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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 k i sir. ;C..r\'fiii "Tfi Qm U^angnage of tfiiQ OF SK3G0G. •V- A. r. CHAMBERLAIN. i;'i&.# i!**** l< ^l£ ^ 4tC i 4f^ r^iK i!i:;«Ai(*,C;:^'. '^S^' ^-l ;V' 4^i~'*gj'^^"**^'**3i'^**.y7-V SS^^^Hl 'bio'^^ ^^ . ,../ THE LANGUAGE OF TIIK M' issisBaga J[ ndi ia.ns OF SKUGOG. A Contribution to the IJngtiistics of the Alt^onkian Tribes of Gtnadii. BV ALEXANDER FRANCIS CHAMBERLAIN, M.A., LATK Fl-l.IOW IN M MiK.KN I,AN(;l ACES IN UNIVERSITY C'l H.I.Kl ;!■,, FuRoNK i ; Fl-.I.I.DW IN ANTIIKOI'OI.OCV IN Cl.ARK TnIVKKSII Y, \Vi (KIKSTKU, Mass.; I'Ki.i.ow ok the Amkkuan Association kok THE AdVANCKMENI !>!•• SlMENCE. " Liini,uiige is a solemn thine; it groivs out of lije — out of its agonies ami ecstasies, its iiuints ami its iveariness. Every langiiagi' is a tein/>lf, in :i'hiiii tlie soul 0/ those who ■ s/ieak it is enshrined." — Oi.iVHK Wenuell Holmes. Approved as a Thesis for tlie Dei^nee of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology at Clark I'niversity. June 13, iSgi. V. lioAs. ■ ■J. L(: .V ^, TABLE OF CONTENTS. r.\i;i:. I'rafiue i) Introilurtory licmurks on the History of the ^lississivitas, eto 7-11 The Mississan'ii Laiigiiiige 11-24 Etymologiciil Vocabulary of the Language of the ^lississaiias of Skfigoii '^i-'>2 English and Mississaga Texts of Myths of the Skfigog Indians 52-5(5 Songs r)7-58 Tribal and Ethnic Names TiS-OO IMace Names GO-63 Names of Mythological Characters . 62-64 Personal Names 04-66 ^loderii Mississaga Vocabulary and Texts 00-70 Comparative Vocabulary of Algonklan Languages 71-72 Older Mississaga Linguistic Material — Smith Barton, The Toronto MS ,. 7:5-76 Vocabulary from the Toronto MS 70-79 Bibliography ot the Mississaga Language sO-84 TO HIS PARENTS THE AUTHOR INSCRIBES THIS ESSAY. I PREFACE. Ill liis essay on '• Aincriciiri l-iiiiu;aages, miuI Why we Should Sludv Tlieni," Dr. I). G. Hiintnn liiiss .Vu/ozhay, Xawl- gfckokc, OsfiwanEmi'ki, and other Mississagas, wlio have contributed to preserve wjiat little is licrcin contained of tlie spcecli and legends of Iheir people. He also desires to take this opportunity of tiianking, for many favors shown him in the past, Mr. James Hain, .Ir., t'iiief Librarian of tlie Pub- lic Library, Toronto, and Mr. .1. C. Pilling, of the liureau of Ethnology, Washington, I). V. To the former lie wishes to express liis appreciation of bis kindness in permitting liim to take a copy of the Toronto :\Iissis- saga MS., and to tlic latt cr desii es to return thanks for tlie \er\ kind manner in whieli he placed at tiie dispo.sal of the writer the proof-sheets of that portion of his "Algonkian Bibliography," now in jiress. l)efore publication. The writer desires also to testify to tlie kindly interest taken in the labors of fellow-investig.itors. by Dr. IJrinlon, whose works have been a fertile souroe of inspiration, and to thank Sir Daniel Wilson, Presi- dent of Toronto University, and Dr. Fran/ Boas, of Clark I'niversity, for the encouragement they have atVorded him in tlie studv of Aiuericaa peoples and languages. Submitted as a thesis tor the deiii •ec of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology in Clark Universitv, Worcester, M iss. THE LANGUAGE OF TIIK MississAGA Indians of Skugog. Tlio nivmc " Mississngii," wliicli is ulso preserved in many place-names in the Province of Ontario, talics us back to the Indians who, as early as the year 1048, are described as dwelling around tlie mouth of the river " Mississugui'." At that companitively early period tliej' are noticed as distinct from the Saulleurs, Outchilfous, Nou(iuets, Marameg, Achilyouans and Amikouas, all Algonkian tribes of the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior (see Itel. des Ji suites, l. 81, 14."), 254, 28."), etc.) at Mud Lake and Lake Sinicoe. So these arc not the Indians considered in this essay. At I?alsam Lake, in the township of Re.xlcy, Victoria county, Ontario, for a number of years previous to 184:!, there had been living a small band of Mississagas on a Government reservation of .some 1200 acres, only 200 of which, however, were under cultivation. At that time we le.irn of them "their village contains twelve '.louses, a barn and a commodious school-house, in which divine service is performed by a resident .Methodist missionary. But witldn tlie present year (184:3) these Indians, having: become dissatisfied with the climate and the quality of the land at the IJalsam Lake, have i»urcliased si.v hundred acres on the banks of Lake Scugog, to be paid out of their share of their annuity, and ar( making jireparations for removing from their former settlement. Their imi)rove- ments will be sold for their benefit. Their reason for removing evinces their desire to advance in the pursuit of agriculture " (Chief Crane, in Copway, Life, p. 218). In 1844, at the period of their removal to Skfigog Island, the Balsam Lake Mississagas numbered fl(>. From the Censmt of Cantidd we learn that in 18.i7-8 they numbered but (11, of wluun 12 were of school age. At this time their property consisted of eight log liouses and a school liouse. By 1880 the tribe had decreased in numbers to 42. and the following report is made by the Indian agent ; "The chief and one or two other families are iny means of a. winding patli of about an eightli of a mile the village, situated on the higher ground, is reached. It consists of nine log houses and one frame dwelling stretched along the north side of the road at un- eiiu\] distances from it and from one another. Between the houses, and back of them, are tlie farmlands of the Indians, and around them a few fruit-trees, berry-buslies, etc. Tiie first house reached on coming from Port Perry l»y tlie road is th.il of Mr. ^Marsden (Osfiwaiiimi'ki), an intelli- gent Indian who liad formerly been a school-teacher amongst his people. Ills famil}' were veiy bright-looking and attentive. The next is that of .lohn Bolin (O'gimfibine'cl) and his wife Susan (■Nawlgickokc) ; the latter has the reiiulation of being the most intelligent woman in the tribe and tiie former is a nephew of No'gen, tlie 3lud I.ake Indian cliicf whom Mrs. Moodie has noticed in her Roughing It in the Bush. Farther on are the houses of .McCew, Maisden, Jr., and Elliott, who claims to be the old- est settler on the island. At the other end of the village live Isaac John- son (whose farm is considered the best), Chief Johnson, and his brother Chauncey, who seems to be reallj' the ruliii;:' spirit of the tribe. The Indian land, consisting of some 40(1 acres, lias somewhat the shape ofa V, the houses occupying tlie broad part. Some of tin' land across the road, which belongs to the Indians, is leased to white men, as indeed is some of the rest also. The white men would fain possess all the Iiiiliaiis' land, as it is said to be excellent. That the Skfigog Indians have not made the best of farmers, a glance at their fields and crops sutlices to show. The thistles, weeds, and oilier evidences of inattention to jtropor methods of cultivation were but too visihle. Still, the farms of Isaac Johnson and John liolin are not by any means to be despised. There did not seem to be any dividing fences between the lots, or even between the various crops. Pack of the cultivated land is tlie common pasture, where gra/.e the live stock belonging to tlie village. John Polin, on the 10 occasion of the writer's first visit to his house, was engaged in forging a new point for a toolh belonging to liis reaping niaciiine, which lay in the very goud-looking barn * which stands upon his farm. His wife was delighted wlien shown how to work properly the sewing-machine which she had received from the Dominion Government. Of all the houses visited that of the IJolins was perhaps the neatest and most attractive. The first visit paid was to the house of Chief Johnson, wlio was absent at the time. There were present his wife (an aged woman), his niece, three girls, aged seventeen, thirteen, seven respectively, and a boy of fourteen. From the chief's wife not much information was obtained, a- she spoke nothing but Indian, as did also the young squaws. From the niece of Chief Johnson, however, a considerable vocabulary was obtained, together with items of a general character. From Mrs. Susan Bolin, who was next visited, the most valuable information, consisting of lists of words, songs, legends, folk-lore, and notes of the history, habits, etc.. of her people, was obtained. John Bolin and Mr. 3Iarsden also helped with the vocabulary. 3Ir. ^larsden said that his people had livi-d upon the island for over fifty years, and Mrs. Bolin made the following state- ment : "The Indians have been acquainted with Skfigog Island for over a hundred years. 'My grandfather, who died when he was about eighty, told n\c of it. At first there were only two settlers, who were brothers- in-law. One was named Gwingwic, and belonged to the wa'bigi:n (clay; odo'dKin (totem) ; the other was Nika (wild-goose) of the alik (elk) totem. They came to the mouth of the Lindsay river in search of game. and finding plenty on the island, settled upon it, and some of their descendants still live there." In 1828 we find llev. Feter Jones mentioning as present at tlie meeting in the chapel at Skugog : "John Goose, aged forty, Sarah, ids wife, aged thirty-five;" "Sally Queenguish, aged five uu)nths ; " " Feter Queenguish, aged one year, son of widow (Queenguish." There is iUso mention of Brother C. Goose, an Indian exhorter, in the same year. ^Irs. Bolin has been married twice ; her first husband's name was Goose, ami she is still called familiarly "]Mrs. Goose." Other than the descendants of the two men above mentioned, tlie people at Skfigog, as already stated, chiefly came from Balsam Lake. Tlie chief and his l)rother are from there. Mrs. Isaac Johnson is of the Chippeways of Kama. 3Irs. Bolin's husband, John, belonged to the tribe at Mud Lake. She gays that her grandfather told her that a few of the Skfigog tribe were the descendants of some Indians who came from the United States, possibly from Long Island (';). Her first husband and herself Avere probably originally of the ^lud Lake stock. She spent the early years of her life amongst the French traders around Lake Simeoe, there obtaining the knowledge of that language whicli (beside a very good acquaintance with English) she possesses. She stated that she * An ciiBnivinir of tliis barn is to be (bund at p. JO!) of Kcv. K. tl. Voniiu's Hi/ Caiinr and J>oa'djikuk6'clmi'djin, l)ak\ve'cikEni';ck, "it has one hoof." "little glutton." "yellow turnip." "horse food." "bread herb." 13. Names of articles of dress, food, etc., introduced by the whites : Bead, Blanket, Cloth, Bread, Shirt, mi'initri'minis, wilpo'Ifi'vEn, niaiiliriwu'gin, pEkwe'cigEH, "seed of mysterious (ni gin." "white skin." "mysterious skin." " that from which pieces arc cut off." pEpKkEwe'lEu, "thin skin." :Many analogies of thought between the :Mississaga and languages of the Old World might be pointed out, as in the case of the words for "goose- berry " and "cranberry," to say nothing of others less apparent. The Indian in nicknaming his wife OmintEmu'Enic, "his bad old woman," trenches upon a ground familiar to students of European linguistics. The examples of name-giving, contained in the vocabulary of the Skugog Mississagas, fully justify the encomiums passed upon that characteristic of many American languages by distinguished students of philology at home and abroad. E. Word-Forming and Composition.— I'ha fiicility with which words arc formed and combined in the Algonkian languages is easily seen tVom a glance at a te.\t or a vocabulary. The method of procedure varies from thesimple ju.xtaposition of words, as in German, English, or Chinese, to complicated agglutination and word decapitation. The use of certain suffl.\es, such as -kEn, -gEa (instrumental) and -win (abstract quality), is very extensive. A peculiarity of the .Mississaga, and of other than Algonkian languages of America, is the possession of large numbers of radical suffixes and affixes, i e., roots which have no independent exist enceas words, but take the place of the real words in composition. In some few cases the real words and the radical affixes are the same or are closely related ; these radical sutlixes are often subject to loss of a portion ;-!t: 18 <»f their letters. Another peculiarity of the language is the fact that cer- tain words, the names of tije parts of tiie boily, for example, must always be acc()mi)aniotl by tlie pronominal prefix. The importance of this last chanicteristic is dwelt upon by Prof. Max Miiller (Natural Religion, 1888, pp. 314, ;U.')), who cites an interesting fact regarding the Moliawlv Ian guage to illustrate his point. In some of tiie Algonkian languvges, more so in Nipissing th'in in Mississaga, there seems to be at the present day a marked tendency towards the use of diminutives, especially in animal names, tiie older and shorter word being dropped. The following examples will serve to illus- trate the foregoing remarks ; A Composition and Word Formation. — 1. Simple juxtaposition : Otf'min (his heart fruit) = strawberry. Amo pi'mitg (bee grease) = bee's-wax. Osu'wK iiing'fl (it is yellow bird) -canary Ma'nitfi' minis (mysterious seed) ^bead. Kitci manitfi (great spirit) = God. 2. With Bindevocal : >[Ksk ^ Af i (*^poon), " 3licouenne, S Ouragan (plate, dish), " Pacane (liickory-nut), " Sagamite (porridge), " While at Skfigog, the writer made several efforts to learn whether a "child language" existed, winch Avas dilTerent from the ordinary speech. lie was successful in obtaining but two words of this class, viz. : tetS, father. d5do, motlier. Mr. Salt furnished him with two others ; num-na, sweet. tup-pe-ta, greasy. There do exist, no doubt, many more su^h words, and the writer hopes again to investigate tliis interesting department of linguistics (see Amcr. Anthrop., iii, p. 23H). As further indicating the relation in which, phonetically and grammati- cally, the Mississaga of Skugog stands to the Nipissing of Cuoq and the Otcipwe of Baraga the following may be cited : 21 JW =5^ I? C z, o CL, ^^ II ^ H II S c ,0 J5 n ':> ^ 6 s: '" II -5^ i« c ' a* tji >M y. y^ s C C ^ y, >< . II E e" •3 3 CO J , ^ '/. '/ «; ■i* JJ4 Wi Cfi '^ I O =3 = C (« tn ■'■• a .:4 C3 S oJ C a -^s I r g =* c - .- 2 m aj 3 fc: to i 5 c 'eu 2 1 to ^ -if "5 i< 1; tc c Tc en "" es ■ cs &t tc J- s B w •p" V, VZ- „ u 1 M a & 0" -• > "^ en •> a z'. ^ y ■5^ C '0 3 3 •-'- "3 to OJ S ? 1* V7 a; CO rt b ^ ^ .22 s ci ^ to B ^ 5 ? ,^ is -ii: .2 - S ^ '5 -«-> 2 •5 ., U 4) o; • •^^ B ^ C3 ._- ^- 'n C8 rt 2 s 13 a •< c < m « •-i en « w* 1U c J3 ^ >aj If-* E >b u •5 .a c ^ rt a i_- a "p - « r: o ,5 S i^ a .^ en rt 10 a ^ 10 ,="•3 , - a o w ^ . >"a ^ '^ •- I- 1= to a cij c o II a to o . — > >-■« ^ '= ..^^ ,i ,^ ■■~- = '"') e '2 « " '3 ^ P ^ .rt a a a to to ~ <: <1 -< a w cj C5 .S a -3 ;5 >73 -; O <1 pq M pq fcc >1 5S t*. a a 3 « M pq o a u 4) to To to a Q C H W 22 o w ~; 5 ►? 5 o 5=" 5 § - 1Z c3 <» II 11 1' _W -^ -w ' t rf tn zfl ^' ^ ^ .2 .^ £ .S .22 .22 u O C 5 =^ ^ 5 = "-^^ -S -^ S f5 i ^ <'■ k5 a ^ » .22 K .i .22 .22 Se •- ■ •- :z ;2 s jS i S ^. ?^. ^'^ ?'- ^. !5, " ^, e ?. u O 85 Y- ■£>0 I: II O O C- .S, " =: ecu C5 r ,. cs d y .= y. Y x^ <. ^ ff 11 II <:^ ^ o r^ l.^ •^ g "^ tfl tn 91 .^ Ui t« M 53 l« ^, <; <-. '".J ^ 1 1 11 '^ II in Ul m CO Ol Ti a. tc ai M -c s -^l '^. .^. t^- <•- d e« _tf. 2 .- <>i a (73 s5 > t/3 "^' 5 £i Is tc c; rt tb 00 £ 5 * 3. 1 to CO o > ti < "s to tb i2 5p 1> ^ '5 c to 2 "^ c '2 <« X y ^ c "-^ c 'H 's is < tf. 5 to "5 p - Cd >« to Irt "y tu 2 "a ^-^ a to U js 'is y is y is y is y 1 'b y 2 s..a a a B s » >j y >i to a u a to .a" ~ c a3 a- w - •- 23 _- t: to y y ^ - ^ >. X t- rt a > >..-,- O >--- ;- y y ^ 3 'B ^ ■_ t- y - ^ y y a o y a? - '^ "C. _o y - y Cm.— ca«»i*iaW)u %"tAa 3 •-5 B 23 Cd ■^ 5 03 .'-N /--N 6 • ^ *i 21 e 5t O i^ 6 B 'P. /-s t O a CJ O '2 o 5 g 5 6 O 'it o 2 >0 cJ 5 /~^ .E -3 O 1 1 ^N II 6 -a IIS CJ 1! C3 C3 II ?. II 5 11 i^ 00 o o [1 ! il II Ti o o j , d O II * "v oi 1— t y. oi 03 .23 .i en en IK 'J. f. oj o! 03 03 ■Ji C -^ « ^ 'r^ Q O _'x e3 E < W) c; rt .ii: :3 O £5 C c ^ to « c ;: to S •- ,.', ■jc _2 •- p ^ — ,- Ol 03 S ^ - -- 'J. _, (» •— ^ c C3 V ^ '^ '.^'^ ^.ZJ O w c s « ^ c ^ ^ 1" c O. "^ 5 S ^ •mj j^ !l£ C to S ^^ .-T i Si. ti 5 03 c c ji ^ 1 'S a "5 oJ ^ — 'x s S c i-^ r •*• 03 o o a j5 ^ tt o 03 ^ — 00 tc o 5 J w i o 03 ^ 1^4 K •> _o o 5f c/r ^" to u^ Ed u: 'j1 •;=* Iff* lb >a) vT -^ "oj i?r c w ;h •*• IrH ,= r~ o. K s 5 tf. is is ^' jii ' .5 W* ^ u CQ i ' — - --> 1 « M .« .r: E C 3 " <( S ^ ^ C ^ i £; CH 5 c5 ^^ rj O) a. X oT H H H r- ^ y ^ 5 C ^ fe" ii 2 ?^ tb -" «r. «-: /<^ fe ,^ * - . ■< , ^- iv rr- ■ rr rr •- - — r- .- .- w . L. 1) O oi z, " a ,- u .S o. > > >-; 1^ r- r^ 24 The above are the principal points whicli the writer has considered in bis study of tlie ^Nlississaga. The vocaljulary has, as tar as possible, been made etymological, and the meanings of all proper names have been examined. For comparison with cognate dialects the following works have been consnlted : CuoQ, J. A. Lexuiue dc In Lciigne Algomjinne. :Monlieal, 18s(l. ^Vhere "Cuoq" is referred to, this book is meant, and where the " Xipis- sing" dialect is cited, the language of this dictionary is intended. BAK.xr.A, R. R. Bisiioi'. A Thtoreticdl and Practical Granimar of the Ofrhipici LatKjuafje, etc. A second edition, etc. Montreal, l^iTH. , _ . ^1 Diclioii'iri/ <. Where the " Lenape " language is cited, this work is the authority. Tims, Rev. .]. W. Grmnmir and Dictionary of the Blackfoot Laurjuaqe in the Dominion of Canada. London [188!)]. This is the authority for " Blackfoot" words. VoCAltULAUV OF THE LaNHUAOE OK THE ^MlsslsSAOAs OE SKL'Oon, OliTAINEl) IN AlfilST, 1S88, AT SkL<:(>G IsLAND. A. Afternoon, gr'ickwKiKikwE (from the prefix ;/t-, "past;" the radi- cal ickwK, "after," and nawd'kwK, "noon "). Again, mi'nawa ; ini'nawE (this word Is probably composed of the particle mi, and naicE = Nipissing narrate, " plus "). Ago ((( hmg while), nie'nwice (ety- mology '.'). Alder, Eto'p ; Elo'b (the cognate Cree atuspiy seems derived from eitna, "arrow ; " the Indians used the wood for that pur|)osc). AU, kEkiniiE; kEkiuK (from radical /,k/,/, and sullix -nv.). Always, paniska'gwc (the first com- ponent = Nipissing and ()t(ipwe apine, " always "). American (on), kitci nio'komEu (" big knife "). And, tEC ; di;c. And then, miii'.c; midKC (from the particle nn, the exact signification of which is not clear, and tKc). Angry (are you angry?), gi'nieka' 25 disne (from gl-. "you," and nicki'i'dis, "to be angry," from the radical «n/--, "angry ; "' nv is interrogative particle). Anitihd, awu'ssi ; awT-'si (etymol- ogy? In Nipissing awesins means only "wild animal "). Apple, M-rrijimin ("while fruit;" from tiie radicals iCfil>, "white," and Mill, "fruit "). Apple tree, wri'himiniguc (from ir,'i'. biiniii, "apple," and tiie sullix radical -fjnc, "tree, shrul) "). Arm, onik ("hi> arm ; " »-, jiosscs- sive particle of tiiird person, and the radical ?u'A-, "arm." A word for "arm" without one of the personal prefixes attached does not exist. This remarlv applies to various other parts of the body). Arrow (irooi/en), ''kwak (Cuoq de- rives the corresponding Nipissing word from the " radical pi/,i'>, "liossii, en sailiie." Tliis is prob- ably correct, as the name is prop- erly applied to a wooden arrow with a blunt head"). As/i (//•<('), (for "ash," irrespective of species, no word is in use). AsIc {hlarl.), wisA'gEk (proliilily '■the bitter tree." Compare Otcipwe wissnijit, "it is bitter." One Indian pronounced this word (nsii'dJKk). Aunt, ninu'ce ("my aunt;" nl-, possessive prefix of the first per- son, and nu'cf, radical signifying " mother's sister"). Autumn, tagwa'gi (etymology'.'). Autumn (last), takwfi'gong (sullix -onrj, "last "). Airin/ .' aw ks ( " go away I " properly an adverb signifying "away, at a distance;" it is used both of persons and things). Axe, AvakakwEt ("crooked stick ; " from the radical wuk, "crooked," and the radical sullix I'lkwEt, "made of wood, stick;" -nkwEt is probably from radical nk, "of wood, wood," with sullix). B. B(tcl,-, opikwicn ("his back;" o-, "his," and radical pikicEn, "back ";. J><(il. matfi ; nia'nate (properly "ugly, deformed," from the radi- cal htii'n, with verbal suflix). B'lif, kawin nicicin ("not good"). /)'«,'/, niKskintu* (etymology?). Bull {hulUf) aiiwi (in Nipissing this word lias tlie more primitive meaning, " arrow "). Biils((m (Abies batsK men), amn6m]Ek. (Cuoq derives tlie corresponding Nipissing word linnnndnk from tiie radical inii,, " vrai, natural," and the radical sullix -(indnk, ap- plied to tlie"ft»lia^eand branches" of evergreen trees. This etymol- ogy is a good one). Biirk, wana^-i;k (in Mississan'a this word is applied to ail l)arks ex- ceiit bircli i)arl^, as is also Cree K(iyiike»k, tlie corresponding word. In Baraga's Otcipwe wmiagek means "cedar bark "). Bnrleji (no name in use). B'irrel, mukukua'sEk (from miil-uk, "box," and the sullix -mk. signi- fying " boxful "). Bass {lilack), aciiiKn (Ijaeombe. p. 707, attempts a rapproeliement of Otcipwe ((c/df/iin, "bass," and 'I'li'il'in, "sock, foot-rag ; " prob- attly from the shape of the fi.sh). Basswoiid tree {Tilia Americnna), wiko'pimic (from w'ikop, "bass- wood," and -mie, sullix, "tree;" the radical of u'lkop is ki>p, lii.! 26 "bast;" wl- is probiibl}- u prefix of the third person) Bat, obukwEiifi'dji (the Nipissinu' pakwaantcenjk is said by C'lioq to be a contraction of pakicdna pit >•- cenjic, "roiseau inccrtain qui va au hasard," the radical of tlie first partbeinu' pakirdna, "at 'a/.urd, aimlessly." The corresj ondinn; Otilpwr word is /iiipt'ikiri'inadji, Crec apnkkwhtis. Ciioq's etymol- ojry is doubtful). Bead, mi'mitu'niinis ("seed of mys- terious origin;" from vn'i'iitu, "something mysterious," and 'minis, "seed, or grain." Mrs. IJolin said that when the Indians first saw beads they held them to be of supernatural origin. See Corn). Bean, micko.lissimin (possibly from vii''ko=z jiiisko, "it is red;" odi'i, " his navel ; " min, "seed Bindevocal). Bear, mi'ikwa (etymology '?). Bidi; Great (constellation), (named after the "fisher pecan, oli'l;/). Beard, misa'kwodo'n (" he has hairs at his mouth ;" from the radicals mUiik [pi. of ?/(?'.si], "hairs," and odo'n, " his mouth "). Beat (til strikt), kapakitE {pakitK, "he strikes;" from an onomato- po'ic radical ;)(?/■, "tostrikc ;" ka is a prefix. See Cuoq, p. ['•>'}. note). Beautiful, o'kwKno'djnvE ; kwEiio'- djiwEn ("it is 1)eautiful ;" from the radical kirv.ui'iilj, e.xprosing the idea of "beautilul, beauty ;" o- is prefix, -'nn: sutlix). Biaver, amik (etymology".'). Bee, amo (etymology V). Beehive, Amo i'kamik ; amo wi'ka- mik ("bee house ;" mno, "bee," and vVkamik, "house "). I IS ntclg " or Beech tree, acawe'mic (from acawc', and the radical suflix -mic, " tree;" in Otcipwe the beechnut is called ajawi'i/iin. The tree name prob- ably come> from d'cawr', "it is angular," referring to its nuts or fruit). Beet, miskotci's ("red turnip;" hiisko, "it is red," and tc'is, "turnii)"). Bdl, giloiakEn (-kKn is instru- mental suffix ; the radical is seen in {.'reakitiiw. " it makes a sound." Cuoq says Nipissing kitotagan-^ "any instrununt that makes a noise "). Birrh bark, wigwES (etymology?). Birch-bark canoe, wigwES (it is worthy of note that wiyicES ot itself signifies "canoe," "tree," "bark"). Birch-bark dish, nockatcignn (this name is applied to a birch bark dish used in winnowing rice. In C'uoq's Nipi.ssing nockadjigKn means a "sieve." The word comes from nocka, the radical of the verb nin /i"ckatci(;K, " I win- now." G^n is instrumental sutlix, here ^ " dish "). Birch tree, wigwEs (etymology'.'). Birch tree, wi'nisik (in Baraga's Otcipwe and C'uoq's Nipissing irii/isik means a "wild clierry tree," " merisier." Thai the Mississaga signification is not en- tirely arbitrary is shown by the fact that Cuo(j gives as a deriva- tive of irikiras, " bouleau," the woril irikiraniinij, "cerisier"). Bird, pine'cl (diminutive from root pini). Black, makatewE ("it is black;" from the radical makide, " black;" -WK verbal sullix). Blacksmith, owiclo' iya (this loan- word, wliich occurs in several . 27 Algonkian tlialects, is borrowed from the Iroquois. Cuoq refers the Xipissiuj; nickioiit to the Iroquois airictonni, "ouvrier en fer"). Blanket, wapu'i-u'yEu ("white skin ; "' from the radical imp or wab, "white," and the radical suffix -Vii/En, "skin." Block (oftcood), kusaki'ic (i)robably from root cognate with Nipissiug radical, kick, to "cut"). Blood, uiiskwi (this is very closely related to the radical miskwE, or oitisko, " red "). Blue, ocfiwaskwE ("it is blue;" a derivative from the root ocdwv., "green "). Bluebird, ocawasknpine'ci ("blue- bird;" vcihcdxk'). "blue," and irine'cl, "bird"). Blueberry, min ; min (this word, besides the special signification of "bluel)erry," has also the gen- eral meaning of "fruit, berr}-, grain," c Ic.) Board, nai)akisKk (from the root 'nap(ik,"\\i\i, flattened;" .av.k is a sufllx signif^^ing "wood in a manufactured state "). Boat (canoe), tcima'n (etymology I). Body, ni-Ia ("my body;" ni- is poss. i)ref. of first person ; the radical is li'i). Bone, okKn (»- is tliird person pre- fix ; the radical is kv.n). Book, niasina'-igKii fa derivative of the radical nidnlna, "painted, en- graved, writ ten, "etc., through t lie verb mdfihiii'i(jE, "to draw, to write ; " -qkh is instrumental suf- fix. A "book" is "that upon which something is drawn or written "). Bottle, Omu'ate (probably this and the corresponding omodni of Bar- aga's Otcipwe are but derivatives of the French boufeille, through I'lbutc or iibudc). Bow, mitigwa'l) (the etymology of tliis word is uncertain ; the first part api^ears to be m'ltig, "stick, wood "). Box, miiki-.k (etymology?). Boy,VL\m\o'Un(i. e., "child,"/;. ?; ). Boy kwiwisens (tliis is probably a derivative l)y the diminutive -ens, of a form kicVwis; of which ety- molog3' ?). Boy, ekwy'wisis ftliis appears to be an individual's peculiar pionuu- ciatiou of thi' previous word ; it was so pronounced by the chief's niece). Branch (of tree), atikwEn (the rad- ical is at'tk, which is a suflix sig- nifying "wood, tree, stick;" ■ME/*, sutiix). Bread, pEkwe'cigEn (this word is derived, througli the verb pokier' ■ cigv., "to cut pieces off anything wifli a knife," from the radical pv.kirv., "a bit. a piece." The In- dians called bread pEkwe'cigKn, "that from which pieces are cut off," because tliey first saw loaves of bread when being cut. The sullix -gyji is here used in one of its widest senses -"thing." In C'ree pukkwejiijan has the mean- ing also (.)f "liit, morceau"). Bring, nin pito'n ("I liring ; " the radical is pi - "come "). Brother ni'djiki'wE ("he is my friend;" from /// "my, "and djlkV - trE, "he is friend ;" the radical is dj~i, '• friend "). Brother (elder), nissa'vE ("my elder brother-; " ru = " my ; " the radical is sd'yE, "elder bro- ther"). Brother (younger), nisse'uu-: ("my Ml n 28 younger brother ; " ni^-- "my ; " the radical is «< 'mE, "younger lirother"). Brother- i/hhnc, ni'ta (" my brother- in-law ;" rn = "my :" the radi- i,il is (I'l, "brother -in - law friend "). JhilUt, iinwi fsee Ball). Bullfrog, pKpika diadu (this seems to signifv " tlea frog," from py.pif,, " tlea," and iHiuV . " fn>g. " Ciioq gives for "toad." in Xipissing, ])(tpikomiil-iiki and juipikotd/iendc, of liive signification. See '/hud). Bulrush, En6l- is third person pretlx). Canoe (bireli-hark), wigWKs ("ety- mology?). Carrot. osa'wEtci's (from oxd'wp.. "it is yellow," and tc'is, "tur- nip")." Cat, kadjEkEDs (probably "the lit tie glutton;" compare Xipissing kojitki. "to eat gbittonniisly ; " ■iis diminutive suflix). Cuterpilhn; niEsons (see Nettle). Cedar {Thuia occidentalis), ki'jik (etymology".'). Cherry, okwa'min (probably "mag- got fruit;" from okicn', "mag- got," and mill, " fruit "). Cherry tree (black), okwfi'mic (-mic is a suHix denoting "tree, shrub"). Ch( rry (Chi'ke-), (see Choke cherry). Chickitdie ( I'arux atricapillus), gi'd- jikone'ci (the corresponding Ni- ])issiiig word is kitcikitciknnecinjic, and kitci is reduplicated). Chief, o'kiina' (etymology'?). Ohief {(jrmt), gitci (Vkinu'i'. Chief (Utile), o'kima'ns (-«.s is a di- minutive suflix). Child, fi'lMnu'dji ; a'pinotci (Cuoq derives the corresjionding X^ipis- sing term abimdedij, through an ol)Solete form, nbenafc, from the root (>/;(', "man." He states, also, that wliile word atnnotcenj is ai>- plied to a child [of either sex] he- low the age of jniberty, abenote was restricted to the meaning of "male child." It is interesting to find the Mississagas using d'bl- uo'tc'i for "bo}'." Cuo(i's ety- mology of the word is open to some doubt). Chimney, po'tnwadjikEn (derived from the radical iiii'toira, "to make a fire ;" •kv.n, is instnunental suf- fix. Tiic corresponding terms in Otcipwe and Xiiiissing are boda- 7cdn, potawaga/i). Cliiii, utamikEn ("his jaw;" c>- is third person prefix : the radical is /(?wj/,KH, 'Jaw," in which the radical -kv.n, "bone." is probably contained). 29 Chipmunk, ogwinggwis ; gitc-og- gwinggwis {tjitc ^= "large "). Chisel, kvkv.w (litcnilly "horn," out of which material 'chisels" were iniule"). Choke,- cherry. usesEwa'mln (etj'mol- ogy? Baraga has slssinnmi/i. "a kind of wild cherry;" tiie last component is iiiin. "fruit ") . Churcli, ani;mT'aml'kamilv ("wor- ship house;'' from the radicals (I'liKini, "worship," and ir/'kamtk, " house "). City, gilci odu'iiK ("great town "'). Chim, iissens ; essens (diminutive from the radical es, us, "oyster, shell," with tiie suffix -eii.y). Clair, Ockdncig (" his claws ; " from the radical i-knae, "claw, nail"). Clay, wfi'liigKn (prohalily from the root iciih. "while," with the suf- fix of agent, ■ijV.n'). ' Cliith, manito-wa'gin (literally "mysterious r. ekwii pi'djiki (•• woman ox "). Cniiiberry. ntEskcgamin ("marsh- berry;" from inv.skiii. "swamp, marsh." and miu. "fruit, l)erry." The etymological meaning recalls the dialectic I'.nglish "fenberry " for the same fruit). Crane. sKsa'gT (etymology ?). Crarat, nabikwa'gEn (this word properly signifies "anything worn on, or suspended from, tiie neck." 30 Tlic radicals are tu'ihi. "suspended, hanging from. " and -kwu'gKn, suf- fix ™ '• noclv "). Crawfish, acagac'i ; ociigtvci (this word is probably derived from the adverb riulical ock. 'back- wards," through the word I'lcngE. "to move backwards." This calls to mind the famous French definition of the crustacean). Crayon (rolored). aticigEn (-f/Kn is instrumental sulHx ; compure Otcipwc adissiijiiii. " i-k\s.. "to rise ;" -'^/(/.; is local sufiix). Devil, matci manitu ("bad super- natural being : " watci. " bad "). Di cil. madji niKnidu (a variation of pronunciation of the previous word). Dies. nipo'. "Dijiptr" {the), otcig ; o'teig ("the fisher or [n'kan "). i 31 DUh (for tcinnowing). iiockatcigEn (-(jRii is instrumentiil suffix : the radipiil is iiurk']-:, "to winnow, to sieve "). Dive (v.). kilvEok ('•ho divcil;'' /i7. is verbal tense prefix ; llie radical is kEo'ki. "to dive "). Diver {sperirs of icati'r fowl), clngi- bis (etymolosiv ?). Dog, animfi'c (a diminutive of the radical nnim now olisolete in Jlississaii!), but still -subsisting in Nipissing as a term of reproach, and also found in some of the eastern Alii'onkian dialects. The Cree retains the word in the form atiiii). Door. ickw6ndEm (this seem-; to bo a derivative from the root icl.- wnnd, which si ill survives, beside ickwandem. in Xipissing, with the sense of "door ''). Drink (v.). minikwi;. Drum, tawe'gi-.n (etymoloLry "/). Drum, mitikwfi'kik ("wooden kettle;" from mitik-. ''wood." and I'l'kik. "kettle." Compare Cree inistikwuskik). Duck, cicip (in some Al,i;'onkian dialects this word scorns to mean "waterfowl" in iienenil. It is probably of onomatopoMC ori- gin). Duck {hliii'k). ani'nicip (derived from arn'iil or in'i'ni. and arlp. "duck." Cuo(] derives the cor- responding Nipissing iniiiicih from //(///, " vrai, par excellence. ' and flclh. "duck." The word signifies, therefore. " tin duck "). Dumb, kfiwin ki'gitossi ( " lu; is dumb," literally "he does not speak ; " from kmni,. " not," the radical /iv'^/Vo, "tospcak." and ■*/. negative suffix). Dyiiiij, nibo' (' • he is dying "). E. EiKjle. nilgi'/i ; migi'ssl (this word seems to terminate in the suffix -si --"bird." The signification may be "the fighting bird." Compare Otcipwe idii migi'is, "I fight"). Kcgle {}>ald-heiid(il). anii'gigikwani (etymology '.'). Har, niifi'wEk ("my ear;" in-=^ "my;" the radical is t/Vtrvik, 'ear." jjerhaps connected with Nijiissing laicE, " it is ()i)en "). Karofciirn (an). \ a'djikwa'tik uiKn- dii'min (literally "one ear, or spike of corn ; " from pi'i'djik ~ jie'cik. "one," and irii'tik, radical suffix signifying "plant, stick," and mvMdii'miii. "corn"). Early. gi'gici:p ("early in the morning ; " the word contains the radical rv.p "this morning"). Earring. na'bicilbicEn (a derivative from the radical nil'hi, "hanging, suspended." and the radical suf- fix •'■(. "ear," with a suffix. The Xipissing has a simpler form, na- hicion; the Ottii)wc is nabishcbi- ■«"//). Earth (.terra et solus), akc : aki. Eaf (r.). mi'iljin. EclipSi' (of smt iir moon), niljo'ki'zis ( " the star is dead "). Eclipsi . ago'citEgwi'wK (etymol- ogy".' P>ut the radical is i)robably agicoc "cover". Compare Otcipwe agawdfes/ikaica. "I cover him with my shadow "). Eel, i)imi'si (possibly so named from the "oil" extracted from this fi^h : anuinwv'pt'mHe, "grease"). Egg. wfi'wE (a rapprochement be- tween Cree tci'iici. "egg," and icairiy. ■■ round " = Xipissing ini- iriii , seems possible). 32 ■ Kfjg, wa'wKn (this won! is properly /•. tlie plural of ii root /rmr. In Mis- !• sissaga both tliis and i\\v. form wil'tcE. resembling C'ree iru/ri, are in use. The Xipissing has tlie form inar. In Otcipvve only the Itluntl form, wdn;//). is in use, but h in the singular sense). A -''-'i'.V*> wil'wEnKn (this is an ex- /• tended plural to the word Wii'irEii, itself a plural. Tiie Otcipwc has Wdwaiion. Tliis recalls such plu- rals as '• cherubims " in English). EiiiishiU. I'lkKnawK (ibis \s'oril seems to i)e composed of iihv.ii. -its bone. " and ^rwWrK. ••egg." ('.>il- pare the Cree iriiwioskan, "egg- /• shell"). Egij {icltite of). wa'pawEn (from the radical icup or mdi. ••white." imd icii'irF.ii. "egg"). f'-gff (A">M- of). miskwa'wEn (from the radical iitis/.-ir-, "red," and Wi'l'irv.K. •'egg "). I'^iKJ !l"ll-- oujiskEswa' (this word was iicard only once ; it is another derivative from tlic same root, the '/- being pronominal). Eight, iewaswi ; cwaswi (there ap- pears in Otcipwc another form, /lix/iinisKiri, which lielps to e.\- /■. plain llii> word. The first com- ponent appear> to be niswl. "three," which, in lomposition. can assume the forms, /liso or nisw ; the >uHi\ is -(i.tir/. Accord- ing to C'uoq this last, wiiich prop A erly signifies "number" in tiie general sense, has in the com- pound numerals the meaning "live," the number par excel- lence. " Eight " would be 3 -f ."o. Eighty, \c\v\ii\ mita'uE ; cwa'si i\ii- tfi'nE (" eigiit tens;" mitit'nv. - French "dizainc"). Elk, atik (etymology'.'). 7/,-, mice'wE (etymology'.'). 'lk'n hiiU, acka'tayo (from the rad- ical ni'k, "green, raw, not dry," and the radical sullix -n'tdi/o, which pro|)erly signifies "the raw hide of any animal"). 'li/i, Knib (etymology'.'). .7/// Ijiirk. WEsangil (etymology?). .'ml {'f (iirth), A'ki kii'kog ("tlie earth the end;" from itLi. •• earth," and ki''koij. ■ ■ end. " Eirkog seems a syncopated form corrcsiionding to the Otcipwc giinlikicn. 'I'he end of the earth in IJaraga's Olcipwe is gi-ishkintdkiirtin. See After- noon ). .'/I glifih infill. caj;En6c (Cuoti consid- ersthat all the Algonkian cognates of this word are. like the Xipis- sing (iijducrn. corruptioiis of the French anglais. In support of his contention he cites the fact that the Nijjissings formerly said (ingiihra instead of the present itgiinecii. ]Mrs. IJoliii thouiiht that the ^Mississaga woi-d meant •'sail around the world." The corre- sponding terms in Otcipwe and Crec are jiignnash and (ikai/as- siir). 'iiougJi. lui-iu luinik (this appears to be tautological. In Otcipwe, •enough" is mi iir or mi minik. Mi seems to be an assertive |>arti- clc. and minik an adverb --r •■ enough "). 'ceiling, onagiici ; onagi'ic (etymol- ogy'? C'uoq endeavors to con- nect the .Nipissing onngor with (tiifingoc. •star;" ••evening" being the time when the ••stars" begin to come out. This is. however, a little far- fetched. The W()r(l is proltably conneited with -onago. a sutli.x of past time. Compare Cree otAkusin, ■ m 33 "it is evoiiiiig," from olid; •en urri(''re "). J\i/e, nickinJiUriii (•• my oyes ; " n't- is poss(;ssiv{' prefix iind -un pliinil sullix. the nulical l)eing fkinjik, "eye"). KycH {my), nicke'sikfiii (tills forii. of tlie word was liciiril once). /'"(r, oliinggwl (■■ liis t'uce ; " "-is proiioiniiial. tlie riHliciil is Inixj- !/ic)). Fall {nuiiiinn). tagwfi'ui. (I'crluips from radical taku, "cool.") Fall (ai/tmnn). trigwa'dji (this was once heard from an Indian). "Faeries," midcwi'dji (derived from Viltlewi, "to lie a mciiicine man," and the sutlix •((;'/. AVi ' the In- dian mearU by -faeries" is not exactly clear). Far off, wa'tiSK : gwEnagwa (ety- mology?). Farm, gl'lIgKn (••field, planted"). Farmer, giiigE-wini'ni (from (/I'/lgE, "he plants," and iuVin, •'man ;" -w- is an auxiliar}' connective let- ter). Fat, wi'niniV ('he is fat;" from the radical icViiin. "fat, grease," which may be connected with the primiiivf! root irln. '•mar- row ;" the ii is verbal sutlix). Father, nos (■•my father;" i, ■ is prefix of first person, the radical being o.-<, tlie literal pignilicaiion of which is not apiiarenl). Father, tele (ibis is a child's word). Father, no'sinan (••our father," used by children of tlie same parent ; ilie radical is os, the rest, prefix and sulli v, s i g n i f y i n g "our"). Father{Our).M[U\ manitu(the Lord's Prayer beuiiis, AV'-'i mauiti'i irpe- mink, literally, -(rreat siipernaf- nral being up above "). Fiit/ii r-in-liiir. iiissinis (• my fatlier- in-law;" lu- is pronominal, the radical being Kt/iis). Father. nui;\vi;n (etynology '.'). Fenre, mi'djikKn ; nu Icikioii (-/, em seems to be -ulllv. Cuoij inclines to derive the Nipi.ssing mitrlkau from iiiltrl. wliicli translates the amine in suih I'vpressions as "a mhne la tcrrc." because the pieces of wood which comjiose the "fence" are pbuitces horizon- talement a meme la terre. " This is very doubtful). P'idd, gi'tigKii (-it is planted;" from///// ijVlnjK, •Ipl.int. jiul in the ground ;" -(jKn. sullix). Fiftll, nri'momiifi'iiE ( ■ live tens;" from hii' HKii. •five, "and mlta'iiK). File, sisihoJJigion (•that with which one sli;irpens ; " the radi- cal is Hi>.thiidj. which expiesses the idea "to sharpen;'' (jv.n is in- strumental suHix), Flue (adj.). inuifi ; mind. Fine day. iniiifi gi'cinKt (••it is a fine day ; the weather is tine"). Fire, iskitu'k (this word dillers somewhat from the N'ii>issing irkote and the ()tci|)wc ishkote, but is evidently from the same railical ). Fire daiiiu . wa'bunk {'!). Fire, iiin po'iowr (••! build a fire"). Fireflies, wfi'watMsiwKg (•"■i^,'/ is plural sullix. C'uoq would derive the K\\m?,'m)z wawntasi, •tirelly," from the verb wairate, ■ il fait des eclairs," wliicli leads back to the more primitive root /rate, •'a flash of light in the darkness." The ■si in this word is a radical suffix 84 signifyini: " bird, or flying irea- ture." So the lilenil meaiiinir of ini'irdtusl' would seem to he "it- inakes-fliishes tlyiiig creivture "'). Firtphtre, ii6'iCwadjiki:a (derived tliroii^ii the verb potoicutlj, from the rixdit :il verl) (niii) iio'loirr, " I in!»iy boiling ';. Full, moekinE ("it is tilled "). G. Gai(\ nasakwKnigEn (probably "that which is opened," or ••that by which one enters." Compare Otcipwc, inismkoiKtii. " I open it ;" ■gEii is instrumental sullix. For ••gate" Wilson gives inhq'iihuc (lam. i. ('., ■• door "). Gather, nin mfiwKndjiE (•■! gather together;" the radical is ?«a- WK/id). Ohost. n'tcitcog (•'his soul or spirit ; " the radical is tc'Ucorj. The corresponding words in Ol- cipwe and Xipissing are otchitih- I'lgwaii andofriti'agoran. The rad- ical of the latter, (rltragoc. is. as Cuo(i hints, a diminutive of icit- c(ig, a radical formerly in use and corresponding to the Mississaga. In Cree the word for ••soul. spirit," is atrhak, evidently from a like primitive root, the more remote signitication of which is uncertain). Giant {mythkalraniiihal), windigu ; wendigo. (iirl, ekua'sis (diminutive otekirtl, " woman "). Girl, ekwii'sens (diminutive of f^*(f<>, " woman "). Oirl, ekwc'sens (diminutive ofckir?, '■ woman "). (Tiiese three words are all deriva- tives from the same radical, e/.iea or ekiri, by the diminutive sutlixes ■sin, -nenii). Give (J"), mic ; mic. Glad, nin bajjina'ndEm (••! am glad." The word is derived from the radical bap. "to laULih." and the verb seen in Otcipwe, nindi. nandam, '•! think;" so that it literally siu'nities '•! laULih think- Glote. mindjika'wEn (etymology? Perhaps the first component is inindji. •tied, bound"). Go. nu'i'djE ("he goes away "). God. kiici manitu ("great super- natural being"). God. kiice manilfi. God. kitci niEnidu. God. gicemiuanitu (the last throe are variants in pronunciation of the first). G(hI (see Saviour). Gold. usaco'niK (•■yellow money ; " derived from osa'wE, " it is yel- low," and f'/'/iii:, "money, sil- ver"). Good, onicicin ("it is good;" the radical is nic ; o- is pronominal prolix, and -in is verbal sutlix). Good, ("micece (•• he isgood." See the previous word). GooHC, obicke'si (this corresponds to the uhpishekesi wmca of Wilson. Baraga has obiJusMessi, •'a kind of gray wild goose "). Goose (irild). nika' (etymology?) Gooseberry, cabn'min ("the piercing fruit." so called from its spines. u& u 36 The radicals are ch influ- ence in the case of the ^Mississaga word and its N'ipissing corre- spondent. Tlie same remarks apply to the word for "great grandmother"). Great ijrniHimother, ningilci iioko'- mis ("my great my grand- mother;" nil), f/itei, imki'i'mis. See the ])rcvious word). Gr((:a, miskwa (properly, "it is red"). Gi'll, glyock (etymology".')- Gull (jioiinij), gayockons {-ims is a duwiiiutive sullix). Gnu, iiacki'sikKn (fnMn the radical ^)rR7,-, " to burst, explode, " through the verb parkhii. " to shoot," and the insti'umental sullix -/.■eh ; the word seems to signify "the burst- ing or explodinglhing witli whicii one slioots "). ir. Ilnir, nimiiiisis ("my hair;" the radical is minisis). Ihnnmer, picKiligEn (" tliat with wlucli one strikes ;" from the rad- ical /'K/vH-:. "to strike," with the instrument il sullix -,'/K")- UaiiiJ, nniiiidji ; nine'ndji ("my hand ; " the radical is idmlj or neiidj). Hand (left), ninnKuiKudjiMindj ( " my left hand ;" the chief compo- nent is nv.iNKi'dj'/iiiiiilj, composed of the radicals nv.iHV.mlj, "lefi," and iiinilj, "hand;" -l is verbal sullix). Hand (rir/Jit), nin-itciniiidj ("my right liand ;" literally, "my great or excellent hand;'" from uiii, ijitr}, iiiiidj). 37 Entidker chief, nincwr- (a loan-word fi'oin Frencli ; :=moii choir, \s\\\c\\ in Canada is pronounced mnr- ve'-r). Ilandkerrhief {for neck), nfi'lukEg (derived from the nulical nu'h'i, "to lijuig from," through the verb iifi'bikKii, "I wear on tlie neck "). Jlandkerchief (sill), sKnipE luibikKg (see Udiidkerchief and Riblxnt). Hard, maskEwfi ("it is hard ; " from the radical wank^). Ildt, wi\vakwi:n (according to Ciio iiiDrc primitive /'■;<, ■ high, up." Baraga gives ishpemiiKj = " upstairs "). Ihel, utondEn ("his heel ;" the rad- ical is toiidv.h). Hell, auaniKkamik (literally "the house below;" from the radical /'/"/wiE, "down, below." and the radical sutli.v -ki'imik, "house"). ''Hell-diver," cingibis (etymology? The Cree sikkiji, "poule d'eau," show, -/s to be suffix). Hemlock, kakamic (this, like the dtcipwe k'igagiicaiij, Nipissing kiikiikiiciiij, is tiie " raven's tree ;" the components arc kokakl, "ra- ven," and -mic, "tree, shrub"). Hcii, pEkakwEn (etymology.' Cuoq regards as somewhat far-fetched the suggested derivation of the Nipissing jiitkniikiraii ivom j^akak, "clair, eclatant," and -(>?ce or -we, a sullix signifying "noise, voice." The word is used both for "cock " and " hen," as is the case in Ni- pissing and Otcipwc. The (^ree word is jKikkiihiikktri'i II. the ety- mology of which i.s uncertain). Here, niande. Hero/', mi'ickEo's; (et^'^mologv ? The word seems to contain the radical sullix -,s7, "bird." The cognate words in \ii)issing, Otcipwc and Cree arc vmrkdOHi, moshkodnni and mokdniir or iiinkknhafiiir ; ])erhaps the root of the word is seen in the Nipissing morkti. "to emerge, to rise "). Herring, okc'wi.s ; rdifi'wis (the rad- ical is pos-^ii)ly in the Nipissing oko, "en liande, en las"). lillU pikwa'ilinE ("it is hilly or mountainous;" from the I'udical jiikd or I'ikir-. which expresses the idea of an "elevation, a liump," and the sullix radical I'l'din, '■ mountain, hill "). 38 Hive (see Beehive). Hog, koku'c (Cuoq considers that tl)c Xipissing kokoc and its Algon- kian cognates have been derived from the Frcncli, "according to Algonkian analoLiy." Other writers, rejecting tlie etymology from French (•<"7a is reduplicative). Hot. gicfi'le ("it is warm weather;" from the radical g~;c, which con- veys the idea of "warmth," and the verbal sulli.K <~''ti', "it is"). Jlot, ki'tcigfi'mitc ("it is hot," said of water and liquids ; from the radical kite =^ g/<\ "hot," and ug'i'iul, "liquid;" -^ is verbal suffi\ = (77r). House, wi'klwa. House (ill tlie), wl'kiwam (at Skfigog "house " is (f/ 7. «"•(>, and in' klicani means "in tlie house." Cuoti seeks to connect the Nipisslng icikiteum with irikicKS. "l)irch bark," because it formerly signi- fied "bark house." Tids is very doubtful, as the tree would in all probability receive its name from the house and not tiec-versit. In Cree we find a simpler form, w'iki, "sa demeure," and kiki, " ta de- meure," which suggest the ulti- mate derivation of these words from ft primitive radical /.v). H'/rkleherri/, min ; min (min or )inn is a widespread Algonkian term signifying "fruit, berry, grain," etc. It has been suggested that the ultimate signification of the word is "divided, split into parts," as many berries, fruits and grains are. When specialized the word signifies the huckle- berry). H'nrDiiiug-hird, n6iiokri'si (the ety- mology of this word is not (piite certain. Cu()(( inclines to derive the corresponding Xipissing iiono- kase from nonokn and the sufli.K -s'l, "bird," the meaning being "the bird n»iioka." This latter word he takes to be of onomato- poeic origin, e.xiiressive of the noise made by the bird when flying. Another, and perhaps a better, etymology is that which derives the name of this little bird from the radical uoka, "slight, tender, feeble," which by reduplication becomes iioiiokii, and the suflix -si, "bird." The name would then signify "I'oiseau mince"). Hundred, ningo'twak ('one hun- dred;" composed of ningiit, "one," and the numeral suflix -irak, which denotes "hundred." y in gift or ningo is the word for "one," which is used in compo- sition, otherwise pe'rik is em- ployed). Husband, ninda'pe (" my husband;" nind -- nin = III is pronominal prefi.N, the radic:il being ii'pi, "husband, man;" this generic word for " an adult male," which 39 in some dialects lias ilisappcared, is well preserved in Mississaga. It is probably the same as the radical in the word for •• boy '). /, niii ; Ilia ; uer;. Ti'e, mikwKm (etymology?). //', imftKii ("there "). LnUiii,, Kni'cinfi'bG (literally "the good man," "the man par excel- Uncc;" from K„Vri,i::=dnVcl,-ti,, "is good," and the radical n'be ~''''pf, "man "). Ink, odji'hlgKna'bC) ("writing liq- uid;" -K'bo is radical sullix - "liquid;" o'/Ji.'/jir/E/i is derived from the radical verb oil/t'biE/i, " I make marks on something ; " UEn is instrumental suffix). Li.iirt, manitcVc (this appears to be a derivative from n^anild, "super- natural lieing," with the deterio- rative sulli.v -,■. The literal mean- ing seems to ])e "petty deity "). n-oii, piwa'bik (Mrs. Bolin "stated that this word signified "the metal that rnimbles off." It is composed of the radical pi or [litc, signifying ".small, in i)ieces," and the radical iiwm.K.,'i'bil,- or -mVbi/,; " nietal, mineral." Compare the Otclpwc >ii,i biirina, "I crumble something"). Iron-wood (in Canadian French, bois (lur; Corn 'is GanKilensis), posed of 77,i)m, "island," and -o'ti/.; or perhaps 7nili/,; " tree"). J. Ji'l/, dinde'si (■s'/ is suMix, signifying "bird." Cuoq considers the Ni- pissiug temlest to be of onomato- IMric origin, the bird being named from its cry "tenh." The word would then signify literally "the bird dindc' "). K. niiTne ; mfi'nen. Irofi'ioiK, na'towc (probably "lie is a snake." Xn'towv is the name given by certain Algonkian tribes to a large species of snake). Idaiid, minis (etymology'.'). hland (ill ,1 rker), minitik (this signifies an island in a river, witli trees on it. It is probably com- Kettlc, ilkik (probably a derivative of apwirk, wa-iEkwanendjikEn sfi'- klteg(the last coiuponent is prob- ably cognate with the Olcipwc aagntagnn, "tinder"). Lanre, onit. Land, a'ki ; ake. Laiiilirig {of rano(ii), kape'win (a derivative from the radical kape, which expresses the idea " to get out of a canoe : " -icin is abstract sulUx). Last autumn, takwa'gong {-ong is sutlix-^ "last"). L^'sEm kiwfi'nEgwi-'cI ("you are late ; " oSKin, "late," /I, "you," and iw]a'nEgi-.<'i "even- ing." See EiHiring). Laugh, ]ni'[>\. Lead, ockikwomEu (Mrs. Bolin stated that this word literally sig- nified "it can be cut with a knife." Tlie radicals seem to be kik or kiek, "cut," and mo'komvji, "knife ; " o- is significant of the third person). i^ead prni'il, ocigEn (?). Leg, okad; oka't ("his leg;" the radical is kad or kat). Legs, okadEn ("his legs;" -Eyt is plural suffix). Leggings, milas (the radical is tas ; the exact signification of the vii- is not known). Light ilnx), wasakwo'ni (literally "it shines, is light ; " the radical is ir.'isa, "bright, shining;" the radical suffix -k\ri,> n\ signifies " flame, blazinu' "). Lightning, wasamowin ; wasamo ku (the radical is irasn. "shining, bright"). Lightning, wasaniawEk (" there are flashes of lightning;" -m^k is plural suffix). Lilg (wr'[rs. Holin explained this word as meaning " where spirits are seen ;" the word is derived from tlie radical leati, "to see," and i>tr'itrdjwFJi, " Ills ghost or spirit." AVlien the Indians looked into a 41 mirror for ilie first time, they tliouglit they saw their ghosts or spirits. Tlie Cree lias iri'ilxtmnn, " mirror ; " wi'tham'iw, "il se voit duns uii miroir, " from tlie radical iciih). Loon, maiik (etymology ?). Lynx, picifi' (etymology ?). M. Marsh, toto'gEii (with a siiftrx -ijkh from the radical tuto, " trembling, infirm, insecure "). Mail {homo), ini'ni (the exact ety- mology of this word is not known ; it is i)robalily related to the radical in'tn, "true, good." Lacombe explains the Ci-ea ii/iinw as "le principal etre, levraielre," from root iyin), Man (vir) (see Unnband). Man (i. e., IikUu/i), am'cini^'hii (see III dill II). Man Qjomir/), 6i'lvin(''gi (from the radicals (/f/iY, "new, fresh," and /((3'(// r= Nipissing nik, "to be born;" literally " iiew-boru "). Mdiiitoulin Txhind, miiaitO wfi'ning (" spirit abode "). Miiple (hard), ri'ninfi'tik (probably "the tree par exceUenfc," as Cuotj states, from iiiin or imiu, "true, excellent," and the sutHx radical ■i}(i/>; "tree;" a derivation from ainnl or inliii, "man," has also been suggested, the idea being that the sap of the maple resem- bles the blood of man, hence " man-tree "). Majde (soft), tcigima'mir (vtic ~— "tree." Etymology? Evidently cognate willi Leuapi' srhierhi/d- iniiisi-hi). Maple sup, s-i-iba'kwEt-abo ("sugar li(iuid ; " -I'lfio is radical suffix =r: "liquid "). Maple seed, anina'tik minikEn ("maple seed "). MiipU sufjar, aiiinfi'lik sisibu'kwEt ; sisiba'kwEt (this word signifies literally " sijueezed stick ; " from the radical sis, "squeezed, pressed," and the suffix radical •hi'ikirvA, " stick "). Martin, wfibicfi'ci (etymology ? Pos- sibly connected witli the root wi'ih, "white." The Cree wapistan contains the same radical as first component ; the corresponding Leuilpe is ironprfiwess). Ml I ski no II r/e (Ksox estor), miski uo'nce (Cuoij derives the Nipis sing W(^c/7//o/(ye from mar, "big," and ////y///e, "pike;" he supports this derivation by citing the fact that in one dialect the word has the form mirikinonji). Mat {for dryinrj rire upon), op6dji- gEn (etymology? The suffix is ■QKn ; the remainder of tlie word is probably the same as Otcipwe apakodji'je, ' ' I cover it. ' ' Corn- pa re also Otcipwe npakwei, a " lodge mat "). Meat bird {Lnnins septentr.), gwing- gwic ; kwingkvvic. Meat, wi'-I-as ("flesh." SceFlesJt). Medirinc, macki'ki (this word, which also signifies "herb, plant," is probably from the radical seen in the Xipissiiig nuvkosi, "prairie," and Saiileux mac/cosi, "grass, plant "). Ml d iriiie-mnn ,{\i6^uko\\]n]' [\\ ; mfde' {irini'iu -z:^ man). Mietinij-lioiise (see Church). Midnight, ('iliiti'; debiUEt ("half night ; " tiie radical o/iiiE signifies "half"). Mil/,y iniy, na'nicpakwe'bikEmi- : it; 1 1«.> 42 towEt (Mrs. liolin said this word meant tliat "the sturgeon was stirring up tlie lalie of lieaveu with his nose and making tlie water "rily ; " the word seems to be composed of Ki'nnc, "stur- geon," and Jill kiCf' hi fx'i'm'i, "it is turbid"). Miimoir, gigo'sens ("little fish;" from the radical ifig", "a tish," Willi the diminutive sullix -sens). Mississnfjii, Misisa'gu ; Jlisisu'gwe (see below). Moi'i'iislii, omiikEsin (" his mocca- sin ; ' the etymology of this word is very uncertain ; the rad- ical may be vtuk, "to press "). Mohmck, nfi'towO ("snal^e"). Montli, ninggoki'jic ("one moon"). J/oo/', ki'zis '/.('., "star"); de'bi- ki'zis (" night star or suii/' from the radical (h'hik, "niglit," anil Vi'zis, "star"). Moose, niicf'wa (•• elk "). Moose, mons (elymology ? l>ut there is reason to believe that the wonl signifies " the eater," in allusion to the "ravage" of the animal). Moridnij, gi'gicK.p (properly " in the morning early ; " the tirst part of the word has not been explained, the last is identical with Nipissing jeha, " ee matin passe," and (>t- tipwe jibd, "tills morning"). Morhiii'j slur, walian ani';ng (from iri'i'ljiDi. "it is tlay,"au(l I'l'iV.n'j, "star"). Mof/ur, niiigga ( -my mother ;" the radical is ;j" >. Mother, ningga'nti (" our mother" ) ; aibi'gEuub ; gicbie'nwes (these two words were obtained from Chief Johnston's niece; they seem to be peculiar to ^lississaga, aiul ilieir etymology is not ai)i>a- rent). Mother, ndn'don ("my mother," a (diildren's word ; the radical is lit'iiloii or lUiilo. C;uoq seems to connect the corresponding Nipis- sing djodjo with the word totoe, "breast," but tliis is doubtful). Mother ■ III -Jiiw, ninsigo'sis ("my mother-in-law;" this word is used by the daughter-in-law ; the radical is sn/o'sts, which is i)roba- bly a diminutive of the word seen in Nipissing si7.".s% "tante mater- nelle," Oteipwe s/i/oks ; n'uis'ujn'- iis would seem therefore to mean " my little mother's sister "). Mnuiitaiii, wadji'u ; watcii'i (ety- mology?). Mouse, wa wabEkwEnn'dji ; wawa- bEkwF.no'nci (C'uoq tliinks that the Nipissing iriiiriiliil.-oiioteenjie is adiminutiveof an earlier word, wiibikoiiote, the exact elymology of which is unknown ; iierhaps tliis latter is a diminutive of a form tpiibif.on). Month. nintiVii ("my mouth;" the radical is ton). Miirh, ni[tl\va. Mint turtle, mi'cika (etymology".'). J/«.v/,■;v<^ wajask ; wadjack (the etymology of this word is very \ineerlain ; for tlie Xipissing >r,i. j'lrt,- (_ (loq suggests a derivati(ni from /'•'((■, " ilie cabin of the muskrat," and -nel.-. "plant," because " il a sa onojc dans les joncs "). Mosiiiiito, sri'gimi'; (etymologj- v). N. X'lils (_/'/','/(';• ).ock6ncig (" his linger nails ;" the radical is ej.-i'nu- ; -ig is plural suHixj. j\'('j/', bi-:ci"i' (Ihe word is the radical bvii it', " shiu'l "). 43 Ned,-, okwfi'gEii ("his neck ;" the radical is kw'i'tj'&n). Needle, caboniirEiis (-s seems to be a (liiiiiniitive; -hkh is instruinen- tul suffix, and tlie radical is ri'iho, "through, pierce;" a needle is " that which pierces or is thrown through cloth, etc."). Nephew, anicwi'ni (etj'mology ?). Nettle, niKsons ; luEso'ns (Mrs. Bo- lin explained this word as mean- ing "fuzzy thing;" she consid- ered it and the word for " nettle " as being the same. The words areditlerent, however, in Olcipwc and Nipissing). NcDer, ka'win wi'ka {kil'icii,, "not," and ici'A-vf, "later, after"). New, dckc (" it is new ; " the radi- cal seems to be ork. Compare (ick, "raw, green "). Niece, nindnMjjniis ("my niece;" the radical is (hydjiinia). Nif/ht, debikEt ("it is night;" -Kt is sullix, the radical is ili'ln/:). Night (lai^f), dcbikoug (-ong suffix ---"last"). Nine, cangaswi ; cniigassi (this word is com])osed of iun,g and the radi- cal suffix -iisiri. Cuoii says that Cling contains the idea of "inferi- orit}', imperfection ; " cungi'i^ir'i would seem to mean "the imjier- fect number," as compared with mifdswl, "ten," Compure (Jrce l>ek a deriva- tive from a more jirimitive form seen in the Otcipwe ujcboian ; the radical is ace, "backward"' See Uow. Compare Cree ".9«f //iff, " il va en arrieie ctant assis "), (iiita, iiapa'djiknUn'cimi'djin (un- djiii is radical signifying "eat, food ; " the whole word literally means "horses' food "). Often, niniiidjim ( ('no(i attaches the corresponding Xipissing ininin- ijitii to the radical ningini, "quickly;" the word is formed by reduplication). Old, kete (used as prefix adjective). Old woniit/i, mindinin'nyi (etymol- ogy- )■ 44 One, pe'cik ftlie derivation of this word is not yel certain. Dr. J. II. Trumbull compares with Ot< ipwc lujitj the Massacliusetts pi'ixuk, "one only." and concludes that this Algonkian word for "one" really signifies "a very small thins?"). One, ninggo (used with nouns, etc. ; etymoloify?). Otci/iicr, otcipwO (etymology ? See below). Otter, nlgiii (etymology'.'). Owl, kokoko (of onomatopiyc»is, "bird"). P(ii, migwEn (literally " feather"). Pepper, wKsi:kEn (" the bitter thing;" from the radical wY.s'S.k, "bitter, piquant "). Ptrch (fish), F.sa'wa; Esfi'wens ; Esfi'wis (etymology? The second and third words appear to have a diminutive sutllx -ns). Pickerel, oka'. Piijeoii (wild), Hmi'mi (etymology?). Pike (fish), kino'nce (probably from the radical hVna, expressing the idea "long, pointed." Laconibe derives the Cree kinosew, " fish," from the root kin, "pointed, long"). Pi)ie, cinggwak (etymology'/ But compare cingi/'//), " fir "). P'pe (tobacco), opoa'gEn; opwa'gEn (this word is formed by means of the instrumental sufflx -gEii from a radical pica, "to smoke "). Plate, ona'gEn (-(/Kn is sufflx of in- strument or agent). I'luin, pakESEn (etymology?). Point (of hind), neyici (from the radical ne, "a point of land"). Pnrcnpinc, k-a'-k ("rough, bristly." Lacombe derives the correspond- ing Cree word kakwa from the radical kitkk, " rough, hard to the touch "). Portage, wa'nigEm (this corres- ponds, with vocal change, to Ni pis- sing onikam and Otcipwe 0Hi(/«wi). Port Perry, Tida'nE ("town "). Pot (store), okfi'kik ; o'kEta'kik (Cuoq derives the Nipissing okat- akik from okat, "his leg," and akik, "kettle;" the word signi- fying "a pot with legs"). Potato, opin ; opi'ni (this word ap- jtears to have been given in various Algonkian dialects to other sub- terranean fruits and vegetables than the potato). Powder (gnn), mnkade (literally," it is black "). Powder-horn, bindEkatewEu ("that in which powder is put ; " from 45 bind, radical signifying "in," and mKhi'itr, " powder ; " -n suffix). rrd'rie. niEsliwaio (from tlie siune radical, mEsk, seen in Cree manl- iitew, "prairie;" masl.nsiy, "gras-s ; " Nipissing mackote). Pumpkin, ogwiciniEn (etymology ?) Queen, o'gimfi'kwu ; o'kimfi'kwa (" female chief ;" formed by the suffix -kim, "woman," from o'kimil, "chief"). R. Riihhit, ■vviTpfis ; wfipos (a derivative from the root wilh, " to be wliite, " by reason of the color of the ani- mal in winter ; if -s represents here a diminutive suffix, then icfipds will be "the little white one "). Raccoon, ii^fsibEn ; e'ssibEn (the ety- mology of tliis word is not unite certain ; Mrs. Jameson says there is a legend that the raccoon was made from a shell on the shore, and that his name signifies liter- ally "he was a shell, " from es. "a shell," and -pe.ii or -bKii, a suffix exi)rcssing what is past ; Cuo(j, however, says that the word means "the animal that feeds on oysters ; " in any case the radical is es, "shell, oyster"'). Rain, ki'miwEn ("it is raining; ' Lacombe seems to derive the Cree kimiican from the root kirn, "en secret ; " -icKn is predicative suf- fix). Rtdnbow, o'tEgwa'nil)i'i>iEn C"the coverer of the rain ; " from o'Wj- irfi' li, "he covers it," and the radical suffix, -bV-'is^n, "rain;" the Indians believed that the Great Spirit covered the rain with his mantle). Rdspberi'ii, nn'skwimin ( 'blood- l)erry ; " miskic'i, "blood," and min, " berry "). R"t, gitci wa'wabEkwKno'dji ( " big mouse "). Rattle, ciVigWEn Cthis word contains the sutlix -wKn ; the first part is probably onomatopo'ic and con- nected with tlie word for rattle- snake). * Rattlesnake, cicigwe; cicigwa (prob- ably of onomatopo'ic origin). Haven, kakaki' (of onomatopoeic origin). Razor, gackiba'djigEn (formed.with the instrumental suffix -(jEn, from the radical i7«t7i, "to scrape;" a razor is "that with which one scrapes or shaves." Nipissing kackibas, "se raser "). Red, miskwa ("it is red;" the words for "red" and "l)lood" seem to come both from the same stem, misk') or misk, " red or blood-colored "). Redwood, miskwfi'bimic (i\\\s word jirobably signifies "dysentery shrub ; " from miskird'bi, "bloody flux, dysentery," and -niic, "shrub." According to Cuoq the Indians used its bark to stop the flow of blood"). lieindeer (not known). Ribbon, sriiipEu (this word appears to be a borrowed term ; Cuo(i gives ill Nipissing deniband as from French dn ruban, and the Mississaga ,sen~tpKn is probably the same woril witl) s ^- d ). Rice (irihl), niKno'min (the last part of this word is 7nin, "fruit, grain ; '' what the first part signi- fies is not certain ; perhaj^s it is 46 from tlie root seen in Nipissing nmn, "to lift, to t;ilve away,' in reference to the luetiioil of tliresli- ing tlic rice into the eunoes;. Jiice ipan-heil) (see Parched rice ). Right Iiitiid (see ILnid,. Ring {Jxngcr), tt'iibiniiid.iibiso'n (this word seems to consist of the radicals ^c?^"6, "around, round," hind), "hand," and bis<'>i', "gir- dle"). Ricer, sibi ; slpi (perhaps cognate with the Ciee radical sip, "qui s'ctend "). Roiid, mi'kEn (etymology.'). Rohiii, opi'tci (etymology".'). Jiock. otci pik (iho sullix radical -hik, t'lhik "- " mineral, stone," etc., seems lo be contained in this word). Roof, opv'ikwEn ("tlie cover of the house;" from the radical opnk, through the verb opukn; , " to cover a house." with suflix. Tlie JMississaga word is identical with the Cree (tpnk/ac'm and Nipissing (ipakiran, and ditlei's from the less primitive (ipnkdiljiijmi of the Ot- cipwc). Roir (f.), nind acebo'yE ("I row;'' the idea in "row" is to "sit backwards," from the radical dcif , "back, backwards;" the word literally signifies "I move backwards sitting "). S. Bait, si'ata'vcg (this i^ jirobably the same word as the Nipissing ciirit- (f!/an, which comes from the radi- cal ciic, "acid, bitter, salt"). Salmon, aca'mRk ; acawft'mEk (the last part of this word is the sutlix radical — I'nnKk, " fish ' ' ) SarsajxirillK, oka'dEk ("his leg root ; ' ("'-pronoun, km! radical ^^ "leg," -e/ radical sutlix signify- ing " wood, tree, root ; " so called from its shape). Sassafras, menagwa'kimic ("the scented tree : " literally "it gives forth an odor shrub;" from the radical menam, " smell," through W\e vv.rhmenagos, "to give forth a smell," and the sutlix -mic, "tree, shrub." Compare Olcipwe menagwad, " it smells "). Saviour, Our (Christ), kitcc ma'nitu (t. c, "(iod "). Screcch-oid, kokokO (onomatopo'ic). Sea, kitciga'mc ; gigitciga'mc ("big water ;" kifci, " big," and -gn'mc, radical sutlix signifying "body of water;" gigitcl is reduplicated from hUci or ijitri . 8ee Lnh ). See, 6\val)i'iiidEn ("he sees it "). Seed, miniki'.n (etymology".'). Secen, nicwa'si ; nicwfi'swi ("two more" or "two -f five;" n'lc, "two," and n'src'i. See Five). Seventy, nicwa'si uiia'nE (" seven tens"). Shave {c), kackil)a'cn (see Razor). Sheep, mauEta'uic (Mrs. Bolin stated that this word meant " the animal whose hide is not durable," or "damaged hide ;" the correspond- ing Cree is mesljimix) . Shirt, pKpEkEwe'-i-Kn ("'thin skin" or "thin wearing ;" from the rad- ical pKpv.ki:, "thin," and the radical sufiix -uu'-'t-Ku, '-skin, fur"). Shoe, uiukESEu (this word has been intluenced by English pronuncia tion. 8ee Mocensia), Shoe, mi tikvva'kEsiii(" wood-shoe;" composed of mitig, " wood," and mvkEsin or rna'kKsin, " shoe "). Shool (r.), packisigE ("he shoots ;" see Gan). mm 47 Shot (/;.). fi cilxinwins ("little (liicklmll ;" cirih, "iliu;k," iind ('•niriiis, (liininiitivc of tonn, "ball bullet, arrow;" in Xipissiiii:, amci means "arrow" only, a sense wbieb it lias not in Ok ipwe. Tiie Toronto 3IS. has for " shot " shissifi(ino>ie)i). ShoiiUhr, odinimangsEn ("bis shoulder;" the radical is dim- 7iuing(jKii. C'uoq connects the Nipisslng tinimangau with the r a d i c a 1 tinUjan, "shoulder- blade "). Silver, wfibiskE cn'nia ("white money ;" from the stem wuhi^ld, an enlargement of the radical iri'if), "whit e, " and ro'ifin, " money, silver "). Sister, ni'tikik ; iii'tiLiik ; ni'tiki' ("my sister;" the radical liitiJ.ik, "sister of a woman "). Sister (i/oiUiger), oci'mKyim ("his sister ; " the radical is a'/ma). Sistir Older), nbini-;si;n ("my sis- ter ;" the radical is niissKi. Sister-in-htw, ninim (" my sister-in- law ; " the radical is iiiin). Six, ninffo'twas ("one+ five;" uia- fjo't, lUirl). Sixti/, ningotwa>i miia'nK ("six tens"). Ska;/og ishnid, minis (" island " ). ShiKjog hike, pldjo'gKn sku'KgogC.'). Skunk, cik6g(" the nrinator;" from the radical (■//,■, "to urinate"). Sky, gi'cik ; ki'/iku (etymology? In Xipissing, .////, sign ities " day" only;. Sleep (i\), nlpfi'. Skiejh, ci'boggEH (origin'.'). Sleigh, otM'bKn ("that on which something is drawn or transport- ed ;" from the radical otn'hv., "to carry, to transport "). SmuU, Kkfi'sin ( " it is small ;' from the radical— i;/,<^'s, "small";. Smoke (c), kikfi'nKinu'le ("it smokes " ). Sinike, kiiie'pik ffrom the radical kin, " long, pointed ";. Snakt {green), osawaskogine'bikons (" little green snake ;" -ons is di- minutive). Snoir, ki'in. Su'iir (v.), so'gipo ("it snows;" properly "to fall in Makes ;" from the radical sn'k't, " miicb, in a heap, numerously," and the rad- ical sullix p'/, •' to snow "). Snoirshoe, a'kim ; agim (etymol- ogy V). Soft, no'ka ("it is soft";. Soldier, cuna'gi;nic (derivative of e'lmi'i'gy.n, ' ' lance, spear ' ' ). Sou, ningwii (" my son ;" the radi- cal is giriK). Son (adopted), ningwi>siki-: ("my adopted son " ). Son-in-l(iir, niningwi:n ("my son- in-law ;" tlie radical i.s ningirvji). Speak, ki'kiio T" he speaks "';. Sjieur, Onil (etymology".'). Spid(r, i>a'pika'i;ci ("the net- maker;" through the verb k.v?'- jfika, "to make a net;" from the radical Kxn'jt, " a net "). Sjiir/t (i//iiist), n'lciica'g (""his spirit ;" the nulic.-il is ti-i'tc!y from the radical ti./.K or tiJ.i. "cool, cold," in reference to the temper- ature of the water). Spring (senstm >, mino'kami ; niino'- ki:nii (literally "the water is good [for navigating] ;" from the radical m'lno, "good," and s . ■■^ m 48 the rndical sullix /.I'lmt or hKmi, " water ' '), Spring (last), niiiio'kiiiniiii,' (-iif/ -. "liisl ' ';. Sjiruce, kiiwri'iulak (" the tree with Miirrow, iioinli'd Icuvea ;" from tlu' niiliciil /■'>, " sliiirp, prickly, pointed," iuid the radii'iil siiltix ii'/nht/,-. which denotes the foliage of evergreen trees). JS(/uirrel, utci'tan»on ; a tc i' t a ni u (Cuoq derives .he Nipissing ittrit. aiiio from atcit, " head first," and ■(t7n, relating to the "mouth;" the animal is so named from the way iu which he descends trees, etc.). SUIT, anang ; aiiangki (signiticatioii of ki is uncertain). Stee7' (v.), ota'ki:. Steji (v.), tJ-.kwKki ; iHkwF.k C'he steps"). Stick (for threnhing rice), pawKg- miiik (from the radical pairKn, "to thrash or heat with a stick,' and miiik, " stick "). Stick, mi'lik ; mitig. Stocking, cihignumiiri's ("long leg- gings;" from the radical ci/i, "long," and mitii's, "leg- ging")- ^ Stone, assen ; assi'n ; asi'n (the Cree ussiuiy, " stone, " seems to be cognate with ussan, " dur, solide "). StoiH, pi wa'bikisik nnf from pi irl'i'hik, " irttn," and Mi'ikKn, "warmer"). Strairherry, otc'min ("his heart fruit," (V, ic, min ; from its shape). Sturgeon, name' (in some dialects this word means " fish "). Sdcker (fish), nfimc'pin (a deriva- tive from niitni', which in some dialects signifies " fish "). Sugar, tisiba'kwKt (see .Vaplesvgnr. Cuoq, however, connects Creo sisipaskirat with siai/t, "duck"). Sugar, s^fcapiTwa (the preceding word was thus imperfectly pro- nounced by one Indian). Snmacli, pakwKnimic ("the tree that bears the pn'kicF.ii; -mic, "tree, shrub "). Sumcch -frxit, pakwKu (etymol- ogy V). S'nnmer, ni'pin (etymology?). Summer (last), ni'binong (-ong = "last "). Sun, ki'zis (etymology?). Sunday, animi'K gi'cikKt (" worship day"). Sunfish, okwKifi'ci (etymology?). Sirniloir (hint), sasi'nibiclag (ety- mology?). Siratnp, niKskeg (etymology?). Siraii, wabi'fi ("the white bird;" from the radical irab, "white, to be white," and the radical suffix ■si, "bird "). Sirim (i\), pima'taki-: (from the rad- ical jiin, used as a prefix in cer- tain verbs of movement, and the radical suflix ii'takE, "to move through the water, to swim "). 2'ake (c oJa'pini-; ("I take it:" .adical is (^nl<~i'j>in, ^('cer's), raaskKwa'djI pi'- .... 1 1; (" frozen grease;" the rad- ical of the first component is niiUka, " hard, stifT"). Tamarack, mi';skeg\va'lik ("swamp tree;" from inv.skfg, "swamp," and the radical suffix -a'tik, -wd'- tik, " plant "). Teacher, kiki'nfiiinania'kK ("he teaches "). 40 Teeth, nivvl'bitu C"niy tcetli ; " the raJiral is lit; lii»;nilly '• I liavo toeth"). Ten, miifi'si ; miiaswi. Th an k yon, mi />, 'white, " and the radical sutlix .n'bil., " metal, mineral." Compare French /V?'- hlanr). Tba*/, 6muki;kl ("t'roii";; papijin- nuikKki (Mrs. Holin said tliis word siiinified "roiiuh frog;" C'uo((, however, derives the cor- responding Xipissing pninkomn- kiiki from impik, " Wca," 7niikitki, "frog;" the Crcc pipikiratettcir, "toad," which Lacombe connects with pipiknsiir, "it is rough," seems to favor the former ety- niology ;. Tobacco, se'mi:. To-dity, n6iigom gr'cikKt ("now day;" nongom, "now," from radical nonij ; (jVc'ikv.t, "day." Compare English "nowa- days"). 7'oes, nrbin6kwi:nisi;ti:n (literally "the series of daughters of the foot;" the first component of this word is the radical n'l'binv., "in a row, in succession;" the last, «i-:(i;m = Nip i ssi n g sitnn, "toe," from sit, "foot;" K/i = Nipissing an, "daughter "). Tomorroir, wit'bunk (;i derivative from iri'i'liv.n, "it is da\% "which comes from the root iriib, "light";. Tornorroir mernini/, Maln'inkigi'ci'.p (glcep ^^ " morning ";. 7'(i//(7'/(',nindKna'nii'i ("my tongue;" the radical is ilvju'i' nlii ). Tiirch, waswfi'giin (derived by the instrumental suftl.x -gyji from the radical icUini, '-to lisli b\' the light of a torch " j. Toronto, gitcO odA'ni-; ("big town "). Totem, o(16'di:m ("his totem ;" the radical i- ii'dv.m. Schoolcraft connected this word with the root seen in Otcipwc odinu, "village, town;" Dr. .1. II. Trumbull thinks it is from the verl) "to have;" in Olcipwc odnhi/inin, "he has;" Massachusetts oht-un, "he lias;" neither of these etymolo- gies is very satisfactory. Cuo(i seeks to connect otc with te, "heart " ). Trap (for kiUini/ nnimnh), dasona'- gi:n (-fiKii U instruinental sullix ; the radical is ddsimit, "to catch in a trap "). Tree (no word in use to express the general idea ; one Indian, how- ever, used in'itii/). Tree (species?), akakwu'nic (ety- mology V). Trii-frog, gi'kibingwakwa (etymol- ogy'.'). Tribal mimi, ^lississfi'gO ; ]Mi^i^^l'g^■ (see below). Trolling line, r>dri'djik6'ki:n (-ki-.n is instrumental sulVix ; the verb vdii'djikiikv., "to flsli with a hook and line," may I)c connected with the radical \{i\\) iitil'bv., "to draw, to pull." See Fishing line). Trout, namc'gfis (a derivative from the radical niuni'. See Sturgeon). I yMWf'^ 'Wfc^.iaiTrBaMw 50 Trunk {box), nM'rnj;\vac (from initvj, "wood, ■■ ami n-nr, radiciil, ^\g\\\- fvin.ii' "cavitv, hollow." See Fi'enelnnnn). Turkey {Uime or u-ild), iiiisi'sK ( ' ' the great bird;" from tlie radical mifi, "great," and the radical siiilix -SK, •■ bird "). Turnip, tfis (perhaps "pointed"). Tircnty, mcta'ni-: (" two tens "). Tiro, nic. U. U (a diminutive by the suffix -ons from puri'ibik, "iron ; " "little iron "). Wolf, ma iuggi;n (the etymology of this word is not yet known ; perhaps it signifies " thetearer "). Wnniiin, ekwfi ; ek\vri'( etymology?). Worn -'i (.old), mindimo'nyl (ety- mology?). Wood (s/irk), miiig, mitik. Wood (fire-), mici. Woodtierker (spu'iis?), jiapassK (ou- omatopo'ic?). Wool, mani-;tanico'lii\va i ("the sheep his hair ;" b'l' n-ni, radical=^ " hair, pilus "). iro?'?«,s' (c*(/7/o, cigicnfi usidi '-'//, is idural suffix). 52 Wi)7'ms (tape), nkai-a'giim'ik (■'//,■, plural suHix). Writ)', niiul n(i|iiKii ("I write;" from the radical oci, "In make ; " literally, "I make marks upon somethiui;- "). y. Ydrii, uwfi'tuk ; owa'tug (etymol- ogy?). Year, pipo'i-.n ("winter"). Yeast, fimbisigi ki;n (from the radi- oal seen in Otcipwe otuhisse, " I tly up in the air ;" om/^/s/Irs. Holiu is regarded as the wisest of the Indians in the matter of the history of her people and their beliefs in the past, and from her the greater part of the information here recorded was obtained. A. — Of the great deluge legend the writer was able to secure but a fragment: "When there was a flood on the earth AVanil)ojfr gathered together the aninuxls. He got into his boat and then he sent down the muskrat. The muskrat dived and then he brought up some earth in his claws." The occurrence of the "canoe " instead of the " raft " (which is more usual in this Algonkian myth) is noteworthy. B. — Another fragment tells of the ten men who went to visit "Wi'inT- boju' in the land of the sun-down. When they reacheil it, after many days' journeying, they found the game so jileutiful that the porcuiiines were crawling over Wanil)6jfi'. At Skugog the name of the Algonkian hero, variously known as Nani- bojfi, Xanabush, Manabush, etc., is pronounced WarnhnjiV. C. — A very brief legend relates that the "fox-bird," known in Missis- saga as a' iiv.k, was formerly a little girl who lost herself in the woods and became a bird. D. — Some animal myths and Ijcast fables are still remembered at 53 Skfigog. One of these, relaliiig to the Rabbit, the Frog and the Moose, is as follows : * "Tlie Ilabbit and the Frog 'clubbed together' to kill the Moose, and they did kill hiui. First the Frog tracked him and came to tell the Rabbit the prospects. He said : ' It was something very mysterious ; he steps on every other hill.' Tlien the two went out together and killed the Moose, and they gathered the blood. Then the Rabbit asked the Frog what he would do if the 'enemy ' (tiie Wolf) came along. ' Oh ! ' said he, ' I would cut a liole in the vessel in which the bloml is, and, when it runs out, crawl into the ground." " In this curious myth the wolf is not called by his usual name (maing- gK.n), but is evidently given a figurative one, the signification of whicli Mrs. Bolin did not clearly compreliend. She said the first part of the word (mi'giMkioniti;) meant "a fish-hook," while the last signified "a living animal." In some other animal myths the wolf is known as " the enemy." "The frog is mighty clever," said :\Irs. Bolin ; " he crawls in and liides liimseif wherever there is moisture." So wiicn the blood was spilt the frog would disappear into the ground. E. The liaci'oo,, and the Cnnrfish^" Tha Raccoon was very loud of Crawfish, so lie disguised himself to deceive them. He lay down on the lake shore and let his tail and hind(iuarters into the water. ]5y and bv a Crawfish came and pinched iiim to see if he were dead, which (he Iliic- coon pretended to be, and didn't mind the pinches he got. The Crawfsh then went away and told the other cniwfish that he had found the Ri c- coon that had ' cliewed ' so many of them last summer. So more of tiiem came and pinched the Haceoon and were very glad that their enemy was dead. Rut by and by, when a large number of crawfish had gathered round him, the Raccoon suddenly jumi)ed up and caught them and had a great feast. Soon afterwards the IJaccoon came across the Wolf. He wi'apped up some of his own excrement very neatly and said to the Wolf: 'Here is something nice!' and the Wolf ate it. Tiien the Rac- coon said to the Wolf 'Mawel you ate my excremen. I' At first the Wolf did not understand him, and the Raccoon said again, 'Mawe '. you ate my excrement. I gave it you wrapped up.' Then tlie Wolf was ver- angry and he killed the Itaccoon." In this story also the wolf is ('ailed by another name than that usuallv given bin). The fact tliat some of the characters in these animal stori('S bear names that are now entirely ob.solete in common speech, seems to argue for tiiem a consideratile anticpdty. At Skugog, WanlbojiV is sometimes confounded with Wamlciudjakl- wi'insl ("the great-grandfather," as he is often termed). Of the latter the following brief legends were told by Mrs. Bolin : F. Why Foxes hn-e Bl.ick Z^c/;'''-— " Wamiciudjaklwansi did not like his son-in-law. One day they were out hunting together, and, when they *Tho ICiiglisli versions are in the narrator's own words witli a vorv low Krainniatical changes nocessnry for the slmiso. Tlio Indian versions will 1)0 fonnd below 5 54 camped, pltced their leggings and moccasins by tlie fire to dry. W. changed the places of the moccasins and leggings. Afterwards he threw what he thought were his son's moccasins ;\nd leggings into the fire. In the morning the young man rose, found his own moccasins and put them on. W. tried to miike out that they were his, but he had forgotten that he had changed the places of the moccasins before he burned what he thought were his son's. So W. was forced to go barefooted and barelegged. He then blackened his legs and feet with a coal, and thus the foxes have black legs to this day." O. Another legend of WamKiudjakiwansT, current at Skugog, tells how he abandoned his son-in-law on an island ; " W. hated his son-in-law. One day he went witii him to a little island, and abandoned him there. W. tlien went olf in his canoe, wliich he used to make go witiiout jiaddling. IFe would lie upon his back in the boat and tap the crosspieces with his hands, making a noise like pan ! pan ! and the boat would go right along. jNIeanwhile the son-in-law had changed himself into a gull, and, Hying over the canoe, dropped some of his excrement on W.'s breast. Tlien \V. said, ' That's the way the young gulls do when they have their l)ellies full,' and went on in liis canoe. In tlie meantime his son-in-law made haste and got home before iiim. When W. arrived and saw his son-in law tliere he was mucli astonislied ; he kept looking and looking at him and when asked why he w;is doing so, gave some excuse or other." //. Anollu!r character wiio figures in Mississaga legend is Assi:mo'ki<:n, "the tobacco-maker," of whom the following ^tory was related by >[rs. Bolin : " Long ago there lived two brothers : one of them was a hunter, the other was AssEiiio'kKii whoalwavs stiiyed in camp and did no hunting. One day Assi<;nu")'ki:n tliought Ik; woulil go away on a journey some- where or oth(!r, and he meant to tell his brother so wlien he returned from hunting, but forgot about it. He forgot it in this way two or three times. Finally he said: 'I'll keep saying, (iama'dji; I gamfi'dji-: ! ' (I'm going! I'm going I) 'over and over again until my brotlier comes.' So he did this a long time. Wlien his brother arrived he heard some one saying, '(rama'dJK I gama'dJK ! ' IFe then saw his brother who told him he was iroing awav. 'Wliat do vou mean?' said he to ,\ssKmo'ki';n. You would not go very far before you would me(!t with something to lead you astray.' ' Well ! I'm going anyway,' said .Vssumo'kKii, and lie went off. Before long he heard a noise — tlie noise of trees rubbing against one another. He thought it very nice, and said : ' I want to be that, let me have that I' But tlu; tree said : 'Oh no! f am not conit'ortable, it is a biul jilace to be in.' For wlienever the wind ciune on, the trei^ had to siiueak and make a noise, i-iu ! i-ifi ! But .VssKmo'kicn wonld have it and took the pla(;e of the tree. So the tree laj' on .Vssinno'kEu's breast, and when the wind came he had to cry out for the pain he felt. But his brother 55 knew all about it soon and came after him. ' It's just as I told you,' said he to AssEmo'kEu, and released him. " AssEuio'kEn went on again. Soon he came to a river, where l>.e saw a stick on end in the mud, moving about with the current and making a noise, lie thought that was nice, too, and so he took the place of the stick. Ilis brother had to follow after him and take him out, but told him lie would not help him agMJu. "AssEmo'kEn vheii went on fuvlher and came to a vlH^vge. ITere all the people were dead except two children — a little boy and a lit le girl. Assiimo'kEn asked what had happened to the people who were dead. The children, who were lamenting, told hiiu thai a wicked old woman and her daughter had killed them. The way she killed them was this. Bhe had asked them to get for her the white loon that dwelt in tlu; middle of the sea. Not one of them was able to do this, so she killed them one after the other. The children told AssEmo'kiin that the old woman wou'u come back to set them the same task, and that they would have to i ;;j also. But AssEmo'kEn caught the white loon and gave it 'o the cliildren. lie told them to show it to the old woman when she came .nd to ask her, if she were able, to get the chipmunk's horn, to obtain which it w.is neces- sary ;o go to the end of the earth. The old woman came and the chil- dren showed lier the white loon, at which she was greatly surprised, and said that it must have got there itself. They tiicii asked her to get the cliipmunk's horn, ' Oh I oh I you talk old-fashioned,' slie said, and threvv down some deer's horns, pretending that they were what was required. As she could not perform the task AssEmo'kKn killed her. lla then made a little bow and arrows for the boy, ard told him to shoot up in the air and tell the dead people to rise. He shot into the air three times, and each time he said : 'Get up ! the arrow is going to fall on you ! ' The first time he shot tiie arrow into the air, the people stirred a little and began to gape, and after the third tiiue they rose up." Texts oi' ]Mississag.\ Legends. A. FiUKjmenl of Dehii/e Lojcnd. — Opi'diu: kinuH'ka onk Ilfi a'ki ogima- ■wi';ndjii:n wanil)oji"^i' awe'ssJa' ku. KiliosIa'Kd imri'i;n otcinia'ning ml- tHc kipaki'linEt irri-ifi wfuljaeksvicn wfuljfick kikwF.k initKc ki'bitixl a'ki onindjig. B. Fvdcjinent of the Story of the. Ten Mm Who Veiled y a luhnju.. — Kim- julJEwug mitaswi iiiiiiiwi.g apKnglcimi;k o'kioiisKwion kilmi r\ i'nEt anda- wi'aidjiga'WKn migko ima'iiin papainn'si;nKt ootlgwaning wanilioju'. (/. Origin of the Foxliird — .Me'iiwiru ekwfi'sens gi'wKn-niinn mi'li- gwadJKkwE uiitKc ki''ani':kowiot. D. The liabbit, the Fro;/ and the .]/oo!on. -Manitfi neme' Eg I a'yKwasiritin ti';kwEk'. MidEC kinissawKd mfi'son. AninggiiiK kihidjilcigadJE pi'dJIpa'ItawEd 56 mlgiskKnilE ka'siwEk? Diibticku'EU ki'miskwa'pminEii midi'x ima'En kunitEnissIyri'npEn. E. The Raccoon and the Crawfish. — Assibi';ntEc gii'cii ima'En di'li- pii'-afi kiawi'kawicimEt. !Muli';c win acKga'cI mklKc ki'siiulEkwa'wEtl. Ka'windKC ki'niaiDadji'issi. Ni'biniing ki'cfioa'kwa'mina'gopEn ningl- mi'kawa'. As&ibKii ni'nindji'biwfi'E ; as^ibKii dji'ljicka'i-; midKC ki'wa- nickEd ; kani'gi ki;kiniiE kltfi'nKWKd. MidKC ki'nagickawEd ina'iiig- gEiiEn. Ma'we ! iiiinfi kimi'djin ! gi'wivvEkwO'uuug wrryus gitwi'bi:uin. Wai ! -wall niiiifi kiuii'djin ! JMidKC kini'sin. /''. Why l-'oxes have Blacl.- Legs. — Midi';c Wruniciu'-djiikiwansi aiulE- Wi'indjiga'wEn oninggwaiiEii niidi':c kabo'ciwEd. ]Midi';c oia'piniii O'lUEkussinEii oiiiuggwEin olussEii kayu'lEc. Midi':c kijoglcEU omKUi'is- siiiKii uiiinggwaiiEn vvi'iiitKC i'nliu' o'niEkiisginKn kijugicEii i'liiifi'. MidKC ilkKkadJE ki'sinikwi'iEnung okating midi';c i in ki'wagwi'u iwEt. MidKC lifi audji nu'ikalKwanik an wagwusb okadKu. G. ]V(hnlciu''cljdkiicd'nsi and His Son-in-Latr. — "Wamici'frdjaklwa'nsi ayacigi'tK kl'kaneciu pKkitfi'-ouk O'lcima'n pEii ! pKii 1 pEii I tcinia'n. Kaijockons niidKC kimilcini'gKt. ^lisikwu adjitc igEWKd ka'ryockkoii- sEg katEpi'ssi niwatciii. Kfiwin okiii"niiivv(''iiimasin uiiingg\vaiii:ii ; oki- iiKkEUKU miiucG'ning. UgibiskawKn i'lriifi ka'iyocUonsEii wi'nilKin dEC gi'tigucin. II. AssK7iio'/,En and Jlis Brother. Adtso'kKn (a Tale). — (ii'tnwKg AssE- nio'ivKn \vi'djilv\vr'''i Eu mitKc aiulawKudJige'iiEt wi'djikwL' i-i:n wiiidO'- cei6 aya'pit AssEmo'kEii. O'giinikwandKii wima'dJKd. Upi' dEc i)KtE gwiciiiEt wi'djik\V('''i'Eii u'giwuiiandEn tci'windamawial winiu'dJKd IKkatKC lui'nawa pKlKgwi'xiiig niii gama'dJK. ]\Ik1kc upKiriiH kfiiki- t6'*yEn gama'dJE 1 gauui'dJE I — Ic6 I Ice I aniua gi'ia'i'djili'; wibi';sa\viiig gi'tawrd)KiidEn kc'gt) kawi'adji'iiiiko'dJKn. — E! gaiiia'djE sa'kuii ! a afi lufi'djEu. Kawin \va'sK kadja'si dji'wabKudEmKii ke'go. — SobakwKt o'giwabKiidKn. TagEuinilEin. Aafi kawin kocke niiiiiniwfi'si'tii frui'- djaayayEii. ^IkIkc in'ipakEin nia'nima'tinik uiidKC C'eiiweI iifi ! iifi ! bke 1 gi'tanu'sE iiiininabKn dJicaya'yEm iiiica'dji ini'nawa kinifi'dJKd AssEUio'kKn. MuIkc a'dji nn'nawa ki'biiiia'bid si'biiig \val)KiidKii-iui'dKk I'll iifi niiiig tacina'taniiiik. A I lagEiiiaitEin. A'fifi I kdcke niminiwa- si'^i. OI o! icaidja'dJKii kfiwintKc ini'nawa gila'bi \vi't()k\v6siiiKn. M\. dKc ki'ulicwKd kKkinuE ka'nipu'wakri'panen nicc'lT' abino'dJivEg. O'ki- kokwc'djnnKii anindEc kfulo'vvEd Okokri'nipfi'djik. Miiulini5''i'ec kfi'-yO otfi'nEn. Muii'.c okn eUilEd na'nik fro wa'bnnank a'goniEd ima'-En gigitciiiJi'ming. ^Sluiawa'go wi'biiigwucin niiiKC ki;''ineg gi'liinanE kung wiuuiE kin aO gitc'oggwinggwis eckiin. Lm\ Iifi! kakitE wi'djicwa'- wEk ablnu'djiyKg ka'nawi'nE d'gi'olissiko'isi wa'tilk^nEn AssEmo'kEn. Wawa'cgac rckEnEu o'kiopKginEn. Kawiu fro ! wa'wai'sE wa'bimank. MidKC ki'adji'lawEd mi'ligwa'bisEn ka''ye pikwEkons inc anicpeming owi'tEii gi'kai'kit gi'kfri'kit gibitcino'nim ouickEg ! gibitcino'nim onic- kEg ! gibltciuo'nim onicksg 1 Ki'wonickawKgidKC. 57 A. DiincAng Song. — B. Raven Song. — Songs. E-yo-ko-6! E-yo-k6-6! etc. Kakaki wa'wiwlsiniWEg AnUm'ilin^nggii. "The Ravens are feediii"; on the hillside." C. White Bone Song. — Kilci INLo'komKn oduda'nong AVasIginecInun. "In the town of the Americans the white bones lie.' D. Wdrrior's Purling Song. — Gfigo nifiwimerlkKn EkwawiyanE niboyauE. "Do not weep woman at our death." E. Low Song. — F. Lo\'e Song. — JIakatavv{inikwri'i)Kn Kwa wisi wa \v it ika makwTp i:n . "I wanted to marry a black-haired girl." ^fakatawfi'kamikwfi'pEn KwawisivvawiiikamakwiiiEn. "I wanted to marry a black-eyed girl." These songs were obtained by the writer at Skiigog from Na'wigicko'ke (see \\\?,oJoorn. of Anier. Folk-Lore, iii, pp. 153, 153). For comparison the following may be cited ; O. Hunter's Song. — Geo. Copway gives this hunter's song of the Mis sissagas of Rice Lake in his Life, p. ;34 : Ah yah ba wall, ne gab me koo nah vah ! Ah yah wa seeh, ne gah me koo nah vah. "The fattest of all bucks I'll take, The choicest of all animals I'll take." II. In sings the deceive : the Naniboju' story furnished tho writer by >Ir. Salt, the hero following song to tlie assembled waterfowls whom he intends to Pa-zang-wn-be she-moog, Pazang-wa-be-she-moog, Pa-zang-wa-be-shenioog. Ke-ku-ma-mesgue-she-gwam Ke-ku-ma-nie-sgue she-gwam, Ke-ku-ma me-sgue-she-gwam, Au-yun-ze-kwa-gau, Au-yun-ze-kwa-gau. "Shut your eyes and dance ; if you open your eyes, Your eyes will become red." 58 In the Toronto MS. the following songs (cf. Journ. of Amer. FolkLore, 1, 159) occur, which I tnmscribe lilenilly : I. Chiinson du wabiino oukaqui (jUii nii»ouniin quilicog inanilou-ou (I5is) t;int qu'on vuut En Fnui^ois Lc'S Dieux disenl que nous niourourons un jour (IJis). J. Autre de wabano (V) oukimacoue he he coua ni soucoutinicouyee (oukima uini sauan 4 Bis) En Fran(jois La reine a deu\ maris el nous tuons son nuiris (4 Bis) oui you ya oiii ja lia (iJis tant qu'on veut). K. Chanson d'amour ouika tatacouchin nini niouchen-lien J'esii(Te de te voir hientot nia mattresse. L. Autre de chasse wagououine h<5 i! a les cornes de tnivLers] (Bis) jManitou ouistouija oui ha ha Lc forgeron est un diable. J/. Chanson ya ninji'ue cone (luiouejiinan Ninguiscionii' je luets le Ciel sens dessus dessous. Tlie words used in all these songs do not appear to dill'er from those used in common speech. Titir.AL AND Ethnic jSTames. Ati'c ("Elk"). The name of the chief totem of the Indians of Skfigog. Kili'hiio'koii'Ki'. An " American." Tiiis name which literally signifies "big knife," is said to have been given on account of the "swords " of the American soldiers. Muisa'cjc, \ The Indians of Skfigog, according to the chiefs niece, call Mixisa'gl. ) themselves " ^Mississagas of tin; Otcipwe nation." When asked about the meaning of the term ^lislsa'gi, Osawanimi'ki said it signifies "manj' mouths of rivers." Xa'vvigickokc, however, thought it meant "large mouth of river." Mr. Salt informed the writer that the word is in Indian pronounced "minzezagee, " in the plural, "min- zezageeg," the latter of which signifies "people who inhabit the 59 country where there are many mouths of rivers" (Juurn. of Am. Folk-Lore, i, 1")0). Geo. Copway, who was a Mississaga, says (Life, History, etc., p. l:?) : "The Ojebways arc called here, and all around, Ma^sissaugays, because they came from Me-sey Fali^ieuij, at the head of Lake Huron, as you go ui> to Sault Ste. !>rarie Falls." The llov. Peter Jones, who freciuently speaks of the " ]\Iessissauga tribe of the Ojebway nati(ui," stales that "the claa or tribe with whom I have been brouiiiit uo is c;illed Messissauga, which signifhis eagle tribe, their ensign or toodaim being that of the eagle" {lli^t. of Ojebway Indians, p. 234 ; see also 138, 1G4). But in this statement he appears to have been led away by false etymological analogies. In the manuscript in the Toronto Public Library is the following : "Descriptions dts tvibnts des Snnvages hnrons snvoir totoim tribuf. Niguic couasquidzi tribut de la loutre. Passinassi " " " grue. Atay6tagami " du caribou. Oupapinassi •• " brochet. Ouasce souanan ccorce de IJouleau. Missigomid/i chcne blanc. Mississagui tribut de I'Eigle." The eagle was the principal totem with tlie Mississagas of the region around York (now Toronto), but the tribal name lias nothing to do with the word for eagle. The Mississagas are no doubt in- cluded with the llurons in the Toronto MS., because of their alliance with the 8ix Nations in 174(i. .Schoolcr:ift {Avch. of Abor. Knoicl., i, p. 30C) saj's that the word Mississagie is "an Algonquin phrase for 'a wide-mouthed river.' '' The components of the name, in any case, are the radicals niici, " great (nianj' ".')," and >i<'i'[jl, "mouth of a river." Nii'li'nci (snake?). An L'o(]Uois. This is the name given by the Missis- sagas, Otcipvve, Xipissings, etc., to the ^[ohawks and Iroquois. Tlie corresponding word in Cree is natoiceir, connected perhaps with the root m'lt, " to seek, to go after." In Nipissing and Otcipwc, natowe and nadoire mean a large serpent, the flesh of which was formerly eaten by the Indians, according to Cuoq. The transfer of the name to their enemies, the Iroquois, is easlh^ understood. This fact may have some bearing upon the etymology suggested for the word "Iro- quois" by ]\Ir. Hewitt {Amer. Anthrop., Vol. i, p. 181)). Odickici('g¥.iiri. According to Mrs. Boliu, this is the name by which the ^lississagas were known in fornujr times when they dwelt on the north shore of Lake Superior. She thought it signified "people on the other side of the Lake." The Rev. E. F. Wilson (.lA'/z. of Ojebio. J.anrj., p. 157) gives (^f/w/^ryvrtZiry^/z^wee as denoting "Algonquin Indi- ans." Cuoq {Lex. AUj., p. 314) cites otickwitij((nii ns the name of the Nipissing Indians. He explains the word as ot-ickwa kami, "la dernicrc elendue d"eau " {i.e., Lake Nipissing), from the prefix ot-. an 60 ickwu- (end), r/az/a* (body of water). Baraga gives, in Otcfpwo, odishkwdgaini, "Algonquin Indian." Cuoq's etymology is not satis- factory, and since we find in C'ree the radical ottixknir, "on face, vis- II vis," it would seem that a derivation from the cognate of tills latter, and the radical sullLv -gijiit or plication of the name is not clear, but it is wrongly said to have been given on account of the broad expanse of Rice Lake, into which the river flows. In some Algonkian dialects of the Lake Superior region this name is given to the fish known scientifically as the Corcgonns (inadr Hater alls, and reapi>ears in the term toulibi, or tulUbee, applied by the French and English settlers in the Canadian Northwest to the same fish. J'akljv.kfVckhri'i'kong. The old Indian name of Skfigog Lake. Before the Government dams were erected, some years ago, the lake was very shallow and muddy. Mrs. Bolin explained the name as signi- fying "a low, shallow, muddy place." One of the Indians, who had 62 forjiotlcii most of his molht'i' tongue, Ciilled tho hikii pvjJjogKii «/7'mk- pof/, and it would scum tliat in the present name Sii)e]iiition tiiiU impressed ilsell' upon tiie memory of llie European Emigrants. The etymology of tiie name Is seen from the cognate Otcipwe ajixldiirikd, "it is muddy, " from the radical (ijinJiki, " mud ; " -oiij/ is locative sutlix. Pa' mitiUkwo' tiiyoag . The name given by the Indians to llice Lake, which body of water received this last name from tin; whites by reason of the wild rice in which it abounds. Mrs. Rolin explained the term as signifying "across the prairies, or burnt lands," saying that on look- ing across the lake from the Indian camping ground one could see the ])rairies. This explanation is somewhat doubtful. In the region of Peterborough the old name is believed to have meant "lake of the burning plains." The word maj' be derived from jhi'nat, "across," and iiK'iKh'iita, "|)rairie," with the locative sutlix, -oiuj. Po'trnjii'iiiiKj. A name given to the town of Lindsay and also to a place nearby where there are "rapids" in the river. Said to mean "at the rapids." C'l'c'ibi~i'(i;/ir, 'i/o/ifj. Tlie name given by most of the Indians to Cimung or Mud Lake. ^Irs. Bolin e.xi)lained that the word signilled "place of many inlets and outlets, with junctions." The first component seems to be a derivative of the radical ('Icrt, "long." Com|>are the Otcip'.ve nin jishibiijibiitd, " I stretch something out in every direc- tion." NaMKS of MYTlIOLORtOVfi ClI.MlVCTKRS AND ObJKCTS. The principal characters who tigure in the mythology of the Mississagas of Skugog, as far as the writer had opportunity to investigate, are : Asswnd'kKii. An individual whom, Mrs. Bolin said, "made tobacco;" but in what way, or when, she could not say. He " was not a very clever or bright man," but "knew enough to make tobacco." lie is the principal figure in a "younger brother" story and resembles one of the characters in the mythology of the New York Iroquois. Ilis name signifies "tobacco-maker." The radical is sc'niE, nssr.'niE, "tobacco." A/iKk. The bird known as " fox-bird " by tlie residents in the vicinity of Skugog is really, according to Indian belief, a little girl who got lost in the woods and vva3*nietamorphosed into this creature. Asaibnn. Tlie raccoon figures an emblem of cunning and deceit in the widespread myth of the "Raccoon and Crasvflsh," which has its ana- logues far without the limits of Algonkian tale-lore. He is the deceiver of the crawfish (on which he feeds) and of the wolf who finally kills him. Acagdce. The crawfish figures as the victim of the raccoon. 63 Oilj'ikEwc'i. The littlo " chickadee " is a purveyor of news luul jjooil advice to men. Mt'i'tilu. Tlie name ,u;ivoii by the Iii(liiin8lo "suiieniiiliiral beiiifis," nood or bad. Tiie appellations G'lta Mihu'/fi ((lod) and Mt'ih-i, Mi'tnitu Cdevil) h.ive been fixed by tiie inlliience of tli(i missionaries. Mi'i'ir'c. This name Cnot now in use) is given to the wolf in some of llie old tales. Usually he bears his own mwwQ, iiiii'ing- : i'l.wc, " woman." Xi'nrt'i/.irEhKiii ("middle tluinder"). Name of Mrs. IJolin's second son. Children were frequently named after tlie "thunders," or "thunder- birds." The word is derived from ///'"vJ/vn;, and a sufllx, of which exact meaning is doubtful. yi'binonaf.wEt (" summer cloud "). An old Indian who, many years ago, lived near Lake Simcoe. lie was known to the English as " Shilling," on account of a medal which he wore. The radicals of the word are ut'hin, "summer," and ('inal.icvJ, "cloud." In the MS. in the Toronto Public Library, the name yiplnditnconat, evidently identical with this, occurs. Nikfi (" wild goose "). One of the two brothers-in-law, who were the first settlers on Skfigog Island. He belonged to the (itik (elk) totem. Ni'cki'his ("young lion "). Name of .Mrs. liolin's youngest son. y<)n(>/,i'i'iit'/:irii ( " hiMuming-bird woman"). Name given to a yoiuig Indian girl by Mrs. Bolin, who acted as name giver. The word is composed of tiundh^'xl, "hummingbird," and ikirn, "wonnm. ' O'lliiiKi'hIiir'i-i (" chief bird "). The Indian name of John Bolin, hus- band of Na'wigicko'ke. lie belonged formerly to the 3Iud Lake Mississagas. From "','////m>, "clii(>f,'' ^'«' '<''. "bird." Oiiilti'siiK/iit'/,t, "thunder." The name is ;ilso pro- iu)unced it'sinrdiriiin'hi. /V,r/,/(v,/^',v,'/(i'','au-(iuoch be-she ke (pau- I'^xit, o-/.id (ills foot). quoch = wild). nezid (my looi). Bull, au-yau-ba-be-she-ke (a\i-yau- ke-/id (your loot). l);i = male). ne-zid-ong (in or on my foot). ('a{f, au-tick-oonce (little cow). ke-/id ong (in or on your foot ). be-she-kunce. o-zid un (feet). Cheat, o-kau kc-gun (his chest). o-zid-au-won (their feet). ne kau-ke-gun (my ciicst). o-zid-au-wong (in or on their i ke-kau-ke-gun (your chest). feet). 67 Oirl, equasiince. equiis-iui-sug (girls). Uah', nie-nc sis. nc-ine-ne-sis (nij' Iiiiir). Ice-me-iic-sis (your liair). me-ne-se-sun (hairs), o-nic'-iie-si-sc'-won (llieir liairs). Hand, o-ninj (liis Iiand). ne-iiiiij (my liaiul). ku-iiiiij (your liaiul). o-ninj-ccii (liands). ne - uinj - ing (in or on my liatul). l\t' - ninj -ing (in or on your ha ml), o-ninj-c-wong (in or on tlicir liand). Head, oosh-tiiT won (liis head), nish ti.;-.\von (my head), kish-liic-won (your head). oosh-lig-wau-nuM (lieads). oosli - lig - wa - lu; - won (t heir heads). nish tig-won-ing (in or on my head), kish-tig-won-ing (in or on your head), oosh-tig-wa-ne-wong (in or on iheir hcuds). Jair, o-dau me-knn (his jaw), nin-dau-me-kiin fmy jaw), ke-dau nu! kun (your jaw), o-daii-mc-kun-un (jaws). o- dau - me- ktin-e - won (their jaws), niii-dau me-kun-ing (in or on my jaw), ke-dau-mc kun-ing (in or on your jaw). o dau-me-kun-o woiig (in or on Iheir jaws). Leij, o kaud (Ins leg), ne-kaud (my leg). ke-kaud (your leg), o-kau-dun (legs). o-kau-dewon (their legs). Man, e-ne-ne. c-ne-ne-wug (men). Moxtli, o-doon (his mouth). n(! (loon (my mouth), ke doon (your mouth), o-doo-nun (mouths), odoo ne-won (their mouths) . ne-doo iiing (in my moulli). ke-iloon-ing (in your UKdith). o - doo - ne - wong (in their mouths). Nirl.-, o-ijua-gun (liis neck), ne-qua-gun (my neck). ke-((ua-gun (your neck). o-HC, o-chaush (his nose). ne-chaush (my nose). ke-chaush (your nose), o-cliaush-un (noses), o-ehaush-e-won (their noses), ne-chaush-ing (in my nose), ke chaush-ing (in your nose), o - chausji - e - wong (in t h e i r noses). ().v, be-she-ke ; autick ; auyau-ha be slie-ke. Ohl twin, au-ke-wan-/.e. au-ke-wan-/.e~yug (old men). Ir. Salt in order to allord opitortunity for ascertaining how ihe problem of syllabification presented itself to the Indian mind. The writer's own experience has been that there can be drawn no very lixed lines, for the consonant which closes a syllable at one time may a short time afterwards be found connected with the next following syllable. Tlie rule assumed by some authorities that syllables should, as far as possit)le, close with a vowel does not liold in the Algonkian tongues, for in :Mississaga the termination of a syllable in a consonant is very frequent, as may be seen from the vocabulary now under consideration. There seems to be considerable variation in Mr. Salt's syllabification, a fact which goes to support the writer's personal experience. There are several interesting points to be noticed in the list of words given above. Tlie name au-tic/.; given to the reindeer, is i^nown by tra- dition only, as that animal is unknown in the region where the :Mississagas reside at present. Xow the name is transferred to the "cow " or "o.\," probably from the resemblance of the hoofs. To the same animals the name be-she-I.e (properly, "biifi'ilo") is given, tlie male and female being distinguished as /au-bn he-she-kc and noon-sha he-shc-ke. As a result, probably, of the transference of this name to the domestic cow, the "buf- falo " is called by another name, being diil'erentiated as piin-qnochbc-she-ke, or tlie " wild cow," "the cow of the woods." It is an interesting fact that the Lenape //;r),s (wiiicli signified "elk, cow,") is by the Canadian Delawares of to-day applied only to the deer and the elk. The letters in the words given by Mr. Salt have their English sounds as written by M'r. Salt. To fir.Liiei illustrate the Mississaga dialect of :Mr. Salt the following brief legend, furnished by him, may be cited : A Stouv OP TiiK ]M.\MA(iW.\SKWir. on Fakiuks (llEt'KRRINa TO A Hock neau Siiawana(wV Hay). Pauketaubewod Auneshenaubag oUematusenauwon kekooyun kee-she- numackegawug kemodemindwau. Wekekanemauwod dush, chebvvau- 69 4 wauluiiii: kc-e iiiiukoshewawusr mvedo pauketaubaiininij; okewaubuniau- woii dusli akDinonnjiii wauyauljumcgowoa dush kemaujekoshevvawiin, aiipe diisli ademmvamvod koiuuvataiiwuii wckaiiimwauhiimeirosisiwau. Pasliiii diisli ke-e-kcd()\vuii kaiiiionod wcjik'.iwaymi. Xukenau tautauke- kwaniii keen osliaunau nuwiich Aunesliiiiaubang kedeshenaiigooz. Oke- waiilmmaiiwon emau odusene jeinaviiieniiig kckooj'un peendoniig auhe- uid, nu'dnsU ke-e nauwod, kagomenauwaii kemoodeinislishekoiigaii, ke- koiijwahenuimiwauwocl odusenejoinauneiie. Okewaubumai.won dnsh <'ne\vli niausliuslianejiii eiienewuii peendegakwaushewanid aiisuiuaiibik. 3[edush ewli Mainagwasewaubekong. "Ar a certain time some Indians snspected diat some one M-a.s stealing lisli out of tlieir nets. Resolved to see who it \va>^, they started l)et'orc daylight to visit their nets. They saw i^arties in a canoe taking fish out of tlieir net. The Indians chased them and overtook them, and iield their canoe, which was of stone. The Indians asked tliem why tliey were stealing tlie tish out of their net. Tlie stranirers kejit holding their lieads down, covering their faces with their hands. At last one of them spoke and said to one of his conipanions : 'You look up and answer, for you look more like an Indian than the rest of us.' The Indians knew that the strangers in tiie stone canoe were the beings whom they call .Wnii(tii,//,in;/ R In the Bnxh, lias recorded a few words of the Indians of .Mud and Hice Lakes (|)p. ;]l)T, :]11): Annonk, a star (name given to :\[rs. :\Ioodie's child Addie). Checharm, to sneeze. ^letig, a stick (name given to a while settler of slender build). Miickakee, a bullfrog (name given to a fat and pumiious while settler). Nogesigook, tlie norlheru lights (name given to Mrs. Moodie's daughter Katie). Nonocosi(iui, a humming-bird (name given to Mrs. Moodie). Sachatio, cross-eye (name given to a woman with a " squint "). Segoskee, rising sun (name given to a red-faced young man). Too-me-duh, to churn. ]Mrs. :Moodie notes the fact (p. '^!)4) that "John of I'vice Lake, a very sensible, middle aged Indian, was conversing with me about the lan- guage and tlie diflieulty he found in underslanding the l)ooks written in Indian for their use." This is not surprising when we consider the dilli culties of conveying to tiie mind of the Indian, in his own language, (i 70 the peculiar modes of thought of the Bible luul otlier reli-ious books. Be'^ides this the Rev. Peter Jones, to whom very many of llie translations are wholly or in part due, himself confesses that "liaving spoken the English language now for some time. I found I had lost my former flue'nev in my own native tongue " {Journal, p. 219). Schoolcraft, referrin- to Rev. Reter Jones' translation of the hrst Book of Genesis, publislicd in 18;5.-,, says (Archms of Aborl;/. A.O'dedi/e. iv, ^'-The idi.mi of the :\Iissisauii-a form of the ChiiM-ewa, which is employed thnm-hout the translation, is perceptil^ly dillerent from the more ri-id intonation and form of the vowel sounds as heard in tlie region of Lake" Superior ; but the language is literally the same and is well un- derstood by these northern bands." As an example, he cites Mississaga iinmcdoo-- norlharn moiu'h'. _ . Sir Daniel Wilson, in his Prclmtoru' M,ni CM\ ed., ii, p. 300), gives a useful list of "specimens of Indian onomatop.eia," which "have been noted d..wn chietly from the lips of Indians speaking the ch.srly allied Chippewa, O.lawah and Mississaga dialects of the Algonquin tongue Tlie examination of all accessible modrrn Mississaga material leads to the conclusion tliat the language of the Mississagas is radically the same as that of the Otcipwe and Nipissings, and has certain peculiarities, local. i,erhaps which ditVerentiate it slightly from both of these. On the whole, it would seem to be more closely akin to the dialect of Cuoq's Nipissing than to that of Baraga's Otcli)\v('. •riie sliort comi.arative vocalmlary has been compiled in order to show, approximately, the position of the language of the Mississagas auioiig^^t the Vl-onkian tongues. All evidence shows it to be almost identical witli the Nipissing and Otcipwe. but it possesses a number of words peculiar to itself. It also has many words which seem nearest to the Cree m form, while otliers resemble most the Leuape. •(0991 AlKV 'I "loA ',l..ivii,r[(i(>ii.)s) M.)l.LVX s,J,()^I^£ i 1-5 5 3 3-5 s j:j2 . _ . „ ■(',:CSI 'A -loA .,■'11 >'IV.. S.J..{\'M.|-|()()II.1><) )\K,)IJ\- s,(i\v;[ to 5 .c 2 ^ O CO ? S ^H- -yj Z^ ^ 1^ « ?-~'S ■(OfSl V.lMI.)) S.A\'U1.I.\-V (JW .VO.I,SIi|j[ ■((!Sst) ,1.1 II M .i to .>^ -^^^ A — -* i 5 ^^ 2-i -- S'H. :, V -£ -li -" ; ~ V »1 "7 ~ ^ ,~ -^ c ■'■ ^ ■(ills t) <.:r.iKn.iv'j v. - o = ^-^ - - - - •(f-Sl) !i:n'0 s,n:osii.\\ — — r • • •' .li .. - '(O'JSl V.lUM) "•r.u.n.i.i.o s,(')i).l;) 0-i=-f^ II ^:^r^r:-^^ = - ■(■(TV 'C-sSKl) vi.vssissii^: ■ii-ii!i.><:,i [•2i:>f:'ie;^'i:>-.E'|^l^~^^-^ rf c - = i: to .-a .i::= -I't; t; z. tf i sir '■■--■' (TI) ■(OflOl ^IINiV • « -■ - •| ■'IDA 'j,.lV}|.ri(i(iii:)s) ■r = r C ^ - "7 ^ ^2 ji.ii.i.vs; s.xoriM ;i-^ - - is 2.= iSH 6sxS K.:47*S a.^ ;: = i.= =^ •{-M.SI 'A -IIIA ,./ ..•■ii.iiiv.. . ~'i. S,J..-lv;i CKioirii;) =-^-5rr.; 2 ^ -■ i S ■^2iy^| ^ ; . -■ ^ •(OI>i V.)!1I,)) ;i,iv.s;:.i'[ s.wiili.i.s'v akv xiix.^i'.iu , . 5 ■z,t — = -^4 ■(OSS' I) .1.1 1( >.I -MJ\'1U S.IUX c~-^ -■ iJKIIl- Jl .ii! - ~ - -T-^ •■- ~ - Z~ <■ 'T .^ V. i- — -r '= -^ ,'{: ,7 .- .X ,2 ,i •('.lis I ) :r,-i:i:) -Minvii i\ •[ ■u :s i) AV.U ■■.iiini ~..^i'sii \\ 3 -^ 5 t € .'?■ if '-!- ^ — , - — ;, ;f _' - = i^ =i J|:§ I'-'p f Z ? - - ^"T"^"^ ^.-'^ ;:■? ^^c^;^--/'. -.N^i..^::.^ = - _ ;: ::,^ •(l|l>[ V.l'.ll.l) •M.U.U.l.l.O S.ViVU V5I f^JiJi z'Ji is S '7 H ;— ,Tt ;i. - ';;. ■(i.lKS'l) •iKIssI.II.SI s.fio.l.) •(r,-ss\'l) VllVSSlSSilC flOll.lMS ■^- N^.= ^ i^tf c u -"ri^^C'i'S^^'y. ^'^^Jj;:;^ H'i«".^^" •llsriii.KH I ''?. 'A 5 S i' tf 5 2 X X !j -x 5^ ^ X (73) 73 Other tlian a few prnpor names scatlered here and there in the old records of lolonial New York and t'anachi, the first liniriiistic material of the Mississagas is the list of words of the " Messissaujrer," publislied in 1707 by Benjamin Smith IJartori in Ids Tew Views (pp. 1-80), and reprinted by Allen (IHryV,), JMcivering-Say (lS-2:i-18t:5), Adelunir-Vater (180(i-isi7), (lallatin (18150), Tiiis sliort list has continued to be the only vocabulary of the Indians calling themselves ".Mississagas" known to the student ot the Algonkian tonuues until the discovery of the Toronto manuscript and the procuring by the writer of the vocabulary now published by him. In the introduction to his "Synopsis " Gallatin remarks: "Although it may be presumed that the Mississagucs did not, in that respect, diller materially from the other northern Algonkins (a (piestion which Smith Barton's short vocabulary does not enable us absolutely to decide), they appear to have (probably on account of their geographiral position) pur- sued a different policy, and separated their cause from that of their kin- dred triljes" (Arch. A/iwr., ii, p. :](»). Following are the words given by iJ irton (according to Arrh. An'ir., ii, p. :!7r)j: Belly (my) , I > read, Daughter (my), Dog, Eye, neemooteh. beeciuaussckun. neetauniss. nannemoosh. wuskink. Father (my), nosau. Fire, scutleli. Flesh, wigoussali. God. mungo minnato. Hand (my), nodikiss. I, Land, .Ma , ^loon. Mother I uiy, thy mother Son U'ly)- Star, Sun, Water, Wood [my], nindoh. hdckic. sinneeh. lenaupc-keesboo. kukkis. neetauniss. minnato. kecsboo. ni]ipec. netaukun. Some of these words are worth discussing a little. The radical of iwe- //'ooteh (my belly) does not agree with the onacut of the Toronto MS. or the niiiiissiid (my bully) of IJaraga's Olcipwc, the Xipissing nimlsdi, but is rsahcr identical with the (.'ree mainii (ventre). Xochkiss (my hand) mot resembles the Li.naiie //^^7// (my hand). Tlie word f(U- " mother " finds its cognate in the Otcipwe liiifiKAld (Wilson, /.ei/nahe, thy mother), Modern Lenape ffkhk (my mother), Lciiapo githowes, (inka (mamma). The words for "wood" {nctaul.'in,) and for "star" (//uiumfo) are pecu- liar. The " wood " may mean "foresl."in which case rapprochement with the Lenape ^t'/i(;«c (woods, an luiinhabited place) ; if it mean •' wood" in the other sense it is no doubt the same as Lenape dic/titn fwooil, i>iece of wood), with a pronominal prefix of the first person. Minnnto seems to mean "spirit;" tlie word for "(Jod," inuiii/o /in'nnnto ^= " ■j:ivdl spirit;" munfjo is cognate with the Nipissing radical mdiirj-, "great." and miinidto would seem to be the same as iiKuuto. The word for ••moon" may signify "male sun," tlie first component being the same 74 i r as the Lonilpr leiiape, "rndiiin, nmn." Tho words for "doi:," "niiin " and "I" are probably misspelt, the n- oi" llie first and the -oh of the third beinji- added by mistake ; the s- of the second should probably be an l: The words for "bread, eye, father, llesli, land, daugliter, son, sun. water" differ but sliuhtly, when we consider tlie imperfect ortho^•raphy, from the corresponding terms in the Toronto MS. and tlie Sl^ugog vocab- ulary. Tlie words as given Smith Barton himself are as follows : (iod, munages contain notes of the sale of goods, prices of furs, etc.. and the whole tenor of the vocabulary leads one to believe thnt it was the work of .a trader. Curiously enough, religious terms are wanting, while other categories of words to be expected in a trader's notes are ju'esent. There are a number of dates written down iii 75 till! ^IS., the prinripal of which belong to the year li^Ol (2fl fcv.; Ill fev- rier ; 8, 22 Janvier ; 8 mars, ete.). For this and other reasons I am inclined to fix the date of tlie vocabulary at 1801 approximately (it may be earlier, possibly later). The liniiuistics of the >IS. (which is French- Indian) consist of some 5(10 words (names of parts of the body, members of the family, natural phenomena and objects, animals, birds, insects, fishes, fruits, articles of food, dress, etc., implements and instruments), some 400 jdirases and sentences, about a dozen names of men and women, besides half a dozen short songs. There can be no doubt but thill tlie dialect of the manuscript is that of the Mississagas of the region between York and Lake Simcoc. The importance of .this manuscript for the purpose of determining the changes that have taken place in tlie language of the ^lississagas in the course of nearly a centur}- is obvious, and the writer has carefully exam- ined it with that end in view. As regards the grammar, it may be said that, if any change at all has taken jilace, a comi)arison with the modern language, with Otcipwe and Nipissing fails to make it visilile to any ex- tent. A few examples will indicate this ; KNlil,I>II. ^ly father-indaw. Thy father-in law, IFis father-indaw, My son-in-law, Thy son-in-law. His son-in-luw, Star. Stars, I say, Thou sayest. He says. I am strong, lie is strong. Missi>^.\i:a (1801). nissinis, quisinis, ousinissin, niningouan, quiningouan, oningouanan. anancpie, anaiKpiaque, nindiquit. quiti(put, ecpiito, ni mascawich, mascawisi. T!.\liAii\'s die ipwn ninsiniss. kisiniss. osinissan. iiining\\ an. kiningwan. oningwanan. aiiang. anangog. nind ikkit. kid ikkit. ikkito. nin luashkawis. mashkawissin. grauimai The vocabulary, of course, is liable to show nuire changes than is the The loan-words which occur in the ^FS. are ; from an Iroquois word, from French bo"f(iUe. from P''rencli anghiis (?). from French la farine. Owistioya, ]\Ioout(', Zaganassa, Napane, Cenipa. blacksmith ; bottle; Englishman ; flour : ribbon : from French du ruban (V). For these the Skugog ^Mississagas still say : oiricto'-h/i'i, nmv'c' •'iijv.uor, ni'i'purii , seiupvji. and the Otcipwe and Nipissing words correspond. The significations of the great bulk of the vocabulary have remained the same, but a few changes are noticeable. Wabimin, which in the ]MS. of ISOI means "peach," is used at Skugog in the sense of ''apple." 7(3 Some wonls are rendered quite ditVcrenlly in the Toronto MS. und in tlic SlxfiL'Ofi vocaliuliiry, but the absence of the corrcspondinii words (wliicii l)robably existed) is easily explained. Hxaniples of tliis are tlie t'ollowing : K.sia.i.sii. Apjde, Ash, Button, Clierry, Sarsaparilhi, Toi:ciNri) .MS., 18(11. missimin (biu' fruit), anniniis (speeie.s V), cascaouii'zac'oican, teiseaouenien, wabazasquc, SKriiiMi MississAi..\, isss-'.i, wa'bhnin (wlute fruit;. wisfi'gKlv (b]a('l< asli). bKin (English button), okwu'niin. uka'dBk (leg-root). Some words appear in a somewhat difTerent form in tiir iwo vnc'ibu- laries, e. g. : Kn<.i,i>ii. Toi'.onto MS.. ISdi. Father (my), nouse6, Fire, BCoute, Frenclunan, wlu'niiirou.'*, Ilerrinir, keiaouis, Horse, pesicocouci, Thread, ascebabet. SKl'fiOd Mr>S!>~AliA, nos. iskitfi'U. wamltigrrci. oke'wi.«. papadjiivogKci. sasEbKl), etc. These, however, arc all suscei)lit)le of ready explanation. Tiie word j)iipoux (enihl), which appears in the Toronto MS., is not current at Skfi- gog, and the same may be said of a few other words, as can he seen from the vocabularies. Regarding phonetics not nuuh can be said, on account of the uncer- tainty which attaches itself to the reading of many words in the MS., and l)y reason of the fact that the recorder did not spell the same word always alike, even wh(!n there could be no doubt of its being identically the same. It is worthy of note, however, that the letter /• occurs several times in the words cSfjuiir (wife), pdrnrjuKu (hen), etc., though it is pos- sible the ?■ in the latter word was niiswritten for a e. On the whole, the changes that have taken place in the language of the ^lississagas siiu'c ISOI cannot be called extensive, and are nearly all in the line of the dropping of one term of two which formerly both existed. The anne.xed list of words has been extracted from the Toronto 3IS. for the sake of facilitating comparison. VOCAUULARY OF THE MlSSISSAIiAS OF THE KK(;rOX IHiTWEKX YuitK (ToKONTo) -VND Lake Simcok (fiiom thi-; Manusciui't ix THE Puni.ic Library, Touoxto. Date, ciitcA 1801). Again, minoua. Aiif/ry, niniseatis. Apple, missimin. Arm, aunic. Afih, annimis (frene). Aul'imn, tacouacongue (I'automne derniere). Back, oupicouan. Bud, manandate (il est mauvais). Bdii, mas(iuimoute (sac). 77 B/ill, iiiioiien (l);ille). Btirvd. iimciicoiissiic. Bua», acliigiiiit'. Bdnswood, wicopimis (tillciil). Demi, nmnitoiniiiis. Bear, iinKiiiiic. Beaver, aniic. Beech, ii/aoiK'mis. Birt'h, oiiigouasguciiiui (boiilciui). Bhick, niaciUeoiia. BliickHiuitli, ouistoiyii. Blanki t, wjipiiynin. Blood, iniscuii. Jili/e, Jaiioiiscoua. BUubeiTiiX, laiiu'ii (lileiu'). Bout. Iscliiiiiaii. Body, ouiysiw. Bottle, mooutc'. Box, iimcuc. Breml, coiuiscicim. Brotliir, iiindaoueina (iimn iVrrc;. Brot/ii rin-liiw (>ii>/), iiita. B'ltfi'rJIi/, n('iurii;:uaii. Bi/ttii/iH, caseaouii'/acoic.-iii. Cat, cazaiiuez. Ceddv, quisiLi'. Chervil, tciscaoiu'miii. Chiif, (xpiiiiia. Child, pap()ll^ ; abiiiouclic. CIliu. outamicaiie. Chilli, eisseiis. Cloth, niiscoiK'iiaii (drap roiiLie). Cloud, anacouat. Cold, quiliiii. Come, oiulace. Corn, iniiulaiiiin. Corn soup, inimlarniiiabo. Cranberry, masquiguimin (atocca). Crane, atclmchac. Crow, aiuU'C. Daofjhter. niiidaiiis (ma fille). Bay, gotogoni (mi jour). Beer, wawasgiu'-. Denmn, iiiaiiitiHi. Die, uipaii (niort). Drink, luiiiicoua (boire). Dram, tcoueJgan (tambour). Doi'k, cliic'liip. HiKjle, luigiiissi. h'arri/if/,^, nabicel)ison. Ji.'iir.i, oiilaouac. Eat, ou' Inu (manger). Eel, piiK. ,8ic. /sV/^,"), wawane. hlk, michioiK'n forignal). Elm, aiiipe. EiKjlUhman, zaganassa. Knomjh, iniininiipio. Eycx, ()us(piinzi(; (yeii.v el visagi'). BVice, ousquinzic. Vat!ii V (my), iioiiscC'. Father-iii-laic (jny), iii.s>iiiis. Feather, inigoiiane. File, cepauzicaii. Fire, scoute. Fiiilier, odzic ([)eclieur). Flonr. iiapaiie. Flint, Dzita. Formerly, inoiiouizac, Fo.v, wagoiLS. Frenchman, wht'iitigous. Friend, iiidzi (inon ami). Frying pan, sascecocoiian. Girl, quicang. Gice, mississiu luaiida (doiuu'-inoi cela). Ghnl, iiimiiKxa'iidaii. Go, iiKUchau (vas i'l'Ii). Govsi . jiisiquissi (oie). Goone (icilil). iiica (oiitarde). GooM'hi rry, ohapomiu. Grape, cliaoiu'iain. Grease, i)iinit(). Great, quitclii. Greiti. jauousfoiia. Giin. pasi]iu'sicaiii. JIair, wiiiisais (cheveux). JJand, oiiiiigi. JIardicood, maneii (bois dur). Hare, Avajiou-s. Uandkerchiif, macata ceuiba (silk). Ilat, tessewiwacjuam. -TH-H' i n i | ll u il l i Mi l 78 Head, ousticouiin. Jliurt, ote. //('(/, oiloiulain. Hemlock, qiiakjiquimu (emlolj. lien, piiniguaii. IIu'o/i. cliii((ni. JJerriji;/, ki'iiiouiss. JIors(. pesicocDUci. Ilur/debi rries. luiiK'n fblcur). 7, 11 in Ir, , mioiiHin. liididii, iiissinalir. Iron, liidiiiihic. Ktttli , aiiuco. Kill, nissala (tuoii.s-lc). KiuCK, ()iii|uitic. I'liifc, iiiocDniand. Ki ii/r, iiiii (|ui(iU(!ii(laii ( je le sais). Lake, tclii;i,aincii. LinujJi, papa (il rit). Leg, (lucalc. Liltle, paiigui (pi'U). Lookine] f/hin.t, \vaiiu)usclia_iii. Shot, sliissibanoiK'U {i. e., " duck- l)alls"). Shoiihli rs, liniinaiigat. Sileer, joiiia (argciil). Sister, quilaoiKiiiia fta siuiir). Ski/, giiisic. Sleep, (luipi'iua fcinicbcr eiisi'inble'). 79 Small, ciipsen (il est jielit). Trout, n.imeiigoussf. JS/iuke, (luiiiapio. Turhrti, inississi. Snoir, counc ; acouiio. '/'urniji. tellies. Sno'r (0.), sogiiipo (il iieige). ri/li/, o/.aiii inanalisci (trop laid). SmirnhiH\ acaiii (riKpicltc). Warm, (piisalc (il fail cliaiid). Soldier, ().siina:;iuiis. Water, nipi. Sou (m>/), niiiguis. Weasel, ymgm^s (iielctte). Son-in-lair (nti,). iiiiiiiinguan. What? wriicn'.' Spoon. iui(piaii. Whale, wiihaiuoc (baleiiic). Spring. iiiiiKxpiaiiioiiiiue (lo priii- Where, aiiapi. temps dernier). Whisky scout^Dualio. Squired, atchitaniDii. White, wabisca. Star, aiianqiie. Whitejish. ticamec. Stoiw. acceii. Wife, es{niar. Strairlnrri/, outayniiu. Wild f/oose, niea (oiitarde). Stuvf/eon, iidim'. Wind, noiioiuin. A ■'■/,■,); iiaiiirpiii (carpe). Wind {east), wabanon. Sin/ar. siiisibacoue. Wind (/rati), iiaduicli. Snrni/ier. awascli nipiiiongue (i'ett' Win/, pei(iini'.iii. I'otcn. ooutenaw. Yo". (jnin. Trail, lessoinigaii. Till' following proper names occur ' . tjie MS. : Dasiganise, a woman's name. Sissagua (rattlesnake), h woman's name. Xipinan([U{;(;, t'atiier of SisHi(iua. .MaM[ueigono, proliaiily a man's name. Wabakima, [irobably a man's name. Nisguioutclie, proijai)ly a m:in's name. Nipinanaeouat (summer cloud), probably .a man's name. Mematasse, probably a man's name. .MaMitouen, pi'oliably a man'^ name. (i\iisigna|ii, man's name. . (^iiiiriliic (snake), son ot" Ilie I'oriuer. Kissens (elam), man's name. Chicouessee. ^V). (Jue(piecons, (V). "W! 80 BlHLl(H;K.\rilY OF THE MlSSISSAC.A La Nt.lTAGi:. Adkm'no, J. C, AND VATr^H, J. S. MLlltridiitis odi r nlUidneim Spr'if/t- tnl.iiiidc inif deiii Vatrr Uuscr nh Sprachprohe in heiiialie J'unfh'nulcrt Spnirhen mid M'lndnrten. 13erlin, 1800 [-1817], 4 vols., Svo. Vol. iii, Pt. iii, contains, acconliiig to Prof. Pilliiij:'. " ■Mcssissmiiier Vo- ciihuliiries," pp. :i4;5, ;U4, 415, 4l(') (tVom IJiirtoii). Allen, AV. Wuiuiisoo ; or, The Vale of Hoosatnuinili. A Poem with Notes. Boston, MDCCCLVI [1H5(>]. Prof. Pillinjr states that this hook eontains an account of Indian lan- guages (pp. 174-192). '.villi shori vocahulariesof Algonkian languages (pi). 17!)-1S1), amongst them of the ^Alessisagua. See I'ilUnij'n Bibli- o;/riij)ht/. Pjaiiton, J>. S. X'cir Views of the Oriijin of the Tribes and Xatioi'S of Anierleit. Philadelphia, 1707. JSvo. pji. i-\ii. i-eix, l-S:!. Contains (pj). 1-80) eomimrative vocabularies of numerous Algonkian languages, amongst them of the .Messiss:ui,,v'rs. According to Prof Pilling, the second edition, issued in 1708, contains the same entry. ••Some Account of the Dilferent Species and Varietic.-; of Na- tive American or Indian Dogs." In Philadilphia Medieal aiid Phi/s. Jonrnnl, Vol. i, Pt. ii, pp. :i-:'.l. Philadelphia, 180."), Svo. Disru-ses names for dogs in variou> American dialects, including Ales- si--iiuger. Title from Pilling. "Ou Indian Dogs." The PhilosophieaL Maipvdni , Vol. xv (Feb. -May, 180:',), p].. 1-0, i:',(i-14:! Apparently tlic same as the previous, and contains the >ame lingui-iics. DfcKiNoriAM, .Iamks S. Canada. Nova Sealia. Xeir /Irmiswirk and the other British Bracinres in North Ameriea. With a Plan . !-:'>:!, Appendix, pi'. i-\x\iv, 8vo. Quebec, 1H81. See I'iUiufs lUh!io[iid Lakfs and a brief remark on llic Indian Lan,!j;uaiie (p. 21o). Cannikf, William, :>[.!). JJi,fori/ <>f the Settlement of Upper r,tnadu. With Especial Reference to the Bay of (^linle. Toronto, 180!) pp. i-xxxi, 1-OTl, 8vo. Chapfr xxvi, pp. ;«;5-;!'2(5, treats of tl... .Mississa,-na Indians, and the work contains immm the exi)lanation of a number of Indian place names. CiiAMBKHLAiN. A. F. " :\Iississa,-ua i:tymolo-v." Sric.ce. Xew Vork A'ol. xii (1888), j). V.Vl. Discusses the etymology of somr. twenty Mississagiia (Ski-iiroo) words "Notes on the History, Customs and Heliels of the 3Iis^is>.a..iia Tndiims." J,n;rn. of Amer. F.dk-I.„re, Vol. i (1888), pp. ir.O-Kio'' Contains proju'r and geograiiliicaj names, words, etc., passun. Also a few short songs (from tiie 'i'oronto _MS.). This paper was issued separately. Cambridge, IS'^S. " '^"'^'■^ ••*' '1"^ Mississaguas." I. Jo,n',i,d of Amer. Folk- 1 ore Vol. ii (1889). i)p. 141-147. ' ' Contains texts of myths in .-yiississagua (of Skfigo-) with ii-ierlinear and free translations into P^nglish. "The Arclneology of Skugog Island. " The Port rerr^i Stuial- '2 ( Al>stract). ' Contains a few Mississagua words. ••^,.nf^''''r^"" '''='^'^^^^"'^«-" '^""■". ofAnur. Folk-I.ore. Vol III (181)0), ]t. 7. Di,scusses the etymology of a number of geographical names. "Tales of the -Mississagua-." H. //,/,/., p,,. i4i)_i,-,4 Contains Mississagua texts with interlinear and (ree En-lis'l, tfunl-. U>p'lS']i4)' '''^" '^^'" ""''' ^"'' '''■ '"" '""' ''■•"'"■'• '"^'"^^ .^, •'^""' "." V''^''" ^''''''' '''^"■-•"'^'«-" ^^"lerinni Antkromdo.ist (Waslungton), \ol. lii (18!l()), pji. '.•;i7->).ll. Contains (p. 'i;]%) a few .Mississagua words. "The Maple amongst the Algonkian Tribes." Ibid., iv (18[jn pp. ;59-4:}. Dis.'u,ssos (p. 41') Mississaga words for "maple" ami "sugar." 82 C'nAMBHini.AiN, A. F. "The Aryan Element in Tiuliiui Dialects." I. The CaniuU.ni linl!,t„. Vol. i (ISOO, 18!tl). pi'. 148-ir);3. Contains (|i. loO) notice of loanworils 'n .Mississaga. This article has been reprintud. Owen Sound [isoi], pp. 8. ^fississaga item on p. 5. ■• The Algonkian Indians of Haptiste Lake." Fourth AhiiikiI Report of the Vdnudidi, Institute (Session 1890-1801). Toronto, 1891, pp. S3-89. Contains (p. 89) a few Mis and projier names. Also (at p. 1)4) ii two-line hunter's song in the language of the Mississaga Indians of Rico Lake, with English translation. Edwakds, Hev. .ToNATdAN. See Pickhuino, J. GALliATiN, IloM. Alukht. " A Synopsis of the Indi;in Tribes within the United States East of tlie Kooky Mountains, ami in the British and Russian Possessions in North America." Archceologin Arm rkmin. Vol. ii (18;?0), 1^]). 1-142. On p. :>7.") are the ^lessissauga words cited from Barton. Tndidii Chief, The. Toronto, I8(i7. This work contiuns pussii/i many ^lississaga proper names, often with explanations. JoxEs, Rev. Pktku. '/'he Firs/ B'>o/.- of Oenesin. Toronto, A. I>. 18:(r), pp. 17s, 12mo. Schoolcraft (Archires of Ahori'jirud Knoicledgc, Vol. iv, p. T):]l) suys that this translation is in "the idiom of the Mississugua form of the Chippewa." /.ife ton! Jom'iKtls of Kdk-ke-irdquo-na.h/ (Rev. Peter Joom), M'e.ilei/dii Missioiidry. Toronto, 1800, pj). iii-\i, 1-424, 8vo. Contains (p. 2(iO; sentence in Itmguage of ilississaugas of liice Lake, with English iranslalion. Also a few IMississauga terms and |)ro|ier names pdsxim. Ilistonj of the njibirni/ Tuditins. With Especial Reference to Their Conversion to Ciirisiiaiiity. London, 1801, i>p. iii-vi, 1-27S, 12mo. Reference to Mlssissauga jiilSSlld. At p. 189, version of Lord'> Prayer in Chippeway (Eastern) Mississauga dialect. For the Ojebway works of Jones see Pillini/'s Bililioijraphy. suti nomine. LiDEwiii, II. Vj. The l.itirature if Amerieiin Aliorigiiiol l.dnguitgcs. With Addition and Correction-; by Prof \V. W. 'I'urner. London, MDCCCLVIII. |ip. v-.\\iv, 1-258, Hvo. Contains (pp. Ill, 2:«8) li^t of vocabularies, etc., in Messisauger. McLean, John, M.A., Ph.D. Jttntes Eeans, Inventor of the HyV. 7(!, 77). MooDiE, Mns. Susanna. Jionf/Iiing It in (he Bush; or, Fori at Life in ViiiKtdd. New and revised editic .. Toronto, 1871. This work contains (pp. ;.507, 811) some reniarlis on the language of the Mi.ssissagas of tiie region around Peterhorough. And also (p. 294) a brief reference to tliat of Iviee Lake. A few ^Mississaga words iwe given jidKsirn. yir. Rain, of the Toronto Public Librarj', kindly informs me that edi- tions of tiiis work, other than the above, are as follows : 2 vols. i>ost. 8vo, pp. (i08, London, Hentley, 18.5'i ; 2 vols., post. 8vo, pj). (iOS, Lon- don, 1852, second edition ; 2 vols., post. 12nio, Putnam, X. Y., 18."J2 ; 2 vols., post. 8vo, London, 1853 ; 2 vols., post. 8vo, London, 1854 ; 3 vols., 12mo, New York, 1854 ; 1 vol., London, 1857, I am not able to state whether the linguistic matter is contained in all of these editions or not. PiCKKUiNo, J. See Say, T. Playti;u, <;ko. D. The History of Methodism in Caneidit. "With an Ac- count of the Pise and I'rogress of the Work of God amongst the Canadian Tribes, and Occasional Notices of the Civil AlVairs of the Province. Toronto, 18r.2, pji. viii, 41:}, 12mo. TitU; from Pilling's Biblioc/mphy of the Iroquoiitn /.aufjoftges, where it is slated that this work contains (p. 224) a six line verse of a hymn in the language of the [Mississaga) Indians of Grape Island, I'ay of Quinto, with English translation. Salt, Hkv. Alf-kn. " Audesokon Netumesing Tushemind Nanebo/ho." A legend concerning Nanebozho, in the Mississaga language. 3IS., 10 ])p., ordinary note paper. In possession of the writer of this essay. "]5rief Vocabulary of the Mississaga Language." ]MS., 8 pp. In the possession of the writer of this essay. Say, T. •■ Notes to Jno, Pickering's Edition of Edwards' Observations on the Mohegan Language." In collections of the ]\Iass. llist. Soc. Second series. Vol. x. Boston. 182;), 8v(). Reprinted, Poston, 1843. 8v(), pp. i;j,5-145. The ^lessissauger words given are iVoiu Smith Uarton. ScuoMBUUOK, Sii! RoBKUT II. "A Vocabulary .d' the :\Iaiankong Lan- guage [Smith America]." I'hilol. .Sjc. [London] Fror., V<>l. iv, ipp. 217-222. Lcmdon, IS.M). Title Irom Prof. Pilling, who slate's that the paiier contains the wonl tor "sun " in various Algonkian tonuues, inclu-> I'X umes and a ew short songs. The dialect is that of the Mississagas of the reg.on between York (now Toronto) an.l Lake Simcoe UtAiu., Cathaiunk Paku. The CancuHcm Crusoes. [Boston,' 1881 1 rew 31ississaua words pr« twenty-tive words containing examplesof onomatop,e,a in Mississagua and other Algonkin dialects; tM, "Notes IIS the name 3S, including ocabulaiy, " )•>, contains ozen proper ^lississagas icoe. iton, 1881.] 'ans. Amcr. )) given Ijy 1 Algoiikiu IJov. Peter Rosearclies World. •,> ler Algon- 5, 1 vol.. lization in enlarged. ontaining 1 dialects.