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'653 £asl Uo.n Sfreel ^r^ Rochester, Ne« rorh U609 USA ^g (^16) 482 - 0300 - Phon* ^S >"6) 2S8 - 5989 - Fo» Govcrnneiit of the Province of Sukatchewaa Department of Ag ricnitare Bulletin No. r i PLOWS AND PLOWING BY Professor J. Macgregor Smith University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Published by Direction of Hon. C. M. Hamilton Minister of Agriculture ..^. 00938059 PLOWS AND PLOWING By Prop. J. MAcoREnon Hmitii ITnivkrbity op Habxatchkwan, H\skatoon 4^ r "Why plow; how to plow; when to plow; are three questionn of vital interest to the tillera of the soil. During the past two hundred years plows and plowing have been dlHcuRsed by a thousand brainy farmers, who knew the art from actual experien( ♦! between the plow handles, and by 10,000 others, whose only experience wim watrhing a Htiirdy farmer turn the soil while they rested undei a shade tree." The above quotation hits the nail on the head Like the former, "having been there," the writer realizes that there are many difficulties connected with this, our most important tillage operation. Do you realize that a plow is harder to run right than a binder ? Do you realize that plowing takes more power than any other tillage operation ? Do you realize that many settlers in Western Canada are plowing under imtirely different conditions from that they were used to "down East" or "in our country," as they so often s.iy. While the subject has been discussed until it is almost threadbare and shiny yet by getting together and discussing some points, connected with the operation of the implement rather than the work it does, in a systematic manner, we may be able to help each other. Whether you agree with the foregoing remarks or not matters little, -e thing you have to admit is thot there is far too much very poor piv- "ng being done in Western Canada. Now, since the amount of time required for a good man and a poor job in this case are practically the s*me let us decide to have none but the best. It is only good business. The Pulverising Action of a Plow We break with a long sloping moldboard. Why ' Because we simply want to turn the furrow upside down so that the sod will rot. We pk)w stubble land with a quick turn or steep moldboard. Why ? Because we want to get the land into a good physical condition, in other words, we want to pulverize the soil. (See Fig. 1). Take a Iwok and hold one comer between your finger ar thumb, then by allowing the leaves to slide over one another you '. ..i readily see what happens to the furrow slice as it passes up over the moldboard of a stubble plow. There is a shearing action. Imagine a pin in the position 3-3 and notice how it has been sheared into many parts as it reaches the position 1-1. The steeper the moldboard, the more work is done, and, therefore, the more power is required. When the soil is very wet, as it often is in the Spring, or very diy as it often is in the Fall, we do not get this finely pulverized condition. There is an ideal condition and in summerfallowing we usually get good results as the soil is neither too wet or too dry. Perhaps you never realized that a plow had a pulverizing action on the soil at all. We want an even top so that the least possible surface will he exposed to the drying influence of the sun and wind. When the land is ridged it will dry out quicker, because more surface is exposed. Harrow M vou plow. It will mMn iloUan In your poelwt. W« do not wmI high eiowM ud deep dMd furrowa m wc had In Ontario, or, parliapa, Sfiotlaad, baeauM we haw no iwrfaea water to |*t rid of. The StrttM Out A fad, you ny. Oh, no. You my you have no time. Then I lay you are a poor bunneie man. It onlv meane one round more and you get all the waeda and we need to get them and get them young. Aa one paaees along a road in the middle of winter, on every aide there are long rowR,|verv often rnniked aM a dog's hinit leg. of weeda, indicatinK that the man had tiimply driven into the field, and let the plow rip any old way. The result -half a day haa to be spent fiuiithinR up ends. You know what I mean. (See Fig. 2). Suppone you wish to plow 6 inrhea deep, then after netting up your stakes you proceecp on gathering up the land, gradually increasing the depth. By the time you have reached the pNNiiiii^ PROPER mnmM Striking ^ut a land third round you should be down to the desired dej are cut and you have a level crown. The illu«trat»4 point clear. Unmatched Furrowa Sometimes called "paired furrows," "uneven fu In other words a shallow furrow and a deeper furrow in pa , je weeds make the backs." By 'on- •kkrinc MUM of the mum of thia v«ry oonoioii huh we will now pro- cMd to dtoniH wnm prMtieal diflieuHlw which mdwU hny to dMi with •vary day. We will tolu th«n in the followinf order: I. Front pinw cutting too wide. 3. Plowe not cutting the Mme depth. 8. Cperiy wt. 4. Bail ntpvort moved. A. Sprung beuu. A. Hitch not right—aide draft. Front Plow Cuttiaf Too Wide In thii enlightened age would you believe that a man would lie lootent to ait on a hag of hay for .J houra a day and aee hia 14-ineh two-furrow gang plow cut 38 innhea ? The writer aaw it. The man 1 S^ had not time to visit a "Better Farming Train," which was visiting his town and was actually at the time within a stone's throw. He knew It all. The wi-eds were four feet high, the moisture hi. I been all evaporated md "cut and cover" would havo been a better name for the cperatim than plowing. fSee Fig. 3.) Wear at the points XX will allow some plav beiwcen the front vortical axle and the sleeve tasting which support* it. The result is the front plow tends to take more "land." The trouble in the above extreme rase was that the bolts holding this ca.sting to the frame were both loose. A monkey wrench fixed the plow in two minutes. The plow was all nght; was the man behind it ? Lav a straight edge along the landslide and measure 14 inci es over a.s shown, some advocate WA inchep, this will depend on the set of the implement at work Tue set of the colter and the hitch will be dealt with in their proper place mmmmfmm fUffn Not Cuttlof tA« .tome Dtpth Tb« funiMr ihouUi vary rnrefully memnira th« "«ur>bn'' of the plow wlen new. It Hm •urtion under thi- litii'tnlide and alio on the •ide, lo iivc loiict ration and "land." A « raight end Ihia "aet" muat b« Buintnined, if the lieat reauh .e deai' \> u will know if the vUliiRe blackamith haa given the ahaie mr*. lew if you have the .ftgurea; acme think that an eighth of an inch u ^le or I'M 'aurk" makea no difFerence; it d'wii, and unualiy tcK> much ia givrn, and it may take M per rent, more power to pull the plow. The t«am ha\e the heavy end to bear, if the plow wai an old walking plow you would very auoii And out aomething wan wrong and have it fixed. Do not be too haaty in condemning the plow. You c:r the blackxmtth may be to blame. The aiirtion can he a'^-'r*;'. on aome plow* ;it the point marked "a" by rniaing the frame o- . rear axles. (See Fig. 5). The two ruta on the right hand «ide •^ ' . . juction ia wljuated in engine plows. However thia ahould be a I < art. A walking plow is given "bearing" at thf wing of the share, ^.>re in moist soil than in hard, dry soil. Thix i" required to hold the plow level and prevent it "wringing" over. A gang plow share does not require nny ncrausc the bottom is held up by the bails (the U-shaped bars on which the beams swing). Turn the plow up and lay a straight cdgp from the heel of the landslide to the wing of the share. Figure 6 "A" shows "suction" on bottom of landslide. Figure 4 "A" shows suction to the land. Figure 6 "B" shows a share suitable for moist, soft soil. Figure 6 "C" shows a share in form for hard, dry soil or a gang plow. You van readily see that, if l> mistake a shipper sends you one of each kind when you order a new set 'V your plow that one furrow will he deeper than the other and the source of trouble has puzzled even the best plowmt i; perhaps you may have had this experience. In a gang plow the friction on the bottom of the landslide is eliminated as far as possible by carrying it on well-oiled bearings. There should he about one-half inch at the point marke. 5iwnwft^or9uRin trmtx m KS ■1 ■Mmhm Sprung Beam Many wrong adjustments on a plow are attributed to a "sprung iieam." If you had measured the distance the beams were from the share and the distance they were apart when you purchased the plow you would be in a better position to judge this point correctly. Beams are sprung often in stony ground. It is very questionable whether they can be fixed locally or not. It will depend on the quality of the steel and the skill of the blacksmith. My advice is buy a new beam. H 8 r?^ 1 Hitch Not Right Now ire have come to the last source of trouble and probably the cauae of more plow trouble than all the rest put together. Therefore, we will be justified in going intu some of the factors underlying the draft of plows. They must be thoroughly understood, if we are to hitch in- telligently to a plow. From the questions asked and the interest shown it may be safely said that fanners are at least interested and anxious to heai the subject discussed. After this point the battle is won. When you hear of a new idea you do not pass your opinion upon it right away, but if you find that it may be of value you most likely adopt the new plan. When hitching four horses to a wagon would you consider it good practice to put three on one side of the tongue and one on the other ? You hitch to the centre of your stoneboat. Why ? For the simple reason that it pulls straight. Why do you not hitch to the centre of your plow ? If you plow tandem or four abreast with one horse on the plowing, one in the furrow and two on the unplowed ground you do hitch to the centre, but if you put one in the furrow and three on the land you do not. If you have a good farm and can get on a good half mile furrow let me show you why you should plow tandem. Take a board and bore a hole in the centre and when you attach a string and pull it along you will notice it pulls straight. Bore another at an angle. The centre line is the, loadline or centre of draft line and is fixed for the board and the stoneboat. But you say what has this to do with the plow ? Where is this centre line in the -plow ? It is about two inches inside the landslide of the plow bottom (see figure 4A). You will see the loadline for each plow bottom marked as well as the centre of draft line for the plow, 19 inches from the furrow wall. Why is the load line not in the centre of each furrow ? Because it takes 50 per cent, of the total draft of the implement to cut the furrow slice, and therefore the load line is nearer the landslide. You cannot hitch four abreast (and further reference to four abreast means three on the land and one in the furrow) and hitch at a point 19 inches from the furrow wall. You have to hitch further to the land and the result is the plow pulls at any angle. To overcome this twisting effect you give your front furrow wheel "lead " away from the land. Is that not so ? It takes power to hold the plow straight. If you do not think it does tiy putting wheels at an angle on a wagon similar to a disc harrow and then you will agree with this line of thought. With patent eveners "to remove side-draft" go easy and make sure they do so before you buy. They will hold the plow straight, I grant you but they do so at the expense of power. In other words, the team holds the plow straight. Under the most ideal conditions the centre of a four abreast hitch will be about 27 inches from the furrow and with the centre of the plow fixed and immovable at a point 19 inches from the furrow -wall you can now see that there must be a tendency to twist the plow towards the plowed ground or what is known only too well as "sidedraft." It wears out wheel boxings and horseflesh to an alarming extent. The solution is plow tandem and then the centre of draft for your team and the centre of the plow will be in the same straight line and everything will run well. Some say that it takes so much more power, because the team is farther away from the work. The lead team is not far enough away to make any material difference, and the power that would be con- sumed in overcoming sidedraft is eliminated altogether. This clinches the argument for the man who wants the best way. We have not taken up many points in ponnection with the subject that might have been dealt with, but perhaps we have interested some reader. What Are You Goine to Do About It? One good plowman in a community will ,o more good work towards improving the plowing in that district tlvtn a thousand articles. Get busy and arrange to have a real live plowing match next June. The De- partment of AgricultiuT or the Agricultural College ought to help you. Put the arrangements in the hands of energetic men and help them I to get entries. Have some classes for the boys and young men and you will be surprised how hard it will be to drive them away from the farm. The quality of the plowing will improve each succeeding yrir to the benefit of all concerned. ■ We will deal in. more detail with the following: — ■ 1. Factors influencing the draft of plows 2, The method of testing the draft. '^jilDo you know the power required to pull your plow or, for that matter, any other farm implement ? In manufacturing plants careful records are kept of the cost of operating their power machinery. This 10 .#^"'"''* '^ eo«t it watched very closely so that all the work is performed in the moat economical manner, thus keeping the cost of production down. Why should fanners not follow their example 7 If it pays a manufacturer, it will pay the farmer. I will endeavor to convince you that the question of draft is very important, and that as means of proving this beyond ail i doubt I advocate that every municipality should purchase a dynamo- meter. This is an instrument for testing the draft of any implement; it is simply a strong spring balance. The fanners in the district could then rent this testing device for a nominal cost of perhaps 25c. a day and thus prove to their satisfaction some important points. Every pound saved in draft is a pound earned for some other use, and this year particularly all reasonable care in this question of power is the duty of ever>' true citizen. r IPI EUlWIMtC SiK DMTr. PUW WiV&t \ -vntmaiPtux. • UNTV 'MJVlU.fU. HtMr Utn'- lif (Mi) nm iM rrfiti nH iiMWWMnfir. mwr*,) iM You think this sounr''? rather far-fetched and splpudid in theory. We have no time for that sort of thing and don't care. Listen! If it takes 1,000 pounds to pull a two-furrow gang plow cutting 2h inches and plow- ing 8 inches deep in summerf allow, and only 600 pounds to pull 6 sections of drag harrows covering a strip of ground 24 feet wide, does it sound 11 "^„ nMoaaUe to you «a sprMtioal man to nuke • four-horM teu!i do the woA in eMb eue ? Tbe plowing ia » 6-hone job and the harrowing a 4-hom job. Now it is aome trouble to awiteh your whippleteeea and hameai around but it may pay you to do w oeeaaionaUy. Give your teuns a fair average ^'» work and not an overioad one da ' uid an •ladeHoad the next. Tba harrowing offers poorer fontia^, o ' course, but we will discuss some of the factors influencing the draft cf plows. LOAJ7 lf/>/K ^^ . (a) Shape of the moldboard. (b) Condition of the plow. (c) Sharpness of shares. (d) Scouring qualities cf plow and soil. (e) Various adjua>..aentB. 12 i' \ '\ (f) Colten ud thrir effort on draft. fm) Sise of furrow. (E) Une of dnrft. The atubble nuddboard having £ ihaip, quick turn, pulveriiea the ■dl to a greater extent than the breaker Dottom. It does more work and therefore takea more power. .The steeper the moldboard, the more power will it require. Condition of the Plow A plow frame with loose bolts and worn wheel boxings cannot be expected to do good work. Your wife does not let her sewing machine get all loosened up. She oils it and takes care of it; that is why it lasts a lifetime. Manufacturers are endeavoring to eliminate this trouble by specifying spring washers on every bolt and in many cases hot rivetted frames are replacing those held together by common bolts and nuts, which will work loose. SharpncM of Shares The power absorbed in severing the furrovt slice demands that shares be not only sharp but properly sharpened. Sanborn reports a difference of only 6.7 per cent, in favor of an oW point resharpened over a dull point on the same plow, but an advantage of 36 per cent, in favor of a new point over the old point resharpened. At all events farmers should not waste on dull shares. Great care should be taken when sharpening shares to return them with the same "set" The same amount of suction both downwards and towards the land. Scouring Qualities of the Plow and Soil There are many different shaped moldboards for different soils. Right here let me say that unless a moldboard plow will not scour, a disc plow should not be considered. There are districts where the heavy gumbo soil demands disc plows. "Prevention is better than cure" — when you 'put your plows away next fall smear them well with thick oil and they will scour easier when started off the following spring. Care must be taken to see that shares are not warped. If they are, a good imnt, is not made between the share and the moldboard thus causing trouble. When purchasing a plow pass the finger tips up the moldboards in the direction that the furrow slice will pass, and you readily detect rough places. Various Adjustments The adjustment of the hitch will be dealt with later. The rear furrow wheel must be set outside the landside of the plow, that is towards the unplowed ground, so that the landside will be relieved of some friction. It takes power to overcome friction. Sliding friction requires more power than rolling friction. When plowing four abreast, that is, one in the furrow and three on the land (any furt.ier reference to four abreasts is intended to indicate this method of hitching) the front furrow wheel must be given " lead " to the " land." (See figure 3.) The dotted lines show the position the plow tends to take. When plowing tandem it is sometimes necessary to give a little " lead" away from the land. This was covered fully in the first issue on this subject. Colters and Their Effect on Draft Experimeuts have shown that a colter reduces the draft from 11 to 25 per cent, on the draft. The proper set of this attachment has also been covered. 19 .-if^'it. C.M of Funow u ."jfS"^'*'*^ *® ?«*^ W you wiU Me that the draft of the plow eM be olMrified wider three nwb headn. According to Sanborn, "the pknr ■bowe^the lighteet draft when eet to cut the wideit furrow." Thie ie ?r*S?f^^ ^S^**"**^. 'o'>y **>• remarkable reeulta of an experiment at the;utiea trials, which showed that 55 per cent, of the draft was used in puttmg the furrow ulice, 36 per cent, by the friction of the implement and only 10 per cent, was required to lift and turn the furrow. The average draft of a number of plows running in the empty furrow was 168 pounds The total draft was 476 pounds, and the draft with the moldboard re- moved was 434 pounds. The difference between 168 and 434 pounds was taken to be the draft required for cutting the furrow slice. He 14 n itatM Uter th»t 43 per o«nt. of the dntt it ua«d by the share ud the luMklide, and another writer put the moldboard motion at only 3 per eent. Thia. however, wenu low. Theae figure* will not hold for ail eonditiona, but even an approximate idea of the di virion ^ the draft nplaina many frequently misundontood facta. When the depth of plowing ia doubled the draft ia inoreaaed about 76 per cent,, and not twice aa much, aa might be expected. Line of Draft We now come to the chief point which our farmer friend wiahed to have diaouased. Refer to the Figure (A) and > article on'^th^lblcrt f j^rhiSh awaTto "tlrio^ ^^'^ ^^^ '"* t« take up the position as shown in figure o Eveners Which Remoye Side-Draft piUiMKlgbt. If you hHebwl to one •«• of your ■tooAort Md Dut • •traltht? Why,thebrw»,«;?'«*. the weight of the hitch is about all ♦il 1*''''*'* to the draft. A few pounds. The plow pulls straight the team has an easier day, especially in the hot weather. Weigh yourself ^'JL^.n^'"'* ^^^T^' «" *■" t**' " "» *"*^ *«'•?*» y«»"e>f at the end of a ronL ^K *°'* ^''" v.^ Sh-iour first weight plus the weight of the rope. wnen a man tells you that a team cannot pull a bag of wheat 17 nSSl: tJArr ^A^ •^ to hold • cow at tJw wd of • iMWfopT Bv r^erring to ficura 5 the potation that a Rang plow tonda to taka 2SS/r^*'*!3!"f!!"*f''*^»»**^- ThweJaadSJliSdtiSSglrtfij iS^ \'i'^ *••? P'T *»''•«*■ the plowed ground. To o7«»on# land and the rear furrow wheel "load" away from the "land " It fcSSrW*.*:? TT*^ thi. tuiiting action. Would a wagon pd! harder if it had wheel* like a diac harrow? I think ao, and lordo yo« ^JiUL^i ""'y P'°*' y?" ^" "•'*'<^<' »«» *he figure, the great advantaae S^^^n J*i:'"'7"*' tandetn it is because the centr^ of draft line fr?hl teamand the plow come in the same straight line. .h„ J fti'?? , r"^* j"."^ rr*'"*' direction is also important. Figure 5 shows the Ideal hue of draft in a walking plow straight from the dIow e^SnT *"a iho^r^h """^ II' "'f T'^^ "".*^'« chSro"utirne oTan engme. A short hitch very often tends to raise the tractor off its front rSiffV^ TI "" ^''^P'"^ '" f""»*- I« the event of the plow SS a self h/t jt w, 1 decrease the grip of the wheel with the liftinl KaS '* .^" fjot do the work it is intended to do. ^ mecnanism Hf* ♦i! '>«,'°''o'"n8 may be of interest : The pull on tugs haa a tendency to Sint^P'T **"* °^ l*"^ «?''"°'* «"^ ^'""e other force must overcome thi^ lifting tendency or the plow will not stay in the ground. If ther^fs n« I in Jt^'- f I enouf^ •urtiuii to overcame thin liftirn ni-lion of idi- hitrh, vou nn...t in- *T**fi!*f i""*^'""' ^®"* ""■*** ** '•"* "' "'*' K'tp""""'"' Htgti«mii nhow th»t hltehinf • 9j4-foot ohain l>otwM>n thu onil of the plow l^nm nml thr *v«ow "■'** ' Mvini of fi per rnt, in th.> dmft «»f «hi' intpl«>mi*nl (ii Hin. *•*■>*• plow) while B 13li^-foot rhnin mmlr n unving of H j»i»r rent, in Ihi* pull of the plow. You nee when you inrrfaiie th** leiinlh of thr hilrh, yoii 'lecresM the liftinic action, anil,thprcfor«>, mluro the jMrnor liv the tinio'unt necewary to overcome thin lifting action iSeo figure S. i With a short beam plow the tentlency to flft the plow nut of llie ground ia greater. The miction hai* to Itc inrrenM-d 'I'wo forrcK. one lifting out, the other pulling it in. take |M>wer, therefore the exiieriinent jtiM referred to is interesting. The draft of plows varies in different MiiU in iipproximntely tlir order of the following; Sandy soil, 2 to .1 iHiundf |«'r wpmre iiwh of tro«K JM-ition, Sand^ loam, 5 jMiunds \wt miuare inrh of iroHM sect ion, Praiiie sod, 1.5 pounds per sqii.ire inch of i-rot* Kection. 'lumbo, 20 iMiurds per wpinrc i- h of crow M-ctioii. Kxample: If you have ii furrow 14 in. wide and 5 in. deep Vou multiply Uxf) orjuals 70 w|unre inehet* and if it tnken "(HI |K)undx to pull the plow there wdl he 10 poundx of drawlmr pii'l refpiired for every Hi|i.,ire inch of crosh-Hcctionid urea. The subject in one of vital intercKt to the farmer who \» u go ind hope I have left enough material with you to intercHt yi>u niorf "*#« important nubjert. in I 19