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(M-:'"!' !"'«;f smiisi-. ; lliii'il, lirst, nasiil ..pcuinKs; sfcoiul, iiiisal cUiiiniu'rs anil smimm-. , .,..., nlKirvnx ; lom'Ui, h.rvnx; illtli, t.iiclu.i. ; hixIIi, Im-ciicIu ; s,.v.mUI., |,,„„M.i,il li.l-.s;,iKl.fh, tl..' luntis. Tli.n- ii.v two nasMl n|,..mim-;, t e ,i,.l,l anil l.ll, and aiv .livi.l.-l l.v tlu^ nasal peak, to wlucli is at tarhc.l ihc nasal .arlilan.'. Kxtcrnal is the skm, mtiTna. to ii aiv tin iniiscl.s. Till' inlcinal i.ai't of tin' cliamlHTs is uovfivd with a tim Ihin covtriiiK. SiipiTior to the inl\iior .MMiinussiiiv is tl.o lalsi nostril ;tlu' small op.ninK insi.k- of \\n- nostlil is tlir oliictus nasi. Thr nasal rliaiiiL.is arc s. |.ai-at.'.l l,y tli.' .•aitilas/nioiis s, ptiiin nasi. hsiparatos the riKht from tlic left rliamlK'f. '" -"'•j' ."■"';V '''"'"': Wv w.' liaw twol.oni'scall.Ml turliinat.d Lotus, wliicli .lividf tli>; nasal ,.l,andKrs into tl.ivc parts; so tlu- .•h-.nnlKTs a.v not on.' .ontiniioiis ,.|,,,mlMi'. Ka.'h .'hamlu'r is lin.' <'an.'.l s.lm.id.rian or pituitary nunihraiu'; it i- .'ontmn.uis w ill. iIr. skin, and also with that of tho s.'vcral siiitis.s. 1 lu; siniis.s ol u- lu'ad art' the frontal, supt'rior maxillarv, fthinoid ami sphinoid. 1 lu'v ate I ' iK'rhaps, for two purpos.'s to li.ul.t.'n tlu' lu'ad and protect Ihr lungs, riu' larvnx is a niiisculo cartilaKinons liox, lu'ld in its placr i)\ m,.s<'U..s,'l,om'S an.l trachra. Tlu' oartila-.s of tlu; larynx at'.' .'ri.'oid thvi'(dd,.'pi«lottis, two arytom.id and two .'Uiu'itorm. Ih- .'ii.'oui .nVroimdstlu'tra.'lu'a; tlu' thyroid is shi.ldhkr ; jt isoall.d Adams appl.', tlu' I'piglottis or pot-lid ;Uu' aryt.'iioid is I'W.'r sl.apr,! : tlu' iiiiu'iforni arc falsi- vocal ciu'ds iiiti'rnal to the laniyx. The musi'lfs of tlu' larnyx r^'gulate tlu' passaKV ol air nit., tlu' lunRs. The glottal oponing is in the .'.ntre ol tlie I'li'vnx. I I'l' mucous nuinbraiu' of the larynx is extremely s.-nsitive. 1 Ih' hirwix is well supplied with nerves, super!. ^ and interior lai'yu,uval. liu trachea is composed of ii numher • in.'oniplete rings, winch are at- tached l)v ligamentous attaehmenl , ue mucous luembrane ol the trahea is not so sensitive as that oi iie larnyx. J he trachea ter- minates in the right atul left hronchi. Catarrh means a running or discharge from the mucous mein- hraueof the nose and the sinuses of the same; it consists ot an lu- llammatiou of the mm-.om membrMue of the lui.se, precede.l l.v coii- .restiou. Slight ('(Uigestion takes place, a peenliar dryness and irri- tation, which gives way to a discharge of a watery nature, Nvhich hccomes white and then yellow, varying iicciu'ding to the severity ol the case. r„„,sp,y.— Tlu- most common, perhaps, is exposure, or sudden changes .*«iiaiWiS,!«SMS*«»3«B«<»»»*''f«=—*- >■ -•*i»ji.«ii;. a-s;^ ..»«fc;*?*fc.-^e*£^^fi**^*^ ■ rAVSIB, HVMPTOMM ASH Tlti:ATMi:NT OF (if t('in|)iriiliir<' ; MlamlinK in ii ilriill ; liiiviiin liciii iliiviii wlii'ii in ]MMir ('(iii(iiti(in, wlii'ii Nvstt'iii i.s wciiki'iK'il. Symptnniii. — Slight ilulliirHH; limy not \iikf fimd vrfv wi'll ; coiit Ktarinj^ tn sniiic cxtiiit ; piilNc not iniii'li (Ui'cti'd ; ihroiit Immmhiiis Hurt"; Ulli r ('(illgcslidll piiHStH oil' cxuiilltiiill lllkcs liiiicc, foilir.fd liy (lie (JiHcliiirnc, anil il niiiy ln' viry iii'dliiHr, Imi it iiiiisi iini Mliinii you. TlifiT in p'lurally iiii|iaii'rcl .HiiTrlimi (il mint'; lina'. 'liiii; iinl iniiili ullii'tfii ill many casi'.s. We alsn liavi' a ilisiliai'j^i' lioin ilir nnhc in iitlitr ilistiiNtN, Miii'li HH inlliicii/.a, KlxniiiiN, tic. Triiiliiinit is (*iiii|iii'. < iivi- |iltiily of K'""'. I""'*' "i' ! l'l''i<' in a ciiiii- fiirlal)!" Iiiix, will viiitilaliil, ami il' tlir wt^tlirr is nilil liiaiikit liini iici'i>riliii(.dy ; use niti"ili' nl' inptahh, two, I'uiii- or six ilrai'liins, Iwn nr tlirif tiiiirs a ilay. One lo two niinrts iiilrmis illur, with mii' nr two iiiinci's laiiilaiitiiii, may arrisl llic allark in llir (iisl sla^rs, ov yon may liavr In (iivf a ilu.sc nl piirj^ativr imfliriiif, linl l>i' viry caivfiil in K'^'ii'rt |iiir(,'alivi' nn'iliiiiu' in iliscasrs nl' tlir irspiralnry orU'inH. Hallir llic imsliils with warm wattr anil allnw liim In inlialc Htiain. Just allnw it tn pasH iiitn llic imstiils, nr id.c a imsi' lia^', liiit alinw pirnty nl pure air. Il' a cniiKli is prisinl, Hiimiilatc llii' tliroat with (ipial parts nl' ammnnia, liirpiiitiiu' ami nil, linl il' it is a very lliin-skiniu'ii tinimal ynu may use li ss tiirpcntini' anil ammnnia ami nmri'iiil, nr mnstaril may In- nsril. (iivi' laxalivr I'nml, lint iln mil let the animal run ilnwn in I'linilitinii tun mncli. Il tlu' ilisi'liari^n I'rnm till' iinsf runs ti.n Innn', it may In.' arnsti il liy the nsc of -nipliatc nf iron, oiii' to two ilracliins two nr llirtf tiims a day, nr chliiralinl pntasli, niii' In two drarliniK two nr tliivc times a day. Laryngritie, sore throat. Inllammation of tlif tin" ,.i orciirs in a varii'ly id water two or three times a day. Use judicious counter irritation; eiiiial jiarts of ammonia, turpentine anil nil ; or rnh mustard well into the skin and wash otr in two or three hours, or it may be necessary to use stronger rMKNT OI' )H licrii ili'iviii wlit'ii in kf food vi'i'v wi'll ; colli I'd ; lliroiit liri'ciiius Nori' ; ■i pliici', I'ollo'.fd liy tllf I It must Hot Mhiriii yuii. Ill'; liriat'iiiii; not iiiiicli iM'liiii'Ki' Iroin till' iiiiM' ill I'll'. |im'i' nil ; idiui' in m i'oiii- :'.tlirl' is cold liiaiiki't liiiii i- or six di'acliiiis, two or rolls I'tlicr, with one or ck in till' (iist sliinis, or c iiicdiciiii', liiil III' very senses of the res|iirnlory ■ iinil iiMoW him to ininile ils, or lli.e II nose hiij,', hilt sent, HtiiiililMtc the tiiroat III! oil, lint if it is 11 very I'litine and ammonia and :ative food, lint do not let I. If the discharL;e from hy the use of snl|iliate of day, or clilorateol jiotasli, :iy. 1 of the till" .11 occurs in a s fatally in a very short isiire ; a inimher of horses liiderKroillid staliles, or it acks a nnmlier of animals say just wlial causes it in lalliiiK with a stick, etc. easily noticed if the aiii- I'tled through the nostrils, Pressure iipon the throat it is very (iiiick, and the ivere ease. The mouth i» on; the toiij^iie dryer than s, e8|)ecially if the mucous 'rely alli-'Cted. Increased liowels costive and nrine iliscliai-ftc from the mouth, in; it generally disapiiears ihoiild not he put to hard roariiiff or hroncliitis. 'ssary ; if the feet and legs landaged. (live nitrate if refill in K'^infi; a drench ; ins in tei>id water two or irritation ; eiiiial jiarts of ai'd well into the skin and .' necessary to use stronger 11IWKA8KH til' liOMKsrir AMMM.'*. s r,.„.edi.N Hiich as l.iniodide of mercury or caiitharides If H- l.tvath- • 1 V -v dillicult vol! inav in some cases v'lvc inhalation ol chlor- Si;;;;"ii;r^™";.;r::^fe,;;;i^r,::fi ;;:;;.:,;:; ;^^H ,v dra^hlll^ licori.'e twi.ilrachius, ipeca.'iiaidmom. hall draci III. !, cough is pr. ^eul iiHc counter irritation, and give iodide ol potassium ,,11,. drachm, morning and night. Nasal aieot, chronic cnlarrh, or o/aeiia. There is a glarey discKi fi^^^n ...•or hoth nostrils. It is a sul.-a.'iiH' m la.nmation ; : na or in^illarv sinu.ses are the purls elleccd. I he d. - Il,',,l!.. varies according to the length of tiiii. and to the scut o| the disease. r,w.r, .Neglected catarrh, especially il^ eximsed to .'old and mil ,11 w el II HUllicienl amount ol' f 1. I- xpnsiirc hy niiining to a t rwsl ick, etc., or im injurv to the frontal sinns i sm hcien to Irac- . ,1 e lione o'r even to'in ure the 1.1 .vessel- iiMde ,,1 the houe, .",•,.„„ , ..ariouH tooth. Nasal gleet is a symp om ol 1'^" '-•'■- , i usiiissaled or dried i.us. .\ tumor y prodnce i , or he i • :,„| ,;..,'„ „,• , Cu-eign suhslance int.. the nasal chamUers, hv en- deavoling to swallow Honielhing ami expelling it mlo the nasal ,'liam- '\slu,„ln,„^.-\l is sometimes mistaken for glander.';; lirsl a discharge ,-, J e I o;.rils ; it mav he of ,v whitish or vel ..wish .'.d.ir which n.i ly '..,„.ined lor some time in the n.istril and llu'i. he -x,.ell.'d in .'..n- Mderal.le ouantiti.'S. Look lit the nose ; tnr iiiu.'oiis memi ralle m. > ,„, ,,.i,i,,„!,| .,, „i- a yellow hue, hut no ulcrat.', pat.'lu's, as i ; „, d.'rs There mav he swelling ..f the lymp latl.' glan.ls, es|.eciully i it ,..,mes from a Miseased tooth; the animal may .'on inuen ,.. ,V io...l spirits, ami may work pretty well. Il the trontal si i - aiv idle.'te,l v.m can .lelect il hy Hu' «ound l.y eoU.'nssi..n, so, lis icing.liircreut in emptv ami in full sinuses. 'I he animal l.ec.mes Ic i„ llesh; i! is.'ulle.l liidc-houml, the .lischarge, ,t Ir.un a case ol 1,, ng ta lii g, has a f-thl smell ; in glan.lers it is not so let.d, and he d h- , harge U -if a m.ire greenish c.ilor. Always examine a- to the state of the teeth. 'lW,,lmn,t is somewhat t.'di.ius. Keep the animal well fe.l wash ,1k' nostrils once or twice a .lay, give plenty .,1 pure air and some exer,ise, use sul|.l.ate <.f iron, on.', tw.i or three .Ira.'hins .m.'e <.r Iwi.e a .lav, iodi.le of potassium, sulphate ol copper, or halsam ol '•'>l'i"V. ■ The'hest preparation of iron is i.i.lide ..1 iron. In son..' ''^'^ '■" " ' ter irrita i.in is ..f use. Use l.ini...li.le ..f mercui'y. I have hut t- 1, faith in i..j.'.'tions i..t.. the n,.strils. As a g.'.u'n.l '""''K ""1' ; gative is re.,..ire.l. It uv^y he necessary to trephine un.l '1 ' ' « matter to pass ....t. Keep the .ipen.ng. well opene.l, '"J''"' '' "^^^^^^^ aci.l, sulphate of copper, etc. Il it .s l.'om a canons t.i.ith, lemove ,. Sulphate of copper two .Iraehms, cantharides live gra...s, ma le lit.i a hall an.l give., on.'c or twice a .lay, .ir 8..1pl.ate .if n-...i o. e .Irach.n, ai-senic three to livi; grains, stryel.ni..e two gra.ns, ..r suhstitute nux vo.nicrt for the strychnine. fll^aaB^WSVSfclWiV" 6 ( AI-«I;h, ^YMlTilMx AM' IIIIATMKNT 01' Thyroid glaiidn an' iliirilcHH kI""'In ICnlnrKcimniH of tln'Hi' me CIiIIkI IiIuIK Iiix I Ii ; il IIIIIV Vlirv IriHII tllc Ni/r of ll Iliurnll'H t'Kt; III llll' Hi/.i' III' II iiiiiu'h IiiiihI. Il iH liv|iri'li'ii|iliv dj llll' tlivi'iiiil ul.inilt. ll h I'llMily ilrli I Iril, Mini ilniH llnl iillrll llllrrlrt'i' N\ lili llir llllillllll ill Mliv way. '/Vi'ii^iK /!/ - Imliiir iiiiil iuiliili' III |iiiliiHHiiiiii iiiii' |iarl III I'liiir III' nix 111 lanl: nr vmi may ili«siii ilicm mii, Imi lie rard'ul, as llir lani- till arltry is vi-ry iirar; Iml il ymi iln iiil il ymi ran li^aliirr il. ll may In- liiiTHNary "oiuiliiius In iisr liliiimllilt' nl iiiirriiry, iir il lysU iiri' liiriiiril yiiu iiiay |iiiiiciiii'r iliciii. Group, III' l'iil>^t' iiu'iiilii'iiiu' ill tlic tlii'iial III' llll' liiii-Ni, |ii'iiiliii'liiK I'Xlii'iiily ilillii'iili lii'riitliiiiK ; liinvi'ViT .siii'li I'liHi's arc viry riiri'. Abcesses ui' iIh' iinliinaU'il Iioiuh. # 7Vl((^/l ; tlity iiiiiy I xli'iiil aliiiiisl iluwii iiiln llir nasal ii|ii'nin^. ll is imt so ('iiiiiiniiii in liiii'sr.s a> in man. (.'khjuv.- J'liiy iniiy iMnnr I'l-nin smiu' rlianni' in lln' system. 1 1 is a tuniiil', wliii'li iliirs mil ^I'ow ai;ain il' il is rcmiivril. Ti< small il is liiiii'i' III K'avi' il iiluiu', Imt it' il iii- U'l'l't'i't's with i'is|iiialiiin il may lie in'cssary |i) ri-'miivt' it, just with 11 pair 111 liii'ii'|is il it is inar tlir nasal nprniiii;. It is Hiinu'limi's I'ornitil liMik in lUv pharynx, which is mine siiiiniH ih.iii nasal polypi ; it may iml do iiiiicli injury, iiiiil il may inlcrlcrc with the laryn.x. Siimjiliiiii.-' are rather |ieciiliar. The animal has ilillieiilly in hreatli- i ng ; issiiliJM'i in sympioms ot' siiirocaiiiin ; may tall down, k*'I >ip a>{iiin aed tor a time appear all i'iji;llt. Tliere may, al'ter this, he a discliai'u:e (ll lihioil Irmii the nostrils. In such a case put the hand well liai'lv ill the iiioiilh and make a carel'nl examinatioii. Triiiliiii'iil. Aieoriiint; In your worksyoii wuiild iiiiinve it, Iml my experieiice Is thai lliey are very dillienlt to removi' ; lait it may have u very Well marked neck and ymi may in such a case remove it. 1 have had some e.xpcrieiice. and lliere ismncii lieniorrliii>;e. Tumors ol a clues\ consislcncy, Iml not polypi. When yon make an c.xaminalioii yoii may iliiiik il is ol a lilinms cliaratter, hut it is ol' a tliii'tiiatiny or (lalihy character, and yiiii know hy this thai il con- tnins matter ol' some, kind. It is liest Irealed hy makiiiu an incision, mid sipii c/,iiijj this matter mil, and then treat as an ordinary injury. Ulceration ul' the arytenoid carlihiKC has ln'cii iioliccd, and may result Iroiii aciilc laryngitis. Si/iiipliiiiis —ll is dillienlt to dctecl, theri' is a discharge from the 11 ISC, more when ilic animal is i atiiiK- 'I'l'c animal I'alls od' >,'reatly in coiidiiioii. and coii^dis. Tnii/iiiihl.- Nothing!; can lie done lor it. Thickening of the Mucous Membrane of the nose causes impaired lircatliiiii;, a kind of smilllini; up the nose, (iive some such thiiifx as nitrate or chlorale of potash. Chronic Oougll. — It is called this when no other disease can he seen, i'liei-earedillerent kinds of cough: the dry; the humid, which is freo and moist ; the deep hollow, such us is found in heaves, or rMKNT OK iiiinrKi'iiii'iilH III' tlii'Hi' iiiv 111' II Iliuinll'H ('Hi; III till' till' tlivi'iiiil uI.'miiIh. It ' willi till' iiiiirniil in :iii,v nil mil' |iiirl l<> Iniir or il lie innliil, us llir ciini- villi run liKiiliirc it. It ' III' iiii'rciiry, nr il' cVHtH III' till' liiirm', prodiiciii); iHi'K :iri' viry nirt'. r i',s('ii|H'. libniiis cliiinii'lcf; tluTc I till' iiiiii'iiU!< iiiriiilii'iini' ; il i>|irnin^. Il \n not su :<' in till' xvHtcin. It \s a I'lllllVt'll, w it iiliiiu', lull it' il in- ID rt'iiiiivt' it, just with iiiiiii;;. Il is Hiiiiu'tiiiii's liiiiiN tli.iii niiHiil |>iily|ii ; •I'lTc with till' liirvnx. Iiiis ilillii'iilly ill lii'catli- iiKiv I'all iliiwn, ^I't lip I'i'i' iiiiiy, iil'u T this, III' II h il I'liso |iiit iIk' liniid Miiiiiniitiiiii. iviiiilil mniivi' it, hut my ciiiiiVf ; liiit il limy hiive lU'li II I'lisi' niniivi.' il. I lu'iiinrrhiiKV. polypi. Wlii'ii yiiii iiiako ii'iiiis I'liiii'iii'U'i', lint il i.s :iiiiw liy this that it cdii- I liy iiiakiiiu an iiii'isinn, t us an iii-ilinai'y injury. 8 Ih'i'ii iiiitii'i'il, anil iiiiiy > a ilisrliar '.,.,:,,„ 'I'lure is iiio.-e air „,„, „,„.aliiral sound uihiu ''''>•'';'.''';, ','•,,„,', and this is due ,,,.,in« into the. nostrils thau ''7' ' "V "';;,,''^ ■ ".\ i, aits upon llie [„ „ „,,Mi,m 111' the '"';;^''V' , rsi. l" T ■ ..mseh'sare mure vocal eiirds, produi'iun tlii« 1"' '''•""'",',,.. ,i,,i,, KoariiiK mav =;::;:;;;;:;?.;;; 'I;;';-' :.'"'*"'-""!■ '™ i,„i,.,.l,,„ '•! >'.''l'"'>'"^- . i,,,.^,,, 'li^ ^traimhs and inlhieii/.a; lint is r„iMi.M. Il is eausid l.v '"^^'''f '''•/,''' •-', K„i„„ „| the piienmo- ..uerally hereditarv. " 1-;^ ';;\ ;;^ ^' , m^ "uv .-.'•« afler nastrie nerve, or trom l.fJ.hl '','''•:', .^i, ,,,,, soon alter reeov- r"«l;:;:''"^;lr-"X■K\ru;"»l■^»...■.- -"'-^ space arc very apt l-i l-ecotne ''"'"■;''';•. , ;,„,,, l„.i,„ln,oHt free ''1i!L,. -U,.vwe.l...id.Ushed^^ .Hiate .1 l.yKiv.ng '''''■;''''.,■ ,,;,,, ua.. of polassiiim; or yon ,,„i„t; of the miicons 'V' '''.'''''"' \.r' '.;'';''' .,,,,,,,'•,,,. ,.u-, are onlv „„v n.' counter imtalion. ^ ^ ^:,: ;Xtd ill ^lariiiK are „„„li|i,i|s.vmptomsolro;.. .K- ' ,,,'vienoiilens and tliy- thi. crii'ii-arvlelloldelis, lioslicilh anil l.iin.m. . ;:::„;;:'n.:hlens. U ma! come from .urvous.nlluenees. ^P tvio T arvnx - Most liUelv lo ' cur in old horses. Spasmsof theLarjTDX I Violent lit of co.iiih.n-; .S,,my,/i;ms-lhe ""^''''L' :, .'^ Id Y u cannot delc'l anything and follow l>y mix voinicn. 1 1 i;.,„ irom the nose, is not very loinmoii, and „s;f ^"jj'-^m;:!;:^:. !::.'.>« ■; • ^™;;';; -jsr-s .(8ft^S&«aSfefe»«n^t*'' ^ .=;A^1i**-^v-( ^-.^■'^'^ "i--*^J it.iSi,.Ii*s-.-^S: ^ifr»f*S-^"5^»irfiir-".'- 8 t\rsh>, SYMITOMs AND 'IM! KAT.MEN'I' OK I'riiiii linlh. Il(ii-M> ill lii^'li ciinililidii, willimil iniicli cxcrcist', iirc iiioi-f liiiliU' til this. Tiniliiu'iil. — ll iiiiist viii-y to ii ctTliiin cxlciil. If liicri' is not iiiiicli lilooii, jiisl liiillu' with cdlcl water, (II- villi may inject til.' nose. Hiil he very earel'iil in iiijeeliiiir tiie nose cif a horse, or yon niiiy have a more severe form. If in hnl inie iioslril, use tow villi some sty ptie, as aeelale of had. i'"eeil well anil ;;el the iiliiiiial in |prii|ier eomiition. Hemorrhage of the Liipgrs in niiHinlly syiii|pioiiiatie of some ilisease, ami when it is, il is easily deteeleil. It is proiliieeil hy var- ious eauses, and may eoiiie from dillereiit soiiree.s -from the air cells, lironchial tiihes, or from the siilistai of the liin;;s. Morses most likely tosiilK'r, if in jiood health, ari' plelhoric animals. It is not iin- eoiniiiini anions; the trotting and racing horses, and is p'licrally the result nf im|ir(i|iir care or use. It may result from violent exertion, although the animal is in wry good condilion. Instead of escaping hy the nose, the Idood sometimes heeomcs extravasatcil in the siili- Htance of the lungs, pr di.eing .serious results, as pneiimunia, etc. Siiiiiiiliiiii.<. — There is not geiuraliy much dilliculty in determining il. It generally comes from liotli nostrils, and the animal also coughs; respiration is (|nicl<; the animal weak; and lliere is some irrita tion. -^pply the ear to the trachea, and yon will hear a peculiar gurgling noise. Trial mini. — Keep the animal staii'ling qiiiel ; cover wi II in cold wealhcr; and apply cold to the (diest—eidd water or ice. ]5e very careful wiih internal remedies; hut after some time use styptics— use tiirpcniiiie or acetate of lead, or the tinclnre of the chloride of iron, two ur three draidims once or twice a day, or gallic acid one dnudiin, with one drachm of opium. If the legs are cold, stimulate to some e.vtenl, and after sonic time administer slimiilanls, siu h assweet spirits of niter. Inform 1 e owner of the nature of the case, and the great danger of exertion. Congestion of the Lung:s. The lungs are siiiiplied with two sets ol hhiod vessels, the functional and nutritive. The functional iire the pnlinonary iirleries and veins ; the nutritive are the hron liial arteries and Veins. The functional are the ones involved in conges- tion. ( 'ongeslioii consists in an increased amount of hlooil in the jiarls, and interferes with respiration. It is a I'oreriiniU'r of inllain- niation or pneiiinonia, and is the most coiihikmi disease of the lungs. C'((H.''c.''. — i;apid exertion when the animal is not in lit state, is the most common cause. It is a seiiiiel of catarrh, and if worked too soon, it follows inlliieiiy.a as well as catarrh. It is sonietimes produc- ed hy impure air, and pussihly may he due to a sudden draft of air. .S//(/i/i/ni/,.« vary sonic, according to the producing cause. If from last Wcirk the syniplcims are well marked, the animal will lie sluggish, tremhle in the Hank; will have lahored hrealhing, the nostrils dila- ted ; oppressed piilsi — whi(di soiiietinns heeomcs very weak and in- distinct : till' niucdus mcmhrane of the eye and nose are reddened. I5y placing the ear to the side llu-re will he heard a peculiar gurg- ling noise, showing that there is dilliculty in the large hroiudiial tllhes; ears and legs are cold, especially if the animal has lieeii driv- en in the cidd. lint if it is a milder attack the symptoms are dillereiit. Suppose a horse, after having catarrh, is driven live or six miles, bronghl hack and put into the stahle. He refuses his food, trem- bles, or has rigors; ears and legs cold, month hot. pulse (|iiick and DISKASKS Ol- WOMKSTIC ANIMALS. VT.MESi' or lliiiiit iiiiicli (Xci'ci.st', iil'c 'lit. If (liiTi' is not nmcli niav inject tli ■ iidsc. Hiil Kir.si', or Vdii niiiy liavc a isr tow villi some styiitic, liiiial in |ii'o|)i r conilition. illy syiii|itoniati<' of smiK' It is iiroiluccd liv var- lu'ccs -from liic air cflls, tliv innjis. Worst's most ic animals. It is not iin- <(s, anil is p'lH'rally the lilt from vioU'iit exertion, ion. Instea'l of escapiiifr •xtravasaleil in the siili- Is, as imeiiiiionia, etc, (iiHienlty in (leterniiniiiK il tile animal also eoiij^'lis; 111 there is some irrita •on will hear a peculiar iiiet ; cover well in cold 1 water or ice. He very lie time use styptics — use of the chloride of iron, ' gallic acid one drachm, [' cold, slimiihite to some hints, such assweet spirits if the case, and the great ,'S are sii))plic(l with two tritivc. The functional itritive are the hronihial ines involved in conjfes- ainonnt of hlood in the s a I'oreriinuer of inllam- loli disease of the liinn^. is not in lit slate, is the irrh, and if worked too It is sometimes prodne- lo a siiilileii draft of air. odiicin'j- cause. If from • animal will be slni,'i;ish, ■alliinj;-, the nostrils '",.",",,":,. ,,„i, pVodueed and t.'.;""- .-enerally the ones al ecle.l, it J",;; ,,,,;„, ..,■„,„■ to forty e.|;hl „,te smhlenly. 1 the I'"'- ;;,'•;, :, ,, ,nav he in an entirelv |,„„rs,tlu'rcmay -ea U'lva eh.n« tl i . . „,,,,,,„„... , ^,a„«renous ,'on.htion; hu > u ';'',, ,,,(,,,1,, some of their Uu' animal dies mo.v sudde.l , u '"^^^^''''-..^^^^....^ ■„, ,,,sc ol.u ,,|,.,r,„.„,,i„ies ^mav ^^^"I ''.•;;',;,,•„, ;„ ^\y\uii y-mr opinion in horse chan^iuf; han ' \. ', , %.\,u^ i„de.'d. VUv i>o^f ^!.;i'j!:;;:?rf:;;:'£a;h''"^.l"::::vt;;^ -•--' .mt is rather a dcsiraMe dise.is. to ti, i x ^,.,,,,,,, . ^U 1, ,,,„..r to keep him ".-> ■';.;;;,'.; '. ■; ; ; "..uucc ..f snlplu.ric keep him ^-^^ '"'^'r'} ^ ^''-"^^"m^uu- handa^n' the extremities „,. ,V„roUS ether with a little l'^'' .'.'•; ^7,,, ,„,v l.athe the ,,,!,; riihthc hody ;-'';,f7;:; J'shein, relieved son,e,dono, ,i,„l,s with ;-^"--'' "■=''; •,,',■„ ,,t relieved, ^'ive another dose. ,,„sh stimulants too stioif-'lN '.'l , ■^.^. i„j,.etiou nl soap '\(,er some ^i'-' S'-'"^; ';,:;;.; ,.1 h, soii.c cases you may and warm wat.'r, with a litlU ' " ,' " , ^.^,^ ,,.,„ ..xt.'Ul. It i> ,,, hl.iod le,.in.,hu. It is no n > ^ " J,,.^ ;, ,;, „Uen, smldenlv, horse is in Kood cou.htion ai . p .. ^ |^^_^^, ^^,.^,,,. , .,^ insiich acaseyoiimay tauetuo.n 1... catarrh, hlood ,ive stimulant. !•'•;,;' •i;;--:'' .^v limUlu' symptoms are le- lottin- would he h yhl.N '"1".' "';.^. ' KU.,„min.''s limture ol ac.mite ; ,o,„„er irritation; -^''-''-'^'-''^V f v rv i 'werfiil renie.lies. Wrins :v benefit, liut there ,s no "\'" ,' ;;'.." J ..s., i-id cover with a ,,Ui„Uet from >'''\.«;;'''V\"'' . n e ■ -i nr"lar exercise, but do dry one; "^'' '•^'''^■'"'''^ /'I' ^' '"',,, "a.-'iFt tiive gentian for a t.m.c. ^!:i:i'^;;^:^hW';l'rwin:;;l;:.'.Miu:Jyto.,e;:ttacueda.ain. Pneumoma or Inflammation of the Lu^^^^^^^^^ ,,,,,,r in either the aente ''^J^^'J'Cl^J'Xu^. It is indam- onlv o.H' lung, or a part ot the '"^';^^ ^ ^;,, , ,t „ ^ot at all un- nuition ot the lung ^Vl'*^'^''';;' '.;;',• .Jr diseases of the lungs, ,,„„„„on. U is loum in ;;"""' ."^'...We lung v.'rv closely, and especially the pleura, or the P'^' ' ,* , , '; , pleuro-pneiim-nia. it both the pleura ='''V"''V me lie lu. g^^ < h' -"'tmnt vessels Inilammation atU'C'ts the ^'''^l-. ":''.,; ,'ot 'oine on very .ud.h'ii- i„ it arc tirst allected espe.'ially ", " .^^ , ^^,^,i ^ „„„. U'rminute ,v. There are several stages '0,,^ ;^;:^^;,i Congestion, in which fatally at any ot those ^'^^'■^^^^^^^Z, fo, i„ ,Ll ,n.rtan it pre- the arteries bec,>n,c conge ted b^^^^^^ j „„;,, i,,,.,, ,,om sents the appearance ot the spit, ii , a 10 CAUSKS. SYMPTOMS ANI> TKIvVTMKNT III' J ttii-liiMK; tlic liini,' fiivt li.roiiiis loiuli'il with lildod ami l)l(ion, in contra-distinetion to !j;ray hepatization, or dill'ns- ed snpimration. The fonrlli staite is -{ray hepatization or ditliise sniipuratioii, and (ircsents a fjray appearance ; is suit anil puljiy, ex- cept ill the o.x. (((H.-i^- are predisposing and e.Kcitiii};; constitutional ; and plcthorii; improper ventilation; sudden chanj;cs in temperature (thewealhor ill the fall of the vear is more likely to produce it than the cold astiire; ciippini'-, and then exposing; to the cold. It is also the resiill of ncKlecled catarrh ; liciiii; driven while siitrcriii<,' from catarrh, etc. Diseases of the air passages are likely to terminate in piicil- nionia; iillowini; the horse to stand in a shed where there is a dratt. It will ociiir in well lull improperly ventilated staMcs, sncli as staiidiiii;- the hoisc lielween two larye doors; it is proiliiccd hy inhala- tion of smoke, hilt this is not so likely to produce pneumonia as hronchilis; the iiiipinpcr administration of medicine proiliicinu hron- eliitis, and' ilieii piu iimonia. It is more likely to occur in yoiiiiff horses than in old ones. Siiiiii,liini.->. Till' careful practitioner is l)ilt little troiihled in detect- in;; this di.sciisc. It is usually hroiinht on liy sliiverinii; when the shrverina' ceases heal takes place; ears and leys C(dd, anil then hot or natiiial temperature i the same in phiirisy ) ; inoiilh hot and sticky; the hnalhiiif; sli>,'htlv all'ech'd; the pulse is what is called an op- pressed |>iiU.' ; it is (|nick-iiiayl>e full. The horse as a ireiieral tiling persists ill standinu', for the reason that it ^ives him more ease than anv other position, luit there are exci plioiis to this rule. The eyes hii'vea ulassv appearaii e ; the coiijmicliva is injected; there is a pe- culiar Ihijipinj? of the nostrils ; a luavy, si<;hinf>-, hrcathiii^ ; and one symptom that occasionally misleads is constipation of the liowels; the feces are covered with mucous or slime; hy placing the lar to the chest, crepitation can lie heard. It is a i^ood symptom to see the ani- mal look around him freely. The horse desires pure air, which yon can determine hv letting him loo.se, and he will i;o to the open door. The respiratory movements vary to a certain extent, hut not so much as iiiiulit he supposed ; the horse lireathes ahoiit ten tiiins per minute, liiit it may vary to some extent. In pneumonia these movements are iiU'reasedinore or less, hut pneumonia is a disea.se that often jines on to a consideralile extent withoiil Bliowiiit; any violent symptoms. Aus- ;;i!tatioii can either he delected liy plaeinu the ear to the clie-^t or hy nu'aiis of a stithoscope. There are certain sounds; if the animal he excited, you will hear a |)eculiar sound [alinormal sounds are (jiiite difliciill "to .leserihe]. I'se percussion ; taiipiiij; the chest, there will he a cresonant sound, hut if hepati/atioii is present there will he a dull sound, riace the ear to the chest and yon will hear a crepitating or riimhlinj; soiiinl. If arterial injeetioii has taken place, then von niav have crepitation very well marked. The liist sound issmnething like riihhiujr the hair helwecn the tliiimh and linj^er near the ear ; hy- iui(l-hv when exudation takes place there will he no siiind at all over DISKASIS OF noMKSTIi' ANIMAL; If ATMKNT or I lildod ami bloody scriiiii. (!n|)itiiti(pii, till' iiiiiK liiis for it will 8>viiii in wiittT. ij;i'(l ; IIrtc is an oxnda- •stnivid to a j.'!\'at txlt'iit ; iKirlciii rcvrals a lu'|iati/.(.'d ■. It is s.niitinus calk'd ay lii'i>ali/.ation, nr dill'ns- y" lii'iiatization or ditliisc ■o; is suit and imljiy, I'X- slilutional ; and plrliiora; tcinpcratnir (tlif wi'allior (I'lidncf it than I ho cold of \<\v, and then tnrninf; him tns to this i-nle. The eyes I is injected ; there is a pe- {hinii, lireathin^' ; and one instipatioii of tin' liowels; ; hy placing the lar to the id syniploni to see the ani- lesires pnrc air, which yon ■ will ijo to the open door, liii extent, hilt not so iiiiieh ihoiit ten tiiins per minute, nonia these movements are lisea.se that often jines on to y viideiit symptoms. Alis- jr the ear to the chest or by I sounds ; if the animal be ahiiormal sounds are (iiiite piiij; the chest, there will be lireseiil there will he a dull (III will hear a crepitating 1 has taken place, llie:i yon riie lirst sound is siiinething nd liiiuer near the ear ; hy- vill he no s'liind at all over the diseased part (there will he sound near the diseased liarl, hut not eSv over I. .; the pi.ise hecomes.pdck-- on., hnn.ired )-;;-;;;;;;;; ,„. ,„„re-imTeasinK much ill.on exci.ins the an. ma I he l.u atlun^ . , hppiiiu- of the nostrils increase; there is a disehar^e Iroin I e ; "e , red.lish brown •■olor, which is a very had si^Mi ; appetite . ;. V gone; breath very fethi ; will not liedown; nolLvs nntlung; I as -leath appmaches, the mouth becomes cohl : the pnlse very ..- ; i i ic. pe ha . now liei down ; breathing very mmh increased ; gets e i, IS- I'.Us and expires. Death may o.iMir in Iroin ten to e, tv IS. If the animal dies in from twelve to twentylour hours. Vn. e allv from congestion. If the .'ase is aliout (n termina e lavorablyihe- animal lifts the head, looks around some, and liegins to eat. It is rather satisfactorily treated. 3V.Wma,/.-<'lothe the ho.ly a.rording to the ^7';"^" "[ 'l";; •[[■'l'"; If the attack .■omes fr.mi some Well marked cause in an anini.il n i 'Irnmlmion, use sedatives: aconite, '•■'>-l'"'^r .ir ';h:;;;".^lie; TlLd.t (Irons KUnimiiiK's tinclnre licinK much s ron;;ei than ollio h" tn es' in s nne casts a mo.lerate amon-it of hi. .i.l letting may be bene ft' lit never if the animal is of a weak habit. .ive small f itr te ( f potash ten to twelve dra.dims in twenly-l.mr hours. fI;^. I ( V i( - e Sis.r.ssin. symptoms by ,ivi,,. tb.; tnWnre o. (,; ii n - half ounce or even one (Uince. Kneourage the animal t.. ake '! rt.in m unt of food, such a« a bran mash, bnt it such will not ie • .1 tlen^^^^^^^^^ anvthing the animal will take ; but do U(|l jms 1 :(:tcht::nnto him. Af.cr ,1... sedative, and re n ->'^< give stimulants: nitrons ether iii.lk, whisk v. etc. j "' '" . fn c(dd water- if so, it is the best way to give it. Iheie ai. otlul „e s 'Hiere is diderence of opinion as to counter irritation Xt it sh lid be used or n..t. 1 think judicious conn et- irri a 101 s ttenlel will, beuelit. Apply cloths wrung out ot hot water ..r mistml onhices. There a.v dillercm ways oi applying mustard T lie C i's K iame as it is applied to human patients ; have on just . 8 vni f i Id 'men dictates. It is necessary to know just when k, stop ^fing iShdne. When the anin.al is .--Bering caUheb,.es o ■iction bv the indicions use ot loosening diet. II it is tin '^^"'t"! ; I urh t is not necessarv to give sedatives. 1 a cough is | resent, gi v.; digitalis and opium. But digitalis is a medicine yon n.nst be very careful with. Pleurisv is inllaniination of the pleura, and fre.,nently exists in c.,r.Sn wi i, pneumonia. Acute pleurisy is a pretty -'-- ! ;^ ease .and apt to terminate fatally, or injure the animal. Death e^ not generallv take place before the third or tourtli day. It ot long standing, hydrothorax is the result. Inflammation of the Textures Involving the Pleura -- If the animal dies in the first stages, red stre.aks will ''^ '' ' '''^ nleiira There is a tendenev to serous exudation, or exuda ion ot a ^ ousVhiraJter. but we haVe an exudation <^ a hl-''-^,;';-- ^ and also a false membrane. This is more likely to take place in cattle ^hl iriiostV a d it will form in from twenty-toiir t.j lorty-eigl.t hou"s I is ast ishing what a change will take place in this t.rne Ssext dation s soon taken up by the blood vesse s, . the animal Shb to couvaVL. With hyd^otLrax there are .hreds oUynaph or < ellow clots of fibers, floating m the water ot the chest. You m.iy '•■t— .1-?^-.''r=:=-'! SYMITOMS ANI> TKKATMKNT OF IniiK is iilliff.l, I'lit iIk' iiitfinal 12 lAlSKS, r„„l tliiil 111.' outi'V surlVi' ol til. PiUors, puis., -luu'k an.l ^^ ' > • ' ;",',., !,,i ,„^i„. ,„,1, alU.oUK | wiry ..l,aru..t..r ; t .. ""!!;' j^;^* " V.^,Mnaiu?lmu ....nKl.. ho will l.reath.nK volontly, « > >' ". ' ;, ,;i,,i., Tl.is Ib .litU ront Iron, en.i.'avor to siipi-ros.. t •'^,' ',;'"',,, „, ,„„. i,.^ ^ann an.l another ,..,1.1, and no' rrrm ■ ■! ■•' 1- '.",' . Iw'. hero is a raspinK soun.l ; the „.,. inferior hor.h-r ol th. '="7, •„".'; ,„.|, ,,. ssihU', h.n.v the ,„.i„.„! .n.leavors to '■■M';""> '•,',;,,': u r a tinu' this will li,u.. Anseultatn.Mvv...saKa «- m^-^^^^^^ ^^ vouattenu-t ,.ease-jnst as soon ^'^^ /'"l '■^'''';' , ' ,.i„. if yon attempt to tnrn ,.,„e.,.sion, the anm.al ^'V-n-'^^^ K j ''' ' ',-. een ortwenlv n.inntes himaroun.l he wlU'roan Iron ' .■.",,,,, . the Rratin- s.mn.l ,),. anin.al shows ^vnM.ton.s ol re m n^ h It .^ ^^^ ^^_| ^ . ,^^_ ....ases, ami yon n.ay "■ '^:r'>: „ ;, J";,' Mthongh exudation has cominK slower an.l strony.M, '^ ' " ''""^ , . ;j,,„„.,,.,,„s oann..t take it lak.n pla.e, it is t,; sn.d. -''V^."' , ' j , ! ,; rax. Th.re may he „p a...l .listrih.it.' It an.l ' ''•'■^' "''' . ' 'V^. ', , . si.K. to the ..ther. rUnrisy is apt •'' «"1»'V'^''^V'''''^ V'tl I i!e , vo ,, bi.t if of s.-a- not he s.. well marketl as those ''";/ ^ \" • „,, ..,,|,„,atn8 a hlaiiket <'v«-r this; It .n a --ry CO . , ^^^^^^^.^ ^.^.^^^^^ „,^ give tiiiulure ol aeon it ; an. y 011 ^^ '' "' ' .^ .^„ exeelleiit remedy f,f ..„lohieum-one-lialt .Irachm «" "\ ' f^Xr • . se dinreties freely, i. li.,i.or, aeetate ..1 ^-V'''''":;;-;':., ' H;, ,",,-l„neOrtw...lraeh.us, aml.'8et..nies;. tiere.sgrea anfe^ . ^^,, „, „,^ or hyp..lern,ie ^lf;^'^Z.tZ^Z^,^ovhMUou.;.; il\y>^ ^^'^^n- S;t:;;;r':^S;'t:^'ea:;^ the product, of exndati..^^^ and if it eolleels 'V/%1'\7^\.'h^' \\, ff 1^ cavity. If you have :;':;:.,^';u:;;ked cfio!-: d^.Jh:-" -^ -vity onchai, tun or ^.:h'l";;i:;..r,, y.n. have a ;"?-;;-« ;":;;,,,„, , «,p„.i. of the Sy,„ploms.-'nx,vo i« great d ffiouUj " J'^f'^J^.Vanee; venous nostrifs; the eyes »-• ^ Vil , ' ' " J J' S No sound is heard by regurgitation of the l> ""^^ /" f'*^. S'' ,a^,ve the fluid. The body is applying the ear to the chest, '-*^„«^^P , J C u.ider, sheath, etc. The Jilch iecte.l ;K"«s -veiled ^^J^^^^^'^'^ll^rd Showing his desire S oxIgenT^a^i'^and legrccJhU % you L called tosee an antmal that lATMK.NT OF illUclc.l, iMlt llir illt.Tlllll ill. Kxinisiirt' to < "111, <>i' iro'd.iors, llii-diiuli wliii'l'.ll ,„• ImmIv wlu'il '.U' lioiso 18 liiis 11 Uiidfiicy ic drive tilt' till. siiU'.wliU'li '"•>>■ '^'' 1"."'?' t in usually usIuumI in with in iiuiunioniii inid "' '""' y gniit pniii. iiiKl, ulllioUK I Ml lujilu-liiiiifduuli. lio will lilf. This isditUivnt lr»in f (lUf U'K warm and auolhor oll.iw line txteiidink' aloiiM; IV is a raspiuK smind ; t ho niucli as possihU', h'li'-i' '1'^; Mid; al'ur a tiiiu' tins will k.s placv If y.>n aitouipt i„; iV vou atti'uiiil tn turn ,n tiltirn or twiiity uiiimtt's a huallh; the pratiui; sound s- \\w pulse, iiistcail ot he- up; although exudation has he iihsorheiits eannot take it v.lrothorax. There may he from one side to the titlier. ure the acute symptoms will tliven vou, hut if of some irregular pulse; oedeiiialus of dropsical swelling Iroui other chest diseases. Yo" to the side, ov mustard, or idace upon the side, and put ihle, do not apply wet cloths ; ,d Lrreiit heiielit from the use raehm. An excellent remedy us ether; use diuretics treely, e opium— one or two drachms, f morphia; or you may use „n; or belladonna; giveslim- iroducts of exudation. al result is water in the chest, rothorax is the result; there thoracic cavity. It vou have V the cavity one-halt tnll or s case. in breathing ; Happing of the natural appearance; venous ir vein. No sound is heard by above the fluid. The body is id the udder, sheath, etc. Ihe ^ permitted, showing Ins desire , are called to see an animal that DISKASKS OK DOMKSriC .\N1MA1.9. 18 I |,„ ha.l phurisv and the above syiuploins are pivseiited. >ou.an n.akeupvourmindlhat it ishydrolhorax, LnLn, - ( live stimulants, diuretics, an.l tonics Irecly. Kndea or ism.spe.-iliclor U ; you may m-> ' 'I '"■'.• ^' '„„„,„ ,,,,,,,1,.,.; vou with success, hut not «.'• ^".'•'•- " l;7, . ,« Tl ierilio.. is .'ailed i;;;;;:rurx;:tu:tl;;r!;i:;?':^^^^^ '"'-'.-"'^ condition. nleiiro-iuuumonia also prevails. Ihe '!;:;„„. a.. generaUv pretty plain ; the animal persists in standing ; iilllse (inickelied and wiry. . ' i' J /. Just the same as in piu-umouia. 1 lavor a .orm n. L'iving stimulants instead .if sc.laliv.s. a hopeless case. BrpncM.^ .»;._;;;;;-,-5,,™r/^ 11:;: t:::;ir';i;rln!i El irritating me.licincs; from balling with a slick, etc. S,mploms.-\ peculiar dryness; in health there is always » ' ''''1 "^ msMmMmm wmmmm Ca«8€8.-Driving the horse when hot or in poor condition ; inliala- 14 CAIIHEH, 8VMIT0MH ANI> THKATMKNT or ( IIIIM',-* (il till" illltl passillf,' it illll'Stillt'S Mini )l'l('iiir sffii in tion (it Kin(>i;iviMK o|iium in llic liisl sla>;es (me or two i.uiicc s ot' the tinc- ture ; or I'roin hoi a|i|ilications, hot water, mii>taril, etc. Nitrate of |iotath is an invaliialile vcmtdy in clusl iliscascs; if there is ^rcat (kpi'ession you may use stimulants, liul lie very careliil in drenching un animal or in forcing I'ood in this disease. Yon may ;,'ive whisky, ale, heir, etc. After the acute stage has passed there is a i" from the nose (and is not a very had sign), (live nitrate of and yon will find heiielil from small do-ts of tartar emetic four diaclims; or you may use lii|inir aietateof aanuonia may give ime or two drachms df the carlionale of ammimia I'd in water, or given in a hall of linseed uual. There iisitic hriiuehitis, which may he noticed liy-aiui-hv. iscl large potash ; -two to ; or you dit*s(ilv- is also a pur- Broken Wind, asthma, heaves, etc. Tlli^ Ciinudian horses. /'(i(/i(i/(i«/y.--'riiere are a regard to it. Il is generail the |inenmogaslrie nerve, proiluce il. An animal 'an s IS comimiii among great many theories hronght forth with y, I lielieve, hroiighl on hy some lesion of I'lieiimoiiia and other siicli alleclions may gem rally do moderate work, llepati/.a- tion of the Iniigs, heart clisease, etc., is generally the resiill, and not the cause, of heaves. Mmphyseiua of the lungs does someliiiies pro- duce it, ill which cases the air may pa.ss in hetween the Idhiihs of the lungs, or the air ci lis may he ruptured, and two or more lieeome one, by rupture of their walls, liillaiiiiiialioii of the liroiichial tiihes inav produce liroken wind, hut it is generally from some lesion of the piM'iimogastric nerve which sends hianches to the lungs, trachea, stomach, iVc. The small air tiihes are surrounded liy involuntary innsciilar tissue, which is used in expelling the air, and is to some extent under the control of the pneiimogastric nerve. The nerve loses its power of contracting the lungs. The Caunen that produce this condition are often the result of injudi- cious feeding, and fast exertion after injudicious feeding, which causet; an increased determination of blood to the lungs ; often by feeding upon dusty food, or keeping the stomach in a greatly dis- tendeil condition; from choiipeil food ; liowever, good cliopp.ii food is the best food. We (ind it is comparatively rare in our cavalry horses, as they are fed upon the very best of food, and before being put to fast exertion are prepared for that exertion. It is easily de- tected in a well established ease. There is a peculiar way of breath- ing, a short insi)iration with a sort of jerk. The nostrils arc expand- etl ; the abdominal muscles are sometimes contracted so as to show a line along the belly ; the animal is said to be bellied from being a Yory big eater; gas passing up through the nose was at one time thought to produce it. On a (laini), hot, sultry day the symptoms are greatly increased and may be very alarming, and might lead to suppose the animal was suflering from inflammation of the lungs, but the pulse is notiiuickeiied, as in pneumonia — heaves being a non- iuflammatory disease; or you may see such symptoms iu a pregnant \TMKNT 0|- lllirc, clc. ( illlM',-* (il tlu' IK of fond iiiiil passinj; it !iH ill tile inli'Ktiiit's anil oiii'liiliK is ofit'iur seen in iV(li'o|ps of iicoiiili', lint voii I'oii iiiiiv fiiid (ii'i'iit Ipcncfit ir two iiini'i s of the tiiic- r, iiiiistiiril, etc. Nilnitf (lisiMsis ; if lliflT is fivi-.\t vvvy ciiriful in (li'tiicliiiif^ ■. Yon iiiiiv fiivc \vliiHl<_v, asst'ii tlicrc i^ 11 ilisiliiii%r,. ( live niti'iiti' of |iiitiisli ; of tiii'lar ciiittic - two to liitf of iniiiiionia ; or you iiiitf of aiiiiiioniii, (liiisolv- ical. I'luTi' is iiisi) a par- liv-aiul-iiy. Tiiis is I'oniiiKiii uiiiong corii's lii'oni;lit foitli witii Iiiiil on liy soiiK' lesion of otJK r siieli alliclions may nil I lite work. JIe|iati/.a- lerally the result, and not liinys dots soiiHtiiiies pro- letwii'ii the loliiiKs of the two or iiKjre lieeonie one, f the hroiiehial tuhes may from some lesion of the es to the liiiids, traehea, rroiiniled hy iiivoliiiUary ijf the air, and is to some [astrie nerve. The nerve The [ten the result of injiidi- judieioiis feediiiff, which I to the lnnj;s ; often hy omaeh in a ^jreatly dis- rever, good ehopp.d food vely rare in onr cavalry )f food, and hefore heing xertion. It is easily de- a peculiar way of hreath- The nostrils are expand- 'ontracted so as to show a be liellied from heing a lie nose Was at one time sultry day the symptoms iiiiig, and might lead to tlammation of the Itings, onia — heaves being a non- symptoms iu a pregnant DISEASES OF liO.MfSTIO ANI.MAI.H. 16 mare, and might think the animal would live but a few hours, but the pulse is found to he almost natural. Tliere is iu heaves a loud, hack- ing, painful cough; it is a deep, internal, sonorous cough, but gets eas'uraflir being taken out and exercised. If an animal has been fed properlv, and voil give liiiii a l\ed or two of poor or bail lood, lie will show distressing syiiililoiu!!. (lover hay is Very bad food lor such an animal. You liiii.sl be on the lookout for this, espeeiallv in heavy horses. In ixamining for soiiiiiin'.ss, give the horse a gallop. The sviiiptonis iiiav be relieved by certain modes of feeding : say dc> not ^"ive any f lor water for some lime. If you suspect sueli a thing, give the animal a pail of water or feed o"f hay, and then gallop. A large dosi' of sedalivi' imdieine will allay the syinplouis. It can be iiiechanically relieved by giving solid lead. Tirnliiiviil. If a conllrmed case, it is incurable, but it may be pal- liated l)v regular feeding, and never allowing the animal to overload the stoiiiaclK ( live the very best of food— chopped feed is the best; oryoiimav give certain riniedies. (iive sedalivis, cainiihor, opium and digitalis labnut one drachm eacii) ; given every day for three or fourdavs; iodide of potaHsiiim, arsenic or iron. You may give a dose of purgative mediciiic to relieve quickly. It isgeiu'rally a dietetic disease. Niix voiiiiea is an excellent remedy. In the earlier stages von may ellect a cure, but if it is contirmed there is no cure for it. Umiiiiliihilhiii. X poor feeder very seMom has the heaves. Hace horses seldom have the heavis, for tl'iey are properly fed. A foreigli hodv iiHU'c frciiueiitly passes into the right side than into the iett. It broken wind comes from catarrh, use stiiniilants; if acute, use se ilatives. The pathology of broken wind dillers to some extent ; there iiiav be a corrugated "condition of thi' mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. It is a scijuel of bronchitis or severe strangles; there is a p«ciiliar movement in the act of expiration. If yon are called to treat a ease, use the remedies givin, or if it is a rei;ent cast; you may blister along the lower part of the trachea. Pleurodynia. — This is not very common, but is Bometimes met with. It is a rheumatic condition of the muscles of the thoracic walls. It is t|uite possible that the nerves are ad'ected, but ii is generally a rheuiiiatir allection. (^'((((.sc^.—Kxposiire; especially when recovering from other diseases, more especially pleurisy. SymDtomg.—iirviii pain and ditlicult lireathiiig; shows symptoms the same as in pleurisv, but pressure upon (lie intercostal spaces pro- duces more pain than in pleurisy ; the circulation but very little afli'cted ; there is no grating sound, as in pleurisy. Treatment. — It varies according to circumstances. If in a warm place, use cloths wrung out of hot water; stimulate (he sides with liniment (camphor, opium, and arnica, eipial parts, well rubbed into the sides), and then cover (he animal up; or, you may find benefit from an opia(e. For the after treatment, use colcliicum and iodide of potassium, and it the bowels are costive give injections. Use tonics. Lesions of the Diaphrasrm. — The diapluagm is allected in many ways, and oftener, perhaps, than we are aware. Spasms of the Diaphragm.— All muscles are sul)jcct, to 1ft (At'SKS, HYMITOMH ANI> THKATMENT OF npiimiiH. This is Hiriuus wliile it lastH, iiixl iniiy phmIuw .Uiitli v.ry «,nickly, f.iiuir .•ai.n.il !..■ tukrn in in Milli.'iiiil a.n..unl lo niipiily llu- lungs. C',(,w... It is tl.f HHiil ..lmv.r.Mxrrli..n wliiii tiif ai ;inal is nut in c.m.litiun I., un.i.rK.. tx.rlion. I haw n.vr s>..u a .'asr w iriT till, animal was k.i.t in llu^ slal.lv. ll is .ailr.! tliiinps. lIuKiilhot tlR. sa,l,llr IkImk l.-n ti«i.t may pru.liuv it. It n>ay romv n,M,n a horsr ill i;„.mI n.nciillon. l.iit is ino.v lik.ly t.. attack on.' in |»Mn- .niwlition. Katin« t..o niii.'h l..l\.rv hciiiK put lo viol.nt ...x.ition. It ..mus v.i-> ..nsily,rsp.rialiy if tli.^ animal is just ivc.,v. riiiK In.m soinv otlui ';"",'",""',;' tlir h.ait is, not niucli alUrl.d ; the soiin.l is Inrtlur hack ; the s\ i .p- (oins aiv Vilv vi,>l.'nt ; thv animal sw.a.s fiv. ly ; tluiv is a l;'''' ';''• noiHi.an.l motion, as ilsomv .m.- w.iv within sliikinji willi a liamiii. i. 'Vm<^me liirpeiitine; „n.l, as s.xm as I lie annua ^ take it, Kiv-' l'l^-"v «'f <">'' """'• = "'''>'■ treatment, get the animal l,!goo.l cmlition; hv.l ^vell aii.l giv.. regular .xileise. his .lisease „,av pro; ;>':'""; may iLe from the n..se. Wli.n you timl '•>U;V''-V'/''^1' '. ';^' \„loHtmnrlcm,yinx may he ealle.l up..n lo tell ^^''V"'",.' , ' "' luring life or after .lea li, an.l if there is extravasation ot hh.o.l, .>oi mav say ocrnrrecl hefore .Icath ; hut if there i.s no extravasatn.n ..t blomi t^hen it ..cenrrc.l after death. Some think .1 never occurs heiore death, but 1 think it does. Inflammation of the Trachea.-Use .ounter irritation, sedatives, etc.; or s..iiietinies stimulants. Abnormal Qrowths.-In connection with tracheatomy, the cartilages take on an improper growth. Re«.».V«/«^•o«.-l•leura dynia, pain in the side, «''Pf,":y_^"^;« «'""!;;^7 bilital/ng .lisease, inHuen/.a, etc. Use crunter '"'''»' '''■'7*''^^; anodyne: liniment, camphor, opium, etc. f^pasms o ''« I '^/K^ Kcnerallv results from fast, l..ng-coniinued and violent tocci u n .1 h III breathing; a lo.id, thumping sound .. the P»''«. '^"\ "^ '" ^^- nection with the heart; diftieult respirat...., i "" .„^'-';'- «^,' ^^ Boon eml in death, liive anti-spasmo.l.cs, an.l free «^;<->'«/ /'' ,''^^ may have to place almost in the oi)en air ; may '.et some blood tor •lATMENT OF III iiiiiy proiluw (li'iuli very iiiil amount to Hupply llu- II wliiii tlu' ill '.iiimI it- ii'it •(• never si'iii a I'iisi' wlu'iv illc.l tliim pK. 'niiniitlml' 1 1 luiiy I'diuf u|Mpn 11 liorsi' tack niic in I'liiir ccjiiilition. lit ixiiiion. Il iMHuis viTy iciiv> riiiK Worn soiiu' olluT (ir von inijjlit think it was silv" 1111(1 volt will linil lli:it I is'l'nrlluT liack ; llu' syiiip- Indv ; llii'if is ii jKMiiliar liii s'lrikinji- Willi a liaiiiiiu'r. -not very si'Vtiv— nivc an tin- saiiK' a.s ai'Dlif ilivncli; iiiav tlo (laiiiaKf ; l>liiiiki't is a luori' sfVti'i' casi', and is ioii may laki' ihrty, Ol l)OMi;STir ANIMAI.S. It )a.- -Uso counter irritation, tion with trachcatoiiiy, the the side, supervenes soniede- jcnnter irritation, liot water, , Spasms of the diaphragm •d and violent exertion; ditH- I of the parts, but not in con- ration. If not relieved, may es, and free access to the air ; air ; mav let some blood for lllr plirposr of p.ilassiiiMi I r.licviiig .•oiigi'stioii ir ollici such remedies llliwt eases is duel lite ill Ijuvstioll ; with gleal viideliei' when in sliell diaphiagiii. Aller-tiealment: (live iodide Kiipiiire of the diaphragm in ihio-.viim himself on ihe uroiiiiiJ a eoiiililioii may niptnie the I.ISKASKS (»K THK All! I'ASSAtH'X Th tiorse from catarrh so readilv as horses; siiiiisis (.f the 111 ad; at first imly air passages of cattle diller some from llios.' of llu Catarrh.— t'idile do not snlH il ■itlecls the nasal eliaiiibcrs aiio - -•■ ; ,. - ; iVsa haiol.crs, but if allowed t nliniie ,t will .'X end and ;,.v. be nasal sinuses. 1. is generally broiig b. on by a cbjmge m leemperalnre, but cattle are not so easily allecte.l as horses I ireaused I'v i-unninu in the barn yard in winler, not getting bmd ""'ZX^^ A discharge of matter Ironi the ""- ■';;"' J' j;y,:V|;J ....iiili' there is some lev.r and a coiiub is present ■, bu not so . ..sily xit d a . the horse; puis., snu.ewbat excited. here are two killls; tbemalignan. lorm'appcars in Kurope, but m.t in America. T,rahne„l.-0\.-,- a gentle laxative; lour or live ounces ol epsoiii sMlt a out a M>'»>'t -i water, bdlowed bv nitrous ether, seems to ciiecki . Amithei' is nitrate ol potash -ball ounce, cream ol t - r-« e oliuce. Take goo.l ,are of the animal the same as of the ; 'rse 1 t Ic dis..harg:. continues, use sulphate ol iron (one ounce [iv'invor three .loses, f.u- Iw.. .,r three .lays It lias a greater : 1- . .\ . iMvome .•br.mie in the ...w than n the liors... 1 he luirnH , V dr.-,n oir. Catarrh giv.s rise t.. an i.ii.iginary . isease callc.l hoi- , w 1 an animal luvom.s .lebilitate.l 1 .ere is lu.uv l.olb.w u, 1, than in health ; but there is no such .liseas.. as hollow horn ; e 1 i gcnerallv nu.r.. alhcLnl than the ..tlier. In an an mnl s flering from a ch'roni.. .lisease, or in a vry .d.l an.n.al the sinu- S..S of the b.'a.l will be more fully developed than in a healthy or in a voiing animal. 7'm,/»,n,r-rse remedies such as use.lin nasal gleet; or counter irritTti u, If there is niu.O. pain, the animal carries the bea.I to .msi.l There i«..nlarge.l con.lition at the root of the born from the . "cm ati 1. of matter Yoii may make a li.de at the lower part of Ihe sc of the horn with a small gimlet ; or you '";!>•';;;': ' "'"^ H vcre .'ase an.l the born s.. .lisease.l as t.. allow it to la 1 o 1 , take it of in su::ii'a case, an.l y..u ..an stop the luni..rrhage with tow satur- ated with carb.dic aci.l, etc. Cattle also sutler In.m tharyngitis and Laryngitis (generally ^•""'P"""'|)' ;'""««^ bv exnosuiv to the cold, etc , the same as in t le horse, ex.ept from working. It "'i'v '- ''"^- to tubeivular .leposits, to which high-bred cattle are more siibject than ordinary cattle. Svmp/o«i.s.-Di(Iicnlt breathing, loud an.l wheezing slight swelling, pulsT.CckVned, an.l rumination stops It n.ay result romcmking, or from means rlsorte.l to to renu.ve obstruction from the throat. Tr«^»™*-«iive pure air; pla.v in a box by itself; use "itr.'iteof poiisln larger .l.mes than in t'he horse; get the bowels to work by J"vi«g ep om^ salts. You may give hyoscyamus; use embrocations. 18 CAI!81>, SYMPTOMS ANI' TIIKATM KNT or stniiiKcr ili.'iii ill till' Imrsc ; two |iiirls nl' tii pi'iiliiic, etc., tu oiio of oil; iir villi iiiMV use (Tnldii nil. If llu' aiiiiii:il liiis ii|i|i,in'iillv rc- novcrcd I'l'diii |ili;ir\ li;;iliM, :iiiil llii'i'c is niiiik' ililliciill v in linal liiii({, llii'i'i' In imiiIimiIiI lull llii'i'c is hiiiiii' IiiIici'i'iiIui' ilrjidsil |ii'(' till, Mini tlic ilisciisc will lie likrly Id riliiin or iiicriiisc. If vdii IriMt niu'Ii ii ciiHi', iiNi- imliili' of |idhiMsiiiiii, mill I'diiiitcr irriliiliini. Tuberculosiw.- ( ulllr ■.nll'ir frdin iiilsr.s ill ihr liiryiix. TliiTi' is i^'i'i'Ml ilillii'iillv ill lii'ciilliiiii.', iillliiiii;;li till' aiiiiiiiil limy fi'i'il lirclly Will, 'i'liirr will ln' nii i'iiliii\'riiii'iil. .iinl llnrr may lii' sdiiu' I'Xii'i'iial swi'llinv;, ICxaiiiiiic, liy iiiraiis of llir lialliiiu irnii, ami if it ildt'N iidl liiii'sl sddii ciidii^^li, villi may |iiiiii'liii'i' iiisiili', ami lol llii' mailer I siapc. Smli imsis air I'diiiiiidii, ami ixli'nial liiiiidis art' iiiiirr cdiiiiiidii. On |irissiiii{ ii|idii llic larynx anil Irariira, llicrc is visililr swiliini;, ililli nil liriiitliiiin, Ininl wlicrzini,', inrn asiil liy riin- iiiiiK llic animal a slmrl ilis'ani'r; Kyiii|itdiiis of siitl'ifalidii. Il is a.stiiiiisliini; in what i;diiil cdinlilidii an aniinal may lie in, ami at tlu> Kami' limr lie snllirini; fidin sncli tniiidrs, sii ydii must iinl i'X|ic('l to llml tlii'in cmariatril always. Ihalnmil. TiiiiKn's iiri' ni'iicrally of a tiilicrciilar cliarai'tiT. You will sdiniliims liml a liliroiis Iniiidr, ami in siimc casrs, altlidii,i,'li yon I'xamiiir vrry caicfiilly, if yoii will lir muri' ranfnl ydii will linil in the I'l'iitir wiiiu' aiiidimt nf pus. Yon will iirrliaps lliiiik tlicri' is a lihriiiis iiiiiiiir, ami ii|iiin i'iiUiiik into it, it will prdVi' to lie an alisci'ss. I riTdiiiiiicnil a rarrfnl I'xaininatidii, fur, i.i fmir rasis out itf live, ynii will liml inattcr. In all siii'li rasi s, dpiii np I'arrfiiilv, for tliiy arc vasriilar td siiinr exttnt. Ymi may liml lii'iiilit from a soaton, iir frdin liinidiliili' of ini'iriiry. lint if il is fnim idlirrriilar all'i'itidn, llu-ii* is no rcrlainly iif rnrinu- il. Yuii may lie al Ir td .lissi rl the tiiiniirs out, hut if it is not will iKIliii'il, ami then' is matter, let the matter out, ami the animal w ill ho ri lieveil. Cattle sillier al.so from Bronchitis. Cliaracteri/ed hy Irreniilnr whcc/.y hrentliint;, which can generally he liearil without iiiiich Iriiiihle; riiiniilatiiiii ceases; pulse may he eiffhty or ninety heals per minute. Causes just similar to that of the linrse. 7'mj(Hi(H/.- Similar to that of the horse, hnt lartjer doses. There is oiie form in cattle that is not in horses. Filaria Bronchitis.— Cattle and sheep more likelv to have parn- 8itic attacks than any oilier animals. This disease is dfteiier found in yoiiuu cattle than in old, Imt it may atl'ect hotli. In calvis, it is (tailed stronnyliis micriiriis; in lamhs it is stniigyliis tilaria. It is usually found in the tissue of the hrdiichial tnhes ; and in sheep it is found emhedded in the lung tissue, hut is not generally so fdiiml in the calf. It is kiidwn as liiidse. How iliKs this worm get into the Inhes? 'I'here are many theories, hut I helieve they lind their way into the circula- tion. J do not think, as some do, that they pass in through the nose, for in sncli case it would excite the animal, and it would expel it; Imt it gels into the animal through the water, etc., and gets into the circulation, ami tinds ilsway into the mucous inenihrane of the hron- chial tnhes. It is more ciinimnn in low lying ground, and is more coninion in some years than others, and in some limes of the year than others. Si/iH/f/on.?.— Diflicnlty in breathing, a peculiar husky cough, rumin- ation may not he suspended. There will he a di, charge from the 1^ '^ i- F.ATMKNT ill' III .prnlilic, I'll'., til Olio of IlliuKll lins :i|i|i.'il'i'llllv ro- iiK' ililliciilly ill liii';illiiiiK, liar ilrjidsii |ii'<' till, Mini tilt' ll' vim Iri'.it siii'li II ciiHi', iilioii. tiimI iilisi'iNsr.s in I lie larynx. iiii;;ii tlu' aiiiiiial may fo'il ll, ami llii'i'c may Iil* hiiiiu* 1)1' llii' liallliiu' ii'iiii, mill y |iiiniliii'i' insiili', ami Id n, ami ixlcnial Iiiiiiiiih arc ryiix anil Iniciica, liii'iv is wIh'i /.iili;, iiirriasiil liy riin- tiiiiH 411 yon inil'-l not rx|i('('l to iilii'ri'iilar cliaraeti'r. You II in Moint' cases, allliiiii,i;li I' mnri' careful y<>ii will lliiil will |M'rlia|is tliink tlicrc is it will proVi' 111 lie an alisccss. >i I'liiir eases onl iif live, you ii|i earel'nilv, for they arc enelit from a seatnii, in" from iiliercniar allielion, tlicrc is Av to Missed the tumors out, inalter, let llie matter out, iller also from lar wheezy lirentiiinK, wliich riiiilile; rnmiilatioii ceases; iniitc. Canst s jiisi similar e, but larger doses. There I'p more likely to have parn- is disease is ofli'iier foniiil in holli. In calvis, il is called iipylns tilaria. It is usually ; ami in sheep it is found luraliy so found in tlic calf. III p't into the Inlns? There their way into the circula- 'V pass in tiirotijifh tlie nose, lal, and it would expel it; atcr, etc., and gets into the •ons memhrane of the bron- lyiiiK ground, and is more in some limes of the year r-ulinr liiisky cough, rumin- II he a discharge from the insKASEH «K ItOMKHTIC ANIMALf*. If n,„c- if vnii take. his you may deled the parasihs ill it. •<;'"•"'•;; Thai 'one Imiiiial is atncled l.y itself, Imt many ar leded at the same ""iL^mni/ of IW.MC /,V<.m/..VM.- Ise anllielminlies ; use turpentine will in eed oil. If it K-ls loo severe, give res,, or yu may use ur- ine with milk; or yo ay use inhalaliou -''. ^'''l'\V\'' , '',. ^ Mirnim: sulphur; or use chlorine gas, willi eaiitioii. ^ ..ii iiiaj liml l';rii.:'lMn.aliiun.l,giviiigagen.i -"<,'. -:;;':-[;;::'':k ..•dilv If calllc ihal have lueii upon Inw grniiml, li iNc Hum pni ,1; i.igli ground; hear this partieiilai ly in mind, li .lie panisites I " V . 1 I ■ .1. I , i^^ii.. tl,. V Villi ll ,„.,„„,., .,,„i,..,,,,.,,, i„ „,.. inng tissue, ti.ev will ^;;^'; ';:;',;\!;";i;;;;f ,|,,re fur some lime, perhaps heforc any nntiee was lakd. ol Hi-ni. Influenza So naimd hecans.. it was formerly supposed to he inlln- ..„.. Thyrsi ars. ll mavappearina very malignant toim. I is very en inua g the l.orsesof Vliis couull^, amlis ol a spi.ilic charadc^^^^ Its a fel.rile iFis ase, ami involves dilleienl orgi-nsol the hody as the liver 11.'- Ii''i»-t, pleura, etc. The great central sys.eni is i.uplicatcd. nis ;,g mm suinJ Inorhilic iiia.ler or poison in .he l.lood, the respira- uV rgai.s luiugof.eiicr i.ivolved .han any o.hcix CeivluNi-spinal 1. d^^^ L^lis mav he said to he a ditUreut form of inlluen/.a. .\ gnat am.miil n. V ■ uld he l.rough. forth, hoth as t. w Ihis | un gds into Ihe svst. 11. and as to ^vhat kind of a poiso.i il is that piod..ccs ...(l.i- onza' It mav get iuo the system in var.ous ways. 11 is f,oM../l;v some atinospherie intl.ic.cc ; some comlilioli that ca.mi.l he ::.iml ;.,t prcisely.' There is so-iie dillerenc.. ol "i;;"';;:;, l^. '' whether il is conlagioiis (U- not. It is helter to keep the a... 1 a i y fr'uii o.her animals, if convenient; hut what operates upon on. - „,al iiiavop.rate upon a numher at the sa.ne time Such as tlu .pi "m. ic whilh appeared in ls72. ll M not 1... l"'-;;"-"' l'';;^- ^ ,. eontagioiis form. I.illuc../.a is mo.e p.-evald.t in the 1 •'« ' " antiimn months, when the animals a.v ylV'"«'''« '' ' '■'' ;•. ' ,! inav appear in an epi/oolic f.um-that is, it attacks a guMt nuny li'm Is'si ...larlval hesametimc. Twill not now speak ol th.-s.- •e V K vere cpi/./iotic forms, hut will sp.;ak .,f il as sedi more ,.r c eveVvvcar. In 1^*74 an.l 1H7H it pnvailcd to a gre t cxieiit, and as V , see it in such cases it is n,o.v sevdv than in onlinary circiimsta. - ;.es Itis, iuallp.-.,hahilitv, ca..sed hy some pec.lliar .itniosplier.C infliidUTS which exer<;";'« ""f; ly c7)stive. The feces passed after a lew .lays are small, d.y pelleti. ]'- m • AIVM, MV.MIIiiM, AMI IllHATMrNI i)K Till' pill IllK ll'nill sixty III I ii;| ijllirk. 'I'llr illilliir.s., miiv In Til.' Im. 1 iiiiMiili rnlily iilliicil; Kniiriilly iniiiirk, wi'uk piilHc, viiry- ly Im'iiIm |pi r iiiiiiiiti'; liiH il riiiiy iiul l><> vii'y i«ril liv liliiri' IIIMI'kril syiiiplnliiii |, f. ' i' |ii r Miiiiiiir; iiill II lilliy imi hi' Vcl'V rnr iippiiiis (II III' siidrriiiK fi'mn ImIi'Mni' liiiiiiiu'lii', 'mil if nniN' il III wiilk nil, sliiiws KiTiii hiyiiH nl iii'rviuis iliprrsninii, innl iip- pi'iil-H Hii wi'iik lliiil \ mill iiiiin.Hl Ihinw liiin nvir. Tli.' piil-..' in • iirli a I'JM' willlii' inlii'iiiilliiil, hliiiw iiiu iliHi ihi' puiK >ii wmm inliiiK iipiiii llii' lu'i'Viiii!* I'liit.i, mill tint ill llii' iinliiiiin iiiiiiini r, In nihIi ii ciiHi' Ihr ri'spiniiniy iiruiiiiH limy nut 111' iilKrii'il w) iiiiiili iih in ciIIut ciim'H. (ViiliiM Hpiiml iiniiiiiyilis nmy lir piiiiliii'iil in iImn whv, nii tlliit Villi will havi' viiiioiis liinnM ui' iiilliirii/.u. In ntln itiim s", tlir liri'MlliinK is v.iy iiiikIi ullr.icil, wliiili is, p.rliiips, iihiit piiii ptilil,' lit till' niisliils tlian nt tli.' (lank; tlii' llii'uat suii' ; llir lii'iiiiijiial IiiIiih Hiiiin lii'coiiiiinvulviil, anil y nil iuar a pi'inliai' imiw. Tlic Ims anil oars cliani,'!' in tiiiipi ralnn' viiy iniiili. Tiny may \><- lint, ami in liniii' may lif tlir nniinal tiiiipi lalniv ; llnii, airain. rnlil, elf. Tllr KiiKial II nipiiatnii may lu' sniiii' ini'iia-iil. In |(I..V', pirliap.-. The i-ycs air Kimii'limi's allii'lnl, anil nh il is Hniintiiiiis lallnl pink lyc, (iwiiiK In ihc I'l'ililrni'il I'nnililinn i>< llii' lyiH. A ilisrliar^i' linm ilic iinsliilsisa lavnialilr si>;n, If il is nf a yi"l|nwisli wliilc I'nlnr ; Imt if jl lias II lifnwnisli ml nr rusty aiipiaranci', it Is syniplimiatir nf ureal ilt'jirissinn. Ill Niiiih' iiislaiu'is liii' lii'iatliini; is iiH-rias.'il, ami Mnml imlischarui'il fmin I lie nnslrils. I'iiIm' is rlianj;i'ali|i — a kinil nf falsi', irrcKiilar pulsf, anil siii'li arr vi'iy liail sij-ns In a i;ri'iil nianv I'lisi's llii' livrr is fmiiliiinally liiraiiK'iil, Inn llii'i-.- is i:nl iniicli i"ir>,'anir I'lianj;!'; in siuli a lasi' ilnii' is yillnwiu ss nf ilu. mnmiis iin'inlinini' of tin- mntil|i,iy(', cic. Inlliicii/a ni:iv lirminalr in iiilirilis ami ilrulli. If llir livir is all'c'i'li'd llif linwils will lie cjiiiti' irrr^jiilars, I'nstivi'iii'SH anil iliarrliia altiiniitin;;. Any nf llii' siiri tins,' Klanils may In' riiiiri' iir Irss air.i'ti'il, anil il may assume annllnr fnriii, thai nf a ilrnpsical Inriii, ill wliii'h till' li'f;s, sJH'alli, inlilir and tyi liils iiiiiy prisint ncili'- inatiiiis syniplnms; anil if in tilt* latlii- stayisit is a liail si^ii, Imt if in till' first slatri's, anil till' swillinir is rnnlimd In llic leys, ami Inn slight, il is rathtr favnralili'. I'nIi'ss tluri' is f;riat fi-vrr prtscnl, anil great ilepression, il is rather a gnnil syinpiinii, lint if in the latter stagis, it is frnm ileliility, ami is apt In Monii terminate in well markeil disease nf the liinifs ami plenra. If the Iiiiiks are atleeted, the pulse lieeiines weaker and is nppressed, and in the last stages the iinimal sliinds until dealli. It is iiinri' apt to prniliice Kiilmenle disease nf the lungs and pleura. Owingtn iiiipain-il fnnelinnal pnwer nf the iirgaii, ell'iisinn and sn|ipnration takes plaee readily. If it is of a siiliaetilc eharaetei', elliision is iniieli more than in a ennimnn ease nf pleurisy. The animal nsiially maintains a standing pnsilinii in intliieii/.a ; he Jiiav lie dnwn, and when dnwii the lireiilliing is inereaseil iniieli, hut if he is in an easy pnsitinn, allow him to lie. It gives great relief, un- less ijiere is iliingcr nf siidiieaiinn. This disease may prodnee water in the pericarilial saek. It also has a tendency to "atieet the joiiitH. Yniir patient is perhaps ennvali seing, hiit ynii" are ealleil hack, and perhaps will lind him siillering frnm .severe pain in some nf the joints, and there may he rheiiinatie laminilis. /V('(i/w(')i/.— (live plenty of jmro air, as ip all sileh diHeases. I (an- nul sjieak Inn strongly of' tliis part of the treatinenl. Clothe tile liody according to the season of the year ; well clolned in winter, tlie legs liandaged and liand-nililied. Keep the hlood in circulation as well as possihlc. Many people place the animal in a close s'all or hox, to MM KM ()|- I i(iiiil», \m;i1< piilsi', vary- ; lull it tiiiiv iKil III' vri'v iinii'i' iiiMikcil sviii|iliiiiii> i'llrllNI' lli'llillll'lu', Ullil if fviiiiM cli|iris»iiiii, anil an- liiiii iivcr. Till' |iiil.>.i' III Ml llii' |iiii>i III was ailing iiian iiianiKi', In nihIi m 'It'll Mil iiiiirji as ill iithcr iniiillli'rd ill ihiH wav, ni> rll/.a. Ill ntlli I'laMM, till' pel liap^i, iimrc piin piilij,' siii'i' ; till' lii'iiiii'jiial IiiIk'h liar iiiii.Hi'. 'I'lic li^H anil lirv iiinv III' liiii, ami in an It'll, ayain, cnlil, clc. Tile ■il, 111 lO.'^p", ptrliap..!. The ilin'tiliirs ralliil pink t'Vf, ■H. A ilisi'liarnf li'iiiii tlif iiwisll wllili' inliif ; hut if it Is syiiipidiiiatir iif urt'al lU i-< ini'i'ia-'t'il, ami lilnml anp'alili — it kiliil of false, < In n jiftat many riisi-s iTf Ih r.iii iiiiu'li t>r>,'aiiii' if llic iiiiii'iMis iiii'iiilii-aiii' lati' in I'lili'i'itis ami ilt'ittli. liti' in'ryiilars, cnslivi'iii'SH lini; ^lanils may lit' miirt' liiriii, thai ;an, )'. If it is (if a siiliaeiite '(iiiiliKiii ease of pleurisy, piisitiiiii in iiitliieii/.a ; he ; is inereased iiiiieh, hut if It K'vcH K''''i'l relief, llli- H'ase may priidiiee water eiiey t(i atli'et the joints, oil are ealletl hack, and pain ill Miiiie of the joints, nil siU'li (liHeasi's. I (iin- 'atiiient. Clothe tile liody otiied in winter, tin; leg8 (I in c'irenlation as well as I a (dose s'all or hox, to DIHKAHK-H tiF DdMfBTIi ANIMAI.H, l!I ki.n him wurdi, tmt 'his is mil ii «'""1 ««>' to apply «ari,,tli It wi I a (. LHler .. l-.r.t loose than In keep him M. n liudit lioi. I a i ul ,/e.,r,.,e«t. m'e..l,r>..»; "K the eumti.rt ..I Mi-.r patie 1 I'- ' .Is Hi.i.,".r( ilx' svste,,.. ami assist iialnre m Ui-'ow oil tju' i, ...e for' i.llm'n/.* Will run its eourse in spile ol mtiheuit' I se as ;. siitl" riilondr ... .....ash is to he pr. tern , I, "''';''•';!''•'"' Is wi. ,., litre.' tim.s a ilav ; Imt if tli- re is ureal t ver. Use i.it. at iitash «l,Mh is pr. f.ralile. I'.til "til .m nutritive 1 1; u-v ,„ r SI 1. as f rrots, in winter, tireal fi.r.; m-ist he .'X.r.iMi 7^.'.'. 'lit liorsi'. If von Uivf ..... ...mil f.iod h.' «.!..... I'.' - »l' 'it as if huf liUlewa.feMV.na. a time; .Mve sm:, I "i-"-.'';;; i:el,Ht' of ammonia, two .m..f;'S; swe.'l spirils ol nitre .me .mmr „,, .,, thr.'.' tiiii.'s a .lay ; vr «ive whisky, ah'. I.t'.'r, tlf. ; "' « , whiskv ill iMllm'n.n. In severe eases yon may l.ave to '■"''.'•' ,1',,, r.nt mil often. The st .reti.ins are impaired, and y.m «ill I... I , e east's viKi i.iav «ive a laxative; oil is preleral.le to '''."■.• liiis mav lie u'iven, tw • ll.ree .Iraehms; Imt I- v.'r.y .'I"'.'. . ' .ivii,,' ilin inlli.en/.a. as it is likely to set .'l^'M-'TM'^'!" " • ;hisUv ami milk.iirheef tea has heen iise.l l.y some ol .m K .>.l> „.es. ' Do m.t attempt to fo.-.'t' f L I'"' H ""'.v ».'-''«"" ','•'•'""; ,' i, possilile to l.av.' a .'ase wh.r.' a s. dative ,s ii.'e, ssar.v. '"'I I';;' seen hill lew s.leh .'as.s. ami have set ii some where 11 tlKl Kl.'.i.t "•','-"'' in whieh ease stimulants would he ol ^n^'M u.,: IVlladolina, ealoiiiel I lii, and .li«ilalis have h.eii r.'.omiiH i.il.tl, l-u. I ih.nk the most ol ;',';;.;;;"h;;;.e ..et'i iniurious Y.i.. may use tliKi.alls, It the hr.;a.lil..K is.lilli.'ult. You will liu.l lit nt lit from keepiuK up '""""'J'.";;";*' ' the hronehial lul-.s are alleet.'.l, or the throat is sore, ete .^ '" "y uMe.'ount.r Irritali.m. Inllueii/.a is not generally very latal , hut ll'li l.l.'.',li..«. purKiiiK,....'., wt'i'.' .-.sorted to tlu' ..u.rlal.ty was Very irreal. If an animal shows sikiis ol appr.ia.'hiiiK .'.uivales.. i. . , II eve elear, the pulse liniier ami sh.wer, appetite returning' ' ;;.;;' . ami limls more. if a natural t.'nu.eratur.', .I.'., .v.u. mav n'V.' ^"'l'' •' r. ,ir .n.iniue, ..r i.-.li.le ot' potassiiiin. Il the l.^s ar.' ...u.'h 8w.d len . r i ■ .r '.lUB .'enters are adeete.l, give hro...i.l.' -d p.itass.u.u ?,^ ,in.x v.mii.'a After the fever has passe.l ..tr, .he .'hlorate .,. potash is, perhaps, the liest. Purpura Hemorrhaglea.-Pi.rpura l.i.s been ''•"'"'i''';"' ''";';; dim"Xla.«.«...' .lis..ases. U is a .lisease of h "I'V'- "V "; " It is H...,.e p.itri.l e.,n.lili...., or a ehnrlMin.ujs alh'C't;... ol i. -l'-.''- In this dis.'ase the eapillarv system is afl.'ete.l, .speeially ol the ski an. ...e .V nieuihrai es, a.ul it is .,uite p.issihle that nia.iy parts f Si V mav he alle.'te.l. There may he hloo.l exiravasio.. ... e. - iet • with' .he inter.ial organs, pr..hahly npotson the nineous ni.' ..- I nine i.n.l als.. ..pun the ski.., from whieh issues a sanKUii.e....s 111. d. lti"r'atherniorelr.'.,ue..t in the eity than in the eoiinfy, a.,d .nore frequent in a seaso.. whe.i inlluenza prevails. raiu*, HYiMl'TOMS ANL TUEATMENT OF mal may ilo work well as loiif^ as tlit' weather is ^looil, but from cer- tain t'lian^'i's in the weather purpura will deveioji readily. In sueh a, case it t'rei|uenlly supervenes a mild allaek (jl inlliien/.a. It may be priKlueed very suddenly from beinij; expcjsed, driving before intirely well, bad venlihitioii, bad ({roomini;. etc. It may be ;iue to other causes, and from beiiii; exposed to the debris of dead animals, but more freipiently from bad veniilatiou, bad draina<;'( , etc. It is seldom ween in an animal iit pasture. It may come from strangles. S;/miilniii,< very plain and very eharaeteristie. There isf^euerally no dillieully in delcetini; this disease. Tiirre is a slisjlil swelliuj; ai the limb, mine likily to bi' alxmt the hocks. The swelliuir may disappear by exercise, but will soon return. The swtliini; presenis a very ab- rupt appearance, nearly the same as if a htriii<; was tied around the limb; and swelling; viry iiuickly is symploiiialic of purpura. I'lxu- dali.in lakes place, in wliicli, if on a white liml), you will see little red .spots, fr(ini which lii, liver, lungs, etc. The swelling is due to extravasion of blood. A peculiarity of |)nr)>ura is, that the swelling may disap- pear from one place and appear in some other jiart, which is diilicnlt to account for. Tbo animal iisnally stands, perbaps from difliculty in moving the limbs. It is necessary to watch the case (dosely, for the flies will attack him, and lie will be filled with maggots. Slough- ing may take place; the entire sheath, or patches ujion the body may vlougli off, and there may be paraphimosis. It iniluenza prevails, and you have swelling of the legs, examine very carefully. Trealmeril. — The duration of this disease is from eight to thirty days. It generally takts about a month for an animal lo completely recover. Place in a comfortable place. Giveclilorate of potash, not for any stated j)ropertie.s, but from its action on the blood. If the bowels are costive, I recommend giving from one to two ounces of turpentin.' in six or eight ounces of oil. Afterwards give as much os one or onc-and-a half ounces of chlorate of ]>otasli during twenty- four hours; give it in his water, as there may lie diflicnliy in giving a drench, (iive, as a styptic, the tincture of the cliloriele ol iron, once or twice a day, in doses of two or 'three drachms If the pulse i« iil EATMENT OF' iu>r is ;;()(>il, but from eer- li'Viloji iviidily. Ill KUt'li !i ( (j| iiilliK'ii/.ii. It ui:iy bti icil, driving liofori' uitiroly It iiiiiy III' ;iiu' to (itlK'f k'liris of (Kail iiniiuals, l)ut (Iriiiiiiif^i , etc. It is seldom ii' from slraii^iis. stii'. Tiii'rc is Kiiii'riilly no is :i siisflit s\vi'liii\>; of tlio V\\^• swilliii!^ m;iy (lisii|)|)C'ar liiiii}; |iri'stiils a viiy ab- iriiif; was tii-d around tive oinatii' of piir|iiira. Kxu- ■ liml), yoii will sir little Ik' swi llinj,' is viry iiaintiil II visi'iilis apiicar on tin: 111(1 it is well to look at the lion, as you will iki doubt till' luiiKS. Tliisi' sjiots in- miit'oiis niinibraiii' of the ttir. Till' iiiidrr lip may nervous stiimilus. If the is dillii'ult lirialbiiig, and iiptoms are very bad. The ii the swellins; is very great, tifly, or sixty per minute. diseliarf;e from the nostrils. toj{etiier with the diseharge n milder easis the appetite lie day and tiie next refuse , in the tirst stages of the eolor ; may even eonlain swelling and these pateeli- leetion with the eyes, and sternal cynijitonis. It may elling is duo to extravasion at the .swelling may disap- tlier jiart, wliieli is diilicult ids, iierhajis from difliculfy •ateh the case closely, for led with maggots. Slough- latches upon the body may lis. It intliienza prevails, e very carefully. se is from eight to thirty or an animal to completely live chlorate of potash, not ion on the blood. If the from one to two ounces of Afterwards give as much as ' of ]>otasli during twenty- may lie diiliculiy in giving re of the chloride ol iron, >e draclnns If the pulse is lUSKASKS ol- KOMK.sTIr ANIMALS. "J.'! Strung and lin' appetite good, repeat the tiirpenline and oil in one vsteiii by nutritive diet : waU'li the case closely, and sec that the aiii- ri'ial docs" not licl too much to eat , as it might produce colic. Il' the pulse is not Very nuick and no tendency to lung disease, 1 think exer- cise is of beiictii. It is a good praeiiee to incve the animal away iroiu the stable where be has been kept. You may have to perl'orni liiichcolomv if the animal is likely to sutroc.tte, but in most eases, ;illlioiigli you allord temporary relief, the animal will not get along .cry well. Aflnrliraliiii lit. (liloraleof potash and tonics, i,n)od food, regular exercise, etc , and if the llies attack him, use carbolic acid, just to piHVcnt the Hies from attacking liiin. It is liable to very sudden changes. You may think he is doinu very well, and the next time you sec him he will be very bad You may use some sivptic, as iicelate of lead, etc. It is not best to open up with a knife, but in I xciptional cases it may be necessary. Strangles.- This is a very common disease among Canadian :iiid .\mcrican horses. It is called strangles from a peculiar suH'o- rating breathing, and is known as strangles in most of luir wiU'ks. it is an eruptive fever |ieciiliar to the horse, and generally attacks him when young, from two to four or six years old, but may be found in older "horses. Some call it a catarrhal di.sease. It shows itself by allecting the organs of respiration more or less, and the formation of a tumor in the submaxillary space. It is hard and small at tirst, but gradiiallv enlarges and "suppurates. This tumor may form in other parts of the body, on the [loint of the shoulder, in the groin, etc., and when it takes" on this form it is called irregular stranudes. .Most horses have it while young, but some escape it. Some say it is contagious, others sav it is" not, but many animals in the same stable iiccome alleeted at the same time. However, the same inlluence acts upon each of them. I could not give my opinion as to whether it is contagious or not. 8omc say it can be proiluced by inoculation, but there is still not conclusive evidence. It is said to attack the same animal but once, but there are are some cases that show that it may lie taken a .second time. It may and does occur at any season of the vear, but is more likelv to be "prevalent in the spring and summer, and is likelv to attack those animals that have been running out during the "winter. Dentition has also been said to have something to do with it, but some do not have it, so it is not sure to attack them during dentition. Si/mploms are very often similar to catarrh. The animal is dull and' languid, and a small amount of work fatigues him; The attack is not very sudden ; by anil by there is a swelling ; the animal keeps his head in a peculiar position ; saliva issues from the mouth ; the pulse is slightly affected, which you can detect by close examination. The bowels costive, coat staring, and it is hard to tell at this stage whetUer it is strangles or laryngitis, but it will soon show itself by a. 1: ;*;- ! J' 24 CAUSEH, SYMITOMS AND TKKATMKNT OK tumor in tin- Hiibiniixilliiry spju'c. It tnnv intiTlcrf wiili rcspinitioii ; tlic tiiiiKir will liTiiik and iliscliarKt', "f vim may (lis|nrst' il In- absorp- tion, liut it is iKttci- to allow it to (li.scliar^'r oxttrnally. Tlu' tumor may Ih- tlu' lirst iIiImk that iiiakts ii.s a|i|K'aranc(', Imt yon liavo more or li'ss iVvcr, even il' il is ni>t nolict'il. Tlu re is KiinTall ■ a I'onsiil- »ral)li' (liscliai'>;c of niatlrr from tlu' nostrils, and lluri' may b",- *ym|it(ims of snlllicalion. 'I'lusc syni|itiptns may not bo in projiortion to till' size of tin' minor, bul if allocUMi with slran;;U's an(l inllui'll/.u at till' same time, tlicri' will lit' si vcii' symptipnis of siiUnciilidn, and di'atli may risult. It usually runs its I'oiirsc in from six to twi'lvc days, and in about twi'iily diiys tlif liorsf nsiially risnmi's liis work. SomiM'onlinui' tlii'ir wmk during tlic atlacN, but il is iiol bi'st. You may liave llusi- sym|ilei) too soon. After you have opened the a bscei-s, give tonics and bathe the abscess with tepid water. Yon will sometimes meet with a more serious case, in which the animal is breathing hard and the abscess does not form soon enough. In such a case blister, and then use pnnttiees. In winter, treat with hot wool, just to keep the parts well warmeil. You will find lienefit from judicious steaming with hot water, but I warn you against using a close nose-bag, for you are in danger of suil'ocating the animal ; but keep up fomentation for some time, for even four or live hours. It may be necessary in this ease to open the abscess much sooner than in the former case. Another relief is tracheotomy. Put the tube in, and allow the animal to breathe throiigh the tube. It is not a very diflieult operation in most cases, but if in a very large horse, or one that is badly swollen, yon may have to make an incision two or three inches long ; but it is not nec- essarj- to make a ronnil hole. Be caieful and do not push the carti- lage in when inserting the tube ; or, you may not have a tube at hand, and you may just cut a hole through the trachea and keep the lUuscIeB back ; or just cut.a circular piece out, which will give tempo- KATMKNT OK DIHEASKS OK DOMESTK ANIMALS. 25 inturl'iTf willi I'cspiratioii ; I may (lispirsf il by absorp- ;<.• I'XU'inally. Tlu' tuiiior iirancc, Imt yod liavo more lure i.s i;cihtiiII7 a i-(iii»i(i- ostrils, and lluri' may b",- s may not lio in |)i'o)i()rtion ith Kli'an;:!t'»< and inlUu'ii7.a MptiiMis of snil'ocation, and nrsc in from six lo twolvu nsnally nsiimos liis woris. fix, bill il is not best. You iiior in ibi- Ibroat, liixl by oiildiT or in till' Kroin, and Tbc tiiinor is ffiiifrally tiic upon tlic slioiililcr closi' to for il may burst intcriialiy, boconu's uTcaliy omaciati'd ; Tumors in..y lie in tlie slii;iit alidoniinal pain or iiinati' fatally. satisfactory to treat. Tii« It must nol t)f cbeoki'd, anai'r. (iivo pure air, and tiu' year. (iivi'Kood food, it will bu taki'u, but if not, if that dot's not ri'<|uire any iiros, ^'ive a few dosi'.sof leb- sli.but not so freely a.s in in- i-eely on the kidneys. Ciood 1 f tile lirealliin;{ is not mueh sternal trealuieut. In some applieatiiinor counter irri lie pulse not very liiRh, use ■etion witli tlio above treat- ulliee, and if tliore are no irni pretty well, and do not llie abseei-s, give tonic's and will soinetiincs meet with a H breatliin^r hard and the iieh a ease blister, and then ool, just to keep the parts in judieions steaminjr with elose nose-bag, for you are lep up fomentation for some be necessary in this ease to inner case. Another relief low the animal to breathe It operation in most cases, 3 badly swollen, you may Ih'8 long ; but it is not ncc- and do not push the carti- i»y not have a tube at linnd, the trachea and keep the jut, which will give teuipo- rary relief. The treatment after tracheotomy would lie just the same to brinj5 on suppuration. After some twenty-four hours, take out the tube, wash it, and aKain insert it. When ,'b it, and it will heal very well as a (general thin'.'; but this operation should be performed before the system l)eeomts loo mueh vitiated. The character of the breathinj? aiul of the eireulation, also, is to lie noticed, and be careful in performing; this in a very valuable animal. RrKults of ulniiuiUs, or absoption of pus, pyaemia, or abscesses forming in many parts of the body. This may take place in connection with a wound, just the same as in strangles. It is purulent deposits in any part of the body. The tumor may extend up to the ear, or down evi'u to the leg. If il is in elo.se coune<'tion with the paroliil duct, be Very careful, for » ou niiglil produce fistula of the duct. Keep the animal away from cows; give pure air. There is no specific for strangles. It is sometimes necessary to give a light la.xative, which is the exception and not the rule ; but it is neeessiiry in most cases lo give injections. It is .seen more in some countries than in iKliers. It is not seen so much in well-bred horses as in ill-bred horses. The Arabian horses are especially exempt fnun this disease. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. The skin is a dense, white, porous sensitive membrane. The skin and mucous membranes are much alike. The skin protects the flesh from noxious vajiors and external injury. There are two layers of the skin, an external and an internal The internal is extremely lough, sensitive and vascular; and there is a cuticle, or scarf skin, which is formed on the surface of the true >kin. Dandriifl' is simply cells of the skin thrown oft'. The skin varies much in thickness on dift'erent parts of the body, and on difteient animals; and in applying counter irritation yon must be careful. The appendages of the skin are the sebaceous aiid sudor- iferous glands. In the lower animals the body is covered with hair, varying as to climate, season, etc. There are two kinds of hair — ihe mane and tail, and that known as the coat, or that which covers the body. Bach hair is planted in a cavity called a hair f. Hick. Each hair is divided into a shaft, point, and root. The sebaceous glands are small, and are lodgtd in the true skin, and sc. icte a fluid which lubricates the skin, and keeps it and Ihe hair in goti.: 'nndition. These glands are very numerous, ispecially about the letlocK, heel, liock, etc. The secretion of these glands is of an oily chara ter ; they are called sweat glands, through which impurities are carried from the body. They are in the true layer of the skin. One xjuare inch covers about two thousand of these pores. Their seen lion passes ofl' as either sensible or insensible perspiration, which is very free in the horse and in man. The dermis consists of two layers— the deep TUKATMKNT OK I)i8i.ns,.B of the- skin urf not so common in the lioi^f a» in ""in wl i^^i is owi .K t.. tlu. nuMlo of living. M,.nK.;« h«yo Loc-n suppose 1 " 'i:7.(.'" und'^olu-rriutnling to the kind. Wc n.ay have in§a. n i.nsof vurions kinds attacking th. sku^^ Th.y »r^" j?'««^'; iK ■ " >e " the outer layer of the true skin. These are ^'.r.v l'^; ■ or re. r "H-an/ to boil, or ooze on . a.eon.pan.e. w exiXtion ..f li'""t the W'J»n«; Y, "i may l)e stifll- antl sore when coming from the sta- in grease. . Trealmcit-li an ordinary case in the hind legs, give six, i^'gh or on bran mash etc «""'« r^^/'/fjl^^ ^^^h «„,! inxlUe judiciously with F lATMKNT OK >n in tilt' horse »» in ii'ii", nii^?«'8 linvo boi-n suppimcd ■hissificiitioiis, HoiiH' accord- 1) the kind. Wi' 'n»y l'av« the skin. Tiny lire Kenor- skin. TheHe ureerylheina nze ont, a.eonipunied with nve iniliunmiition, foUowcd t fust, it is ju»t an eezenie- the hiiMow of liie heel, is 'he irritation is at (iri«t set il if permitted to run on it The attack is more confined han others, and some breeds s. )wing them to dry by evap- rritation is set up; standing III wearing a boot ihat is too to it than others. In race lassing down the legs, which •y careful in bandaging the lielps the development of the i; more liable to this disease t it is met with in cavalry in charge of a horse affected ulty and swelling about the J when coming from the sta- nd in some cases the animal iiething similar. The fetlock It, in some cases, quite freely, ludation. It may terminate ■ hind legs, give six, eight or ihe animal for it by feeding warm water, and if there is •11 and bathe judiciously with se a light poultice; a tonic ul of linseed meal is enough ; many other applications, as ate, six drachms sulphate of acid, one drachm, spirits of if just an ordinary case. In the same, but after poulticing light pressure. These cracks ; in such a case you will have nt. You may touch the parts id to give a diuretic. Nitrate rosin, two or three drachms, je davs. Glycerine is useful; ead, and glycerine does very reated, but do not apply a stim- DlrtKAHKS OP DOMfWTII' ANIMAIX. -' ulant unless it becomes indolent. If hot medicines arc used it may produce Mud Fever.-A superlieial inllammation of the leg ; it attacks anv IcL' mud luinutiie exciting cause, as wet, muddy roads. It is accel- ■rate l.v wasVin^' tile limbs and n<.t drying then, pr..periy. wliici, ir- ritates the parts and mav be tiie pi<»liiciiig cause, and may produce k very Ijuickly. Beingniuddy during the .lay and Iree.ing at night is a prolilie cause. S„mp"> -'I'l.e It'gs "n> «^velled, the horse is stiir, the l>;'i; ;•""';;« .,,!■ the leKS pretty easily the legs are extremely ho and H^V^r » if tiie cause is kept up, there may be a serious affection. Ihi sicri lions are generally affected. 7'm./m..»^- Keep the legs as dry as possible. Use a mild «tin.ulant and it is b.st generally to give a slight laxative. V cooiing < t is o hcn.lil, siuli as carrots, bran iiiasiies, etc., lolb.wed by diurelics. II he limb is much swollen, you may find benefit fioin bathing nicely ami Ihen .Irving .•arefully. Vo not nil, severely, it ,s general v l«8t to take the ihoes oil', and after convalescence begins, some gentle ex- ercise will be of benefit. Abscesses may loriii right up in the gn)in, ^om tl... severe irritatb.n. In Knglan.l it is usiia Iv loim.l '" '""""f horses, fn.m running through the niud.ly liel. s. It is si.iu rlicial, a - tacking the superficial laver of the sensitive skin. \.)U may use sul- phate of iron,^ulphate oi .inc,.m.etate of lea.l. etc V,u im^- use an ointment of the sulphate of /.ine, but it is generally nu.re benefiu- ally treated with lotions-carboli.^ a.'i.l, one part t.. '«;;;"'>■;"•,"">" water, and if one does not succee.l, try some ..ther. I real .il...ut .is yon w.)ul.l a case of cracked hands. Grease -This disease is the result of scratches, and is m..ie liable to attack heavy horses than light ones. It is a .liseasc.l state .. he skin, intlammation of the true skin, the seba.-eous glan.ls an he appen.lages of the true skin. It is not so e.imnion on this .•ontintnt as in Engl.ind and Scotland, from being a dry climate. Pal *..-**.«a**»--»»*^'-wi5>,«*ffr v*-- — ^!. — ■■• U^j.,.,i!^^i>Mfr»k1i^ASiMi VK-t* rt« W a'-*-WW rMENT OF an early HtRRf ; a sliRht ii'iiet' its niiiiie, "ureuHe." lal may Ix! alninst lauu- ; irt'8 appear in tlie lieels, II certain stage, say the s ply a ptale of lead as a lotion. wa'.er. There are other lubricating the parts. or cotton to tlie parts, cnt granulations. You lensive odor of the dis- treatment with the local, , although the animal is as in a sthemlc animal. After the irritation is II find benefit from turn- ndaging, if not too tight, 1(1 so ilo more harm than lay have to use the knife, lilver, sulphate of copiier, i-heeled shoe to raise the shoes. Keep the parts liur is recommended by carbonate of soda four live oil and lard, of each for mange, but it is not It is an eruption of the weather. the blood, causing little ir in the skin, which con- ; is more likely to attack ially upon Indian corn. You will notice it in spring, when the pasture igust, when the pasture is ad, ears, tail, etc., then y burst and discharge, or rubs himself against the sore, or if at work, after im into the stable, he will ected arc ihe heail, neck, DISEASKS OK noMIilTIC ANtMAI--*. Z» tail, l)iick, etc. The shoulder may licconic irritated from the collar ; the skin tlrv and iliistv. It is necessary to examine very closely with tlie naked eye, or iliufer the microscope, and if parasites are found, it is mange, and not simple eczema. '/'/vfi^/ic/i/. -Ec7A'ma is dillicult to treat. You can allay the irrita- tion, Init it is diliiciilt to etlect an entire cure, and the niiiiiial is more liable to another attack each successive summer. First allay the local irritation as ijiiickly as possible, which can be done both by internal and local remedies. Corrosive sublimate two drachms, spirits !if ivine four drachms, water one pint; rub well into the parts, and as well as doing this it is advisable to give internal remedies. Give iodide of potassium or nitrate of potash ; or give hyposulphite of soda oiie-liall outiee, once or twice a day until two or three (loses have been taken; and use, locally, carlxdic acid one part to sixteen of water, and if these do not do, try aconite one to four drachms, prussie or 'lydrocyanic acid one part to twelve or fifteen parts of water, appliell locally. Another is turpentine ; it acts upon the skin homeopathically. I'se turpentine and sulphur ; they will increase the irritation where applied, but will soon produce a beneficial result. L'lip|)iiig the l.air nicely will do good. Fiiilev Dun gives, as his favorite treatment, a compound tincture of iodine, made by shaking together two parts iodine and one part of iodide of potas- sium, with six to eight parts of water. Williams gives, as an alterative, arsenic of potash; take arseiiioiis acid one drachm, carbon- ate of potash one drachm, water twelve ounces; mix and boil slowly until the arsenic is dissolved, and strain when cold, and ;tive from one-half ounce to one ounce of the li(iuor two or three times a day. Sallenders. — This is a kind of s(iuamous infianiination of the skin» It is an ec/.emous disease. Occurring upon the hock, it may cause fall- ing ofl' of the hair. In some cases irritation is set up from some cause or other, and an a(iueous discharge takes place. The irritation ceases to a certain extent, and you have a thickened condition of the skin. This disease is more common in heavy draft horses, especially if highly fed, as stallions which are allowed to run down in winter, and then suddenly fed up in the spring. This has a tendency to produce it; or it may come from the Hies irritating sonie sore upon the part.s. Although not a serious diseiise, it is difiicult to treat. Blistering may produce a well marked case. Trealmenl must he both local and constitntional, and if the owner must work the horse, you may relieve the irritation by washing once or twice, but do not wash every day, just once or twice, and dress with an alkaline soda 8(dution ; after which you will find benefit from using the remedies already mentioned, or you may use an anodyne ointment. Give a purgative, or, if you cannot do this, on account of working, etc., just stint in his allowance of food t(> a certain extent; give diuretics pretty freely. Proud flesh or granulations may come from flies, etc. In such a case you can use nitrate of silver or butter of antimony, and endeavor to protect the hock as well as possible from the flies. If yon can apply a poultice to the hock, do so A lotion of corrosive sublimate is very good. Corrosive sublimate, two drachms; alcohol, four ounces; Water, one pint. It retiuires careful treatment and it is difliicult to eflect a cure, especially if the horse is highly fed. There is no specific for it. ^liJt :io CAI'-iK.-, riYMI'TOMH AND TltKATMKNT i(K Mallendersis iuHt tluHi.nu' .ci.diti.m ui il..- liml', '"it ritt!uk» ,1.. Shnlfnn .1,/. k.uv. ;n..l is .rrat-.l juHt tlu- nanu- ««y. It n.a.v (•(.III.' from ifitliiiK ll"<' '""I "^■'■'' ''"' '""'t''""- Eczema Rubrum. In .1..^^ i' isnoi .■.mt=.«i.><"- I< "'*;;""■'';''■';• ..(.,.„„. i.> tl... horn,., tl... r.sMl. ot, t.,.. !.!«.. Ic.l.nK or ' " ' '' ' ^" ',; ciK... It .•..iiHs ill limilin^r clo^s, Horn woikmK m ll.c lonj!, «.l, io"gl« Krii->. .SVm,./ > :,iv W..11 in.rk.Ml. Me smIUth scVcivIv, an.l n.l.s l,inis..lf very imnli. If vmi cxiiMiii.c clos-lv, tlicv will l.c no |.aniMt.'S. It coii'ics :iloiij; til. 'liflly, (dioiil.l.TS, I'li'. T,n,l,„.:l. (iivci. laxative; l.ii.ktlioni syn.|., ..nr Iwo or tlimj (,„,,..(.. accor.liiiK to llu' size of tin- 'loR, is very nsclnl l.nt .,; caivtul iii; Cirholi' aci.l on .1..,'., for i. will I- aLsorlicl and m many 's.'s ..oiM.n tlu. .lou. However, il is most nse ul. A -'""H M " itv will .teslrov a -ioK, I'.v acting' npon the .urvons sN.sttMi. (l.anKc the foo.l/aii.l if h- has I.een allowed too nuieh animal foo.l, ehanjie I"' a hread diet. Nettle Rash. -The nam., is taken, perhui.s, '■.'•<•"'.'''';''';" I''[|'''''; OKV. Surfeit is another m.nie api-lie. t.. .t, e.,m.n^ Iron > ' ' . timt it comes fr.,n. faulty feedinK! urt.ear.a is a nanieapi-liedini am ,„• ,„„. „..,rks. It i. v.ry fre.,u..nt, and may ...■eur a. ;-;'>■-'";' the vear l.ilt most fre.ni.ntlv in the spriiis!, ami .•omes Nei\ . ni.kU. I cm is't . lasti.' p n.ples of various si/.es an.l shapes coming np- o ; r:l.onl.ler, heall, neek an.l h,..ly, an.l in many <•;-;:, 'W-H;; ..:ar as -lui.'klv as they eame ; lu.t they may reina.n, an-i then • ul ^^ alisorhe.!. Tl.'e pimph's may c.m.e almost ..ver the '''»'>••, '.l^'^.'^, r..nies from s.mH- fanlly diKestion, lanlty leedinj;, e e It ""O ';'' >V' la II ii.itis. Another eanse is ..heekiii..' tho per.spira .on when lu m- is warm from exerti.m. It .nay he .;anse. hy is.mons wee.ls ...ay produce .t. t .s hard .. tell the x ae cans..' Bn..kwheat is a ve.-y dangerous loo.l lor he l'"-se. "ml ;,K.y pr.Kluee this .lisease. It is generally overe.m.e hy some of the re.i'.eilies mentioned. Puritis -Intlnn..nntion of the true skin, generallv swn al.o..t the roo^^Jt" ail a.,.l ...uler the .nane.ht.t there is no pa.-t.eular eha..ge n [ a. , earanee of the skin. U may he the result ot ....proper groom- ll;,7,;it gjLerallv fron. in.pn.per food. T his appe'.ranee .nay Ik. syu.ptomatie of worms, hut it is not generally the case. J MKNT OK till- limli, Init attiicks lu' siiiiu- way. H iiiii.v limiiiiif. It is^iniilsii't'i cilinn or ' imt nf vwv- ; ill the loiin, wtl, n.ugll •ri'ly, anil nilis irmmtlf ill W nu iiarnhitfu. It •ni|), oiii', lwrln'il, anil in many iisfl'ul. A finall (iiian- II till' mi'Voiiti .systt'iii. too iiiui'li animal fi>oil, a|i!«, frti"! liiinian patlml- coming I'fDin tin- lii'lii'l' » :i naini-apiilit'ilin maiiy ly oct'iir at any si'asiin dI ind ciinu's vt-ry (juii'l^ly. i anil shain's coming "1>- n nianv casi'w tliey disap- rinaiii', and tliiir llnitl lie .rllu'liodv. It Honoially dinj;, flc " It ii'-a) follow •ri- f^ative in most cases, for ill disappear. (Jive din- ees, and in siinie eases it is le. Toll may give nitrate ne or two (iraeliins, and may give eolchiiiin with illy' meet with aflections ulty digestion. The same or it mav ho the result of ■ heii' there isrougli, coarse It is hard to tell the ex- ( food for the horse, and overcome liv some of the n, generally seen ahoiit the e is no particular change in ■ result of impiopergroom- Tliis appearance may l)e iiUv the ease. J ntSKASI'S (IF IID.MKSTK ANIMAt.H. •M 'JWiiliiniil. — ll is generally lust Irealeil liy enrrosive siililimale lo- tion, lieforc applying the lotion, wash well and dry well. Any of the lotions iiientioiied iire of lieiielit, allow a mo(li'rate aiiioiint of food, or you iiiiiy give a la.xative diet. Warts. — Abnormal growths, waits, are a thiikeiiini; of the <'Uli- ele ; a hvpertropliid condition of the silperlicial layer of the true skin. They arc eoiniuoii among horses and eatlle. 'I'liey are sometimes ealleil an;;le lierric-'. 'I'liey iii;iy appear upon iiny part of the hody, hut in horses are most eoiniiioii upon the head, iieek, groin, 11,'iuk and sheatli, and may eome upon llit eyelids or alioiil the lips. They vary greatly in size iiiiil shape. They may have a lU'ck or may have a liroad hase. If they have m iieek, ihey are easily got rid of; you can cord them. Otiifru it isdillieiilt to say what is the cause. A stimulating diet, continued for a long lime, may produce them. The hotly may be lit- erally eovered with them, 'i'liey may be encysted. 'Drill nil III depends upon the si/.e and shape. The best way is to cut them out with a knife or scissors. The ligature is an ohl way to get rid of them, .lust tie a thread around them, (U' you may Undone that is pretty vascular, and you may need lo u.se an ecraseiir. Warts may come from grease. Such cases are best treated by euHiiig Iheni down closely I for it is dilliciilt to dissect them out ) until it begins to bleed freely, and if it grows again, use a caustic, stick potash, but do not use the caustic at the time of culling, but perliaps in twenty four hours afterward; anil you may have to apply a poultice to reduce the irritation s<>t up by the caustic, and it is possible you will have lo repeat the caustic in three or four days. Arsenic is u.sed, but it should he used carefully. If the wart is encysted, then use a knife; just cut a hole through the skin and take it out, but if the animal is very badly anecled, turning out to pasliire for about a year may so change the .system as to ri'iuove the warts. I'iiiiples upon the shoulder and biu'k will discharge a little matter, and may set up an irritation and produce a sitfast. Stotnatitia Contagiosa. — This comes from faulty digestion, and is not due to parasites. Small eruptions appear about the mouth and lips. Use carbolic acid and corrosive sublimate. Mange, Scabies— Is an eruption on the skin, due to parasites. It appears in the horse, o."c, sheep, ilog and human being. It is more or less troublesome to all classes of animals, both domestic and wild. It may be delined to be an eruptive (Mitaneous disease common to a large niiinber of animals and to mankind, and transmissible from species to species, more or less. These parasites, which we lind in- festing various animals, belong to the class arachnida, the order iiearida, and the family sarcoptes. There are diU'ereiit kinds, varying in size and shape. Some burrow under the skin, and others just hold on to the skin; some can be conveyed from horse to man, and vice versa. I will just give you a little notice of the various kinds. There are three kinds- sarcoptes, dermatodecles anil symbiotes. Tile first is common to man, the hor.se, pig, dog and cattle; they burrow in the (Icsh. The second jirick the skin, but do not burrow, and are cominon to horse, ox and sheep. The third live in families, and set up extensive irritation, but do not burrow into the skin. It is some --.^.^•rg m o Mm i t i f^Ta ^tSK^t^^^'^'ff I'.i I *• : 88 lAI'Hr^, HYMl'lOMrt AM' THKVrVKNT OK : ,; i , ,|..hI, ; .l..,n..tu.l....t..H lo pri.'k ll... skn. ; an.l B.v.nl.h.t.H .. ' n i..H. Tlu...xri.inK cauH. of n.anK.. in paraH.!.., ami tluT. ,V. "t nu.li.iouswl.i.l. favor its .l..v..lopMu.nt. An aUarko , . s.r • i.l.H is ratlnr s!,.w at first, l.ut alt.-r a tun. .1 spr.a.lH v -ly ra .i V t w 11 H.t n,. irritati.m in tl.. skin ..f tlu- hu ._..-.,,'. l-ut wi Im.t ,. ...anaf. Th. s.Ton.l is must .mnnlv ...w w.tl. ... ll.. h !■ . a.X.r a„.l .nor.. ..asily .l.t.r....l than oiWr j.ar.js.t.*, a. . in ll' s'tL..h. 'Ilu. .Im-.l is s..,.posr,l to liv. o.,ly on tl.. horrn.. but ll is I'oi.nil o.i ll.*' ox anil iK pl.a.il. Manae in Horses is an ..rnptiv <.ontaKions discaH.- ".• '.^''ll'u not i" .na..«e it'will, after s,...u. tin... set np an .rr.tal.on. It .8 ....t a vcrv frn|..e..l .lisca«e an.o..g ('a.^ulia.. ..r A.ner.ca.. horses i,r„n.,ent is H.,...ewhal .lifHc.lt. A,^v «";''^-'|''"f;''^.;,;;;' /, I'S the in,;eets. The Ireatn.ent is ^'CieM*!;' ocal, but '•"""^ "'"""' . cat. .e. t ...av be ne.cHsarv. The b.st is e.irbol.e .ic.l •""! "t"'" ! «" ;. . .f . ci.i t.. a pint of water. I wo..l.l re.-oni.uen.l, after a care- ;^':;a;l.iu.:;!.!n, t.l dip the 1........ as bei..g a goo. l--t.e. nt J-.ny eases esueeiallv in su.n.ncr; wash the i.iirts well, an.l tin n "he ini ,chl Y. .. n,..-st be ..a.efnl i.. using earl.ol ic ac.l espec.al y on .log , o i I..M.o...e. abs.,rbete, one part to "'"^'-J^ f' '^ of." ..r, W..0.1 lar, half po..n,l, s..ft soap, o.ie noun. , «l.ssolve< n wa .1 'watc'r If y.,.'. try o^.e, an.l it .l..es ""t do, the., tr^ S'.n.e oU^ In bail eases change re...e.nes every few days. Give easily .lig.sie.i n. n.-tru";. fo...l'and if th.. ani.„al is in l>"''-"»f •'-'.f^-Xre two L-rains sul|)l.ale of ro.i two draehn.s. Keep the j.orcs ol mc ki.,'.p per >n.liti.,n which hastens the destrtiet.on ol the para- sit.". fh.n-..ngbly cleanse the harness, clothes, sad.lles, etc., and use carbolic acid upon the.n. Manpe in Oattle.-The syn.pton.s are just the same as in tl.e horsi l)er.nat...lecles is tl.e kin.l generally foun.l in cattle, ^ou eat. a.ulv s o..ger a.id .lirtier ren.e.lies in cattle than m horses. Snlph.'.rei of p..t'as8iu.u, one ..u.ice t., ten ou.ices of water, once or r - *iX^ JlWR»-.V '-^ ^TMKNT OK loiint iii tcriiliiiy. Tlii'V Siirc'(H)ti« inriins lii ron- skiii ; mikI Byinliicili'H to 11^1' in iiiiraHitc, ami tluTc k-clDpnu'iil. All atiiifk ol Iter a tiiiu il sprrailn vi'iy 1 of till- liiimaii Id'iii;;, i)iil .iiimipiily iml witli ill till' tlian otliiT parasiUs, and ivi' onlv on tlu' liorm', Imt ({ions (lisi'asr, (luf to para- rasilf, Snt tluTv an- otiu'i- II. Aniinalu in l>oor con- lialiic to III' altarkiii than ■attackiil. Tlii'y aro more coiiiinnnicalcd in various etc. •t lip irritation, anil niiiuiti' plv, ami tin- hair will pnll IS iiion- likISKA8KS or lOMtXrif ANrMM.,4. twice a day, or oil of lar, liirjieiitine and train oil, l>nl il will rm the aiiiiiial very dirty. It will never do to eciver any ureal hiiiu.^., of the skill with mercurial ointment nl one time, for it woiil.rbe ahsorlHil, liiit use II on one part of the liody one dav and aiiotlier part the next. Scab in Sheep. -Is a very st-rioiis allietion in some countries, hut not in Canada or the United Stales. The usual parasilts are the dermalodectes. .Vi/(/i;)/,im/) are very well marked. Kxtreme itchiness; tin- animals will nil) tliemselves Upon any hard olijeel ; the wool does not fall nH' Irom the ruliliiiiK, hut Irom llie irritation of the skin. Il extends over a L'leat extent of the skin, which lakes away the animal's (lesh. TmiliiKiil. (arholic acid is the best thing to use. In Australia it prevaileil to a large extent, and then' were men appoinled to exper- iment, and a great many remedies tried, and earlioiic acid proved the most etieelnal. An oiiiice of creosote, horse, if in the sprinn of the year, and the coat is lonj;. Poultry Loueiness, which appears to he Hilec!!emalie<'onditioii (if the skin. There is eonsiih rahle irritation, ni'mttT than from horse lice. The animal sometimes rulis himself to a great extent. Make a close e.xaminalion and you will notice lice, which are much smaller than horse lice. They may appear at all Biasons of the year. 7ir(i^m(»r— Keiuove the cause ; Inkc the horse from allecled staldeH- You may clip the hair, esiacially if in the spring. Y'ou may soiiie- tiiiics clip him all over. I'his is a very common allection. I iiuiuire where the animal has hcen standing ; if in close proximilv to poultry, remove the cause, and then treat as for other lice. There is sometimes eonsiderahle irrilalion set up hy maggots. They are the larvieof the blue lly, and sonu times attack lioiseb' ears in the l.'uite(l States Treat by <'leanNing the parts widl ; then use earhtdic acid lotion, and keep up the application lor sometime; lineture of heiizoin, and oil of tar, turpcutiue and linseed oil, etc. (over and keep the Hies away from hirii. Ticks are also very anuoyiiiK to some animnls, especially sheep. Brush thoroughly, and use any id' the applications 1 have given jrou. There are ecrlain Hies that ai"e Irouhlesome ut certain times ol the year, and are more trouhlesome some years than others ; not so trouble- some to horses as cattle. Some years ago thev set up such an irrita- tion that it was thought to be some the brain are, the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli. I he centrul covering the araehnoitl, belongs to the s rons class of mcmbriuus, and, like all sueh membranes, presents two t'overings, the parieta and visceral. The pia-mater is formeil ot minute blood vessels, held touetner bv aieolar tissue. The dura-mater is attache.l to the cranial eavitv, but is not so atlnched in the spine. The brain proper 18 divitleil into four parts: the oerebrum, ecrebellum, pons varoli, and medulla oblongata. The cerebrum is tlivided into two hemi- spheres by a longitudinal fissure, in which the falx cerebri is lodgetl. The metlnllu oblongatii is a continuation of the brain. Ihe nerves which pass from the l.rain are cranial nerves There are twelve or nine pairs ; we genorally take it at twelve. They are : First, Olfactory, or nerve of the special sense of smell. Second, Optic, or nerve of the special sense of sight, which presents no sensibility. These fibres start in two roots. Some pass from the rik'ht side to the left bulb, unil vice versa; and some pass straight oa to the eye of the same side; and some cross from one side to the other, ami ilo not go to the eye. , , „ .i. Third, Motores Oculorum, is a motor nerve; it gives a part to each eye; it is distributed to all the muscles of the eyeball except external straight and snpeiioroblitine. . ,,. Fourth, Pathetic ; motor to the eye and superior oblique. Fifth, Trifacial mixed, common and special, sensation and motor ; 36 CAlslvS, SYMPTOMS ANIJ rilKATMENT OF it is a liirge lurvt: and tlivitlcs into llircf briinolieH, the sniurior iintl infi'rior inaxillury, and till- opthaiinic. Sixtii, AlidlU'tiis; motor t(» tliu al)dntor iniisciis of tlif t've. It tins iiiuscii' was paiaiv/A'd. tiu' cyr would be turned inward Sfventli, Facial motor; jrreat MU)tor of llu- muscli'sof llie lair, tiut. doi'H not supply llie mus 'Us of maslication. Kit,'litli, Auditory ; the spirial sense of hearing. Ninth, (ilosso-pharangeul; niixeut we ' horse, luul s .ini times they bruin has eertiiiii coverings,. The one beinj; diseased^ known by another name^ lint explains the symptoms. y. It is not a very common letion ol' the brain without I then inllanimation acting here may he a formation of from varions causes — injury mcuKsion of the brain, with niietl exposuie to the heat; he digestive organs ; or you cannot be accounted for. A roduce great mortality, are lal cord. It is the result of matter forming in the brain, :n\ and inHanimation. The IS are marked dullness, ex- ing in a stall, he will rest his jntracted, which afterwards lay be very low, as low as Is becoiiieBiiiiick. There is und in pneumonia, etc., but iptoms are followed by gen- tlie pulse quicker, and the the box ; the head high (but ill rear up, and get the feet tion. At other times will lie luler the breast and foreleg, at times. At other times, . one side, due to the part or .' to lead the animal; he will sni may pass of!', and the ani<- II then have another attack. DIMEAXKS or DO.MKSTIi' .\NlMAI.s. 37 It is likelv to lenninale fatally. The cnnvulsions lieeonie more fre- ,|iieiU ami alarniing. lie will place his head l)ilwien his fore legs. etc. Trnumeiil. — It is sometimes dangerous lo atlempt treating it. Tse ihe anti-phlogistio treatment, (iiveagood dose of puru'alive medi- cine, six to twelve, or if very heavy hoMc, you may give lilleeii tosix- teeii drachms of aloes; may give aconilc, or bl l-letliiig ma/ be ol ijreat benelit ; give injections freely, but I do not reeommeiid opiates U> aiiv great extent. IJnt you might in snnn' cases give('liloroform, iiiorp"bia,ete. (Jive bromiile of polassiiiiii in pr, tty good lio.ses. .\pply i-old to the lieail— C(dil water or ice. If the sympt' ins are not ex- tremely viobul, do not give up the rase, for your labors may be crowned with success. If tie,' pulse is tolerably strong, and the ani- mal is not perspiring freely, there is hope. If the animal is in good condition, not too fat nor loo lean, it is good practice, in some i;ases, ti> draw blood. If an animal dies from iiillammation of the brain, von will lind an increiiseil amount of blood to the brain, or you may lind lilood in the ventricle of the brain. You combine eabmiel willi aloes, and croton oil is sometimes recommended, but in coml)iiiation with these do not give as much aloes as you would without them. Sunstroke.— Common to all animals, more common to man than animals; common among hard-worked horses in the hot months <>l summer. It is a congested state of the blood vessels of the brain, with loss of sensation and of voluntary motion. Coii.w.— Kxposiire to the hot sun, as a general thing, but there are ))redisposiiig causes, as over-stimulating diet, lireathing impure air, etc Horses in good, healthy condition, with moderate exercise, regu- lar habits, etc., are not so liiihle to an attack ; but an animal in per- fect health may be attacked Sinnptom.'i. — There may be premonitory symptoms before the violent symptoms; dullness; animal may have been doing work, but has beep dull; appetite impaired, dryness of tlieskin. increased tempenitiire of the skin ; horse does not sweat readily. 1 have noticed this in con- nection with street railway horses ; would show such symptoms for two, three, or even four days, before showing severe symptoms. .Vninial will show a staggering gait in acute .symptoms; may fall, struggle for some time, and then lie ipiite still for some lime, from complete lossol iiower; or he may not lose all power, may try to rise, fall and injure himself in this way; pupil dilated ; pulse ((uiek and weak, breath- ing stcntorious ; will offer no resistance when you attempt to raise him. Treatment. — If the animal is in a semi-eoiiiastos.' conditio;), it will be difficult to give medicine; but apply cold water to the head, by means of wet cloths, or take ice and pound and put it into a bag, and place over the head. Keep the body warm, stimulate, use tepid water and turpentine, and if the animal can swallow, give stimulants ; one ounce nitrous ether to two or three ounces of water. Hut if the power of swallowing is gone, be very careful in giving medicine by ihe mouth, for there is danger of it passing into the trachea. Try hypodermic injections of ether. I have tried it in cases where there was great prostration If the animal shows siyns of returning con- sciousness, there is hope of recovery. If he wishes todrink, give nice cold water, and it you think he can stand, help him up. liive sraalJ 38 . VrsKS, SYMPTOMS ANl. TKKATMENT OK ;•. to a .•.»....,> xt. nt , givi. inj.rti<.ns, ami k.q. fn.m ilu' rays .,1 ih- sun. OnnpuBsion of the Brain is ratluT . i.iiiin.m. It mav result ir;::':;' i,r;::r '^i-raninll'Mna -'raUy .1 icklv, .11. ..;l.K.nly. or Sv f'>'' -"- '■"-• •. "->• ''^'^■" "'""^ '•""«••''""" '" ^'"" ';.••■':"• c , Tlu. •iniriial losos ail power and wnsibility ; may J.itunVu.wil leupon the hin.l legs lirst, and .1 will be some time b^^for^u 'an Ket'the fore ,narters u,.. In some ca.e8 the uniinal aets well iiuiekiy. support It, >•!'."."'»>' h. .1 " "«^^7 Z"^, ;',^ ,',,,. Bathe the limbs laxHt.ve '"'^;^^';;'";i \'V'*,^;7Vhm r"^e^ of the blood is rpa-^d™ Bfi-letti r.u.i: . .^ I .lo not think is to be reco.n- mended, bnt there may be exceptional cases. Mecrlms Epilepsy, Vertigo, Head Staggers, are morbid „^f.?„nT?,f 'the brahi Ketting the names from the way the horse eondilions ot the ™'«;f, •,.„„, ,^ variety of causes. It may be n« rary r,X of tt'b^^ or may result fron. anything Ihat wiin Sre wUh the flow of blood. It may be symptomatic o! discare of lie heart. Some horses sutler from work u.gm a cUar o o ymi ma find a tumor in the brain. A highly nervous animal is more subject than one of the opposite temperament. a. .™.. An«<.lf i^ sudden- the animal staggers, is nnmanage- korse is a very dangerous animal to handle, tor hl may ;atment ok DrSEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. B9 iinil k'ivi' hroiniili' nt po- ur il is siiiiiotimts very di'- iinv tcrminiitf laliilly. It .sdi'iic liiiif iiftir; usr Itro- H Miiiv 1k' |)nv"iiti'v iiutl'mj,' "It work, sintl iHdwimI liv a gtiitlf liixiitivf. irtsi'iit 11 .vcll-inarkcil fuse I cord til a ciTtiiiii ixliiit ; I he 81111. r (oiiiiniin. It may result in^j ill conlat't with soiiio It is not so coiiiiiioii ill ly unickly, die suddenly, or gestioii of tlic l)rain. ,ver ami wnsibility ; may signs of lilV, pupil dilated, )iit ivgular, tlifiT is \u>\tv of there is not so much hope. s, and the animal attempts rs (list, and il will be aome ■s up. In some cases the u' ; cold water to the head, the hody, and leaving the liter in very ety digestion, but most likely le" brain, very hard to account in. A highly nervous animal • temperament. nimal staggers, is nnmanage- ns may pass in a few minutes, IS well as ever. But such a handle, for he may fall or liecome perfectly uiimanagea'ole at any time. It is due to temporary ■ ■(ingestion of the brain, or to impaired llow of blood to the head, lu some eases you have the premonitory symptoms, such as dullness, |ieculiar appearance of the eye, et<'., while in others you do not have the symptoms. This drowsiness may not appear, but if the horse has I leen 'subject to it, this will very likely appear. Treatmenl. — U is seldom you are called to treat such a case, but if y«ni are, dash colli water upon the head. After hor.se has recovered Iroiii the attack, give a purgative, followed by bromide of potassium; keep upon good fooe very alarming al first, but increases iu Bcvcritv, and vou will find intense fevvr ; the animal suHeis to a great extent, staggers in walking may fall and have great diliiciilty in iretting up ; battering of the fetlocks, etc. I saw one case of fracture of the fetlock in trying to get up. There are such symptoms lu azoturia, and I think I knew one <-ase destroyed tor spinitis that was only siiflering from azoturia. It is diflcrent in stallions ; MV, SYMI'TOMS AN'I> TUEATMENT oK If it is , 111.' r.i-si to iniiiitidii ..( til.' luTVf, uHo ..iH' v'lt ..I \'"y' '''*"' iiiit iiiiitli li> -"^ sJl. . rail...! t.,tn.at sn..lw.as..s, Imt '" l'»''''''-:7\^>;" . '/out • .l.k..l will. Il.is, an.l y..u will just ,.nn.lM.v ""' '^;' ". •^; .."^ ' f !i!r;r'ttivi;;n:;;;ii:;:,:;Mw;.r;j^:::q tl^.;J TluT, ".ay 1... ..m.'sion into ti.o tVontal .inu.cs, wl...h you oan also pnni'tuiH'. Stnrdv or Gid It is .ai.st.l l.y the hydatid .■ooi.un.h coie- l.rfns iT is d..vo oikmI iron, th. tape-worn, of the do^. 1 he eRgs ol S"' pe '.:.:: a-vlUen into the s/sten. of the ^^^^V -^^V^^ =k:::ii:^.ee;!t!.:r:^:^i;;^.^t j;rnrtj;: ' :^.i:^ i-l^vti'is-a-fhi^^^^ involved. It n.av not set up nu.eh irrilat.on lor son.e t... e. iWn^»«M -If it is l.ut one hemisphere, the animal will P'> ''"""f, a camnla. I.v nieans^f a syringe. U n.ay prove sneer.slul. fitrintr-Kalt -The opposite to paralysis. Ko named from the aeUon of ll^anin.al It is entirely .lue to son.e les.on or es.ons o he ,^r ous s;sten,, hut ju.t what part of the --;;';-«)«-",. hut may he d.ie to some lesion ot the spinal eord. It .8 easily neiteieu, as a K*-'"'^'""' tliit'K- EATMKNT isHiimi. Alilidiuli it is ' J anv l)riiiii tnml)lo, tliiTf i» He Brain.— It is K»nt''''"y laiv tliat I 111' iiniiiiiil livis sill. jilts ill' livf. If ">»'t''' aiii ti' a iiiiisiiliralili' fxti'iit. •ulai- intiiH'iu'is. Wi'll l)i-eil •])ii8ilH. WiitiT ari'iinuiliiti'il il, ami altlii.iiKli "t i" :i ll"i'l. I roaililv to ti liiiuitl. 'i "f ,sis It is t'lailuiil in l>ri)- iisiiU'ral>li' I'Xtiiit. \Vi' aiv ill pai'tiiritiim you iiiiiy Im ni'liifi' anil lit tlif waliT out. ml live for soiiii' tiiiii-, Imt it l to ricoiiiiiu'ml its! ili'stnii'- ontal binusis, wliii'li you I'nn the hvdatid I'oi'iunuh I'ore- „rMi of'tlieiloK. Tlioi'Kgsol of till' shi'i'ii ami ilfViloliod, Expt'iinuiits that liavo heen rum of till' taoiiia i-oi'iiunis, from ti'ii to sixty days. It which irritati' the substaiice ation for some time. ■e, the animal will go round ■pending upon the position of )f the brain, the head will he dulla obloiiKta, the animnl can pin-like heads may liiid tli«' I, and they may even come out ich cases you can deteel them bone; sonietinKS, but not al- such cases. They can be re- king out the parasites through nay jirove succc-isful. aralysis. Ki> named from the le to" some lesion or lesions of of the nervous system it is he spinal cord ; others say a ■ves supplying the hind extrcm is for years, hut this could not is pro'duced by some lesions or ' to the parts, as a ceneral thing, inal cord. It is easily detected, DISKASIvS OK l>iiMi:sTir ANIMALS. 43 S,m„ ..-Violent spasinoilic coutrai'tiou ;f J^^'^^Zl^^l a!w !■ 1 i.wl ,,i' ilw> iiiiisi' I's the extensors are olteiier alleiuu man iMi.> 1 tie. it bv .,; ,vi,i« the horse forward. The leg ma.v -••«". n irelv UP to"tlie abdomen. The horse does not show it at aH .»"> '^; :u 1 ^ how it, and then go for some time, a.id ^>|;";" f \- ',, ^ Is best seen in turning the horse an.uml, ami you may ''•'^' l„!,i,(i,.r.laii.liii|!inll..-«t>H.- f..t ».■.!.■ "i"' ""I "»■" "'"" '""■ show it in winter that do not show it in summer at a 1. It '^ ' ' S to any great extent. It is likely to be progressive Tra,tn,rnl.-H is an incurable disease, but may '."' l''''''" *''\ ''f, " j mmsmmm or in irritating the nerve of the testicle in such an.mals as showed no signs of it before. or less inllammatorv action of the coverings ol the s 1..1I ^o"^" •>'" •a in d I congi'sted state of the blood vessels. This ai.peai's o Soldiers establisheil in barracks are more subject. It is K^ !^j y """» w in horses in large cities, where they are crowded together to a 'r. t xtenr \nvthing that is debilitating temls to produce it It ^;o;i;'r:;e ta fa,!^l in -owded stables S.m.e say U^ta^ks healthv as well as horses in poor f/'nd.tion II *''"♦ ''^„^".' *' .^ ' .; ! .lue to- atmospheric iuHiience. It is d.lhcult ., sa what '^ ; ^^^''^ inir cans ■ It may be due to atmospheric influence, local causis, veg "^Id^^ii^oni grass containing t.arcotic l>-^''{^^^^T::':S^^ cerebro-spinal nerves, and sympathetic as well. It appuiis in v.uious forms, and the .. , u i „.. .1.0 Svm,./om.s vary according to the parts a h'Cted. Some « "^ » '^ foml Till wmperattire does not vary to any great extent ; .n some it 44 ( AlshW, HYMI'liiMS AM' IKHAIMKNI' DK i;. imrcnsi'd, in ntluis (Iccnuscd. 'I'lir tirinnrs ur s|.asiiis show tlifiii- solvcs in (lilUifiii piiils. In tiicciiiiy Hla«illii' puLsf iH niilacfiicriitfii >{cin riiilv, Imt may l>f ivrn sluwi-r than natural. In oiiur cas.H tlui'f will ln' a |nrnlia"r invdiiinlary jl■rirte,ii.—\m\ will not notice very well marked changes, especially to tlie casual ohserver. So yon must lie very careful in making examinations, especially if several heeonie aHected and die siiddeiilv. The stomach and howels will he empty ; the hlood vessels rechleiied; etl'usion in the arachnoid, and into the ventricle of the hrain; also extravasation into the intestines in Hinall spots, from the size of a pin head to the size of your finger. You may find con- gestion of the lungs, hut it i.s generally hypostatic, from lying in one position. Kxaniine the brain and spinal cord. There will be a reddened appearance of the coverings, and well marked edusion in the brain; but there maybe but little of this reddened condition, and generally but little the matter with the throat. The irritation of the throat" in a pure csusc of meningitis is generally due to some other cause, as the improper administration of, or the giving of improper medicines. ('(/».sra.— 'Atmospheric intliience, or it may occur in an epizootic form, from one ca ise operating on all at one time; water con- taining a great amount of organic matter; deeoni posit ion acting upon and att'ecling the nervous system. I have noticed some cases wliich 1 think were caused by using water containing draiivage from the stable. In some cases it aflects the spine more than the brain, iience its name. I have noticed some cases, and I almost think it was influenza severely aH'ectiug the nervous system. ''.See the first part of tlio Lecture. WATMKNI' i)l' iiiirs iir s|iasiiis -.how tlifin- tlic inil.sf Ih iKil acffl;et the water in his mouth, soreni'KH. The animal may lies down he has no inelina- inay move the le>js. The mhraiie heeomes impaired, ; heeii infected ; hut after frequent, they Ijecome im- )Me. ery well marked chanj;es, II niusl he very careful in III heconie atlected and die he empty ; the hlooil vessels I into the ventricle of the les in Hmall Hpots, from the inner. You may find con- ypostiitic, from lyin>f In one lal conl. There will he a III well marked eflusion in i)f this reddened condition, the throat. The irritation 3 is generally due to some •at ion of, or the giving of may occur in an epizootic 1 at one time; water con- itter; decomposition acting I have noticed some cases ■r containing draii>ai;e from spine more than the hrain, 'ases, and I almost think it Ills svstem. nisKASI';!* OV KoMraTK^ ANIMAIi*. 4fV ■IWiil„„-nl -U there is a complete loss of power, of eoursi' it «* mmmmmm atropine; or give ;■'«;;', i'^, .;",,' judicioiislv a good iH'cn recommenileil, and I think may do good. > > ' ""' it is sometimes Very dillici.lt to tell just what the caiiHc is. Ohorea -All spasmodic twitchings may come iin.ler the liea. lot but s OP him, and try to haek him, and there is great .lifhciilty. ail much When veil examine a horse, hack him pretty oi. ii. y . i "^ . 1.I-.L nd the tail raises np, voii mav conclude such an am- mmmmm 46 f\l!«ra, SYMI'TOMH AN1> TUKATMKNT OK l'.,..,,;,.: ...MMMtov, an.l HO liv urn. I r..l..vi..l l.> .U'.Ul.. it ,ak.. on .1... r.nvulsiv. !...■..,, « Im.^I.. I ' "^i '",,''. ,'" s,,,.,,.,,,! i" v.u.ri v .---;.J'" - '-^ ;r;; .: in -E m .l^iH wav. corn may pioi lur tliiH. I iim>K ' ' » . , . •, ,„„„, ^.„„i.„ :in'::;£^sv„lp,;:^ If 'i:i« foo.. wa« a^u..i ...u... .. ....ii.... wa. tor, it woiilil .iihlroy its bud iHv.t«. w. < . 1)1.11 .In.wsv ainu'aranco, almost romatoHi- ; loss oi iT's::;:! 'Yi::!::::i^:;t.^ iS^ a;... »■ ^';;:r:rcr;:oi;7r=w:t:;i. ...,.....» mix vomica. BabieB, or Hydrophobia water ; rabies, from rabiu, lo rave Cnll.d bvdroiiliobia from dnad of It is a"(liscasec'iscnlially ol tlic KNT OK mini 11 1 is iiitirtiv uk«- iHv, lint I'lil lii">i" ''"' ,„H will I'f -o'li- I •'" n III' ilipiiv I'nr ii. An- „1' till' InnMXii.'iuirKH, 1 (Iriviii Honu' time lunl kriUvnipi.-niH. Hliow* 1 yliiiid loi- Honif tinif iir Hvniiitiinis will tiiki' 111, ill (oiintcliiiii with iiKiff liktly to liiivi' the luiul unil li'xiy ">»ay ilciUli. ■n mix vtiniicii. I '•*;- (if |)ntUHHilllll. Ill I'l"- llowiiiuiMil' miiiiiul fiioil- itlv nut willi ill fiitlK- .wVik' Wlistc HI'.' IlKT'' llT will lUlllkfll CIIIINOH. niiili* tliiiii ii'H'il- ^l'"*' nntiiuml nw, in iliiiii'lii'i', irof tlu'toi's. Alllrlnin^ iiinil iiM' 111' ivf- Akiiiii ik, IH lll«' llTIll I'K' «'•'[ 1 liiilli Inrnis. Sinoiitttl in iirt>(liu'i«l ill 'l>'"* **'".>'• 1 ill iliis I'ity Hinii' onw l)V will niuVkiil I'liiiHtH. , "whicli 1 liiiv'' iili'rriMl yslini, iilitl ^'iivi' riHi- to •till n|)on liy lioiliiin wii- iiiost PdiiintoHi' ; loss of t to niovi- liiiii, or press IlowiU oostivf, iiiitl tUon' iliH, similar to poisoning rtiinlur, tliiro is a gnat Iteration to lif noticfil in IS. IniTi'Hsiil vast-uhirity ow iigot may alKct ani- yoii nn't't with such cast's, 1 get ritl of tlif poison as lypo-siilpliiteof soila.froin ilri' not of niiu'li "se, hut y may (ucur in horses, but to slight spinal irritation, iilition. bromitlf of potassium, and hydropliohia from ilnad of ii"discase I'lsintially of tlit' liliHAMEl* OH liiiMKsrit ,\MMAI,«. ■»< nrrvtH. Svmptoiiis pnnJiH'cd from kihih' fiinsr mtiin; upon lly IiIimmI iitid ftHirting th.' iiirv. h. Not s.i fiii|ii l.irni.ilv siippoMil. ll was Mipponrd In l.r inoiv llkilv In l>r prndiKid diirini; diiK-days Ihaii al any otliir lull.', I. Ml this virw is not v.iv will .Miil.li-.liid. As In llii' .■nnliigmn nl nil.i.h tliiif is no dniiliV Init it \* cnntagioiis, Imi iIk' pnis.ni i> ma liM.I ion.,, and is not Iransiiiill. .1 llimnudi the air, Inil iiinsi lir l.y .liri.'l iii.Miilalinii ll i.- nmri' liki Iv to I..' in llir saliva, Imt may .■..nic from anv part nf llii' li.i.lv. It is said that llif llisli .1...- not ...ntain lli.> vims, and that tin- llcsli mi an ulli.l.'.l animiil mult 111. iMlfii williniil daiigir, hut it has hiin loniid thai tlir lilnnd d.i.s .■niilain it, and iiiociilatioii has hi'iii prodmr.l liy I iv Mn.i.l. Olhi'is sav that iiioiiilalion has liiiii prndni'i.l hy tin- tlisli. \ nils is most liisilv taken in l>v one animal liiling aii.itlur. It is r..'..i-d.'d that it iiiav 111' taken in" from skinning a dea.l animal, and lakiiiK the knife in the month, anil that williniit eiittiiiK the moiitli, I he vims heilig taken into the system through the ?.aliva; l.lil lln' liaiidH are not siiseeplilile, iiiil. ss there are soles on them. Ihe power of Ihe eoiilau'ion varies to s e e.xleiit. ll is inipair.d j.y iiiissiiiK ihrnUKh several h.Mlies. The most fre.imiH ni.i.i.' of iii- eetion is l.v tin le.lli, aii.l an animal haviny lieen luttiii hy annllier, even hefoiv ill. .lis.ii.se lia.l ileveloped itself, may heeoiiie all., ted. The period ..I inoeiilatioii varies t . some extent, from ten days to live or six months. This has l.eeii found from experiments. Nmie siiv that man has lived for years and then hirame alleeted, lull sn'eh statements are not verv relial.le. Some animals are more siihjeet to it than others, and some have heeii known to resist it altogellier. Sumnliimx in lln /J.»/. — The animal may become excited to a awnl extent, ami so beeoini- very dangerous. May also become dangeroi.s if sutli'riiig from brain or nervous disease. It is said t( cur in two forms, .\nimal does not become excited to any great extent; Ihcrt' is a period of dullness, foUowed by excitement. The violence mav continue for some davs, then the animal become greatly cx- haiistt'd-has a lendeiicv to lie in out of-the-way places. Mav he .luietly for some time, then run about and try to bite siirroiiiiding ..biects; also, has depraved aiilHtite, eating dirt, etc. This symp- tom would also be svinptomaticof indigestion, and alone is not a significant svmptom. 'Symptoms increase; animal evinces pain; mav be extremely quiet, and may lie sinhlenly excited; will not go much out of his way to bite anything; not like one savage dog attacks another, hut just snaps and runs on. Is most furious towards one ol his own specius. (Jives a peculiar howl ; gets quiet, then symptoms occur again, etc. (Jreat difficulty in swallowing may occur. Dogs do not have this dread of water, but may lose the power ot swalh.wing. Port mortem.— Make it carcfiillv. Do not let any blow! come in contact with sores. Principal changes are in the nervous system,, congestion of the brain and spinal cord ; skin affected to a greal Is cliiWII, liiixl i|1I;m'Ii IS, Yciii iimv I'l' 4g (Al-M, -VMITHMs AM> T!ll:VTMKNr OK .-..•"t; n.n. • 1..;. .; -u^ in ^'f'' ;i;;:-'',.r:!,.l;;'::';i. J^i. 'X .,ai::-;;t:,£:uri;;:::ri!rr,;,:':i,:;;;H:::^^ r . , ' V- . Ml :.ri. ..... I. r.k. ,.hn..i«i.'; .... ... p .v,„t,s .1... . n."i i- ';^^i T'-v V i. .-;^'>;'-;t',!r '"';:;:;:;:'::; will liilr ill il IHilll....' «i.\.l>"' ''I*" ■'. I' III. « I. ".Ml. Mil ::^:;";o,.iii.-Vvino..s.i,,. i..M..ip|>v.m .^^ r„ll..,l l^ ,Mvs...il.. I'...- .... ....!.....! tl..it I...H l.n" l.ill.n. 7V../ »/. l-H- ..i..M- of silv.r ,..• .u..s.i.; po.,,^. In. y .|1-.. - p„rt. wl.rr.. I.iu.... If .1..1., y." •>"<>■ '•'!'•'- I""-' "' "" '»"•"••'"" tl„.niis.M'i.iiHli.'ii|"m il. Il ...i.v rivv.nl .1. ;:;:S^-;;;::a»,:"s:::;:-:x7..;;^;: :;s ;..ri„us ..n.l li.li.i .liH'i.H.', I'lil sun..' nims iwov.T. l-ixk-.l j .w ..M>l^^ iliiiilii mmmmm \. V irrllu.i.... .u.tin« ..,.on ill. ,u.rv,„.s HyHt.M. .....> i-ol...- .!• ■ ;.„,„,,,„,,, _U is ,sM....li..ilv a .UTV.M.M .iiswiH.-, p.-.Ml.-i..^ at.mi.., - fS ;!;^::^t;±:=■^:il;!lu;!;5--7^■■-i"» :;:;:it:t.j;r.'iour^s:iiM;..uu. ...on. ..... ......1. t.. tn.,.t...nt; i...t acute lan.initis is easier treate.l than the .sut.-iu uU. C«««.« o^ 'Jn,„ma,ir.-U is often pro.lnee.l »>>•«<'"»' '"J",7 '"" ^XJ' iJf^-^- PIHKAltlW OK IHlMl-TIi AMMMH. Mt MKNT OK an ;il iilid nil' till' nil ilisliilliMlicc, iMliI prr- liiit in |i iciiili" iIk' :>"' ill. I- iiiiiliiil 111 iijili If; iim lidiMi'. Syiiijiiniiis 111 liini^' iiiiiiiiiil, lulls cluwii, w,r ill lli>' liinil i|ii:irl.rr», by il'iilli. Yell limy It cii liitlt'ii' (• ikiIiihIi li.ily iip'ii" ''"' •iw piirt of ilif lUtli, imil I. H HinnitliH ti) stnlfli. fi itioii (pf 111!' mrvt". li iM viH. K tlu' iHiimiil ilii'H It is 11 vtry iiliiniiiiiK', (ivir. l.inUni jitw iir liis- [• iillisiti'l- liillsrIiH. Mlis- II riciivis viiiioiwiuinif'* ihc l.;i(k iill'.cl''!. I'liistli- lifiiil. Ill tnilH"" tliotii- liiMJ 111 iiiu' nidi', l< liinii> lilt .it six, il i- nsiiiiix. :iiiii (il llif miiscics, in U'- |>;iiii. It in «i>i'l '" ''*' "' sih. Il' il i« l'i'"iii 11 wiiuiiil, sililc iiijiirv 111- ii|i«riition, rv, dill' liiinn Iri"" " visi- is tliiiiinht 111 !"■ l>i-iiiliiofil iti'iii. (iriiil iiiuiiilitiis 111 I sil|i|iiisrii t(i |irniiili'f it. itiiii limy jiiiiiliiif il. ilisiiisc, priMliifiiiK nliiiiiii. lilt otlu'is may hv iillW'ttil, vill liiul (liir. Ttnl Icsiuiis in 1 tlu'siiiiic Ill )•• alariiii.ik'. It ,.,.:i(:Z;:::^l:'m:.d'ha;^..:ilV.li.nl.yii.di.K..;ri^^ ,, w.-.ll iimrkiil I'iist syii.pliii.i is ,, peeiilmr si. In- s ' ' 'I ' '" j ,„i„„| |,„ldHtl,e l.ei.d ;is if s,.lleni.« Iromsore ll.rii.il, '"^p •'7. |, i.ii.selesiMii he phlilllv s...li, es|i...n. llv ,1 he ,s exeit.d. . . k II ' II. le. Iv and h.. will raise the li. a.l. and 1 lie ,m i.ihraiie 1,1, l.lai.s « 1 e !!v..r 111. ey... This is a symplo... -iiislakeii Im lie -j-.; - aiii rssiill.riu«. and this meiiihn..ie has li.rii n-j "V I, ^^'^^ ;,|.„„l th.. lil'sl symptom imtieed 11 he is exell.d. I > " ;'"'•,. X^ :.. the month. Iteaniinlhe iipeii.d 111 nill '.;7'' ,'',;,,,:, . „.,, ,„„.,|, „iu..„..| i.iihs.: animal .s K.vally ex..t.il. I' H < ' I- ,,,. in .....eh alleeted, and if he is ex.ite.l. ih- |Mlls.. may inn up rntv u'aJs ler miniitV ;■- ry i.nilklv. Svmploms .eome mo.v a.^ uravated; jaws .J..se liKht..r ; saliva runs fi.m, ''''' ''' "' V i! j. T-' |. il ereef mis,' exiend.'.l; yival iiain; nlaiiw sens.' 1. I.I lie' last , ; I 1 o lie down, and .nay m!. In; aide to rise, and "' -''--|; he s .ir.'rinu' Hut in suhai'iil.' f.in... symploins are mil so will irk .The nimal mav he aide .0 eat e.,ou«li sol, 1 .0 suppor il ilea.inolmaslieat.^s.did loo,!. IVath ..r .•..ov.ry "'■•''•"■ 1;;;;;,;, .;;;,■,,„„ ,i„...., „. ,i,i,,y .h.ys. The ,n...e ,.e..te the sy..,pt,i...s, the ...ore fatal the ilitiease. Tmilm.nl Is s,im..times satisfa.'t.irv, alll.o.l^'li il is a Very fatal .lij.;;:' IflhHiorse liaslieen.al.ai.k..il <>- -''-^X'^^^V-^u^ svmiitoms, .lestroy him, h.it ,1 he eaii eal, ym. '';' ' • ,''X"p there is iKi sp.'eili,'. .\tfn,l to th, pnijier eaiv ot the aliima , K IS , ie IS pissilde; treat as a ..erv.ius fev.r ; keep 1.1 a Uor ah iox aw, V roll, an; m.ise ; ,.,iver slii,' l.tly hut nol too heavv. « ■ e ."nst i. tional treatinent-piirKativ..s, six to .iKl.t d.a.hii.s '>.-'<;"'- pois if e.,stive ; Imt iiseL. treiit-iiennhal 111,'n.i^es , he .^^ lellado.inn, one draehm two or thive lim.;s p.r -lav ''';,,[; ..los..d idaee it haek on the tongue. T.y hypo,lerm., iijxlionH. WV ,. 1 is reeommen,le.l .if late, given in the water it t lie animal i^^lrink; ,.r it has heen passe,! int -I'l"^";;, "•;;;;«';, ^^• ;iS- alb^:r;i;;i:''^^v::'al;- r;: y'liipl ^^ local treatment if due t,i any. .n|.iry. Il in the o , »' '' '^; .' ';. sr"'Kn;;;e=: ;;nd u. ,:s::.::mi.';;v::p::;t::^oi: .1. .0, ti« of hyoBevamns. Hathe the parts well, but not if it excites U g'nenillv takes-twenty or thirty days helore ..onvales.'enee. Then give nutritiTe food and ionic mcdieines. 50 CAUSKS, SYMl-IOMS ANI> TUKATMKNT OK LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. This«vst.,n is (orn.e,l .,f a f^r.'M nu.nlHT o( >ri '''"i^ i!::^'lt wmmmmm Suln; oall..! ul.„rl...Us, because ^^^^y^'^^^^^^y^^X^^^;,' X Ku , hcu'-^^l.-t an.l tho ly„.pha,i. v. It. ^ oranc due originates in the |-"- -^^--^^ [./^.^'^"S, [JL^^^^e ^ Ih^ S,^3enl':^J::^i.>- tii: H^la «;:.e .. t.. l.eJa, ..^ a...! thorax. DISK.\SES OF THE LYMPHATK SYSTEM. Lymph Glands in the n.esentcry are called mesenterie. They vary from the size ..f a pin head to that of a pea T ^mnhanffitis -Intlamalion of the glan.ts and vessels, known cLe« -It i8 common in hard worke.l horses, by standing them in Btimulatini? the glands also produce It. S!«Ln8 -A certain amottnt of constitutional disturbance; may .jfeH!_.-- DiaEASES OF DOMESTIl' ANIMALS. .->! MKNT t)F U. ■itniill'vcssi'lsiliHtributed k of siuiill vi'ssi'ls, iin- wiinis tlio lynpliutic or .-iiriouM iiiciiiiH — t(i Hoiiie till' hors'-'-s leg is gotten It is a .Tiy important ,ni ivnipli, tiie lluiil tliey rl) I'fR'lf n>atirial. Cliy- :c lluitl oalktl cliylf. It ip till' tissnrs. Bnt all 'ho villi of the intistinec il directly. Tliis can he ion is going on. This •iill.'d Ivnipliatic glaiuls. .(•ted in great nnnibers, jaw. TheKe Vessels are liy the naked eve ; more iui'd deep seatetl. They The whole Ivmphatic le vt nons ei'vulation by tie Viln. Thoracic duct arded by ti valve, and is /Awrs, except those of the e head, neck and tliorax. VTIC SYSTEM. They called mesenteric. I pea ;lands and vessels, known t of grease, inllanimatory It is freiinent in horses, ■r fed. It is usnally con- II the internal lymphatic ;; may occur in both, or «me extent. The inflam- extcnds into the vessels, more subject to it, from a Is are prei<.h colored' oain local am constitutional ; will peispin, not pio ;^';;;;;L..-If in a strong a.un.1, ;..-u W.O much ^-^^y^^^^^^i ^ mmsspmmm sthenic tvpe, blood-letting may prove a beueht, but in ; > •^'^'' , not ecess irv If von do bleed, do not give so much l"."g'";;- . ' bVrmak'rial whether you bleed from saphena or jugu ar s.n. I,u-al 2•mefon)e obstruetod. Tliis is most likely to (»o- cur in connection with elephuntiiisis. There niiiy be rnptnre ot the blood vessels, sincl not only of the vessels of the limb, but it may oc- cur in conneciion with some of the inten.iil vessels, in connection with the mesentery. Tabes Meaonterica.— A fleets the lymphatic syst ni, especially the nu'senterie glands. It is rare in the lower animals. It is some- times a seciuel of a debilitating disease, as strangles in very young animals. In voung cattle it is tlirow i.ti nnv (ininiliiin mattci- tliat niiiy avt in tlu" t\v»-. Tliis i> <'(iin|Hisiil of liliniViiitilcKf, i»i>'l •« I'"'' »'"• pi'oti'ftion (il t k' eve. oHiiiriiillv so to tliosf animals that tuniiot proteel U hy usinn the fore extivinitur'. The eonjmutiva is the liuinn or mucous n •nibiane, and it is eonlinuou- with the skin, and is relleeted over the selen.tie, and liiinh- adheres to tiie cornea. The laehryma' apparatus is formed ol jrlamis ami laelirvmal duets, sack, ami a small openiHK in the la.hrvmal sack. This apparatus secretes and ki''^ '■"' "' '.'"' tears. anl ll>t' Tlicso toars are carried he lachryniul duct and r and larger of I lie eve- ey secrete a lluid wliicli [sleep. Tlie niuseles of ev are, retraetor, abduc- n'the horse not in man, shion of fat. There are inferior. EYE. is, Traumatic Oph- guish it from periodic )njiinctiva, and the term less inrtanimation of the eet the cornea. Periodic re, and extends outward, ry- injury to the orbital '.' May set iij" inllamina- whip-lash, grain of sand, :)es not remove. It may leat and sunshine, '.r ex- nay also produix" periodic in" an enzootic form. If hot weather. Direct or iiplete closure of the eye, n of the tears from over- o eoi)iou8 to pass through . The upper eye-lid may josure to the light reddens more or less exudation d from injury, this exuda- t is not due "to a film, but he cornea. In some cases Ionise increased just a few : eye iiresents an irritated ts socket. The inllamma- ixlic ophthalmia. it is, make a very careful between this and periodic and remove it, or other e able to remove it with a to use forceps. When the m generally ceases, but you DISEASES OF DOMESTIC' ANIMALS. "•> luuv hnsten res(dution to a certain extent. If slan.ling in stable, with cattle, etc., remove the animal. Apply fomentation to the eye, ami keeii ii]i for some time ; place the animal in a .larkeiied box. II siiirering to any great extent use an anodyne liniment, laudunnm wa- ter and a litti." siilpliate of /.ine, and a liitle acetate ol lead might be added but it is not to be used in all cases, and liellailoniia is better in some cases than laudunnm, esiiecially if there is a tendency to iiitlam- mation of the iris, for it has a |)eeiiliar elleet upon the ins, and may prevent adh.sion. Use atrojiine, two or three grains to a M"",';} <>! distilled water, or von i>ut a small particle of it in the eye. I Ins will relieve mnsl cams, but there may be some irnlationlelt.altlioiigli you have removed the cause, ami there may be small ulcerated spots "upon iheeve, and it niav be necessary to use a solution ot nitrate ol silver rivi'"Krains to an "ounce of water, or even ten grains to an ounce of water. You may applv it bv means of a Miiall syringe, camel s hair brush or feather. Just touch the ulcerated spots, to stimulate and bring on a healthy action. In cases where the cornea is ulcerated, and even a fungus growth, vi,u mav have to touch it with a pencil of nitrate of sliver. You "mav use" iodide (.f potassium; but there is no use lor very powerful reinedies. In almost all cases of inliammation of the eye, there is a teiidencv to the formation of a film over the eye. In say twenty-four hcurs i"f the irritation has been reiiiove<"">">"'«^' with iodide of potassium and nitrate of silver, not too stnmg, but hist gentlv. In case the exudation is broken up to a certain extent, and there" is a tendency to abrasion of the cornea, stimulate every day or two and keep this 'up for some time ; this may come from conjunc- tivitis in a very mild form. When the iilm first shows itselt, the owner is much alarmed. Iodide of potassium isused, fivegrainsto an ounce of water, and it mav be necessary to give diuretic or purgative medicines. Belladonna may be given internally and applied around the eve, but it is generally best to place directly on the eye. Ireat- ment'for the dog is tonics, good feed, and stimulate the eye with the remedies given. One or two applications will generally suthce. It vou have a case of conjunctivitis that has come on very slowly, ex- "aminesuch a case very closely. There may be ulcerated spots. The remedies given increase the irritation for some time, but this will soon be relieved. Eves are sometimes injured by severe caustics, pounded glass alum, etc! In conjunctivitis you will find benefit Irom bleeding in the angular vein, and if it does no good, it will do no harm. In an acute attack the animal should be sparingly feil for a tew days. There is no better remedy than belladonna. It may be necessary to scarify the eyelid in sruue cases. If it has received a severe injury, then apply fomentations. Periodic Ophthalmia.-^So called because it occurs periodic- ally It is not very uncommon in this country, and it ditlers from simple oplithalmia"by the internal strnctnres being first afiected, com- ing from s.miething i'n the constitution. It is a constitutional aHec- tion, operating on the organ of vision, first attacking the internal structure, then involving the whole of the anterior part ot the eye, and sooner or later terminating in partial or complete loss of vision. Many other definitions might be given. Constitutional ophthalmia, flfl ( Al Si:8, HYMI'TOMM AND TKF.ATMKNT 111' H i! ,1,,.. tn M.nuthii.K in tlH- systi-n.. ll.ivcl.lni'.v, .111.' t.. snn... lu.iv.lilnr.v will, tl..tH..th. A....„rlinK.oH...,...- .uthnr>.i..s woil l.rtl. '1 ';;< ' ' ' ,.V.« l?ut I lliink lli.'v (1.. ii.it 111 imy way all.ct the .yts. I lit- lilll v,- ,..,..!. irrita'tinK .l.is, air.-.t ti... ..y... Hut ih.s >h "<" '^'I'l >>■ vHerrnMiians as a Kencral thing. Anoth.r torn, .s >j,.,,ly .,|.l.tl.al.. a, ,l..t tn KOM.-Ihinn in iIh' ^vst.iu sin.ila.- to Koul, an.l acl.nK upon t ..• I'vo This .liscas.' has hieii lon^ known and ^ivat alt.nlion pai.l to t. (kliiT nan..s. u.oou-hlimlu.Hs, lunali.' ophthalinia, hii|.|.os,.,| to he i„tl„u.e.l l.v the n.oon. It was siipposcl that they eonhl see .eil.l.iv at Ho.ue pe."io.ls of the in i.whih' at olheis they eouhl not think itisn.oiv eou.n.on here tha.i in liiitaiii, perhaps owin« to the ex- ireiiiesof lieat an.l rohl. Hut there an- other causes whieh (.perate in eausiu.' it. an.l il reivives various uanieH, arising ln>ni the various HViupton.s produce.!. l'ati...h.Ky is not very well l era.li.'ate it than anythii.i: else. I>ike I.egets like. r.iKsr.—lertain excitants, extremes .)f heat an.l cold ai-e promi- nent causes; dark an.l ill-ventilate.l stahles; working an.l n.gleeting the horse, hilt in i....st cases there .-xists a hereditary prey foi'iii is ^I'lity ii|ilitlialiniii, unlit, anil ac'tiiiK u|iiiii tlii' I uri'at attiiiliiiii paid to it. litlialiiiia, Hii|i|>osi(l to lu' hat llii'y rould sic rcadilv IS they I'liuld nut. 1 think |»-rlia|is owini; to the I'X- )thiT causes wliii'h operate s, arising I'l'oin the various ry woll known at pnsi'nt; ivditary intliu'ncr. It was ir('cdiii">; from sound horsi's s: idsi-. " liikf lii'Kcts liki'." Iieat and cold, arc pronii- i\s; working and ncjricctinj,' 1 hereditary prcilisposition. , Lexington, a wcli-knowii supjioscd to he the result ol I a coiisidcraMe extent. It he second or even the third roduced. Hreed only from •eed from a horse, no dil- if afiected with thisdisea.se. I, which localizes itself in ;aji;e may pass oil', even with- second "stage of the disease. iiy cases, together with the ii" aU'ected some time past, sudileiily ; increased secre- ight all right; in the morn- the eve, supposed to be an te the light. Upper eyelid ■ted. This cmi be noticed ■on cannot always notice tbis (Conjunctiva reddened and not so much as in simple izy appearance of the cornea. ins at the circumference and Dces the eye loses its trans- 1 appearance. The eircula- mav be slightly (luickenod ; well marked, however; dis- llanimatory action gradually become absorbed, irritation k'ish color, and the eye may It not in all cases. It may IS, and produce cataract, but ick. 1 think in most cases DISKAXFX OF OOMKrtTIC ANIMAl-X. 57 there is some w.ak.iess remaining, although '•\^''-'''''''' ,'''": have subsided. The eve may look smaller, and is more atUrt- .1 « h 1 le ig 1 It will be retracte.l in the socket. S ight change ot th w all'.- will cause a slight weeping of the eye. A"''^ -':/7;;; ''I > of thisdi-seasc is shifting '>''>^.''"^'^V• ''' ;''^'; ' Vs .uke svniiiathv no sooner is one eve relicve.l than the other is attaiknl. Sac;", you may make-up vour mind that you .^-e p.^- .^ ophthalmia. Apparent recovery is very rapid in some •'•^',- J" appearance the animal is perfectly s .uiid, but it comes ag.i n w S terHoveritv,a.id it continues to rc.ir at var.ab e |H.n".is, r «" fireedavsor Weeks to months, or even a year, and jV'' |;' •<, '• "^ some c.as'es on record of animals having one attack •'"' "^^ '' ';^. *^ another, but there is no parti.ular t.n.e at whwh it .-^ ' ^ " ;< ; \fter eitaract is formed there may be inflammatoiy action in eye but er the eye is completely ...sorgani/.e.l, as is sometinu^s ■as; iiill ination .b.es not atUct it further. \h t.. the duration ot the lu^elis: it may vary from three or four up to ten -'^X-/ Y^T^.., is sometimes developed in the acute torn., but generally u s uh acute form. .\n animal may sul ler from one or <- ";'' ^;', ^ ) ai.liear prettv well without any well marked cataract It ''''« 'e " Tticed 'that -horses working in coal pits, '"''''T «^"''': ';: '^L' Tl e Slitter frequentlv from amaurosis, and also from ophthalmia. 1 he mode of using being the exciting cause. Tnou can, ami eximiite the rem..val of the products of inflammation. In most cases it terminates in cataract. Cataract means a breaking up. (Cataract may be <:|\I«'' ';;;;«'• lenticular; the lens may be ^'"tirelv destroye.l ..r on ly a id^^^^^^^^ sition whi.'h imp:drs visi.m to a slight extent. May have tatara. , o, e t7of the lens, .,r capsule, an.l so prevent the passage ..t 1 gh . S r^ct is the result of periodic o,.htlialn.ia but it niav ^^^^^^ some other cause, or without any observable .'aiise, ' " " -^ ^^ ' to some nervous inttuence. You may have .^•"'"•:»f^,;^ !''■"* ;,"f, noticeable irritation at all. I capsule only is ' «^^'f '•,*'« ^^^^^^^^ .apsular. If the lens, it is lenticular. It is a pearly white .leposit. Ee^l of OphtkUmia is cataract. It is a term applied to what we r M CAUHEH, SYMPTOMS ANI> TRKATMENT OK cnll opafitv ..f tl.f crvHtHllim" lens. KithiT the lens itnolf or the (Mipsulo ii.v'.HtinK tl... twiH, mul thus it ^ots (lilUTfi.t "■""'«., "•"j'T",- ,„i„ hut it niav (MTur in.Up.mh'iit of this, fruni mi injury, «r without any irritation "of any .•onsniiuncf whatever. But this is rot a .•oin- nion occurr.iKr. It is K»'i>«nilly .luo to n'|K'ate.l atta( ks ot opiithal- mia Tiiiiv is true and false or spurious eataraet I lie true is opneity of tlie ervHlnliiue h^ns, its eapsule, or hoth le:is ail.l eiipsule. There is an opa'-pie (hposit of lymph pus or l.loo.l on tlie anterior eapsule. It may involve the entire lens, or only a part of it. 1 lien- is a pearlv white ileposit in tiie anterior part of the eye. ( ataraet is sai.l to have l.eeii ahsorhe.l, hut it was, I think, not true eataraet, hut false— animal having sutUre.l from injury or something whieli Rave rise to etlusion, hut it whs a spurious lorm. Catariiet is oeeasiona y e,m«enital, /. .•. at or soon after hirtii. If horn hliiul, it is generally in hoth eves. Complete eataraet is ineiirahle. Symptom^.- If it is of anv size ami involves the crystalline lens, it is easily .leteeted. .Veeortliii),' to its size and position, there is either iiurtial'or oomplele hlindiiess. Catarael may he present to some ex- tent and n..t i.roduee eomplele hlimlness. If small, it is not so easily detected- it niav he overlooked. If it is small, the pupillary open- iiiK is contracted' if exposed to the rays of Unlit. It it is .nmplctely formed the iris loses its natural condition, and does not contract. The pupil aii.l the retina may at the same time los.' its natural con- dition, and voii have amaurosin and cataract. It reMUires some experience U, delect it. If you are examining a horse, take him sud- dculv from the dark to the ligh, and watch closely, ll the pupil coiit"racts iiuicklv, there is suspicion of some irritation, lake n black hat ami shade the eye, ami notice the pupillary opening, ami you may he ahle to detfct it. Hut it vou still have douht, i)lace the animal in a .lark box, and let him stami fifteen minutes, and then take an arti- ficial light and hring in fn.nt of the eye, ami watch, and you will soiiu'timcs he ahle to delect this white pearly .leposit, hut he sure that it is not a rcHection vou see. There is another way : by noticing the image, rvfiectcl in th.' eye. There will Ih- three; .me rellectc.l irom the c<.r:'ca, one from the anterior surface of the crystalline lens; these two move with the light, and are upright. The third is rellccted from the posteri.)r surface of the lens, and is inverted, and moves in an op- posite dirction fr.)m the light and the other images, and you may see these where there is a slight disease of the vitreous humor. Ihese iiiiag. 8 appear as state.l in a sound eye. You may act upon the ani- mal with hella.loniia, for the purpose of examination. \ou may de- tect a small speck not larger than a pin's head. With some practice cataract can he easily detecte.l. Watch hoth eyes, and it one con- trates more than the" other, it is symptomatic of cataract. It is a disease which may he .luiekly .leveloped. Prol. Williams gives an account of one case that forme.l in ten days. But you are generally safe ill giving your ..pinion 'hat it has been present some lengtli ot time, if it is well forme.l. 2Vea( Hl^l^— Very little, if anything, can be done, unless it is done as an operation, aiid such an operation is not atteii.led with much success in the horse, as the light must be regulated by means ol glass- es, which wouUl be diilicult. It is p..ssible, in a case where there is a deposit of Ivmph, t.) restore the eye to its natural condition It cat- aract is forming, you may give some of the remedies already recom- i r TMENT OK • the knH itsi-ll iir tlie lilli'roiit niiiui's, us I'lipsu- JH till' ritiult lit' (ijilitliiil- (iiii ini injiii-y, nr without But lliif* if* i"(>t 11 ''<""- t'liti'tl iittiickH iif oplithnl- i ciitiiriut 'I'lif tiiu' is 1- lidth ifiis imd tiipsiile. or liiodd on llu' antii'ior oiilv H jmrt of it. There t of" tlie eye. Ciitariiet is nk, not true eiitiiruct, hut )r something whieii gnve Ciitaruet is oecHsioniilly loru hiind, it is generally VH the erystalline k-iiB, it id position, there is either ty he present to some ex- f small, it is not so easily mall, the pupillary open- light. If it is eonipletely lU, and does not contract, lime 1()8.' its natural <'on- araet. It re(inires some ing a horse, take him sud- eh elosely. If tlie pupil > irritation. Take a black lary opening, and yen nniy louht, jilaee the animal in ■s, and then lake an arti- ", and watch, and you will y deposit, hut he sure that Iher way. hy noticing the three ; one retlected from the crystalline lens; these The third isrellected from Tted, and moves in an op- r images, and you may see e vitreous humor. These ou may act upon the ani- amination. You may de- ead. With some practice [)th eyes, and if one con- atie of cataract. It is a Prof. Williams gives an i. But you are generally in present some length of he done, unless it is done not attended with much ■gulated by means of glass- , in a case where there is a latural condition. If cat- i remedies already recom- IH.XKAHEH i>l'' IM)MKSTU' ANIMALS. m Another mended. Inliaminalion ceases after eatariiet i- lorriie>i Miiui" ►>" ,,•„ u is vj.rv .•niiiiiinn ."' ' ' i,.,,;',.,' ",„„„,l wlur- .1... .ininiMl. |,v ,i,..;ins,.t lli..'inul;iliui.. ' " '^ i, ,..ir,i,Ml ll.n.ii«li Hi- -ir- (,;.,.! oi- .irini. «. -s „.,.. ;^- •: ;;" :'.,.;:;;: ,:,.„.„i. .^ .1... .y... '"'"''""' """' 1" •' ' I „. i .1 ii I o twn iii.l.rs in I. n^iil. : -..n.- M„y «.nw '"'''<'^'';'''' '•".'• ., ,,. this irivH ris.. .0 n.orr oi- 1...K ...... i.y nl tlu. ';■•'-'•:,.. ivVanir; .pp.Mii;!.' n...- to ill. Tli.H. NvniM.s MM.w »">»l '" 'V ;/■■:' ,,,,,, rnW" M .■.il i.in .XU'l.t. '■"""•"' "";', 1'"" ''■'"nm,.ul. ^n . S 'inVTv a .•i.nfnl .x.n.inu- :^::;:. ^''i;'';;-^;;?;:;:.;'^ "1 ?-". I::... .^ u .u,.i;, ..n. in a .n... ..».. it ri'MK.v.s imii anain ap|..'!ii>. • fc,;:-a.;:jif:Sfvv..i....;.u^ soim..liin^;.nHi;-.nov..« ni I .n. ^^^^^^ ^.^,_ ^,^.^ ^.,,„ '''"'''•'•" ''r'i;:t.ni.rfv.'.;v i. »:. .vn.ain.i. will in most ,,„i„l 1 ihinK th.. soo.ur 1. s ''',':,:,,,,, «.iili a «..anUMl \U, animal, .Uvaft ..■ lua.l jl'-'Vi'iVu' .«.".>•'''• '" •-^'"l"'' ""•' lan.vln.ak.a,...uMSiui,un.lal N 'l' ; i;'V" „, ,r.at .laii«.r ... !«• with it 111.' w.'r.n in hohI >m«. '• . ""\ , f,. e.,1.1 to ilif vyv. .,,pr.h..n.i...i; k..,. . u' ';;;-;; „;!"^,.' ... 'S. a MiKi.t sp.rk r.....ainH soi.i.tini.s wli..-.; tlio ' ' ^ ' ^^ ,"„ " ^ ^...nii .l.-s not, jUHt „ c.;,s... an.l 111.' a.|".;-s 1""""^ ', ' ! j','" , ,",! „hu....l, au.l Uu' worm |,av..it al..m- til Hi-' "M"<""; '' ' ' '^, \ / '„,t, ,p c.msi.k-ral.l.' irritation. It is bcltu i" " . s.mu- .merat.' w tli.ml ihrowuiK the. animal, ':'•' ' ^^^^ ^^^ The Imuvt iso.l in luunan practi.r |8 tlu- ""■T"n. l""iaV K in a .b^kl'm..! hox, ami if hUkIu "P-tv - pr::!:^'^ mlty .1::^ ilKli.1.- of .mtassiinn int..rna.ly. Glaucoma.- If there is eith.. ----i-", *;^::'':;\;r"hK thi«eon.lition l'--"'./"!;,/- "\^e' e: « l.u.n.rb..co,,,es hanl- seen without any "'''^'^ '''"*., '"•, , ',.:il>.rv <>i.eninK iI'IkIh"'! «'«• "«t«'0- ene.1, more or less, an.l a '''»""",'" I' '"7 jj-f^ 'anvlhinK, can be sarcoma has a '-''-V^,^-; l'^;!; ' ;, ^, fnlm lu^t^ral .leeay^s is gen- ci;;=^'if'rv=^ire:%anLien«Lap^ 'MK.NT OK I tr»'iitiiiini. \li>r cut- f iiH'iliiilu-. iMliii-. rif. 3 'riitri' \^ ►iiiicily iiiiy TIkv iiri- I'liii'iii ill •'"• cVH, liiTiu'i'. iiiii-il'". l'"" ii'mi.l tlu- riiil<'l,Sl'H':>'. , iHVcr I ' tukrn'ill llV I1H•1I1I^ nl lllf ciiii'Kil lliri>ii«li >li"' ''"■■ iii'oiiH liiiMiiir "t il"' <>■''• , iiiilifM ill l> ii^iili ; Hoiiii- his irivfH risi' lo iiiurt' <>i' • luriilly 'l'!i'l"i'"- 1. r; iii'i|iiiiriiiK H'-'i" '" l'"' ■ iiriim I" il <v 11 riinl'iil .xiiiiiiiiii- lymi'li, lull ill 11 •^'i'""' '""*' . ,v( ■ niav I'f iicilii'f'l !>>' M.tno liisl.Iiy "i iJi- »;i"*''- ,k l'.)iM.!iiiliiii'y"ii wi'''"i*' fiiv uihI iIh'11 >Ii>' I'll"!'' 1' iTvoii iiitrt with this ymi U, iviiiiiiii, it will ill 1"';"' visiililf ti> n'liii'vc it wliilij mlmitW'S, is il «-..iitr<.vii-t.|- I" «Hlll|)C, iiii'l L' is no Kreat (lniiK»'r »" '«■ 11.1 iipplv ••(.111 ti> till' lyt'. Io.mI, it.'. A slight spfcl; ) iiiii.lf. It' v.. II ..i»riit.' "II ml the worm liot'S not, just < riprodiu'il, 'iii'l »'"■ *^'"!''" tint it nuts 111' consiiU-ralm" until the ii.iiifoiis lnim"!; '» no operiit.' without ihrowinK you n.iiv niiik.' ii liirK»'r 180.1 in huiiian jirantioo is llio )ox, niul if sliglit opiu-ity is 1 internally. irosisor outara.t, you have t with a case where this is reoiis luinior becomes har.l- ry opening ; I'iK hf'i'l "r """"p- Little, if anything, can lie from natural iloeay, as is gen- lie eye ball is occasionally m- iml, and letting the a.|ueou9 cryatalline lens escapes, vision DINKAHKC 'ih |i()Mi;i*TII \MM*I."'. 61 is I. .tally .I.Htrovo.1. The a.|.i.(.iiH hiiiiM.r «ill I" t.pr.nl i hut Ihero iii'nv reiiiain a slight ii|«:i.'ily ..I' the .■orma. lW„lmn,i must vnrv as ■ s.vorilv of lli. iiiimy. Il n mm.ii.iv is r..'.ive.l ami the '.•rvslalliu.- loi s i« injur.d ih.iv will !..■ «r.;Hl pain pr.srnl r,,m.nt, iis.^ helliMlonna, uiv.' a pMrL'.;iliv,' aii.l iii -> u'lve „n opiate; poultice jmlhiouslv with liiis.M-l ni. ;,l, hi> m,I poi.lli.., .t.v You iiiav liii.l :i fmigusiir..wlli, fr piiii.liii> nr ,,th. r iiiiiifv an.l voueaii'geu.rallvg.; ri.lol il with :i snliliot. ol llltrale ol silver. Hill this iiiav noi he «tr..im enough, ami you will have lo |..ii.l. willi ,1 p.iwil ..f uilral.' of silver. Alt. r this you may liiive a siiu. I .p.vk, iiii.l if Ih.r.' is .xit.hitiou aroiiml tli.' sp. .k. you may r. luv.- I.y jmli- .'ioiis M iiiulatioli. In s.,m..lis.a«.s or ilijiiri.s to lb.' .ye, the parts ,lo m.t heal up, a .lisebarge of malt.r lak.^s pla..', ami it is lull, r iii Home eas.s to remove the tissi f ih.' .'y.-. Aiintlur .■omlitiou ol the .veball is .risl.ieali.iii, iiior.' likelv to oivur iii cloys than iii ..tli.;r ani- mals, from lighting with other .logs ami .ais. II it .lo. > o., iir iii th.- hors.', lb.' tissil.s ;.ie g.n.'rallv lae.ral..l. ll you s..' sii.li a .•a.s..Ho.,n after its o.vurremv, the eve may I-.' ivpla.rd aii,l iviuain plac.M, ll ,|on.' heloiv the swelling is to-, gr.at. Alter ivpla.iiig, iipply loin.n- tatioiiH, asto..tlier injuries to allay irritatnm. lliii il it is .town over the .■h.'ok an.l mu.h swolhu, the only ihiiiif that can be .b.m' is to remov.' the .■yoball, ami treat as an injury, ll it r.M|iiir.s much pressure upon the eyeball to repla.'o it, you .an just snip the oiit.T angle of the ov. Ihl, ami iift.r the ball is repla...! jiisi put a stitch in the out ami tli.'U use something to allay initation. Melanoti.' .lep..,- its mav take place in the eve. They ar.' coiiiiiiom r in gray lioi-.s than others; but mav oc.ur in anv, an.l they may o.riir iii any part .^ tlu' IkhIv ; if in th'e eye, there is a le.hlen.il con.lilioii ol the eye. Mottl- ing whatever can be (l.tno bu' this. Bctropium or EverBlon of the ByelidH , Bntropium or Inversion of the ByelidB.-Kyeli.is beome torn ami injurcl in many wavs. If von lin.l the li.l torn ami injure.l Ih> as .■oiiservulivo as voii can ami bring the parts together ni.oly, using a suture ot silk throa.l or wire. Altbongh il is pr.tty well r waini water, l-iil cold water generally has a lielter ertect than warm. Tliciv wil be more or less opacitv'of the ornoa, but wh.Mi the irritation is allaye.l. the opacity will .lisappear. If a large portion ..f the li / - ., .„ .1 . la. I,.vn.,.lis. ...■ In.... ,1... tl.i..k...i..« ul tl.y l..i.n« '"'■' ' ; \..';,i , .,a,..-,l,,o.' in.in iHsviii.i.. ti....i.Ht; >i ''-''7,'''^ ' i \"'^, . r,k ..,.1 .ust.„> ti... ti„. ua.s will i"-^''"«",';;;,' '. : .1 . .... i-.t ^Mun-^- ''"!" „IH...i.ii,' "f tl"' '1""''' ■""*"''' '''•' '"""■■ . , ,1, . I,.. , w.,v U ""7V,.l.-'.-H ^-.no..M..;.H..n ■■-..- ..;a,.. ^^ ^. w..y_^.^ I''""" '•' '"."••■ "V-' ', :!'h ■'•«'• «■■'"' ■■' '""« •"■'■'■''■• "'"' "" „;,!a „„,y l'=''!^^'':r"^'^,■'l,,V* ,H Y . ,„ay'..s. .•arl.oli.. a.i.l, but U.rp ..I. "•r'''':"'^'"'r' l.M K..-1. the .v.. ni.-e a.i.l .•lean. H„,„e a..ll.orili..« r.'<......u " t < <> - ' ,,„j ,,,J ,,„,r i, „.ore SL •;.. i..j-ti..« fro... tl... ..,.,..■.• ..1H-...K. Oon«enital ^JJ^I^X^S l^ttlt'll^^S' ui: '^^'uLf may !>« f«.ri....>l tl.roi.Kli t... ""'',, ,,l,Ht...i..l it; t .ore w.ll lie ..r only the ■-'-'-, -^J^^'-'Inr I ^u'-f^la th..; will l.e .hi. „ aiKohurge fr..... ' 1^ ^-^ ,' , '.,,ry,i,al sac A.. artili..ial .;|...n.ng ,„.n.k..il .l.Hi.ha.-ti.. 'V ' ,, u.ars t.. How ihrounh it t,. the o.it- ;„ay U- ..'.a.l.;, a." > lh)« '" .^\'[',,,: ..y^.. If the <.|K;i.i..K in ubl si.l.. ..f tl... oheek, ...stead .. "' " ''"„X M, ineini.'.. ».id U't the cloBea hy the ■......"..s "'V'' ^'•,7;, o the -tse Yo.. ...ay trephine tears pass ^^^^»''i^^\'^'\"^^'T"Z-X^^^ "ft^hle ..f the eh....k. Ji;;;iretay"heXt:r or;^stc;;';::d the .lepression ..f the hone ,„iv interlre with the How of tears. The Eyelids ...y he ^^^^;^ ,:^^:::i^:;; :^,r^>^'^' ^■ called entropi..".. U m.iy ""'^ ' ''\, «,; When this oec.rs the .,,.ently; "f^" '"'V everJlswl i 1. irrit..te it a.ul ea.,ses a ^^S:U.:^of"?:^.td^^:'Sn..:^ .'isel.ar,e. Brin. the parts •MKNT "K ,1 IiiihIimiuiii, Wtlil'll .Mill iiiliriinii iiic litiiiiH wiiilt- ,,Vf it Inmi lir •'Vf. If ,11 it, siiih IIS nilialr .il ssiirv tn riiiHPM' il. Wilt II 111!' I''"-* "'■•■ **'■ II, lluii llir-iiikjli llif IikIi- iinil tiKii ii.li' till' ""i^*". mill (iiisHiii;"'^ liii'iiir lilt- ., ijlll' tu VluilMI- CIlllKiH : iilii liii lirviiiiilis, "!■ Il'"" !,■ duel. 'I'liis llii(l,(iiiiiK iil "•' <;lf»n' iiction of a prolie. It' you pir, Imt llie latttr is more lU'H ni'i'iHMury to throw the liiiK- iih no (hut is formi'tl. U i)t throunh the Hol't liRnut'd, ohHtriicl it; tluT*- will lit-' 1(1, anil thcit" will ht.- this sar All artilii'ial opfning liow through it to the oiit- eyi'. If the ()|K;ning ih jiibl Hike ftn ineiMion and lit the . nose. You may treithine I, the outHiile of the cheek, the depression of the hone everted; the one turned in, e lower eyelid, hut not fre- •ses. When this occurs the h irritate it and causes a (lischarRe. Bring the parts UIMKAHM I'K hoMKMTII ANlMAlJ*. W into proper p.mitloii, jiml hv in. i.-iiiK a small porli i the nkiii, iiii.l ime I. siiiiire, aii.l tlii» may Hiilli.v, ..r y.m may have t.. null the hair fr 111.' .MJi.lsor .nt a norlion out, and l.riiig the cut e.lK-s logelh.r with a Hiitiire. jii-l .lippiHK l'"' ih'ca.l in a s.,liiti.>n of cnrl).di.' a.i.l. We »Iho lin.l just the ..piMiiite nl this takcM phi.v, called .Mlr.ipiiiin, .>r . v,r-.i.iii ol the .v.Ii.Ih. H pi;o- eeeds from vari.iiH . iiii»rw ; mav pro.'c.d ir.mi simple ..iilillialmia. S.arifviiiK nmv l-riiig it to its natural .■..n.liiion, hut if it . ..iiliiiiies il interl'.iis with the animal very niii.li, an.l make- liim .|Uil«; iiiisigiitly. This is alH. re common in the .log. Tmilmnil. Varied according to the cum- ; if just .liie to . .)iiK.sti.,i. (,l the mm.iiiH lining, s.'arifv nnil il may .!.>, hut you may have i.. use caustics- iiilrat.'of silver s.diilion, or even a pen.'il .'I nitral.' ol silv.'r, an.l if v.)U cann.it suli.liie with caiisi .', then y.ni exci.Hc tl;e parts with kuiVe or s.-iss.,rs. Aft' .•-lieatm.i.t Imtlie the ey n.cely, liring the parts as near !lie iialiira ,iositioii i- poh-.o ■•. Ihe cornea is mostly allccted. Oaruncula Lachrymsiri? ;'uiv t,ee.;me eiili!,.'. I in.iM ..philial- miaor iiiiiirv. Tli.' irrit ai..ii is r.du'.e.l Wy I .•mi.l.oiis, a>triiiKeiit.s, ..(.•., hut if liiis.l.ies n.it answ. r v.m- t'le Unit'- or ..cntsors, then allav the'irritati.in. S.mie use a '.iga'.iri' lr,slcn.i of th>' knile. i .i Te will he .ipa.itv .,f tli.M'.,rii.a, whi.ti a\V llsipper. • '.s s.ioii as the irrita- tion suliM.les. We nolle,' in I,. .•«•>., the m,i o, as iii liriii. ll.a! some have hettcr eyesight than of. .i- , -.»•"• ■■■ ami H kiu- mi c'ii?li!" I. Myopia, heing iiear-.'i;;!li'«ii'-.esK. .'iie to to'- me n .1 "'o • xity of the eve. The aniiiiii' .^i.J.v li.ive an inijiaientW well :. ni.c'l eye !.".. he w'ill shv, nil iloui., du' t.i .l.fectivc vii •..n, vl,ul, is i.:lh.ult lo detect eveii in human :..iieM.... Ther • • iii*t t>u onp wle oi ll, far-sightediieitH, which is -ii( .( likely i cMi' m o,(( i i i.ftV ai,.. o ;i persoim. Glaucomatous Oonrt'ilion o! Miu Eyj^i. - J iie hmuor loses its transparcn y, a' d i.e.Mii ' luiilsh in »miIo. sarcoma may pro., nee it. Vcni mnue'.'o.es mevt .villi a ossilication of the eyehall. Melanotic Oondltioa of tho Hvtoall. .\ Kindi'Jon calld staphvloma, from its resemhlau.'e to ■. l.ir. i; o' gnipei. , il i.iiiy vsae from 'a tumor; use eausli.' niirai. of sihw. Iheie is ;• l.aiKliiit an.l opacity of the cornea, ami if l!.-- i-x.^iU'iK i alee cimk.!U1..3 Uiere is complete opacity of the cornea. The n i.i.'lv ix to pih.ctii.e m- eo'iiea an.l let the" c.mtained lluiiis out. iVrioii- Uu-re :.«' ch.iiiee', of recoveiy. It is apt to he associated with some o. nutitiition u u i- tnrhance, and vision is likely t.i be h'^t. vitPM.iis > St»'il- k.lld of CON-'AOIOUB PISEAS3'S. Variola —Tt'ii' i i <■■.ea.se that .,s .n a hxed r.K n caused by absorption of this matter into the system I'l; '-^Z , ^ r;:Be^^r. jus/ before the -"!'' "" J'^--^.^ 1! ^pv ril:!;' to being in a state to give rise to these '"•"l'""^- " '^ ,,.7.,^,. f^.yer is man" etc.; the cow being the place where man gets his variola. Variola Equinae, or Horse Pox.-It is o.casioi.ally noticed developed, from which exudes more or less serum. rhe> .v-^O "^'^e. on account of there being a greaitr iiu MENT OF !ill febrile (Useasos niiw 10 Bkin, eitluT vfuk'nliir cdiiiplifii'*''' '"■■'" ! '^ '". to till' zvinolic cliiHS ot her. Thisociitiigiiiin is it is in ii lixi'il I'orin. In I'ows. It is a difficult carrii'tl anil diHi'asi' i)r()- svstcin ri'i'iivis the eon- incuhatory staiie, wliieh t is the feliVile conditid", tivins rise to (iiiickened "k, etc., then eruptions of si/.e of a pin luad, and )rnied into vesieles tilled ■nts of these beeon\e piir- second stage. The third er, and a dark hrownish ilea. There is a primary ig the more dangerous— e svsteni. The fever is IS comiilete. The blood , itions, also gives rise to 1, the secondary fever is ■d. This is not of a fatal i it is just about as fatal 'roiu the horse to the eow, n gets his variola. -It is oceasionally noticed I eonmion as cow pox. It ehlo-iiustular disease, pre- r, which may be comj)ar- ed ; a slightly «iuickened • minute, or even more— )n shows itself upon any bout the lips, heels, nose lily seen in white-skinned m membrane. It can Vie believe to some other ot terized as a blood disease, eneruUy in a fixed form ; it is in'a fixed form, pulse comparatively weak, Hired appetite, but not gen- lies appear upon the skin, om which the pustules are scrum. They vary in sixe, hey are larger in the heels, mber of sebaceous glands, md parts of the body may I membrane may present an . a great tendency to heal, •re is a discharge of saliva lerforuied 'vith more or less Dl.iKASEH OK DOMESTIC ANtMALW. 65 .liflieulty. It mav extend and involve the throat and even the intes- iS" 1 il. U usually runs its course in from eight t.. litieen days ,1 until the scab begins to fall ofi; or eonyalesceucc, is ='•'"" '''^ weeks This mav be conveyed by •■outact in various ways-by tl e groom's I l..t lies, saddles, harness, and maybe g.veu by mocula ion, as irritating tlu. skiu and rubbing some of the matter upon the place Trealmcnl is simple: cleanliness, a laxative diet food such as will act i,m I I b,,weis, bran mashes, lin.seed meal ; ..r it ,n summer give Brii'i f od- "ive hv.o-sulphite of so.la, nitrate o< potash and sulphur ins a OSes Tlu- ilanger is in checking the eruption. It will get we 1 rea V if properly treated. The animal mn t not be expose.l to theold G V e s'omething to increase the eruption, instead o trying to stop i . O vc SI eg to act upon the blood. For a local application, sul- pi a le .in., ointment, carbolic' loti,.n, etc. but it does not re.,..ire n leh medicine; give good, easily digested food. In al diseases of an erupti v!' character, if clu'cked, it leaves the poison in the system. Variola VaccinsB-cow pox; oftener seen in cattle tl'^" j" t»'^ horsrand has been seen in every quarter of the globe-in soine places in TvTry severe- form, and attended with great fatality, but m Britain and America it is not fatal. It is an eruptive pustular disease, and n^Killy shows itself on the udder and teat, but it may attack he feet and mouth. It is more severe in cattle that are. continually lou ed b tit occasionally occurs in animals running '" ,Pf ^'"■^ , ^le dis about the same course as in the horse-first, incubatory, febrile dis- turbances and eruptions. Smiplom.<.-Uore or less fever; falling oH' of milk, it in milk cow. A Pite slightly impaired ; slight increase ot .t^-M-rature if exam- ined. Then it shows itself by eru,,tions,_espec.a Iv "''';••'* «'"''^.^„^; but a slight eruption takes placx-, presenting a reddened con li on, and mavbeccmiecmiluent; the teat may be one inass ot 1"'«'"'^*;,"^ "P" tions; one person's milking ten. or p'.^rhaps twelve cows, ten.ls to spread it. If vou meet with two .r three cases, showing such sy «i^- toms, it is a liitle suspicious, but it may be caused by some local irr- tadon, as running through long grass, irritating the parts; and if kept in for two or three days, the irritation subsides. 3'm./,He«(. -Cleanliness; bathe the udder nicely with tepid water and a ingents, acetate c'.f lead, carbolic lotion ; covering the teat w th milk is beneficial. Give sulphur, hypo-sulphite ol soda, laxa- Tive die . If irritated by the files, keep up during the .lay, and let out at night. The virus is in a fixed form. It is a disease that oc- c sionallv occurs, and is of great importance for this is where we get Z vaccine matter, which has been of great benefit. The pig is al o liable to variola. The virus is in both a fixed and volatile form in the pig. When the pig becomes spotted, called spotted fever, it may be due to variola. Give salines, laxatives epsom org anber s sal 8 good nourishing food. The dog is also liable to varuj a rhe viru is in a fixed form. The eruption nearly the same m all animals, and the same stages in difl'erent subjects. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia is not communicable to any other species. We have two kinds : sporadic, which runs 'ts cmirse quickly, and contagious, in which there is a great amount of fever and is sometimes classed as an infectious tever. It is a disease winch is interesting to some people in this country, aa it exists to a more or ^(. , AlHES, SYMPTOMS AN1> TUKATMENT OF 1 . V,. i,t ill Vnurira It is i. aiswi.si' that lu.8 been known for two I , , ' 1*^ oth .^ Ue a.„i sul, a..ut. fori,., and we .■an„ot .■onunun- ca ^i r iiy otlur anin.al ti.an cattle. In a great "••'!'>; ';-;;„\,^ A ;«■ r,^ rei Hut it is due to contagi.un in some lorni or ot hei. ft^rea rv i us i.i the fi^ consists of an incubatory per.... varviuj r. ,n w!'t.. six 'weeks, or even longer, an.l per .a,« the firs hinTth- will be noti.e.1 is an increase.l temperature ..I the bo. y, to in'^ 104 r eve. Uo .legrees. Often Ix.fore any other s.g..s are .lev, 1- "pedU.e en a- be slight rigors, .r shivering, but so sl.gh as .. b, . igl.t. The .lisease gra.lually grows worse, an.l l''^,?^^«M ^ •'^J^' !Sli„B:,i St,,.tlK ,„.„.m,B..rBr..i.ll"Bl tl.e ,.ye 1,... ,. «l...v .l- peara.iee; debiiitv, a.il"''' j'^'''"" "\ ' ; f, f, ,le,i:-..: membrane. It is found generally in ''''^ ''''7^J ', ". tie but is said to be communicable to sheep, .logs, .'ats, an.l even to tatt an is .loiibt about this. , It is a spe..ific.l,sease - -,"" "^ ;' « character .liie t., the introduction ol a pois..n into the bl .o.l, or to t u g n a t. n, .f a blo.ul pois.n within the system. It >« '--"tj^S '^ ami infectious These two terms are used for the same thing biit d. S, t'n stthesa...e; the volatile form being ntecti.3jis, the fixe.l Mng';>ntaglu" Although mostly due to contagium, it is sometimes flR AISF^, SYMITOMS ANI> THKATMKNI' dl' siM.iitaiHoiislv K.ni'riiliMi. It is most si'verc in comiti-Los wlirn- Ikmws iiie k.pt in uhiKiiiv iirtiliciiil manner, while in .•DUiiln.s when- they are aiinwed to rnnout .Inline the moHl of liie year, it is not so e„n.- nion It was not lt into India l>y sl.ippinj,' horses; duriii"" their passage tlie liatelies lieiiiK shut down diirinir a .storm, in whi<'irease it was spontaneously Ki'iu'raled. With Klanders we also have farcy. Tliev are, I believe, essentially the same disease, only dilHriiiL' in their ■mnnifestations. I never saw a case ol tarcy ^et well, hut manv sav it does g-'t well. Kar.7 will pro.luee Klamlers, and frlanders "faieV, hy laliinn the virus from one or the <>t '*■••• /"' hoth diseases are due to a blood poison essentially the same, but they difler in their external manifestations. It is sanl to occur 111 other animals; hut it is seldom met in any except the horse. ^>,„^,,^._Soine say it is, and others say it is never, six.ntaneoiisly Keiu-ratcl. We have germs which we cannot account tor, but we have strikini? examples of it beinj? spontaneously produced. I think I saw one case which had catarrh, placed in a poor place, poorly attended, poorlv fed, manure allowed to aecuhiulate, etc., during the winter, and in'the spring it had glanders; and we have miiny such instances from manv practitioners. It is supposed to have been pro- duced on shipboanr .hiring a st.u'm, by shutting down the hatches, but there may have been an infected horse among them, but tlie veterinarians were very careful in examining. It prevailed during the American war and the Prussian war. The horses were snpposeit to he free from all such diseases. I think it is usually due to con- taeium, but it mav he spontareous. It can mostly l)e traced to con- tagious inlluenees." It is likely to occur most severely in large eitics, where manv horses are kept together, for if one horse gets it it pol- lutes the ai'r, and it spreads rapidly. There may be a glanderous diathesis in some horses, so to speak. It occurs in two forms, acute ami chionic. lfdevelopitou,s.—Ahn- it arrives at a certain stage it is easily diagnosed, but until then it is not. It may continue for a long time without showing anveonstituli.mal disturbance, and it may he mistaken tor other diseases. Home are liable to think that it is nasal gleet, unless the animal soon dies. .Inst in the early stage of the disease the animal suflers from rigors, more or less. lemperature is increased to 10H°, 104° or 105°; then it will go tor some time, and then there is a discharge fry sl.ippinjj horses; down diirinir u storm, in Willi KJandi'rs we also lly tin- sami' disoasf, only saw a casi" of farcy >?i't y will prodin'i- Klii'idt'is, )ni one or the other. So ntially the same, lint they is said to oeeur in other I the luirse. it is never, spontaneously nnot aeeonnt for, hut we .'oiisly produeed. 1 think I in a poor place, poorly rnninlate, etc., during the and we have many such iipposod to have lieen pro- utting ilown the hatches, rsc among them, hut the ng. It prevailed during The horses were supposed c it is usually due to con- II mostly lie traced to con- ost severely in large cities, if one horse gets it it pol- ere may he ii glanderous iccnrs in two forms, acute orni it runs its course very lironic form ; seldom met leen in old and debilitated ! take it more readily than nen. stage it is easily diagnosed, lue for a long time without nd it may lie mistaken for that it is "nasal gleet, unless irly stage of the flisease or' less. Temperature is it will go for some time, nose, which varies much, tery, and then purulent,, others. It may be from md that the left. By and me; the discharge altered ■culiarity of the discharge r; it sticks around the nos- together; for, after the dls- l is high up and afl'ects the id as in nasal gleet. But if III8KA8KS <1K nOMKSTU: ANIMAl 60 „f ,i|,u„un; will sink rea.l.ly ... wa er b ' .,,' [^ .,, ,|i«,,,,„-ge ,he;e uLvrationsgcerMly for... well up ^!'''' "'^U ,e n ^ s ■ e.u- This ......r.ti.iu ' ' '■'y, ' ' ^^ Vrng time mesenteric glands. When o...ac.at.o.i s '« ■ ,;'''>p V, t,, „':,ti,,.l before these charactenst.c sy.nptoms "'^'^/'^Y '' ... le i s ai.nearance. in a certain stall in ^^^^^t"''' t^l^^^^^^^jX ^r^ Close e.Kamination was made ; those f ^^ ^' ' "V '^. ; ^ to exist time nu.re were ailected, and removed, ^.' •'•"".'';,"',; L- due to in so.ne that had showed "'' v'^' ' « «>g"«: I\ '^;', /J f '^Jf , ,,., are ,|o not i».il..'ri- to thf bone, »8 in gli.n.lers. ■A sort of pulpy deposit. on. Il.t.e ait ^e .ii • ,, resent in a before ulceration takes .Pl^f^- . <-," "S" ' .Vj^".? b t t is con- 70 rXrsES, SYMI'TOMS AND THKAT-MKNT OK iimsi'U's will priKliicf it, tin- siilivu, i)ilf, iiml urinu have pioduci'd it, and it Ih (piiti- possililf tiiiit it may Ik- cDiitiiiiicd in all purtM of tlu- body. Its power viirii's, lint Ih ^jreatosl in virulent cases, and some aniinals will withstand its etleets. Some eases are lelated where it was l)ronKht on hy k'"'"'*'''"'"* tubercle from the Innn?, where no other symptoms were noticed. Some authors think it is heri'ditary. We have a case mentioned where a f?landered mare jiave hirth to a colt which died with Khuulcrs at ahont four and ,i half years old, without liaviiiji been exposed to ^,'landers. It is jiossihle that a glan- dered mare niifjlit produce a colt that was free from glanders. The virus is not diminished in jiassing through many animals ; hut is increased in iiotencv if taken from the human heing. The virus will retain its vitality for some time, which shows the necessity of tiiorou(?hly cleansiuK infected apartments hy the use of boiling water, CBrholic acid, etc. The virus may be dried in the air and kept f'.r a great while, and if rendered fluid' by water is capable of producing glanders, so thai •( stable just swept out and left for months still eon- tains the virus. 'IVcalmcnl- l w'lW allude to it: giving plenty of pine air, good food, etc., will cause the symptoms to disappear t) some exti'Ut, b\it it is best to destroy the animal in all cases. You may keep a healthy animal near :mi infeeteil one for some time, and the former not get the di.sease uidcss there was contact in some way, but if a number are diseased in the same stable, the air becomes contaminated, and it might produce it. If you are called into a stable where three or four horses are supposed to be afl'ected with nasal gleet, one or two afl'ected in the first place and then others get it, then be careful in your exam- ination. Nasal gleet in never of a contagious character. If yon have suspicion of glandeis, keep siicli an animal isolated, and have recourse to debilitating treatment, as a purgative, or take some of the flischarge from the nose and jiiit into some part of the body, as the hind leg of the same animal, or better, if vou can gel a worthless animal, inoculate it, an(' if it atli'cts him then you may make up your mind that it is glanders. Acute Glanders. This is not (juite so common here as it is in some otiier countries. This form may result from the chronic form, generally due to the virus being introduced into the system in some way or other. It developes (juiekly, and most authors say it is spon- taneously generated. When the animal has been inoculated with the virus, the lirst symptoms will appear in four or live days, and will be extreme rigors, increased temperature, a discharge from one or both nostrils; chancrous ulcers in the nose, appearing far more (|nickly than in the chronic form, and they become confluent. The lungs are affected to a greater or less extent, and, in a great many cases, are severely afl'ected with lobular inflammation, which frequently causes death. .\nd I have noticed some cases where swelling of the limbs occurred, generally in one hind limb. Post Mortem. — Appearances are the sam^ as given in the chronic form ; difluse suppuration in the lungs, or a gangrenous ccnulition of the lungs. A healthy animal may take it and die in from one to three weeks. Farcy exists with glanders, and is identical with glan- ders, although presenting different manifestations. Farcy is a term applied to many affections that are not really farcy, and could not be distinguished from it by a casual observer ; one is called water farcy. KAT.MKNT OK 1(1 urine liave produci'd it, ntitiiicd ill ill! psirt.s ol' the II viriiiciil cast's, ami soiiu' cases arc idatcd wiicrc it from the ImiK'. wiierc no ors tliiiik it is hereditary, ered marc wave liirth to a 'our and .i halt' years old. It is iiossiblc that a glaii- I free from ulaiidcrs. The i;h many animalti ; lillt is nan being. Tiie virus will ii shows the necessity of L)y the use of boiling water, ■d in the air and hipt I'.r a ■r is capalde of producing id left for months still con- plenty of pure air, good iippear t > some exti'Ut, but You may keep a healthy c, and the former not get le way, but if a number arc 'onies contaminated, and it I stable where three or four al gleet, one or two att'ccted ■11 be careful in your cxam- iigioiis character. If you animal isolated, and have pgative, or take some of the me part of the body, as the if vol! can gel a worthless II then you may make up so common here as it is in lit from the chronic form, (1 into the system in some Host authors say it is spon- as been inoculated with the )ur or live days, and will be ischargc from one or both ppearing far more (|uickly ? coiiHilent. The lungs are in a great many cases, are II, which freijiieiitly causes icre swelling of the limbs n^ as given in the chronic a gangrenous ccnidition of it and die in from one to and is identical with glan- Ktations. Farcy is a term illy farcy, and could not be ' ; one is called water farcy. 1 I>!SKAKI'» OF IIOMKSTU ANIMALS. 71 But when we siiy fany, we mean ii disease due to a sp.cilii- blood poison, eil her generated within, YMn()MS AND lUKATMKNT OK III Ulll- ill llllV n„w known tinit it will. AVi.r.v il is ...■.■.sHMiy ''';;'"''"";; niMl for uliin.iwM, Uv cMnlnl imil ;" HDHH, in llli < > , _ ', .. i....i:..l I il Minv I... lUCCHNIUV tl) llhl' ,„av i..' alil.' t., iXMininr liy .lnvli«lit, a-ul it may I..' •"r""';">' '"'- -—■:•.. el. iM' tn till- ni.w, winch will ma- llowiv-r, tlit'iTiHii()Ki''''it '•:i"K'i' inliaii'l- aii'iirtillcial MkIiI to M'f fartliir ii|> lli*' i""'' liiiL' iiu'lan.l.iHil lior^f. iinl''*'< lli'T'' I"' , , - „ ,. , ""*- ^ ■ m „„„i,.ni, linn l.f. •arc. Ill aliontciutiii. Some Hiicli .'asi's arc .m rcc.iril. if vnil make a |iii; ir lianiU; luit ill.' liaiuls, t.ir il will iir.xlii.'c ulaii.lcrs m man MtlnitiL'li it iH a iliwas.' cinimon t.i the Imri .attic, Nliccp, K.'ats, lions, timers, etc It is saiil it lias li.'cii thcv l'c..lin({ on llic ;nuri.rr;;::;tti:/:i^-^i;q;:p'V'^'.i^ U..:\.par.mcnls-tl..,r,...Kl.l.v, an.l. pcrliaps, ..arl.olic acnl is jnst as«,m.l 'I . . as anylliinK'yoii I'an iis.'. DISEASES OF THE EAR. Ininrics t.i tlio car must be trcalc.l as injuries to tin- other parts. ;.ne ti. e loe" The horse will hol.l his hea. to one snle or the c'r an w I shake the hea.l when yon .lo anythins with lu.n ; and it miv" in« .m -'^-nt-ral .leranpement. 1 have si;en some cases ..t uch Y«m..rs\here the animal w..nl.l walk -\1^;^};^^:'^Z^:, showing cerebral .listurl.unce. Yon can r""ov« ^e jv.th th^^^^^^^^^^^ nr knife then cleanse the parts nicely and eareliilly. IJst larnoiu acidrBulphateof .inc, etc^.n.. the cerebral disturbance, in many cases, will be removed. ::i;a,;:on..5:\ir;'l' parlfal^Kc^, l^:.m eann.Ldin. - from the intense noise. n i,- l\ecU by a moderate .lose ..f la.xalive, ami bathe the P"'" »;;^f • ' the cause is kept up for some time it may cause entire deafness The ency; titwc of^ mc't with this in dogs than in other animals. In dogs it is called Oanker and is either external or internal, and involves the inter^^l or external flap ami the meatus. Canker is more likely to "■0^ in those ...gs used f..r sportinjr, from rimning through long «;,", bnish etc., gefting wet an.l then .Irying which -'« J,;-'.™ and the manner of feeling the animal aggravates It - an over abun dam-e of animal foo.l making him extremely lat, etc. Symptmm.--^Un-v or less irritation ; he m.>ves the head from one side ilMKNT I'K mry l)i fxiimiiu- an aiii- iny cif till' inattci- in any ilpnicliur >{laii(ltr(t ; yon iiiav l)c nifcHHMiy t" iii't' if, which will ' nahif you in i)ci>,'i'''at iiaiiK the rcine- dies g yen. Keslrict the diet to a certain extent, (iiyesoine exercise. We so nctinicf meet with tistula at the root of the car. This is more conim( n in horses, and is generally congenital, or from undformation. It is emilv detected by close examination, but it might be overlooked. But yo I can notice a little matter at ihc i t of the car, and a small opening which is a listnlous opening, and passes well in at the root of the ear, ind is often of long-standing. The -ikin may be rellccted in undcovired with the ear. Exercise the parts and cut this listnlous wound out. It may not set up much irritation, but must generally be dissected out, or yon may inject with caustics, and afterward dress with a mild caustic, as nitrate of silver, chloride of antimony, tinc- tureof the chloride of iron; and you may have tooth-deposits— tooth substances have been formed at the root of the ear and cnnsod fistula: in such cases you find enlargement to some extent. It is possible that tooih-snbstances may Ik- found in the testicle. There is scarcely k tissue where a tooth substance may not be foinid. DISEASE. It is difficult to give a definition of either disease or ln'alth. They are closely united, and it is diflicull to draw the line of demarcation. First I ask, what is disease? We may consider it to consist of a. deterioration from a healf'y standard, either of function or structure; or we may say it is just the ojjpositc of health, or a disturbance of the funcli(tn or structure of a healthy organism. Health is a con- dition of the animal bxly in which all the organs are in good con- dition, and all the functions are performed in good order; and it is difficult to get a body in perfect health. There is generally some little deterioration of structure or function. You may look at a horse; he does work in a regular manner, and he is considered healthy, but there niny be some change ir some way, so that it is quite difficult to give a precise definition. There is health where all the organs are intact, and each one capalile of discharging its respec- tive duty or function. From health to disease tliere are certain transitions noticed. If animals are kept in their natural state they are free from disease to a certain extent, Iml when they become domesticated, then a change takes place in the system. They do .lot receive a regular supply of piire air, pure water, regular exercise, 74 , AlHKh, HYMnOMH ANI. THKATMKNT oK All tln'w "■■ """ '1'" ;;""■;'"; ;;;tote'.;;v"v;:";tV';n',i,':,'.i ..-.. ". "tX-fi.; -•;ij;-;:r,|-^,:;y';;.a:l::u"C rrr::';;-"';;'" ;■.""•'>"■* -'i'^ ">'■"■■ ' "-' "'" Eti..io«y, tl...nKl. plain ... ^''"^ '^'''^^'^^^ ,r^.i, „.. .pi/"..!!.' .;"""<'.'"/".'W..'"- **""'>•."' ,'t "■' „v, ,1 ,.,,H prVs.nt..l l.y ti.e o;„.u. ...■ organs .1 s..aH..l. n... -^^ " ~, ^^.^^ ,, ,^ , ,„„... „.ay be TluTf are in tl..' limbs ..•rlain In.'al ^v" I '""*•'" ,-, ,thir .livi-U- 1 in- Zu tbai it will P-.1"-;; «<--;;>;;;;[; i;-^- ,,y::, "li: L.i.r nu- to pn...ary a...l pr.m.-n.toi-y. ' . " „, „n,, h...... tin..-, nv^-" h..J.. -t.il.i.i..« pr..;j;;nu.. y s^n ; -. »-^^ ^^^ ,,^ ,„,,,,„ ::';;!;:;:l.rCii;;':ort.;in o..;;...^. i— ;.. ^ -" ""- "■•««- having .;n.k.r,..n.. -lain ..■b.n.K'.s. ,„.,,,..., the ,,..,rH4..- "f tb.^ .1'- ■»*'•. ';•;:.;':,. , r..J . i.', «-"> patl...K"..Htic Hvn.ptnn.s. There ni. y In- a ';' "^ .liieharge fro... the none. ..i,«.'aeU/.stie,as... ^'l^'^^" ., '',',,',, U Hut if there is a .lis- ThiH may >^^' *iy''M'':>'"'''':\';''';;,';\!f;, „.„,., the s..b-.u..xillary e?:!^;:h.;r; 'u'?ic'::;' p;:;;;::;;::!.!.- sy ...pu^i,. ..f ,ia,u.ers treatment .,f .liHeasc'H. R'«Y'; « ' ' ,''£L There are epi/nnlic, "S::-ta^ve.Hr.^ In human practiee it is ''P"!*^! ' • 'i.r,„t .,ny appreciable euuse. Hiniilarly aiVeeted at the -;;-;•, *, ^ I i!, oliJ, ..u'tLrhal fever and A comn.on exan.p e 18 ''''\,™'l^^,'i,,,|,aMi<'e, either contagious O'.NT OK Kill fXlrnt. All llie|«* ihcr iinimiilH or nicii in ihf sillily of iliwaw, iiH k worilt*, ini'l int'iinH a W, l«ll(l ilK'llKl' -< "II ••>•' w. PiUtiolony iniiy lit' III. Ui'iKnil piillioloKy iclicM, fuiimn, syiii|)loiiig, iiiititiiliir. Ill nil "•'•• lice in roniHM'lioii with i, iIho iiiipoi-liinl. It M"»y re priMlinponiiiK m"! '"- Ki- for fVt TV (lixi'iisc, ttiit •iiUHf in. II yoii '''"> *'"'• ral thiiiK, f"»*ily trfutcil. lire ill olliiis. A (lisfiisi' itoryis an ipi/ootit' dlM- ;.xH('l or cxcitinn I'auw. ic HViiiptoiiiH, or ,f (riHiasf; or till' iiii'iiiw iploiiiH pnstiitcd l)y the my lie (rnirral or local. ,w', l>llt the •■illiw'- '<>'>>■ ,!'♦' U is furtlur"""•! animal, re'at many animals heceme out any appreciable cause, pir.ootic, catarrhal fever and iiilluence, either contagious uple is epizootic aphthae. DIHKAMKi* tiK i>O.Ml!MTir ANIMALM. n 1 £',ur.oN> disease, are conllned to fcrtain oealities, '""'. "f^' ,' •^, ''' local inllileiices. Thev may heconie contilKious alter leaviiiK Ihali.ir- 1 pi c Kiiulerpe-st is a Koo.l example, l.ut hiu, never Uen known on 1 is coniinent. It Is in Kiusiu. Texas fever appears common to e,"ltti 1 icsof Texas, hut It is set up amouK the northern cat- lie it i.iav he Kenerated from the character of the water, loo.l. «niss, loi'l etc. In man, the term indemic is applied, as the aKUe. ^I^cifir, peculiar to particular class of animal, the virus of which, if , mmlulvd int.. another animal, may produce the -^'''-'^ -l ™ "» glanders, strangles, distemper in doR days, etc., l.ut a spcMhc disease is not necissarilv contagious. iimyradir is a word derived from a (ireek word, meaning to sow here and there. It is from uecidental causes, M..sl diseases ...m. umler this head, and are from well-marked causei.. ;fvmo(.V.-Some of the diseases mentione.l are of a /.yinotic char- acur Zvmotic means a ferment. It acts like a lerment ... the blood. liivcHtigalions show that by minute bodies, so small tha you can scanely think of their niinu.eness, an actum .. «;'''' the bb.od. perhaps in the form ol a I'rment. \U '"' *' , ' » diseases consist in some change in the blood itselt ''';''' which nourish and renew the tissues; bin a niajority con.sist ii eh ng ii the bloe.d itself. In a living body the.e is u continual eha. Je\aki.i« phu'c. and the great character .tics of these changes are the pro.TssIs of deeav and reoaralion, which only term .ate a death. Substances pass into the l...dy and are carried to all p. its the bodv. Waste is taken up in the bb.od aiul carried Iron the bodv. 'rhe l.<.dy wastes during the d.iy, and during repose it nourished and tiii waste repaired. The human '"""«• /X.-'f^n^ year, loses three tlu.usiind poun.ls by waste ol tissue, and t i ■ repair ^qua'ls the waste. However, in youth the '•;l>=>"-,"''"'l"'';' ' ;"*, ( so that the animal grmlually grows. I.i the ■"'''" /''^■y";, i'", alK.ut eoual, provided there is a certain amount ol e.xertm. .n old age the waste is in execs., ami the nnima! '•^■'•"■"'■« ; " "' ''•^ In diseas.- something takes place, e.iuilibriiini is "P"''- " ''' ''.\'^ is a change of function or structure. We often see this t. kg place. An animal is attacked by di.^ease »"'' "-S'''"'^-'' 'V'p.i fiuickly-the r,s.ilt of this poison in the system ^ife .« inai ta ne in the body bv the circiilatb.n ol pure or arteria bbu.d •I''" "«'• lile svsteni.^ This bloo.l is the great Huj.l ot the body; wie .ever arterial blood ceases to circulate, death is the result; or .1 it ur culatcH. l.ut becomes impure, there lollows a similar lesull. it the blood becomes changed l.ut slightly, it produces .lisease very M"'i'<'y - and if changed to any great extent, it produces death v^'O' l""^"^'?^ Life is an aggregate of the functions wh.ch resist . eath, a.i.l .s maintained by'nie'blood. Death is the cessation of all '»-»•'-;"«!«; the aggregate of which constitutes l.le. Now death "'«>. "^Y'r. '' ditlerc^^rt wavH, a.ul sometimes it is immaterial how an unimal died, but at other- times we are called to tell how he die.l. It "•' ' ''oJ -^ «•■ culates. death takes j.lace fr..m syncope, Iron, a want "// j'"' «"^^^^^^^^^ of blo..d to the heart, and the heart loses its power. IJlee.ling causts death from svne(.pe, or from necra^mia. 'I he heart loses its power from want of its ilat'iiral stimulus-the blood. Death Iron, syneope u,ay occur in other ways: the heart may lose its contractile power fr(.in a blow over the heart or stomach, or from poisons, or Iron, fright, or from derangement of the nervous system. H TACURK, (tVMI'TOMH Am» TKKATMKNT Of An>hyii '>r< ««> „„,„...l from .1.. lor.n.rHMppoHilionlhattlH.v '■-'"''''''•',,""'>''''■• ^ tlu.y w.Tc. always (o,.i..l .'inpty nll.r . I..ath. 1 Ley .l.ll.T aN; ■ Hir.Ictur,. fr il,.' vvinn, ami -lo n„l rollapHr as tl.r v.nm d., 1 Ih> no HH...ntra..tiliiy an.l .laK.i.i.y, and tl... r oow.r o ^'""'nu' -^ 1,., ,., ,„„Mular lisM... in ih.ir wain, «...;!. .•onH.Htsol -i ' ' ' ' »ibr..,r.dU, whul. huvr tl.. l.ow.r ot dM...n.Kl..n« tl.r .al. ...| of ih. . - Uy it. whirl, tl.cy arr si...»lr.l, a.Ml r«,, iMlh.r arrrsi paiMialy ..■ou- nK.uly thv How ..f Mood. Tl..- lai-K.' v.ss.ls ar.' ..Hi.r..ally .laht.', hey hav.. Loth n.t.H.M.Iar a.al y.dlow .l.-Hli. t.sM..'. ''<;>;;-';".^'>. ,'' blood to all tl... lisH....s of tl..' l.o.ly. a..d wl...|. it has ..IhlU'd .t8 I...... tioi. it iH l.ro.iKht l.a.k to tl..' h.'art l.y tho v.'.mh. \ ho K«fl« aiv tl..' v.'hh.'Is wl.i.h hrii.K tl..- hl.io.l to tl.i' h.art. IIk'V huvVtl i.....r wallHtha,..l..'art.'ri.H, a,..l hav.' valv.'S wl...l. valve. are fol.ii.ius of tl..' inn.r li.iii.K of tl..' v..... Th.'s.' yalveH .lo m t 'X- ?Ht i I. p..l.no..arv v.in. Th.-y to...l to help the hlo...l tow"r.ls t he hear VVhei. the Ceii.H are e.,.i.ty th.y eollapse. Hetwee.i the arter- Kid veii.H we have very H..,ail vessels, wl.ieh lorn, tl..' .'om.e.t.n^ inediiin., ai.d are tailed OtpilhrhH, wl.i.h are lorn...! from tl..' t.reakii.K «1«)W.. ol the arter- i.H ?.^^,1 fo.M the vei..s on tl..' .ti.er si.le They are very d.lual.' and ,i„ U, .1. d .InrinK health the hlo<..l eir-'-tlntes t l.ro..Kh a I th.H.' u, a eiular' n.an,.e,, a,.d the Ii,,..!.! por,io,.s .d the '-'"<';' '•;;";"''» y «" iideH to BiippIv the various tissiien, and at the saine time the) aie ex- c et UK .Vl..-tiss..e, and it is in the cpillaries that n..tr.t..j.. .h pn- n.arily elU.te.l. Tl.eie ar.' aUo iyn.pl.at..' vessels, wh.eh lake .. t .» waste, hut the I.U.o.l vessels alHo take it up, to son.e extent. .\11 the U«8. es .,f tl... hody. whether hone, n...sel.., hair, etc are '"".'r'Hlu' ' t he blo..d. 15I00.1 is the llui.l .^mtained in the heart, arler.es, eap.l- Jri H an vei,.s, a...l in forn.e,! ehielly fro... the .hyle, an.l «hn, "Ht Iruwn from the l.o.ly it has th- appearance of a hon.og.'..eoi.s I u..l. You wo. Id think it compos...! of h,.t o,.o thin^r, bnt alter .. wh. le hm'S this appearnnc. It has a sal.ne taste. 1 ''^;. ';"•', ,^^j ; or faint odor, which arises fro... a wat.'ry vapoi'. Iron, fresl.lv Irawn Wood, a.Kl i characteristic of the .i..i...al from wl...'h .1 was .lr..w.,. T .e t- .por«t..re of the blood is yH° to 100°. Hloo.l -s o' '^ •;'"• ^^ " ■ viewed as a whole, and is « «uhl, but not a pertect H.n.l. It is ...m- ' ATMKNT OK UlUH» If |ir»Vtlllt» 77 111' tlie liody, iintl in raiiiiil vchwIh; tluy iirt' arlcriiN, ■III cinlir III' tlio tiiciilii- iiiiil iiclH as 11 t'niTf piiinp (lure in a pciwir in llif VfS- •laiii ixlnil, sniiuwliHl im •its arc vcsitilH llial imivey >l' ihf liiiiiy. Tlify art' ho HV fdiilaiiiid "Illy air, ac nil. Tluy diU'iT, also, in i|iHi' as till vtiiiK till. 'riit'V ii- |niwir of I'onlrai'tioii is hit'li fonsisis of font raft ill' isliiii« tlif falilifi- of tlif ar- llif f arrisl partially or fom- ;»fls art' fsiiffially tlastic ; If lisMiif. Tluy foiiviy tlif hfii it lias fiiKillfil its fmif- • vfiiiM. Tlic lilooil to thf lifart. They liavf viilvfs, wliifli valvfs II. TllfHf VIllVfH lio not fX- hflp tlif lilooti towariis tlif illapsf. Hftwffii tlif artff- wliifh form tlif foiinfftinjc rfiikinn down of tlif artf r- Thfy arf Vfiy tiflifalf and ilatfs tliroiiuli I'll tl'«'«'' '" " f llif blood fonlinnally fX- thf saiiif tinif tluy aiv f.\- arifs tliat nutrition is l>ri- (• vfswls, wliif 11 liikf uj) lliift ip, to soiiif f xtfiit. All the , hair, f tc , aro nourishfd hv n thf luart, arlfrifs, capil- ini thf fhylf, !>nd when tiiHt Iff of a hoinogi'iifoiis tlniti. thinfr, hut aftfr a whilf it itf. Thf halitii is a snifll, vapor, from freshly tirawn 1 from wliifh it was ilrawn. )0°. Blood is of a ri'd eolor, a pfrffit fliiitl. It i'* ''"'"- posfd .it a llni.l purlioii, llif li.inor mo, .,>.i.s ;.n.l a s.did portion .-tir- MiHfhs, or l.lood fflls. Thf forpiiHfl. aiv ol two kiiulH, thf rfd and thf whilf thf iv.l hfiliK Ihf ■<■ i.ui,.. roiiH. thf avfianf htlliK iiimut •'50 i-fd to I whilf. iMit thfv varv li"lli " hfallh and ilisfasi'. I lifSf n.rpusfh- lloal in llu li.pH'r saiij.' '' .^ Tlus, forpiiM-hs are vfry iniporlaol. Tluv arf said to p.issf>., v Hal prn,i,rlifH ; aiv sai.l to an- Himiilatf niatfrial from thf l.lon.l. whifh isfallf.l ulul.nlinf m.-! mit- inatinf. Tluv assimnliilf niatfrial for Ihf nwhl .Minipnsition of hf 1,1 Thf rt'dforposflfSKivf folorloihfld I. In waipiihloo, .-.I aniniaU. ihf whilf forp.isflts aiv llu lartffr of Ihf two, and aiv rallur irr.Knlarinonllinf, and arf found to fhaiiKf llifir lorni to a Krfat fXtfiit. I'hf I'ftl forpiis, !is als.i fhaimc .luniiK disrasf. II Ihfy tlo not i-fffivf ahuHifi'"' ^ I'plv of wat.r lluv l.trtinif di if.l up. losome .xtfuf Ihf fai.ill.i I. dilVfrfnllvarraiiKfdin.lilhrfiit tissiiiH, asm ,h,„„iV,.us mVml.uu,,, thf skin. Ihf villi of '.I'" ■'•"-•i";'"- '"^ "' ? (whfi-f intfrrlian«f of«asfs tak.s p a.yi, parolul Kland f If. , I wi Hivf y.m an onlliiif of thf hjoo.l, hut dillfrfnt authors K'Vf it dillfrintlv : .710.0 n WllIlT Alliiimfii Kllirln , ,. ■ , ■ • AlkiillMf Hiul Ni illral MilN • Katly ami fxtiaillvf iimllirs ■ .\2f.0 Al'lrn'mrn, IH.rliif ftiul suUh In solution form thf llciuor saiiKulnls. l.lniuirsftnunlMlsHT;!. forpuKOcHfJTimrlsln jniK). MUHlincaiul nfUlral sails; rhlorlMf .i( so.llnni, ,hlor|.lf of potuH.t tun, uhosi'lmll'of H.'i.., .•.irlH.uatf -if k i. liho>l.half of mwnvAu. ,il,os,,hm« of tlnu'. pliiiHiilialf of Iron, oxlilf of Iron. Thf i-f is a lai-Kf iimounl (d' walfr that wives hioo.l its llniilily. If thf watfr is .Irawn oil' hv fva|.oralio!i, tlurf is a solid hit, whit'h is of no nsf for nutrition. Tluif is iiitfiisf sullf riiiK Iroiii thirst tin Ihis affount. .Mhunifn is u rfinarhaliU iiiK'ntlunt ol thf lilotxl. Thf wh'.lf of an iw is a K 1 f.xiimplf of alhnnifii. A humi'n is the ,,1-iLrinal pal.ulimi from wliifli all llif lissius of thf l)l"od arf lorme.l ; it holds thf salts in solutit.n. Sonif say tlifi-f is no lihriii in f ire ulal- iiii; hlood, hut we will Bupposf that it .has fxist and is thf property of foHuulalion. Otiifr fonstiliunls arf flihu'idf ot sodium, potas- siiim fit;. Animals rfmotf fr thf sta nnist liavf a rf«ular supply of sail, whifh is an in^rflifiit .if thf hioo.l. i he mailers of tluj hl.HMl are liahle t.) fhanKfS t.) a (.rtaiii fxtfiit. Tlif amount of hl.ual iHuhout.mf-fiKhthtoonf-tenihthfWfinht..fthfaniiiia ; hutami.d. less amount than that, .Irawn, will l.r...lu.f dfatli, riiere is tleple- lion of llu' hl.HMl in .dd animals; if .Irawn it is not so rea. ily rfRuiiKMl as in youn^' animals. Thf fol..r varifs hftwffi. artfrial and venous bloo.1; in the arterifs it is a hriKlil re.l .•oh.r, an.l is lit tor the hiiild- inK up resent day may have some of the identical brain of Julius Cwsar. RernpUuUahn of Blood.- The fibrine of the bloo.l i" 'le^tro^ed and reproduce.! three times in twenty-K.ur hours. So hbrinc h a verv important substance, for by it we are enable.l to control hemorrhage. If rupture of a blood vessel takes place an.l there is a lack of fibrine or its constituents, it is very hard to arrest hemorihage; but if a Mnall vessel is ruptured an.l the constituents of fibrine are present, you ran ei.sllv arrest the How by pressure, iov ^ conglum is formed'an.l you have-healing by the first .utent..,n. 1 '>%« '['"^."l^.y be increased or decreased under .■ertain circumstances. In laminitis weise s.Mla, f<.r there is an increase of fibrine. If you bleed a horse from the jugular vein, an.l allow the blo..d to How rtely into a ca^, after it settles in the can there is a peculiar wh.^e coat upon the surface, which is calle.i bud. In the horse it is no i>A'.den(:e of '""■'"'■ matory action, but it is due to the manner in which the blood co- agulates; the white corpuscles being on the top, the red lower down An.1 the .lepression on the top of the .u,o.l is not due to any change in the con.liiion of the blo..d. I think y.ni .-annot tell liy looking at blo.,d what is the matter with the animal. However, in lung .l.scase the bloo.l is resent ilay may lesar. the blood is destroyed 'our hours. .So fibrinc e are eiiablcd to control akes place and there is a urd to arrest hemorrhage; constituents of (ibrine are )ressure, for a eoaglum is tention. The fil.rine may eumstaiicts. In laminitis ne. If you bleed a horse to How freely into a can, ■nliar while coat upon the it is no evidence of inilam- ner in which the blood co- e top, the red lower down. is not due to any change 1 cannot tell by looking at However, in lung disease, the congested state of the N. n alteration in the healthy 'd by a perverted condition ch may be f blood sent to the parts, and it varies in diilerent places, and according to the causes. If a liorse receives an injury in the eye, the mucous membrane is very much leddened ; and in scratches, redness is seen, especially if in a white leg. In acute inllammation, the jiarts are of a florid c(dor, and it takes place (piickly ; if in the bowels, gangrene may take place quickly, du" to changes which go on in the parts The Heal is due to the amount of blood, and the changes being under- gone. If the tissues of the body are being broken up in any way, an eflort is made to take them from the s\stem, and this produces heat. The hi!at of a part is, however, not so much above the natural tem- perature as you would supi)ose. In inflammation of the hock joint, or foot, when you apply the hand, you would suppose there was an increase ai many degrees, but it is not so much as yon would think. In inllammation it wouM run up to 102° or 104°, so it varies from 98° to 104'^. 'I he increase is greater remote from tlu' heart, as the natu- ral temperature of those parts is several degrees below that of the blood at the heart. We lind this increase in the hock and foot. The temperature is sometimes higher in iidluen/.a than in enteritis, so it is due in many cases to the change taking place. Sitvltir}(/ is due to exudation and effusion into the tissues ; first, en- gorgement of the vessels, which is followed by exudation through the walls into the surrouniling tissues. In some tissues swelling is a very evident sign. It takes place quickly and to a great extent, and, no doubt, in some tissues aflords relief. In many cases it must not be looked upon with any great degree of alarm; in lymphangitis it is not a very dangerous sign. Hut if in other parts, as the mucous mend)rane (if tin' respiratory organs, it is more alarming, and may produce death very suddenly, by interfering with respiration. And, alth(mgh this is (ue of the recognized signs of inflanmation, it will occur from other causes, as the peculiar swelling of purpura, which is not due to extravasation of blood, and not to inllammation. We find it al,«o in tubercular swellings, and rupture of Mie capillaries. /'(im is another sign. This varies much in dille/ent structures; in some being most excruciating —in laminitis, for exaiuple. Here we have an extremely vascular and sensitive structure, and the tissues beina covered with a hard, resisting hoof, makes it more painful. In inflammation of articulations it is the same— a slight puncture in the region of (.r in the joint, from the action of the air and escape oi synovia. The same is found in rlieumatism. Atliough pain is often the s'gn of the inflammation, you may h. "e inflammation go on to a consideralile extent without any great di/ree of (lain being manifested. We see this in horses and cattle, and I believe in man, :a^'s«*as^"iswei«i^ST i£^^K^-^ lTMKNT ok rv(»u8 system. It we irri- •tive congestion. It may ion. Itis (lifru'ult to say )t, especially in tiie lungs. If signs arc luftt, pain, red- go on to a great extent, , witliont all these taking 1 recognized for hundreds en, is lis, as the skin is covereii Mint of blood sent to the according to the causes. Miueousmend>rane is very s seen, especially if in a s are of a liorid cidor, and ;angrene may lake place parts The' the changes heing uiuler- liroken up in any way, an , and this produces heat. 1 ahove the natural teni- nation id the hock joint, lid suppose there was an ueh as von would think. 104°, so' it varies from 98" mi tlu' heart, as the natu- legrees helow that of the n the hock and foot. The la than in enteritis, so it is ee. into the tissues ; first, en- liy exudation through the le tissues swelling is a very ) a great extent, and, no any cases it must not he ■in; in lymphangitis it is ther parts, as the mucous more alarming, and may ig with respiration. And, s of inllanmation, it will felling of purpura, which lot to inllamiiiation. We [itiire of Mie capillaries, in dide/ent structures; in tis, for exaiuple. Here we structure, and the tissues iiakes it more painful. In e — a slight puncture in the on of the air aii;an, as the n injuries to the f;roin or illammation, or danger of )n is sometimes desirable, membranes. death of ii part, an ' -en- 1 are thrown off' in large i. Some will heal readily, rs will not heal. Ulccra- lammatory action. VVhen tlie general powers of the ly to take place, the state rt, either in its entirety or roceed from dirtet injury inalion. When it involves eat'-s great constitutional ilse becomes weak and in- ion of the bowels may be t affects bi.t a small part, nee. Even a small |>art of c for some time. If apart y to the tissues surround- ) an irritation in the sur- e surrounding tissues are removed from the body. ,ting the slougliing process, ms. Tha' whicli runs its course t.uickly is called acute, and it may run on and j.rovc latal as soon as twcntv-fonr hours. The may rema.n m .nueh the sanu' state for some time. Then there are local and specihc. Lo- cal inffa.nn.atory action in the fed, as laminms, or .n laminat.on o the hock j,.inl, and from punctures. Specilic inffammati.m c.mtains a poison or virus. There are also other tern.s, as sthenu' and ';,«th«-'>e Sthenic .Means strength; asthenic, want <;t stnnglb. 1 he ''.'«''■' only occ, r in a., aoin.al in healthy .•ondition; -n Mu;h an »"•>"»»« is working from dav to day, the various organs acting in a healthy mimner, etc. The a;thenic n-ny he gcerated in an annual in vigorous '"%nm'of Infiammnlinn. Hither in local or dittus.' there is generally ,n..reor ess lever, «hich is well marked in many cases. 1 he puis.- in- creased, and there i.^ fever before we have the we 1 n.arked symp o.ns of inllanimation. In pleuro-pnemnonia, m cattle espeeiallv, a tlur- .nometer is of great use, as the in.Tease ol {^''V.-'-^'''''-^;'''" ' V'; [!:;■ ce time before the otbe,- symptoms. In diseases ol the respi. a- tory organs, there is generally irritabilily, or the pr.tient is irritable, (\r "- l"f ^■,'"%7'«:,-,«; " eral beats, and after standing some time it will again tall. 1 l.uc tlu finger transverselv across the artery, and you should have some i, ca of the natural pulsation. It varies in diffi-rent animals ; slower in heav- ier horses, .|uicker in highly nervous animals. It may vary hve or ten beats peV "'i""*^'. «"'l l"'^' '."".'""l =*"" '•\'" ' v !? «t Ifike run. from 2.5 to 40. In catt'e it is some quicker. >;;'l /l'^, '.,''; . the puise in he ilthy animals and becom.' tamiliar with it lieu .i various kinds of pulsations, as the results ,.f ^^'■■»="n 'l~;, J^' quick, slow, large, hard, .oft, requent =''''' '"''•^"'l"7;.,f''^«'j°^fj full Dulse mav he present, and consistent with good bea th , exercise will change the pulse to considerable extent But it the amma is sufllering from disease, and then the pulse is of a wiry character, it is •4 CAIISKX, SYMITOMS ANU TKKATMKNT OF fhuractfristie ..f the Mn-n\c type of inlluiinuation. Su^^nm- an ani- ilht been Bf,n.Hn« in .i.e stable, an.l > atlaekea wUb ympbun- iritiH the pulse in of a full, boiimlmji;, wiry ebanieter. A wiry and Vhremly pulse is eharaeteristie of inlla.nu.alion ot serous membranes, DU.cturil..f the feet, inlla.n.nation of the ..ints, ete. ll.e weak, .mul pu'siisin.licativeof .lel.ility, showing inllam.uat..,n ot an as- thc" ie ty P^. It n.uv oeeur in inlluen.a an.l eatarrh. The opprrssen, then t s in.lieative ..1 this disease. Ihe inte - niuS.. " « ^ vvhere tlu- animal has su.lere.l fr.„n some .lebil- ita tg . isease. as inlluen/.a, strangl. s. eatarrli, ete. Alllu.ugh . must nson.e cases be l,...ke.l upon with s.isp eion, it is not genera ly ver^ farming, but if there is a .•hange for the worse, an. this l'".l«7 '^ « unfavorable. The (luttering an.l almost impereeptible puis.- in.hcates great changes in the Bvstem. as in the latter stages of enteritis, pleu- fiTv ,lum.,nia, et,-.,-espeeially in interitis ; if a «««'• ^vl^;- the ptHse is 40 50 or 60 per minute, an.l changes, an.l runs up to 80 or 1011, ami Lome in.listinct. it is in.lieative of approaching .l.ssolut.on. These are the varieties of pulse, ami due t., the ""'".-• •".^^V.^^^J^",'!:""^';,; tion attacks the varb.us parts. The pulse vari.s Iron. 25 to \.o You may meet with a case at 125 where it may lec.ver, but higher than this will n.) doubt prove fatal. .... Oeneral Treaivicnt of InJUimmation.-Thi^ aim should be to diminish the ""ttammatorv aetion or if exudation has taken place, to further tsrerval; en.leav..r tUnd and remove the cause, for with..ut re- movirUie exciting cause, treatment woul.l be ot but little value, as rJaie of a nail ii the foot, or from any irritant being lo.lge.l in the mtisclesof thebody.orin^njunctivitis and ophthalmia Keeping r anTmal <,niet an.l keeping the inllamed part in a state of res, also materi-illy assists your treatment. Put the animal in a clean, well ventilated box, attend to the .liet, give easily .ligeste. t.,od plen- Ty of col.l water, etc. These are valuable a.ljnmns. So icit he ac tion of the bowels by injections or lirxatives, as the case .lemands. MedicM Remedies mny be either local or constitutional-constitu- tional given internally, the h.cal applied to the part aHected fhe constitutional acts upon the whole system, and also upon the parts at- fected Bloort-letling w«s at one time regarded as the great sheet-an- chor of treating inflammation. Weeding was pertormed for every- IhhiE: and for nothing. They ble.l periodically, whether sick or we 1. Tirq Sion was onfe asked a person w! was blee.ling an apparently iealtliv animal, " What did you bleed him for?" " For a shilling, .ir,» was the answer. Hut we meet with some eases where t is at- tended with benelit. as in a vigorous animal, am «''"»'' '^'''i": gcther discarded I.ul se.lative reme.lies world prove fat;d in many cases The reas.r why bloo.l-letting was resorted t.., was looking upon ?Xmmation .s .„o great a determination .,f blood to a par , ami by taking that away a cure would be ettected. hut you may bleed an • .'i^rnij w*'" '.■■'V-- ^' ■■ *»;j- - ■a»?-??r*^W5''."' 'f ' '' ' - ''"* • ■ mmmm iATMKNT OF Illation. 8tH)jii)8t' uii ani- iitlacki'd with lympluin- ,• cliiinK'tiT. A wiry ami itioii of siTouo nitiiibriini'S, lie joints, etc. The wiuk, ng iiillaininali<.ii of an as- (i catarrh. Tiic opprcBscd nllamniation of the liing»; iilty in iiidjK'llin)? lhcl>looil eristic of intlainiiialion in ps, tlif best (xanipli- of the L'culiar tlirohhiiif!; sensation, the vascular structures of A slow pulse is cliaractt>r- v-eight or thirty, you must If it is accompanied by a if this disease. The inter- is siitlered from some debil- irrh.etc. Although it must on, it iis not nenerally very worse, and this pulse, it is iiperceptible pulse, indicates er stages of enteritis, pleu- is; if a case where the pulse lid runs up to 80 or iOO, and oaching dissolution. These manner in which inflamma- " varies from 25 to 125. You y recover, but higher than aim should be to diminish has taken place, to further • the cause, for without re- ild be of hut little value, as irritant being lodgeil in the and ophthalmia. Keeping ined jiart in a state of rest. Put the animal in a clean, ive easily dige8te animal almost to death, and still not relievclhe inllammati.m. Hlood- Ttt g . V be local orW'"--'.l. The local ss..met.mes h bene,, as , "w iJn evelid in human practice. An. to do anv good t sh,. il. e dr,n n ..uii.kly and from a large vein-the "^•""' '-"•«';;„'; j; wav and the jugular vein being that usually chosen /'"^^ '" """^ riat'sloil.l be taken is hard to say, but watch the ellect and it the iiTscMler in anv way, then stop the How. Cold applications are e ,1 and •". sJ.l extensively in' local inllammatorv acli.m ami at ce in "sons of the year are nreferable to >yarm. I hev act by c-o - trac g the vessels, and, if ju.iieiouslv applie.l, are ol i.eneht. Hut ^ 2st^apply then. will, cire^ for I Relieve t,>o "V-J, -;.--"; (j nlied too long may do more harm than goo'''', « "magnesia for the cow, an.l syrup of b.wkt ...rn and P^^n "^the dog They relieve bv m..ving the bowels, and a so some A"'.-' P.^r; t\L ..ftlfe blood. They pr.T.luce irritation ami .ncreasiHl peristaltic acthms of the bowels. Ahlmugh there is great benefit fr.,m purga- Uve« in some .liseases, such aslaminitis, conslipatt.l state ot the bow- e lin some others they must be use.i with great caution, as in n- nnon the skin but we can not to the same extent; but we tan act ut on the urinary organs. The best diuretics are nuetra phia give. hypodeVmically Give cold water; it tends to .mprove ffie condi on of the bloofl, especially in pneumonia, congestion of the lungs etc Give cold water frequently. It is one of the essent al i„gred"fnts of the blood, and it is a great mistake to limit the supply. OaaeouB-The diseases of the osseous structures. These hard 8tr°ctu?es are liable to the infiammatory process, the same as the soft strucures, and, according to the character of the inttammat.on, cer- fain nTmes are applied Bone is composed of two tissues-the com- iTa^H and cancellated, covered by a vascular, white, febrous, highly Lr Jous men°brane, called the periosteum.. If i"""""™"''"" """^ thr" anal part of r bone, it is likely to involve the penosleum. and if it auacks the periosteum, it is likely to involve the bone. Ostltis-Inflammation of bone in the horse. This is generally foSd the result of either direct or indirect injury, but sometimes of a tt^ir *r ifraa-WraWf; gg ( AtsF>», sYMrroMH and thkatmbnt ok constitutional t...vU.n..y. •' "'"y ''«'»?"''' ^''''"/l^'J: r?,nrinvrHW^ I'ltiMl tiHsue Till' tii-Ht ontrl is to incniisi- tlu' ni7. ■ "t th.' h.ivors on ca Is w 1. lKr.,nu. nn.re irnpular in si.o .n.l ontluu.. »;.'!' ';',•'"',;'" Vtw .Jn the earthy salts an.l the vascular n.i-work ,n which tluT are n ane is lcssene.1. an.l the salts arc j.art ally rc.no-. c.l an.l the • taken l.v the pnuiucts of inllanini»t...n. Then there is a cancella c'l tis h an 1 it enlarges to a certain extent, an.l v»le;n . he .nllanima- .vc, in nic canccllatc.1 tissue an.l involve the e.-nipact an.l : r V the iminal layer. This .leHtr..ys the arti-.-ilar .art, I age, then the can..ellate.l tissues ,•.,>..,. in c..ntact. Nature ..mleavors to over- ' ne t is V ,hr..winK out a .lep.mit, an.l th. j..int hec.mcs one bone I lie ii llan.n.atory aeti..n r.sults lr.,ni son.e c.,nst.tu ...nal cause, it L m'rof 1 IS ..r rheunuUi.' ..slitis. wlii.h is n...re likely t.. a|.pcar in col T intlanin.ation may also have .liflcn.nt terni.nat.ons an. a m.s. U.soluti..n may he a tcrn,inati,.n ; <.r, .1 the "'"■'''V''» "O t in isk.pt lip, an ahsc.'ss may result-an.l an ahscess ..f the h.me s 1 .•ull to .I.' .Vt in our natU.nts. It there is l.ut a small am.,unt of iH it is usually r..lievc.l \.y euttinp .-i-en the parts, trephining, etc. An ini ur "mav pnKluce an abscess. The horse suilers infuslv tr..m h'l a u i. •' tlH. bone; the periosteum is very .key to iKrome Scte.er ostitis an.l ostitis frc.,iicully boiuK a»s.."««n.n.atory actum A vcrv sliKh action is suflicient, sometimes, to produce it. It may occu w lu t the horse suflering from irritation. This is sometimes simXv ami sometimes hard an.l d..nse. A comnu.n exos os s 8 sn vfn and it is analagouB to the structure of bone fi-om wli.clt Bnri^ng It i« in our patients generally the result of injury, hpl.nt is perhaps a better example of exostosis than spavin. Oaries is analagous t.) ulceration in the soft tissues-death of bone in smaU P ir icles It is decay of bone, the result of inflammatory actioi It 8 molecular death of a part. Caries U more comm.,., ,n some bones than others. In spavin, where the animal has been ame frsome tin P, the bone presents a carious condition; also in ringl-one, navicu ar d ^ease, etc. It sel.lom in such cases aflects the soft tis-sues "oanvgrea extent, and is called dry caries. The lam.nal aver under- loe "absorption and ulceration, and the articular cartilage isdestroyed, f nd is never Renewed. Inflammation is set up in the bone from some cause or other; nutrition is interfered with ; a change takes pace Jween the vascular elements, and the salts are removed to a certain Strm a d there appears a small spot upon the articular surface If ?fn^?acks other DartsVas from injury to facial bones, or in connection lwt??Karwkher8 etc..then it is somewhat different; matter is wtan ca\rnot esc'ape and it burrows down and sets up irr tation in tTe periosteum and bone, and so products caries of he bone. If there is a d scharge, and it continues for some time, it is generally etid There may l4 caries of the lower jaw, which may be caused bv the action of the bit. If the inflammatory action throws out ossific matter sufficient tq fasten two bones together, it is called fMKNT OF in the compnit or cancel- tlu' Hiw <>i till' hiiversirm 11(1 (lutliiif. imd till' union t-\vorl< in wiiicli tlu'V are iirtiiillv ri'ino'.id and tlie Tiicii tiuTv isiicinu'i'liii , and wli'ii tin' intlanima- cusf. Tlu' inllaniniation invidvf llic t'onipnct and I' articular cartilage, tlu'n S'ature cuficavors to ovcr- ( joint licconu'H one bone, in- constitutional canw, it more likely to ajipcar in liil'erent terininationw and or, if the inllaniniatory ind an aliscess of the hone lere is hut a small amount 1 the parts, trephininfi, etc. liorse ButliTs intcMsly from I is very likely to iH'conie ■ing associated ; an exuda- Dsteum and the hone, as in nation ol the periogteum. hones that stand upright, •oilucts of inllammation of t is called f/otoid, meaning • less infiammatory action. }», to produce it. It may tation. This is sometimes ,\ common exostosis is lire of bone, from which it e result of injury. Splint an spavin. soft tissues— death of bone he result of inflammatory Caries is more common in the animal has been lame jondilion; also in ringbone, cases aflects the soft tissues B. The laminal layer under- icnlar cartilage isdestroyed, t up in the bone from some ith ; a change takes place Its are removed to a certain in the articular surface. If cial bones, or in connection newhat different; matter is down and sets up irritation lucbs caries of the bone. If r some time, it is generally • jaw, which may be caused imatory action throws out J together, it is called DISKAiiES OF IWMFXrir ANIMAI.8. 87 AnohylOBlH.— This is classified under bone tiiseiwes, but it is the re- sult of long union; hut it may be due to Jihrousstruetures thrown out from the ligaments, tendons, etc. Hut if it involves the hock or pas- tern joint, then it \'* generally from ossific matter thrown out between the arlieiilaticns. If the bone becomes inthimed, causing the articu- lar cartilage to be destroyed, nature endeavors to repair this by throw- ing out ossilic matter, and the two bones U'come united, until it is sometimes diflicult to see any point of union. The changes were similar, but to a greater extent. In some cases the hone dies and irritates the surrounding tissues, which ends in suppuration, (>r a dis- iharge of matter. The matter becomes somewhat feti■ an. .•xp.m.Ml t.. any .■xcitinK vMm, tlu; .I.Hoa.r .s easily , I UM, Iv n ak.K its aprarana. upon ti;. huIc, or io... por- tion f t,. i w.r jaw. You woul.l, porl.ap., th.nk .t was a Bl.Kl.t , t mo It tirst, l.ut it .ularK..H. b.ron.cH irr.lat..! an.l .nattyr ,r u au,l .lis..l.aV,.., and it ,o.h on until U may . oHtroy j . - ir.'iaw .I.Hiroviu« tl... alv.olar cavitii's, ami allowing tl te.th to ,1 u ' i of a n.ali«nant fhara.'ter, to somu- .xtont. 'I i.m- >h no i i. uaru'lTin. of .U.n.ar.ation Lvtw..... t >■ '";';'"'>•''•>;"->''>;» f na K t i8 Hai.l to otrur more fro-puntly in vy.U-br.d .•attii-. A c n- ffi.l.l' .T.an«.- tak.H pla,.- in tlu- bon. ; it ,row«. Spu-ula are fornuMl, ami also tlusu cavituM. 'lW,'' '^ r L. for a eonsiderable length of tin.e ' /"'\"^ :;;■;', .l/^'^ 1 nse biuiixlide of mereury, iodine ointment, etc. It lias him re*'" „ l" to use the knife,'but by looking at the spee.nien presc.i , you •an see that it would he absurd to attempt n remove it II an in nil U ii U ood eon.litiou, 1 d.. not think it iutertereH with the lesh as f ml It if in poor eondition. and n.ueh diseharge of ma ter, it would ill.t he very .lesirable us food. It is likely to cause death soon- er or later. RifketB Rlohitis.-This disease may occur in all young iini- nrds U.? oUm r I i seen in dogs than in any others. 1 tlunk .is due to "die e, .7 of the lime salts of the bone, and possibly the nu- U ive , er of^he bone tissues are also impalre.l, so that it canno :™£rY,:i;y:r.:;;r;i:ri-rr"rzS hones of the leg K^-nerallv bend outwards ; they do .ot '^cture mil led In the dcfg the b.mes ben.l both ways, a.ul the bowels are .nore or less affected ; ^the head may be enlarged to a great exten . T>-eat,nen>.-Ex.nuue the case carefully, -^ .f you2h...k he digestive organs are out of order, it is in some cases advisable to give LTMINT OF ifE. mnulory disfiiso of hoiu-, 1(1 I iH'Ikvi' il HomctiiiuH if mull lU'iwi'. It in K*i>- (if a Horofuloiis or IuIht- lioiii', if i-.tmnintil, will l"' itH. It usually u( I iiikH the w ; l)Ul MDiiK'liini n iitlucks mils, having this m-rofu- •ausc, till' ilisoasc is oasily 11)11 tin- siiU', or h vM'i |ior- ips, think it was ii slin'it IK'S irrilatitl, and matter lil it may dostroy tho t'H- iiul allowin){ the ti'ith to some t'Xti'nt. TluTo is no he liiallhy iind unhealthy n WfU-lirt'd cattlo. A con- ; it >,'rows. Sj)i»iila ari' . If von meet with n tu- forwaV.I and inward, and y sta^'f of ostco sari'iiiiiii. iuMiing thf condition ol the Or, it may remain al)out If vou attempt to treat it, , etc. U hiiH lieen recom- [ the speeiinen i)resent, you to remove it If an ani- interferes with the llesh as eh diseharge of matter, it 1 likely to cause death soon- iiy oceur in all young ani- 1 any others. I think it is ,. hone, and possiMy the nu- impirtred, so that it cannot n. It generally appears at in a weak, sickly animal, es- 1 it may he produced hy a Ik is withheld, the animal or the tissues and the build- u a horse doing too much o a certain extent, and may jy result from anything that if ot the scrofulous diathesis. : hones do not contain the id readily. In the horse the ! ; they do not fracture, but ays, and the bowels are more ed to a great extent, llv, and if you think the some cases advisable to give DI.MKAKHS UK POMr'MTIC ANIM W>- W a slight hixalive, as linseed or castor oil, and attend to the mailer and sie Ihal vour patient KclH a ifKular and proper supply nl kfo.id milk, or voiir Irealmeiil will be of little use. Il ihe mother m in iiooreoniiition or is overworked, see ihat the opposile tak. plav. I'se alkaline sails in very Ninhll doses, and you may give a dose of sulphate of iron to build up the system. The great secret is to give phiily of milk, as il has all the iiigredieiils needed; or you may U8- sist the slrennlheiiing of the limbs with a starch baiida^'e or a porous bandage (a preparation for broken limbs, .Ic. I- anytlimg that -vill tend to straighten the leg. K -ei. either in a eomforlable box or in a small piistiire, and do not allow it to run arouml loo iiiiieh. Oatmeal porridge Isexe.lleiil for this ill tloK^ aiiil man. I'.oiie lilings are reeoin- inellded, or giv' the doi; ii bone to gnaw— il is exielleiil for dogs. Vaii\ liver oil is of benefit in dogs. Fragilltaa Oasium is a fragile eondition of the bones. It is seen as an iiniiinil adv.ilieis in lift'. .\s an animal Ik comes older, the bone loses Ih" animal, or organic mailer, to a certain extent, iiiid has too niiK'h earthv or iiiorganie salts lint this may occur in an earlier pe- riod of life.' Wher« a I'iillv matter is devi lopeil, instead of a cartil- aginous basis, or there is fiit'lv degeneration in aiieliylosis oi the ver- tebra, this condition is present. .Xfter performing neurotomy in navicular disease, fraclure may occur from this condition, the animal using the liml' more after ihe'operation, as there is no pain. Hut it mav come from sonielhing that iiilerferes with the proper nutrition of the" bone, sometimes associated with the vertebral column, and is calleil softening of the vertebra If an animal is iitlccled with spavin, and is stiir ill the back, there is, perhaps, anchylosis, due to ihis condilion of the sysl.iii, and in such cases il is not best to cast an animal, for vol! inav frai'liire tlu' vertebra. I bad one cast' of this kind, fhe animal is iinlhriftv, tucked up in the lielly, etc. If you ineet with a. horse, sav twelve vears (dd, with a still' back and a spavin, tucked up in the belly, as if "in extreme pain from systematic atfection, nothing can be done for it. MoUities OsBium is just the opposite, and is present in rickets to a certain extent, but a change takes jilace did'eriug from rickets in certain cases. Bnchondroma a cartilaginous growth upon a bone, or more frc- (luently met with on the ribs and sternum. It may gain a great size and the animal De in good condition. It may occur in the stifle joint, the result of some irritation ; but it generally comes from sonic consti- tutional disliirhance. It may occur in the hands and lingers to such an extent that the person can hardly raise the hand. More likely to (le- cur in cattle. .Judicious counter-irritation may remove these deposits to a considerable extent. These tumors are composed of the elements of cartilage— cartilaginous cells. There is seldom any ulceration, and it does not seem to aH'eet the animal to any great ixteiit. It pos- sibly involves the bones of the head, but more likely the ribs and sternum. FKACTUKE. Fracture is a solution of continuity of bone, and it is common in all domestic sMiimals. There are several varieties of fracture, called simple, compound, comminuted and complicated. 90 CAl'SW, WVMITOMH ANI. TIIKATMKNT oV iiiiiM'li h iinii Nkiii ■ i,H iiml |M rliii|iH |iiiHH a\y 1 in- SVmi)/.' iH tliiil ill «lii''li « '»•"•• '" I'l-"!*'". »" ' '•' n.pl mii'li injiiivl, iiii'l it tli.- m-.it .Uin.Mr. Cuiinxwml, ill wiiiili l»i«' '><"••••' ••""■•■ '',"' """' tl.r.MiKli 111'- ''ll, in wl.irl. tlir U„u' IH l-rckfl. un.l sln.ltwv.l, _ 0.m,./.raM, ill wl.ii'ii »•« im|"..lin.l v. ...I or ui. n-M. .....Hon is m- '"a:!;,.. in„.Ki.u. tlnu llH. I.O.U. of .!.;■ l.-rM^^will no. ,., i. ; .h ...... 'k; ,V> kl li' «>v.t .lim..Ml.v iMiiiK ill k.v,„n« II... ,HM..ul.r'H»,;.m „s to !.■ of V..IU... lu.lu.lMMU.nlM.M.K.Iu- milMH .v., Ki,l,.niMv alt.r.Ml in oMi.lition ll .a>:i woiili .mv .r in i. w 1 1 1. ■.iat. l.iH v,.ln.. to . «r..i > xl.nt. iMM.tur... ...•.nr ,.y ■ k . avl ..n,l n.....iv.. varion. nif.n.H, iuror.hnu' loin, vvnv ,n « I irh ;•; .;.o....u.s tn.nM-rH,.,ol,liMi..' ...n.i lonu.tn.l.nal ami . o Hlmi,' how .a.ilv tluv «ili o.rnr in ..; .'amH ; an,l i. oti or "as n a.'iinal inav -mvuv a K>val injnrv ,..y Ira.^lnr- -m. o.r r Tl . ■ ".ur fio.M .■xi.ruHl vioKn.v. ..,..rati.,, ,1,.. n y n|H,n ll,.. .u, >,« t'lllinu mvivinj? a kirk, cf., or hy rxKroa vmI. n-v ,.( sn-Yi tra ''.nlli.i.n. to hnak'tlu- l.on.. r.-vivin, ' - nunry hnt l.r-ak. in "on... otlur ..art. Thin HonuliinrH .urn.s in iIm tot,;, oot-.s^ ( i .1 a'l Z la s LVk atul str.k.H tlu /,/..»! l-on.. i. .1.- n- /n... nrc n,' o,.,.i|.i'.l l.ut tl... I.asilar |.ro..s«. \ fra.tur. ,nay ... m In n n- . ns : n.us..nlar ..x..rii.u,. Thin mouu ■.,„.« .,.. ;.rs in o,, '";:';.'«',; .V r ,■ 'r.fiil tlu'V ar.. .KM-fonncl This .s n>..r.. Iik.ly to ...v.. in yoi if,' „n na . lal;in« thJ nnion iK.tw.vn .l,...iia,;l,ysis an.l 'T'I-'-.v-^ih- - • Ti nl.tw...n tin. ,...ints of oH^ii'.ati.m !• rac niv "'".\ '"""." CO. . ssi...i. Without any w.i«l.t n,..,n th.. Lark. th. »•'';;;'; '''f- kroin.s HU.hl.nly lanu-, an.l an ..xan..iial..m n veals Ira.'tnrc ot the ossutlVaKiii's iir oBSU-iniKJininata. Grncml S,m,,,omH.-r.vm-vMy oasily .Ut.rte.l. Tl,.. hoius ni.y j.asH cac . £r aniuoshow it. Tin- part inay ''-' '"''-''''"• ;:'••,.',;;,"'•, cnH.s vonniav hav.- to .lotfcl hy .r. intation, an. >"".■"">'"' , nurtH wl .ir v..n will hav. great .imi..nliy in ,1. t..,iin« it, tor K.'Ut ^wellini nlav-tak. placo, a.ul then y.m can not li..ar any .repitati..., (Inieral '/■m./mni/.- Tlu-re are certain t;en..ral an.l eertain specia rn .s li cahle t., ..nr caseH. A con.p..i.n,l fra..tnre ...n lu, he tre .'.1 w h.nv.loLrre..of success in the hon,.., .■sp.eially those ot the lihia, h.nen.r parts sh..uhl he l.ron^'l.t into proper pos.tion as o a :. Lsihle - h„ lever, in a simple fra.tiMv they are not separa ej ? T.i Kr"..t extenl-and kec.p them in p.,silion .y some ..leans h » .stare or plaster of paris han.lage, an.l useslings. A starch han ige i t factory ..otton starche.l an.l applie.ann.n. the par s se nice light splints, leather or anything of that sort. HiU il yo" se me clle s<..ne appliance y.u will .lo .nore harn. than g..«a. Tier" is « new kin.l of spH-'t "B'"' '" human pract,ce--a knui ,.f por- oi^^slel It looks very nice a.ul light, an.l hy immersi. g it in ho Tt it heclLs perfectly pliable, and will take the periec s l.a^e il.P i.arf then applv colli water an.l it hecomes solid. It is astoiisii 5 ow Von, onMiil take place in some cases, oven ^^'t''''''^ ""^ ''| « behie done. I saw a ease where pretty goo.l recovery ha.l taken plact after facture of the femur, without any treatment. Reunion takes p ace .nore quickly in young animals. In some cases, although ev- il I !.r.\i!Mh-- ■ =?*'^- ■■U'tfCK^f*-'. ir^As a: -.isHT-^vT-!-- .--'Ji'V'-^stSS'fet^as^^ii:*?. Ik- \TMKNt liK III! I llif miiMlih iinil »kiii lllllH-'lH mill |irlllll|iH |IIIHH tiiri'. 111(1 xliiilli'ri'll. iir im ii'ii>l iiriMir. 'ii« villi illy ii|ii-i tiol friiclure nctmc may fi ii I'n in in- (i<( ni-s in oi. r^^iioHH, Iniw- ,r.' liktly itiiw.'iir inyoiiii|.' M|iliysis anil i|iii)liysi8--llii' • l-'racliii'f may tici'iir Irmn ,' liai'k. till- animal falters, Inn n vfalH Iractun' ui the icti'tl. Tin' liiincN m;iy pasH ly losi' moliiin, r**^.^ 7 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) S ft t — i'.i ■" Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques DISEASra OF DOMKaTIC ANIMAIX. 91 trvthiiig is (lone properly, reunion will not take place. We also find fiiise joints by the prodiiciion of tihro-cartilagi'. The Periodof Union, and the manner in which bones unite, depends upon the structure of the bones and the manner in which they are kept together. There is eftusion of blood around the Iractured ends, and between the periesteum and tlie bone, and, by and by, this extra- vasation becomes absorbed and reparative matiria! is deposited l)e- tween the fractured emis. This is called callus. At tirst there is an eHiision from the vessels of the bone and i)eriosteu!n. This be?onies converted into bone— at lirst spongy, but it Rra.lually becomes iirnier and firmer, ami leaves but little mark, and it usually goes on ui this manner. If the bones are properly placed, and the animal kept ilie iiinial from moving the head 11(1 not allow him lo lie down ndaging is of little use. You lal was not attended to, and is necrosis of the parts ; they there is a discharge— perhaps There is some cause, some ece of bone is the cause of the particle of bone. Sonietimea 11 a I may live for some time. lie spine or nerves sometimes •ast, and if you attempt to wu. bra. — Caries and anchylosis lost common in aged horses, and old military horses, from in young horses, and it may id if you have to cast an aged , somewhat stiff in his move- d. There may be anchylosis IS processes. It is not easily inimal with a peculiar motion thing the matter with the feet e anchylosis. Nothing can be cesses may be fractured. The animals, some being high, and ve good wither!*, but they niay nry is usually produced in a saddle ; sometimes by a cart ', especially if the horse has , and produce fistula of the harge, characteristic of caries, lut a small portion of the bone >r touch With hydrochloric or )u is affected, you may use the [)f it, or even use the bone saw. le extent of the injury. Frac- the withers, but rot often, and ng violently, or from external DI.SEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMATE). »3 injury. If the animal is kept (juiet, reunion takes place quickly ; but if allowed to run, or compelled to work, a large abscess may form and caries takes place. Remove the detatched parts. It is not very com- mon, but may occur. There may be fracture of the bodies of the dorsal vertebra. This is known as broken-back. It generally occurs from severe injury, if from about the middle forward; but if from about the middle of the region backward, from muscular contraction. If fracture of the dorsal vertebra occurs pretty well forward, you will have paralysis of both hind and fore extremities; but if further back, paralysis of the hind extremities only. You may p08sil)lc see some motion in the tail, after there is comjilete paralysis of the other parts. Fracture well back may occur in differ- ent ways— from getting the hind legs in the mud and trying to get out; from running away and running against some obstacle; or from being thrown for an operation— from the fall, or from struggling while on the ground. Symptoms vary. There is either partial or complete paralysis. There are cases where there is slight paralysis and the animal re- covers, if it is a fracture without displacement. There is a kind of a straddling action of the hind quarters, difficulty in getting up when down. Keep the animal very tiuiet, and use slings — although some would object to the use of slings— I would reconmiend them, but not unless the animal is able to bear a part of his weight, for if he would throw his entire weight on the slings it might cause separation of the parts. If the case is severe, you are told that the animal has received some injury ; he can perhaps get up on the fore legs, but not on the hind ones; there is paralysis. You move the hind leg, there is no resistance; prick him with a pin, there is no sensation. It is Ix'st to recommend the destruction of the animal. In some cases there will be great pain, in others but little. Injuries to the Lumbar Vertebra.— Anchylosis is very common, both in the Iransvers processes and bodies, and it may be due to an ossific diathesis. Fracture occurs in the same maniicr and presents the same symptoms as in the dorsal region. If fracture occurs to the transverse processes, and the animal is kept (juiet, re- union tal.es place quickly, but a slight motion may prevent this, and produce a fistula, and if you explore the sinus you will find a de- tached portion of bone. Fractures of the Sacrum. — Most likely to occur in the transverse processes, where they arc in connection with the sacrum, and usually from some severe injury, violent exertion, or from falling violently. Shfinptovis are not very clear in all cases. If the fracture is but slight he may go tolerably well, but if severe there is great t keep him quiet and allow nature to eflect a cure. (Y^ou can take the credit for it if you like). He may always be slightly down in the hip, but may be able t" do hard or even fast work. If there are constitutional symptoms, use constitutional treat- ment, fomentations, laxatives, febrifuges, etc. The superior spines of the sacrum may be fractured ; it usually occurs from some heavy body falling upon the parts. It is more likely to be met with in (•AIIHKS, SVMITOMS AND TKKATMENT OK 94 heavy cirt hom-s, fn.n. the c.rl falling ''l•»^.^^''''"' "[^ '"/"/'"irfrnf- ir';ic^':?^i :S m; :2f "" r r^!;E Tiw.ro U anine fnise tor it. Cut (lowii uml remove the par 8. i ub im Si^^iiinr^^meiiu lo ....,««. it -y ir^--,xr'.,ixir!o Tlu. niiterior am siiperKir spines ot the pelvii Doms im ii«"i laetX, '."ually fro", the a.fin.al n.-ning in ecnta.'t w.th sonu- har.l body, as running throURh a isoiTTtn T»nnBR — Frrcture of the anterio-su- Kenerallv advisal.le to .le«troy .he annual. I K' "^"^allv akt np n.> ^nin.l from the amount ..f eon^titut.onal .l.stnrbance. The Iremment is to keep the animal .juiet, ami plaee in »'%'«• /^ «"" get well h!^ fron. si.x to ten weeks. He will b. down .n the h.p. The Posterior Iliac spine is also liable to fraeture, and the treatment is the same. Fracture of the Shaft of the Ilium is pretty t'"n'n'«». «";' " siSS'ure of it usually occurs fron. slipping, but may occur iron, falliuK or from severe muscular contraction. rilThmT n,' £.. „V J,W.r 1' yo.. mo., .be. Im.b, .".l in T ;atment ok (Oil them, or in railroading It ni«y ocrur from riiii- piirieH or "nefr(mi», generally become detnclied. If yon in, etc., then smnses form. remove the parts. This in come nec.osed deej) down, pelvic bones are liable to in contact with some hard Friictnre of the anterio-sU' from falling violently nijon doorwav, or from runninj; linst a slump. It docs not erfere much with the horse's re is great ditticnlly in get- , tibro-cartilagino is deposit ilsc joint. It may be neces- le, and is the only method ol Tain their natural condition al will be down in the hip, the animal. It is necessary indness. The ilium may be usually occurs from slipping noseil." Owing to the weight There will be well marketl ittered, and there is constitu- inning up to one hinulred or od vessels injured, etc. It is il. I g. nerally make up my ilisturbaiice. The and place in slings. It will ill b^ down in the hip. so liable to fracture, and the turn is pretty common, and a 1 .slipping, but may occur from tion. th the parts it is easily diag- he limb forward, but it is as- lonie cases, but will not do so and you are told that an ani- le, you move the limb, and in r vou may examine /mt rectum, > bones held in their places by fi be favorable if irt a young, reunion does not take place so rigs. Although he can stand 1 y. If the muscles are swollen, sr, to keep the parts in a fixed treatment. Give a slight lax- 1 animal may be able to do fast lutes after snch a fracture. niHEASE8 OF DOMESTIf ANIMAlil. 05 Fracture of the Acetabulum. — This is a very serious lesion, and sometimes t'ere is dislocation of the hi)> joint, in connection with such a fracture. This fracture may be produced in the same way — from slipping — ^more likfly from slipping and coming in contact with the ground. The animal can not mark the limb at all in most cases. There is severe constitutional disturbance, (|uick pulse and great pain. It is advisable to examine /)f/' rerliim, and if you find it is fractured in difi'erent places, it is advisable to destroy the animal. Hut there may be exceptional cases, as in a brood mare or stallion; but if it is a complicated fracture, it is likely to set up inflammation, caries, ex- ostosis, etc. Fracture of the Pubes and Ischium is common. It occurs in the same way, as slipping, or sapping and fulling, but, in three cases out of four, just from slipping, an diagnose; there is difliculty in extending both limbs, but perhaps more in one than the other. He endeavors to keej) the limbs out. There is generally no crepitation If an animal ads in this way, and you know it has slipped, examine per rectum. Press gently upon the bladder until it is emptied of its contents, and you can feel it. Keep the animal quiet, and a bandage around the limbs to keep them to- gether. It may do good. The Tuberosity of the Ischium is fractured. It generally occurs from slipping upon the haunches, or rearing and falling upon the haunches, coming in contact with some obstacle, etc.; rarely, if ever, from muscular contraction. If but a small portion is detached, reunion is apt to be of a cartilaginous deposit, or necrosis. It is nec- essary to cut in and remove the part, but it is more difficult in this than in some other parts. But unless this is done nothing can be done. Down in the hip is the result of these injuries. Fore Extremities. — The cartilage of prolongation occasionally becomes diseased in fistulous withers. It gives rise to irritation, sinuses, caries, etc. Remove the diseased portion and scrape with a spoon. The scapula is liable to fracture in any part of it. This occurs from violent injury, but it is possible for it to come from violent muscular exertion. The symptoms vary according to the part injured; easily detected, especially if seen soon after the acci- dent. He cannot move the limb; perhaps goes on three legs, and there is crepitation. If swelling takes place, as it is apt to do, then there will be some difficulty in diagnosing. Crepitation is always conclusive evidence of a fracture. If the swelling is but slight, there may be crepitation. It is not often necessary to have recourse to 06 t'AlIH»>, HYMl'TOMS AND TIIKATMBNT OF CnLll'lir joint is li"''!^' t" -"•'- ""'' ex.«to».«, somel.nu.H fr...n oiH-n joint, or sivi-re strauiH, etc. tion in most ciun's. The Olecranon, or point of the ell.ow is liable to fnu'ture; it „.„T.^.c.?r in vaHons'wa^, nsnally fron. .lipping «"< -'"''"^.J';-^,; '""i. "; , , I ft |i,,, ,,,iB,> id luit severe it is niiiieuii lo ,„C»,i . >I":,"'""V;I„„ ';',„" "tw j^m ...»y be ...mrlcul. E'lhul n' "" 1" S,":,, Iter,! i. cn.kkr.W. ...ir.ng. ^i s;S'S.r „:-::i:a: rrx^ ';«;:; D?o uce in the ways'^I have mentioned, an.l if eompoun.l or comm.n- ntP U 8 be ter to destroy the animal, but if simple it may he might move arouiiu you have any suspicion of fracture, ftrp^t\Sa,StTabou{ ten days, a'fter which there is no great danger, as a general thuiK. Knee-Jolnt is occasionally fractured ; may be f^om falling upon thf^ouml but it is rare that it occurs in this way. It is generaUy K conciissL from galloping "P«" ""^Y«" in'TniL aC upon a cobble stone, etc., or from carelessness 'n,.*"'"'"^,* ■]."!! nnt to run after having been stabled for some time. Ihe knee te, S. ."».l mijht do mm. .ork 11 Ibe jolo. .. .nchylo»d. rBEATMKNT OK 1)IHEA.u» <>' "" l)le lo 1)0 l'ollnW"(i liy mrroHis. w\ oxostosis, Homotinu'8 from isioiinllv occurs, from violent either sinU'lo or coiiipouiul. ml it Miiiy 1)0 treated, l)Ut if it The animal cannot oxteml • if obrKHio one part of the t swelling. There is crepita- ■Ihow is liable to fracture; it m slipping and coming in con- 1 not severe it is diflicult to The joint may be completely the bone. Wo judge from the 'hi upon Ihe limb; stands with riiero is considerable swelling, r knee against the knee of the e straighten the aflTecled limb, )08ite limb, and if it is fracture 9 not attended with any degree ilely reunion may take place, tosis in the elbow joint, from matter burrows down, causing liable to fracture; this may be d, and if compound or coramin- wal, but if simple it may be letter; place in slings. A trac- ed. If a horse has received a 8, he sufTers much pain ; cannot le chances are ten lo one that 8 not displaced. The animal ie down, and in getting up dis- ave any suspicion of fracture, days, after which there is no ured ; may be from falling upon ;ur8 in this way. It is generally pen uneven ground ; stepping carelessness in turning a horse jled for some time. The knee o pieces. The animal cannot ghtly flexed, and after a while such a case destroy the animal; it is not 80 easily detected. If s pain. It may be treated with er of paris bandage, splinto and are fractured, there is likely to )t attended with much success; k if the joint is anchylosed. Humerus frai-turo of the t'Xternal tuberosity, of froui receiving II kick, or from falling. If a small portion is detaclioil, remove it. Metacarpal is usually fractured from direct injury, or from iciiuiission. It is generally easily diagnosed. If it is compound, it cannot lie treated; but if" simple, it may l)e treated with miccess. Koi'p lo irritation ; but reunion will H;oiierully lake |)lace, if the animal is kept quiet. There is no necessilv for putting in slinks. It may be caused ity striking with the hind fool. Tiie aniinal is extremely lame ; in some rases you inav detect crepitation. There is a tendency to a bony deposit in such cases, and if it attains any great size, you may apply a blister, but not :is treatment for the fracture. Sesamoid bones act as levers, and are ■sometimes fractured, transversely. It usually occurs from muscular (•ontructi4)n,and is most likely to occur in race or 8teei)le-cha8e horses. In cases of transverse fracture, the limb decends very iiiiuh, similar to break-down. It might bo necessary to treat in a mare or stallion. • iet the parts in position as well as voii can, keep quiet, etc., and be careful in applying a starch bandage, tor great swelling wil' take place, ami may produce gangrene. A fracture here may occui- williout dis- placement, when reunion will take place. There is iiocrosis of the sesamoid bones, from injuring or cutting the tendons. It is very dif- ficult to treat, as there is great swelling, and sinuses are formed. Os-Suffraginis is frequently fractured. It may occur from direct injury, but not so likely as in other bones. It is usuallv from concussion. It may be produced in" a horse just trotting or cantering along. It mav bo treated with success, if simple; but if compound or comniiniited, it is iK'st to destroy the animal. You may have diHiculty in diagnos- ing. There will be extreme lameness, but slight swelling and crepita- tion, but in some cases vou cannot detect crepitation, Keep (|uiet and remove the shoe ; bamfage with a starch or plaster of paris bandage ; apply carefully, and then perhaps a splint on both sides ni the bone keeps it froni turning to the sides; but if it extends down in an obli(iiie direction, into the articulation, it is likely to produce anchy- losis and ringbone; but this does not seriously interfere with the action or work. Osoorona is rarely fractured, but fracture may be produced in the same way as those'given, and may bo tre;ited in the same way. Ospedis. — Any part of this m;iy be fractured ,'ii(l it is possible lor reunion to take place. The superior process is ■ . i (iinos fractured, especially if the horse has side bones. It is diftici.i: i diagnose, and you must judge from the manner in which the a>> ideiit occurred. Keep quiet. There is extreme lameness and great pain. He can not mark the limb. This might occur from a nail passing through a por- tion of the bone. If so, it is likely to be followed by intense inflam- mation, and, perhaps, gangrene, tt is frequently an act of mercy to destroy the animal. Navicular bone may be fractured, and it is difliciilt to diagnose. However, you might surmise it from the extreme ami continued lame- ness. There is a tendency to an osseous exudation and ringbone. It is most likely to occur in an animal that has navicular disease, and after neurotomy has been performed, as he will not be careful in using j)H CAIHEH, HYMITOMM ASI> TKKATMKNT «IF n ..xu'nl an.l »h Hut.' in i... B.iw.iUon it ih .li li.ull to lit.. I ho or r»iini.m may laki' plHco, Femur -Anv ,M,rli..i. -f it is lial.lv t.. fra.^tur.. the luxly hvw^ ii rare that thi^ lu.k is fractun.l, in .•..in,.ariH„n w.tli ih.^ ImmIn 7'm.0m7.^ is n..t HU.irKslnl, Imt th.r. may la; ...x.rlit..ma .•asoH. Thorl isKivat inlli.iumalion. It in gnuTally v_m^\y '''"«""""'•, ,.V,f. li h iH Z rt-.n.U.I. lU .'an not thn.w any Wiinht ui"'n .t ; an. thiu" l;;a^"!.r:.pitation, l.ut th.- HW..lii..K tnuy W «-. extcnntv.. that .t .an not h.' hi'ar.l. Trochanter MaJor.-ThiH may I..' Ira.lnri'.l usually lr..m ilu. anhual tSiTupon Uu. haun.h. Tlur.. i« .lifli;.. .y in -novinK lu- S Inllll.. mav throw s..n.c wi^'ht u,..m U. U .s t..n..wt..l hy .x- tt'n»iVc HWi-llimr: It may l-c treatcl with suc.rsB. The External TuberOBity may he frmturtd '>';'•' "'|'^:j!';"' »ot usuallv l.ut is ratlur .■..mmon where .'arts are nse.l, Irom falll.K V r 1 (^art shafts. The anin.al is externally '»'!--:-;" ™;J u ve llK" li.nl. at all. M«ni,.ulati.,n ot the parts ;v.l l-l t.et e . . k „e«H Keuni.m n.av tak.' i-la.'e, and there n.ay he neereMs, a. in fr.ic tiire ..f anv ..I' the small tuher.)8itK'S. Condyle. Fraetuie.l, an.l extemU rifjl.t into the artieulali'.v. Not treated with sueeess. Patella -It •» occasi..nally fraeture.l- i.<.s8il.ly from Hevere .uSar eontraeli..n, hut most likely fr.,m .lireet ."jury may he ' ther transvtrse ..r 1. iiKitu.linal. II the parts are separated there is b lit le .'ha. .■' ..f re.overv; it is very .liilicult in the human pa lent, auliHW..r e theh..rs... 'The only ehan.e is f..r nature to throw o H '.rrie 1 "r« t. an.1 thin pr.aluees anehylosis ;. hut it there ib ..o ZUa3ent t mav he treal'.l «u,eesHfiillj-. It is .liHi^ult t.. .I.a^- Z V. . k. ow that an animal has reeelve. an injury, an.l there s extreme pain, hut .... great amount of swelling; y..u may suspeet fracture. Tibia is fraetiired in a maj..rity of cases from direet injury. The anuro tx er a fa.e is not nuuh eovere.l with museles, an.l is hah e to fracture fn.m a kick. If the hones are .lisplaml, even in a sun . e traeture it cannot he trea.e.l with much success in ..Id animals, but U is. Itm^^^ ^' i« very important as 1 statt.li reSrd t" he radiut, to watch closely any injury to this hone, tor . mS^K- fracture.1 and not .lisplace.l for several .lavs. Tlu; p.r.osteum r"L verv strong tends to hold the parts in p..8it.on. 1 he animal tam'ls ;rth the fimb .lexe.l ; pressure upon '''S.,P'- f. P^^llf^f PJ' 'o If there is n.. .lisplacement it may he treate.l lie the animal up so he cannot lie down, and it is best to place in slings, for if it is an rniuytti is the proper treatment anyway. I had a ease under reatme t; he owner came and took him, and drove hi. n some dis- tance to tie wagon, and the hones separate.!. Plac.ng in s ings is uauallv 8. fticient, but some recommend the use of splints and baml- aee Vis also ecommendcd to use a tar cord : wrap it around he rfr^b from the foot up over part injured. t must he watched, and if swelling takes place, do not allow it to produce .gangrene. IKATMKNT "K • nutrition of ii pmt I" iu'»t- it in (iitliiull to ili'tccl thi' »ii|HHiriilion nix the rcHiilts, DiKKit^KM or noMKaxit' animau. 99 to Irnctiirt', ilie limly Itfinn x( Tlion 01 liircit injury. It imriMoii witli llii' lioily. nmy In' cxiriitioniii ciitteH. •iiliyonHiiy diiiKnosfti. The nv wiiniitupon it; and tiiiTi' y' lie HO extiMwivc tliiit it cnn ■ friutnri'd, nsuiilly from tlio is diHiniily in moving tlu- ion it. Il In followtd liy fX- I SlICCl'BS. le fraclurcd from a kick, l>ut • carts ari' nwd, from fallinn ulcrnaiiy lanR--ran sciircily till' parts will ditcit lendor- ri- may hv necrosis, as in frac- riKtit into tiic articulal''"'. iircd ; possiiiiy from Hcvcre roni direct injury. It may l)o \o parts ar»' separated tliere is diilicult in tlie human patient, •hance is for nature to throw neliylosis; Imt if there is no iilly. It iH (liHieult to dia^'- H-eived an injury, and there is swelling; you may suspect asi'S from direct injurj^. The ed with muscles, and is liable re displaced, even in a simiile 1 success in old animals, but it erv important, as I stated in imv injury to this hone, for it several days. The periosteuni rts in position. The animal upon the parts produces pain, reatcd. Tie the animal up so )hu!e in slings, for if it is an myway. I had a case under t him," and drove him some dis- l)arate(l. Placing in slings is 1 the use of splints and band- a tar cord : wrap it around the d. It must be watched, and if I produce gangrene. Fibula.— This may Ik- fractured from falling, or from a kick. It is difliiiilt to detect ; V'ou must judge by the great pain, diMlculty in extending the limli, aiid the lameness, wliieh you iiiust locate by the action, the swelling, etc. It is covered well with muscle, and so crepilatiou is diilicult. Il generally terminates favorably. Place in ;i nice box if he can get U|>, or if he" cannot get up place in slings. It generally takt's ahoiit three months for it to get well. Hook. — Kractiire of these hones occur occasionally, especially (>f the cuniform bones. It may result from a kick, and have open joint with it, and it may he the result of concussion or sjirain. In this case there is usiiaily laceration of the ligaments. \ ou may detect ire|)italion; keep (|"uiet, etc. There will generally be a bony deposit, which yon may call a spavin. Astragalus. — If it is fractured there is little use in treating. Os -Oaloie is sometimes frhctured ; from severe exertion, gen- erally. It is difficult to treat, especially if seoaratcd. Place in slings, keep iiiliet, etc. Fractures below the hocK occur in the same way as in the fore extremities, and are treated just the same way, hut the treatment is more diilicult in the hind limb. Lower Jaw. —It is frenuentlv injured by the action of the bit, either from luilling on it or from the ilriver jerking, etc. The inferior portion is injured by the curb, the superior by the hit, or the jaw may 1)0 fraeture riiiMr.l and lowrretl, uii.l lli.n' mav !.»■ lu'innrrhiiK.' Iron, tli.' iioh.'. I.iiI \» not ^.n- .■rally vhtv H.riouH. kn\> <\nhl iinti nn.^ lui a.lluHivr p antrr ovrr tlio frontal l.on.N fitlu'r lonKilii.linally or trannViTH.Iy, to k.Mi. th.' lioni'H ill poHition ; Imt if the lion.H ari' fraclnr*'.! im.i (iiHphi(T.I, aiK IIut.' ih an uiK'ninu into tiir frontal ninuH y.l, llierr is no cuiiku tor alarm. lln> trValnu-nt is to rcniovi- anv .lotaclud parts, an.l at I rht tlirri' may U- .litliciilty in Kitti.iK .v.ry i.ii.r, l.nt in a .lay or two lluri' may be hodu- i.im'H that .an !..■ r. inov..1. Apply a plaMl.r, UavuiK; a small 1...U' at Ihf inferior part, to allow tlic malttr to .map.'. In bix or .iKlit 'I'jys then' mav 1k' .lillns.' snppuralion, ami it may la- myssary t.. .^xamine (•lowly ami rem<,vf any pi.tr h, or it may .anso nasal nWv\. 1 lu- inner plate of the frontal la.ne may he fraetnre.l, when it is more «erioii», ami Kenerallv gives rim- to m..re or I.hh irrehral .listnrl.anee. llif aninial is y sljKht inHammation ami ..pa.ity ..f the .omea. HriniJt I'he horn s in p.)Hition ; keep .luiet, an.l perhaps Rive a .lose ..f nhysi.-, and endeavor t.) re- move the irritati.fu .)f "the eyehall hy poullieing, opium, ete. Zygomotlo Process, when fraetured, is very likely t.) be fol- lowed by necrosis. Keunion may take place. Keep -lUiet lor two .)r three weeks; if n..t, lucrosi.s is likely to take place, givintr rise to an rtbscesb, sinuses, etc.; and neer..»is is often the res.ilt of inllammation without fracture. Parietal Bones.— Kraeture of these is very liable t.) injure the brain It is uossibl.l f.)r it to o.'cnr an.l not 8eri.>u8ly injure the brain, but not very probable. These hones are not very strong ol themselves, but they arc protected by muscles, which prevent fracture to a gieat extent. Fracture of these bones is generalfy the result ol violent in- jury and there is generally more or less concussion ol the brain; the aninial falls, gets up again, but is in a semi-comatose condition; ex- hibits cerebral .listurbance now and again. Treatment is not attended with much success ; it is usually followed by inflammation of the brain. It has been recommended to cut down an.l remove the portion that presses upon the brain, but it is not atten.led with much success in the horse; but there may be cases where it is advi8al)le t.) do it. A fracture may occur and produce cerebral disturbance, and the patient recover, but it k not a general thing. Oooipital Bone— the occipital crest. Fracture of this usually occurs from the animal raising the head and striking it against some- thing, or from falling back and striking the ground. If a slight frac turef reunion mav take place. An animal m*ytal or strike this, Btun himself, get lietter and nothing is thought of it; but irritation is set up; there is swelling between the ears, suppuration, etc., showing that there is caries and necrosis ; treat as such. I have met with cases I IK ATM EN 1 (IK 1 I hi UK thi- lioiu-n nri' not dii- liiillcrt'd; tlif -tyiiiiitonm iiro lu' liiPiiiM limy lif riiiMcd lunl r)lii till' iKiHr.liliI ix iKit Kill- llll UlllltHivc jllllMtlT liver till- iiiHVfrHtly, III kfiii tlif lidiU'N tnil iliwiiliKTil, iiiiil lluTf Ihiih 'iH no fiiiiKi' for iihiriii. Tlu' H, anil III lliht tlicri' imiy tu- ny iir two tluri' itiiiy I"' mmif iHlcr, U'liviiitJ II Hiiiiill lioU' lit siii|n'. Ill six or liK'il h iiiiv 1)1' lU'fiKNiiry III ixiiiiiiiie ■iiiisi' iiiiHiil Klffi. Till' iiiiiiT 11(1, wlii'ii it is iiiori' «»'rioim, ccrt'linil iliHtiirbiiiu'i'. Tin- Keep i|iii('t mill iittt'Mil to ly riHiilt : or lie iiiiiy tin toU ()W ciTi'liriil synnitoniH, and with Btieh cHits. nay l)f frat'tiircil, but it takcH s«'t up, aiitl lU'iroHin Is vt'ry p cyiliall, follnwid liy HlJKht Hriii),' I'lif hours ill position; physic', unit I'lidcavor to rt- iltii'ing, opium, etc. ireil, is very liki-ly to be fol- liiice. Keep ijuiet for two or ) take jilace, givintr rise to an n the result of inlluiuniatioii ie \» very liahle to injure the not seriously injure the brain, not very strong of themselves, h prevent fracture to a gieat rally the result of violent in- eoneussion of the brain; the lemi-comntosc condition; ex- n. Treatment is not attended by inflammation of the brain. I and remove the portion that tended with mueli success in • it is advisable to do it. A 1 disturbance, and the patient |)|!4KAM»< OK l>OMrj»Tir ANIMAIM. 101 ■St. Fracture of this usually and strikini? it against some- tlie ground. If a slight frae- limal rawy fall or strike this, bought of it; but irritation is irs, suppuration, etc., showing 8 such. I have met with cases where il was iieeessarv to remove a great part nf the eresl ; or Kcrftp- iiig will do in Kouie ciihch You may have this irritation without friic- tiire. Basilar ProcesB of the oeeipitul bone. Fracture of this occurs fr strikili« the oiiipitiil crest, whieli fnietures not the crest, but tile basilar pn.eeHs. As ii geiienil thing it is speedily lipllnwed Uy death. Hut it is possible for it to occur and prniliiee coneiission, and the animal recover. It is not iiiii inioii to liiid an iiniiiinl killed Iroin rearing and falling' back, and striking tlie miipital iresl. By opening the Miolith yon eiiii perhaps detect il. Lower Jaw mav be fraetiired in various ways -from being kicked, getting fust, »'ti'. Il is ii serious injury; but we meet cases where reunion will lake place if it is a sinijde friicliirc Feed upon sloppv food, just enough to sustain life without calling the muscles into action. I'm' any means of keeping the bones in position. Some advise wliiit is called a enidlc, which is just niatU' to lit the jaw. It maybe made of niitta pereha or of bass wood. It is nei'cssarv to apply it to the sound side iis well as to the atU'cted one. Tiid the criidle nicely with tow or cotton. The iioroiis sulistancc, I iliink, is preferable, as by lieMting it can be brought to the exact sliape of the jaw. It is necessaiv to keep the cradle in positii n, wbieli is done by straps, one beliind and one in front of the ears, and an elastic one lower ib-wn, so as to allow the iictioii of llu' muscles, and exercise your ingenuity the best you can. It the bones are not displaced, treatment is not so ililhcult. In fracture of the na.sal bones, it is sometimes neccssiiiy to insert a plug, but oiilv on one side, as the horse can breathe only through the nose. Kithef of the maxillary bones may lie friictiired, in about tlu' region of the incisors, possibly, but rarely, from falling, but it mav In- done from getting fast. If it is but simple, keep the bones in position, keep iiuiet, feed upon sloppy food, and give but little food for a few days, ami applv a small bandage around the under jaw. \ piece may be almost detaehed, in which case it is generally best to remove it, even two or three alveolar cavities. Head of the Ox.— It dillers in arrangement of the bones. The ox uses his head for oHense and defense, and the bones are stronger. The crest is formed of the frontal in the ox, and in the horse it is formed of the occipital. There are numerous sinuses, and the brain is more protected than in the horse. Kxtendiiig from the frontal bones are the supra-orbital processes. Fracture may rciir in connec- tion with these parts, or of the frontal bones, but it is extremely rare. But the Hints are often injured. The first appearance of a horn or flint is about the fourth or flftli month of gestation, and about the ninth month lliere are small protuberances, which puncture the skin, and they grow until the animal is about three years old or more, and in some cases gain a considerable size, and are absent in some cases. It is supposed that at one time all breeds had horns, b-it by certain modes of breeding the poll cattle were produced. Texas cattle have enormously developed horns. In Abyssinia they gain a great size, and some cattle are raised for the horns. The growth of horn inter- feres with the development of the body. The food taken goes to de- velop horn. The horns are largely supplied with blood vessels, so that in examining we place the hand at the root of the horn to ascer- 10'2 CAUMES, 8YMITOM8 ANI> TREATMENT OK tain tlie stiitf of the circiiliition. . It is ii very tender part. A slight l.low upon the horn produces great pain. The iiorii may be com- pletely knocked oft; ami this may U- followed l)y considerable heiuor- rhage, which can he reduced by l)andaKing and using styptics, us iron or acetate of lead. X tar bandage is recommended, bi!L it may inter- fere with the development of the new horn. A new horn is sometimes pretty well developed -blood is e.xtravasaled, and,!re are some- times grubs in the sinuses of the head; they get in the same as the warble ; the larva is deposited, and it gives rise to the grub. This is different from the hydatid, which gets into the circulation by way of the food. Osteo Porosis may be described as a non-infiammatory disease of bone, and is more common in some localities than others ; com- waratively rare in Canada, Britain and Europe. It is found prin- cipally in the United States, but it may be found in Mexico, etc. It may be characterized as a disease of growth, as it rarely attacks an adult animal, and if it does perhaps the disease was there in early life. It attacks them from several months until three or lour years old. I think it has been noticed in the human being. It is due to an excessive development of the tissues which occupy the canals and cells of the lione. The walls of the cavities become thinner and thinner, until the cavities communicate with each other. It is due to development of the vascular and fibrous structures without a cor- responding increase of the osseous and cartilaginous constituents; although t!ie bone is increased in size it is lighter ; in this it difters i ElEATMENT OF very tender part. A slight tin. The lioni may be coin- wed liy considerable lieinoi- g and'nsing sty|)ties, us iron uuiiuended, bi!L it may inter- im A new horn is sometimes led, and, 'ly and by, absorbed, icture and no displacement. and keep them in position. le part, attaining a consider- this by caustics, or cut it otl isightly mass. Saw it right in the place, which may be 1 connection from the nasal the horn. Sometimes, when ed by chronic inllammation ing rise to nasal gleet. This ,tle. The animal carries the horn will literally fall ofl'. hollow horn. However, the in old or debilitated animals ccumulates in the horn, make tcH to a great extent, I think hen the horns are shaping, it )e desired — being directed by IS have been so placed as to had been given. In the horse mmc applies to cattle, but in ly the horns. The first ring and four years old, and one rings, the "animal is six years 'he rings may be filed or sand- he teeth. Other bones of the ■ common. 1 cattle. It is found in either )wer jaw. Th->re are some- they get in the same as the ives rise to the grub. This is ito the circulation by way of 8 a non-infiammatory disease localities than others; corn- Europe. It is found prin- f be found in Mexico, etc. 1< )Wth, as it rarely attacks an 3 disease was there in early iths until three or four years human being. It is due to 1 which occupy the canals and ;avitie8 become thinner and with each other. It is due to lus structures without a cor- id cartilaginous constituents; is lighter ; in this it difiers DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 103 from osteosarcoma, in which it .s increased in ;' f ; , " '^f \ orosisthe bone becomes brittle; it generally shows itselt first i CO. m^ti n Willi the cancellated tissue. Big head is a nam., applied hfro its attacking the head, an.l the bones m.-reMsniK in s e I sio ennfinrd to the bones of the head, but il also attacks te long n I ='keson just the same form ; the least mjuvy w. I Lreak 1 c b..nes, from their fragile condition. It is «7"^' ">'-,; «■ ciilt to give the distinction between osteo sarcoma and ostco poios.s. au,.e^.~U is difficult to say what arc the causes; there are various ,.,,S,^; some say it is from animals gracing uo.m and ^l-j -^ - s'llts of In..., but it is common in Kentucky, and tl.a is a limestone c ntry here is lime in the water to such mu extent that the animals c ent V utter from urinary calculi. I think it is .iue to grasses nowving swampy lands. The grass grows luxuriantly bi t does t conialif the constituents for the l''•N1) TKEATMKNT OF tonics, suc'li as iron, and if om- does not lu-nelit, try some other ; Itut 1 think tlie ^reat Bi'crit is in a change cf food and locality. In sum- mer turn on pasture, and givosonio oats. Splint.— An inllaniniatory disease of bone. It is i-n exortosis or bony enlargement, between the inner small and the large metacarpal bones, usually about the lower i>»rt of the upper third, but it occurs in difl'erent places, lower or higher. Horses used upon tlie hard road are perhaps oftenesi aflected. It docs not often prove very detri- nionlal, but according to its situation is i)roductive iil the uppor third, hut it occurs )rst'S used upon the luird road not often prove very detri- i» i)rodnetive of more or less t to set up more or less irrita- inllanimation of the perios- nay produce this in the inner imes due to inllanimation of ; alFected. It is oftener met riosteum being more vascular, e readily converted into bony lis. ^. Certain breeds are more a small limb below the knee iisposed ; the mode of usage, especially if light limbed, is fast riding or driving upon le than in race horses, because ps one-third or one-half of the 'oronto have 8i)lints, from the shoeing has a tendency to pro- the hone to concussion, a blow gives rise to a slight serous splint. It may occur on the ed limb, but it is more apt to • as the result of direct injury. s;il bone, and may give rise to ntil a deposit is "thrown out. 1. Splints sometimes attain a inch lameness; in other cases 11 most cases, due to an inHam- It is said to come from the mentfi, but the hard parts gen- splint may extend right across des of the limb, and is called it attains some si/,e, and hj its i cause of lameness when it is lanifuess than a large one. It () three, four, or five years old. l)eculiar, and after seeing one t. When walked he will go imb as much as natural. If jxtremely. This dropping is is present examine carefully ; ! of the limb ; press carefuUv nt is felt, and the limb is lifted, nd if the lameness is more it niSEASKS OF nOMESTIC ANIMAI.H. 106 ,.,i«ts you in determining the disease The foot '--t hot It is a ;::f -:;r "Tile :^:^^r'::fz^^'^^^^^^ p^'-. ; ,in!r thVv will give way to the treatment I have given you. 1 erioste of bone projects, cut down and scrape it. Ihere «re "'""V ^,j ^ ; to whether splint is or is not an unsoundness It \^^:^Xt^oZ rii,rfv.5ntffi;Jn .i'oX|n^.^uo,»^^ splint, etc. sore ShiBB-InHammation f 'Jf^l^.tarctt tanTn^S. ordinary purposes. , °„nlv this but l^tween the periosteum and the areolar l.»«uc, ..th irritation. ■< 106 CAUHE8, HYMITOMS AND THKATMKNT OK Si/vtplomif lire very plain after a time, but at first it is iinrd to account for the l;\nu'iu'!f8 Tlie InmenosH is seen sometinic iifter tiio exercise. The inllaininiitory iictiun beeunies more severe if tiie exciting causes are lelter blister than biniodide of mercury, one part, to four, live or six of lartl, according to the case, and rub in well, and let it extend up the limb for some distance. Keep it on for a day or two, and wash ofl' and blister again, as the case demands. Qive gentle exercise, and in the summer use plenty of cold water. It may be necessary to make an incision into the part, but such cases are rare, but if there is great'exiidition it might prevent it from becoming organized. You may meet with a case in the hind limbs from other causes, as in jumping fences and striking with the limbs. The result is extensive swelling, and benefit is sometimes derived by making an incision. There is no specific for sore shins. It is hard to gay how blisters act, but they are attended with benefit. We find also a slight inHanimation set up in the upper part of the fetlock joint, and again it may be right above the knee — the result of concussion— and a large bony deposit may be the result. The symptoms are nearly the same ; it is difficult to locate the lameness. For some time he can walk tol- erably well, but drops much if trotted. It will disappear after a while, and if allowed to atand it returns. Treatment. — Give rest, fomentations, cold applications, and blister, and it might be advisable to make an incision, but be careful, especially if in the neighborhood of articulations. What is called obscure lamenesa is often inflammation of the periosteum of the fore leg. Ringbone. — This is a common disease; it is an exostosis sit- uated in the region of the pastern joint, the articulation between the oscorona and ossufiraginis. Ringbone is applied to any exostosis in that quarter, but if it is just upon the bone and does not involve the articulation it is not very serious. It may affect any limb, but oftener the hind limb. Infianimation is set up — it may be in con- nection with the cancellated structure at the extremities — and grad- ually extends and destroys the articular lamella and articular car- J L, RKATMKNT OK ut at Krst it is linrd to account soiiu'tiiiie iitti'i' tin' extTciso. si'Vtre if tlif I'XL'iting causes ami- ii8 in splint, and you can tiie lK)ni'. I'nssure upon it jraturc of tiic parts. If the reases more anil more, and the )UK' 80 severe that, after being d at it, the animal would run th limlis are aflected. There 1 severely blistered upon the ut sore shins. ]!y and by the g a well marked case. This m be detected by examining; inted an unsoundness. e, it is easy to reduce the in- ative medicine in some cases. ating diet, change it. Apply li, one ounce ; sal-ammonica, id, and if there is much pain, irts of the tincture of opium, id imilammation are relieved, ter than anything else — and I an biniodide of mercury, one g to the case, and rub in well, istance. Keep it on for a day as the case demands. Give )lenty of cold water. It may the part, but such cases are ight prevent it from becoming in the hind limbs from other [ with the limbs. The result etimes derived by making an lins. It is hard to say how lenetit. We find also a slight { the fetlock joint, and again dt of concussion— and a large mptoms are nearly the same ; }r some time he can walk tol- It will disappear after a old applications, and blister, an incision, but be careful, •ticulations. What is called of the perioBteum of the fore lease; it is an exostosis sit- the articulation between the is applied to any exostosis in )one and does not involve the It may affect any limb, but I set up — it may be in con- t the extremities — and grad- ir lamella and articular car- DIHKASra OF DOMESTIC ANIMAI.8. 107 liliee Nature, in endeavoring to overcome this, throws out material which becomes converted into bone, and ancbylowis is the result. At the same time there is an exudation thrown out between the perios- leum and the bone, and there may be ex'"i'"i'**' "'"' lioat in the parts. Yon might almost think some of the liganientf were ruptnred. So long H» nsed for inoilerate work, he seems alnuml sound, and yon may have dilliculty in diagnosing, .\lthongh extremely lame, he \yill he iniudi belter after standing over night. .\ft' r a few days, haviiig hard work, it will again show itself. These enlargements may attain a considerable si/e. (live rest, foment, etc., and follow by a blister. Splints that have to be treated while the animal is at work may he treated l)y cold water or a milil ointment of niercory, not a blister, hnt a stimnlant. There are bony deposits in coinieetion with the liga- ments and tendons. Tluse osteophites may appear in other parts of the body — tieposils, snch as a tooth, may be fonnd in various parts of the body. Spavin. — When we speak of spavin withont any distinction, we mean bone spavin. It is an exostosis or bony growth, situated on the anterointernal part of the hock joint, and may or may not be accom- panied by caries of the internal structures. There are two kinds — one from inflammation of the periosteum, which is confined to the external part of the joint ; the other arising from the internal parts, giving rise to caries. A slight blister applied in one case will relieve ; in another it will not. The one case was external, the other internal. The hock joint is compHc^ated and beautiful; the bones are so ar- ranged as to give great power; yet by the great strain, they are fre- quently diseased. There are ditt'erent articulations— the true joint and the gliding motion between some. If the joint is much art'ected, action is also afl'ected. Spavin occurs on the inner side of the limb, as it is near the center of gravity. It is found in connection with the cuneiform, magnum, medium, and parvum. Putholo(/!i.—l( it is high up, it is not so easily treated as if lower down. A low spavin is in the small articulations. A high spavin is about an inch higher .ip— not very large, and generally associated with caries. If it occurs when the horse is live or six years old, low down, there is a chance for successful treatment ; but if higher, and there is much heat in the joint, it is much more tedious to treat. It may l)e produced by inllammatory action set up principally in the periosteum, and in some cases a comparatively trivial cause; but if the lameness is more severe, it is likely the inflammatory action is set up in the internal part of the bones. There is an exudation thrown out between the bones, and also between the periosteum and the bones, and sonietinica eoniplete anchylosis of the articulations is the result. Spavin may involve more or less of the entire gliding articulation, or even the entire articulation. You may have anchylosis of the ennei- form bones without any external deposit. Causes are predisposing and exciting. The first are either constitu- tional or local. There may be an ossific diathesis, or from the forma- tion of the hock. A narrow hock from before back, and a long metatarsal bone, predisposes to it. The exciting causes are hard and fast work ; driving a young horse fast upon hard roads, especially if not in a tit condition ; or a severe strain, setting up irritation in some of the little inter-osseous ligaments, extending and involving the en- tire joint; and it is sometimes the result of undue weight upon the ^-..i. TKKATMKNT OF DISKA8K8 OF DOMfSTK' ANIMAl-X. \m involving the uppor part of the itliiDiinutioii <>l' ihi' pcriuHteuni. ^iiiptdius HIV peculiar. If tlie vat liiiiieness anil lieat in the >l" the liganlent^' were ruptured. ' seems almost nuiiikI, and you though extremely liime, he will gilt. .\l't' r n lew days, having i'liese enlargements may attain t, ete., and follow liy a blister, le animal is at work may he ment of mereory, not a blister, dts in conneetion with the liga- s may appear in other parts of ay he found in various parts of in without any distinction, we sr hony growth, situated on the and may or may not he aceom- •tures. There are two kinds — teum, which is confined to the iirising from the internal parts, ipplied in one case will relieve ; I'as external, the other internal, beautiful ; the bones are so ar- r the great strain, they are fre- t articulations— the true joint If the joint is much atrected, I on the inner side of the limb, is found in connection with the vum. not so easily treated as if lower irticulations. A high spavin is large, and generally associated rse is live or six years old, low treatment ; but if higher, and iiuch more tedious to treat. It tion set up principally in the jaratively trivial cause; but if f the inflammatory action is set There is an exudation thrown ;n the periosteum and the hones, the articulations is the result. le entire gliding articulation, or y have anchylosis of the ennei- sit. ;. The first are either constitu- fie diathesis, or from the forma- from before back, and a long he exciting causes are hard and upon hard roads, especially if in, setting up irritation in some xtending and involving the en- 5ult of undue weight upon the limb. Anything that will set up concussion will produce it. Shoeing is said to he a cause, as with high-heeled shoes extreme (lexion causes irritation of the cuneiform bones, and nrove.i an exciling cause. Ke- ciiving an injury to the foot, causing the weight to be thrown «.n the sound limb for eight or ten days, produces commission and spavin re- sults. Hence the necessity for using slings in cases of injury. Symploms-li it is large it is easily detected. Hut we sometimes meet a case of lameness where the intlammalion is going on and there is no enlargement, hook at the natural hock; look at the bones in (heir natural con>l't;rs larger -and it is nl)! a bad sign to see them well develop d. 1 he laineiiess, in up.st cases, precedes the exostosis. The lamemss is characteristic, and is best seen when the animal i.s first brought out ol the stable. \fter driving for some distance it will, perhaps, disappear, aiitl will show no more lameness during the day. And sometimes there are cases where the exostosis attains a considerable size without the horse being much lame. A pretty good way of detecting if is by the eye, (but this will not do to rely on in all cases). Make him stand s wlidU' iirtic- SfillnllS iirr Siiiiii' ncoiii- 11(1 lliiM iniL'lit lit' ifiil hiivi' :ils<) Ix't" 1111.1 ur.' lik'ly •" '■■'"""' siiiimlncss vim iiiusi lodk to ttu' iirtitiiliHion in«l iron' iuHl lliiikf "'""''« K. how long th. anin.al has „u.H,.U.s in ..rnvs o. l.."K « "'i;^;,«i„..' \ p r.,.r in H,.avin ; hut lK.en laun-, t..r it takos ««"" ' « "^ it^ o. ic klv. In sou.r .•as.8 there inav .">t' a thiiktnint; Trea„ue,„ .M.nsiHts in a ..onnfr-irritation in nonu- f-^^^-V".::!!";'"; In Treuimem coim.-.- .■■ -y ■;;:;;•■. , ... k^.,,,, ,1,0 animal -iniet for a treatinK, whon yon havo 1''^"'^ ' ' '"\' '^'/ , ^ „„. ,o,,t i„ sha|H- (cw.lay. iH.foro upp.vjng ^••'''"^''^.V"' f X;.'' , ^,?ever, so.no rooo.n- a„d k^r tho ^u. ;; , -.;!.;;:';^^^^ 1,^':;^: .ll": ..ot^U ; its action mend shoes, r'": ^ ';>; " " ';„n, .i„,i involves the l.ones to a eertam « not only sni>ert ou 1, hnt ( xtem s i ui i ^^^ ^ ^^^ extent. .,Fi"'*^^''«'''^''>\VTr.u^t fi i, go 1 of the enhlrgement, veroly, if "^''■^««",7„-,„)^" faction ami hasten anchylosis. In fir ng, but to set up an inllaniinator> «'^"7.' '" . lUp („„ „„t too close yon n.ay make the strokes "' ""X ' ^^■^'' ' f,"". Stion whether it is together, as it u, ght «'V'«« «"Sv'«fterVri.y* The hlister will not best to apply the h hster ''"•"^'^'f {> f ^/^ t'. r or even six days. I act so readily as ii would after " "^^^^J^^ '''7', „,i„k. Hnt if you ?hink it is lH>st to wait; '» ;';« ^^^'-'i" ^S' r in^^ »'"* if only fire one or "'"l ''"''«^|'^^^^ J"\' J^^i Tu use the pointed iron, yoti tire e.xten8.vely,wat some time H jou » j t^jng endeavor to insert it right '"^" jj.^. ^^^.'J^^^'u a number of points, it does not blemish There ."^'^ ."f " ™ J^„'hi„g. The punch is which may be used, b.U it .» hkely to ~ ° 'I'blo^,^ ,„■ ^^^-.^l than also used, and it is bet er J«*"X'V" „j counter-irritation. It with a hammer A 'f.";^"" 'Xdde ^o X'^^^ iron, for the firing is beneficial, and sometimes P'™; '*^/*' * ^ ;" „ou fire only slightly, iron will blemish 1 you fi^e «e'er« f ' ^" eaton?you may or may not you might as well blister. In "^f '''"8f,Son with the scissors, and Lve to cast the »"'«»'}» iJ"«S"'',^f,„""irteTwU a weak solution of insert the seaton, and k«;p '> ^«„^'™ EatTon the animal, and also biniodide of 'r«"«:y; .T»f « '"l^.ThaVe Cn used in that localitjr, t r r ' it l^Tom Jnde'dtcut !'lL\eudon of the flex or metarsi. ATMKNT oK iiv (ISC llif cmiill l)UiUinK ,,i ICH. llot*<' tl.HfllHT, iintl •nly. ll' till' wliiilf iirtic- iiiii'iulation. Sciit.ms i»ro iiHf 11 sti>ll I'xlfiit; t t'luislics liiivc also l>t'i'i> l", niiv'"'^' "" or(l"iiiuiv, or luiK'^r >" '""' vin Ih (IraHKiiig the limb to iirkcd riri/iiif.' and (lro|)ping .'iiif this laiiH'iH'ss, 1111(1 ottt'n Walk liiiu.lmcU and forth, , .,11(1 fall. Thf atUct.d linib n«. ThtTo is wastiiiK of tho lilt' how lout; the aniiiial has tiiift to oirnr in siiaviii; l>»t .uicklv. In Koiuf «'iisi» tlu're ooksiiuuh liki' spavin 1 he in in soim- form or otluT. In kiiMi thi- animal (inii't lor a on; also, get the foot in shaiK- •iisfs; however, some recom- y (he most iiotcnt ; its action iivolves the liones to a rortain in some casps, ami pretty se- , get rid of the enlargement, d hasten anchylosis. In firing, ion vou like, hut not too close It IS a tiuestion whether it is er firing. The blister will not or four, or even six days. 1 r cfTeot, 1 think. Hnt if you ty blister immediately; but it If you use the pointed iron, ostosis, and as a general thing irons with a numlnT ot points, ause sloughing. The punch is t in with a block of wood than form of counter-irritation. It to the tiring iron, for the firing and if you fire only slightly, r a seaton, you may or may not 1 incision with the scissors, and ilated with a weak solution of igideration the animal, and also have been used in that localit;r, the tendon of the flex or metarsi. r DISEASKS OF DOMMTIO ANIMAIrft. Ill This would be successful if it was due to pressure ot hat "'"'1 » - I if it com.H from the internal par.., i.t w. l.of ^"'T' \\TtrlZ „„,V often feel iH-rplexed in examining for soundness. If a .•""■«'» eiSt or nine viars old, though spavin is presi-nt, it does m.t interfere '^ • ■ \ :. . . _ — i..wl.iK in tlu. ll.Hl., whi.h n..i«i iH. rt-.nov...l. Tl.r .uxt lunK .« t.. ''«'•; t...m.ipo; l.i.t,..s a K*-.ural tl.iuK, «-w it up unnu.l.at.l y, uhm.k a Sulme of wl.icli tluTf ar»' .lilliivi.t kiiuln, thf int.Tniptnl, iii.mliT- rup ; r^p.iiu'l, twiHt...!, an.l fal... iBe a ......11. to .•...■r..j.o". w. . (h . Hi/..' .'f ll... w.Mi.ul. You may ..b.- tl... nu'tall.c w.rt-, '^''V^' ' Kilk tl.r..a.l or .•atL'Ut. Tli.' .u.-lalli.' wir.' aimw.rs v.tv w..ll. tatgut U8 • u . pe •iallv in »l..lo.ni.ml w..un.l«. an.l it is us., ul K. satu.al.; wUI. a H.'.luti,.n ..f ..arlH.lic «..i.l. Ti... i.'t.T.upt;" • '■'• K -'V- Htit..|.. iH K..norally ti... iu,t. If a larp. won.,.!, lo..k " '»■ '•""^, '. whi.i; it t.M.k pla...., a„.l .iH.nnin.. wl.....' o nu k.; i. ''■«/'•''; i.-avo a small part n..ar th.. most .l.p..n.l..nt part, tor .1 slil.l...l ui> .■lonely H..runi a(...umulal.s and irritati.» it. The TvM .S»/,n.,.-Tl.iH is .Ion.- l.y i.iH.'rlinK' pins nn.l «-"M'!''"K tl.rea.l ..n tLen, in tl... shap.. <.f a tigur.. ..iKl.f, you .'an •'« • I .lircctor, pasHiuK it tl.r..uKl, with tl... pin .11 its ii'''"\'-JX"'V have th- .\uillo.l sutur.., whi..). is us...l in an .ujuryt.. a '^''-K, " '" ' when, th.- skin Ih injur...! to a great uxt.'nt. It is .lono I'V laying them. ltre.|uirt.ssomi.pracli...- an.l son..- n.rv.. to s..« 1 1' ■ « h'^ w. ,". .1. I r....l, as a Ko...ral thiuK, that if the hors.- .s "'• ah t g„„.l t.. lay K.;o.l pressure upon the pa.-t a...l take a «;;««''''' the skin a.ul if Ih.- animal jerks vou ar.- not s.. l.ahle to let ko , an.l pL th^,ee.lle .p.iekly, as (he i.Mitation .auses the »...M.aU., j,....p. Ban.laues are also us.- 1. Plaste.s ...ay he use.l ... some .ases. lia.i.l- „;" .n'apt t.. .10 ...ore l.ar... tl.a., g..o.l. Thcv •«,"";'".';;• .'".';'"", w1.iel. is 1.V..I, which .l.,e8 n.,t look well h..t .s .,,,t "''•''' 1'' J ^^.j' str.MiK niece of tieking a...l attaeh it t.. the sk..., hack f.-.im he «o..n.l, bv .e. .« of H..rK..n.lv pi.eh, ..r other a.ll.esive plaster, ^-"l'";;"*^ '';; parts t.,getl.er hy ...eans ..f this. The stit..|.es d.. ..ol B^'^''^ H/ "' ^ o., lo..g, hut .......e ..ut ..f their ow.. ae..or.l. ....|1 the tr,,.. i- e .ho get them t,^'st..y long e..o..gl.. If ,"!?,«'"l!''^' '« ":;"!•:;;.' .',,e Very smaller the needle the better, a..,l I l.ke s.lk tl'"'''' « ' , l^J well There is a gi'eat .lif ereiice ot op........ with regai-.l to tl.t altii ^a;„..;,;:.Wna.n.,ngemine..t surge.,... ^<''- -;~"'-; dotr^ of the at...osphere a..d antiBept.e .ress...gs; «"V'^' ^ '-^ ''" ^,./\' JVe„, expose.l to the atmosphere; so.ne thu.k water < ;;^7«'' »f .' . * ;'^?;' otll^rs th.nk .,.,t. In our patients, .s .hlheult "/^^ " ^^l^^. ' ,;; bt.t in hun.a.. praeti.-e this is i.jv.u-.ably .lone. I 1 ^''^^^ ^'"^ atmosphere i..t'erferes with the healing .-t a Y':V"'\ " ! \ '''l ,•". some cases we can a..d do cover up, and l...d the l,eal..,g prouss le r^.! instea.1 of expe.lite.l. We hear .,f. 'n'pl.v'nK tujnU..e o r black oil to wou..d8, but if you apply. a..yth.ng t.. a woun.l «*^ """'^ sliBht astrintant. The white loti.,n is nse.l .....re perhap. than any ot£ rei^,' • • t is .nade of six .lr:.cl.m8 of sulphate .. /...K-, one ouno- a ate of lead to o..e .i«art of water .,r .t ii,ay he appl.ed stronger. Carbolic acid, .,ne part to forty o water, .,r some rec. u- mend oi with the carbolic acid, but water is better as o.l causes d rt ZlTere to the wound I do not ^^^^'-^-^^-^/^'^Z^^'S^ tioiiB. It may be advisable to use an o.ntn.ent, b.it that .s tl.t exeep Sand not fhe rule. A good meparati.m '-V^i^'lttrra oat year is tincture of benzoin, oil of tar and l.nseed o.l, It t.,iu,8 a coat, ■ — . ^ ■ ^j.^ ff j i t^ji ' .MMUJ I S '' kTMKNT «V >l lllf wood lllIM iK't'H li'l'l HXt tliiiiK in to l>riii»? tli»: iliii'i'd for Home liiiif, ptr- it in not III lit to liriiiK tlif V iind allow n' crliiiK' I'i">»* i""' wiipiiing I'inlit ; yoii iiiii iiNt' 1' I''" ill its groove. Akhi". ^^•' n injury to ii liirnc niiiwU', nt. It i« tloiH' ''>' liiyi"K il till' siiturt'N nil' tiod ovi-r f niTvi' to tiw lip 11 lai'Ki! the liorsi' is irritiildi' it in , and taki' h good hold on i)t HO liahU- to lit no; and ■aiisi's till' aniiiial (o jump, usi'd in soiiii' rasiH. liiind- Tliero is aiiothtr iiiithod it is not a had plan: laki- a skin, hack from the wound, I'sivi- jiliiMtir, and hring thr I'lus do not (Tinirally stay I, and the troulde is to get ind is around tin' t-ye, the Ik thread for a suture very on with regard to the after Some reeommend exelusion ;s; gome say tlu-y do hetter 'ater dressings are the host, lillieult to exeludo the air, lone. I do not helieve the a wound in most cases. In lind the healing process re- of applying turpentine or ything to a wound use some sed more perhap. than any ns of sulphate of zinc, one ater, or it may he applied tv of water, or some recom- r is better, as oil causes dirt miiiend oleaginous prepara- itnient, but that is the excep- on for certain seasons of the linseed oil, It forms a eoat, m.iKA.-'KS OK DoMfXrii' ANIMALS n:i keens nut ihe nir, etc., and seeiim to be of l.em'lit. In a laceratei wound, where there is extensive suppuration use astriiiKcnls; and sometimes v.,11 lind granulatioim or (.rood Hesh. am lelimiH llu: woun eoiues indolent. The wlille otion, sulpha .' of cop per liueliire of iron, biiller of anlinioiiy ami earbolie mid of iiioderate Btrenull. are of beiielil ; after this Heat as a Iresh wouml. It m „,.eesHar; lo attend to the eoiisliliitioiml treatment 111 some eases as well as ihe local. If the animal is m high comli ion admiiiisler . laxative, restrict the food, el.'., while in ..ihers leed well on thehes olfo'.d. In moderate weather hot or cold baths are olten attended with beiielll. Mo,l,< nf //«./i/i-/.— These varv according lo the w id and t lie con- diti.m of Ihe animal. Kirst, by immediate or direct union ; this cin take idace onlv in an incised wound; the parts ciune together ; a sliubl exudation is thrown out, ami healing takes place very oiuckly. This sometimes takes place in pinning up an incision. In Meeding, this little exudation glues the divided surlaccs together; hu in . wound of aiiv si/.e it does not take place. This may take pla.'e in twenty-lour or thirty hours; but there must be certain conditions, or this cannot take place; there must be absence of in lamination lu'.i 1- ini: bv mlhesion or first intention, incised wounds fre.|iien ly heal in this wav. In such cases a small amoiinlot blm.d iscxtravasated. It be- comes converted into new tissue, and the divided edges ot the wound adhere together. The irritation is not very extensive. Again there is healing by the second intention ; this is more tedious. In a lacera- ted wound or a large incised wound, when there is motion his is the mode of union: the edges of the woin.d are brought 'i^f l'"'"-- '" » short time serum is discharged profusely, and there wil be a coat of this serum over the wound, and it is supposed that the leucocytes Koinir to fiirm new tissue arc converted into j.us corpusides, and pro- fuse suppnration is the result; little red eminences al•PP«^ ""f^ if removed or hurt, are found to be extremely vascular; they bleed readily. These are the granulations, and this is the mode ot healing in lacerated wounds. In this manner loss of structure 18 repaired. There is also healing by scabbing; it is well noticed in our patients. In case of a slight wound the parts are brough to- gether; a little lliiid exudes and covers it over which will perhaps remain and form a scab, and it is very lavorable fn many cases. This shows the necessity of allowing the blood lo ren.»in; »"••.«««"'»«- times form an artitieial scab of collmlium or carbolic acid and oil, which, in some imscs, favors healing. INJURIES AND DISEASES IN THE REGION OF THE HEAD AND NECK. The first I will notice is Poll-evil, so called from its occurring in the region of the poll. It is not a constitutional disease, but comes, no doubt, from well- marked causes-from inflammatory action set up, involving the mus- cles of the region of the poll, and perhaps the ligamentum nuch|B. Owing to the low vitality of the parts, and the motion of the head in taking food, etc., the matter is apt to bur*ow deep in the muscles. 1 ht Palholo.ni is jUBt inilammatory action, set »p in the «:«^K'«n «f '«« poll. Such an inllammation may terminate in resolution, but it is r f 111 ( AIMW, dVMITOMl* 4NI> rBKATMBNT Of v.Ty lik.ly lo i.riniimU- in Huppi.rBtion, «n.l nmhyltmii an.! iiecr.mi. of llu- liiiiii'N nn- fr('i|iit'iit. Cuii^t. II in iiHuiilly Iho r.Hiilt ..f .lir.cl or imiirerl injury. A com- i.ion .uiiH.. i« KtrikinK llu- lu-ii.l .iKiiiuHl <« low .lo( rway ; iinotlu'r ih an ill-littinK I...II.I hiilUr or l.ri.ll.-, or ii yok.- put on to prrv.n hiin fron iunioinK, or uuv (oniKU l.o.iy puncturing tlio n.UH.I.|H, ..r fnictur.. ol I,.. Ml|I.rior Hpin.u.H procrHHCH. whirl, arc llkoly to Urom.; m;.roH...I, an.1 (..I up ii.llHn.n.alion; unnaturally ti«ht r.-in.nn ih nai.l to !..■ » .SV.»;rf..»-«.-Tlu'r.' Im niort- or Ii'mh HWcllinR; llu' animal Mtan.lH with the noHi- out ; HliKl.t hrat in the partH ; pn-snur.- upon tlu- partH tauHr. nain In the lirnt ntan.' it in nuT.ly inllamn.atory mlion. 1 In- wnoml ilBK." in Huppuration, and tlur.- may h- jtreat swIlinK in Hon... ras.-H, when thir' is l-ut little n.attir forn..d. In othor .m.h.h thfre ih .l.fl ho Hupm.ration, an.l the matter maken itn wav.oul ami '''•',•:'' *"•«•••; '"I'V surfac.'. and sinuneH are forn.e.l extemlinn in various direction., and HometiilicH the exudation lK.'coii.eH organized and prodiicen an enlarge- ment. .\nv almceHM in thi» region is called poll-evil. 'lVealii,>-nf. \i called Wfore suppuration has taken place, while in the inflammatory Htage, just np|.ly remedies to bring about reH«>l<«tion i foment and keep the animal <,ulet ; keep the head tie.l up and p«u hue with linsee.1 meal, bran, boiled turnips, etc., bii d<. no apply a heavy nonltice, but iiiiit enough to keep moisture and warmth to the parts, bseamild liniment- the camphorated ih pod Sometinies the in- flammatory action eeaK«, and the skin rem aiiw thickened ; then xm- a blister. One part each of iodine and iod.de of potassium to four of lanl. is of benefit. Hut after the inflammatory process has terminated n suppuration, the treatment is dift-erent. It should be to make a free incisi.m, and allow the matter to escape freely, and 'f this s done in proper time the sinuses will not often form ; tie the head up, and prevent motion. If an animal is turned on pasture, the sinuses are more likely to form from the continued motion. Syringe the parts out well with tepid or cold water. Use carbolic acid-one part to twenty, thirty or forty of water ; or corrosive sublimate-five grains to an onnce of water. But if sinuses are formed it is still more difti- cult. It may be treaUsd by caustics, corrosive sublimate, nitrate ot •ilvcr. etc., but I recommend the free use of the knife. It is generally divisible to throw the animal, and, in cutting, follow the course of the sinuses, and open them up well. (Sometimes a seaton does very well.) It is sometimes necessary to divide the ligamentura nucha-, and when vou do a great gaping wound is the result, and there may be new tiskuc formed, and you may have to cut out some of th s. After using the knife, use caustics. I generally use corrosive subli- mate-five to ten grains to one ounce of water. Saturate some cotton or tow and put thTs ir. the ,dace. Devise some means to allow water to run upon it for an hour or two each day and feed from a high trough, and feed pretty well, which will benetit the healing process. Use ^tonics, diuretics, etc., especially if the limbs «^velL Vou may have to remove part of the bone. There may remain a stift neck, but it does not interfere with the animal much. iDluries from being l.alter-cast. There may be very alarming symptoms. Perhaps, after the animal is released, he cannot raise the head, and if allowed to remain in this position there may be conges- tion the result of the irritation, or mechanical congestion, giving rise ATMCNT or ml AnchyloRii uml iieoroaU or indirect injury. A com- wtlixrway; iiiiDtlior Im uii [lilt on to privtnt him from tlu' mUHcliH, or fniclnri' of lil«»-ly to iHcomc nfcmwd, {hi rt'ining in »uiil to lie h iijj; the nnimiii MtiintlH witii SHUrt- upon tin- purtH ciiumck niiitory iiction. Tin- Kcfoml eiit HWflling in Home chkch, 1 otlicr I HiMH lliiTf in ilifliiso V ont nnd diHcliarK«'H to the ; in various direction*, and d and protlnccH an enlurge- I poll-evil. II has taken place, while in H to brinK about rettohitioji ; (le head tied up and poultice '., but tlo not apply a heavy e and warmth to the parts. IS good. Sometimes the in- iiains thickened ; then us*- a lide of potassium to four of itory process has terminated I. It should be to make a pe freely, and if this is done form ; tie the head up, and on pasture, the sinuses are motion. Syringe the parts e carbolic acid— one part to osive sublimate— five grains formed it is still more difli- ■rosive sublimate, nitrate of of the knife. It is generally cutting, follow the course of imetimes a seaton does very ide the lieamentum nucha', is the result, and there may ive to cut out some of this, ■nerally use corrosive siibli- vater. Saturate some cotton ? some means to allow water h day, and feed from a high benetit the healing process. Ihe limbs swell. Yon may may remain a stiff neck, but ;h. here may be very alarming released, he cannot raise the msition there may be conges- lanical congestion, giving rise ni8KA8*^* OV KOMMTH' ANIMAlJ*. Ii:> to iilarniinn Mn.ptnn.f- Tli*- mu* !•». '>r the trnimverse proceMCH iniiy Ui injure.1, '"d i>ro»< ly '«■ alinoMt to the ground, the liir> »nd no»t> swoll*-* to a grtiit i .xleiil. IWatmnil. You will U' apt to U,iik upon such an injury us In-ing ii very serioiiH iiffiiir, ImiI if tb.- spine or Uvtm IK rves are not uHectcd you inav expe.t r.rov.ry. If i > is mi«l'|,. to raise llir l.on.l, the ips and none swollen, anil intertVriii« with rtspiration, scarily Ihe lips anv a bitj? of straw, and keep up the same trtiatinent. tnve puraatives and diiirelies, and, after batbiiiK the parts, use a mild sliiii. iilatiiiK liniinunt— theeampborated-or you may inuke it anodyne l.y addiuK opium. If the spine is injured, it is more dilhcult, aii.l is likelv to terminate fatallv. Kmleavor to straighten the iieek and stim- ulate the parts. When luM-arries the heail to one sule, anc falls down when yon endeavor to straighten it, the nerves are generally attectecl. Phlebitis— Inflammation of a vein. It is •ometimes found, after blood-leltinK, and it is oftener seen in the jugular vein than in anv other, as it is the one from which blood is nenerallpr drawn; but it may wcur from other causes. There is .lift'use phlebitis. It may oc- cur from constitutional causes, but I will refer to that which comes from bltxHl-letting. Camet.— It may be due to the manner in which the operation was performed, as in a case where there is difficulty in striking the vein, or OS bleeding in laminitis, even if |K«rformed correctly; so theoiwra- tor cannot be blamed in all cases. It may result from the way the wound was treated, or from the horse irritating the part; so it is some- times best to tie him up for some time. It usually apiiears in from three to six days after the operation. PiUkfdogy.—ln the first place there is congestion, followed by in- flammation of the little vessels (vase vasorum) that supply the coats of the vein with blood. Another cause is coagulation of the bloort in the vein above the part where the operation was performed, and it extends towards the head, and not toward the heart. It may extend until the circulation is arrested. Obliteration of the vein is frequent. Swnplmiii are plain. I think it is ushered in by rigors or shiv- erinK— though this is often overlooked— then swelling takes place around the wound; matter is formed, Ihe swelling extends toward the head, the vein is hard and corded ; the formation of an abscess is the result, which is no doubt due to the irritation in the vein, aggravated by the manner in which the animal uses the head and neck. There is generally no difliculty in diagnosing, as it runs to some extent Wfore you are called. jnea/nie»i< must be varied according to the inflammatory action. If noticed in the early stage, keep the head well tied up, and keep up fomentations for some four or five hours at a time ; and it may be advisable to give a moderate laxative, diuretics, etc.; but I do not think arterial sedatives are of much use. If the veins have l)een hard and corded for some eight or ten days, I would recommend fomenta- r' If iifi CAISES, HYMI'TOMS AND TllKATMENT OK ti„nH a.ul tl.on l.listor right over the region of the vein an.l towai Is heul ; use luereurv „r ...ntharhles. In most oases . ternunates n li er afon of the vein. When the vein of the oppos. e 8> quiet, apply judicious fomentations, just a little more than lukewarm. Stimulate with mild stimulating liniments aid wateh eloselv; especially if there is great pain in the parts and if likely to terminatJ in suppuration you may make incisions, which, it done in time, will prevent slouging in manv eases Make the nicisions so the malter can escape when formed. Keep the head tied up. Some- times sh.ushing will take place and extend right through the liga- mentnm nuch.e, involving tne large muscles on either side. In most of these oases this can be prevented if closely watched for one or two davs If suppuration occurs make the incisions then. poultice. ritEATMENT OK Rion of llu' vein and towards In most cases it tfrminates in n of tlu- ojuxisiti' side and tiie and perform tlie function of ed, open and a'.ow tiie matter unv stringent lotions and then le al)seessn or in tlie wound; i a good practice to tie him up wn at night, or even l\ is an unsoundness; so, in i-r on and try to raise tlie vein. for intlainmation of tlie vein. the pinning was done. It is and areolar tissue. It is trivial L-asily distinguish these. If it is sii-spicions. A thrombus is efuUy sciueeze out the matter, lotions, and keep the head up, I meal, boiled turnips, etc. neck and back may come from ipring and fall, due to a rheum- imbago in human practice, and He may have great difficulty ith pain if pulled around sud- influenza, it is best treated with id anodyne liniments, or apply ^ater, and put this on and cover ;eneral condition of the animal ; e of potassium and colchinni, ;ive tonics. e Neck, caused by one horse ^ a great extent. The skin may eful in such a case for a day or trivial at first, it may turn out )t lacerated, the fascia and the ition of the head and neck, fol- loughing of the parts, cious fomentations, just a little I mild stimulating liniments, and at pain in the parts, and if likely r make incisions, which, if done iy eases. Make the incisions so keep the head tied up. Some- extend right through the liga- luuscles on either side. In most f closely watched for one or two le incisions then, poultice. DISEA.ES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. in Fistula, or Fistulous Withers.— It is a solution of continuity Ui a greater or less extent. Fistula proper is where tliert' are two openings— one external and one internal, opening into an internal cavity. There is no particular diilerenee lietween fistula and sinuses. If there is but one opening, it is called incomplete ; if two, it is com- plete. (^■(,„g<.j<,_An ill-lilting riding saddle is the most fre(|uent— being rode- a mile, or even less, it will produce it. Inflammation is set up, fol- lowed by suppuration. It burrows down, often getting behind the icapula. Even the bearing of a rein will sometimes produce it. Symploms.—HvieWiue, more or less— just the same state as in poll- evil. It can scarcely be called fistula until sinuses are formed. If you apply poultices before sinuses are formed you may prevent them from forming. Tlir matter discharge S( ^ ii REATMENT OF It may be done with the tiii- Indeavor to fiml what caused ■ whether fragments remain ion takes place, ihej; are (luite vounded in this region, which is much rwoUen, the animal y in the region of the wound, ■reascil respiration, the pulse ind weak, the chances are ten still keep up treatment. Fo- r to support hy stimulants- soda is said to be good. Po- nging on suppuration, for res- " ; and if it terminates insup- ,n icliorous character. _ Some- to gangrene, the swelling con he pulse (luick and weak, etc., linial may receive a very deep re is a large opening, and con- ates better than if the contra- large wound and scanty hem- Dictured wound in this region trate the abdomen and injure s; but you may meet with an owels to protrude, and a good t injured. If you are able to 10(1 chances of recovery ; but though you may return them, inllammation Is likely to be lit if the bowels are lacerated, )f the animal. I saw a case rotruded, anil was in the snow ; injured ; they were put back I generally lies down soon af- !t secure him, wash the bowels I carefully, and then bring the ide first. You may use silk tgut; then bring the skin to- le sutures out, so you can re- ittle food. A purgative is not lives. id in this region, if the rectum PS. Hemorrhage is sometimes t with a plug pressure, etc., if apt to be the same as that of to be followed by phlegmonous ^ The proper way is to take )t easily done ( it is not good !time8 necessary, if it is a large til tow saturated with iron or D1XKA8ES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS'. 119 other stVDtii's. In a case where the he.uunlia>;e lias boeii exces!e plu^ in lor tur..v.e>gh ,uis, unless there is K'eat pal... 1 have taken .t .... ,„ twe„ty-to..r .; ..s and slight he.uorrbng.. was the .-.suit ;, the '•'-'•'•-';•';;, liist n tow, a..d stops the How. It a s, vvie mj...;y, ..lakr a w .el . 'xlinati.,,;. If it does .,ot heal f.,r a lu..« tin.e, the.. ! '-' .-'if';' ' some piece still io; o-', it -nay heal just to l..-..ak a^ja... '"'«'•>''• You mav .vu.ove this, a.i.l after son.e ti.oe another absee-s to. ..., sl.o\v- i„g tbat'so.oe piece still reu.ai.is It .s s...net....es ueeessa.y to en- large the w,......l, if there is no .la.iKW ol mj.in.iir any vessels. Muscles Of the Fore-Extremities.-The belly of the nu.seles arelSTi sprains, as well as the tendons; hut th.s >s not so se.'.o,.H. The fo.-e-e.xt>vi..itv is held to the body by ...nseles, which are l.able to i„j;,ry!lthoso on -the outer part more liabl.. than th..se no the inner. Shoulder-Slip, or Sweeny, is a .•ommon ..eeuneucr. It is ..„lle.l shoulder-slip in o.ust ot; o..r works, because there ,s a U.lg g „r slippiiu; out of the joint. The .....scles atlecte.l are the a itea ami postea spinaL.s, teres e.Mern.is, a.ul sonietm.es the llexor brach... Palliolo•" the animal n.lling about the stall or box, or iron. jumpiUL- ab....t ; b.it !n most cases it is the result of work, and the horse going in an awk- ward n.anner. Sympimm are very well marked. In the early f ''K?, t^erc j^, | h- lieve. more or less swelling, but is not often noticed, fhe first thing gene;aTly noticed is the wasting of the muscles; or, the animal may be stiff to a certain e.xtent, the action somewhat imnaired, y t you could not call it lameness; but in some six or eight dajys the true character of the disease shows itself. If the outer muscles are se- VerJly aflected, those on the inside of the shoulder are afleced to some extent, and when the animal throws weight upon the limb, the loint bulges until you would think there was partial dislocation ot the shoulder. In the very worst cases a cure may be eftec.e.l ; but il kep at work, it may b^ a long time before the muscles wH attain their natural size. Keep the patient quiet for two, three or four weeks ; turn loose in a box or stall ; it is better than turning on pasture. First use fomentations and follow by mild stimulating liniments, as tincture of camphor, opium and arnica-equal parts, fhe treatment houW be such as would hasten the reproduction o the muscular fibre, by keeping the animal quiet, feed moderately well, «t""«l«t« th« parts and apply a blister occasionally ; or you may use seatons, and it vou do. uJ^ three; but there is no necessity for usin^ very severe remedies. There is no particular specific for it. Judicious exercise after Ji^me time is beneficial. He may be used for light saddle work but not to the plow. Incisions are sometimes made and air blown 120 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TrtKATMKNT OK inlo the urtoliir tissue. Tliost- who practice it say it separates the likin from the muscles, and hastena reproduction. This can easily he detected hy the crackling noise. In giving your opinion, you may give it that a cure can lie eftected, but it will take some time, and take plenty ol time. Enlargements on the Shoulder are comnon in farm horses, a common cause being an ill-fitting collar. They vjiry v.-ry niuch in their character, anil it is necessary to make a careful examination and find the true character of the enlargement. When they are s(>ft an.l movable or tluctuating, and have made their appearance suddenly, they contain serum, and are called serus absces.ses, and are very coni- luoii in the shoulder l)v the muscles being injured; irritation and in- tlammation are set up, and an exudation of serum i* the result. Some are well defined, others are not. In some cases they may Iw hard around their circumference and soft in the center, and the hair begins to fall olV. This shows suppuration, and it may Ik' a deep- seated abscess, and if there is a large exudation surrounding this pus, which may have been there for some time, tln-n blisters, etc would not reach it. Treatment.— li a serus abscess make an incision and allow the serum to escape. After treatment use fomentations or cold applications according to the season of the vear, and use nressu re— place a bag of bran over the part and apply jiressure. These are troublesome to treat; in some cases vou open it up and the contents are evacuated, and in twenty-four or thirty hours serum is again formed ; then use a digestive ointment on a piece of tape, or something of the kind, saturated with a mihl stimulant. The best knife for such is 8ime_8 abscess lancet. There is another mode which looks rather rough, but it is prettv successful: if you have opened it up and used the digestive ointment and matter continues, it \a good practice to cut it right open with the knife, and then treat as a wound, or you may insert a seaton through it and attend to the constitutional treatment. If in good condition give a dose of purgative medicine, if in poor condition a generous diet. If you have some difficulty in determin- ing whether pus exists or not, get the history of the case. Notice whether the hair is falling ofl'or not, and you may feel the fluctuating of the pus; or you may use an exploring needle, or make anincision and insert a seaton needle, and if pus is there then enlarge the open- ing, foment, poultice, etc. Thev sometimes take on an indolent char- acter, and if it does not assume the character of a fibrous tumor use stimulants, blisters, seaton , etc. If you find this upon the anterio- internal part of the joint in a horse three or four years old, that haa not been doing much work, is unthrifty, the appetite impaired, con- stitutional irritation, pulse quick, some difficulty in extendina; the limb, etc., it is generally the result of irregular strangles. The local treatment is the same, but the constitutional treatment is diflerent; do not give a purgative if it comes from strangles. You mav find tumors of a vascular or malignant character, which are more difficult to remove, but the only chance sometimes is to remove them, but there is apt to be considerable hemorrhage. The ecraseur is the best instrument for such cases, and it may take a pretty powerful instru- ment; there is no great damage generally in dissecting theje out. The top of the neck is sometimes injured from the action of the col- lar ; it is easily treated if the exciting cause is removed. Clip off the rnEATMKNT OF ■actici' ii say it separates the oductioii. This can easily l)e ing yoiir opinion, you may ut it'will lake some time, anil ir are convnon in farm horses, lar. Tluy vjiry very njiich in make n careful examination geuieut. When they are soft ide their appearauce suddenly, IS ahseesses, and are very com- ing injured; irritation and in- Uion of serum i* the result. In some eases they may Iw )ft in the center, and the hair ation, and it may Ik' a deep- ;u(lation surrounding this pus, time, then blisters, etc woulil n incision and allow the serum citations or cold applications 1 use pressure — place a hag of e. These arc tronblesame to nd the contents are evacuated, im is again formed ; then use ,pe, or something of the kind, best knife for such is Siine's )dc which looks rather rough, ve opened it up and used the es, it is good practice to cut it treat as a wound, or you may o the constitutional treatment, purgative medicine, if in poor e some difficulty in determin- i history of the' case. Notice nd you may feel the fluctuating ing needle, or make an incision is there then enlarge the open- times take on an indolent criar- laracter of a fibrous tumor use ou find this upon the anterio- iree or four yeara old, that has [ty, the appetite impaired, con- ome difficulty in extending the irregular strangles. The local tutional treatment is different; from strangles. You mapr find iracter, which are more difficult etimes is to remove them, but rhage. The ecraaeur is the best take a pretty powerful instru- nerally in dissecting the«e out. ured from the action of the col- r cause is removed. Clip off the mSEASES OK KOMKXTU; ANIMALS. 121 hair, use tepid water ami m,ld astringents. I!ut sou.e urns th.s .., . . very trouM.son.e, a small al.s.vss torms an. bursts, beds, toMus ,u"in ete and ibere s a great tendcuA- for the matter o e.xtend low ;■. i; v..uexami.^^^ will notice a bole cxtcn. In.g .lown 1 e , ibc li,«n>cntun. nucha., which vou must cut ou. ; cans, c nav.h, but it is tedious. .\fur ..utt.nfr. bathe poultice etc. It is golid pVactioe to tie the bead up '">•-""" li"--'<-P " «"" "'»'^"""''- ShouMer Joint.-Tbc bones of this joint are held together by JStJ n° ligainen.s-the only ligament ';-|< J - -l^' (I' Injuries to this joint are very rare in the horse. Pisloct ion ot lis has been .....i.v. but verv rarely, indeed, but the joint may be .liseased i, V • us wavs. InHauiniation may set n,. aHecting .be join, and car- lages nd, f' allowe.l ... run on, nncby losis may .»ke pbuv. It may le 1 Mo' . aln or constitutional .listMrbance a kiii.l "f '•'.'^■''";"":; " rt iima.i.!... This may come in .lie bicip .al gn...vc » 'f '- "^ ; cii.'il seat ..f sb..uhler-joinl lameness is in cnnection wi.b the lUxor biS, 1. elc which .ass,.8 over the bicipital groove, in c.mncct.on wi' 1 r .itWiil aii.l arlicular cartilage. 1. isgenerallv -"l;;". •[ Pr- .luccl aii.l rea.lilv gives wav to treatment, but you may have all the S ijls Sund in .^her joints- inllanimati.,n ... . u; ^^---"^ l'-"- brane cartilages, etc.-giving rise to porcelancoiis dep.>si.s. .\nimals were at le tini -blisteiMMl for shoul.ler lameness, where .hey were co- fine cripples from navicular disease It is no. very .li licii t to tell slu" her lameness from foot lameness by one la.iiiliar 7' ' »' ' r;'^- It must bedistinguished bv the action, from certain parts being attected. Si^l lei lameness niay Vie pro.luced by the animal nimuug a«-..y falling violentlv,or rough han.lling in breaking 11. aMl.y and art illerv horses'a're subject t.. it, or it may be canso.l by '";>;•■:«'■'■- nc cast in the stall, or going through deep snow, or by ,1 re.-t njurv tnun a stn.ke upon 'the parts' There is some .lillicul.y in l.,cat.ng it, if slight, but not if severe. Sv,M'"".'..-There is difficulty in extending the limb, but not what vou would call great difficulty. It is brought lorward in a kiml ot •rotarv manner." This is better, marked in trotting than ■-; wakm^ but if he is warmed up it will disappear to some extent. 1 1'«^' ■'^l' '» Hexed when standing, hut not pointe.l, as in foot lameness- -pei haps parallel with or just In-hind the other foot. You may, in some cases, Ceable to detect'swelling, especially if 'V ! '%">'7'; ^'l^J;::;;"! I'rear ipulation may assist you. If you ext. n.l he limb the hf'r«H,Y'''/f f/ up, or if vou pull it back and then trot off the lameness will be in- creased. 'Negative symptoms are useful. Look at the other parts o the limb. The best time to examine is after a hard rule or drive of four or five miles, and then stand in the stable until cooled and bring out and examine. There is a tendency to strike the toe '" .urn.ng, and you are liable to think he is lame in the shoulder, when he is not. Treatment.-ll makes little difference, so far as treatment is cou- cerned, whether it is in the flexor brachii or in the articulation; but it helps you in your prognosis if you know which .t is In one it is curable ; in the other it is not. Give rest ; stand in a box. Some rec- ommend a high-heeled shoe in severe cases; I "«""''y P^^jf''./X"f the shoe oft'. If severe, and the limb can scarctdy Im. moved, if there 9 great difficulty in getting up when. down, it is good pract.,^ to place in slings ; foment, use anocfyne liniment, or a "^wlyflayed sheep Skin, etc., followed by a blister, and invest a considerable surface. ■ \ m-' '■ ' - : ' . -' 1'22 1AU8KS, SYMPTOMS AN1> TUKATMKST OF Apply iirmintl tlu- iirtiouliitioii, imti nllow it to »'xtfii.v!i tlii' liiiib. Ciintliiiridis is uh gooil ii.s anytliiiiK. Sfiitoiis iiri- soim'tiiiifS umIiiI. Flit ill iiliout thri'i'. I>i. ncl tmii on piiHtiuv, Imt nivc rist iiii.l iiiiiH. Anotliir wav of (Utcclinn laiiu'iu'ss is piiltiiiK a Hticl« ol wood U■• -^ K"'»i'» "'i''*' may lie done to prevent collar .'alls l>v having the collar litleii nicely, and exposing it to the sun or hre, to dry up the swi-al. There are swellings I.etweeii tlu' fore legs, which niav he prodiiceil in various ways, and may he of a forniidahle char- acter the result of irritation from martingal or hreast strap, or in- jury direct or indirect, or thev may he of a constitutional character. Tnhvdrothnrax, disease of th»' kidneys, liver, etc., you will find these sweliings. If they are from injury, remove the cause ; apply heat or cold; if matter is present, opin it up; or, there may he extensive irritation inside of the legs, which, in some cases, is dithciilt to treat. It is hest treated hv constitutional treatment. It may result Irom the liorse heing slightly out of condition, (iive purgatives, tonics, diure- tics etc., anil use the white lotion. I have foiiiul iK'iielit from dimlinff the' parts with charcoal. Keep «iuiet, for the folds of the skin rub upon eaeli other and keep up the irritati<^i, especially in the tall ot the year. Pectoral Region. — Injuries here cmiir in diflerent ways, and sometimes do exceedingly well if the sternum and largo vessels are uninjured ; a punctured wound heing the most dangerous. Kndeayor to find what caused the trouble, and it will assist you in determining whetl-.er there are any pieces in the wound or not. Elbow Joint.— Is formed by the radius and ulna and huiiierus, and there is considerable motion to it. It is occasionally diseased; sometimes there is an abscess of a stous character, or fracture of the ulna, exostosis, anchylosis, etc.; or, there may lie inilaniniation of the joint or synovical membrane. It may result from the animal slipping and falling upon the elbow, or from constitutional causes, and is an annoying source of lameness. It is hard to find the exact seat of the disease. In other causes there is sprain of the ligaments, or some of^the lateral ligaments may become completely ruptured. The caput muscles, especially the magnum, tend to bring up the leg, and are liable to injury. *Tlie symptoms vary according to the severity of the ease, and is sometimes difficult to detect. We make up our mind from both negative and positive symptoms— by negative, when there is no disease in any other part of the limb. If there is rupture of the lateral ligaments, or fracture, the animal points the limb and knuckles at the fetlock. The elbow comes down to a certain extent, if walked. Sometimes, by placing the limb pretty straight, he can bear weight upon it pretty well. If it is the result of a sprain, there is mo-t oi less swelling and heat ; but sometimes you do not have these symptoms. Some say there is a tendency to place the foot as in lamini'ir but I have not seen this ; but in backing there is difficulty in b.-inging back the limb. Wasting of the muscle* in the region of the joint will assist you in determining it. V IIKATMKNT OF ' il to fXtflnl (lli.V!! till' lilllb. iitons iiri- sonu'timt'S useful, liiiv, Imt f{'v»' I'lHt mill tiiiiet. It'iMK !i Htick i>f wood for till' •» pliicc, it is I). .st \« (Kstroy HtiiUiiiii. , mill if tiiiiti'il ill tiiiii' are •; hutlic with wiiiiii nr col.i tiiij! ilri'Hsiii); hIiouIiI not be inilammation It may result from the animal or from constitutional causes, s. It is hard to find the exact lere is sprain of the ligaments, become completely ruptured, mm, tend to bring' up the leg, ptoms vary according to the difRcult to detect. We make ositive symptoms— by negative, ■ part of the limb. If there is lacture, the animal points the elbow conies down to a certain ing the liml? pretty straight, he If it is the result of a sprain, but sometimes you do not have tendency to place the foot as in It in backing there is difficulty of the muscle* in the region of DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 123 Ti-eatmrnl.-'(i\\e rest; allay the irritation; use hot or cold to the parts; blister -seatons are perhaps preferable to a blister, one inside and one outside -and stimulate them with cantharides, or anything of that kind. If it is a s. vere injury to the caput muscles, then place in slings. Oapoed Blbow.-The most common injury in this region is a little eiilargement appearing on the point of the elbow, caused by the action of the shoe when the animal lies down, causing irritation and the formation of serum or an abscess. \ heavy Inlly band •"»>' pro- duce it or it niav be due to the manner in which the animal lies down, even prodiu'ing it without shoes, and it is lucessary to wear a hoot on such, although shod with very short shoes. It is easily ile- tected; there is first irritation, and then a slight exudation; some- times just an ordinarv exudation, and sometimes it is of a serous character. Remove lh"e cause-remove the shoe -^ apply loiiienlations and stimulate with any mild liniment, such as the camphorated, and in from three to six dnvs it will disappear, if attemled to in time. A moderate dose of physil' is of benefit. If the cause is kept up and serum acciimulatis, it is best to open it laretiilly at the most depend- ent part, then foment and stimulate; or insert a small piece ol tape with the digestive ointment, carbolic acid, etc , to prevent the wouml from healing, or vou may insert a seaton through it lor the same purpose. This exudation niav become of a fibrous character, anil also fibrous pus is secreted, and it makes an ugly sore I he remedy is to dissect it carefully out. In some cases, where the exudation is becoming organized, you might arrest it by using iodine ointmen , or biniodide of mercurv, but if once organized then remove it. lliire mav be considerable'hemorrhage in cutting these out, hut it can gen erally be controlled, after which bring the divided edges together. It will take some time for it to heal up, owing to the motion in the parts. When vou think an infiammatory action can be set up and cause the absorption of this exudation, try counter-irritation. llie elbow may be injured by slipping and cjtting the point ot the elbow, especially in winter. In such cases when the animal stands up you will see that the cut or incision is below the elbow ; these set up great irritation. Treat with cold or hot water, lotions, etc. It the animal is driven for some distance air passes and extends right around the joint, and perhaps up the shoulder, giving rise to great swelling, which is not the result of inHamniation ; bring the hand over the part and you will fiml that it contains air-there will be a crackling noise. Foment and use slight pressure. It might be advisable to make incisions in the parts, but this is the exception. I saw this occur from trachetomv, where the air got in and extended over the entire body ; the operation was performed in n bungling manner. Injuries Below the Petlcok.-The flexor muscles are bound down by fascte. These muscles are liable to injuries, punctures, wounds, etc., and when yon notice an injury of a chronic character, and successive abscesses form and discharge, open up and examine for a foreign bodv. These muscles rfre also sprained. Ihe belly is not sprained so often as the tendon ; but this does occur It may be done by violent action, as galloping, jumping, etc. The symptoms are wel niarked. There is difficulty in flexing and extending the limb, heat and swelling in the parts. Use fomentations, liniments and a mild blister There are incised, punctured and lacerated wounds as well. J.24 TAISEH, BYMITOMB AHD TREATMENT OK down The ixUi.K.^r nietuourpi ..l,li.,mH pxHSis '.'•' "I '^^•,, •',';,''' t:^:;'i»,3:u::-';:;;s.;;. i,ir;:'l."...,. ■.. ..m ... .«. ill velereiiary priittici'. TCnee Joint -The urranK«mcnt of the boneB prevent conrugsion Knee dOinr. i e ur h coiuhhwoh, mul m.nKtmies of but not invaniiuiy. ' • i.u„,.iiess ami 8\ve ni? n some caseH. He libroUH exiulate, and the animal n.ay be destroyed. The piognosis more difficult than the diagnosis. T«i«H«B to the Knee Joint.— There may be stifTness, but not E u * .id .i h. i.««k »f «"> '"""k. -?""'« "'V""" ■'■>'"'''»■ iiid y«.! cmnol. Ex.mine in tl.U w.y for «>„,,. n™. hasten, and sometimes to arrest, same process, beatons and hring recommended, but I think blisters are best. Speedy-Out is sometimes a very troublesome enlargement, and X IlEATMENT UV •v in till' rt-Kion of tlif I'll (iw tlu' iiiiimnl in ki'itt goiiiK for iriifmn tiikin pliuv iiiuliT llii- ids iiroiiiiil till' liiiil>, tiiUHiiin r may |Miutritt>' iiml iltHtroy int, nnd if yon an- ciilU'il two imrtsdwollcn luul UiiiItT, and rolievo tlu' (mrls of |in» bv iin jireViMil I'XcfSHivi' hlouxliiuK. iK-fOMK' It-ndons ii« wi- |>rocre(l Iin imnms oliliiinily ovt-r the e hiiH Hiippliiil It Willi iiluirwt n often we little HwellinKM jnst thinhnrBa, wliieh lia» lieeonie lerallv from injniy liy wtiikiiiK I Htiikint? the |>aitn, or from a Give rewt, ime liol or cold, re-Hore only, and Ih v»rv tlflh- lorption l>v Hettinn up inllam- H. You mav sometinieM oikmi ful unless it contains serum, it 18 not what it i» said to be the bones prevent conrussion, eonenssion, and sometimes of II generally results from injury, leditary tendency, or a rlieuni- ind sweDing in some cases. He he drops the same as in splint, slightly pointed. If y>'U "ex le cause- is kept up, it is likely ne to a bony deposit, or to a le destroyed. The prognosis is rhere may be stifTness, but not s tissue, or there may lie a little I giving rise to more or less lame- rpitis. You can detect this by lealthy condition, you can bring c, against the elbow, but if dis- niy for soundness. n that requires more rest than p the limb quiet. Take ofT the Iter, and use anodyne liniments, I benefit from a siarch bandage. i the animal is extremely lame, and applv around the whole } hard at 'the back part, for it a sore that is difficult to heal, up inflammation ; sometimes to process. Seatons and firing are best. y troublesi^nie enlargement, and DISBAMKR OK 1)OMKJ«Tir ANIMAIX 125 mav iii.pear inside of the joint. It is prodii.cl by sinking: it may rouu- graduallv, and be full, hard and tense, or come sudden. ii.Mk,' Hofi 111 some eases it is just conliision, just from one strik., wine i bruises the tissues internallv; possibly llure is extravasation of blood, iind serum forms; or, from striking sliKhtly, irrilalion is set up to a slight extent ; this Koes on, and a tumor conies on gradually. 'Jr,nlu,e,il.-[l the cause is kept up, it is likely to end in a serious abscess. Hemove the cause. I'se hot or cold ai.i'licalioiis ; if there is mud. pain, hot is preferable. Hut I think il cold is applied in time, when there is not much pain, it prevents tlu' bad nsulls. 1 her.' is beiielit ill bandaging. I'se acetate of lead and mild stimulating linimeiKs. If serum forms, open carefully after allayiiiK the irrita- tion iSime's !il.s.eHS lancet is perhaps the best), then apply pressure ; for if vnn .lo not, it Is likelv to collect again. Hut .lo mit be rash in opening while there is irritation. The irritation can be rediiced to a great ext.jit bv caiitliarides or biniodide of niereiiry. I here are various met ho.ls of pr.venting striking : atlcnil to the shoeing, and in many cuses it is necessary to apply boots, sometimes Irom the loot to the shoulder. The Tendons of the Knee are sometimes cut, especially the met- acari.i magiuim, from falling or from a kick, or coming in contact with some sharp instrument. The tendons will reiinile,biit in injuries here it is sometimes diiheiilt to get reunion. In laceration of these tcmloiis, bring the divi.led edges of the skin together, keep the limb asstraigli as possible-bv splints, in some cases, ami keep the parts .iiiiet II you are not called for some lime after the accident, the horse has been moving aroiiml, the eii.ls of the ten.loiis recede from each other, and there is a kind of fungus growth thrown out inside ol the wound ; when the animal moves, this cither protrudes or disappears, which shows it is in connecti.m with the tendons. Cut the diseased portion out- apply caustics and considerable pressure, (iood caustics are sulphate of copper, nitrate of silver, carbolic acid, etc. lertecl re- union will not take place, but a growth is thrown out by which the two ends are united, and there will always be an enlargement. Open Joint is a very serious result in any articulation, and sometimes there are severe constitutional symptoms set up, and it may cause death by the constitutional fever. The joints most ex- nosed are most liable-the stifle, hock, fetlock and knee-but almost any joint mav be laid open. What I mean by open joint is where the skin, liga'ments and synovial membrane arc opened up. It is one of the most serious injuries to which the horse is liable, ami vanes much in its results. A series of pathological changes takes place unless the discharge of synovia is arrested very soon. 1 think if it occurs in a horse of a phlegmatic temperament, it is more easily treated than in one of the opposite condition; the constitutional fever does not run so high. Notice the character of the discharge. It is not so serious if opened with a sharp instrument, as if done in a more violent manner, for if done by a kick, or fnun tailing, there is inflammation as well as open joint. It is sometimes a punctured wound produced bv a pitch fork. In a case where a capsular liga- ment is punctured' or injured, and not done in a violent manner, there is not verv severe suflcring for some time, but the synovia escapes and the an gets into the wound, sets up irritation, and then the animal suffers greatly. At first the discharge is pure synovia— it 10,1 1AU8EH, HYMITOM^ ANl. TUKATMKNT (-K smsssmm mmmmmm ,„,i,.,,,., ri,-,. ,..,,.r» '"P"; ; ly •„,■'■„ ' " ,,, .,,„■„ ;;:;;:j;.u:'i;:l!;n:ir;;i;:t. ',,;!',; !■,;.» ™. ■..»•" - reiM)nwiuiule.l or vnuous R«Mi s >' 1 Htaiulin« tluy "«».V livi' hours, (or two or throe diiys. he 1. of the bursal liui.l for ..pen joint. t:iea.>8e v h ^^^^^ KATMKNT <'K looi) tiiki's |>lin'«' ; in ""•' '"■ il ilic niitiiri' nf llio •liwii'"' or I'oiir (liiy» ttn' iiit'Ki-ilv iirtiliiKi'M lifcoiiM' (ItHlioyt'ilj iin.livlimiH in tlif nniilt, iiiid iiiH iiIno Ixroiiu' iiniiliciiU'us tilciiiittd, nuittir in tiirown nuH tiu' niiiK-titc in i;i'"ii- tlio ts lifdow till' lioily, theiT i» n I'roiu two to Hix tliivK; or ;c.i with pus, and fXli'iisivi- fornifil, etc., nn«l tlic caw is ,. liock joint, lull it' v"ii arc iicliiirnf Ih |MUf i^vnoviii, ii" |, instrnintnl, luul tlic tissnot* M's of ri'covi'ry. u'lilinR of tlic wound, and if 1 with (•(diodimii, wliifli tx- and prevents llu' disciiart;.' ; rate with one part of carlxdic it ovor tlu' wouml and ktfp jr,., foment, and alti-nd to tlif •t -AS posfiiliK', and Honiftiiiu'n ino. It niiiy hiai l>y tiic first 111 svnovia i'k- dinciiarnvd and II wountl of this kind. It U nl "s^' linil) as straight as possible; I or wipe away any eoiimilnni tlie ponitiee I reooninieiid is: lonr tends to coii>?nlation, and ni», and aresonietiines not bad I enn use caustics, or tlie ordi- IressiliRS, nor inject the wound, tagc; otliersdonot. They are roduce stiflness in the joint, or ■aseof some standing they may or hock joint, to any extent, ilse is full luul bounding, you ten drop doses, every four or ■h thev look very formidnb c, leu joint, and von may mistake )iut. Clettu»e"with cold water, • and secure them ; keep quiet nse the ordinary white lotion, injured, and the growth of the produced, and if ihe hair bulbs roduced ; but so long as they are DIHKASia i>K IXlMKXm ANIMAIJ. m ea Treat with any mild led, is not, in tunny not di-slroved it will grow, but it may be while, oinlincnl t.. lubricate the skin ; huud-ruh, etc. Sprain of the Fli-xor TendooB so cases, a «prain of ih.sc ten.h.iis, but ol llie Metacarpal LiBam.nt8.--This is very !;";i;;;"'\ ;;;;";;^;;;;:[::::i II . I ..„l.lv i.l'iiii \n exudation takes place -;-;=^:; t;:;;£ fn^^»: ;-..-;.- l;::,i„'l;':,.': ii;:;;;,:;.';.".';;.." L't:-. ■ ."."■ > -> would not. Snrain of the Back Tendons tak.s pla.r in the same wa.y ;i;;;;;';;:f,:n=''>,t;;^,rS:r}^ ..;;-; -j.r:;-s,t li^'^T,"; '; ll'we iv a^ g V .'^e tl, thickening of the tendons. S K Vnu:;m;a^aud'c;.i;;e the horse to walk on the toe ,i.»-;cr^:-..rpr^^^^^^^^^ Trcament is just the same, whether it is the ligjimcnt ""• /';« ^^'|;;;: ""; "It',;; •':;' r.', ir:V; nurt' ^istri,,'- 1.», ....5 li ;;d=.;;i:^;x"::rsr u^;l.A;,^ji^ I'JS (AI^'EH, MVMITOMH AM) TIIKATMKNT t)K Till' HHiilt <>l' lli«' injiiii*'* I ''"^' rau n«ii«Tiilly III' tri'iili'il witlioiil it. iiKiitiotu'tl Im Oontraotion of the TendonB, in wi.i.i, tli.. Im™. wi.llxs u|.on ,|„. ,,„., allnwini,' 111.' InnI t.. KH.W clll (.f hI.I.|..'. 1 llf olliv rWMUV^ (.1 l„in«iuj.. tl.r imilH inin lli.ir iial.iriil coii.lili.m ih t.nnlnii.v, thai l> if il,,. ,.„nlrarti,.n in ll..' rrHull oi .lisrasf ..I tl.r I.mi.Ihii, Iml il i mm.'H Irnn, s,.in.' -lisraM' n( tlu- I.Hc"k joini il «"iii.i Ih' iis.1.-.h. In |Kr- l„n,.in« t,.|...t.„nv applv .ol,! wal.r I., llu y.niH lor a -lay ";•.'«;".<" ,v,iu.v anv inllan. I'l.m au.l k'.l ri.i -I llu' ,Mi.iaUnn. tant ll.r |„„H.' laUr ll.r liinl. Iioni tl.r linl.l.ir, aiwl i.iul;.. v..ur mr.HM.u msi.l.. .,f Ih.' lin.l., l»liHl<• '• '*<* '">*• '" ''"' »'"•""«'' '"'''' •'''"'"'"J- Iml s..m.tiM,.s,.nUi..K'..".' will .l„-ll...n trn.t as » '•''''['"'''V;''!'": ; S .linuH tiK. animal will slau.l w.tl. tl..- Im.l. II..x.m1, an. it is in son,.. ..as.« mrrssary I., apply a l,iK'l.l."l.;l sIm-'-, I'-'t '«>''" /"^ l.rii.K 111.' f...t lis mar llif natural .•on.lilH.n ns possil.lc U'lon- iip.'rarni«. The Sheath of the Tendon is injnml l.iit it is trivial in ....niparisou will, injuri.s I., tl..' lil.ivs of II... I.n.lo.is. I ...ay l.o . Ion.. l,vslriki..u'«ill. 111.' Iiin.l lo.il.or if in Hi.' liin-l Uk h >*")"»■ ""; ' animal slrikii.« it. Y.u. iniKlit at lirsl lli.nk .1 was sprain ol tli.. „.,„|„„, l.ni it is w.ll l.a.'k, tl..M.. is sw.llmi.', an.l I ..■ animal is not «.. lam,, as in sprain. It is l.i'Sl tr. at...l l.y Jiol or .'ol.! appli<;ationH, iv- frii;..rant loii..ns, ano.lv.u- liniinrnts, .f., ami yon may lin.l l.cnfllt f,.m. a l.lisl.r; wl...n"v.-i. aiv "alK'.l mak.. u .•aivful ..xamination. ri,,. s..sp..ns..rv litiumHit is tl... Kival mainslay ol llu' liml., an. vorv p.,wrrlul, aml''e a long vest, ot stand the same amount of it is complete breakdown, the ition, but may be able to un- ik. When there is descent of lies down; let him lie. Apply l)IHEAHF,» OK DOMKiTIC ANiMAtH. rjy where the ligmnents '''•\\'!"'V'^;;V,;, ' l„ biK a. etc. voU may U-nsive '■V'•^'''''''l'"*^''''^rii iTir u S ;i aVose eVn no, be Iind henelit from the use of the hnug iron in ^ . „,■ ,,„. £r;:;,:r;:;L':;":ro..":i;;;;,;',;i. ....,,.. ..,«.. here than higher up. . . wrong; there mav be a little 1"''' '"^, '' ' ' ./' ';':.u .J „d beat in irritation is low aown ; yon may '^•'"•' ^ «'','*', ,"f.r cold a,.pli- this region; trotting bun causes pa n , " . ,[\ •,,' "j this region ; cati.ms and coi.nter-.rntations ; but >■•""••.'" 7',' ,ns mav be Vut- it may destroy the skin and hair bulbs. 1 h ;"';'",; ,7,-,,,,, from usually from the action ot »'•;•'''"'' ''V;", , '^ Z;,^ ,r ;ith a z;.!^^;z;:>r"w;vji:amjajS3^.^ rLS^^rinr;e"|i I Ms}! '^^ nerves, etc may 1h> cut ''^ ^f "^J^- "„^i,'^ ;'\ ! . V.ben bandage between the sensitive a".l '-"•^'".f.'^*' Ts n ^ rv o eu" hwn ami extensive suppuration. W hen ;''''^^;.'JVr"eSy "u" von might mon in road horses. , . r i .i„ Sy..p^anu,.-^0. first coming from ^^^ «|\ter ''x^Sy." d'S stiZbut this will disappear '^«"■»f/'^ ^"^J^'^'^J^ «"6l'tly. *"«» C ^r^^^^^^roZ^^^::. '^'^aref.!! examination 130 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF reveals heat in the parts. Flexing cr extending the limb '"'•'^^"f'^s P;''"' a^,!^l the animal will go more lame. There "'•%'^^'''"'K;;« 1« /i""^^, place perhaps a cartilaginous deposit, which maybe converted int.. o m"' 'in such cases lameness continues for some time and there is a well markeil enlargement around the joint, at first putFy the., hard. 2V«,/-/»en/.-Rest, {..mentations, heat or cold, f..llowe.l by a blister. We (ind other causes of slight sprain, and it is hard to sav what is the ..xU Tes in. It is usuallv produced by hard or fast work up.... hard r.m.ls or lanl pulling, 'lie mav extend the limb pretty well, but t otled herVis .iiilluhv in disteiuling the limb. There may be „ KslL..f the j.,i..t. When y..u see a l...rse ^V'-V^^Vg >" the fe ock ,lo not make up v..ur mind that the disease is in the fct '?;•/';« .'"""""if ,1, act on or hasten the process of suppuration. Wa ch it ch.sely, an h-, after poultici..g for one or two days, the swell.ug mi'rease.s an.l pc'rhaps fluctuates to a slight extent, then you »'« «"'•': '"'^"^.^ j^ forme 1; and when it arrives at a certain stage, open - b''^ ''^ carefulin inserting the lancet if there is extensive exudat.on Firs twite the animal and make a small incision; or sou.et.mes insert a probe or irector, and then open slightly. If opened in time, it win ten prevent extensive sloughing; Pm. tico,. etc., alter ..pen. ng. If sinuses are formed and matter is discharging, cleanse nicely, and then use caustics, as butter of antimony, nitrae of silver, ec or there mav be thickening, which may be removed by .odine oint- ment; or an'occasional blister. Do not apply irritants when the horse has a tendency to brush, so to speak. Knuckling.- This sometimes falls under the head of disease, and some'.imes von can scarcely call it such, and in examining f<)r 8."undne88 voii may be puzzled to say whether it is sound or unsound. Sem. /be jerking forward of the fetlock at almost every step, or even when standing still. The joints appear prominent in front. I dit arts from the sy...metrical appearance of the limb, but may not nterfo.Vwi 1. the action at all. Post mortem often reveals nothing wrong wiU. the joint. It is oftener seen in the hind than the ore Hmb, hard and fast work being the exciting cause, or /vorking young animals before thev are able to undergo such exercise. The high feeding of colts which are kept in the stable is a cause, or.'t 's some- times the result of more or less disease in the t^tlock joint, or the formation of the limb, a straight fore limb and pastern, etc., tend to this. . * : 1 HEATMENT OF emling the limb creates pain, 'here are eliaHKes tliat taite hirli may be converted into or some time, and tiiere is a t, al first puH'y tlieii liard. cold, followed by a blister. 1 it is hard to say wbut is the Kird or fast work upon hard id the limb pretty well, but iig the limb. There may be orse knuckling in the fetlock, sease is in the fetlock in all • of the fetlock. Use hot or eat benefit. Cold water may but knuckling may still re- le just for a sprain. ■tlock joint while traveling. f relieve it. Get the animal ' striking is not sufficient to t gives rise to contusion, sets is an extensive cxmlation, ion; and the matter is deep oiu its situation the animal H puzzle a young practitioner r from a sprain, but usually ling, rests the foot, or may lift e as in suppuration of the foot. will allav the inllanimatory alion. Walcii it closely, and :s, the swelling increases and hen you are sure matter is ■rtain" stage, open it; but be is extensive exudation First incision; or sometimes insert ghtly. If opened in time, it Poultice, etc., after opening. 8 discharging, cleanse nicely, timony, nitrate of silver, etc.; \y be removed by iodine oint- n'ot apply irritants when the speak. 8 under the head of disease, t such, and in examining for diether it is sound or unsound, etlock at almost every step, or ippear prominent in front. It iince of the limb, but may not mortem often reveals nothing sen in the hind than the fore Mting cause, or working young rgo such exercise. The high stable is a cause, or it is some- le in the fetlock joint, or the limb and pastern, etc., tend to DISEAStW OF noMKSTK ANIMALS. i;u Trealnit'iU.-li of long standing little can be .lone lor it, but it it appears suddenly in a hor.se t Mce or four years ol.l it may l.e got rid of (live list, apply cold water, ami afKrwaids blister, an.l it tlie horse has i>ccn in ihV stable recommend him turned to pasluiv lor iv time. Knee Sprung is similar to knuckliii'r, and interferes but little with the Miiiinars usefulness. It is.soiuetinies the r.siilt ot tormatioli, and someti.ii. s the ivMilt of hard or last work Ik loiv the annual is lit for such work, or standing in a stall, espeeially it such stall slants from before l.aekward. Judges of horses preler a kiiee-spn.ng to a calf-kneed horse, as lliev will stand more work, and a call-kneed horse is more liable to stumble. Some say that knee-spring arises from extension of the extensor tendons; others say Ironi eontnietioii of the llexois and ligaments. Another cause is lee.ling young aiiinials highly, as for show purposes, and not giving regular exercise, lligli- hceleilslKusalso have a tendency to produce this. It in a young hor.sc from anv of these causes, a little treatment and a little rest may restore it. If'in a gross animal, give a certain amount ol exercise and then phvsic; then use judicious eoiiiiter-irrilalion; blister. Keep- iiiK a horse 'lower in front than behind has a tendency to help it, but iierhaps a level lloor is the best. If the formation is laulty you can not bring him to a natural eomlition. Sometimes it is unsoiiiulness, ami sometimes it is m.t. If it is not from faulty formation, it is not an unsoundness; if it is from faulty formation, it is unsoundness. Wind Galls will come under your notice almost every day. Thev are luiffv tumors, situated at the back paVt of the fethxk joint. They are of various sizes, so called because tl'.ey were supposed to contain air. Thev consist in an enlargement of the bursa-, in connec- tion with the Hct'or tendons, where tendons play over each other, or over bones. Thev are supplied with little sacks, called bi'rsa'; these are lined with synovial membrane, and secrete synovia. I he processes of absorption and secretion are going on. When more is secreted than is absorlied, the result is a wind-gall, which is a bursal enlargement, due to the natural secretion, which secretion may liecome more or less changed if the cause is kept up, and the bursa may become thickened, or even a bony or cartilaginous deposit may occur. \ on may tiiid wind-galls in any joint, but they are not called wind-galls unless in the region of the fetlock ; if well back, it is in connection with the bursa! otthe flexor tendons; but if more in front, it is in connection with the joint A slight wind-gall is not looked upon as an unsoundness, even in a fast horse. In examining, be careful to scrutinize the condi- tion of wind-galls ; if they are soft, and there is no l.uat m the narts, etc., and they are in the back part, and small, it is not unsoundness. In examining, make the animal stand upon the limb; if thev are more in front, heat, pain, etc., are present, and there is more or less disease of the fetlock joint. They may appear very suddenly, as after a clrive or one day's work. They are due to the excessive demand ol the drive ; the absorption is not equal to the secretion. I think severe exertion irritates the parts and prevents absorption, and the secretioro goes on as natural. Treatment— li of long standing, they cannot be removed; but if treated in the early stage, they may be reduced. If suddenly pro- duced in a plethoric animal, give a moderate dose of physic, and use hot or cold applications— cold perhaps is preferable. Pressure is o» CWXW, sYMl>rOM>< AND TKKATMKNT OK . I .-. 'r,.k,. •« i.uro of .•l..th nn.l f..l.l s.von.l times, mvl place ,.,«,„ .1... part. a.,.l appiv a ImndaK , ^^' "^}^J^ ^J ,,,.-., an.l sona- tim.s fnll..w will, a M.sUT, and ... "V"^,,"; •••„,„„ ,l,o„. ..nUs« i,.^,s an.l tui"^ ="••• -' i;^;: ^:,i.. n v^x..,.! a..!' .a-.s. t.o..l,lo. ,|,..y .•ni.la... s.r...... fn.- t .-• '" ,' ' " T.,V l.ul it W0..1.1 acru.nulat*" i:::;rX..ani:a..:i .^ay i... tn.a,.l tl.. ....... TL- ...ay l-e pn- diiml by sti-ikiii!,' il.. ''tall. *• .v,^ Wotlnrk I will fust nif..ti ';;."'-'';7\;: , ^ ! /^s f'.-. ... slippiW-i-t sot- bo spra...»Ml ..r nipt".'-''- //,"' '\,,i\lii.i.i.i'', a...l tl.o horse bo tinK tl.o foot ..po.. a ^•''^''•'^7' V"^' "'",,fj/;' .'Vl inK. If tl.o rouu.l hu,7. for lifo- or it n.ay .os-.U •""/,.. ."sot up i.. tbo on- lifia...ont sLflors, tl.oro .s ...o.-o o »^ « >";! V :,' ' „„,,. \.o arrosto.l, tiro artioula.io... Tbo in...Mt.on < « IS ^ ;' "f,^,.,,,/;, „„i so ooiu- «n.l ..loo,-a.io„ ami ""'^''y t!^^^^ p, i ^^^^ "a fav.,rito soat by mo., as .lisoaso ot si....o otl.o , ^' •;'"'■ '.^.^o <.f tl.o parts, ami yo.. r:;T;<';H:;:rs"^lr;^l;KSX ,r,m.....!. ..■..- 1.1,. not tboinsolv.'s aflootetl, as ui "P";'"'^'';; „i.„.,.,8 rely .ipon pressure. sUted by n.anip..lat.o.. ; but you *^»" ^'j^J^ee .t over the joint, It is recon....eu.lc,i to take a P'e'--'^"^ « '^ J E walk the ani.ual and strike it w th a ..'al'et o..ce ' ^ * '^he 8l..it « the disease. But S^rl^iS-^^J^t^i^^c^it^l^ut difficulty in .leteeting it. Gluteal Muscles espeeiallythe^axi^,w^^^^^^^^^ the prominence on the head of the '*'»;"^' V V '^„i"7jisea8e. It gen- ury This is more commoD, p»^^rhaps, thai) h'P joint Uisewe^ i g TaUy occurs just from «>iP.P'"«; -"'■^.j:^;.' ,"Si /£ l"Sg 1 load. It is more common lu P""'"K. '''"'" Ha^Hng violentiv. Ii mav be cartilaginous or osseous deposits. lUSEASES OK DOMKHTU' ANIMAU><. VM lEATMKNT OF foUl si'veriil times, n"'' pli'^-^ liiiK' it wit ; it f:iusis iil)»ori)- uvtiiUM.f Uiid, ctc.iind soiia- rk ni-iidnMilv. Irritant .Iresw- ; lust not to opt" tl"''"' ""J^^**** ray ixttiul iim' liinsi' tr(inl)lo. lar Imt it would iKruiimliiti- V lull of tlo yi'iii-, :i"d ix|.ose will, in most t-nsis, ntnrii in tluv arc a urcat.r I'Vi'-sore, hf same. Tliiso may l)c pro- will first nuiitiim tliis in tla- imIuuc it in i'Xci'(.lional oases, ■ l)uius lliroini bai-k, tlie lign- I'raeturt'. itlanimation from some injury, indiriet injury. It may eonie lint ; the round li^jament may urnrs from srippinft-jnst set- id slippiiv.', and tlio horse be vi.dent pnllii.K. If the round inllammaliou set uii in the en- lu" cartilages may he arrested, Hip joint disease is not soeom- lions, vet it is a favorite seat by structure of the parts, and v<)n .cting thediilercnce hetwecn hip there is diffieulty in extemling IT marked in trotting. , >>l>i'" c nrettv well. He rests the limh from the ground ; hut this alone 8 no irritation in any other parts akingup your mind. And per- iv or mav'not he slight swelling, /of the muscles, even if they nre 'etc 111 some cases you are as- 1, not always rely upon pressure, wood and place it over the joint, wiee, and then walk the annua i is the seat of the disease. But e is no difficulty in detecting it. e niaximuB, which is attached to feunir, frequently sufler from m- )8, than hip joint disease. It gen- re particularly if pulling a heavy i than in ordinary driving horses slipping or falling violently, u be changes in the joint. There losits. I extending the Urab-sometinies the limb forward at all. There is more or less swelling, if it is in the ^^^^^^^^^^^ ''\:S,^:ZZ ,,„„„..,,ion with the '''7^1V t Is e 1 IK H V H. pull tl^^ limb Udiind is the brst wav to detect '''' -*" . "^_/' Vou nu.v, in some back, out or forward. It .ncrcuses the '''" "\ •,.,,;'!,,',;.. ; but iu cases n.is.ake fracture lor spram, ' "''' ^> ;'"' J;;V. 1. n. s luigl.t fracture there will be deseen, '•' .'V / ' , 'i' ; ' , . .eeident 'c- 1-^1 -rai::: 3:v;:: iiuii:...:.^,.?:''' Afie;-;. ti whe.. ,he sweuiug disappears, atrophy takes place to some extent. plaster to keep the c.mt sti I , " l'*:, ,;,'•,,., . if ,|,e animal is kept caries takes place i is •■"•''[;'*:.., '\!, ' U.,, si , or a ..onverti,^ at work there are ehanjres that giu "^ ' '^ - . „,• u ,,art of the tendon ...to ^••'^'l; W. j ,, \, 'J lau- n.i.scleB usei;ifiri..g; s""";. '•.*'^'''"!""'"1 '' " i3 t . b"t I think it and applying the tir.ng iron near '''.."'',,,■,,•,« joint seldom .oiild'not be a.t-;;od wiUi s.u.e^ ^ ^ -:^^V;i,:;!.rV;:,e.ure of .the possible to get it into position in cattle. a*tnc Tnint —There mav be sprain of some of the straiKlit liga- the limb he endeavors to keep .1 '","*,'' 'f';!'"i,"en.ent and and one outside, as'required. I recommend blisters. nialocation of the Patella is by no means uncommon, and it off it, or there are thin-s which predispose to it. I have noticea some cases after strangles, which occurred very easily. %««n*om« are very plain, and after seeing one case vou can easily Srthe ner^'fhe animal cannot extend the lim^, and when he MWtH I' j34 CAIISKX, HYMl'TOMH AND TIIKATMKNT OK ,l«e« bring it lorwar.l, he .loe» it as tho.iKl. llure was no «rti(ul:ition uUv I ml., and u.Ih the Hanu- w,.y wlu-n l.mko.l. '1 lu-ri- was a slu.k- t mnl fro l.is .•oll.'K.- to vxau.im. «.u-l. a cas.., nn.l t heiv was c.,n- . U r« »t w i.. tlu- 1.0X, an.l ho «ai.l th. horso ha.l fi-.t h.« toot St in a hole i" the Hoor. Tl... Hyn.pf.n.s aro n„u.. like th.«. aa though the f.K.t wan naih'.l lo llie Hoor. , ., , , 7Varimf«/-(iel it into position »» soon as possibh', an.l the best wavt i.is is to plJcvasoftr..pearoun.lthefoot .u.,ll.ave ID'^r r t ' i.!'h ' us.n.M;ii!;. tlu. ^^n one'hana an.l the ,.vr,« n he other- hnt ihe anin.al may fall an.l injure h.n.sell, so it is L "o have's..n.e help ami keep the animal -'H'-;- ;,^';,l?\[^ ^ this; th.^n elevate the hin.l .piarter sl.Kl'tl.V, ".r •''^^"'' ' . " V,. .' ami keen it s... by having it kept there, ..r lie it to a eoUa. But Miml a . t .'wav, ami I reomttneml it:, it .s a l.tt le i^^^^^^^ ercis' upon a s.n....th plaee; an.l in turning, it is perhaps best to U m t. 1... si.le from the injure.l limb. . 1. the ""I-' - '"'^'j, ':?' ^^'^^^ • ower of eontraetion, a little ex.avise brings them in tone. Im .iri.ibly a vbe 1 Iter perhaps balhiuK with a littl.' e..l.l water an.l rubbing weU t'y u may meet with a case where the museles are relaxed, until it is™ary to stimulate with some stimlatu.K liniment, ..r even a blister. Partial Dislocation is where it iust slips slightly. ^"^\f^ thf action to some extent; an.l 1 thinfe this usualty ..ceurs in very V. un^ a n.als, an.l is .lue t.. weakness or .ertain exciting causes, as a 1 winrwea^^^ ^""^ '<' r»n on a rough hill-si. le. This is likely to SZt 11X111. .. Changes take pla.e in the carli ages an.l perhaps a ^m-elaiu^ Vk.p.,sit .uc.urs. It usually oc.urs n colts up t.. it een n mu's 1. an.l may aHeet one ..r b.,th limbs. There is slight .1 fh- c Uv in ex ei .ling the limb, an.l there is a peculiar clinkiug sound at every step, «hieh you .an hear tor some .listance, and a peculiar stilty action. 3Ve«' 1'-^ to cause the weight to be thrown upon the aHected limb. Ihtre is a little projecting piece to th.e toe ..f such a shoe. Semi-lunar Oartilages Become Injured.-This is very trmiWesoiiK. and generallv gives rise to permanent lameness The amenr^iSar to other diseases of the joint-difficilty in br.ng- rthe leg forward ; wasting of the muscles; some swelling ap^^ears, at first s'>ft buT gets harder^md harder, an.l a sort of cartilaginous • deposit is the result. It is generally ho^less, but you might try coun- ter-irritation. Vastus Muscles are also spraine.i, an.l in just about the same waT^s sprah^in the stifle joint ; there is great difficulty in extending the limb^ great almost as in disease of the patella. These symp- toms SkJ^ir, and then wasting takes placej the animal drops to a KATMENT OK ;li lIuTe W118 no nrticiiliition iiikt'd. 'rtu-re wiis ii sluik-nt !i ciisi', mill tlieii' wiiH I'on- thf liorw liail pit his foot iiiiis iiio iniuii like tliifl, as jii iis possihU', iiiul tlie best iirouiid till' foot, uikI have ile yon take hold of and ^ f^o in (|uile easily, and it I'K in one hand and the parts and injure himself, su it is ninial suinxirted, to (irevent inhtly, or extend the limb, ■, or tie it to a eollar. But it : it is a little jjentle ex- irning, it is perhaps best to If the mu'ieles have lost their iigs them in tone. Invariably little e(dd water and rubbing here the museles are relaxed, estiinlatinjf liniment, or even just slips slightly, impairing ik this nsualty oceurs in very jr certain exeiting causes, as h hill-side. This is likely to 1 the cartilages, and perhaps a ly occurs in colts up to lifteeii I limbs. There is slight diffi- s a peculiar clinking sound at ome distance, and a peculiar joint, and liter giving a cer- it in a nice level box. You of the bursa', which, although •c. Sometimes there is a tend- grow very long, and it is nec- id apply a still, shoe, apply it illv applied, to the sound limb, th'e allected limb. There is a iich a shoe. me Injured.— This is very to permanent lameness. The ( the joint— difficulty in bring- luscles; some swelling apjjears, er, an"' 7' / , 1 ™^^ Give rest, ap- cxamine per n-Hum, and you may detect enlaiKunuii. plv heat over the loins, etc. Muscles Between the Stifle and Hc.l.-The ilexor ...u. '""'■," r''Ihctily'X'oHg , • in^-ti:l;;bul l. n.ost eases it is the r\l ;\ V oe'ur vari..u; way«-from running, jun.p>'.g, etc. ii;,m;i::u,e belly of ti. .-^i. i--^^ •- >- -rr is (he result; it b-ses the power ot ^"^ ^' ^r' M ' .X';, ^t forcibly, and ,,ortant nn.scle.the n.usclesot t''^^ '^1/..^! ang a ^ "'""- in attempting to move the 'V''^ '' " *,%',V ",,! !f„ ." would say that „er, and a person not aequa.nte.l ^^ , ' .\,;, ' \: , u,,, m.u.c weight, .hc'leg was broken. It tlu; leg IS straghtm^ ^_^ ,,^^ You can see a cut of this u. ■"'J.^^, ,.';'' .'^^i,- .litliculty in diag- action of the muscles, and you w.l ''; \ '•'•^, ' .^ ,„,,,„,,i,u,',l with the *i • 1* K /iL'u vMirv serious ttt 11 lltTHi'Il lUH in »ji*"'"* , . , uos.ngth.s '•^J;;\,^''i-'' , insei-tion or ..rigin is not injured tations and stimulat.ng \>"''"^1''''' "" ,, '.L.^f i ho anin.al will after the lind, is Setting.better,g.ve gen 1 .x^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^,^ take it. If the animal '^K'-"^^'. ^^ '"i '^'^ be S i" tl'^ l""''*. is injured at its orig.n or '"«'^f''""',\^,;;„tH' other n.uscbs in this JSi:^.:f Kr;:;^^ wrSVeS\o:;m;toms somewh. similar —dangling of the limb, etc. oftencr affected than any other articulation. Bog spavin is a soft, puffy tumor, «>^"^d «t^^ a..t-K;;naen«al part of the true hock joint, ^'^ '« :^-;, .^^^ fit is n"^ J»^" lar ligament with synovia. It 'J"'^'^'*""^,.^ "*';': L « soft while bone bv tendons. It is called bog "P-^vin because Us at ^^^._ spavin is a hard, condition of the "P"^;,, .J^^AV^J.^V;;'" ,ch is not so ous, and attacks heavy horses ™°«t, '"^ "f ! ^;,*"' i\' i' „.ore serious serious. It is comparatively rare in road '"^«'«; " \ j^ ^^^ r,,„,t ^ I .3_^^-._ i.^StUtJ-^i-wt^-^.- 180 CAITSES, SYMPTOMH AND TBKATMBNT OF irritation. The ciipsuliir liRnmont in Bomo cases Iwcomps tl.u kfne.i, and if of lonK Htunding, or if tiu. causo is kopt ..p, tlu' .•ortilagV '«■ i-onie alUrt'«": ti.m, there will he heat an.l pain, an.l l'7'l''I'« ''''"'•'"■^';; J, , continue as long as liie irritation exists. It is even more tioul.ksom. to treat than hone spavin. Trealmenl.U in a young horse, and there is no >'""^"".'«''' ".";' y"'! arc informed it has Ih... su.ldenly pro. need, if "I "","""";' ",or condition, reduce the condition hy limiting the food; "IM'I> "^ cold handage judiciously ; an.l you maylind r"^*' ''""'", ^l" 'X hog spavin and thoroughpin truss, hut it is d.fhcult .. get ' P'^ ; hog spavin, and it is a little diilicult to handage he '""'^ !.; ' ' ,{"" must always leave the os-calcis free. Use J"' ''•'""»/"''"'V; ."'1 1 Zi and the fall of the year is the hest time to treat f..r '" • ' f «"" > effect. If tlume changes are going on «'•''«'' '''•'\''i^''^;f'',''"j'X mation, then hlister. I'uneturing is not attended with siicuss, lor the fluid will soon form again. Thoroughpin is found in most all weM marked cases of bog spavin. TlTh is a soft and compressihle tumor in connection wt. tlie bursie of the Hex or pedis perforans tendon. It is so called be- cause it runs through from side to side. PalhoUm.-W. consists in distention of the bursa in t'''""''*'""'' ^'['' the flexor pedis perforans tendon, above and in front ot the os calns. It is Bcnerally caused by more or less irritation, causing estra secre- ion ^f the" fluid in th/ bursa, and n.ay be .luc to ■r"tat.on set up through bog spavin ; and in a ma ority of cases of hog spavin yoii will find thoroughpin exists, due to the ^»P"V\\iE. b.U the bulged upward an"" l>»n« ture the better; but if there is serum or pus tl'?'], P"";^*"'"^'- , " ^^ treat such a case, it is better to treat it in the fall of the yc^r, jou may reduce it. I have known it reduced, and it never >vaB not ced aherward. There is no specific for it, but just use those remedies that will tend to cauee absorption. You may derive benefit from «>> Vf ?«• Near the side of the os-calcis there is a groove, through which the y^ MttB TBKATMBNT OK iomo cases Ix-cnmes tliiiki'iietl, ■ is kopt iiji, till' fiirliliigV" '!*=• II poiciluiuoiis (li|"i»it i« tlio in ill jiiHl till' Hiiiiii' tlisteiuled tiuii llusf eliui^'is li\ki' pliu't', HorHfd lisiving round, tlcsliy rt'Kiilar exiTciHc, ffciling colts the iirticnliition, I'tc, lire cx- Hppcar very (|nickly. tumor, i\s deHciilieil, invcdvinj; l>e a puliy tumor, mid not hy u lent. If "there is much irritn- I perliJijis iiimenenH, wliieh will 1. It is even more trouhWome I there is no liiiiieness, nnd you idueed, if in an animal in good iiitinj? the food; rpply hot or A\ lind henelit from a ooTuhined t"it is diilieult to get it upon a to bandage he hock ; and you Jse judicious tounler-irritation, ine to treat, for eold has a good which are the result of inllam- nol attended with success, for all Wfc'l marked cases of bog sible tumor in coiniection with ■ans tendon. It is so called be- of the bursa in collection with ive and in front of the os calcis. i irritation, causing extra sccre- nay be due to irritation set up rity of cases of bog spavin vou ) the capsular ligament being ! bursa of aaiil tendon ; but the iy horses. It may attain a con- iduce lameness, unless irritation cially in a heavy horse, predis- •, but is more common in light ind-galls. Rest the animal to a itions— cold preferable ; counter- , but the more seldom you punc- or pus, then puncture. If you , it in the fall of the year ; yoii duced, and it never was noticed but just use those remedies that nay derive benefit from diuretics. is a groove, through which the DI.xKASfW or DOMfWriC ANIMA1.H. 137 tendons occu „ns of the llexor pedis performs, i.lay and sprain fre.iuenlly , .jr, anil various names are applied. It is called Surinjr Hock, but perhaps a belter name is sprain of the temlon. A s,M«in 1", eve.', of a' slight character, is apt to be '«t -''- w't^J seri'.us results, and is most likely to occur .n horses used for fast work, espt.'iallv if there is a heavy weight upon the hack. SLm,,l„n,».-T\wn' xx .litlicully in extending and Hexing the limb; swelling; and pressure causes min ; the heel lifted Iron, the ground ; there innv be ..ous.ilutional fever, and if so, intense pain. I rem.ires ntreal uii. .1 of rest to eHWa a cure. Hot applications, I think are oreferMble to e.dd. Apply bandages ; a high shoe is goo. , as it tends to ake the strain oil the muscle. A good way to apply heat is u. take a large sack, and slip it over the foot and up »r"""d tu' l'»'.«. »";' Itutr it with Lot bran. If in a .'.dd stable in ,.., Id weather it is pre- ferable U. poullie.-, etc., after a time. Repeated I. lislers, or a seaton in some .ases, might be useful. An abscess may be the ies.ilt_-ex- eiisive swell ng, pain ami lluetuati..n-llien open, apply poultices, etc., and alter the irritation goes down, blister. Tins is rather a serious ad'ei'lion. Below the Hook.-lnjuries here are about the as in the fore limb, but the tendons are not so liable to be cut but hey may be cut, and a portion of the tendon be removed, and a Uderably good re- covery be eHecled. OaDDed Hock.— This is a common and not a serious occurrence. It is produced by injuries to the tuberosity of the os-calcis. It is a ittle swelling upon the point of the hock. The gastrocnemius in er- nus winds around the externus and lorms the cap ot the hoek, and in this place there is a large synovial bursa; tluTe is also a burMi situa- ted between this and the skin, and injuries to these give rise to capped hocks. Cau.f.s.-External injury, »« kicking, etc , arc common causes Some animals have a habit oi kicking in the stall. It may be caused bv be- ing cast in the stall or box, andsome will do it in a nice loose box erhaps from the manner in which they lie down or by standing near Lnd rubbing against the side of the stall. Another cause is from in- fluenro sUangles; from debility an.l slight drops.ca tendency, but t soon disappears if from this cause, when the animal gevs stronger and is exercised. It may come in plethoric or gross animals or from some derangement of the system. It is easily produced-it nay be produced in'one night. It is easily detected. There ■« -^«w:-;l''?;g "» Ihe part, and, although not serious, it is an eyesore. It rarely inter- feres^ with an' animal's usefulness. Endeavor to find whether .was suddenly produced or tot. If it is between the skin am tendons, there may V" a slight exudation, heat, etc in the parts -but the symp- toms are more severe when the synovial bursa is "fl«^<^^- » '« ««" erally violently produced. It extends to the sides o the os-calcis , thelnf is heat an.f pain, and the animal will go slift ami perhaps lame. 'iV«Ume»/.-Remove the cause. If a kicking horse place him where he cannot injure himself, and you may have to pad the stall, and if yL are called, at first, to a case suddenly produced give » good 'lose of purgative medicine if the horse is m good condition If there is any irritation, foment, then apply cold ; and hand-rubbing tends to CAirHFJ*, SYMPTOMS ANI> TUEATMENT OK 138 .,i In... ,iu. par,. ,.n;. ,.n>a.u.o '•'xi;!'::;;l.:!:;i:Sv;:::s'l:;.::;; |,„v«,. „..„■..«... Y..U « . I >•".;.'•"':", " ' I) n . "Ik. 1..1 int.. SB&SiBrB--- ■ don; but in iuohI ciiH.'s it .s Bpram ..I tl.o liK.munt. ,.;^-L;::,::;"r'';f.;:;i;.r;::5..::;;t=;:":iiri:s. J / , Tins i. rnsilv .l.M.rlr.l li.V vi.'winK IroM. th." H..U'. U U is s,.n..tin>.s call.Ml suit '•"••^.^\''';\ '.''..■ or ^^1^^ ^ will. it. I. is iik.lv to 1... =-r;;;;'::,i: ! ; 1 , iu^ . ".n.H'i. work, ^'7Z^U "it '^u, .enornlly be BncroHHlully troatc.l wit.u.ut anv ^,S;r:n^aSn;Mh^an.e=^«^J.o;anyli^^^^^ iH well to iriv. nst; i.owcv.r you ' *'' ,;"-,^^.!;i, ,,,,„; „s. ano- vcrv vah.al.l.. hors.-, K.vo nsl ; '"""V , " " '.^Wisto r wl, el. i.as an .Ivio applications, an. .n 'VV'^'/'ir i r . n • •■ tl ari.Ws is p.rhapB ..k.vlUn cllW.l in «"tt. "K n. .4 '^ ^^ ^ !/, J^i 'in protty 'well for pn.fival.U' to Muunry ; .lip llu" I' J'r '»"';,'". ' „ „,;, ,1^1 wash ; U or !i'.'-";--'^tt\otlXr aU . ici 1 - !^ tiJ U. ; it l..ul. to shoe with a shoe a li K I ipl u •'<; recourse to the firing take the strain ..li the '"'t- ). " /'/'iH g ,,r curb. Caustics are iron, but I aiu "'Xb .l" ' 'I'h^r I^h" an.l pro.luce a ^ s.unet,iues appl 1. , M ''..,,, ;„ „,^. ,,,i,„,ation may call lor hleni.sh ban thi ui . ' ' , „,,„ ;, i„ training, two or «'••""• '^ >'i", ;:;;,; s, here a ■housan.is..f .loHa.s at stake, and three years ol.l, pi'i li.ips i m h ■' „„.,„,.„,,.,,, . ncrhai.s von can, by the owiar wants him rea.ly tor l''^?'"^'''f^. ''•:', sLt" him reiulv; the jnaieious use of .-.hi wat.T «"' •;-'«;; >' " iS.*? , nent, bli-s- i^^c^:;' -t }r;crr ;;t tjiiir a.di:;;'it\take. it „.akes » fL KATMENT OK ,n of llif lliiitln; iiHc thoor- iiv cxcrptiipnal «■»!«•!< wliiTf I. ii is violently pnMltu'id, wpirnlor. or l'«'. '' •" '•'*' III iiicliiK- or aiiytliiiiK »li«t riiiovf. Do not 1k' It'll mto tinitsviry tiiniitiiiK. Tiiio- c'imcH. piirt of tlip liin'l '»'«' " ''^'''^ vW nipliiiv of till- <'iiUi»iK'o- ii.n of tlioHlii'iiih of the ten- ligiinu'Ut. (Vrtiiiii l)n'•■•' i>»;rp iMlion; loll}; osciilcis, inclin- lis." to wliiil in known lis a nl iiii.l fust worU. It in inost ivil in winlor I'v l»in;{ drivun iinal Willi a luavy loiul. vifwinn from ll">' «'•'''• \^ a pcrinanil cliarai'trr, ami ih hot and IcncKr, and tliiTf ir III' liiiili. If iIk' liorsi' Htands isap|.i'ars, lull rt'tiiriis if nsi-d, li I lie ri'Virsi' irt lliccarti'. In lodni'i'il tlii'i'o lias lii'tn a pri'-; Kaid to oi'ciir on tlu" I'ack of s to a sUkIiI fxltnl. It Rcn- lori'Hirions than in older oiieg. lure is a hnisal cidarginii'nt ith more or U'ss irritation. It lalwiU !>.' til todoiniicli work, it is low down, tin- animal will us Iniiu'— soiiR'tiiiu'B i'Xlremi'lv ordinary eaHe, lint comes buck I'lssfiillv treated without anv )f anv iiframenl or tendon It lot alwavsdo this; hilt if in a I when there is pain; use ano- ll„w lu ahlister, which has an itatioii; cantharides is perhaps id then rub it i" prctty well tor I dav or two, and then wash ; lieelthan at the toe ; it tends to iiav have recourse to the tiring f tiring for curb. Caustics are hair hiilhs and protluce a worse n the aittciilation may call lor horse that is in training, two or iisaiids of (hdlai's at stake, and ragemenl ; perhaps you can, by rodvne liniments, get hira ready; he 'to rest, physic, foment, blis- land doUais at stake, it makes a DIMKAWEH OF IMlMmTIC ANIMAI.C 13'.> aitVereiiee in the case. V." cold water with acetate of lead, powdered opium, etc. I„n.m™atlon. or Sprain of 'h' Hook.-l;';';.!- j;-;,,"';; rest, foment, and in some cases blister. open Joint In the Hock is a very .'rious i-O-y. "Ij;^, ^^^ a.ieed in a violent nianner, Irorn a '^y^:.: .V he • i i.al I v the con- ,vill resuh in aiiehylosis i. |. ! ;-,-\i '','',,;! "lifl'd- from the stitnlional lever. I here is int. is '" • , , ,,„i,„.,, „.. uronn.l, lb,' s,.ft tis.sms sw.dlen and .;',,',.,„•,, ,vill b.' the ivivcl a kl.k in that .-.'gion. It is '^ >. ' ' '^ ;, ;, „„.i ■„■ i, „...',irs ;;r:i,j:t,r:;;;,i;';S;; ;ij:"J ; -zl";l,;!;J':n;;,;: rst.';;;;4,;;;:i;:"il.^;;i.-"^»-'' '-»••' "■"■ Bursal Enlargements j™. I1..1. r»ay ';■";;;;■■ , |,l,';,;";j,."|';;;i'; i::;T,;.r':,;!"- r^r'Siuri;,;;:,;;!'.";;:.,!,.™. -i- i» name as winil galls. GaetrocnemiuB InternuB is lialj. to slip o.a -^ i^^^^^^ H villcanm.'uu'i-li^'y '•- irritation until nature accommodates itself to the change. f <.(,» rriKio _1 siw a case; the animal became Ulceration Of the Tibia. 1 saw , j^^.^, suddenly lame from b.'ing r.d.len '''""'[, .^...^ 'hut afterwar.ls and tn'at.'.l with the "^ ."-try a,.,.l.cat . , g t b U^ ^^^^^^^ die.l from .'..ng.stion .jt tin- In.U!^^ J; ' ,i iV .ire e.xtremity, but ^-^t:.tx^:iu:z^^^ -^- quent in the fore leg. LAMINITIS Laxninitis signifies in.lan.m:ui.m .. the -^'i- ;« -^^^1 perhaps, not a goo. term, as there f.^''" ;;',",! ,,„. ^,hole sensi- [„.v inv.dve.1, and, in » ^vel -n.arke.l n s v as t. ^_„^^,^ „^,,„^ k «;:::=:;:;;: i-''^'-^--" 'irvir'^r-j^cniiar « er m i« f..un.l.'r-a name, perlia,.s, "H; ^j ';',,,,.!: ^Ulv in resolu- ii::?i::r;r-;is;anr.^e::m^^^ sr anJ:;x;;':..:^:^xi^^ - >vhich ti. I to TAI'SKH, SYMITOMS AND TRKATMKNT OK ^1 liorMi' is siil)jirl, ii.4 tlif purlM nri' I'Xtri'iiifly Mfiisilivo, imil aiv liirKoly hiipiilii'il witli lilcMxl hikI ncrviH, imd iiicloMtd in llu' liani nml icHiMling h.H.f, whic ii ii.I.Ih to tlirHfv.rily d" tiif irrilalioii, aiwl in inllninnuition 111' liuw parts, llic saiiir clianKrH takr |>la('i', to a crrtain rxlcnt, as in i.tlit r |i:iits; hnt swfliinn can iinlv takf pliiiT to a iiiod.ratf t'xltiit, inakiii).' ii Miorc stv.T.-. Hnt supin'iration of tli ' scusilivc laminii' tuki's piac<, ami often nicrtisis of tlic lionc. OiKxw.— Some arc saiti to lie prc(iis|;iosC(l -some breeds, anil those liaviiij.' weak feet l)iil it may oei'nr in any kiinl of feet, and, in an acute attack, in a «ood strong "foot it is apt to lie more severe tlian in a worsi' l'..oi. Hard and fast work arc exeitiiiK causes. It may be produced easiiv, and is more common in the hot montlis id Huminer. SiiocitiK is pnt'down as a cause, and pcrliaps it is in simuc cases, ll the HJioc hears upon one part of the foot, it may set up irritation, liil.- mav spread .oid involve tiie sensitive lamina'. Any irritation ol the stomaih ami inteslims is liahlc to he foMowed hy iaiiiinitls. In cause there is a .similarity of structure in the laminie. skin and mucous iiiemhraius, and irri"talioii in any of these, (specially the stoinach, is lialilc to extend and involve the feet. Some feeds arc more llkelv to produce it thanotlicrs; even a small amount of wheat, just sullicient to set 11)1 sliKht colickv pains; these pa.ssod and the animal is atlackcd with laminitis. .Vnd'tlie same may occur from irritation ol any inn- emis memhrane. The irritation of parturition sometimes causes it. An ordinarv dose of physic may produce it. Some call this mctasta- His; that i^,' that when iidlammiilioii attacks one part, it is liahlc to lly'from that and attack some other; hut I think this is incorrect. iJamintis mav lie easiiv prodiucd liy driving an animal einht or nine iiiiles on a hoi Hummcr'ilay, and then put in a stalile where the per- spiration is suddenly checked hy a dralt, eti'. -Si/)»i)/i.m.i.— It is easiiv ileli'cteil if in the acute form. There is fever, and a iinick, full," houndini; pulse, fifty, sixty, or seventy heals per minute, and perhaps sweats heilew the body, ami it may remain in this condition for some lime. The horse is still' and moVcH with the greatest dillicullv; the constitutional .symptoms are violent, ami von luiKlit think he was KuH'criiiK from disease of some internal organ; ospeeiHllv if his wind is ali'ected in any way, you might think he wu.s sullering from Home disease of the respiratory organs; after seeing one case vou should easily recogni/.e the next. The horse generally retains the standing posture, hut sometiines lies down. These symp- toms mav he present in other diseases, hnl if yon attemjil to hack him theii the true character of the disease shows itself. He throws his weight upon the heels to relieve the toe, and if you attempt to push him hack he drags the feet ; there will he heat around the cor- onet and a throhhing of the plantar arteries. If it is only in the tore feet, as is gcnerflllv ihe case, he walks in a peculiar manner, throw.s his weight upim the hind limbs bv putting them well under him, and goes in a kind of jumping manner, keeping the weight ujion the frog. A eiisual observer might think it was iuHanimation of the lungs or kidneva. When both fore and hind feet are aH'ectcd, the symptoms ditter"; he will endeavor to ihrow weight upon the hind feet, although they are aH'ected. He will stand with the feet olchc together, and when the weight is thrown upon one foot it is jerked up quickly, ulmost as if sntlering from some nervous disease. Sometiines it is produced in onlv one foot, and when so it is generally from some well marked cause. ' It is likelv to follow some injury to the foot, in ;KATMKNT OK y HfiiHitivf, ami aiv liirni'ly icil ill till' liarti mill iiHiNliiig talioii, ami in inllniiiiiuitinn 'c, to a I'lrtain rxti'tit, iih in iliiri' to a iiiciil.rati' cxtnit, I' til ' Hcimitivc lamina' takrs <.'il — Bomi' bri'i'iln, imil tlioHC any kiinl of iVct, and, in an 111 ii) 111' iiiori' Nivirc than in •xi'itiiiK' I'ansi's. It may 1k' till' lioi moiitliH III' Hiimnit'i-. aps it is in smiu' I'aKi'S. If may mt up irrilatiun, Tliis lina'. Any irritation of tin" liiwril liy laminitiH, luransi.' ' lamina', skin anil mni'ouij r, ispirially tlir slonnu'li, is nic fiiils arc inori' liki'ly to Mint of wheat, just snllicii-nt H'anil till- animal is attai'koil r from irritation of any inii- iM'ilion soiintimis I'aiisrs it. • it. Soiui' I'all this mi'ta.sta- I'ks oiu' part, it is liahli- to I I think this is incorri'et. vinn an animal cinht or nine It in a slalile wluri' the per- »ti'. thi- aiiite forin. There is fifty, sixty, or si'vcnty heals he iioily, ami it may remain liorse is still' ami moves with 1 .symptoms are violent, and sease of some internal organ ; ivay, you might think he was ira'loi-y organs; after seeing next. Tlie horse generally nes lies down. These sy nip- hut if you attemjit to hack ise bIiows itself. He throws ■ toe, and if you attempt to will he heal around the cor- ries. If it is only in the fore in a peculiar manner, throws ng (hem well under him, and iig the weight iijion the frog. iiiHammution of the lungs or t are aHectod, the symptoms upon the hind feet, allliough 1 the feet cUhe together, and loot it is jerked up quicklv, lis disease. Sometimes it is it is generally from some well some injury to the foot, in DIHEAREH OK noMFOTlf ANIMAI.**. 141 which h inm.t mark the limh, ami stamls iip-m llieiioimd ime. ami it m.l infriin.entlv l.riiigs -n lamiuilis in the sound liml-, as well iw ringlmne, spavin, etc. In such eases watch the sound iml. eaielul y. if it occiils in l-oth himi feet onlv, it is likely It was l.rnught on by driving nil hard mads willmut shoes. If i. cnmes l.imi the stomach, it is liki Iv to attack the fore feet, or hoth lore and hind leet. In a ,„i,i„rilvuf cases prudiiceil in the oidiiia y way, when it all.elsonly the sensitive slruetures, the sensitive himinie, sole ami Img, it termin- ates in ri solution, hut when the excHting cause has l.eeii ol a severe character, great ehanites take place. The inllammation then involves the other stnieliires, ciiiises separation of the seiisiiive ami insensitive laminie, ami descent of the cothn hone, making the sole convex anil Lrivinu rise to what is known as pomiced foot, or the hone mav ilc- M'cml right through the sole, and the hoof will grow out ot a I shape. .\ mild attack may piodiice all ihis if the exciting cause is kept up, or when you are liol ahle to relieve the irritation. Tmthnn,!. Although serious, it is, in many cases satisfaetorilv treated. The conslitnlional symptoms are g nerally hi st relicveil l,v sedatives and purgatives; Iml it is sometimes the result of super-purgation; then do mil give a purgative. In just an ordi- narv ease, remove the shoes, ami have the wall rasped down nicely, hut' not lo too great an extent, and then envelope the loot in poul- tices, hot heing iierhaps pieferahle ; ami give a dose ol purgative inedieiiie; and I give larger doses than arc recommended in our works, ami as soon as it hiniiis to act the symptoms I.ecoine less violent; hut voii must r.gulale yo ir dose according to the size, age ami comlilion of the animal, (live injections ol soap ami water; also, give a good sedative -Flemining's tincture of aconite hfteeii or twenty drops everv two or three hours, until relict is ol.taMieil. In some cases vou may lake some blood, and it is a good thing IH manv cases. As to whether it should he local or constitutional there is dillerence of opinion. I think it is just as good to take it from the jugular vein as anv. Some l.leed from the toe, hut it is liable to cause irritation. When you do bleed do not give so much purga- tive medicine; give nitrate of potash freely Some say, nml )k- lieve it can be checked hv the free use of nitrate ol potash, (.ive two or three drachms two or three limes a day ; give it m water, and allow plenty of water— not niiicli at a time, but give it oltcn until the phvsic begins to act, ami then be careful with it tor sonio time, ami when the animal begins to get better, do not push medi- cine too far. When there are no signs of relief, vou may expect that exudation is taking place, and it may be advisable to make an opening at the toe and let it out, and il this is done in due time it may prevent descent of the coffin hone; but if •" «l'out three davs the animal is relieved, and moves tolerably well a little exercise 'is beneficial, and perhaps it is well t-i again apidy the shoe. If the animal retains the standing posture, it is good practice to lay him down; some recommend slings, hut 1 think it is better to lay him down, which is easily done. Tie up one fore leg, ami at- lempt to move him. and you can easily lay him over, and in most cases he will lie iiiiite well if the symptoms are relieved in three or four davs. The former shoes will do to be i)Ut on, b"it those without heels or toes are best. There is a kind noticed in Williams works; it is » har-shoe, very thin at the heel, hut I do not recommend it in the early stage of the disease. A horse that has suHered from this 1,0 I'Al'UfX, HYMPTOMH AND TIIKATMK.N T oK H . i iM »|.l U, ,.Ks...nr .1 Hul.-,w..tv ton... ll vol. (..IV "•'"'' nmlliiiri.l.K l.liHt.r uro.m.l ll,.- .'oroim ih ->l '«»' H'. LRtiilnitlB Sub-acut o and OhroQlo. ThiH ,„i,y ..,■,.,• i., a.iy ,...Vh^JmM H .".'o^""nH..o,. i.. a«...l l.or...H. Tl... ^v"M.';;;--'- 'j'' .- ro... ...'..t aH •... .!..■ a...l- for.... It -....h o,. «•;''''''•';' ^^ J ;'. . 1 ■ 1' I. null > '1 Hill:. II nol'H.' N (I 111 lia><' a miiiiii TI.OH.' l.ors..s ll.a. a.-. „..,io,-U.l fr.MU.'n.lv sutt.v f.'o... I.... S'.;,MM^,mv -Tl.. .V is l..at in ll..' -oot ; 1.-' wulkn w.tl. a k„..l ";'>'""- ;l.r;l:;;r 'ri::i;:;',:;;;'i;;;:.^ c:;iS;s't.f x » I ■ , .k..i .;.•... Vh a...l if ii .•o..tinu.H fo.- a..y K.-.'..t I....Ktl' '.-'. >'""' "'" Mt.....li„K in a wat. r.liatl. ; ..«■ ......sLiumI .;lav, .f. * '^^ V "^ '" ' ' . u:a';.s,i-tok...,..i!.;n. ...ra, all. If ''- ^ i^^.^iri.. I "^ tl.^ . iV tlu. i.ritatio,. ..onti,.,..Htl..'.. l.lis...-anm.,.l th. c.^^^^ roBult of lan.initiH it. Pumiced Foot.-Thi« in not a very goo.l name, b.it it is .lifft- .cl.o ,,..'■. foot tl..' .Uscnt is t,.wa.-.l the toe- of the frog^ KATMKNT OK i( hi- 1h lint i.i work too If voii liiivf irciitcil iin ill' U'lK III. 10. 'riiiHiniiy (Mciiriiumy 'I'lu »_Vlll|lllllllM 111-"' IIOI HO iiiH (111 'xniiliiiillv, mill, likf \\)l cuuw is liiinl wtifk-i'H- I'niiii liiiilly I'll 11 iiii;, wliifli \vinllii- l;iiiiiii»\ S'l'l. ''ri<- s, if till' lift ''i>' "I" "' I"'"' 1 lidisf hliuiiiil iiiivi' It smi'll liiliii' ill- nil l"'i»nl .if HliiiiK. ,• siilUr ffoiii tlii". wiilkn with II kiiiil 'it' Htuiiili- . th.ir ullaclinniil, lliin tin- lluiiws liw iiiii'' ii|i '!> " I"'- .,■! iluwii liiHt. 1 1 niiiy ti;r- iiiiniil hlidwiil in jri'iiit imiii, miiitiiiliU' cliMiips luiiy liiiVf litilillv itiKicr, Imt IK' wi'll- i,nv Krcat l.iiKtli "I' >'">'■ ''"' cloiv - lint so siilisfiii'tory iih tis, slioiilil !»• iviuoViMi ; riis|) If iiilvi-:il>ii' to tilki' olV soiiu- iimlticH, or kct-ii tin' iinimiil cliiv, tic. Cow-ilimn is ivf- inijjlil lie iisi'.l Willi iliri'*' ;"• lint 1 (1(1 not ncoiiinuiitl it. ir too I.IIIK, illl'l i" XOIIU' I'llM'H 11. If tlif Hole is vfi-y thin, Aftir till' liiiit imd tciidtT- ■hdi' thinner iit the heel tliim It'll hlistir around thf eorona, such an animal carefully. If ijr df the year, turning out in Sueli an aniinal is nut usually aide for slow work. Another he linih and chest, niving Hse , there is no such disease. The ?ry good name, hut it ir difli- ist's. It is a name applied to le liecdini's convex, tine to de- are certain conditions seen, nils have liein out down, etc., I laniiuiiis, hut to faulty shoo- •flort to throw the weight upon is toward the toe of the frog, n it can he easily cut through is easi'v delected liy the unnat- occur i"ii either the fore or hind V the result of a severe attack 1 through the sole. If there is DIHKAHM (iK HOMKJlTir ANIMAIK li:i irritation. emh'HVor to allav it hy the .mlinary ineiinH- pouliieiiiK. water-lialhs, etc. - then applv a iii.'.-tilliiic har or eave m at. d si ; Iheii a hlister nidiind the croiia ; and a run at pasture is ol great Imui lit. A horse that has lie.ii s.i allieted is not servieeiihle Inr last wiirk, Imt may dd upmi a liirm. VlUltlB is iullamiiialidii .if llie secreting villi, aii.l OoronltiB is inllauiinali.iii df the .■..roiia, The ciuim.h, syiiiploini« iiikI treatiiieiit are the same as iii huiiiiiilis. CORNS, Etc. Oorns an' generally f id in ihe f.ire loot, hul may |i.issilily .dm. ..I the disease If it is a s.ifl corn it is jierhaps ot long standing. Morses with weak and Hat heels are more liald.', Imt it is .lUlle p.isslhle l.ir It to occur ill any foot, and if in a strong font it is nior.' s. v.re ami more diHieiilt lii treat than if in a poor fo.il. C'<.i,.H,K^Are shoeing ami har.l work. Shoeing with a seal..! shoe is a prolilic cans.'. Such a shoe hears upon the heel the weakest part of the fool -more than any other The shoe shoilh he made narrow at the heel -paring the tool uniiaturrtlly at the heel .aiises it. .Vymp^mw. The horse is more or less lame in most <'as.-. ami is geuerallv ni.ist lame when the hruise is lirst proiliieed. I here is a tendeiiev to p.iint the foot if only one is allected, it h.itli are atlecte. he shifts fr.iiu one to the .itlier. He can go pretty well iip.m s.ift ground, hul hard roads or weight upon the hack increase the pain. Take up the foot and lap it with a haniiuer, and it causes pain. 1 le lanieiiesK is great if suppuration has taken place, lie kiiuekUs at the fetlock, and this niiiv mislea.l you. You may si-e redness j list by .'leaning under the shoe, or yoM may take it oil. An aniiiial may lie lame from a corn, ami not show any redness. Just riding a horse three or four miles luuy produce corns if he is not properly shod, ana suppuration may take place (juickly. 7^-e.i/men^— In inanv cases it is not necegsaiy to lay the hor.se oH work, especially if used at slow work. Kemove the shoe, cut the heel down to a certain extent, and sometimes the sole, but not into the quick, unless there is suppuration ; and if he is to work, apply a shoe that will prevent pressure— sometimes just the ordinary shoe. A bar shoe, in most cases, is preferahle. Keep ii on for two or three weeks so as to throw the weight upon the frog -soniething like the UooU Enough shoes, or that recommended by Prof. Williams. I helieve that if horses were shod with shorter shoes, and care taken to tak»- il^a^-rCJte^W '«»* jirtini. A* 144 (UCSES, SYMPTOMH AND TREATMENT OP tlie nrvmnv ()(V tl.e lufls, vovm W(.ulM- iinuind tiie lundniss, wliid. «roiitiy dopri- 1 iu txiiuiiniiit; for houiidniss, iiive to cui considtTiiMv Ijofore iiy Ik' viry sliglit,yei sutlii'ifnt ion with the froft, giving rise liieh isciuirafteristicof thrush, id is due to ii siiglitly diseased larlieulariy in coiiiieetion with spreads, impairs tiie secretion, insic causes. It is sometimes se. Any irritation of tlie foot Is wet aiid tiltli, allowing dung :. Heavy horses are more dis- ete. Tlii-ush is not so ureva- not actually go I-' le, but goes hard, he will flincli ; and there liie to ordinary ixciting causes, ine cases take ofl' the shoes and lached parts— and immerse the tringent dressings — the carbolic r twelve of water, or chloride of ivater— and apply well into the ton saturated witii tar. There parts with powdered calomel ^ horses get frog pressure thrush ninate in canker, but it is the phate of copper, butter of anti- ;hloride of iron. A change of cases. DISEASES OF DOMF-STIC ANIMAIX. 145 ID PRICKS. irongh the sole, etc., may or may ;'. direction. If a puncture is in is liable to be severe, for it may s. When so. the whole limb may passes in the frog, and its course t very severe. Sometimes it only ;8, and the animal is not lame, have difficulty in diagnosing - at are made by a veterinary Bur- Keon are in diagnosing lameness. Yo»i may imagine there is lameness and heat in the hock, and perhaps there is heat there from the irrita- tion in the foot. , , , Smpt(yniK.-U it is in the hind foot, the animal knuckles ; it in the tore foot, it is pointed, and when weight is thrown upon the uHected foot the other is quicklv brought forward. E.xamine caretii ly ; take up the foot and tap it with a hammer, and he wi 1 generally evince pain; and he mav show pain when you tap upon the side opposite the injury, and not show it when you tap upon the injured side. The horse will perhaps knuckle just when starting, for a few steps, and t» en walk all right. If in the frog, and you cul off some ot the soft part, there may appear a small ,.^ fill « horse is kept at wcJrSsuppuratL result. J^ ,- ^ ^ ^.r-j^, I^Zv.^?^ !:rinS:ntr^n'^::;t11iendedr* fatter ^riws a^ it^ecom^ a and irritates it. This is more serious right in front, llie resuii o all these injuries may be quitter. INJURIES AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. The Feet -In injuries to the feet, from calks, etc., there is some- timefpr^onfsehemoTage. and thet^st way to arr.st it is by P-ssu- there are exceptional cases. Qulttor is a fistulous opening between the B«"f ^J^ "yf^'/'^^^^^i.^j! J *tfi«*wff*i-«— -^*"**'^^ - 148 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF and the ninttor does not get a cl<-|)OH(lint ojieninK ; it extends, deutroys the tisMies with which it eonuH in eontiiet, nnning up, you jlimate, roll it up in tissue sinus. Sloughing will take ' action results. It requires if. Williams refers to a treat- I it was the tincture of the you arrest the discharge, and of Iwnefit— and a blister may •esent. Ic to bruises, especially upon ng stones. This causes more ist what part is affected ; and lie sole, somewhat like a corn. ' more severe, it may be fol- id extreme Inmeness. Then t to the matter. The pincers n the foot. is generally found in the toe, mall pieces, something like a I secretion, the result of some ition, or to some direct cause, pon the sensilive parts, caus- easily broken down ; you can the wall and sole. is not lame, but it is an un* lemove the shoe, cut down the to remove the diseased parts, carbolic acid, oil uf tar, etc. t or cold baths, etc.; and it is round the coronet ; or, if you DI3EA8K8 OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 149 have plenty of time, u^c cold water. It is not very serious, hut it re- quires some time for the healthy growth to take place. PalBe Quartor.-This term is usually applied to any condition whe* ther? is an abnormal condition of horn, and .t .s ti.e result of Tn injury to the coronary substance. It stn^retes the horn, and if it is rnjured,It does not secrete propi-rly. And in some ^-ases there .s no secretion from the coronary suln.tance hut from the «^«« •;''«> «""'"« onlv • or. it may secrete, hut there will l)c a ridge on e ther side. 1 his dS'noI" do anv great' harm, but if the only secretion is from the lamina., it is more serious. It may come in an^ part, most 1 kely to come in the heel. Treatmenf is not often required. You may rasp it, if necessary. This may come from a calk. • NAVICULAR DISEASE. Nftvioularthrltie, OofBn Joint Lameness, etc.-This is commin The parts involvecl are the navicular hone and the bursa in connection with the perforans tendon. Pdthdoav— There has been some difference of opinion among emi- nenTvetSnarans about the pathology of this Contraction ol the ootwrs supposed to be a disease, and we still hear of it, and it is Se plausTbrto a person not acquainted with the parts. But. the S> called spec lie for this disease will not stand the test when put into nraetlce Contraction is not a disease, but the result of disease, and Kial y o navicular disease. Some thirty-five years ago navicular diS was said to be inflammation set up in thenayicu ar bone; then it w^ thought that it began in the tendon-Prof. Dick advocat ng IrtTt began in the tendon. Prof. Williams says.it commerices in the cancellatwl structure or in the cartilage of navicular bone. Flem- Sthink^ it commences in the tendon. I believe it may commence ^ eK of the three, and if it comes on slowly, it begins in the bone or burMP- but if it is suddenly produced, it begins in the tendon; for wefind^hatafer a punctured wound in the foot, it is sometime* the C.L that the animal always remains lame f'on»."»".«=" "''":^"f,- A* is then in most cases the result of inflammation .»" »»»« «*"««"»^ iuuSre of the navicular bone, which extends and 'ntfrfereB with the nutrition of the articular cartilage, giving rise to car.^ ^!K.5"t^ is destroyed and the tendon becomes attached to the bone. The tw- donmis fibers may become destroyed to some extent, which ^counti for the Kn^ivinTway after neurotomy. Contraction of the foot mavtecSv a flight irritation of the sole, and wnsitive lamin.. SiYitisdSltt^saP whether it is this or navicular diseue, until a"ter a time the symptoms become plain, if it is navicular dii»«.e. CbM»M.-Hard and fast work are the exciting causa.. In some »>miiU ihewTk hereditary tendency-a short upright pastern, with aatubW, m^LtSn a^ a very'high «.tlon. ^}i<^^ JTCt ^^:^!^ allowing the toei to grow too long, cutting down tte ^^J »* ^^'T*^^ inc etc. We find it is rare in racing, hunting, and even in the trot. t"ng ho^; «. long « they are. used upon the tur«. although 0^ « subject to hard and fast exertion, for they are shod so as to keep we 150 CAIIHE8, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMEKT OF feet in » natural shape. But when they are shod with high heels and tocH. and are driven upon liard roads, then they are liable to have navicular disease. Injury to the perforans tendon and irregular exercise tendH to pro.—Thvrv is usually more or less lameness-very andden and severe in some cases, in others slight and gradual— and perhaps for wwks or months it may Ik; somewhat transient before it becomes permanent. Just when brought out in the morninc he gow; lame for a few steps, and then it disappears. He may •)e used in this manner for some lime, ami then grow verv lame, th n navicular disease IP well established, the foot is pointecl, etc. Thi > may only be a habit, but when a horse has been U8e eight first upon one foot and then the other, and when brought from the stable he goes with a kind of groggy action, hence it hiis bee i termetl grog- ginesH. Another well marked symntom is atrophy of the muscles of the limb, which extends and involves the muscles of the shoulder. This is not Hweency, as it is called, but is the result of navicular dis- ease. There are generally well marked changes— atrophy of the foot and contraction of the hoof-and is easily noticed i| but one foot is afllcted. There are other means of forming an opinion : top with a hammer over the region of the navicular bursa, and pain is evinced, or press upon the tendon at the back part of and close to the trog. This will assist you but it is not conclusive evidence of it, and you may, in exceptional cases, see a slight redness. Then there are neg- ative symptoms. In a well marked case ot navicular disease there is Kenerally a nice clean limb. Look at the manner iti which the shoe 18 worn. If it is navicular disease, it will l)e worn at the toe, but some horses do this in health more than others, so you must make allowance for it. ■ Treatment— U it is of a severe character, and of long standing, per- haps years, then it is incurable. But if recent, in the inflammatory stage, of only weeks' standing, or perhaps months , then a complete •cure may Iw "effected. So you must take into consideration the length •of time the disease has been in progress. Kemove the shoe ; cut down •the toe; rasp the wall, and, in some cases, you may thin out the sole to a certain extent. Then allay the irritation by a judicious use of poultices, water-baths, either hot or cold. Keep him standing with the foot in water two or three hours a day. After the irritation ceases, • then blister arouml tiic coronet, investing considerable surface, or, in- stead of a blister, voii may use a frog seaton. Insert with a curved ineedle, after cutting down the frog ami making an incision in the back part. Dress it with astringent dressings ; keep it in for two or three weeks; shoe with high heels and short toes, i it is due to a sprain ot :the tendon, but in some cases th- animal will go better with an ordi- nary low shoe. A leather sole may be useful, nicelv stuffed with tow and lar, especially if the horse is used upon hard roads, but is not best in .the mud. aometimes it is advisable to use constitutional rem- 'edies-.a laxative diet, if plethoric-if in the spring, a run at pastur?, but if in the summer months, and the ground hard, there is not much benefit in it. Be careful about the shoeing, and do not allow the shoes Itgs^y qntoo long. Although you are satished that the disease js .iwurabk, from the symptoms, you may relieve it to a considerable RATMEMT OF ire shod with high heels and lien they are liable to have rans tendon and irregular less lameness— very sudden and gradn8l--and perhaps t transient before it becomes le morninc he goes lame for may ''>e used in this manner t, tlin navieular disease ip Thi 1 may only be a habit, ely, a».d is in good health, •esent for some time before inderness. If both feet are throws the > eight first upon brought from the stable he !e it has bee i termefl grog- s atrophy of the muscles of lie muscles of the shoulder, t the result of navicular dis- hanges — atrophy of the foot y noticed if but one foot is uiing an opinion: top with a r bursa, and pain is evinced, rt of and close to the frog, usive evidence of it, and you dneHH. Then there are neg- of navicular disease there is he manner iti which the shoe fill l)e worn iit the toe, but ti others, so you must make cr, and of long standing, per- ' recent, in the inflammatory ps months', then a complete ! into consideration the length Remove the shoe ; cut down es, you may thin out the sole ■itation by a judicious use of Id. Keep him standing with av. After the irritation ceases, ig considerable surface, or, in- leaton. Insert with a curved naltingan incision in the back 6; keep it in for two or three Loes, if it is due to a sprain of al will go better with an ordi- useful, nicely stiified with tow 1 upon hard' roads, but is not able to use constitutional rem- in the spring, a run at pastur?, ;round hard, there is not much eing, and do not allow theshoes ■e satisfied that the disease is ,y relieve it to a considerabte DIHEASK8 OF POMESTIC ANIMAIJI. lol extent. Neurotomy may be successfulv re?"rted to in some cjuws This is division of the nervous cord ancl excision of a part of i.with Iwew to relieve the pain, but not with a view of -"^'"K ' "';»'«^«^„«; The plantar nerves are the ones usually operated on 1 he low opera- u5n Cthe .me liKely to be successful, if performed in * P^r 'oo " one that is contracted to a certain extent. Remove the shoe, bring Z foot into proper condition, keep the animal quiet for a day or two and bathe with cold water to allay any irritation and to rem..ve the swelling then <^nVt the horse, and make'an incision about an inch ong above the etl ock, exposing the nerve, and rem<.ve an inch or more of U or reun on wi 11 take place-a sort of nervous Uimor form and con- ictlon l"es"t:blished. 'it is. not generally a d fficult OP-^/-^- J»^ ,'arp must \>e taken not to ni\ire the artery. If it is pertormeci loo hiKh^rym. may leave a brinch that will furnish sensation. This M eh'nroSely from the inside down and •'"twardnyou per- form above this tlicre will remain nervous inHuence. After operating bring the edges of the wound together and api>ly cold * a'^r. Whe Sis operation was first performed for '«n'-»^-!.' 7« Pf/J';:",^^^^ all kinds of subjects, many of which were not (it for the optration and this wis onl. reason f hy it was ^^uu^' }"^"jlirX^-^:^:i vou exeriise ju.lgment and select proper subjects, t wi 1 l"-"r, „""fnZ. tul do you credit and l>e beneficial to the animal ; but if done inUis- cr n inate y it will prove a lamentable failure Em eavor to impress UieXra a-r . t c\.perat upon the owner, for I have known some nube to arise from tlie neglectV this, wlu-re the oi^^^^ZZZ- successful. In a Hat fc.ot it is not likely to l^^^^ JXl w th but in a deep strong foot, although small, it is atteniita wiui success. If re inion takes niacc, you may have to operate a sec- ond time The dangers J neurotomy are from punctures prcks, bruises ec, whlli, on account of there being no sensation •>« the foo run on to supmira ion, and the first thing that will be noticed is a swelling un,\,uittor,'or tlie tendon may ]•? ''"P'"''"'' ^"'" Zan mor' freelv than when pain was present. After an operation the ani- uia sliouK be watched •carefully: the shoes "P'^'^^^i^.'^tSt'To and the feet should be examined every time the horse is brought into the stable. THE TEETH. Odontology is a treatise on the teeth. The teeth are hard and bone-l"k«> and are the principal agents in mastication. They are a cZblmUion if inorganii; saltUith the P-v ous y exis.m^^^^ matter an.l contain about seventy-six per cent, of earthy material, pnos iXaeoime phosphate ..f n.agnesia, etc., the same as in bone, fcteehet'h'e means allorde.! ns to tell the age of the animal. We find hev vary much in different animals, in size, structure, num- bei Jnd posUio 7"'Hl also in motion, as for grinding, tearing, pound- ng.ec. "the'horse there is a \arge grinding surface; in the ear- n^'ora they are sharp and pointed; in '^e omnivora I ey a^^^^^^^^^ Bhnrn and tabled. They are intimately related with the struciurts ?nd habits of he animal, their form Spending upon the nature bf ?ood upon whS the animal lives. Teeth are of two kinds, simple 152 .•AU8K8, aYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OK and complex. Simple in the human being and the dog, Iwing covore«l with one coat of enamel. They are complex in the horse and ox, there being several proi-i-Hses of enamel brought into wear at the same time This in why the lower animals are not troubled with the toothache. The tusk of a horse is a simple tooth, having but one coat of enamel; the others are complex, Ucause they .lave externul and internal enamel, bringing different tissues into wear at the same time. In describing a tooth we say it has a body or crown, which is above the gums; a table, or the grinding surface ; the neck, or that surrounded by the gums; and m root or fang, which is inserted in the alveoli. Running up the center of the fang is a cavity which con- tains the pulp, a highly nervous substance. The sulcus, in which the teeth are inserted, are called alveolar processes, and exist only with the tooth, for if a tooth is taken out the cavity disappears. Ihere are thretf sulwtances in the tooth— dentine or ivory, enamel, cementum or eriista petrosa. These vary in proportion in the dittorent teeth. Dentine is a vellowish white substance which apjiears homogeneous to the eye, but under the microscope it is found to be made of tubuli. These begin at the pulp cavity and radiate towards the surface, they areimlK-dded in a matrix and form a greater part of the bwJy and fang 01 the tooth. The enamel is the hardest structure in the body, and forms a protective covering for the teeth. It contains about ninety-three to ninety-live per cent, of earthy material; it is a bluish white substance, covers the crown of the tooth, and in complex teeth it also forms an internal ring which brings the diflerent parts into wear at the same time. It is small in quantity, and is made up ol hexagonal prisms, it also covers the little depression of the tooth. There are three classes of teeth, the incisors or cutting are situated in front, six above and six below; the canine, or tusks, are in the interdental space ; the molars or grinders are twenty-four in numbe""- The horse has two seU of teeth, the deciduous or milk teeth, which are temporary, and the permanent. The temporary are twenty-four in number, the permanent forty. The incisors show a center which is greater in the young horse, it is called the infundibulum, by means of which we are able to determine his age pretty coriectly up tea certain age. This funnel shaped cavity is usually covered with tartar. Sometimes the teeth are dressed, but it it eaay to tell the difference, the black mark has no ring of enamel. There is a little difference m the incisors of the upper and lower jaw, the upper have two groove, the lower only one. The same is true of the molar teeth, those ot the upper jaw being more widely separated, and nearly square in «hai>e. The molars generally have two infundibulte. The cutting of teeth in the foal varies some, with which the period of gestation haa some- thing to do. If the foal is born sooner than natural they may not appMr so soon, but there are generally twelve molars and four ' inmors at birth, or if not at birth they will appear in about fourteen days. The twelve molars appear as temporary, the others as permanent teeth. The teeth are divided thus: The two occupying the center are called central, the two next— one on either side of these two— are called the lateral, the last two on either side are called the comer. 80 at birth the foal usually has two central incSisors; in about seven to nine weeks the two lateral are cut; in from seven to nine months the third pair of incisors, and at one year the corner teeth are in wear; at twelve months the first permanent molar is up and id wear, so we have them thus : REATMRNT OF ig and tlie Hog, lK?ing covorwl uplex in the horne and ox, runght into wear at the same are not troubled with the nplc tooth, having but one , because they liave external tisHueH into wear at the aanie aH a l)ody or crown, which is g Burface ; the necl<, or that 'ang, wliifh is innerted in the fang is a cavity which ron- ce. The suIcuh, in which the roceweB, and exJHt only with e cavity disappears. There e or ivory, enamel, cementuni )ortion iti the ditt'erent teeth, which ap|)ear8 homogeneous i found to be made of tubuli. ate towards the surface, they greater part of the boiiy and lardest structure in the body, le teeth. It contains about irthy material; it is a bluish ■ tooth, and in complex teeth ings the diflerent parts into quantity, and is made up of ittle depression of the tooth. ;isors or cutting, are situated e canine, or tusks, are in the •8 are twenty-four in number, ciduous or milk teeth, which le temporary are twenty-four incisors show a center which i the infundibulum, by means age pretty coriectly up to a is usually covered with tartar. IB easy to tell the difference, There is a little difference in , the upper have two grooves, >f the molar teeth, those of the 1, and nearly square in ahape. bulee. The cutting of teeth in period of gestation haa some- er than natural they may noi ally twelve molars and four will appear in about fourteen lorary, the others as permanent 'he two occupying the center n either side of these two— are ler side are called the comer, entral iniiisors ; in about seven in from seven to nine months year the corner teeth are in went molar is up and in wear, plttCAHES OK DOMKHTIC ANIMALS. !'>•* INI-WOHH. MOLAHP. ^je. Tempovary. I'lTinanenl. Temponiry. IWmawnl. At or soon ) 40 liJ ® »ftt'' '''"•''' 5 ,., 12 ♦ Jy^'"- vi 12 8 5^:;"" :::::::::::::: 8 4 4 ^ •] .. ; . 4 8 0^^ I .. ::::::;.:::.::. 12 » 24 In poniiH you n.ay .nistuke t.n.iu.rarv for inrmanint '"'''• Atfinian.iit <>ii>' wli. ii lliu h(irno i» fr.mi two lo llirir viarn ..1,1. Tlir Hi.onil ami lourlli apiKiir, lurliaps alioiit {\w Haiiir tiii'if wlitii lu' Ih ali.iul lour y>ars ol.l I lie two |kt- niamnlttiitrnl iniiHorit appear Iroui two ami a half to lirei yiiirn at thrir tluv are up aii.l in wear. Tlie lateral from lliiee and ii linll to four, and' are up and in wenr iit four, Tlu' eorn. r Iroui lour ami a half to live, and up and in wear at live. Hut tli.y do not eonu- jubI the Hunie in all aniiuaU. I have «een a full mouth of permanent ID- einorH at four vearn old. HometimeH the posterior lahle Hi.rtaee «"' »P- , pearance as in the horse, varying according to gestation, llie central and internal lateral, if not up at birth, will be up in a month, but they vary much from the breed and the care of the animal. You can form a more reliable opinion of the age of catth by the teeth than bv the horns. A well-bred short-horn will occasionally have a full inouth at three years old. The central permanent incisors appear at two years, the internal lateral at two and a half, the external lateral at three, the corner at three and a half. The first three molars appear as temporary teeth at birth, or in a month after; the pc rmancnt luo- iar in six or eight months- up and in wear at one year; the accoml lEATMKNT OP Tlif limt, w ci.nd a?iil tliinl mxiii iillcf liirlli. Tlio tirHl iiciit ■••»"— ilciiil t'niiii lliiii- iiiiil " '"»" Tlif ttiiii'r from four mul u Itiit tiny > I'K DoMKSTIf ANlMAlJt. 16» .KTMianent, the fifth tooth in the jaw, at hfte.ii or sixteen ii.oii h. ^Mip and ill wear at two vears. At two .,r two and a half y.ars the first ami M'coiid temporary molars are r.plaeed by |m rmaiuiit ones. A little later the other n'lolar. appear, and the animal bus a lull ""'Utli ut three and a half vears. A ^luep has the same number ol te'tb as the ox, and tliey are' replace.l iiiu.h the same way, but gemrally a lit- tle earlier. Unnatural Conditions, Irritation, Eto., of the Teeth, - Dentiti.m iHgins at or soon after birth, and continues until the horse is five years cdd, and the animal suflers more or less during that time. The lower animals );'■'»- which you can sometimes do with the thumb and hnger ..r you mav have to use the forceps. Then give a mild laxative, feed on soft food and the animal will soon recover. Lampas is very common. It is nn was and is still sometimes used, and I wisY. you to set yourselves entirely against such treatment ; it is entirely uncalled for. There is o great harm in scarifying, and it is sometimes highly "*',**»f";-y,' ]*" .-^"1 will have to do it when there is no use in it ; if you do not the animal will be taken to some one who will perhaps burn him, and y"" "''Kn^ as well get your fifty cents or a dollar, and save the nnimal. Uivc a few doslTof tonics, and the animal will come out all right. You may be called to check severe hemorrhage from the cutting of the pal«l'»e artery, which is best done by pressure. Saturate some tow with a styptic and place against the parts, or you may "»''%« ^'«^J",*7i and tie it in the mouth to keep the tow m place, ^ou may meet a case where it is necessary to use the actual cautery There is na great danger of fatal hemorrhage from this accident, but if might weaken the animal to a great extent. .,,.-,. \m ( AlHM, MYMl'ltlMH ANI> THKATMrNT OV DISEASES OF THE MOUTH TlifKiiiim iin- Hoiiu'tiiiu-H itriliilfd in lomurllDii wit i llu- mvUt U..-tl. ll.iH irriliiti.m .xt.-mlH im.l alU«l« tli.' pharynx iin.l Urvnx ini.l iHrhiiim » K. V. Tf i.M.nli ii* thr HHiill, . iillnl i. .1. nt.llon n.iiK I. U i» olUn tl.f r.Mlll of l.ul a MIkIiI iriitalion at lln; l.a. k l.iirt -l llu- Rnnm thiHtonKli inav n..l I..- viry h.v.r.-, l.ul it h ln.nl.l.'H(.nK'-..r tlii- unni nniv l«r...i.V tnn..lir.l. Tl.r ImM tr.aini. nt .. t.. xnirilv it. \\i- r.iul tuin'orH in llu- upiH-r aiul li.w.r ja« , |.f.liai.H In-m llu- iin|..r^-.l ,|,.v.'i„imu.nl of tlir t.rtli, or fn.in tluir KrowniK m an nnproptr nmnmr, from nliKl.t injury, irrituli..!., el.'. 1 lu y n.av or may not U- .naliunanl. an.l «r. likilv to .xt.n.l an.l Invoivo ihr alv.-nl. an.l l.o u-. H not inaliKnanl, »""! ""'v upon llu- Mirla..-, it ih .-alinl rpuliH, «n.l im not v«-ry .•onin.on. If n.'-l lualiKnanl riinov.- it, and you may uIho havi- to ixira.l Hcmu. .,f Hit- U-.lli, Hun Ir.at hh a .ommoi. wonn.l. If mHlinnunl r canci-roiis, althouxli y.m an- iil.l.- lo ii-move it, un.l il iiiuy rly, and after a time it interferes with maHticati.)n, and the animal suflers con- .iderably from irritation. The name appears m the anterior tooth o the upper iaw, but it ii* not ho nerious aH the back tooth. 1 he animal may be reiiuce.l to a walking skeleton, almost ; although the apijetite appears good, the f.)od is thrown out. Y.)U can .letect by examining with the haml. an.l if it is the last m<.lar tooth you must throw the horse, use the balling iron, ami rem.)ve by means of the tooth shears or the large f.ireeps. If it is in front there is no necessity for throw- ing the animal After using the shears rub the parts down smooth with a tooth rasp, and feed properly, an.l he will imnroye rapid'y. When these growths are from lualforniation they should l»e watchcij closely, and no doubt sooner ..r later they destroy the condition of the mouth, and it l)ccome8 necccsary to destroy the animal, but it can be relieved to some extent by the rasp, chisel, shears, etc. There is, as well as the shears, a sli.ling chisel, and when you use it. it is better to use a wooden mallet than a hammer. In using the straight chisel there is another inslruinenl for an assistant to hold against the back part of the tooth while you chisel it ofl'. Oaries of the Teeth.— The lower animals do not suflTer from this as much as man, for two reasons : their teeth are comnlicatetl, and the mode of living. Sweets have a bad efTect ujpon the teeth. Horses rarely siifter from toothache, but they frequently sufler from carious teeth. Caries may commence either on the table surface, root uKATMrNt or MOUTH c'ominUiin with llu- iiiolur ill.' phiirviix imil larynx, iiml Icil II ill iitilioii i'oiikIi. Ii i« iit llir ImuU imrt ..i tin- miiiiH It it !•< ll'lillllll'MOIIll' — IT till' riiiiiin lit \* til Mciirity it. \Vi- , |«ili;iiiH from till- iiii|iirf"<'l I'ir xriiwiiiK in im innirii|)»'r If. Tliry limy or iniiy not U- liivolvo llir iilvfoli iind liony. tine, it i» calli cl fpllliH, iinil Ih •iiiK.vf it, anil you iiiiiy uUo I tiviil HN a I'imiiiiiiii woimil. I iiri' iililf to ri'iiiovc it, unil it n, ixtt'iul iinii Ikcoiiu- h Iio|k'- Iroiii Hliiirp, projtctinK tii'lli, orw'N, from the wcurinK ;l'>w» •y will 1k' Bliarp on the iiiiUT tlgi- of thr npiH-r jaw, which Hiicli tiisin Ihi' animal hon fji'clinK it. IVrhaim when ni(l«, from the Inuring of Ih*- If the ti-Hh uro hhurp in the in the niijier they lacerate the he tooth rnnp, and there Ih no ■ twitch. After raHping, feed • are more ilitticnit ciuh'h where lly in old horseii, due to nial- iipper jaw extends over the not worn down pro|H'rly, and on, and the animal suflers con- ippearB in the anterior tooth of IH the back tooth. The animal almost ; although the appetite You can detect hy examining lar tooth you must throw the by means of the tooth shearn there is no necesHity for throw- ars rub the parts down sniootli and he will improve rapidly, lation they should l»e watched they destroy the condition of ) destroy the animal, but it can [), chisel, shears, etc. There is, uid when you use it, it is better p. In using the straight chisel listant to hold against the back B'. er animals do not suffer from H : their teeth are complicated, ve a bad effect upon the teeth. Hit they frequently suffer from either on the table surface, root r DIMKAMM or DoMtxrir \NIMAI.». I.".: "**^~"''~-r'"'-" .... (u,i«. or ivin in .ha. wlii.h sunoun.ls .li. .. o.b ... . v i frnin a kUkIi. inju.v, as K.'.li..« a stnii,., .■.i;„ l-.twiri, ill- " •" « ii„sti.alin«- or itn.av l.-'Kin in lb-' l^".« Imm ,ni|.n.i..;i- .I.n- i..|"""" ' :.. 'in-,wlii.hV.,viv...it« ...iirisbn...... Ir.„n .!..■ <•;' ''■|;.«' '. anil wli.n ihi^ in koul iI..' tooth iIo.h no. .•..•.•iv pm,., r oouUHh. liieill, etr S„n,,,t ».-ln the early «la«e tli.y aiv not virv plain, '••"";;-'''> Later l.v.lopid after a lime. Tli- anima will >l.ow ...ii. >r.> > '>' wl.il. ....in.' Al.l Ul. I- JH l«!-Kry, ^"^ «''"V7r'r L ii 'i l": I,,, will all at oii.v i|..it M.asti.al.i.K, and .■.iber l.oMs.l.r I" ■.''"''' on .r .I..OWS I. nil. ii.u.|,..wi..l. This y b- '!."_ t'- ■' "''u'' ""'• a„.| tli,.s, sviiiptom. n.ay b. I-.v...... lor Ho.ne ..»..■ be ...v . « - ,„,irk..,l svnip.o.ns appear. lU in. ... -...v b.., h.x ,„,,,, lis .,ea, .rrtai.i .li.H.i'... syn.p.on.s appear, l! .1 .s .n the .a. I • '^''/'j toull. is l.ri.tle, mil wears ib.w.. n.nn. naihl an.l hv loot i j.po lU i Vn.WH loiiKer ; !..■ .,..idH or r.j.v.s tl.i. ir. \ u;..! :, ju. .bar ..e^^.. !,r fe.m- is presen.. Tb' animal .alls otf ,r .■■,..'!'""„• "^ — ' - " ■*• Wli... i. is in eonneetion will, the loot or t«.,K .. .--.■1. -.ti . . • X- tends i. involves .!..■ ..li.er tissn.s, s...s ,.p rr... ..... '.. .... M.per r ■iiaxillarv sim.s. if i. is in .be .ipp. r jaw, a...! h;; •; n,.- ... . o.ne- wbat 1... ri.l an.l olUiisive .liseliarne. !i it m •. i li.e '...v.f Jiw.i..' :' ai e slmp.oms given, yo,. will, p.rl.i..,.. .--..ice » ^^'f^-'l'^ji^, men. wbiebVx.Uds.low.. the low-r p...-. = .». o. Uu- I" »; -^ '''*,'• '" ! •iml iiiatl.M' is iliHebarL'..!. Kxereis.' eiiv, ir..! n.br.;. .,t ii-.l vn. l.^u, llle ,!.. «.vat mistakes. I knew a I .... desi.ove.^ t,.. .lan-'.^r. when it was ..niv a .•arious toolb. r,Mh,u'„l. Ken.ove ti.e tooth- nn-i Um\' "-l ver> . ■J'yI"''^; '"'' tlie.-e a.v various ways. Open the ........1. oy m.MC.s ... ,i 1.,^!;.^./ .n i. ml if i.rae.ieable, ..se ibe for.vps. The ........ e «.tn the .,.;e.,.. .-, S ... •!• apt to brAik the tooth wl..... .bey ,'n • los, -. u„ou n .,o ...J . Tl.;.re is a tooth kev wl.iel, .a., be ..sed ... ;Se lower ji, v, ..■ i'.r . tl. intha. are e..sierrem..ve.l than th..se ... .1.' -.ppe.' law : ,.r "'';-> remove by trepl.i..i..g. a...l .ben by ..,8erl...g a v-mel j; ';;■;''', '"^ ont When von a.tempt to remove a .....).. and . break, .low i., . will i.rn.any eases. ...me awav ... i.self .vilbo.it l.ir.l. r treac .enl. The'first iind seeond molars aiv moiv dilli.i.ll to p.M-,. I ..... (lu... (1..^ o,t.!s. After Ireatn.ent : keep the animal .,..-; ' : l-c! ;""'.;'- ;^ J"; thatdoc)rn..t lei.ni.'e m.ieb mastication. I ..er<; .^ a ..it'ea... u rc^at ngThe .••ivitv. Son.e re.-on.mend tilliuK it with g,...^ |;u-li <, ... prevent the food /rom parsing into the sinns. It will sonie.......^ rsws nto both si,..is.s ; but generally there ._s no ..cc^^H'tv l.)r 'li-'S "■ '' vou trephine, it is more nee. ful iban ... p.. li.v*J. f '""^''nu times Into the' sinuses, then it will be ne....«8ary t.. IM .... li..b ;^- ■ '"y', in parrot-month the incisors ol the lower j.r.v grow ai.tt ''■'••'\ '' mucous membrane of the opp..site jaw, ■,.'.• .1 .s ....•eefi.ary to ...sp them down. Wolf Teeth are supernumerary, jnsl u» Irool oi ilu' i:. -lar, and vou are often asked to remove ilier,.,n.l somet.uu,) t!,v;y .b- barm i that is the exception, and v;> tn. r-Ke. They ..■ >^^»-l>' -"--^ with a pair of small forc-.ps ■ r they nv.y be pui.< bed out. So m lii?k .lav interfere wit'- t) , ve, h^ ex -ting some influence .ipon the opl thalinic divisio. of ...e bf.h nerve, but I do not think they bave anytl hi " to do ..i.»^ irr'.ating the eyes. Tooth substance may be de- I<5 ■ 158 CATSKSi, SYMl'TOMS AND TKKATMKNT OF vi-loi.e.l in ulmosl anv part of tho l.o.ly ; in the n.nscles .y tl.e lar; in tl e frontal sinuses ; an.l iven in llie nMnoti- parts of the body ; even in till, testicle, of whicli 1 have a specimen. It is coi.imon in the lower animals, but not in the testicles. A Foreign Body sometimes gets l.ulged in the month, as a piece of wood from his hay, ef.. an.l i-ossibly becomes imbed.ied be- ween .he m">"««»=;"! with the head" pokcUou., as if suilennK Iron. Sore throat lie will nartiallv masticate, theiv try to swallow, an.l perhaps eject the food, 'rhese svmptoms are pres.Mit in sore throat, an.l it is necessary to make a i-ar'f.il e.xaininati..n ; yon are not likely to mistake just one ca.se but if there is some other .lisease prevalent that presents similar symptomH. then you are lialile t.) make a mistake. The Tongue is sometimes injured, sometimes by catching the tongue nn.ler a twifh, fn.iii tying a l..,r.se to a wagon, and sometlung causes him to pull back su.l.lenly, an.l the tongue is laecra ed. Hring th parts together as .,iii..kly asp.,ssiblc; sew. them up an.l teed upon 8 ft foo.l. An.l an..ther way of injury is in giving n.e.licme, bv hold- i g o tl ■ to"g'H' when tiie" animal pulls ba..k-the .....scles become paralv/.ed, the t..ngue hangs out ..f the mouth, and it is lacerated by fheuih. If you think there is a chance o reunion, ge the part;^ Sto the nioutli an.l keep thereby means ..f a nose ban.l ; but i is cold and almost dea.i,tlien it is necessary to remove the pait, wlut i 8 eas 1 .lone. It' is not, in most cases, necessary to throw tl.e animal an 11 ere is n.. great amount of hemorrhage, as it was la.-erated and such woun.l docs n.,t bleed very freely. Fee.l up.m sloppy fo..d; E ve n.. hav nor anvthiug that w..nld hurt the parts. There will be a pecu Iri y in the animal's drinking, as he wil p ace his nose deep in ul water after losing part of his tongue. If the irritation came from ihc tise liter losing pari (11 um lunf^..^. .. — -• , .: , , the twitch it is easilv overcome, although it looks very formidable at first. It is best ov.n-e..me by scarifying slightly in two or three places and bathing in lukewarm water. Place the tongue m the nnnth an.l keep the month shut bv using a nose band, an.l it will soon regain its natural condition. The Frsenum Linguae, or the fold of mucous membrane be- neath the tongue, is often injured in drenching or giving a ball, or "r.n a ore ign^body getting in the mouth. It giy.-s nse to a di.scharge oV saliva, diificultv in masti.'ating, the food gets in and increases the irritation, and he falls oil' in condition. Treaiment.-Cletin the parts, wash in tepid water, inject a weak solu- tion of carbolic acid, sulphate of zinc, or alum water, etc. INJURIES TO THE MOUTH. Laceration of the Lips.-Bring the divided edges together and secure them; keep the animal .luict. There are also small tumors, wh ch may be produced by some injury or irritant. It they contain matter, make an inci-ion and let it ont-and it is generally better t.. BKATMKNT OF ; in the muscles liy tlie tiir ; ninU' i)artB of iho body ; even c'iniun. It is wminion in the lodged in tiie nioutii, lis a issibly l)ecoine8 iiiibeibb'd be- not able U) get it out. There of saliva ; the animal stands \)r from Sore throat. He will !, and perhaps ejeet the foo•'-- muscles of the iongue. If it occurs it is in the mucous membiane Smnvloms.-T\wn' is a How of saliva, impaired mastication, a cUt- ncuftfiu shallowing and in respira.jon, until it -« -.»« .^^^^^^^ sarv to resort to tricheotomv. This is easily seen ; the tcji gue is rtcl den« painful upon pressure ; perhaps there is tever and the tongue prc^Sc ng f om the mouth. It may terminate in resolution or .,u - mSm- small abscesses form in ditFerent parts, .ud some imes .,- S a!io«,'and then the tongue loses i'^ --''»'.'>";,';,«-;-; .^^V there appears a kind of transverse crack ; the animal cannot masticate, becomes greatlv emaciated, and death may occur iron, starvation. It is o^n caused-by some foreign body in the tongue. I knew a needle to produce this in a severe form. Treatment. -Uemove the cause, give a laxative-oil or aloes it in the hor e, ep.gom salts is better in cattle. Gargle the mouth with tepid wler^or laudanum, or if it is from the "dn.,i,istrat,c.n o •immoi^a use vinegar and- water, and if it is greatly swollen scanty it in mieortwoplacfs and then bathe and allow the matter to escape whe it forZs You can sometimes prevent induration by scarifying Ldappying something, as salt and water, which irritates it to a cer- tain extent and may prevent it. Iodine applied to the lower jaw and given infernally may be of use. When induration ,s once estab- lished the animal is useless. Barbs is a term applied to an enlarged condition of the papillw or onfices of the sublingual or submaxillary glands. I does not rec. iremuc^ treatment, but these enlargen,ents are sometimes bar- baimisly removed. They may be removed or subdued by astringents or cold water. Anthae or Thrush.— This is properly a disease of the digestive sy^em, o?BomeUme"called a dietetic disease. It is called a sporadic apthT. to distinguish it from epizootic apthte, which is rarely seen in 160 CAtTSES, SYMPTOMS AW TREATMENT OF this country. The sporadic afteots the inoutli an.l the whole aliinen- a V ca al Vesicles ami pstnles appear on the !'"K"^. ,""-'' Pf' anJ mav exteml to the sktn of the lips, ami I helieve U extends SouZut the whole ali.nentary canal. It is .lue to ■J-'l'K^V"" "e Sod of any description, l.a.l hny '-"« V-^-' ^ >;.,7';i,' \'^' fe ft, and the feed aflW^ting many at the san.e tine '^;^ ?;' \^' ""*!.,", ;*: supposition that it is son.etimes e..ntag.ous 1 he e ' ,'> , //^^'^ ense called stomatitis contagiose, which IS also trun faultj tUfStion. Sumntoms.-'rUe appetite impaired, the mouth h<|t, the pulse .juick- enc^^ ome hut not much, and the temperature slight y '-rX!^'- ^t'^^; haps one or two dPKrees. He is unable to masticate, and then tliisi small vesicles appe.vr, which run into pustules in some cases. 'iVe«^«e„^-Kemove the cause; give a slight l«'^«'j;«^-tj\' '';^;^^ or four drachms of aloes-l)ut do not give a large lose, lor tne aHm'ua;^; cauld is already irritated You «}'^y.>^^^^^:^i:^ZZ bai^^s.^orii;^.h:nr^^ and the best way to give it is in a drench in water. Inttammation of the Palate and Pharynx «"»>^'t;>»7 ''V- sults from balling with a stick, or it mav proceed trom «">»f '• fo e giXdy lodged in the parts. Laryng tis is more c'Mnmun a d much more severe than pharyngitis, and is sometimes produced In the violent use of the probang. S»wp/o«..,..-Tliere is great fever ; swelling both internally and ex- terlSfv a 1 perhaps the fever is foUowe.l I.y death in Irom tw^nty- So sixty hour^^^^ Tlie.v are all the ordinary symptoms of sore h oat and a stench come, iron, the throat, and in cattle the swelling extends towards the ear, especially if produced by the pr'-l-ang; J.'««_ fomentations, give a moderate dose ol =.dat.ve n.echc.nes, and se u dicious counter-irritation; try the .nl.a lation "« v«por and 'f 'tgl^es relief, continue ; if it seems to cause distress, do not use it. An« "»« an if the ordinary gargles, an.l it may \'^™;";;^« '" .l,!^"^^^' °^; Abeesses also occur in the pharynx, and .1 is hard ^^J^^l''''^'''l^l them It is more likely to attack cattle that have a tubercular ten Sy. In the horse it may result from sore throat direct ';;3"';y,etc^ If it i^ high up it interferes with respiration and there ^^^^^'-^^y^ discharge from the nose; a difficulty in swallowing, etc The s>nip- toms in cattle are similar, but are not generally «« 7'«>^"\; ^^'^^l take some food but there is a peculiar breathing. \ou may dettct a tulgiTby pressing on either U of the throat. The treatment given is to open these abeesses, but it is not very successtul. J '"^^ «^ "^ seen it clone with success in the horse, but it is more ^a 'ly done n, cattle. There is danger of the matter passing j'^". ' " ?""^'=,^^'°i^ the animal. Use a guarded knile, or a concealed bistouri . -^ s^aii £fe well guarded, fs very good. But you >*■•; -"/.^'"^ '^J^^^if;''^ to a certain extent; however, opening may save life occaasionally. PhRrvnireal Polypi.— These sometimes have a constricted base ; otluSve^i Sde bas^e ; he animal will fall oft' in condition, shoWB S of temporary choking, coughs violently, staggers, and perhaps tails. f|-^. k REATMBNT OF iioiith and the whole uliinen- iifiir on tlie tongue un more distressing when in the cervical portion. There are signs of uneasiness ; it there is an attempt to swallow liquids, they are regurgitated; there is an in.'reased flow of saliva. In the horse there is a spasmoceur. 2Veatment.—U the symptoms are not very pr.nnineiit, endew.ir t.. tind the nature of the obstruction, and then the situation ol it, and if it is in ihe pharynx or cervical region, you may be able to tlis- place it bv manipulation. If vou fail in this, give a little Injuid— some oi) "if it is a hard bo.lv; but be careful with oil, il it is some partially mssticated food. If this also fails, use the probang; a leather one'is best for cattle, ami it is not necessary to cast the ani- mal but it is well in some cases to use (he gui.le to prevent iniurv to the probang. The treatment in cattle is just the same ; and when von fail to remove it with the probang, cut .lown if it is in the cer- Vical region, and remove it; then bring the edges together by a suture. Keep the artlmal quiet, and give no food but a small amount of li.iuids for some time. This is not a very successful operation, but if all other means fail, try it. If there is much tympanites and symptoms of suffocation in cattle, use ilie trochar. Dilatation of the CEsophagus sometimes results from chok- ing. It mav dilate to a great extent an.l cause alarming symptoms ; the animal "is from time t.^ time atta.ked with symptoms of choking, which is better noticed when the fooil is changed. If it is in the cer- vical region there will bi> a pouch formed, which can be felt or seen. If it is in the cervical ^.urtion, it may be relieved in some cases bv a pad supported by a bandage around the neck— bv careful and fre- quent feeding ; and do not give a sudden change of food. Some say to cut down and remove some of it, but this is impossible. There sometimes is just the opposite of this, or Stricture of the CESsophague.— There are two kinds, spas- modic, and a thickening of the mucins membrane, and when one part becomes diluted from choking another part is apt to be constric- T 160 .ACSES. 8YM1'T0M8 ANL TUEATMENT OK ,,.,. Tiun. is .iiffi..uuy in -aiuv^ing -ui .j;-'; >";^,;;;^'^;i;;';^;;^ von aro juslitio.l ... passj-.g the l^''*''^'' "";;.;, ^ „„. ,,rict.iro l.y 'stricti..-c' i. will Ik. .-cs.Ht.. , an.l you '"«> •^;;\'Xr iav, a doso of the..scM..- th. ,..•ol.a.,.^ ;V->-";,^;,.; ''^^ ,L" m.s rS"- - th. m^onitf or s.iol. nuK.li.is ...a> b ';'^" '■ j, ,.„n,^/irom tl.e ..so re.,.l.o.ol.okinK,a.,.l '« ^'^P'' '";'^- '/X vV ohokin^ an.l it might of .o.uo suoh tl.i..K as I. wh.l>stooU t "^ ',. ','3;,*^ ,.,.„, ^ swelling, phal... Iil.y, Imt .loath gcorally ocn.rs ,n two or throe .lays. DISEASES OF THE GLANDS. ETC. The salivary Glands^riJhoro ^ three P|n- of^^a|^ Parotid Glands.-I...ia...n.a.io.. of the^,;;;,- ^Sln^e^ eonneotion w.th strangles. It is ' ""^ ', •^J' j, ;, -^ t„ terminate ten.li..g fro... the ear *>'^^"^^»''>-. \' J ' S S igl.t induration is in suppuration, an.l s.,nu. uu^ ,^ . ho s^l" th.U are tightly reined, not verv uiioonimon.espoi ally ... h.om fomentations, pro.lu..ing irritatio.. a..d th.oken.ng •>' K^?^! ;, „\! a weak solution Joultices, and «t'"'''»»^'"g. ""'"^'^'^-^^'S X'-t resolution; but of biniodide ol uiercury-and >"" ™'7 "'"\|,.,n matter is formed there is a great te.«leney to «"Pi:" «^'^'^^;, jXe flammation of open it ..p, a.,.l .t the an....:.l « ^^/^ , ,„',":^ ",'• with tuberculosis, these gla.ids is often tound n cattle, '"^f'™ "' ,„tio,,. but not so and the i..tla„.matory f ''''" .^""f, " /^f Sr . a • I'e^''"'*^ '•"• .n.i.klv as i.. horses. A 8...an amo ...t ot '";*Yr„e<.og8arv to use a aone.1 and ren.a.n there '-; .^ J^S ,""i "rsc It he matter out Itrn..ger en.brocat.on on cattle th,u. "'.*^'- ^^p^ ,,,p, the snrround- whe..'f..r,..ed. I have "-;^'i;^}^;^ti^Z!i^^o^.u carefully ing i.arts are vascular and it is ^^"^'^«'^>i ^est to explore it with on account ot »'«7"''»"!g;;- ,„ J' .'rthe opening carefully. Indura- r ^:Sr S i:^t^. a^lll": S^:;Wass.um i^temaUy . Steno's Duct.-The ->-' "f U.is paroth. gU^whids arou^ the inferior --'H-T '->- f»d,^ te.yh^^^^^^^ „,astication :;X^. Z^iXl^'se^te whe£^:.-^ood is taken in the mouth PiBtula of this Duct is -\!'"«^7"7.,|,"i;T-i„ ineguZ; tin.es results from i.ijury and «o-; ''-^« j^^^^ opening o the abscess, t^^^ZlS^'X^ ^'^e-r fL. L inside of the month, ( T EATMENT OK (1 food may collect above • llesh is rapidly lost, and 8 and then die. Sonielinies -, and when it comes to the "overcome the :,triettire hy 3very otiier day, a dose ot "Sometim.s rupture is the reiierally con)e8 from the use Kve choking, and it might ternal and internal swelling, ,t. hrealh, in swallowing, the ,hir tissue, etc. It generally down and treating as o'so- two or three days. LANDS, ETC. re three pairs of salivary jblingual. They secrete the I fits it for digestion. if these is not uncommon in 1 inflammatory swelling, ex- .' horse it is apt to terminate ration. Slight induration is horses that are tightly reined, Ihe gland. Use fomentations, umoniacal or a weak solution bring about resolution; but on. When matter is formed rive iodine. Inflammation of connection with tuberculosis, 1 to suppuration, but not so It of matter may become im- lue It is necessary to use a horses. Let the matter out that sometimes the snrround- lly advisable to open caiefullv letimcs best to explore it with he opening carefully, l'"'*"""- ;t remedy in this ami all gland- one part, iodide of potassium iodide of potassium internally. larotid gland winds around the niv)Uth between the second and d secretes during mastication 1 is taken in the mouth, common in horses. It some- les from an abscess in irregular autious opening of the abBcess, e duct from the inside ot the DISEASES or DOMMTIC AMMAI.H. UY.\ N,,„.o„..-There is a ^^^^^^^il^Zrl:^''^^^^ oreasel .luring mastication . ^\''\" ,1 < pening on the outside ;.l the ha s the only thing notice.l . a "« > ' P ., > i^en there will be a ja,i, and a slight^ discharge, 't^& ui this saliva inter.eres w ith ,.»..nflv ncreased discnargi. '"^ ' " ClL,;: and colic may be the result. 'r,.ea,.e,„.-\u a recent case \'l'« I^,^"" . ^i ' with collodion an. Xt until a new duct is farmed. SaUvary OalcuU.-Anyglan.Hbat .as^aw.1 -ma^ hav^aWreous deposits, and we fi' » . '"\ ."^^ ,',/ a„d set np 1 stnla. rC s and cattle. They "''^y "^'^ ,.S/„ ex e"t, l>"t if the c net is The flow of saliva is <>^'^"'^'*'^ ^" m*. uti m of the walls, which per- food for several day». ^,^,, ;, - DIBKASM OF THE STOMACH. ^^^^ The Stomach of » |;""»;- Tu" ilv'3''K'™ ''»'^^^^ to derangements, and, perhaps the f»°«; «^\„j i think 1 may safely Ihch destroys a great ""J^^ber c^lu.rsts, a. ^^^^^^^^ that are im- .1 ,.. nt IPMst three-fourths of the ntavj 'J, . . . brought about I'ned o h^country die from thi^ f «-«^^;' f eo^ronSn horses K n udicious feeding or care essnes /J, «J^!,V,„„,,tion of food and Sal are worked hard ancl ^^^-^^..s, and a f . tal result is gases in the stomach. " «^"f "^.^^b.ane, called It; I CAfSKs, SVMI'TOMH AND THr.A'l'.M KNT Od/.^fd— (iivin>{ n liir^v ainoiint nf food, I'spcciallv if it is linn! t<> (lim'st ; liFiin, f:)r I'xnmpU', t'spociaily if tliiTc is wliortH iiiixcfi with it .111(1 Hot submitted to tin; action of iiot water for homu' tinif. It will proiluci' aciitf iiiili^cstion alinoHt us (|iii<'kly an any kind of fond, If ii iiorei' liMs a full Htoniach and is pnt to hard work, di'rcstion docH not lake |da(r properly, and disease \h the result ; or, giving a full feed when the stoniacli is w.akened from hard work, and as a horse grows iild or gets hiilky food, the stoiiiaeh be(Mimes unnaturally dila- ted, and the walls heeome very thin, and the ga.strie jiiiee is not prop- erly secreted ; and after fasting, a horse should not get much food until the secretion of the gastric juice is stiniulatad by giving a small amount of food. Another eomniun cause is a change of food. Wheat, even a small amount, will produce it. Clover hay, when the animal is Hot accustomed to it, is also a common cause. Acute indigestion may terminate in rupture of the stomach, especially in old horses or any that are felure of the diaphragm is not uncommon from pressure, am! the animal throwing himself about. Sympliimn. — We will take a case as we often see it on a farm; The farmer intends to take a journey of fifteen or twenty miles, and the night before iie feeds the horse more than tisual, gives another large feed in the morning, and starts ofl'. The horse is c|uite lively, but after going a few niiles he becomes „i„^, laudanum yon may ,lo not push medicines too lar. 'f ' '. J ;,' ^, ,„„.e cases. The use belladonna and U is t^-;''' ;;^. .' , * .T ,; f,on. .br..win,r bin'-U horse should be kept so 7'.»^,';V There is benefit in puncturing Hbonl, for there .8 danger oru. tun. i^^^^^^^^ ^^^ _^ ,r,at extent in all cases where the bo^^ 8 art . .,, ^,,^. ^i^,,t „. ,, an. Pu„,'lure in the r.gh '•'•I ''«,';;,, ,,,^, iHhun and the last n b, an.l in the most distended part 7'^"_." ,'" ,, • ,,,,^, t„ irsl make an Is the inichar '*li«l'l'.V.,;'';:;;|;;'\ ^ ,.i'r,imd is not so liable to Incision, as the can., a w ''"; "^^"^,„ .,i,„, ,he trochar lor il irritate the parts. !>' ^^ ^.^ '.'^ l^.^t, and the owner would ay gastro enteriti. is presen f^^" V^^ ' '^f . ,u fail to strike the eolon the death to the use "!,''.;■,, .'^'''Y,.,, .1 passes instead of a gas it is you can puncture again, and ''",'' ^^,.,„.,,r. I rciommeud each f.nfavorable, but 1 had ,^;';:>\, ^^if,, ,,!^^ w.sed it will do you .reilit. oneofyon-togetatrocha lu t l^^^^^ \,^ an alis,:e»s There is not much '>"".«^ ' '" ^ ' V,^ ^Htonitis may supervene but but it is not verv «■'"'"'• ""L ;,\V A horse should be carel.uUy that is the exception ''>^ ' , Le ion n.av terminate in lamnutis. used for some time. Acuti inoi^tsu DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES. Rupture Of the Btomac^ ^ '^^^^^^;'i^Xi:^y ,ll an animal has suffered fron. acute nd 8 «non p y^ ^ ^^^^^,^_ several hours, and becomes .pi eter, "^ l'"'sc reddened a Tucous membranes l-^XCim^afatSnit'ro sit upon the haunches short time previous, am ^1'^ an.ma attemi ^^^^ chances are and wistfully looks at the ««"''„«! '"'^ptomatic of intus-suBcept.on that it is ruptnre. These "'^^■^""".^^"P "other sign, but I think that volvulus calculus, etc. R«'g»'^K'^f/"V '^e ;" a ,'onsiderable rupture the it takes place before ^P^l'^f ' "' '^ity and I do not think that vom- can be done for it. . . , „,„i Chronic indigestion. frBy^^e^.-;;^^^:^^ uiay result from a disorder of »»;^ «^"^^,_ of the teeth, but generally of the liver and i"'talion of or si e^^^^ on over-stimulat.ng {r.,m the stomach, caused bvinjud.ousteeau^^^ over-acidity ..f the food. Clovet is apt to produce it by c ausing stomach. . „:„ipnt The horse falls off in i6(; CAU8KH, sYMI-rOMH AMD TKKATMENT «)F iliiHty and Htiirin^', tlii' piilw slow mul woiik, tlu' ivvvn iiri' of a load or day color, or, in sonu' cnsos, Honu'whnt dark, varying willi tlii' food to .some I'xti-nt. The animal is, pcrhapH, Hiibjocl to Hligiit attarks of colif, and has a tU'iiravod aitpiHito — he will, perhaps, liek the lime from the walls. This is, perhaps, a eruving of nature to overeoine the acidity of the stomach. lre(Uiiienl. — Onlvr a <'hnnge of food. No matter hiw he has lieenfed, order a clianRe, and in most cases give a moderate dose of physic — from five to eight drachms of aloes, and feed carefully for a fe^y days, and in some cases you may comhine calomel with the aloes, if there is any derangement of the liver. I!ut I am no great advocate of the use of calomel ; als( , use anti-ncids, carbonate of soda and ginger in a hall, or drench with water, or in the food, if the animal will eat it. If there is weakness, give heer with one and a half drachms of gentian or ginger, and after a week or two give tonics. Hut I think harm is sometimes done by giving tonics before the system is pre|)ared for theiu. (Jive sulphate of iron, and even a little arsenic with it, or give sulphate of iiuinine. Perhaps the great secret in treating this dis- ease is a change of diet. Spasmodic Oolio is a spasmodic contraction of the muscular fibers of the intestiiKs. The contraction of this muscular coat tends to pass the contents toward the anus. Although spasinoilic colic may be said to be contraction of the muscular coat of the small intestines, I think it may also afl'ect the large intestines. In an ordinary case there is no great amount of the intestine contracted, perhaps a few inches to a foot or more, and if it continues, intus-siiseeption may take place, or the mucous linings may adhere togctlier, trom being pressed together so close by the contractions of the muscular fibers. CavHcs. — Perhaps the ]irineipal cause is a change of food. Giving cold water when the animal is heated may cause it, but not very often. Roots, especially if frozen, and sometimes if in a proper condition, may cause it. Some horses are particularly susceptible to colic. Sud- den changes of temperature tends to produce it, and also constipation of the bowels, which sometimes supervenes a cathartic; and when giving a purgative, it is best to continue it with gentian, ginger, etc. Although spasnjodic colic is very painful, it is not very fatal, and is usually of short duration. It generally terminates favorably, and it may terminate in enteritis, although some thinl: it never does. Symptmiis. — The attack is very sudden ; the animal begins to paw and cringe ; looks at the sides, throws himself violently upon the ground, after perhaps cringing down some. He lies down rather easily in enteritis. In colic he attempts to lie upon the back — will perhaps roll back upon the side, get up, and he may be quiet for a while, and may even take a little food, and then again be seized and show similar symptoms. In some cases he may be covered with pro- fuse perspiration, and may pass feces in small quantities, and there are frequent endeavors to urinate, which tends to mislead sonic who do not understand the disease. It is generally a good symptom to see him urinate. You will also be guided by the condition of the circulation. Take the pulse early in colic, during the violent symp- toms, and it perhaps will be sixty, and if taken a few minutes after, when the horse is standing still, it may be only forty or forty-five in a minute. In enteritis the pulse begins about forty or forty-five and gradually increases, is full and bounding and continues ; but the IKATMKNT OF k, tlu' fi'ct'H iiri' of a lead or ,ik, vnryiiiK willi tlii' food to HUbjOCt to Hligllt llttlK'kg of will, iiirliiips, lick the lime ig of nutiiri' to ovi'iToine the ) mutter how he ling iHien fed, I iHoderiUo doHc of physic — 'ccd ciircfully for a few days, [lid with the aloes, if there im no K''cat advocate of the mate of soda and Kinder in ii . if the animal will eat it. If 1 a half druchius of gentian )nicH. Hut I think harm is the system is |ire|)ared for little arsenic with it, or give secret in treating this dis- iMintruction of the muscular of this niiiscular coat tends though sj)asmoilic colic may coat of the small intestines, jlines. In an ordinary case ne contracted, perhaps a few tiniies, intus-suseeption may adhere togctlier, troiii being ons of the niusciilar libers. s a change of food. Giving y cause it, but not very often. es if in a proper condition, riy susceptible to colic. Sud- luce it, and also constipation cues a cathartic; and when B it with gentian, ginger, etc. I, it is not very fatal, and is terminates favorably, and it le thinl: it never does. ; the animal begins to paw himself violently upon the some. He lies down rather to lie upon the back — will p, and he may be quiet for a nd then again be seized and he may be covered with pro- 1 small quantities, and there 1 tends to mislead some who jnerally a good symptom to ided by the condition of the ic, during the violent symp- f taken a few minutes after, e only forty or forty-five in a ibout forty or forty-five and ing and continues ; but the r ninKAHKW OK DOMKMTK ANIMALS. Hi ,,„lsc varies in .litlerent attacks of colic. ,ll ''"•''"•|:;."J;;;Xteak' a,,d\;eri>'mH'fas't: but still diflers from the full b.mnding jmlsc of ;1.;;;!^ 'Tn cidic. pressing u,.n the abd en apr- ,;;„;' ';;:', ;: ,,liH-, and causes pain in enteritis. In a '■''^;. .''''' Jj'';,,,,' ,.,. ■niiiate filallv the svii.ptoliis U'Coliie mole Molelit, aiut il. a n iuu.> Hs;'1ft:%:!:ii:'=.r;s;;:ii;t:;::^:;;'".i;^ ".sc that will give .ou some trouble to tell wlulber it .> eolic 01 "''iv«a^»e»/ IS general v satisfactory, ami a student when asked what he wm iTlo il^Hcn f..' in such a case, said he would "go jus. as las siM I ort.e bora, might be well before be got there ; and it h, r ,:.:;"maul.-!:o muc i wh!;t r...nedy is given . it -s given in .... lileeding was at one 1 iiu' reganled as the sheet am lioi '""'»; , 11, md sometimes il is good and acts like an auli-spasmodi.', bu 1 not'elmlne!:" U. Kvtiy practiti.mer has his '--•<;• ^-•-^: nd I give sweet spirits of nitre, one to two ounces; •■''""^' "'' bi iia one to two drachms, in solnlion, with wo ou..«'i« "f ^^.>< r. th sweet iirts of nitre, one to two ounces; ami laudanum, one to two ounces ill six to eigl I ounces .,f water, an.l give injections, ami . I - tnirlHntTiie lav bcaddeil to the injections. Some '•'■'■"■"•"'■> '' " the a mt Va- norphia-bu^ Lf '•a'^'K'' ""' ".' "T''' ' ito a bod v:ir''nd if it does not act just as y"'' ' -- • f <; - be too hasty in giving another, or .t "''^v 'VV""--*-' P^ '"^^^^^^^^ von desire (liloral hv( rate is recommemled. 1 him truo ii, "ui iavH .CM ■.noresu.cessfi.l with what I have recommended^ lurpe - U^^ulanum an.l oil ^-^V-f• l*'''^ *: '"^"^ ^/^XSl.-.' ' • give a dose and there is no rel.et, repeat the .lose in " ''•\'' ' '"^' bett.r to keep him in a comfortable box or y;'"-- • R'^ « '^ • K iiBP indieious counter-irr tat on, hot water, mustard, etc. ii .i norse SsreTateScks,. the bowels become weakened, ami. sooner .,r later, it will terminate fatally. Flatulent Oolic.-It is hard in some cases to tell the .littereiice befwten^^hf and Ste indigestion but the '^^ « "-^.J^Vi'^'Si .ind the stomach not be affected. It consists of gases ; there are tar boni a'chUassu^phuretted hydn.gen, an.l in «--»- -F^^";:, ' livdromn Flatulent co c is more common in old than in joiing 1 Ws- «rhaps tcause digestion is impaired b some extent- and in horses that have been fed br a long ti.ue on over-st.mnlat.ng food. itw (•AI'MfM, MYMITOMrt ANI> TUKATMKNT OK (ViioicH.— A clianKf ""l <"■ I'l'cdiiiK »('<>ii ul'ttT ii Iouk iliivi'. In- iliiin ciirn, or iiiforior t'oixl of iiiiy kiiiil in likrly to proiliui- il. .S'i/m/i/"i/M IIP' Hifiiiliir to H|)iiMino(lic colic; tlu' iinininl lien .lowii iiiiil rolln, etc., iinil tlic iiIhIoiiicii hooii Ik^comich liiHlciidcd, and in ii pure (■use tlicrc iH no rc«iir(.'iliition ol' looil nor crnctiii'.ons ol ^»M^>t, Imt just liiHicntion of tlic IpowcIh, !ind one piirt of tlic cidon may Im' alliilcd more liian tin' olhern. Tr-(iliiinil.-(iiy>' injections freely, and ycni may lie aide to over- come a Hli^lit attack liy injection, liiit iiiedicincH may Ik- neeesHiiry. You may put one or one-'and-a-iialf ounc.'S of turpentine in tlie in- jections ;" tiiiK mav reiiev.' it, aitliout;li tlie intestines are pretty full ol food, but mav have to remove tlie c(UiteutH of tlic rectum with the hand. Cliem'icallv speakin«, the best remedies would I'c lime, am- monia, etc., whicli woul.l comliinc with the Kiises and lorm new coiu- pouiids, mill so atlord relief; liul they do not net so well internally 111 all cases; hut >,'ive liirpcnline, one to two ounces, with linseed oil and laudanum or lielladouiia, accord in^ to the suUerinj,' ; or, you may re- lieve the pain l)V Kivini; two or three >{rainsof tlie acetate of luorphiu, hvpodcrmicallv'; and it is >;ood practice in some cases to (,'ive a piir- uiitivc and cariionatcof amiiionia, one, two or three drachniH, in the form of a hall, ^r nildied .lown in a little cold water or Kruelwith some inucilaKc, and jjive as a drench. You must he careful in giving aoua animoiiin, or it will cause ijreal irritation. The horse rc<|nires Kieat care, and voii will liiid carminutives, stomachics, etc., useful ; ami see that he ^v\n Kood, nutritious foo TKKATMKNT oK |iK Hoon after ti Ioiik drive. In- il in likely Id pnnlilee it. leolie; the iiiiiriiiil jiex ilowii iiiiil liire l"l imr enieliitioiis cii KiiHes, Imt I'lle iiiirt (pf tile (I, Ion Mliiy Im' , iiiiil Villi iiiiiv lie i|li|i> to over- It riiedieineM liiay \h- iieceHNHrv. 'illlleeg (,!' liii|Kiitilie ill tile iii- li the inleHliiies lire preltv I'liil <,|' I'ontelitH of llie leetlllii with the Hi reiiierjie.^ Would !«. lime, am- ith the >,Miso.s and form new com- V do not net HO well internallv in > two oiinees, with linseed oilliMil to the siitK-rinj,'; or, you may le- Kiiiinsof the aeotate'of nior|diiM, ■tice in .some eases to jjive a piir- le, two or three dracdimN, in the :i little etdd water or ^riiel with You iiiiiHt he < arefnl in giving t irritation. The horse i'ci|iiires inutive.s, stoiiiaehiiH, ele., iixeful • IS food, and if internal remedies ure; and I helieve piinetwring Hatnlent eolie than in anv other lale in enteriti.N, hut is more likelv lerminale in death liv asphvxiii. he animal from throwinji» hiinself id pniieluring when the animal is linllated yon niiiy injure the eoal:^ )niuioii in tlie horse than in anv It is inllanimatioii of the in- thout any partieular application tin; Miteslines are tliret — a mii- iteritis, in most cason, is inilaniina- ly casi's all the coats are involved, e muscular coat without the niu- iie ea.ses, ns soon as voii cut into inge has taken phiee, Loth in the llier cases you may onlv notice n II hase cut through the "luuscular iind to he aHi'oted. It is a verv will run its course 4 are made to urinate frei|nently, and some urine may be passed. In the early stage the belly is some- what tucked np, and pressure upon it increases the pain, wliiU* in colic it relieves it, and after a time there is perspiration about the flank, behind the ears and shoulders, and a peculiar breathing, and if an animal has suflered some time from abdominal pain, and there is this peculiar breathing, it is a dark case, and the symptoms increase in violence, the pulse runs up to eighty per minute, loses its bound- ing character and becomes weak, then yon may make up your mind that a considerable amount of exudation has taken place, and a well marked symptom at this time is the amaurotic expression of the eye, and as it advances the animal becomes almost blind and almost un- conscious, and if you lift the head, the animal may fall back. This is caused by a lack of blood to the liead, and yon must approach hioi with caution. These symptoms may have been going on for from six IS -/ -*--»- m lAtlHEH, HVMITOMH ANIi TUKATMKNT OK to (iflirn ImiirK, wluii iill iit oiiii' llii' Hiiiiniil niiiv Ihcomu' (|iiift, (ht- hii|iN tiikc HiiMU' fiiiiil, Itiil (liii'H not iiiiiHtiriiti' it ; (lie |)('rH|iiriitiiiii coii- liniitH, ihv I'xtrciiiiiicH lire iliiUlily coliI, ilic iiiiiiilli cliiniiiiy, rtdiii'h ■tiowH thai jrininriiii' Iium likni tAurr, mid the aiiiimil niiiy livo two, or evi'ii till lioiirH, ImiI Ki'iurally liitH ill uii lioiir or lioiii- ami a half, WToniiiiK til tilt' inli'HtiiU' all'cctt'tl. Trmtmiiil is not Hiicttssliil, Imt wo Homi-tiiiu'H nii'ot with a cal<, of trcatiiiK' it. I r.roiiiiinii uliiriiicil, hut in :\h\^ up irritation, a |nirt;ative 1' constipation and relieve the purgative, mix vomica iiiiiy Ihj eatiiieni, which I do not say in cr the inliuence of cldoroforni, under itH inliuence for periiaps iai. He sure and keep the uni- , to e(|uali/.e the ' 'P« \, j , ;,,X, ,.nt of intcs- results Imt canes arc recorded w^ ,,,,, ,„ ,,, , „„a line has «'"''«'»''' '•"^"'''VJii.i,.,w;ver son e recommend eiitting :s;::;-;!;;li,rH i:;■ ible for it to slough otr ami the aniin recover. ""'* '^ . .. • I, ,,i .„,ri.i.d Hliilliach, etc. with pOMI iiHil)le lur It to sioiigii o" """ •■" , , . ''^'"' ,,,u • v.b '■' liofKcd slomach, etc. *'ym/)/o»i.H arc common to tins. \< ' .^'k « i«„ «r Stricture ui the Intestlnen, niny be due OompresBlon, or Btnciureui ■'"„,„i ,,,,,,^.. Ktrictnre, or you to tumors, which grow to a «';» ^-^ '■.^J ' 1 I cilhr .trii'-turc or may liuve a tumor '""'•.""•'y/re 1 v. t ''I uIhc heconus weaker volvulus, and opiates w.l not '^*'7r 'i,',,,,, , ,- hen lies down ami „„d weaker, the animal sits 'U'"" 1' ••'''' '.•;''^.,'^;,;, .vn.ptoms £;"K;;.'t:";=l:r,';;:,,r,:;a;,:;a',;;;'5 fe.1 from the HNvecpings of ll e ''''."';;•,";,,.,,, ^o.netinus fornm form a nucleus for the deposit. ^^' " '"■^,'* '"' ,' ' ^ („ ,n,,.„,„i,late to --qli-i:Jp.r^^j:^^^^ supposed to be colie, winch niay I* J ^ ^^ « «' bsid f Thes:. enlarge- enlargement may move and tie »> '7' "7* "" , '"\,ther part of the menis are oftener lodged in the «"'"' J 7, ,;/ ;, ,,b«V.nnte consti- intestine When they obsm^t the passage th.r is <^b^ nation, the pulse forty or forty-two, i)yni«i"y . • ^y^^ siraila; to entiritis, bnt are more F°'""K; ,>„;'^,^ ."^..^Veption, haunches; the last is «yn>P'°"'«'^,^/j,/*'X, f 'a h se has been cold sweatsetc it may be any of the diseases spoken of. ^°^:S-5nbe.pLi«vio,enteju^avortorelieve^ and it is good practice to "^l"^ '^^[^"Xly o it may be from hand carefully,. and you raajr fi>«l some ar^ "^^'^^v" o ur to thirty-six t::rt^TSriZ''^'^r'Zri^. are completely obstructed. O0iiBtipation.-In many caaeB this cannot be said to be a dis- I V I ~:eT- 193 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND THEATMKNT OF ease of itself, but a symptom of some other disease, but it is some- times a flisease of itself, and may proceed from various causes ; from intestiual concretions; an undue amount of feces in the intestines; from loo rapid or from too Rreat absorption of tiie fluids, and from liver disorders; and when the animal sufUrs from rny fever tliere is constipation; also inferior food of any kind ; a liiiKc amount ot oats and a small amount of liay ; and pea and barky straW, etc. Hie muscular fibers of the colon and rectum become paralyzed to a cer- tain extent, and arc not able to expel the feces. Fee.liii« over-ripe grass causes indigestion, and is liable to afllct the brain iii many cases, but roots are more liable to produce acute indigestion, Uatulence, etc., than obatinaie constipation. S'l/m/Xomg.— If it is a pure case there is scarcely any feces passed, the animal is dull and sluggish, slightly tympanitic in some cases, and shows more or less abdominal i)ain, but nof much ; lies down, rolls, looks at the sides ; the pulse not much changed, perhaps forty or fifty ; and by examination you may find the rectum completely impacted, and it may be necessary to remove the contents every day for some time. 2Veaimen<.— If the bowels are obstinately constipated give a dose of purgative medicine, and it is good practice to combine with sliinu- lanls; give six, eight, or nine drachms of aloes, or one draehm of calomel, once, twice, or three times a day, or nux vomica, and give injections, and, if necessary, remove the contents of the rectum with the hand. Use an infusion of tobacco— one ounce of tobacco, cut up, and pour boiling water over it,, and strain it th' ().,gh a cloth, then add a little soap ami lard, and inject, which w-ll cause relaxation ot the bowels; if there is pain give an opiate, or hypodermic injections; I would prefer the latter. Or, instead of tobacco, use turpentine in water for injections, one-half ounce to one ounce. You may cause irritation by using too much soap in injrciions. If you make up your mind that it is a pure case of constipation, never hesitate m giving a dose of aloes, and follow by a diflusible or nervous stimu- laut. There might be an exceptional case, where you might have recourse to crot< n oil, and if so, put two or three drops inside a ball, and give it carefully, and do not let the animal chew it. Habitual Oostiveness, where there is slight constipation, is best treated by regulating the food, or by any mild remedy, such as carbonate of soda, but if it is due to some disease of some organ, as the liver, then you may have recourse to potassium. Purgatives may relieve for a time,"but it will return; however, in some cases you may give a slight laxative, linseed oil, castor oil or sweet oil. Diarrhea consists in the undue passage of liquid feces, due to a slight congested state of the alimentary canal. It is most frequently seen in horses of a weak conformation, as a narrow chest and loins. Cliuses.— Giving rich, succulent food after having been fed on a stimulant diet for some time, and suc.i a case may benefit instead of injuring the animal. Turnips, carrots, etc., especially if frozen slightly, are apt to produce it; also impure and stagnant water, which acts as a blood poison; or some irritant in the food, as sand, clay, etc.; or it may result from excitement, in race and hunting horses ; or it may be the result of an over-dose of purgative medicine, or of the incautious administration of a moderate dose, and when it TREATMENT OF other discasp, but it is some- ed from various cniisi-s ; from int of feces in the intestines; )rpii()n of tiie fluids, and from sufUrs from rny fever tliere is iV "icreased- f .1 < nUj^^^^^^^^ J^, ^1- ,,t ripinR the ears an.i legs are «">'1»^'^^^^''»\' '7 'citation or perhaps to slight P"*""* '" f X iXtiies- * 1.:^ mi^" Inl^ inereise aild result in :Eti;lsp^llivifHiscause.ll.ysuper,.urgation. '%a,:J-U many cases ^1 you J- - J^^j;!.- 'St In^t ' and clothe the body accord ng to the empc^ra^ ^,_^ , ^^^^ ^^^^^^ necessary to give a I't.'-'S "'«""=' "'• , . . , ,; g an astr ngent would if it is due to «on.e.rri ationo tic n ine^^ F^..^^^^ ^^ domoreharm than good; but c use _eru,.o^ ^.^ ^^^ ^ giving .1 l»-^f ;:;• [:;;;^^.^t two "^ aeUis^^^ aloes, with an equal half ounce of laudanum , "'> t;*" " ■ ,. ,,„t if not due to an irn- amount of gentian, g'^fe'^/' "^"y""^f,*^ 'cover th animal, stimulate tant, you may give =^'\f''^'"f"'Vn BuTii d^ the levs, and «ometimes the abdomen. I^t , c U a ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ some time, it is "^W ' «'^P^ _ ^,^,,1,^;, ^^j repeat it in ounce; g'-"t'»". t^^" '•T'*'''^' ' f ^!.' 'u of turpentine, one ounce; from twelve to eighteen hour , or 0.1 o tu l ^^^ ^Vv «>e able in opium, one drachm, with two or }"■■ l^f »" ' , V' careful in super- some cases to check it with fiour, but y°" ^"fj ^^ and then give tepid 'purgation, and it is best to gtve one dracin of opn mi vnd^' ^n^ ^^^^P^^ Uter.which tends to soothe »"d « ^ ^^/^^^^^^^ «t first. Itreated condition. Do not resort to too I'oweriui .c laxative, one case in which I detected «''"'Vbuctt ul of ^nd^.assed during and I think there was ^\">";«t » bucketfu o^^ pressed or takes no food. ooor will produce it. , , , In «orkinB t;« n."«, hf £Ved ,„ Sk. lie milk .hllc In .1.1. he.tea, and if U.c loal "J. ,,tS aXht lajallve, and ii yoo rSM'.r4a"." Sk^;^"-e*dr.-l.l".«nd..ion .. lb, r;;rai.y Oune Bl... IW do" on. » lhr» d».l.ro ol cal«l.a. 174 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF is an aflection of the mucoiiB intoHtincs, and there is a great takes place tlierc is more or mother; and me judicious eounter-irritBlion, by rubbing and stimn- lating the belly with mustard or camphorated liniment. Dysentery, or Flux.— This menibrane, ispeciHlly of the large tendency to ulceration, and when it less .hemniorrhage. Cavses.— U niav proceed from a severe attack of diarrhea, or from grazing upon wet, marshv lauds, or feeding upon grasses grown upon such lands ; using impure water, etc. Ju cattle it is usually associa- ted with tubercular (lisviise. Horses do not often have it, except from some well marked cause. SympioiiiH.— The evacuations are tinged with blood, and have an extremely fetid odor, which differs from an ordinary case of diarrhea; the. feces are often mixed with shreds of mucous membrane; the ap- petite impaired or entirely gone ; the pulse perhaps fifty per minute, and weak ; there are colicky or griping pains, which, after ulceration, are not so severe ; the rectum is also usually in an iiritable state. Treatment is not satisfactory in many cases, but give a slight laxa- tive—castor oil and linseed oil and laudanum, and then small doses of chalk and opium once or twice a day, and demulcent drinks, a^ liav or linseed tea. Hour gr\iel, etc., which will support the system and soothe the irritation of the bowels; or, you may try catechu, and after the discharge is arrested, then give tonics— iron will do very well- acetate of lead, one to two scruples, once or twice a day, has ))een recommended by some in controlling this disease. If the animal becomes very weak, support him by stimulants. In cattle the treatment is similar, but is not satisfactory, because it is generally associated with tubercular disease. There is one thing recommended by some having consideralde experience : it is opium, one drachm ; ciialk, one ounce ; calomel, ten grains. Rupture, or Hernia, is the protrusion of an organ or part of an organ from its natural cavity. I will direct your attention to abdominal hernia, which is a protrusion of some of the iniestines out of the abdominal cavity, either through a natural or an artificial opening, it gets distinctive names from the parts through which they protrude. If they protrude through the inguinal canal, it 18 inguinal hernia. If it extends down into the scrotum, it is scrotal hernia; if through the umbilicus, it is umbilical hernia; if through an artificial opening it is called ventral hernia; if through the cia- phragm, it is diaphragmatic hernia, etc. Again, if you are able to return the parts easily, without any violent means, it is called re- ducible; if it cannot be so returned, it is called irreducible, and •£ it becomes constricted at die neck and interferes with the circulr.tion, It is called strangulated. Scrotal hernia is more liable to occur in a stallion, and any part of the intestines may pass through, but it is generally the small. Cwmeji.—ln many cases it is congenital ; violent exertion may pro- duce it. Inguinal mav become scrotal in a stallion, from covering mares, leaping, running, or any violent exertion, an(l sometimes when thrown for an operation, by struggling. I will first spv \k of inguinal hernia, which may be easily overlooked, and so long ^s it does not become strangulaled you may not be able to detect it at all. When it becomes strangulated the symptoms are just the same as rREATMENT OF lation, by rubbing and stimii- orati'd liniment. an affection of the mucous tcHtincs, and there is a great taltes place tlierc is more or re attacii of eolio, but are mo. prclo.,,ed ; tl.e pul. J^^^^'lS^ ' ^ IS^S the haunches, rolls and .C8 to ...o _^ ^^^^^ ^,^^^^ ^^^,, ^y„,pt„,„, quicker and quicker, «"'' ' f." ^ ,„^,k for hernia. are prolonged it is goo.l pract.ci to looK ^^^ lVe.n„en,.-^o long ,- ''J^" ^ j^"!;;:, Scouts strangulated animal il is in«t a** >v^' • '" \* Sl. Uing the parts, or you may vou mav \)e al)lc to reduce it b> ' " ' ' , 7,„a elevating the hind Co to peiform by thro^v.ng ':'\'i'^'-lctei, and insert the hand ,j„,rtcrs,l.xt,nding i H- nnbs to ' «^ " ^ ^^|,„4, ,„,, manipulation iUo the rectum, and by t a t-ou on i '„,,eration is called externallv vou may be able to " " f^ " • ,,^,,,„ 'on the hernia as the taxis.- -n; this does "";;•><•-; '',;;>^^ Tn i K-ision into the hernial close to the ring as poss. 1, thu ■' ^^"^ ,^, ,;„, ,„. if you are :^:it'to ret^n Ullr;:;.;;.-"!-^'"- imtation wm soon disappear. .,1 ,A wiiPii the hernia is composed scrotal Hernia is easiy^eu-cted ^^^^^ the omentum it of inlestiues, it is .alk'^ '"!.^.n mi 'usually does little harm. If it is is call, d epiplocele. 1 be '" '^'y;' "^ J ^"aed with gas. and .1 will give the i.uestines, tbev are apt to U s, n< ,f,,rder, and does not wav to pressure; if it is ""'\" "' ,,„ mistaken f )r scirrhouseord or rive wav as if it were gas, an. '''''y,^'\ZaU\l veins. If there is no ^ydroceV.oravarieosecondition.i some til vc.^ ^^^^^^^^^ irritation, the animal ' "^'l' ." :^,: ^'l'^ Ver i i a to some extent, and it is the feces pass down and ■' .^ «^.^^ J^f,!,' i', Cold contract* the tissues there are signs of irritation. L;\^^^^^^^^^^ ,,*-,, *^,od care and proper for years and do no harm, '.', ';.^,, '"''"" 'i„ „ horse not used for cov- fool; but if it attains ^-^f'^'^^^^ Z^,, extending down two or ering purposes, then treat it. '«^" ;\ ' .„e,, but if such a case does three inches, can usually.be easil; ^^" ^^^^ -, ,i,,„e for a time, and not interfere wUh the an.nial, it is best to .^ .^ ^^^^ ^,^^p. it will often disappear °\ '^^^ °; .^,e s .PP"^'' '^ '' " '• ' °"i' ^^ near then it s necessary to oper.ite. '^ Pf , , . ^ ^^^ into the her- S?d%ith a large hernia then it is "o ^-^--Jl^Vby Prof. %Villiam. nialsac,t.ut the best ^^'Y J f 'f,i„' s,,.„.inglv for a few days, then Having the colt prepared by feed ngspai^ .^^^ ^^^ ^ return the intestine into '»« / .'^^'^•^Votum and testicle, as close to the and place a clam right over the «^J°"'' v „,,• xhe covered op- Tingl possible, and allow the P»^f„^« ^3, "the testicle, still cov- "rafion 'is performed l^y.^'; ^'^"^:,",ef smXindsi.^n into the sac, then ered by the tunica vaginalis, maue a sm ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ divide the stricture, replace ''"« '" ?,^* fto take Jlace. 1 treated one ^rotum, cord, etc., and »'/«;. /"^^.^Sdro the way to the hock. I case where the hernia extended two tn.r _^ ^^^ j^ys-gave oate first prepared ^ini by feeding M'^nn^y^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^ ''^f ^it ! ]:Sir:'atl^Sing"oo;^-iS^i^^^ 178 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND THE VTMENT OP fifty per minute; wns reduced some fho day following this, and in a rfiort time the piirts slonfjlicd oft', and a recovery was tlie result, and I do not Ihinlt this could liave been successful by the covered method. Sometimes it is necessary to operate on a colt without castrating him, and a truss may be used, and it may sul)due the hernia. However, there is one nielliod I have resorted to in such cases, wliicli I have not seen recommended particularly in our wori^s. 1 returned the whole mass of bowel up the scrotum, and put a few siiiclies through the scrotum, and left them for four or live days. .\ little irritation was set up, and the hernia disappeared. I was careful not to injure the testicle, which I had close unto the ring. Some recommend applying ft clam below the testicle, which sloughs oft' a piece of the scrotum. Umbi'ical Hernia. — This may occur in any animal, but is more likely to occur in young animals, and is often congenital. If not present at birth, itis noticed in a few days after birth. It is generally reducible with a little jjressure. If in a colt from six to fourteen days old, it is just as well to Ic' it alone for a while, and it will often disappear, for the omentum .iocs not grow as fast accordingly as the other parts of the body, which tends to reduce it. But if the colt is one or two years old, then it will not dis- appear of itself, and it is necessary to reduce it, and there are various wnys, as by a truss, or a bandage is applied, and it is more ea.sily applied than in scTotul hernia. In other cases you must operate by some of the methods; by cutting through the skin; expose and scarify the a' ' >minal walls, and bring the parts to- gether. This would be perhaps the most surgical way, but we can operate in a more simple way, and I recommend throwing him. Return the bowel, take up the skin and apply the clam right over it, taking care not to apply them too tightly, and so stop the cir- lation too quickly; or, you can use skewers instead of clams; put two or three skewers through the parts, and take good, strong twine and secure the parts by passing the twine over them in the form of a figure elf,ht, or by puckering up the skin and applying a liga- ture around it ; and a skewer is of 'jenefit in this case to prevent the ligature from slipping off. In twenty-four or thirty hours it is necessary to apply another ligature, and tighten the parts up some, and you may subdue the hernia. And perhaps in eight or ten days tetanus will set in and death result, and this may occur after any operation, and peritonitis supervene; but there is not generally much danger of peritonitis. Ventral Hernia. — It may vary from the size of a marble to the size of your head. It generally results from direct injury, as a kick, etc.," and sometimes from abdominal contraction; but it -does not often occur in this way, and it is well, in examining horses, to look along he belly for enlargements. It is a fluctua- ting tumor, and when produced by injury it may be due to ex- tensive iuflammadon set up in the part, givin;; rise to an exuda- tion, and matter may form, and you will li.ive to open it up; and there may be a hernia as well as an abscess, and wlien opening an abscess in this region, always think of a hernia, and be very care- ful. The same thing applies to cattle, and you may have difficulty in making up your mind what is hernia or an abscess, or both together. One of our graduates opened an abscess in this region; it formed again, and he plunged the lancet into it, and there waa Itrkitmknt of I rrs.ilt, and l-os^fiil by the covered method h colt with..uteMHtn,ling him, ^hdue the herni... However 1 siuh eiises, wi.ieh I have not lyorKs. I rili.rned the whole It u lew f^iiiclies (hrongh the Jliiys. A little irritiition was ■was careful not to injure the ■• ^jonie reeoniniend applvine ' on a piece r>f the scrotum. 'crnr in any animal, but is «ls, and IS „fu.„ congenital, n !• lew (lays after birth It ,ss'.re If in „ eolt from' si.x I fo le' It alone for a while ■en urn ..oes not grow as fast body which tends to reduce I'M old, then it will not dis- to reduce it, and there are amJage is applied, and it is Derma. In other cases vou ,';.v cutting (hrongh the skin; •'», and bring the parts to- iost surgical way, but we can i lecommeiid throwing him "1 apply the clam right over t'gliily, and so slop the cir- kewers instead of clams ; put f, and take good, strong twine I wine over them in the form the skin and applying a liga- enefit in this case toVvL enty.four or thirty hours it is d tighten the parts up some, I perhaps in eight or ten days nd this may occur after any out there is not generally rom the size of a marble to ■suirs from direct injury, as nminal contraction; but it d It IS well, in examining largeraci.t... It is a fJuctua- 'J"iv It may be due to ex- •t. g'viiijf rise to an exuda- " ''-^^e to open it up; and «cess, and when opening an a hernia, and be verv care- nd you may have difficulty rnia or an abscess, or both an abscess in this region- ncet into it, and there wm DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 177 a hernia present, and it was necessary to destroy the animal. They may attain a great size and not interfere with the animal; and it may be a point of dispute whether it should or should not be operated upon ; and unless the owner desires it, it is better to let it alone. Treatment. — Prepare t''e animal by moderate feeding for a day or two, tliei". throw the animal and return the hernia ; cut into the sac and bring the edges togeliier l>y a catgut suture. T' "re is no great danger in usmnl'. Ii'>rnia, if the animal is prepared for it, and it may be necessary to put him under the iiiHuence of chloroform. Operate just the same us in umbilical hernia, and use skewers to prevent its slipping; or you can operate by skewers, and even a blister, in some cases, may reduce it You may also use the ligature, or operate by cutting into the hernial sac and scarifying the walls, and secure the edges by means of u carbolized catgut, and then l)ring the skin to- gether. I think this is preferable to the metallic suture. Diaprasmatic Hernia. — This is rare, and, sooner or later proves fatal. It may either pass through a natural or an artificial opening. It is apt to enlarge and soon produce death. It may pro- ceed from various causes— from violent exertion of any kind, and sometimes from colic. It is diflicult to Uk. i' antei'ior, through the peritoneal covering, and in the inferior part, death generally result . M-.ike a nireful examination, insert the hand carefully into the rectum and remove the contents, which is better than giving an injection, in this case, and endeavor to find the extent of the injuiy ; and you might endeavor to bring the parts to- gether, but it is diilicult to do. Keep the patient extremely quiet and feed very sparingly. You may sponge the parts nicely, and you may give a siight laxative of oil. If there is pain, give hypodermic in- jections or powdered op^um, and give tincture of aconite. 178 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF i I: Tumors and Abscesses in the Rectum.— A constipated state ()( tlie bowels iniiy so irritate the parts as to cause an abscess. Rudely inserlinj? the liand, or the incautious use of the injecting pipe may cause it, especially in a violent case of the colic; or you might even rupture the rect'uni in tiiis way. An absccs gives rise to great pain. After defeeation iio may cringe down, and even lie down and roll. E.xamine such cases, and you may find an nbscesa or tumor; if an abscess open it, and tiien carefully inject wilii astrin- gents and disinfectants to a certain extent. Regulate the diet, and give opium if the pain continues. Ulceration of the walls of the rectum is more liable to occur in old animals; nothing can be done for it; as a general thing il is of considerable extent, and may be eaten through the wails. If it is but slight, treat with cnrbolic acid, and attend to the general health of the animal; give tonics, good food, etc. Tumors in the rectum may interfere witli tiie passage of the feces. Endeavor to remove them, either with the knife or ecraseur. Protrnsion of the Rectum is often met with in all animals, and it looks very formidable, especially to a casual observer, and if it contiues for some sime it swells and becomes inllamed, and ma^ attain a considerable size. It is caused in various ways, and is symptomatic of acute indigestion. In other cases it is due to a slight injury to the recluni— from inserting the hand violently. It is also brought about by exposure to cold ; by irritating clysters, using too much soap, or even by giving clysters too frequently ; from diairiiea or constipation, and in some cases debility; or the animal standing with the fore parts higher than tiie hind parts. In the dog it ma;|r be produced by aloes. The most common cause, perhaps, is constipa- tion. It requires a little tact and perseverance to reduce it. En- deavor to find how long il has been protruded. Bathe with tepid water to remove any dirt, scarify in one or two places, being careful not to cut too deeply, then bathe with tepid water and laudanum, aud if it is from constipation it may be necessary to remove the con- tents of the rectum, by giving an injection and allowing it to escape, then bathe well and return it, and you may meet a case where yoii will have to return it every day perhaps for a week or ten days, and if due to constipation it is'sometimes necehsary to give a purgative to get the bowels in a natural condition, then elevatfi the hind quarters to a certain extent. Sometimes a portion may become gangrenous, when yon will have to remove the gangrenous part, and recovery may still take place. It has been recommended to place a truss to the parts, but it is difficult to do. Imperforate Anus, in which the skin covers the anus; and this condition may extend in for a considerable distance Make two incisions, one across the other; but if the anus is not developed properly, death will soon result. Peritonitis.— The abdominal cavity is covered with a sercMs mem- brane, reflections of which cover the various organs. Inflan uation of this is called peritonitis, an" "s rather a serious afl'air, and is apt to lead to serious results. This a..'i enteritis may botii occur at once. However, it may exist independent of enteritii*. QMiJtes.— Exposure to cold ; food is not likely to produce it ; expos- ure after some debilitating diseasje. It often supervenes enteritis, and s,i Mli'iii'ifti* TREATMENT OF a Rectum. — A tonstipated parts us to cause an abscess, cautious use of the injeeting nt case of the colic ; or you vay. An abscp.s gives rise to ■iiige ilown, anil even lie down you may find an abscess or carefully inject witii astrin- tent. Regulate the diet, and Iceration of the walls of the inimals; nothing can be done sidcrable extent, and may be light, treat with cnrbolie acid, le animal; give tonics, good interfere witli tiie passage of m, either with the knife or ften met with in all animals, y to a casual observer, and if I becomes inllamed, and ma^ ised in various ways, and is other cases it is due to a slight ic hand violently. It is also f irritating clysters, using too 00 frequently, from diairiiea lity; or the animal standing d parts. In the dog it ma;^ be n cause, perhaps, is constipa- !rseverance to reduce it. En- jrotruded. Bathe with tepid ie or two places, being careful 1 tepid water and laudanum, ; necessary to remove the con- tion and allowing it to escape, u may meet a case where you 3S for a week or ten days, and ecessary to give a purgative to hen elcvatfi the hind quarters tion may become gangrenous, angrenous part, anil recovery ommended to place a truss to le skin covers the anus; and isiderable distance Make two if the anus is not developed ;y is covered with a sercMs mem- arious organs. Inflan .uation iher a serious affair, and is apt iterilis may both occur at once. enteritis. lot likely to produce it ; expos- t often supervenes enteritis, and DISEASES OF UOMESTU' ANIMALS. n\) iB often a se.iuel or a result of castration, especially if not properly performed ; troin a change of weather, etc. iW""'" '"•« «"n"'wh«l .leceptive, and it n.ay g.. on to «"";;; y^'^j'^ esneciallv if it is .lue to an innry, and be overlooked. Iheie is not r^ame-paii. as in enteritis; {he^.ulse is P-hj.l.^ -v-Jty - -« 'ty and. wiry, the bieathing alfe-t. to some exten, ' " "^;X\, .^ think tie horse is sulfering Irom irritation ot the lungs, .F'*'«'" ^Ss pain, and in many eases, no <'i"7"-;'^;;!;";;:';;^l .S mortem will reveal a great amount of eflusion in "'« I" ' "^f^^ cavity. The symptoms sometimes come on gradunllv. ^ '""V;^.'* dul will no. u.ove unless he is force.l to. reluses loo.l ; pulse seventv or ei^htv, and wiry ; the bieathing quickened some, imd he w. look at the sid s etc. It is apt to extend over a large surface, ami may nvolvelu. whole peritoneum. When it .■omes finin '•»« j;-; 1»". " suppuration does not take place in eoniieelion W'th castration, and instead of healihy, we h'ave a small amount of ichorous pu. discharged. . .. , T,fa/»/.fi«<.-Hvpo*s. Somo .lann .t .s ikt'ohucm l.v !.« r m n ' . .1 otluTs tl.al t is.lono l.y tlu^ rnron,!, an.l soniu .y llu' h.r.l r. i'l . H.„n.. r..n,in».,ts l.av. no tl.;nl stoma.!., so .t nmst pa«» fr tl • r.nnen up tlu- ...sopl.nBUH, an.l, aft..' !..;...„' .t.inaHt.caf. , ... ag„in lw.Illowe.l ami paKsoH tl..-ou«l. tl... o.„pl,a«c.al .anal .uto the omaHUin and tnii' «li>,'i'8livf Htoiuach. Wov«n Blown or TympanUes. -This. iH.onii.ion, an.l .'onsiHtB in^S.th.?^ ti.° .-...n... f.-on. tl... a.r,..nnlation .,t k»^.h, .lu« t.. u .Vns n of tl... p..ristalti.. a.-tion of the- ston.ach. Th. «»«.« 111. .'arl!o.?U 'u'i.l, snlpl.un.ttc..l l.y.l.-._.Ken, an.l .-urbunatcl hydrogen giWH, an.l, in son., cas.s, .arl.oni. oxid.. a„W«-It is. son..tin..» a sy.nptou. of .l.oking, son..ti.u.8 th. r.s, t.,f .hn.ni. in.lig.slion, an.l .nay 1,. syn.ptomat.. ot <1"*^««'/; [h. liv.r parturi..nt f.^.r, .t.. Th. gr.at .xHt...!? .aus. .8 a s uUK. haniro ii iH- foo«l- 1" «'""*' ^^^""ntri.H w.t .■h.v..- w.ll pr._.luco .1 ,SlV an 1 i I >«' Pl'"'''« it i-* v.ry .langero... to turn cnlt e upo.. !" Sv.r . h. n.or.'.inR. I'otato.n an.l turnips, ..ptcally .t troz.n u 1 tt ' Or efding pf.lings, et.., hmn the kit..|..n ; l.ra.j, shor h, et. aid any kind of U.I n.ay' pro.lu.. it. In th. a.ute torn. .1 .8 not nsually accoinpanie.l l.y any ors..ni.. .liH.an., bnt .s th. r.Hult ot the ev.>hition of gases. SmnvtoviH in n.any eases ar. alarming. The left flank swollen to a erS exZ.t, and tLrr may he eruetations of gua in the ear v stages U,m.i,a ion eeases- there is a drun.-like noise trom 8 rik.ng he s'ie ng ami fron^prelre upon the diaphragn. ''- |"-7Sls"'oro' turbed, and the animal may die from "fl-'/y'" ^I.p mo. th the ev"; truded and even the tongue may protrude trom the mouth .the eyes bloodshOt, the animal staggers, falls, and expires, mostly trom asphyxia, but it may he from rupture. 3Vea^mc7.<.-Thi8 should be energetic. Give something '»'«»/'" neiu" he gases, and form different co.npoun. s-carl.onate of rmonia one-hnlf uiince to one ounce, or the aromatic «P"-'t8 of am- monia, which tends to combine with the g-^'"-,, Another .8 cMor- inatcllime, two to four drachms or even an ounce. Any ot these Tul 1 be given in cold water; but I prefer two three or four ounees o turpentine, and raw linseed oil from one-hnlf pint to one quart in ordna^ry cases ; „nd it may be advisable to follow with a purgative- give from one pound to one and one halt pounds of ^psom salts I a.e Bvmntoms are very urgent, you must relieve mechanically, which - m y -be &Uh I h'ollo^ pr'oLng, but the safest way - to P-et"- upon the left side, at e.,ual distance from the last rib, the ransverse nroBcesses of the vertebra and the spine of the ilium. ^ f^"''""^ Ts^dTr the horse does very well, bnt it must ,1": Pretty long; after rncturing give a little turpentine and oil, and it is good pr/ctice o Fol"ow bv a purgative, and attend to the animal carefully for some time Give^the^,est of food and tonics. If you have no trochar use a small knife. Impaction of the Rumen, Grain Sack, Etc. -It '"eaDs an exceBTof food in the rumen ; it paralyses the muscular coats of the IKATMENT OK , or triif (ligostivf sioiiiucli. sliciiUil to 11 iirtaiii fXlt-nt ; lumin ; wlioii tlii' ruiiu'ii it* H. Tlu'ri' is Homi' (lifli-renct' ■iiiiin it i« i)i'r'"<)riiicMl l)y tlie ((■conil, unci Miiinu l>.v lliflliinl liinl stiimacli, so it must pass iifti'i' lu'in^' luiiiiisticiiti'd, il is !■ (I'SiiphiiKt'sil caiiiil into the -Tills is t'oniiiuin, iiiiil consists ic(Mimiiiiitii)n lit (,'iiw'S, (luu tti 1 of tlu' sIlllllllL'll. Till' gusi-i* II, iind fiirbiin'tteil hydrogen I of c'lioking, soiiu!time» the l)c syniptorniitic of disi-UHO of iMit txi'iting fiiiisc is a siuidi'ii ■H wet clover will iin.diu'o it aiiKfroiis to turn cattle upon id turnips, cf.pieially if frozen he kitelun ; liran, shorts, etc., In tin- acute form it is not iscase, but is the result of the The left flank swollen to a ions of gas in the early stages, i-like noise from striking the iaphragm the breathing is dis- asphyxia; the head is pro- rude from the mouth ; the eyes 8, and expires, mostly from c. Give something that will ■ent compounds— carlionate of or the aromatic spirits of am- the gases. Another is chlor- ven an ounce. Any of these irefer two, three, or four ounces ) one-half pint to one quart in lie to follow with a purgative— alf pounds of epsora salts. If j8t relieve mechanically, which lut the safest way is to puncture oin the last rib, the transverse neof the ilium. The trochar it must be pretty long; after id oil, and it is good practice to the animal carefully for some :s. If you have no trochar use ain Sack, Etc.— It means «u iJyzes the muscular coats of the DlflEAHEM OF DOMI-MTU' ANIMAIX. 181 rumen, and suspends digestion; inferior food of any description is liable to produce it. An aniniiil getting loose at corn, oais or bran, especially if inferior, and not first acted on by hot water, is liable to it. ('orn cobs will also cause it. .SVi»p/o»i«.— I think there is generally more or less gas present; rumination ceases; the animal is dull, ami sutlers pain to some ex- tent ; there is a jicculiar groan or grunt heard ; the jtiilsc is (piick ; sonietinus there is a dischurge of saliva from the mouth ; he lies down, gets up, lies down, etc.; the left siile is swollen, and instead of the hollow sound, it is a dead-like sound, and by pressure you find food is in the rumen, and you can leave the marks of yon- lingers upon the outside ; the bow'els are ostive, and if there are any feces passed they are covered with mucous. Food may rciiui'ii in the ru- men for days, or even weeks, in a case where there was impaired func- tion of some kind. Sometimes it is thought the animal is choked, ami in passing the probang it will not pass into the stomach because of the food. Trmlmenl.—l recommend a dose of purgative medicine, followed by ■timulanls. (tive one to one-and-a-half pounds of epsoin salts, lialf ounce of ginger, dissolved in hot wafer, and give when cooled ; or you may combine one-half ounce of alois with it. It is necessary some- times to give a large dose of purgative medicine I have given three or four pounds of salts before it would operate, but I think you are more likely to have success from stimulants, .'^trangeways recom- mends quinine with the purgative, and mix vomica miiv be of benefit; and if these fail, you may perforin runienotoiny ; and we are apt to let a case run too far before we perform this ; it woukl l>e more suc- cessful if performed at an earlier stage. Kuii. -notoiny is cutting into the rumen and removing its contents, and is best performed when the animal is standing; and if the animal has been aflTected for some time, you can cut to a considerable extent without the ani- mal seeming to care. So secure the animal against the wall, cut through the skin and muscles in the same place you would puncture. (Some recommend plunging the knife through iill at once). Make an incision about five inches long, exposing the riiinen ; then make an incision in the rumen and insert a haii'lkerchief, or attach the wails by means of a suture, to prevent the food from passing into the abdominal cavity, and then remove the contents carefully. Some recommend leaving some food in, but T generally clean it out pretty well, then bring the walls of the rumen together. .\ metallic suture is the best, perhaps, and bring the edges so it will shuigh into the stomach, then bring the other parts together and give a slight purga- tive, and stimulants, if the animal is weak. In a case w' ere you give one or two good doses of purgative medicine, then depend upon stimulants ; injections are also of benefit. Ejection or Vomltion can take place more readily in cattle than in horses, but does not frequently occur becsmso they are not easily nauseated. It may arise from various causes, as irritation of the reticulum, aboniasum or true digestive stomach, but is generally due to some foreign body therein and a gr at iiiiiny things may U) found in the stomach, taken in by a depraved apnetite, as old shoes, clothes, bones, etc.), and possibly it may occur from some organic disease, as a tumor. It is best ireated by a slight laxative, as there is a possibility of the foreign body lieing removed, (tive six or eight 1^2 (ArHKX, MYMITOMH ANI> TKKATMKKT OK onn..H..fepHon.HnltH ^vit^. u pint of linsc.d "','. "'»» ""''{"I'S U;; ! l.r til uH 11 iiv If tluHc .lo not .iHoril rilu't nn.l vou think ;::;: in Z . in! . t - r.,.;..... -.t ...av 1«. mlvisuH. |o opi.n .....1 ex- n ore L ru . rwitli the l.»n.l, hut vou iniiHt .x.iriH*. ju.lKniont ,t, ;r\.ghtl.e.li.tph/!.«.n,..n,l p.-sHUiK into t ...... b.tnnoe o, .h. h.-nrt. proiluro what iH known i.h truunii.t... ptn.unl.t.s. WB.lr Balls occur in all iinin.iils, hut often, nt in<;»tth>. Th.v iir.- likdv l^. ™. . to an.! remain in the reticulum They o.cur from likely t<) I". im''>'" , ,,,, ,1 i„ ,.„nRi,lerat)le H./.. , anil set ll^eleli'SaSCfuH: "rc.:e\:^UHo re^l^te.! where a coat w..«.un. £lr!rv::l;tif:i^t:£rfi-'thr:l^.^:^.'l^f» p"mctnring I'^l hcen performe.l without any permanent h..net,.. Impaction of the Manypliee, at one time -"•l';'*. '"/•|f ' impauwu" " J lommon occurrence, lor if an when a p.mt mortem is matle. inferiorfooii, frozen roots, etc. S- ^^h^rerl sliS n.p'a„in., -'' e-s ,are «o„ieti.n^ .n.staken ?pr%le„ro-pneun.onia especia^^^^^^^ rot);'gVe\"'e£t:^;n;.':£;m'a^rin^^^ „p ap|.ara„ce. The firstTympton often notice.! is the cesBat.on of rumination. OATMK.MT OK Hcid oil, nnd Bupporl llm , linikHl tcii.ttc, niitl i( the iiiiill (low of upiuiii to iilltijr ipH, lliiil will iilliiv tl'»' i'""'- Utii, iw.iitv, oi lliirty » t iiHonl rilit'l' niid yoti think If iidviHiiI'li' to optn iiii'l ix- iniiHt fXtiriHi- jiidKnionl in to the riiiiun, pnHH out imd I the (tubstJiiice of ihf heart, iciinlitis. ofli'ntKt incnttlf. Tiny mi- •fticiilnm. They occiif from till coiiRidorHhU' Hi/.c, and set |)iiH« out or break ni' ; they in and ejeetion. Tlw rumen lire poundH of food. Mmosl [)ved from the utumiieh of the ly's neekkerehief fornjed the luted where a coat was found nd a snake three feel eU ven lesophagUM of an ox. after liny peruianent iHiielit at one time called lurdcl Linimon occurrence, lor if an en impacted to a great extent, at it IS often symptomntic of icur as a primary atlection. lundred and twenty of thewi between tlicin until it seems la gets dry, and will crumble not contain nutriment in pro- imon in the spring, when the 1 in getting the young grass he ■ grass, and it may occur from if fat, and, if in a milch cow, ; perhaps at first a sdight diar- sttiveness ; the mouth hot ; the ) pulse (luickened; the mu/.zle And this is apt to lead you to ight affection of the respiratory id cases are sometimes mistaken lose stall fed. There is also a mes sympathetically aflected by and this produces tremors, con- imeii is generally not distended a tucked up appearance. The ition of riiniinatiou. and follow it by stimulants, or alf drachms, and a few drops of inine. If the animal will drink. DIMEAHU) OF DOMEXTU) ANIMAI^. \9S Kivc plenty of water, ami give chloride of sodium with the salts ; give gruel, linseed tea, etc., but so long as the acute symptoms I ""t I here Is no great need of much food, for if the digestive organs are not in a .ondition to receive it, it does more harm than good. \ ou may give an ounce of aloes with the eps-.m salts, and, i the fever is great, givt a lew doses of aconite. I do luit recommend bbiotl-lctting. White SoourB, a form of diarrhea in calves. It is usually the result o( irritation of the stomach more than of the smal intestineH it is a common disorder. I think there m more or less in lammatory action in connection with the true stomach. U .« K1«'" '«-,«• 'k speak. The excitii-g cause is the character of the m Ik, althoutjh tl!ere may be ex.entional cases, where there is a tubcr.ular . lathesis. It is often caused by giving the young call mi k from 'J"""^!;^''"/';*' insteiul of the first milk of the mother, and even the milk of the mother may not Ik; of the right character, and so cause it ; another cause is giving skimmed milk. Sv."P<<«ns.-The feces are in a semi-fluid stale, a yellowish-white color; mimelimes mixed with hard ponions; the patient grates its teeth, which is symptomatic of abdominal pain ; lies down ; raises the head and looks toward the abdomen. 7Vea^««.<.-Kndeavor to find the cause; regulate the b()\yels by Kiving good milk ; and it may be necessary, although the animal is weak, to endeavor to get rid of the irritant by giving one, two or three ounces of linseed oil, with an equal amount o lime water , castor oil niav be given, but linseed oil does verv well. I he lime tends to counteract the acidity of the stomach and the oil allays the irritation. Hicarbonate of potash, one scru|)le to half drachm, or even a drachm, according to the size of the animal. If there is pam, Kive from twenlv to fifty drops of laudanum ; and astringents are some- times required, but must be used with extreme caution. Give cate- chu,halfdrachm,and prepared chalk, one to twodrachms.or some Hour gruel If the milk is either too nutritions, or the opposite, change the food of the mother, and in this way act upon the milk. Inflammation of the true digestive stomach may be produced from various causes; anything that will cause impaction ot thethirU stomach may produce tliis-roots, corn, grasses, tares, litcheg, etc. Symptoms are somewhat similar to fardel bound. There is diarrhea, followed by constipation ; the respirations increased) the muzzle rtry and hat, or hot and cold, and legs in the same condition. Treatmenl.-Giye a moderate laxative, and carefully use sedatives. and attend to regulating the diet; and you are apt to mistake fardel bound for inflammation of the true digestive stomach. Diarrhea in Cattle is due to a slight congested state of the alimentary canal, from an irregular supply of water, impure water, etc. It is apt to terminate in dysentery, which is more common in cattle than in horses. There are liquid evacuations, tinged with blood, ar.U sometimes mixed with shreds of mucous membrane. Endeavor to t nd the cause; give a slight laxative, and follow by astringents, il iicessary; treat the same as in the horse, but do not at once give astringents in diarrhea. It is sometimes a prominent symptom in tubercular disease. BnteritiB in cattle is not so coramoft as in horses. There is 1B4 CAUHM, HYMITOMH ANI. TRRATMENT or mor« or iniinn p port catll I an. — ■, . cv».tiB..ion 1....... «:rr:;;\v''Kii;.;:i'i ';»"■• '™',:, she could net no HU.-h oo.l or »'* .^^ *^; " , ,„,,uV. a ii..vt .uorl.n. v,-ale.l tiU-» • .^ with ll.t- inKiH '^- ^ "\* ;'\,^ '' "ke i.p your min.l antl fnul i.i 'liiril Bton.iu-n in.i.aiU'.l, do not imikt up yo "n al caH-n. tl.at tl.e unimal .lied from impaction. DISEASES OF THE UVEB. .n.! ^r 4.V.O T »wor iH not verv conimon in tlic horse, yot w<' tb.l Ita l.orn. I.«. no gall U"'!'"--,''"' , !" ^ J y ,, ThVir living In influence, (or it is more common it hot countries. some extent, and usually the '^«' ' ""'',;.'7,„ ,.„„ge ;, but wt- have nnts etc —and doing but little work. . :2^£Sf'S;7,lt^rili«T.5"«'jU.. .I,i.b i-KHnw- •RBATMENT OF nick ; grutiiiR "f tlM; U-etl. : not |>rovi- futiil HO tiiiiVly nc olfiil (iynii)li>iiin «» lioriv It .■horHf. IWiiiri'ful iiiKiviiiK , oiiiiiiii <>r hnul«in»>' ". »"!'■ on.wliUh iiiUHt l)C8tronK«-r 1'^ iHtliUki-r; tluTi' i» ul»" »«•'•;' inon, una .l<.tit ""l "li^ntroy tlir but it IH likoly to i>rove liitiil. in CRllle ait in horurs, ami in Fwiling woU upon turiii|>''. ii.av prodiKv ■.!. fiiltlo arf iiil.iiiiit'H, 111 1 liorw'B to your nnn.l 11 impaction. a£ LIVEB. ry common in tiic liorde, yet we cage, and in l>oRt moit*ni8 we r that were not detected through le iiorse is not liable. One is, It 1 do not think that this ha» It the Biniplieity of their living ting, and climate tends to exert liot countries. and does occasionally occur, and fed on a stimulating diet and ay exist with other causes— as lich afl'ectB the whole system, to nd aUo in chronic disease of the 1 said to cause it, but we have )me time and show no signs of •art disease, it produces passive esof the arterial vessels ; but a cauje— a large amount of corn, n, and you will have trouble in ps, somewhat sudden, but before bowels disordered ; slight diar- Klominal pain, but not such as in re or less restlessness, turning the to the right than the left, some ;ases, weak ; and after a time the ith, the result of which is yellow- CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microf'ches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques DI8EA9E8 OF DOMESTIC ANIMAI>I. 18R ,,^88 of the mucous membranes, and, a hough he suffers pa n he does not lie for any length of time, especially .f the capsules of the liver is affected, but stands up much tL same as in lung dmease ; but in lung disease the quickened breathing and changes can be detected by auscultation and percussion. 2Vea/me»<.-If it occurs in a pampered animal, give from seven to nine drachms of aloes. I do not recommend °«'"«'f • .""J^'.^.T^r- '» some cases it is a benefit, in others it is injurious. Apply judicious counter-irritation, and you can scarcely ever go far wrong in applying heat lo the abdomen, even if there is difficulty m making up your mind. Sulphate of magnesia is another remedy, but do not give a purgative dose; or you may give, instead, sulphate of soda, which acU as a febrifuge. Give glauber or epsom salts in the water one to three times a day. Another good one is iodide of potassium; regu- late the diet. Congestion of the liver is more common in sheej) than in horses, and may produce softening or disintegration, which is due o the feeding, espV.ally if fed on a stimulating diet. . There may be no signs till shortly before death; then there is pain; the animal rolls perhaps; the mucous membranes show a ye low tinge, and the post mortem shows the liver enlarged ; has a yellowish aPPe"ance and can easily be broken between the thumb and finger. There can te but lUt'^done for it, but if you are called and find that several have died, make a post mortem and try to find the cause of the death, and you may prevent it in others by giving a less stimulating diet- the sulphate of soda, or the hypo-sulphite of soda, iodide of potassi- um, a slight purgative, etc. It is more frequent m do^s usually the resilt of being pampered, fed upon sweets and getting but little exer- cise He refuses food ; seems weak and debilitatea ; there is a yellow- ish tinffc of the mucous membranes ; and if in alight-skinned animal, the whole skin is yellow. Give a good purgative of jalap or syrup of buckthorn, then iodide of potassium ; regulate the diet and give some exercise. Feeding nothing but cold water for two or three days, and giving exercise, will often cure it in dogs. Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Liver, ma v either be acute or chronic. It may involve a part or the who e of the organ, but in most cases, in the horse, I think it onW invo ves a part, and suppuration may result, and an abscees of the liver, which may result either from circumscribed or diffuse inflammation. !imnvloms.-The animal shows pain by looking at the sides, lying down, etc., but does not roll in a violent manner although some works S8V he does. In other cases he stands most of the time ; the breathing slightly affected; the pulse quirk; the head turned to the side; the inner side of the lips, cheeks, etc., assuming a yellowish tinge and the feces are covered with mucous ; the brain may become sympathetically affected, causing staggers, etc. Another symptom is lameness in the off fore leg. You nfay meet such a symptom, but do not attribute it to the liver unless the lameness is very obscure. It is said that such lameness has been caused by a foreign body in the liver. There will be a scanty supply of urine, and it may be tinged with bile. Treaiinent.—U the pulse is strong, give a few doses of sedative med- icine; but if it is weak, then give stimulants; also §ive a moderate dose of laxative medicine; then give iodide of potassium or nitrate of potash, and improve the system by regulating the diet, and give toniM ; but be careful with purgatives in any case where the animal is debil- jgft- 0AU8K8, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF .iUt^d a^l the appetite gone; ^ ■^^T.^i'^'^ltZl Sr^Z ether, and injectic... are -« »> J\ ^^on ^^^^^^ t^ll-^^Virthr at"af; wen:.na?ked ./4^ou.s. It is more common in old, debilitated animals. the alM of a pea-aiid if at the line oi^°"J» , . , .. , j^i, ^te the diet, and recovery will usually result. Rupture o'tje Uv-.-U ^^^'^iii ^ i' KS ".Ulf;»VrriSVe«,SHr.uSVe»o,rh.gean^ The a few minutes at first; the '""f.^* "T° ^uDture of some of the blanched, and a post mortem will '^^l^J^^JX^A the animal live vessels ; perhaps a small vessel may be ^'"^'J,^;;^^ to the sides ; for some time. If you suspect rupture aPP'y P«'«^ ^ ^ jg very give acetate of lead, one scruple, once "f ™ " 7/,,^ ^ble to do difficult to diagnose an '"ternal rupture butjou n^^^^^ .^ ^^^^^ iUi^e^orroCiit^rnaYSpiuresTkth occurs in about twenty to fifty minutes. .TMENT OF . a •mall dose of nitrmii iipt to occur in a circum- ) on to a considerable ex • on>8. It is more common Hsease of the liver. It i« se. It is symptomatic of [vrdening, calculi, hydated some debilitating disease, yellowness of the mucous uan it isol such an extent may arise from various obstruction. By obslruc- nflaramalion of the lining nes, tumors, hydatids, etc. d common duct, resulting i being firmly impacted lie flow of bile. Another in atrophy and induration ly which ^ou can form an jhros of urine, add one-half unt of loaf sugar— a piece tact of the two liquids a ;ids of the bile which are i it is due to obstruction, nly found in the liver are I appearance, and U is due ilways a true test. There le pulse weak, a furred con- ally impaired, appetite im- iodide of potassium, and 'perhaps there is benefit in II cases. If the animal is ints ; if in summer give nice fully use stimulants. The moderate laxative, regulate sionally seen in a horse t«n fed and exercised but little, tuorrhage and death. The ; animal falters, shows pain, luickly, perhaps is strong for embrane becomes pale and ■al a rupture of some of the ruptured and the animal live ipply cold water to the sides ; or twice a day. It is very but you may be able to do to occur, and death is almost Lures death occurs in about DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 187 Biliary Oalouli, or Bllo Stones, are not so oommon in the horse as in man, but they may exist in great numl^rs, and when they do they eenerally give rise to the obstruction of the Bow ot bile, causing it to be reabsorbed into the system, and this gives rise to jaundice; therefore jaundice may be a symptom of biliary calculi. There may be perhaps ninety or more of these present at one time. These may set up irritation and cause ulceration of the biliary tlucU and irritation of the intestines as well. Persons living high and takiuK but little exercise arc liable to these. If you suspect these, which will be shown by yellowness of the mucous membranes, irrita- tion, etc., try the effect of a slight laxative of oil or aloes, and follow by one-half drachm to one drachm of hydrochloric acid, well diluted, two or three times a day. It has a tendency to dissolve the calculi, and there is no great risk in trying it, as it is not likely to rto any harm. Atrophy of the Liver also occurs ; and also the contrary, or hypertrophy. The horse gradually falls off in condition; the diges- live organs become impaired; there is diarrhea or costiveness; the feces become changed in color, although the animal has been fed upon the same kind of food; by and by there is yellowness of the membranes. This may run on for some time, and the horse still be able to do some woi k. BoirrhuB Induration is more likely to occur in old horses, and in most cases is the result of faulty feeding. In man it is often the result of the continued use of intoxicants, especially of a poor qual- ity. The animal falls off in condition ; there is irregularity of the diifestive organs; yellowness of the eyes and mouth, and the animal dies a lingering death. No doubt if the urine in 8uch a case had been tested by Harley's test, it would have shown that there wa» suppression present. But little can be done for it ; regulate the diet, and use iodide of potassium, etc. Functional Disorder of the Liver, without any actual dis- ease being present, is occasionally seen, as in indigestion. Bile is not secreted properlv; and a slight yellowness of the membrane appears, costiveness, etc.' A convenient term for this is torpidity of the liver. Give those remedies that tend to increase the secretion of the bile; calomel has such a tendency; give one scruple to of;''a' . 'J/™ every dav for four or five days, and follow by a slight axative; reg- ulate the diet and give tonics, but do not give tonics till the system is prepared for it. An irregular supply of salt tends to produce liver ■troubles. Rot in Sheep is due to a fluke worm, distoma hepaticum in the duct and even in the substance of the liver. The^ liver presents a reddened appearance, the tissues are disintegrated, etc. 1 do not think it exists to any great extent in Canada; it may exist in the southern part of the United States. In Britain it is common, and " destroys millions of sheep. The ovum of this worm is taken into the stomach and gets into the duct, and gains access to the liver, and after remaining there for some time it changes and escapes by way ol the intestines, then undergoes various changes and produces an ovum which may again be taken by the sheep in their water These par- asites are developed to a great extent in the liver, and usually give rise to pain. IgH CAUSES, BYMPTOMB ANH TREATMENT OP Svmptorm.-\l is said that the animal thrives for some time after th?wTr«re deposited. After ^'i"'*- ^^^^ Ihroat \Sw- aiid an edematous swelling tal«es place under the throat , yellow ness o" "he eves, etc. The shepherds in Britain can determne.t .M by tiv^ appearance of the eye. It is usually the result of pas- turing upon wet lands. 7^«iftnen<.-Prevention is belter than cure. Move the animals fromlow to high lands, and give hypo-sulphite of "oda and plenty JiTommon salt ; and the giving of turpen>me is worthy of trial. This disease is more common in wet years. SDleen -This is the largest ductless gland in the body, and its funcUoif °8 not very well known. It may te removed rom the ower animal" and the animal live and enjoy pretty good health. SspTecM IS other organs, is liable to inrfammation, but is more liable trcoigestion. Splenic apoplexy occurs in cattle and the horse sletK^'iffers'from congestion of tjie spleen, which u.ay be followed by inflammation. SDlenitiB -Diseases of the spleen are hard to diagnose correctly An animal may suffer severe pain internally for several days, ami then deah ties place ; and a post mort*Ji may reveal an inflamed or gangrenous co^idilion of the spleen I think jt is {"O^e c on.mon Tn malarial districts, and I think that the horse suffers from malarial fever i knew one horse in particular, that was owned down near New Orleans showed slight indigestion, dullness could not stand work, etc" and was sold very cheap ; was taken to Minnesota, and be- came one of the best horses in America. Sirnptmru, are similar to colic, and when a horse shows «»;kJ' ^yj;!;- tonTo™ colic, rolls, etc, and gets up apparently well ^] ^a^/'Yf^ he is sufterinir from irr tation of some other part, in diseases oi uie 8pleenr£ pul e is quick, and I think tolerably weak ; and in some 'a es^beforr the acute symptoms appear, the a"'"?"! " ^» [ ""J>°1 ^uid showing that the disease was coming on gradually ; the animal las a arert tendency to hang the head and lop the ears; but this is Jvmptomaic of an/debility^ Inflammation of the spleen "s supposed tHe^ more commo,^ during^mmer. I have "^y J^Xla^x "tive an3 case of it. If you suspect it, give opiates and a gentle la«ative, ana uroounter-i rltalion, ^d after the acute symptoms are allayed, give Hine and iodide of potassium. In any case of abdominal pain you cannot make any great mistake in giving opium or hypodermic injec- tions Tbelieve the spleen is more liable to chronic than acute dis- eaTs" except i^r apoplexy. It is liable to hypertrophy, I believe in mX'rial f^ver, as it is in ague. It is difficult to detect, and is deter- mined by negative symptoms ; the animal pines away without show- CdiseLe of any organ. There may be softening rupture and mflaJotirdeposits' Th'e spleen has been ^-^f -'^^i^'^inS in weight from twenty to eighty-eight and a half pounds^^ ,C" !^!° able to a kind of ossification or cartilaginous change, anj J^e sy-np- oms are similar to the foregoing; the horse becomes weak; the ap- peU e mp™ ed, but not entirely 'gone; gradual emacialion ensues ; E drcuTation not much disturbed ; the pulse nerhaps «"«? "' ^o'-^X: our, and weak; and although the animal f ^f^ w'hS is Jn exce^. dition tl.e coat will remain as sleek as in hcnllh, which is an excep fi^'n in dfbiiuj ; the bowels are irregular, and the horse is not able to EATMENT OP thrives for some time after the wool is easily pulled under the throat; yellow- Britain can determine it ) usually the re«ult of pas- cure. Move the animals lulphite of soda and plenty [jen^e is worthy of trial. irs. gland in the body, and its may l)e removed from the enjoy pretty good health. inJlammation, but is more occurs in cattle, and the of tjie spleen, which may c hard to diagnose correctly ernally for several days, ami eJi may reveal an iiiHamed I think it is more common 3 horse sufTers from malarial , that was owned down near , dullness, could not stand taken to Minnesota, and be- n a horse shows slight symp- larently well, it may be that her part. In diseases of the ulerably weak ; and in some r, the animal is dull and lan- ng on gradually ; the animal ind lop the ears ; but this is tion of the spleen is supposed lave never seen a well marked tes and a gentle laxative, and ;e symptoms are allayed, give y case of abdominal pain you 5 opium or hypodermic injec- ible to chronic than acute dis- ■ to hypertrophy, I believe, in ifficuit to detect, and is deter- iial pines away without show- y be softening, rupture and n found enlarged, and varying and a half pounds. It is also ginous change, and the symp- horse becomes weak ; the ap- ; gradual emacialion ensues; e pulse perhaps forty or forty- nal gradually falls off in con- a in health, which is an excep- ar, and the horse is not able to DISCA8S8 OF DOMKSTIC ANIMALS. \m do much work. If you examine the lungs, they are regular, and there are no abdominal sounds; you examine the urine, and hnd tbe kidneys all right; there is no yellowness of the membranes, and the symptoms which I have mentioned are present, then you may con- clude that it is the spleen. Enlargement has been detected by exam- ining per rfdiw; but to do this, it would have to l)e enormously en- larged If you suspect this, give a slight laxative, and then try iodide of potassium— one or two drachms once, or twice a day ; or, give iodine itself. You may have dropsy in connection with this. PANCREAS AND SPLEEN The character of the diseases of the pancrea is somewhat obscure. Death may occur, and yet we are unable to diagnose the di8ea8e--but it is rare. When th« secretions of the pancreas are impaired, the fatty principles of the food pass of!' unchanged. This is seen in the human being and in the dog. The animnl falls of!" in condition ; there is weak pulse and more or less abdominal pain ; fals pass unchanged ; pancre- atic calculi are also found— more frequently in cattle ; the large and small ducts may be afl'ected by them ; it is more likely to occur where the water is largely impregnated with the salts of lime. Treat it by changing the food and water, and give mineral acids. It is very hard to diagnose correctly, and when you go into practice, and your patient dies from anything out of the regular order of disease, always make a post mortem examination. Splenic Apoplexy in Cattle should perhaps come under " an- thrax." This is rather common in cattle. It is an enlargement of the spleen with blood, which interrupts its vital function, and causes dis- ease. Recent researches have thrown some light upon the subject, but it is still a large field for investigation. It is a blood disease-^he constituents of the blood are changed to a considerable extent. 1 he blood, from various causes, undergoes peculiar changes, and is brought to a stand-stilt in the spleen. Oiiwe*.— It is now held that it is due to the presence of the bacillus anthracis-small spores which enter the blood in some way or other, either through the digestive system or through a wound. This is the opinion generally held, but I think we meet with cases where it is hard to account for it in this way. However, these spores niajr be car- ried in different ways. I have seen a few where, I think, »' could scarcely be attributed to these spores, although it is now generally ad- mitted that these cause it. The exciting causes are ehan^ing from poor to rich food ; a deficient supply of water, although it is pure, and pasturing the animals upon low, damp lands in hot weather ; at one time plenty of water, which becomes scarce and changed in char- acter. Water containing a large per cent, of solid matter is liable to produce disease. I saw two or three cases in the neighborhood of Paris, in the summer of 1872, which was dry and hot. They received an irregular supply of good water. Some of them died, and post mor- tems revealed lesions of the spleen, presenting all the symptoms of splenous apoplexy. Then they received plenty of water, and no more were attacked. It has been noticed where animals have been fed upon J 190 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS A»I> TRKATMENT or turnip, which T^.i^rx>:::':^'^^^^^^^''^ '1j.p^«urealar.in««ndof^hond^^^^^^^^^^^^ appM»yFff^«l>y»?«f,Vr ,Zc £,for it is noticed that the he may have b.>-n "^^'^ *^^/°!/„Xr symptooiB are shown, and after temperature i» increased ^f f«/«,°;„*'^^*f,„e; less thun natural.. Then the pains increase the 'e.'°P«'^»\'?'f,,'^^'""i8 high colored, and is said, the Snimal shows "n''a«'"7' .jKod". u.epulse small and thready.; in some cases, to be streaked yth boo linej^ ^^.^^^^^ .^ the breathing accelerated ""^J'^^X," onvulHions, and sometimes ous ways; sometimes comatose, at "'""»^"'" ,'.„,„ i^e no sooner re- Z anTmal will bellow with va'", Xthi„K e" n ^^ don'e in the wav o' _.-i„.i »k„» fhp animal is dying. lNoiningi.au , raled than the animal s dying ^^"^^'^'„"« -;,^r, «„d maice a tUr- treatment, but change the locar.ty, food an.l wa ^^^ ^^^^^.^^ ^ry ough investigation of all 'h« (""l^- ^^J "^ Decomposition takes place hyposulphite of f"^'' « « PvoTnake a post mortem it is be«t to do ,,ulckly after death When you niaKe V j,^^ ^^i^.^i hod i\ as s(mn as uossible. Under the km U ^oo .^ ^^^ ■,„ie>iim^\ been bled to death, "".'^ «"^t ^VTeased Tn wliglu two or three pounds, canal. The sp een will ^^ '"^jj^^^^/j ^" ^hel.lood will gravitate from und will be full of blood. »"'^„»/f'^"Peiia"Ked in character. Some- one end .0 the other. Tl.e Wood ««l80 change ^^^^^j^„„, t^e nose, times there is a discharge of a kind oi iro y ^ ^.^■,^^, a.s- and it is sometimes tinged '»'t\°'"'"'A* farmer, near Brockford, has charge takes place from the vagina. Oj f ™^^J; ;„ ^hich case I am lost in the past four years "'"^^/^.^Si the same time it may be due satisfied it Is of V"^?'^ 'fh^lve'conLstion of the spleen, which ter- to those spores. I think we have cong^" antKrncis. T wou d minates fatally, that '« ""^^ '^"^^ '^„,tem8, to be careful, especially recommend you,, in "^^^"^./^^I'^^ll'!^: sores upon the hands. .1 DISBASBS OF THE KIDNEYS. are the great eliminators oV^J'^/y^^T,' gently act upon the kidneys, ily upon the skin in our patienU we JWf ^^^ Jd is more often Nephritis may occur in tVie »?» *L"' S«^ of the kidneys is often 8ub-acute. or chronic, in the horse Disease o j suspected where it does n«t"'«^-Xays indicate disease of the k.d- showing pain, etc. The^^f^^^^^u*^ called to treat what is sup- ar l^SaTof VetK'^fhich is not. In enterit.s the kid- [leys are affected to a certain «»^»- ^.^^f.e p^opertia. too Ch««,.-Exposure to cold ; focj P°«^««^'°|,.3ti^„iates tfce kidneys iTnf ^aJseTmSe'o^'l^i rflammatt ; eating certain herbs, grasses, ;ATMENT of ,il8or manures; but I oni { in in some way. Ii you e food, pasture, etc., care- Ltion. An animal may be oe dead in the niorniug, but for it is noticed that the ptomsare shown, and after 8 lessthi.n natural. Ihen hiah colored, and is said, lie pulse small and thready; . the head aflected in vari- [■onvulHions, and sometimes symptoms are no sooner re- K can be done in the wav of ml water, and make a thor- ive a slight laxative, iry Decomposition takes place post mortem it is best to do looks like the animal had iccchymosis in the intestinal woicht two or three pounds, the blood will gravitate from hanged in character. Some- frothy mucous from the nose, ,nd sometimes a sim'lar dis- . farmer, near Brockford, has of cattle, in which case 1 am I the same time it may be due tion of the spleen, which ter- baciUns anthracis. I wou d ms, to be careful, especially any sores upon the hands. 1 certain amount of caution is J the locality, give laxatives, ilso recommended. ! KIDNEYS. be KldneyB.-The kidneys and as we cannot act so read- equently act upon the kidneys, ironic form, and is more of en )isea8e of the kidneys is otten , rolling, looking at the "^es, ^V8 indicate disease of the kid- 4 called to treat what is snp- chisnot. Inententisthekid- .ssessing diuretic properties too ich over-stimulates the kidneys J- eating certain herbs, grasses, DI8KA8ES OF DOMEMTIC ANIMAI.M. lUt r etc.; suppressed jjcrspi ration ; also, diiirtlic iiiidii'imH in too large quantities— sweet snirils of nitre, rosin, nitrate of potash, etc., if too mneh is given, or it it is (;iv.n too lre<|iuntly. It is also said to re- sult from violent exertion of any kind, isprciiiilv with a heiivy weiKhl upon the bmk. But in most (mw«h it is due to tlie food, niediciius, or exposure to cold. It may terminate in resolution, Hoftiniiig, or in- largtmcnt, of the kiilntys'; but when it ««'*« on to imy great extent, the lining membrane of llie urinitVious lubes passes ofl' in tiie urine, which destroys the ebarac^ter of tlie kidneys to a certain extent, and it may terminate in ulceration and poisoning of the blood, wiien it is usually fatal. /Syin«/m/'.'.— More or less fever; the pulse varying from sixty to eighty, and it is not the full bounding pulse of enteritis; the mouth is hot and dry, more perhaps than in some cases of enteritis. There is considerable pain in the region of the kidneys, and more or Uhs abdofuinal pain ; he lies down and rolls, but not to the same extent as in enteritie, and does not try to lie upon the back ; turns the nose to the flank, but puts it higher up; the ears perhaps alternately hot and cold ; the breathing increased ; frequent attempts to urinate, passes perhaps a small amount of high c(dored urine, which looks like it was mixed with blood, which may W possible, and it mav eon- tain casts of the uriniterous tubes. The urine may l)e retained lor a short time in the bladder. If the disease goes on and relief is not obtained, the symptoms change some ; the pulse becomes weaker and weaker, the coat changes, the horse looks dull and stupid, showing uraimic poisoning, and if both kidneys are atlected, and their secre- tions arrested, this results very soon. After passing urine the pain is sometimes increased; all the secretions are more or less affected. Azdturia is often mistaken for inflammation of the kidneys. Ih-eatment must be energetic ; a sedative in recommended. Formerly bloodletting was the remedy used, but fifteen, twenty or thirty drops, of Flemming's tincture of aconite is better ; and give an oleaginous purgative— one quart of raw linseed oil. To relieve the j)ain you may use opium or hypodermic injections of morphia; also injectioiw not only to cause the bowels to act, but tepid water has a good ettect upon the kidneys. Clothe the body well and endeavor to induce pentpiration. Sliiifht perspiration around the flanks and shoulders i» Bvmptomatic of the disease. Apply hot d-ths, mustard, etc., over the loins, and a newly flayed sheepskin is an old and good counter- irritation. Sometimes blister, but do not use cantharides, for it tends to over-stimulate the kidneys; it may be used in.azoturia. Pressure over the loins is a test for kidney disease, but is uncertain, for any thin-skinned animal will flinch from pressure here, and the kidneys are deep-seated and well protected, but it may increase the pain. It is also recommended to examine per rectuin. After the symptoms sub- side some, regulate the diet and give a few doses of carbonate of soda. At one time it wa« recommended to give calomel. You may give belladonna instead of opium in some eases. Nephritis, I believe, often occurs in the sub-acute or chronic form, and is caused by poor keeping and hard work, or a large amount of diuretic medicines, which over-stimulate the kidneys. But a slight amount of urine passes ; the horse rolls about and is uneasy ; stands with the hind limbs well back ; there is slight swell- ing of the limbs, the urine sometimes nearly natural, and some- ,^ 0AU8EB. HVM.TOMH ANP TUKATMKNT ... itttd,ilf.,l."t .... ^''V'^'iV''':,. „l" « ve to.,u^ Wf are ufte.i "ulS of .liKUnliB ''v^-r t .. kra. H . < K'V^^^ ^^, ^ . "ri..ary orK.,..H. which ...«y »•«■ v>"'' »" 'V'"^'"", •„ ! w 11 to ..H(irl.r.n wh.thi-r n. uh Si. If ..« I«"""'' 'I'ri ;,^\S.»v for • • li"»- -"l""".!""- srrsr :s.''"'w:-;i-.^''» '-■ "•■"™' '- •""»•" ""■ polyuria. DluresiB Diabetes I°«JPlJ*f.- ,.„« it in c..«..e. a dietetic liiHeaHc, unil I ihmk it is J >« . j^^ ;, ^,,ere the food .» tion «ilh the urinary orga..B. '/ ,'^, T he kidney*, and I think converted into B.igar and passes "" "'^",* «" j. There i» an fno^V" 1. ?« letter to use the tern, polyuria "V"".^'?'", „„re watery than in r ^^!:"nl of r'«-- ^"^ral^uTaa -ntaira.. exce'sB of urea health ; .i |b oi lo^^P^^^^ , ^J^Vo't her aeid^ are said to exist, and chloride of sodn.n., an. son. ^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^^ Si^«pto«u,.-1hepr....Mpttloi^e.s 'eg «« ^^^ ^ ^^.^j^^ t,„t whkh'iB clear and watery £» f"^^f '"„ aisease. It is so.net.men and we can scarcely «'Y ' ^^^'V'Tr.ha ion of the respiratory organs iuBt what we desire. H there is ''"^ j ^^ g „ot then colle.! a CgS medicine to act >M"'" ^^^,f"S '£ to it is some error in aiJase The cause that generally gives r inferior food, as (eS, and so it i. classed as « ^f etie d «ease ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ nuisyfiay, oats, '-^^Vru/e r^s.iU of some change of tissue u. the 8on.c debilitating J'»''««';,^'"*of strangles and inttucniu. and m system. It is son.et.n.es «''e resim oi » » t^an two or three Tt abad symptom u.iless it ^'°"^'""%J^L1 of glanders, and thai days. It is said to I* a P''^'"""' f/f: '^,"1*^ It is also said to be pro- Tquite possible from the cha^^ge "« J'~ J^j^^ed use of diuretics, diiced by drinking impure water, «"« Theeseential are intense TheSmpl<»ns are e««eni.al and incidu al _^ ^^^ ^^^,., thirst-it seems that you «?""" ,f "^f JXns of water in five honrs. in which a horse drank i»''%'''?^;ji"Tbut not entirely gone ; a The horse is dull ; the appetite '"Pa«re.i- » ^^^^ incidental Copious secretion of clear ™;; *„ \' J^^^^^^^^^ dry, .lusty coat; «mptoms are such as "? *"" ^j'JLU but symptomatic of disease) ; Side-bound (hide-lK)und '«"!?..; ib.u'exercfse affects it more or less ; ?1^2circulationisnotmuchafi cted bute^^^^ ^^^ l^ „,,, ,aUe after a while the P»'»« ^^^ rrmU L »' «°»^ «'''^' •^''^"'•'•. ■, ■ place from anwmia, or it may term. ^^^ ., ^^ ' Treatment'lm--^ "Vo"d ''iV this -canlt^he donefgive a certain ru.rKk\X^orfuse'iii'sre^^^ One drachm of iodine TMKNT ItV t,t nm-etc ,ivo a fi'W doHi« .>l toni<'», H Kiv. a .iinnlU'- Some kin, but it iH not roliabU-. „K..lieine« of tl.i« k.n.l m ito in r.-8oliilion. suupnru- ,y. an.l wlun one kianev ,, iUHt tiie opposite fomli- tT iH'comes hypertrophiet! or some time without pro- ven notiee.1 i«« wme of one aalpldiB. It i» claBHeii uk well to notice it in w-nnec- hUHcs i« where the food •» ah the kidneys, and I think nresii.. There i» an enorm- il is more watery than m I fontains an excess of urea leidp are said to exist, ■eat araonnt of nriim voidtHl, ,e8 occiirs to a slight ex ent, a disease. It Ib sometimes ion of the respiratory organs s und it is not then colled a es rise to it is some error in ■tie disease; inferior food, as auses. It is also a sequel to some change of tissue m he strangles anJinttuenia and m 8 for more than two or three ympto«'«(l», nml follow with lU-iiitiliinl (IriiikH, I'tc. wunffold Orowths In the Bladder, oitlur lunccroiii or mel- rZV-i r.luk "Vlhof...utio..H.;f .1..- Lhuldcr, to ■i.tMlu... .xtt-nt, b^yTlonlin^ :.nl«rK..l. Hani work an.l poor k..,. ..« favor tlu^r pro- duction. 01.1 horwH, HO kept. «r»- nnwl Inihli- to Huh. «.,mn/m,L. -Tlu' nnimal upiHarH Hoini'wli.it Htiir in tin* .iiiailfrH, but noSCuy hue. TliH.liH'pp.-arH .o.uo l.y ..xcnine ;. lu- Krn.luHl ly Kr»S mli il.^ in nnabl.. to .lo any work ; Un- puln. m not nfljcted IZin" V ..J V wh.n urinatinK. «n.l tlu- nrim- may Ik; tmKe.l w 1 h biS <.r I o .I'may l.e noticr.l a/ler tho urine .HpaHHf.l .nHon.ccR«8. aS li. nr " n nneh a inne may h^ almost natural. Make a careful exanV .«[.;.«• leHum , aim. examine the condition of the b 00 I The examiiiHuo /»r , symptomatic of calculi. u» SaT^^He rca^b'/;oiu.--butyo.i nia.^ try the eHWa of ine.licine Wi I thin vo ..cca8i<.iiallv fiiul Huinll cal.areouH .IcpoHitB hence, you Slv ry lydn e loric aci.l', one-half to two .IrachniH, well .lilntcl with water two or hree timcH a .lay. Cutting in and removing thn-«e m Tot HUC.Z ul Me anotic .leponitH are more common in gray horneB. Su uTdeict hypertrophy ^r rccia,n, if it in exceecl.ngTy ^arge. Aivv.,«,inn»anrine Albeuminurea.— It in often Hymptom- ati^oWJ" UHeanTH It'iH an exceHH of albumen in the urine It i. fttic of "'"'.'■'**.„"„. ,._.ge It iH sonietimcH the result of acute SStrbuTLy amn^ur wUh,,ut any organic disease of the kidneys. U»ay Result throfth neryous inHuence. by derangement of the digeBtive system. . TA, Oa^ue* are exposure to cold, improper lood, etc. and it is most likeW S^^ur in h'oms worked hard ami exposed '« the yicissitudes of the weather. So long as a horse is well kept and well cared for «iosu^e does not aflecttiim so much. In man it is often brought ffit by ervous excitement or har.l work, especially nervous work. Th^Limarioses condition and Hesh.has an unthrifty appearance; The animal loses conuii j^ partially disappears during md if tesltd altnimtn t ^ ; ^ , t,,^ albumen coagulates Ulhe urfne^^s a^cid am thecoajuhim les not dissolve by heat, but f Ittsakal neyou muBt add nitric or some other acid; "o aoubt t liiy somSes'acl upon the nrea and form a precipitate, but thia precipitate will dissolve by heat. 7vL™m< -Attend to the hygienic treatment, and do not expose ITMKNT or •tiini, anil »v*>n tin- IiIimI- i'll II litllf t we occasionally meet with disease of the kidney, indiiralioii, enlargement, or tiiiiiors which may have been excited by calculi. &'i/Hi/)<()Wji.— The iiniiiuil shows uneasiness mid colicky pains, wliicli piuiis, pcrluipH, disappear in a short time, un" ''y.^/'.^fteh up the wound and After treatment 8yr.ngew.th «P^d ^ater^, sMtc. P^^^ ^.^^^ f keep the animal q"f ; J.^^y.^^^Le^^^^^ urine from the wound, and intiltraiion se"'"* * »'. , j Jq of the bladder, you could scarcely call it this. ittAo^nw is breaking down the Btone.but owm^ to the great length nnd get hold of and crush the calculus, it in the bladder. 5ATMENT OF Ifter a time Bomething i» rritation of tlit- bladilcr is ng the urine, whiL-li, when nbject to foIicl Hut the operation would ^^ ^^^^^'-^^^^f^^Z of opinion us to the manner ° °P";„^'"«:. ^f^^e T.Jcl may be useA, if in preference to «ny "^^t", • n K use the rTpe Some operate help is scarce.; but ^^l^^^^.ft '^Pj^ it'^^equi 's^ s^^^^^^^^ dexterity and whflethe an.mal .'« «\VL pftlr e ouicUv" ubdues an animal. The practice. Cutting into the test cle 2^\„ J i recommend throwing S,ost careful way is to throw t'-^ ^-^-^J^^iJ/^i^^t is sometimes him in most cases, a least. A»\'^ .'''^"[g ^^ washing it with nice advisable to cleanse ""^ 'h^,*^'^* \^"^revr. t sweUmR to some extent, warm water and soap, which »«"' » ^° P'*X^'^* X;,.,, % i,y the caustic The operation may be done ;y.^°X7aUv'.loie in Canada and the clams, and this is the way '' '« -"^.f "''^;;" 'ore e»sy and simple. Uniteil States, and I be leve there is "« ^^y. :^^\„„ ,,^d expose the Take hold of the testicle and mak^^^^^^^^ testicle, taking the sma lest first - ™"ff "\*p*"ip,g ^^ ,,^^pe, then divide make a pretty free incision, and "l^^ \J;^^^ ^T We '^an ; however, non-vnscujar part of the X' V U and th^^^^^^^^^ a cert.^in' amount of some apply the clam to all of 'I. ''"? ["^f , . mercnry, about one caustic, as corrosive sublimate or b " "J «« « ^ ^e/eurv and thirty part of corrosive -JJ'-^J.^^rstfoy's're Jrts n^re^u^okly. Afteir or forty parts of lard ; tins af8"°y"." ^ , u ji,e c am on for £aurorrty3rhrrs."Tfere;Ud%^s the one oftenest Tsed ^ t°his country', ami with the greatest success. ACual 0,«.«-, was used until --%!" Enf nd J^e -thod^'« just the same as by the clam • «f "^^ *JXec7re ft' then take hold of tide, etc., place the clam on t'^«„^°'^J?{"?„'eh from the clam, then take the testicle and cut it off '''^""^""XbLod then take a red hot iron, a piece of «P?"«^ «"t?.f,Xnt-«eas H prevent it from letting it cool to a slight <'»'«'"„„ ?,^p,,.Uer uarts Others not only adhering-and sear the artery f'f^^^J^^^^ 'scrotum to the testicle arrest the hemorrhage but «=«'f'"'V«^.7he cord off with the iron. /r^'-d^rif^niy-^ttir^^^^^^ whole cord; P"' \|,o"*? \"f „f ,, ^j.i, fhe bulldog forceps and liga- rrir,^,h°r''»uh:i'i*kS:^.i"K "Sot' .5"- ^""•" » opposed to ligaturing. „„,i,„,i Torsion is another method which in not new b m „aho^ For this it is necessary to throw the animal ana ^^V^ ^^ ^,^^ and cord, cut through the nomascular part of the cord, ^p ^^ upon the vascular f^'^'^' oZT^ £ZVcm be no rule lain down) ; best (some «^r^ i°."gt^^'' tL tortton fo^^^^^^^^ them carefully to having secured it, take the tortion l°'''^V^'pV\ ^^^ ^,^^ the vascular part, about a "j"" «//„'""f ^i?' .^n twi«t it around, secure . .cm and watch that they do not sUp ,«ne ^^^^^ ^^ testicle and all, and it w'l take frcm fifteen to twe y ^^^.^^ .^ ^^^ remove it; twist 't ««"■«!"»? ^^"-'^'J^ it he artery and then remove artery ; after removing ^t Jak a look at the^an y^ ^^^ ^^^ rrortoirh-o^oifceftS^^^ see n^o need of it. 200 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANI' TBKATMENT OF KcmsKur is another operation, whicii I tliink will be the one used in a few years, but I cannot speak of it to any great extent from my own experience. I operated upon three this way. I threw the horse and placed the elani upon the cord before cutting it oft', to see the eflect of it. There are also otiier nietliods, as scraping, biuising, cut- ting out a portion of the epididynius, etc. But the simplest method is the best, and if you have used any of the methods successfully, then continue the same. Although it is a simple operation, it re- (juires some practice, and the great danger, in some cases, is pulling the cord too much, or applying too much caustic, which irritates the cord and sets up peritonitis ; and the great secret is in having the animal in proper condition. Never operate upon any animal that is not in good condition, or that shows any symptoms of influenza, strangles, etc. RESULTS OF CASTRATION. Results of Castration. — They may bo cither normal or ab- normal. After the operation there is more or less swelling, and al- though it may attain a great size, so long as the appetite is not impaired, or the pulse aftected, there is no danger; but if the swelling 4 takes on an odematous character, the best relief is to scarify in two '* or three places, then bathe with tepid water ; give a little exercise, ^ and if he is costive, perhaps-, give a little laxative; but if the colt is turned on pasture this is not generally necessary. Adhesion of the tunica va^jinalis and tunica albuginea. It isneces- ' sary to break down the adhesion, which can generally be done with the finger or the end of the scalpel. When adhesion is present, a freater amount of irritation follows than where there is no adhesion, here may also be a slight pain after the operation, which may be from the cord, colic, or slight irritation of the bowels from the oper- ation. If the animal cringes, lies down and rolls, it is best to give an opiate — opium, one-half to one drachm ; or give hypodermic injec- tions. Suppuration is another condition, and it is impossible to operate without suppuration, more or less, and when suppuration takes place, and healthy pus is discharged, the animal is considered safe ; and when pus is not properly formed there is more danger. Pus may form and not be healthy pus, and if there is unhealthy pus, or serum, and the pulse quickened, then there is irritation, and peritonitis may result. Abnormal Results.— Suppose you have properly performed the operation and let the colt up, and hemorrhage exi8ts,which may be from the spermatic artery, or from the veins of the scrotum, or from the artery of the cord. When you cut through you are likely to cut through the convolutions of the artery, and so have three or four ends, and you should see that you secure the right end. If the hem- orrhage is from the spermatic artery, it runs freely, for this is the largest artery in the body that gives off no branches. As to the way of arresting hemorrhage of the spermatic artery, there is no difference of lATMENT OF ink will be tlie one nued in ■great extent from my own way. I threw the horse ! putting it off, to see the ns scraping, biiiising, cut- But tlie simplest method the niethotls successfully, a simple operation, it re- ', in some cases, is pulling MUistic, which irritates the L>at secret is in having the e upon any animal that is ly symptoms of influenza, A.TION. be either normal or ab- e or less swelling, and al- ng as the appetite is not anger; but if the swelling relief is to scarify in two iter ; give a little exercise, Axative; but if the colt is ssary. nica albuginea. Itisneces- >n generally be done with hen adhesion is present, a vhere there is no adhesion, operation, which may be the bowels from the oper- d rolls, it is best to give an jr give hypodermic injec- it is impossible to operate n suppuration takes place, il is considered safe ; and ore danger. Pus may form lealthy pus, or serum, and tion, and peritonitis may ive ijroperly performed the ;e exi8ts,whicn may be from the scrotum, or from the igh you are likely to cut id so have three or four le right end. If the hem- ins freely, for this is the branches. As to the way of ry, there is no difference of ^ Ml DISEASES OK DOMESTIC ANIMALS. opinion. If HiBvery .;rof.^u,den;Ujng^^^ endeavor to get hold of ^ «'^^;''';;7, ^^ ,, ,he scrotum and tun.ca cases. If "g"'r»T'''"*^w.ll down ami ^.t hold ..f »nd gr^iduallv vaginalis, put the hnpr ,^; \ '' ^ J^'^^v you think best. Ihebest bringtl)eco.dupa.vl«"-"re t nt' « J ^^^^^^ j,,^, ,,„t ir„„; bu .1 wayrperba..., is t<> >«»'"••'• '^'""^^ >'"'%,. or to arrest it by styptics you have dllficulty in getting '';. 7,,^" , .u-d with iron or acetate Ld compression, by P>''Bg'"«/,' \'„'^^., n emc.rrhaRe, but lb s .s the of lead. However, there may bi^ "»«^ , recommend this, in some «ception and not t''«.'-"l':',»"'\umr The plug should be Kit ... cases, instead of t''7\^\'"B i*''t "^,! " Consider.ible swelling, n.ay re- ■ for twenty four or tb.rty-s x w" «■ ^ consequences from it. toU. ult,bntU.erenre ^^-f'-fy^ZZT-^rZU^^^^ arrcBting .he water t.. the lo ..s, a..d to "';?";'%;, .vbether an animal ... good hemorrhage. I 'l"'-*^''""^' J' "i'bUd to «U-Hth fron. o..e cord, but 1 health, a..d one year old, would bleto .^^ ^-::j;ri:Sry KLui^^^^^^ fro Pture Of the co.d above the clam, but it i« r^re. Hernia is a....tber «'|nor""l;-M;:i;^:^^'\Sr[:r n'ieed opH-ation, or the operation >>' '^ 'f/^^^'," h may occur dur ng the u til the animal gets up; »..;! 't '^^^^"^^^^^^^^ „„i,.,tu and u^e t >ee..v- operation. Wbe.. bern.!. ex.stb, I ^ l'"'*^ "\\ „,e testicle still m th<^ er^ed operation-by eutt.ng dow. «.hI c xpo« g ^ ^^^^.^^ tunica^aginal s, a..d .P*''^^^^ ^y^^J^oon as the animal gets ..p, the alls and all. II 'f ""^/."St mivj oceur during the operation- operator is often blamed . »»' ; "^'^y,,;., ;« present, return »»'« t'^f .'.^^ you should begin to "l'""^^*' " ' ,, .^Vt oner.Ue at that time. B..t .1 t and stitch up the scrotum, and do not o Kr^. ^^^^^ j,^^ ,^,,^.eis occurs Boon lifter the "l-raUon . .t ol " doe^ ,^^^ ^^ , „ protrude, even in ««"'« "'f f,/?f X fowels are not injured, throw the then destroy the annua ; but it ;''« "^;; him, cleanse the intes- aSial-or'he will perhaps he own- eu^^^^^^^^ ,^ t, ration, but is more l.kelv t"/»''"l'f^,''""me^^ ; after that the cord It i« necessary to keep tfie ^la";*""/;;^ St on; adhesion takes place perhaps protrudes, cius.ng moreor ^ess ^rnta , ^^^^ . ^ ,, Ltween the cord and the Bcr"tu'ii, ^"^ J^ « „,. f„„^veeks the cord cord, unless it becomes enliirged. "/" ""^ ,j y„„ can relieve it "protudes and adheres ^o the edg^^^^^^^ ^^^ scrotum, m by breaking down the adhe«""« ^mal then bathe nicely, use as- 8o.iie cases, without throwing he an.ma^ in .^ ^^^^^ ^^^ „^ tringents, etc., and it may be necessary to or ^^^^^ two^for several days and bathe ^^^'^^^^^^^ Ja becomes enlarged time, and give a li"le exercise. Some meat ^^^^ ^^ ^^^, by afung-oidgrowth,a.id in some cases, me ^ .^^,,^ 202 (JAU8E8, SYMl'TOMS ANI> TKKATMENT OF beconiCB very vnsculur, new RrowlliH tire formed, etc. In such caws the iiniinal /uilers lonHi.lernbly, there is dittieulty in proRreBsion, he falls ()«• ill ooiulition, and Boinetinies there is a iirofiise discharge ot i)iiH, after whieh tl;e animal seems relieved for some time ; hut irrita- tion is «K>iin set up, and the same thing oceuts. The ren.edy is to remove the diseased part of the eord, and tl»e sooner the belt, r ii the animal has sudered, perhaps, four or eight weeks, it is easily done. Open it up well and apply the clam as close to the inguinal ring as possible, and cut the diseased part oft' and secure the arteries by liga- ture, or bv cautery-if by ligature, leave the ends of the ligature long, go that they can be taken out after a time; and you often have to secure several vessels, and 1 prefer a ligature. In some eases you might apply a clam and take it ofl' by torsion, or use the clams and sea"- the small vessels and ligature the large ones; keep him quiet, feed moderately, etc. But sometimes it exists in the abdominal cav- ity, and then the operation is not likely to lie successlul. Peritonitis is « result of castration, and is more apt to occur in colts It may be due to the manner of the operation, or to a change 01 weather ; but I think this is more likely to occur where the tunica vao.inalis is irritated. I have seen it where there was a large amount of "caustic, causing inllammation and peritonitis; or.it nmy be due to atmospheric inlhience ; the symptoms are sometimes deceptive, it generally api.ears in about three or four days. In «'""e.'-»'*f» ;^. scrotum swells but verv little, and there is no discharge ol bealtiy pus, but there is a discharge of bloody lluid ; the pulse is quick ; the appetite gone; slight pains, not violent ; he lies down, gets up and easts a peculiar, anxious look at the abdomen ; gets up and stands around in a dull, languid manner; the breathing is afleeted ;. he- pulse sixty or seventy, and weak. It has a great tendency to extend over the whole peritoneum. Give opium and digitalis, and counter- irritation, etc., and support the system as well as you can by stimu- lants, gruel, etc. Tetanus usually appears about eight or nine days after the operation, just about the time it begins to heai; there may have been changes in the svstem before this, but the symptoms were n.n developed. It m'ay follow any operation, and, as a general thing, the operator should not be blamed if the horse dies from some o these, but he generally is. Tetanus may supervene a very trivial injury ; cold weather, cold drafts and exposure in any way tends to bring it on. There is an account given in our works of twenty- four horses that were castrated, and were given a cold bath tour times a day after the operation, and sixteen out of the twenty- four died with tetanus; and I saw a case that I think was caused by the colt standing in a stream. Keep the animal quiet; apply fomentations, and endeavor to induce suppuration. Give hyUro- cyanic acid, belladonna, etc.; treat it just as a nervous fever ; give a generous diet and bromide of potassium. Amaurosis results, and is sometimes due to excessive hemor- rhage • and if it is, the eves will regain their natural condition as the system gains strength. But it sometimes occurs through a sympa- thetic nervous inttuence, and remains during life. Glanders and Farcy.— When this does appear, I think the ir d F n h ii n V DIMKAHKS OF UOMKSTIC ANIMAIJ*. soft TMKNT OK lied, vU: In such caaeu iculty in progression, he H u iirofusf ilisL'liarge of )r some tinio ; hut irritu- •UI8. The ri'iuedy is to If sooner the belt. r. If it weeks, it is easily done, to the inguinal ring as cure the arteries by liga- endsof the ligature long, ; and you often have to ure. In some eases you )U, or use the clams and e ones; keep him quiet, Bts in the al)dominal cuv- « successful. id is more apt to occur in operation, or to iv change to occur where the tunica there was a large amount nitis ; or, it may he due to sometimes deceptive. It days. In some cases the I no discharge of healthy 1; the pulse is quick; the he lies down, gets up and jmen ; gets up and stands Dreathing is aflected ; the 1 great tendency to extend ind digitalis, and counter- fell as you can hy stimu- ; or nine days after the leal ; there may have been the symptoms were not , and, as a general thing, L' horse dies from some of supervene a very trivial posure in any way tends n in our works of twenty- : given a cold bath four ixteen out of the twenty- lat I think was caused by Me animal quiet; apply ippuration. Give hydro- aa a nervous fever ; give a 'B due to excessive hemor- i'lt natural condition as the occurs through a sympa- ng life. does appear, 1 think the infection had been in the syslen. before the operation, an.l it i» due to contagium in some form or other. Operating upon Originals.- 1 cannot speak from experience. Prepare an.l secure the animal, and make an incision as in other ani- malHl insert the fingers, an.l if the testicle is in the '"«'""«'/'"';'•;« hold of it and draw it out. I would prefer an ecraseur for this. It it is in he alMlominal cavity, it is more diHicult and to be success 1. requ res experience ; and I .lo not recommend that all of yon should Sform thi's operation until you have seen it done, or have an animal umler your own control, for some have tried it and tailed. THE TESTICLES. Inflammation Of the TeBtioleB.-This is not common in the lower animals. The causes are injury of some kind or other- sometimes. in a stallion, from a kick, or exposure to cold It is caused in a bull in the sime manner, luul occasionally fromt^'^ ocu- lar deposits, but usually from direct injury. Ihe «yn'V «"'2,. ^^^^ Generally plain, and vour attention is usually directed to it. There f:?nS 'pain i" the early stage ; a slight injury ^J-- "^«"'^.f « ut) ercat pain ; and when the whole orean is affected, the pain is ntense and they sometimes become enormously swollen in a vcrv Ihort t me an.l swelling generallv aflords some relief; he walks with grea difficul y , and it increases tL pain ; he will sometimes lie down and attempt to roll, but generally continues standing ; lying down increases the pain. Trealmmt.—U in a valuable stallion, he is generally in high condi- tion.1n^.ich case it is necessary to give a good dose of. purgative Medicine, or blood-letting may be necessary : '*\7';'. ^J' ^^^g^ (luarts of blood; or, instead of this, give aconite ; bathe at hmt with tepid water and increase the heat, and buthe for several hours and keep heat to the parts; you can do this by means of a bandage over the loins kept in its p ace by means of a surcingle; keep cotton or IthsTo'the'^parts, ani^ keep them supplied with warm water; ^.ve beUadonna or laudanum. Uc-l blood-letting is beneficial, but it » difficult o perform in the horse. During the early stage the appetite is entirely Eone. and when he is relieved and the appetite returns he ihould be fed sparingly. Give diuretics freely ; sweet spirits ot nitre iSde of potash, etc^, which increases the action of the kidneys, and sUmulates^ the absorbents. If, after the irritation subsides, enlarge- ment of the testtcles remains, use iodine, both internally and extern- Mly which; it is said, if used for some time, will reduce the size of ?he te^tide The treatment of the bulls is simi ar, but it is associated with tXcnlar disease. You may allay the irritation, but the animal will generally remain impotent. Hydrocele Dropsy of the testicle and scrotum is most likely to take place from injury, when the inflammation is prolonged, but not very We ; for wien 'any serious membrane s injured, there is morlo^ less effusion ; the scrotum is enlarged. «nd you can feel th^ testicle, which does not seem increased in size. The scrotum may be j(^ CKVSV^, 8YM1TOMS AND IRKATMKNT OF coiulition of tho cor I. 1 '''^•^' * , • ,-,,,,. ti,e oik- uho.I in h.mini. ,„.„,,urowit .u«.u.^l 'Jj-^'YoTr o potlLiun. internally uncL use f"r''"'';:xurm ly It rre°„ten.k..r to inject tlu- tun.cu vuK.n- «l''wilhio.ftnt there in clanger of pro.lnc.ng .rr.tuMon. „ two or tluee week* after •;*»';»"•- ' ,' ," "feig bocly, or .nay be operation. AbsccHse, .nay be cause b> ^^ '•?^«^„„ i,{;,iy healed : ,lue to the Hcr<.t...n closing ' P ''«";; ''^^ dry sftH u,. irritation and matter is for.ned at the cord, f^^.j^fj' generally appears about resuluinan «'^«^V'*\*"'\r ji^ ..in., \ .d it ...ay b^ due to the three or four weeks .ifter the «P,^'7''"";,„r^^ '^„\ „Jai„ reco.nmend .„eision..ot '-vi-'^';-" ^^^l^'^^K ;7„TaB.n..ll piece of the iron a pretty large |"'^'«'""- . Vf " p?ual ca..tcry w.is used. Or it may be remaining in the «'"""''', ^,",\"^ "and the ligature should be left due to a ligature setting ..p '"'V*J^'°"'""", "rally serio.isly interfere long, so it can be removed. Abscesses ge.^era,^^^^ J^ .^^ „^^,, . with the condition of the ^»'"'f' ' "^^ '",/J^S.netle8 it extends right the swelling seems to .nvolve other parts 7"""". Sg „ot ,uuch :;r:to th? hock, and so.net 3 you may t h - U t he r. .^s^no^ ^^^^ matter, but it may be P'e8«nlr"» ^'j open it up pretty freely-you best thing is to throw the an mal «»J ^P«^, ;„ l^ it"' open, foment luav have to cut in three or *""" , "^Y^Vou ojeii tfiem well and let the-parts and f««V Lw' Tt gL ally eCts'a cure; but they n.ay the matter ^o^'^V^J'^^^l are apt to treat them without opemng ;-\d^£, Srn wScaSc a^r:n.rif he^Js debilitated, give tonics. , , * i»o trt tVia Penis -This occurs to both gelding* and stal- iDJurieB to tne f enis. |"'» nial-address, caus.ng irnta- lions In the stallion .t may be due to ™a^a««"-^ 'erected-this is and this is called ParaphyxnoBlB. and ^l^^.^g^^X^^^'^^^ losing its power of contracUon Th «^7^^. ^,,^t caused by injurpr. put to too many mares. But ^ ^ ^^^j^ t^e sheath restricts it. \TMKNT OF rfUliiiKH from iin enlarged thiid prt'Bent, you imi»t ikf the OIK- uHod in hiininn uniiiiH intcrnnlly uniL u»f inji'ct tlu' tunica vii({in- idming irritation. [•an gener:illy be tracud to L-ord, the result of castra- •. Scirrhus cord may come mav come years after the I f(.reign »)ody, or mav be ord is completely healed : iry, sets uit irritation and 1, It generally appears about And it may be due to the ih Ho I again recommend n a small piece of the iron y was used. Or it may l^ i the ligature should be left enerally seriously interfere rradually reduced in Hesh ; -sometimes it extends right y think there is not much ir three inches in to it. The ,en it up pretty freelv-you Then keep it open, foment ?ou open them well and let fleets a cure ; but they may treat them without opening aelieve horses are sometimes ,er opening, inject well with and if he is debilitated, give irs to both gelding* and stal- ) mal-address, causing irrita- i when it is erected— this is on-striking with whip, stick, .osureto cold. This sometimes )le to retract it into the sheath, es due to the muscular tissue may be the case if a horse is peak of that caused by mjurpr. A time, the sheath restricts it, tended, and ulceration is likely o days' standing, try foiuenta- , is preferable to cold, although ers. In this case it is so swollen swelling must be reduced some cases, It is necessary to scarify ceases, before trying the warm ind you should encourage the DISEAHEH OK DOMKSTir ANIMALH. 20ft: bleeding. 1 have' se.n casi-s where it woul.l In- ntractc.l from thin ireatMKMitinlivoorsixh.purs; but in sonu- ri.s.H you mi.y have t.. kee up for twcntv-four hours. It will Kv-'-n-Hy r.tra.t « h.n the swelling in r.dncc..i,-unUss there in gre.t mjury to he ";•'•;•';,;'>" after it enterH into ihe sheath, try (■<.U water an.l I .lo not tl. k bad prac.iee, in «..me eases, to ,,..• a stiteh or tw,. throUKh '";■■*";.' to keen it in for an hour or two. In s„n.e eases i is neeess ,ry to give cons,i{u.i.,nnl reu.edies, and in nearly all eases K-v.' d.nn; .-, -o^^^^^^^^^^^^ of potassium and nitrate of potash. This n.ay f^'^" ^ '•• ", ''^, 'V " itveausod by strangles, intluen/.a, etc., in.d the rea ni.nt is similar Ufit It may LMl.oVnver.,f re.raetion lu a su. lion iron, t.^^^ coition; he niuseles have In-en strained, and so lost tbe powir ol CO trae ion. Such a ease requires a great deal ot f'^'Vy'l'/reeS as he is in this f.ndition he is useless; but he may completely recover after having been in this condition for a long tune, even as long as twelve or eighteen m..nllis I f it is .lue to this, cause 'hms apt o • in high c.ndition, and it is necessarjr to rediiee h.m some, hu still fiu him tolerably well ; give nutritious food and some exercise ; apply cold waTer to the penis and peroneal space, and use it suspcnsorjr .audage and keep it up, for hanging down tends to increase the in. ta ion. T"y the eflbcts of iron and nux vomica, etc., to improve the condition. The penis is also sometimes tlie seat of Warts and Growths, of varioi-s kinds, often prove tronble- soine and painful, especially when urinating. They are more coinmon rL geld "ng thin the stallion, and may result from the penis not being properfy protru.led when urinating. Sometimes they are of a manlnant*^ character, which generally ends fatally, sooner or later. ?or attention is generally directe.l to it.but '"'^''»P''"'"g ^''X'" K ness it might be overlooked. If a horse is in liea th, and the shea h "s well developed, there is not much (he matter with the penis. Bu if he is debilita ed and tucked up in the flanks, and has a small Iheath there may be trouble. There may be ulceration of the plans penis rom the causes I have mentioned. Get ho d of the penis, have Ft nice y washed with soap and water, and touch the parts with nitrate of silver, carbolic acid, sillphate of copper, etc In case of warts re- move them with the knife, and if you think there is danger of them growing again, touch with nitrate of silver, or the actual cau ery and kefp the parts clean. Sometimes the penis is one solid growth of these, and, in most cases, it is necessary to throw »•'« '""f»';.,.\«^ not t, ink it bad practice, if there is hemorrhage, to touch with the hot iron ; and, if the horse is in poor condition give tonics, good tood, etc Sometim'es the glans penis is so sw.dlen that the onlv chance ot saving the animal's life is by amputating the penis, wb«eh looks like a very formidable operation-but it is not a very serious affair. First insert the catheter, and in cutting bring it to a point and secure he arteries- or you may, in some cases, arrest the hemorrhage by using "id water' and if you can keep the catheter in for a. day or two, it is all the better, which will prevent cicatrization, for if it occurs, yon will have ureamic poisoning and death-and this is the trouble I have had! But you can generally tell whether this is taking plnce^ In about nine or ten days, just when yon think it is about getting well the urine is passed in a small stream ; so if you can Keep the rathe er in do so Keep the sheath clean and allay the irritation by aSents. Some recommend taking the warts off- by ligature, but it is not best. 2M CAl'HEM, BYMITOMB ANK TUKATMENT 1>I- URETHRA, ETC. Stricture of the Urethra Hoin.;litmH .K.-urH. 1 1 in !""'"''>■ '»^'' reBiilt of iulliunmati.H., l.ut n.ny nsult roin mji.iy. It '^I"■''M^ a M wiU. '■. onli. Tlur. .s .iini.M.lly in nrin>U n« ; the unm. p...HCH i, nm I slnum. Inj..:l will, t.pi.l wuUt, «ilh iv. nr Un «ran.. o "ulpl.au- <.t /.ino t., llu. oi ur, .uul on.K.|iv..r to nluv.- I.y p..HHin« th. probunK, if luroHSury ; hut ll.iB .iiunot ho (1t' '|;;.V, .^'/^'^^r liiu occurred and a luitula Ih produced, then it ih diJIiciUt to treat. l"ng the divided edges together and, if it is of lonR standing scar.f^^ md thei^^briiig the e.Tges together, and if you can keep a .atheter in for som^imefil is best to do so; and sometimes i_t is impoHsible to relieru The sheath, also, sometimes becomes dirty and we have sometimes to attend to such civses. It may, if neglected, give rise to S ,8 results ; and there may be a kind of sabulous matter in the meatus Sarins, which, in some cases, ma;r obstruct the passage o the urine But if it is small, perhaps the size of your finger it is not ^rious; but if it obstructs the passage of the urine, then J"8 remove it and^it affords relief; then wish with a solution of carbolic acid, chloride of lime, or sulphate of 7,inc. Excoriation Of the Penis. -This mav occitr in covering »tal- lions which nihy l)e due to the manner in which the perns is handled, or " t may b^ due to the parts of the mare being smal , or to serving amare too Boon after parturition-some discharge rom the mare Xtrngit (Mve agood dose of purgative medicine ; leBseii the d.et ; eivediure C8, and bathe with cold^ water ; and give somem.ld astr.n- llnt but b^ careful about using anything strong, or you may lose the Sice of the horse for a long time ; but it is not generally necessary to lay him up more than two or three days. Inflammation of the Urethra is »l«^°'=S"j°"''"y ""^^'m' Whin horses and bulls, but t 8 more common in dogs. There seemB fo be a kind of gonorrhea in the dog. somewhat similar to that m man Inflammation sometimes occurs in bulls, from jumping too "iokntly upon a cow. It may be due to contagious influence in the doK ana there is said to be such a disease in the bull. In such cases acf upon the system by laxatives, diuretics, etc., and use sulphate of rMENT OV H-cun. It 1h utmnllv tin- injiiiy. It in, |H'ilui|it', orsr, ftiid niiiy lie iittHoci- niitiiiK ; tin- iirilU' piinHCH wilh live 'ir ten Kriiiiirt of to relii'Vf liy piiHHiim the lie in ('little. itioii, iind is HonutiiiitH ii Hlu'Htli ; Imt HO loiiK »» not viTy sirioiiB, Hut if ^hoW8 iiitliunniiilion, and. it may !>»■ liie rtsnit of ctlv to owiir in gi-ldings, r iiH in the intirt- horse. the rtHult of cnHtrotion, ut if it is from growths I'H— ns siiljdiiitc of copper, the nninial is in poor con- cartTuUy and use a little ■ally the result of injury, in the stall, etc. Endeavor [lossible ; but if ulceration .'n it is diflicult to treat. is of long standing, scarify, ou can keep a imtheter in etimes it is imponsible to jcomes dirty, and we have f, if neglected, give rise to A sabulous matter in the »y obstruct the passage of iize of your finger, it is not the urine, then just remove solution of carbolic acid, lay occur in covering Btal- which the penis is handled, e being small, or to serving ; discharge from the mare e medicine ; lessen the diet ; and give some mild astrin- strong, or you may lose the it is not generally necessary 8. I also occasionally noticed, amon in dogs. Tliere seems )mewhat similar to that in in bulls, from jumping too contagious influence in the I in the bull. In such cases 38, etc., and use sulphate of DISEASES OP IIOMKMTIC ANIMAIJ*. Wl i\nc. Powerful astringents may suddenly arrest the discharge, but this sometimes sets lip constitutional fever, so I would reconi mend iodide of potassium, nitrate of potash, elc.followetl by iodide of iron, which is excellent in the dog, and in any animal. PABTUBITIOM. The Membranes that enclose the PcetuB before Birth. -The external is the chorion; the Internal is the amnion, and be- tween these two we have the alantois, which is a kind of serous membrane, and presents two portions-one in eonneetion with the amnion, and the other with the chorion. It contains the amoniolie lluid. It serves to keep the fietus wiirm, and to protect the fietus and the mother; and in connection with the f.etus, at an eiirly permd, there is what is culled the umliilicnl vessel, which, at birth, is hard to detect. Then we have the placenta, by which the blood vessels of the I'lL'tus and those of the mother are brought into close contact : vet they do not anastaniose, but the changes take place in the blood \,y osmotic inlliicnce. Then there is the umbilical cord, which I8 formed of the two umbilical or hypogastric arteries andilie umbilical vein, covered by a gelatinous matter. Then there is the urachus, which is in connection with the bladder, and in after-life forms a ligament for the l)laddcr. The placenta in the mare is attached by villi. In the cow it is attachetl by cotvledons, which are about sixty or seventv in number. The capillaries of the faUiis and uterus come in close contact, and so form tin se villi and cotyledons. They are little tufts attached to the uterus. The period of gestation varies in ditlerent animals. In the mare it is eleven months, in the cow nine months, in the ewe five months, in the bitch si xy three days, in the sow one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty days. Hut a mare may go even a month longer than the time ; and a case m re- corded where a filly had a foal at twenty-two months old, and heifers at fourteen months old ; and a case is recorded of a mare having a foal at thirty years old. Mares moderately kept and worked will breed longer than one kept in the opposite manner. Difl'erence of temperature is also supposed to have an influence. We are some- times called to tell whether a mare or a cow is pregnant or not, and a correct opinion can sometimes be given, and in other cases a mistake is easily made. A mare generally becomes quieter in disposition, thrives better, and, after a certain period, the belly becomes distended, and some mares may go eight or nine months without showing this much. There are various ways recommended to determine this. Ine stethoscope is recommended, by which you can hear the foetal heart beat- but you will be very liable to make a mistake in this way. Another is to insert the hand into the vagina and find out the condi- tion of the 08-uteri. But the best way is to examine per rectum, and in any case where it is necessary to give a definite opinion, examine in this way. As to the manner in which a mare should be used during pregnancy, there is difTerence of opinion. Keeping her in hernatu- ral condition is perhaps the best ; but it is necessary sometimes tp work her, and so long as worked moderately and not put to the wagop or cart, nor backed violently, there is no great danger. Such is the f ,,^T»a*^u%toi«aij^wirfel»wr>w^ '■' m CAOTfa", HVMPTOMH AHt) JNr\TMi:MT Ot kept 111 the HtiiMe. rheri! nr. uriiii i »iK" , ^,,,.^g |, the .«cro.«-e«fu. ^^T" ^IZ^ZZn. /^^ 1..,^' 'rtu,ifii'« K^n- milk M-cretea-, «ml *'''•'»"*"''. "'^.V.fui.i •* "'v four h.n.rH, tt„,| the water lm„ ..pv^-'ir-- /'"\"'"",/ ''Zn in X'st K. I* pre- »i-nt to liKutiin! tin- artery. I le it iil.out nn (( r ■ n^^^^^„\ delivery Ih generally '"''^y ..^ '; '"'\,',t !r",re uLnornnil or nn- IB (lro|).y, le the water < « t-^'l''^' ^"!' ' „ •», „„t The fo-tUB Ib not make an imiHion in the belly and let lit ""' " V keepinir it generally hUvc in Hueh cuBeB; ""VLtoc; iX . i he ^^^^^ « Slive ; and you n.uy meet a e«Be of 'V ''"^J,} "^^^^^^^^ " d nose are ,.er- diBtcnded-iinlil delivery; ib '7'I'X^^,^;,„,/;'^J'4V eV he enlarVd hapB protruding, and by '"«" ';t''tl e JZ tc I':" tiirilion; .finin pxUi.l, «" I l'>ore i» , tli». U'»t, |.nrnirifi('» Rfn- loii III t*( H'y four hcurn, i.lly Uwn', lull (lie cow H/MiKtiiiKH U'Bt Id I* prenj 111 iiK'l' fi"""> ''"■ miiliilK »[ lUe liKiiHire. The nnlursj ,ninK }l ifcphiiliiB, until Ihi- head w 'I'lie feet and noHe are per- id you can feel the enlarged ■r out. And there are other alion be natural, will give iresentalion and no delivery, 1 work and jMjrBevernnce are ving a case up, hut make a , 18 a fore leg or a hind one, i covered by the nieinbrancs meet a case where the labor ithout any signs of delivery. ufTering from pains previouB junces of tincture of opium ; • a-half drachms. If the os- ience, and do not resort to eri; and after you have place; but there are excep- lent for some time, then dilate with tepid water; smear the ml water ; get one or two hn- I gradually take place just by n will, in some cases, have to iccess in the cow than in the chance. M ake the incision in r using the knife. We some- •et are presented, but this is ibout second in liic list, and it lome asiiititance. Possibly the proceed is to examine closely, nd turn it upon the belly, as int pull the feet while you get it over, and delivery can be dimkamkm op noMmTic animaij<. ym iu( (.ni|)liNiu^.Um^y. Endea/or' to sever the at- timcs necessary to perform ';™''^> "' '?^f; t^unk ; draw the leg out and tachment of the tore ex rem. y ' '•°" j^^ J^un the knlle up the in- make an. incision as high up as P «* '"^; '^^"J^j n,e leg off about the side of tlie leg to the «l'«»l'^'^'^^:J"\7",e exceptional cases you may knee, for it makes the case ^vorst^ 1 ' bo"''' ^xce^ ....esentation. It is have to cu' off the other leg. ^""y;;,L ",^„ "„,, .Jiil find the loinsor very difficult, ^hen you examine ^hapB^y^^^^^^ dorsalvertcbra-presentej.a m a tlebm^ ^^^^^ . j^^^ the fore, endeavor »«' "'"'^'\ ' 'L u "Itural presentation. You may quarters are nearer, try to '"«'^,'^,^\; ff"'" /can not change it, then l^e able to turn it with the ^ 7/;' • J \\ /" "rtebral column the best perform embryotomy. Cut ' «> Sj' »; tVJ Vho'"'"^"' "'^''^^ ""'^ ^'^ ;„u can and use the chain saw »- ' f i;^^*;.,^ry aifficult case. An- [he contents of the abdomen o-n t.uUt save y^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ other condition IS where the whole^ou^ ^^^^ t^^ j^,.^^^^^ ,„ or a fore and a hind one »^e prescme a^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^_ this way, and you -""f ^^^f.^'^^^^/.^ ft a breech p.esentation, get a sentation. !« y^.^'l^T /vouSend lo make l natural presenta- rope around the hind eg ; it you intena lo ^^^ ^ tion, get the rope on the f"^^^*^^-,,.^ '„7t,," aifficult presentations, but In the case of twins you "'".y ^„7,J/X so large as where there is when there are t«'«« 'J«y ;^h"CeT^p^^^^^^^ ^^l'«'« ^^« '»'"'' but one. You may «><=f ,^'V^,,'^f{.r„ fimbs of both. I saw a case limbs of both are P«?<="'f*';,f *' LV;'' The remedy in such a case is where they were ''?°»ng,^'^"y*°''f"Vefll>ct a delivery of the other to push one back into he ^'J'JVsetations different from the ones I An'd you may ^'^n.^'^'' 7' i'^ to make an examination ; the have mentioned. The hrs' "'".«'« , j^ ; ^^ ..ersevere in it. second, to use force »f»'"^'='^«f;>,''^f„ViS8i„ connection with it escape Sometimes the foetus dies '^"fa ^^^, fc i "as"'«^^^ ^^ '"^''"'"^ " and the parts become dry, and ^^".''^'^y 'V ^ -^^ ^ater. And some- tepid water. Some recommend o 1 J P'^-J^^^^,^ ^^^ of the mare times decomposition «ets in, and ''^;„f^;\"^e7Jp , the julse is almost swell greatly ; perha,8 »^« " "^^..v thf aXal. this seldom oc- imperceptible, and it is best t»/f ^"^"^ "Ven used. Sometimes you cur's, only after a great fea o or^e ha been use^^ ^.^^ ^^^^ will meet a case ^>'»'f •-. f i^f ,Vo,her, n such a case, may conceive time, and it is said that t'?''/l'°|';,\' '...„„ ana not n the tubes again ; but if the fcelus '''"'."•^'^ 'f •» \''''t£racc I saw a case of a of in the abdomen, f °'=<^P^'»" ^' " ° ^"^^ »^^S' «""""''• ^*'°"' '-' cow that seemed to be Preg""' /".^f ^^^ ^'bo^^ four months after the eighth or ninth she decreased sue and aDou ^^^^ ^^.^^^^^^, usual time of ^aUing I examined and louna ^^ enlarged. I dilated ^\^.f\^g i" believe there is a certain of force. But in such cases, |^ ^^" j^j^h has to be broken union between the f'«'"\""f.^l'^orix hour until I was tired out, down. I" ''»« «=»«^ ^^"'^''fJLViho time, and make another at- and thought belter to desist for ^^ ^^^j^' ''^"a worked five or six tempt; and in ^^e or six days I^etur^^^^^^ „gain left it, and hours, using the hand ""^/./'"tJ" '"^^^ cow recovered com- TMENT OF the head and a portion t your hand in ; luanipu- i always, and it is some- Sndcavor to sever the at- ink ; draw the leg out and 1 run the kniie up the in- cut the leg otr about the exceptional cases you may back presentation. It is a you will find the loins or quarters are nearer than sentation ; but if the fore il presentation. You may ni can not change it, then vertebral column the best he thoracic cavity and get a very difficult case. An- s, or perhaps three of them, t can not be delivered in it a natural or breech pre- breech picsentation, get a u make a natural presenta- ise the crotch, and turn it. difficult presentations, but , so large as where there is resentation where the himl nibs of both. I saw a case rhc remedy in such a case is BCt a delivery of the other, ons diflercnt from the ones 1 make an examination ; the third is, to rersevere in it. in connection with it escape, ,8 assisted by injecting with cfcr tepid water. And some- 18 and the vagina of the mare get up ; the pulse is almost le animal. This seldom oc- been used. Sometimes you ed for a long time over the n such a case, may conceive uterus, and not in the tubes ake place. I saw a case of a n or eight months. About the il about four months after the found the uterus but slightly 1 without any great amount believe there is a certain rus, which has to be broken e hours, until I was tired out, time, and make another at- rned and worked five or six irefuUy, and again left it, and r, and the cow recovered com- 18 ever again in calf. A cow DISEASES OF nOMF^TlC ANIMALS. SU .vill stand a great amount of cutting and -^^"^Ifrrati;^^ t "e the .uterus. In -''--/-'[ ^Z iT "oTa^Voil'i^haLcter. but acrid properties of the nuitl "«t i lai u i sometimes we eruptions may come on the Y"". .'" ' S o i " l'"t I do not think hear ot a practitioner dying from »' « «"«^«'!.«^ V , erysipela- it is caused by any poison, but from '« ' "^ "''^ i, ^ ^'^ 'it ifas Wn tons or phlegmonous "'""^ro ^son of t .e.^con posfng matter. A said that it was due to the P'^"" "LV„,, p.^ti rition ^ keep her mare should be cai-etully "«ed n^fter di^^^^^^^^^ nice and warm, and '''^'»>^," "' .^'VdZ. es^a te^ parturition, as by I believe some cases are bst l'y;''^^\^7'"''f,^ ,,h ich sets up inflam- allowing the anima to lie on thej;«ld grouii. ^^'V^ .^^^ irU^of luation of the womb. »"\^^'^,^P .^/^"^^-.^re is no iVrita ion after a day nitre or alcoholic stimulants, and '' 'n^;«.'^J^*\he entire membranes or two there is no great clanger S"™;t^^f«/^^^,,„ii„„ „f ,he pla- are retained after parturition, ''•"''.''' ^j'tYi^ f.etal membranes. It centa; more proijerly, l'erl'»l«.,'-<^|f"^ ""Z/;/,,,^^^^^^^ i„ the mare. is mo;e common in the cow, an «>«» '" '^^XouW be done in such There is a difference o "^•^''"'^^/t^/^'^a hurry in removing cases. I think it .8 best not to be in t"« "'"^^^'^^ i„ '^ost cases it it in such cases by force, ^«P;:f'""y,"J;™'\o eight or ten hours, comes away in from five to ^'teen minuses up to e.g ^^^^^.^^ There are certain remedies recommended as savm ^a» - ^^^ ;„ of soda, etc. I do not thmk POjerful remedies a e «Uj ^^^ ^'j the cow regulate the diet and give f^ron two to e^^^^^ ^^^^^ . salts, with some gentian and f "S"' Pl^^^^^ most cases, keepherwarm,given.cefood,a d leafte^^ ^^^ ^^^^ conre away. «"f '^j'^^ ^ o g a t^t^^^^^^ decompose to any , it to remain too long. «ut so 'ont »« , .^ ^ decompose, great extent, there IS "? 8-^^?^ "^^fY' J^'^'erX e^sHy taken away. hand into the uterus '"'d break, down any removing it, sup- In the mare it is removed in the saaie way- J^ . . ^, ^^..us with posing it ha^^X^^■,^,,^T^r\o^^.^ but if success. If it is only P""^ !""y "X'spro iru ing, which is a large, it is complete, you can no^'^.^''^"'^;"" Srane may be attached to reddened, swollen mass, and ^^e f«tal membrane my ^^ ^^^ it. If it is complete in the cow she oesnom^^^^^^ ^^b weight, and when she does he down she rnay ^^^ The^it'erus becomes dirty and P'jl'l'f d U. tl\e cold, in g P^^^^ ^^ is to cleanse and return '»'7'£'/,,t^,'^Vf,e,n carefully ; bathe the the fo-tal membranes are attached remove im, j^ ^^ ^^_ lip I; 21*2 OAIISES, HYMPTOM8 AND TRKATMENT OF which is cnsier done when the cow is on her feet; so if you can, get lier on her feet, and if yon can not do this, tnrn her upon her baclc. There is tlitterence of opinion wliether to begin at the fnndas or neck to return it, bnt if you can not do it one way try the other. Then there is another difficulty, and that is to get it in positioi after it is returned; but endeavor to carefully unfold it, and then give opiates, or stimulants — some recodiinend one, some the othe". And it is nec- essary to keep it in by some means— elevating the hind (juarters is of i)enefit, anil there are various pessaries recommended. A good one can be formed i)y covering a piece of wood with cloth or chanioise skin, pass tiiis iii and secure it in some way ; a bottle has been recom- mended, l)ut it may get broken, and a piece of wood the shape of a beetle makes a good one. Secure and keep it in by ropes or straps. Another way is to put three or four stitches through the vulva -the animal can urinate through the lower opening. And there are vari- ous trusses which are of benefit in some cases, but I tiiink the pessarv the most successful. It is a good plan to press upon and gel the back to bend down. Some recommend, and I have tried, inserting a big pin through the skin on the back, and put twine around it, which causes the back to bend. This is similar and more troublesome, but not so common, in the mare. You may meet a case where the uterus is gangrenous. Then do not return it, but you may endeavor to save the life of the animal by removing it, which is sometimes successful. And in some cases it is best to place the animal under chloroform, then tie a cord around it as close to the os-uteri as possible, then cut the parts off and arrest the hemorrhage. Some recommend using the ecraseur, taking one-half, one-third, elc, at a time; then keep her (juiet. If she is weak, as she is apt to be, give stimulants, but I do do not know whether it is necessary to operate in a mare. I never knew a mare to recover. Another condition is prolajjsus, or inversion of the vagina, both tefore and after parturition, and is more common in cows than in mares. Poor keeping is a common cause ; another cause is an impacted state of the rectum ; or standing in a stall higher in front than l)ehind. By examining you can tell the difference be- tween this and inversion of the uterus, and sometimes the uterus pro- trudes at the same time. If due to a compacted state of the rectum, clear out the rectum, and it is generally easily returned. Remove the cause, elevate the hind parts, and you can use a truss of some kind ; and if the animal is in poor condition, give a generous diet, tone up the system, etc. The treatment after parturition is just the same as before parturition, and it may protrude for some time before parturi- tion without doing much harm. In some cases it may be advisable to put a suture through the lips. Astringents, ascetate of lead and water, have been recommended. After cleansing use cold instead of warm water, which tends to contraction. But ii' there is irritation I prefer warm applications. If the uterus is lacerated, stitch it up, and then endeavor to return it. It is recorded that some have recovered. 1 never saw a case recover. DISEASES AFTER PAHTtTBITION, Milk, orParturieot, Fever, which differs from parturient ap oplexy. Any case of parturition produces more or less fever, the •■' lATMENT OF ler feet; so if you can, get I, turn her upon her back. >e{rin at the fiindas or neck way try the other. Then et it in positioi after it is i it, and then give opiates, ■ the othe". And it is nec- ting the hind (]uarters is of ■commended. A good one d with clotli or chanioisc 1 ; a bottle has been recom- ce of wood the shape of a •p it in by ropes or straps. >s through the vulva -the iiing. And there are vari- ses, but I tlnnk the pessarv i)res8 upon and gel the back have tried, inserting a big lit twine around it, which and more troublesome, but eet a case where the uterus , you raay endeavor to save ch is sometimes successful. animal under chloroform, i-uteri as possible, then cut Some recommend using the at a time ; then keep her , give stimulants, but I do erate in a mare. I never )n is prolapsus, or inversion ■ition, and is more common a common cause ; another >r standing in a stall higher can tell the difference be- d sometimes the uterus pro- pacted state of the rectum, isily returned. Remove the n use a truss of some kind ; ve a generous diet, tone up urition is just the same as )r gome time before j)arturi- ' cases it may be advisable ngents, ascctate of lead and icansing use cold instead of But ii there is irritation I s lacerated, stitch it up, and I that some have recovered. aTUBITION, differs from parturient ap ces more or leas fever, the DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 9tft times l.etwcen the fore ^,^88-«nd even in some ^^^ ^^^^ tion; the breathing IS shghtly quickened the mo ^ ^^,,,„ded. the milk is proiierly secreted '^«^«.'^ "" 7, '^^^to treat it, and some- ?a7"&. ".; irs7.'rbH,.wj.io.. «- b« »..!, food for twenty-four or thirty hours. cavity. I will first speak of « * ,,«^„«- ParUonitis but the inflammation is not generally Parturient P?'"°°"'?' ^ ,„:| j, „i.o affects the uterus, and we confined to the peritoneum "J""^' ^"'''"XddTffuse inflammation of have a low fever, and in pos ™^";^f',«J«„fi^2s X ""^^ K^'"" '\ the peritoneum, and more or less m me "^ ^"'' „ thickened driven are more liable to it. . . , * »u j ... i8coffee.colored,andit "«»''"y ""f'"''alVpartSt apoplexy; she hours. The symptoms are some what /'«« P»f ^[/^^^^dei ; lies down, paddles with the feet ''';V»S' ^"t'hen 1 cow becomes affected Snd, in some cases, is not able to get up '«"«"» helpless^-she is a very fatal complaint. ■eSiUalrJ ^'.afef?>3-Ta 214 CAUSES, 8YMPT0BIS AND TREATMENT OF II TrMtmml.—iiiye sedntives and opiates. At one time piirgutive« were recommended, but I do not use tliera qh freely ns I used to do, and do not recommend givinKiarjie doses of purgative medicine, iiut it is good to give a sliglit laxative, and opiates do not act so well in cattle, but give opium and belladonna. Some recommend blood- et- ting in the early stages; but if the cow is down, and eflusion has taken place, bloodletting should not be nracticed. Attend to the care of the animal, and get her well on the breast, and (f the bowels are costive give injections, and if feces are passed freely it seems to give relief. Draw the urine with the catheter if it does not come away. Use counter-irritation, which must be stronger for cattle than horses, and sometimes use a little croton oil. Sometimes this prevails as an enzootic disease, due to the manner in which they are kept and the weather. Parturient Apoplexy.— This disease principally aflects the brain and spinal cord, due. in most cases, to a congested state ot the brain, in which it difTers from parturient peritonitis, and, m some cases, it involves the sympathetic system, which has a great deal to do with certain diseases, and it may be influenced in various ways. There are various theories brought forward in regiird to it. It was thought to be due to a sptcilic poison in the blood, which would pro- duce the disease in other animals; it is also said to be due to the ar- teries of the brain in cattle diflering from those of the horse. But these are not tenable. Anotlier is that the sympathetic system has something to do with it. This is tenat>le. When a cow is in good health and the secretions going on in a natural manner parturition iseasily accomplished, and there is a largo amount of blood in the system which is to go to the milk, and, instead of gong there, it is thrown back upon the system, to a certain extent, influencing the sympathetic system. It is due, generally, to a plethoric condition— those affected'are those in perfect health. Trot. Williams theory is a good one (Williams' Veterinary iMcdicine, page 4(i2). i;ost iiior- tems usually reveal lesions of the brain and hpinal cord, ihere Js, even eff'usion into the ventricle sometimes, and the spinal cowl is sometimes reddened. There are other conditions, but they are gen- erally incident to the condition of the animal heiore death. Ihere may be hypostatic congestion of the lungs or liver. '1 he most notic- able characteristic is the rapidity of its development. An anima may appear in perfect health, and be dead in four or hve hours. It appears from the first to the third day after calving, and the sooner it appears the more fatal it is. Another peculiarity is, it seldom or never follows an abortion, while parturient peritonitis does ; ana it does not occur in very young cows, but is most likely to attack a cow in her prime. It follows difficult parturition, when force has been used, or where there was hemorrhage from the womb, and seldom oc- curs in an animal in poor condition. 6Wp' t" -"- "^^^ M' ,,^ il^.^k i, er«; tl.e anin.al l.eg.ns t.. ''"•V" "'J'! ''"'"ue -puke in n»i'^ke.uHl; bowels may he eons ivi.te. , ^'^ U^rt ' > . j u;,t gome irritant secretion of the milk. .:i..«..- Irregular milking in a --'-|,Vro"«2:rbV' cV/Cb of glands and canses inflamma .on ^ 'f/^^^^P "^'.'^.Iu^h from partu- femperature expoBure to - d te '^d -g'-- ^^ ..ressiug'npon rient apoplexy, due to the ''»"7' ,', chances in temperature, as the ud5er, etc ; or ,t .8 due o the ^ ^en ^;;'^"ft',^,a in wet, dirty the hot days and cool nights »' September stn 8 j^,,^^ ,„b- stables; exposure to ««'. ^^'=,- ..^""t," ?t is Uke y to terminate in ether, wilh one 10 one and a •■•'' »°~™„ ,° " kip ti™ "P lo' an old and very good remedy, but in 7'.^^ J^^^ armed at the stove not best, but apply l\"""«."'«^*"i:°°li '"J^^ £" uled Some use cold r, V .h. .... b, — .. ?-,; sa"i"'pSrr "pot &« "nSt, «»d |5«,ibly Iodide of pot«.i»m .nlent.Tlj. »^,, EATMENT OF J Udder, Qarget, etc., wliich laiiv occur with other ml), irritutioii of tho »tom- ,w, hut it mny occur m tlie ir some from cich oil er, but i uuch. In one form the Hlwn«tuna ; an- Eis le.nogToburia. It attacks a horse that has been working, then soo in the stable and fed well ui.on nutritive tood, whuh pro- ducesal rgramou^ albumen in tf.e blood in purt.cu ar, and in the svste u Hi general ; and then the horse is taken out and exercised The re " is an incre;sed oxidation of the albumen, and it '« changejl into va ious compounds, causing an excess ol urea and •'PI''''- « J. producing spasms and contractions, especially of the l''"-*?^ ' '™ ln,\ tissues of the loins, ..rodiuing loss ot ..... or power And when it attacks the psoas muse es it is more severe than when it attacKs iiie gluial musclL This condition extends farther '1'.''" .'-. "''!'-« ,^»i \n some cases, and in some cases even the covering ''' ;P ' /^^ „,ay l« allected, the sheaths of the nerves and the /"''""yH • «"' "^ restMnir the secretion of the kidneys in the early stage The faster [he work he more serious will be the attack. It is n.ore eo.nmon m llie wiiuer moTths, as the animal is kept in the stable, well ted, tor a lime, then taken out and worked. Svmirfom* -Suppose a case: Ahorse is taken fro.u the stable and tro«ed out from a'^.nlfn.ile to three or fo..r miles; he becomes sluggish, oersSes ™^^^ he should; then we l-marked stillness ap- K in connection with the muscles of the loins. If «toPH. 'J^ diing is noticed to be increase.l, the pulse MU.ck and weak, and the loins Tn many eases, are hard and tense ; .he bowels, in sonie eases are'tympanitic. In "aggravated eases the syn.ptoms become more Se he drops on the hind quarters, staggers, and perhaps alls he mav lie down, get up and lie down, etc., until he is not able to get UP rnger- or he may suddenly falter during a drive, as if he had XkeZip a nail. But if the above sympto.ns ..re also P^ef "».««<> vou are informed that the horse was standing in the s able for some time it is S to be azoturia. The ears and legs cold, pain in the narU and colicky pains. But in some cases the symptoms are not so we developed but if allowed to stand fifteen or twenty ^'nutes wi Uhow hself by stiffness. The urine is of a dark '^l [-j'";. ^"'J contains an excess of urea, a.i« down and The pulse is not full and bounding, but just .,u.ckened some, and no great pain, the prognosis is favorable, w rwit a wiri- . rrM i rt'^ ^ jjuVT wii^ 218 lAl'HEH, 8YMPTOMH AKI> TRKATMENT Of I Ti-eatmeitt.-ln an ordinary cow^ I recoiiin.tn. a b iifht stiniulnnl ; pivu B*^iTH.irit« of mtre; cover the body well ard nuhieo copious nersniTa i«i. and givi- a good .lose <.f purgative- from «ix o twelve roX." alocH -and give inieclio.>»; up. y counlcr-.rntat.on to hrS. Some ..l.icet to this, U I think hot water ;h bcnefic.nl Imn.erra blunket n hot water, and j.laie it over Ihelo.ns andcover twl?dry blankets. Or, if you can not apply thi^ take a hn.ment and r b in hb a«b«n.poo over the loins; or mustard may be used but do not use nnything that will bUnuHh ; and, if nectstary, draw oil the Jh,^" which ?Hofle*!> retained in the blad.ler. After trrntmen , cnre- fulv "*e sedatives-aconite and carbonate of soda. There is great h rst an,l the aninuii shouhl have plenty of water, n su.a amounts u a in" with, perhaps, ju8t the chill taken of!', and keej. the an.raal aicomoHabe as possible, and turn him fr,m side to side as neces- snrv^ul ^hentlere are' signs of amendment, try to get h.m upon his feet eV^ni he onlv stands fifteen or twenty minutes. It is best to lake .hi' shoes ofl' if the animal is kicking around much ; and, .« ion." cases ym may use slings. It is a disease that is generally sat- Xto To treat, 'if a horse was stopped and not driven any lur- her when the symptoms are present, it would not generally becon.e lerio.rs but I \',,Xfour h^urs will do, keep the sheep skin ou '""'""«•. Cu'^^ injections. It ami keep the parts warm ' f'^, " « ,V .nio.al will 1. un- fit for breeding purposes. DISEASES OF THE OVABIES. ''I^Jl are not very V^'^^^^^r! is^llX^:^^^^^^^ out extending the abdomen. The marc '« 8"PP"««« ^°,. » Thi pain tacks of colic, but the *.vn?P'°7/„'^fy,„7Te pX U not materially continues perhaps a half hour or «" hour, the piilsew^ .^ ^ affected, and the symptoms gradually disappear ine irritable, falls off in ^""^^'"""C,^^'^ of the intestines and cause 220 CAtJ8E8, HYMITOMS AND TnEATMKKT OF if Uisof nny gnnl nii!c yon cnn detect if. Tlirrc niny be n slight diticliurKC from the vugiim. Tlureeim not lie tiiiicli (jdiie liy wiiy of (rcatiiient in llic mare. I wonUI recummtnii iodine, icidide of potBH- sium, ete., iiinl you luny deem it worthy trying lui ojieriition, but it i» nolgcnerully Buecetwful. VaglnitlB is cenernlly the reBult of diflienlt pnrlurilion. Give a InxiUivu iiiid iodide of poliiHHium, nnd you mny use Houie slight un- tringcnt. Alliiy tlie irriiiitiuu. Abscess on the Vulva, eaused by some irriliilion. Open up nnd let the matter oui. If she ib in good condition, give u liixutive ; if in pour uondiiion, give utitriliouH food. Partial Closure of the Lips of Ihe VuKa mny oeenr in the cow after diirieult jmrturition. The lijis niiiy gicjw up until you could BCiirciiy introduce the ordinary dirietor. It is Un Iriattd by oi)ening up, ami, if seen in the early stage, you eiin cot- land some tweniyfive years ago, but I th'"ik it proved a failure. lUit lately it hasl)een practieed and reeomnivneled, especially in the South- ern part of the United States. One way of ojm rating is to cut into cither sielo, the same as in the pig. Another is to cut into the abdo- men. The wav it is now performed is to pass the hand into the va- gina, dilating It carcfnlly (but it can not be perfernicd until tht ani- mal is from six to twelve months old), make your incision through the walls of the vagina about one and a half or two inches from the .OB-uteri,get the fingers through and get hedd of the ligament of the ovaries anel pull them down and remove them. '1 he ccrascur is, per- haps, the best moele of removing them. First examine a dead animal, nnd operate for experiment. 1 he ovaries were removed from n mnre by one of our students and she lived for several days, nnd was get- ting along nicely, when she was taken to the dissecting room. Perpetual Bulllnff is due to nn abnormal condition of the ova- ries, and, in well bred ealtle, to tubercular disturbance. The best treatment, perhaps, is ovariotomy. It sometimes occurs in the mnre. A good sedative, in some cnses, mny nllny the irritation. The Olitorla mny be enlnrged or Incerntedj due to irritation of aomo kind or other. Use local and constitutional remedies; touch with nitrate of silver, carbolic acid, etc. If there is an enlargement remove it. Melanotic Tumors mny be present, especially in a wliite mare. They are a kind of black tumor, and may be in other parts also. "i: h lamUmmm- r.EATMKKT OF t it. Tlirre niny be n slight (it lif tiiiicli (Idiip liy wiiy of lund iodine, icidiilo of potnit- Irying iiii o|K'i'utiuii, but it !» didiiiilt pnrtiirilion. Give a you iiiny uhc houiu alight un- y 80HIP irritiilion, Opi'n up (I condition, give u liixutivi- ; f Iho Vulva niny occur in lipH niiiy glow up until you irictoi'. It in Un (ntiUd by iigc, you tun — • I : ! ; -, ^c - CO c o ! i -O E .. : &) •o o Q O o : •« B S 2 2 -ens So Q ^ ^^ ^^ , . *" la H O o - « o B j^ J 2 o o 2S O 3 i o o o o o 2 ^J -t^ -t^ 4^ *J ^ *^ ft n p^ M O t3 ° O O B - Ia ♦^ C .00 -. -. ^ **• ♦^ *^ — 73 ^ •+• P P o a o o o a O ■t^ -t^ ** a B u c H c/j be c E E u n 2 •£ I u o S* 1 iJ c« E • a : If 3 rt 2 u c o u < t i S "E O V C S U 5 3 g < < < < : c s s & t o S 2 I/- ^1 : b> i li o b o ** - o o ** b C 1^ I u bb eb T3 "O •« ^; "^ o •* O , . op* ^ a o 6 2 •s i C : = •3 ' -a a. o a (« c c o BATMKNT Of 0=2 2 2 2 2 -ens I b b S O 2 2 Job J " P T3 "a "O ro »*• \0 -o '♦■ >:« T3 O ~ Sii o a o p 2 O Q O is -is ■*-• ^ *^ +^ i« 1/5 cfl H 1 2 u c •s •c •a S : : ' : >-. : s s s < < 2 i -9 ! «i c B reca, i mica, safceti rsenic tropin O 1 <<<<< '' -::^l^ mMAHni OF noMiwTic awtmai*. ^ & I O N a o 00 o b " o " ^ ha St a g -^ X H s J < M w M X p be o * o ! ? • ■• S,c •- is p c : Q 00 00 " i ^^ 2 " 2 • ^ ■ • . • 2 I Sec c - ~ fi - 'I \ -222 i a fa 8 r. o o o 4J *•> 4-t J 6 •- -o .c •^" ^ n ft fc- o u E t^ Ts .e ^'> ^ 2 S -o i : E-fe 2. '- O - ^ *■ o *" n - Ji >■' .S3 & 2^2 ! i i j 2 2 B 3 C '^ fe & E ji, E fc c o - 2 i-i - ?i " I : > i -t * S o o N O J & E & i -3 S 5- I =S fej22 g \rf^\ n " ►" •-• '0.2 2 N ■« i 'I n 2 2^ M IM f| : I : « " c 2.^ - • N N = i C '.^ •« !f 22 2 o 2 2 ♦-• .fcrf ** ** & i-3 o u) o M O •* 0*^0 : T3 o T3 o v; ^ B <*) " CO 'I f< c a22222u;2 . & : N o o >-j m — 2 2 2 E a 2 S 2 8 8,-- 2 00 «g 2 ?, 2 o »4 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AKP TBEATMEHT OF 5 (« g 2 Q 2 o •TJ s. I 5 T o c s o h - *■ u b -o u j: uj X -« M hi • N u t < "' :^^ r. O 'J- 2 B S C O. iti ^ n u g o as I- ^ C - N a 2 3 & fell a O f ■" o 5 o O PO '^ o o ■" " o in — : 60 uc o o o o o ° - «5 M r» M '- O "0 o o ro 00 N ro O O o O is -w -S ■" — K N : i i 3 VC fO ; 00 00 a is ij ; a -w ; s : : : : c u; o o o o ■^^ ^ -w -M O o •« "O c -w ... : E o c o u; i; o ^ be *5 o EN >- i g -.^ -5 ! ; n' C ^" w •5 '*■ o „ M •-< • ^ •<3 o o ,^ M M M '^"■> "^ o bC I : N '• O O r» M 2 2 , BO fee b) g fed o L''- o o o S i! 2 o feo E o q O O o o DC be C o o q Go I So 00 B ^ : vg s, ^ 2:222 to o o o 8> ■ -5 -o •<- B i o o 2 ; OO I H* t^ " b) ^ C o 5 : -o -a <^ o : -w ■* ** « : c o •a s .a "S 2 fc •g I < a. •o : • -a I • ■ V -. a E .2 : o -o E K K X I o s. 1 §, ATHENT OF I ! '• Jul.' C 1-^ "*^ - -I- ro ": O o o o *•> i^ 4^ *•* f^ M ri M M) , 60 fe fe g fed o L''- o o "^ o o " - O -B -M 5 o EN o c v: & r i w 9 ; S ^ i !« 2 : o ! fell be t;^ ° o " -. '"' o o o o "^ CO' ''I ^ : -a n •*^ : ri >- CO J o o o \ *^ ** ■^^ • ". '*. "r ^ J ^ « 2. •« ?. •- CO O *" o >/-, ■" « o o '^ o ■Co*' o Id : >j : < •&■ O 2 Id : in u O -4- X o o o N S *j O -a 2 n c3 .3 «« ■a <5 .i ^ — c 1 1 E fco feo ^ he o o o \ci '1 ri M J\ "'0000 O O O :^ N O O O 2 p be beT3 1- •* So - ■« v2 M " " o o O ♦- ■•-' o " " O \«1 be T) be 3 be o o_<^ -o ^ o " " o o O ■" o o <-• *-• -" O ■" " O ^-l!" »^ ►« M M ro -<\ ^l r» r, o o „ 2 " '^ 2 -a ii ^o CA .^^•5^ E & 2 2 o ^ u U O •a a g I, H 3 . 3 rs V o s .s en u C Si O T3 O •n -s y CO U 4-1 I bo CO o o o^ bb bo SB -2 22^3 E w) o o « ri o o ♦J ■*• o o E fe O Q O O t- _ bO 00 o O Th in « f. o - O O ■" Q ■ ■ o b w: o O ♦' T3 feb •-= s ^ o o a N u; -a o o -M *» N 2 o ^0 b) vg«g 2 2 o o ro ft ^0 ^ sSvS 2 2 o o E C t! i J3 -O 13 •« ii o 2 2 •o ii *• ■** •o E o o i o o 4-< ~ *l 4-1 ^ i : : 11 ^ o S PL, I ^ -5 -e 5^ M CO 'O t- o o o •o i! *5 <-■ •a ^ ^ O Ji a r 5 H 0. 'a u E o o > ■£ S .M 3 B O g « U 1^ M P> CAU8E8, SYMPTOMS AKD TREATMEST OF S O feg & S inn " " (£000 K o 2 2 000 & & So : 5 & o 2 2 2 o o « 9 J2 2 :; 2 : 2 & E i'^vg 8 o tn o 2 2 23 •^ o o Tl : i 1 1 1 : i bb : fc 2 u: : ■■ ° 1 1 1 i : 1 1" " i 7 i i 1 !r- 1&'5 85 S 2l22 a "O ^^ ^ ir, \0 \0 f* f* ", o " o o " ■s o ■^ ■" 2 r> !.« « PO " foj E E 2 22 U2;2 ■! i.^ 2 : « 8 « ^- O ro E H H U 2 2 w « « &) o 2 2 J CO n 1/1 .. c u N : E O o N o X<-> o *.* 4.* — \SI O bi o p ... 2 o * u ' -O - .- u w uc >: a 4a -t^t ■*•* *^ ^ f<1 w ro "■. ■■'. ' ■o Sd-o <^ o ^ fl fO M ■*• "^ * 2 2 2 2 2 2 o 8g,S55- 2 o222 - S « 8 8, r. ^ : U 8 ^ Hun -J o Vi sJ •— " vO vO * « '*■ 2 B 2 B S B o o S 8, b) b) ?-, a 2 2' •o -o p p iJ fi «J r^oa : « 1 4) P p I I 1 3j 3> I && ■e - w P O • i N . . . : -o o ix <>: <~ : vo ^ « « f« 1 o o o P P : is +j *^ +3 +rf M M « « ►*. T3 P a P iS i 1) jj « •a « "o 5 •£ C "3 3 J" !« * O u > o « U < 5 e 2 '.5 5S .5 .a •C S > .S ^ a c5 rt S P en en en en en I t ! " u u 2 ^s O .15 3 <* C .a 5 »• S 3 3 jj •6 -S -S ? (^ en (A CA « p u u ITHEST OP £ S " o I 3 5 is "O -w ^ ui O NO N "^ ". o " o o " ■s o ■^ ■" 2 r» iH X f^ " & i & j e e •« S?2222 J ^ M S - « M n • : • : ti H S O -J O Vi Vi •— fl "^ \0 NO ^ N ^ o2 o 02 o 2 « J?? M •*■ « r 't U N N •o o o N • JS N . . . O ; "O O ****** **- „ : vo ^ M « f« S : S B 2 2 B ^ „ • to KJ « « " "^ o o S o 2. o 3 2' p o 2 p u > i ^ g 2 * a .a 0.0*0 O « 3 « « O U < « ^. *• 3 • B -'I 1=* 2 IE "S. en •3 3 3 5 (A in (A CA « o •a u •a So o o s, o o w . . w ■" X '^■ cfi o BJ O c:i2 1/3 O w , . 1/1 ■» o ■© o o ** o o o o : w) S o -^ o o -^ - o O ■'-' ■" o c & DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. S27 to o o *-» ■ & be o ft o o T3 T3 -t- ro O O ■*-' ♦* ''I i-i be •a T3 O O ri M E 5 m 1 1 _u 2 H > > ■ ea O cn T INDEX. Page. Abnormal (irowths from Tracheotomy 1* Ab9ce«ses of the Turblnattd Bones " in the Rectum "* of the Vulva ^^ Albuminuria '^ AmauTOcia ^ Anasarca « r: Anchylosii Aphthas - \^ Ascites Atrophy of ihe Brain ** Azoturla Barb. «; Barrenness "" Biliary Calculi J^ Bile Stones {" Bladder, Sabulous Matter In '*? '• Cysts In j~ " InTeislon of J"" " Paralysis of '™ Blood, Composllion of '^ Blown - "*? Bleeding of the Nose ~ 2, Bone, Diseases of "• Bony Tumors Brain, Softening of ^ " Atropy of ~ Bony Tumorsin ^ " Hypertrophy of ^ " Melanotic DeposiUin - ^ Breakdown ™ Broken Wind J* Bronchitis in Horsei J^ in Cattle J* FlUriiin Cattle ^° Bronchocele ••••- Bruises of the Feet ™ " of the Knee |* Bursal Enlargement In the Hock - ^^ _ „ 147 Oalks 90 riwrmri mf^irrff^ "■•~ ■ 230 CAU8E8, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF Paob. 19& Calculi '" 187 " Biliary " "' 103 , <• Salivary " 1^ " Urethral ■■■■" ^45 Canker "_ _ 128 Capped Elbow /.!y.".....,...l 137 " Hock " 03 Caruncula Lachrymalig, Enlarged ^^j Carles ...S"""". 188 Castration '""" 200 " KcHults of 200 i' " " Adhesions „„ (• " Amaurosis •'• „. •• " Champignon „ o " Glanders and Farcy •rt " Hernia ^^ «l " Peritonitis ^^ ,11 " sdrrhons Cord It '■ •' Suppuration ^j •• " Tetanus „„ " of Originals • ^ Cataract "" 3 Catarrh in Horses yj " In Cattle " ^ Cerebritls "' 39 Cerebral Tumors ^ Cerebrospinal Meningitis jj^ Choking ..Z..ZZ...I *i Chorea " ifu Colic, Flatulent jgj " Spasmodic "" j^j Collar Qalls •• ZZ".... 88 Concussion of the Brain ^ " " Spine " g Congestion of the Lungs " ^ Conjunctivitis ^1^2 Costiveness jijj Constipation " ■^^ " in Cattle g_ Contagious Diseases jjg Contraction of the Back Tendons ■• " Sheath of the Tendons ^ Convulsive Ergotism ^ Cough, Chronic j^g CoronitlB ' j^j Corns ■■■" Q Croup - g(y Crusta lAbialis jjg Curb •■• " " jQj Cystitis " jg5 Cysts In the Bladder " 72 Deafness jg2 Diabetes Insipid ^s " gj Diaphragm, I.«sIon8 of ATMENT OF PilGB. 195 187 188 197 145 128 ••••• - 137 63 86-91 198 ". 200 200 202 201 202 201 202 201 200 202 203 • >*■••»• «•••••■■•* •••• 57 3 17 ". 36 80 48 161 45 " lOT 122 S 64 172 "ZZ'Z in 184 68 128 ■■■"....".. I* 4» 6 '" 143 MS 6 .""'.'. 80 188 ZZ"". - 1» 195 72 ■■■ 192 51 231 DI8EABK8 OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. PA<1E, 16 Dlaphnxgm, Kuplureof ""■"'■ 16 " Spasm* ol " 172-178 Ularrhea 18* In Cattle 78 Disease 3.."." l** Dislocation of the Fetlock 133 •• Patella 17 ' Diseases of the Air Passages In Cattle ZZI^. ^^ Diuresis Z^ZZZ 222-227 _, . . tna Dose Table •• l"'' Dropsy •• 3" Duramater, Thlcltenlng of !".'"."."." "* Dysentery ',"..".'.'.'..'. *** DyspopHia ^ Bar, Diseases of "......,7"" '* " Cankerof 61-^ Ectroplum " .,..!!..... ^ Kczema, Simple ■""' 30 " Rubrum " 181 Kjectlon • r'^r!!!..."-"-'-"""-" ** Elephantiasis ""'" 36 Encephalitis '..'.'...'.. "* Enchondroma 120 EnlargemcnU on the Shoulder "........ 81-^ Entroplum 168 Enteritis in Horses 183 In Cattle ."..,......... 1*" Enuresis 38 Epilepsy "_"' 7 Epistaris 63 Eye "' 61-62 Everslonof the Eyelids 149 False Quarter \ 60 FilarlaOculi ""'"""•."'. 1" Fistula [ 162 " of StenoB' Duet 174 Flux "• '"Z"Z""... 80 Fractures...: 95 Fracture of the Acetabulum ■■■ 99 " " Astragalus 101 " Basilar Process of the Occiput ^ " Con lyle of the Femui ^^ " External Orbital Process - " gg ,. .. "■ Tuberosity Ol the Femur ^ " " Femur '•" "■]"' 99 " " Fibula ]]""' 99 •• " Frontal Bones ''' gg •• " Humerus •• "_^" ' 99 II II Hock ™ 90 " " Knee Joint ."!!!"!"".. 99-101 " " Lower Jaw '"'_ 97 ■• " Metacarpal Bones ' "^ gij " Navicular " "" 1^ ^liflfii ff^ 'ff ^ahn^ ^ •Ala- 232 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANP TREATMENT OP Pa Head and Neek,.... " Knee Joint " Lumbar Vertebra,., Influenza Interfering Intestinal Concretions Intussusception Inversion of the Eyelids.. Ischuria Jaundice.. Kidneys " Inflammation of.. Knee Sprung Knuckling 2S8 Faob. 118 01 vii 91 2i«) 92 122 , 182 117 114 US 124 93 Pectoral Muscles 118-122 118 186 184 121 126 163 165 80 78 198 11 132 190 139 185 9 61 160 160 16 183 216 206 218 203 19 130 171 170 61-62 103 186 190 " " Perlmicum " " Psoae Muscles •' " Semilunar Cartilages... " " Hhoulder Joint " " Tendons of the Knee.. Indigestion, Acute " Chronic Inflammation, Higns of •■ Ueflnition of '• of the Bladder " Involving the Pleura., " of the Hip Joint •' " Kidneys , Hock Liver Lungs Membrana NIotltans Palate Pharynx ».. Trachea True Digestive Stomach., Udder Urethra Uterus Testicles Ijachrymal Ducts, Diseases of. ........ " " Malformation of.. 190 131 130 CAUHM, SYMITOMB A»D TREATMENT OF lAropu LamliiUU, Aciile " Chroiili' liBryngllln In Horws " <'attlu l.cuforrlinia I,lce, I'oiiUry I,lp», Luceratloii of I.Ivor, l»l»ca»o» of " Atrophy of " Congestion of " Kunctlonnl Disorder* of.. " InllammalUm of " Kupturu of •' HclrrhouH Induration of., l.ymphntle System LymphungltU HaUenden Mange ~ " in Cattle ., " In Dog8.„..>» •• " In llorwji MammltU Megrims A — Melanotic Tumors Melanotic Condition of the Kye.. Metritis Milk Fever Mollitles Osslum Mouth, Diseases of " Foreign Bodies Id„ Mud Fever Myopia Paoi. W 139 142 4 17 319 »4 168 m 187 184 187 185 186 187 fiU SO 30 31 82 33 32 218 38 220 63 218 212 89 156 168 b « 149 149 87 Kasal Gleet - " Polypi "• '*""' NarlcuUr Disease ■■■ NavlcularthrttU ".....!..... Necrosis "__, 190-191 Nephiltli ^ MerToui aystem ].!""".!.. ^ Kettle Rash 161 Oesophagus, Stricture of jgj " DUitatlon of - 126-139 Open Joint Ophthalmis, Peilodlc " Simple Oiteo Sarcoma '• " In Cattle.. Osteoporosis Ostitis Osteopbytee m.... Over Reach 65 54 88 loe 102 85 1C8 147 ATMENT OF Paoi. m 139 143 4 • *«■••••• »••»•• ••••#•■••«•**• 17 319 84 168 184 187 iMt •#•»••••••••••••• •*t**i«*><*>*" 184 187 *■•«•••••••••• 185 186 187 au ■ It** so • •••••• >• • 30 31 82 33 82 216 38 ■••••••***t*** t*«**» 220 63 218 89 •fltt**ii • 156 ••••••••••••••••■••• •■■••■•tt 168 87 63 ••••>•■•■•••••••• ••' ■••*••*•••••••• •••■••••*•••••■ 6 6 149 149 Oi ... 190-191 86 80 fl 161 161 .... 125-139 64 88 102 102 85 •".*;;;;;■;;. m DI8BAe» or DOMEHTIO ANIMALB. "» VMM. 119 Ovwlm Tumon ""■" tW OrMlotomy 220 PartUl Cloture ol the VuW« •••■•■■' gm I>«rftpb7ino8li .'.".'.'."." ^0 r*nl7«ii ...*.....'.'."..'...... 217 " I'ftrtlal 41 •' of the Mpe ........."'...".. ^ PMturitlon ....."..!.. 200-212 " prMentotioBi In 212 Dlieaiet »fter : '.....".'.*....... 812 I'trturlent Feter !!.,.!....!" 214 Apoplexy 216 I'AralyiU 213 " PerltonitU "',,"S".i.'..'' 204 I'enli, iDjuriei to ...,"....... 206 " ExcoiUtioni ol " ■ 204 " p*r«phyiBoeU of ]■"■" 2O6 " phymotte ol ........." 178 Perltonltli 220 Perpetual Bulling 17 PhKyngltUlnC»ttle 160 Phtryngetl Polypi "■■;;■;;,;, 115 PhlebltU 206 Phymoda - ZZZi!Z. " Pleurisy 12 " Reeultaol ■■■"■■ 13 plenro Pneumonia In Honee •• 95 ■> •' Contagio** in Cattle —• ^ Plearodynte - ............."."... ® PneumonUk .....!*.". H^ Poll Evil .""!!!"............ 192 Polyuria 1^2 Pomlced Foot 146 Prick* 80 PmritUi 178 Protruiion ol the Rectum ...!,.......... 193 Ptyallim '"!!..!..!!!!..........— 213 Puerperal Fever ~- "" 144 Punctures " 21 Purpura Hemorrhagica 147 Oultter 46 Babies Z 88 Kickeu • ...!!!!!!.!"." lo* Ringbone .„.."..... 88 Ringworm 7 Roaring ■■■ 187 Rot in Sheep ..."!!!!!...!...!! "4 Rapture " 177 " ol the Colon ■■■■" 177 " " Reotum..~ 117 Saddle OsUs 1«2 Salivary Gland* ■,_ .-^■^*^»* -=*--^ 23« Hillendeni ,s«n(l Crkclu >tcabtn Hli«ip., Hooura. Whit*.. 8o«lcli«ii UAimnt, HYMITOMH AND TKKATMENT OK PA(t& w 146 183 ae Horotiin), Olieweiot j^o Beiamoidttlf HhMth, HwelUng of.... HhouldiTHllp Sldebonei > H«ed]r Toe HUiverlnu ■ HorcShliiN BpMini of the Larynx Spavin, Bone " Bo| Hpeedyout Bpleen., BplnlUi Hpleolc Apoplexy.. SpletiitlR.. HpllDt.. Hock.. Sturdy atrongylui Equinea., Sunstroke Hweeny Teeth " Irritation of " Uaileio! Tetticles, Inflammation of., Dropiyof Tetanus.. 63 119 107 MH 103 106 7 108 186 124 188 40 189 188 104 137 Hpralnof the Metacarpal Llgaaent " •' HackTendoni _ " Flexor Tendons • " Gastrocgnemius Musolee *~ 130 ■ lUVS -m " Inferior Sesamoid Ligament ** " Metacarpal Ligament - ''^ " Muscles »)elow the Htlfle " VaituH Muscles -Spring Hofk Stlftiessof the Neck and Bsck Stomach, DlHcasesof " Rupture of...., " HtomatlUs Contagiosa ~ Strangles Stricture of the IntestlneR ; Strlnghalt 186 184 137 116 168 165 81 23 171 42 42 60 37 no 62 TabeH Mesenterl.'a -.- 156 156 203 203 48 ><•■■••••••• ..••.•»«.•■>•■■ ■■ - Thickening of the Membrane of the Nose •Thoroughpln y.. Thrombus j^^ Thrush DIHKAHK« OK IKIMf-JTri- ANIMALM. 237 I'AUK, Thyroid I iUndi * •' '• Hypertrophy ol •* Toiigut, InJurloK lo •••" ' Tre«rt • TuberculoiiU In ('»ltl« ramom In the No«e Tympanltui • • • Ulccr«tIon of the Arytenoid Cftrlllflge • ribit ™ Urethral I'aloull - ' Urethra, Intlammatlon of stricture of nicerMloM of '• ^" 2*20 Vaglnltii 'J^ Variola ^ • " I'^ulnea " ^ " Vai'dnea j^ Vertigo ., y'V'"' r:::. no Vomiting Warblee In cattle ^ Warti " ,, WlidgallH "' Wollteeth [,! Wound*, DeBnUlou of i mmmmmm