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BY ABRAHARE GESIVER, PROVINCiAL GEOLOGIST, &c. , ■V #- SAINT JOHN: »BIIfTBD BT HBIfRT CHVBB, MABKET-l'^iCABB. 18S9. "A--. *■•■ 4' ^ &;:■_* T . » • ^^ REPORT. /'* *»#< ''-^■\ TO HIS EXCELLENCY MAJOR-GENERAL SIR JOHN HARVEY, K.C. D. ^ K. C. H. Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the ' Province of New-Brunsvoick, Sfc. 4'C' ^c. May IT PLEASE Your Excellency, — In compliance with the appointment I had the honour to receive from Your Excellency, and instructions dated at Government House on the 17th day of April, 1838, to com- mence a Geological Survey of the Province of New Bruns- wick, I beg leave to submit the following Report. Knowing the object for which the Geological and P Hne- ralogical exploration of the Province was authorised, nain?ly, that of developing the resources of the country, and supply- ing the elements of lawful enterprJze and industry, I have de- voted my labours to the discovery and application of such substances as have been found most important to the interest and support of commerce, agriculture, and manufacture. And althouffh an attempt has been made in some instances to give some details of circumstances connected with the science of Geology, and the situation of curious minerals, it has been done with a view to shew that New-Brunswick not only pos- sesses vast mineral wealth, but also contributes largely to that collection of facts upon which a true theory of the earth can only be founded. ' i^ As this subject will be new to those who have not hither- to devoted their attention to such enquiries, I trust I will be ;* % ■>^«" MM W '«. 4 pardoned in introducing a few hints relative to the importance of these examinations, and the benefits flowinc from the mi- neral kingdom,— the greatest source of national wealth. When the condition of Great Britain is compared with that of other nations, less favoured with coal and the metals, it will be perceived liow much mankind have been improved in their moral and secular state bv the use of substances found only in the earth. And, when the present happiness of civi- lized countries is contrasted with the condition of those bar- barous nations, whose axe and arrow are made of stone, some idea even at a single glance may be formed of the power and wealth which have been drawn from the bosom of this planet. Should an enquiry be made into the cause of the exalted state of the mother country, and the sources from which her com- merce has been derived, and is now supported, it will be found that the vast and various productions of her mines are the chief support of her manufacturing industry, and the great centre of supply for almost every nation upon the earth. The uses of Iron are so well known they scarcely re- quire any mention. This metal enters into all the multifa- rious operations of civilized life, and the purposes to which it is applied in every kind of labour are almost too numerous to be comprehended. It forms the plough of the farmer, the hook of the fisherman, the safeguard of the mariner, and all those terrific engines of war used for assault and defence. Its use distinguishes a civilized people from those who are but little elevated above the brute creation, except in their human form. Next in importance to iron, is Coal. When Coal is view- ed in all its relations to mankind, the mind is filled with asto- nishment at its effects. To Coal, the generator of steam, the multiplied operations in manufactories, the great improve- ments in all kinds of machinery, the vast saving of animal strength, the diminution of human pain and labour, and the majestic strides of civilization, owe their origin. Coal possesses the power of transmuting ships and land carriages into animals, capableof performing the greatest feats of strength without relaxation or repose. Through its influ- ence directed to the production of steam, vessels now ply be- tween Great Britain and America in a shorter space of time than had been ever before anticipated, and the inhabitants of countries far remote from each other are now brought into frequent and neighbourly intercourse. Were the bituminous treasures of England exhausted, her manufactories would fail, her trade cease to exist, and the nation would gradually re- trograde into a state of ancient barbarity. \ f^ he importance r from the mi- 1 wealth. :onipared with nd the metals, )een improved ^stances found ipiness of civi- of those bar- of stone, some the power and of this planet, e exalted state rhich her com- it will be found mines are the and the great the earth, jy scarcely re- all the multifa- )ses to which it >o numerous to armer, the hook -, and all those ifence. Its use 10 are but little tir human form, en Coal is view- filled with asto- ar of steam, the great improve- aving of animal labour, and the ; ships and land he greatest feats irough its influ- sels now ply be- er space of time le inhabitants of )w brought into i the bituminous lories would fail, Id gradually re- I 'if Referring to the effects of steam Dr. Buckluiul leiimrkH ** When we consider that a large proportion of this power is ** applied to move machinery, and that the amount of work *' now done by machinery in England has been supposed to ** be equivalent to thot of between three and four hundred *' millions of men by direct Tabour, we are almost astounded " at the influence of coal, and iron, and steam, vipon the fat« ** and fortunes of the human race." " It is on the rivers," says Mr. Webster, " and the boatman may repose on his *< oars ; it is on the highway, and begins to extend itself along ** the courses of land conveyances ; it is at the bottom of mines " a thousand (he might have said eighteen hundred) feet be- " low the earth's surface ; it is in the mill and in the work- *' shops of the trades ; it rows, it pumps, it excavates, it car- *' ries, it draws, it lifts, it hammers, it spins, it weaves, it " prints." Should the advancement of this power be as rapid during the next ten years as it has been during a brief space that is gone by, it seems as if man would be indulged with a long holiday, having nothing to do but to gaze upon his own inventions. Besides these copper, tin, lead, zinc and manganese should claim some attention, and although but small quanti- ties of the precious metals have been found in North America, several of the most beautiful gems have been obtained in No- va-Scotia and New-Brunswick. The oxides and other chemical combinations of the me- tals are extensively used in medicine, chemistry, bleaching, dyeing and other important arts, and the beautiful colours used by painters are only so many different forms of mineral matter. Again, for the purposes of architecture, granite, porphy- ry, marble, freestone, lime and slate are indispensable, and the discovery of any of those rocks increases the value of the country where they exist. Sail, clay, mineral and thermal springs also form a part of national wealth. Nor is Agricul- ture less indebted to geology, and mineralogy, than other arts ; for this, lime, marl, gypsum and other substances of a mine- ral nature are required to increase the fertility of the earth, while those sciences investigate the nature of the soil that yields our daily bread. In the mineral kingdom lie the hidden properties of mag- netism, and electricity, with all those chemical phenomena now so well known, but whose true causes are but imperfectly imderstood. The former guides the wandering mariner over the pathless ocean, and the latter delights us by its extraor- dinary effects. A combination of these two properties is now * '■^■■/f: # 4* ''^- i'i I a 'I* ilirccleil so as to be made obedient to the human will, and from a knowledge of their laws a power has been obtained si- milar to that produced b^ steam. In oil these the design, wis- dom, and beneficence ot an intelligent architect ai-e displayed in a manner so nicely adapted to human comprehension, that none who enquire into them can forbear^to acknowledge the power and goodness of their Creator. If it, then, must be acknowledged that the prosperity and happiness of the inhabitants of any country depend upon their facilities for obtaining the necessaries and |)erhaps in some instances the luxuries of life, just in proportion to the natu- ral advantages possessed by any Province or district (provid- ed those aiivantages are improved) so will the power and wealth of its inhabitants be increased. Affluence does not so much depend upon labour, as upon the objects upon which that labour is bestowed, and that it is necessary the industry and skill of man should be directed into proper channels, or into those which will yield the greatest and surest rewards, is obvious. One of the best sources oi' national wealth is found in the earth, and wherever this great fountain of profit is open* it should claim a due share of attention from those whose in- fluence stamps the character of society. From the importance and profit of mining operations, every portion of the United Kingdom has been explored by the aid of Government, and private funds, in order to discover the riches concealed among its rocky strata, and although the sums expended for such purposes have been enormous, they have been repaid an hundred fold by the discoveries mode and the knowledge purchased. It may be said that the fate of France was decided by her mines : when her foreign supplies were cut off by her powerful foes, her legislators offered the highest rewards for the discovery of useful minerals, and the success of her men of science delivered the nation from impending danger. The people of the United States, ever ready to learn by the experience of others, have commenced geological surveys, at a great expence, of every State in the Union. Some of these are completed and others are in progress. The advan- tages which have followed these surveys are incalculable ; nei- ther talent, nor money, nor time have been spared ; and al- though bituminous Coal has not been found in any conside- * rable quantity in any of the eastern States, the dcvelopemenl of other mineral treasures has returnetl an ample reward. In districts where neither coal nor the metals were deposited, quarries of slate, granite uiul marble have been opened, and uman will, anil icen obtained si- the design, wis- ct ai-c displayed prehension, that icknowlcdge the e prosperity and pend upon their lerhaps in some ion to the natu- district (provid- the power and lencc does not so ects upon which ary the industry per channels, or iirest rewards, is I wealth is found ofprofitisopen, those whose in- ning operations, leen explored by order to discover ind although the enormous, they liscoveries made was decided by : cut off by her best rewards for cess of her men ng danger, eady to learn by ological surveys, nion. Some of ss. The ndvan- ^calculable; nei- spared ; and ul- in any conside- lie developemenl iple reward. In were deposited, ^cn opened, and 'I v4l I large tnicts of country have been fertilized by the discovery nnd use of marl. T'..' geological and mineralogicol exploration of New- Drunswick was commenced under circumstances truly em- barrassing ; but, from the results already produced, it cannot fail to mark a new era in the history of the Province. It will be seen in the body of this report, how important this en- ouiry is to the prosperity of the country, and so greot are the uiscovcries olready made, even in the commencement of the undertaking, that the names of those who have supported the object will be remembered with gratitude by succeeding generations. Hitherto the energies of the Province have been direct- ed to the exportation ot timber in its different forms, and the commerce of the Colony has been greatly enlarged from the fine forests which formerly occupied the interior of the coun- try. But timber is gradually becoming more scorce, the ex- pense of procuring it is annually increasing, and the time will come when other objects for exportation must be sought for. It is then certainly desirable that other resources of the country should be opened, and while the agricultural dis- tricts are encouraged and protected, the riches contained in the bosom of the earth should not be overlooked. Almost alt the Coal used in this Province is imported from England, and Nova-Scotia, and it is a singular fact that the steam boats plying on the river between Saint John and the Capital are propelled by imported fuel, while during each of then' trips they pass directly over a coal field now known to contain vast quantities of that important combustible. It is impossible that this state of things can remain for n much longer period, and only by calling such resources into action, can the enterprise and capital of New-Brunswick and other countries be brought into successful operation, and the Province continue to flourish. It is justly remarked by Henry Bliss, Esquire, a ta- lented writer on the trade and resources of the North Ame- rican Colonies, that " the mineral resources of the Northern Colonies have by no means been explored. Whatever, in- deed, is known, has been less the result of enquiry than of the voluntary and almost obtrusive disclosures of nature herself, who has scattered indications of these her gifts on the very surface of the land, and even on the shores of th? sen, so that if the eye did not heed them, man's foot would stumble where they lie. Enough, however, has been ascer- tained to make it unquestionable that the mines of th^se Pro- %c ''%* ^ ii ' i 8 '■r' -,♦(*■• viiices are destined to become an immense and inexhaustible bource ot* wealth and power." It would be in vain to attempt an enumeration of all thes different mineral substances which have proved useful to man- kind ; their uses are as wide as the field from whence they nre taken, and the welfare of any country must in a great measure depend upon the native riches contained in its rocks, and success can only attend th