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Les diagrammas suivants illustrent la m*thodo. 1 2 3 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART lANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2| 1^ i|2-8 III 2.5 1^ ■si iiiii^ Li !■■ Ill 2.2 1^ "'"^ 1. 14b 112.0 L. ^ IP il 1.8 1.4 llll 1.6 1 lllll ^^= ■d APPL I ED Ifvt^GE Inc a^^ 1653 East Ma.n Slreel 5 C*a Rochester. Nc* York 14609 uSA '■SS (716) *82 - 0300 - Phone ^S (^'^^ 288 - ^989 - Fa. DEPARTMENT OF AGRIClJLTliiR >^.__„ Dominion Kxpeiumgntal Fa«ms GROWING FIRLD ROOT, VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS IN CANADA or M. O. MALTE, Ph.D. Domini/m AgrotlohgUL Atro W. T. MACOUN, Dominion Uort'culluriat. BULLETIN No. 33 Second Series Pulletina of the Second Series treat of such eubjeets as are of interest to s limited class of readers and are mailed only to those to whom the informatioa is lilcci; to be useful. Published by direction of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. OTTAWA QOVEENAIENT PEINTINO BUREAU 1 {»15 'Dn4 L- I (iiMIMiiN III' ( ' \S »|p\ »KivMM\ii:\T <>i .\i» GIIOWING FIELD l{OOT. VKGKTABLK AM) FLOVVKR SEKDS IN CANADA nv M. O. MALTE, Ph.D. homiitlon Ai/iosfi'lofii^t. .\\u • W. T. MACOUN, r. •. .r p' -'l-,'-;i'-'wh Milijc.-tfj jw uro of iiittrfyf to a liiiiiU'f! iliiss of rfiiilcr> iinil ixrt- nuilod oiil.v to tlio>o t.i wlioiu tin- iiiforiiiamm i>i likclv to be useful. Published by direction of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agriculture, Ottaw», Ont. OTTAWA GOVEHXMEXT PRINTIXti J5 1 UK A U 1915 75478—1 I fMi \wv Fi'l.ruiiry Ifl. 1015. Thf TTi'iiinirMliIf. 'I'lic Miiii«t('r ,.( Aijri.'iiltiir<% Ott.nv.i. Sill. I li.nt" till- li.ii I- h) itMiiiiii't lurcwllli, tor VMiir .ipiirnvnl, fSulirt'ii N.i. J-i of til'- Sr.v.h.l S.tIc-. I'flllllnl (Irowini; Ki.-I.l l{....t, V.'u.liililc, .lllll Flowir .•cl, ill Oiuiiulii. mill |ii(|iMr.'., .iiid tlif 1)iiniiiiinii Il..iii,ii!tiiri I, \V. T. MiKomi. 'I'lii' pro.|]riti\c -larcllv ul I'oul iilnl V(«il;iiilr •icI. for tlic <,r:\r I'.'Ifi alii{ for >omi' tiiiii- tliiTciifli r. oil iic Hill of till- iirolmlilc dl-orK.iniziif ioii of mi'A |iro(lut'tioii ii|>i'riiti(oi- I'.v riii-oii ot ilii' |iii'-itii KH'Ht w:ir, in llio,.' iMiropinn nniiitrii'- wliciiii' siic'li -.t(|- Iliac lurctoloic I II iiii|i..i till liy ('.ilKiilit iiml lln' I'liitcd St;iti'^. iiiiikc-i (lie proiliii tioii of root, vrjrctiililo, imd tlowrr M-cd-i in Ciiiiiidii ;i iiinttrr of jfrciit iiiiporliiinc. Alrciidv a coii^idcnililc imiiilHr ipt i;iriiid thai tli." proHi-iit luill-f iti, iiu'ludiiiK m-j it doi- (|uitr I'oiiipn'- iu'Usivc in-trui'lioiis us to Ihivv to ^o alioiit ;trowiiii; fli.'-i' reed- in ('niiiiilii, will provo liolpfid to iiiHii.v iind act as an iii-pinition to oilicrs i,, try a siiiall plot tliciiisclvcu. J liavc to rcconin d, tlicrct'o.'c. tliat cijitiiii !«• printed siifticicnt to roin-h all proldilii.v interested ix-rsons. 1 have tlio ii'Ui >iir to lie -ir, V'.ur ill. jiiMil crvai't, 7fi47?-1i GKOWING FIKLl) ROOT, VEOETAr.LK. AND FLOWER SEEDS IN CANADA. M O Mai TK. I'h I).. Pnmiiiiuti l./K/ .„/.../(%/. AMI \v, r. M.\ror\. h,, ,,111,1.1, h ih,,i,i u\i,ii,.it. Tho ifri'iit Euri>in ^v • whii'li i«* in pro(fr<-!> him iilTi^ lid trmli' in iiiiiiiy wiiy. ami tn wliHt cxtf'tif tl" .I'ioU' iiulii«lritH Imlh in llii-- iiiid cllicr i-nuntrici* wiil In' (•liiiii(r<'• lliiit tlu' liino is rifx' fur i-KtiiliiihliinK mid «li'Vfln|niiK (•crtuin indudtrifK in the D.iiniiiinn. whiili wcM! oitluT not in i-xisfcn'-o iH'fori'or Were i-on(iui'l«'i| im 1. HMiiill wiilr, iinil it is tn n\\i- Hiiinp infiirniittion wliicii nniy Inul to h ((■'•'»(<*■' <|U:intity of liild rdnt, vt'ifitnlilt'. iiinl tlnwpf weds bi'injf kf^'Wu in I'linuda tlmt thi' liullt'tin is |iiililish<-d. It woulil lic\<' I ''t>n iidvi-iililr ti> |Mist|Kint' issuiiiK thii« liullctin until more cxixriniiMits hud htii. triiil in iirn»lucin(r -red in Cunadii, hud not thi" jjrcat diinund f.r sonic inforniiitinn sc« nitd to wiirriint its iJiihlicution now. In tl'c Octiiliir issuf of the Aynrulluial Hnutt,' (Vol. 1, No. In). Mr. (ioo. JI. ( hirk. Seed < 'omnii-sioniT, drew attention to tiie fait that, at prrsont. I'l.orinoiis ilUiintltics of field roo.. vcifftubl,-, and flowor seed ar«> iui|Kirti'd to Cainida. iiriin-'imlly fr'ni Franrc and (ipnn.iny. Thus, durintr the tiscal yi-ar !'"">-14, init less thiin ! iK>,74-! |i unds of Iwft and inunirt'l n'cd wcri' iniixirtcd from the said countric!'. Of turnip s"i d, ;iril),H4" poundH i-aine from Holland and Frani*o, and of carrot so-d, 32,0*1)1 pounds e i.-HHirtv .1 from the latter eoiintr>-. Mr. Clark also statet" that "last year (IiM:i-M) . iiii|H.rtHtioiis from France at the [Kirt of Toronto nlone amounted to 4,t'ii>l pnund- ndiwh seed, l,^;i.'> of euhhajfe, )t5 of eauliHower, ('i,^27> of Karden heet. !t:.'(i {,{ ^rardin I'.irrot, and 1..'02 of eelery. We ohtained l.OOO pnunds of parsnip seed from Oermany lit tile Sana- |>ort." What it would mean to C'amidian aKri<-ulture, if the impi.rtation of the-e «|Uantities .f root and veKetable seeds were made impossible is too evident to ne< d disiuission. Sutfiee it to say that sueh a ealamity would seriously atfei't ahno.M evt'ry bram-h •■! ajrrieulture and horticulture. I'ortviiuitely, as Yr. L'lnrk states, thp European seed iTop f.»r l!»l:i was giud and as a result thereof there ie, as far as it is possible to determine now, no fear of a pro- nounced shortatre of si-ikI for the spring of I'Jl.l. But, Mr. (lark continues: "It is the seed crop of 1!U."> that must lie reckoned wi'li, and while Krowers in frfrndly or li. utral i-ountries may assvire their I'Ustomers of their ability to supply tiicm, in the jiidjrment of the writer, Canadian farmers, (.'ardeners, and cimsumcrs can not alford to take the risk. They should make a siiecial ctTort, tiiis autumn and next year, to produce a fair porti(>ii of their own re'il tlir I'liiiTftt'iH-y h.v ( 'iiii!iili:iii t'liniicrs. lint iipart iVoiii (his irthcr ;ii|\aiitiit;('>. wiiii'h al-o iikmii doihir- and oonl-i, wouhl hi' {faiiicd liy the laiiiur^. won- thoir socd crown at iioiiii-. 'Ihn-. liii' (anadian larinor has no Kuarantcc at inc-ciit rhat tho sccil hi' hiiys coiric's tnu; to name. I ho itnportiT. howoM'r caruost tho cliorts lio nia> make to si'i'urc ncuiiiiu' .--I'l'd ot liic hc^t i(iiali'y lor iiis cu.-itonu'r.s, has, hiinst'lt'. in many h' cmirantoo that the .-^'cd he imports represents tho variety asked for. Were the seed Krown in (anaihi. elTective -npervision and inspection couhl easi y reineily tliis. the immediate results heinn lliat the Canadian fanner wonhl run imieh less risk ol' payiny hard-earned money for a variety he chu's not want or even cannot nse. than he \* i|oIri« at presenl. Aiadher advantage, and a very )ri'''iit one indeed, whieh wouhl aul auMtienlly come to tlie fanners id' Canada, were they raising their own -••(!. i? tiiat. as far a^ foraK-c plniits 111 least are ccini'eriied, lionie-yrow n -eeils ),'i\e tln' li Iteri'rops. In Ihosi' ilistriets of ('anadu whert! field root >eed is now raised on a eoniparalivcl.N small scale, the farmers have recopni/cd this fact and. in eons(M(iienec thereof, piefer Iminenrown seed of a certain variety to seed of tJM' same v.ii'iety imported froili -oincwhere else. Wuch more could he said in faMnir of usini; hoine-c -own j-oot seed, hut the aUivn may sntlice at present. The (|iiestion which then n.iturally has to he aiisw red is: Is it possihle to khiw we writer's mind th.it experiment.-, will, in the future, hear out the heliif that many di^-triets of Canada where root .seed Krowiiif? is unknown at iiresent, will prove thcHiseives not onl.v ahle to produce seed of fjood quality, but also to he especially well adapted to s,.,-! raising. Where these districts are, and what kind of root can he successfully Kr^wn for .seed in the ditferent districts are, Iiowever, (piestions whieh can only he answered hy actual cxperimcMls. Many f.irniers and hort ieulfuri~ts in Canada have for a loiij; lime savi'd their own ve^retahle and flower seed. .Miid find it proiitahle to do so. K.\periinents at the Doininimi livperimenlal I'arm^ ha\e .~hown tiial when the plants and set'ds have liCQii properly selecteil, as fro.il ,,r Intter nsnlt-. are ohtained hy iisin^ homo-frrown .seed than imported seed. It is true that a I'l'w kinds f)f vej;e|al)le sei'ds are .somewhat dilTicnll to irrow, hot the (;n>at nr:,iiirilv .'ire eompiral iv eK easily yrciwii. althonyh the climate of certain parts of Caniula i- more ^iiilaMe for -■ iiie ihmi for olhcrs. OROWINO OF FIELD ROOTS FOR SEED. Til tlio fulldwiiin luific-., jfi-Mi-ral ndviii- m nffiTril Ui l;ininT- iiilniciiiiir '■ * il;«* up Milt Hi'iil ;;riiwiiipr. As Mi'tiiiil (liita on lont fct'il KiMwiiitr at jiroviit in Canada arc not avail, ilil<-. it iniiMt he pointed out tliat the inforuiation niven on tlic followint; patfis is Ua^-i'd cliii'lly on cxiMTit-ni'c fraincd in F.nroiican cunntrifs where si.-ed jrrowint' has heen praeti-ed for II limi; time. This lieina the ease, farmers are res|M'i'f fully a.-kcd t.o reurard thi' niethorjs, deserihed in the lollinvinK. as of a >;i'"eral iharaeter. Some of them may not Im' praetieahle in Canada or in certain districts, hut may ni'cii sli);ht modilications, made necessary throufrh tiwowiNti. MaiiKcls, Supar I'cet^, Carrots, Sw.de and Kail I'lii-nips are all Ivii-nnial plants, i.p., rood, lis a rnl(>, two yi>nrs to develop -ecd. During; the first year, tlu' roots are (level. ipi purpose aro perfectly healthy, smooth, and evi-n. Iioots having? undesirahle characteristics -neh as prinKini5 should he e-peciall,v taken lh;it only such roots are .selecte(l vhich in general appearanci ine as elo>e as possihle to the ideal type of the variety from which they are pii'ked. /{(/nls irliicli in .sAa/ip and foltmr (hviatr from llw ttipc of Vie roiii'hi xliwild muhr no cirriitnxloiici's be sel anlile for ncc./ proiluclion. The rule must he most serupuously ohscTVtxl, as the valuo of the seed depends, in the first jilaeo, on its pnrit.v and trneness to nana'. It is not neees.-.ar.v to .select, for .seed |iroduetion, the very lari-'cst roots. Thi.s pruetice, which is .soinetimes advoeati-d, is really inmr economy. Metliuni-sizcd roots are easier to handle, take up less itorin^ room, ireiu'rally keep hetter than ver.y larpe ones and produce .iiist as irood -eid as far as Ixptli t he chopped oft, as is the practice with roots luirvestcd for feed. .\s, furtlierniore, the seed-hciiriiiij stalks are developed from tlu> crown of the roots, it is evident that too close triunniufT may result in in.iMi-y to the erowu, thus dimini.-hinp: its .see 1-slaIk developing; ahilit.v. To he on the safe side, the tops should he cut off, .ihont throp or four inches ahove the crown. It is also (.f importance that the sdrctcd roots he handled as carefully as possihle. IJiuifih handliiiir. for inst^incc loaclinj; (ui watrmis with a pitrfe( tly -uud and unin.inied roots. Sliirinii diiritii/ lln' II iiih'r. — The roots should 1h' ston'd duriuj; the wltiter in .such a way that they arc not injuri'd hy frost and, at the same time, not damafreil hy heatini.'. To protect the root- from ficc/iiiir is a coniparatiM^ly c-i-y matt.'r. to prevent tlicm from luatin;; anil, a- a re-nIt thereof, rottiuf;. is often a tar more ditlii'ult prohlom. Both dirticultics cju, however, hi' h»ucces-fnlly overcoiue. wh.ether the roots an; storfd ill collar.-, or pitted outside. A Kood root (•ell.ir shiuild he dr.v ami well ventilated. It should al-o keep a uniform temperature a tV-w desiees aho'.e frce/iu<{ point. .\ nin.-t (.--cntial thiii^' i.s that gund 8 vciililiitinii bi' pnviilctl l'..r Mini tiiiit tlii' toiupcriiture oaii l>e kcjit t'liirlv h'W in the rpriii};. Tlii- i- llic [itrii'il win ii llitn- i.- iii..-t daiii^cr nf tlic rm't^ lniitiiit' iiiul b<'gin- iiiii^: tu iliiiiy, Wlicrc III! runt cclliir i> iiViiihililr. tin rmit> riiii U' pitted i.uti-i«li'. Fur >uic-. — lui pittiiif; .iit-idf it i> f.--fiifiitl to ■.clcrt ii tlr.v. wcll-dniim'd pliii-e for fill' pit, tu iiiM r till' |)it |iiu|icrl.v. ti' rt<>riim inrii.d. iiiid to providt' for iicn— ar.v vi iitilatioii. A >li)ilit I'li'vatioii or a liill>idf. wluie water cannot ai'riiundati'. will jiruvo a good loi-atioii for a pit. '{"Ill- liiiiliiinv up of tlic pit rnav tlion In- variid ai rordiii};' to local ri'i|iiiriiniiit.-. A oou\i-niont->izi(l |iit should not l>c niaili' more fliaii '> or ti feet wide, with the roots piled tip :! or 1 fi it ahovo jjroiiinl levol. If tlie ro'.ts are piled up higher, it may lie ditliiiilt to re^iulate the teiiiperatvire propcrl.v. espei-iallv towards the spring. When the roots are staeked. tiny sliiudd he oovered with a In.ver of straw; later in the sca-oii whin the lold wi athi r sot- in. a lavri- of earth should be put over the straw. Ill order to provide for ventilation, the straw should he left uncovered ill spot- ahont 4 feet apart, or -pirial vontilation shaft^ inserted. 'I'ho thi'kiii ss of the ciiverinir la.vers of straw and earth will deiieiid on the sevi-rity of the winter. For <-ol(ler parts of Canada a 1-2- to IS-ineh layer of straw covered with a layer of earth t! to it inihcs dei|p will pro\ ide ample protection durin>r the coldest parts of till' winter. In till' spriii;;, the layer of earth should U' frradually removed and, generally spe.ikin;;. the thiikness ,,f the oovcrs ho inorlitied aei-ordiiiK to the temperature. >'i7' < /(III/ mill l'i( imriiiii Liniil far >ii a somewhat sandy loam or loamy i-lay. Heavy ilay doe- not give as good crop- as liirhter soils. The only roots whirl; can he grown satisfai-torily for seed on comparatively heavy elay are Swede turnips, hut even for these the loams are to be preferred. -\s a general i 'o. a -oil wliiih grow> good crops of certain varietie- of feed roots will also ))rove -uitalile for seed roots of the same varieties. 'i"he soil should he inU i]riiiiu d. The sooner the surplus moisture is drained away in tin- spring and early summer, the better and safer will the seed crop he. .\ liberal application of weil rotteil niaiiare to the land will materially increase the yield of sei-d. This should if iios-ihle he incorporated with the soil during the previous wasou. '^■.1 soil detieient in lime, a good application of ground limestone will prove mo.st lieni lial. Tlu' seed crop is also likely to be materially increased if a eomnicreial ii-tiliier somewhat rich in jihospbates is applied a short time before the land is to be ■i. allied with the seed root-. Too much nitrogenous manure tends to retard inattii'ity. 'i'le land >liould also ben.-, fnr r).v /lossibh' from irtrds esix'eially (."oueli grass, Caiiaii.i thistle, and others possessing a p<^reiniial root systetn. The pn^'enee of such weeds is most inide.-irahle. as a field occupied by seed roots can be cnllivatovl only a short time in the spring and early sumnier. Later in the season, tbe development of the seed stalks will prevent thoro\igh cultivation, at least where large fields are allotted to the seed growing. Xuinhrr (if Viirii tii..^ t,- he (iriiini. — The value of the seed pi-odiiced depends largel.v on its lairity. "Not only s'.iould thii -eed be free from weeils, but. above all. be genuine, i.e., it shiudd. when sown, produce a perfectly pure root itoii. uniform in tyjie. The Tiiainteiiance of the varietal type should under all circum^tnnees be a prime consideration. A seed lot wbich when sown iirodnces a mi.xture of different types is worM' than useles-. This has been p vi-(i1 fcr -nil |iinil,,riii.n. tlie grower rmi tn a jfffiit uMcat av..ii! rai--i;ij: luixid -i ■il. 'riicrr iiiav. Iiomim i\ :"j.,., during the floweriiiK tiiin- of the miiI i'Mi.t>. a iH.-«iliiliiv ..f tlii- purity nt' the ■-' < 1 I riiijf CIKlilll^i'rfd wliii'll ^tl^Mll(l ht carctMll) Ki'i"''i (1 : ;:aili- t. V/k- ,/(|/.;(. / //i v (;i riov. /'.,// U'lV/i o/Acr Vdiitlhs. All kinds of Hnis. imliidinp iiiiiiiKcl'^. >ii).'iir hrcth nud {iiirdon lu'ctP, readily I "(iss. 'I'lii- hciiif; tile rlist-, it i- cN idi'iit tlial a rariiiii' uliir (.'inw- miv m I'lilaiii Narii'ly (■ ...........1^ I'..- 1 .l..,,l.i •..i.... .1.. _:...:. . !• I ...:.:.. • M'.->.--. 1 iii> ift-iu^ iiu* i'4is»\ II i> i-tiiit'iii iitai a lariiti-r wim j:im\\> say a I'iMiaiii \anri.' it inau^'i'ls fur sii-d, slinidd frrnw nfitlicr i.tliir varii'tii- nt' iiiann''ls iii>r miy varirlir of siiprar l)<>«-ts or (rardiii luiis lor -n-d. nn' > the -cfd plots iiiii U' loontfd so fn siWiiy from oai'li other that daii^fir ol rrns-iiiL- In twiiii tin in is I'lilin'y lait of thi- qurstiim. Ahoiit ')tl also iTiis.-lertili 'e eaeli other easily. a:iil should therefore, when prowii for seed, he kept far ai>art. The dann<-r of i-ross-fertilizution U-tween Swedes and fall tiirni|is or hetween dilTerent varii'ties of either is. as a matter of fait. >renerally ei.ti-iih red ^treater than iieluei u ilitTereut kinds of hi et-. and it i- therefore rionmiended that :-eeil tiehls of Swedes and fall turnips heloufiiny to different varieties hi' loeated not less than half a mile from caeji oihi'r. Ci'iinf varieties are ere-— fertilized as ea-ily as Swede \arietiis. and the distanee from a -i id Held of a i-ertain variity to a field frrnwinv another variety of earrot should therefore he not le.-s than half a mile. F-'ets, turnip!-, und carrots do not interhreed. i.i.. erosses iK'tween heets and turnips, heets iind earrots. and turnips and earrots are utterly impossihh . Con- pee. /.''., generally ispcaking. nt the time when Mangels and Sugar Beets are sown for ordinary farm use. MilhoJs of Planiiui). — The roots are generally jplanted in rows 24 to ."!(» ini-hes apart, with 20 to L'4 inches hetween the roots in each row. For very rich soil the .-mailer di^tani'es eau he rceommendod. for ordinary soil the greater distances are likely to jrive lietter results. Sometimes the distances hetween hoth rows and roots in the rows is made '1\ inches. This method has the advantage of allowing horse-cultivation in either direction. The disi;' 'ces having heeii decided njinu. the root- are planted either with a -p.ido or ifter the plough. When the tirst method is employed the cost of iilanting will he lessened if two men work to^icthi r thu-: One man starts to dig hohs at the distances decided iipt row has thus heen dug an^l supplied with root?, the seciiid row is worked in the same way. The soil, dug up from the hole- in the seeond row. is used to till the holes of the tir>t row. in which, as exjihiined. a heet has already heen ]ih\cid. The soil is iiacked around the heets carefully. The third row is then started, the soil dug ui> from it heing used to till the hole- occujiieil liv heets in the s( iid row. etc.. until the tield is completed. Planting heets after the idough is generally chca|K'r I'lau igniting with a sjiade. but should be used onl.v where the soil is comparatively light and easy to work 10 Wlioii ;i fiiruiv. II I- lii-ch stiirti'd, tin' r.mls urc plnciil !ii 1i;ilt'iii'rl;ilit iio-ii'i'.n iil^nK tlir cilT-'iilo of tlic furrow, sny '.'4 iii<'lu> iiii.irt. 'I'lic tirst furrow ihn-, luiviiift Iwcii i'oiii|il('ti'ii. II <; tlicu t'oll.iw two ciniity furrows, Ht: TIh^ hcciti iirr tliiH pliitit'-il in every tliird f'lrr.iw. It i- cvi.liTit timt wli.'n tiip bci'ts an> iilinilcd aftir liu- (>loii«li, flu- inill shuuM l)n !-o !irriin«c>il tliut tlic liorsc Coiilv one iifirso is pfiicriilly ii--cil 1 is wiiikiiicr on the iinplMinrhcd ji.irt of tin- ticld. It i-i ilisoliitc'ly nc-cfs-iiry. vvlii'liifr tlii> Ix-cloi arc plantid willi a »pai]o or after tlio liliiiiirh. to Mi.iko tlio lioli's or liirrruvs, wliatcvor tlio fiisp may li<\ so ilccp that the ro'ils h,'ni,n' romplrlrlii rnr.'C.j/ with the necks liarcly protrinliii^ from hdow tho nur.ai'c of the soil. ('iilliiii'init. -Diriiiir larly siinimcr, tlic field -IkhiIiI Ih- car.l'ullv eiiltivatcil. llor^f cultivation slioiild not lie cmplo,.cil after tlic seed stalks have readied ii hcitrlit of from 12 lo IX iiiehes. Ilnrii sihni. Tlic harvcsliiiK takes place when the seed clnstiTs have taken on a brownish icrecn colour. The very top of the roots is thou cut off with a sharp spudo, and the seeil stalks left on the ftrouiid. for a few days, to tlry. They arc then tied toRctiicr in small .sheave.- .vhich are placed in rather loose and open stooks, Tlicr.c ore left for about two weeks, after which time they are ready to he hauhxl from the field, providing, of course, that the weather has hecn favonralilc. As the seed clutters easily shatter in dry and sunny weather the haiiliiis to the ham .-.lioiild not be ihuic in hriy;ht sunshine if it enii he avoided. Tt'R.MPa. Methods of Plaiifinri are practically identical with those descrilu'd for n^-'ifrels flnd siifrur beets. CuHirafion. — It is of Rrcat imiK)rtuiice that the land he kept in good condition tliroujiiiout tho summer and that weeds be eradicated as thoroughly as iwssibh. SiH-cial care .should be tfiken that a <-ertaiii kind of wild mustard, Kenerally called ('harhx^k Uliassira rampcslris. L.) be entirely destroyed both in the turnip fields and in their vicinity. This particular wild nmstard is go ilosely related to the tiiniip that it eros.ses very readily with it. When turnip flower- are fertilized by the wild mustard, ju.st mfiitioned, they will develop seed which when sown produces perfectly li.sele.ss roots. //rtri'«'s^)»'/.— When the si-ed pods have assumed a yellowish-brown tint and the soeil luis turned brown, then it is time to harvest. The seed stalks are cut off with a sharp nnl -trolls; knife or with a sickle. This (jperation .should, if possible, bo undertaken in the early morniiif; or in thi' eveninfr when t'.ie pods are covered with dew, becausf, then the least quantity of .seed is wasted. The seed-bearinp stalks are tied together in small bundles which arc then placed together in open stooks. These are left on the field until the stalks are almost dry. In hauling the crop to the barn the great- e t care should be e.\erci-;cd. As the pods very easily .shed the .seed, roufrli handling should lie av'iided. and the wafton on which the crop is loaded be lined with tarpaulins or .strong cotton cloth in which the loose seed can be gathered. CAIiliOTS. 'hti-lhodx of PUn\lin;i.—Se('d carrots should be plan'cd in the si)riiig as early as po-s-s'ible. They are set out as descrii)ed for mangdr 'So difference being, however. II liiiit the iii*tiii'.i I- lii'l"i"'ii till- rows iui.l iKtwctii llic |il;iiiU in the niw- Mm] not 1"' *» trrciit. Twcnty-fiiiir iiwln'^ U'twccii tiic idw-i and Hi iiu'lic- hctw.^n llir ru.ii •:•. liio rows is Hiiiplo. ('iiltlV'ilii)ii. — Tlio himl «li(iiilil I"' url! L-ulliviili'.i uiiiil tIfN >i>fil ^t.iil;^ arn about - fi-pt liiwli- Tlic curi'ot >fcd HTow'T should alwjvo all l)c on tin- liH>kout for ii'ild ninot pliiiils, which, when present in or near the seed lii-ld, readily ero-s-fertili/o Hro flowers (if the seed earrots. Seed, oriKiiiated I'roiii a eion* with a wih! earmt, ii* worse tliaii ii-.ele»s. All wild carrot |>laiit« foi'iid in tin' m iirhlicpurhiiod ol' win-re earrol' an- itrown for seed, should tlierefore l>c destrovcd. In ,: lisl.riet hudly infected ^- illi ^vild e.irriit, no seeil yrowiiifr should Im> uiulert^iken. //,»! I's/ni//. Carrot seed can not he luirvesfed liUe niaufrel or turniii seed. It. tMUsI lie hand-iiieked several times dnriiifr thi' rii>eninu period, IxeaUse the individual seerl clusters do not ripen at the same time. 'VUv -eeil i!iw|er» -IimuIiI he picked when tliey have assumed a hrown colour. Oh account of li.iud-piekinf? heini{ nrci-ssar.v, a iar^e carrot s,.ed field .-hould l«? provided with roadways hetween every four rows, s,i that, at harvestint; tii.ie. ready acposs is siveii to all row^t. Sr.r'.D (iROWINC. FUOM SM.M.I. ok II.M.I' (iUOW.N UOOT.'^. 'I'he inetliods docrihed in the incceiling patfcs are enipliycd when seed is raised from full-^rrown roots. In Kuropc, fullnn'W'i roots arc not always used, hut the seed is raised t'roiu half-KTown or even very small roots, known as " .steeklin«s." 'I'liero i.s So tar as the author knows no e( Auijust. di'pendinsj of course on tiie length of the season. The advaiitasre of usinff rootinff.s instead of full-^'rown roots is considi-rahle. Not only is it morn economical, hat the seed produced from rootlin<;s generally hcronies liirser and more even than seed pro(luV.'(/.mall |i!i>ts an' lii'owM. flic stalks h.-arin^ Tuaturcd seed nuiy be threshed when lait, on a canvas spread on i!ie unoMHl. .\ short, limber stick or flail is effective. TJy this method fhc harve-lin.: and thn sliiiiu: arc done at different times as the .sccd ri|«'ns. The seed so thrr-l. d -hoiihl lie .-pread over i floor until it is thorouj;hly dry. vhcii it may he cleaned with a rnrii'cj m;M titf. d witli _^, 13 ridilli-- to fTimiiilJ' out -rvi] i-lii-tcr> witli \<\x* of ?.iiiii iitlliirlin. !•■ tlum wliiili riMiiiiio fiirllii r tlirc>liiiiK willi ll.iil or luiM-liiiir. I'liiil llin^iiiiip in tlir ti< l :ir<' ii«iil for xcj'iiriiiiiifc'. to he rtl lire-! oil. un.v riiiiiiKol or Im i i Mcd- witli portion* of stem mllioriiiL to tlii' -i od .histf-r. >■(/■< i/V «/((/ Tiirniii >■/'«■(/. — l.iki- iiiiiiim'l>. tli«-i- -oo duriii(; this proees'. I'lireshinn sho'.ild U- doni' in deeidedi.v dry or <-eas. iiei.pors, tomatoe all that is nect-ssiary is Ui hnrvesf and e'i:in the seed as soon as pos-ible after th< veKetables are ripe, dry it rapidly and then k(e|'' it dry initil it is needed for sowinsi; for ordinary use. The tee*! should be thor- o;:niily screened or selected, saving only the best. Itaisintr seed of biennials sueh as bi'<'ts, earrots, parsnijis, onions, eabbune. cauli- flowers, and celery is a little more difficult, but it is these nuiinly which are impiTted finiii other coinitries. and it is liojied that a large number of persons \vill try rai-ing s( cd of lliem. Ihil. (iiiiol ami I'disiiip Sci'il. — To raise seed of beets, carrots and parsnips. gonil. inediuin-sii^ed. sha|Mly specimens are selected at digging time, the tops are cut oil 1.. within about 2 inches of the end of the spe<'imen, thus h-aving the centre shoot, (iitling lack , 'ose to the root will remove this centre shoot, which is not desirable Siorc tie lo in a cool, fairly dry cellar, or they may bv pittetl o\itsidc. but if the liilte,- plan I> followed, <'are should be taken not ti' cove, i em with much soil until really conl weather sets in. so as to avoid danger of heating. Early in the spring, plant tie loot- out in good well-drained soil, about l' feet apart in rows :! feet apart. When )pl;!iiting. it is desirable to have the tops of the beet.s, carrots, or parsnips slightly iu!ow the surface of the ground. Cultivate the grouiul regularly and the reward i* lil-ely to be a tine crop of si-ed. The stalks are cut when the seed is betrinning to ripen and allowed to dry thoroughly, after which the seed may be threshed out and put away in a ilry pla<-e until it is needed in siiring. ('ahhafle and Caiiiitlou'cr >'-'c■ -t. it tlii'til oii!-i«l('. A tnii'li i» n|Mii 111' il," Willi r Will iii't III', (Mill I'p.ii^'li lor tlirct- or fiilir rillilmur- •. Il' li> 'ill* . I lii-,\ iil-i- -rt ill tlii- ill :i -lii:iill.v "Iiiii'.! |p.i«iti.Ml with thi* ri)iil> (Inwii. Till' li>|i- iirr tlicii c-i.M'r.il with -tniw m tu'-t or ii lir'il i-ovf of ciirtli to kitp out Jijilit troj.t!', mill lutor .-..v. ml with -iitlifit'iit yoil lo iirrvciit lriiv.iii>., It i» iiii|Mirl.iiit not to put the «oil on until it i- iici-i -Mirv to provint iVo-f. ii« thrrt' i- (liiiiRir of th«' ciiliiiiip- ll«•iltin^^ < iiMmci i-:iii \»' -no<'i'>-fiill.v ftorid in iinv i-ool i-!-lliir if il i» nut very ilry nor viry wot. In thi' >prlnK whin -I'Vori' fro,-t!- arc ovor. th»^ ••ahlmKci lire tiikon out iimi phintoil nhoi;; .'i iVit iipart iiol wny. pnttin^ nl' tlio ro.it iiinl ^tillk l.oiow urouml nml ll■nvin^' iho hoail aliovo. When -olid hiail- ar ' n>i il, -lils shoulil !«' inaiic ito>,-h i'^i- on the to|. of tin' liiail at tho time of phinlinu'. 1 I.m will makt' it .^a>ii r for tlio -rnl >talk to forco it- way out. Sii-il -talk- \\ill m U> thr()\vn up. and iiioh plant will produio a larKr quantity of mtiI. Hankinti the oarlli a({ain>.t the -talk- will la Ip -upport tin in. Whrii part of the -f"r i\ii and hmiK up and tlirt>ln'd whi'u dry. and tlio -iid kept dry initil n.dlcd. ( aulillowirs aro trratod tniu-li tlir sumi' a< i-aliliatrf. luit an- imu'h more ditlioiilt to l.riiiK thniunh tho wintir. WhiTi' the i-ca-on is loiif. plants from early -prinj;' planting nii}.'ht ripen r-i'ri\ the -amo -ea-oii. (tiiiiiii >'(■»'(/. — III icrow'iiiK onion seed the first stop 1- t loot modiuin-sizcd wi li- shapid and \vpll-rii)f'iicd bulhs and then store them in a eool, dry phiee. Kurly in the spring they slioulil he idanted out ahout ti inehes apart in rows :! feet apart. I*' the onions have s)irouted. the si)rout should he >ut otT wiien l«in(? planted as they will then throw up stral.:ht<>r stalks. The upper sid(> of tin- luilhs sho\ild lie an inch or two helow the surfa<'e of the frroimd after heiiif: planted. This will protect them from spring frosts. The >;round is then kept eidtivated. When the plants have j;rowii suflieiently they shouhl I e hanked up about ti inehes to hell" su|)i)ort the plants when the tops Welinie hea\,\ with flowers and seed. When the seed hall.- are eut of! with about :'. ini'hes of the stalk attaehod. it bcinn' neies-ary to go over the plantation si'vcral times, as they do not all ripen at onee. They are then spread out to dry. and when driel-rii. — It is rather difficult to ^'row I'elery seed in the colder parts of Canada. Wh(-ro celery .seed is jrrown in iiuantity. the plants are left outside and protcc-ted from frost if it .-hould l)e sufficiently severe. In most places in Canada it will U- necessary to stove the plants unless they -an l" protected sufficiently in the rows they are ^rowinn in to ke<>p out frost. This may be ;lone with care, hut there i- danger of the plants heatinir in the siirinjr iMiless xiinc provision is ma. supportini-' and raisiuK it "iiouph fo. air to pass throupb readily. When there is danper of tho plants hointr < ired by frost they should 1m> banked up weil. the inverted troufrhs ]piit ill place and t i; some straw put over. As .soon as -evere frosts come and there is no daiificr of the , laiits heatinjj;, more soil should bo put on and the plants |irotccted suffi- ciently to keep out fro-i. Towards the dose of winter the ends shuulil be o|icueii to li't the air pass tbroui-'h. Celery may be -tored fur seed purpo-e> in tiie cellar, Imt it is very diffimilt, unless conditions are very (jood. to prevcn: it from rottin.u luf n-e flii> plants can be sot outside in the sprinir. When severe fm-t- arc ov.'r in the spring the plants are set out about a fo. The -ccd i> •:atliercd when about ripe, dried, and cleaned, and put away until needed. The methods which have been sutrtresteu for obtaining; li'iiic-firowu -^ced may not in nil eases be such as are adopted by larfrc comiiieri'ial sci^d jiiower-; the object now is rather to tell how the average liousclioldci can iivew- his own -eed. I 14 •<>«IK in TIIK llt.-.T Willi. IMS OK VKl.HTMII.KH PMI ST'KK SKKD. Asitarailim. — I'ltliin-llo, uihI .Vru^ niinil. //f'cins. - Uotlliil I'ml Kiiliic.v Will. Wiiril nil K'ntinw Wnx, S'rinitli-.Hs Oromi Pod, Kiirl.Y Ui'lil. ( o|i.iiiiat{.ii M.tikiC. S,i.i< ....ion, uimI D.iiiitli Biilllumd. Ck, Cro-il.y Ivirlv. aiiiivi> PiTt'cit, ainl li.Ml.m I'ii'kliiiif nr CUiiciiifK l'ickliii(r EaU riiinl.Si'w Vnrk liii|iiovc(l. Lrtture.~(ir:ii\d UnyUU. IhIkiu iiixl (iiiiiit Cry.-.tal lliinj. a/iM^m(^)»i.— Unck.'ii-iick, MMi.trciil Market. Kiiicralil (iom ainl IJiK-ky Ford. Walrrmrloii. -( lolc Kiirly. Onioiix. — Yilli.w CIoIm' I>aini>i,i, Larp' \iri\ WctlH-rsHiM aiiiik White IIii>li, I ),!ieioii.i and Htibbard. Tomntups. — Karliaiia (Ixst -trains). Ala tins parent i)laiits, as is practised liy tlie l>e>r Ilmisos in (Jreat lirifain, Kuroix; and the United States. Pruetleally all the well-known annuals, such as .Xi.tirrliininn. Aster, Balsam, Coreopsis. Larkspur, Oaillardia. Swt'et Pea. N'astiirtiuiii, Xeniesii., Poripy, Potunia, Vhhr DnniimoutUi, .S( alpinsa. Verhena, Zinnia, and many others produce good .seed. Anionj; biennials and i>evennials. which luar a wood qiiality ot' seed may b<' mentioned. Hollyhock. Coluiuhine, Campanulas of several .-iiecies, Larkspur, Oail- lardia, Iceland and Oriental Poppies, Foxtrloves, and many other.-. I.iko veijetahle -sewl. tlowor .s.ed .slnndd be dried r.ipidly, and kept dry and thor- oufjldy cleaned and selected to li;ive the best results. 15 si'itvi;\ rir)\s TO(:i{o\vi:i:s or i iii.d kooi .\m> vidiTXi'.i.i: skkiw Ah nil iiKliii't'iiii'iit ti> till' uriiwiiit; III tii'lil mmi ami ujinliMi mi iilttuiiiiil IriMii lli<- Sitil lliiiin'li, l)<-|Mrtin<>iit <•! Aariciiltiint, OltuWH. It iii.i.v In Ktilffd li.-rr. liiiwi'vT. tli:it tin- |ilir|NMi' i>i to •■ii irniir lln (jrnwimt (if SclcctiMl Sci'fi. Mllll lllll.v lii'llil tiili' urKWiT'i 111 -illill sctil II" I'linilllr 1'. I.'icivf th» siilivoiitii>iiii.