the main Island, there are a
number of small Islands. Some of these are comiected with
each other by reel's of rocks, and bars oisand, which are co-
vered by the sea at high water. The small Islands aflbrd
shelter tor vessels at all times. A number of ledges appear
only at low water, — others .ire alwavs covered bv the sea:
to avoid them, the greatest care and experience are necessary
on t!ie jiart of the pilot. The largest of these small Islands
are inhabited, and although the sod is scanty, fine crops of
grain and potatoes are generally produced. It is from the
excellent fisheries, the inhabitants derive their chief support,
and, therefore, a soil capable of succes.ilul cultivation, is ne-
glected. The season is short, and the frost appears early in
the autumn ; but vegetation is rapid, and tine fields of ripe
wheat may be seen in the month of August.

The niniiber of American vessels ()shing at Grand Ma-
nan at the time of my visit, was estimated at six hundred,
while the nundier of British bottoms would not exceed one
hundred. In fine weather, the surface of the water around
the Island is covered with these craft, and a more singular
nnd lively scene can scarcely be presented than the panorama
of Northern Head. Tins fishery is of incalculable value to
New-Brunswick, and Nova-Scotia, whose inhabitants will

poti and
\pipestone,
sport coli-
cs sold for

there is n
d oil each

f tlie red
p rock nt
Swallow's
Following

to the es-
Is of snnd
slnte, and
there is a
stakon for
ke, talcose
tone rock:i

are coni-
ilorite, and
and, Gull

there are a
nected with
hich are co-
ands allbrd
Iges appear
by the sea;
e necessary
nail Islands
le crops of
is from the
ief su})port,
lion, is ne-
urs early in
Ids of ripe

3rand Ma-
X hundred,
exceed one
ter around
re singular
I panorama
)le value to
[)itanUi wili

'4
I

discover, })crhaps when it is too hile, that they should have
been better protected fronj foreign aggression.

At Priest's Cove, and Creek, and at the Thoroughfare,
the slate and quartz rocks are seen passing into each other.
Near the house of Mr. Koss, at Ross's Island, the latter
contains crystals of fine limpid quartz. Chaney, or Blue
Island is composed of the same rocks, with here and there a
distorted mass of greywacke. At White Head Island, »
quantity of chlorite was observed, near a dike, forced through
the clay slate. The cjuartz rock is abundant, and composes
a bold cliff, called White Head, where beautiful crystals,
like the above, mav be collected. This Island abounds in
gulls, and other sea birds. The young broods are so nume-
rous in July, that thousands may be taken by the hand, and
the swamps are shadowed by the grey and white gulls float-
ing in the air.

I next visited Kent's I&land, where, besides the grey-
warke, there is a deposit of highly crystaline limestone, situ-
ated between masses of meenstonc. This limestone is about
fifty yards thick, and extends through the Island a distance
of about a furlong. The rock is white, with yellow and
blue veins, and will afl'ord a good marble. The inhabitants
will find their lands to be much improved by the application
of (his lime, which may be cheaply quarried, and calcined,
in their immediate neighbourhood.

At lied Head, near Seal Cove, a peculiar kind of sand
had been procured several jears ago, and I was informed
that considerable /juantities had been shipped to the United
States, for the purpose of filling hour glasses, &c. Upon
examination, it was found to be maijnetic iron .sand similar
to that constantly driven up by the sea at the Isle of Sable.
Merchants wili find this an excellent blotting sand. All the
slates placed beneath the main, and smaller Islands, have
been broken up by a great number of trappean dikes, similar
to those already descril)cd.

Ganet Rock, a lighthouse station, is composed of trap
rock, and chert; and all the dangerous reefs and ledges along
the south-western side of the Grand Manan, seem to be the
remains of submarine volcanoes.

Between these rocks and those forming the south side
of the Bay of Fundy. on the coast of Nova-):5cotia, there is
a great similarity, and it is well known by pilots that a long
reef of rocks extends across this part of the Bay to Brier
Island, a distance of fifty iniles. Fortunately the reef i«
placed so deep beneath the sen, that ships may pass over it

ak<\

in safety, altlioii<rh it alarms the stranger by the breaking of
the water over its submarine precipices and " dark nnla-
thomed caves." -

But the most remckable circumstance connected with
tlie freologv of Grand Manan, is the fact, that the whole
soutS side%f the main, and all the small Islands in that di-
rection, have, within a recent period, been submersed to
the depth of about eighteen feet. At the time this submer-
sion took place, the Island was not inhabited, but several
persons are still alive wiio can remember the tradition, that
there once existed between the main, the three Duck, Nan-
tucket, and other Islands, a kind of marsh, which occupied
several thousand acres, and was only covered by the sea nt
high tides. This kind of marsh had also been seen at Grand
Harbour, the Thoroughfare, and other places along the
shore. It produced a peculiar kind of gra-s, whicii was used
for fodder. All these marshes have now disappeared, and it
was only at a few places where any parts of them could be
found, and wherever any remnant till remains, it is situated
eighteen feet below the mark of the highest tide, and is co-
vered during every influx of the sea. Upon examination, I
found that not only this marsh, but large bogs of peat,
have been buried beneath the ocean, until its waves, and
the rapid motion of the tides, have almost removed them,
and left their beds to be overflown twice in every twenty-four
hours.

The stumps of n great number of trees — the j)ine, hem-
lock, and cedar — still remain firmly secured in the sunken
earth, by their roots, and at the very sj)Ots where they flou-
rished. This buried forest, with its logs, brnnohes, and
leaves, is now covered by each succeeding tide, and the peat
taken from the remaining bog, when dry, will burn more ra-
pidly than that taken from the upland. It was by this sub-
mersion, that the small Islands became isolated Ironi the
main, for the marshes and ])eat bogs formerly uniting them,
were soon removed, when they became exposed to the vio-
lence of the sea, and its currents. It is certain, and the fact
is confirmed by twenty-five years of careful observation, that
the tides in the Bay of Fuiidy are slowly but graduolly rising
every season. This circumstance does not, however, by any
means account for the change of level in ihe south side of
Grand Manan, where vessels now anchor at places formerly
dry at low water, an'! where their tackle is often entangled
amc»g roots and stumps of trees, that formerly stood above
the level of the ocean. * .

■f

hrcjikiiip of
dark iiiii'u-

lected with

the whole

in that di-

jniersed to

is submer-

jiit several

dition, that

3 lick, Nan-

ch occupied

y tlie sea nt

en at Grand

? along the

ch was used

?aied, and it

:ni could be

I is situated

, and is co-

[tmination, I

jgs of peat,

waves, and

uoved them,

V twenty-four

ic j)ine, hcm-
1 the sunken
re they flou-
anches, and
and the peat
urn more ra-

by this sub-
ed I'roni the
initinf:^ them,
I to the vio-

and the fact
irvntion, that
dually rising
ever, by any
outh side of
ices formerly
en entangled
stood above

I could not discover tliat the northern side of the Island
had changed its level, and it apjiears that the land has rolled
to the southward, antl thus altcreil its former position.

AVc have now taken a brief view of the principal Islands
ill I*assannujiiocidy Bay, so far as it is connected with their
ino8t important geological features. A few other Islands,
situated along the coast, extending towards Saint John, will
be noticed in the survey of the shore, to which, in their
structure, thev are nearlv related. The stratified rocks of
all these insulated portions of the transition, and secondary
fornjatioiis, agree, in their characters, with those occupying
the main lancl, and their present elevation above the water
can be justly ascribed to forces formerly applied to them from
beneath, and at the time when the dikes of trap now con-
tained in them, were thrown upwards. Wherever these for-
ces have not been exerted, the slates, limestones, conglome-
rates, and sandstones, dip beneath the sea, emerging only as
they ai)proach the protruded greenstone, basalt, and trap.

The White Horse and other detached masses of rock
arc coinj)Osed altogether of igneous matter, and their origin
is similar to that of Islands formed within a recent period, in
volcanic districts. There have been also instances, within
the present era, of whole continents being elevated by sub-
terranean causes. While the coral insect of the Pacific
Ocean, is raising his mound beneath the sea, to become, at
last, the residence of man ; — while the Ganges is sweeping
up the sand, and building islands, the volcanoes of Iceland
are lifting the lava above the water, and the " earth's
safety valveg" are performing the double office of venting in-
ternal heat, and erecting continents. However remote may
be the time when the Islands in the Passamaquoddy Bay
were raised up, there can no doubt, that they owe their ex-
istence to causes to be explained by referring to operations
still in continuance upon the earth, — and a violence that
once shook the strata to their lowest foundations.

Mil I

i 1

'. t

'- 'if

8VRTEY OF THE COAST

BETWEEN

SAINT ANDREWS AND SAINT JOHN.

Having completed the examination of the Islands, I
proceeded to explore the coast, advancing in an easterly di-
rection from Saint Andrews, and following the numerous and
deep indentations of the shore.

On the east side of Chanicook Harbour, the sandstone
becomes gray, and having been worn away by the sea, a
broad pavement is left uncovered at low water. This natu-
ral pavement is divided by numerous parallel fissures, run-
ning east and west, and the dip of the rock is south 10°. At
Chamcook Head, the sandstone is met by a bold cliff of red-
dish porphyritic trap. At its eastern point, detached strata
of sandstone appear to have been uplifted, and have their
dip much increased. A red colored trap and greenstone oc-
cupy the shore almost exclusively, from this place to the
north side of the entrance of the Magaguadavic. It also ex-
tends in a northerly direction, until met by the syenite, and
granite before mentioned. Rising into mountains, and sharp
pyramidal hills, this rock again affords its peculiar scenery.
The resistance it oliers to decomposition, prevents a soil from
forming, and the naked steep is often surmounted by the bar-
ren slope, equally destitute of the may-flower and the pine.
Chamcook, Hardwood, and Liitle Hardwood Islands, con-
sist of sandstone and conglomerate; the general dip of the
strata is south-east 15°. The abrupt and conical hills form-
ing an unbroken chain along the coast, are remarkably dis-
tinguished by characters only to be ascribed to the influence
of neat applied under difl'erent circumstances. The trap

JOHN.

he Islands, I
an easterly di-
numerous and

the sandstone
by the sea, a
r. This natu-
I fissures, run-
outh 10°. At
)ld cliff of red-
ctached strata
ind have their
greenstone oc-
i place to the
c. It also ex-
e syenite, and
tins, and sharp
culiar scenery,
nts a soil from
led by the bar-

and the pine.

Islands, con-
iral dip of the
ical hills forni-
;markably dis-
) the influence
;s. The trap

often passes into syenite, and its red colour is derived from
the great quantity of red feldspar entering into its composi-
tion : sometimes the rock is composed of this mineral alto-
gether ; in other instances the hornble ide is most abundant,
and a greenstone is the result. Here, again, these ancient
volcanic productions have been in contact with clay slate,
which they have converted into an extremely hard novacu-
lite, or flinty slate, 'and [excellent hones, and oilstones, may
be procured abundantly. The new red sandstone has
also been submitted to heat, wherever it has been found un-
der similar circumstances, and a coarse jasper has been
formed. At several situations, it appears that the variegated
sandstone has thus been converted into striped jasper, not
unfit for the purposes of the lapidary. These facts are well
displayed at Hog Island, at the mouth of the Digdeguash.
A great part of the Island is composed of this mineral, and
for its rude name, Jasper Island should be substituted.
Large veins and dikes of that mineial were often observed,
and are too common to require particular description.

On the west side ot the entrance of the river, there is a
singular conglomerate, composed of silex and lime, containing
globular masses of calcareous spar. Fre(|uently these masses
are a loot in diameter, and, when broken, large, perfect and
rhomboidal crystals may be collected. They are, however,
opaque, and contain small fragments of rocks. That these
solid crystalline bodies have been rolled from a distance,
there can be no doubt ; but under what circumstances they
became crystalized, and sealed together in the solid rock, it
is by no means easy to determine.

At a small cove near the house of Mr. Robert Glass,
the slate is again found changed into a hard clinkstone, and
containing the remains of marine plants, somewhat similar to
those previously found in Nova-Scotia. The situations for-
merly occupied by these plants, are now filled with the ox-
ides of iron, and the most delicate of their branches and
leaves are as beautifully pictured on the rocks as they cnuld
have been by the hand of art. They are all corallines, and
do not seem to diifer nmterially from those growing on the
coast. IJeing concealed in the slate, tliev are among the
oldest classes of fossils, and evidently flourished when the
first dawniiiijf of animal life began to appear. It has been

doubted by sonje, whether corallines, from

their great deli-

cacy, could in any way resist the changes and eft'ects of time;
but they may be assured that the remains of this plant may
still be seen with ull the beauty possessed by its original.

" :

1 i

I'*
1''
1 t

r ^i

J. ' 11

;t!i

Sometimes, where the once heated shUe has boon thrown
an, and left resting upon the trap, it decomposes rapidly—
its colour becomes a hght red, and it adheres to the tongue
like cachalong. It also has a splinter)- Iractiiri-, and is high-
ly sonorous when struck with a hammer. Iiuleed the chan-
ges effected through the medium of this powerliil agency, on
most oi' these formations, are truly astonishing, but they
nevertheless afford the best explanation of phenomena,
wliich were formerly considered inexplicable.

The greenstone contains veins of quart/, and carbonate
of lime, and, more rarely, narrow seams of chalcedony.

Few places will afford more delightful nnd ronmntic
views than the entrance of the Digdeguash. 'riie mouth of
the river is filled, but not choaked, with small islands, closely
covered with evergreens. Among them the light skiff nnd
sail-boat seem to dance, before the breeze, while the more
lofty ship slowly finds her way, with canvass spread, amidst
the forest.

At the valuable estate of the lion. .Iami:s Ai.i.anshaw,
the scenery is bold and pictuics(|ue. On each bank, the lof-
ty hills, rising in successive steps, mark the hori/on with sa-
lient angles ; towards the east, ihu ovt rlumging cliff offers
resistance to the waves, ever foaming at its buKc ; the bald
summits of the mountains bear the cliiuactcrs engraved by
time : the rapid river, having escaped from fall to fall, pas-
ses beneath the busy wheel of the haw-mill, whtrc, having
performed its last act of usefulness, it rolls onward towards
the sea. Even the diving seal seems pleased with all around
him, and, r-lling his head u})on its oily hinges, breathes with
delight the elastic air.

About a mile eastward of the .hisper Island, there is n
cliff of conglomerate, fifty feet high; it stands unconnected
with any other rocks of the class, nnd its suininit is well
cleared, and cultivated. The teldspathic rock, of a deep
brick-red colour, then occupies the shore Iti tho entrance of
the Magoguaduvic. A small uniiilmhited island, at the en-
trance of tiiis river, composed of hoiubliiidc trap, is beauti-
fully basaltic. The pillars arc oi" an t(|ual size throughout
its whole extent, and are fonned under live, six, seven, nnd
nine sides, and lean towards the south, at an angle of 15^
On the east end of this isjanil a large block of trap tufa
still remains, the representative of a much larger rock, whicli
has been carried away by the tidal currents sweeping along
the shore. At its western extremity, u group of isolated pil-
lars shews the line whence the coluum:» have retreated from

[com llirown
u rnpidly —

tlic tongue
|iuul is high-
(i the clian-

ngeiicy, on
hut the?
Iphenomcnn,

k1 cai'hotmte
x'doiiy.
lul romnntic
he mouth ot*
aiuis, closely
'ht skilT and
iln tiic more
rend, nmidst

Al.l ANSMAW,

bank, the lot-

ri/on wilij sa-

g cliir offers

ie ; the bald

engraved by

U to tall, pns-

ivherc, having

I ward towards

ith all around

breathes with

id, there is n
i unconnected
ununit is well

k, of a deej)
lie entrance of
id, at the en-
rap, is beauti-
/,e throughout
\, seven, and

angle of la''.
k of trap tufa
cr rock, which
ivecping along
of isolated pil-
retreated from

the sea. The reddish trftp tufa is also seen at " Jour's Cove,"
and other j)laces on the northern side of the river's mouth,
where it might be mistaken for new red sanf''*one, or con-
glomerate, if viewed at a distance.

COPPER ORE.

On the main land, and immediately opposite the little
basaltic Island, the feldspathic rock is of a bright red colour,
and its amorphous masses are occasionally striped with nar-
row veins of greeiisl-ono, in which the hornblende is more
abundant. In this rock I disc vered three veins of copper
ore. Two of them ar; each three inches, and one two inches
wide, and extend from beneath the sea up the side of a low
clift". While examining these veins, I found tiiat the ore oc-
casionally contains pieces of pure native cop})er. Not unfre-
(|uently the native mineral is associated with its sulphate,
green, and blue carbonates, allbrding specimens of much in-
terest. The ore is, however, principally the sulphurct, and
copper pyrites, which at one place is mixed in the rock to
the distance of two feet on the side of the largest vein. The
veins of ore are more readily decomposed than the hard rock
wherein they are situated, therelcre they are removed by the
operations of the water and air, and deep fissures are left at
the places they have occujjied. The expense of exploring
lliem even superficially, is thus increased, and it was with
some difliculty I could procure even a hundred weight of the
ore without blasting the rocks with gunpowder. Tlie follow-
ing is the result of an analysis of a specimen of the sulphuret.

Copper, 76. 5

Sulphur, 19

Iron, 4

99. 5

It is theieioie a rich ore of copper. The veins increase
in thickness as thcv descend, and there can be little doubt
tliat those already tliscovered are connected with a iar great-
er deposit situated beneath the suriace. At ('ornwall in Eng-
land, I have seen seams of copper ore of dimensions no great-
er than those just mentioned, worked at the depth of eighteen
hundred ieet below the suviace. W'ere the veins at iVlaga-
guadavic explored to one half of that depth, they doubtless
would be found of far greater thickness.

Mil .

I !

I next proceede<l to examine the high clifls and rock*
northward of this place, and at several situations tbund indi-
cations of the copper. The difficulties of making an accurate
examination are extremely great, as the valleys between the
hills are covered witii windfalls, rotten wood, and moss. —
From the nnketl cliffs we were driven several times by the great
heat of the sun in the month of August, and at this busy sea-
son of the year not a miner could be procured. It was there-
fore deeme<i proper to defer a more expensive exploration of
the spot, until a better opportunity and more ample means
were afforded. — It will claim my earliest attention in the
spring.

During the examination of this part of the country, my
son, who accompanied me, discovered sovernl small veins of
lead ore, at about a I'urlong eastward of the copper. They
are not sufficiently wide to promise a reward for the expense
of exploring them, but they nevertheless ofier indications
that might lead to some beneficial result.

The red trap and lieldspar rock already mentioned, are
highly metaliferous, and from the discoveries already made
open a wide field for particular search. Should future and
more extensive entjuiries on this shore be rewarded by the
discovery of a richer copper vein, the advantage arising from
its discovery would be great. And should no disposition be
manifested to smelt the ore upon the spot, ships laden with
timber for Great Britain, might carry their ballast of ore, in-
stead of worthless rock. That the necessary quantity of ore
does exist there can be no doubt, and I feel the fullest confi-
dence in its final developement.

At the " Mascarine Head", the trap is seen cutting
through the new red sandstone and conglomerate; these two
rocks are placed in alternate layers, and compose a cliff of con-
siderable maj^nitude. The latter contains angular fragments
of trap, a circumstance tiiat proves the previous existence of
that rock. But the outbreaking of the igneous matter has
taken place at separate and far distant periods, and the for-
mation containing that kind of matter, in pebbles or frag-
ments, may also l)e penetrated by a production of a similar
character. The Mascariiif shore is composed of the sand-
stone and conglomerate, broken up and dislocated by numer-
ous dikes similar to those already noticed.

The rocks on each side of the Magaguadavic were next
examined as far as the falls, five miles tiom its entrance :
they are chiefly clav slate, and contain as usual numerous
walls of the hornblende trap. It had been supposed that

and rucks
)und iiidi-
in accurate
;tweeti the
Id moss. —
ay tlie great
[s busy sea-
was tliere-
)loration of
bple means
tion in the

ountry, my
lall veins of
per. They
the expense
indications

ntioned, are
ready made
I future and
rded by the
arising from
isposition be
s laden with
»st of ore, in-
antity of ore
fullest confi-

seen cutting
e ; these two
a cliff of con-
ar fragments
existence of
> matter has
and the for-
)les or frag-
1 of a similar
of the sand-
d by numer-
ic were next
Is entrance :
al numerous
ipposed that

good roofing slate would be found near tlie river, but it \a
too much broken and contains sulphuret oi' iron, and there-
fore is unfit for any useful purpose.

MAGAGUADAVIC.

Few places in the Province afford a more singular and
beautiful spectacle than the Magaguadavic Falls. And,
whether they are considered in reference to their sublime
scenery, or the geological catastrophe they exhibit, they can-
not fail to be interesting to the visitor, and will reward the tra-
veller for making a close examination of their peculiarities.

The river after having descended from the mountains north-
ward, passes through a level and wide plain of intervale, and
when it reaches the village is about one hundred feet above the
bed of the river below. This intervale appears to have been a
large lake. Between this lake and the sea, or river below the
falls, there was a strong barrier of trap rock, now seen cutting
through the slate. Dus barrier has been forced and rent
asunder by an carttiquake, and the river now passes through
a narrow gorge into the sea. The same catastrophe that
opened a passage for the stream so fractured the rocks on the
west side of the falls, that several deep fissures were opened,
into which the water has been directed by a rolling dam
above, and passing through those deep chasms beside the
main fall, now turns the niuchinery of a number of saw-mills
with a swiftness almost incredible. Here as on the main
stream, a part of the water is diverted into sluices, secured
to the sides of the cliff, to carry off the lumber and rubbish
prothiced by the mills.

At the main fall the water descends by five successive
steps, in the distance of five hundred yards, through a chasm
averaging about thirty feet wide and a hundred feet deep. —
Throuijh this narrow fforge the whole contents of the river is
poured out with a fury that defies description. The indus-
try and ingenuity of man have considerably modified the ap-
pearance of this remarkable spot. It still however remains a
most extraordinary hydraulic spectacle, and affords a power
for turning machinery beyond computation. Having swept
slowly along the valley above, the water is accummulated at
the bridge over the top of the falls ; it is then thrown by its
own weight into the deep and narrow opening below, where
spouting from cliff to cliff and twisting its foaming column to
correspond with the rude windings of the passage, it falls in a

!!'

r^;

I'f

torrent nf fioll. into til. li.le brlinv, or passinjr beneath tlie
mills its f.uy seems abated us it .ningles with the dense spray

''^ "xiiere arc six saw-mills luidtlleil toijethcr at this spot,
and tiicv aj)Pcar like eagle, nests elingiii.t,' to the roeks on
e-uh sidV. \ l;"':,"; *!»'" "*' '»"'i^\v ''•''* *'^"^'" cx|KMuled in
ihc'ir ercetiuii, aiuPtliev are now in itiU operation, 'i'he deep
cavities in the rocks are overhnn^r with the alder, and ereep-
inij evergreens, whi( h scnn lo he plact d here for the purpose
oi'doeoraling one ofnaline's wilil jierlorniunees. The low
roofs of the^'mills are strongly contrasted with tlie massive
roeks thev occiipv, and where they hoKI u precarious situa-
tion,— the slielviiig piles of deals seem to inoek tlie violence
of the Imiliiig poofheneath. Siieh is the power of liahit the
vawverearele'ss of danger, crosses the jjlank plaeed across the
«roi-.Ve, and ventures where his life depends upon nn iiieh of
spaec.

*' L' ETA NO.

L'ErANd is an execllont harbour, formed by n ncek
of the main lanil, extending outwards towards Deer Island.
On the e;ist side of the harbour and on r narrow peninsula,
there is an inexhaustible supply of liiuesloiie belonging to the
Ibrmation, extending towards St. .John, and previously noti-
ced. Its colours are black, blue, hrown, and white, and
■vvliercver the strata are not too mueii fractureti, a good mar-
ble might be procureil. The course of the strata is north
east and soutli-west, the dip is north-west at an angle of 80'
— somctinies the layers are perpendicular. This limestone
is under and overlaid by clay, and chlorite slates. It is j)ene-
tratcd by numerous dikes and veins of greenstone, from a few
icet to four inches in thickness. These tlikes tlo not eut
across the stratci, but rise between them, having iM'odiieed
considerable alteration in the appearance, and sohdity of the
rock ; — they have rendered the limestone crystalline, and
sometimes filled it with cubic crystals ol ii\)n pyrites. Every
facility is alForded at this place for burning the lime. It can
be cheaply conveyed from the (juarry to the kiln, and from
the kiln on board of vessels. The jiroperty has been pur-
chased by gentlemen from the United States, who are making
preparations to caleinethe limestone upon a large and exeellent
plan. I followed this formation across the peninsula to a deep
cove, and some distance in an easterlv direction. There is

nr>»t.u^ —

41)

beneath llie
|>e dense spray

lit this spot,
|) the rocks on

c\|)tiule(l in
\m. 'i'he (loop
ler, and ticf^p-
(br the piirj)ose
I'cs. The low
ih the massive
fccarions sitna-
:k the violence
,cr of habit the
iced across the
Don an inch of

ucd by n neck
ds Deer Ishind.
irrow peninsnla,
jelonfiin«; to tlie
previously noti-
:ind white, and
L'ti, a good mar-
strata is north
an anjule of 80'
Tliis limestone
;es. It is j)ene-
tone, from a few
kes ilo not cut
iving produced
1 solidity of the
crystalline, and
pyrites. Kvery
\e lime. It can
kiln, and I'rom
has been pur-
who lire making
l^e and excellent
liiisula to a deep
;lion. Tliere is

nn ahun(hince of liiel on the trnci, and suitable slates for erect-
ing the kdns.

The new rcil saiulsfone and con|f|omcrates, arc the pre-
vailing rocks at Dead Man's Head, and the inlands adjacent.

DKAVER HARBOUIl.

At Ik'«ivcr Ilarlunir there are considerable deposits of
clay and ddritm. In one instance, and near the house of
Mr. Youk'c, a b»'d of stiff blue eluy was found belonging to
the tertiary deposit, and containing the remains of shells like
those in the marl ol the Scoodiac. The clay is succeeded by
a collection of .sand anil gravel, containing much oxide of
iron, and somt limcs the black oxide of manganese. It
has arrested these jnineraU in their descent, and the peb-
pebbles arc sealed together, forming a perfect conglomerate.
The o\ide of iron is finally converted into bog ore, shot ore,
and the specular oxide. The oxides of iron produced by de-
composition arc liT(|uenlly washed by rains into shadow ba-
sins oil the surllicc, where they become consolidated into glo-
bular inass(!s, especially when clay is })resent. These masses
vvheu broken olleii exhibit incurved lines having a metallic
lustre. In this way may the clay iron stone of the coal fields
have been produced, 'llic above fact was observed by the
ci^lebrated Dr. Ihicklatid; and at IJeaver Harbour and other
places, I have observed iron pyrites gradually passing into a
soluble state, thence collected by drainings from the soil, and
fnmlly through diflerent stnges of solidity, back to a hard
compact ore. JSuch are the changes to which even solid and
inorganic matter is lial)le.

'i'he oxide of manganese is used in glass-making, pot-
tery, and chemistry, and may be useful when manufactories
arc introduced itito the country.

IJoth sides of lieaver Harbour are composed of clay, and
chlorite slates, sometimus there are narrow deposits of horn-
blende slate : all of them contain nodules of green chlorite^
which is used by the Indians for making pipes. On the east
side of the harbour, the chloritic rock contains a vein of pure
white carbonate of lime, about two feet wide, and embraces a
small (juantity of lead and copper ores. At the eastern head
of the luirbour the rocks are singularly striped from the tops
of the high cliffs, down to the sea. Some of these nearly per-
pendicular stripes are composed of hornblende almost pure,
and of a deep <j;reen colour. Sometimes tlie rock resembles

■#

r >

i'. .!l

'50

horHblende slate, but it separates into rhomboids when bro-
ken, and the planes of cleavage differ from what might be
called the lines of stratification. The hornblende divisions
are alternated with the retldish trap, which passes into a hard
and compact jasiier, also rhomboidal m its structure. In
one instance a vein of this kind of jasper appears forty feet
wide, and extends to the top of the precipice, which is up-
wards of one hundred feet high, and almost perpendicular. It
appears that the hornblende and feldspar refused to unite
during the time of their fusion. Similar facts appear along
the coast towards the Poclogan. The changes effected by
the heat, which must have accompanied the eruption of trap-
pean matter from the lower parts of the earth, are so nume-
rous and varied that it is difficult to place under proper clas-
ses, the rocks thus produced and acted upon. The clay slats
is seen passing into hornblende, and the greywacke becomes
solid quartz; sandstone is converted into jasper, and lime-
stone imperfectly indurated, is clianged into crystalline mar-
ble.* The rocks from Beaver Harbour for a number of rniles
eastward along the coast, exhibit similar characters. Trap,
hornblende slate, feldspar rock, and red jasper, are some-
times mingled with each other; again they are separated,
and mark the shore with a variety of colours, and lance-
shaped figures, represented on the front of lofty and perpen-
dicular cliffs. Sometiuies talcose slate may be seen, and
when placed in contact with a dike, is changed into a hard
clinkstone. That rock forms a considerable hill half a mile
northward of Seely's Cove. The trap contains large veins
of quartz and calcareous s|>ar. A number of small veins of
magnetic iron ore were also observed, but none of them are
sufficiently wide to afford a proper (luantity for working. The
sulphuret of iron in cubic crystals, and irregular pieces, is
common : but none of the zeolites were observed.

This part of the coast has a very gloomy and forbidding
appearance ; lofty precipices — shelving and overhanging
cliffs rise abruptly from the sea, and being inaccessible at al-
most every point, offer no way of escape for the unfortunate
traveller who might be landed beiieatli them. There are
also deep caves, and wide chasms, where but a few rays of

I ^^

* " Hombleiule Scliist," says Dr. M'Cullogh, " may at tirsl have been mere elay ;
for clay or shalj is found altered by tnij) into I.ydmn stdiio, a Mibstanee ditferin^
from hornbleiulc svliist almost solely m com|mctni'ss and uiiifi)rmily of texture. In
Shetland argillaceous schist, (or clay slate) when in tonlact with f?runite, is some
limes converted into iiornhlende schist, beroming first silicimis, and ullimalely at th*-
contact hornbl'.'mie-srhist.'—.Vy*/ o/Gcni. ml. \,p .:\\

■l« ::l1t

when bro-

might be

divisions

nto a hard

cture. In

s forty feet

lich is up-

dicular. It

d to unite

)ear along

effected by

on of trap-

e so nume-

)roper clas-

ie clay slats

ke becomes

and lime-

talline mar-

ber ofrniles

ers. Trap,

, are some-

i separated,

and lance-

and perpen-

le seen, and

into a hard

' half a mile

large veins

lall veins of

of them are

rking. The

lar pieces, is

d forbidding
overhanging
^issibic at al-
unfortunate
There are
, few rays of

boon mere day ;
ihstnin-e differing
J of toxturu. In
grunite, is Rome
I ullimately at th<-

light ever enter, and no soiinil can be heard but the niur-
murings of the sea, ever washing their deepest vaults. That
these frightful openings were formed by earthquakes, there
can be no doubt, as the walls on either side clearly shew that
they were once united. The examination of such places is
not free from danger, on account of the violence of the waves,
and the detached pieces of rocks constantly falling from the
cliffs above.

Red Head is a lofty cliif rising perpendicular from
the side of the Bay. It is composed of the red feldspar
trap, which gradually passes into a compact red jasper, ca-
pable of receiving a fine polish. The jasper may not only
be procured in sufficient quantities to meet its use for orna-
mental purposes, but also supply an abundance of material
to erect whole buildings. Had the ancient Greeks and Ro-
mans possessed a luuch levs quantity of this mineral than is
found at Red Head, they doubtless would have employed it
in their magnificent works of art. — The great limestone for-
mation, previously mentioned, was seen north of Seely's Cove,
and it continues beneath the forest, following its course in a
north-easterly direction.

POCLOGAN AND LE PROE. , -

The shore from the Poclogan to New River, is compo-
sed of argillaceous slate, talcosu, and hornblende slates,
frequently hiterruptcd by enornions dikes, and changed in
their con)position and position by causes already referred to.
The talcose slate is most abunilant, andenibrnces large veins
of quartz, and occasionally narrow seams of the micaceous
oxide of iron. Its dip is towards the south-east, angle 40".
At the entrance of the Le ]*roe, the conglomerate and new
red sandstone appear again, and compose two small and
beautiful islands, situated about a mile from the shore. The
river is navigable for small craft only three miles from its
mouth, where there is a beautiful waterfall, employed in dri-
ving saw-mills. The sandstone at this place is intermediate
between the new red, and that forming the upper series of
coal measures. Its general dip is north-west 4.5''. Follow-
ing the river some distance northward of the bridge, the new
red sandstone becomes decidetl in its characters, and occu-
pies a tract of lov,' level country, well distinguished in its ap-
pearance anil agricultural character, from the naked crests
of hills whose origin i^ to be ascribed only to operations in

ffM |i

.'52

which heat was the principal ajrent. Excellent freestones
may be quarried in this neighbourhood : they will not be
found too hard, and will resist the weather.

On the south side of the entrance of the Le Proe, the
sandstones of the coal measures appear ; their dip is north-
west 75°. This sandstone extends along the shore of Maee's
Bay to the entrance of the Basin, a distance of two miles,
where it is covered by a coarse conglomerate, and finally by
the red sandstone. Near the entrance of the Basin, the con-
glomerate presents a bold •liti": the same rock continues
southward where it is again overlaid by the new red sandstone
at Point Le Proe.

The discovery of this coal formation was unexpected, as
the general features of the country near it are unfavorable to
its existence. A complete section has l)een made on its
western side by the encroachments of the sea, and by a difRcult
exploration made of the creeks and ravines in its neighbour-
hood, it was tound not to exceed three miles in its longest
diameter. Some hope might have been entertained that coal
could be found, but upon examination the strata were ascer-
tained to dip north-west at an angle of 75'^, and therefore it
is most probable that if they contuined that mineral, it would
have been exposed jinioiig the layers now placed almost ujvoii
their edges. It is true that the outcropping of the coal
might be covered with other rocks, beds of sand, clay, &c.,
but the section above mentioned, made across one of the
diameters of the coal basin, and the strata, would have expos-
ed the coal if it existed in any considerable quantity.

The sandstones composing the rocks of this coal basin,
contain numerous remains of plants, now unknown in this
climate, or at any higher latitude : but although a long period
of time has evidently elapsed since they were buried in the
earth, they still exhibit much of their original beauty, and
even the vegetable fibre of their woody trunks. The most
abundant of these plants now converted into fiisssils (or
petrifactions as they were formerly called) approach nearest
in theii characters, to the fir tribe. Some of this class were
observed, having ])arts of their trunks extending outwards
from the solid sandstone, ami measuring twenty inches in
diameter. The fl-rns which often appear in coal fu;lds are
more rare, and but few fossil specimens of that plant,
were procured at this jilaco. Several branches of the stig-
maria, like that described in Dr. Butkland's (teology, were
discovered, and are beautifully nuukctl on their surfaces
with curious figures, that distinguish their class from every

t freestones
will not be

e Proe, the
lip is north-
)re of Maee's
f two miles,
id finally by
isin, thecon-
ck continues
ed sandstone

[^expected, as

nl'avorable to

made on its

i by a difficult

ts neighbour-

in its longest

iiied that coal

ta were nscer-

d therefore it

)cral, it would

d almost uj.on

rr of the coal

lid, clay, &c.,

ss one of the

Ui have expos-

antity.

his coal basin,
vHown in this
1 a long period
buried in the
1 beauty, and
s. The most
to fosssils (or
iroach nearest
his class were
linir outwards
enly inches in
coal fu'lds are
of that plant,
ics of the stig-
(ieolojrv, were
their surfaces
uss from every

other either of the former or present growth. Many of
these once livir^; vegetables have their bark converted into
coal or lignite. Some whole trees have been thus changed,
and as those substances are more readily removed, than
the solid rock where they have l)een buried, their situa-
tions are representetl by deep holes in the side of the cliff's.
It would be irrelevant to the object of this report to enter
deeply into a description of these singular relics ; but none
who behold them can refrain from reflecting upon the remark-
able revolutions this planet has suffered. The effects so often
mentioned, as having produced great alterations upon other
rocks, and referred to tlie application of volcanic agency, are
also very manifest in the strata ol this coal formation, and arc
equally interesting. Doubtless by that agency the whole
aeries of layers belonging to this group, has been thrown from
its former almost level situation, and while one side of the
coal basin lias been el«?vatoil, the other has been depressed to
a great depth iVoni :'' ■surface. Its rocks have been harden-
ed, and crystals ui' t , rare formed among the consolidat-
ed particles of sand '.c small quantity of coal and lignite
still remaining, have been changoil into a kind of anthracite,
r.nd the once flourlshin"; fir is transmuted into a stone thai
rings under the blow of the hammer.

The strata of conglomerate extending from Mace's Bay
to Point Le Proti, are thick and composed of pebbles of taip,
porphyry, and occasionally ser})entine, united by a calcare-
ous cement. Tlioy contain numerous veins of calcareous
spar and (juartz, and also allurtl evidence of the disturbing
force communicated to all the formations along the coast. —
The extreme point where the lighthouse stands is new red
sandstone, in which several narrow veins of asbestus have ap-
peared from time to time, as the sea gradually removes the
yielding rock. The same formations compose the shores of
Dipper Harbour. It is somewhat singular that when the
conglomerate rises to the siulace, the soil is innnediately im-
proved and covered with a large growth of hard-wood,
while other rocks are accompanied with the spruce and
cedar. About a mile northward of the Harbour, the great
limestone formation wr.s again observed, with enormous
masses of serpentine that occasionally reach the coast. Leav-
ing this place and proceeding towards Saint John, the atten-
tion will be arrested by a number of deep chasms and hollows
often separated from each other by large grotescjue columns,
formed bv the hand of nature, in the solid materials of the
earth. The rocks being of unequal hartlness, yield to the

^a#ife,

I if yl

sea lit one point, ami resist it at others; hence tlie rudest
figures, and most unsightly |)innncles are phiced nccording to
the taste of the most disordered imagination. Still farther
eastward the trap appears again, liaving forced its way
tliroufrh talcose sJate, and the dangerous red' and frowning
precipice h<ive resulted from causes now inactive.

Little Dipf t Harbour is a small cove, affording shel-
ter only to ve.ejels of moderate size. On its west side several
vein-j of sulphate of barytes were discovered in a compact
graetjstone. The barytes is associated with crystals of quart/,
and in a fex'' instances with a beautiful amethyst of a deep
violet colour. The above rock is continuous to Chance
Ha''>-ar, where it tbrms lofty and leaning cliffs of much gran-
deur and Ivauty. On ti:<j east side of the harbour, trap,
argillaceous, and talcose slates, ii'rm a clilitwo hundred feet
above the level of the sea. Th-j slates are much fractured,
and embract numerous vei^s of <juartz. Sometimes the
(juartz is connected v>i«h crystalized carbonate of lime, of a
deep red colour, and a beautiful green chlorite which appears
to J^ave been rendered fluid, and disseminated throughout
every crevice in the strata. The soil in this neighlwurhood
is extremely scanty, and the sunnnils of the hills, are unoccu-
pied by a shrub of any kind. It is only in the valleys where
collections of sand, gravel, and clay sometimes appear, that
any encouragement is oU'ered for the honest employment of
the farmer. But what nature has denied on one hand she
nas supplied on the other and the co;<st abounds in excellent
fish of several varieties.

MUSQUASH.

From the r.bove place to Muscjuafch Harbour, the red
and jaspery trap is most abundant, then: arc however nu-
merous intrusions of the hornblende variety, and the shore
appears to l)e interstratified with several kinds of sedi-
mentary and volcanic matter. The sea washes a<rainst
the mural clills, and sharp fragments of rock stand up like
needles to pierce the rushing waves. The clefts and fissures,
before noticetl are connnon here, and more than once was
my boat nearly filled widi water, by being urged by the
waves into their narrow openings. The Cijoseberry Islands
at the entrance of the harbour, do not refjnire particular
mention, as they were found not to possess any minerals of
importance.

the rudesl
ccording to
till thrtlicr
ed its way
id frowning

>rding shel-

side several

a compact

lis of quartz,

of a deep

to Chance

'much gran-

rbour, trap,

hundred feet

:\\ Iractured,

metiines the

)f lime, of ft

rhich appears

I througliout

iighlwurhood

h are unoccu-

valleys where

» appear, that

mployment of

one hand she

Is iu excellent

•hour, the red
: however nu-

anil the shore
^iuds of sedi-
a«hes against
t stand up like
IS and fissures,
han once was

urged by the
»eberiy Islands
nire particular
luy minerals ot

Musquash Harbour is a mile and a hall' wi<le and two
miles long, it can be approached safely, and affords a shelter
from all winds. Its eastern side at the entrance is composed
of alum and copperas slates, with strata containing pknnbago
and the sulphuret of iron. The decomposition of the iron py-
rites often covers the rocks with a thick coating of the brown
and red oxides. At one situation the front of the clifF is co-
vered with small crystals of the sulphate of iron grouped to-
gether, and sometimes covering the rock to the thickness of
an inch. Thus an abundance of copperas is produced by
natural operations, for the decomposable variety of the sul-
phuret of iron from being exposed to the atmosphere and
moisture, undergoes a chemical change, and is converted into
copperas. The same rock also contains the sulphate of
alumine which by the addition of a small quantity of the sul-
phate of potash will yield alum. The above minerals are so
abundant that any quantity of alum and copperas might be
manufactured at a small expense, while they are now import-
ed from England and the United States, where few such op-
portunities are afltbrded for their manufacture as can be seen
at Mustjuash. These slates are met by the limestone forma-
tion, which near their junction is very impure and often ferru-
ginous ; a short distance north of Mrs. Shannon's house it
is jjenetrated by a dike of deep green serpentine. The ser-
pentine having been mixed with the limestone has formed a
beautiful marble of the " verde antico " variety, but it is to be
feared that the rock has been too much fractured to supply
any large si, ')s. lioautiful j)ieces of green marble were also
procured here, and as it sometimes contains crystals of iron
pyrites, it affords a rich variety for ornamental purposes.
Fine specimens of satin spar were discovered at this spot,
and a singular variety of brecciated marble has been produc-
ed by the intrusion of the dikes.

The limestone was examined some distance from the
shore, where it appears to be cavernous. On the side of a
hill there is a narrow opening, that probably communicates
with a cave, but the passarr*:; is narrow and crossed by a small
brook which desceinis among the rocks and finally re-appears
bre.iking out at the beach some distance below. I made an
attempt to descend into this dark chasm, but as it appeared to
open (lirectly tlownwards, and the men I had employed were
unwilling to voluntec; their tad, its exploration was deferred.
The same Ibrmation alsoappems at French Creek, so nametl
from a French armed brig having escaped from an English
Juan ofwnr, hv entering the inlet loncealed from the haibour.

■m

'Mimt.

It u\m) appears at a imiiiber ol*p'a*^^'» o"^'"'-''''''^*^^ ^' the
river. On llie west side of the harbour it Ibrins a ridgo ot
roiisiilcrablo extent. Tliis is not only an excellent situation
lor making lime, but a good marble (|uarpy might be opened
and its pro<iuctions shipped with htlle pt-evious labour and
expense. The marble is wiiite with blue veins. It bears a
fine polish, and if opened to a proper depth will aiTord blocks
of a large size. Crystals of limpid (|uartz are common in the
altered slates. They are called diamonds by the inhabitants,
from possessing the property of cutting glass. The alum and
copperas slates were also found on the west side of the harbour.

Few places can allord a better situation for calcining
lime, quarrying marble, and manufacturing alum and coppe-
ras, and it is to be hoped that some enterprising individual
will soon bring those materials into use, and render them of
public utility.

In many instances it is remarkable how these slates have
been twisted in their structure. They often appear like
sheets of paper cnnnplcil up, or doubled into folds. The
lines of these folds are distinct iVom those of the strata,
altlioui'h there are instances where the strata themselves have
apparently been wrapped together. It is n)ost probable that
this disturbance was ellected when the mass was in a soft
slate, anil is not the result of its oriifinn! niechanical situation.
IJore again each fDrnjatiou is accompanied by frequent vol-
canic intrusion, and tlie san)e changes of level, and in the
chemical characters of thi; rocks are exhibited, which have
been alieaily so often referjed to.

Eastward ot Mus(juash, the rucks are of the trap kind,
interwoven with the altered slates. At a number of places,
the loniier contains narrow veins of the micaceous oxides of
iron, ([uarl/, chlorite, and carbonate of linie. Sometimes
bcautitiil crystals of (juart/. are lound lining cavities or geodes.
The ciiiVs will average Ironi one to two hundred and fifty
leet in height, anil fretjuontiy rise so perpendicularly from
the sea, that a landing cannot be cllLciuil among ttiem. —
Large tabular masses of the slates are yearly falling, and the
shore is covered with the ruins ol'the broken strata. I made
attem})ts to land at a number of places, but could not pro-
ceed any distance on loot. Even in calm weather, the undu-
lations of the sea are constantly rolling into deep gorges, and
cavernous o})enings, where the rocks are rendered slippery
by a luxuriant growth oi' marine plants.

At Negro Head the trap becomes more amorphous,
and presents lofty diils of niuch grandeui. 'I'herc arc great

bidtis ot the

s a ridgo ot

ent situation

it be opened

labour and

It bears a

afford blocks

mmon in the

e inhabitants,

The alum and

the harbour.

for calcining

ni and coppe-

inj? individual

ender them of"

CSC slates have
II appear like
• folds. The
of the strata,
licmselves have
;t probable that
s was in a soft
uuical situation.
)y frequent vol-
•Vel, and in the
ted, which have

if the trap kind,
niber of places,
tuoous oxides ot
ne. Sometimes
IV i lies or gcodes.
mdred and fifty
ndicularlv from
among tnem. —
• jailing, and the
strata. I made
t could not pro-
i^ather, the undu-
deep gorges, and
endered slippery

iiore amorphous,
There arc great

(juantities of coarse red jasper, coated with red oxide of iron.
The talcose slate has become flinty, and resembles chert o**
hornstone.

At Manawagonis there are deep beds of gravel, sand,
and clay, which, being exposed to the sea, are constantly
washed away, and the Bay is rendered wider and more shal-
low, yearly. The Islands in Manawagonis Bay, and Par-
tridge Island at the entrance of Saint John Harbour, are
composed of rocks similar to those just described. The
trap forms the eminences where the tower and block-house
are built at Carleton, while the slates will be founil to occupy
the lower grounds.

It is an extremely difficult task to arrange in separate
classes the dirterent kinds of igneous rocks, or such as have
had their origin in lieat: for, besides being mixed with each
other, almost indefinitely, they frequently partake of the cha-
racters of the istrata they have penetrated and disturbed ;
and allhongh niiiny of their varieties have been distinguished
by mineralogists under ditForcnt names, they frequently pass
into each other by diH'erent gradations, so that it is impossi-
lile to draw a line of distinction between them.

These rcr.arks also apply to the trap rocks so often
mentioned, ar .1 the granite and syenite, evidently of much
greater antiquity. Again, the changes produced by the
eruption of the trap dikes, and other collections of vol-
canic matter, on the slates, limestones, conglomerates, and
sandstones already mentioned, arc not only numerous;
but appear to have been governed by circumstances which
were not uniform, and therefore a particular description
of them might render this report more voluminous than
useful.*

That the volcanic rocks situated along the coast of the
Bay of Fundy, have been produced at diflerent periods, there
can be no doubt. The same rock that has been forced
through the superincumbent strata, has itself been injected
with veins of matter of a similar origin : but frequently dif-
ferent in appearance and mineral composition.

It does not, however, appear that these intrusive masses
have in every instance been forced upwards into the rocks
above. Sometimes tliey have been injected into veins, and

*The secondary and tertiary rocks also, when they aro intersected bv fiasaltic
(likes, have fri>qiicnily nndi-rgune some change, -lu'ds of shale and samlstono are
ladiiruted, and reduced to jasjier; comiiaia limeslonu ami chalk ara couvertod into
i-ryKtalhne luarhle, and rlialk Hints altered to a slaii! like that resuhiug troui lieat i]x
a^i artifieial runiarc. — buckland'n Cieolofpj and Mineralogy, vol. a, page 9.

''-■^Ul^Mli\

fissures pre-existing in the older rocks, and probably in i^otiie
instances produced during the time of Us couling.

I have observed in a tew instances two mul even three
dikes, or veins of hornblende rocks, intersecting each other
in a manner that proves as many volcanic cllorts made at dit-
ferent times. Again, it is evident that smco llicso rocks have
been produced, they have been broken up and rent asunder
by earthquakes, and thus the deep chasms, fissures, and frac-
tiired condition even of the trap itself may be explained.

I next proceeded to examine tiie country extending Irom
St. John to St. Andrews, and situnted more remotely from
the shore. After leaving the argillaceous and grcywacke
slates at Carleton, and following the course of the mam road,
granite appears at the surface as far westward as Lancaster.
The limestone formation was seen at a number of places in
the forest, where it is sometimes exposed on the sides of ra-
vines and brooks. Its course vnries from wcst-soutli-west to
south east, and it is met on both of its sides by the slates and
grcywacke already referred to.

LANCASTER.

A large hill on the east side of the Mus({ua8h, and about
a mile from the village of Ivanhoe, is composed of conglome-
rate, which has been intensely heated by its proximity to an
overlaying mass of trap. Numerous veins of ({uartz run
through the rocks in all directions, and contain beautiful
crystals of limpid quartz. The limestonu appears on the op-
posite side of the river, and near Mr. Mausiiam.'h farm. — A
tract of land was purchased by some Anu-ricans for the pur-
pose of quarrying marble from it. Like inuiiy otiier specula-
tions of the kind, it proceeded no farther, notwitiistanding a
good marble miglVc bi procured at the 8pt)t.

Eastward and \\ esiward of the Mills of the Lancaster Mill
Company, a coarse syenite forms a chain of hills of conside-
rable elevation. This rock often changes in its character so
as to become a greenstone, and by liaviug mica added to its
mixture instead of hornblende, sometinies* becomes a perfect
granite. Each of these rocks contain injected masses of trap-
pean matter. On the side o( a hill half u mile northward of
the church, some indications of limestone had been observed
during the past summer. The situation was explored, and
by the assistance of several gentlemen from the neighbour-
hood, we were successful in discovering u sufllcictit ({uantity

■ •.'V'.msmm*

|al)lv in Koaie

•

oven three

1^ cncli other

mndc &t dit-

30 rocks have

runt usundcr

|rc!i, and irac-

iphiined.

itcnding from

I'cniotcly from

Jul ^rcywncke

he ninin road,

as Lancaster.

•r of places in

ho sides of ra-

-south-west to

the slates and

Uiish, and about
id of conglome-
proxiniity to an
of ({uartz run
•ntain beautiful
>(;ars on the op-
ai.i/h farm. — A
tns for the pur-
; other spcculu-
lwith.standing a

T.iuicnsterMill
lillH ot uonftide-
its character so
ica aiidcd to its
I'omcs a perfect
masses of trap-
e northward of
I been observed
t explored, and
the neighbour-
ilicicnl (juontity

of that rock to supply the demands of this flourishing settle-
ment, and means have already been employed to bring it in-
to use as a manure. A reddish argillaceous slate meet.«: ihe
limestone on both of its sides. The slate passes into grey-
wacke, containing at some places a sufficient quantity of
brown and red oxides of iron to be manuiactured for pig-
ments.

The river communicates with a chain of lakes, extend-
ing to the head waters of the Oromocto, so that every facili-
ty is ottered for transporting the logs from the forest to the
village, where there are mills of superior construction to saw
them into lumber fit for the English market.*

The granite and syenite penetrated by numerous dikes
of trap, continue in a westerly direction to near the Le Proe
river, where they are met by the sandstones atready mention-
ed. Those rocks are frequently covered to considerable depth
by beds of sand, and clay, containing large blocks or boul-
ders that have been swept from the mountains and hills si-
tuated to the north.

The gray sandstones of the coal measures, with occasi-
onal tracts of new red sandstone, continue about three miles
northward, and a mile westward of Le Proe Bridge ; from
thence to New River the talcose, argillaceous, and greywacke
slates are found in place ; but the same interruption they have
suffered on the coast, is also manifest throughout their seve-
ral formations, wherever they are found in this part of the
country. The hornblende rocks forming the dikes contain
veins of quartz, carbonate of lime, and feldspar.

From New River to the Magaguadavic, a distance of
fifteen miles, the trap predominates, and the surface is fre-
quently occupied with boulders of granite, and beds of gra-
vel. The mountains in the neighbourhood of Lake Utopia,
and westward to the Digdeguash, are in general trap of the
red feldspar variety, which also extends to Chamcook, where
it is met by the new red sandstone.

* Tlic villugo i)f Ivnnhoc liplonqs to llu^ Laiicaslt'r Mill Company, who have here a
very snnorior and jioworftil set ot mills tor the manufacture of all kinds of lumber, and
an inealculablo amount of unimployed water power. The mills are 200 feel in length,
liy 00 in breadth ; the movinf^ pcjwer is an overshot water-wheel '-25 feet in diameter,
which carries four gan^s of saws besides other machinery. The Company own a
tract of country containing upwards of 50,000 acres, in connection with these mills,
and from which they procure supplies nf excellent timber. The establishment np-
ncars in a very thi'ving condition, and eveiy thing about it at the time of my visit
had the appen'ratic«' of tmsy industry. It is well worthy an attentive examination,
'■specinlly by tlinse who have not been acciistomcH to the h<^sl kind of machinery.—
it is fitted up 111 a manner <;o perfect thnt it reflects i high credit on both the me-
chanic and arcjiuert iukI niii.«t make the capital iidvanwd a profitable stock.

(

MJf

Extending in a norlh-east and south-west direction, mid
on a line parallel with the coast and the granitic range of
mountains, the transition slates and limestone, lollowed by
the coal measures appearing at Le Proe Kiver, and the con-
glomerate and red sandstones, &c. henig above them, appear
once to have succeeded each other in regular order. Hut all
these formations have been broken up, and overlaid by ex-
tensive masses of trap rock. The whole of the strata between
the granitic chain, and the present sea, have been fractured,
changed, and in many instances, buried by ancient lava, and
the appearance of the hills indicates how extensively volcanic
forces have been applied.

But few minerals were found of any value during the
exploration of this wide and almost uninhabited tract of coun-
try, where the settlements do not extend far from the road
reaching from Carleton to St. Andrews. I was informed that
lead ore had been found at Clear Lake, near the head of New
River, and I endeavoured to obtain such information as would
lead to its development ; but the only individual who declared
that he had seen the ore, would not reveal the secret for loss
than five hundred pounds, a sum I was rather unprepared to
supply, especially as he would not become my guide through
the forest until the money was placed in his hands. Proba-
bly, the report circulated concerning this ore, is little better
than an idle story.

Along the broken and desolate district extending from
the mountains of the Nerepis to the American boundary, the
feldspathic, and hornblende trap forms lofty, abrupt, and
often inaccessible cliffs, and the sublime appearance of this
chain of mountains admirably displays the igneous character
of its rocks. The remains of ancient craters, that have out-
lived the destructive operations of the elements, are still visi-
ble, and fill the mind with the highest veneration. This
mountain scenery is rendered still more wild by the depth
and silence of its valleys, and the succession of pyramid after
pyramid, rising as iar in the distance as the eye can behold.
Their bright tops seen glittering in the mid-day sun, seem
like beacons hung over the dark ravines, and winding hol-
lows, mantled with the thickest spruce, and inhabited only
by tlie sulky bear and bounding deer.*

Wherever there is any collection of diluvial detritus, or
alluvial matter brought from the mountains by descending
torrents, derived from rains and the melting snow, there is a
fine growth of timber, and the beach and birch, and maple,
may he seen in those places where a sufficient foothold has
been supplied for their roots.

lirclion, niul
Jtic raiif^e of
It'ol lowed by
iiui the con-
nem, appear
ler. Hut all
[rlaid by ex-
rata between
in fractured,
?nt lava, and
i^ely volcanic

: during the

ract of coun-

om the road

nformed that

head of New

tion as would

who declared

ccret for less

inpreparcd to

juide through

nds. Proba-

is little better

(tending from
boundary, the
. abrupt, and
nrance of this
ous character
hat have out-
, are still visi-
ration. This

by the depth
pyramid after
e can behold,
ny sun, seem

windinji hoU
ihabited only

al detritus^ or
y descending
ow, there is a
I, and maple,
foothold has

To those who luive not bcconu* acquainted with the ef-
fects produced upon rocks by igneous causes, and have not
studied the history of volcanoes, some of the facts laid down
may appear fanciful and extravagant ; Itut if they will look
into those causes, and observe the eflects resulting from them
in other parts of the world, they will find that New-Bruns-
wick is not alone in bearing the most faithful records of an-
cient terrestrial disturbance.* ' =

It is evident that this part of America, has, within a re-
cent period, been disturbed and convulsed by earthquakes.
The numerous dislocations, chasms, and caverns, filled with
broken rocks, shew that from this, or similar operations, they
have been produced. In New-Brunswick, Nova-Scotia, and
Lower Canada, these phenomena are common. Sometimes
there are deep fissures in the granite several miles in length,
and not more than two feet wide at the surlace. Into these
dangerous openincrs many wild animals have fallen and
perished.

It has been said that Jacques Cartier, in his first voyage
up the St. Lawrence in 1.535, met with no obstacle when sail-
ing on the northern side of the river, but on his return in
1540, he foil in with a shore which had been formed during
his absence, so that for a time he could not proceed on his
voyage.

A manuscript in the .Jesuit's College at Quebec, describes
a number ol' tremendous earthquakes that took place in 1663.
These opened new channels ior rivers, and lakes were formed
in the depressions left in the earth. New islands arose, hills
were levelled, and showers of volcanic ashes fell upon the
surlace of the country. These earthquakes also shook New
England, Acadia, or Nova-Scotia, and New France. Since
that lime, shocks of earthcjuakes have been felt at separate
intervals, and volcanoes arc said to have been in a state of
activity in the neighbourhood of Pafllin's Bay, but a few years
since. The shock that alarmed many of the inhabitants of No-
va-Scotia, but a tew years ago, is well i emembered. The In-
dians, also, have a tradition that the Saint .lohn river was ior-
merly a great lake, which burst its barrier at the falls during an
eartlujuake, and emptied its contents into the sea. Whether
it was from these earthquakes that the lakes in (-anada had
their origin, is not certainly known ; but it is certain that the
waters flowing into them, Ibrmerly esca})ed down the Missis-
sippi into the ocean ; and the original bed of the river has been

* tS"e I,yt'll's I'rinoiplcK "1 Cirnlni,'-\, vol, n rliap. i\

■'»s^i^i

(listinctlv traceil to n great distance in thnl direction. Hence
it cannot appear improbable that the submersion ot Grand
Manan, and other phenomena observed in New-Brunswick,
had a common cause with those just mentioned, when tlie
whole coast of British America was shook to its deei>est

foundations.

According to the memoirs of Captain Bayfield, the
shores of the Gulph and mouth of the River iSt. Lawrence,
have, from time to time, since the year 1550, been submitted
to upheavings of the earth. Sometimes their force has been
sufficient to throw down chimnies. At St. Paul's Bay, fifty
miles north-east from Quebec, the inhabitants say that tlie
country is visited with an earthquake every twenty-five years,
and the shocks continue forty days. It is also stated in the
history of Canada, that, in 1663, these convulsive upheavings
of the earth continued six months, and extended to a distance
of a hundred and thirty miles.*

But without calling in the aid of these historical facts,
or referring to tradition, it is only necessary to appeal to the
rocks themselves, which bear the most indubitable evidence
of having been broken up and moved by the earth's internal
energies, but at what period of time cannot be exactly known.f

♦See jM'Gregor's Travels in America.

+ Since the aliovewent lo j)re8s, accounts have been recfivod from King'* Coun-
ty and other parts of this district, that an pjirthcjuakc has within n li-w days past
Kreally alarmed the inhahitant^ ; and a church, in coosequcncc of the injury received
during thn shoclis, was cou^umcd by lire.

T^t

!!1 'H

•fc< i!

|i. Hence
of Grand
runswick,
when the

litii deepest

FIELD, the
I^awrence,
submitted
Ice has been
[s Bay, fifty
>ay that the
y-five years,
taled in the
uphenvings
to a distance

toricai facts,
ippeal to the
ible evidence
rth's internal
ictly Jinown.f

from King's Coun-
n n ('-w days past
the injury received

EI«TR4nr€E OF TBE SAIMT JOHIV.

CARLETON.

Having given sonic account of the Falls at the entrance
of the Saint John Uiver, in letters previously addressed to
Your Excellency, and published in the Province, I deter
giving a more panic idar description of this remarkable spot,
until u geological survey is extended to its east side.

At Sand Point, the greenstone may be seen, having
forced its way through the greywacke slate, and in immediate
contact with its broken strata, which frequently contain veins
of quart/, and carbonate of lime. A small vein of jasper
was also observed, where the sea had worn away the rock.
The trap rock coniposes the eminences where the tower and
blockhouse aru built, and the naked conical hills stretching
away to the west.

At Ncgrotown Point there is a bed of clay of a good
quality for making bricks: but few of the shells belonging to
the tertiary deposits were observed in it, and it is free froiii
the carbonate of lime. This point suffers much from the ac-
tion of the waves, and rapid currents ; many old persons can
remember when it cxteiuled outwards much farther, and was
separated from Partridge Island by a very narrow channel.
Large blocks of calcareous breccia are occasionally seen in
this part of the county ; they have evidently been drifted
from the mouth of the Kcnnebeckasis, situated to the north,
where that Ycvk is in situ. From the tower, there is a beau-
tiful view of the city, harbour, and falls of Saint John. The
slate and trap formations, extending alon<j the coast, are
undulated on the surface, while the limestone formation, fol-
lowing a north-east course, has a peculiar uneven and very
picturescjuc appearance. Farther north, the more lofty
mountains ol" the Nerepis are seen rising in successive steps,

ffefW^¥?«P^""

•"-*#; Jiei

(J4

•uu! ill inoi-c lofty MTMiKlem. From the bite ol the britlge,
tliL' <n-t>yw;icke sliilc is uiicovcreil on both bunks of the river,
to the lower oj)eiiing- of the falls, a distance of haU" n mile.

The narrow jirorge forniinrr the Uiwer ontlet of the falls,
is composetl of a white and variegated limestone. The river
here passes tinoiiijli an openin^j not more than one hundred
and fifty yards wide. The dill's on each side are about one
himdred feet high, and perpenilicular. On the east side, a
large block of imi)ure limestone stands in advance, offering
ji great impediment to the Hood tide, and the descent of the
water above. The whole length of the " narrows" is per-
haps three quarters of a mile. Two small islands are situa-
ted on the east side, and create powerful eddies and danger-
ous whirlpools: but, from being exposed to such rapid cur-
rents, they are wearing away, and in time will disappear.
Were the clifts on each side of the falls brought together,
tliev would correspond, and the protuberances on one side
would occupy cavities in the other ; this is the best evidence
of their ])aving been separated by the causes already men-
tioned. There are lime-kilns on each side of th« narrows,
and the rock is conveniently situated for being quarried, and
shipped after it is calcined.

The rocks on each side of the river at Indian Town,
are syenite and trap, which have broken up and replaced the
limestone in a remarkable manner. Occasionally, cletacheil
portions of the slate and greywacke formations, hold posi-
tions unconformable to the crystalline Uia.sses beneath them.
The limestone crosses the river in scjiarale belts, or what
might be called large veins. Tl)e first of these is at the
lower opening of the falls ; the second crosses the river on a
line with the lime-kilns on each side; and forms a part of
the upper island. The third is seen a short distance above
Indian Town ; another appears at Robertson's kiln, and also
on the west side of the river. This seems to be the most
important belt, and aH'ords lime of the most superior quality.
Several more may be seen on each side of the " Narrows."
These belts or veins will average from a hundred to four
hundred yarils in thickness. Detached masses of the calca-
reous rock may also be seen included in the t;reenstone that
IS mmgled with it in a singular nuui'ier. .Several of these
isolated portions of the transition lir.iestone Ibrmation, were
observed running in a north-east and south-west direction,
on the peninsula between Saint John and the Kennebeckasis.
Directly opposite Indian Town, there is a rock composed of
hornblende, leldspar, and (juartz. It resend)les granite, and

■^^ssa

ii-J

; bridge,
lie river,
[1 mile,
the falls,
riie river
hundred
bout one
>t side, n

offerirjg
It of the
' is per-
re situa-

danger-
\\m\ cur-
isappcar.
together,
one side
evidence
idv men-

narrows,
led, and

I Town,

need the

letachetl

>1d posi-

th them.

or what

at the

ver on a

part of

:e above

ind also

\c most

(juaiity.

UTOWS."

to four
e calcn-
oiie that
of these
ti, were
rection,
eckasis.
)oscd of
ite, and

ahd is common on this part of the river, where it is often in-
jected with dikes of greenstone.

The limestone is generally of a light blue colour, and,
so far as it has been examined, contains no organic remains.
When calcined, it is white, and the lime is well adapted for
masonry and agriculture.

A short distance from the shore, and not far from Carle-
ton, a beautiful marble was discovered. The rock is highly
crvstalized : the marble is of a light pink colour, clouded and
shaded with veins of bright green chlorite and serpentine, re-
sembling, very nearly, the " vcrdc untied' of the Italians.
At the surface, the rocks have been fractured by the frost ;
blocks of large size may be procured by opening the (juarry
to the depth of a few leet. Arrangements will certainly be
made in tlie spring, to work this marble, as it is superior in
beauty to that imported from the United States, and sold at
a high price.

At the " Narrows," there is also a fine white marble,
but it appears to be too nmch broken to aflbrd any large
slabs. The greenstone and limestone continue to within
three-fourths of a mile of the " Boar's Head," where they
are met by a coarse calcareous breccia, or puddingstone,
forming the Head and shore, to a considerable distance on
the Kennebeckasis. The breccia is composed of angular
fragments of limestone of different colours, firmly cemented
together. The whole formation resembles the conglomerate
of England, sometimes found connected with the old red
sandstone ; and probably it is of the same relative age. Its
course is about east, and the dij) north 15°. This rock was
only seen at one place on the west siile of the river. The
limestone occurs at South Bay, whence, westerly, the green-
stone is predominant. Along the shore, towards the Nerepis,
there are deep beds of clay, sand, and gravel, often covering
the rocks to the depth of a hundred feet. There are sixteen
lime-kilns on this part of the river, and within a distance of
four miles. The ([uantity of lime burnt in them last season,
according to the most accurate computation that could be
made, is about five thousand hogsheads, and the price is
from eight to ten shillings per hogshead. The amount of
lime consumed in the Province, and shipped from these kilns,
is thorcfbre uj)wards of two thousand pounds. There is also
a considerable (juantity of the rock transported to Nova-
Scotia.

Many of the strata have a peculiar waved appearance,
and are finely marked with coloured lines, like those of curled

« \\

r M •

H, -^4

'11

maple; these lines, no clonbt, were laid during their originnl
accumulation, and probably the wavings were effected while
they were in a soft state. The above quarries are of much
importance to the country, and might be made, by the use of
proper kilns, to supply a much greater (juantity of lime, at
less expense.

IHTERf^ECTlIVO LIIVEI^.

I next proceeded to explore intersecting lines across this
part of the Province, in order to cross iho several series of
strata between the sea and the great coal Ibrmation ; and, if
possible, to discover how far the coal district extends south-
ward. Il will be seen, presently, what success attended this
plan of exploration, and the iwiportaiit discoveries that re-
sulted from it. The granitic laiige of mountains, and the
successive formations running parallel to its base, were ob-
served to follow a north-east and south-west direction, and
therefore, by exploring a north-west line oi' country, each
stratum was crossed at right angles. Tlie section that was
made for this puri)ose, extends irom Carleton to t lie mouth
of the Oromocto, following the direction of the Nerepis road.
Another was made along the south and west side of the
main river, as far as Fredericton : and the third reaches from
the mouth of the Magaguadavic to the Oromocto, and crosses
the strata oblicjucly.

NEREPIS IIOAD.

§rl\

I '\

The limestone extends northward on the river and the
Nerepis road, to the farm of Mr. John Stevi:ns. Prom
this place, and the kilns at South Hay, Fredericton and the
villages along the river receive their supplies ol" lime. Near
Mr. Hatiielu's mills, the greywaeke may be seen in con-
tact with a large tiike, where its fissures are filled with the
sulphuret of iron, and beautifully spread upon each broken
mass.

M
f

I 3

(37

r original
;ted while
of much
the use of
t' lime, nt

across this
il series ol
)n; ami, if
mis south-
tended this
cs that rc-
s, and the
, were ob-
;ction, ami
Ml try, each
n that was
the mouth
repis road,
ide of the
ache.s from
and croises

cr and the
N s. From
on and the
iiuo. Near
ten in con-
:d with the
ach broken

From Hamm's Inn to Mather's, the greenstone, uiter-
I'upted by numerous dikes ap})ears, at the surface, and extends
along the sides of the Long Reach and river, often rising in
bold cliffs. At the entrance and some distance up the Nerc-
pis, (a small river emptying into the Saint John) there av(;
large collections of sand and gravel, and as the trap rocks
gradually disintegrate, a fertile soil is produced, and a fine
growth of beech, birch, and maple flourishes upon all the high
grounds. The river runs through an extensive tract of marsh
and intervale, from which the farms along its banks are well
supplied with hay. Coffin's Manor and other places in this
neighbourhood are delightfully situated, and there is a neat-
ness about the farms not always to be observed in the country.
A few crystals of amethyst, (juartz, and feldspar, were taken
from the rocks near Mather's excellent Inn.

The Nerepis River runs in a north-westerly direction,
and to the distance of twelve miles passes through a belt of
intervale of a sujierior quality, and allbrding a fine growth of
ash and elm, which in many places from the absence of under-
brush, appears like a planted grove. A large portion of this
excellent land was owned by the late General Coffin. The
areaoccupied by the intervale is called Coffin's Valley, "vhich
passes through a deep gorge in the Nerepis mountains, and
affords the only course where the road could be taken with-
out passing over hills almost insurmountable. On each side
of the valley the mountains rise in sublime grandeur, and af-
ford some of the most picturescjue scenery in the country. —
These mountains are composed of varieties of granite, syenite,
and greenstone.

At many places the rock is a perfect granitic breccia,
being composeil of diir'ercnt kinds of granite cemented toge-
ther. In other instances, pieces of traj), syenite, and granite
compose this peculiar con^lumorate, whose probable origin
is like that of trap tuff.

I visited several places on Douglas mountain, and found
the rocks to consist of cryslulized feUlspar, with large grains of
<|uart/> imbedded. The top of the mountain is naked of
plants. The decomposition of feldspar leaves the grains of
(juartz unattached, and they cover the surface of the rock
frequently to the depth of a foot; hence travelling over them
seems like walking over coarse salt. About two miles north-
ward of Mr. Dibhlee's farm on the main road, the crystalline
rocks are met by slate and greywacke slate, having the posi-
tions so common to the strata wherever they have been ex-
posed to subterranean disturbance. The mountain is about

-i»'**lN

'^fMa^ii

one thousand feet above the level of the sfea. From its sum-
mit were seen in a southerly direction the narrovt^s nnd lands
in the ncit'libourhood of the City of Saint John ; and in the
distance the north mountains of Novn cotia arc distinctly
visible. From this site the primary chiin of mountains will
be seen elevated far above the commo" Ic i of the country.
This Alpine ranp-c is strongly conti.sted with the lower
grounds situated upon the slate, and the coal district placed
ferther to the north. Eagle Cliifs and other high lands were
also visited, but they present but little of interest beyond
what has been already noticed.

The slate becomes more argillaceous and continues to
the distance of al)out five miles northward of Hahdinc-'s Inn,
on the main road leading thence to Fredericton. The width
of this formation will not be however more than four and a
half miles, if measured directly across its surface, and at right
angles with the lines of stratification. The strata are highly
inclined, and fre(]uently perpendicular. Among them a num-
ber were found capable of affording excellent roofing slate,
but as this valuable material may be procured much nearer
the main river, and where it can be readily shi[)ped, it is not
probable that (juarries will be opened very soon in tlie more
retired situations of the district.

Near Daubt* Gii.lon's the slate is succeeded by a coarse
conglomerate, and finally by the millstone grit and sandstones
of the coal measures, which continue to the mouth of the
Oromocto. The old red sandstone and mountain limestone,
were also discovered above the slate, but an account of thosw
formations is deferred at present.

SECTION OF THE COUNTRY BE I'WEEN THE MOUTH
OF THE MAGAGI ADAVIC AND THE OROMOCTO.

Having thus .nade a section oi the primary and transi-
tion rocks lieing between iSaint .Joiin and the great coal fielil
of the Province, my labours were next devoted to explore a
similar line from the Atlantic; coast towards the same point,
.•ind by which a perfect section across the Province was com-
pleted, as the remainder of the line had been explored in tli«
sununer of IH37.

'J'he trap rocks al the village of Magaguadavic continue
to within a shore distance of tliu " Upper Falls." The red
feldspar variety forms most vjf the preci; itouj. mountains on
each side ol the valley where the river passes. To the dis-

♦^•v

(JU

tante of eight miles IVoiii the village the stream runs through
a rich tract of intervale, with fine farms on each side. But
the liigh lands in general are barren, and the decomposition
of ihe naked rock is too slow to allow a soil to accumulate to
any depth, and the torrents of rain descending with great
violence upon the mountains, wash away each particle as soon
as it is liberated by other causes.

At the " Upper Mills," the river passes over a consider-
able fall, and nine saws are kept in motion on the side of u
steep cliif, which is outt of a series of steps from the sea to the
lakes of the more elevated legion. The soil at thit place is
composed of a line sanil, derived from the granite situated to
the north : it contains grains of feldspar still undecomposcd.
Between this place and a new village, fifteen miles farther
northward, there is a large tract of low, level land : the coun-
try then becomes exceedingly mountainous, and exhibits the
characteristic features of a granitic district; and it is remarka-
ble that here the lower laud is almost barren, while the high-
er grounds, although situated on the same rock, are covered
with fine forest timber. 1 travelled some distance along the
banks of the Piskehagan, and found the slate mixed with
boulders of other rocks, but did not observe it in silu as 1
had anticipated. The season having been dry, this branch of
the Magaguadavic, and other river channels, present a singu-
lar appearance, and sliew to some extent how solid rocks be-
come rtorn away by nmning water. Frequently the solid
granite has become excavated to the depth of thirty feet, and
to a distance on the surface of twenty miles into the wilderness,
wliere each water channel is overhung with the thick folinjje of
the forest. Deep groves have been cut b^ the water coileried
in times of freshet, but at drier seasons ot the year, heir beds
are travelled by the lumberman and h;s team.

About fifty miles above the entiance of the Magaguada-
vic, and fifteen from "the last house," as it is called, lofty
mountains of granitic ami trapnean rocks rise side by side. —
Anjong these bold and dcclivious hills. Mount Pleasant
reaches a greater altitude than any other eminence in thiti
pan of the country. I regret that I had not the means of
ascertaining, correctly, its exact height, for it is impossible,
even with the best barometer:?, to make accurate calculations
when they are carried unsteathly over hills and valleys, when
the temperature and density of the atmosphere is constantly
changing, an<l often in this climate becomes materially affect-
ed during the time re<juircd to ascend any considerable tract
of country. — According to the best calculations I could make,

■'II,

14' ■ -?','

it is thiileen liuiulred llct nbovc the level of the ocean. By
climbing u tall spruce on the suinutit of the mountain, the Bay
of Funily, and the settlements alonp; the shore may be ueen
distinctly, and the eye having wandered ovgv the uninhabited
desert, can discover the smoke of the steamboats on the river
of Saint JoJui.

Still iarther northward, there is a range of hills compos-
ed principally of porphyry. Its base is reti feUlspar, and
contains imbedded crystals of (piart/. This rock if cut iwxd
polished would be very beautiful.

After leaviij;^ these plutonic niountainK of eiuptive rocks,
the slate and iaferior rocks of the carboniferous group, were
expected to be i'ound in |)lacc ; ?nit as it is frequently the case,
they are absent, and their pi u cs stem to be supplied by the
porphyry. The old red sancistoue -ViS howmcr found on the
banks ot Skin Creek, a small bniiicb ol the Oromocto. The
sandstone prol'ubly meets the |»oiij,!,yry, Imt the surface is so
deeply covered vith ve^^t talvic ruibish anti stony detritus, that
J! is impossible to lay down, on the geological map, the exact
l)oun({ iries of each of these formations. The slate and cai^
bonifoioMS limestone n; ly appear at some future day, when
the ticni' forest is removed, and villages of settlers spring up
and occup^v the valleys now only visited by the hardy lumber-
man, and teinanted by herds ol" deer, still remaining, and by
their fleetness - icupini:^ the deslroying hand of man.

From SkiL' Creek to Mr. IIautt's mills, the distance is
seven miles, and the rocks are the conglomerates and sand-
stones of the coal measures. I'Vom this j)lace to the entrance
of the Ma-raguadavic, the distance is about fdly-six miles,
and to the mouth of the Oromocto is twenty miles, making
the whole distance, by the route taken, between these two
jioiuts, seventy-six miles. The remaining part of this sec-
tion of the Province, as was before observed, was made in
1837. The rocks were examined from the Oromocto, along
the Grand Lake and Salmon River, to the llichibucto, — u
distance of one hundrtul miles, — making the whole line oi'
section one hundred and seventy miles.

At Mr. IIautt's mills, mneh to the credit of the pror
prictor, the conglonieiale has bien c \eavated, to allow the
salmon, and alewives to pass up the stream, where they de-
posit their ova. I here found the trunks and branches of
I'ossil trees indjedded in the solid rock. Cunifera^ or those
belonging to the j)ine ami (ir tribes, aie most abundant, and
may be procured in pieces of large diuiensions. One species
of the calamitic was procured, and of a bi/e fur exceeding any

■htr

of tlic present growth. These fossils, or petrifactions, as tliry
were (brmerly called, are surrounded l)y a coating of coal,
which has lesniled from the original bark of the plant. The
.vooth' pail iV. converted into carbonaceous matter, calcareous
sjpnr, and n (■ i)yrites ; but notwithstanding the remarkable
t;hfvnges till V have been submitted to, and the conversion of
vegetable into mineral substances, the fibrous texture of the
plant is still discernable, and under the microscope displays
the most perfect regularity and beauty. The inhabitants
suppose *hat ill these fossils were formerly birch ond nuiple ;
but they do not belong to any species of trees now found in
l\u forests of North America.

Similar fossils, and many other varieties, are common
throughout the rocks belonging to the great Coal District of
the Province.

The banks of the north branch of the Oromorto, are
composed altogether of sandstones, shale, and conglomerate,
abounding in the remains of plants which flourished upon the
earth, previous to the revohitions that changed the climate
and all its animal and vegetable productions.

Ten miles up this stream there is an outcropping of coal,
the vein is only four inches thick, and appears in the banks
of the river between strata of bituminous shale, where fossil
remains are abundant. That there are thick beds of coal
beneath, there can be no doubt, and the time is rapidly ad-
vancing, when the fuel now concealed in the rocky strata of
New-Brunswick, will be rccjuired to meet a demand that
must continue to increase on the whole coast of America.

From the bridge to the month of the main stream, all
tlie rocks belong to the coal nieasiu'es already mentioned. —
The river runs along a broad tract of fine intervale. The
uplands arc light and sandy. Formerly the large area situa-
ted at the base of the mountains, was covered wilh extensive
forests of pine timber. These have been destroyed by fire,
and the lofty trees now stand lealless, (iecayeil, and ready to
fall to the ground. A light and stunted growth of birch and
alder is succeeding thcni. Thus the country has suffered an
irreparable loss, and much of its original beauty has faded
before the devouring element.

Each portion ol' the uninhahited districts is carefully
searched by the eiiterpri.sin'i; hnnheinian, and parties from
the settlements along the Saint .John now meet those from
the shores of the Hay of Fnndy, in the wilderness. Almost
every rivulet has been cleaivd to "drive" the logs down to
the mills. Sluices were observed in the centre of the lorest,

Ki\':M'i''^''

r A

>. ■'■ = (1

'.^ . '

■i

; »

■■ii

niu\ tlio expense Drjuocnring liimlitr lor the F'jiglish innrkcl
is yeiuly incieasini;.

In the rocks between the iMa<5n«»im(hivif and the Saint
.lolin, no minerals of any importance were diiieoverutl, except
the coal, which will be noticed herenCtcr. Althungh the
porphvrv may at some future day be reipiired to ornunient
the dwellings of the wealthy, its distance from navi^atioiii
and the infant state of the country, render it useless in regard
to its application to architecture.

Eastward of the head of the Oromocto, tlic slato ap-
pears; and is succeeded, occasionally, by the old red sand-
stone, and carboniferous limestone, dippni^ beneath that part
of the coal field, which is situated on the south side of tlie
Saint John. These formations do not always appear at the
surface, as they are often covered by larj;»j tracts of sand
nnil gravel. They were, however, discovered at such a num-
ber of distinct points, as enabled me to recognize the boun-
daries of this part of the great coal district of the country.

* -

IROM ORE.

About six miles north-east of IlAuniN(/s Inn, on the
Nerejjis Road, the slate was again sl'<mi, with its strata placed
perpendicular, and running east-north-east. Near the church,
a specimen hati been found which was supposed to be coal ;
upon examination it proved to be the hydrate of iion^ and
I'rom being attached to pieces of argillaceous slate, I was led
to suppose that larger quantities might be found, by a dire-
ful examination of the schistose;,rock. The first indications
of the ore, were observed about half a mile eastward of
the church. At Coot Hill, a considerable (piantity had been
dug from the side of a steep slope, to repair the road : and it
was afterwards pursued in an easterly direction, to he dis-
tance of two miles. Uui the superficial deposits sometimes
placed above it, and the covering of vegetable mutter laid in
the trackless forest, were obstacles not to !)e overcoMie, wiUi-
out incurring an expense not justifiable under all the circum-
stances ; and, therefore, my object to follow the t't;posit to the
main river was frustrated, although 1 had the satisliiction af-
terwards of fmding the best inilications of its existence, nein-
the Saint John, where its transj)ortation would be attended
with but little expense. The ore is situated between the
strata of argillaceous slate. It is sonu'tinii's rendered mag-
netic, by the heat which it has evidently received troni the

.J*'

eruption of the trap dikes ; aritl it is curious to observe at such
places, how the magnetic needle becomes afiiBCted.

I was unable to ascertain the exact width of this bed, on
account of the collections of detritus always covering a part
of the basset. Its thickness was uncovered at one place to
the distance of twenty yards, and at another no less than
sixty yards. It doubtless exceeds the largest of ordinary de-
posits of this kind, ond would supply the whole of America
wich iron for many ages. Being exposed on the surface, it
can be quarried like freestone, und its removal and use are
rendered easy on account of its slaty structure, which allows
it to be broken up with the greatest facility. Three varieties
of the ore were found, namely, the hydrate of iron, argillace-
ous oxide of iron, and hematite ; upon an average they will
yield forty per cent, of pure iron, a richness seldom possess-
ed by the ores extensively worked in England. Every ad-
vantage is alfbriled for manufiicturing the iron of this bed.
It runs through a forest of hard wood, that will supply an
abundance of charcoal ; and limestone was afterwards found,
suitable for a flux, within a short distance of its range. But
should there be no enterprise to erect furnaces, for the smelt-
ing of iron, the time has arrived when it will yield a profit
by being shipped to England, and the United States. Its
proximity to the navigable Saint John, and the sea, are ob-
jects of the highest importance, and many years will not pass
away, before it will meet the demand now supplied by other
countries. The value of such a discovery, although by no
means completed, is too obvious to require a remark.

Four miles northward of the Church, the strata belong-
ing to the coal measures were found overlieing the slate, and
they continue thence to Gagetown, a distance of about four-
teen miles.

I carefully examined the rocks from Gagetown to Okna-
bog Lake : they are all sandstones and shales of the coal
measures, and contain numerous remains, and impressions
of plants that have long since ceased to flourish on the earth ;
and wherever their nearest types have been found, they are
situuteil beneath a tropical sun. But before I proceed to
notice the indications of coal in this district, it will be proper
to take a view of the underlieing rocks, as n more general
description can be applied to tlitir superincumbent strata.

' wammmmmmmmm

SECTION OF THE ROCKS

FROM THE COAL MEASURES TO THE GRANITE.

CAUBONIl'EROUS LIMESTO^E.

About a mile southward of the Oknnbog Lake, and on
the road leading along the west side of the river, I was much
gratified to discover, again, the outcropping of the old moun-
tain, or carboniferous limestone. This formation reaches
away in a south-west direction, and on the opposite side of
the river makes a gentle curve from e. n. e. to n. e. h is
not thick where the river intersects its strata, but widens con-
siderably, farther west. Immediately upon this rock, the
millstone grit, and the lower members of the coal measures
repose. The limestone is crystalline, and will uiford marble
capable of receiving a high polish. Its colours are white,
grayish white, and dark b;.own; it contains a large tjuautity
of the carbonate of lime — may be calcined by a moderate
heat, and therefore its discovery in this part of the country
will be extremely useful to its agriculture. This rock
abounds in the remains of marine animals; among them arc
the ammonite, encrinite, and trilcbite. The ostrea, n)ya,
and area, are common. These with several other species of
shells, are not only bt:uitifully figured on the rock-., but fre-
quently the solid models of their originals may be procured
in the softer parts of the strata. Frequently the places once
occupied by the lleshy parts of these animals, are filled
with crystals of calcareous spar, which are covered with the
original shell, also converted into the carbonate of lime. But
it may appear more extraordinary, that among all these shells,
not one belongs to species now inha!)iting the earth ; nor do
they agree exactly with races found in thu same rocks in Eu-
rope. That perio<l in the eaiih's history when any of these
tribes weiv; animattd, has passed away, and other species fit-
ted to the present condition and cliniato of the country, have
succeeded them.*

* It has not been considered proper in the jirescut ri'ifirt. to t;ive a minute dcscrij'
tion of thcso fossil shells ; a tnorc detailwl account nftfiuni inav yot appear in u wot
uot aitogetiicr devoted to the iiiiiK'ni! p.'»'iurces of the I'roviate.

T i"?

OLD RED SANDSTONK.

Immediately to the southward, and in contact with the
ciirbunit'erous limestone, appears the old red sandstone, with
its strata dipping northward, beneath the superincumbent cal-
careous rock. This sandstone is of a dull brick red color, —
is composed of course silicious sand, pebbles, with mica and
clay slate, firmly cemented together. On the farm of Mr.
Gilbert, it has been broken tnrough by a dike, and changes
have been effected similar to those noticed in the beginning
of this report. The formation extends four miles along the
road to Little River, where in its turn it overlies the slate.

Both the limestone and old red sandstone, rise to con-
siderable altitude, and form large oval hills. The soil upon
them is very fertile, and they bear the same general character
of similar formations in Europe

ARGILLACEOUS SLATE.

At Little River, the strata of this formation dip beneath
the sandstone, which conforms to its inclination. From that
place it extends to the southward three miles, where it is met
by the granite of the primary mountain chain. Its strata in
general are argillaceous, except where they approach the
granite, and pass into mica slate. Indications of the exist-
ence of the iron ore, before mentioned, were found nest the
river, where a large (juantity of the oxide of iron has teen
washed by rains from the side of a hill.

Excellent roofing slate may be quarried near the road
crossing this formation ; at several situations it was examined,
and the strata were often found admirably adapted for cover-
ing buildings. On the surface, the slate has been much bro-
ken by the frost, but by removing the fractured crust, to the
depth of a few feet, the rock assumes its true character, and
is capable of being split into pieces of the ordinary thickness.
It is to be hoped that the attention of enterprising individuals
will be directed to the use of this domestic slate, which, if
carefully explored and proj)erly worked, will equal in value
any hitherto iniported from Wales.

GRANITE.

Like the several formations already noticed, as they oc-
cur on this section, the granite, entering into the primary
chain, extends, in a north-east direction, to the very margin

1 1 '^^

ot llic main river, wlicre it rises in low naked cliff's, rather
above the ordinary level olthc country. At Fowler's and
Jones's mills, the river passes nlonpr tfirectly at the termina-
tion of a long granitic ridge, that will average from a mile to
a mile and a naif in breadth. The granite forming this ridge
is of several varieties, and all equally free from any decom-
posubic mincrnls that would injure their colour or durability.
In general it is fine grained, compact, and will admit of the
most delicate sculpture, without crumbling before the chisel.
To these advantages, it may be added that granite will sel-
dom be seen in any country that can vie with it in beauty.
Masses of almost any dimensions may be (|uarried withm
two hundred yards ot the river, and the facilities for its tran-
portation are such as are seldom possessed. Millstones have
been made here for n number of years past, and one variety
of the rock is suitable for that purpose. But it is surprising
that these fine (]uarries should nave been so long overlooked,
while the granite used at Saint John and Saint Andrews, has
been imported from Nova-Scotia, anil the United States. —
The persons whom I had employed to assist me, probably ob-
!«erved the attention paid to these rocks, and I had spoken of
their value to several individuals in the neighbourhood. Since
that time, all the (juarries have been purchased by Messrs.
Caleb and Justus S. Wetmork, who are making prepara-
tions to open them in the s))ring. In future, this Province,
Nova Scotia, and the United States, can be abundantly sup-
plied from the River Saint John, where not only the best
materials for buildings, but the cheapest mode of transporta-
tion are united, and ready to meet the most extensive de-
mands.

On the west side of the Long Reach, are syenite, nnd
slate. These rocks compose a considerable eminence, called
the " Devil's Back," and other conical hills in the country
adjacent. Bald Mountain is eleven hundred and twenty feet
high, and will afford the traveller one of the most picturesque
and delightful views in America. Although it requires some
industry to march through the forest, and ascend to its sum-
mit, the labour is amply repaid, if perlbrmed of a fine day.
Nothing can exceed the grandeur of this mountain scenery —
the river, the great watery turnpike of the Province, appears
like a serpentine brook, winding its way through the hills,
and the steam-boats and small craft gliding over its surface
in the summer season, render the j)ros{iect enchanting. Oi-
ten they seem to be sailing among groves of elms, and stacks
of hay, scattered over the iulcrxale, made still more pleasin;;

by the liult-sliuilu\vi'il iDltn^i', niiil the spire ot the village
church.

Seldom, in any pm t of the worhl, arc the several i'oriiin-
tions I'ouiul .sii(t;ci!(lin^ each other in the great scale ot* super-
position, with thiit beauty, r«i;uhirity, and order, that they
display on the section just adverted to. The granite is suc-
ceeded by the shite, the slate by the old reil sandstone, then
comes the carbonilbrous limestone, millstone grit, and the
coal series, siu'muunted by conglomerate, and the new red
sandstone appearing on the shores of the Grand Lake.

It nuist be pleasing to geologists in Europe, to know
that the same order of succession, which has been established
by experience, and is observed in the strata of Britain,
(ranee, nnd (icrnmny, is nlso found to exist in North Ame-
rica; and thus the science of geology is supported in its first
principlesi anil rendered of more general application.

COAL MEASURES.

Having thus given some account of the rocks and mi-
nerals of that part of the Province, included in my instruc-
tions, nnd situated southward of the coal district; I now pro-
ceed to notice this important formation^ and without giving
particular local details, shall endeavour to defnie the area in
which cool may be expectwd to occur, so far as my explora-
tions have been extended.

The rocks composing the primary mountain chain, ex-
tend in a westerly direction into the American State of Maine.
Another scries of granite hills and mountains rises in the
neighbourhood of Loon Lake, reaching in a north-west di-
rection, embracing the l^okioke, and Mcductic Falls, Eel
River, nnd the high lands in that quarter. The slates, grey-
wacke, and other transition rocks, occupy large tracts, situa-
ted at the bases of these nu<ie elevated regions, following a
cuvulinear course, having the Oknabog Lake at one extre-
mity, and the Keswick at the other. The old red sandstone,
mountain, or carbonilerous limestone, were discovered at
several places along this curve, and although they do not
always appear, the margin of this portion of the great coal
district was distinctly ascertained, so that its boundaries can
be laid down upon a geographical map. It therefore appears
that the tlivision of the coal field, which is situated southward
of the Saint .John, is a segment of a large circle, described
between the Oknabog and Keswick, and touching at Skin
Creek, and the head el lh« Oromocto.

•r- M\

&ii/lrMiAi*tM,t.i

Tlje discovetv of such liicls in Ei)glaiu], wouUI be con-
sidered of national importance; lor, as bitunnnous coal lias
always been found under circumstances similar to those just
described, it only requires the application of capital, and
enterprise, to render it subservient to the wants of the
country, when such conditions of its existence have been
ascertained.

Ar many places within the limits of this great bitumi-
nous coal field, outcroppings of the most superficial coal
strata have been found ; but the richer and deeper deposits
remain unpenetrated, notwithstanding their existence is now
rendered certain. I endeavoured, so far as possible, to find
where the deeper strata of coal rise to the surface ; but the
extensive collections of sand, gravel, &c. sj)read over them,
are obstacles not lo be overcome by a mere view. In the
detritus that has been derived from the edges of the strata,
pieces of coal were often observed. Under a consideration
of all these circumstances, no doubt, then, can be entertained,
that coal may be procured in the country adjacent to Frcde-
ricton, Gagetown, and in the circular tract already ad-
verted to.

The season becoming advanced, the inclemency of the
weather, frost, and snow, compelled me to retreat from the
field of my labours, long before the necessary examinations
had been completed. 1 hope, however, to resume them in
the spring, and to compJL'tc a work which at its conmience-
ment has been so successful.

It is a fiict of the first consideration, that the navijiable
ijaint John passes across a \n\rt oi the great coal field of the
Province, and, therei'ore, its productions could be cheaply
transported; and as bituminous coal has not been discovered
any where along the eastern coast of the United States, the
value of New-Brunswick can scarcely be estimated ; and
long after her forests of timber Jiave disappeared, and agri-
culture has ascended even to the inouniain's top, will her
coal and iron, if properly developed, support her commerce,
and maintain her revenue.

DILUVIAL COLLECTIONS.

In every pari oi' llic Province, so liir as ii ha.*, been ex-
amined, there are numerous boulders, or blocks of rock,
scattered over the surface, and buried in all the superficial
deposits of sand and gravel. .Soniclim(?s these detached

( M

V -is

ill be con-
i coal lias
those just
pital, and
Us of the
have been

lat bitumi-
rficial coal
it deposits
;nce is now
)le, to find
:e ; but the
over them,
w. In the
\ the itrata,
jnsidcration
entertained,
It to Fredc-
td ready ad-

lency of the
at from the
xaminations
line them in
i Lonmience-

he navigable
I held of the
be cheaply
n discovered
] Stales, the
mated; and
d, and agri-
top, >vill her
;r commerce,

li.

Uds been cx-
)ik.s of rock,
lie superlicial
iLsc tlclached

masses are of enormous magnitude, and will weigh soms
thousands of tons. That many of them have been transport^
ed from a distance, there can be no doubt, as their sharp
angles have been worn off, and they are scattered at distances
of a few yartls, to many miles from the formation where they
belong, and where they have been conveyed. In every in-
stance, the nearer their parent rock is approached, the lar-
ger they become, which is strong evidence of their having
been drifted by a current of water, which, by the friction
produced, lessened their dimensions, and rendered them glo-
bular, according to the distance of transportation.

At the base of the trappean and primary mountains,
these blocks are seen piled in the greatest confusion, but still
retaining their sharp *dges. At a distance of a few miles,
they are of much smaller size, and assume a spherical shape.
By carefully observing the courses these boulders bear from
their original beds, the course of the current that swept them
away may be ascertained. Having found minerals contained
in these loose masses, I have been able, by the aid of a
compass, to pursue these minerals to their native mountain.
Admitting that these boulders have been transported by a
current of water, that has passed over the country, the course
of that current in general must have been from the north, to-
wards the south. But it sometimes happens, that such blocks
are found in other directions. This circumstance can be
fairly explained, by the fact, that the cou"se of running water
is always powerfully influenced by the surface over which it
passes ; and if the whole country has been submei'sed, (a fact
not admitting of a doubt,) during the subsidence of the wa-
ter, or the elevation of the land, the current would be liable
to many changes, and ihe efllects produced by those changes,
would be, as they still are, manifest.

In approaching any of the mountains or hills of New-
Brunswick, from the southward, the traveller is made ac-
jjuainted with their rocks long before he reaches their bases ;
but advancing from the northward, he receives no informa-
tion of this kind.

These remarks will also apply to the numerous and ex-
tensive beds of pebbles, gravel, and sand. In all cases these
collections are found to partake of the characters of rocks,
situated northward oi" thiiiii : they are these rocks, more
or less comminuted, and acteil upon by the new chemical
<u)n»binations their pulverised state has made them capable
of enteriiijjr Into. The granite yieldi; a sand composed of
mica, feldspar, and (juart/, the conglonicrate uflbrds pebbles,

• 11'!

i. 4.)

nml the sandstone large tracts of fine sand. As the newer
rocks have been formed fro)u the materials ot those preced-
inrr them, so the jrravel, sand, &c. now found upon the sur-
face, has resulted iroiu the disintegration of rocks now situat-
ed at the outside of tlie earth's crust.

The same rule will apply to alluvial matter; when this
has been conveyed from rocks containing potash, lime, clay,
&c. it is fertile, but when it has its origin in silex alone, it is
as sterile as the desert. The newer formations are always
derived from the older, and in the British Proriiices, the
<]ualities of soil may often be discovered by an ac(;uaintance
with the rocks beneath, and those that are jjlaced in a uorth-
€rly direction.

Besides these evidences of a general deluge, there are
others not less important. In general, the summits of moun-
tains and hills are uncovereil, and freciuently destitute of ve-
getation. The surfiice of the rocks is smooth, and appears
to have been worn down. In the deep valleys, there are nu-
merous collections oi' broken rocks, sand, and pebbles, that
are known to have been derived from higher situations.
These collections of large rocks could not have been made
throu'di the influence of any other cause than a violent rush
of water, which rolled the loose fragments fro»n the moun-
tain's top downwards to the valleys beneath. Again, in the
rocks v\ every part of the country explored, there are grooves
anil scratches, from one to several inches in depth, extending
from the north towarils the south. Tiiose grooves were evi-
dently cut by heavy masses moved over them, by a powerful
force ; and are such as would result from a powerful flood.
It is true thc^e diluvial marks do not |)oint out the course of
the current, by which they were prod ucetl ; but that fact is
established by the testimony already adiluced. iSometimes
they are seen to cross each other at tlifferent angles, and this
afTords evidence that the courseof the current was not always
uniform.

There is still oni' more fact displayed in tiie Province,
which accords with those just stated. It is the talus collect-
ed on the southern sides of mountains, iiills, and islands.
Almost all the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay, and along
the coast, present to the north, steep or perpendicular cliirs,
while on the southern sides, they descend by a gradual slope
down to the sea. This circmnstance has arisen from the col-
lections of diluvial debris fi:»rmcd in the eddies made bv these
prominences, and is exactly similar to those occurring daily
Hi rivers, upon a much smaller scale.

w m 111

..:..v:

•

the newer
ose precetU
1011 the sur-
i now siluat-

; when this

, lime, clay,

alone, it is

are alwnv*

oviiicus, tiie

(•i;uaintance

in a north-

:, there are
its ol inoun-
;titute of ve-
and apj)ears

icrc arc nu-
ebbics, that
r situations.

been made
violent rush
\ the nioun-
Igain, in the
; are jrrooves
h, extending
ves were evi-
ly a powerful
werful flood,
lie course oi'
It that i'act is
Sometimes
jles, and this
IS not always

!ic Province,
talus collect-
nnd islands.
•, and along
dicular clilfs,
rradual slope
from the col-
lade by these
Lurring daily

Under the concurrent testimony of so many facts, it ap-
pears impossible that even the most sceptical should disbelieve
that a deluge has swept over this continent : but should any
doubt an event that has left so many witnesses of its existence,
they should r.ceivc the advice of Deraarest, who when at-
tacked by the Ncptnnists for his belief in similar facts, replied,
*' Go and see."

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

By taking a general review of the preceding report, and
the results obtained in the commencement of the geological
survey, it will be seen of what importance such examinations
are to the interests of the Province, and for laying the foun-
dation of its luture welfare. It would be unnecessary to ad-
vert again to the different mineral substances already discover-
ed, as their situations, characters, and uses, are briefly de-
scribed in the body of this report. Some of these, such as
marl, limestone, marble, granite, &c. will be employed im-
mediately, and public interest will be advanced far beyond
the comparative expense incurred in their developement.

There are other minerals of still greater utility, now
known to exist in the country, such as iron, coal, copper,
lead, &c. ; but these, from the nature of their situations, and
the expense attending their manufacture, will require more
time to bring them into the employment ot the several depart-
ments they are calculated to supply. If the country be too
near an infant state, and its science, industry, and er-terprize
are too feeble to improve its own natural advantages, and
gather wealth from the mineral kingdom ; it is also helpless
in regard to its agriculture, and every other branch of honest
industry. But such remarks are by no means applicable to
the inhabitants of New-Brunswick. They only require that
knowledge oi' their resources which ofl'ers some encourage-
ment to their labours, when they are ready to engage in any
laudable undertaking. But the knowledge of latent resources
extends much farther.' than the sphere of local speculation.
It reaches to other and more wealthy countries, whose in-

■■—■ ■>"

€

8f2

habitants are ever ready to extend their commerce, and call
into action such objects as will promote individual wealth,
and national greatness.

Besides uie advantages arising from geographical situa-
tion, an extei- jive navigable river, and a supply of excellent
timber, New-Brunswick evidently possesses most important
mineral resources, which, although less immediately avail-
able, will be tound r-ore enduring, and capable of elevating
her power far abo',c the level of less favoured Colonies.

To Your Excellency, 1 beg leave to express my sincere
thanks, for the assistance at all times most cheerfully given,
to enable me to proceed with the work. The number of
individuals to whom I am indebted for much aid, hospitality,
and kindness, during the survey, is too great to admit of se-
parate consideration. To them, Members of the House of
Assembly, Ma'fislrates, and the inhabitants generally, I beg
to return my sincere acknowledgements.

I have the honor to be,

Your Excellency's most obedient
And very humble servant,

ABRAHAM GESNER,

Puv^viNciAL Geologist.

Satni John, N. B. Januai-y 15, 1839.

^■rfrJ

<'i*

|v » '%

1 r.w

ts^

and call
wealth,

:al situa-
excellent
mportant
;ly avail-
elevating
nies.

ly sincere
lly given,
umber of
ospitality,
Imit of se-
House of
lly, I beg

OF f;EOLOGICAL AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN

THIS REPORT.

KBOM I.YEI.l.'s PHINCIPLEB OF OEOLOOV.

S'ER,

lEOLOGlST.

Ai.c.A!. A,i\ ord'T or divisiru of the cryptofrnmic class of plants. The whole of the
sea- weeds art' loiiiprehended under this division, and the ai)plicatioa of the Icrii
in this work is to iiiariuc jilanls. Elyin., (Uga, sea-weed.

Alluvial. TJir adjective of alluvium, which see.

.\i.Li'vii-.\i. Earlh, sanrl, u;ravel, stones, and other transported matter which has
lieeu wu.shcd away and thrown down liy rivers, floods, or other causes, upon
land not prnnancn/li/ sulimerged heneatn llie waters of lakes or seas. Etym.,
tilliio, to wash upon.

.\MORPHorfi. Bodies devoid of regular form. Elj/m., a, without, and morphe,
lorni.

AjivuiiALom. One of the forms of the Trap-rocks, in which abates and simi)le mi-
nerals apiiear to he scattered like ninionds in a cake. Rlijm.. amygdala, an al-
nuiad.

.\NTiiRAtrrE. .\ siiining substance like biacl^-lead ; u s))ctics of mineral charcoal,
Elym., (inllna.u coal.

.VuuiLLACEous. Clajey, composed of clay. I'^lym., argilla,c\ay.

Al 01 rK. A simple mineral of a dark cfreen, or Mack colour, which forms a consii
tuent pari -f many varieties of volcaiuc rocks.

Hasalt. One of the most common varieti'-s of the Trap-rocks. It is a dark green
«ir lilack stone, composed of nntjite and H'lsi>ar, very compact m texture, and of
considcrahlc hardness, often foiuid in re:,'ii!ar jiillavs ol three or more sides, cal
led hasaltic 'dnmns. lUinarkaMc examples of this kind are seen at thcliiant's
('unsewin, in Ircliind, and at Fiiiical's Case in Starii), one ot' the HciMides.
The terni is n!«cd liy Pliiiv, nnd is said in come from bnnul, an .I'.thiopian word
signify! iron. Tne rwk ollcn contains much iron.

I?irr>u;s. Unifvai pil< h, of which tiic inr like sulistaiicc vliuh is of'ien .seen to
ooze out ol' ihc ,\cwcaslh' coal vvheii o'; ijic (in', and wliicli makes it cake, it ii
uood ex;im|ilc. Etym., hiUanen, pUcli

(>n I .^nsiirs .Sii m r. V\ nreiilaccoiis sh.iie, iiiiii li iiniirc;,'natcd vviili .'iiiiiii.n,
wliich IS verv <.oinmon m the i:oal measures.

BouLOEB^ A provincial term for large rounded blocks oJ stoije, lying on the sur
face of tlie cround or some«imes imbedded m loose soil, ditferent in composition
from the rocks in their vicinity, and which tiave lieea therefore trnusi>orled from
a distance.

Breccia. A rock composed of anijular fragments, connected together by lime or
other miucral substance. An Italian term.

Calcabeous Rock. Limestone, EUym., cah; hme.

Calcabeoits Spab. Crystallized carbonate of lime.

CALcsDotiv. A siliceous simple mineral, uucryslallized. Agates an partly com-
posal of calcedony.

Cabbonate of Lime. Lime combined with carbonic acid, a gaseous acid only
obtained fluid wli»»n united with walir,— and all combinations of it with other sub-
stances are c .' '. ,rbonaies. All limestones are carljonatcs of lime, and quick
lime is obtai;. ' ' y driving off the carbonic acid by heat.

Gabboniferov *■ 'PTm usually applied, in a leciinical sense, to an ancient group
of s' •r-:''\, ■ la ; but any'bed oontaiiung coal may be said lo be carbonifer-
ou" 'i. ■■•»., I . '>6, coal, fero, to hear.

Chebt. ' o' ■ mineral, nearly aUied tO calcedony and flint, but less homoge-

Txo\>s siir:)ie in loxluru. A gradual jiussage from chert lo limestone is not
uiioommoit

Clinkstone, ;.; uied phonolitf, a felspathic rock of the Trap family, usually
iissil«. It is Ai;.iorous when struck with a hauuiier, whence its name.

Coal Formation. This term is eenornlly understood to mean the same ns the
Coal Mea.«iures. Thsre are, however, " coal formations" in all the geological
periods, wherever any of the varietws of coal forms ii i .inipal constituent part
of a group of strata.

Conifers;. An order of plants which, like the fir and pine, bear con«?s or tops in
which the seeds arc contained. Etiftii., ccm u-s, cone and Jero, to l)car.

Crater. The circular cavity at ihe sumnm ol a voicano. Irom which the volcanic
matter is ejected. Etym.. r^a/r a i,'reat cup or bowl.

CBoi'On. A muicr's or uuiieTHj sun evor's leni. to express the rising up or ex
po*ui(; at the surface of a stntuni or series ol strata.

Oeoris. a term applied to the iragmeutc vt a'mams of disuitegrated rocks.

Uebbitus. See debris.

Dike?. When a ma.ss of the unstratilied or igneous ro<iks, such as granite, trap,
and lava, ajipnirs as if injected into a great ;ont in the stratified rocks, cultii^
across thi' strata, It fiirni.s a dike; aiulastho> \re so- 'tinifs se«?ii rininingalonu
the ground, and prii)fftin^', like a wall, fro; he s i' cr htnita m 'loth sides of
them having wasted awRV ;ti.'y arc called ir itie north olEnglami mid in Sot
land dU.-it--, the provincial inuiie tor wall. •' i.s not easy to drn'- lie lioa tie
tween dikes ami veins. The former are ;erally of larijcr dui.t asions and
hav8 their side^ |)Uiallel lur coiLsidcralle dislaaci's ; while veins have gourraliy
many ramifications, and these ofien ilim awny iiiln slender threads.

DiLLvii-.M. Those accumulations of gniTel and icKise materials wliich, by some
geologists, are said to have bern jir'nluced by the action of a dilnvian wave oi
deluge sweepiuK' over the surliiee of ih<' earth tkijrn.. ililuvium, dcKigi-.

Pir. When a stratum Iocs not lie horizontally, but is inclined, it is said to dip to
wards s'>nie point ot the coinpns- and the angle it makes with the horuon i-
called the ;uii;l<' ol dip or incliu.i'.ioii

il^KTH's CbI'SI.

obuTvaiioa.

Such sui)erlitiai parts oi om planet as an accessible to humyu

o» the sut
icomiK'sitioii
isported from

er liy lime "'

re partly com-

.oiis acid only
with other sub-
line, and quick

n ancient group
be carbonifer-

iil less liomoge-
limestonc is not

I uunily, usually
9 name.

the same ns ilie

II the Reological
\ constituent part

r cones or tops in
to l)ear.

/hich the volcanic

! rising up or ex
ralcit rocks.

h ais pranite, tra);,
ifipil riK'ks, cutting
stt^ii runmns^ aloni;
la -m liolb sides ol
iglaiiil iiini ill ^'"t
(, am- 111' liu» t>e-
rcr (loi.u iisions and
Vins nave gwiTdllv
.tireuils-

Is wliich, bv sonii
f a diUivian wave <>i
inuMi, deluge.

il is said to dip to
'with the horizon i

accessible to huin.-i,

Felhpar. a siin()le miucrui, whii-li, next to quart/., eoiiislilutcs the chief inuleriul
of rocks. This white sini^ular portions in granite are fels^Hir. The mineral al-
ways conluins some alkali in its composition. In common felspar the alkali is
polush ; ill another variety, called Albite or Cleuvlandite, it is sodu. Glassy felspar
IS a lerin applied when tiie crystals have a considerable degree of transparency.
Com/Kict felspar is u name of more vague ai^iiliuation. The substance so cul-
led appears to contain both potash and soda.

Kelspathic. Of or belonging to felspar.

Keukuginous. Any thing containing iron. Etijm.,fcrrum, iron.

Flof.tz Kocks. a German term npiilicd to the secondary strata by the geologisti
of tliat country, because these rocks were supposed to occur most frequently in
tlat horizontal beds. Etijm., Jiols, a layer or stratum.

Formation. A group, Avhether of alluvial deposits, sedimentary strata, «r igneous
rocks, referred to a conmion origin <jr period.

Fossil. All minerals were once called fossils, but geologists now use the word
only to express the remains of animals and plants found buried in the earth.
BUym., fossUis, any thing that may be dug out of the earth,

FossiLEFERot's. Containing organic remains.

Garnet. A simple mineral, pcnerully of a deep red colour, cri'stallized ; most
tonunonly met with in mica slate, but also in granite anil other igneous
rocks.

Geology, Geognosv. Both mean tlio same thing; but, with an unnecessary de-
gree of refinement in terms, it has been proposed to call our description oi" the
structure of the earth gtoffnosy, {Elym., g-ea, eurth, and ginofco, to know,)
and our theoretical speculations as to its formation geology, {Etym., logos, a
discourse.)

Granite. An unstratilied or igneous rock, generally found inferior to or associated
witii the oldest of the stratified rocks, and sometimes penetrating them in the
form of dikes and veins. It is usually composed of three simple minerals, fel-
spar, quart/, and mica, ami derives its name from having a coarse granular
structure; ifra/iin/i, Latin lor ^'riiin. Westminster, Waterloo, and Ijondon
bridges, and the piivintj-sioiifs in the carriage-way of the London streets, afford
good examples ol llio most common varieties of granite.

ijuEENBTONE. A varicl y of trap, composed of hornblende and felspar.

( Jrevwacke. Ora^wackr, a German name, generally adopted by geologists for the
lowest members of the secondary striiln. The rock is very often of a grey
colour, bfiHi' the luuiii,-, ifrau, biiiiy German for grey, and itackc being a pro-
vincial miner'u term.

HonNiiLENDE. A simple mineral of n dark green or black colour, which enters
largely into the composition of se\cral varieties of the trap rocks.

IIouNsToNE. A siliceous mineral substance, sometimes approaching nearly to Hint,
or common quart/, li has a ronchoulal fracture, and is infusible, which dis

tmi^uishcs it freiii common lcls|iar.

Lava. Tlic stone which flows in a melted state from a volcano.

LioNiTE. Wood converted into a kind of coal. Etym., lignum, wood.

Maki. a mixture of clay and lime; usually soft, but sometimes hard, in whicii
case it is called indurated nmrl.

MuA. A <suuple mineral, having a sliinint; silvery surfaee, and capable of lieiiig
••plit into yi'ty thin elastic leaves or scales, it is often called tulc, in common
lilc, but niiuerahisists apply the t;'rm talc to a different minfraj. The brilliant
scales in gfiiiatc arc mica. Ldim.. mice, to shine.

M .- ^

^ H

i 1 m

8(i

Mountain [jIMB-tom,. A ••eru-»oMiinestoiK'$lrala,<»l winch tlti!|{ouloi(uiil |iiiNiliiiM
IS inunedialoly below the coal incasuies, ami which ihuy also i«iimtMiinu!i iillt'iimliv

New Red Sandstone. A sprios of saiuly, nr^Mllatcoiis, nmi oAciiiiiiicnnoii* »lrnlit,
ihe predominant colour of which is hnik-red, hut lontaining |iorli()|iN wlm h arc
of a greenish i,'rcy. These occur often in s)K)ts and strippH, »i» Ihiil tin' m-no*
has soir.etinies lu'eii called the variegated sandstone. The Kuroptnn Innnaliun
no called lies in a geulu2:ical position iiiiinediately ahovc tl>e uonl inrai>ur«iK.

Old Red Sandstone. A siralified ro.ij belonging to the CarhoniferoiiN »4ruii|i.

'i'' il

Oxide. The coiuMnation of a metal with oxyijen ; rust is oxido of iron.

PoBPHVRY. An uustrotified or igneous Tock. The trrm is as old a« the fiiiic of
IMiny, and was applied to a red rock with small, aiigulur, whits liiidii>N dlKuNod
through It. which arc crvNtallizcd felspar, hroiijjht from l'"t,'y|il. 'I'lie term is
applied to every species of unstratihed rock in which detached cry«ittil', of lii|.
spar or some uiher mineral are ditfuscd through a. haso ofotlti r uiimirm (,'oin|M)-
sition. Etyiu., lorphijia, purple.

Pyrites (Iron^. A compound of sulphur and iron, found usually ni yellow sinning
crystals like hrass, and iii almost every rock strutdied and luisiiniHii'd, Thu
shining metallic hodies, so often seen iu common Kiofiiit; slate, an- ii fiiiinliar
example of the miueral. It is derived from a (irceU word niianuie Jirv : lie-
cause, under imrticular circumstances, the stone produces ipoiitiuiuous heal, and
even inttammation.

QfARTz. A Gennan provimial term, universally .-ulojiled in .s( ienlilic lan«iini<e, !iir
a simple mineral composed of pure sile.v, ur earth of Hints; swk i rysiul \^ un c,\-
amplc.

Red iVI.Mii.. A term often applieii to the New Red Sandstone, which is llio princi
pal iiiombcr of tiie Red Sandstone Group.

Sand Stonk. Any stunw whicli is com)x>sed of an ai;i;lutiuatinn of^rnilis of solid,
whether calcareous, siliceous, or of any other ininernl iiaturu.

SciiiKT is often used as s\ii«nimous with slate ; hut il may he very iisilnl to disliii-
i^uish between a .schistose and a slaty slriicmre. The i.'raiiilic nr |iriiiiiii \ '.'i/ Y^,
as tliPV are termed, .^uch as ifueiss, mica-schist, and oilurt, latinol b' ''iilil nilo
an indehnile number of parallel lamin.e. like riM-ks whii li liine ii intii iihiu
I'leavage. The uneven schistose layers nf mica schist i\\\A ■j,w\- < ii|i' |ii'obBblv
la)ers of depic^itioii which ha\e ussijiiicd a crystalline lexliire.

^Ichistose Ri^cKS. !Ser '' Schist."'

Seam.''. Thia layers which separate two strata of greater iimgnitudi'.

Secondauv Stratx. An exti'M-^ivo series of the stratilied rni ks whubiM"' . \\,f
crust of the globe, wilh cerlniii characters in coiiiiiiou. \\hicli ihs|iii<>uiNb I hem
from another series below tiiem called iiriinunj, una hum it Ihitd ubove ihem
called tertiary.

Serpentine. A rock usually coiitaming much magnesiiin ■ uith, Im I be inusi jiint
uiistratilied, but sometimes appearing lol>e an altered or iMeniniiir|ibie sinitidi-il
rock. Its name is derived from frequently presenting I'oniriiMs oi colniii, like
I he skill of some scrjients.

Shai.e. A ^irovineial term, ad,)pie(i by geologists, to cipress an iudurulc(
clay, hlyni., German ^iJiakn, to peel, to sjilil.

t>lut\

Sii.Bx. The name of one of the jiure earths, being the I, aim woiil fur f> >i' whf b
i^ wholly composed of that earth. French geologists Imvi hiiiiIimI ,1 »% ii
generic, name for al! minernls eomiKised entirely of that earth mi whp'h Ihne
are many oj diflercnt external forms.

'>• iS

">iLtcEoi-.". Of nr belonging to the earth of (lint
reou« rock ij one mamh cf^nposed of vilex.

/■'.'yiii .■^ilax, whieii nee A mIi

Stbatikied. Ittx.kii arranged iii the form o( stralti. wliieli siu.

STBATincATiON. An nrraiigenieul i)f rcK'ks iu i/ni/rt, wlmli «fe.

Sthat*, Stratum. The lerin stratum, ilorived from the linlin verit ulruo, to strow'
or lay out, aieans a fwil or mass of matter spri-ad out over a certain surliace by
the action of water, or in some cases hy wind. The deimsition of successivo
layers of sand and gravel in the bed of a river, or in a canal, affordN a perfect
illustration both of the form and origin of stratification. A large portion of th<>
masses constituting the earth's crust are thus stratified, the successive strata of
a given rock, prescn'ing a goncrnl parallelism to each other ; but the planes of
stratification not being perfectly parallel throughout a great extent like the
planes of cleavage.

SvEMTE. A kind of granite, so called l>ecau8e it was lirought from Syenn in Egypt.

Tai.us. When fragments arc broken off by thi: action of the weather from the face
of a steep ro«\k, as they accumulate at its foot, they form a sloping heap, called
a talus. The term is (Kirrowed from the language of fortification, where tal^u
means the outside of a wall of which the thickness is diminished by degreoii, as it
rises in height, to make it the firmer.

Terttary Strata. A series of sedimentary rocks, with characters which distin-
'^ish tliem from two other gi'eat series of strata — the secondary and primary,
which lie beneath them.

Thermal. Hot, Etym., thermos, hot.

TsAP and Trappean Rocks. Volcanic rocks composed A' felspar, augitc, and
hornblende. The various proportions tind state of aggregation of these simple
minerals, and difference in external forms, give rise to varieties which have re-
ceived distinct appellations, such as basalt, amygdaloid, dolorite, greenstone,
and others. The term is derived from trappn, a Swedish won! for stair, be-
cause the rocks of this class sometimes occur iu large tabular masses, rising one
above another, like steps.

Tufa, cALCAHEoui. A porous rock deposited by calcareous waters on their expo-
sure to the air, and usnally containing portions of plants and other organic sub-
stances incrusted with caroonatc of lime. The more solid form of the same de-
posit is called " travertin," into which it passes.

Tufa, VOLCANIC. See " TufT."

TuFP or Tufa, volcanic. An Italian name for a varietv of volcanic rock of an
earthy texture, seldom very compact, and com])oscd of an agglutination of frag-
ments of scoris and loose matter ejected from a volcano.

Veins, Minekal. Cracks in rocks filled up by substances different from the rock,
which may be either earthy or metallic. Veins are sometimes many vTiis
wide ; and they ramify or branch off into innumerable parts, ol\en as slencfer as
threads, like tnc veins in an animal, hence their name.

/eomte. a family of simple minerals, including stilhite, mesotypc, analcime, and
some others usually found in the trap or volcanic rocks. Some of the most com
mon varieties swell or boil up when ex]X>sed to the blow-pipe, and hence the
name oi zeo, to boil, and Uthoa, stone.

>#■

v#*lSW*