IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // % '^'^l^ (/. 1.0 I.I 11.25 2.5 '- IIIIIM |J0 "'"^^ ^ IM IIIII2 2 .If 1^ '""^ :!f 1^ 12.0 18 J4_ IIIIII.6 Piiotographic Sciences Corporation iV "-^ o ^ 4\^ ^\ WrS ^)% ^% 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ u r o t<*- CA % ^A '^ ^ L<'.. CIHM Microfiche Series (l\/lonographs) ICI\/IH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques I AAO Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographicslly unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. 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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre film6s d des taux de r§duction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grana pour etre reproduit en un soul clich6, il est film6 d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre a'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 E TH L ABO R / IN EUROPE AND AMERICA; A SPECIAL REPORT ON THE RATES OF WAGES, THE COST OF SUBSISTENCE, AND THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASSES, IN GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, BELGIUM, GERMANY, AND OTHER COUNTRIES OF EUROPE, ALSO IN THE UNITED STATES AND BRITISH AMERICA. BV EDWARD YOUNG, F.S.S., Ph. D., I.Vn: CHIKK OP THB UmTKD STATES RURKAU OP STATISTICS ; AUTHOR OP A " SPKCUL REPORT ON .MM.OHATI0N." "a SPECIAL RRPORT O.V THE CUST0M3-TA,«PP LEOISLATICV OP THB UNITED STATES," ETC., ETC. Homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto.— Tbrence. Ponfrtal : DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 1879. PREFACE TO CANADIAN EDITION. as 1^ the P.S. • ; r ;:^r r ; r ':^ -— i^t r '"^"•- ='^ ^^•^" the .ssue of an edition in tl,e native land of theSor """' '"'"■" CongressatSn l4eX 'o " "r ','''"'''' ^" """ ^"^-"^^^i™-^' Statist i.'al the rates of wage Jh^^^^^^^^^ <=o--pondence brought down ,o .,js^ countries of Europe as we i a tn v' "'\ '''''"^'"^ '" ^" •'^'-' '^"''^""K tl- present tin,;^r,r'e^^ ^.j ni)?' "T^r'^ "f'^^ ''''''' "^ ''"'- ^^ The prices of provisions ^Ttl^^'tJZ /""^ 'T^'" ''"^^'"•^'• America, thus rendering the condit on ,f H 1 '" ''^"™1''-' "'^"' "' less favorable than tha^oftheirSrt^L;sinrS" "^ "'^ ''' ''-'' Prosellr^t i~C Ihe^r:^ '''^^"'7 ^^'^"'^ "^^'"^^^ >'- condition of the working c ss in F .-o, '"''' """''' "' '''''"'^' '">^" "'^• were numerous and fo mic f hut H ^"'" '"'"'""'' '»''--'-" Ji"-Hl,ie.s demanded that they shZ' fl^e 1 d^!.,:;^:;/ TheT T ■'''''' many employers of labor to make known tl ' ^'^'"*^hnat,on of the different brancin. of tlKM'Crk " n ' ^''^"" '"'^' ''>' "'^■'» ''^ of I'Airope and corresponding industries in \,JrZ r '""""■'^'' , to the relative advantages pressed W; C d S^^Tr ^^'"7"^ prosecution of manufacturing industrv' TM .'""^^.^nd the New fur the it would be difficult if not inl m' "'?""°" "' ""'-^"^'°»^^1 ^ l-ecause Customs-tariffs h ' , L ".no t" t-/", 'l^"" """""'"^' ''-' ^'^''-'■^ -'>'Vi> Although such a cou ^ n 'h \Sh ' ' °' "^'^ ^^'"" "'^^" ^'-'^"1>'- is probable that th^X ^ . -^^re propriety have been pursued, yet it n.ore than neutraii.e^^rsUs^rs.::^^;::;;;:?;^ T""^ "^ publish PACTS, leaving i^ to o her to"d T^'fy/^ S'^^'--' -"^te. and .cm their resiectiveU;:^":: i/^i:;:;:^:^ ^"" -""'-- - r.att^c:!Tiir t^^^^ii^r^rr' ? '^ ^'^'^--^ ^P'--- - -nomic ^he prosperity of hir^It' e'::::;,;;^:S;;;:j^— ^^^^^ 1-'^^^ --by Ottawa, April, 1879. • E. V. imil FN ElJliOrE AND AMERICA. Siiuv tl.clnyMluMio.ir primal pr(.«vnit.,r was oxpHlo.l ri„i„ K.l..., ..;. ^ ■ •^"'•J^•'^'!' >'":"• '"'« ''•'••i' <)n« „(• al.,s(.,l,i„o interest T.. -:;;s^i B'^Ir iH5'?"« i---^^^^^^^^^^^^^ OmoiN Ol- SLAVERY, ANB DKVULOl.JIENT OP WAfMi LAnOR AiicRMit Liiw, "to use till' IxKliv .»,,..'' 1 ' '^"^^ •^I""'i' ni lii.s fnlliiia' in with the snirit of 1 1, J >. i, > ^"^•^'''- ,^1'« i^Piinish republic, emancipation, ina4J:;t^^vv;^'l;;:;o;t^t^i;.£;;;j: £yi/s^^^^^^ 2 LAItOli IN |;t|{OI'r: AMI AMKKIC.x. iil>lv n..t Ih. run,pl.-t..,| (or mmmv y;ns U, n„ui>. ChI.t most if „..( .,11 "Mlm., M..MM,l..st..M;i.,o. ,i,, Hlortsof tlut pn,..,...!.. I.,'. I iv , • /. <. t.... ,.,o. ,.v.,.i.., ......... or ..... s.ave.u.|;:i"'a;;;,.;:'^;'ir;.^:;;:;; tho ri'.|il ofov.']..., .r f . ' ^'' 1' ""•'1»1«" of possession iii.d of ti.l' n; .HoM ^ ^ n i. ,ri;;''; ■'"'V'''?^'''^ '^^ '^'^""> '■-•<>;^i.i-Mi i.. spmi.liMot'p,;; ?,,;';• """ •'^.'\ '^tajivol social .l,.vc.!opi.u..,t .;(,.•.■,,. .'nw,;ii;;;sn':;;.:';,r!n,=';;!''s;:T.';^^^ OooiUms n" .:,ssi:n s in ;r\:* '"" '""' " '"'"'^""'^ ''>■ ^''^' aM,o,,i;ilH.,,M..\.,.|i ' ti;'^^ I'oor.oi.s piactiCT wl.i..h i.revails toward tl7.. o,',t I ,,,■;,.; ''•"'.'• ''r "'^''^t^''! ''^ favorites, l,„t io>v.sands.^ ^we" ,. "oni"'^ '"'^•^' '"'t ""1.^ while otlK.rs, liws Ir -ht ,e.:U ^'"^'^ V"''' "''''•'^'^•"""ly I"' .sohi ; and sisU^s, v ulV , as^i,^,^ f^^^^ ""•;^ ;n.. .U.oas than thei,. l,rotl.e..,s •li'nd^erv. 1. s k S '-,^, r?'''!' '"«'<-'/""'; tl"un^h prolonged ■ ■' ■■ ^'w,.^l iiiHi I iH'iH.M'U es ii'oiii irii'iiw'i- th'it- I, II. m sac. ™„„„„„i,io. ,„„„,, „,,,;:S';.v,- ,lt,|:,,--;;;'';;:;;-,;.;,'^;;.j cl Y'" ^I.-'CIN OF SI.AVIMtY AM ' ''i;vi:i,(ii>.Mi;\T or (»r iiic oUspfiiiMf ,,r wA'ii: i.Aiioij. ;; T) of tl ><«'\<'liil ilitri'iviil iiiotlicis, it all "ivf's, wiTc ill iiiiiiiv instil |M'llll,n„M.|y,-||||,|,,.,.. ,.s|H.cii,l|,Vli,o.S,.„| iKfs thus (iviitcd. , II will not sfciii ini|.ii>!),il,l, •'oiiniiiiiii's. ur of II II- ••>:illiiiv<. (ioiil in- »t- KT soiirn" nf slavery at a liiler im.ii.mI \viiicli III many coiintrics j... <'!• III!' ImmI.v oI' tlie (l(.i.|,,r, ii\ iw and ciistuiii I ( ;,'<»nc, a player Wdiild t.rtci • eiiiians till. I(tve. (it uaiiihiino- JilClt l"xl, would .luietly .siiHer liiniseif to he I Ntiike his liiieity (111 the hist tl was dcht, iiiid the power 'live yiveii to Ihecivdii,,,. le aiieieiir se was "■■^ .states tinif aniony h \v:issiie|| that wlieii eveiythiiin ,.| inentioiis u Himilar cust <»iii iis haviii"' """."' '""' •sol'l. Ht. Anil "•<>w, and. it' he ii'ose .-••me instai s, niei, ,,i,,s ,, d | ,1 . ,. '"'^""''•' "'"<"ih: Mie llims ^'-;i;;'i''<'..y^. th,-;'i;'iCor^Jv;;;;nr'"''''''^"^'''^^^ - iivvnt niass<,f its t n . '. n ■ i i ,s ' ir'^VV'' "'" '''•""■^ '""' "'" I" others vast muiiheis of' ■;;"''/ ''^^ T " ^^"f"' "f servitude. •'•"•'•'I (o .shiverv in Ih , m V -''^^ '••■ Jusepluis the Is:ae ej'!.' ,.f '';;!', .•:;;'::i''';'''-- , A.Tord,ii. ,., ill l)iittie(hiriM-' their ioi •. .vVi, , ' '''* '\' ' "'' "'""" ""'>' «'"ii.|iier,.d 'l-'<'"llv s,.ar ' the ( 1 I t :l i ■'""' ^^•'.'''r''"''^'- = "".l they siihse- o»-"ood and .Irawl.!; • :^r ;', i;';^;^^ ... .he,,, heeo.i.in,. -^ hewers ••"I'tivity, aiMl III,. sM.Mi. ,! ' ' "^„'" "^? V'"'>;"'^ ••"• <-onmiered into stones used i„ the coiistriietion ft h n Vx-''', "''"'.'"- ^'"' '"""•'"^"' "those vast and -Minien, s :.^ s 'S 7 ""''f^^i"^ mseript on on one ,,ni„. „■;,., Vi i'.. '^H.M't i>* inteiseered."' An stares'that :iS( A n ■ ^ win t^ n^ "'" '"'"^ '"^ ^"'--' o" the Uellino CTliiHler tt' iei ; nZ!:":^'!'^ "' '"" '"-'n'^'"" lied into Assyria by the s^nn .In .ir i "."""' '*' l»"^<"i''»'« <.f war car- ceeded (KlO.oi,,,. )V <. ' .^^ni^^^ n. three other expeditions ex- under this niotr.r hv il. n ^ '^'" *'* '•*''•''''' ■•''•■•"•■•l l<. slavery it is iviiKMnC ;^,t Sr^i" ;;:; :;• "nr'f '"" ,""v "'^ *•"•'""" ^^'"'i^ were aliiH-st an uni ttM • mte sm. !""">V*' t'"' Assyrian kiims TlMisKv.,.!..,.,.!... ...''^'''''I'f^*! -^"X'.vssion ol san-iiinary eampai-irs. itsinhabitm,t;woi;n!Say;^S.r^ J. N\*t» (ir iii/ir.. L ;.. .■ ... : —- - .- '^ 1 ii[^-;r^;r;;i';;i?,;''^-';£2::'^::y,tho^^ (■isi.'ins, a, litti,, i,,f,.,. till' Tiieli ■Ills •..^i>kl hi.s »tiuyiHl tlifirc'iiv :iu(i siin-ciKlcrcd t' ^■iiplivL'.s; iiiid lii.s iold llif iiiliabitaut wlinse most If rod.it oiiiiiiu.. 'I'hiis I'hiiii,, ) coiisiHciioii.s rciircsijitativo tli 1111, th 4'1'<-Mt All'X s, urospoctivc of a"e oi iaVlll!,r i.,„|||I|t.,.,.d iiulcr, si:l)scM|H(.iitl\- dr SIX, into siavcrv. 4 LABOR IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. sniallcr potontatos similar practices prevailed. Tluis Polvcrate^ Kiii-r ot S;-nio.s, puts into cbaiiis the Lesbians captured by liim in a\rivn en-a-enient, and compels tiion to di- a trencli round ti.e walls of Ins capita 1 \^ hat became of them subsequently we are not informed, lu short, (urui- the period under consideration, the practice in oues- tion was all but universal. In some instances a turn in the fortunes of Mar liberated and restored to their homes and possessions the people thus carried into captivity ; but in a majority of cases they mus have sunk permanently into the slave ])opulatiou. The multiplication of slaves in this way at certain epochs must have r /'"'"onse ; nor was this phenomenon contined exclusivel v to anc int uision Mto Poland, and carried away as many captives as they could nulniK that tliey would not be redeemed, they sold them fc a e wn a head ; and Menjan. in his History of Algiers represents a Moliamme uMbe" hells'^ "'tn^''^^ "'''''"' ^^^'"" l>os-sseIl,and wS "ouui o( at tiie (lisp .^,ai of tJie conqueror. JJut there was always a limit to the extent of the servile populatiou ':!!, "^T ' ^'' .""''"^'"'"^^,^1 compatibly with the securitv of t li i in^ <...ss. Jn one instance lie slaves of Ar^os, largely outnumbering he citizens, of whom many had been killed in wai. took possession of ho goNernniont, and held it for a number of ^■oars. Auotl t? c'S m il v to the reader of Grecian history, is that of the momn ?Fch^^^^^^^ ^parta, who at the th.ie of the g^at eartL uake^J^f B C On" r^^suc (ceded HI overthrowing ti.at state. Another ins ance is fu ■ i she Hn IhT™ r. "''V^'' r"''^'"" "''^^^ Scythians into SouthiTstm A i the scN enth .■entnry beiore Christ. AA'hen these barbarian hordes a ter a protracted career of coiKjuest and destruction, were retiu' b o to' ^ ■ ouatry hey were met, and tor some time successtully r^Sl "W a awn^ (, heirtormer slaves, who, duriug their proloninl abse icA^^^^^^ -'.arned their Wl^•es and installed themsehes at the Iiead o h^r Iim ^ holds as well as of public aOairs. llenulotus iiaivelv relates LtiuJ ot he Scythians proposed to his comrades that they ^throw aside thdr iTMNs and their darts, and rush upon their opponents without nv eapons save the whips which they 'used ibr their hoilU '' Wh' st biS. m "1:"'^^"™'^'' «=^i, " they think themselves or equals in buthaml mportance; but as soon as they shall see us with t wh u our hands, they will be impressed with a sense o thci sen- le con t on and rt|sist no longer." IJe adds that the plan was sum'ssful In culentalytuis account serves to illustrate th.' simil ri o f si i i"t 1, ween the ane ent and modern shuchokler ; for wl eti er th. Jlo y be true m its details or not, it doubtless harmonized with whit th.itn rianjuiew in regard to the general ieeling Jf n;aSii: 'tiw".! '"llS The serion.s dang >r involved in too great a preponderance of the scr- »l.yci'ato8, Kiiiff liin in u imval i tlie walls of not Jnfoiiiicd. ctice in qui's- lio fortnnos of ns the i)ooi)lo :iey njuwt Iiiive !lis must liav(^ H'ly to ancient 1 nuule an in- is tlu'y c'onld, » for a (!ro\vn > a iAloIianmie- von forgotten I onion P Of rtion of Asia (IlystasiH'K,) mdotu.s gives 5i)aitan king' lioeration of :lucein(>nts to Scions nninbor (i, and whidi h\ population jf the ruling nnbering the cvssion of the 3asc, j'ainiliar ig Helots of .) nearly suc- furnisiied in stern Asia in hordes, after ning to their listed, by an ibseuee,'had tlieir house- tes that ouo V aside their without any i. "Whilst ir equals in th the whip jrvile coudi- uessful. In >f spirit be- lie story be t the histo- )\vard their of the ser- I on,c,N OP sr,AVB„v «„ n,,v.,,o,.,,r..T «. ,v.s«,, ,,,,,„„. 5 vile I'lass must often Invo Ir.,] f,^ fi bers of those who eom o.-d i, l^tlii^^^^"^'-?;' of considerable nu„,. insensible relaxation in tln^ioor of ,''"'' -.'^ T^' '"^^■•' ''"••"''•'•I =•>, up to their complete liberati /,;^ t ,r the 'i "'''"^■'^"'^r' p>«lua!Iy lending of the principal nations of a oui - .lo, .r''"""'. ^"^ ^''""■*" ^''^it *^<'nK. socml developme/,t as that w cl\!i nt^ '?.'"^''' ''^"'"'-^'•'''' l»I'."'se of tlKO.<.nds of the villeins V^^^^^^ Avill be occasion to speak nu)r il i < ' V ' '1'''' '='tter event there able bodies of slaves wereZanci it il n''' ^*«'i'^i<>""".v consid,.,.. tary leader, who found it im tS^ by son.e ruler or nuli- when Augustus, during the ca • , n f^il r'"''" ''^■^.t''"'^ty allies : as pen,s, liberated -^(N00o7,f this c ass to mnl ?•,'"'' ''^'""■^'^ '^''"^tus Pom- There nnist ni.ni'.o,.. i'. ' r*„r *i* '"'^^^*-' sadorsof them.* Tho effect of t!ds cxminu^d ^^^^oJ' ensl^ '''V find emancipation on the other nust b. , . i ''?'T"^ ''" *>'« ""*> I'^'tid pn.letariat occupying a ^^1^"^!^ ^ll^t '^^^^'^ ^ '^'"''^ "P a nume it ■ mei ^':~'' --Y-Mj" "iia lojinu Himself d.>«f;f,,f.. .1 :: ;' T'"""*?'" "" I'd ;.?t,;;;^^'';;!;!'l?^'!''"- ^'-='<-i -..i nz;~r;;:, SS'S;!;-'^S,Ef::I^-i™^ rriiis viYi'vt \v;i in war. I'MviiiR tens ..f tl'iousan no ivsdiiivi' Imr liirod Liliov, M lilist I he state. ■ 11U.T. LsiMlwan-fs is liable ';.^ often i>i-oa,u;,! i,v th;:'v;sr!i!-^!^!':r ''"'l'^^' ''''''"''"^■'l'""-^'-- Hlrni nnu's i'unii.sh an ' ■" ■'■•nt. — .vo.M.n,- uin IM 17.(1 !:i!i<>f, M,,,!,.,-,, f;,„ / ,■ ' . ," "' '""f ■"""'"■■Mlt"' 'is tn I,n v th. .ntro.h.ction of .-.ch^uc.;!;:',;,, iaI!u!;;;.i;;^~t/'> '■-'- "^-" wiu'^S;;:;;;; :;^ 6 LAnOK IN EUICOPE AND AMERICA. eoimminiUt's of "ivatcr or loss oxU-nt w\ihUu\ I- ^^*'^'^>^'^ /^^ ^ ''^'' i' were .1 .M itablo cnipaiuon Ibr the son and prospective 1 eii\ ^ ^u^./h draw water lioiii Ibuiitaiiis."* I„ tlit- eirlier <1., v« V.^' 7. •! • • ^ **^ '"'..,. conmuimties in wl.i,;!, the nol.iiirv of lab()r w as n ,3?i^n^^^^ examples of the «reat an.l ii.thu-ntial_,.,n n its ' h e iS li I-ABOK L\ KtiYlT. Anions til 111)011 oil ig til., oailicst of tlioso nations, tliat « liiol, I,„s tlio cliiof ,.hf,„ an., .ei, ,;;;:j'Sin ;f?;!n,„ ;i;i 7:^z!v;^ ^:-*.-vr^''^-'™ p.;^tC;Uti;rss;iSs^^^^ n.ul^, oiulmed m luu.osino uiaje.sty ui.on the veryliorizon ot tii ^ * Travels in Ki^yi yi>i \'ery ami .S.\ria. inie. inossomotliiiiff liiit. wliich has ■ to tlcpi'iul on li'ss tht'iL' wore alioiis e,sciii)e(l ioilIKltHl U1)0U } ellects of vio- niug siiiilesof ,- to sufji'^-est to ill s;u;i'c(l and wLich woalth lus Abraham's I'or Isaac, sta- iiofc doubting' le would liiid i' liis wealthy coiiiitered the lie well to hll 37) says that e money, and Hid"'— a state 1 iu Vohiev's "A sheik," s not disdain oiipod straw, superintends leu Mash the lieir faces to '', it is said, it ivating their i often tiikcii rth, glorious tors, seemed -luiidance." , there have imed by the ich the toil -H'al comfort lasnot been liy, Was not iiiity whoso cliiof claim rchitecture 'yiiig' pyra- >lossi, and nibs of the and invest the classic emoter an- ■ the pyra- tiiiie. LABOR IX i:gvPT. Accordino' to Maiiefho, the EovntiiTi hi.:!,,,.;.,,. i . • of l>to!emy I>hilad..lphus no esj' 1 , h A"'''V""'^' '," ^''" f*"'*'' E,i;ypt i.revious to tiie overtl row L ' ''-^ '''^^V'.'' '""^ ''"''*•' '» all these dvnasdes to ,.w l ' ''^L' *' i^'" '"^V^-^' '^'"J^- Assuming. ;•- >— "ly up to thS^^nHM;;;.^';;^;-;:!;;;;/-^^'' '^^' ti:. K.y,r l)ut accepting the received oiWuicm t • t I .i ; ''^^ ^'Haisand years ; sist.l <.f seveni. contemporary ^^:::';^^;! a;^-;:^^:^:;^;;;^:^: ;ssi Sv'x 1=:: s^?^?'^;i^s^ !i- nSet Lie to uiSe Sj^'Cu- "If Sle^S'lr^^'*"!' ""<' '----^ '^ I-^^i- veioped in E«vpt tlH> ieelfu Imw^ a sir-le state. Thus were de- longbeibre tl^ ,eo os u S m^H ^n/l" ''^T''''^ oivilizathm tvn.xl n<:,„n. ../.... , "^^""" "K« ot'fliis^aynastv 8 LABOR IN EUKOPE AND AMERICA. constitute.! tl.o 'M:u,.l oC Ko-ypt,-' was situatrd in tlio midst of -i .lo.Prf icfjioii ot Viist extent, iillurdin^' littlr sid)sistenee fni n, w ^ . " tile tribes, nnd interj.osin;, a fCi.iu.lab m ■ er it I ' •' '"'V'^' tween tl.e Ej^-ptians and the nearest Im i 1 Ii^ tr^^ tf wh!" i ^''" eonsulerable population ec.uld i.ave (bund a e. Th ^^^n jv Ti iiature suard tl.e tender infiincv of EfrvntianH li/i. n- m ^ '^-'^ ;";ndi:ts':^ii!;i^E:.^\sn= great arn.y was reduced to in.potence tl rougl L K^r irs^^„ ' U f urn 'it n?L .."■'' ."'■'''• '"' ''"•'■""'•^f''^"^'« connected witl, their eif,d.teen or twenty feet at the niionieter of EI Kodah ne'?i rSi / mmmmmm mmmmBm sti,.c.t., of I kS c. ; ''■ a"";""''' "."",•'!'■ l»»''"»er., i„ the Joseph would ind ea'e l„ 7, . :^^' :;"' ;^*';''!"^'"«'.^^ *« *''« Piitriareh tributes to Sesostri^ tie eons' r u Ho ff?"''''^ '^^"'^ Herodotus at- "leans of the involunt arv J m r^^ ? ^ •""'' ""'/'^'''' «*' ««»'il« 1>V consequence of E S-k f n^ 'f ''V'"'' ^?' ^''^'""'"'^^ ^hat, in ..,i.....iw_. ^"*'?^ \voiks, l^- nations irist was by no is calling else- ^ of tiie river e of Jess than iC-M- Cairo, is side the limits s not entirely ran icy as a de- ien of Ecjypt, tiicial records, five, of wliieh insnflieient. md occasion- iity as to pro- pli (probably re narrative"; viuder one of -^ars' duration ^ir, about the reat was tlu3 nibalism was liters in the the evils re- by those of IT had done It canal (or, jalir-Yoosnf, little below dty miles, is 1 and it may i« patriarch -!i'odotus at- t' canals by I'ks that, ill onveniently became uil- 1 ill so jn;»iy l>lo ; ill car- ■ a patriotic LAIiOR IN EGYPT. ft motive: before his time those wlio iiihMl.;t..,i fi„. • i i country-, at a distance fi-on, t u, cr n S eb n-. ! Il ' ^"1''' ^I ''"^ great distress from the want of wa er f hicl '^J "*' ^'''V'"'^^'''''*' muddy wells." The Sesostris of V . V L P '"'•' """''^ ''"^ *''"'" - posed' to have been IJame^ 1, wh.n^'S "o H viv "' '''''''' ^^ ^'"- tohave oc...pied the latter part ,ti?fourtee!th^ of the thirteenth centuries, J J.O. b t it is v'. ' 1. 1''.,''''''',''" '•"'^ founded under the same name two icj of 1 , , f V"''' "'"•''!"• ruled about seven centuries earlier na u Iv S P^rt ''•)'^'*"-^' ''''« JIJ, the latter of whom is cal ed 4' ^^s • ^bv a , ':?' ' "'.V'' .«'^«^''-t<^«^>'i likely that one of (hese kings, .tluMlau l?unes H \ ^^ u ""^ ""• ^-.-ii 1? r' 4 1 ""/'•"'""'' ^''~^> -i>- ^; and, according to the SeDtu-ifi-inf 10 LABOU IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. crop apponrs to Iiavo been wlicat,* whicli, wlicn ripo, was xisinilly cut near tlio top of llic stalk, tlio cars bciiig carried in nets or baskets by nuMi or a.sscs, to the tlirasliiiiglloor, wliere, the grain was trodden 'ont by oxen or cows. Soinetinies, liowever, tlie wheat wasboniid in siieavcs. These several processes of ph)winft-, sowing-, harvestini>', and thiiislun<' in reference to wlieat and other kinds of grain, are portrayed in the tombs, in which are also found curious representations of gardens and vineyards. The forn\er were often extensive, and contained tanks for tisli, and for the purpose of irrigation. Those represented are doubt- less the gardens of the rich, who alone could have had their tond)s so elaborately decorated. The itropri(>tors of land are represented as con- stantly supervising the labor of their workmen, and paving the closest attention to the cultiv.ition of their estates; and Diodorus informs us that agriculture had been carried to a higher degree of -jjerfection by the Egyi)tiaiis than by any other people. The rare i)r()ductiveness ()f their country is denionsti'aled by the large population it supported, which, according to the historian Just named, amounted, in his dav, about the commencement of the Christian era, to three millions, aiid had once been as high as seven millions. There is no doubt that at the time of ])iodorus the population of JCgyjit had, bv war and misgovern- meiit, been reduced very far below its ancient liniit; and, if we assume that limit to have been the higher number mentioned above, the number ol iidiabitants to each square mile of cultivable laud averaged upward ot 0.j(), a i)opulation considerably morodensethan that of any country in modern Europe. t The skill of the Egyptians in tlie mechanical arts is strikingly attested by the remaius of their maguiticent temples and other specimens of their architecture. Jn connection with the monumental remaius of the fourth dynasty (liWO to 2200 B. C.) are found opaque glass and glazed pottery, or porcelani, the potter's ^vheel, and the kiln, together with evidences of a general knowledge of metallurgy.^ Under the fifth dynasty (whicircommeuced simultaneously with the fourth) appear the saw, adze, chisel, lever, balance, and press, and the b'aw-pipe, used as a bellows. The sculptures exhibit a great variety of * It is bi'lieviKl by some, writers tluit tlio -(w mentioned bv Herodotus as tlie nriucin-il gnim (it the Egyptians, altliongli nsinilly translated spelt, was really a sneeies of beardi'd wlieat. .; i >ji t Accordiiis to Colonel Jacotin, one of the best antlioritios on tlio subject, tho snaco wliie 1 the Nile does or can water and f(>rtilize, north of the first cataract, inclndin'r its ouii bed. is only 9,ofiu'.;!!i:iG geographieal square miles, or about IS.loT EiiLrlish .sii'iiaro lines. Ihe space actually under cultivation was found by M. Est.>ve, according to Colonel Jacotiu, to bo 5,.lb9.Sfi88 jreographical srinaro miles: but the latter <'entlenian calculates that m ancient times 2,735.0784 more may have been cnltivabl(',"makin.r ■,, total ot H,'^0o.9472 geographical, or about 10,fi(i(; English square miles, and it is uiron this area vhat the density of population is calculated iibove. From a list of all the towns and villages of Egypt, with tho extent of cultivated land Ix.longing to each, made about A. D. ];?75, Mr. E. W. Lane, in his work on the Modern Egyptians, has calculated tlie aggregate amount of cultivated land at that r^-i 7n S''"srai'liioal square miles, or about 7,ir>p English square miles. riJietolioxying paragraph bearing on this subject is cojiied from a recent article in aii^ English seientilic journal, ccmtrilmted by Mr. Charles Vincent: "In the sepulehers of Thebes may be found delineations of butchers shamcnimr tlicir knives on round bais of iron attached to their aprons. The blades of tl.i kni^".s are painted blue, which latft proves that tliey were of steel, for in the tomi) of Ramescs ill this color is n.sed to indicate steel, bronze being rcpreseutcd by red. An Eu.disli gentl('niiin has recently discovered near the wells of Moses, by the Red Sea, tlu" ro- mainsot irou-works so vast that they must have emploved tjionsands of w .rkp-n iSi'.'ir rlip wnvl.'^ .11... I.. 1... ('. 1 II ; i' . ^ . ■ *■ ■ , . ..." i-.i-.^il. Near the works are (o hi- found ( protecting or ki.cping in order the workmen. T"h SAW years old " lie ruins of a temple and a barrack for the soldi e works are suppo.sctl to be at lea«t LABOR IN EGYPT. 11 ■s usiiiilly cut r biiskots, by troddon oii't IMlill slu'ilVOS. lul tiirasliinj,' ni.vcd in tlid ^iirddis and od taidntod as con- y the closest s inCornis ns )orlcction by iictivcncss of t ,sni)[)ortod, , in his day, iiillions, and )t tliat at the 1 misyovcMi- f Ave assume ', themunbcr igod ui)\vai(l y country in igly iittostod uensot' their ii the fourth :zcd pottery, evidences of sly with the ess, and the it variety of i tllO prilKMllfll ," a Bpucius of jcct, tho space , iiichidiiijLt its iigli.sli scjuiiro according to or gcntlciiian bio, makiii;X a tiiul it is upon ■ of cultivated work oi> the land at that ilo.s. ;ont article in rpeiiinjr their 10 knives are FKanioNcs J II An English Sea, the r(v of workmen. r the .soldiern to ho at loiist I mnsiciil instnnneiits, elegant vases, and articles of household furniture; vessels of metal, alabaster, and other materials; arms and domestic; inipU'inents, the ])roduction of which gives evidence of equal taste and skill; while in weaving, and in the various ])rocesses of the manulau- tJire of linen, the Egyjitians are said to have excelled. J)iodorus Wiculus divided the ancient Egyptians into three classes, as follows: 1. Persons of rank, and jjriests, who shared between them the chief honors and powers of the state. L'. Soldiers, who were also hus- bandmen. 3. Artisans and laborers. Herodotus enumerates seven classes, namely, priests, soldiers, herdsmen (of sheep and cattle,) swineherds, tradesmen, interi)reters, and i)ilots. Plato mentions hunters as a separate class, and some have added fishermen and boat- men. Tlic.s(i various occui)atioiis are but subdivisions of the third class mentioned by Diodorus, and are comprehended under the general terms "artisans"' and "laborers." The impression has commonly prevailed thac these (glasses were castes like those of India, sei)arated from ea(;h other, from one generation to another, l)y a barrier which law and custom for- bade any of their members to cross ; but tli-e testimony of the nioiiii- nieiits, as lirst pointed out by M. Ampere, shows that this opinion was incorrect. INIembers of the priestly and military classes not only inter- married, but in some instances performed indilferently the functions of the jniest or soldier. That intermarriages between members of the privileged classes and the common people were extremely rare, may naturally be supposed, for this is the case in all countries where privi- leged classes exist ; but there can be no doubt that between most of the ditferent classes of working-people intermarriages were common. Jii- deed, this is implied in the statement of Herodotus (ii, 47) in reference to swineherds, whose case he mentions as if it were entirely exceptional. Nor does he say that even they were I'orbidden to intermarry with mem- bers of other classes, but that marriage with them was " studiously avoid- ed," and that they were thus " reduced to the necessity of intermarrying among those of their own iirofession." This prejudice arose from their connection with an animal regarded as unclean, and for the same reason they were excluded from the temi)les. But although there were among the I'^gyptiansno castes, properly so called, it was probably the common practice in most occupations for the son to be brought up to the employ- ment pursued by his father, and it also appears that dift'erent 0(;cup'a- tious were held in different degrees of esteem. The swine-herds, as already indicated, stood lowest in the social scale. The herdsmen of sheep and cattle were regardec? with dislike, if not with contempt, a fact which Joseph adroitly turned to the advantage of liis kinsmen, by using it as a means of securing for them a residence by themselves iu the land of Goshen, (Genesis xlvi, 33 and 34.)* • TIio antipathy to persons engaged in pastoral pursuits, implied in the statement of Joseph, that every shepherd was " an ahoniination unto tho Egvptians," prol)ablv grew out of the invasion of Egypt by a pastoral peoi)le, and tho i stablishniont therein of tho "shepherd-kings." Of these, according to Africanus's version of JIanelho, there were throo dynasties, the liftecntli, sixteenth, and seventeenth, whose* rule commenced about 20dO li. C, and lasted somewhat more than five hundred years, during which period, however, there were some conteiniiorarv dynasties of native kings. According to Mauotho, tho tirstof these three foreign dyn'ast'ies was riuenician, while the other two arc boliovod to have included Arabs and Assyrians ; and there is reason to believe that between some of those, and the kings of the fifteenth dynasty there existed a bitter hostility. Tho Pharaoh who elevated Joseph to tho post of primo jniiiister is believed to have been Assis (or As'm() of the lil'teenlh dvuasly, and being himself ono of the shepherd-kings, ho naturally would luit share, though from policy he might respect, the prejudices of the Egyptians. Tho later riiaraoh, " who knew not Joseph," and oiipressed the Israelites, is suppused to have been of Assyrian origin, and was probably of the sixteenth dynasty. 12 LAnOli IN KUHOPE AND AMKRICA. A/,M'iciiUiiial liiborcrs aro said to ha\e been a dospiscd class, and boat- iiicii were licld in low esteem, while e\eii inoehauics were reifai'ded w ith contenipt by the military class, who disdained to follow mechanical imr- suits, considorin^ thorn mean and iinmanly.* Tho divisions of Efryiitian society above mentioned appear to have no relation to the distinction between I'reenien and slaves. From a re- mark of Jlerodotus, that ''the Egyptians did not conlino the exercise of trades to slaves, as the Spartans did," it may be inferred that persons of this class were employed, to some extent, in the various common occupations, bnt not exclusively in any. It is probable, however, that slaves were chielly held by members of the privilejiedclasses, who would be most likely to have the means of purchasins them. It will be recol- lected that it was a member of the upper class, i'otiphar, a captain of tho king's guard, who purchased Josei)h from the Midianite men^hants who carried him into Egypt. It may be remarked here that this trans- action alfords incidental evidence that at the time when it occurred (about ISOO I). C.) Egypt was known to traders as a market in which slaves were in regular demand. In successful military expeditions im- mense numbers of cai)tives were otten brought back and reduced to slavery ; and there are indications in the sculptures of Thebes that slaves sometimes formed a part of the annual tribute paid bvconquenHl nations to the l!:gyptian kings. The slaves taken in war, and probably also those received as tribute, were sometimes employed in large nunl- bers on the public works; but it is likely that a considerable number of the former class were distributed among the soldiers and military commanders, and that a portion of them were also assigned to the priests, M'hile others were sold under the authority of the government to any private individuals who chose to purchase them. The slaves acfpiired in these various ways were, of course, of many nationalities, and the representations of them on Egyptian bas-reliefs show that persons of the negro type were included among them. Besides the above men- tioned there was another class of involuntary laborers, composed of criminals, a term which probably embraced many who by political or other offenses had incurred the displeasure of tlio monarch or of the local authorities. The origin of the custom of employing this class upon public works is attributed to Sabacus, the Ethiopian, who invaded Egypt about the middle of the eighth century before Christ. " While he retained his authority," says Herodotus, ""^ he made it a rule not to punish any crime with death, but, according to the magnitude of the oliense, he condemned the criminal to raise the ground near the place to which he belonged, by which means the situation of the dift'erent cities became more and more elevated." The emi)loyment of captives by Sesostris in digging the canals has already been referred to. The labor exacted by the taskmasters of the government iu the execution of pub- lic works appears usually to liave been very severe, the laborers beiinr treated as mere beasts of burden. Those'coudemned to work in the mines are said to have been driven with blows to continue their labors until they sometimes fell lifeless from exhaustion. The practice of in- llicting corporal punishment to hasten the performance of work appears " HiTodotiiH (ii. I(i7) states that lie had observed tlic same custom in various Darts of 1 linice, .scytlua, Persia, and Lydia. " It seems, indeed," says lie, " to be an established l)r<;)U(liee, even among nations the least refined, to eonsider meehanies and their ile- seeiuUints m the lowest rank of citizens, aiul to esteem tliose as the most noble who ^\cru ,,{ no proic's^iion, r.iiii.-xiiii; lb,- hij;he>t degree of lienor to tlie exereise of arms p.','?„*l '" I'T'"'" thron-hout (ireece, but more iiartienlarly at Laeedenionia : tho Coriuthians, however, do not hold iiiecbanics iu disesteem." their LABOR IN EGYPT. sliiss, and boat- n',i,'iii(U'(l with lecliiuiiciil piir- [>l»e.ir to liavo s. J''roiii ii re- tho exercise of I t liat persons rioiis coniinon liowever, tiiat scs, who would t will he reeol- •, a captain of ite merchants liat this trans- n it occnrred irket in wliich xpc'ditions iin- 1(1 reduced to ' Thebes that by conquered and probably n large nniii- rablc number and military to the priests, unent to any lyes acquired tics, and the at persons of above men- composed of r political or ch or of the ig this class who invaded ist. " While a rnle not to litude of the I' the place to ft'erent cities cajjtives bv . The labor ition of pnb- jorers beii'fy ivork in the their labors actice of in- ork appears arions parts of anoHtablislicil and their (lt>- lost nolilc wlio 'I'cisc of anus, (loiiioiiia : tlio in to no prevailed under he Phara.ilis, for we are told (Exodus v, M) hat '-the othcers ol the <-h,ldren of Israel which Pharaoh's taskmasters had set over them wre beaten, and deman.led, 'Wherefore have vc not Inlfilled your task m making brick, bt.th vesterdav and t.. .1. v ,L h<.etolore r -' It is n.,t dilhcnlt h, concJivetiie^;:;3ihi ^l^wMclH ers were sometimes subjected by taskmasters eager to win the favor of a monarch whoso vanity a.ul ambition d.-manded the early com. lei , o( a temple a pyramid, or some other great work, by which he sou ' to transmit his fame to posterity. m.u^ui The treatment of slaves by private owners would of course varv according to circumstances and the disposition of the masters In occasional instances when recommende.l by marked capacilv" an fideh .^,they apprar to have been assigned to positions of' trust responsibility as in the case of Joseph, of wh^m we are told that !' j)har' made hiin overseer over his house, and all that he h put he into his hand.' But such cases, of course, throw no light ui., n , ordinary reatment of the mass of persons of this class. Ju ag , , , a part ot their employment consisted in turning the wheels bv m ■' s which water was pumped from the river or canals foi e purp" i ^^j^^^^i^ the soil ; in the inechanical occupations, and in coinine rl , he 1 n .V'';??'"'' '"I""'' "^ ^''^ •"^''''^' ^^"^1 disagreeable work, ad in the household, ieinale slaves ground corn in the hand-mills then in ii.e n ?-eo' r W ' H* "^ ^'""'''? and performed various menial olHces b t' n legaid to their general condition and treatment little is delinitelv known. Not the shives alone, but the entire mass of tl.Habor , '. e - pie appear to have been entirely devoid of political power, and riave had scarcely an idea of such a thing as the rights of citizens i.Toir demeanor in the presence of their superiors in rank was marked by - a l...milit,v; and their liabit of prostrating themselves before tl„se authority attords presumptive evidence that the latter possess' an occasionally exercised, the power of intlicting severe pu u^shmn t u o he objects of their displeasure. Yet there is reason to bSve that laws ot Egypt were characterized by more humanity and a greair re gard or justice than those of most other nations of -uicient t mes not oxcep ing some of the greatest of those states which flourisedt period much later than that to which the larger and more pros erous portion ot Egyptian history must be assigned.* Prospcxous niprisonment for debt, which has disg.aced the codes even of modern 's ve'in e f?^f Kf''*^ '""^"S' ^^'' -^-vptians ; while the mur.le lo . IS .n e, like that of a treeman, was punished with death. In these and her par iculars the laws appear to have been framed with more iC-'ar to the rights ot the poor mid humble than might have been ex peitc^ , a country where this class had so little influence in publicXrs w i'.^,'''i' ^«^*^^<^r'that atone period, at least, idltness or vagr mev st'it , V 'a , '" -^ ^?^\ '^'''' '^',5 ^«'' Herodotu's mentions a law i - stituted by ximasis, which required every Egyptian once a vea.' to , v I> mn to the chief magistrate of his disfrict'^I.e means bVwic I'e Ob ained his subsistence, and states that a failure to comply w th th s The political subjec:iou of this class appears to have been founded in their gross superst ition, or periiaps it wmdd be more amlnUe to say in a," S''''llh.st;'n 1,^ m^t"'^ '1*^' ^^■1^'"' l'^«'H were administer^ mv' 111 tuc lact, attested by sculi)tuies ot :i very aiie eiit date tb'it it wn« fl>„ „ tice ot persons of all classes to go abroad unarmed. ' '" ' ' bo seen ui i)rao- 14 L.Umi IN- KVUOVK AND AMKRICA. H..l..staMtial\viustlu> l iVsi,^^ 1»' v,Ioj.,s, of wl.iH, the most i-ent or taxation, win •! n.' ' ■ «it ' l';'^ I''"'!, oxc.,n,.t IVun. all pnrtant to require a i.assi,,.', '^ J ,',/•''''•;'''.' '"^ ■^"i'i'-'<'"(ly in.- W('II-k.K.wM ,scri,,t.iral acT mm f Vos, , . 'i* -xlvn may I.„ found tlio Epi.lians for I'lnu^a.,! at t Mi ni J t - ! !if f'" "^ * '" '"'"''^ "^ ^''^ '" PMrchasm;:;- from 1,0 Id .'(i ,^ ', J^L ' 'I'^''^'' "!"' ^''^'i'' '•'ttlo royal store-Lonsc-s vor, cordin- to verse "•' "the nril ' i "" ''"' '^ '" this purchase, for, ac Pl.an,;;i, and di.feat ei ■ Sh> ^I ll^h'" W '^''"' '^^ lore they sold not theirlan.lL" a" e' r s ,» h^ i' f'^'^^''^" ! ^vherc occurred about IStia B C * '"' ^'^ tletcrmmed this event '.' ' -^l"' '"'^^''J '" *>ni' measurement ably the quantity he dhV e ■;,!'''", r' ^"-"'''"«"- '^'''^ ^^as pro .' pnests, tor itse,Mns ,e V a I ;r^''^ ^'"^ '«^^-^"^' "'•l "r of I'^l^sions the quantity of L hel v h d ' ""''^'"'^'' "'"^ l"''^''^tiy pro- of tlie holder Hescmris v i . .. ■ * •.■'^o">'' ^^^t'^''^ with the rank to IJan.eses II) is n^ ^^ e, u' ' ! ^S;^' ''"f '"^^^'"''^ l>'''>l>"''b- P is the lan.ls of K^ypt^ .^^i^i^l^;-^;''^.'';']^ ^ regular dislribnti'm o P'onmV' (Herodotus ii, ft h„,d e iVi o'f.f i?^''''' " ^'I"'"'*^ l»i<^^-« of T It will IiiMuidcrsrond t!,.,t 1,1 r.^r,->.r f n , (juirc be.No tioii ( tlie p JI,ai lu,lh at a t howe j>reat uals 1 tJie \ that t datioi tiacts the ci super to the that ( saerei survei ]f He the i)r ments mate ( Aecor( of the six aei land h over tl as esti pi'iests so {jret in !•:•■•>• basis o the ma betwee exactly ment w atioii, f It is soldi en includii muiu p( .s'ives (J reasoiKi scarcel.\ of pea( support 'llcv.,( trcalcil II whicli, 1)1 tliis iiriiii aljinit T's.':; l;ilti'r iiiii <-i.i;i! ill i- king will caiiii' (.'oui by the kii L.VnOK I\ KOYI'T. 15 cIi this Niipcr.sti- f wIkwc will I 111,. S induced (liciu '•filii'ir liistory, li:i( of 111,, jij,;^, 'd Itiisis of tho "lit the ;,'o\-eni- "lilitiii'v power. tins('(iiiei)c'c id their cattle <'i'ed into tho H'rmittiii^' the land, Joseph '' fweiity-sixth f l''^yi»t unto ars, h(>w-evpr, iliiise, for, ac- yiK'd them o* Iieni ; wliere- <-'d this event lie kiii^-, the 'sts and sol- icasurenient, is was proh- ver order ot prii'stjy pro- t'l tiie I'anlc ■dil.v applies ti'i')iition of ii'o l>iece of oiii the rent ^ a snfiferor 10 kiny ac- iited to in- j., nfter ovor- K' I>i'nffiof of iciilliiiistM ill tli''!'^i'ti<>" ^i'at the maximum number of solum s, as oi\en b\ Herodotus, 4K),0|)(),) would make the militarv <-l-.ss nu'lmhu'^ women, children, and old men ab.mt one4l i d of 1 le max? "ve;^mle'::i;il'rt'""^ by Diodonm, (7,,HH),0(.., ;( hir Vi;!:;^.! ppo'uon ?;^a on b eSah" '^'^ "^ •'' ""^ "'"'^"'^" popMlation, which is a iLa.sonauio estimate. Ihe maintainiim' of so ]ar"o an 'iiinv un.il ^vere, in a great measure, sell' wl,i,.li, I,v wa , • ivw. n h V n , ''^ ;"" 'l.'^^I"'^'''! ""■'" "» their arunr, or lidds tl.is in'inL .m>.^ rVt , CO h,c a^ Thr '" ^'^■';l' f".'^'"^'' ^^'^'i'^r. Clironolosicaliv raino coimiioii tho j., u t' t r V, ,• ,r ' ' '^'^ <'"il>h.,viiiciit of luciconari.'.s be- 1(1 LABOR IN^ KlTIiOPE AND AJVIKRicA. umI uifh th,. ,.on='l"^cs of niasnifieenee and ..on o vh,. . ,,,,,,^' V/, ' ' '^""'<'";'"tl.v mdieatos tho Jim, besides a Iiirj ;o and duilv alU iiii.iclyor tliesiicivd vi^ud ■I, ifady difi,.sed, -.tic ii^si'jiicd LA.U011 I.\ KOVPT I'ildltidii oftho •I,"t!iiii IiiiKily poilioii of til,. \suHs; |)|it it II tioMiili'.s 1111(1 (•(1 ;i«iii'iiI(iiro I'SimipIc tliiKso IldllCt (>l'ilnr|.i. I'i|>><; :iimI, in- ^'iiWi passed il'liiiin'tolliat it is iMil to lu) i.s<'(|ii('iit lyes- Ill tlii.sliibor ly l»y (lie sol- tlieir l.iiKJ to Miifs (It'iivcd for the most liosc iillottcd iiii(l(»iibte(||y on the ioy;d d tlic jiiin'iial it is said to \voidlo.v«l in the baUim^ itself ill? h,„ti!„» =" "' '.'""■ ""'>' "to a.. .v„*„ ,4, t.e, wet':.i^;\^:;r!^im^g^K2?iL'lei?rs 18 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. But It was uot alone iii tlie ereetiou of siicb colossal structures as the pyramids that vast anioiuits of labor «ero expeiidod. One liuudred nnd twenty thousand men ore said to have bet'ii enii.loved in hewiu" the obelisks of Thebes; and Herodotus mentions an editiee formed out^of a single immense stone, wiiieh rnpears to have been used as the i)ortico Ota trniple, the tr;ir,sportation of which I'rom Elejdiantine to Sais em- ployed two thousand m.>n for three years. Yet this was onlv one out of many similar worlcs exeeute.l by a sino-le kin-; and there was scareelv a monareh of any note who did not leave luimerous monuments of his ambition to perpetuate his fame, or his solicitude to obtain the favor of tlie yods by ereetinj^' costly temples for their worship. 1 has the industrial servitude of the people resulted in a -reat measure with the former inhabitants of the country and with the nebWiboriiM' nations must have been highly unfavorable to tlieir progress iifth- art^ anu 111 mechanical industry : and, moi.-over, the Philistines, under whose power the Israelites repeatedly fell, appear to have pursued so jealous a po icy toward them tliat in the early portion of the rei-n of Saul ;• there was no smith found through all the land of Israel, tor the Phil- istines said, 'Lest the Hebrews make them swords or spears;' but all the Israehtes went down to the Philistines to sharpen every man his shaiv and ins coulter, and his ax, and his mattock." (I Samuel xiii. It) and 20 ) ihe period ot power and indepen.ience enjoyed uiuler Saul and under Uaxid were favorable to their progress in the industrial arts, and thev also }>rohted by their intercourse with the PhaMiieians, whose great ' 0:. this ..ihjoct theiv is considerable diiltr.aco of opiuioa amoug clirouolo-i,:,, pure LAIJOR AMONG THE JEWS. tnictures as the IK' liuiiihetl ami '■ ill liewiti},^ the rormod out of a as tlie portico :iio to Sais em- 1 only oin'outof '0 was SL-arcol^- iiuiiK.'iits of his liu the favor of I gToat inoasuie nouarch to tax .a service (if the }, or the wildest I more exalted the workiiiij. y of the hard- etod in eonse- rs. 'ted with them ho, after their l(w2 ]]. C.,*) cry wliic'h bor- cient writiajj's, Ills, and ill the comparatively y ati'ord many !ioy were siir- 1 people; l»ut lave accpiired id in the fact L,) and by the lerness in tlie inclndiii,^' the )ld, the "cur- it, the vessels los."' Duriuji I'reijuent wars i neij^hboriiij,' 'ss in tlio art.s , under whose i\ so jealous a eigu of Saul for the Phil- ■ars ;' but all lau his share, i, It) and 20.) ul and imder Its, and thev 19 uh ose yreat il'OULllo'ri.st:-;, Cities, Tyre and Sidon, we,e already lluurishiii- places. In the buildin- ot the lemple at Jenisaleiu .Solomon Mppeans to have availed hi is ff cad V, . h t liose ot the Ilebrews* ,n dressino. stones for th." foundation o that stvuct.uy, l.ewino. tnnber m the mountains of Lebanon, and prob ably in many other portions of the work. ,auui>iuu In his messa-e to Hiiam, Kino, )f Tyre" askin- assistance in this work Solomon s.ys, ''Send me now. (heretbre. a man Tunninu u' woi^ . ".^S' ami n. .s, yer and in Imiss.and m iron, and in ,.nrp!e and crimson.'a 1 |!ue. am that can skul to yrave with the cunning men that are w t i me n Jmlah an.Hn , erusalem, whom David, my father, di.l provi.h. " T' L hronic (.s,,i, <.) Il,ram complies with thisre.iuest bv sendinu- -a cunnin." man endue, with niiderstandinoV^ whose moth.u- was - of tlie dauo- ters Of Dan and Ins lather a man of Tyre." Among the works in n "nl ex ccuted by tins artd.cert was an immense vessef of brass, of MhiS the ^nhmving account is o,ven in 1 Kii.os. vii, 2;j to L'O : -And he made i n... ten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other : it was r. al a K u and its height was five cubits.} and a line of thirtv cubits d com l-u^^s It round about. And umler the brim of it round about there were kuops compassing It, ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about ; the ^^ H '''\'"f' '" '""•' ••"*^''' ^■'"^'» 't ^^'^^ ''"-^t. It stood upon t we V? nxcn (tliree looking towar.l each of the cardinal points.) * * • Vml If was a hand-breadth thick, and the brim thereof was wrou-lit like the > in ot a cnp with Howers of lilies. It contained two thousand bths"S This and numerous other vessels enumerated in the same c inter nid more or less minutely described, are said to have been ' o bri'St bms" v and to have been (^ast m the plain of Jordan, - in the clav -ro, ,1 i^ tween Succoth and Zarthan." Further on are enainerat n iind si • s" Miu^ers^ lamps, basins, spoons, censers, and various othei'ShS ''^ i he n akmo of the various vessels and other articles, some of them cast : m others wrought, indicates .'onsiderable skill in the various proS^sses ot metallurgy; but, as this work wa. directed bv an art SCn rouoS e S'thiKs^;^'' ^' f]' ^T^'r*^' V'-'^'''' ^j^i-^^^ tiiirihe ;;; ^' nTf 1 "."^"1^ P«-^'^'-^s>*<-Hl l\v the Israelites at the time in (luestiou was MUi e limited It may reasonably be presumed, howevei tl a t ev pmirted by the lessons received hi the execution oH nie a m mhS h^narn S\T'"' '^'' temple, and that the erection of thi biil o- among thein ' "'"' ''' '" '^'' ^^^velopmeut of the mechanic arts T ?n.ii'/!'If •^^l»^^'*'^".V"of\^?«Weiu connection with the bnildin'- of the remple IS the manner m which the labor was .Muploved. In the s»ven teenth and eighteenth verses of the secoml chaptei' of second Clnniicles uuid ot isiael, * * * and they were found an I-.undrcd and iiftv thon-^nd and three thousand and six hundred:'- and that of these ^. hi seth'ive score and ton thousand to be bearers of burd ens, and tour s.-ol^ ^!.u!^ua " I Kiiiir.s, V, (5, ];!. 14. and 1.*. ~ ~ ~ Tyro, a ^v oik.T in l.iass It is ,r , ,. i, 11, n. ^),".I'';^''''' ""'^ '^''^ *'"""^ ■ ■' '"'»" "[' wasnritviuVu.lH^li t P^x t ; t.i! '■^"'?"f'-'-* "^ U^ui, foi' Dull, til.,- aiicifii^ T,i;z, I lu •' CI:"",?idel7^'ir^""^ *";"""' twotuy-oue iucuJrot'our Luea.t.remeut Ik 20 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Ill to be lunvors in rbo momitaiiis, iiiid thveo tlious'in.l ..,. -l 1 "^'"^ Iiundrod iloscvmhmts of the ;MR-iout Canaa. itos a, ns Hm^^ ' ^^'"'^P^l'^l^ Vlv, tl,e Kin- appears to have ho' sn.nle ?„,''''' '•' ""^{'^'^''^ P*^"" bis service. In i..hli(iun to tlie 'Utnn'ers • i^ V ''^^^^^^^^ raised thirty thousand n.en hv , lo t ^.Ton'.ll tpllir'V;;/''''^ ^'''*'"'"«» to uork in the mountains of Leban /„//,< ,' . \'"^^'^*^' ^^■''''«' «>nt '■onrses; a month tl.ev were in lA a ' ,d V- ' "^ a, month by Kin... V, 3:3 and 14.) The arra^ieme s S^'l ; i;;!' ;;; " -'""• ' . d workmen m euttin- timber in lA4,an.n/,verr nn ^ . ti 'V^''''^''''' lyre, to whom .Solomon savs, "Ami nn o lee • r V"' ^V"«- «*" servants aeeordin- to all that thou s ■. I nn,; T V ^ P^'"" '""' ''>'' ^''V tin-re is not amon];- us 'u tl, n s- '^ 1^' <<;!' thou knowest that yidonians.-' Kino"niran,',, ,iis tin .; Ih'w timber like unto the ".an has desired ^eoneernin^ im ^^ ;^^^^,^*';;; -'"^^ ^''^''l ^1<> ^s Solo- lir;-' and he further en-a-e^ to 1 i ... n\ *' i-oncernm- tind)er of the sea, -and convev K-m l y 4^ i ^1^^?:^^^^ ^'T 'V'"' ^^^'^'="""' ""t'> •nay appoint; which plaee a m.ealV , t^^^^ Piac-e that Solomon these services he tells Solono , u^ C' ,' '''/^ ^^^''r'S ^" '■''^"••" '<'^- givins food for mv household '' ' '^ ^ accomplish my desire in a.S;^;S'LSt.S^tZJ;;;;^i:;S;.S;s^ 'rr' "■'•-• ^^- uu-asurvsofpureoil. (1 Kin^ v!^ '^t '^d 1 )^'' ""''^''^'"''^ ^^^"^"^^ all Israel, ^.ppear to I.avet >^^;;; ' nnskuS:/ /T" "^^^T" "I-" m I'ecaseoflliraniofTvre.noac'cmi nVis cr '„ S '"^'"'■' ''»'"• ^'•^•''<-'l't artisans were obtained for he exec io , o f^?! v ' J"'''""^''" "' ^^''"^'^ li.ffher degree of nu-ehanical and .arS sk 11 '""r '-""^'^ «« required a that these were nuvinlv free 1 lo erf Tewil h J.V'i.',''"^'^^.^*'' ^'^^vevor, ceivcd reo-nlar wages fbr their erS I b . r • ^ '"T"'/'""'' ^^'^'^ ro- w.re hehl in Ingiresteem imo I he J*e J nli '.'«"' '"''"'^^ mechanic, ot St. Paul, men of learning ad of s n^rhu 1 , t?H*' cast^, like that honor to earn their subsisteircc bv -^.neC^^^^ tl o„„.i,t jt uo dis- iiead of every Jewish iami^rwa s^Jq rid ^^^ ^'"'^'•^'^' ^''« borne trade. - ^^'imrt^a to lja\ e his sons instructed in pvactS^^^.S^'St'Jlle';:;;' ^r? "^^^ "« ^^^^^'^'-^ ^« ^^^^ S^n-al slaves of the he nhenoud them o"o^ *''^^'" *'' I>»''^='S them, forbade them to red ^^e a j' b w ^J'.^f '"•'^''f ^'^ sojourning u.uong with his ojvn consent in on":.;:.o ^^L ^1^ bS'^n'???;^^' ^^^^'^ -it), 40, and 41, it was provided th^t if Vir.i "^ '*'"• V^ Loviticus, xxv, «o],l to another person of 1 i ,wn ',.? he ?Z,r''".","''"^'«^''^''^^'' ■'^»im b..fore the Judges and bring him tth e, , o ^ '^" ''*'' *" ^'^'^'"^ bon. his ear thorough with an ^rw it k,^, *'V. l^.^l^^T^'"'^ •'",'^ If a man struck a servant so that he died mi, 1. V '''•.''''■'''^"•^*^'- vided that he "besurelypunislu-d •' b ft .rvmilno' '\'''\' ^''''■ two, the master was no to be pun shi^tle ,<>... '"'S^''fl;>'lay or antwas"hisn.oney.-' If a n.L itSo t' ^^-^^li^^totS'.f'r- servanl, he was to give bin, his freedom bv ^n" of re par, ion Co /,'" iiUniy. It a servant escaped from his master he w^ s , of f^ , *'",' tolnm. "He shall dwell with thee" is t he \. „ m,n / V''''''"'^''-^'^ xxi.i, k;,) "ev,.n among you, in that place 1 i,Vi sSi\ I ^'^''^^ thy gates, wliere it liketh h b,, best • t ouT.I ,, / I ?"' '" •""' "^^ appears to refer to servants escap Im- ^tt IsS! '!'!T' '"I'l" '^''"^ fries around them. In reierene t the t,/. ,t„; f ,m' ^''T ^''^' ^'»»"- mul (Deuterononu-, xxi ^ U ,d ^ "U^oi^s h I u,^ '''"""''' ^™ servant that is ixk,,' aiul u'c.l \vhether L. ■ i f '"^T"''^ "" ^''''^'^^ strangers tl... are in 1^ an 1 ^ h V n^ thy brethren or of the give him lii.-i ;..re, neither si ■,]] tl i, ^. ^' ^ ^'!- ''^''^ ^'"'"^ «l^'»It an.l setteth his l.ea t u ,„ i tils t h e^v n,"?-" ^1'''^' ^''' ''^^ '' l'««^' and it :.e sin unto thee " ^ '''"'"'^ "''^'^ ""to the Lord, they .livided the Ian,l auiou'^ em /n.l t 1 f ^I''- '"'^ ofCanaan stated, the presumption is Int fl ./i;; • '^'"'""«'' 't is not exi.licitly so eeived sliares wli ch wei'e Iir<>-.>7' H. ,„ fi. V„ "^^ ,1 ""'ti I<'aders, re- act the ten.lencv of a 1 to accum : ' ; 'V^^^^ i|llotnu-nt. To .MMin'ter- iH-en instituted- in the law t'S ef 1 id 'l^^^ fifty years, and at this tin.e c^ht m^m i t v l\ ''T\ ■ ""'^' '" '''''y The huul was not to be i!d ^ 'r 't^iu- I u mlv ■/'':; ^T'f^'^^^' tlu' year of jubilee. This usufrr'4u'irv tm >'i i " t« 'sutruct until sixteenth verse of the twe>tvt'tlfdu)t.,fV ;'■•'" ""^I'-^^^'^l i» the follows: "Accordin... to tl e\nn In. i ^ f Leviticus, which reads as .halt incvc.^e^;^;: ^^'^^^^y^^l ("^i^ tlu. jubilee) thou years thou shalt diminish the priS f i A ?■ ,^' /' " JZ''''' ''^' ^^^ the years of the fruit, doth he Jll u,o L" It I rf VJ" ""''"^^''' ''■^' pelled by poverty to sell th(> !• iVrl : ,. •' i '\" ,I.^i«'-lit^i ^vere com- right tol'ideem it for m bv'Sm f^ ! ^j " 'l?! ':^'^^« '^i"«""^" 'kuI the the year of jubilee: or if £ hi lei '.v.! ' V'f ^"''^"'"'^^ ^"'i"^ ""til deem it upoii the saiK terl^ b t f' ;:' ^ .'^ *' ^'' '^'' f^' ^'« '"'^''t I'c- him, could redeem it, he re^iW^ it bVcI t. J ' ""^•"'. V"''"'^'" for A house in a walled eitv m o,/ \lr.u Y ^'''?'' ""^ J"'»lee.t •sale, but not later ^101 w.^ftttox-edi?H ^'^'''r'^ the unwalled villages \vere mnrded o. h \ c^/'^j^T' ^"t l'o»ses iu might be redeemed at anv t me u on the vn.u';^' ''* the country ; they in the year of jubilee, it s luld be s dd \ l^''^'l\ '• "^^ '^''''^ ^'^^-^tored the houses of the Lcvites, even n wa' led V es nf, ^'^'f '"^'l '"^I''"'*^^ to signed to them J "for the hoiL^s of tl iil^^^^^^^^ 'T^ '•" ^^"^ ^^^ies as- P<^ession anjo/ig the chilSr^^l^ /^'^J^y^^s'^l^^f ^^T^'^ "^'^ ^^^jpL^L^^^^ to •"The Iiiiifl ul.nll „..f 1., ...11 ,■ -. : •' ^ *-" * "The laud shall not bo Nokl i'orcvm- f,w H, i ^T : — sojourners with uu^'•-Loviticus, xxv •>/"' '^''' ''^"^^ '^ """« T IdiMii.. vorsos '35--i^ Tli;= t-.,! \ \ ,, „ - - 6elf HhouUl die boforiihe juUw aSS""'" "^'^'"'""^ "^^" '^ ^'« <^l^iWren if he him for yo are strauyi;rs aud 22 LABOK 1\ EUROra AXD AMERICA. possossioi.s.* II a Hebrew, under stress of i.overty, sold himself tn n rich stranser soiournins- in the land of Israel, his near „. u^^ i 1? redeem him by j.aynio. for the years to elapse before the nbiee of f able, he m.-ht r.,.deem himself upon the san e terms •Vmn.flf^:,!-^ .0 ^vent free without .vdemptio,;. Of oonr^ H^SntlSs w etffb? Sa^ySn-i-X^^^^^^ ipiiiiiiiHii natuial iii-iit to a portion of the land vhi^h In,! i>...... . V li tion as their eommon inheritanee '" ""''" **' ^''"^ "'^- liver him the pledge a-ain when Jhe sun -.oeth ' '"•■-'''' '''^^" ■"^''="^' ^^'^^ sbillt not i.ervcrt tlieju.lffme.it of the stSin»ei- no 'or tl,„ c„l.,,i take ... widows raiiuenl to ,,l,,lgi..- « • •" u " - ," 'f„ ■'':''?■:• '""' '[I , ^. ^..w,^ lljUJlI llll'lU " their lands, their vinevirdt; tln^iv rvi;,.„ "V" -—i;"'^'"^'"--" uieinren well as "the hi mle ]/ nr^\!r / '^^^ ^^''''' ^^ouses," as and the oil" f Ley 1 I eV ^^^ '^^ -" '^'"' *^^' ^*"" seut-andher^npffi. ^..■. ; l.'^^i'**'*^ ^ «'» t''^''"- To this they con- con- ae- -— -i!-^ri!i^'_!!!!!!!:L_J!!!^^^ subsequent to ian£S.f;;,?';S J;;l!Z;^^lS;^^ the tAll mtorost was formerly acu,,miuatCHl 'Miswi V' ' tf LADOR IN CHALDEA AND ASSYRIA. old Iliuisclf to ,1 kinsinon miglifc lie jubilee; or if kI in the Jubilee :<.'t«, whetiier I'or iiiKiiny: sothiit ^t Wiis to put it t'lit indulgence, ^eivitude of his 1 of his own ex- 'vhieh he eould lit of his i)o\vei' idvantiige theii- iven to the na- l twenty-fourth rs that may be )ld Testament : , to a Hebrew.) ; but unto thy 'hen thou dost ise to fetch his to whom thou il if the man be tiiou slialt de- * * "Thou fatherless, nor ueuttestdown ield, thou Shalt the fatliei'less, line olive-tree, hen thou gath- afterward ; it vidow.-' That , and even Ha- lations of the In Xehemiah f their wives, ted as saying, 'lat we inight they had hor- sing's tribute. 'rs to be serv- it into bond- Jr other men rebukes " the r one of his ihed brethren .■ houses," as aru, the wine lis they con- >' Mill do " ac- ubsequent to nghont all tho 23 4-1 5 B. C, when Xehemiah had obtained autlutrirv fmi., \vf,,. proceed to Judea and rebuild Jerusalen, T .'n tiv t v ^u^T'' ^'^ J5ab,vlon, an.l the domination of the Persia sSv ,1 .n.iv'' "' t- 'e own laws ; and the oppressive trib e tow i h -v ' "^.^l'^^'""' V^''' ed,as^ve]lthelre,u;ntwarsbetweon^.^ er H^^^^^ -I LABOR IX CHALDEA AND AS^^YRIA. These two countries, the former occupviii'- the low.-v ^-.u! fi.. i .. the upper portion of the vallevs of tl.e Fn hr ■ ^^• • ''^' '"^*^'' intermediate region, mav be consi er 1 ■ k n V'"*^ J'^''- '''^'' *''« volved inechanical';idli ol^ m/uc^!'^! i"'^,;;/".;''^ 'I'''' ^i^" under the ijower of the Mvthx n.ni J., 7 I- ^ ^ . ^'^ Assyria at^er the nan,e of i s cSe i -S en^'' l". :^;pr; ";;rr,'^^ '"^^^ I^abylonia, . less than a centurv as an i^ipS^;, '-£''' ;;"";^1":^.ty of 'the C Sw eSen^ n ""i; 7'' fT ''' ^^'"^■ whose grandeur the greatest civics S' n n, rn r '^^■^^^".''t'^I a-^ f^"« of concej.tion. According to Ue hS.h i on e. -^ ?^''/'y*' '"'^ '' ^'"^'^ knowledge." Tiie Assyrian (■■iinr". X ., v T I'as come within my 13abylo,rin extent nuanZn^^uk^^lt:^' scarcely interior to many great cities, of whi(4i the ext m'.s -,. , of T ^''\ -"« «"* «f and Assyria still bears nun ero s t- tee r , " '-^'l^'^^ -''^cd in Chaldea, teinples, as well as ^^^oZ:^2'^.,S^Z]n^::'r' "^'l^'"' ^"^^ sculptures found among such ruins i ,,1 < :fJ :l ' ^^^ Hiscriptionsand scale and elaborate orn^n,entatii^I>f ' tse st,S^^^ the colossal pears to have endeavored to eclii)se his n .,titn • ,^'^^^ ^^'"8" «P- tent, and magnilicence of hV^S^i^' '*^oJ?f l^v" ^'f^ ""="■'"' ^^■ reign; and many of these works a mie ; v n, V '''''^J'^'''^ ^''"'I'S' I'is gratify the ambition and van ty ot thJ , ol . "^"^""\ "'''^ "^an to ever, other works of a nu e ise^n H^n- /'''"' ^^''^^■''ionally, how- Sennacherib, besides bnSg^hin s f'a Si^S^r,;!;)'"'''^'^"- -^^'"^ area of more than eight acrc^, nt ^ov.^^::^'^.^:!^;^^^^^^^^ au lesulence of tn(^J ungs^^t_the^,,,, ^,„,,^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ T |ff o1^S *.V .ni,r.,n.cy not ^ubnut occa.iounl im.rrnptio.s. 24 LABOR I\ EUROPE AND AMERICA. by a» cmbiinkmont of bricks, (•on^.t.^ll,.te,l a mimborof a.Piodi.ot. fnrtu. imrvoHo ot hvuvrw^ good water to tlic caDital aihl iMinrnv; ?/. ? ? ^^^ j>f tlH. latter ^ erecting towers of vasj S a ' Z o 7^ '^^of " (J? tlie extent ot the burdens ini])o.so.l upon tlieir si,l,i,...t^ L f *V ■ kin-s Ibr tl.e gratification of heir mi .a it '.^l'.^.^..^''^/^^^^;";]" ?ix';!;;!'rcSs^:rSss^^^^^^^ ■naking hrick., and .imi r o^c n i^ij n^'^V; If !h' '*!''^'?^ '"""'"'^' that Sennacherib bn)uoht bac\" o \.^Vh . ''''"^-y ''*''"" ''^'^^•^^^' thousand ].risoners in three crni->'^n^ ?^ -*-^ ^"""'^'-^'^ made in other successful evn.f,;,^ * '"'^^''^J-' ''"-^iber of captives lu the inscriptim^'nl eS ; %^;:'r k'''"" ^''<' f ""^ ^'^^''<^- plojed Chaldeans, Aranwin. Vr, n ■ ^ ■""^' '^'^^'^ ^'''^^ '"^ •^»'- in the coustructiJn of h s !i:at worl ' ^mI m'h ''' '"'^ ^>^"'"\ ('''^'^"^^ added EOT.tians, Ethi<.pia nsl^'ic^,^ ,' ^^ "! a ", ?^"^ ^^ay probably be sisted,aiuono- other thin-, iji riis rlu' v. ' . , ^''*-'"' ''"'■'' ^'•^"■ portant edifices were "be e nS "'^""'^' "1*"" ^^'^''•'i ^^■ colossal bulls, in Jhe .idin o hi t' 'be'^'n'''"'- "'"^ V^^^'^^fi^" of sr,:£:-i^fc?'::=i^'^^^ S/o/^-ts';;'^^^^ of the works and were intrust S w th such , , ' V'^'""'''' '^"P'^^'^i.^iou skill or judonient. The capt ves Xn work^ b f./!' "''''^T''} "^'"'^^ sometimes sui)i)orted bv a ))• r ff^ton^ T i "\ ^^^»ers, which were they consistecVumiSv S^lla "kief '^^ '" ^''' waist, while sometimes b.S£^;SS^\,Su;;=t;^[jSj :fs??r ^f ^^'^-^""^ «^'- 1-'^'- them a source of mu(-h v..lnn 1 V,ff '*'"' ^^^^^'^ ^o reality, which makes ^^•hlch are minutely ix^reseute ri.etv i . , ' f *^ ''"'-' "^ sculptures, in carying and trans,\ortatiorot-a clt^^l ?'/' ff^^ ''''^^ the the huge stone in its rouoh st' te tV^;.v. i ' '"''' ^'"^ ^^'^^ removal of on a palace mound as pa?tcS tt ^n^,;^.*^^^ "'^ fi^'al elevation The sculpture in quest on sL.lo" hfln ]?>%''« '^ "'•V'*' residence." and may doubtless be rAa t ensTve, tni I ^^^ Sennacherib's palace, tb. erection of that or sS^!,;^.?; l^^^T^Tl^' f^^^^'^^T '>^ " A\e see,'' says lawlinson '.,i..i . . ^^''"^'truttion ol the mound is ui.st elabor- nt* „>,„«„,„,: ,,:i„-,t--;-^»o: molding the bricks "at its * Riiwliuson-s Aaoioiit Jlouarchios. ^ni LABOR IX CHALbE.V AND A.SSVRIA. 1 uod nets for tho •('(1 tlio (lefcnso.s tllC giXtCH. Of ;.v tlie Assyrian iii^s, C'siK'ciallv ion is aaVnileil lis of tills line, I liini witli nia- iiction of Micli )or of captives .' ill request to tlie <^\vat mass i.>iiig iuouikIs, y bci'ii stated f six luuiilrod or of captives he same scale. 's tliat lie em- Qiilni ((Joans) y proliably be eir work eoii- l>on which im- l elevation of of stone, the iiction of em- -'ostunie pecu- mbers. Over , armed with )unished any il vsnpervisioii equired great , which were h? sonietiiues otlier public which makes »f the people, culptures, in ited with the it removal of lal elevation I residence." nib's i)alace, ie history of irch's reign. J block, sup- er, disi)osed ds upon the ansferred to ill form it is by gangs of id at whose II 'St elabor- I'icks at its 25 Ijase, while workmen with baskets at their backs, full of earth bricks stones, or rubbish, tnil up the asceiit-for the mound is alicadv half raised— and emiity their Vuudens out upon tlie summit. The bul'l still lying <.ii Its sledge, is then drawn u]) an iuchiied plane to the toi) bv tour gangs of laborers, in the pres.mce of the monarch and his attem'l- ants. Alter this the carving is completed, and the colossus, havin..' been raised into an upright position, is conveyed along the surface of the platlorm to the exact site which it is to occiipy." The absence of labor-saving appliances indicated in ilu- luocesses represented m this series of scul].tures, shows how vast must have been .the expenditure of sheer muscular --rce in the constriiction of the great buKIings ot this i)eriod. Gangs of laborers take the place of horses to haul the immen.se stone, not only by water, bufalso bv land • and tor the latter jiortion of the distau<,-e a sledge is used instead of a wheeled vehicle. To raise such a structure as Sennacherib's palace at .Mneveli, by methods so primitive in their character, must have required a number of workmen which it can be no exaggeration to speak of as a great army. And though this army of laborers mav have been com- posed of capuvcs, the expense of maintaining them while engaged on these unproductive works must have occasioned lieavv drafts upon the resources ot the Assyrian people, and of the nations under their s«-av Ihe constant and ferocious wars in whi,li the Assyrian kin"s en- gaged must have been a source of frightful innH.verishuient to thefr own P<'oj)le, and ot inconceivable su9erings to the nations against which thev waged successiul war. It appears to have been their distinct aim in many cases to .spread utter ruin and desolation in thcv countiies thev had conquered, even to the extent of cutting down the fruit-trees, and thus depriving their victims, as far as iH)ssib!c, of the means of .subsist- ence lor the tuture. According to his own ai.'count, as given in one of the inscrii>tioii.s exhumed at Xinevch, Sennm-herib, in the third vear of Ills reign, invaded Chaldea, (which had previouslv revolted,) and i-lun- dcrcd seventy-six large towns, and tour hundred and sixtv viHa-cs • Willie bargon, his predecessor, not content with plnndering'the peoi.le he conquered, removed entire inqnilations ai //(^/.v.v,. to distaiit localities * It scarcely needs explicit information to convince one that, under such rulers, the condition of the workiiig.cla.s.sesmust have been, in the main one of extreme wretchediies.s. Among the Assvrians tli-mselv-s the (miliary dress of this class and of -the common people gc .allvanneus to have been a mere plain tunic, with very short slee^•es. amrcontiiied round the waist by a broad belt or girdle, Nothing was worn bv this c a.ss either on the head or on the feet. As to their dwellings and fine tlie.ie were doubtless in keeping with the scantiness of their apparel ' In agriculture the Assyrians and Chaldeans depen.led largely ui'ion a!---ial methods ot irrigation ; and the elaborate svstem of "canals reservoirs, conduits, dikes, and pumps, by which thev spread the watei^ ot their rivere over the soil, indicates that this branch of indn.strv was carrieil on with considerable energy and .skill. Among a people .so war- like as the Assyrians, and especially a people who carried to such an extent as they did the practice of eii.slaving their prisoners of war the operations ot agriculture, and, indeed, the common and heavv labor in mos of their industries, must, to a great extent, have been Vorformed by slaves; but ui)on this point, as upou most others connected with the Uaily hteot the people, we are obliged to rely mainly upon inference. Ihe important discoveries recently made of inscribed clay tablets and Tliis waa the kiw' who cdh. •uizod thi' cities of !>; luiui'iii with ail alien raet 2G LAIJOK IN KCROPE AXD AMEIJICA. cylinders, and nioniinn'iifiil stonos. coiipliHl with the zoalons fiTorts of 3Ir, (Tt'or;;!' .Sniitii iuid other cniieiCorni .schuliirs, will doubtless develop iMiiny new and important facts eonmrted with the history of these nations and the condition of their people. It would be interesting to inquire into the history and condition of the workinji'-elasses in Persia which succeeded Assyria and iJabylonia as the leading,' military power of the ancient world ; in Syria, including' I'luenieia. famous for her com- mercial enterprise, her tlourisliin-- colonies, her skillful artisans, and her imj.ortant aj;ency in the spread of letters a.nd the arts of civilization; in Lydia, Ionia, and other states of xisia 3Iinor. during' the iieriod of then' independence, as well as in the nations of tlie farther East. IJut t.ie labor involved in an iiKjuiry of such extensive ran^'e would be too formidable to be iimlertaken as an incident to a work like this, and it must suflice to yiance brielly at the more familiar histories of Greece and Home, so far as they relate to the special subject under considera- tion. LABOR IN GREECE. To no other nation of antiquity has the modern world been indebted for intellectual treasures of such extent and value as those bequeathed to It by ancient Greece. The revival of Greek learniuj;-, more perhat.s than any other single cause, communicated to European tliouftht that powerful impulse whi:'- marks the close of the Dark A"es and the dawn of modern civilization. The thought of Greece has been woven into the texturi' of mcdern literature ; her philosophv furnished to modern si.eculation its initial stimulus; her institutions have been a Iruitttil source of political instruction : her art has kindled the emula- tion of modern artists, and supi.lied them with their noblest ideals of grace and beauty. Of her eminence in industrial achievements there are inmimerablo i)roofs. Tlie remains of her great edifices attest, not oiily the genius of her artists, but the skill of her artisans, of which abundant evidence is al.so found in the rare excellence and tineness of fi greA,t variety of her industrial products. The religion of the Greeks was iMghly favorable to the diffusion of the artistic spirit throu-h their niechimcal industries. This was especially noticeable in the working otUvi precious metals, of which immense quantities were used in the Jahrication of images, utensils, and furniture for the temples of the gods Uccasionally articles of plate of enormous size were manufactured, such as cisterns, or vases, or tripods, or salvers, or goblets, of gold or silver presented as ofieriugs by whole cities or communities to some divinity ir. cL>_cse cases the workmanshii) was very frequentlv so elaborate and exquisite as to be still more costly than the materials. Entire land- sca)v>s, including innumerable figures and objects, were .sometimes rep- resented on the swell of a vase or goblet. Bacchanalian processions, loi example, with whole troops of satyrs and micnades moving alons somo^ wooded valley, or desert mountain, or rocky shore, at the iieels of the oeileni and Dionysos; groups of nereids. nvmphs, and tritous spoituig m the warm sunshine on the unrufHed expanse of ocean • and sacrihces, marriages, chariot races, and choruses of vouths and viririus moving through the mazes of the dance around the\altar of Apollo or Artemis. It is also to Helleuic goldsmiths that we are evidently to at- tribnte tliose marvelous productions of art reckoned amon'-- tlie most boaMted possessions of the Persian kings, sucL as that vine of -old, •with its vast gi: precious gems, golden plat.tne throne stretche the monarch as The washing! well uiiderstoot and frosting th( another. The ( carried to a hig cesses appear t< day, including least certain th have never be( acquainted witi glasses of grea that the naked mention of bui Ijowerful lenses In the earliet various kinds ^ Homer, who sp at the edge, ai cold water. S extremely britt shivered to pie nacity Avas req water. At a special atteutic and elaboratel, all descriptioiif portant pursuil production of i and that of the if not also for The workshc bianco to thos( a high block ; cowhide, and i tongs, the vise The metals partly from tl portant and e: the methods ol both shafts an ber. To prevc were left at ir hibited on pai country at the tire-damp and Laurion, but ' gases is a matt stone, and tuf; last-mentiouet LABOR IN GIJEECE. 27 ^vitli its vast ftTapc cliu^tcrs, iniitat.'d both in .sizuaiul color liy tlio most precious fjeni.s, which fornictl a cano)>,v over the royal couch ; (ir that fioldeu piat.uiu tree, and otlier vine, whicli rising from behind tho throne stretciied its branches, tendrils, and leaves of jroUl aloft over the monarch as he sat in stnto to yive audience to his iieople."* The washinj,' and platin.u'of the inferior metals with yold and silver were well understood, and there were many inj;enious devices for coloriii},' and frosting the surface, and for inlayinj;- and liowerinf\,i 1 •. ""' ^'"'"'f.'^' "''»« ''o Tl.o l.o„.s,.,,.li„t,.r;i or ; vn' n , ' o Lav/T "■'7''" ••"'"^• well ns of ,,„l,li<, bnii i ' T .^^-.^^^^^^^ "'t^'''-' of private liousos as ••ovc.c.I with l.ist.>n,.a suhi,, t^l u/lt , "''^"'^""'"f;^ "<'»■« .^o>>HHin,e.s iin.l in tl... later ao-s tl-iiii 's\v -rV^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'i" ''"'"'•'" "^' '"'"""I^ •so ,H to inutate the fei e^^. c h f?.": ""^'>' /^ith enlore.l stone.s 1.1 house-buihlin- tinjb 4 a i •irs lo ., ' Jr"'"'' ' '"'■ oxtent, thus brinjiinff i. to ...?,, t\,.'r'' I'T^^ '"' ••o>isi,ler;,blo tools couauised niost of th .irx i! bv l '! o?^ 1 HM-arijenter, whose «li'y, such as saws of ^-ario,.s s yei bo ['""i ''"''''" 'l^ ^'"^ l"'^'«<'''t «'tunities for M-ere represeutatious of the gods C, ^ ^''J '"'^'^, /, '"" >^^ /'" «"^'t^ articles lands aud festoons of flowers The m^ .'tw ^ ' ' , V *''''' ^'-'"^■*-'^^ and gar. tant branch of the busines '^f Sa^iS 'vho ',? .^"'"^•V^'^^'^" ""^•«^- representations of fruits, and ina'S of'n^,i l>''«il»eed artitidal were sold about the streets as nh;feiM.?\>^^^^^^ ''' ''"'""''•^' "'^'ch the present day, Au i(lea of the meo?o/H ' "•'""''' ^^'^"'^^ti"Hvs are at the fact that a figure of Eros sokUhr n ,i, o ''''' '"^''^'^ ^'^ ^''t'""<-'J from , The manufacture of gl rwaTc mfed ^'5T'^*'^''^""^ ^'^ ''''''■ by theaucieuts, who were fanSliarwflfi '' ^'"'^ '^'"-''''' ^f perfection engraving, and'staining ft JJ^ itte^ ,!!'r''''M ""^ '*''^"'"i' «»«ing <^lors and the brilliaucT of the n ost , -e •! ''' ^^'^' •''*"''' ''"'tate th'e the amethyst, to the turquoise Sthebeh ^'"^'^ '''" ""^ '''''>■ ='"*! sbot silks and the breast of the dove d s L!!(ini, soiiiewha A^ ''' '"""' l'",''|i<'.sc. Tl.o and for ul.itei ess its ,s,„„.ri, tI ': ' V; ' '^'^ 1'^'«U»oum i„ India, Nidorcd worth tluMr vvu^l n Jm m IS'"'!' ^'v *''""' '^ '''''' '^•"'• Labitantsof the island i n m.f .f !^^^^^ tlie linens whicii tiie in- them. The, sill^-worms of (?. wo.lv "^ t bo ,hstuiguished thro.ioh and oak, and tl.o siuV fbt^ no fw^^ ''" ^''*' ^''.•''"^''^ •>^' f'^' !•'•"', a.-^i, of silk was piocured froiu tl' f/n'« i^K? i J"» l^V^'^"-^'' -^"oH't'r l^'ind silk-worn, of the sea/ Xvh w"s fo n nn^H '** ^''" ^''"'"^ """"'^'' «'' Sicily, and the Balearic Isles ''" ^'^^ '"'"■'^'^ <'^ ^^'^''' '^In'«»'. and'skni;Sh t'Xectr[ho;;t.Sr'";'^^ ^'-"' --" ^-^e terns, in which were^JcM rei e p i^ in ^^'^.r'^'S'"'"^ «f their j.at- and other objects ^'i"^'*^"*^^' ^lees, llowers, the lignrcs of animals The trade of the shoe-maker appears fn liiv^ i.nr,. .. .> • • every period of Grecian history ami '^l.^ 1. ? i " '' t irivui- one at artisans were neatly furi ish ,1 \i o • V'^'"'''^'-''''^'!'''^ «^ ^his class of and other implements errient^nn InS' ^''T^^'^'^ l*'"^'*^^'"^' '^^^^JS' uished with dinble fod n" b^^^^^ cabinet, sometimes fur-' tremely elegant in form "' ""' ^"■^' ''"'^'1' '^'''^'^'^^•^ •">'' ex- daced'with ULt sncce s b??rrhluici..^'n;;ro] '' " '"•"^"^''^'^ l*'"" was often spoken of by Greek and Snnnn, other ancient peoples, bordering on rapture. Thfs dyo w.\ nhf -^'iT "'"^ ^" admiration shell-fish found in he Mcm terr^neTn fi?!^?"'r ^'^"^ f ^'*-^^'^l •^if"'^ of the island on Avhich wafb i rS Tvn' \TJT^ ^^'T- ^'^'^'•^" "^^^^ were several varieties of he rmrnle 'f ^ ^^««?r- """"-•' -- '-•" ..f otlior (M.lors u,.,o i.r.).l.nuMl in t ■./.•?■ '^' ""fV"^ ""(..luity. .Many -i.ri«hMianK.a:i';ai;;o!/'.^;;;^^^^"^^^^^^ . ''o-ndn^trios,,vhii;:u;;-.^;!;i^M*'S,;;i'!;-^^^^^^^ ^n..u^ contHbutod ,.at.y to ti.o ..,e.^i;;t;;';;|jtl.S::'^/s;;l i.ei;^'an;o;!^r?^S;:c^Si'^;^';:i;;;i^;r^^ AvorkuK-n, who wore u^ial V ^sl Ss '^:'''^'.'"' ''"^1/ h> labors of heir Avith daylight. TIenS voroooM^^^^^ »ir,and the labor was oft. . , nrri^^^^^^ ^'"^V^l '"'/l eaten in the open •Imin. the har;;it a^;^! hJ\ n J!!? ^iXtJe t^ ^«ongs esju-ciilly ;^-n,,aua werelollowea hyj:;^;;:Sv;;L;^i^XnS.:^- ^S thelan'^t»-'r |.eighboring town, wL"; the were i^^^^^^^^^^^^ habits. Wagons carts i lows owl .'I'l'"'"'- ^^ ^" ^*-' '»'^'^' ^^ contiaet bud be mentioned wiunowin-fans sevtln s Im! ^'"'''^ ^'Y'"''''^ ^"^'^ bracken scythes, hand^iws /ns^ l Vn '''^'^'*^.«' l»'"'""S-hooks, fern or shovels, ra&s, pick^ais, hoes S^mo^kr^Jud'^^ ,^™^'""-) ^l^'''''^^' engaged in cutting down thicket or eeio-^..''.^'"^^ )^'J'e" rustics wore hooded skin cloaks e he • ^ifn s^o r' "'l'l'-^i',l>i»slb the or mittens. In choosin- a i)lmvma 7. «'i'ters, and long leather gloves he should be tJt^&^S^r^o^SJth-:^^'''"'? ? ^'^'^^' ''^'^ that the share deeper into the gTOum o^^^^^^^^^ "1!-''^ be able to thrust was also preferred that he should noM.I '\ '* ''^'' ^''•^'^ter facility. It it was deiired that hrshouMt Verv s e"dv*^' :;"Jr^'^''r '' 'l^*"^' «'"«« ^>heu m particular haste to com . ete hffj. si i; ?^''"^ ^"^ ^^''^ ^^■^^^'• pla(;e, whither th^ farmers rcsnirp,] 7 " ^ '*^ ^•-'^'■•^' ^i" market- Was conn of grain die of till vantage having f (I recce til mil. la barley ai 'J'hen' w( of which in u cii'cu nients we harrow, o and the 11 " which was After tl among tin enunierati on the An Iionians." IJottle-nial ers or nsn basket-nia pear to hii of Homer ; carpenters by the (hn dealers in ^ makers, lis fullers, gil( made of jj understand horsc-breal measures, ; liainters, p; (a i)rofessic keepers, qu ters duiing times,) she] (Hers, and m In respec labor the v. by the anci many freem c trrying on account, as the shoe-ma to their res] also peasant <»f land, for 1 ing to Bcec many of tho account, pn ^■MMiieliiacs n especially in aliens who w LAIJOIJ I\ (iRElXE. 31 vai.tH;iO olth.. \viH innvn ;I,^ . .' '"-'^^^^^ tlii-y took iul n.en.s wore .li.v.hHl b^Mu' '■ Sa^;,''^;^ ';.;;;;: ;'^' ^''--'ove. iiisiiiiiipg also peasants, such as the Thotos „f \fH-^.. , ,.• ^'^^^^'^ *'^'-*'^' ^^■"'^' 32 I.ABOi: I\ Eri?uPE AXD AMEKICA. :1 i and after tlio r<-'loponnesiau war Atlieiiinn ritiVon* «i.r> i,.,,i fujcyed oon.paratiVe afflMonco wore ol "-d f sm^ o^ I'rev.ou.sly w«y«f the soldiers and Ills atteudant. Tl e mv of o f,n?n. ^ ' ^'' ''*'''y-'' "™'^''' «""*l''-^i) I- die.., with an' .SMiSrnU'SLS "^hL' w^s^hI'" ' ^"'^ The troops of t u Atl e, i- , [r,^^^^^^^^^^^ '» ^''« «"»» ^^''^niea. ^i day, of which one h i w 'r-fo? S^^^ formed the civic -u m ' Vtil,,.!^ '/''"":' ""'^ ^'^^ "^'c^'ei's who destruction or^l^t^l'^!::''::^.^!'^^^}:}:^'^^^ After th. inone foot motion of ^iiuitiuea. A rcUie; h/Xi^l" wfrt'^'r- ;^^''^^' *'"^ t'y in lieu of troops at ther-.tPof ^ T.'fr I ? i '^^'''^'^'^ furnished soldier, and VJ for ^ ch c\vilrv,,?.n^ r •'"".^"'^ J'*"^'"'"^"' ^'«^ each will be seen that thllnvofS^^i^JlZ^V'"''''''''' ^'''''' ^' times as much as thatof Ihein ,n??r H. ^IV^'C' /hnce, or even four ally three times as h h ., d t uT'L ^VT'I^ *^^ Athenians it was usu- it is said that'a soldi;;' cl^t^ i\"^, ,^'|f Sf'l r^"^?^^^'^*'"'*"- ' Tliree Kf;iueton oboli wen- worth 5 Attic oboli. ■U'liero he ance for s the soldiei moidy had quently ail quite a lid a soldier c. eoniplete, 1 allowaiiee The earii Athens W( physician, the state ; whicji (or t time obtiiii .H'uislied acl said to hav The teache paid class. charged a i Geoi'gias c.\ of these tea reduced. The cost tively low, time of Sol( comiiiencem l)ushel and ; From that t breadstuffs, rates l)ar]ey the mediimii having' prcv only have b The author j the ninety-si; worth about the price, of least duiiii;;' cents a biisln ley must In considerable forred to in i former i)rice. (iilfered \-cry pie, it is sta Aristotle, tiia dimiuis, or al lixed the pric J)urin<4' tlie si drachmas the of subsistiiif-- the Greeks a} commodity wi the family or 3 h ■wlioro lio lind fo serve aii(;e tor suIj.siNlcucc, was iis LABOR IN GREFCE. was iniicli cheaper tlian in Atl 33 til soldier had lopiovidcelofliiii- and liilly [)oinpn lis way a soldier would oltc eoinplete s says that with a daily pay of L'ol !!!I.;:l'yi^ """^ ^'"'t ^vith 1 ohoii his liW re- 11 iuiiass i; idl >y which he evidently me )(>li !ii!(? was owaiiee tor siibsisten (-•e, iiiis so imioh pay indei.eiideiit of t! le earnings of professional Athens were, at^ least men, inchidiii'r nmv^i l>hysie th ian, J)einocedes of ( ill some instances, veiv 1; (.'ians and actors, ii o state a salary of 100 'loton, beiu<,niivited"toA'fl Tl le celebrated AvliK'h lor that a;, time obtained alnioW. iiiiiiiis, ()!• a little less than $J ooo leiis, recei veil from 10 J}, f'.) was a la iiiished actors e(|Ma!lv 1 incredible prices for the rye amount. Fliiteplayersson irgo amounts. Thus Pahi -'rvices, and di.stii said to have earned a talent (nearly 6l,l' Ihe teachers of idiilosophv and rl :0(» ill ilo UV. s, or Arist in «o!d. le- 1- odemus. is paid chariie^l a class. Plot letoiic, or sophists 111 one or two d lys. M^oras, of Abdera, the lirst were also a well- Geoi'i IMijiil 100 laiiias for 1 wiio tauf-ht lor money, las e.xacred the sail lis complete course of instruct of these teachers bad reduced. le amount; but in later times, when tl multiplied, the rates ot tuition w ion, an,! le number ere considerabl Tl le cost of the neci ssaiies of life in tively low time of fSoion,'(tliat'is""iiiThe eari especially m the early j.eriod of ( ancient Greece w IS compara- • reciaii historv. In tl commencement of the Christi part of tli<\ sixth century' 1 bush in era,) the medimnus ot el and a half) was sold at Athens for a d iiaiii lefore the iboiit Frorii that time to the time of IJemostl ra(;iima, or about 1!) cent.- 'readstuffs, as well as in i rates barley-meal Host other commodit leiies there was a j-radual rise ill the me Jiaviiij only h dimiius. I) was worth an obolus for i eh es. In the days of S Ot' lo.iveiies, the cvii , i)ieva!led in his day, though, in tl ive been true in i u'liices, or 2 drachm ic, mentions about the same rate IS The author .just named inf'eisl H'd to the years when t! 10 opinion of i;(ec!:, this could the ninety-sixth and ni e i)rice was lowest. i<)i;Kipa.s,sa;Lie in Aiistoi)hanes tbatabout iH'ty-.seventh Olympiad.s ( lias a medimi worth about :i drachi the price of barley as just qiioted '"'l least duriii.';- periods of .scarcity o'd ins, which corre cents a bushel for w heat >iit in the time of j)( th :!*l'I',.('.)wheatwi. ponds very Wi'll witl ■, iJ draclimas the niedimiuis 1 mostiienes, at ley mii.st have sold as hiidi considerable period, as 18 dracl , was considered a luoderat , or about (i terred to in the sjieecd aisHiercd a moderate price. Even har- as draclima.s the medimnus for a are re- 'laas, an extrava;j;aiit!y hi;vh rate forinei differed |)iice. J 11 other (h 1 a-aiust PlKDuippus, as bein- three'times tl ■ec! very much from tlio.se whicl 111 .states the prices do imt j)le, it is .stated in t! 1 prevailed a.t Atl appear to have Aristotle, that bail !io second book of the (I: ens. !• or exam- e.y-meal at Lam]».saciis .sold at I drach coiiomics, attributed to imnu.s, or about 52 cents a bushel ; but'tliat tl nias the me fixed the price at dracl le state on one occasion J)urinf.' the siese of Athens by 8ulla wheat drachmas tlie medimnus, the inliabitaiits b imas in order to make a profit on the dill (M'e.'ice was sold as lii'jh as l.OOO of siibsistin.i-' on shoes and leathern bottles. Tl eiiig reduced to the i lecessity the Greeks appears to be imknow (Joiniiiodity was usually, if n the 1 unily or the fomale slaves j for'thouoh ( 10 price of Itreadainou!, 11. Indml, it is probable that this lome by the women of ot always, made at 1 3 L gh Greece, or at least Athene 34 LAUOK IN' EUKOPE AND AMERICA, it is not clear tJiattl was noted for tlio excellence of her bread, iiiiv professional l)i'! drael san Pel le period was worlhonlva diach inias, or abont i) ireeee nui.st have 1 y one selected for a sacrili >een V(>ry low, CO, was 1 1- cents. A shee]) at tl Iionncsian war, a snckin;,f-[.inf sold at At nni, or abont l!».i events. I) 10 nrin."- tln^ aboni ."iS.t cents M liftv-1 A sn ndl shee)) selected f liens for ;! drachiini.>- or enander a.t 10 diacliinas, or aliont f*\.< or a saiiriiicc is estimated ii ma i\e sheep seem to have *•"> ; and in one instai ce a lot ot s, or abont s;!.<)o jht cajiiia. if these t »een estimated at a value of l,()0(»drach cale that- the [)i'i( i 'e o I) rates be assumed to indi- '••om 1(1 to I'O d f slieej) in the nourishing jjcriod of Atl raciimas, the priec of oxen niay I lens rani;c( im ran,L;cd from ."iO to 10(1 dracl The price of wine in (Ji iiion wine sold at J drachmas the met lis, or from 8!'.7o to .siy.r.O )e snpp(»sed to have, ■eece was exticmely low. At Alhei IS com- tl cents a .iiallon and retes. which is at the rate of about which ;;,()(l() casks of .Alcnd' in a-reement is mentioned in J)emoslhei ica les in iiietretes each were valued at (i,0()() drach n wine snpiiosed to have contained rachmastijo metretes, which is less tiian-i'cent n wine (ot which, however, there may have 1 mas, or at the rate of only 2 d was used by the .Macedonians 'in tl s a iiallon \e Al eii- ]5uf even in those davs .s( H>ir most snniiiliio icen various ipialiiies) US entertainments. Cliiaii wine, in the d; nearly .*:.' a gallon line wines were (|iiite expensive. Thus 11 y!^ ol' Wocjates, sold ior a niiiia (1 lie le i.ietrelcs, or tl \t Athens, and probably in most of the (Ireek le smaller kimls, were abundant and very d irticle of food. Ofaiihnas, whicl be I longlit foranobohis.or;; j cents. TlKila'ig ])ri(;e, and such as wci ■0 scarce cities, fish, especially leap, and weic a favorite 1 were very .filial I, a, lii eat (plant iiy could I' varieties brought ;'i belter and cacies w Mere sought tor by the i cost;} dra('hmas ere (piite high. Thus a copaic eel in the t i<'ii as deli- or about.j8.V cent jiarticulaily Jisli, were imporFedin 1: At Athens saltetl pro\ me of Arisiophiines fcl leap, but they were cliietl irg<.'(pianlities,and could lie ! isions, nioie country, 'tabl clHcnix of olives, aboii cs, such as cabba y consumed by the jioorer | cent. The best honey cost a 1 quart, sold I'jr ire said t(j have b •ought )eople of tli(> •n cl a dollar a ^ which the ancient's used s niuch as ~> dracl a quarter oliolu.- icap or of a pint, i»robal)ly an excejitional price. 1 imas the (totyia, or iiearl a cup. and a piece of divsscd meat instead of tea cost lie Maria beveiau( ;i ciial(!us, or i of an oIm»1 iccoiding to Aristophanes, tor half an obol jirepared [or eating, could be boii;;ht us b Judging by tlie price ( )f I en (jiiile moderate. The orator I lonscs, rents among the Greeks must 1 lave yahie of which he estimates at -'1 sa>Ms mentions a small house, tli El Morth v.] minas, or soinewhat eusis worth .0 minas, (about ,^!)7,) and !i d minas, or about wellin house belonging tojMKU' ju and a 'Op! over -si'.jO. Dcmosthei another at lioiise at Alliens Mhicl K ginghouse in the country valued at J I was pledged lor 10 mi les menti(jns a mis, (61!).!,) A house behind the Acropolis at At! others resiiectixelv woiMi na aa ~,\ by y <» minas, or about $;jlJ iiectixely wortii ;50, 4-1, .50, JOO, and VM lens was valued at 'M inii las. and irions v.-riters. The i reader can easily reduce tl States mon(>y. The highest price „„„,. lliedreek writers only mention the val niinas are mentioned iiuia being e(jiial to ab-nit .slO.l I, ..,,i,| tl lose amounts to their equivalents in ITiiiicd ""■iitioiH'd is only i{!2,;};!2.S0; but M-ay, it v.oidd not 1 >\" a no of houses in a !iy nicaas be safe (o infer that as n incidental really the price of a house of the mijst this sum Mas expensive class. It is well known tha as might n only precis (iording to Morth r» mi the opinioi it is consid In this Cl Mhich ill A abont Si;} i coi'ding to the course < population, dered the o Fuel in j in'ice, 2 dra nary i)ri<'e ( the back of than wood, Of the i»i rates, accor( or8l.!»r>. 1 had only oi siiine philosi a little less ; ]ieiisiye up[ Mhich grew Sicyonic wo Eight drach nu'ifs shoes; dearer than In regard Athens the they (lid luit b'oiii .'5!I0 to .; "if, in the ti ii year, they he says tiiiit hut moderatt^ Mho had to s scanty subsis the year, 4 o Mhich is less " a very wri't Ibit the nu a great majoi' or serfs. In iiiid if the caj servitude, a I * III this ('(iiiiii aiitliiir, ])uivMU ( «lt \Vil;r,.M, ;lll(l til lirccjoiis iiu'tiils i fllCC, WMS !|lMc!| ; "tlic aoUoli iillo of'd ciMit) (iI'IIk!; cir ;i fiU'iicnter in I LABOR IN GUKKCK. 35 known tlinf tiio Adicnian limme* m.n„,..,ii.. o as nu<,H n.t.n.,llv lu u' n Ao n \^;;;:"? ''''^' '"f'"^"' '^'"'1' ••online to whun, m,s ' ,f M ' w! ,. i;'"^^'; '"^'"^ •""'•"r '" ^^"'"«' ="-• ■t .s <^>.|si.lnahly below 11.. ordinary rn!l 111 1 . ' : r' '"' """'"""' "^ ■nation, and di,, i ,i--tivo,y I,,h 11 til,, leek ,,r '11. ...:^ .i.^co.iio u(! Dron-lit ji, suu.^ phiiosopiHM. nH:,donsp; /:',.'!;%';;■■''- ^'' .';="- ''"'- P'-nsjv,. „pp,.r .i-arnicnt of ti.at .-olor. (i ir ,uV, s m u o ' ' i ''''" Bat tlic nmnhcr of wa"c-lahor/>i's: i.. ('.■,„> a ,i;.vat majoritv of th- v or ,.ol >.•''''';: ^""'Parntivcly small. n;:ti;u:;:;::;^?ini:;:,:^.i;;;:'iv;-;'-t!;:;^^^ '• tlK' ;i „l.„li allow,..! (i,r tlu! mI;^;? .l : ^ 'i;;;;:,^;!''.'r''':„ :• ^ ;"• ^'^.^npl..,- Hays I,., " u c.nt) .,f (!,. amount; now uIIouhm ,; h ,« St, nc ■ f !'J' '' '■"'"""•' (''-"-lilllm or u carpenter in two-rhinl.s of tl.o depa tn ou of Fr u^ -. '' t,.rraoe.,naK,,- a n.ason. 36 LAROR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. had occiipioa stations of honor and inHiience. Many pors sold into .slavery by kidnaniR ilon.n' tlio sljorcs'of tijo ^lodilorrancfai ppors, who i)racti(:ed thoir nef sons were also iiions trade times Jiave d one on certain poi'tions of tlie Ai 1, as siniihir miscreants in modern increased anion«- the Greeks the demand lor si rican coast. As luxury ular ir conimeice in th ives was such that a re of tlie slave-tradei's leadin«' tl ese unfortunate beings was kept ui), tl lie enterprise ioutheiii sliores ot the 3]lack Sea, where si nuMibers. Tlie lirst Cireeks wl g them to di.stant parts, particularly to ti'i I)('i'n tlie Chi us, who also pursued theini lo eni{a«ed in tliis trad ives could be had in ■••reat le are .said to have nuchs lor the easterji mai'ket. A just reti tliem, when .AIithridate.s, of C imous business of mal KiUix eu- delivered them up to their own .si 'Jolcliis. In iSparta tlie IlelotK -utn ', of Capj)ad()cia, having c ibution ultimately fell ui)ou iiv . ^ :on(juered the island, es to be carried away captive into tal.i', .It.. cm,»];k.r„t,„„. £,.• ,„„«■ tlie |,„or,.,. .-itizt- s it 4 k . ' ,'" tw.np were employed in ihe numevous workshops for vhhO.VM;.;, " had contained as m'aiiv as •IT.j'ooo T'vtt fi..> n.V.iV".]"- "■ ^-^fvui ..•l..,.„ix, wl id, contai,,.,! a Ihu-tio ., "Ss 1 „? i " ,, „"" ■"""" ''J' "" Tublic E;;uu oiiiy of All icii.'s, book i, chitp. vii., p. :30. service, try men, ^^ supporteii in 8pai deed, the them litth follow it. who conk in the cd in the hoi ancestors territory j reduced t( The foil Greece : Tlicirclot,v (■tit of tlio Sj WCl'l' till.' I'llSl vill;\j;cs or in ■TloiiiKltlie r . ill .Sjiaiiii liiK ^'ciK'n;] clKiiii found tliis cl; wore (Icjiondi tlic Arcaiiiiin Tlio di.stinc the (lill't'i'ent, of (ho llolott Moinit T.iygo cnltivator.s, w of tin; invadii 'i'lio Holot,s pay ill i; over U lies, and nuifn sold out of Hit iiiiister as to i I'oconipciifod t of I'lnir.salu.s, i Aiiipliiiioii.s. ' but no individ tlius a]i;irt of tain powor of li'ct— poiiit.s of lalion of Athoi popnljifioii of strongly tbau \ itciicons aspect, iiioi'o conspiciio Tlio Service i; for tlioro soeni t (lotos wliioli ai tlnui of ostenta among tbo ci(i; Tlio wcli-kiio lias probably co iinpiiiil.slied'iiui ••'Poridjki" 1 designato tlio fi Sparta. Klcomciios tl Artie iiiiiiif ; lie live huiidrod raii iiiin.T) each, wliic t Such is tbo si ocss in order to i LABOR IN GREECE. 37 ,aiKi s.,,po,.A^a .n oqn.t numb.S- ort^;;';;^;;i;;;!! ^"^ «''^^-- -'-^ -«>"'*' i'--e tlicin little tini . Cor a v (it >r r,. ,n , '*/ Uv'-'^'.^".^ w„.l(l havo left lolIoNv it. Tlaie wor ' < eve si "!' 'i'"' tl.ey l.ee,, pernufte,! to Ml.o could (^^^To eoln mo m' in. '^'I'-TV'^ ^''^*' inlial.itai.ts in the connt,v\ ,,u Zut '£aeo. n ■•'■' ^l'^' »'>« a,,neult„rai lahor ancestors v^o^vr^nMy^^^.^, ^'!:^: ^^"f ''-'^^ ^o f],.. J [Hots, whose territory previous to its (t u ', 1 f t V^''' <.ceup.e,l tlie Laeoiiiau reduced to se, vitu.le ^ '* ^^ ^^" «i''"'f""«> l^-V ^vhon, they were Jho^tblhnving sketch of this class is taken Iro.a Urote's llistorv of ^v.■IV tl... nrsti. jk,], ,1,, i.m of the nnC' 1^ ", ' '•'".'''^'* pn.p.Htors .-ds,, Tlicy K.'iu'nd (■lKiiiu.'t,.r of ii„. ,.i.,s« \V .,,,.,„ I , 'J"'"'-^"f^ ^'''v^'s, l.iit Mid, w,,s not the i-M,i ti.is class i„ ,„„ cMuii^^ono ;;:.:";;; :,K.S;i '':l;'" '^'r'''"r "'• ^'-''^ w- Th,. Hdor.s ^vc.ro tain power of acqniri, / , I'tv t ■ -d t '" ■'' """"' ^vnipal!,i,.s,U.yelop..d, a,- 'r- lafion of Athens or Chios Th '.y s , , , to hav ? '" '''"' *"'■"■'."' *'"' ^'"^'^ l'"I'"l=«- pfipulafion of Oreoc..- v'hil, " l,,. V , • V "''" "" ^^'''.V mfiTior to any yi b,,rH «..^..,«iy than -th tho',Kn;^i!t s .^^•i;;^::,;^;:^':^,:;^-'^ -in. tiH^u: t^ A""cons aspect, thcirnnndM'^l-s, and their e 1 oyn e 'f '„ u 7 '*' '•' """^ * " ''' '""""- wore conspicuous to the eye. <^"'Vmnn v.t in inditary seryice, rondeicd them fonK:;^s';;,";;v?;±'i>;'i;'r ,;S •?5';;™i'' i-r ' >-" »'■ •"■= ■"*• *„,; anioiig III,., ilia.,,,,,, tl,„ ,„,.»,.,|,l,k. ':'"'li."" ='" »'; " ■'! ■"■■I'rho.l to ,ll»cov« ..» Xi:f ;;r;,;r!SJSa.si;;';;;™;?',l;;: li;- 1"""" ""™" "^» ''■■'■"I 38 LAIJOK IN KlIKOPK AND AMERICA. cxpn'ss (Icsin;!,, A siiiiiiiiir dcdiu-fi I'lirllC, \vl](> :lllco|.(I (Il;ll ll "1 i.s to 1)0 iiiiulii rnim ((> iiiit, llii'jii ill iniiid ,i|' I stiilurc pliicfd III ic.V were lii-iilrli (!Vi'rv\ i<^ HfiUcii,,'!!), of ^rvnVi of irir si^ivci (■Ml- nil hull ( iiiiyspcciiil liiult, i'li u\ .y ; iiTid that tlidsi; llclolswl' wild I' Nllcll Iliastcr.S !IN 1 irui :ili,)vr (lir visililf stiiiii|i nf H liosi' .sil|i(Mior lii'MIII Xilllii.slii'd t:t(;d t icii; coiidilioii, Will,, |,||( (,, ,1, ■ci'i !> down till' siiiiit of tlioirvi^fc :>roiiM lliaii war' \>y Iho lelly liy sl;,'iial liriiVery, pc'eiijiiiiappiclieiismn, and, il' possible ii'li I'liiployed llieiiiseI\-( onie forei;'! I'S we liiid no disliiiet iiif soil as seillers. In wlial, 1 II 1 1 , , 1 — .' ' " » 11' iii.-«i-i * e.-^ >W I 11 111) hardly ioiil,tiliatll,eyi|,,ii|e,l Hie Helntvilla^.. a ^■•liie (111,, leather ea,) and sheepskin) whirl? II mail- til iif whieli ex Prolialily Uw\, . hill infeiiois.) Iieeaiiie cot IS well as Iho dislVanehisi'd o siispieioiiif 1,1,1 imiii.sh iilJVoni 1 nifoi'inulion ; lint le niial (•( eoiiiiiioiily wore and tin field, loijelhei' willi li 1 1, dot 'ID trades or in th,. ;iit( d al S OS jealiins iiiasler. Ijailan eilizens, (eallid livi leioii service of ll 10 ^oveninienl. parfa, and found eiiipl In iiiiikiii,^- tilt' slatciiKMit tlisil IIcl and wcro m-xcr sold out of tl ot loyineiit eillu^r in various s \vi'r(3 tho property of tiio stale. iv cotintry, (hole is at; v otliei; authors, who, on (Iiis iKiiut at least aiiaiKHi with soiue well iiilbiMied. at. John, in his Manners and Cust vol. Ill, i». ;j!), says ipju'iir to have been e(|ii;il!v onis of Ancient Cieeci They [ni,Mnin;r the Helols] weie Ih to ilsejf 11 ii_' iij;ht of enlVaiiehisini'- ll > liroperty of individiials, liiit the stato sons should l,e found who, like A! try or 'iive (hi'in their liberty when loo old to lal I'ln and pieventinj.- their .•nianeiinition, lest , lis 'aretiw i '^^l ,\ '11.. I ( I... 1 \.. . 1 . .1 1 ireiis J'oreiiis, Cat reserved )er- snppiwed that, had it ind piilliiin- them t( Since she a :itli, tl ioil,!;h rroiiated lo to sell I hem / And after suiied her jiolii^y, she would I plet ely fr, ■ciinently sold into foreign lands? On tl we ipiiie certain that t lave liesitateil icse iinliii|ipy people werii not; nurses. iin in female ilel Th 111.- o contrary, we liiid that a rcKiilar trad who were exported into nil Ihii iiei-hborin ts sells into nieicliatidi..i i.s it ajiiiears that the state lloll iind exercised Iho powei t .0 was coiiiitiii's fur o convert That the i ual al.- tleati them ; tor as the ispariiins ] vere not e.xiiorled Hi. ke cattle, than which 1 1 ii» oy.init simply In the calculation that it would 1 iiey wero far wor.so tlio Helots, wl tl lo equally belonifed to tl ■.sses.scd estates which personallv they 10 liiolitalde to ret, tin liose estates, which it was ilieir 1 ■111, were st;!tioiied tliroii^^hoi'd the never cnllivat.ed course necessary that fhev should eat r business to till for H lioiied to them— 1 — aeeordiiiir fo Tvrt anil tlier le owners. To 1 country iipiui ivo it was of very hard upon lliem, siucu their iiiimi [COS, fho ■eiore a portion of the pr; diice wa.sal iialf a division which must 1 (Spart nibcrs wero live times greater than tl lan- ia\o lioriio losii of the Cl The followin;. is 1 poi^tion of I'liitjireh's j)as.sao-(. i„ lehit yi>)eia,to which Mr. Grote iilliides uitl ion to the A tlio.se most dist t'(;ordi!i.ojt() this onlintiiiee tlu^ nil I an iipjieiirauee of ineiedulity lers, .seU'ctiii'Mioiiiiiii i'ors, ;uid fiiiiiisiied Mith tl inonisiied for ability, sent tliciii t lono' theyoiithf ortli iuiiied with daii-- si'parating and concealing- tliein.selv le necessary provisions to scoiii' tlu; count lA", iMit issiiiii.-,' out iit nioht and slaiio] e.s 111 iinlreipicnted jjlaces b\ d:iv. fonial iibroad. aoiuetinie.s, indetui, Ihev^ll erino-iiU such of the JJelots iis tlu' ,V in their iiirtd hiborsin the lield of the race. In '' The Laws " of' Pi' upon them while eny'iioed ind there cut off the best and bniu'sfc i( 'i Th tio ere i.s ahso amoii^^ us wlitit is called the ( iiyparttin is reported as stiy lilt (^oi'i- which is .scarcely credible. It in endurina' the privations of th(> cam; 'ryi)teia, the [mm of iiitder- consistsof goiny' barefoot in stoi ni.s, out it servant, and wand , perioruiiiiy ineniid olUt-es with- t'l'iiio- iiigiit; and day through the whole fei-v fii|,„,. • • ., ." "'iS'"^ .uiu ua\ iiiiou"! tie Whole conn tii . ihc ouus.ioa to mention here the slaughter of ilelots as the object of these \ doubt tlu on this SI and \Miul Ciypteia baiitv, of the (Jicel •jis I'luftiit "The He Ti.ey iire sheepskin, iHiy fault, lion to th bciiuly rai to death, ; iuv liable j'lut.ifch's a'acy, the a .year of tin bondineii f is ititiibiit whose biai lanialion w gnislied ih( selves eiiti Upwtiid ol gitilaiids, a which w;is which over Among t comj'arativi indict his n H hiw wliici ity to denot man, v.-oniai examples < Athenian si own Ireedoi allowed t hei vices. Yet; petty tyrani; long hair, or lesti\'iil of V be present ti ticipaf(\ Tl sometimes in trate, but of the mines tin teinpoiiiry pi II the teinplt ft'liich the A master. 'J'hi, the time, of tl auction was h a more hiima In regard t LAUOR IN GRKECE. 39 rh, ':;'t ;,:;;;:r ;■";;;: ;.';«;■ !;ir*'i:;,r>; '-"«-■« "-"-i i';:™ en iild ■ttiiicl) ovciloulc tlu'iii ever liccii icvcalotl AiiK.i.o; il„> Adu'iiiiiu.s ilK' (icatmtMit oV .slaves apix-ars to 'imvo !.,. •omi.uauvdy iH.mano. Thorc was a luvv u>nl.; ^Sf ; sC ; l.nN ^ hid. (Mupounv,! any Afl.ouian not ial.i.iin- Miulcr 1 ..■■ lis, i ty to .UM.oumH. to tiK- Tlu.,s,„„llH.ta, the p.nsou who oil -i ^h,! h'.' o man, woiaaii, or <; lihl, whether slave or V ,.,,1 sl,lSf.<'l.'| in gold) lor an overseer of the mines. Tho slaves eiMiiloyed as laborers in tlie mines and those who worked in tlio mills had the lowest value, ranging Irom a mina 1o a niina and a half, or iipi)roximat(Oy in our money I'rom 6-0 to S;JO. The price of ordinary house slaves was but little higher. Demosthenes mentions a valuation of two such slaves at LM- minas <'a.eh as being too high, and in one plaeo alludes to the sale of a. slave of this Iciiid for L* minas. Tin; father of this orator had thirty-two or thirty-three iron-workers, or sword-cutlers, the poorest of whom were wortli over 3 minas, and the best from 5 to minas, lie had also twenty chair-makers, whose aggregate value was •10 minas, or an average of 'J minas each. Tli(! dilference of value between slaves who could perforin oidy com- mon labor and those who were skilled in some trade, probably' corre- sponded in the main with the dilference between the amounts which these classes respectively could earn I'or their owners. A slave in tho mines yielded a prolit of oidy one obolus (about ',} cents) a day ; a work- man in leather yielded L' oboli, and a foreman of a. workshoj), li oboli per diem. The tliirty-two or thirty-three iron-workers or sword-cutters of Demosthenes' lather were wi)rth an aggregate sum of 1!)0 minas, and nnnually yielded a net protit of oO minas, or Lj]!; jjcr cent, on their \-aIne; while the twenty eliair-makers, v>-ortli 40 nunas, are said to have yielded a net prolit of twelve minas, or ;>() per cent, per annum. It is probable, however, that this disparity was exceptionally large, and was due to temporary causes affecting the relative activity of the two trades in question. Sperking generally, the profit on the labor of a islavemiist have reached a high percentage on his value, because tho owner would expect to be compensated for his capital at the customary high rates of interest, and moreover v.-ould re(p/re indemnity for the danger of loss by the death, decrepitude, or superannuation of the slave, or of his escape from servitude. Of this last there was es})ecial risk in time of war, particularly in the case of slaves that were with the armies ; and this led to the itistitution of an insurance system first estabUshcd by a Macedonian grandee named Antigenes, who, for a yearly contribu- tion of S drachmas, undertook to guarantee to the owner the price of any slave who was in tlie army, in case he should cscajje. There were at Athens two ehissejs of slaves, those belonging to tho state and those of private individuals. Tho former were employed as, vergers, messengers, ai)paritors, scribes, clerks of public works, inferior servants of the gods, and in other services considered unworthy of freemen. .^Fost of the temi)les of Greece, like the ecclesiastical estab- lishments of Europe in the early part of tho Jliddle Ages, possessed a great number of slaves or serfs, who cultivated the sacred domains, per- formed various humbler otlices of religion, and generally executed the bidding of the priests. Among tho Athenians, the .slaves of tho re- public, who were generally captives taken in war, receive;! a careful education, and were sometimes intrusted with important duties. Out of tlieir number v,-ere selected the .secretaries who in time of war accom- panied the generals and treasurers of the army, and made axact minutes of th(Mr expenditure, in order that when on'their return these officers should come to reader an account of their proceedings, their books might be compared with those of the secretaries. The vocabulary of servile relations among the Greeks was very copious. There was ii special name for a slave bought with money, one Ibr a male slave born of a slave, many name a.ssigned. When a i ■was i)laced fellowservi nuts, &<;., u plenty, lie ties thus si general niei The food quality. Tl fectly, were was a kind pressed wer uities to wl I)ractice of i ployed at tl which i)rev( ble for them Among th the mills, ca cutting woo< usually attei traveling on but this was There are tering forma rights. Thu to be their p furnished wi country. Tl their servile tant privileg them attaint were sometin In Crete tl of the cities the country xVphamia), or to have beei i.sland, whom sometimes cs divided anion lots of the cit bondsmen bel were comi)ell money, as wt ])roduce. Th the gymnasia lu the Cre the slaves wei with whips n other parts ol saturnalia, th( LABOR IN GREECE. 41 slave born in the lionsc, and another for a female; one for a slave born ot a slave, anjl another for a «hive born free. Uesides these there were assrnied'"^''^ denoting the particular e».i)loynient to which a slave waa When a iiewly-inirehased slave was first brought into the honso ho was placed bclore the hearth, where his futures master, mistress, and felou ^servants poured baskets of ripo fruit, dates, tigs, iHberts.wal- nuts, .Vc. upon his head to intimate tiiat he was eomo into the abode of pien y. lie then joined witii his fellow-slaves in feasting on the boiin- S^'riael^^:^;S.r" ''"'"" ''^ "^^^^"" "'^ ^^^•^^■^^^^ ^"^^'^^ n„!mv""Ti"' ^^';'''^'^ 'i« might bo expected, was usually of an inferior qu. iti. ihus the dates grown in Greece, which ripened but imper- lectly, were apjiropriated to their use, and if wine was given then , it was a kind made ot tiie husks of grapes, which after Thev had been piessed were laid to soak m water and then pressed again. ^The indi"-- uitiea to which slaves were sometimes subjected is indicated by the irS o. .r^'T l^'"-«"-"'"«"« "'"^ters, who compelled them, while em- plojodat the kneading-trough, to wear a broad collar like a wheel, le'fnr 1^'"'. \ ""^'l\ ^ ™? ''"I'"" ^'"^ '^'^"-'^ ^^ rendering it impossi' ble lor them to bring their hands to their mouths. iunongthe employmentsoflemalo slaves were included the tnrnin..-of , 'h'!!" '•'' <=""'.y'"«-;vater, and sometimes the still more laborious work of cutting wood besides the ordinary domestic occupations. A male slave* usual y attended his master upon a Journey to carrv his baggage, both ravdn.g on loot. Hoine masters went accompanied by two sifcirs avcL bat this was considered a mark of luxurious habits. ' liiere are some instances of communities, by express stipulation, en- SI If Tl?/'y;"'^/' '''*'\°^ •'^'^'■''''•\' ^"' ^'•■'^^' ^l'« roservatiin of cer'talu iignts. iluis the Jraryaiidinians submitted to the citizens of JJerach'a Jnrn?. "?' ''.';;'l";':"''' ^'''^''^ Stipulating only that tliey should always bo furnished vitli the necessaries of life, and never be sold out of tho country. The penesta) of the Thessalians also appear to have assunuHl tlieir servile status by a iormal compact which reserved to tiiem impor- tant privileges, among which was that of owning property. Alanv of them attained considerable wealth, and, according to Euripides thev were sometimes of very ancient families. it., laoy In Crete the serfs or slaves were divided into several classes. Tiioso of the cities were called Chrysoneta), or "bought with gold;" those of the country were called iVpliamiotaj, from their being bound to tlio AphamuB, or estates of tlie landed proprietors. The latter are supposed to have been lie descendants of tlie aboriginal inhabitants of tho island, whom the Dorian invaders had reduced to servitude, and were sometimes called Clareta), eitlier from the fact that they had been divided among the conquerors by lot, or else from being located on tho ots ot the citizens, which were called Olarei. The Mnoi or ilnoa w to bondsmen belonging to the state, and cultivated the public lands Thev were compelled to furnish the body of tiie citizens a certain sum 6f money, as well as a portion of their tlocks and herds and agricultural the - -in i- ''^'^^'^ I'^'^'^'^ited from carrying arms, and excluded from In the Cretan city of Cydonia, during certain festivals of nermes the slaves were lelt masters of the place, and had the right to chastise with whips any free citizen who intruded himself among them. In other parts ot Crete customs prevailed similar to those of' the Komau saturnalia, the masters waiting upon tho slaves as domestics, while the i 42 LAUOR IN EUnOI'U AND AlfKlilCA. lattor canHiscd mid took tlioir ciiso in flio oi.jo.viiH'iit of (li(. Uorinffian . k-s ival. Oil ilic whol,., i( sc-ciiiH |,r,.babl(. tlial, tlic tmitmcut of sluves • III ( ictcf was iMildcr than in any otlu-r Dork- state. Tlir SCI Is of flic S,viaciisan> Were called Iviili<-vrii, and wxneso nniiier- piistiiat the expression "more in number than the Kiliicvni" ,>assed into a proverb. Ihe.v appear to Iiave lived in the eoiu.Irv, cnltivatin- the hind Jiive tlie t retan Mnoa. ni.tii at last Iheirnnmbers insiaicl them uith eoina,!;.', when they assanlledand drove out tlicir masters, retain- zu;,' possession ot Syraense. ,vl'5>'"' /^"f;'>'<;i'"l>Ii;)n were kept in bonda-c by tliep, ,plo of ^ievon. h eonipcllcd them to assume a mean and s(,uaiid app.aranee, and to o. ' , r^ ^•' "'•;/'<''^'"*' ^t tl'«' labble, to which this uncoaih cover- inji won 1(1 expose tiiem. Tlie SCI Is of tlu, Arcadiaris were called rrosp.-lala>, and are said to a innilH.nMlab,,nttlireel,nn.lre.ltIionsand. Their treatment appeas oti icrn. vr''',''r' '"'"'''^ ^'"V ^'"^"^ "''l-ersons of the sam- class in manv f. V .1 v. .^''•'•^^'f' «""•" M'^'.V '"■« ''^"""l iit VnbUi'. festivals sittin- at tabic uilh their masters, eatuiy of tln^ ^ame food and drinkinif from' the feiiiJio cup. " JSpeakiii- in general terms, tho life of a slave in (ir<>ece would appear the c ,w in-"," ,"*• ''""'TT ^" *'[^ ^■•'"''•"' ^■cin plantations, hail its counterpart amon- the Greeks, w li vhi slaves Mere probably less liberally le.l tha.nlie <-oIom shtviH i^in \'- ,/M^'°',''"'f ^"^ ^^^'^•'^"' "'^'''' «li^'' consisted almost whol^ o h I'lS"; ■'■ ^"''"''^ "^ ^vhieh the usual allowance was a cluenix, ir a i estcs ^'''r^'I'T'' ^Vfl'r: Aris.,)hanes«aysthat the'male ..X I 11 ■;^'' '''',' ''^'''-^''I'ol'l liiHl one common sleepiuff apartment ; S . f '''•^'•^V"'' "■"! /'"-' '^«^^-" of i't'cl«"'^'=>«"i'^' of Solon, known as the Se"- n • \ fi, , .,"^ • 1 1 , • ^•' '''' *"""*^ '''^ uiajoMty of tho rural population ot Attica weighed down with debt and desi ondencv. The ric w re \ o WnT ;''^«™»ter part of tho soil, which tl i^ria' s c i^4 e 1 . • ucoh! ./'"""''' paying the ],roprietors a stipulate.l par o t u' ''o- u-p?l ;« // " T /'«>"'^'"t« t''cy I'aa iiillen greatly in arrea s, and us '^s J°:^is!2^"- ^"^y."' tiou.;,s;":;;';ou a".„;;SS'S;; and daughters, aud thus I ticedoij into slavery. At the same time :irge numbers of the Thetes were falliii"- fr s minor sons om 11 great uumber of the smaller l>r()perlie« lais, iiiscri These nioi the morlgi Helves, tog On some t coiriipt ju( this class cipled and Solon beca under sue' measure a " was coni| in which II or of his lai of the debt of all powe coiitiiied hi the pro|)eii from the la claims ; it 1 who were ii even jnovi foreign lain many insoh forbiidc eve took a stej) or sell his si excejitiiig Ol in unchastit One of til which Ibrbai debtor was | Attica, the 1 be[)racliced tural iinplen An in tore; vision made however, to state lor assi toms of the where, and ] hands, and a quickly follo' and (liminish civil liberty { What has Greece will a tory of aneiei the early day a high develo inferior degre I-AliOK IN' ROME. 48 properties of Altica were Iieiuil y II hiis, iiiseiibed uiili tlie iiiiiiie ol'tlie lemltT iim'l ii>rt;iii";(Ml, niid iiiiU'ked by stoiio pil- Th tlie uiiiouiit of tilt! I ese moiiouues were in iniiny instaiiees loreelcse.l, :.i.(l not onl inv''' ''^''^1' .'.'•' ^ ':;'^':" j''"lV.^'"'''' l"«I»'i<'tors, but tbe h.tt OS, to^-ellier with tlieir liimilies, were I On sonietiiis nnlnippy lot InHJ liiilen tliion'.] Oillt, y were er liiem- leipiently reijneed to sinvery corrnpl ,|ii(l,u('s, luid tin' eondiiet of tlie ri I his eliiss ol' peopUi i.s d cipied iind liiitiieioiis, T iiitl riii.iiei<.iis. To siieii a piteli Iiinrthis evil I tlie nnjnst decisioiia of I ill all tlieir deidiii;;s witli tiiii- ••s('ril.ed iis iiavin«' been thoronyldy uni Solon became arelioii, that the 1 1 risen Just beforo ;iwo(.nld no longer beentoreed. 1 under sne'i (tiieiiinslaiiees lliat the celebrated liiw-i uieasuri ab()\ V. named. <• The relief which it afforded t was ver resorted to the was complete and immediate. It says (Irote. in which ihe deI)tor had !»orrowed on tl canceled at once all those'eontract^ or of ids land; it foibadeall liit security of either his persi )ii of the debtor was j)!edoed lire loans orcontracts in which the j)ersoii of all power to imprison or enslave or cxt K- security ; it deprived thi' creditor in fid iire- conlined him to an elfeclive jud-iment at I ort w()rk from his debtor, and flK' properly of the latter; it swept olf ali'tl iw authori/iny the seizun* of from the landed i)!npcrties in Attica, ,...,, claims; it lilierated and lestoivd to thei ic iiuiiieroiis marked pillars 111(1 left the land free from all past w ho wi'i I'tll! ly 111 si r ''dl ri-hts all those debt ivery under previoiu le<;al adjudieat ors even provided the means— we me direction, by forbiddin;,' him to pl'ed ^ ' V'.''I" '|"_iii!inieil sister umU'r his tutelage— iiiig'lit be detectcHl One of the most beiielieent provisions of tlio above I which toriiade all future loans or contracts in which tl debt was pled.!'ed as security ; but alMioujih tl iVttica, the lendiii-;- of money 'upon the body of the d beprac(ii-ed in otiier Grecian slat tural implements was forbidden. xw was that le person of the us remained in force in ebtor continued to es ; while even the pledging of ugricul An interesting subject to treat in thi vision made lor the i)oor in the Grc s connection would be the pro however, to say that in Atl Clan states. It will Ik pn sullleient, state tor assistance appears to li :iens at least, the habit of depending on the toms of the decay of the ive been one of the first decided where, and ])articularly in Sparta, the commonwealth; while there, as wellasVl ■'Vinp- se- hand s, and a great increase in tl concentration of wealtii in few le numl)er of the dependoit poor, w ere quickly lollowed by a decline in the;;^d maldy l^ i^s on "i'de a Id djm,n,she(i at once their ability and their disposition to de enKS civil hberty and their national indejiendence. LABOR IN I103IK. Wliat has been said as to the condition of the industrial arts in Greece will apply .„ the main to their condition in Italy du i i '• tie hi ' a high deveh^pnient; auiVil'u^Ku^^li^ln; h-^lSe^LS in a^^^? iulerior degree the artistic faculty for which the GrleS were "o distin 44 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 8 In fluisl.P,!, tlioy onjoynl in indnsfry and nrt, no less tlini. j.i ,.l,ilo«oni,v and Ictfcis, flic jissiNtiiiicc of llrllfni, niiis pmiosopni K m inipossihlc to trciit ..f labor i„mI tlu/conditioi. of fl,,- woikiiM' as ..s .mo,,;, tl... Ko,,„„s, without .vlWrin^ to th. ,.ol .. "' ^^ ol (he |.i,'b(.ia,,s, the l,,stoiv of whose stin---I,.s foi- •, l,, , , dH,to,. a,,d ^.odito,, for u fa,r .livisioa ol'^u ,n,£ ' n h' d 'Z the p,en.«-,,t,v..,s of ,.iti/..„.ship, i. vi.tnaliv lh(M,is(,U' of the I'l Iv stn,^-l<.s of ,1,. wo.ki„^.p,.npi.. of Jfon.e lo," the .i^l ts of „en ^ ^ Jiie M.einbei's (,| thi.s.ejass p,„b:,blv <-o,„p,ise,l ihe de s v, V.i.ts of ,„ w 1 • ;'""'<> ""'.V wtTc disti,i,-iiisl,e< fVo,ii tiio slaves of ■! Un man l,<,nsel,oM by the possession of j.e.sonal fivrclo,, I,, • 'b, Li. i?,' propeit,, and th., libe.ry (uhi<.|. was\h.,.i.d to he ; , ^!' ,'^. ! * ^ •'xereise hand.eraft trades lb,' f I„.i,. „v.„ benelifc. Their i„i,, , , ( s l.u over, ^y,.^e at first seen,v o ' ^'''''" "Hjnopolized by the patrician order. Th«^,' Id s iiiliiiiiii loathsome (lu.iocoiis niid sb^ritov,' ,/ I'^^iitm- imprisonmoTit iu fact tl>at the h, ,^"0^" Ito^^^ to „ I,";'!;' ''1"''*"""" '" >""" '"' "'0 tLekins,'s; that is A TT D onn V,:" : ' '' ''';"^"; * . t-"^' ('Aimlsio,, of „..•.,. ..A ' ^"'^^'^^' 4. U.COO. AAct. ran who had served his coiintrv ^vift lo„„V a„„ loJt u. |,„^ ^ Ita .^ '^ ™ 'E scourged by LAItOIi IN leoMK. hi lliist roiinil \cii( ill 11 Ai niiii'c'l ii'd II"' I'Iclii'iiiiis, V, lio liail cl Th t'lid iisttiic'd lo \\\ liitlicr tliaii iillowtl uu M.Min' a.nis, tl.n.MU.iuMl to M-tMc an.i i , at, tlic coiidiiciKH' (»!' the Til.,. lt>S(>l| thclllScIvCH «(.,„,,.., 1^ ,,,|j| •• piitiK-iaiis wciv at liist disposed to set ij oiiiid a IK St •I' <-'»iiiisfls, and decided to make t t'ii> at deliaiice, hat in tl w eitv. M' I'l'iiis witli ilieai tliat on tliis occasion v :'::":'=:\:::i''';..''!'-^''''' -•'''•'-■. itisiH-ii::;.:;! Ideaniuiiiiioih,. ,.j.;h( of iK.minal '•'I'inliMl the Tiiltnnateof the'l'Iehs tl to have a \et.o upon the d lie. wo tiiliiiiies aniiMallv, \vl 1 tne pet). .soiiiil liberty (»r the con lino ■(•iffsor tile senate and to piot'ecl tl iaaises open day and ninl,f, ( ns, for \vlii,;i, piupose ( AcCOI'dilln (o 1 i^.^. .,„,J ^^ i» receive every application I lo wero le per- H'.y were to keeji their icero II Ins rniiissioii of debts or i„ u change of ti.e I or assistance secession did not result, in !a:-'r''''';'V'''''l^''*'''^"'='l'''''<''^l<»''n,dc,vd i\v of insolvency ; yet it h duel snb.icci of conieiitioi, \t^,^ itor no loiif^er forms il ]Mdl f that some . ineliorat was secured. ^Varlv hall twecii tlielv.o orders, from wlijch it ion III the condilioii of d,,. j le seems oiiner class }''-'. sold into iiis po\erty. "■laxed, and be person of lis property alono '«<'ver, be e thei by SI Tl 11 rcdilors, thon.i'li, probably, witi f nian.y voiiintarih became the si )»iinitte(l ives of iceial fipulatioi , with certain re ..rved ri-bts obtained lie (il. ibution of land, which in all most intimate relation to the Ion-'' the subject of I welibeiii!! oi tl 10 workii heians at Itomo; and tl lorco contention between the pan to resort to the' ic iiiembers of the 1 As tl nio^'t extreme ineasni ormc U! rej)ubiic extended her d ■I's ill deieiise of tl ind times has had tho ifi' I'lasses, wa-s iciaiis and jiU;. r class did nut scruple loir monopoly, cominered tribe \vas colonized by Kom - " 'ir niterests, as well as inclined b\ ominions a portion of tho territory of eacl by tl in eiii/.en.s, wh , who were thus bound liiisition. Considoriim- I ac( of J conuibiiied much to the industiTal ....M.ou. .^uiisiuorinj;- Jiow circnmscribed ")i'io, this inoilo of (lisposiiifT of her snrpl soiitiment, to defend the n ow oirciiiiiscribed was the original territory time that it formed a most consolidated her jiiowii.o- p„\\er ' 'J in which the Ji'omai is taken from Fosbroke's and Institutions of the t s disposed of theland MS i»opulatioii must have pio.sperity of her people, at tho same she le maniiev iniportaiit element in tho polity bv which fol!owin;4- accouiit'of 't! Iiiirodfrom tlie conquered loati.soon tho Arts, Mauuiiictures, 31 Ti u'Ho Iniuls weio not m'lituiti Ireeksaiid liuaia ns: iiuners. "''"■-'■ flif> i>-'iti;>ti which 01- l.f i
  • b(> the fust to h niorc (^oniplc riiilo, carrit' (coniitia of t of the consnl the ('(Misors s From this l»nt as the dc tilt' ncwly-coi tliat whicli tl IVoiii the ]att( >siti('s of tlic f itaiits of (ho advance then Tho tliroo c the .Mons Sai eleven years ; ])ortio!is of l{ tnes of tlio i)( hixiiry and e.\ olteii (li,i>nifie( ]>iiiiiy, (liistc seiiali.', (H. C. and a trinnipl allowed no nni l.',i I (I!. C "7,) llie tribunes, ],] s evident, however, mn s|r,'n;ith,vind in tiie vear(,r the cairyan aorarian law by which it CMiius and Scxt hold (or farm the r was provided that i nis, weic able to the jHiblic lands. I ■evenues of) more than fjOO i lo citizen sJHtuld a-dii es were to take th rom those who held .;"//'''•» (:!l)(ml .">:.'(> aei'es)of the rate of seven e surplus and divide it uunv. than tl is (|uantity the )er of slaves who 'mioht 1 ./iiUcni to ea(;h fa mil v. TIi imon^- the plel)eia enjoined on the ladders of lund e employed on the lai esame hiwlimiied tl ns at; le nnm- nien. It 1 ur(i more t afso ( lan th ids so divided, and each to he subject t( It was dnrin"' the "acted that no citizen shonhf t i<)ne hundi'ed head of c e employment of Italian.- "Ml i do (he eoi charter of theii' liheit , . little, or live hundicd i! certain tax j.ayable to the public t same year that the ])!ebeiai always be ji nienil les in the decree that that ii plebeian consul was 1 er of their order; but it the first to hold th( (tflic brmally appointed, Sextins 1 and IVee- ' ion pas- •'l>,&e., reasury. s achieved the ^reat one of the consuls .should was not nntil the vear ,'i,S8 more complete in the yearllo, wl e. The triumph of the plel iim,s{ ■if 1 iein"r Philo, carried enact len the itlebeiaii diet K'liiiis became still (comitia of the trib iiientsinakiii<>- the decrees of t idor, I'nbliliu.s of the c 'oiisuls . well •«'s) oblio-atoi'y On the whoh' iieoj)! e popular as.semblie; the cen.sors .should be ch From this time the t tl ic pru'tors to be ])!ebeiaus, and ople,* permit tin;'' both hut as the dom tl inioi Men, one from each cla.s^. wo orders were substaiitiall re(iiiiriii'.' that e newlyconqnei'cd Ital 1 of the republic was extended y meri;ed into one that which the plebeians had 1 nis fell into a ] over adjacent states. ositionsomewiiat analoi^ous t( iVom the latter by vei .sities o ■y marked diircie'nc ormcrl;, occupied, thou-ih d ' II"" «l-ite dictated a ])olicy calculated 'OS. Indeed the milit istitie.uished itants of the iieninsula into to consi)lidar,v )]„'. j,,], idvance them yraduallv t one iiation, and inclined the I iiry iieecs- iiU- The till the M ons ee <'<'iituiie.sinter\eiiin<;l)et ii partici])ati()n in civic, ri'dit tomans to c>acei' (A. II *'"ii the sece.s.siou of (he Plel eleven years alter the cio.se of the .s( jMUtioiis of l,'(unan history, wl 'race Ihe (inest; "'people. Darin- this iicriii.ltl ivlerence to the vir- otten di,i>ni(ied w nice, but lal I) ilh >or w lere were, indeed, iiis(a III ny, (Mistoire de.s 1 m iii.nhest statioi .senate, (H. CL'T-I,) i and a triumph, for j allowed m L',()U(» iHis, on the other, rc( lomains. 1'^ lieid in honor, and poverty "i;^-. " If, on the one hand ' nces of y wa.s says lotwithslaiidiiur hi.s t I Knlinins must be degraded fic'ui' tl" IK) more thanei<;ht oui lo.ssessiiio- ten pounds of ^ly ocon.sulships, a d 10 ices ifth e,^ionaries to reaj) his corn, or t.) clean 1 'consul Tosdiu er plale wlini 1 etatorship, irepaied ids .simple meal with I lie .same Ciiriiis n s own hands, in >iici"s and .]:mil I'yirli ns; and Ciiieas, (the ami ii>^e«l tlieq,,id of the Samnites; Fal wood "is en \-es.s( lull i Ir i.s lii'Id by s( M)f line iiiitl!(>ritio.s tluit tdfw' tli •as.sador of the latter,) introduced i •is. iiicius that of II the iiiKl it i.s iit Ic'isl nvs luilil (he iidniit wci.ulit, or oiilargod th adopted. vidiMit. tli.'K; tl ptioii of tlio Lc.r Ihtrti 'frees or jj/i 6;, did nut iiiic I ho luinb IS nicnsun rt.vm, ill the;. ';ir !(;(;, or \\, ('..js,^ T of objects with rot •'illicr fjavo If) t ')hli LTi'iifo to which t '.•>■''(,'(( ilKTCIlScd "■y might ho 48 LABOR IV EUROPE AXD AMERICA. senate, imao;iiietl tliat lie saw before 1 Tilt blood was no loi liiii an a.sseiiibly of kiiisess more than tifty jnncm of laud jiujmi would not sullieo IS danpy times. nu'd the responsibility of i)rovidiiig jbr hi <'0"liii,- i< n. n 1.- --"'i".if;» . "in uios;' tw.n, ^' I' '^ ''^^''''^"' •■'- ^^ ^*^« J'<'i'-'''i" cnltivated by the hands of triumphant victo'i praduce her fruits in greater abuiKl vs, seemed to make new efforts, aiidtc From such inst lllCl' ;n lees as have just been g niinule division of the soil which is 1 given, coupled with the tl le period under eonsich'ratioi were slaves and hired k labor of the by free citizens w beei known to have prevailed duri„« It may be inferivd that although there i^is at that time, the y performed avrs among the Ji'om eoantry (especially in agriculture) w:1s maini I severe and Iheii or.iHig on their own account. Their lab(' mode of living far from 1 bK:;:;::!:'^:!:^':^!!!:'' i^uiepcndence ti. me,. ann;;g ";;;:;;;? t^ ing le.;:i . . ons of Ifome were recruited must 1 vastly superior to that of the prol the sivel 3 ear of the city y perlbrnied by proprietor mT), the cultivation of the soil ir may have ixurious, but in their le coii(i|ner- lave occujjied a^ position as I)roletariat of modern times. As late stated by Cato the elder, wl and i ree laborers, Thi was almost exclu- iathers, when they wished to d ', who in the same counecti is positively to refer to him as'a good colonist .1 good farmer ; for the esignate a good citizei ion, says: "Our 1, were accustomed most rolmst sold so are the laboi (one settled on the public laud of tl, iers. The profit which is d e earth is the, most honorable, tl , . --■ s) and ers who furnish the bravest and ion ', the most durable lerived from the cultivat eulated t resenkMl as having worke) the iixiirv se\ere and jirotracted stru->;i! war,) which closed A. U, I'liilip, Antioelms, and ! ••ith Cart! le manners of the period i).hi , was (]uickl,\- followed by ti ■age, (the second Puni erseus. Greece, Asia M le le wars with inor, and 8yria were "Tfiis was agif tain number of (h (kHcriiitioii ul' a jj slavo b(!iniiii' a po woro L'iiiiic(l lio?i must coiicludo tin subsistciico lioni t iiicoiiiu by taldijg thon's DUiionarij Oj t Till." iiiiDtoriaiih nnd culk'd by t.liat t(.'U(l<-(l t !)<•. iwvmn ]nn- was iiiiii) or te Tlicir favor was c( "oic tbfir uwu cri^ '1 K LABOR IN RO.A[E. 49 I^ „. . ' 1 ■' ""'t^''^l'sed or put to ileuth ut their pi ''asnro. ■if! ■-'^' LAIiOIl IX EVROPE AXD AMKIilCA. midor pomitifiii, sliiiie ond niiew midcr Xrivii, im.I n- -•■rsonal (jiialitics of tlie sovorci-n '"""""^ UtpLiuKd n,iun\y on tlio SLAVEUY IN RO^IE. linf fl)is -rent rl.ai.oo i,, tl.o political condition of tlio li ^vas laij-cly pi'oniorcd by tlic. iiu'roase of si of wcalfli tlicrc is no i very and tlic ( II 11 in her of slaves torn for doubt. Jt is pi'ol);ible, 1 s never so lar,';c as the I Koniai) people oiieent ration '<>\v<'vei', tliat tlie writers on IJoinan liistorv would lead iiigna-e. of ii majority tiiries ot the republic the nninl one ro infer. In the earliei Ol cen- been indicated. It is estimated bv I) M'r was comparatively small, as lias .dread an iconomy of tl;c Jv'omans," that iii tln^ year oft! 'iideliiMalle, inhis-l'oliiica'l lation of that, portion of Jtalv cor and Lncca, the fjrand dnchvof 'J 'res iecity;->i>!» the five popu- pondnwr to tlie duchies of Modena. tho late kin.^'dom of Napl nscany th.; .States of the Chnich, and men, and prrcf/riiii* combined as I'd is t os,(exciusn: of Micily.) was to the century later, and after the i states that "all the, land unnber of slaves had been lartrel slaves, free- iiTo, writ ill. i: fully ii nnxtnre of these two cla s are cultivated bv frt sses. The freemen (a'lltivat ■ffoly increa,sed, omen, or shncs, or a with their own hbor or that of tlieir child (' their lands eiti of the small ivn, (as is the case witi ler laborers diiriii'jf the! proprietors,) or by the emi.loyment of hired tage, or by nsin.ti' the labor of )nsy seasons, such as hav tiK', harvest, and tl 1 most men and day- foi ^^eneral," continues Van opn-(irn, (i)ersoiis who sold tl ii stit)iilated time in i)ayment of debt.) * ♦ J e viii. leir services that it i siiy of all thelanilsi nnhealthy districts with paid workmen tl in liealihy localities the 1 s more protitable to ciilti »vest, the fratheriii'j of f leavier labors of tii m with slaves, and that n vate the illlts. wage-laborers." A law of dniiiis C ' ee inhabit: iits of the counriv to tl id the viiita.' (•oniitry, such as the 1 even lai- fi herd ])oiiulatioii, which was proha'lVb/nn loidd be committed t(, osar required stock-raisers to einplov s and herdsmen, the olijeet be (MMimber of one third of theirs! ing to arrest tiie declin,. of the J na zing districts than i >}v. rajnd and more noticealtl ree I'cn said that the si'bstitnt n otiier jiortions of the ( ,.net(»rs was at first sula I'ln ol slaves for free laborer (' in the ■•'•niiry. Jt- has already nr>st extensive in tl s and small pjo- 'Hid it ai)pears fr<, n the testi. nsa:iniie (ianl, at least in that port le sontherii part of the penin- moiiy of the younger Pliny that m il)or was not commonly emploved ion adjacent to Lakei OHIO, si tve the statement of IMinvis that x\ -•'veil intheliiiieof Tra.jan. Indeed lately nnkiiown in tliiit part of tl le use of slaves in agricnit nre was abso- tliey were maiiiifactnres,()ne citizeii of K'omel rgely employed by capitalist u> country. In ti,e towns and cit i'lnployed in the various trad Hiving had a 111 carrying on trad les es and i>; domestic service in Koman I t's (H)nnecte(l with the s many as live hundred other cities of the peninsul (Tcction of buildiiio's. th( oMsehoIds, as well as in those ot ofthisc:a.ss,fr(nn tl b\viis performed almost exclusive] v bN to those engaged in tl ti(; v.ork included a \\oaiirill(r or personal attemiantsol I)erson.- le coa I wealthy inisti isestdnulgery. In thrifly families the d liirge amount of spiniiing and' the making ot garments— labors whicl extent shared, by the mistress lun-self 'ess OIllCS. weaving, as well as } were superintended, and to some - Jlic t-'itizfus. peiegiiui eiubiucud tboso cl.isses of f a-o resiileuts who weru not Koui' Among itor the pc delator, it > iitic prole slaves wer llici class, ^^"e read o tainers of iiuddled in piisons. 1 large gan;; tlu! general tei.s impose I'ermitted t moderate pj to bring the <'it!icr used calculation animated in cost. Very (o llieir mas in tilt; same ill led, and ( grains, (by ) 'lois, in tile industry." among the .^ I hose who tc author, ■' nia wives, who | render them these women in their pow( Among til slaves of coil ;ind accordiii: 'iisposilion ot :i,-'!'icultural 1 fiades, is all l*liiiy indicate slave valet ot "1 hey sell a I price of a vale 8-'-'7.) i'jutai <'iiltnral labor •^i'!)(i. Prctroi fis the reward litis only shov oflcred, was ci iiitc from tlio 'i'lie price of i\ '"ib'd by the i\ (U.S.) ant hon \\iis about equ; ;1' 0,000 scstor. '•fiburat 8,000 .sLAvi:i.:v i\ noMi: Aii)i)ii,ir n jionplo wl„). ;,t for tlie powtT t(» iiiipi DUO lionod oftlicir |,isr( ISdIl, SliUVC, SCO •((expected Hint; tiiel debtor, ir ivjis ii<»t to I iitic protection to the sliiVe r "( s/aves were treated willi l;i,i(lM(.,ss' il y, f^av(> to t]io, (Tod- li'K* class, as e read of their woiki and 11 rule, were subject to sev 'i/;i^<;, or even take t lie Hie of Ids "s would all'ord any system- ill id)u:idaiicc\vlK'n uses there wei( "«■ ill the field in cl fveu panipciod in Inxiiiy, but ore oppression and hard tauMMsof the Kmif proi)rietors, (1 """•S ,i;iKinlcd by armed liiiddled in ei'owds into 1 Siiin. re prisons. This c mild lose ;-_•"< ii; owners, wiule at ni-l.f they were were at ('iico (h)niiitories and ■"^•s Wl)ici .am' an: Wiiiiro was, perhaps, most the I's <)l slaves who had 1 oominon in |||„ ,.;,.,,, f^ent-rai treatment of this cl b.rn recei.tl.y imported. Spealj'no- ol lers imposed on their si t>^s, Diireau de la .Al die Sii\s: I'ernntted to enter into mat iv<'s il ri,trorous celibacy, ami tl T no mas- model to l)I' ito price of a.hdt slaves made it '•'iiioiiial relationswi'fh the freed ley weie nexci' isse; nj^lhennip. Coiisideiedasl i'lther used or abused at the,,! caiculation of avarice found i animated machine, which it. iiioreprontable to buy them (1 Th. leastsof buideiiorofd lafi pleasure of their Miu.cht, they wen (ost. ' ei y often (ljoriibl(> thinn- t •roht in destrr v.as sure of bein,:^' able't loir masters. The inliiii •yiiii-S Ity excessive la!-— nan re})! Ill tl I heir masteis in piopoiii^n t iioor, an !ioe at a small '!;'.'fouiplate !) they were i.rohtab! .^iiiHeconueclioii he describes th o tue pitiless severity of'-h iiid condemned 1 lioi ""S (i>y hand,) ami to , o wo em as bei iiir i;lv ill tho mines, to yrbid wl eir servdmle." iKMad, ill iodyed loaf and oihe 'f*» ill the mariiu u'Hbnn tlies<.ver;sti;^d„io;tu;iIi;:ai;i industry." Ju the time of V ', i.M manufactures, and in tl IV 111 ions the slaves appears to have 1 irro the cast 10 various i)ro(;esses o om of forbiddiiiy m irriauv uiose wlio tend the Hocks in tl iiiuhor, "many propiietoisl »ocn somewhat iiiodihed. '-As ? 10 iiumntainsandin the woods." o wives, who lol|„^v the fl render tl liive thoufilir itadvant Kays th,, n.i,'eous to assio-ntl lom th( lom more attentive to their d :;•:"' n:"^'''?.'''-i-'t'ti.oshephenis, ;;,;:; women should be robust, of lili in their power of endniin- hd «ood constitutioi I5iit it is ncix'ssary th Amoiiff (1)0, J )or. s, and equal to n rit leu Slav iind loinans, as we OS of course varied IS in inoro recent times, tl iiocordin;^' to the aw iccordin-to the relation of d ''■, tlie jinces of .spositionof the slave: but tl •SOX, lioalth,stroni;th, bo euiaiid and su[)| >l\, ii.iiricultural labor, or il le medium juice of a s! iiity, imelli.-^ence, aiid fi;ides, is all that need be I iiractico of ono of th live adapted to PI iiiy indicates the usual loro considered. J,, the fo]| common mechanical slave vah'tof asoldierof the' I l»ii(!0 of .slaves in his t ■lliey sell a bird at tl iO^noiiof Honor. "So, then." 10 price of u slave, and nwin,ef sentoiic iiiiC, and also that of i iSiivs he .iwofavalet,fbrawhi(;eni-htinial evon tor more than th '•) I'lularch state cultural lal s the aveia; is sold at (i,0()Oseslercos," (about •or in the sixth century of J fi'-'iiO. rretronousandF(.rt o price of a skive employed in a-- umieat I,.^()OdracI ri- ns tlie reward ollerod at Ifomo jor the nnatiaiius mention 1,000 d i|s only shows that the value ot I mas, or about 'iiarii, or sayijl.lo, oU'ered, was eonsiderabl JOturii of afugiiivo sUive: but t!io slave, for whoiu tl into from the fact that'tl y in excess of $150, and le reward wa.> The price of a slave in the t le occupation of the si, IS all tho uioi •e in deli cated by the foil ime of Antoninus and C ivc IS not mentioned. (U.S.) owiii^' exiire.ssion of Scievola : "Sid ommodus is indi int Iiomincrn :" whi<-h "as about equal to the ]»riceol aipiies that KMKKt iH (i,000 sest.M'c( Tib I man. Juvenal apjn obeas deceni miiii.i sesterces, or, say, .$380, ur at 8,000 sesterce s, and Horace ostimatos the'val aises a lishermau s. A law of Jiouoi tie of il burnisi ius and Theodosiu.s, dated lor at iU no LAHOK l.\ EUKOl'E AND AMKUICA. ill llio yo.'ir 100, piv.vidcd tli;it Itoiiiiuis sold ii.s slaves who d'-sircd to ro- <'()Vi'r their lilKiit.v, should ciflicr pay to the purchaser the i)rice he hid flivt'ii lor them, or else should labor of agnculuire was in «Teat i)art performed" by small proprietors working on their own ae<>ount, many of whom were amoii"- the most eminent citizens of the state. In the mechanical trades the case was diCeivnt, such occui)acioiis beino- forbidden to tiiose who euioved full citizenship, and left to the slaves, freedmeii, and pvrapini. The data from which to determine the wages of' free labor in the earlier period of Koman history are very meager; but some idea of the l.revailing rates may be gathered from what is known as to wa-cs among the Greeks, and in the Greek colonies of Southern Italv at this time. M. J)urenu de la .Alalle reaches the conclusion that from "the dose (.t the rdoponnesiaii war, (15. (J. 40-4 and A. U. C. 350,) the price of a day s work lor a liod-carrK-r, farmhand, gardener, miller, carpenter or iiKison, was scarcely one-third less than the average price of the sa'm.> li'la ''^rp^'"'''' "' l''wriKlitoii ri 111 To 11 lie ilriver of [iherd ver-vessels. 10 slie a caiiie], imi at 'J'o the Hhei'11-nli '1(1 the hraz with I'doil. iier, witli food, per iiead! ■■*, oriinnileofhiirdeii, witlVfbi;,!" To the lir ler for work on Iiard I ii/.ier for To (he iiial;er of W(irl< 111 copper, l.y tlii rass, hy Hi,, ,„ To t 'i'o tlic : cavon lie wiiter-carri I'laslie iiiiai'e: witll f'(i:id, Willi I'odd, peril lioiiiid... per diem To M To II To tl i^er, with <'.,i,d, per, 11, .111. •eslo.in^r 111,, ^.,1 ,,. ^ le urniorer for i lie^ armorer for iiolishiii.^r a hi'lmet e armorer lor repairiiijr an ax o a HWord... I'o the tailor foi 'J'o the t.'iilor i ■J'oll: liniii!,' a flue vest e iiiasfir .. I'o Iho aiilhiiict lor an edf,'iii the lil ieiaii, lor each hoy, p,,r n,o„(I i'o the (live! per month inaii-.iii or aiitiiiiiary, for'eael ers, lor cue ■h b >y, per nioiHh. 10 hj 1,', u: or Ld\ li seliolar, giiimiiiarian, and to th To the 1 o the adx orator or sophist, for each seliof per month " ' S''""'»;trieiaii, for" caiii" "schiihi To 111 To tl oeate or lawyer for an aj ■ir, per month. 'iiiiie at the 1 lie servant attend learln;,^ (if t|te, can M'lieaiioii to the court. the bath iit (ho public batl 1^ iiiid taking caro oVtliocliithi ers, for each bather... " ""'"'« ^''''o «< Hlo clothin- ol A passage of Piatitus indicates tl . 1 (K) . 1 fill . 1 -S, 10 ei) 01 of an infantryman in the ] it is believe(i that (he real llie a liat previons to A. U.C r> 'onian army was three ••>' oriK'iimlly contained a ] unoiint was ;!,' ^(.s^ pound iuoirdnpoi lomaii 5'3C), the |)a\' (js"n [icr diem ; li;:!: , or jOI) (i.sc.s pci' nioid!:. ts wi ight had been tw .-!;) bnt fortliirly or fort l»o(i!id of co[)pcr, (about --'of ,1 WCIL"' htt () which tlie author al o oiiiiees, a;ni he y .\ ears prior to A. U. C. o o3i;, (liienUy reduced to an love named refei 'ice u is probably the as of th JKiy of tlie soldier w oiini Ti IS ■0, and still later to half cents per diem. Polvl IS maintained at one-third of a r?c lis com was snlise an ounce, bnt rh {o tlio seventh century of 1 law reduced the weioht pay of tiie IJoman sold., . , teenths of a (leiiariiiN, but th iins, who wrote Ids histc ■iifd-iits, or about :> iiK", (Miirty or fortv ',v ill the early i)art lie <(.', y .yoars before llie rapirian liatt an ounce,) states that the daily of lUl ler was tlien 5 ii.ses. Tl (/( lidniis, or 3^ «,s'f.v, the writer 1 e actual j)ay was probabi lis w iistiis, when, accordino. to Tacitus,"the least nntil (1 IS, the pay of infantrv-n le death of '■'"■V per diem. Their pay was i'urthe leii was 10 r raised U ^t 54 LAI50R IN EUROPE AND AMERICA, tiridor DoiKitiiiii to l.']|V oscs or flvc-sixtlis (»!' a <]cna wijs ('<|iiiil to 'S) (UiKirii, or iihoiit $.!.7') i.er iiioiitli. >7'».v a (liij, wliicli Tl ifw succossivc aii<;iiu'iihilioiis of pjiy Were diio to vjiri aiiioiiti' wliicli may he iiiciitioiicd tlie tli'ori'i'i lolls oaiiscs, pri'i'iatioii ol inoiit-v in coiise »iuciu't'. ol' iis inciciisud aliiiiiflaiice, tlie decay ot ..j, l'alliii«-oir ill tlie liee iiopiilatioii.' Jii the latter davs of tl., increasing; disineliiiatioii of (lie (-itizeiis toen^ajie in" tiie inilit made it neces;saiy to pay still lii-licr rates, biit'as lliese rates'had i relation lo tln^ \va;|es of labor it is nut i lyriiailtiiie, and llio le enijiire tin- iry service it tie In ie;.':ard to the cost of the chief i I'cessaiy to iiKjuiie into then aiVonied by l.'oinaii aiitlioi eeessaries ol' lile, the inforiiuit Hill •s is seai-cely inoic abundant or satisfaetoi'v than that which relates to wa,;>es. The price of wheat, 1 for various e]»ochs. Thus riiny states that in A. IT. C. I'!)«7;i"27 •JiV) lowever, is .'.'iven was fnrnislied to the people by the authorities at 1 and ilUl wheat inodiiis; but up lo the year of tin* ci'ly 'i.S5, if bNaiian pouiid of eopjier, or about .12 \Hn\in\ twceii that date and A. l^ V. (J(;o it, as jier not i.ucr, the tis was one a\()irdn|iois, whereas be- ^^'"-^ yradiiajly reduced to half an oiiuee or one twenly-ionrth ot its ori.yiiial wei-ht. From this it results that liie iiriees sonieti me seem nmch lower than Ibey really were, '1 .s mentioned as having' prevailed in early ti ines of very nearly one peck, the cost of a bushel of wlieat 10 modiiis beinj;' ii ineasun ■SS pounds of copper, wliich is ecjnivaient in weight would b(i about <'0pper cents of the Uniled t>tati .January IS, ISol : its v to about 120of th line ill silver or such as wen^ coined under the act of ■old could only be determined by asitertaining the relative values of the three metals at the dates 1 lolled men- III the Onith Fnimnifnria Cicero states that tl; Sicily, in the tin liiediuiiuis, or froi :'sof Verres, iincluated bet e juice of wheat in in .')(. ween 15 and 18 sesterces tl; equivalent to about o;,^ cents, and the nied to 4.> cents a bushel; the sesterce then b leiiii iiiiuiis to H bushels. In tiu next century (A. U, (J. HLS) tlie rate of three . say 45 cents a bushel, is refeire cents a bushel. Tacitus refers to thi •1 niuuilieence, ,sliowin;4- that the rate in question Jonu! under Xero, at a time y means of averting;' insur- ius, or inai V s as an act of extraord below that of the market, Fi was luobablv \erv };i who died in A. D, 71), it appears that in 1 •om ijo-ures furnished by riiny'tlie e'i Hit. (lour or meal was worth at the rate of'j'ibout J'- cent ibout o cents, and tlonr of the tiiiest quality about Tl lese li,i;ures apjiear to warrant the ( Iirice of bread in IJome when I'linv lived kdiin.' or a little lower than it USI laily i lis day common unbolted wluai s, coarse bolted llotu 10 cents per iionml. that '* (he le meluVion of Jlr, Jacob seems to have been nearly l d in uur day in London." LADOlt IN K(j.MK l)i Jfcrt'icnci' liiis iiliciidy hocii ininlc to tl iH'l(';iiiii,i(.s|ii«'scrv('(l ill lli('iiiscii|»ti(.iiul Jlskil It' l»ii('('s fixed by tlic (';1ict ■Jill' ( (lici M'ts li.itli tliiir the 1 ii,(nr,>)tiiitotr,i'i'iii.i hoiiuii-^; tliiit till' III liiiiM'sis, 111' ;in iiliuiKliiiico of proNisiuiiH; || iii'is 1)1' i-ntniiii»!litii's have oxia-cdi'il all iizit'd ilisin- (or -aiii is not iiiodiTatcd by (.liMitilid eve II upon t!ie liij-lnvays. the .si.iiit of jiilhiy lut III towns and eities, jnnl armies of tiie empire, and liiat Die sold entire pay, as well as ot the iiiipeiial lai (' every where puisnes tli ler IS soinetiiiies de|ni\ I'd oC Ins >iiii<;Ie arti(!li ioved by these, ;esses, we have wliici I in ,\ ears of scarcity may lesti'ain av or our entire empire u scale of mice within proper The iiiscri])(ion contains a lon^r ij.st „f i,rticles. of whicii jKU-tant aie eiiibracid in the Ibllow iny table (onveited into their nearest A I of which tiie most im- ii'oman nieasines beiii"' to onr ciiMxncy at the nienian c(ji!ivalents. and (laiarii reduced rati' of half a cent to the (h inirtu,i ViiieKiii, i»t;;(i11(>ii... S.ilt, ipci- IlllsIU'l* I'oik, iicr iioiiiid t ISfif, \ny iKiiiiid (iii.-il'.s llcsli, or l.rtl'll, tiCKl <|Ililii;y, [M'l Tlic liist liiiciii I'rcsli Kiiiis iiiiittoM, pc r jioui (I. jIlllllKl l-liillll of Wol )il;M ni, isoiicil anil siiiokcd suiisiii'i's of iioik iK'r i .W.. I .I1..I 1 1 ...I _ . .• l' .. ' ' ' (ns, per liundli! ofJ5 ........'. ]{', Till i;ill'. !■' Ill-ill'.' .s,ilisiitiiii.i| I'.ii' (' il St nil,. \h! I'ai.i lyvv.mlity in ilii.t c.isc ']:^ dcii-itoil by till! riuedi iiii ei ipMUiilx i'..s"d ill iliH iiisiiipiidii is til.. Ifilii uaim.' -IS lUu liuiiiiiu |jiiumi ,aiu i-,, llu'ielme. siuii R M., i">i'i)t' 11 wliich i.s lii'Iii 1 1 eni;r;r.ci'. ill iMMinil, v.'lecli ha.s In !a;il til abiiiit .7'.' pniiiHl aviiiuliiiioi eil to reiircHeiit a uioilius anil n pniveil I,y reiij Suuclii to • til III mi •''^ LABOR IX EUROPE AND AMEKICa! EsK«, i Cor . I'iirHiii|m fliii«cHt, Hizi) |i.t Imrid.o of yr» i^i 'A|)|>Ii», tlio licHt, .M.itlian, or • • » * "[ "•; Ai)|)lcs, Nccoiid liiti', -JO lor ,;; SiriiillciiipiiliM, 4<» lor ,u, Vrllow iiliiins, till) lii|-;(('Hl III) (or .' .'.'.'.".* ^ [ 'j Yellow iiliiiiiN, Hccoiid rale, 40 for !..'.".' ;'", I'oiiiojrraiiiiti'H, tlu) largcNt, 10 lor .'...'. , T roriii'KraiiatfN, Nccond-ratu, au lor. ! FiUH, tlio hcHt, y") lor "'. ' .' l'i;,',s, (sccoiid-ratc, 10 lor '.". !'•; DalcH, tiu) best, H lor l»atcH, Nceoiid-rato, It! for '.".'.'!! !l^ J'dliiiitla; (Hinallfr dates.) -JO for. "." I': Dii.il lifTH.ar, for [; A (pi ill, iiiadoofci;jlit jroat-skins t Jj, A l)illowoftliesolU'Hi, and larjrest kind :! *"'"■& ,!!".".'!"^. . !'"' "'"■'■■''■■""* •"• »i''i'i-i"i'<>rers; of Vi;,rb:.;rfa;i;ionV ^viuimVi Wh Ry lirii Wh Par Fin Iiifc B-n Wh Lcn Brn Wh^ Oat; Si. H. Fo 01 Oil Kii Ba lie of til rv'Iiilo tlioso fiffnrcs afford s e ('i)iiimo(litios iiaiiKMl, it is well [ ome indication of tlio actual market price TV-,,. ,. , ' - - known {liat the rates lixed br Diocietian were as a rnle umch too low. The result, as mi^ht have l.ecii anticipated, was to check proihiction and produce s many persons had suffered capital punishment Cor viol it was ultimately found necessary to aband e scarcity; and after itions of the edict, It i s n on the etfort to enforce it. n fort 11 iiate that the inscription in relation to wheat, harl rye, is partly effaced, but their probable price luay be ■Tlio iuxcriptiini Imto, nx in m; tTh(^ luwliiiii castrcuais, whicli ey, and approxiiiialely iu- iiy pnrrs, is iiniiLTfcct, IS double tUu uriUuncy moaius, was equal to about .40 of a bushel. fcrred from I of wheat, bul Tile a vera}, tins, Julian, ; of iioUi per tc value of the coverJug a cc Ainoiifrthe the condition which relate burgher clasi interestiiipf sli condensatio'i It is relate lisiied at I.'oi: tions in quest first ended a I Constantino, of these jjcri originally was of tile same < regulate their to cases arisii Twelve Tablei the state, wit enactment, Ik favor, by prol existing uiiioi; associations. As the num the work of pi of that class, ; ])loyiiient I'uri enormous ])ul af|iieducts, an not only in It: England, and nicnts of L'oin closer relation ulation, and li cuting its wor! of them which It was by th its admiiiistral collection of tl took care of th others supj)lie( and devoted tc framework of The liomau trial unions, a mercial coii>ori butchers', lime LABOR IN ROME. 67 Icricd from Hint ofspclf, a boardod jirain sometimes ranked asavaiiety ot wlicat, but ol' a rullu'r iiilfiior (inality. Tlio avciatic, price of wlieat under the" rciprtis of Con.staiitiiic, (^Mistaii- tins, Jnhan, and Valontiniaii, A. I). .UMi to 'Mr,, was (ixcd at one mluhn ot {-old |)er ten motlii, or from §l.li3 to Sl.liOper bushel, aecordiii;,' to il,o vaUie ot the mltdus. This price was an average derived from data covenug a cousideralile number of years. THE EOMAN TRADES UNIONS, Amoiiff the most interesting of the fact.s which tend to tiirow li'dit upon tlie eon(btion of the worUin;;' classes of l{„me must bo included those which relate to the trade-nnions. The " History of the workin- and l)ur^dier classes," by M. Adolphe (iranier de ('assal()yment furnished them by the government in the execution of its enormous i)iiblic works, such as temples and other public buildings, aqueducts, and those achnirable roads, bridges, and other works which not only in Italy and the East, but throughout Spain, (^aul, Gernianv, Lngland, and the north of Africa, remained as indestructible iiionu- nieiits of L'oman civilization. The trade-unions were thus drawn into closer relations with the state, were subjected more and more to its reg- ulation, and tiiially be(;ame its regular functionaries— not merely exe- cuting Its works, but also (,;tlecting its revenues, or at least that part ot them which was jiaid in kind. It was by the aid of the trade-unions that the government organized Its administrative service. There were trade-unions charged with the collection of the revenues, others sup[.lied Komo with provisionn, others took care of tin; edilices, others clothed the soldiers, others armed fliem, others supjilied the int(;rior and domestic wants of a city full of riches and (le\oted to all kinds of i»leasures. The trade-unions' then were the Iramework ot bone that supported the great IJoman body. The Ilomau trade-unions were of two sorts, the commercial and iiulns- trial unions, and bore the name of c(>rporatioiis. The principal com- mercial coi-iiorations of the empire were the sailors' union, the bakers', butchers', limeburuers', weavers' and tailors' unions, the *jUeU-.»i«h gath 58 LA!)OK I\ KL'UOPi: AND AMKHIOA. UIKI M i< flvris', ciiiricis', wine iiicrcliiiiit,-,', niul Iiiriilici i,v otiicis, iiicliiiliii;-' llii! iv.spcotiibli! corps of moil's miioiis, iiinl ^^Tiiiii at tlif wiiivlioiiscs of tlic port of Ost.. '"'h- port of Ostifi \Vii8 Hk' i^it'iit nttxhol of 1 'J'l swoi'ii iin'iisiiicis of i:i, (Mciimris jiorfiii-iincs.) p(»ijUi(»ii.s of watermen w, .e rerjiiireil to luiuu: tl of the piil)lii'. (loiiiaiii, wiiifh lliliier the (for- te nveiiiKs (.f the hjiids , wliieh \\> iv iiMineiise. Moie.)ver, there is reason •■"iiii'iereial imioii eolhrled tli. tax in Iviiitl wliirh to lieMeve that eaeh jii'I'J'i'tiiiiK (1 to its .spreiall , ; that is'to savrtlie hal hinds ol the dmnaiii the nut kers received troin th- ine ,' and so of tiie rest. Thi' Initeluus. I ill yraiii ; \\h\ wiiieinercimnls tl le lent III in hoys and eatth- Ironi the fa ».V ii;;('lits. (•(lileeted (i|.,. icni. IIIIIOI niers of e,Mlaiii pid\iiices. 'J'iie sail II, forulixed charge for fici;iht, liansported ll oi>- tiie wareiioiuses of J le port of (Jstia. 'J'he haicers' iii le leveiJiies in kind to lOMie lieeame, in a measure, lesponsihle for the p'aii lion h)cuted at in tile wai'i'hoMsi ^- Tliey IkhI it measured I I as soon as it was warehouses liy the experts of tl lielbre adiailtiiiL' it into th transported to IJome by another le nieasiireis nnioii, and thev iiad it Til 111 ler, lion, that of the coasters' of th Tl )een very simple le interior ora:anization of the h'omaii tiadeiin 'I'l who were scattered thron"lmiit tl lose of 111,' same trade, I ions appears to have the dillereiit provinces and eit le em ', for example, the baker: l»iie, yen^ divided into ;iroii| lixes the inaxiiniim of cac'h of t lies,- local ies. A law of llonoriiis and Theod of theso unions iiiiioiis at ."iii;! members. E >S 111 iosiiis Tl there were at least tour t elected annually olliccis who bore the i acli lieso jiarrons were also called s>/iir cs Wl S I lamed for live years, l»v tlieent :ime ui' ixitroiis, le iinioiis, and lese jiatrons or eiieral of the interests of the societv. Tl ire corjioralion, a(, mentiiiiis the folio ■en altered, or because the specialti 1 jierished in the wreck of ai I'laster; a kind of roolers called <(//, es of these oiyanizal •ecMuse the text has cieiit civilization : AI■cllit((•t^ ions have eh; 'Xlfll ; <'arveis m iisers in Mlver; masoii ncd.siifen. s; veterinary surgeons: st ; ear|)eiiters; doctors; lai»i(laii( (l)elieved to be pavers:) paint joiners; statuaries; decorative painter.. , ■„, smiths; niarble-ciitters; gilders; founders 7 d oiie-cnlters; liirbislicr; ers; sculptors; ])eai!-dressers. ; ;iravers on cojiper ; bhu ■old smiths; lool; 111 mosaic carriers ; iier.s. J5esides these tliirtv-ti ill! inal kers ; whcelwii;'!it v/.wrs; weri KmiH'inr Tnijiin l»v ini-^sioi' lof.sliihlisli II iiiiioii of l.liicksniKli's tlifrfldr.', ihiit the lir.st iiciiud tciiiiiiiiir,.,! as 1 ilioiit lii<-tiiiic ul Vcspasiiin. J)iiiiim tl ' I'liisfil. It st'ciiis prolKil)i( issued iiiillioiiziii'' si masters, liiit on coiidition of liavi J,' slaves to loriii associations witii ll las already lieeii stated, H' ifi;;ii of Severiis eiiiels were le eoiiseiif of tlieit uiid of not iiieetiii},' ottener tl iiKil ciiralor wlio should act tor ll leiii luiportaiiee, liowevei', in reialion toll mil oiic(( a iiioiiih. >'otliin:,' of especial uf the fourth r eeiitiiry or a little latei n'iim(.iis,oceiUTed mail the iniddlo |. t.. this time the dilfeieiit eoips of eraftsniei, had in.leed I liitel.v dcpeiideiif on, and under the d H" Afiic;a thc> were suhject to tln^ jurisdietioii of tl in Italy, of iho prefeet of irecrlioii ol, the ;;()veriiin lA. |i le \ iearof tlu« > roviii Hill)sisteii(;e, or of the prefect of 1 ist, of the proconsul or other di^-nitarv of the, i)al Coin diitUis, th •y were siihject eiitirelv to tl lace. «' will of the em iMlveis nnmnwas n..innvd to f.irnish l.iead to the cities and wani,ners t(. liirnisli Iransportalioii : the sutlicieiit number of hands for th ce; 'I the As 'o ,l! peror.s. 'I'hc le;|- the f Dili 1) masons to lurnish it corps ol craftsmen ti( c piildic works : . in a >n, and, in many res|t('cts were strictly instrninents of th word, th adi e, ninistra- But thus far tlhdJIlerent liberty to enter or 1 I, even a jiait of the administration Itsejt. members of these corps were perfectly at ill all carrying- it with them into ai oave them, to pass from one to the other at wiib'and cases to keep their palriiiioiiy entirely 1 iiid retainiiif-' the jtower to sell iv<\ separate, and personal, ly union with whi.'h they miuht, afliliat stated ill a law of Const H'ivc, or beipieath it. This is e.\pres,>ly union. Tl 11, and ol Vai :iiiiiid>oii lis power, however, was tal iiitine of A. 1). 31U, relative to the' bak ens, (A. 1). ;jtj-f.) wh I'll away by a law of Valeiiti Kcrs' niaii on s; ami live years later another h'lw of Val y permit ted «ilts to sons mid Ibrbade the alieiiutfon of any of th unions ■iitinian II absoliitel;t property of the members of the Thus was inanf,viirated the third period in the Iiisti zations. The relations of tl )r.y o f tl before, but the imli vidua! le unions to the Hcvenimcnt i ies(^ or^aiii- emaiiied as l.eard (tf could (Ml :atioii s e()nipositi,i;' tliem contracted new and leave ii s. In fact, lioin this epoch no nieml)er of 'a nn iml enter another upon any pretext wl this, the son was obli-'-ed to cut lalever. -AI nil- ion ore tii.iii l)eloii,ned, and so al or into the union to wliii!h his faioer so was tlie le;-at?e obliot.,1 to enter tl lej>ator. 1 lie same rule was siibseipieiitly exteiied t(» enter the uni tively (claimed all wl ler-iiihuv lielon^red. In short, the trade found in ih ), cither by {iiit, purchase, or in! p(»ssession of property that had beloin-ed t bers; and tJiey also claimed ii /i on uniuiis impera- leiitaiice, v.-cie o one of their metn- tiic stringency of this rule there roriita. share of the jtropcrty itself. 'J who could sever theii liieir patriiiiony, as ])ro\ ided bra'law'V.f Tj i was an exception iu the case of piiest.> connection with a union by surrend tint a bound t erin^' to it ,..,„,,„ , ., . - -'""""i^uiid Arcadius, A. 1). 11,1 .,.): ^:. '" ''''.''^i'V.''.*'-^''':.'''''*'' ■" .t"^'<"' «'' ^^^^^^^ ^ho couid timi oil was cceplalde substitutes; but this, ot , of course, left the member dependent (Tto'it"'' ^'"^ ""'"" '*" ^^"^ «""'^«-"i'"S of tlio ties by which he T! M'Sf V^ WHiS. Op )!C.-.S1 tirely without theircompensatio ve as they api»arently were, were not en- of olitaiiiini;- subsistence i us, ciiief amona' which was the guarantei union. t: ■jocial fai; 11 ease of neeil out of th d c social funds of l us, derive. I from immciise doniaiiis wliich le wme GO !■ I 1 LABOR JN EUROPE AND AMERICA. itiiihonulde and coiistiiiitl.v ansmentcd, served for llio sunnort of the ineii)ber.s,as tbo propcit.vof tlic moiiastoiiesiii tbc .Middle A"es served for the support of the monks. The, wealth of the unions was derived from several sources, tlie eiiief of which were endowments received from tlio government, the profits obtuiiieil fiom the state and from individuals in tlie prosecution of their si)ecialties, and, kistly, the property of their members wiio died intestate. i i j/ ^'^ luiu So lon^' as the prosperity of the trade-unions histed there w-as no laeic ot candKhites tor admission to them ; but there came a time when it was necessary to bring back their fuoitive members bv force, and to seeic tVom ti^'ir'rlH *^'"^^ ^^'^''*' ''^^ ^" ^'''''''^'' ^*^'""^*' ^^""'^'' '"^^'*^ ^'''-'" ^'^'^'"'^^■•l The inislbrtmies of tlie unions were mainly traceable to the cjuisesbv which the empire itself was undermined. The commercial uuh.iis wei'e responsible lor the public revenues, uud when the rents wliic'h thev col- lected trom the public domain were inadecpiate, the government s'eize«l upon their own i)roperty to make good the deficieiicv. A-ain, in the latter days ot the empire there were freqr.ent deart'iis of^)rovision< owing, in a great measure, to the insecurity of industrv. Indeed it is impossible to recount the passages iu Saint Ambrose, Hvmmachus Li- banius, and even m the laws of the emperors, in which it'is related ihat the magistrates repeatedly drove otf without pity the fugitive slaves ami beggars who Hocked to IJome from all j)artsof the empire, when famine invaded Italy and surprised the capital of the world in the midst of the ruirous luxury, leasts, and fancies of her emperors. It may readily be conceived that before resorting to these terrible exiremes tlie treasuries ot the uiiKjiis were exhausted, and that when senators had one i.late less at their tables the members of the trade-unions did not dine at ail Ic was however, the unbounded luxury of the emperors which i)robabIv <'oiitributed most to the ruin of the trade-unions. The extravagance (if these masters of the world was simply incredible. On a banter^nade to him, Caligula constructed a l)ridge ;j,(iOU paces in length, and liaviir.- the width ot the Appuin way, from the port of J5aia to the mole of l>utt" oil. On this costly structuiv he made two triumphal marches, alt.r which it w-as permitted ro fall into de(%'iy, since it was absolutely witli- out use. Claudius, curious to see the bottom of Lake Fueinus had it- waters drawn oit- by means of a canal cut through a mountain the ev cavation ot which is said to have cost the labor of u(»,()0() n n for eleven years. Isero assigned to a pet monkey a palace in Kome, ami a casric and lands in the country. The two thousand mules wI-m-I. drew him and his cor ege when he went to contend for the prize in the Olympic gam,-^ were shod with silver, while his three or four thousamrhu'keus , coaclnnen were «lad in the finest stuffs of Italy. Ueliogabulus, wiio died at eighteen, probably spent in one day more than all tlie others in vly mg the court ot his^ pala.;e with all the .^^amouds, emeralds, and otlier precious stones that could be found in Italy. By such excesses was brought about that state of exhaustion which so crippled the empire m its latter da,^s, )nd in great i)art these e\ce''es were paid tor by the tradciinions. On t.iese, 1,7 great measure, fell tie expense ol the mistresses, the eunuchs, minions, Ll hu-k.-yi he o ' panthers, parrots, and monkeys of the empero; , for It was they hJ were call... u,,ont.. replenish the imperial treasury. Their task o;{\,^J,^^ and mor., dithcult of performance, aa.l from the mid.li. of t cT it . • ! . tury they were, completely disorganize.l, tneir iuemb,.r, I by 11 igiit or voluntary exile the biir.l.'iis wlii.'h short, stei) by step, with the emiiire, they fell to sseeiciiig t.)escap weighed them down, li pieces. In regard to days of the en jiea sail try of t I'aysans et de that they were their imi)lemei whi.'h they w At this peri.)d lesi.le in tlu^ c. had no ]iers.)ni by overseers, s the South to si grave events Iioman laws ai were — 1st. The gre; 2.1. Chiefs ot concessions of oil. The lisca 4th. The clei oth. The snu The entire b. tioned, who we All the histo l)reseiiting ;i j)i the clergy and tivated, and yi^ sion to which t The ]ieasanti lately to the pr or horses, and or exchanged \s Those ol the mals, whose cc other men, not je.'t to the same masters, of whc a certain amoui course with per, trary, were unk hut i)hysical str The peasant i which he was cl The other c.»iili estates to which ail that was dee every pretext lb The .)verseer, necessities, as w of the coarsest .hice.l toapul[)l iind all thefacil The overseer wa tlieir discipline t LABOR IX EOME. 61 CONDITION OF THE PEASANTRY. In ropfard to the condition of tlio asricMiltural Inborors in the latter days of the empire, an idea may he foiined iVoDi the state of tiie Gallic ])easantry of that era, as described by .M. J. Benoit in his " Ilistoire des ]'aysans et de lenr condition A travers Jes siccles." Tiiis author states that they were confined to the fields in company with the animals and their imi>lements of tod, and prohibited from leavinj? the estates on winch tliey were employe about the fifth century, by which t'M' Jiomau laws and institutions were overthrown, the masters of the soil were — 1st. The great Eoman and Gallic families. 2d. Chiefs of native tribes to whom the Koman government had made concessions of land, od. The liscal oflicers of the state. 4th. The on the slaves' llie overseer was the supreme authority iu everything which coneerned tLicir discipline and imnishnient. \\ hen at work they were commonly Ill r-)L> LABOR IX KI'ROl'E AND AMI'niCA. a snpor- 'lividcd info o-ioii]),s tnoro or loss nniiicroiis, ojicli of wliicli Iiad . iiitcDdciit wlio made use of tlie wliip at liis pleasure. When tlie work was iimslied on an estate tlif^ laborers were often hired out toother l)ro[iriet()is, who provided tliein witli food and i)aid to tl compensation as might be ajjreed upon. Their eiothi a character to ])rotect them from cold u' mast(>r such ng was simply of and u sort of hooded cloak. To this thev iiad or ram, consistinf>- chiefly of skin- if furnished it was only because the maste no reeoutnized riKht,nnd eep his human ])roi)erty in good cimdition ittached to the r considered it his interest to e peasants w' '0 were attaclied to the soil could never be len'allr removed from the land to wliich they belonj?e.| even for an instant anil 111 110 case coidd they obtain their liberty. The children of this class belonj-ed to the estates on which they were born, and formed a part of the inventory of the effects connected therewith, except when it hap- l)ened tliat the father ami mother beh)m>-ed to different estates, in which case the children were divided between the i>roprietors, who could, at their own pleasure, separate wives from their husbands, and children Irom theu' father or mother. It will readily be seen that under such a state of tliin;^s the fiimily could have no existence. The lu-ojuietois did not consider marriage to have been intended for this kind of people, reuardins' their i)easan'ts as they did their cattle, and lookin,!;- upon the reiiroduction of their kind sHuply as a means of increasiiio- fhei,. own wealth. In the eyes of the master the peasant was a siiecies of enemy, and was treated with all the rigor of a state of hostility. The oppression of the ir aster was aggravated by the exactions of the government; for, beside tne price which the peasant had to pav to the f(U'mer tor the land which he ocinipied, he had also to pay the land-tax a tax lor pastures, a capit.'iliou tax, and various excei>tional assess- ineiits. Jloreover, he was obliged to work on the roads, to furnish u»rses to postal agents, to pay octroi duties in the cities, and to bear his quota ot the expense connected with replenishing the ranks of the army. In collecting these tax(>s and enforcing these various dues, the fiscal agents of the government i)roceeded with such unheard-of r ■• vr that even the small proprietors, as well as the slaves and the peas ints who were attaclied to the soil, were reduced to the necessity of abiindonin"- the lands tney cultivated and Hying to the foresis, in order to (scape a't the same time from the masters and the tax-collectors, who rtere rob- bing them of all their resources. A priest of this epoch, named Salvien. lias left us a terrible picture of t le miseries and sufferings which (he peasants endured, and l»y wliicii they w(>re diiveii to use in iiisiir'e(rtioii against the ruling class' " \\ hat else," says this historian, " but to give themselves uii vo bri- gandage, could lie done by these unhatipv people, ruined, as they were i>y incessant ])ublie exactions; menaced continually by crushiu'v and' iinremuting proscriptions ; com[)elled to abaiuhm tlieir homes to escaiie torture, and to exile themselves in order to avoid punishment? Theeiie- imesol the country were less terrible to them than the tax collectors, and I hey sought retuge among the barbarians to escap,> the violence inflicted or threatened by these officials. Their condition, hard and inhuman as it was, would have been less cruel if all had sullered equally in common, i.ut what, rendered It more intolerable was that the burd<.n was not equa h.v distnrmted; that ihe tribute of the rich was shifted to the shoulders ot the [loor, and that the feeble bore the burdens of the strong. Ihiis oppressed and impoverished, nothing was leit to these LABI peojile but to of their conn the Goths, tl under the ap] aj.'pearance o which was foi jiudiated." Such iiijust subordination into a league cniits, they j against the lit " Despoiled to death, aftei zenship, they are so n urease and stigmatizi ])elled tlieni tc ourselves who the sentences those who divi who, like vora have been g gauds, who an ilesh and rega men thus treat ))eiiiiitte(l to : nothing was le 'J'hus, accord Icnce and a lai imue their ag coMipanioiis in and center of < near Paris, in i they could del) selves over all of the country strike for their der the lead oi' of legions. Th quelled by Clai rears, and, by jj Under Dioch massacred tliei citie.", iiid villa inian, who pros- although the I! jii iled to capiti had assumed tl i'lom this pe resting the fore empire. LABC The overthro the uortheru bi LABOR IX KUROPF. VSin'll Till-: n:rDAL SYSTCM. G3 pco])lo but to cliooso botwpt'iibii?:aii(1iise aiKlrofncfoamoiH' tl IP eiioinics liov fill I ol tlipir (;ountr.v. Tims," says Walvien, ,.,,,, . ...,^. „.,„,,„.,-.,„,,, ,,, llie Cdths, tlio r.aj;an(li, or other barbarians, pielerrin;,' to Iiv«^ Irco, niulcr tlie appoaiiiiicpof captivity, to Ipadiii^- tlio life ot slaves witii tlio ai'penrance of liberty. For tbis reason tlie name of Jioinan eitizeii, which was formerly held in so high estimation, is to-day voluntarily re- jiudiated." Sncli injustice and cruelty naturally and inevitably led to acts of in- suhordination and insnriectioii. The malcontents organized themselves into a leaji'ue, and their number beinj;- rapidly auji>niented by new re- cruits, they Riive themselves up to brigandage and to insurrection ajiainst the IJoinans. " Despoiled by bad and cruel jadfjes." says Salvien, "tortured or ])nt to death, alter havin.jf lost the libeity <;uarauteed by their IJomaii citi- zenship, they renounced the honor ot this iiaiiie; and yet. alter this, we are so unreasonable as to impute tluMr misfortune to them as a crime, isnd stifjmalize tiiem with the name of IJap^audi, which we have com- j)el!ed them to assume. We call them rebels and brigands, wIkmi it is ourselves who have driven them to revolution. Is it no' our injustice, the sentences of iniipiitous judges, their proscription, rheir robberies; those who divert to their own ]uo(it tlie proihict of the taxes; (hose who, like voracious beasts, have devouied the peojihi whoso interests have been '■iven them to iirotect; tiiose, less humane than bri- gands, who are not coTitented with despoiling their victims, but tear the llesh and regale themselves with their blood ? Who can wonder that men thus treated should become biirbarians, when they were no longer liermitted to remain liomans ? Having completely lost their liberty, nothing was left them but to , 280, massacred their masters, and ravaged with liieand sword multitudes of (■itie.^^ and vilhiges. Tlie empi^ror sent a. Ibrce against them under Maxi- inian, who prosecuted his warlike ojierations with so much vigor that, iillhough the liagaudi were sujierior in numbers, they were soon com- pi iled to capiiulato. Two of their leaders, iElianus and Aniandu ■), who liiid assumesterii Europe by the uortheru barbarians was followed by the institution of a new order Gi LABOR IN' EUROPE AND AMERICA. of society, an order which grow oat of the reliitioiis of tlie ooiuiiiojcd to tlio (;on(|ueroi'S, out of tlie character ami liabits of tiie latter, and out of tlie turbiileDt state of society wiiich marked tlie times. In (ianl ami Italy the barbarian C(>iique!")rs foir d the soil, for the most part, in the liiiii'ds of larj;e proprietors and cultivated by slaves. In some districts tliey .seized the entire territory, and divided it anu)ny' them aceoidiny \o their humor and their interests. Jn other crises they divided the land, in proportions arbitrarily iixed accordinjj; to their own v.ill, between themselves and the fornu'r jjroprietors. iUit in all cases the jteasanls were excluded from a .share in the possession of the soil, and ('ompelied to labor for the new masters just as they had done for their i)iedeees,sors. The system of .slaveiy had existed among the barljariansas well as under liie liomaiis, but in a somewhat mihler form, owing to llui fanuly and tribal oigauizatioii under which the former lived. Among them the slaves belonging to the domain of a chief formed a part of his lamily ; and as they «ere always under the master's eye there grew up between them and him a certain .symiiathy which was conducive to their well- being. Among the Ronjans, on the contrary, as well as in the lloman ])rovinces ot \Ve'-'terii I'^urojje, the landed proi)rietors weie addicted to living in the cities and towns, and weie rarely, if ever, .seen by the slaves who tilled their fields. The new nuisters, bringing with them into the lioman provinces the manners of their own country, took up their abode on their domains in the midst of their peasants. Tlie lloman villd gave way to the less elegant but more formidable castle of the rural chief, which was a fortress as well as a dwelling. The rude tastes of the coii- qiieroi-o, coupled with the waste and destructiou incident to a long struggle for mastery and a con.staiit ueeessity fordefen.se against aggres- sive neighbors, almost destroyed the demand lor the produ(!ts of the more advanced iudu.strial arts, led to a steady decline in the poimlation of the (!ities and towns, and made the castellated dwellings of the nobles the (tenters of industrial life and the nuclei of social organization. It was a state of society e.'-tablished at the point of the sword, and the .same weapon was for several centuries the princiiial source of law. Violence and depredation were the order of the day, and there could be no secur- ity for any one save ■ _ a member of some considerable ctmimnnity capa- ble of united action iu niutua! defense. In such a state of thing's it was iiU])ossible for small landed propriett)rs to maintain their indejieiideiice; and they generally gave in their allegiance to some powerful noble or jilaeed themselves under the protection ot the church, in either case sur- rendering their land and paying certain rent or service-dues in con.sid- eration of its usufruct. Everything el.se was sacrificed to military organ- ization and etlicient leadership, ami isolated independence becaim' impos- sible. Hence, outside of the walled towns, which in those days were few and feeble, all the detached elements of society necessarily gravitated to the seignorial castle, and there grew up, rather than was in.stituted, tliat form of .society known as the feudal .system, with its gradations of vas- salage, its villeins, and its serfs. It has lieeii remarked that in this new form of society, and in the transition state by which it was i)rece(led, it was found impossible for the small proprietors to maintain their independence. It should be said, however, that eflorts were made by the kings to protect them from the aggressions of the nobles and the dignitaries of the church. On this subject a statute of ('barlemag!!'>. the master of an empire which embraced the whole of France, a jiortion of Spain, more than one- half of Italy, and nearly all of Germany, contains the following: Tlip poor allp<;o that tlioy liavo boon despoiled of their property, and they coniplnin equally ol' tlie tiisLops, tbe abbe^, and their piUiouN,aiid of ibe uobles and tbcii'Bnbuiiliu- LABOl aif military coii\ni iii:;;' to j;iv(! up bis oiiii'ial, tlie.st< pern and never fail to s tlieiii bis property This statute At a later d come to the del he, " which sIk devolved upon inagistrates, jir the possessions wishing to [mn f'ourt days bef Anv such couti voith" Nothwith.stat regard to the s otlier members they did not \) pletely .stripjiei diiion of serfs. Of the serfs hound to the .S' their sei'vitiide. '>f the three chi! T'lus among I ••'(Iving ditier .liere .superior which consisteil other stated w-( reiij) foi the bis a 11(1 40 feet wid gather the hay There were a coiitributions ii 'iiie ecclesias three day,s iu tl themselves, ant various kinds o If, on the con lie could exact f services also oo: &c.. i d" "^auce th'> •^ r, and to .diiiiSi ( ent. I'he.s iwo (;la the ,_,reat digiii consideration t( the great milit; hmged to the 1 contested by tlr heavy, their co nultility. Ill other resp 5l 'Tl LABOR IN EUROPE UNDER THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 65 atP military coinmainliT.s. Tlicy also sny that wlicn n \M>nr ficciuaii .'liows liimsclt" iniwil- Ji!i;;ti) fjivti up Iiis |ji lila^c to I lie liislioii, tlir !ilil.c, t lie coiiiil, tlic jii.inc, ortln' iji lirriry ollirjal, tlu'.so iKTsou.s av:ill lliciiisclvi's of I'vciy ociMsioii lo trnir' liiiii wiUi IkivsIi-k-ss, and iifvcri'ail to scud liiiii to tlii^ army, so tlji'it wlicii (•oiiiidctrly niiiicd lie iiiitv boU thi.'in his inoiifity on tlicir own tcrnis. This statute boars m-n- im iiuKu bound to the soil, but there were certain dii'lerenees in the degree of (heir servitude. And t'.iis was also the case with respect to subdivisions "f the three classes. ins among the ecclesiastical serfs tli(>re weie two distinct degrees I .living dilierent services. Those of the first degree, who were every- ,lHMe superior to the serfs of the laity, !ia(! to pay certain dues in lal)o'r which consisted in the cultivation of a detinite extent of ground, and ir. other stated work. Each serf was recpiired to sow and fence in and reap foi the bishop, or for the convent, a i»iece of ground -100 feet Umg and 40 feet wide, to assist in getting m the harvest, and to mow and gather the hay from an acre of meadowlaiid. There were also other dues for the lields and pastures, and certain coiitributions in poulti'y and eggs. The ecclesiastical serls of the .second class were retpiired to work three days in the week for the bishop or the abbe, and three days for themselves, and to furnish the teams and implements necessary ftir various kinds of farm-work'. If, on the contrary, the master iurnisJied the oxen and implements, he could exact so much the greater amount of personal labor. Their services also comprised the furnishing of work-horses, hauling produce, &c.. r di '^ance of lifty leagues,* carting in the hay. grain, ami wine of til" r, and various other duties, a lUiline in which exposed theiu to ,»u..isi ( ent. L wo classes of ecclesiastical serfs belonged moro especially to In other respects there was, in those rude times, nothing defijiitely 6 L *The French postal league is a little less tliiiu vi* luiles. Ill 66 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ^' sottlod, tlio fii'liitrnry ^viIl of the master alone dccicliiig the degree of servitude to be exiicted I'loir. tin; serf. Thi'K' were, liuwcver, eertain jjcneral rules establishf'd in assemblies of the iioliles wliicli were lieid at interval-:, and tlies ■ rides were nc- cej)ted as laws by those who tool; i)art in the fraiiiiii};' of them. JUit it mnst be remembered that only one of the parties interested was pref-ent in thesi^ assend)lies. In (listribntin.u' lain'is among the peasants the more e-\tended and fruittnl domains lyin^;- nearest to the seiunorial dwelling weie nsnaliv assigned to the most robnst and aetiveot th<- serfs, and to tiwe havint; lariie families, to assist '.iiem in their labors; while to siieh as from physical fee1)Ieness, or rniy other eaisse, lacked the reipiisite conditions for the advantaueoiis worldnji- of tli"ii' atlotmeiits, it was the custom to assi!.;n lands of inferior ((iiality and vi smallor <'xteut. From tlie former class were exacteu p'v.-,tati<*ns ii money and {irain, war taxes, or tribute, a large an;ui(nN'>f teannng', and many feu<.lal ti'sUs. 'IMie burdens imposs-d on the ]attt>' ■i;is.^ were lighter in a])pear- an(^e, but in reality more oppressive ; for, i*" instead of wheat and tim- ber they were only required to contiibt'tc small grains and faggots; if, instead of the work of tlie i)low, tiiey were only re(piired to give that of iheir hands, it must be added that in l!."n of the more valuable serv- ices which Uiey were unable to render, liu\v were required to jx-rform the h!!mble--t ;nid iriost menial d'lidgery, such as togriml thecoriMxuiorm guard duty around the castle, load and unload manure, &c. Jn short, one may gain .'.n adequate ideii of the services that they were obligeil to render to the Ii»rd from the fact that they were required to give him tive days' work per week. The imposts levie reriJKS uiioti w h upon cAn- of till latter it viaa co and thereftu'c h could eaii.-ie pea out trial, and tl by their own es It is not nece ties to which 1 tiiey were at th p'lwer. Audth tiM'ir serfs, shoi been relaxed fo vantage. All t coir^idered as b tached except li right to oi>pose with one not liv iiig the iiro[)ert; without referem The <)i)i)ressic sistance. Assoi the Ghildes, wh territory, thong chielly tlourishe These a.ssocia assistance ; 3d, An idea of th penalties that w statutes, piiblisl uiitted to exist, of Charlemagne certain penalties tl's statute, "ai !-, inbership li 'omplices 'I; 'r't, nostrils; - . lie shall scon /liese a.s.soeia file tyranny of t •! army as the '. ' ill • my the i)eas '.iMi.n>i(ii action, !;..,.;/. ,],. Jninie! of tl e wheels of the vehicle, the load which it carried, and other condi- tions iaqiosed by cities and by powerfnl nobles. The [leasants were not ■ (>('MHinits for Niiiuiuiiily, adopt I'll LAKOli IX LI ROPE UNDER THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 07 I permid-Ml to testify in courts of justice; and if ii iniiii nmidcivd mi,' of : 'Ml, lie. nuH i!.)t pro .< 'i-nted for the criiiie itscii; hut simply for tlie «i .'Liigc •■.■(.•asioiied to li'e propiietoi'. lM)r tliis icuson tlif lifcOf a free ji('ii.-;nit was coiisidcrivt of no value, wliilc that of a serf attached to tho soil was estimated at 4.5 sous. The liipuaiiaii law iulHctcd the same jH-nalty uitou hiiu who had uiurilcred a free man as upon Idiii who had stolen a dozen mares, or one she-ass, six sows, or one hoar. The i-.'iiishmeiitx. inliictcd on the serfs varied a(.'cordin,y' to localitv, an'i the dispo.--ii!(iK of the proprietor; thus, the code of the \'isiiroths !ti(-hi!>itetl the Ui!)ii!;v or tiit^ uiutilatii'tj;' of a serf, and estal)lished the Terms upon which a settlement !i)i.nht l)e made for u wound inllicted upon oiii- of them by -mother than the projirietor. In tiie ease of the latter it v*a8 considered that the injury he iidlicted fell upon himself, and therefore he was not lield to account. Tiie hisiiops and their agents could cause peas^ants guilty of any misdemeanor to he i)nnished with- out trial, and the numher of hlows which they inflicted was determined by their own estimate of the gravity of tiie oil'ense. It is not necessary here to speak of the mutilations and otlier cruel- ties to wiiicli fu;.;-itive peasants were subjected; snllice it to say that tiiey were at the mercy of their masters, who very often abused their P'lwer. And the choice wliicii the masters had of selling' or e.Nclianging ti 'ir serfs, shows that the ties which bound the latter to the ylebeliad been relaxed tor the benefit of their masters rather than their own ad- vaiJage. All the serfs, even those who cultivated laud on shares, were considered as belonging to the soil, from which they could not be de- tached exce[»t by the will of the proprietor. The latter had always the right to oi>pose the marrage of the serf, when it was to be contra(;ted with one not living on the estate. And the children of such unions, be- ing the i)roperty of two masters, were liable to hi' divided between them without refereiKie to their own wishes or those of their ])arents. The oppressions which have been narrated did not fail to i)roduce re- sistance'. Associations were formed, known in history by the name of the Ghildcs, which quickly extended their ramihcations"^ over a large territory, though it was in Normandy and the Isle of France that they cliieily nourished. These associations had a triple object: 1st, conviviality ; 2d, mutual assistance; 3d, i)olitieal and civil reform. An idea of the rules which governed them may be obtained from the penalties that were pronounced against them, as well as from their own statutes, published at a later day in the districts wherii tiiey were per- mitted to exist. As early as A. D. 770 tiiey were i)roliil)ited iiy a statute of Charlemagne, and another statute of the same monarch ordained corti'.in i)enalties proportioned to the gravity of the case. " First," says tlis statute, "any one who shall commit an oil'ense in eonsecpienee of h. : 'Kibershi|) in a guild shall be ])ut to death. In the second place 1 'oniplices shall be compelled to Hog each other, and cut each 'I; 'r'h nostrils; ami, thirdly, members who are not guilty of any specific - . ne shall scourge each other, and cut each other's liaiV." ihese associations, whose efforts were principally directed against the tyranny of the nol)les, were never able to organize themselves into •! army as the Bagaudi had done. Ibit toward the end of the tenth «.!!i;iry tlu^ i)easants attempted to assemble and unite their efforts for '.oi!.i!).jii action, [Jimn this important fa.ct in the iiistory of labor, CtuH- ^■•■< ■<\)o de Jumieges niakes the loUowing statement : pi'iiHimt.s f()i'iiiii) forosts nnd ot t ir watris, rxr.).! Mich hh lli.'.v flios,, fi, mimUc for I llrni«rlvrs. Fi„,u r;irli loi'iil IIH- scnilily two mm wciv, .liosrii to ciiiiy th.-n.' iv.soliitions to jin iihNcinlilv nrnvokril at a ryiilnil point in the interior, in ord.T to linvf tljcni coMllrnifil. Wlil.n ll'c .Ink., fuf Nonn.'iiHly) lirciiiiic iiwiirc of tliis inovrnn-nl, lie sent ii liodv of troops im.lrr tlio ron- ilnrt ol ( '01101 Iv'o.lolpiictorliiisiisc tile liolilncss of ilio pciiHiintH im.l .liMonso tlii-ocn- trill ii.s.s,.n,l,i.v nl.ovf iiiriitioiir,!. Tlio coiiiit iit oiue Ncizcl nil l|„. .IcpmiiM nml .sonio ollicrs nil,, wriv lonn.l in llicir coniiMn.v, im.l Imvin- rnt olV llo^ir IkuhIs in,. I fret, Nent tliciii liuclj lnisniiril;il,.(l to 11;,. j,,,!,! iissmiMirs v, briie,. tln^v .:iinir. The i.ciisnntH oveirir.vrd iiy tins snniniiiry tiviitnioiit, ■ Diiriiior tho ix'iiod t'xffiidiiijr from tltc fciitli to tlii^ fourfcontli (•ciitury tlK' cliisH til sells wli.) Ii('liiii>f('(l iM'isoiiiillv to tlic lord jiliiiosf (Mitiicl'v (lisiippcaii'd, and tlio sells atfiiejied to the soil iiiikU' slow l)tit steady liioj^icss toward jieisoiial liberty, altlioii-ii they were still the vietiiiis «)f most onerous exactions on the part of inttli the lords and tlie ehiireh. In eoneedinnf lands to the peasants, tlie feiidtil i)roprietors wei.-iied tlie advantayes and distidyantaocs of serfdom, iind ihev liiadn^iUy lonmi that free labor yielded them the lar;;cr revenue fr.)m tlieir 'estates. I iider this system the impletnenls of httsbandry, tht; ciittie, and tho teams were ;it the aeeonnt iind risk of the petisant, wiio was tiins stimu- lated to nse them with proper care. 7 lie lord cedetl his land in (tonsid- eration of certiiin dues iind seryiees, and piyt^ himself no fmlher trou- ble ('xeejit to see timf the dues were jiiiid iMid the services pei 1..! iiied. The dues attiiidied to tiie occnpation ot hind were paid by the tenants in seyeiiil forms: I''iist,iii money; secomily, in oTiiiii iind wine, thirdly, m cattle and poultry; fmuthly, in articles or consntnption ; liftlily, i'li timber and fire-wood ; sixthly, in viirioiis luvstiitions and tasks. 'The dues in money were of two kinds, the one fixed iind tln^ other contin- gent, iind known respectively as the "censes" and tho "veiites." The "cense" ^vas the tiix whieli wits pjiid in money iit a specified linn', nsn- ally iit tlie festival of some saint. If wiis most fretinentlv the jirice iiaid for tho use of the meadows. There Wiis also another ""cense," which was i)aid either at the death of tho lord or at that of the tenant. The "veiites" consisted of a tax ])aid to tlio sei-neiir for the alienation of lands dei)endent upon the " sei,uniorie." or estiite, and varied consider- ably in Its form. The heaviest of tiio dues ptiid liy tlso iiciisaiits was undoubtedly that which was levied upon oniiu, for this was the ono ill respect to which the lords could most rciidily enforcio their exactions. The sheaves could be counted in the fields, or the yraiu meiisured on the thrashin^-tloor or in tho barn, i)reparatory to liaiiliiip- away the share which belonsi'd to the lord. The exactions of iitioii to furnish fa.n-ots, vine-poles, staves, liuojjs, v^'C. rikoro were still otiier exjiclionsefiually biirdensonio and vexatious, such as the rc(]uircment to furnish lodoinn; tor the stMoncur -andliis suite to feed him and Ins doj-s, and to furnish hay and j^tuss for his horses. ' It IS true that tho right of lodyiny wiis purchased, but in many localities LABO: the aoif>iiouiN i a tax on marrii collected in piii his son, fiiive li Wiis taken prisi her deiiiiitids w tainuieiit of th tiy. J II this til owed their mas tho caiiacity of in repair the fo cessi lilted by t and in times of weciirity of the .' tinctioii betweei thisilistinction owing power oi yoritiiblo prison not dispose of I the seigneur wti in his lief. W'ii l)roi»erty, wlietli and even at this liis permission. diilk's, iind ruin jieiialty, some a Tiie soignours t( them, and that Hiivo ill it preci oignty was so i given np to itll under v, hose Jiu justice Wiis iioth A troubiidmir Eon," ii statemoi times. " J'eiisai peo])lo of tho fbi hlies to the iiitm in obsctiro iilace: would never wi ciiurch. 'These not obtain from take ovorything, suffering-. !So m baiiilfs thiit wo ii such op|iressioii i uieuibors, tho siii courage. Let us front in dofonce < there are thirty t learn to coiuiuer shall then bo iibl rivers, iind to use Such were the From tho elov broke out iu Frai LABOR IN KUROPE UNDER TKE FEUDAL SYSTEM. fi!) thP s(>i«ii(MirH imposed a special tax lor tlicir (I„frs. Tiicv also imposiMl a tax (Ml iiiamaycs, aiiotlicr on dcallis, a!ii| a capilatioii-tax, wliidi was colloclcd III pailicular rases, most rie(pientlv when llK>sei;.qieiir ki'iditi'rl Ins son, j-ave Ins daughter in maniaye, departed lor tlie llolv Land, or was taken prisoner. Tlie same nsaye was followed l.v tlie clniivli onlv lier demands were for the I'ope, lor n^li-ious ser\ iees;aiid lor th.' ..iiler- tainmeid ot the Uinji and his relimie when travcJiiiL; ;iiioii-li the eoiin- try. Jii this time of continual strife helween rival i.obles, the i.easants owed th.-ir masters military services, and accompanied them to war in the capacity of infantry, it was they also who constructed and kept, lu repair tiie torlilications of the castle, and performed the teainin- lie- cessilated by this work. Lastly, they were re(piired (.11 ceitain davs and in times ot danger to perhirm ^iiard dntv around the castle lor liie security ot the seigneur and his suite. Altlani-h at tins period the dis- tinction between the tie<' man and the serf was l)e-iniiin« to lie observed thisdistiiiction really amounted to little in tlie lueseuceof theoverslnd- owiii;; iiower of the i-eiyiieiirs. "Each estate," savs Alablv, "was i veritable prison for its inhabitants, and these preteiided free'men could not dispose ot their property, either by will or by their own act, wi'ile the seij-iieur was lej-aided a.s their heir in delault of diildren domhilcd in his liet. W itliin tins limit he did not permit them to dispose of their property, whether movable or immovable, exceot to a small amount • and even at this time they could not niarrv without liavin-' piin-hased his permission. iJurdened everywhere with fatiyiiiiiK' tasks, humiliatiii.-' duties, and ruimms coiitrilmtions. they were constaiitlv in fear of some penalty, some arbitrary tax, or the total confiscation' of their "ocds The seiKiienrs tenaciously cluii}.- to the idea that evervthin- belon"..d to them, and that the laborer did not possess even liis own habitation save 111 a precarious manner, dependent on their liberality." .Sover- eignity was so united to property that the j.easants were "practicallv given lip to all the hauj-hfy and fantastic caprices of the proiirietors under A-, hose jurisdiution they lived; and it miuht truly be said that justice was iiothin;;' more than the will of the baron. A troiil)adoiir of the twellth century has left 11s, in tlm " lloman do Ju)U, a statement of tlu3 wants and aspirations of the laborers of tin* times. "IVasaiits and the iiihabitanfs of the cities," savs he "the people ot the forest as well as the ])eople of theiiiain, have" held lisseui^ hhesto the number of twenty, thirty, or one hiiiidrcd i.ersons, meetin..- m obscure places, many of them bavin;.' sw:>in to earli other that thev would never willin-ly tolerate either a seioiuMir or a patron of the church. ' Ihe seigneurs,' say they, • do us nothiiio- bnt injury, and we can- not obtain tnmi them either ri«ht or justice. They possess evervthin..- take everything-, eat everythiuK-, and compel us to live in poverty aiid siitlerni^-. «o many are the services, the taxes, the provosts, and the bai Ills that we have not a siii-le day of peace. Why do we submit to such oppression'^ Are we less men than they? We have the same members, the same stature, the same imwer of endinaiice : all we lack i.s coarase. Let us bind ourselves to-ether by oath. ,ad luesent a united lioiit in delence of oiir possessions. It is not s<; ^vv\ ditlicnlt to li-lu • there are thirty or forty able-bodied peasants to e'ach noble. L.'tu.s loarii to conquer, and no one will then exercise dominion over us We shall then be able to cut trees, catch game in the forests, and tisli in the nvers, and to use, at our own pleasure, the meadows and the waters'" 8iich were the thoughts which agitated rl le From the eleventh to the fourteenth centi'i'v t asants of that d l.v. broke out iu France and iu other parts of E errible insurrections urope, the peasants orgau- 70 LAUOR IN ErUoPE AXD AMKHICA, ii: hi iziiiK tlKiiiiKclvoH into army corps, iiud (lodiii'in<; war ii the men timidly crept to the tojis of t lie steeples to survey (|h- country and see il' tlie iieiiiliborhood w, is eleai' of armed bands. J)espair armed tiie poi)iilation ; llicic was no lon<;er anylliin;f to cat, save in the castles, and to the castles the peasants miiib,' their way. Thus be^au that terrible war known as the -lacipu'rie riots. Each peasant, inspired by venj;eance and by want, as iiiucli as by hatred, attacked the castles as the famished wolf attack's a sheep-fold. Tliis iiisurrectiiin, like that of the IJa^aiidi, took its rise in the isle of France, and .preaii over the northeastern provinces. I'or six weeks, say the historians, the pc sants liillayed and ravaj^ed the chateaux, committcu the };rcateat ci -■Hies, and yave ihemselves up to the most fearlul excesses. In this, hu\\ever, they only imitated the example of the seij^'iiciiis, and even their worst excesses could not exceed the limits of a Just retribution. Their very frenzy, however, w.is one of the chief causes .)f their deleat; for, bein^ without disci[)iiiie or unity of action, they i:iiul(i not withstars! the inilifary or,uaiiization with which they were o|)po.sed by the nobles. Their chief, (luiliaume CaiUet, was taken prisoner by (Jharles the J>ad, of Navarre, who had him crowned with a red-hot trijiod ul iroi; mU then belu'aib-d. A few weeks later the Cajital d(^ JBu'ti and I ho Count of Foix slaii^diteicd seven thousand of these , int-; in the vicinity of .Au-aiix, and thus bronj^ht the insurrection to .•a\< \yhat has been thus far .said in !( .L^ard to labor under tin udi, s- tem refers chielly to France, and is conliued to the labors oi the peas- antry; but, as has all -ily been jiointed out, the iiner industrial arts were almost nnkiiown ai the period under consideration, the town and city iiopiilalions were \ cry limited, and Jie work perlbrmed on the rural estates really comiirised the yreat Inilk of all the work lor which, in that rude ayt', there was any occasion or deniaiid. The condition of the .serfs and peasants on the rural estates was tlu'iefore at that time the eondi- tiou of the vast majority of the laboring' [lopuhitiou. LAH It is now ti tors diiiiiijLi 1 1 dialely siiccei thirds (d' the | boiida;;'e ajipi put in bonds arc spoken of coininoii inea." were a mediii cmnpnted. The operati I cult 111 al labor J as domesiie s( iheiii with sin Hence in in architects, a^;' the most iiiiii IHiisuits of till tii'cat as \v not inaleriall_\ services were the terms on \ more onerous the asceii.! lie somewhat «re the chain ol si Jlence lor a society were i to be divided 1 Ace[ittlie bai and socmen, d uniiorm in thii fallen into bon Iroin this, how- One class of ollices ol rural to sustain then Other ranks parlieidaily tli bciii;;- allowed and i.tner ai tii l>loyed in the i which tlie\ liai to these Were tl ahout ilie man Their lives w tlieii- owners tl hut, I.I other n as to be consid Giraldiis rela in the rei;:ii of overstocked : a a cottaj.;-e in Si* lu the detail; LAIlOli IN KlKOI'l': I'NDKR THE FKUDAL SYSTKM. 71 ■illK l-'j;ri>Al, I'KIUOD IN KMil.AMJ. It is now tiiii." f.. f;li,iic.- hiicil.v at tin-. l.ist..iv (.f our ICrijurlisli aiirrs. fnis . imnn lln- |u.n..(l of Saxci. HU|Mcniiic.v, i.ii.l in tlu. .•(.nluiics inmicj. (iialHy sncccc.iin- the Nurnian (M,n(|.ir,st. ii, H,,. Lnnicr ikmumI Iw... tiiiii S..I |lu> |M-(.|,lr arc .said to iiavc luni (.Jllicr slmcs, or in a stale of li.ini.)acliiM-slavat , „sm,s of freemen and serfs or slaves f.\eepttlieb;iroiiialpioprielorsoi liiiKiaiM! 'heir vassals, the fiee tenants and socmen t;;e ce, were reipiiied to provide poultiv, e"'s and uner articles of di.'t for the lonr.s table; and the latter \ure"e7n! ployed ill the trades of smith, carpenter, and other haiuWeralL ;uts, in which the\ had been instructed at theehar-e of llieir nia.sters, inlerior to these Were the thralls, oiHirvi, i-riiicipaliv emiiloved lu menial services alii 111 I lie mansion. Their lives were [irofe.ssedly protected by law, and with the coiiM'tit of their owners they were allowed in .some cases to piiivliase their licedom- hut, ,.. other respects, they acre in the lowest de-iadation, ,so much so lis to be c.Misidered mere chattels and rej-ular articles of commeree. (.iraldus relates that, the number of them exported to Ireland for sale in therei-n ot Henry 11 wa.s m) Rieat that the market was absolutelv overstocked: and irom Willia.n I tothereion of -John there wassearcelv ii cottaj^e ill Scotland but jiosscssed an iMij^lish slave. lu the details af the borthr wars meutiou is Iretiueutly made of the 72 LABOR IN ETTROrE AND AMERICA. iS H ij iiumlMi- (tf slave's (iik.-ii pi is()n<-rs as r..niiiii,u- a priiM'ipiiI pill t of rhc l.onfv Jt j^s ..ut n^sy tuasn-rlaiii rroi,, wiilrrsortliisprrio.1 tlh'ir nris,^ ti.'.Moi the M.vcral classes ot l)uii• <'".i'>>nl i..ss lenal p,,.te.-tion from th. ii|.usii.;e ot their oppressors than the hiin.anity of modern lemshition liUH extended to the 1.1 me es,,| the j.opul.ition at Ihe eh.se of the An-l(.-8a\on period' >iit \Mili iM.^reat |.releiisi..iis to aeeuraey. In thirty four eounties tlu' l.ar,uessesandeiliz,.nsare set down at 17,I()o, the Villeiiis at hr'lilL .V;.';-':."''^,!'.'' "^ .l,NJ.i, the cottars , it rj,!M7, and the serfs or thralls at -....7 J.ie reinaimn- population c.nsisled of freemen, eedesiasties, J^nmlil.s, thaius, anil landowners. ' The linal extinetion of slavery in Kn-land was a slow and crnulmil pn.e.ss. 1 he tirst blow whieh Hie system r.reived was in the disnse of lie ancient practice of redncin- prisoners ..f war to the c.aidita.ii of Nmdmeii, a .step whieh was probably dm- (o the Inimane teachin.-sof thnsrianity,and wiueh certainly marks a deeided advance towanlthe .seiiliineiits ai.pn.priate to a lii-her and kindlier civilizath.u. In the ceventi, century th,. IN.pe formally issued a bull lor the emancipation ot shues, and in IKiL', in the -ivnt eonncil of the nation lield at, West- minster It was dechue.l nnlaulul for any man to .sell slaves openlv in the Jiiarket, wliieh had [.reviousiy been the common custom of the eouii- tr,'. It was not until -several centuries later, however, that slaverv was hnally and entirely alu.lishe.l in iMii-land. An attempt toextin- guish u made ,1, l,,i.,;,prov..d uiisiiccessiiil, and even Cnaiiweil did n<>t srrnp.e to scud tne Sei.tlisli i.ris.Miers, taken at JJunl.ar in Kir.O, to tho U est India coiomes as .slaves. The system was linally alaiiished I)v statute Ml the rei^n ..f Clmrh.s II, but ev..,i so late as ITTo eertain Seo?. tish colliers were so far from beiu" free that their servi. -s wer,^ b..u.dit U.u sold with the esiales to which they were attached, and to win' the. couhl be brou-ht back by summary procedure before a magistrate It they yntured to leave and seek en vment elsewhere hut thoiiuh slavery in the Hritish isles, as well as on the continent, uuuntained a feeble spark ot life until a com, .arativelv recent peiiod, the luocess ol cnfranehisemeiit, both personal and i.oliiieal. had been noin- on tor many .■enturies. and had gradually e!.an-ed the face ofsocietv" One ol the .•liiel aoen,,es m elle<.|i>i«- this ^reat change was the j-rowlh of I i 'w ,i"i r\"' 'VI'' '■!^"'; ^^'""'- ^'"-' tinlMdent and lawh-ss .(M .d wiueh ivsnlted in the development of feudalism the warlike and ncdatory habits ot the a-e left little security eilherfor imlustry or com- ineree; and lioni this tact, coupled with the absence of anvdeman.l for the . J V IhTwIilrin t'"^ ^''^7' "; "''"'' '■*''*'''^'"'^^ ''^'^ ^'i'-^^^b- l"H'n made, it ■ ^"'' ! , . in ) ; ''"^"',"' '" •■*>"f""'"f"I c.mntries, that from the tilth ' to the eiexenlh ceiUuries there was no tendency ainou- the popuiatiuu LAI toward iirba growth (.file inid left wei( So Hreat, in jmuer, that t lords, whoolt U\ ill viiriniis little less I ha Leicester e\a name the sun l»rol»iiliIy ||,s I, "cy to i.'ome uiairied in \ ic Hut with III libration of il ikcre eaiiie im (lie «eri!i of a «radii;(lly uros l>clei\' had sea eeiitiale in th Another eirein tcrialiy to the the .V their condiiei the biirycsses a crj;eti(! resistane imreconied, strii rriiii,,r h>, '""' ''■'■' »'•'■<' M.^nlilv,,.. ;;;''' "',"■:'' "•'"•'I' l''>'nMi. nvili/anof, l<'^<',^«l.''-(t.MiiMM.niMh .I.H L ; ^•'•''''''''.'•^';' ''^ i> »H„|.,1 i.ti. i.-ss Hum ihii.«, , mu i ,r'':;;;; j:'''-;''^ a,,,.,,,,,,,.,! ,o nainctli.. .snrn.,r.-.()o„niiks ,11 .1 ., n H"' lowimf tlu- siiiiio I""l-'''>; - lar... in pru I^rji "^ ' j:'' ;:;''7;-'- -"- -InH. w.-re I'c.v (o |;„iiH- 1111(1 i.iiirl. ..•,. , li . '■ ."''-'I I'- "I Older lo milk., i, j,,,,,.. ■"'"";■■' >" >i '.■l-;ni.':',.;,',,',':j:';r;,',:';:i, ;:,,'"» -"■. « i-'i,"'.. iii';:iu;:!^;t^i;:;:l:!;; -i;:;|;;!;-;;-:i:7:s»!ii-'' ' • ^■"tiMf.. i!. tiM. t.Mvns :nn h ,s :ft,..!,'r'"" '".""r"""'^ t">"l«Ml to c,,,,. ^\iM.tl...r H.v.nnst;,,,,.,. wl. H ^ ,; 'ir '";!':'"!""' <•> f'"'"^" •■•'..tcrs. tmvi.s. u|.,„. ,,|..o.m.|,.s „(• ( , ,.s" 1.!. ' .*''''V'''^'^ smiMf.Ml in il.o "as nor less u.Hnl in pn.n .. ^ ,:' ^^^^^^ "'^:^' '"^" '""">' ^"'l ";«lc-|H'n(l..nci.. As tli • opno.tm. i J f :^ • V ^'"' C'tx's fow,„(l civil "'/'.'•"■■^'•-.■s felt .no,x/| 1: '';,';: i'';:'"'^'^^^^^ """l<- i".-.vas,."';'' ""'''^ >l'«-"..s,.hvs, tl.e bn,o,.ss.s a peM,..tnal ^ainj! of' . •h:;!'''/'"^"', '^'"- ''""i>^lH'l»<-ial oi'imon or JIall/un, s ' c ' , ti s r!i"/'f*'^^' .^'* <'"'"'•" "' the any other country. The charter ot Icon ''"' *T'''''^ ^^''"'" ''"'" *» U'!' of the eonunon eonnci o/Vh c^^r^^l!!^ I\' V"l'' """^"^ '"^»- I'^tuiy institution. The earliest I If, .' ;' i' ' -^f"'''''^'""'! and lo„ir ^.x- and Ainien., were .ran M^l ';!";' , '''a"'-: tho.eof Nt. Ou^^nun ri'i;4n,s of the two , "(Te planted by J.ouis VI, d ot 1 succeed ill'-' ki iiiiny- whose reiiii la.'iee acquired the privil ■•<. (IHt.S to lL.'_';j,) th Qiientia I, and tlio Jc;4esofincoi ti Piiiicj])al towiiH poraaou. The charter of J (OU- 74 LABOR IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. LA of tlio :\Ii(l( (t'xct'pt (liiii Olio iicie fur for the fiillo' fiiriiishiiiy tl si'ivice ill til fiiiiii two or wifo lisually sioiiiil liiuiliii well iis iiii's> tlieso sc'rvic!e tilXOS. It has liocii tlieyeai llod the progress tciitdry we i soiiii I, services of ^Voree.ster of thi.s period ill woriv or in iiioiiey-reiit \v Jii the Hiiiidi the jiradiiiil ei (nt the will of of tlie llloii(>y reserved to tli in jiorsoiial sei Mr. ,J. ]<:. Tl Eiiji'laiid, refci Eiijriaud'iii tl whieh jirevaik is Mr. i\'()<>ers' serfs, perhaps ti.\'0(l and invai iijy been snbsti of <;oiiiriiandiii,i robber barons,' state of terror, sonietliin,i;- like and habits of Ko«crs present, the Eimlish vill lltKI. Althoiij.- our eyes iiiiistii holds that diirii dents to which t rious, as they h may have been, expressions, nsei of our forefathe held positions o viileiir of Cnxha Ic^o, wasbaililf siiiieiintended t produce and kei: LABOR IN EUROPE UNDER THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 75 i-oy tlie fallow; "tl,A 7t V i , 1 ^T «'7""' '""^ "'■^" "'^ '' >'"'« farm two or tl.iei. t . u4 \J «• n Z, ""/^ ^'^ f'"" •»'>t <»n tlio xvifo i.snallv lu-LomMx;n/lV'i;;''' ?'''•'•" '"••■•^^'l'"Nl.s, tl.. house- ^voll as MK-ss^Movr d. v S m 1 1^^^^^^^^^^^^ >..ark.t-lowM, as t..e. sen... ^e. we^^: ^^iKri^ 1^ ^ili^-! -' il^ ^^^^^a .iSl^ fhe >roi,^r,.ss of t irhum ,.,n 7 '.IT "'-"' '•""''''"•'"'■"' -'"■■'"S J^;^:^s;:^:si i ^1^ li 'r 'f 'f - -^^^^ loservo.l t.> tlum s" v.s 1 e ,' ' . ^ '>/^ ['""^ ^''•' '"'■'"'^ ^t, first in personal servk^'s *"^ ^'«'"^ <" ''^'tunMno. to the system of ,, ay meat our eyes iiuist appear as ()utr■lers at 7,v. (UL liad to (udtivate a rood of laud and manor farm, the value of wliic iveraKO value of these pay- I year. In addilion to this, ho on the work six days in harvest ibiir is estimated at 'Js. (Ul. The total annual rent was, therefore, e((uivalenl t(» about IO,v., whud half vir,i;ate to have contained twenty aei rate," says ivo;;ers, " which, (;onsiderin{i t! ■OS, was only (id. a I, sup]»osinfj .1 n acre- ii laiiil in e uxhani, as is evident from the cumpararive rate of prod in that parish, cannot be .'onsidered ex(!essive."' The services <- le general jioodness of tiio luclion from the tenants in villena; to ."Merton Coileji'e c services exacted (' at Tarley, another manor belo.,uiij"ii>ay sixpence for the year" ny at a jiayment of a halfjieniiy a "da,\ servici'; to i)low and b-i led, or fcit three halfpem in case the lord assents to such a( , winter and half an acre for lent-cori work ; to gather nuts for three day v; to siip|)ly one man in harvest or pay two'shill s, or for- lllJi'S, shear sheep and lambs, or pay a halfpenny a day d ommutation ; to plow half an acre tor or pay sevcnjience ; to wash and aiK 1 bc3t llO( three days beibre dinner, and iiriiij;' the time; to hall illnence valu cd,or forfeit three fariiiinos a day f to collect stul)ble for ' ' ' receive a halfpenny, or forfeit three c or a co(;k of the ree upon toj^ive a hen of the value of two jjoiu c of three halfpence, and iind a lieli* for the thatcher or forleit th larliun-s.' ieii other tenants on the same manor held their land similar terms. Other villein tei la ;icres, i)ay a much smaller rent, their d ntx, holdiii- facis forth orncroft, (Leatherhead in Surrcv,) pied each a vir^ate or more, the rei'it of le year 13:U : Twelve freeholder to G.V. Four held half a \- and thirteen and a half aci from seven acres down to half ai ■< occu- i virinatt! varying' from I,v. (k/. essuano ite, each lot beiii-;- described as a n.. ■cs()f land. Others held (luantities \ arviiii 111,!;- thirteen and a halt acres was held of red roses on midsummer day, 1 acre of meadow. One place coiitaii on condition ol' paying a wreath The same nianor had one tenant in villenafte hold a viijuate of land and payiii,i>' live shill the liability to j)ay heriots, tlie foil my a messiiaye and inys a year, besides which and 1. To cany duny with cart and two 1 owiiiy labor-rents wei e exacted to rec.'ive on the first day a farthin lorses and a man for two days; ond day a repast, II. T III. To plow OIK worth three halfpence s worth of bread, and on the sec- o gather stubble four and a hall days, at no i lay. •MH worth three pence each tim e ill viuterand another in l.eiit. with a repast IV. To hari >w winter-seed with one horse for half a day, but HO jiay, and oats, with one horse, when tl two other horse; receive ley are sown, the lord supplying V. To Iind one person toassist the thatcher, when tl at no pa,\ VI. To find Olio person to hoe the lord other day. le service isueeded. s corn, at a farthing- every ■Bj^ 'i I LABOR IX EUROPE UNDER THE FEUDAL SYSTEAI. 77 boi;^uUp-'-'-o'-~ i>' im- lliisfor notl.in..- ' '""' '"'''^'"^■^''^''^P and liunbs, «l..'av,.,, „„.l mat, » S; (,,i ■'.','''"'*■' ''•' 'i'" '"""■•) '" '""'I H.o Sll(li,•lt■i,^ Wov. ' " ' "' "'""' '"■'! '" I'i'"' »«■,> i,.|,asts a,„l co^^;j'l:;,>;!'l^;;';;:;;„!:;;:;';;i:.«™!,,S'' "'-■>" '» -- -" »".<• .^o on-ii cost. ' ' ''"''' (I'i'llare) ail a.:io ofivlieat at Iii p;- «i.ii...a.i.,„;"a'ii,i"i:;. l." ;."s;!:;: ';;:;. ;;;;:"„t"-«! »■■•" ""^lo- lions laid „„ II,.. t,-, a ,(„,,, ,t, , '""• '"•-•l"'l|"K < '■'■i'. tlu, lair- ""^-•■' "" •■"■ ^ -- "- «""^-;;;'«.Sr;f:^;;i-;-s; liis ''.... I,,, ,, IICI' Sl^ ro lll;ll'l'\- (Vil- ivli,',,l. 1. .• , 1" > """iiiii; lilt- """'^T varying in an on d' ni ' I ^■}>ir,^mr,a to pay a sum of t'''il'; * '\.^ IH'vnmn.ntly ,„m,in- the ''''''*l'.v. <•• ^vhi.-h a I '"rd n .di /.M.^rV^^ any other j.nrsnit than lui.s- the tueinh vrar of \ur\v ^^ V "? "'V''' ^'>' " '^'^""f'-' I'ass.'d iu five of the inereasin'o. t 'nd,' , -v of t L li 'I ■/«.<'"a<-tn.ent is indi,^. to .Mochaniral trades a, rh-r on , ■ 7/'' ^? '""'- ^''''''' '^^'i'''"'" "P aadmionwhiehti.eviS,Hr .HHo' ''V'''''"';"'''''"':''^- ^''^'^''^^ one son fo sehool oi- >• , , Vi "''l^''^'^' "*' ''av*' IxH^n that of seridin"- orders in ti.e ^h l^ , ! ,^\ l^l.jl'^^'-f >i' ^^^ - viow to Ui. tnlj^^ I'ion. As early as \ I) U , l" 'f T''' "■'^'' -'•^^'^ '^"^P^- Mne,> one of the consti. ti'ons of (M r. T"^"' '"r '"'"'^^^•' opposition, ^''i^il;-;,ei:!;;£:-^^ at t )'■«<', at ( ;nnl,ri.|oe, w s re ire to ."*'' ^'' ,''''""' '"' •^^•■"<»" <-'^'l- ;" IVntreIc a Mdlls/<,n:! e;;,;id' t' . ' il^?'?,''''" ''U''-^'-'^-'. ""d i;; ouiH-d by the lord of tl ints u.^ owed him sidt and le manor, was eompnlsory u] service. Thus the 1 of ion ceords of 78 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. tlio manor conrt of Kihwortli, in Lciccstcrsliiie, for the year i:\,]\, show tliat on one occasion tiio entire villayc were lined for not iiiiv iw. nonnd tlieir malt a( the lord's mill, as they were hound to do. Oilier cases m<'ntioned in t!ie records of tiie same manor illustrate the social depend- eiiee of the villeins at that time. 'I'hus Kohert (Joodyer jyrays the lord ot tlu! manor for a license for his daiijuhter ICmma to marryj I'ui which he iiays eiiihieen pence; and Matilda (iodwene haviny; nniriied without tht^ lord's perndssion, Alice Ciod\ven<'(i)rol)ahly her motlier)snlise(]nently ])ays a line of twelve [)enee. Nicholas Harcomt pays two sjiillinys for a license to make his son a monU, while iluj;h llarcourt, in the iollow- in.L;' yeai'. (lo.'W,) obtains the same |)rivilei;e for twelve ]ien(!e. For two shillings ,lohn Scolasse obtains a lictense to betroth Aliite, dau.ijhter of ^\"iliiam Ihown, and "to H'Oi'inl return accordinjjf to his will whitherso- ever he wisiu's, with his chattels and all his goods, movable and iui- movable.'" Jt is not dillleult to understand the iidluence which the towns and cities would have in relaxing- the restrictions and lij-iiteniiig the buidens to which the villein.s were subject. A man ceases to be a slave the mo- ment it becomes impractieal)le forcil)ly to hold him in a state of slavery. And so when the htrds found their serfs had refuses to which they coiiJd fly, and from which it was diflicult, if not impossible, to hrin^ them hack, and that oj)])ressive treatment diove many of them to seek theso refuses, they were induci'd, by .self-interest itself, to le'ax tln^ boiidayo in which they had held them. At lirst they were led to refiain from demanding niiy labor beyond certain regular fixed services, such as those already specified, attached to their " tenements" or holdings of land. Then these fixed services themselves were gradually diminished in amount, and iinally, as already stated, ihey were made Conunntable into money-lent. The commutation, like the servic(> wiuch it replaced, was fixed in amount, but at first the Icid could exact the service instead of its pecnmiary (Mpiivalent, while the tenant, according to Rogers, could also insist upon giving the service, instead ol' the money, if he'chose to do so. In course of time, however, the payment of money-rents became an estab- lished custom, and it is belie\ed that in the latter half of the fourteenth century the number of tenants in villenage who paid rent by service was very small. It may be remaikcd here that tliis change cxtcurrcd much earlier in England than in continental (countries, and, coupled with the rulings of English law-courts, was ])eiiiaps one of the causes which led to the wide divergence between the subsequent career of the English agricultural <'Iass and that of the sanu' class in the several countries of continental lOurope. Eut whatever may have been its ultimate inliuence in promoting that complete divorce of the English agricidtural laitorer from the soil which in modern times has been a source of such seriims evils, its lirst iidroduction was an important step in the direction of personal freedom. It left to the villein the control of his own time, and if by supciior energy he could produce for himself a surplus over what was icqnired to pay his dues to the lord, he was free to ilo so. Moreover, as tile lord could now demand nothing from hint hut a fixed money payment, if he desired to secure his .servi laborer, he must pay him stipulated wages. Thus there gradually gi xij) a large body of free paid lalMviers in the c mntry as well as in tl cities, a re t^ which, as may be readily seen, was largely due to the fact that the cities afforded a maiket lor rural produce, ere. ited com- nierce, and familial i/ed the jieoph geiieially with the use of money as ii measure «>f value and a medium of exchange. The great plague known as the black death, which broke out in l.j-18, ces as a ow LA] px-orcised an Its immeSI, nridei the been eiKei: d inf and otiici' conn already enfeicd S'a\-e iliciii a con .sons J!) ii, incJiid liad taken refuge at Mi!e-..,id, wilt asked them to s make ns frc(' for, 1h» called no in()i tl-em to go |i 'J"ito the ten, al lords was ^im^onn^J^f"" ''"^' """''' «^' ^^'^ >=" <1 ^ new q,ut-rents_a fora, l,f a ie a oiT vl , ,? h' '' "^^^^ f,n..ntedat gna aupUnr,. Tho. rent of iai I. '' ""^ '"'""W'^' ^i'e statute duee was u„rth very iitrle n ^7 n ' i< i'.^^"'!' '*''? ''*^^' ''"' ^'"^ I"" ' th.ns-s wineh. howev ,r nni;noral t n •. "* l/^'O'lnetion-a state of lar«e estates, was highly eon • ' A n '•' ''^'""^' '?^'t'" f'> the owners of pier and the laborer-two c'r.te .!' •^''''^''■'■'^•'' ''^' ^''^ ■'^"'"" oe<.u. saaie person. "" cnaiatteis whieli were often nnited in the ";"»lethan the n.onev-rents w d .< );'>l''>'-'^^e ninch nlore val- a ent ;. a..d it is prohal.hV ', ' , ';* '"'';" J'""''^ "I'on as tin-ir equiv- ot the h.nd-owners t,. reNh^ , " n s^ '' ;letennined eflort on the , t ;jssed „, theory, ImU wl.iel/i, ' ,^ , ^^ ,; J ;;,;;if t ^vhiel, .heystiil ,os 3Ir. Lo-ers exp.vsses the opinion h'ute? 'f'^' ''*'^'"'' '^''^"'«i<>'ied. ^ame n^^ht to those who t n ] Zl^^^^^ ent.nve t!,<-ir ehiin.s with «r<. t r , L: '^'^^''/''^ spirit, en , • "••'^"neetion. )i^ ' l"st..ry : In.t the ri'si,,,. n f' , ^ '•'""'•'"• <'^ =>" ••*-'a^I. ii'Hi.M the lead (>fTs'i,K :/'",''" ' ''•l"'"''' ^'"^ ^""' "f -June '^"7' ''':"'''^'' '"fo with (IH vil ei ^ f'p,^S:ra^' ">Mlerstandin;r haviij :;|;<1 -tl'^r e„nnties. ()„ tie Uoti " ' r 'K^'^^' ^^''^^ ^orwiel^ «ave,l,,.n,a..onferenee;t ; : ,i:,;^ foils ,1, i(, „H.l„di„o. Of eonri I c , Vi -^ '' ^"^^■*'''' "'"' all (he ))er.' l.a< (aken ref„,.. „rere. hT, \V I'f w!!"n^' ""•' "'^' '■'^•^■"' '"'""S who at Mi!e.e,i.l, where, a.-cor, n , ' r •'.'•'" " '"•■'■^\vonth, mel heni asl-'l then, to Stat;', '"SJ s 'Thr;''' '"^ '•<•ver. onrsel V-s on,. , , ""■^"'^"'■^^•l^ " \Ve will that ve '"called no n.ore b.>nd, '-' '-^'^ve?, KinfT, ^Vler was^ssiissi^ ntJd'hv u'*T"'^;/"-^'' "^ "" i"f^'nie w H tho 80 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. a proflamntioti (ommandinff all the country-folk to depart from London xmd.u' pan. ot death. Tiie insurrection was broken, and tlu- Ivino- soon proceeded to take ven«-eance on its ori,^n„ators. Ho nia.le a i>rr.-res8 t inuiol, the .listnr bed districts, .len.a.Hlin.: Crom the chief ,,ersons Tn all the t..wMs and vdiages the surreinh'r of the n.uvers in the sedition. AceonlH.jitoI'roissart no less than fifteen hundred persons were put to deatli-hanoed or oii,i„.t,.d in chains-whik; such charters of manu- mission as had been granted in accordance with the Kind's promise were revoked and canwOed. The terms of one of these charters a.ldressed to are^-is^oliows? "'""^^' ''*' ^^^'''^'^ '"« ^''"'^ by Walsingham, and KiH.w tl.at, of ,mr special -rnrc, y.-e have nianiiniitte.l all our liiuro atidRiti-nl'.r Kiib- and lu.i.h ll„.Mi . Mit liytliosi, pvcsriits ; I'anloii them all fcloTii,.s, treasons tn.is rPsJ jHij-. jMicii jiiiu; tlJB uttduiiLli, aiuio rcgui ((uarto. To certain delegates sent from Essi'x to reqncvst the confirmati.M, of the charters 01 kiS ansv^..r. ■ ,m ., oiv and aro n.st >rs, an.l shall n-niain in bonda-,. ; not that < <, d buthi one u, mm.iy VV...-SO. Fuv as long as wo liv... and by (iod's hell, ulo <. ■ t h s '; „ e w U attonipt by all onr tamiltu'S, ,.owers, and moans, to n,ak ' yon such a cK.CCof oltcnso to I,., hers of your scrvitudo.as that (hey nuiy haxo vou before (hei r Ves lut vo may supply then, wid, perpetual ground for eilrsing and fearing you. '>'"«>■'"' J"" The spirit of Parliament in re-ard to the same movement is in- dicated by the answer of that body to a communication informin.r the Commons of the King's action in omnting the charters of mannmis" 8ion,and desinn- them to jn'ovide for the contirmation or revocation thereot. liie communication setfortli, anioiio uther things that if tliev themselves from perishing altogether in one dav" In view ot the austere reply of Kichar.l to the delegates from Essex, his sngficstion to I'arliament seems a little surprising: but, as Mr Jio--! . ers suggests '• that answer may have been partly theexpressi.m of indi"- nation, partlyo) tear i.nd therefore have had no more iian a teinporaiw sigmlicance " •' W e know, t.)o," says the same author, - that the', lie • ot tlu' court was not unlr.endiy to the emaneipation of the serfs- that every construction which lawyers could put upon usage or Htatnt'ews avorabe to the freedom of the serf ; and we also kimw tha anJ ears the King put his veto m. those resolutions of the Commons by Mich they intended to sul.ject the condition of villenage to social disa- bilit.es This IS particii.ariy the case in the answer given to the S- t.onsot Parliament m ::5!)1. when the King declines to acce. e to tl e reqmv.t hat the sons of villeins should not be allowed to Civ , en e un.versi.es, .and to the con.plaint that villeins llv t,, ci. ics and hi. "1;^ Mllil :l rot hill J* ho i-I.i I. ..^1 .. ..,1 4 1. ..i ^T- ., T .. . i ■ . -,--^ and aretheit* hail lOi 'd, ind tiiat the lord, on attempting t( lein, is hindered by liie people; with a suggest recover his vil- ion that the remedy might LAUOR IN EUKOPE UNDER THE FEIDAL ■■^VSTEM. WHS Virtually .xtinct at tl.o. e,u of ?h 'fan. !f ' '''" '''' ''''^■'' ^^^'»- before tlie vind,, was fbr.m.lirm. .njL[ 'r'' ^'<'"f'"-.V; '"ul '-...j,' be had beeu in the practical e„ . ;! "o ■ m.nn of '"'f ''^'""/"^' ^'"^^ In tliemean titiu^, free wao,. ImIw,.'!,', iV ' '"V/^* '^ fiwmdii's riobts of its oi)eratio,.,s-a resu t -is X n - ' "^'''"'''^' ^'-^teiulino. t|„. ,.^uevo tbe ,Towth of the tott: and tolhi t;.^^^^^^ '='r^'<^!.v due i manufacturing industry. ^^'^''J«I>"it'nt of mechanical and 82 LABOR IN r.ui.'ori; and A.MrUICA. iii^' np a Hoiirislnii;;- iiidiistrv. \vl lie excited no siniill iudiiciicc iipf )(i liie eeuiiomic, iilid, iiidiicetly, upon the i.olitieal and soi-i.d developiiieiit oi tlie coiuilry. Tlie iimltii)li(;iitioii of free ocoiipidioiis about tlie end of llie thirteeiitii HXillJJ and tlie hcjiiiiidi a<'e(»i!iits lor tlie boronj;!! oC ('ol(-liester, t !«■ of the roiiiteeiitli eeiitiny is indicated hv two t VJiHi anil 13(11. Tlie roll niadi' up at tlie hitter date eont of ;;f)l tax-payers. Of these tl ', taken respect ively in the years iiins [lui names specially (!esif>nated, and amoni-,' the remainder (hei eie are L'l.'!> whose occupations arc not; ire " twelve eloryv- meii. ten peiscais aiipareidiy of eonsiderahle siihstanee, sixteen shoe niakei's, thirteen tanners, ten smiths, cijiiit l>ak( IS. six fullers, six Kirdlers, five weavers, ei,!4litl)ntcliers,.sevei and tiiree ht, «lover, fuel dealer, old-elofiies (h^alei sea-coal dealer, glazier, brewer, iron-moiiiiei the {iirdlers united the trade of mercer with their ot one of tlie mercers included verditiri iiid wine-seller. Two of tra(h\ ]''ro!ii the i luml ■r occupation, and s and cpiicksilver in his stock in ler of tanners it is inienvd that Colchester had I sjiecial trade in leather, which, in the form of tawed skiiis,i is believed to have formed an iinjxirtaiit arlicie of dress in medijcva! times. Tiiis boi()u;;h, which was situated in the richer section of Knyland. and suiiposed to have had about, I'.OUO inhabitants at the t sideration, may )>robab!y be taken as a fain towns of that dav. IS iiae under coii- •ei»resentative of the count v From the laij^c body of information lucsented bv Mr. Ko'T ber of iiit'^restii IIS' facts may be culled in rc'iird to tin sued in I':n;n:laiid duriiij;- the ihirteenth and fourteenti appears that all villages of any magnitude rs. a. num- occupatioiis piir- 1 centuries. It maintained persons wl 10 ere engaged in mecha::ical avocations. No parish or manor, for instatMv was without a thatcher, though it is thought that this lalxir was doii< liy those who, nt other times of the year, wci busine •e engaged in ordinary tarni ]\Iost of the villages had a smith who found stead The baililfs of manors, and juobabiy also pei y em iiloy incut. parcels of land on their own account, wei persons who cultivated sim their iron, and furnish the craftsman witl a cnsfom which still prevails in India in Use' dealiir^s be^ ere accustomed to ])urchasi I it, paying him for his work H'tween nativt rtvticers and their customers. During the hitler part of the fonrteentl century, however, it became ( ustomary to enter into yearlv contrafit; for supplying horses* with shoes — a change which in< time the artisan was, in a small wav, be li<-at(s that at tl lis It is i»rxcept perhaps s were of stone exce|)t Uie man or-house an d sometimes the grange. EvJii in towns, unless stone Mariiiors, but pi-Dbably ciiptaiiia.or pilots, in c(intr.adistii 1 'l!ic tirst im it IS protialile lies, aiihougli known to hav Sawyers an distinct InisiiM !-(|iiare feet sa' >veie ])aid l(,j^ rangements in at liigher rate,- <>f the farm poraiily and 1. Jiardy by the r land by ciistou! ol»tained from i men and driver of the dock, a | work of the li( in home ocenpa iiowing, as a' r whose indoor shejiherds wen eliarge of the ei The laborers i as a rule inuie o eept occasionail; their own — that the sheiiherd \va lord's jiasture i'oi the purchaser of It slnmld be ui the jiortion of e;i «'lf and larmed usually comprise^ pasture-land. T which the feudal Jtiiscd the estates' iiigsofthe viileim ^vliich all the ten; cutting turf. Tin tliose of the freeli liespecting the under considerati< tiiiit he must ha\( was subject to mu stnicted of the co with mud or ehiy. latter part of tlie i occurs iu the st;. stone, but the teut * The work of the di I^AnOR IX El-KOI-E r:>I»ER TIIK FKII AL •■-v.s'i i:m. 84 L'AnOR IN EUKOPK AM) AMKJtICA. LAli ost (los(U'i|ition. Tlii' occiipiitioii of jt ;;lazii'r is mt'iitimuMl in tlio Htiitufo just ret'envd to, but alllioiiKli k''1'^^ '>;>iivate lioMses until a niueli bitcr peiiotl ; tor even as late as 1.1(»7 it was not (!oniiiioii to Ibnl j-lass windows in tiie castles (»!' I lie nobilitv, and tlie.v iiidbal)l,v weio not used in farm lionses nineli beluiii tlie ivijfn ol .lames 1. That it was an uidiiiown Inxnrv in tins lint of ii mediieva! peasant it is unneecssarv to state. Ai'tdicial li;4lit, too, must lia\'e been used very spaiinj^ly by the puorer classes, since a pound of candles would almost have absorbed :i woikinan'.s daily wa/^cs. It is believed that fuel also was comparatively dear, ;'.nd the ]ioor nnin's home in winter must, tlicretorc, have been the scene of severe piivation and dis- comfort. Hence the advent of sprin}"- was hailrd with a joy ami ;:lad- ness of wliicdi wn in modern times can form but a faint conccpiion. Even as late as the rei;^ii ot'Qneen .Alaiy tly.' peasant lived in a wretched clay-biult hovel ; and accordiiij^- to f^rasmns the dwellings of the poor {generally were unprovided with a chimney to let out the smoke, while their beds consisted of straw, with a block ot od for pill( ind the tlooring of their lints was nothing' but the bare griannl coveicd with rushes, among which was "an ancient accumulation of filth and ref- use." The valnation of tlio nn)vable projierty in tin' borongh of (Jcjhihester made in the year ILMKJ, which bas i)cen already icl'errcd to, gives an idea of the degree of domestic comfort enjoyed by the small tiadesnu'ii and artiti(!ers of that period. TheanH)unt of h. ■ hold turniture pos>cssed by each family ap'pearH to have been verv !in;i!ed, consisting chieilyof a brass pot valued at from l.v. to .'i.s., and .'t '.'cVt vabu'd at from '.is. td (i.v. The fininer was ap|)arently almost the .-rily culinary utensil then used in the households ot the poor. The valuation taken at the same place in ''01 is still more curious and minute. Among the articles mcnlioned in the list then maile out are found the following, along with w Inch are given the ligures indi- cating the range of their resi)ective values: n.d. s.d. A bed 10 to ({ S A tripod 3 to !) A brass pot 1 to U A brass cup (J to 1 An andiron •< J to S A brass dish , . , (» to 1 (t A gridiron (J to J (i A rug or coverlet S to f ti A broad ax 3 to All adze 2 A square 1 A blattksmith's tools were vahied at from 2,s. to 5s. ; a cobbler's stock ill trade at 7.V. or/. ; that of two other (-obblers at 1<»,9. (W. and iL'.sLV/., respectively; and that of a tannrr at £!) 17.s. 1(W, There is reason to believe, however, that these prices were considerably below the real value of the articles. At, the period under consideration the manor-house itself was but scantily furnished, while the nioval)les of the " ordinary house" con- sisted, according to Mr. Ilogera, of " a brass pot or two tor boiling, and two or three brass disiu's ; a few wooden i)lalters and trenchers, or, more rarely, of pewter; au iron or latten candlestick; a kitchen kniteortwo; a bov or ban Walls Were n c<»iii in^'aNiiie ind but rarel ally tile cov.) <>t Lv. ; akaynt T. t'., a cover f< two napkins, al these articles « lings, one of wl ft 4r/. ; a pouch at 3,v. ; and ano lae,) one with a valued at .'J.v. LV Jiionnted by a g iit or/.; two pni •^liiliing; be.side (imst have been ii Ouing t(, the imist have been to the use of tin ol the laboring p viduabie articles liilion.s doles, ain «it\ised by will, iccnth cental V is. •■'•"'Piising a jaci I'.v a belt or gird -"^lioes, and occasic II century later. JJl, ill which the ill respect to foi iiiid lifteenth cen lecords of agricul •SMiiied by the i)eo times mixed with oliicfly used in tin -Meat ajipeais to supply. i\lutton c tiiH', which conid ; hccf was \x'\y litti iCv. Yet, even at niss owrr aiid l,i,sii iiiiif locks Ni'vtl '•<""<'H.„sn„.s,,MMl«?,„,„v. sacks. Til',.',, |Ti('iiltmv iiiMl 'I Ciiiiilin. ■MVfiiil yciiis .Sciickwfdlh," •'\' ill <"aiiil)ii(l"(..siij ishiiilirtor McitonColl ic <'irccfs or J,,l,,| Hcm'k <'H»', iit its manor ? ■'"ii>s (liis writer. " '■•'. »« "c-ll iis at otlMT olnc-s I ■, " Wiis evident I lieiore «"'1<'^<; ("f wl,i,.h one oC his huACis^.TiS' " ^ ''""V'.^< ' vant of tU '"■'<>!^' '"■^. «I<'alh the soeietv 1^'^ , eV /i V v 7 '""' ''I'' " **'"' •^^'''''^ "The (hite of (lie inveiitoiv is liii n, i lint liii'iiiiiiiM /.I ^ . , . ' '' »l-, Vi.lned "HIM hiive heeuiin ..mHid.,f n, . t ■ n . '„ i' '^'''"'^""•f ', howev.T. 'Mnstl,i.vel,eene^.e< I I^S'' :. r*''r^"^^'''^!"'^ JMMst liiive l)..en ex,.,u mIim .Jv , • // '^ ,' ''^^^^^^ the niediieval oeiisi.nt t- n.e nse of the h w n ic t 'CJ'r' ^^i","^"^ "'"'''' "'"if- 1 tl.: n ol the hilKMino pe.mie ii'v rv, ;.. "'^ '""'^ '^''''""''' «» t'^- nniss ""i".!s doles, i.nd ,.ven in e . d I v / ' '•' '^' ''^''''''' ''''^''*' <"' '^-^X'"- ;'• ^'7y will. Tiu. 'i '- r'""l"i'^ino. a a<.ket iu d i 'e , b /'.'''''V^''"'''^' ''"<' ^vHl-eontrived, ''.V u belt or Hircile, a . . , et oi .'l ' '!"l' ''"^^■"'''' '""""• t'"' I'odv " oentnrv hiter. The li t ■/ i- '''"'' "'"^ 'lotintieh used nnti ^'1- in »^iic-h ."he p'ieetJ^m.;;;:;;';;;::,;;""^'""" "' " «^^^^'"^ ^^^^^i'^"-'' "''•»J*l.s of nyrienltnre in. i ' th r w e ,/r" ;;''<''"'>'>- ^^-^'H '>ir. The sN.i.ed by tlH. ,,eople. Jn t e idl w. ," . . ' ^'" '""'•■''*''^ ^'''i" ^'"»- "'•"'« ."ixed wuh v„ or k e It , ' ''""' •^''''Vinits it Wi-s some- e'HHly used in the miumf'u tmV of iJe, ' """'' "'^' '''"^"^- ^'''^i" ^^'^'^ ^•ii.H., which (M.uld M.iieelv 1 ve 1 } \ "^ "'•""^ '^ ^"'''"'".^ t''<^ Ciir- lH.ef wa. ^ ery little dl,;^,.''.!* r'!'' ^''=''' " ^''''^ ''i>'^' =' l-n;d : 10,v. Yet , t'veii iit these pii s,:"';::.:!!!: '•''^•'--•i- -'<>--!•' be* inidt 1 11(1 'iit't thiui whciit, of whiel ;t'.s, mutton or beef wii '"la penny. Jjntler and d , on ill! a\eii!;;e, six pound ■"' a far nn or t'se, thon-h ia)iindiint and cheai) )ic expensive ■s could be*l»on,yht ill (!om- 'Miitt lt'S« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // // > .<^'A^ c^< 'i< f/- yM>. C/j 1.0 2.8 I.I 1.25 if ^ 1^ M II 2.0 1= 1.6 m ^ //, ^/ 'c-l iiuiugicipmc Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV ^9> .V ■^ ^ '^ *% -^ .' t.) Mertoii College, wbile tbe sanu^ "state also allowed its laborers twi> red lierriiij>s a day. ]Jeer was often Inrnislied to labor- ers by their employers, even wbei>' board was nor included in their coin- jieiisMiion, and on some manors they were feasted at the uonclnsiun of tbe harvest. Xotwithstiindinji' the abundance and com])arative cheapness of meat it was not uncommon to eat tiie liesii of animals that had died of dis- ease ; but it is possible that this arose rather Irom the want of deliciey and ijiiiorance of hy<;ieiiic hnvs than fioni necu'ssity. The consumption of such meat certainly does not appear to Imve been confined to jteriods of scarcity, for we lind Walter de Jlenley, in an ancient treatise on the maiia<4cnient of slieeii, layinj;- down tbe ibllowin;^- rule: ''If one of your sbee|) dies put the llesh at once into water, and keep it there from day- break to three o'clock, then baiij;' it up to drain thorou;4iily, salt it aiid dry it. It will do for your biborers." Jt may be interred irom this rule tliat the practice of usin<>- diseased meat was not j;eneral, otherwise it would hardly have seemed nec'ssary to jtoint out to the tbrilty luis- bandmau this partiiadar mode of economizinj;' bis means. Tliedilbcailty of keepiuj; stock throuj;li tbe winter caused its slauj^hter in lar^e quantities diirinji' tbe autumn, and tor more than half the year fresh meat was untasted by a j;reat majorily of tbe peojjle. Vi-^ftiibles were also scarce, i'or not only was the jiotiito then unknown, but tl'e P"o])le were without various other roots, such as carrots, parsnips, &c., which are now in coiiinion use. Mr. iioyers expresses f'c ns, oieen peas, and new beans, and it is pos- sible that the term ))otn(iinin may include other varieties. It i,s not by any means necessary to inbr, however, that these were all in general use anion:; the peojile. In I'^rance, cresses, endive, lettuce, beets, jiarsnips, carrots, cabbages, leeks, radishes, and cardoons werc^ ^rowii as early as the r. iyii of Cliaileiiiaune ; but it is not piobai)le that many of tJiese varieties wc' cultivated in lMi,i;land until a much later period; lor even in the liiteenth century the produce of the Enjiiish kitclien-j;ardeii was contemptible in comi)arisou with that of the JSetberlands, France, and Italy. The only fruits of which niontion is made in the Countess of Leices- ter's I'oll are ai)ples and pears, and it is believed that W\\ other kinds were (' li of the crojis, lished in the eleventh, iwi degre<' of sc; series of iiiij! sioned inteii; wheat exceec not mucli red was greatly c the aveiaue 1 was again e\( b'Sl'L'. In the that time iint a lice of (be 1 twenty tivc yi high, 'but the ]ierio(i (listiiii It is sairoacli the the end of tli centuries." The elfects ( disastrous, at lu'csent, owiiifi 'venow posses; lieve that (he Ii:ibit of travel than they wen was. iiowever, abbey granges noal, 'VCIV were voik- iinii- f tlic nvt'd COlll- LHI of moat (lis- icacy iliou liods 1 tlio your •lily- and rulu St' it luis- filter year iblts . tl'- tJic, that use, ]' i"(>i<' than six nionllis our oi )sy, inodilicd, pciha.)) disorder. '1 s, liy ciiiiiari' riLi'iit hirin.- aiid ■ le I( iKicnev t:» llie: i"Ken of by Kouims as a con even Jej)- jiiavated hy tiie piwale'iit iiiiele.iniin lial'itatnnis, iihd the indiCrieii e and other disi iortl ases was (hnildie: inion s air- le |»easan(ry, their w retched iti'iy piecanlio i: whicii tliey showed to"t habits ill this respect had eiii'i tlielatteryearsoitiiesixteeiitl le smiph'-^t sai betr er; (or the end tassai ippi'ivntiy iindei-oiit 1 eeiitiiry their IK) j-reat ciianue for tiie. yoa s af't'jr the Spjudsli jii\ ''"•« •/<■ I'liiiip II, who visitnl Kn-laiMl and til e iiiich aiil.N habits o|' ti iMi>n, commented on tlie alaiiuh several nice of food peasants- lived -like h le coimnoii people, remarkiii;i.' Hint '■ t th f latt(r p'uluniar, especially a s.""lhon-litliey tared " I esc peasants were jn'obaltiy much' bet s regards bread and i is\v(d! asthe kinu." Ii lionta! ICnropc. ibr Fori ter otr than (I neat, tlie Jjiijli.-h esipie who v.ro((( in the r leir bretlireii of of the French peasaniiy ihiu '« tlie\ d CliiM ol II eniy \'I, COllll- sa\s l.'iead ri;;lit biuwi a littel lardi or tl I, made of ivi tl hey rink water, they eate apples with , or ot the entrails oi' beds of bea eate nollcsche, but, if it I )e Seidell le nicrciiniiiKs of the hmd sts sclayne Ibr the noble.- Jbit allliiai-h I he supply of food in i;n-:li Iliere were iji III of tiio crops, 'i h h;s when the peoph' sidlered intei.selv throii'd d was «eiiera]lv*c-ood, lisii «'<' ii' the ,1 II, d of the's «' ureal ivii-li.h sratisriciaii, J)r. F I the failure irr, in an essay pnb- eleveiith, twel ih , a a<;aiii exceeded all experience the avt wasa<.',ajii excessively hi-ih in l.'il'i nd III j;}|); was three times as hi-h ':^'hir l.il I in l.u; the j.iice was abont the sa In t le two ibllowj and d tiiat time iiniil the lireal aiiee of the harxcst twenty (i\e v,.j, II"- yeai's wln-at still 1 as me as in l.'jlf; Ki not mateiiallv decline until ikiiii;- out ol the i,rs of |||(> loiirteeiith was qmte jieiiod disliiiMiiislied ioi lis abundant I tliat ]t is said that diiriiiy- (he I centniy, a scaicit\ atlril larvests. century const iluled a oiijA period of se.-ircitv in tlm e siiinmers, the people ate the llesh of 1 Milaole to incessant rain, ami coh' Illy ipa.t of (iiicei 1 to t 10 le iiecessii V of si isistlii rse;; ami do^.s, and wcr ribje ate told of the ii-\s to which U ity; and Jlr. h'oo-ers, wl upon roots. tSrorie; ley were driven in tl e course c lat that " no years in the wliol apjdoacii file scarcity of 1 1 the end of the ei-^lni'ccnij, ;,|id t eeiitnries." Theeirccfsof a bad h disast , who makes nuicli allowance loi' ex d, stormy e even re- iiiore ter- leirdire extreni- i^:,U'eratioii sav: •iiill rthee(;oiioiiiic,d history ot' i;n,t;land inie, exceni lieiliaps, tlK leu- years at le eommencement of the nineteenth rolls, at the time under irvest in any i)artieular loealitv nreseiit, owiiifj to th<^ waiU, .d" those facil enow possess in our I'ail ways, eaiial.-i and eonsideration, than tli were f; more ey would l»e at lieve that the means of comi dies Ibr traiis[>ortati();i which ships; yet theie is reason tobi hnbit (d' travel n lOie m'ii iiMiiie.ition ill lOn^land were belt lan they were two or three ceiitiir eiai in the thiiteenlli and f'oiirteenti was. how abbey "i es later. The tiad<' of ever, unknown, aiMl it does not ai)pear fliat :i!i.^es, ;;raiii was any where c(dlectcd m 1 er and the 1 <'eiit lilies ri'ain-dealer e-X'"'])!- in i:i( irge qaaiiliues. Tiii 88 LABOR IN EUKOPi: AND AJIERICA. coiisoqnonco of this was tliat a season of comparative ideiity was ofton followed before the next harvest liy a very iiieouveiiieiit seareil V and the Ihietiiations in prices were sometimes extremely smhU'ii and violent Thus Stow relates that in KMT, one of the years ;)f seareity above referred to. the harvest was all {jot in before tho 1st of Heplember, and thafc wlieat, wliieh before harvest had been sellins;- as hi;,r|, ;,s jCl perijuarter, immediately fell to (i.v. ,Sn;4iit with it a {jreut anynientation of their com- forts : rapine and violence j,'ave ph'co to the orderly habits which grow up under the iniluenco of an tllieient ad ministration of justice, and the nsasses made a jxvvnt advance in secnrin"' trom t and the aiistocracva re;'0"nit lie crowr ion of their personal and political ri.nhtv-' The wail over universal oi)i)ression, violence, and lawlessness, which is heard in the writings -f Iloveden is exchanf^ed in those of Jlatthew I'iiris for indij;nant co:>iment on unwise administration, and iinconrtlv criticism on the kinj^'s (h)mestur aiu' foreirice. a royal i»r(;clamii- ready seen, became extremelv d tioii was issu(>d. tixiiig' the rates of iges, and this, having' proved in- eifective, was speedily followed by the famous "statute of laborers which provided for the enforcement of obedience to it m enactments by cans of tines and cor[)oial punishment. The statute states that the ix'stilence m; jjerson would serve unless he since was pai(' double the usual wages allowe(» live year.s belbre, to the great lei iiiid to a'pjil; The wage' II quarter of harley, ojits, busheks. Ill CIS wer(^ to offenders we stocks. Wages of )H liter, l)y 111 ters, liy t|„. , tlie day, l\, < he (lay, iUC- tlieir knaves, Willis, by tlie MicJiaelnijis v In l.'ilii) i||(. was provided qiiitiing \UiAi branded in (j cases wlM'r<' ]; to delivci' thei alty of liKciMi pounds to tin- III IW.i a la It directed tli; meat and (i.su, cording to thei piece did not c men and trade I'l-r yiiid. t'ii all others cnip called i>l;i,.|,- |„ to niannriiciiii,' Kutlicient stoci ,\ears later ano tlu'ir place of ;i Under IIciun of labor excrv the wages of ;"(; the following- ra A bailiff in h clothing. A chieChind, is. for clothing. A cominon"i'; clothing. A woman-serv A child under clothiiiii-. A mower, witi; A reajier or ca LAnOR IX Ki-woiM.; \\UV.U thci iuid 1' 1 '"pI.'IlKMlts oC llllsl);in,ll THK FKUJ)AL Si'STIiSr. 89 '*• "IM'I.V (('!■ llilV ill i, K' Wil-fslui- lliivsliii,. Tl I qiiiirttr of v h,.;,! IHllili ii/T;;'!l'' '" •,''•:''" '"""1« t" "larkct. '• MHiiilcioftlic I own. town.' "''"' •'"■" IVj;iil;,l,.,l. A •ililcy, (lilts, iM'iii bushel 111 III lis. -.■.>.sNv,.s..ii,.,,,,,ui./.; I,;,];,,,, iikI iiiiiii, (or (Iii(.,sliiii<,' jX'ilN, I.'.r/, oi CIS were to I pliiccs \v||(.|«' ii iiii,] I ii cfiliiiii iiiiinl)(.,. ,,fsl •iii« ;i (iiiiirtcrof otlcmlcis wi'i stocks. >»' swnni (wi,.,. ;i \,.j,,. , ;;;<■'' '•",-toiiiar.y to pay in kind', hil c piiiiisli all! <• Willi till'i '> ohscrvc |] AV a«('s of iirfidc more days' impi t'sc rcoiiiatioii ■ leaves or »or- and '••^oiuiieiit in the ]!< liter, liy (he d tcr; i.\ ''<;« were (ixed a( (he Cull 1 '.V (lie day, :.',/.; „t| a inasler n "'"iii«' rates lasdll, In- f|„. ,1 A t'l«' o .Michaeli In II leii; knaves, |,y,I„.d,,y;'|,W.. „, Avalis, liy (he (1 ]Mi«-liaelii ii\- i'/.; II In l.'iliil (I liis widioijt die leii /'■'.v, Uf/.; (hatcl I'lasierers, and utl . ; tlieir servants, by '"■\\vi(|,ont diet. Tilers [ '••'■•S by the day, :',iL "\<'S I'y (he (lav, 1 ler workeis .\rovided Unit 'lie siadite ol' labon 'I's was qmtiin-- their place nfal 'Seivaids absent ii'.i' •oiiliriiied by I>ar] branded ill the C.I MMJe cases wbeiv la! to delivci' (1 eliead wii h lidiild heinselves ironi tl "I'lient, and it iipiisoned f„r flit leir woik, or '■•'" 'liiys and MKirers ;■»;;;;;;". -inn... ,,,,,, .,,,,..,,.;;;;ri;-'; iiity ol'til (ceil ''■•""P: iiMil ilth.ylllile.Ko'd '»\VI1S, (he ,„;|oj II «islral<'s were directed pounds, oi \\|ii,.|, , pounds (u (lie iimster bv w| III 1. ')(>.•) a I It directed tl., meat tuid (i.sn. en o so, Were snl 'IC( iiw was enacted I loni the |'ii!.| pounds went to llij | li\e was claimed. led to a j)eii- Iviiifi' and (ivo corditijU' to their stati aitili '1' (lie wast " ''''.'i"li'le(liedietan(i '•'''••■^•".ds,.r\ahtssl Id I iippiirelol'Iaboi <»• o(li(.r vi dial »e served oik •ers. piece did no( e„sr "II ; iiiid they should ■s, as mill <' ii day \vi(|j '<■ 1111(1 cheese men and fia(I( ":<"e Ihaii twelve | «'iif<-Iotliotwliieh(lie wl I'er yaid. ('ar(eis. !ill others employ, .(1 i sinc'i was ni(„.|ai IX (ll, price "'«■ rates: ""■ers was limded b\ "Id ion ; and in 1444 act ol'Pariiamciit to V bailill' in husband I.-Y ''■M''I,V WXc.K clothiii<;' I'.v, JCl ;!.v. 1,1, ti cliieC-Iiiiid, carte \vilii food and drink, and 5,v. for is. I'or clot I A nii<' •. orHiielshepherd, jCI, witl 1 food Clothin;^' "iiiiion farm-servant I, and drink, and with 'ood A \\ •!"'aii-seryant, lO.v., will, food and drinl- idd Mill 1.1- 1 I . .. ' " ''I'll ((I iniv. "'1(1 driidc, and 3s. -id. foi clotl A child under 14 years ot iiiii"-. a«e. (I.v., Willi (bod and drink iiKl 4s. for clothino-. and mower, n.— D.Mi.v ma,,i;h. OS. for Ar Willi food and drink, I,/ a (f eaj,er or carter, with (oo,l and d,i„|: IV i,''i(i. a d without, C,(l a >im A (•lillllUllIl IMI pclltl' (,'11111111(111 W (11 klUilll J A 41, ■n Willi(.(jt (lit)t. In til 'iiiii of ITeiirv VllI it was enacted tliat no serviii"' iiian unth'r the dc.u'iee of a yeiiiieiiian siioiiid wear a ion^' j^own or eoat, eoiilaiiiiii^'; nioie tiiaii tiiree Inoad yards, or triiiiiiied wilii fur, under tlie peiiahy (>f lorfeiiure ; nor any >;ar(U' hose, or elolli above the price of twenty jiencc. The fiisiiioii of weaiin.u' ])eahs to shoes or lioots, of a h-n^tii exceeding' eieveii iiiclie s. was p 'oliiliited il liiit "entleiiien. lie late of wa^-es may lie coileoted from the statnle of 1 lUG, nieii- tion''d aiiove, and was as follows : Auricidtinuil scnunifi^, ivith diet for one pear. To a bailiit of liiisl)aiidry, not nioie than £1 l(!.v. Sd.; for chilhing, ."is. A eliief-iiind or ehief-slicpherd, £1 ; for clolhiii.n', "w. A conuiioii servant of hiisiiaiidrv. KJ.v. S(/ • for clothini;, t.s'. A wonian-sei vant, lO.s ir clotliiiiu'. l.> A child under M vears of aL;e. (/. ; tor eh)thing, -is. The ■ ilhm. A muster .nasdii, master <-:>n';''if''';. i'"'";-;'' (, w,f ], ,ii,.t, 4d . . iiiasdii, lirii-'k-liiycr. iiKisUTlilcr, iiliiiiilici ;lazicr, carver, joiiiiT Willioiit diot,(i(/. Uilicr laliorcrs, (except in liarvest; I'efweei) ^lieliael- iiias and Easter. I'lr (litvi. Witlidiet,;W. Wiiiidiit, rx/. S Witli diet, Ihl. In liarv est, every mower, bv tlie dav Is With diet, V!r/. . i WilliDiit diel,4(Z ..|) Wiiluiiil diet, :kl. S Willi diet, Ul . A reaper, liy the day A eai'ter, liy the dii j I Willioiil (iiet.U(; . ' S With d;. t :\d ) W'illKint diet. ")'(. ; S Willi diet, :)il . ... Women and orl">r lalmrers, liy the dav. ; Wiilioiit (li'^t. ,)(/.. !S Wiih diet, vk/ .... \ Wililollt diet, -li.. Tf any ntie niiftlit be im statute. The meals, by pro •shall be from hour shall be lialf an lioiirfc ino-of day" to halfiioiir at t May to the mi The .same si stantially ree; It must not were nnivecsiil for evidence in sistenee, it is ii researches o( 3; a- larye liindof The ibllowiiif;' Agrieultiiie an of detailed iiif( ever be hue bee labor and comu latter half of tl Table I sho\i barley, and oats and noitlierii co prices aie exjirt Table II sho\ barley, (,'{) drayi table the sevent the sign f, when Tlioeiohth eolni that of a thatch thatcher and hi.'^ In Table IIJ. i hiyliest daily wa tilers, slaters, an In tlie ca.se of til "sed in the eoliin ant is included. Table IV show iiij;', and of vario with the general fifty years after. Table V showi periods, expresse • Despito repeated tlieadvaiieo which h ■>»h I, p. W. tNorlh Wales is iui tifsolEniilaud. 4i •li 4 3 LAnon IX EUROPE UNDER FEUDAL SYSTEM. 91 statute. Tlu. latter ,„„i of this S.i' ■, nl.,/ \V'\ '"^'•""'."'«- '<> »!'« sl.all I..- (run. a „Vl.M-k in the nnMniniV 7 .''"'''' ^^'''f'''"^*^''"' l'«".r shall l.c all.,w,.,l lniM.",l/l's Pi ..•../.' V>'""'«'; tl'"t cno iii^' ot (h.v" t(. (hulc • no ,lv .'1' '■' ^^'■'t<>i'"1''''-* 'i'"l si.sten,Hs it is lUHrssai v to ,.1 o l . ^^••'-•'■:,;""1 thccos( of sub- alm-v.un,lo(a t rnfci onn. The iollowinj.- taMvr;/i I ":;''.''".' ^''^''^I' l'<>'>its is nowavailable Afenieultu.e aVul I'r lee's K p: /^ m 1. Vl"'^ that author's Jlistor.v of of e u' 1- n'''^;:''!!^ T' "*'"'."f>>"-. Theeij-hth eolu.nn relates to thcMl i J 7 ? *''V ^"'3' '-^ >"Hu> & 1 £■ T S 1 is Pence. n Pence. 3 6 .J s J: ^ IS'.fl... Pence. S Pence, 1 Pence. Pence Pence. Pence. Pence. Ptnce Pence. Pence. Pence. Pence. Pence. laid... 41 li H n u 2 4 1 i laai... 121)2. . . 1263... 9 10 q 10 JO 1 ...... !) iat)4... 12U5... 12ti«... 1 2i Si 5f li i iati7... 12IW... 4 2i :it 2i 2i 4i ai u ;) 2i ii* 5 2i 2i :i a ;i "3" 3 3 3 2.i 3 21 4 3 3 3 3 3 2i 3 3 3 3 3 u u ti u IJ H H li U li !t li If 2 14 li 1} u 11 ■"ii" u li li li li u o H li li 2i li 1 " i i i I t » 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 ...... 1 1 1 1 1 ...... li 1 1 ij 1 1 li 1 1 1 i i li lata... 12711... 1271... *3 4i U li li 11 1 i li 1272... 2 1 ai 2 2J 127:1.. . 14 li 1271 .. J 127.'!.. 2 2 ■""ii' 1 1 1271)... 3 IJ 1 1277... 127H... 3 34 3 3 2i 2* n li Oi 4 h ii 2i *2i 2 2 •3i 3i 2J h 2i 2J li li li li 11 14 li 11 li 1: 1 1 1 If 1 1* h !■ li w 1 IJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 ♦1 i 1 It 1 1 1 1 1 1 127;t... 1280... 12S1... 2i *2 3 3 2i It li a f 2 2i 5» 3 2.\ 2i 2i 2i a 2 2J 2i 21 a 3 4 .3 3 3 2i n 3 "11 11 IJ li li li 14 1 .1 "ii' 1.* tli ii it li H 11 IJ li •1 i ...... li 1 . ...... ...... 1 u 1 •i 1 IJ 1 1* 1 1 12C2... 12H:I... VM... I28:> ., 12wi .. 12«... l•.;^'t^... 12«i... 1211(1... •21 12'Jl... 12II2... 12!t:l... I2il4. . . 1211,)... 12!Hi... 12'.t7... 121W... 1211!) .. KIOO... i;;oi... i;iii2... i;fi;i... i:)(M... i:ii).-)... a y 2 ■"a" aj 2 2 ■"ai" ■"•ij" ...... l\ li ■"ii' ...... *1 J. [ ..... ...... '■"a" 2 ...... li ..... i i Kinii... 3 ...... "a" i:iii7... ii li If li IJ li 2 if ^1 li u It ii Ii li 1* 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...... jj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 21 21 "•ii" *ii 1 •1 *l *1 i;ir8... IIIUII-.. i:iw... ai 3 2i 2i 3 2J 21 3 3 3 21 4J 3 3 f 3 2i ."i -i 2} 11 a IJ ij If 11 li 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 }* IJ if 1 1 1 1 1 "i' i;m... 3 3 ■"ij" 1 1 i:i:2... l.ti:t... 2i 5 "41, 3' 41 4 3 3 3 ,3 3 3 "a" ...„. 9 11 u li 1 ...... 1 •■"ij" li U I 1 1 1 1 1 1 i:;u... nil,'-. .. Kilfi... ];)i7... i;ii8... Killl... i:i2ii... IMI... i:)22... Kt-,':)... IMI... 1 :)■.',')... i:wi... 1327. . 1 2^ 3 •>t '•■2 21 'ii' It '"ii' JJ '"ij ■"if" ....„ *1 -l ♦1 *1 1 ...... 1 •1 *1 3 4 ■■?i 2J k 3 3 3 '"ai' 14 ■■'ii" 14 ""ij' li li 1 1 ...... 1 ... .. ii I ...... 1328... 1 H li 1 ! ' Wi'.li wiiiuowiug t Tcii buahels at 3d. JNiuo LushulB. L A.D. Kaat. IJ 3' * Nino bushels. i H 1 1 ii U I LABOR IN EUROPE UNDER FEUDAL SYSTEM. 93 TahLK r.-HlOHEST PKICKH K„H THRK.S,„Na_CoutinUed. * NiDo buaheli, t Ten buahels. ! Winnowed, 1)4 LAIIOR rX KUROPE ANI» AMKIJICA. TAni.K II. — I'lIK KH OF HKAPINll, Ml»\VI\0, ANI> TICATCniXn. YeHrii. li i!;fli.. IWi.. I'JiS . li'lM.. n;im . l'J(i7.. 1V fi r.if 7* li} 6 Ki Oi 7 «J 7J 53 ■H' Hi ni fij 7} 8 5i 'si' 63 I'niee 5* .'•it r. 4t 5 5} "ii" fi 4J 4^ 4 J ^* 6 fi 6t 7 9t 5J fij Vtncr, 4J 4 r) 4i ^.t 4i 4) 41 ;t.i 4 4 ^ 4 4 J :jJ Jl 4! n ti ;u 4t 4 4 4 4J 4J 5 Ot 5 3t j 4J 42 r.l (li ■4} 4i (> •li ^ Gi H o Thatcher 6J tii 7} Si and two men 34 I' n "si' fi lij 4i 'si' fii 4 4 Si li 4t fi S} 54 Si fi Si 7 fi 6 4 7 (i fif 4 Si 7 ■li 5 5 5 6 Si 4{ i.'i -'i :'i ai a.i 4 3| 'JJ S» 2} SJ .li «f as ^i sj 3i 3 .1 3 3i SJ a 3 ■3 I I'tnet, :ij "si 3 a4 A ■ti 3 :i all 3 4i •'ti 3 3 3i 3 3t ■^i 4 :!i :... i:i,-iii... i;ct..., i:ir.8.... I.'iS'l ... Ktco... i:ii:i.... 13f)J.... I::(i3.... l:!(i4.... I:ii;5.... l:)(iii.... l:)i.7.... v.m l:tii!i i:iT(i i:i7i i:f"3.... i:i73 i:t74 1:1". I;i7ti i;i77 i:i78 KI7!) KM) i:iHl wm. 1:18:1 i::Pl i:ia-i Kiei;.... i:if7.... n.-H iwo.... 13!W vm ; i:t"3.... i.foi... ■■ I3!15.. i:«ifi. ...■■■ iw... i:i!)8.. I'fi'D... 1400... ■■' I' "aV A H 1^ h' ii ^' 3 31 3 ■■!« 4 :H ■M -■J ^AMou ,v ,.:rK,.,.,,: ,.„„, ,,,^,„^^^ ^^^^,^^^_ fkUlb ).'inr>.. i.i.iii... l:):i7... l:i;iH... i;i:)i( .. i:n() .. I'lii... I.KJ... ):i l.'I.VJ.... j:).-,;i i:).".!.... i:i.".r).... i;i,-.(i i;i-i7.... i:r.8 1Xp!I ... i:ii;(j liiiJi IM.' I::ii:i i;i(i4 1 :«;,') l:i(iii i:iw.... i:iiw l:HiU 1370 , i:t7i KTl in7;i 11)74 i:i7-.. i;)7« i;i77 KI78 I.t7!) l:ir'0 , i;iHi I.IW 1,'i?;! i:)Pi i:i8-i r.m. i;ii-7 n-s .... l^fi!>.... i3»n 1:'!>I , V-'K.... l.-flli 1301.... 13;).-. ■■ l:ifif; 13!17 v.m '■'!'!'.... Hdfl.... nciiiilinf, iMT iicr». U. a \Pnice.'/>,ni-r.'Pr„ I.J lii Hi li •■I I'rnre. Penrr.h'etiri: a 3} '(> '•i ■13 .V 4? 5| Prnrr.l'rtii't} peiirr. '"k 5* n t-l 8 !li IIIJ " I ^' 7t fi 7J 7i fi» n li! 7J 71 (J 7» 4i «i "il 74 id 71 3» 31 U 111 *■} fli 'il 'ioi' rioj 71 m PI 7} H 111 !)} 7i H n n 7 ej fii 7* 111 "iiV !l !) ' !''( 11^1 <) u II) fl Hl y 9 n 7« Hi '... 1') 1, !»J H H (if 6} HI "•* 7 6} 6( ti* 7J '\ 7J la 10 !» 9 10 w i:* I 5i ?i 11 "1 , «i ini 9 10 fi i* a Hi 4 i-'i :]i 4 ■ll "i 41 a' 4» 3 4 4 ^»i a 4} o| 91 10 9j P* ft ei I 7 I 7 t'f "» CJ I -? «* •'* 7! 4 4! 05 si- ti. ^ -3 tm k kT ^- i s ts J. •< /■eiic 4i 41 y| f» i:i 41 •il 7i "71 7 Si 5| 5» 1) •fi SI 3 1^^ ; 3^ a 8 fi 3 J i.H 6 \'\ 4 i\ 8 t.,i 41 in t 4 y» 6 bl ■ii Sj 9 96 l|!ltll 'S n LAnOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Taiilk III.— PnicKM ur mkciiamcai, i.aiioii. YMn If Pmet 3i PtflCI 4 PiHce, /'«IM 1 Plft i 1 -'i si SI Ytan p. ^ 1 1 1 6' as i » A Ptnri. 31 3 IS63.. 1334 1:1:1.') I33II i;i:t7 i;i:l8 l;i:i!i i:iio 1341 i:i48 1,141 1314 131,-. 1316 I'M7 Ptnet. 3 91 31 3 41 4 41 4 ■1 6 ■11 4 41 41 41 4 41 4 ^4| 4I l\ 41 51 41 41 J} SI 6 41 41 4 51 5 41 41 S 5 4 41 41 5 41 41 5 41 41 41 41 41 Penei. <> 41 4 41 41 4 3 5 3 4 3 3* Ji 4 5 7 4 a9 '4 18 6 6 6 5 *\ 6 S 6 41 6 5 5 5 5 fi 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 61 ul8 10 5 5 4 nS 5 6 6 5 6 6 61 5 C fi al3 6 6 (i 5 81 fi Peiii-f 31 4 4 "4' 3 ■■■;ii' 4 ...... 3 "3"' Pitirt. 31 •6 •7 4 •3 •7 "•«'■ '0 •5 •3 ..11 'li •7 3 4 '7 •8 *0 '10 Penrr. ■61 ■■'ill' Ptnct. I9HI.. S 41 81 "3" 1348 1.349 13,-|0 i;!,")! 1:1.".;) l:i.-,l i:i.-c> i:i.-,(i CI.'.T 13,18 i:i.'i!i 1360 1:101 1368 i;)>i:i i:iiii i:i(:.-. 1366 i:i67. I8118, i:ui9, j:i70 1371 i:i78 l:i7:i 1:174 iin.'i i:)7« I.T,7. 1378 iTi'J. 1380. 11)81. i;)88 1383 1384 l:l8j l:i8C i:i87. i:«.'8. i;ifi», KiiH). i:mi. i:m8. 1393. 1391 i.ttt-1 v.i'.m i:i!i7. 13U8. 1:199 1400. I SB'.'.. 6 '•i"i' 7 3 U<8J.. "5" c3 a 3 •3 ■3' 1SH4.. IZM^.. I'JSli.. IB87.. 8 1888.. 9 ...... 4 K'8a.. •5} 31 ISW.. 5 4 1291.. 6 ^* "fi' 5 ...„. 61 61 fi 5 ""b" 61 4 u lutm. . 4 1893.. 31 1894 . . 8 9 31 •••7- 7 ei 3 6 "31' 3 6 1891.. 3 41 189(1.. 6 5 1897.. 8i "3 M •t) *51 ISDN ?' 1899.. 1300.. 31 8 51 3 41,-1 5 6 U *9 fi 5 6 ...... *10 1301.. 5 5 5 1308. . ♦4 4 *5 1303.. 1304.. 3 8» 1303.. 9 ■■■5 ■ 6 B 5 5 13(lfl.. •61 1307.. 3i 41 4 41 ...... 91 4 41 4 4 9 4 6 '5 •6 *7 •5i 13(18.. 1309. *fil •61 3, "si' 4 ...... 1310.. 4 4 1311.. 131-{.. 1313.. ■■'5J' 31 ""s" 18 1314.. 7 5 61 6 ...... •18 1315.. 1316, 1317 ...„. 6i 5 5 6 S S 1318.. 1319.. 1330.. 4 4 4 4 3 31 ""a'i ...... 41 41 4 41 *6 '6 *7 "fi ♦5 ■1! 51 1391.. 3 I 7 6 fi 8 6 6 1389.. 1.183.. fi 5 5 1384.. "3' 8 isaf).. 1381) 4 *4i .4 *ti *6 •7 *6 *5 6 6 8 4 5 6 6 6 1397 8 8 8 5 ...„. 16 1388.. 6 C 4 5 8 41 •13 41 71 *8 8 •131 13i9.. 1330. . ■■'ei' 61 31 3J 1331 . . 1339.. 1333.. 31 S06 commeUs on Tiible III, pnge 91, for explanation of ♦. a London. b C iefly Oxl'ord, c Oxford only. LAnc Taii Tcari, 18.19-1870... 187I-H!M(J.... l8!)i-i;ioii..." l3oi-i:i(o '3H-i:m)..;; I38i-i:i:)i)... 1'I3i-i;mi).. I.34l-i:i.-,() ■■ I3,'il-|;|,ii), ■•■ i3«i-i:)7o. ■■■ 137l-l;)m.."' l.'WI-l.TOu 1391-1400.. .■;; Avfrajrn «,, („ l;i,'iO i'Ml-im.. {'> Vearg. 1261-1970.. '^'71-1880.. ■■ 1-'8I-1890.. ■■ I2!)l-l;ioo.. ■■■ l'l''l-I3IO..."" '31I-138U... ■■ 13^1-13:10.. 1.131-1340. ..■■■ i;ni-i:),-.o.. ■" i.i.'>i-i;t6o...""' 1:161-1370.. ■■■ '■'i'i-i;i8o.. ■■■■ '■■«i-i;i9o...""' uaj-1400....."." Oeneral avprage • 1261-1330 :. 1351-UuO...] 7 L LAnOR m EUROPK UM)KU TA1.I.K IV._r>,„cKH THE FEUDAL 8Y.STEM. "" ^•""'«'"N" nv m.cv.ssui. w. 07 (») /V,-«,w«/ „,,,,,„^,,,_ ^,/^^.^,^^^. KHions. my, (ptr Jay.) i'.'7i-ia»o.. ia«i-i:iO(i.. I.TOI-I.IIO.. '■tii-i:i-..o... i.'^'i-i.i:m... i'i:ii-i:no... LUI-I.T-,!).. 13:il-l,l.;()... i'i'ii-i;t7o... i:i7i-i;)w)... l;iHi-i;i<)o IMI-HUO...; I-'7I-I'.>8U....' I-'SI-IUHO... lUM-iaoo... '■■'■ii-i.-iio.... i3v'i-i.xto ; 13:11-1340.. i;i4i-i,r,o...;:' lasi-iMo... 1361-1.170... ■ l37l-i:ttio... ■■ 13(ll-l;i!)o... ■ irai-Hoo ; Oeneral nvprage 1'.'61-I3JU 1351-UuO 7 L ■ "'""""!"' - '■■lT:y!ifr*^'''' t ''' ^ 'f i ^'i^^^^y'^' ' tf^ffH^ ■ssaaa 98 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA, (c) Decennial avet-agcs. Carpenters, Pence. Pincc. 4i .^i 5J OJ 6i ;) ft ■M: ii ■M 4 ti f.i 4 •vv ;i} tij 5 Tii 5 Hi 5 ^'4 I'i r..v 1-J II Hi Pence, r >n^« • fence. •■it r-i 4i at li* ;.i ... (ij :ij t;t i;» ns .... ;,* 4; ft 44 B Pence. -4 74 K)4 7J 8 ^ 1:::::: 5i 1 16 U)i s 3 54 8 IS TaULK v.— PlilClCS OF THHKSIIINU, I'.TC, IN GHAIXS Ol-' SILVKU. (a.) Threshing, {pa- day.) ''awt. Midland. Si'uth. Wl'3t. North. Years. 71 ta ** a u 5 at 1 ° * cs •£ X * t ^ ■3 X i 51.50 6^ a iar>9-io"n. l'J71-|-JfU I'jsi-ijiin I'j'ii-i'u) I . .. . "r 5!>. o:i 2.1. 7> 15 47 4:1 83 20. 02 12. P:' 25. 78 18.05 .11) Ta :5(i. ii-' IK ('ri!:l.b:):i:i..ji;jii.i!-'ii">. 4.7 :vi.!io •::!.!! '41. 2.1 C-' e" :i'i iii'an. (y> \f. '.v':w. -J(). iiC^-ii. .71; -if. :ii; ih. 0.7 .71. '.i- (;■' t-7 :i(i '!•' M. li-J 4H. i'HMO. Dj -SK ir-]:it. 11 ;i;'. .71 -Jii. i:e 4ii. 4 3:t.'.7l -.6. 62 48. t8 :iO. 92 .'3.' 2 ,4i.'.>7'2.7. 78 15.47 18.' (1.7 i;)()l-l;tli) fr' M :» fi7 il. a 4li, 4 !:«•. Il'l' -JO. IW'7I. .71) ;ii). '..a Jll. OJ 4li. 4 3 '. 9. :(l. 112 02. 87,4 1. 2.7,21.1. Oa i;tii-i;i-ji» 7:<. r.i :u;. 0:1 ■-■a. a «■.«. t<7;!i.a7->:). •-' ]5i;.7>j:ts i>7s:!.'j :)i.:ii. i;«i- 1:1:10. 13:il-i:!40 ri4i-i:r>(; liH. iM,:iii. ();! liJ. 87 ail. iw 71). tiiHiH. (i7 •j:t.2 5R.72:i;t.5iao. i;2;74. 11 2.3.2 l5l.5G]:!0. 92'2ri.78ril. 14 J5.7.-;5!).3 |41.25 28.:1i;C'.k7 :ii. 51 2". Ii2 5l..7li :i:i.5i 2:1.2 48.! 8 :i:t. 51 2:1.2 4'*.9i' 10. 9- .10. 92 .7:!. 51 2 1.0-;. .9.:) 2.7. 7f 02. 87 .'5. 78 02. 87 .1.1. ;)rv.). y 48. 98,28. :i6 30. 92! \3.'ii-ia(;ii (». 03 41.25 28.;ili.73. 19,7li.72:iO. U~'i7:l. I!l 4i.25:i;i.9J.79.:i i:t.8:i :)0. 9;. 82. 5 .54. 14 " 30. 92 i:iBi-i:)70 i;)71 iSHil 87. lil) 78. 34 103. 12i)i87 41). 4 17:1. 19'i;H. 87 :i8. Ii;i7.7, 71^1 1. 25 :)(). 09 i,2. f . 02. 87'(;5. 45 ,7:1. 3 jlii Kiej. 5 'il^i. O:; 4 1 . 27 11.7. 4 ' 10.4 10.4 41.25i :iO. 92;82. 5 ..... 4i.'25 i:Wi-l;flO 73. 1U,41.27 :iO. 92 il7. 15 51. 50 41. 25'li;. ^7,4 1. 2.- :I8. O. 1.2. 8, 11.25 :iO. 92; . . . 1 13U1-I4U0 1 51.5111-2.5 51.51154. 14 112. ^'i 41.25 38.07 .)li. 7; 38. 07 30. 92,02. 87 51.5«,51. ,'6 Averaec up to--- 1H50 f..7. 4.7,13. 51 2n. 62 51.. 76 .33. 51 "20. 02 54.14 33. 51 20. 02 48. 9.- 0. 9-. 23.2 '50.72 30. 09 20. 1.2 •3JI-1400 8J.'J8|46.41 43. 83173. 11 511. 72I43. 8:i|7.l. 11 40. 4li:iO. Ijy|ll2.87 i:).8.- t:i.5lj75.7i i:'l.504i.^3 Years. 1201-1270... 1271-1280... J2BI-l2:/0 .. ;29l-i:iiK) .. i:ioi-i;no....' l3ii-i:i-.M) 132l-i:).i(i ."■■■ ):iil-i:i40. i:(li-i3-,o.. l35:-i:ioo i:ioi-l:i7o ... 137 1-1 .380. . '■ i.38:-!e!io. . 1391-14. .' Av('raKt' : 12111-1.350 ... 135I-I4U0 ... Years. I2W-1270... 127I-I-J80 .. U«l-i2!«) .., 1291-1.300... i.lOI-1310. . 13il-i:i;0 .. 1:121-1.3.30... II3l-i;no ... i:i4l-i:i;70... i:i5i-i:!o.i,.. I3nl-i:i70 i:i7i-i:w) ... i:wi-i.3!.() ... 1391-140,).... Averufte ; 120 i- 1 3.70. 1.351-1400. The (^hn-f n tal ill lOiisiaiKl Cor t __T:^iiL.K I.-AvcK Defaile. 1261-1270 I-'7I-I2--). 7li llKi. :):) tUi7. 7.) i:i7i. 14 1107. p'J i:U5 84 14.55.00 i:«i-i:ui) 11711.47 845. IIJ 510.47 855. ill 742. 5 8-'0. 84 078. 1 1 i:i4i-i;i:i(j l:)IW. il5 1117.81 557. 87 o;o. 08 u;)o. 01 022. 07 1040. :i i:)r>l-i:i{ii) 1705. 14 11:14.17 70\i. -.'5 1077.00 07.5. 5:i 1100.80 1300.41 Kiiii-i:nii 17116. .5:1 l-j:iii. (18 78ti, :i;i 1H08. 11 108.5. :i9 12Hl.:i3 I0;i4. ,53 i;)7i-i;itii) 15111. 7(J 9:)4.U1 :yj7. I 'J 1041. 50 810. ."'3 1015.78 )oi:i. 2 i;«i-::t'.io 1-J7e.75 8:)-.'. 7;i 5)1). -,'5 1)00. HO 8;)0. 10 017.81 1087. 07 i:)yi-i4uu i;ti:a:i7 8ti:). «7 5();i. 03 105J. 87 845. 02 840.47 nil. 17 OenerHl Bveriige, 140 years. 145a 2i 1041. ;t4 6ia.5'j 1003. 1» 02!). 12 1087. 07 1107.25 Table III.— AvEU.MiE price of cattle and horses, by decennial pfimods. Decade. Oxen. 1261-1270 1271-1280 1281-1200 1201-l;«K) inOl-1310 i:iii-i;)20 i;i2i-i:i;io 1331-1340 1311-1350 i:!5i-i:)R0 I30i-i;i70 1371-l:)80 i38i-i;ioo 1391-14U0 Oeneral average. d. 3 7 llj 4 03 oj n 5J 4i 10 a OJ 13 Cows. BulU. *. d. 6 2 7 114 6 10 8 li 8 74 10 10} 12 I 9 3i 9 I 10 2 11 mi II 4i 8 7i 10 8 .. d. 10 9 01 8 24 8 8i U 4i 11 11 11 ICJ i> 1 10 11 10 4i 12 04 10 lOi 9 111 9 4i 10 4) Affri anil O ii r t • HIUttH, I hurMt.H. <. d. 11 :i4 13 14 11 01 10 oi 1 1 51 13 } 12 .54 10 7 11 2 H 71 13 4 21 24 17 2 19 74 d. 17 li 11 17 20 14 5 10 4t 19 21 10 54 17 5t 17 i 23 Oi 22 01 23 2i 20 84 13 51 I 19 3} • The affri wM an ill-looking, little horse, used cliicHy iu farm-work. Table IV.— Average price of sheep and hogs, by decennial periods. i. 3S Decadti. ss. QD a *3 •-> .o w w i^ X a » ea s S .2 h a, CO « 0. X d. ., d. $. d. d ». d. 1. d. .. d. .. d. d. 1201-1270 1 5 1 51 1 11 1 11 1 3 1 5i 1 1 21 1 31 41 8} 88 74 1 64 1 9} 8 21 3 31 2 5J "3 "oi 2 2 2 4 21 4 01 ;o7|_i2^(j (>h 128I-I'JilO ■A lom-inoo 1 101 1 Ul 1 34 1 S* 1 o{ 111 1 * 51 4i 1 81 1 8 2 04 a 101 3 31 2 91 5 1 8 3 4 1301-1310 t) 13ii-i;ko 2 21 1 11 !'» a 1 3 51 a 91 5 7 54 1321-1330 2 U 1 6 1 3 91 1 111 8 OJ 3 9 4 31 .M i;i;)i-Kt40 1 8 I 2i 1 i Oil 1 7* 1 10} 2 94 3 0} 3 111 ■li 1311-13,50 1 84 1 21 9i ll 2 8J 3 1} a 9i 3 :i: 54 1351-i;i00 2 U 1 84 1 41 fj 1 74 a 31 ■* 71 4 4 bl 130l-i:i70, 2 3 1 7| 1 64 m 3 8 5 1 .5 1.4 1371-1380 . a 2j 1 Ui 2 4 1 91 1 4} I 44 1 4i 1 a 1 i 7* 1 9 1 5 1 6i 3 24 3 3 3 a 3 u 4 i 4 5 64 VI l38i-i:i*io 1391-141)0 41 1 101 1 5 1 a 8 1 8 a 111 3 41 4 74 5* Li" Tabi 1201-1270 1271-1280 1281-1200.... i2<.ii-i;ioo ■■' i3oi-i:iio.... ■■"' 1311-1,320... ■"■ 1:121-1:130 ;■■ i:i3i-i:no 13)1-13,50.... i:i5i-i:t(;o i:«ii-i:i7o... 1371-1,380 ■■■■ I,'18l-i:)90... 1391-14o0 '.'.'. Oeneral avert T.Utr Deciido. 1200-1270 J27I-IJ80 l--'.''l-i200 ... 12lll-i;ii;0.... 1.101-1310 1311-1:120... 1321-1,3:10... . i3:':-i;j40 The pricos ii in the second i 1 pound 7^ ou Table 1210-1270. 1"7I-I280 1281-1290 1291-1,300. '. 1:101-1310 ■■■■ 13ll-i:i20 "■■;i-i3:io ;;;:;: 1:131-1:140 i-ni-1350 ;:::, i:!5i-i:)oo i:ifii-i:i70 iwi-i;t8n.... 1,'I81-I3!I0... 1391-1400 '.'.'.'."'.'.'. General averagfl , t Porculi U BuppoBed to mean lean bogs ; Forci, fatted hogs ; and Parcclli, sucking pigs. .^.J-h LAnon IN EUROPE UNDER THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 101 Ta„.,„ V.-AVKH.OK rnic, ov P«.,..nv, „v uKCKNxxAr. rK.n.ons. laHI-lv.'!!!).. lS!tl-l;i(10... ' i;)iii-i:ii(i.... l.'lll-IDOO i:i-'i-i:i:i{) ■"■ i.'iiii-Kiio ■"■■ i;ni-in,-ii) l:r)i-i:;i;i) .. i:wi-i:i7ii .. I.'i7l-I3pll...." i:)fi ei y 7 7 «j f.» 1 Cider. (tun (if a.ja glurt.) I. d. !0 5} 10 ai 10 4i 11 ai !0 5j lU CJ l.'l til 10 4i HI la Iti ii 13 4 9 ai 11 4} AppleH, i 15 3 11) 8 2j| 1 Ii I 4i 141} 14} 17 2 3i 8 5} 14 2 LA Table XI.— A Dec I2liil-1270.. 127I-U!S0.. 128I-I21III 1291-1300..'.' 130I-I3III . i:in-i32ii.. 13.'l-l:i:ii).... iiiiil-LUll... 131I-I3.-||I.. I.iiJi-KllilJ.... K!iil-I3;u... i;(7i-i:t,-(i . i:!rii-i:i9i. 1391-1400 Averagi': l2(iH-i;(,io. 1351-1 luo . Tabli; XII.—Avi Years, H()l-I27n... 1271-1^80... 12-11-12110... 12!JI-i:i(io.... J:!0I-I3I0 ... 1311-1320.. I.«l-l:).i0... 1331-1340... i31l-l:i.-)» .. i;i.)i-i.3(i(i ...."■" .:i!il-i:i7i|... I.'I7I-I380 ... :>l-l;!!IO . IJ91-I4I,0... 1 I Averitpe; j i2iii-m,T. 1351-1400 .... Coiiipariiio' ti,( tcciith ccnriiiics, tlie siinic Ial)or ii Mr. l\()0(Ms coiicl tlmii liis descend, Artliiir Yoiitii^'.s ( iind iiitoiit tJic on. tcciitli cotitiiry n tWcilfv S(>(;()Ild' 1)11 'iiiK Tlicscppop, rntcforthrosliiiio- and tijiit or outs 1 LABOR ,N K,KO,.„ ,.N,„,„ T„n reuDAL SVSTr.I 103 Decudo, t'nnvim, I 111/., I'll llHir-clolli. I,iu,,D. ] -'611-1270... l:.'7l-h!S(l... l-.'8i-lt;:iil lWll-i:il)U... imii-i.'jiii ... i:iii-i:i;;ii.. I ;i.'i-i. ■);)((.... ):):ii-i:i)(i.... I:i1i-i;(.-,ii . l.iOI-l.'iuU.... i:iiil-i;no... i;i7i-i:tM) .. i:wi-i:i!)i .. i;i!ii-H()u AviTdgi': I All)- i, ■150 . ■■'i i; ■I I •Ji H (I III H r.j W !'J U III ■1 HH l>||«. yilii. .'I i) 4 II n II 4 II ;i i-j H II li 11 r> id Eloj. jIIs. t. rf. :, II i^ 7» y « a Hi n H 4 a II r.i t 1 13 'J} I 14 10 1 7 1 li) Tit 2 5 '-' 111 t'i a 10 2 y 3 (i 2 1 U^ 3 it l< 1 4 li 6 4J 3 3 (i 7i 3 1!) 8 4 3 a 1 13 ei 2 G Ci Tau;.k XII.-AvKi!A,n;^ nt„. '"■ "> '.,...N,l-MArK.M.U.«, ,..,„., KTC, ,,v I'KltloDM. '' UlCCUXNIAL Yours. i'l'lha. jl'laliifll.u: t'lVNls Perl.OOO. fwl.ldO IV,. |,„,„ i^Mi-iani J- ''■ i^'^i-i^f'u \ A ly.-ii-i-jiiii.... I ., ,.3 i^«i-i:!oii ;;;"i 4 ';, i:wi-i:iii) i : :\\ l-'ill-i-«0 .■."■'i 4 ^J l.WI-l.i.iO I 4 '1? i:i.ti-l.i4ii "i \ ,f iJ.)i-i;iiiii.... ! i 'f .:nii-i37i) ""\ 7 ? '■'■'i-i.-iiio I 7 t IJ91-I4I,0 ; 7 iJ,* Av'tTHfTf: ~ l-.'lil-l.T'iO.. .. i J r,j KiJI-HllO I 7 '„l lln-plLH, I-n'li- Hoard - ' '"lilH- 1 nallK, &c. Jlillntoiics. >-- l.nilO. P.,M,O0«. PeM,0OO. rorZ^\'^_ '■ d 12 6 7 U J3 i) 14 9J 13 4 14 1 — 10 11 14 5 lesiHiM' lalmr i„ I7(i7, as niv,., I.v \, .7 ^- '"'''''' "'f'' f''<»'^f' l>iii(l for tii.n I.i,s(k..s,.cMulant in tlu',.in|H,. ! , ',: 'nf" ■ "".' '•'^''^'^' ^'f'«*^i' P"i, Artiiiir Yonni.'.s time <.,,r, oih-Iv/.. ■.'•'' ''*' " wl.ile the laborer in f'<'-'t» century recviv,.! , .■ , i i ,;;;'''' '''.« '''l»»'er of the bui' twenty seeotHl part <.f barlevani. '"' .^''.-'''fi^'nth in whoat, a ^ or th,^shin. wheat was lillov / :: , ! ;;::::^^1';' j^"-'^'^' i" -l.ioh thi dHWi MIKWH) 104 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. takoii, tlu' nito would still have boon favorable to th<> inodioval laborer, tiKMi;:'! not to the extt'iit wiiicli may be iiirciTfd from the ease of the east- eiii ('(niiities." • * In this e(»iiiiectioii Mr. Koj^crs remarks that " no kind of labor api)ears to snj^yest more ilistinctly than that of tlneshins wliat was the ordinary rate of waf;es to an a^ricudtnral laborer." Else- where he refers to a i)raetice not imeommon anionfj farm-servants ot con- tnietin^' lor the produce of cows, and even ewes, (for ewe-miik cheese was not unknown.) at an 'innual rent. This herepirds as "an evidence that tiie condition and means of the persons who entered into hired service at annual waf;es and allowances with the lord's baililT was far better than aiiythin.u' of which our ino expeiulitures of Mertnn Collejje in rebuilding the bell tower of tlieir chapel, Jlr. l{oj;jers obtains the wa<;es i)aid for certain kinds of labor for a period about half a century later than the conclusion of that embraced in his tables, the stru(!ture in question bav- in};' been c()mm«'nced in ^lay, 14 tS, and concluded in -May, l-loO. "The laborers,"' says he, "are well ]»aid. The chief mason, besides an annual pension of Ll(».v., receives, whenever he is at work, t)|)ulatioii,"sa Jiibor, and fhosi oil l)y tlled„iii(.: of Sir .lohii Jjp independent liv fJiides, ami the jS'otwithstandin it is obvious tlia ill country town visions, iis did fi iiiid become ph Vsabell ' lo(|o(.vs takes his wiiie ai with Jiiy Lord Ai crease of wealth ill dress and the giii'inenis of sir which the mip „■ 'I'lyies of fv„e h oir.lohn witii co 'l>,vile(l with gool iliess with skewc iKsed'fynepvMne; tioii between distt and bridges were ti'ss of Leicester f to Chester, givas j] lit-'ry{i)idsburv)fo '' It would lie ea 105 flf;;i;;^ii;;;;;;|.^:^!::;;!s:T-,-^-s:,r;;;;^ ";x i';:"''" "":"■■'' -'li-™;-^: £1!: ,r:^"l,-,;s/;:i;-. i^i,:: .:^^i;pi; ;];-s,;™ fi;i;'^'';;;,'';;"?;s,'ri::,j;';;ri;:;;:;isf"-"iv5:.^;;L™7 tnlc.'s |„s nine and watli'r.s t '„ s i, r ^*''' ''''"' ^"'^- '"t'"''', Sir ol f, c'.ss ..t Lc-icostcM- from ()
  • .it.s ; sil'versmitiis, mereers, drai»ers, tailors, and eordwainers ; tosailo'.s, sol- diers, and servants; tliey contain notices of faiminj-- and stockinjj (isli- jionds; and, taken in conjunction witli the Taston letters, they fiirnisli the liveliest i)iclurc \vc possess of any period anterior to the invention of i)rintin<;'." . • , , , Ihe honsehold-ioll of the Countess of Leicester contains considerable curious information in regard to tin- diet of bolh llie upper and h)\ver classes in her time, but s-o much of if as would l)e snitaMe to tiie itres- ont work lias been substantially anticipated. The Ibbowin;^- lisl.iiow- ever, will serve to sliow tlie |)rices of a number of articles then compre- Jieiided under the {general term " spicery," and but little used e.\cept amonji' the wealthy: Sii-ar, per pound, l.s. to 2,s'.; almonds, 2:{(/. to ■.',\(1.; anise, ..r/.; cin- namon, 10(/.; fialiiiKal, l.v. (W.to;J.v. ; fiin^^cr, lOr/., l.v., l.v. (W/., L'.s.;* pei)per, 8(/., 1U(/., I.V.; cloves, KKv. to VJs.; cummin, lit/.; fennel, dried, o(/.; net, lAf/.; salVron, llKv. toll's. . , ., . 'jii conneclioii with the subject of coiidiineiits, it may be uoliced that mustard, verjuice, and vinej^ar were used in considerable (piaiitilies. Items occasionally occur for the purchase of table linen, plates, dishes, and drinking' cups". In respect to wearin;,' apparel the roll contains little -information. Woolen cloths were the chief mat<'rial of lemale apparel, but the foUowin-;- materials are also mentioned, viz, linen, sindon,t scarlet and rayed or striped cloths ot Flemish, I'lcnch, or Italian make, pn:s, or blue cloth, maiiuiactured diielly in I'rovence, rus- set, say or serj;e, and blanchet, or blanket, u name sujiposcd to mean flannel. When woolen doth was new the na|) was ^^'iierally very loii}?, and after wearing it some time it was customary to have it sh()rn,a i)ro- cess which was repeated as Ions i»« the cloth would bear it. Thus the Countess of Leicester sends i'licqe, lier tailor, to London to j;et her robes reshorii. , . , , . n , ^ There are two passages in the roll in relation to the cost ot a pociket breviary ibr the use of Eleanor de lAlontlord. Twenty dozen ot line vellum," i)urchased for this book, cost 10«., and the writing, which was executed at Oxford, cost 14.s'. • ^, r * A noteworthy circumstance connected with this document is the tact that the household servants mentioned therein are generally distin- guished by Saxon names, such as llande and Jacke of the bake house, llicqe the tailor, .lacke the keeper of the countess's harriers, Dolibe the shepherd, Diqon, Gohithestv, and Treiibodi, who were olteii employed in carrying letters, and tSlingaway, a courier, whose name was probably descriptive of his gait and manner. The accounts of Sir John Howard relate to a period iiosterior l)y Irom sixty to seventy year.; to the date at which Mr. Kogers' tables terminate. They were traiisi'ribed from the original manuscripts, of which, at the time of the publicatioi. of .Mr. IJottield's book, there were two in exist- ence, one of them forming a part of the valuable arclueological coUec- • tion ot Sir Thomas Phillips, bart., at Middle Oill, while the other was the property of the Duke of Norfolk. Mr. BoUleld states that the only *Wiitju suveral dilioi'i'iit jinces aru give; It seL-uisslrai.^L-, liDWovcr, that thu iiriou u tiiiHS tVoiii l(l('. to M,i tliov iiru olitiiiiiiMl Inmi ihll' i'<;iit I'litrifa. if ;j;iii, jer a'loiild Ikivo vaiio.l in ho short a t Tills has bi;t;u interpreted to mean satiu or very auo liuea. LABOR IN KUUOPK UNDKR THK FKrnAL 8VSTKM. ]07 /i(tH.htl. rn.t.i.v, l,nt tlu'd.r n in 1 , "' '""""•^••"Pt Ih Uts <,C the "i':-NP<.is,.s^„Hi "Ac,...., s . ,; ' ' ■' i;'',;"'"^' "'<'' ruii"s. ti,*, ' "•■ ^'I'^wydus tlov ij. tonn. „tr is ianvsho iltUil. llill' VV ilii .,! - .1- . - '. .'■'"" lij. « w.viic fliir tijy sf\(l li.rd itwji.irorxx. (ir^vniiviijr ,i,:,;ji;; ■■■••■ tnn, V. .losevii i.latl.r "s ^ '"-'"^ '"•■-- {("■iiMl'or V. .i„.>„.v,i sa'wcws nn, p;.y.l tYov iijj. e. 8toklVsd;,:;j v Ift'iii, vpij. ,,\ |)y,s salt .........; iiiiiiSifil^^^ ''•'111, vj. li. alirium'lys" xvj. Ifi'iii, (1 inaic. -. x.d. ■ iiij. d. . . X. d. iii.i li. xii.j, 8. -■ ij.s. xiijj.». .... xl.s. .... vj.rf. x.d. 'j-f'- vj.rf. • xviij.rf. Cyuamau dmii 108 LAnOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. i-li Itom, pnyd to riivyson for v, i>.vp,vs of liynr, the sayfl day, iiij. of thorn for tr.v mnstorys lml\iiu.T:'|ii'iit to Calcy.VN waril, iiiid j. iiyiii^ thymliiy xxvj. «. viii.d. Itfiii, iiiiyd llio miyd day tYor xviij. ycidyn of ly'iicn kloyt, Imwyt of DtMio of MiTwysclii" Y_ g |i|, (f. Ilriii, llur a |i(i| oil' liayacli^ flbr my lady .'.*...'. iiil.rf! Iliiii. ll'iir all el In nil' canvas jij'j ^_ Item, payd Ciii' a pcyn^ kii,\ v;, s llur my iiiastyr ".'. y],i] Iti'iii, pii,\(l thcKaydday tor wayKliyn'^; of iiiv masfcryH Hhyrfo ' '.. j (/.' Ilciii, payd till' XXX. day of Octol.yr, for ij. ImsHlicllyrt otyA, nt thu Holt \\.(1.''(,h. Item, payd (or a ;,'oy>i* for my maMlyr [ iii), (/. Item, payd for a pcyro Hlioys'for .loiiii K'l'Niharddi-, tlii» Hclicld t of tlio Hialivilo.. . \'\'il. Item, my iiiaNtyr paid tlio xvj. day of Novciolivr, for iij. lody.s liay * vij.s, Item, Ifor llotyiij,'.' off a peyr Liotys, Ifor Jolm Davy " yj.',;] A. I). 14(14. Item, payd for a payr ho.syn IVor tlio cliyld off thu Ktaldo x.d. Item, for i,j. Wri'NhyN iil. rf. Itfiii, for iiiJ. /crds and di. otl'd.nmaskc, to .John .Atartyn .' .".'.'.'.".' xxxv|".fi! Item, tlic Kanie day my niHHiyr payd Ifor ii.j.zcrdys Ifii.stoyn bluklu) ij.«. ii'j.rf! Item, tlif Hnini" day for x. /crdyH idf t'liawi'iipeyii'clotho..' iij.a. vi'i.i/. Item, to 'I'liorp for a nhyrt I ho Haino day x\'].i'. Item, (for iJ. ini'iinyH dyner (ho sami> day iiij!rf! Itum, tliosamo day payd Ifor x. ztiidys'sarsy net to Tliomas Rowsnn, iiuTHer in (Jln'-po- sydo XX. «. Item, (lai Mamt! day iiayd to my nnisteryn taylor (I'or makyn^'o oU' a tawny gown ifor liiy niastyr iiii.«. Iti'm, (ho same (hiy (for iiij.o(f yonr monnys dyner at Lamhytho xi'u.d, Kcin, (he same day for x. /erdys o(f Idi'w hol.eram, i)ri.se tho'zord vi.rf Hniiima, v. «! Item, (he sa,\d day payd (for a hhikko honet for my ma.styr xx.(/! I(em, (hi' sayd kay payd (for a i» 'ij.,s. vj.rf. Item, (lie Hiime day jinyd for a quarter o(ya xviij. r a quarto malmcsoy ^ ucoluea Vuue, tbo same tymo """""" iuraii. camlelles iorevjm,,,,,,^.^ ,,—-•- .W;;; iT raham-Mdynere.... a:!;i^;::!!.^!f'-j^^LyncdA:Vu-:::;:::^ :•.:::::; ' muster XX. rf. • x.rf. viij.rf, iii.j. rf. lij.rf. xvj.,;. vi. d. ■ ij.rf. . v.rf. • 'j.rf. vi.j. rf. •.)• d. " d. DO LAnon IN Kirnrr am^ amkrica. m ForpKnr»^^-»>r"' t".St"k.- Iip 111,1. (InvU IJ o, vij.rf. l''or 111. I I'll \ I'M HV <*t<*ni't' t(» I..(iiiil(iii '. ... u\.(l. I'tir ;i 1)1111, 1 i.iilii* vii.).(/. Foro II lliilvi.ri iiltt IW niv ^luly \.d, A. D. MJrj. Tor ij. piiyri' nld nliitrs \\[\. s. viij. il, Jtciri, llic nJ. (l;iy (il'.lrlicvrii', my lllilsli'l' liriiit (if liN^'iiii X, i (iV( rlylys iiI'liilHi ly uiilvc, II |»Tr fiinlcy nynm' x x\. Ililliyslic cllrH, iilid i\. jincN t (p|i|i'Miyin;c' Xx. Ililiiy,>.|ir i'IIcm, cvi'iy pri'f iiiyw ilic |iici', XX. « ." isiiiiiiiiii.'x. li. x,.v, I'liyd til Ainolil, niiiil.lmiiyilic, tVixiiu a tiililctt of ({tiolil ',1-li' x\.(/. Koio iij. i> iiy^iis H illi Ntiiohi'rt '. .. .\xv. H. I'dif II IliiUil nl'sy lv« r XX, N. Hunt 111' Ai'iiolil, j;ii(ililMiiiytlii', a ilyvjHi' nf j^milil fur MiisIitm MniKict, llin luysc tliiiriif is \].ii, I'ayil I ill' iij. yvcry ('(MiiIkh X\ j. >/, Fur iij. (ill iMl Irs XXiiij.K. iii.'j. (/. llciii, the xv.iLiy of .Miirclii', my muster Imiil of ;Tol(lsmytli(> in Clifpc Mcrliiyii h.Ivi io vcsilliM, mill my iriii-tcr to |i;iy lliti kukI ^nlilsmytin' Inr I'vny iiiiiici' |,j. v, Itrm, till' (l:iy mill yiii' iiliiivf xvrctcii, my mii^liT piiiii to I'riiimii, his lii'iJiiiuKric, r,ir m,ik(ii!4i' of 11 Iii'il wylli V. cuMticM to tlic wiiim xx.». Itfin, p.iiil liyiii for xx\ii,j. li. lyirc, jirysn tlicli.v.rf siimmii, xij. »(. xi.i/. ItiMii, piiiil liym xxix cllrs ciiiiviis, pry si' tlii' cllc, v. (/ Niniimii, ,\ij. «. v.,/. Itom, piiv il liy III for \ iij, li. coidc, prysc I hi' li., v. Item, the km me day piiid for a ll'erkcn ale x.^', Ilcm, my iiiastyr paid to t'nmliert ii fof an hiittc ij.«. yjii ,(, Item, I', 11 a piiyr slicrcs and a payr gloves for miisfns VsIh Ih; Hi ,', Itom, my ma'-tyr paid to tlic cordwaner for ij. p.ivr .'dioyis for him sellf xvj. d. Item, my miislyr leillie piiid for iij. lalcwes t of do w no vij, s. viij. i/. Item, for ij, t\ lers iij. dnyis, every day viij. o//t (siimimi, iiij. «. ii'j.i/. llem, for a la Inner iij. day is '. . xvj.i/. Item, fur j. Idle of Mil ide ^ j.,;. Item, iij. .sakUes lyii \\,il Item, for Ix. fete of el . . : ivdc Item, for ij. eai pent ts h . i.. imd t' Item, the same d.iy in.- lii.: ' \t waid •.• Item, fir xij. li. diitcs ", .. Item, for vj, li. rcysoi ,■; of C r ' "..w Item, foe j. li. of poiKli I (n jy' 'er . the day viij. d. oh . xx\j. li. Ilax XX.((. Kiimma, vj.«. Iiij. d. «'i'i'"f;" iij. 8. liij.rf. Itein, the Kiimo day my nia.styr paid forxsxij. fresclio Iiereiii>e8 vj.rf. Item, the Slime diiy my Miastyr pa li to .lames Petelson for a ualoiio ovle xii. <7. Ti. il... „ .1 1. .!»■. ..I. - -• " *' . •' - Item, the V, diiy, a '|iia.'i<'r hcfVc, tlu' prise Ite xix. rf. lu, paid for sc\veiiy;c of iij. federbedde.s, iij.bolstcres, and ix. pelowes vij.s. vj. rf. ^^ * Cunib of wheat. t Pillows. t A lialfpeuuy. LA II Item, the same I'l'in, llic xiiij. d ol di pc lih w, I'em, xxiiij. llic '•'■III, XX. himlio leni, XXX. pyiij;, 'telll, XIJ. IcMiWi Item, XNv,j, ^,,1„ '•'•I'l. sy\. I.iiii.ji, felM, the sjimc d llelii, f,,f .,^;|j \i' ". Viii. ,/'... And V lyicll, hii Also my 11111,1,. I , Ahitjhn ,1 'il,,. /,„ .hidjiir ,1 i„),>- III,, A Hiilniu,.,. ' J,,., a hlll,Miy,.i',,r „ l,n- xj yn(|,.M 111^ 1 O the i\'\ |iijM(..s |. Fore lj.^e|,|,.I,si,r J','"' ',i I'i'.VIe of 111 ■ore Karsiici f,,|,. | llem, my iiKi.Nici I Jl''ll, tllCMMiicd,, llem, n, veil III !,'(,; llem, my iiiii..,|,.| ^ Item, my iiiii.stcr ^, llem, my iiiiislci j; I'or lion id of woij, iliem iij. c. of okcn IkikJ, For X. Niodcs, pr\,s( For a lieeiiic '. . Fore iiij.Miiiil,. MtV,,' jOle il l.iiy,. Ntoolo '•'or ii'.j. niiiyii,.|,.s (, •I'll' xj. diiy wei k,. lor iij. (hiyi.s Wclkl III .John (olidok oil I'l'ie.loliii (.'opdi.ke l'"ie ij. (liiycs „,,,!;, Jly iiiii.sicr |„ii,l n,|. J'lyd for .(nliii Di.spi ■111- a liors.-ciiiiil,,,... {■,'"■ '"i.vin-c I, fit (■,., _\ly iiiiisiir piiMl to I f,"'<>ii piiyr ,.iilyij,si I' ore a pnyr. , j, ,, ^ n '.V muster |„,;,,i for,. i]y muster piiid lor a ■ore oust cs fill |. iiiv hi I'ore a hiiicilt) and Ivset'cpe Jly master speiiV'fit tJi'ewnd 1;"' i.i. ycrdes ehiVhV 1 ;M.VIliilMcr|i;ii,l lor a i'ora newsiidcllc. I/an dojii,., .,,,,1 .^.,|j ['ii'ii liotellcwviie.. i-wiiij. I,:,rrcs t„ til,. I iiMl jit Wcstnicnster l;"f<; ij. dies Hidiind c i"l'l Io WlldM'll,, f„,. 1 to a kerlclle. Foraplif,. ,if la„„« ."' i,wi,ic I MI, I Ki:n,\L SYSTEM. lH j;.'n..xx.,:i.,:;:.r. :^-;:;; :::::;::;:::::. ::•:?' ''^■:\^t'- "••M, M.|, /.sawi.l.JlilVSM ^x^J.". x.rf, ;7''^\>''.i>!"i N m; II...' ■;.■.■. .■.■::.■::; v^V!- i!H";n:;!;r:'i;::,::;''^'''^'''-.:pii-ii.:'^ i.u"vii:,i I'-n, i„v " i . .. V;;: ^l'"'"' ';"■■"•." ^•'•'''■■.i'.ii.u;i;,; ^"•""^'.Nxxi.u. a[m n,vC"; '7'^'v'''''''V'''''ii'-.Mi):; • v.n.xv,.. ^'■t.^.nv^,s.t/r.'''■'''''''"■'^ ''''•"■■"' iiv. x.*. ^.'r^o„|.w.;;■ ;.a1'/:l:^^^^^^^^^^^ ^•*- fc:-.::;r-'''>-'-n-M,j.';;':::::v;;;;;:;;; Vxxvir;:i iwiH,jM„Mi;:;n;.i;.; ::;::::;■••■ ^"""""•y-"- v,u, I'lilr,! I,„v,. Nt.M.ln ^."'I'^- liUii li'-■" u p^,vr',,;.i,vn,s w ,1; , V ;:'' '"'" "•'• i-"' «i-m>o •.•.■.:;••■■ .""^ 't I'M.VP ,. I, ., ,H Ion, nlaHt. JMar.;,; .■:" %nm,st(T|,i..s,iloio i. hair ^ tr:;::ir'.r,;:.,?i;'i:::^'^;^^ ■■•■- 'io- £;^.:!;.r;i-|"^:ri^i-^--^-^-i^-^^^^^ .•--'----•'::.:^"vi.:'x:';r F- ;;: :i,;:';E;r^^^^^ :.:••■ -tJ For unlit,, of lant, '.'k. ,y,, „t a imyn, Meves ••• iii.j.'/. --. ix. (/. - xiiij.f/. --.. i.i.d. ij. rf. • ■ • ■ i.j. *. •-■ ii.j. rf. •- iii.i-''. iii.i' *• xiiij. ». F:Hi-!'::ll:::':i!'.;''''T''?""''""icwi ij- • lies of |<1 fo Nct(; and to J ••orw lioland ^ , - ■- -^-v !•; ,1111 ■ My master ijatfu to th i>liii JliiNo for ij. llaV wi'>rL- ;e fit S(..k,> .Tall. pond X. (/. -•- >,i s. vj.rf. •■• 'J-«. vj.rf. xij. d. v'iJ-«. iiij.rf. !t*S« !H ■■rilii'iiiiiTi [HMfllli aaaauaiat.a..aau,.fe-^>»a.a.>.i».,.-^ Up 112 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. LAB To Ni'liollf r<>ry<> for wr.vtyiigo of tlio said potentes iiij. s. ij.tf. For ij, liosliillcs orwiilttc XX. d. For ix. f'liti^ of ^;liiNso to tho iit^w closet iij- *• ix. rf. For xij. KiiloMM !if;c ij.s. Fore XX xj. c. hiiMvsIii', priso of c, xxv. » simiiiia, xxxvij. li, x. s. Fore a (|iiiiiti-i'f. ln'llo xxiij. d. A Hiiddlc, prii-u v. «, A lioiiiii-f xii.d. Fore a Hiul.ylli) vj. «. A. D. 14()(i-7. Foro iiiiiki'ii^vt' of xij. cnslioiics of itciih'sciki mid ;;ii'ri(> vclvi't, prise iiij.s. Fore, tlif sliitVciificiil llu' ^:ii(l toslioiies, foio vi. .stone fetht'i's, pii.so tlio stoiio ij.».. xij..s. Foro ii l)OiH't I'on' iiia.slrv (Joif;)* xij. rf. Xvii.j. .Vfidcs of lyiic ploiiktt, prise tlio ycrde 'i,i- *■ i'i.j. ''• X pt'Ct's of eoiiiiUTliit tap.stro, ovt'ry pfce i;oiiteyiii'n{!;e XX. ilulujsln; files, prise tlio pt-eo xj. .t. Item, tlie xviij. day of DeeiHiiber my iiiastyr bowt of Holstrodo x. yerds of russet for ij. loiiyo yowiies for my lordo mid ii ^owiio for my lady, I lie yerdo vj. x. viij. (/ siiuimu, iij. li. vj. u. viij. rf. Item, my mastyr paid to Edwardes wylfo lor j. cado of redo lieryiige, tho wyeho my liiaslyr sent to .lolin Iloolibes v. .■(. Item, payd to 'I'liomas I'nreer, for Willy am Fykelf, for ij. day is \veik•■ice■tbc■^;;;y,•x;■V '"""""' ^^HL «• ix. ,?. i:ve.;v q.>a.t..ro, vij. ,..!. ....''"^ '^ "''^^' •^"'^ *" «vory .juartor a bu.shdh./the pii'oVit' 1 aid to Jiobcit Diesoiio fore xxv. M "'i^' "liiVrilV nV,." V "" " ■•"■"■; smuina, Ixiii. li ii'J- •^■' viij. d '• ^^- '""• «'• CI wodo, price of a M. >" ■' P^t...,xiij,«. xiij.d.....!^!t ^ "^ '^ ""^'''' ^"'■''^' t''" «»"'o .lay, price of ; lorxx. kyoiie "■■.;; ; lor viij.oxciieamlsteres.'.'.V lor other ij. oxeiio . For iiij. oihToxeno lor V. stores la-m, paiil to the same buchcr for' k' TuUnhhli' ' ly «""""a, xv. li. x. i! ..I'^"-''- -^U» ^- ^"'l'til-1-w, the same day, price „f ;mv,,j. "''yofsait,thoprico'(;fawj;;;ciiii";'vr;7 '^""""''' vj.ii. I ai,l t, master Coke for v. pipes '' ' ^"'•'' *' 'J' '^ mnmni, v. Ji. x v « .-'•'■■ «i''i'-.-'!':'"r.:'r::"ir! f" "'"^'^^'i-'f-^-'-K-s-i.-i^inchepe-ioHH: r r--;--V •* ■•■ ^•^''"'' ^y *^e sniallo tale, ."!■ 111,1. bardies of pyehe a.ul terre '"''"' l'""*^ tlHipuce, iiij. ,/. ob.. mmnni, xiiij. s.'iij \ iiiw 111], eabiii.w n 1, ';••.::-•-- V ' "•'• """-■'■ '■"I"'^' ^veyiig Kxij. c.-xxViVi„r;;j-f' vj. li V. li. vij..v. --. sxiiij.«, l\,]..s. ■•-■ xvi.j. li, vj. «. viij.(/, ii. X. 4-. Vii,j. (?, vii.j.f/. viij.(?, ii,j. li, vj. n. Ihi i';- —,•■,•;•,' "^ l'.>^"o ioui terre. I1I.J. eabiiles, a haw.sere, and C-. Vllj. s. |:;^rs;n;;iS||=i;^aj»^ 114 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Fore iij. c. platprs, price thee, iiij-s .-.v ^/!-®' For iii.Krct, tankerdL'S - 'V' '*• S'" , For XV. -Mlone taMk.r.K-s vi).«. vj. (I. For XV. iioU'llo tiiiikcnli;s ..V*' For vj.liaskcttes, iirico tlio iieco, iij. rf :- ^^11.). (7. For XX. Hivt tray.s - ,..-.....— vj. s. v.ij.d. lU'iii, puiil to ii bark lore liryiiiryng ilowue of vj. iiipus Jloiiro, ix, pipes oeere, 111,). pipes lli'slic, xiiij. e. fvslie to (.iraveseml \-^- For vj. Ijs. iim.staril si'il(! - ^^.'^' For ij. eopir ketvls weyii^' xlviij. 11., price the li., vij. -' -•- - -'='^^'".!-. *; Fore'iii. brode clothes of russet, tlie lirste ch)tlie conlenyng xxv. aiul (li. yenles, the i.i.U iiese coiiteiiyiii; xxiiij. and di. yerdes, and the iij,'' peco contenyiig xv. and di.yenles, price of a yerde, iij. '« ----- sununa.ix. h. xv, 8. For iij. yerdes and j. ((iiartcr and di. of niorrey engrancd, for Rownes lor nia.ster Tlioiiuis vt master Xichohice, price of a yerd, ix. 8 - - - - - ■ - ^^•^;.'''; ".)• <•• Item, Ihe xxx. day of .Scpfeiiibev, paid for a haniescoinplet fore hyiii (Master A leliolaco Howard) and an estriclie fetlier vj.li. xvj.s. viij. (J. A. D. 1406-1). iiii. barels of fiille horvnii of whyte lierynfj, the price of every harelle.xj.s .. xliiij. 8. IhiMcof Timas Moh'nsi' i: bytidc vhtlu:", Uj. jihnikcUs, ij.dnrkc nwU^,aml they cnnttyen ill i/rnici viii. ^'^., riii. iimhx, tlw i/tnlv iJ. k. iiij. d.; Ilw mmc dmiirlhc. .... iix.h. rij.s. A hU'il.r Uolhv haled imnlc hivdc klotlw, coiitcijiieiKjc xxj. ijerdvs and haljv, the ymd jxx. rf. ; the some i, ■-"•-, '''^f- '^- ''' Fur i-ij. ""^ ii. tjiinrtens and a halfe of irete, Loudon vwsewo; (London nieasnre,) the prii><0 of ihe iiiu'irtcr in --■-:---■■..•--■-:.•.■-, ':'•*'• .'■."■.'■''• Paid 10 liichard Aslie for xij. pipes of beyre, price the pipe, vi,]. s. vii). (?.._ snnniia, ui.|. li. For xj. iicscs lede, the weyte iiij. foder, cc, iij. qnarteres, xxi. li., tlie loder y. li. vj.s viii'.,/.; the some is xxij.li. ij. .8. x,,.f. Paid toTlionias Ibiriie fore a dagfjer Vl-.*'' V.U' "; Paid to William Martyii for a loue of hey viij s. in,|.(f. Fore (I iwi/er pennonen tnj.a. Fore a lode he 11 .-.-■• .!'.'•/•''!• Fore a lode utraiee ■■■.::,■: "y'V" I''"'' i"''' Paied to Godfrey niipone the Northe for uiakengeof xij.jakctesot mayle, and malicntjo cli'ne, and fore i\w f^oldsmythes werkc to the same xy. .s-. Fore a standard of niayle "J-** A. D. 1409. For vi. brvdille bittes, price the pece, xiij. (I yii,'- '.(•'^ Paidior xiiij. xvev salt xui). marc. For xij. ellesof fyne holond clothe xix. .y. ij, (( Fore liiakyny of a lonj; f;o\vne for my mastr-rs owne selfo - ,^x.rt Fore a di.'verd of blak frese fore the same i^owne "U; '' Fen- niakvns of a lonj^e blak gowno I'nrred with cony J,l-8 Fore ij. verdesand di. of blak lyn'^^nge fore the same... nj;* Fore makyn;;i! of a shorte yowne of silke fore mast(!r Xicholace y. s, Fore, a yerd and a halfe of blak lynyng for the same U-^ Paid to' Hans, cordwancre, tore ij. pare of shoes fore my master xyj.rf For ij. pare, of .shoes fore Kdmondo vn,].(T For iloweth chihl shoes ,X'''' Fore a pare of jiatens '.'•!■ 'j Fori! a pcyre of shoes fore Herry Hout ^'■■' j' Fore a pcvr,' of botes for Thome of the stabille vi.i.rf Fore domiiake fore a new dobehle fore nelfe, (Sir ,Jobn) ''■''• ' Fur ij. yerdes of porpd nehanieletefore ajaketeforv my selfe • ■f-S A. D. 1471. SIffen Hoieelhe.he nere* •- '> 'i""|« John niiiuiite,he iiere' r. marU Wehieiiie rerneurt, he yire' r.meirlje Iler'ii l'oliinrjton,ltc i/ere' r. maito John ^achole, In: i/ere' r. jmirW. Yeren llekerxdal, be i/ere* •..:'.'•'"„ Si-moiid .Van, he ijere* -, VV- '"!'.':''''; Welyeme J'atfiriire, be yrre* o^'O' »• >'"J' "• * Kither a list of servants, with their yearly wages, or else a portion of a roll Oi retainers. It Iia.s alrcf VOrv UI10(Hl;ill Libcriitcd Iro portiiiiitios }() tln'iii liipidlv rial on< of w'li biiilt lip. It \ liis pci'.soiial c ^■Jiicii ]ie iiiid that ill many i paiii)ori.siii ,-";i took iio.siiclili aiidor II, ill id pradiially di.sa tuvai laborcr.s, cias.s of iiiiiidi as to octri.: II Tli.j (irst 11101 134!) wlif'u it V a.s tli.'j ma.v li\ idk'iie.ss and vi upon ])aiii of in aii.vtliin^' to su( siotli, so tliat 1 Siiry ]iviii,ii-." "TIk^ iHiisaiK and ^Vol•liin to wo; liable to a pciiaK opinion of I'arlia IllOniS, W(. ll.;),ll t cliiclly Ibniid in t of manufactures, Twoycnr.siifrci' jTiirs siiall contini ofiia.ssiiin. tills ;„. tiny are to reniov oftlicir birth. F wlioretlioy finally of ]."SS prococd,'., bo(h"(l iiithocclcl eiiiictnicnts of tiii; tiio rcM'niuvs oft! ORIGIN OF TOE EXGLISH POOR LAWS. ORIOIN OP TUB ENGLISH POOR LAWS. 115 It lias nlrcadv b( yorvuii(niually\vitIuliV/.I,"s,'vM;i t'li rcinn I';;;;!,'!::? '.'.'.'".v's'-'s »»■ '.'"^ -^tio,, b.i,, ,i Lii«.,„,,,rs hI:;:. s;:,;;'i'i;;;;i ir ?f,!^« -■'"«' «.*»'«iv" loalt portiiiiitios for tl ' liipidly improved II tllCll rial Old of w-lii,.],' \\ built his 10 (worfiso or tlK'ir "■illdoiii, tlu'v eiijovod powers, iiiid a lai it-atly oular-cd k'liis. >P- '«"•>• position, tun>i.hin^tliclmlk or \;, '•' Ki'cat and i lip- it was Ili(v tiiislort personal cidVaiicI 'dliieidial middle class ^'c propoitioii of e mate- 'K'oftlioEiiolish viileiii'tl ^•Idfh lio and I Nomcnn he relinquished his hold lis ancestors had I I'liiiany inslaiKrs his lil)eriit that panperisni , took no such hu audeill, in ahoiisL..^ ,„ pradnally disappeared, tl ;i'f'n attached. Th ^vas (jfiadnally lat in seeming- upon tl)(^ soil to conscqiience m- ; i' I't'snit aj;ainst Ml.icU the Enylisl 1011 was but a leap from bond IS, i.^L' into !!"":'"i"nt to the aiith '•''"^•^ in the statute-booL onties. '.^s and vice, and sonict k occurs in the year idleiie »', do refuse to lab se many valiant bcff-iais, as 1 l?;i.!S^;;stini; a,r!'!^™- 'Our. lonur giving' themselves to ;;« to theft or Other aboiniiiati( to such whicl 1, «o that thercbv tl sloti sary livii )ii. H'\ iiy labour, or presume to f our of pity or alms "IS, none, «i\'e iivor them in their Tl c nuisance, ]iowe\-er, and Workiii"- Cl den ('(' ol a strong;' di plaint of the J| Ji- Classes,-' u „.,,.. „„^ ,|j,,j^^,j ■position to vaj^rancv may be compelled to labo'ur for their f^iiys Wade in his "Ji neces- istory of the Jlidd] iind in J37(J, we 1 oiise of Commons, that masters imong' laborers, in th lave evi- servantshinlMva-estopuvovt'tl •s a re oblio-ed'to e com- niiiawaystiiin l)e-i;ai„,. tlioy have siinicieiit bod md lead idle ]i\ H'ln rnnniiift- away : that give their many of the work ; that others I y stren.yth to "'ai esiiicitiesaiidborou|.lis,ultliouah .H'C(Mne ,'^ia/)., strike) parties from yJHaye to villajLiv, but «;Hn a livelihood, if willinq'o •v, ^(;nd^i;el.])layeis,) wand i'os;ues, infestino(|„. ].,■„ , evils, the Commoi that the chief piirt turn loin with frequent robl eriiio in out sturdy are able to w '■'^ pi'opose (hat DO relief shall 1 ^X'ries. To remedy these hvyig gftars, and stair-sd ork, Mil hill borough )o given to those who turn home to work, and wl gis or in the country: that kois shall be imi)risoned till th' vagrants ') liable to a iienaK opinion of Pari luoiKs, We ... cliielly found •x'voi' harbors a runawav ,v ot ton pounds. These onactments show tl i™"»n;;;r;,:::s:";';:s;,;:-.'-"-;'";i"'.:.:; of manufactures, tl III towns, wheie. owii l«'<-tionable classes under Joiishl oy consent to re- sorvant shall be le earliest ' the Coin- '. the principal wealth of th 'g to commerce and the introd lw()yearsafrer,by I-I{icliardil triiis shall continue lo i oCi)assin-i- this act. h th loration were notion nation had a(;camiilated «• ',it is directed that i oy are to remove to son ;;■ '", r'''^'''*' -l' 'l^' places where th. H'iise those places are not abl mpoleiit beg. loy were at the ti ot their birth. Fro„, ,) n' other phtce in the hundred lo to maintain the mo 111. where they hnallysetth'd was 1 ot ].>S8 i)iocee(lcd on il 10 tenor of this act, it iHXli".! m the celebrated act of Kl 'oundtom nio piiiici ileof c IS ev or to the [dace dent that the. listrict izabet S'!::'::::'''*'"^'ih»™'f''''tti.;i,id 'intain them, and the le-islatiire inpiilsory assessment em- II in KiOl. It the ^^^onues of the clergy, in l;J!)l it is ^/ecl digviit classes had a legal seems, too, from the ii'ed that, in all claim on ippro[)ri. 116 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. atioiis of titlie for the support of monastic institutions a certain portion sliiill lie set iipait lor the iiiiiinteuiiiiceof tlie poor. In these regnhitions Ave see the foundation of tiie system of poor la ^\s ; and, instead of refer- rinj? their orij-in to tiie 4;j Elizabetii, we ouyht only to ascribe to tliat act the concentration and development of an ancient practice tliat had ])revailed ions' before her time. It is apparent, indeed, from tlie acts to whicli 1 have referred, and from other statutes which mij-ht be quoted, tluit, for nearly two centuries prior to the Reformation, the leg- islature was sedulously struggling against the evil which aciiompanied the transition from shivery to I'ree labor, and that their policy was di- rected to objects similar to those which have lately engaged attentuin, namely, to analvze the mass of vagabondage, imi)Osture, and real desti- tution' which afilict society— to ))unish the former and relieve the lat- ter. Jb'andjng, whipping, imprisonment, and setting in the stocks were the punishments chielly employed for the snp}>ression of vagrancy. Hchohirs were liable to 'these jjcnalties unless provided with written testimonials from the chancellor of their resi)ective universities. Sail- ors, soldiers, and ti'avelers were also to be ])rovided with passports, and were iCMpiired to travel homewards by the shortest road. Artificers and laboi'crs (1 1 IJenrv ^'1I, c 2) were Ibrbidden to P'la.V 'it unlawful games, except during Christmas; and two Justices were empowered to restrain the common selling of ale in towns and jilaces where they should think expedient, and to take surety of ale-house keei)ers for their good beha- vior, as thev might be advised, at the time of the sessions." By an act passed in 1530 beggars were divided into two classes, nani'eiy, the aged and impotent, and vagabonds and idle persons ; and iustices were inipmvered to license persons of the lirst description to beg within certain luecincts. Their names were directed to be registered and to be certilied at the next sessions. Begging without a license, or without the limits assigned, subjected the oifender to imprisonment in the stocks lor two days and nights, and to feeding on bread and water. Able-bodied vagaboiuls found begging were tiogged at the cart's tail, and then sworn to return to their places of birth, or where they last dwelt i'or the si)a(!e of threc^years, and there put themselves to labor. It is piobable that inconveniences arose from begging being author- ized by the legislature, for within live years several material alterations were made in the laws respecting the impotent poor. In the 27 Uenry Yill, (;. l'.">, we have a near apitroximation to the principle of a poor- rate. The preamble states that it had not been provided "how poor- people and sturdy vagabonds should be ordered at their repaire and coming into their' countries, nor how the inhabitants of every hundred shouici be chanicdfor their reUcfc, nor yet for the setting and keeping in worke and liil')our the said valiant beggars at their repaire into every hundred of this realme." From these expressions the legislature seein.s to have been convinced of the necessity of a compulsory maintenance, and although a regular tax for that purpose was not immediately iui- ]iosed, yet it seems to have been conceded, from tlie regulations of the statute", ihat the poor, even at this period, should be maintained by the l)ublic. Tiie act makes it obligatory, under a i)eiialty of twenty slnl- lings a month, on the head oi'licer of every parish, to maintain, by tlie collection of voluntary and charitable alms, the jioor of their parish in such a way that none o'f them " of very necessity " might be compelled •' to go openly on begging." Tiie alms to be collected on Sundays, holidays, and festivals. All ministers, in their sermons, collations, bid(liiig> ut the beads, confessions, and at the making of wills, are recpiired to '■ ex- hort, move, stir, and provoke people to be liberal in contributions to- wards the com and needy pco Certain of the ami collect froi equal distribut hues and ju'iia alms and doles At (he pcij country, rigid j tlie preser\atioi profusion or nn vengeance of a that seventy-tw during (he reigi there was not " died " rogues '< place and anoth stand-i)oiiitof m that, "in spite o in a dieadful st are told, "wns ii to labor, lived b' ing about the c" tacked with imp It will be she plaining this de; in land-tenures \i Ciiiiso may be atl which contiiinall .'ilieth," says Wac or correcting the acts were passed of former acts in act four overseers Iioor children and weekly or otherwi empowered to lev poor the cIiurch-« .'■ion of the lords ( the general charg tlian one in each piTsons are bound general quarter-.se tlicy fail to do sc entirely prohibited iiiul mariners, and iiiaintenance. " Increasing incr of 13 Elizabe'th, wi Mice of previous ye %c()m])aiing tliis liist paragraph, it j iiiauy erroneously tlu' iiriueipal claus< uieut of overseers, relief for the ijnpol ORIGIN OK TMK ENGLISH PQOK LAWS. Ul ^vards the comfort iiiid relieve ..c ti.-> . '""1 <-«>iIc'ct turn each ho s . m I , , ' i '""'' '''■^"'■•^' "'■'''^ to o,, J.onn.l hues iuul jx'iiuKi.vs t„ Ln.anI .■ if , , ' ' '"f i"t'<'"« hic taken hv oo^^^v y;;r;;;\K'-,;:'-;';;::;;!'"V''«^r^ -...ations or tho tfH- prosorrution of 'm. of Elizabeth " a dreadf.d state of tn n ," e •' '' " '''""'"^^' ^''^^ ^'^•"■itr.v r-oritiniu-d mo told, "was infested .,;„,, ,'i '''''?" 1""'^ V^' the kino,h,„," we, to labor, lived by pl„ nd.) l |:';'l ,';';':; ^^}^f^oua., who, refnsin;^ n.g abont the c^.untrv in Imd s' of f ' /'"'''f ^ -^trolH tac-ked with impunity the s ee f/, Is , ""n '"' "' ^■""^' '"""e peoi.le." !'lai""i^ this deplorable s,,e< an ;i:r?;i''f' ^T '''Y ^'"^'"^''^ ^^- III hind-tenures whieh (.(rurred . n In Ii/Zt , 1 ."""'^ '" ^''^^ revolution '•anse may be attributed tlu r , • ' ^ ." l'':'''"'"^^'- ^o th.' same wliid. eontinnally called hr ne "enu- i euN "'HVrT'^*"- I'auperisui ahcth," says Wade, " is fdled wi I s ■ i J ,•';. ^ '*\'o"S' n-u^n of l.:iiz- or correcting the errors of . e ^m ! vs 'IT^^"'^ thedeticicwu-ies acts were passed relative to \ •.■••r n „ i v ■ .*''^ ^'^"'^'' ^'''^^ ^i^vond of former acts in son.e de!*, : r'„' , , ' . '''"^'"'7' ''"'^ the provision act four overseers are di n't , ' ^ ?, ""'^T'" ^^''^ten.. In one I'oor children and others in wa(f„' '" " .^•''*^''' I^'"'*'' for setting weekly or otherwise, aVt.el V •,,■,'• ^'''?!'^^'^ ^^"«'-'^' '^"^^ for .•aising- empowered to levy tln^ red * ':,'?''';? ^'''T'' '^"^tiees am l)oor the church-wardens and< e .;'V ''" ''♦'""'"'f <'f the im. ot.-nt .^ion of the lords of n,a.u,.s,,i' ,',";;*. •'"^'/?'''""'' "'f' tlu' pVr.ni.s- the general charge of the p , s d o !'"'^' ^'T'' *'" ^''^* ^^"'''^te at tl'a.1 one in each cottage/ '„.',, •jh*.''7'f'''^ """'^ tamilies persons are bound to assi.st th 'ir 1 i ,• '' '''","'' ''""^N and other poor ;^eneral quarter-sessions on , , ,1 v ' ' ""'^ ^"' «lirccted at the tl'eyfail to do so. And bJ" .' , ^ ^ .^^^ '-''1'"^ ^ *'»' ^^'^'^ ouirely prohibited. Several n.'^sw.'r "' '"'l^^.""'''' '" t''^" Parish, is eiice of previous years, and hai ' , , ''^^ tiie accumulated experi- fy co„.paring tllis statute v h U o , . siolis o?';^'':'''I>'•''■^"'^••'=^"-• last paragraph, it aj.pears thai iis ^11?.;''?!'" *// that reterred to in tlio errom principal clauses of il ily suppose, original I ,v fia d in KiOl ; on tl mout of relief for oversf iiiipotcut . '^'a*'"*' •''"''^^"'•'"ll'.'espeotin .vuig the ral(«, .sell iugth i(^ cunirarv. th( ippoint- aud bi "»iiii«- out chjklreu a the able to woik, j)ro\ id nu as api)renticcs, were lis LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. THE IW ,i -'la % f ojiied almost verbatim. From tlio tonor of tlio last clause in tins jifreat U'^'islative measnrc it was evidently inteutletl only to be exi)erimeiital. It was, however, continued by subsequent statutes, and by the Hi Car. I, e. 4, niiide perpetual. "AltlioH;;ii .Scotiaiul is, for tlio most ]>ai't, exempted from tlieixtor-rate, it is renuukable tliat a eoniijulsory provision for tiie poor was estal)lislied by law in tliat kin,i;(lom twenty-two years before the passing;' of the act of 4.'} Elizabeth. In .James Vl's rarlianient, held at Edinbur;;li, in J.jT'.), an iu't was |)assed in which every branch of the Enj;lish system — the l(unislinient of vaj^abonds, of runaway servants, the uu)de of passing; soldiers and seamen to iheir parishes, the re^idation of hosi)itals for aged ami im])()tent persons, the settlement of the poor, their luainte- nanc(; by the parish, the appointment of overseers and collectors, the manner of treating those who refuse to work, and the putting out of i)oor eliildreu as ai)prentices — is more fully detailed than in any English statute. The assessmentfor the poor is very general : 'the haill inhabit- ants w itliin the i>aroehiu ' are to be ' taxed and stented according to the estimation of their substance, without exception of personcs, to sik ouklie, (weekly,) charge and contribution as sail be thocht expedient and sullieient to susteine the saidis pure peopil.' '•' It is impossible, at this distance of time to form any accurate idea of the comparative number of the receivers and payers of parochial con- tributions imniedialeiy after the establishment of the poor-rate. Sir F. ]\I. Eden was of opinion that, at tiie period he wrote, (1797,) the pauper class constituted a larger [iroportion of the connnunity than at the close of tbe sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth centuries. But the fact is, though the a(!t of IGOl empowered parishes to levy a poor rate, it was not for many years after carried into execution in various parts of the kingdom. The author of a pamphlet published in 10!)8, entitletl 'l>read for the Poor,' says that, thougli ]>arishes were enaltled (by the act of 43 Elizabeth) to make rates, and tin* owners of estates obliged to the jiayment, yet in many places no such rates were made in twenty or thirty years after. " It is probable that the dearth of corn and other articles of subsistence, which took place toward tlfe clof" of Elizabeth's reign, greatly accel- erated the passing of the act foi raising a compulsory poor-rate. lu 1587 w heat rose to £',\ is. the quarter ; in 1594 it was £2 IGs., and iu 1595, £'2 13s. ill. the quarter. For several years there had been a sue- C(;ssion of bad weather and scanty crops. '■ In tlie year 1(J0 1. however, the season was more favorable ; which, by rendering the condition of tlie ]ioor more comfortable, concurred to recommend, even beyond its deserts, the new measure of the legislature. "Among the various fuiuls appropriated to the relief of the poor, previous to the act of KiUl, nmy be mentioned pecuniary forfeitures, w Inch, lor nnmystatutableotVenses, especially those relative to prol'aneness and immorality, were applied in aid of the ]»oor. As early as 155cS church- waidcns wertt <'mpowered to levy twelvepence upon every parishioner who omitted going to church on kSunday. In 1570 a moiety of the forfeitures for detaining goods belcmging to a bankrupt's estate was directed to be distributed among the poor of the. town iu which the bankrui)t was resident; and in the same rarlianient half the penalty for not wearing a woolen cap on a Sunday was ai)propriated to the mass, and other of- same purpose fonses a; St t! One-third of the tines ior saynig blishesl >v'or,shii). w( en to the r-^or; also penalties for swearing, tipj)ling, and disorderly conduct oa the Lord's day. It IS not improbable that these various mulcts for oflcuses against religion .nid m for the loss the and tlie new di 'i'UE Th(! rcvohitioi during the Tudt economical hist< iieeted with it w ject in a work li leave out of vie\ grancy, ami criii as well as the <;h laborers of Engl tion of money-rt of land was inst English agricult been a source of cess of emaiicina ence which lu>.d 1 eertaiidy been e> c'pation was attt better understoot the emancipation In Prussia the beginning of the "The Agrarian h the following ace Prussia prior to t Tlie status of villi liis lord had ri;;li|s o( oflieieditaiy suhject In its woist loriii til of his holdiiif^ mul ] of his personal I'stato coiisuiit, and could ("Gt'siiido") in thi! sc bei>;ht«i liis prodiicti This oxtrcnic form tlif inon; remote ])r()v Tlie milder form dii to he iiaidjIiiMiii; limn lioiaiiig. The villein course of the year, th bold of the lord, tlio t mortuary dues which Lis i.eedoin at a lixod Tlio free peasant (lit bis service and dues b tlierefort^ l)eariiiij; nioi ever, aeiiuire hy purcli bis position hy clianj exercise any trade or ( The Itiud cultivated gories : 1. That in which ho 2. That ill which ho 111 hoth cases servic mniior. But in the iir a public, in the latter *Tlie soil was divide acquired by a peasant THE INX'LOSURES OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 119 ^•Th;''l<;;s'un;v';! M^' "^T- '''\'f'"\ "^ ''^"'^ -.m'ensation to th. ,.o„r aud the new dLspositiou of ecclesiasticiil property." ua.suias THE INCLOSUUKS OF THE SIXTEENTH CExNTURY. i\,Hno.T"'r^*';" "'.''""> tenures, above relV-rrcd to as having occurred uarinf. I.e Indor reif-ns, was one of the most iii<)inentouse\xMits i , I, econonueu Insto.y of En«hind. A detaile.l iM.jnirv ■ to the ( i -N <■ , Keonto vi i";/ '' but to pass it by Nvithont notice wonhl be to ie.i\c out o \ lew tiie i)rincipal canso of that increase of nauDerisni v. S'S'.;s t e ei;iV"'f c,i.aracterr.ed the period under^colSd" U^i; iab e s oi Fn I .^ul'-'^^ "' the present status of the aorienlmrai laoours oi J^.n^land. It has already been nt mated tlnit the ^nl)^! itn t.ou ot n.oney-rents for personal services in payment £ I ^occ S^^ S.S!s ■;:Sc:i!u;';i h5;' "";■ '>-"r>ti"^ ti.ut\.,n.pi;;: dhwce';r;he P rf .i . . r ? l'i-i'««'an peasantry at a mucli later aiid ill which tlui oi'dipitT was only a tcMiant for lifo, or for a torm of years, or at will. Ill ncidicr case, however, coiilil the landlord ro-entev on this land. The lords of the manor had lieeii deprived of this rit;ht, it' it ever existed, by various edicts of the iijiiner lloln'ii/oUern kinijs. Ainoii;,' othi'i- provisions of tlic t-dict above iiifiitioiictl wa.s one pro- liibitiii;;' tiic crt'iUion of iiiiy new ivliition.sof viilciinoe, "eitlior by birth, iiiiiriiiiyi', or the iiciiiiisitioii of ii villein," alter the publication of tho edict. Another declared that from the same date all peasants h ildiiiji' by Jiereditary teimres, they and tlieir wives and their children shoiilu cea.se to be villeins. Another abolishes every rcmainiiif; form of villen- i\iiti at jMartinmas in the year ISIO, after which date it was declared there .should be none but freemen in all the king's dominions. It was to be understood, however, that the.se freemen shotdd remain subject to all oblijiiitions llowiug from the possession of hind or from particuhtr contracts to which its freemen they could be subjected. !'[> to this time the mass of the Prussian peasantry htul been bound to the soil. The edict of 1.S07 gave them per.sonal freedom, but did not deprive them of any riglits wliich custom and feudal hiw luid given tliem i,i .he land they lield, nor did it release them from any obligations Aviiich had been attached to the occupation of such land. ^Moreover, the conditions of their tenure were such as to make their holdings in most cases a valuable possession. Without releasing them />-o»(. the land, the law had gradually improved their position owthelaiul, as may be seen in the edict of Frederick the Great prohibitiug the re-entry of the lord on peasant land. He coidd exact the service and dues belong- ing to him in virtue of his "•over-lordship," but he could not evict the pi'asant and take per.sonal possession of the land. Virtually, tlierefore, the land was subject to a species of joint ownership, for the claim which the i)easant had upon it constituted a sort of property, as also did that of the lord. It was a property, however, which was subject to the great inconvenience that it could not ea.sily be transferred, for so complicated were the relations of lord and peasant tliat it was difficult to determine the cash value of their respective rights, or the deductions to be made from that value on account of their resjiective liabilities. As a remedy for this complicated condition of land-tenure the edict of September It, ISll, " for the regulation of the relations between the lords of the manor and their peasants," established, among other things, the following rule: That in the case of hereditary holdiujis the lords of the manor shall he indemiiilicd for their rijrhts of ownership i'n the holding, and for the ordinary services and dues attachc'd to the holding, v.hi.'n the tenants shall have tiUvrcndnM ouc-lhiril portion of all Hie hiitd-i held loj tlwiii, and sliall have renounced their elaiins to all extram-dinary assist- ance, as well its to the dead .stock, to repairs, and to payment on their behalf of the dues to the state when incapable of doing .so. The lords and the peasants were left free to make what arrangements they pleased as long as the proportion of one-third was maintained; that is, by mutual agreement the indemnity might take the form of a payment of ca]>ital, or of a corn or money rent, instead of a surrender to the lord of one-thinl of the peasant's holding. E tt the rule to be fol- lowed (and a dei)arture fro:., this rule re(iuired a distinct motive) was, that the itidemnity should be paid in land wlicrc the holdings exceeded fifty morgcn, (about 33 acres,) and iu a coru-reut, where the holdings were under that size. In respect to the class of holdings held by tenants-at-will, or for a term of years, c one-half of the services, aiul rif In other resji same jis in tlie c ferences, which ■ The new cond fated correspoiK tern, and to biin vation of the hii ered. To present ev more sjiace than sage wiilch so wi regard to (he dia be (pioted in lull, (excepting ahva; be at liberty to i; may seem good t or to Miiiny, as hi dispose of them i tliorization tor si which will result others the followi lint tliere is yet ai tion which is well wi gladness. It gives, n c"lomiiitv for tlu' lussofthe diUN SL-nic-s and nsl.ts whi<-I, !,o snm.,wl..ml to the tenant ' in otlMT respcits the conditions oftlu. adjnstnu'nt"\V(.r(. nin..). fl..> =":;;;,:i;'^':™-:i;;;.:;;::?';!;;-il:-^K»':;i;y'-^^ ;a;^:ur^'f;:;;:i!;;;-;L!--r;;i";.;-:s^^ nw ., an< to l.nn^r tlu-so ol.an«t.,s about, tl.c "edict for la' I it , .;/,t" v^umn ol ii.o land" Mas issued on tlu-^an^c ,lay as the oic laLi^ InnSl! X';i^;m'*:;\'" 'r'' '" '^"^^ ^"^^ app„, tenan ov IS per cent, on this ca|)ital sum, accordiii},' as be elected to free his iiroperty from incumbrauee in -tl ,'5 or a(j,'r, years, the respective terms within which, at compound interest, the I or the ^ per cent., jiaid in addition to the 4 per cent, interest on the debenture, ■would extinguish the capital. From the fore^oinj,' brief outline of the aj-rarian legislation of rrus- sia diirinff the juesent centiiry, it will be seen how earnest and persist- ent have been the ellorts of that monarchyt to protect all the customary rights in the soil which the peasantry enjoyi-d under the feudal system as it existed at the beginning' of the present century, to give tlieiii a full e(|nivalent for such rights under the new system of hind-tenure, and in so per cent, it was to lie e.ontiiineil 41^V .vears. tTlif linssiiiu goveiniiicnt,, in abolishiiif^ serfdom, .also adopted nie.isures liaviuf; for tlieir olijeet to Kcri'.ro to llii; serfs a permanent interest in tlie soil. I'lovions to tlieir emancipation 1 he serfs of eneli estat(( had oeenpied land wliitii tliey eultivated for their own sulisistenee, tht^ iiroprietor allowiiij; them three da,\s in the week for tlieir own work and elaiming time days for himself. The amount of lainl assijjned to them on tlieir emancipation varied aecordinj; to circunistances and locality, considerable scope lieiiijj; left for voluntary ayreemcmts between the proprietors and the peasants, under conditions calculated to leave the latter as nearly as possible in possession of the same land which they occupied as serfs. The occupation of this land, whatever its amount mi)j;lit be, was obligatory upon tlic peasants for uino years, as also was the payment of a certain money-rent, in; at the ojition of tho peasant, the performance of a certain aniount of labor, the amount for tluMuaxiniuiu holding beinjj f( y days of man's work and thirty days of woman's, making seventy days in all, of winch tliree- liftlis were to be summer "and two-lifths winter days. It should bo said here that tlio linssian serfs as a rnh; lived in villages and cultivated their land in conniion — a modo of life which prevailed among tlieir ancestors before they were reduced to serld()tii,(in 10(11,) and to which a consideriible projiortion of tlieui, perhaps a large majority, will probably lulhere for many years to como, Ihe land was assigned to tlu^m at tho rate of so much per male head' of tho village couiuiunity or "mir," and it aijjiears to Lave been the object of the government to leave the peasants as free as possibk^ either to ctintinne their system of common property in land, or to dissolve the "niir,"and establish individual' ownership with separate cultivation. The average niaxiinum share was about twelve acres, for which thu average inouc}--rent w^^as about !j''-sO per annum, or at the rate of iA> cents per acre. As tho average rent (.tiOHO) is treated as the eiiuivalcnt of seventy days' labor, tho average value of the latter must have been Bet dtpwn at a fraction less than II) cents per diem. This, however, is less than tbo average market value of agricultnral Labor, and therefore tho arrangeincut is calcu- lated to stimulato the peasants to pay for their laud in money rather than in labor. As a rule the rental value of land uuder tillage is considerably higher than the price lixctl, so that while paying rent the peasants are not in tho position of tenants who jiay full competition rents. Moreover, the law gives them the right to purchase their kind upon payment of llij times the ainiual rent ; or, if the community is dissolved, each peasant may insist upon his individual right of purchase. In this case, however, tlio price i:i increased by tweuly per cent. The goveninieut has also adopteil a system somewhat annlogons to that embodied in the Prussian rent-banks for assisting tho peasants iu the purchase of their laud, and thus smoothing their way to complete iudo- peudeuce. THE tion acromjilisl took pliicc ill ].; and I'rnssia ali paiiied liy a dn that the formei which existed in cdiiimon iiy i ings cnitivated ''(•liampioiicoii says Moiier, "( the true signjiu either I'^iigjisli ni()\eineiit, in tl merely had for 1 porlaiiee as a ji draw their dei'in been ovt'ilookeii the 'conditio si nndeiiiable; it 1 cimmunity had cess in Kngland being effected b duiiiig th(^ jireso the one-sided at practical dinicul rations, will reai ill Mich a ]»roce.sf the most favoral tlie land from tin third jiortion, b parcels intermixi the ihrther eomn freeholders and c riglits on any t( manor did not lo iiiteri)reted the ei suited them best, between the two c land with demesi the consequent \ townships is wel "Three great ei political life Iron great coiiliict beti and ttitant land, b out. In England peasant won; the and the stakes ha Yes, in Englant apiiears to have b itiiiie advantages danger of iuvasio make her, even at iiities for remune] tiues attracted thi >▼ ■■MM THE LVCLOSURES OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTl'IiY 1^3 SS:£=- i§:S?s s=s^ lifilits on aiiv terms Tint .. 1 .1 '"'"' '""^ ^''^'''' '•«»"""<>'i i'K..,or .lid not loo 'Vtv ; OS V ttn^ "^ *''^' '""'^^ f>'" »!'« int.Ti.rot.Hltl.Vcuions ot u'r '•'' "^■''^' "*^''^^"' tenants, l,.,t suitellthem ^st a tbvi . mJ'^^^^^^^^^ """,'?'« *" ^l.c seu.so that peasant won: the iinnor lnw^ t.. V' I»t'i'^lit o|' ])astura;;(', and if upon Judicial ins. turage.aiid idleness (the cause of all evil) is therefore generally prevalent. Where, formerly, two hundred men siipjiorted themselves by honest labor, are now to be seen only tw o or th ree shepherds." In the first law, which referred to the Isle of Wight, ou century or \-iUage The agricultural commuuity of the Middle Ages aud inclosures of tlio sixtecuth iry Ml Lngland." i manifestly hero used in its old senso, not of city, but dwelling-place, TIIE nocnr.ntof the e filiM' against the lease|i,,|d (,f 1,1,, down tiMiii-biiildi nlly. that all (Iw,. leiised with twent tanyiMg on an n (I'lidal h)nl, ii,„„ cniir of the hind, These coinphiiii llillgof the seven! ^\'e find Ihiin a! ''"<|K. in the infn "I'llglit to Ik, rest the mi.sehief done iiigdonne and desi which eilhloniablv »\liell sneh lionses present I'arliaineni tillage. 'I'h,. |„.,|„| liiit with the aggrii the next superior, II 'l'hes(, last rMlin"s jliat they applied"! Henry VII, as well ■■anie period, and fli shnnhl lie establislK •Shortly after thi "speeially directed i 'III individnals in t: landed pro]ieMi,.H, a -'■ssed y l.tIDd sheep, p'lpnlated, and Ihrj, l"re, shall possess in I'l"'!' their own inl laiiil icstraii Thn l<'>Mls,.hi..f,|0M,, i,s„H|,i,,i,,|v',i;„,.,j| •« I'y which tlii.nt I'aili KocM on to Nay, hav iii|>yi'd wylli t tilli ^1'. 'I'hf I aiiiiMit thoyaro in diali-lv t " h,.,.,, (|,.Hti„y,:,l „j,|',,„ f|„, , yliaKi) am! hiiiliamlrv :ind8 hut with th Hiialty for viohili,ni of H he riiinilt and tl 'irit day of the tin- lonKKiavalion that if tin iw Is th '"'•V"! ';'.'"•' "'"'liiiiilly.ahovo all iti i'los,.,| lands ivitoivd tu "^;iiii"aHthat,,f.|II,.n,y vni,... lU Thi.Ho last rnliii;^' IK'M feudal lord should ne^l I lie It that they applied"to all Henry VII, as w H w,.re lal,.rCJ.l Henry \-II|,V..;,' iiiK IS empowere,! to enfoi I'i't to intirpose, thuii aKrii'iiltiiral liiii'hl fame period, ami that ell as to arald,. h id v.hieh had 1 . ) repeated, with tl '«'; _wliii.h ha.l fallen int til l";|ild l'",!staldisli,.,lni whiel i^Iiort i,'i'ii,rally for thirty to lift )i'en (;onv..rler..peiti..s, aiiiiiltit'iuhM.f eattl iii'ciimiilated ill tl,,.), regard to slieiii)-!' which is ip-fariiiiii;;. "Dill'er- .'■I.IIIKI nI populated, and th iK'i'p, others 1(1,(1(10, iV:c. Till and esiii own liami fore, shall possi pncriifuherj) aiut wool i;iisul iiiK" is tl eially of sheep. .Some 'ol N.S more than two t upon tlii.ir own inherifan lionsand s cany on si ct., may possess III 'i"ep, with Hi,. I'y disphiiMd, tl a niiiiiher of I hem po.s.. nil iiiiliiurd-of until xteptioii of lay eonntry du- o one, tlaru- ii'.>olk and Norfolk tl iiriiiiiiK on otln'r proiierti.s." " J iiU'Ii, who. -..lanyastheypleasejiimtin^-mn^n::;^ wlii.li flieir ri-Iits extended \w owners of fold-eoiirses within II specially ,t was dwelt ni».n'iiiat '"'"•' Ol' rcnti'd from all 10 propi.rties and i 111 nanois (j\er -;r.S:!i2'^S';^j;:r;:;;;;i!iil,^^ in tl.e lafor yea.. « '^10 ^i^ . ' ^'^fc, '''(^^^^y'" "^ ^'- ^''^Ih'v lands "H-^'" wi.s('I.v .li.si,o.s(.,l of iT,i l>c^sf t , /' "I'"'" "^'^ "'■ *''^' lf whon. -^TTpr-T-:-- ^j;it_»m^mt peK>,ons having a sort of qualilied 10 nse ,n the prico o( ^^,^^;^^^^^^^^;~[;^.~^::;;^^^ ±__^ 126 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ^1. '. ownership. Tims it was set forth in a ])nbli('ntion, wliich appeared in l;">4(i, that the new jiossessors of ehnrch property chiiined that its .secularization had extiiifinishod all the old rights of copyholders on church hnuls, who were obliged either to give up their holdings, or if- t;iin tln'iii on temporary leases. Jn the end the liberation of the land froni till- shackles of mortmain was doubtless conducive to a higher cul- tivation, but it must be remembered that these were not the only shackles by wliicli English estates had been bound, nor were they at all times the shacliles whose effect was most injuriously felt. The Hon. C. Wren Hoskyns, !\I. P., in a carefully-prepared i)ai)er on "the land-laws of England,'' published in 1870, refers in the following langnago to the elfect of tiie two famous statutes ((^hi ia Enipturcs nnd l)c J)onis Condi- tioiuiUbus,) pa.ssed in the reign of Edward I : Thesi' two .statntos for nearly two ceiitiirioH crushed tlio firowitiftefToit to oniaii(i])ate land from its findal fetters, at least, by open alienation, and liad the further niiseliiev- oiis elfect of niakinjf th(! position of the unfortunate tenant in agriculture more insrcuro than ever, as no leasinj; power of one teiumt-^in-tail was binding on his successor. Tlience all good farming- betook itself to the monastic houses, \vhose tuortmain lands became the tixi'd asylnin of agricultural knowledge and improvemenr, Certainly of tenure out of doors, and the classical writers on husbandry studied :\i d trans( ril)ed ■within, told powerfully upon tho soil, and were draining ami redeeming into cultiva- tion the feus and marshes of Lincoln and Somerset and Sussex, while elsew hen; tho jiressure of feudal exaction upon tlie fee-simple proprietor, and the insecurity of the farming tenant, even under lease, reduced cultivation to its most precarious and servilo condition, and dwarfed the agricultural growth of tho kingdom. The renu'dy ibr tho elfects of these statutes was gradually found in a practice which dn^w from the ma- chinery of the law tho iustrument of its own evasion by meaus of what was called s\ connnon recovery. Sir F. ;\[. Eden remarks that "the statutes which enabled the nobility to alienate their estates, the seizure and sale of the abbey lands by Henry VllI, iiiid the generid etfects of increasing indusstry, must have power- fully opertited toward a more eqiud division of [)roperty than coultl ])Ossibly have taken [dace in times when the nation was poorer and tho shackles of mortmain and entails more rigidly observed." He admits, however, that, " while these powerful causes were graduiiUy transferring a gretit i)ortion of the esrates of the church and the nobility into the liiuids of country gentlemen, # # * the race of cut- taijci'fi wan H'dnfi Jast to decinj."' He adds: "This must ever be the case in iin imi)r()ve(l .sttite of agriculture,'' since "the half-starved pro])rietor of ten or twenty ticres will often be persuaded to ptirt with his hind to a rich neighbor who larms on an extensive scale." The predilection of an Englisii baronet for tho .system of large farms was very natural; but without stopping to discuss the adv.mtages of la petite cuUure^ its ex- emplitied in different ptirts of Euroi»e, and especially in jiortions of France, iiiid in l>elgium, it may be said here that the decay of "the rtice of cottagers," orpeasiiutl'armers, was undoubtedly one of tl!'= cis '.ses of that enormous incretise of vagabondage and mendicancy aici , at the period under consider.ition, was the theme of such coust.itit com- plaint. About the middle of the sixteenth century, the popular discontent at the agrarian revolution, wliich was making such rai)id progress, became intense. The ptimphlets of the time, says Nasse, are filled with it, and the most celebrated ineachers zealously inveighed agtiinst it as the ruling sin of the times. Hishop Ltitiiner, in his famous " Sermon of the riough," preached before the court of Edward VI on the 8th of JIarcli, 15-1!), complains that, where formerly there were dwellings and inhabit- ants, now there are only the shepherd and his dog. He rej)roaches the nobles, who were among his audience, as " inclosers, graziers, and rent- THE raisers," who more vehemen of the gentlen consider no cri out of tiieir Ikj door to door " Were there .st of Kochester, which he com] nieri,\- there we put out of cult inen lit for ser\ in a much wor.-; soon be " more and godly yeon The (bllowiiij illustrates the ( ning of the sixl greiit a change stances of that My father, lie sa farnu' of ;! or 4 poi; kept half a dozzei milked xxv kine. preached before tin XX nobles a peece kept Ii(isi)italite foi all this (lid he of t the yeare, or more, his children, orgevi After the ace appointed an ext atteiKhmt tipoii of their oHice wi aecotint those wj nance of tillage. been handed do tiie commission These could not scribed. IJuined to be .seen ; whe 4,(100; sheep and the defensive pov tion; the King h, tierman, Ttiilian, eijial hoiids of gri conversion of aral fiaiiiation of faini; solution of monas tlieiiiselves,) whic soil, iire beneficial iiiciosiircs by whii bimdry wore pidk These represent them. w(>re barrer •joeii intru.sted to '' It is no wondt THE INCLOSURES OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 127 raisers," mIio made doworless alavos nf tl.o v„.a; i nioio vel.en.eritlv did Beuvxu] aUuufr^i i^ ^"«''«li .veomanry. Still put out c.t caltUR^ a ,1 -f^.^^' nVn.i.s v^ rr, ""'^ "^^'l''^'^' '"'^■^' l>«eu men lit for servioo Ik,, ■ o " ! 'Ji^ 1 1» '-^<'''*'*'''''"'"'' ''•'*' •'^ ''"udred soon b. " a.ore Iil<^cXvm 1h "^?,, rjJ'Sr"" '",f^"^'''"<^ ^^oald iiii!^;;;.!;sr'?oE;;f ons,Zt?!i ^zr^ ^^""^- "-''^-^^^^y iJii'S»>l'thesixte(MUho ntir S ,f ^"«>'^^''..V"t'nu.'i. at the be-jin. Sreat a change tlolin,«e of' 1.' l "i" ""'J'' V'"*' '*^^''^"^^« ^'^ «''"^v how stan,Mvsofthatcla«s:^ ^ a century had made in the circuiu- milked XXV ki„o. » » "*n,7 ^\''l'^'' '"•• j'H iHiiHlndtli slu,.,,,., ,„„1 ,„, „ ,, h^r -NX ,K,l,l,.s a ,,eo,...,.M, that :',,■,, ;,,''^'''''^^"^';i>- «i»'«'«" ill. tiv„ ,,,„„ul or kept I,„.s,,italitc f,,; Ins , ; re H. 'l l7mU IT,,,'" T'"'',"'''^ '""^ ^'■^"■« '>'' '-^'f"™ These could not Ih^ Stc( i , d. 1. ^'^'ir most active n.e.nbers. scribed. Ifnined «hvS -s an v chinl^f "l''" ^'"•^' '''■^' ^'"'''^ ^'«- to be seen; where fo SVl >,,,,', ,';:*'";'^^ '"''-^ everywhere 4,(»' <'''P<'l>»la- Oornian, Italian, ai . Cnish i, r" '^ w'"' ^^'"'^^ ^■^"•^'^«" ^'oops, '•iind heads of V ie ,^^s K±',f i^S.:!!'""*"^ the tbllowinjv nve pdu! conversion of aral.le land into sl^^^ San.ation of farn.s a d t Maibm oVl.f ' •'.' "udtitude of sheep ; anral-' M.Intion of n.onasn'r e Jle .^^^^^^ ^*" "r"""^ «*' ^''^ ^''«- tlKMMselves,) which eu^\- o, o ii n d S " ■ '"^''' '«»« that inclosures, (in ^oil, are be.'/elicial to tl e ^mm m^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"'^ ?"" S''*">"<1 «"^l i'lcliisures bv whir-I.t ,,,.;, i I ^ , ' ^^'^ 'I'^^'^tion only beinft- of such w(M'e barren of rcsuU uocn nitrusted to the proto s based upon 'Iti ■s no wonder," says Xa ,^l.uo'H;'^r"^*''""^^'tl^=^"he Sheep had protection of the wolf 5.se, " that under such circumstances the ;i^^ f!i gJWS^ffl^^'**»^'?fr'''-«»^.,'-»f»?a^tf'Miii ^ 128 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. country i-opuJation atlcmptpd to apply a remedy themselves. The for- inidable iiisiurection of the i)ea.saiitry in loli), in the eastern counties, Lai)lanted or eonverteil into leaseholders. Wtill, in the beginning of the seventeenth ceiiturv, Coke cou.d say, i n a well-known judgment, that the third part of England * Tlio torin /,; i. ., -U-! --n in'^,!"' ;J"V"S"'''T-'f'' ^^-»^o.^^ ,.ns oon ;;vun.on--lns 1,.,,,, I...;',, , ," /' r;i'!|'"''^'-)'"''^-">-<'s an.I p,:^a t i«in.u.,t or^epal'l, ';;';;!;; :,-,;;[ /^-e co,nna.niti.s and tl,e .stal,- ifNs ot a-,i,.„l(,„v, ii lUMst s I > t ''''P/^'^'^'*^ essential to tlio n the masses of (i,,. i'„,,i V " ,' "^ K'^arded as a irre'it m;.*- V ' » A ]iie of constant^M^' i,„^;;, ;;;^;;^^j-- their n,o„oSj^,^ ,? lieir stiength i« eM,a„ste,l fl,e,,J^ ?'"''' ^'"'^'^I'^^^t than that, ^viVe',' a pittance n,„n paiisl, ir ,.f ^^j 'L?''^^'*^ as_ suppliant ino.u ie ,ts work as Jono- and for as It A r,;.^ ''''^''^^^'^ «*• laborers ],ave sti/^ past;, and one ont /• ' v . ft we rj.'.'^f -f ^ ^' t'"^V recei v 'c i„ i^ d^op m pauperism, tl^at I .^V s fn Iw. " '"'''"^'''"V" "^" ^'^"S'«"> the paper on - The f and r nv '"Vl^o^^ed by parochial roHer' lias been already giv.M, .' "c ^Vr' I ^"f ''"'''" '''''' ''^^'^'^^ « eltraet ^, If is trno we io,„n,<,i,iv 1, .,.,• JJoskyns speaks as follows ■ '^'■"ll'ol.dps oc' i V ,r" I""' •"""" "■'^ ^''M'<^■^s.^br,t;^^& former tin.os •wn.pt.s it from ll,e ravae" •;..,/'" "T"''"" l>"-'^''tion of the eon v '"'I'tary establishm.m n d • '"',-"'"f'>' ^li'i'inishes the cos f tl i Jerty at honu-. i^nl I- '',^, '^,; '"f "'I' external dan.<^^ i ^^,^^« "^^opuient of ".anulaclur nV ,h s rv ^M^"'"^"''^^ ""^ ^ p.o.l S^s I'^e speech, a iren ..jo^u .,,,,) " '"""'^ti.N, and onioyinir the ]no..;,,T,.^ ,. ^^^^^^^^^:;^^:;;r^;;^ — -,- -^'^"^Ij'l^^^^^ position; and 130 LABOR IN ELTtOrE AND AMERICA. even the more fortunate of the working men enjoy fi very f.rir dos'ree of coniloit. But, wliati'ver }iitiy be said of other classes of the English peojile as eoniparcd v.ilh corres])undini(nidi.'d themselves " suf(i(;ientlie of wheate " Ibr their own tables, ■wliilt! cheir households and their poor neighbors in some shires were obliged lo content themselves with rye or barley. Jle adds, " V'ea, and in limeoi'dearth many withbreadnnideeilher of peas, beans, or oats, oruf all together, and some acorns among, of which scourge the poorest do soon- est ta.- ti , sith they are least able to provide themselves of better. J will nor say that this extremity is oft so well seen in time of i)lenty as ot deorih, brit if I should, I could easily bring my trial. For albeit that there be much more ground eared now almost in everyplace than hath lieeii of late years, yet such a price of corn contimu'S in each town and market that the artificer ami ])oor laboring men is not able to reach it, lait is driven to content himself with beans, peas, oats, taies, and lentils." The Iblhnvir.g extract from the " orders, rules, ami directions,'- issued by ti.e justices ol' the peace of the county of iSnilblk in theyear JovS;S, alfords an example of the food then allowed in houses of correction, and may, perhaps, be regarded as suppl\ing some indication of the ordinary fare of the poor : Item. It is oi(l('rcove, (viz:) At every dyniK'i- iind .siiii])or on the lieNlie daies, Viread made ot' rye, viii oiniues troye ■\veij;lit, witli a pyiile (>l'])orrelio theire worke, sliall have allowance of beare and a little bread l>etweu luealos, as the kepor of the house shall fyud that ho doth desevein his said worke. lUin. It is ordered, that they wbieh will not worke shall have noe allowance but bread and beare t)idy, untill they will eonlbrnic themselves to worke. * It must be eonl'essed that a larp; proportion of tlnj uTiskilled laborers of the towus and cities are (piite as badly oil' as the most wretched of the aftrieultuval laborers, tit was probably the latter part of that eentury which he chiclly had in view. In the rei< the regular [ ;'i.s their m ■liisser, who Jbit if roa.' •^t'ems proital \vas used as o "^vas fixed bv "intton at th ^"fther than Stow'.s Chruii <^ah-es or wetl J^ondon,-' snv.' j)oor— eveivpi Pfniiy; and tl, pence." 3Jr. F in conscfjuencc ;i«'>iu to what beef Mas sold 'uarkets a fat < pence or tburi) i!>it in the latei <'")d excessive cession of bad s ter ; in iWi it \ history of Xorfi at Xorwich m;(,s moa],£2: of be a»ibs, U.V.,- of ,.;, ^^'/•^,_S'7.,- and of ot lijtJo prices fe; itgain, so that \\] ''•iig- of August, I ^«»'US' all things ,vear with the jmc IIow high these If "ley are con),) embraced iu M^ i price of wheat fro fei;; that of bark" ^i''. iromle stat average price of i quarter. '^ Witi, table of its pos.sn quarter to L'O.v • tl f""io scale, with a ^f'ld until tho disti .vfars from l,jji to ] t'^jtraordiuaiy prieo '"■ bix and eight le average; an"l,. tiiat tiujo with little ™"' -•'--"., TO 0.0«. „, .„, In the roion Of ilciiiv AIM i ""-^ «oem,s ,)r„l,,l,le thnt n '1. i ' ,''" " «'"'»'' Ploi'ylu ion " twi. ~"r"*irr 132 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. \ Vi Tlie hii;li prifos -.vliich Blomflcld yives as prevailing at Xorwieh in 15!»() WL'ie oxcoedcd in many otlior portions of tlic Idnftdom. At liris- tol wlicat sold as hiyli as LS.v. and L'O.v. per bushel and rve at Klv. ; and, aceoidin,:;- to an old nianuseript (■liroiiicle, sneh was tlie prevaiiinjj: dis- tress tlial "every alderman and worsliiplul man, and every biirf-ess ol' this city lliat was of any worth, was appointed eveiy day to tuid with victual's at his table so many poor peojile that w anted \\n\k, whereby the poor of oiu- city were all relieved and kept from starving or risinj;-." During- the same period the prices of a large number of commodities were greatly enhanced by a cause that was urtili(;ial in its character, namelv, the granting of'iiatents of monoi)oly by the Crown. "The English sovereigns,"' says 3Iacaulay,*- "had always been intrusted with the supreme direction of commercial police. It \\as their undoubted prerogative to regulate coin, weights, and measures, and to ai»point lairs, markets, and ports. Ihe line which bounded their authority over trade had, as usual, beeu but loosely drawn. They therefore, as usual, encroached on the province which rightfully belonged to the legislature. The eucroaclimeut was, as usual, patiently borne till it Isecame serious. But at length the (>ueen took upon herself to grant patents of monop- oly by scores. There was scarcely a tiunily iu the realm which did uot feel itself aggrieved by the oppression and extortion which this abuse uaturallv caused. Iron, oil, vinegar, coid, saltpeter, lead, starch, yarn, skins, leather, glass, could be bought only at exorbitant prices. The House of Commons met in an angry and determined nujod. It was in vain thatacourtlv minoritv l)lamed the speaker for suffering the acts of the Queen's IJi'gliness to l)e called in (piestion. Tlu; language of the discontented partv was high and menacing, and was echoed by the voice of the whole 'nation. The coach of the chief nnnister of the Crown was surrounded by an indignant i)opulace, who cursed the monopolies, and exclaimed that the prerogative should not be sutl'ereil to touch the old liberties of England. There seemed for a moment to be some dan- ger that the long and glorious reign of Elizabeth would have shame- ful aud disastrous enil. She, however, with admirable judgment and temper, declined the contest, put herself at the head oi" the reformuig partv, redressed the grievances, thardicd the Commons in touching and dign'iiled huiguage for their tender care of the general weal, brought back to herself the hearts of the people, and left to her successors a memorable example of tlie way iu which it behooves a ruler to deal with public movenieuts which he has not the means of resisting." The patents of monopoly, however, were too valuable a source ot in- come to be overlooked by l':iizabeth's successor, by whom they were reuewed to be again ai»olished. Even the exercise of skilled industry was hampered by the arl)itraiy and exclusive regulations of the incor- porated guilds aiid trade companies wliich monopolized the commerce and industry of the principal cities, and vigilantly guarded their pre- rogatives against all trespassers. The system of regulating wages by statute, which has been noticed further back, was maintained under Elizabeth. An act passed in tlii; fifth year of her reign, (A. D. 1 •")(];!,) recognized the rise of prices which had alreadv taken place, and in view of which the wages lixed under Heiirv VIII had become inadeciuate to the needs of the laborer. It em- powered the justices of the peace to fix thu rates of wages from year to year, according to "the plenty or scarcity of the time and other circum- stances necessarily to be considered."' Tiic '' " """ lowi llistoi'v of Euglauil, Vol. I, 1). 10. FEOM ELIZADETII TO GEORGE III, J 33 twet-n twelve and fortv, not luivi a vis 1 iVl v .1 f ' "'"^ "'""■'"i"''! ^vonu■n l,,- t.ces to «o out to service in li nsl an. v Je./ ' '^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ "i" 7'>"l'^'ll^il>Ie by two jus- l-ift away his Horvanta, or serxai.t le e 1 s , !t r VT V,'"'''"' :""' "" '".''^ter can w, hont the assent of a justice ,,or e en t t e e U,^i[i''V''" '■^I"'''""" "f l"-^ tenu ter s wanuuo;. Servauts departing r o , the r n i r i *f ™ y,'tl'""t Kivin- a .|nnr- uue,s „,,on «on>o rea.sonabli ea s?to " i owe .v if ,•■^'if '" '''° 'j'''^ "^' *''"''' "•■■"- the wa-es appointed by tlio .nn-'i.strutes .^1^1 n i.b.,l l^* n'' •°'' '■l'.<''S"'K to s.-rve lor consent to serve. Tbolrivers of Lie,} m- „„ ? 1'"""*''"'''" ^''"''' imprisoninent till thev were made liable to teu^i^jV '/mc^ t he tak.'^To'w^nTv'''' ''T •■','!""''-'.'' *'^' ^ho statut'e Laborers and artillcers, hired In- tli 1 ,Vl V"""" 'l"-^** ""l"'™i"nH"nt. nier, from five in the nK.rnini 1 'Utve '^l"^,;^;:;'''?' «••« l""""! Jo woric, in «„„,. Irom day%ht till dark; thev are allowc^d the Z.? r ^ "isl.t, and in winter ntes. ArtuTcors are co.npeli;u,le to seivo i ° ?H " *^ "'^ '" f'""'^''' «t"t- cannot procure harvest-work in their own count ? " " ''•"'■"■'''• J^'""""'-^- ^vlM. counries during the hay and cor 1 haiTeJ ^Z 1 ■wf" 1"'""'"?' ♦" K" "'to other niallrom a justice of peace. ^aivc.t, piOMdcd they carry wifh them a testimo- holders ,u corporate towns, t^xerc sin '^ a. a r.m /f "" ^^' '"^^'^''^'V'^^ = "'""^ »'"-■ l'""s(3- and all persons elsewhere usinjr tl e 7ad "? sm^i l.^d ?'Vr' ";'''I"';'^ "««-'"l'atio„ there, take apprentices, under certain qual catbm to'l" . "" 'r ''"'"' '"'' ^'"■I'owered u, the term does not expire before the m'. ^1;'; u +t n /'T" ^'"' ""''"' J'''"'^' I'lovided And male children of poorners ns i J, 1 t"enty-lonr years of a^e. by tbe overseers, with counsel, of t-lj?, e'^tiVlu!^^^^^ '"'' 'V^ "l'l"-e"tioed out tjll twent}--one, to sneh persons as are ]' on ^btVltti,?,"^^' V^ yearsof a^e, and feniah-s tl«'»7 of -fortune and clersvnien .are e dl - .1 " • .'"'"^^ V''""" remarks that " ^en- and tbat the statutes for the"WnlaH,w;, ''l^'l'^ l'"'"'' *" '*"^'' ^on.pnl.h.n : year, or taking air^^Xat ■ '^ ,0 r^n n "l ' •^*''', ^H^^^'' ^^■"*^'^'' '"«»tl., o/- in groat or otborwLc " An S iton, od tTl ''^'^'^''^'■'^'^ }^ ^o done oliectM-as passed in tho th rtv ,> tiV \ to l.avc a somewhat similar bave been inoperative ""'^^""'"^'^ -^'ar ol EluabetU, but appear.s to w^'loenJlt^^Sy^J,^^--;^' f ?- Power of the magistrates own workmen, lu respec o Ir LV ^ r '"' ''^' °^ ^^''^S^^s for their to have been foreseen •foi it u^. ^•''".'?'\o/ l>"siuess this evil appears above reforre/l 0, " h^tt" o clo i r h'!| f '^ ^^' ^'i? ^■'^■^*^. '''^^"^^ "^ *'>« ««t I.reciuct or libertv, sSi Ix -n v /t. , r^ ^ ■"''^;'' ^'^ ^'^^ ^'"^^''^ "' '^"X ■spinster, or other artii 1 ' t; ^J; ,'7^ '''^»}-" ^^•'" 'V^'^' ''■^'^^'^'"' tucker, hi case there yv^r,^]^^^^^^^'^^''^'';}^^ »^"'^^'>g of cloth ; and alHl.eh|stKr1nl^^^r^;.er'^ii;^i:-!/ 1-iuct or liber^ th'clSnS.^?^.:^;;^^^;;^^:-/' (lO^^ome amelioration iu (liscoverv of America h bv iin-f ti /'l'I*"»"^""y taken ])lace. The .stimulating comme??a nt.Tn ise ? '"^'"!. ^^ ''^''''•'^ "'^ ^'"'^'^'t in I'ow impetus in co.l'n eiif o tl ' i .">^'''»<'^''t"i-os had re(;eived a and his lieutenants?,,? tinr.ivf ^^^o«!*5"« persoL'utions of Piiilip II which, dnrino. t n tr'.'^^^^ "^^^ the notorious Alva) in the Xetherla ids. iJich, during the preced tnous Flemings to ing reign, had c manufacture of baizes seek a rotuge in England, where tl compelled thousands of iiid ds, us- oil a variet.v of textile industr serges, and other stulls. und ■les. ley establisiied tlu successlully carried itmmi - 1 lifiiliiiMiiii 13-1 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tlio polky of enconragins sliip-buildiiig by public bounties bad bceu iuauguratc'il uikUt Elizaboth, and under James large sums of money TToro devoted to tliis object, while the twenty-two years of linintorruptert peace with which this reign was favored attbrded a rare opportunity for the development of the new industries which had taken root. The in- crease, of capital is indicated by the fall in the legal rate of interest, which during this reign was reduced from 10 to 8 [)er cent., and what- ever may have been the condition of the working classes, that of the country at large appears on the whole to have been i)rosperous. The increasing activity of industry, no doubt, dinunished tne amount of pauperistii and vugi'ancy ; but the increase of wages which it brought with it does not appear to have been equal to the increase in the prices of commodities. J'"rom a prochunation issued in ltL'3, directing the jturchase of wheat, rye, ami barley for storage in public magazines, whenever these grains fell below o'2s., lS,v., and l»w. per (luarter, respectively, it appears that these prices were at that time considered low ; and from the Windsor table of ])rices it ai)pears tliat the average price of middling wheat from IGOOto l(ii'5 was£l J4.v. 1,,(/. perbusliel. (Winchester measure.) Meat was also extrenu'ly high in comparison with its i)rice in former times. Mr. Birch, iu a life of Prince Henry, presented the prices paid for meat by the i)urveyors of the prince's household, and it appears that beef was 3;{(7. and niutton o^d. the pound. This was probably about the year IGIO, at which time the" wages allowed by the magistrates iu a midland county to men employed m agricultural lab(U' ranged from M. to lO^Z. a day, without board, w bile women employed iu hay-makiug were allowed id. a day without board. From a contract for vi(;tHaling the navy, entered into by King James in Ki^i*, the text of w Inch is given in I'ymer's " Foedera," we obtain the following statement of the fare allowed to couunon seamen at the time in (piestion, iiom whicli some idea may perhaps be formed of the diet of the laboring classes: Every inair.s daily allowance was one pound jf biscuit, one j;allon of beor, and two pounds'of beet, with salt, ibiir days in tlio week; vv else, instead of beef, for two of the four days, one )ionnd of liacon,'or jiork saUed, and one pint of pease, as heretofore bath been used and aoeustonied ; and for the other three days of tbo week, one quarter of stock-fish, half a nuarter of a pound of butter, and a quarter of a pound of cheese, except that on Friday only one meal of fish, butter, and chei'so was allowed. Her- rings or other lisli, aceordin'-;- to the season, were to bo provident in lieu of stock-lish. The allowance to the ctintraetor was, for every man's victuals, in harbor, seveu- peuco half-penny, iind at sea, eiyhtpenco the day. In a tract published in 1015, advocating the fitting out of busses* to enable the English to compete with tlie Dutch in the herring fisheries, we find a minute str.tement of the provisions which the author consid- ered necessary for the sustenance of sixteen men and boys on one of these vessels "for a period of sixteen weeks, together with a statement of the price of each commodity. The proposed daily allowance for each man or boy was one gallon of beer, one i)ound of biscuit, half a pound of oatmeal or pease, one-fourth pound of butter, one-half pound of Hol- land cheese, aiul as much fresb fish as they could eat. In addition to the above each man or boy was to be allowed 2 pounds of bacon (for four meals) per week, and 3 pints of vinegar daily were to be divided among the entire luimber. There was also a'.i allowance of SOU Kentish fagots lor fuel to last through the voyage. The prices were as follows : Beer, £'2 per tun, or 21(7. per gallon ; bis- cuit, los. id. per ewt., (of 112 pounds,) or 1'^'/. per pound; oatraoal or " The name of a class of lishin"'-vessels. pease, h. pc I'onnds,) or tierce, (of IJ Tlie wage> month, £.i- "lOlltil, £1- ; it shoidd be tliose of jiyn '" forming,' 'inder coi;si(h now comiiioiil sively to the now vei'v oo,i iiiC'I is cheap, t^icy. Theva Qneen's house l>J'ico is Lv. j)ci artichokes ;j,y. they were tlie JKUts of the lei wost cottages ties. Tlie latt the fourteenth reign."' I'Vom a smiijl published in K) 'I'ld that the pc plains that "th( liath beene no c parishes of this During the ea ^orkuig classes Jiredecessor; an( the Protector, tl; with exciting pnl to tlie interests o tract, entitled " fc beggers, theeves iirgiied that the ( nieaiis of work-lu in the kingdome.' of this pamplilet crnne, as well as ; accustomed to det The i>oor inav bo wl tlio law, and tho next Elizabeth, of f.inions , Tide houses for labor, slioiildeis to tho work \o conclude, it is ve or 'landed accordini; 1 jiiid do not work, wlTei "oard the rogues and I •iiawto whip and bran FHOM ELIZAnKT.I TO GEORGE Ii: Pcasi', .i,v. per I,u.s1k.|. in,.m, -1 / " "^"^ FrOTll n UI11..I1 ,. "''M.CS.S ;vorking classes ^v^^iS^ i^'^^Ji^ifll^tV'T^ ^ ^"« ^""'^'fi-n of the iiiliPliiiliiS ract, entitled " Stan],, o'-k,.,; '/'./' ^^'^'f^ ^^-'-^ Pnblishcl a siua amr\n To conclude, it ."very • mo f^ TT,"' ''^ *'°"«- * * ^ i" '""'^ j*^'" t'"^ir ill 13G LAI30U IN EUUOl'E AND AMEHICA. d tliifvc ry , am I tlin only means to I'lirc tho sain.- must bo by hin contrary, wliicli is lahi Ktinily bi'!,'nai', that tliey an lor till the IxiTfiinj; Hohlicr, ami tlic \vanr(;Hi ally answer yon, tliey uDohl work it' they "onld ^I't it. lint it' work- iKui'ses weie set np in all ahlo parishes, iL will take away all such delensory a. id usual I'rs, and then it will bo tried whetlier it will work or not til iplilot Tlieio is ill) doubt tliiit the civil Avar, wliicli at the time tins i)aini)lii appealed iiad lieeii in jiro^-fess tor several years, oeeasioiied iiiucii dis- tress aiiioiij; all classes; yet iiiaiiuractiiriii:^' and iiiecliaiiieal industry liad taken root so lirinly iii tlie country, thai iiider thecoimnoiiweaUh it was (juickly restored to a prosperous condition ; and tlie i>n)-;ressive in- crease of capital, as compared with the demand for it, is indicated by the fact that in ICil the legal rate of interest was reduced from 8 to G per cent. In lGf»2 there vas i)assed the important statute in relation to settle- ments, by which the mass of the laboring jtoor were practically restricted to a residence in the itarisli in which they were born. Up to this time they had been free to seek employment wherever it was to be found, only those who were unable or uuwillinif to work being compelled to reside in the places of their settlement, i. c, the i)laceH where in case of necessity they were entitled to i)arish relief. Uut the act of 13 and 14 Charles' 11,* provided against the possibility that workmen might at some future time become chargeable to the parish by preventing them from wandering irom their usual places of abode, "lest particuhii par- ishes," says Eden, " which, from their sitmuion, their privileges, or other circumstances, held out inviting prospects to new-comers, should in the end be overburdened with poor.'' IJy this act it was provided "That the residence iu ii parish uecessary in order to procure a settlement should be reduced to forty days, and that within that t'-io it should be lawful for any two justices of the peace, upon complaint inade by the church-warileus and o'verseers of the poor, to remove any new-comer to the parish where ho was last legally settled, unless he either rented a tenement of ten i)out ds a ye; • or could give such security for the dis- charge of the i)arish where he was living as the two justices should deem sulilcient." " The lawres)iectiiig settlements," says Eden, "unavoidably led to the commission of frauds, both by poor persons who were desirous of obtain- ing settlements, and by the I'larish ofticers who allowed them to acquire settlements, by a clandestine residence in the jKirish they came to; it was, therefore, enacted by the 1st of James II that the forty days' continuance of any new-comer should be accounted only from the time of his delivering notice, in writing, of the place of his abode and the number of his family (when he had any) to one of the church-war- dens or overseers of tlu^ i)arish to which he should remove; and in or- der to ])rcvent i»arish oflicers Horn collusively receiving such notices, it was further enacted, by the ;5d of Williiim and J\iary, that the forty days' continuance in a piuisli should be accounted only from the publi- cation of such notice by its being read in the church, immediately after divine service, on the yaiiday alter it was delivered to the overseer. While, iiowever, thri oversfcis c subscribed merely on i on his bec( which grai botli of his tiie close ot all'oid any tioiis imi)os it does 1) successor \v of the Conn political asj revenue froi to £781,087. crease in tl other indie; Political Ari when he wrc r( vitl navy h castle had in wine and tht I'orary, Gir ,: 'chaiigv wort Ihh'Ii in Kj.jO; well clothed V would have crease in clot coaches had i shared in the; The followi sinus, occu])at liiegory Kiiiii inn i-IIO ■'!, ()i)0 1-', (100 .", orio •T ouo Tompnr;!! Ii Spiritual lo liiiroiict.s ... Knight.'! . . . E.si{iiirp.s ... Oontleiupu . Persnii.s in u l'er.sou.s iu li it I'KOJI ELIZAUETII To Gi;oiiGE III. <'iitinff iiri .'iiiiiiial olHce in tl m? K'iiarisli, .'iikI scr\ the siuiR' S('i\ iii;L;' ill it 11 ,vi;ir; l.y serv- l.v liiifil iuto anv l<'(^ il twclvciiioiitl As iiii;4lit Iiiivc Ihm'ii 1 rc'fiuirt'.s) coiitimiin;? iii ••'s.vM, tliorllcct of tliose rt-uliiti ^''V lar;;v iuumImts ,.C poopl,, in ,,„vntv and i-1 idl t'lH' (iii' oils wiiH (n 'iiiiM mill liaiiilii riilmii'ii ■ • N'livuldlUii'i'.t itilit-iry olIlci'iJ Am Coimiioii Hcimirn l,Mlimiii|-' iiiiiI'Ii'IIim! niit-si-'l'VUUti ('lltlll!.'rl>l illlll piiuin'iH ('oiiimiiii Niil'lii 1 -1 »• JL. a... u >» li •t', 9 ,8 too (i ■JdU 1 i; MO (» 7 r. 5 r.ii ,"i 'II .'i Cll ■M ■i:> 4 ■I'l 4 fit 4 00 1 ''J tl7.U — -r-T' » 30.0 :ii l.'i, it : fi, 10 'i 11.0 (.'n'ocrtil iivii'ii;' I 111, II) It innv not be luniss to prosont liore soino oxtruots iVoiu tlio account Mbich MiiciuihiV -ivcs.,1' the condition of tl.c KM;;lisl. woiKni- classes rfS'Ncar's boVorcrtl.crcvoh.tioi.of KISS; -Ti.c Kivi.t .•ntciion," says ho " of tiic state of tlie common people is the amount ot their wages, a,i'«l as fourlifths of the co.i.nion people were, in tiie seventeenth <;en- tun- tMiiphivecl in ai-Tieulture, it is especially unp()it:uittc)asceitaui\h.it vcre tl n the wages of agiicultural industry. On tins snU.iect we have he means of arriving at conclusions snOicieutly exact for our purpose. "Sir William I'ettv, whose mere assertion ctrnes great weight, m- forms us that a labtu'cr was by no means in ti.e lowest state who re- eei od for a day's work 4-/. Avith food, or 8./. w.i uout lood. I'our shil- lings a week, therefore, were, accordiug to rett> "s cabulation, tuir agri- '""^TliatThK' calculation was not remote from the truth we have abund- ant proof. About the beginning of the year Uf> the Justuses of \\ar. Avickshire, in the exercise of a jiower intrusted to tliem by an act o Elizabeth lixed, at their (pnvrter sessions, a scale ot wages toi tht cou ty' a ml notiUed that every employer who gave more than the au- iS Sd sum, and every working-man who received, more, would he Mble to pnni.shment. The wages of the common agricultural laborer, from March to September, were fixed at the precise amount mentioneil by retty, namely, 4.V. a week without food. From September to March the wa^es were to be only u.s'. Of/, a week. u Ztm that age, as in ours, the earnings of the peasant were very different in different parts of the kingdom. '1 he wages ot \\ai\Mck- ^IdreTre probably about the average, and tho.e of the counties nejn the Scottish border below it ; but there were more ^^^^^'f'\:^'f^^%, the same vear. 1(185, a gentleman of Devonshire, named luchaid Dun- ,i,% published a small tract, in which he de.scrib.d the coiidition ot theT>oor of that county. That he understood his sui.ject ^-eU it is iia- n^^^il U. to duubt for ft-'V '•■'■ontlis later his work was reprinted, aid lias, bj'the infiltrates assembled in quarter s essions at Exeter , strongly ~^r[lh:^-Zn^^'A^:i>n\, Vull Mil. -J.'.-;r.!n, Appl'. tou'. edition ot M.c.ul.iy-s worlc^. reroiiimoiK liilii, the ^^ 5fi, It week. "Still b.' Ibiry St, E of ](i,si> to I not boardet "III KKil lilhoier, \vli( seems to ha agricultural to he uliscr earies of iiH ■which woiih "In the y the high wii to maintain Engli.'- 1 1110 for a jiieci.' oi which prove mamilactiire forced to wo " One of t streets of X( still be read cry of labor every artisai farmer. JJiil could be can; they could n( free to take i ducers of we, while the ma their exertior would have, i the geueratio the great stai he gained Gs. " It seems money, were, there were fev was not, in l(i edly much ch( but was still knew the tast change. The of Charles II, inmates of a ^ of a yeoman o almost eutireb "The produ"i duce of machi commodities f Iti'So than his shoes, stocking KROM ELIZAKKTII To fJFORfJE ui. 139 Inm, tiM. ^w.,..s of tlu, Devonshire p.Lant ..n, u iM.ont 7iK;;i;';i!;,^t "I.. l.,..l tluMustUTsof (:i...|,nsf,.nll,a,l lix,.,l f|,„ wa-vs,, '^^ lalH.u-r, who was not hoanh..!, at («. i,, uinlrr aial 7.v. ria, , ' • S 800MIS „ hav,. 1,,.,... tlu. hij,h.,sl ivnn.M...atinM .ivn. i.i h • .'hna r agncwl ural la ..m- l-.tw...,, th. ...storatiun ana-ih,....:'.!; o a ' ' to l)(. ol.s..nnl that ii, th.-yar in which liiis oi.Ur was niad,. tlu i ,■ • w 8! ra-s o( lih. wciv innn wonhl ,.v,.n now 1,., n.Msi.h.va as ain.ost u fan.ino ai -o. ^ * •' flu. ..'».'''''"' '•" "!•'.'"'"'••<•»■ '1"-' JI'"«s(u,fConMn..ns ..n.arlcHlthut the lii«l, wa-cs paul in this conntry ina.l,. it i.npo.sihie fur o.ir tev , s ±- glis , mechani,., he saul, mstrad of shivin- liUe a native ..f J5on -n tor a piece of copper, exacted a shillin- a da v. Otheievi.Ience is e x't . n AvlMch proves ti.at a shiliin;,' a .h.y w^.s th.'. pav to wl id o 1^" di h s 11 be m.d on the original hmnlside. Jt is the veheu. int a , iter CI3 ol hilH.r against capital. It describes lb- ...od old times wIVp,, l.mne . J,nt those tunes weio j.ast. Six, . .„ e a dav was now all tint Zvonnn ";''•' ''"^'^^ T'' '"' ^''« ^•"""- '' t'"' Poorc-o.npla , el v'etor ke in.^^ Mttanee. they were told that they we e J 00 to take It or letive it. 1 or so iiuseriible a rectoinpeiise were t e Dro- dieorsot wealth compelled to toil, nsinj. earlv and lyi. - lo w ii I e tliei exertions. A shillin- a day, the poet declares, is what the weavcA- voidd have, If justice were done. We n.av, therelo.e, eoidi le tl • t h III IZ!T'\ ^'''^'^ r'"' ' * ''^' r^-'volatton, a worlamu; el/.plo e "It seems clear, therefore, that the wa-es of labor, estimated in inouey,were, in 1085, not more than half of what thes inn- ^vimT there were few articles important to the workiii-nian' of which the nrcB was not, m 1GS5, more than half of what it now is. j/eer as und , bt Inew So '.if ;^>' ?"t Jmndreds of thousands of families scarJely know the taste of it. In the cost of wheat there has been very littlo ' !T'P- , ^1"? •''■'''■^"^ 1'^'''"*^ «^" ^^« ^l»«rter, durin o- the last twelve v "r? iimatee of a workhouse, was the., seldom seen, even o.. the trencher ^..ioff enHrir' *" "" «J'»Pkeeper. The «reat ...ajority of the natio.i li\ed .il.iiost entirely on rye, barley, and oats. "The produce of tropical countries, the produce of the mines, the pro- duce ot mach.nery, was positively dearer than at present. Amo, 4^^^^ coinmod.t.es for which the laborer would have had to .ay h!g lor ,' ^ h'oP^ ifnn, "' l'«^*7"'^y no!^ P'V\ ^vere sugar, salt, coals, ca.Klles, soap, shoes, stockings, and generally all articles of clothing and all articles of iiMiiiiii lii LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. betiding. It may be added that the ohl coats and blankets would have been not oidy more costly, but less serviceable than the modern fabrics." Mr. ^V. T. Thornton, in his work on " Labor," published in 18G1), takes issue Avith I\Iacaulay in respect to the advantages which, according to the latter, the modern English workman possesses over the workmau who lived in the last days of the Stuarts. In support of his view he cites most minute, careful, and comprehensive of inquirers," Daniel ])efoe, whose description may be taken as applying to the early years of the eighteenth century. " It is curious to observe," says IMr. Thorn- ton, " how, item by item, as if of malice aforethought, he disproves the whole of Lord Macaulay's proofs. "Although in Yorkshire, and generally in the Bishoprick of Durham, a laborer's weekly wages might, he says, be only is., in Kent, and several of the southern and western provinces, they were 7,s"., 9,v., or lOn. Often Avheu he (Defoe) had wanted a man for work, and had otlered On. a week to sturdy varlets at his door, he had been told to his face that they could more by begging, and 'once,' says he, 'I put a lusty fellow in the stocks for making the experiment.' Again, he represents himself as habitually paying six or seven men together on a Saturday night, the least lOs., and some '3()s., for work, and he mentions one num who for several years gained of him from l(i,v. to 20s. a week by his handiwork at the ' mean, scoundrel employment of tile-nmking.' Turning to manufac- tures, he says nothing was more common than for journeymen weavers to earn from 15.s'. to 30,s'. a week ; and he appeals to silk-throwsters, whether they were not in tiie habit of giving S*., 9,v., and l().s'. 'to blind men and cripples to turn wheels.' Then he speaks of ' the ditficulty of raising soldiers, the vast charge the kingdom was at to ollicers to ])ro- cure men, the nniny little and not over hontut methods used to entice tlmn into the service ;' and all this he explains by the ease and ])leiity in which Englishmen lived. If, he argues, they had ' wanted employment, and consequently bread, they would have (tarried a nuisket rather than starve, and have worn the Queen's cloth, or anybody's cloth, rather than go naked and live in rags and want ;' but he that could earn 20s. at an easy, steady em])loyment, must be mad or drunk when he 'lists for a soldier to be knocked on the head for o.v. Or/, a week.' " True, the high wages that prevailed were not always turned to the best account. They were higher here than in any other country in the world, but whereas a Dutchman with 20.y. a week would be sure to grow rich and to leave his children in very good condition, an Englishniau 'could often but just live, as it was called,' might, perhai)s, 'hardly have a pair of shoes to his feet, or clothes to cover his nakedness, and might have his Avife and children ke])t by the parish.' lint then this Avas caused entirely by the extravagant humor of our poor people in eat- ing and drinking, for they ' ate and drank, but especially the latter, three times as much in Aalue as any sort ot foreigners of the same dimensions in the Avorld.' If it had not been for the ale-house, every one might have lived comfortably, for it Avas incontestable that there Avas ' more labor than hands to ])erforni it,' and that the ' meanest labor in the nation alibrded the Avorkman sutlicient to provide for himself and his family.' "Not eAcn ^Macaulay's eloquence and ingenuity can countervail those sturdy alUrmations of Defoe, Avhich place beyond dispute that there has not, since the earlier Avriter lived, been any such marked or general rise of money Avages as the other imagined. Besides, money wages a century or two ago AvercAX'ry far from representing so accuratelyasatpresentthe sum total of their recipient's resources. Among the proceedings, legal or other, Avhich, Avith AvhatCA'cr moti\'e instituted, have, together with marsh to alio J-EOJI ELIZAI!ETIJ TO OEOEOE III. 141 ESrS S"S„I';';y;'," """"-"l one of utterly ,,h-„,.ci„MLe "P a lull ibnrtli of tlie wli. e ,■ ; ' / 'r'S"^" ^^'^^^y «i^io, tlieu made wluch rent-froo dwelliiio-.s wer t , . , i '^" s;«Jom ; while the ease ^vith nmi districts ],a(l to pay little or ,,ni'fn , ^''^V'''7''' conse.juontlv, in portion of their board a!.i wa pL r SfH/;;;, "{ «'"«'^' '"'<' "" '^'''al "11 e peasant's garden, crihbe, S! i.iv^^^ -f from th,'. waste, supplied hi n v fi :,e ''' ^'^' "'^^'te of his cottao-e com„H,n he had grazino- f^^ con ■, :i n%""^^ ,■ " "«' "" «'« adjoi ino'- and poultry; some nei^hborin ' U * , l/nTi'V^'*'. '*'^ ^^'^^^ asibrpio-s ^s now a meadow briglit with clover an renown''T?"«; "'"^ ^"''^^^ '^"^''^'^ l^iit of whatever advanta-e siu-lVtr.m^f-!"*-'^^^^'^^i"'^r and cheese a lar^e, to the poor conntfvi. a, ttv W*!!'? '^"''1?''^^'^*^ *« "»« ^o "^ v tage at all. His share of the . ,^^ ^ I-^ ^^^'^ «* ^^^ss than no advan set-ott- against his ciLl' Snf o s If ''.'^/r^ *^^»^ isa d era'ble access to shops and n.arla'ts ZVD , "' ''^'•^ ^»« ^''^ gained is .s^ mdv the angniented pro" .^^ i^on. the people to au- IBSSH 142 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. m 'I i; --■iiffS-- - seventeenth century from tLe depression into wliicli/fnun various ciuises, tbey had fallen during- the sixteenth, and that they " had a golden ago during the lir.st half of the eighteenth." Whether they liad attained a eondition which wra'ranted lliis deserii)tion as early as 1704 may, indeed, be doubted ; buttlu'.t their (nrcunistances were better than they had been at the close of tlie reign of (Jliarles J I is (juite probable. The war with Prance which followed the accession of William 111 to the throne in 1GS8 occasionetl a considerable falling olf in external trade, the amount of ship- ])ing clearing outwards from JCnglish penis having declined from 285,800 tons in 1(>88 to 171,701 tons in ](»'!(», while the value of merchandise ex- jmrted fell in the same ])eriod from £4,08(1,08!) to jC2,729,5L'0. This de- cline in oomnieice was, however, accompanied with increased activity in a number of domestic industries. This was the case in the manufac- ture of cm)per and brass, silk, and the liner descriptions of glass, which latter hadup to that time been chieliy impojted from France. A sword- blade company which had settled in Yorkshire, established a prosperous business, and so great was the improvement in the manufacture of men's hats, previously im[H)rled in large numbers from Normandy, that the English article soon excluded its foreign com])etitor, than which it was at once better and lower in price. These and other Improvements in manufactures were largely promoted by the inllux of French refugees which followed the revocation of the edict of Nantes in 1085. The in- tolerant bigotry of Louis XIV drove from his kingdom nearly half a million of his Protestant subjects,* who \vere among the most indus- trious, enterprising, and intelligent of the i)opulation. Consisting largely of manufacturers and skilled artisans, they carried their experience, skill, and artistic taste, as well as a large amount of capital, to the sev- eral countries of Protestant Euroi)e in which they found refuge. It is believed that not less than fifty thousand of them settled in England. 'Voltaire, in his Age of Louis XIV, .states that a part of the suburbs of London (Spitaltields) was peopled entirely with French raaiUifacturers of silk, while thousands of French refugees, engaged in other industries, established themselves in the suburbs of iSoho and St. Giles. Others, ho says, carried to England the art of making crystal in perfection, which for that same reason was about this same time lost in France. Anderson, in his History of Commerce, (Vol. II, page 509) estimates the amount of cai)ital, in money and etfects, brought into the country by these immigrants at an aggregate of three million pounds sterling, and says: "To the French refugees J'higland owes the improvement of several of its nmnnfactniesof sligb.t woolen stuifs, of silk, linen, pai)er, glass, and hats, (the last two since brought to perfection by us.) The silks called a la mode and lustrings Avere entirely owing to them ; also bro- cades, satins, black and colored mantnas, black paduasoy.s, ducapes, watered tabbies, and black velvets ; also w atches, cutleiy-ware, clocks, jacks, locks, surgeons' instruments, hardware, toys, (Jtc." The peace of Jlyswick, negotiated in kSe{)tend»er, 1097, was quickly followed by evidences of increased i)rosperity. The improvcients which had been made in manufactures, and the new industries introduced, now co-oiicrated with a revived connnt'rce to produce an era of increased in- dustrial activity. In 1097 the merchandise shipped from English ports anujunted to only X3,525,907. louring the hrst three years of ])eace it averaged £0,709,881 per annum. The increased activity of iiiteriial traflic nniy be in part inferred from the great increase which occurred in the use of the mails. During the eight years of the war the revenue of *T1r> Dumber b;is Ijltu Viiriuu.sly cstiniiitfil at from tLirijo hundred tliousiuid tn duo luilliuu. the post-oil during tlio causes of t coinage of lishmentof of religion!' ^vliich aros( of the king Tlie reigi for the suc( rough. ()„ It does not rosi)eron,>' ^vas abundai ■i per cent., i of interest w ii rouse the ci the famous S The follow; the reign of ( tory of the w Of tlio tliirty ■nar; tLo reiimi piiiK iucreuHedj llUltT llUIUuroil; opened and old 'ind deepened fo •innuuDy exjjoite Kiaui and otiier < '-■urgency ; conun enntiea rose iibe ellering the usua or tho acceptance The activity of tent of local imi iiwer than eijrlit t'lo reign of Geoi; Idty additional cli tares caused a gre prise in tLo count Muflield, Fronio. ■.ml inc -easing tv >e\v World liad be but li from EnglaiK to tlie single provi existing stream of eiit, by LigU rents Tn the follow] improvements i oftheeighteent hi iriO tlio wii Nuiio time tho tli 'y^hntd. i„ i7;j.j 'Mill iu Berkslnre, FROM ELIZADETII TO GEORGK III. 143 the postonioc iiiiunmt cd to oiil v £C,7 ooo „„„ „ i Vi .f tV "^ V • ^^'^^^ ^^^^ y<^a»'S of peace ro.o II tot' to 17« (T. """'"'' ^ ','''' ?^" ^'^^ «o""try during tory of the middle and wo7ki!.g ciasies ^ ''" ^^' "^^^^ ""^'^"^^ "' ' "^ l^is'" -- • tt: liinSl::;"::/;;:! ;::.r^,si:;,S"f /'r^'-""'^"*' -'^ t'^-teon wore ye^r, of -ndta- iiiunemMs indo.suH) artH thn w.V-f:f y*" "'''""'actmiiif; arts llourislmS I'it, bj Li^h runts ami <|e,stit,ui,.n. ^'"=''' ^'^^''^'^'^ '"to exilo, as at prcs- ^» the following i)ara"r'mli i\r.- a\',i "i.'Provenients in "liric ,1 r iuinl'^'^"^ mentions a few of the leading of the eighteenth centu.'y ' '"''"'^'^ "Uroduced during the first half . ';""!• Ill 1,,W (!„. (■,.!,.!„■:,. i>,i J.-iir,' T,ii '^ '' '" ^''" '""thoni jinrts of tbo iBHIiliiai 144 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 'f' l)(>fum tlic nini-e vnlimble parts of his system l)<'j;an to bn ach.pted by iuti-'lli- ■ii'iiltiirists. Hi) introdiioed till) drill-husbandry and rcconinii'ndcd tlio substi- ' 'bur and arran,i>ciniMit in the |ilace of nianuro and faUow in the culture of tation of ciojis and tl.u) cnliivation of turnips, cIovlt, and potatoes in t'lo ! more ;;-eii(.'ral. That airricidture was extending is shown by tin inolosure-acts, '.hirty-three years' tion and j;eiit aL;i'ie tutionof labor and arrannemi.'iit in tht land. A lotation of , field beeame more ;;vnerai. mat airnciiiture was extending is siiown bv the eonrso of legislation. More land was der :uled for cultivation. In the belligerent reign of Will- iam III not a single act was assed for the inelosure of wastes or the d'l'ainin" of marshes. In tlu) eipially lighting reign of Anno t hero were only twi l)iit in that of (ioorge I the number was twentv-six, and in tho reign of Ccorge II two hundred and twenty-six were passed.* Tlie period under consideration Mitnesscd the birth of a tiiimber of those inventions which, after snccessivo improvement.^, wore destined to eftect a revolution in most of the industrial arts. The revi\ al of Greek learning had brought to the knowledge of modern .scholars certain ancient applications of the power of steam v.iiich, trilling as tliev were, contained the germs of those stupendous applications of'tlie .saiiie force with which we are now familiar. During the sixteenth and seventeenth cenniries the subject had occupied the minds of anumber of mechaiiiciaus, aud ill 1G(53 the Marquis of Worcester, in his "Ceiiturv of Inventions," announced that he had iuviMited and constructed a steam-machine, by means of which he conld n,ise a column of water to the height of forty feet. This was improved upon by Savery a few years later, and in 1G0() the piston, in a rude form, was devised by ]Jr. Dennis Papin. In 1705 Thomas JS'ewcomeu patented an engine which gradually came into very general use for pumping water out of mines, and which, alter successive improvements by Potter, Beighton, Smeaton, and others, ibrined tho basis for tho famous inventions of James Watt, the first of which was patented on January 5, 170!). In the year 1738 Mr. John Kay, a native of Bury, in Lancashire, then residing at Colchester, one of the seats of the woolen manufacture, sug- gested a new mode of throwing the shuttle, by the use of which a weaver was enabled to turn out uearly twice as much cloth as he could before. In the same year a patent was taken out by Lewis Paul for spinning cotton or wool by the aid of rollers; and althougii his machine was lub successful in practice, it contained the principle subsequently developed by Arkwriglit in liie spinning-frame, which he patented in 1700, Mitiiin a few months of the time when Watt obtained his patent for the engine, in conjunction with which the new devices for spinning were .soon to work such wonders, f These and other inventions of the same period did not begin to pro- duce their gi at effects u[)()n manufacturing industrv until near the close of the century ; but tliey are evidences of the inte'llectual energy that marked the period now under consideration, and of au industrial activity which taxed to tiie utmost tlie modes of production tlien in use, thus stimulating inventive genius to those efforts that nere .soon to achieve such magnificent triiimplis. The growtli of the (!Otton-manufacture between 1097 and 1701isillns- trated oy the following t able, .sliowing the quantity of cotton-wool ini- * That the largo number of iiudosure-aci-s iiassed during these two reigns is an evi- denco ot the llounshnig condition of the coiintrv at tho time luav readily be admitted; but we need not, thc>relore, iufer that the perinaiienco of this conditlon'was iiromntcd by tho measures -n 4ueslion. To bring the common lands under cultivation wasobvi- ously a means of ineivasing tho aggregate resources of the connlrv. To annex them to the gro.at estates ol the nobility was nut tho way to mako their cultivation most con- ducive to the wi'llare ot tho ma,ssi;s of the working people. tT_li_e spinning- jenny was invented by Ilaigreaves .-iboiit 1701, and patented in ITTO. In 1//0 .'^aniuel (Jiompton invented a machine, since known us the mule, which com- bined the actions of Arkwrighfs frame and Ilargreaves's je.niiv, and in IT-'o the powir- looni was iiivi'iited bv Cartright. ' ■^ - > • i ported to, at ditfereu Jt will be ! 3 741 were uu in 1704 they Defoe, spei and of Great Here, as at Li a very surprisiu, J JJe grniid manu varieties, which, thirty Of forty yt An article i ^as also copie The manufactu these twenty year our colonies and u are such as to era a year, for many y now houses have 1 During the s manufacture of plan of smeltic carried on at vt led to the use o applied, and tl liardware nianu and Sheffield, tl wealth and nor industry were ci (Iio rolling of m lequiring a gres * The growth of i broadcloth milled at cut dates from 1727 t Dates. ^^«0M KLiXAnnrrr to oeorge 145 !i!^--i::;^fes JUNt uieiitioiitHl: jQiiiintitvof rot-', ' tou-HooI iuil '"'>"' "f •■otton liuited. Kiiods ox])ortt(l K'.HOO •JO, 701) 4'>, 9t(J ;oo, as-i and of Greah TJr!/?.i.^, .''''*!'* '^''''S m JiIn " To,..- f i. ' T.:,,. varieties. wInV.h ilrA"?.^^''"'' "'n ho i„ii,.|, niis..*""» "JJo. wealth and population V*'''' "/ ^^^'^ ^"dustrv raSL f •^'"^°gli»m 'The growth^fTrrr _____j-^w-u appjy. ^^ jhe 54,660 95,878 157,275 250,9S)3 "^"^••'•'•^•'^'•"iriliiilMiii 146 LAUOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. inakiiij' ol iiiiils, nn industry w liicli was extensively oaiTied on in the iiei;;lil)i)ili()0(l ()1' Hirniinj^iiain, it was not uncorni.ion to employ the labor of IV'iiiak's, as ai)i)earH lioni the following passage in ilutton'd history of that town : Wlicn I fii-.! Miiin'oiiilicd Iiiriiiiiij;Ii:ii!i, in 1711, I wiis siii'iiiiscil at tho prodigious iiiinilM-r (if lilii('lv>iiiilii>' .slioiis upon I li<' icuid, iind fonld not conct'ivo how tlu^ couiitry. 1hon;.';li iio|>ulous, could uniipoil, so niiiny people! of tlio siiino ocijupiition. In soinu ot' lln'sc sliop.H 1 (ili-jfrvfd one or nioio Icnuilcs, stiippi'd of their tii)p('r f^iiiincnts, and not ovrcliaincd w iih their lower, \vieldin;j; tho lianuiier \vith all tho ;;r,iec of their sex, 'i'lii' heanties of llu^ii' faee weio lallier (Mdipsed liy the snint of the an\il. Strnek with the novelty, 1 iii((uiicd whether tho ladies of this country shoed hordes, hut was an- swered widi a smile, '•They aru nailers." It is evident that tho growth of these nianiifactiires and of many others whieh either came into exi.steiK^e, or were greatly improved, durinp; the same period, mast have reacted powerfully upon agrictiltnre by fur- nishing an ample and ready uiaricet for its various products. The ad- vantages arising from this source appear to have been enjoyed for many years by t lie larmers, and, probably also, to a considerable extent, by their laborers, before the landlords, by a general enhancement of rents, asserted their (jlaim to tho increased pecuniary returns obtained froia their lands. A neighbor of Arthur Y' ung informed that eminent agri- cultural writer, that between 1770 anu 1780 au aged relative of his h.ad frequently expressed 'surprise at the rise of rents that was then taking jihice, for'during the long period through which ]M experience extended the renewtil of leases had been commonly regarded as For cheese St 7 'i For bread and flour 3'il OH ]^or o.at-meal 2(3 3 H For peaa 10 For beer 101 I'J 6 For shop-goods 61 7 di l"or herbs 8 9 di For Bi.ickcrcl 1 '-• ■* 901! 18 3i Consider! I tioH,* the ail been quite li gallon, was 1 establishmen iudgment. The bill of the same timi Day of week. Sniiiliiy I j;,,p „^.'"'"';'y I'.ro ■'•"«S'l"y Bre, WpctiiMil.iy .. Tim Jlmraday .... 'j'i,„ !• inlay ... S.iturilay . Tl: Tho writer v Their broad is "onian in tho he tlireo halt-peneo n lor theui jhkI tji; to live upon their killed for the hoii Mr. Wade st tion either in tl out the whole o to 35s. the quiii the revolution. the reign of Ge Barton's tables l-'ul, G.V. ; in i; tho eighteenth < gland, except in nearly doubled The following of an agricultur; Broad, flour, oat-nicr Roots, greens, bean.s, iiring, 6d., candles, JI'lk.lM, butter, If, 1; 08 1,(5(7., rent, Cd.p tiotlies, repairs, bed( salt, beer, exotics, vi Total per weel As these are at co.st of living at t •According to a t.-il ''■if, was only Is. bd v^M paid for beef by 1 cliasedforljrfperpoi I'liOJI ELIZABETH TO QEOKOE Ilr. '•^•■aa and clipcso iiroth •Ulead itiiuolieosb! Siimlay ^("iiilay ' I'uesJa'y...].' ■' ""■•Ill aiKlflioesu "!;ler day. The contract-prices for provisions and clotliing in 17C0 at the hosi)ital were as loHows : they same jC. Flesh, porrwt 1 Bread, lor V.'>i (lunees Butter, jier pound (I Cheese, per pound (I Peaso, per bushel Oatmeal, per bushel (I iSalt, per bushel Alalt, per quarter 1 Hops, per cwt 4 «. (t. 11 »i 1 r.v :h ;j (! 4 4 4 9 r.i 4 Beer, per barrel Candles, per dozen pounds.... Shoes, per ]mir Coals, per chaldron 1 Stockings, per pair Hats, eacii , Suit of bedding Coats, each 1 B. (I. .5 (') 4 U 8 1 8 2 4 1 Mr. Howlett, in a pamphlet on " the insufficiency of the causes to whidi the increase of our poor and of the poor's rates has been ascribed," published in 1788, maintained that, for a considerable period prior to the time ho wrote, the rates of wages had not kept pace with the rise in the prices of provisions. An expensive war had brought an additional debt of more than one hundred millions sterling, and the increased taxes thus occasioned had fallen in part on articles which were necessaries of life, even among the poorest of the people, such as soap, leather, candles, &c. Within twelve years the priceof these articleshad increased one-fifth. Wheat, in the mean time, had cost thepoor man nearly 6s. abushelj butter and cheese had risen three half-pence a pound, and meat a penny. The gen- eral increase in the price of these commodities he reckons at one-fifth, or 20 per cent., and asks, "What advantage have they (the working-classes) had to enable them to bear this augmented burden? What advance within the last ten or twelve years has been made in their wages'? Very little indeed ; in their daily labor nothing at all, either in husbandry or man- ufactures. In some branches of the latter, by the iniquitous, oppress- ive practices of those who have the direction of them, they are at this moment considerably lower. The only advantage they enjoy more than they did a few years ago is in piece-work." He thinks, however, that while this " augments the wages of the workmen it shortens the dura- tion of their lives, and of their capacity for labor." Extending his re- view to a somewhat longer period, Mr. Howlett says that wheat, -'which, between the years 174G and 1765, -was only 32». a quarter, was almost from that time to the year 1776, above 45s." To counterbalance this, "the rise in the price of labor was very little, if anything, more than twopence on the shilling, except only the money earned by piece- ■work, which, ten or twelve years ago, was not nearly so general as at present." To show the very moderate rise of wages in the south of England, during tbe fifty years from 1737 to 1787, he gives the following state- ment : Wages per diem , . ,, 1737. 1787. Agriculture : ^_ (j, Laborers out of doors, iu the country lo 12 Threshers !1". !1!"I! 9 12 Laborers out of doors, wear great towns ."!!!!.".!!!!!! ".'!!! 16 ItJ ., f'^oth-maiih -(■i'iblili,r.s , >'heiirnien .,, Women spinners' Tlio wages raised "iihuiit S'liJK'rdne." JJolow are pi of'lifiiil orders, daring the .sev T.uir.r: l.—Sh,ml,i,t JukI III/ llie JKHlir, fiylillt iimr'vf tltt ''niith V,'lifclwn;.|it. .''."■■'■■* I'luwwriKlit.. -Miilwi-ifrlit WW] " blaster eiiri)cnlo'r NTvaiit carpeuter. iiiincr Kough-mnsoa"!!! Plasterer Sawyer \\\\ Lime-niaker. .'.'.'.'.' .' nriek-layei- ' '. lirick-miin Tiler Slatcp .''." iile-maker..]]"]]! liuen-wcaver . .' ' Turner \\\ l>"oolen-wortver.'.' Cooper ... Miller .V.V I'liller talker....."." Thatcher ' Sliingler .'.'.' ■"•iiearman .".' ' i i,ver \ 'losiors .'.' .'.'."_" ^lioenmkor..!^]]] Tanners " ." ." Towterers. ...'.'.'.' Bakers \\\ lirowcra .' [ ''lovers 'utlers .' ^'iildlers ..." '•-Piirriers .'.'.'. '•ip-niakers... '■at-mak(r... Arrow-heml makers';.' "iiicliera '.'fioks ji;iiiift;sofi;,'iai,a",;,i;.:; ' JTO-ersoT(;rass..... ' lAskers "Papers..." jlowersofcnm frvantsuftliobestsorV" FROM ELIZADETri TO GEOKGE III. «. d. . 2 . it 6 . a 8 . 3 G $. (?. 5 4 •i M 1 K o 4 44 1 u 149 - 1^ "•■--■ ij G 13 l:t 7 ?('nbl)li)r.s >>lioiiriii»'ii ..'.'!.' WoiiiL'u 8i)imjeiV'.."! Ootiiiiuiiun. '^mith V."liwhvn;;lit. ."'."." I'luwwriKht .Mi!lwri>,'lit .'.', Master carpcnto'r."." >frvaBt carpuuter fiiincr Jiough-ninaoa .'.'.'. Plasterer \\\ Sawyer \\ l.iniemaker. . .... .' Brick-layer ' '. i!riek-man liler Slater [\ i'ile-maker ..!]m ' I-iucQ-weaver Turner \\ iroolen-woaver.'.' Cooper Miller raier ^^ker.....'.' Tliatcher ".'. Shingler .'.'.'.'.' Shearman ... iiyer Hosiers .'.'.'." slioeni n k e r . . . ." i [ ] 1 iinnprs \\ I'fffterers. ...".'.'.' liakers ',"\ Urewers \\ n lovers ' iitlfrs...'.' -i'liilors ...'" ■^i'urricra '.'.' ' ip-makcrs ..." "•it-raakcr ... Arrow.Iieaa makers '.'. ■"itchera "^">!<8 ■i'lililla of liiisiia'mirV" ;''"»■'■'■» 111' Krass...:. l.iskers... ■ "fapei's. Slower, of com! ';";"iw.s»fti,oije.stVnVt S^"?'^r'-.i^.rt::: • rTa!!ts„ttl!othir(iiu,l,.. Wages by tho year. tliu day. U nil meat I ^\ iHiniit | auU 'Iriuk "'™t "'111 i " i'","iMt drink. "■"! drink. 150 LABOR IN KUKOri; AND AMERICA. Tatilk If. — Shncing ilic vaf/cn of nrrrnnts, lahnrcr/i, and artificers, an fixi'd bji Ihf jiiNtiiTs of ihv ytucv at Olicham, in tlic count ij of L'utland, on the 'lath daijvrAirU, KUU TVagpa per A ImiliiTcif )iii>,liiiti(1r,v, liaviii^' cliiirjfp df n iilnTV-liiiul, nt Icnst )> 13 u A liiaii-scrva.it (or liiiMlmiKlry of tlif bi'St sort, \\\w can sow, iiidw, tLicsli, iiiako a lick, tliatch and li((l;;(! tlio waiiic, ami kill a lio>;, hlicep, or calf. . . 2 10 A coiiiiiioii Hi'rvaiit of luisliamliy, uliocaii mow, and cannot cxiitiily iiiako a ritdi and tliatcli it, nor kill and diesn a lio;c, Hlici'p, or calf !2 (J A servant who can drivo, plow, jiitcli, cart, and thrcMli, but cannot expcriiy 80W and mow. A boy under i-ixtun years of age \ It II 1 U U WA(ii:s 01' \V(oii:n-si;uvams, A cliicf "■onlan-^^ervant, who can cook, liake, brew, iiiako uiall, aud ovcrscu oilier tii-rvant.s. A second vonian-servant of the best sort, who cunuot dross meat nor inako malt, but can brew, «.to . A "mean or sinndo woman-servant," who can do only out-work and drudy- in« Ifi A gill under tixiecn ye'arw of a^o 11 u VACii'.s oi- Mii.i.r.iis. A cljief iiiilier. wjio e.ui "exiierdy beat, lay, Rrind, and ^njverii bis mill' A coninM)n miller, who eaniiot, iVc 9 1 11 6 WAGKS Oli' SlIKPIIKIiDS. A chief slu'iiherd, 'who is skillful in tlie ordinary of Lis cattle, winter and suniTuer A coiumon sliejiberd 1 1 10 WAOKS 01'' SIOWKlf.S AND IIAl: VKST-FOI.K. Occupations. With m oat. With- out meat. A mower by the daj- A man reaper A woman reaper A man hay-maker A woman hay-maker A follower of scythes A raker of barley and peas A hedger A ditcher Every other laljorer not before set down, (harvest excepted,) shall have from Easti^r to Jlichaelmas And afterward, every such laborer shall have Itoui Michaelmas to Easter il. 10 f< (> H r (I i; H 8 7 G Chief Joiner, jier .loinor'Miippi.iiti -Master Hjiwver, ii 'I'l^T'^"'"''''' l"'i' iiialchei', j)er da Hurdlu-inaker, pel Jjorse-collar-maki -blaster mason, pei Ji"ii;,di mason, per Master carpenter, Expert carpenter, Carpenter's apprei iiricklayer, per da Jiricklayei's ajjprei Tiler or slater, per Tiler or slater's ai) Turner, per day... 'iardener, per day Tailor, per day...' It apppiirs, l).y tlie statutiis lie above giveu was TAni.K irr._,s/,o»/» theprace at CI, dm the true mccuiiiK/ oj having a tipcciul rer/ mid appani, both 'l laborers, and mrruii 0„ A m.isfcr mnson A master rnii-liiImVo",;'." -Iiniistor nmsoii'a servm'i "Kii ot iourtoen mm uuil A UMstcr eiirpo.itor A iiLiHtcr ca.;)(.|iti.r, imVr cii-'btidnaiKlunilerlwei •1 iiKister ciiniciiter, eeiv, Itmnoin aiu'l uuder twei A ni.istcr sinvvor ii;,i;i;!f'^'' sawyer's iau;;.;;i: ^I^^wrigbt ivud canwr A mn.sfcr8ii"iin;-;iHi,t .■■■■■ ^ ntwcr or coniiiioii shipw ». u 10 u u 1) u (1 u .T 4 f> 11 s 10 (( 'J (7. 10 ri () H I'ROM KLIZAnETlI TO GEOKaE HI. M-AQKS OP MVnvWmS ANT, Tmi.R AH-nKN^TrCns. 151 Oi'cu|in(i(tiin. to Alicharluiiis. I'lnni Miclmrl- '"its to Ea.-slor. f-''ii<'f joiupr, )„■!• (lar .'<)iii<-i'sap|„,.iitico, iVrilav Master Nan-.v IT, prnlay...: ] oNVMvn^rhf, ,„.rtlay...... Iliafclii.r, ]H't (lay iruRllo-inakcr, piT "tf.i'v i or,se-coIlar-,nalc..r, ,,;.r day -Master inaso,,, per ,i!,v . Vm;,'U mason, per da\-.. iMaster carpenter, per'.lav sport carpenter per d y Carpenter'a apprentice, pei'daV- I.riek ayer, per da y . . . . ^ ] rieklayer-H apprent iee, ner'daV 1 ! or or 8 ater, per day '. !. . '^ i ilcr or Blator's apprent ice, p^T d"a'; Tdav... •' v: i ( h meat. (1. (i 4 (> T'i«ror8iat.;r;(;;r";f,;;:^"^'"'^"^' Blatr-' " Turner, per tiay Gardener, per day Tailor, per day . . ^\i(ll. one meat. i!. )i rt IJ 1(1 !l ;» h) V-i VI II 10 7 1» ll'l 7 8 W i ( 1, meat. 't "j ■\ 4 4 4 (> 4 I! 4 4 4 With. Ollf meat. M 14 (; (i (> • • • . • 8 »IJOvo g,vL.„ ,v„s i|,e„ complio,! 'li,"';" "'" """ "' "■'«<•» I'-' *i-v„i,ts lARI.E Ilr.— ^S/IOICIHO ^/jd./,n/.o /)f,,„/;/7 , , ' ^H'm'Ji "f ^^'<^es,on-ti:r mTl"r^A^. !>>l 'hej„.n.es of tlw true mvam,,,, of a sluMv madeinU, ■'1, liumig a ^pnhd rcjanl ami roiwidvm (iK'inliiKi tit Is oJ:!!!^;«"''s'''""'feanwH!;bi:::::; .\niastPr8i.iim-;.i;;i,V; •a aewii- or com moil sLii)\vn'ght . d. d. l-j is iU 17 4 10 IJ IS * 8 14 n 12 10 10 r H JO 18 I -J IH 10 lt< lU 10 10 yi 10 ]f d. d. 10 10 s M i 10 10 (i la r, 10 f 14 ft li B 1-2 f 10 10 10 f 10 u 14 lli 10 s 14 ^ «• d. s. a. 4 10 i* I 10 1 If) n I g 4 ' 10 u 2 10 n 4 < R 10 10 n R n 10 n 10 ft u n n i , !. f it; 152 LAIIOR IN KI'KOJ'K AND AMERICA. TaHI.K 111.— flliowiiig the wagcn of artljlcrrn, lubori'rn, and ncrvanln, ifr,— Conliiiueil. A II iililc cli'nctii'r An III lip hiilili'i- A IllilHlC'I'culkrl' A ( iilki'i, Ialini'iiit{ by tidu , A ('(iimiiiJiiriillivr A inii«tir.|i>iii''i' or carvii' A iiiiiMier jiiiiiiT or i',uv('r'.s w'l'vaiitH mul niipronllcoH, nlmvot'ltlitefii mill iiudir tucniy-four vcuih A nmotor Jiilnor or ciuv. i u Hirvaiils iinil niiprDiilitiH, iiliiivo tiMirtiH'n nml iiii.li r twenty I'lmr yi'urn A ni.iNter bi'iitkliiyur, tIkT, iiliiHtiii r, niidKljinKlor f 1.-) II 11 Iv! n.j II II 11 8 11 II (1 II (1 • 10 n II <» 10 11 I' 10 8 U n n n ,1 10 11 i; II n n n n II II II II II U 10 n 10 11 B 11 (i ij a H) " 10 n n n 2 10 n 10 n (1 II II a 10 10 11 a 10 8 " Weavers doiai; their work at home woro left to make their own agreoments with (ho dotbier. WAiir.s OF AI!T111CKI;S AM) I.AI!OI!i;i!S, ])Y TASK, 01! IX (ilJICAT, WITIIULT MEAT AND * DlilXK. £ s. (/. Jhu iiiii'.viiirr (,f iui iinrc of iii'uss, al'liT laiiil-nicnsui-e (I 1 ■■ J'Lo Wfll-iiiiikiiiy, (■liiiii-iakiiig,iiii(l coulviiif; of iiu acio of grass ready In fairy.. o n riio roa[iiiig, binding, cocking or shocking, of an aero of wheat, rye, or niix- tl.vii' 3 4 Thu ivaiiing, liiniliiig, am"! .shocking of an aero of barley 2 (i TIiiMvaping, biniling, nml .^hocking of au acre of oala Q a G Till* ii'(i|iitig, 'Hid •'iiiiikiii; Tlio IllOWilljr 'I ho lollowcr, TlilaNhiiig an, 'I'hriishing mil Miriisliin^ im, ^•iwiiig plank •'Rawing boa 1(1 ■^'HHiiig Moik, J^'viiiglalli, tl I'lVlllglinie.s, I ^'■iviiigelaiil,,,, 1 no Hulking oi I'lio liodyiiiir ,|| The liem'lin^ oi 'i'ha Hiaking of Tho hcwiiifj; of Tlie making of 'I'ho Iitnviiigof ( 'I'ho H(!ttlll;r „,, , 1 im hewing an iniry.").. llnck making a Jier Ihiiii.siind, ■Iho striking, di meat and diin The Mining am Taijlk IV._, h>/ the JKtttii offer (he do. realm in sue XHlcrnlion to iircuiiisfancc A nii.xtiiiu of wlicat aud rve, A master mason .. A master briek-nii i heir servants an years Muster cariientdra'. Iheir servants am years Tlieir servaufs and low-wrigiits and i ;Ma.ster brick-layer J ik't-a, plasterer.;, ai ,-Masferpla.sterer.s.. ilicir .servants ami i Master (hatchers., nieir servants.. I'l Hers of wcKl Vhri tune of harvester ay-maker,s,nien.. iiy-makers, woiueii n eeders of corn . ■Mowers of corn and A raker m corn Imi i jeapers.men... l^rapers, women.'" 10 lU IflOM IlLIZAIinTH TO C.KOUC.K III j,« Ti.n mowh «*:,)• ,',;,'■';•;' ';'^'«. vHri...., ,.,,.1 ^ .'J". .a „ Th(Hnllovv,.,. M,,k /.■■'' 'VV''''''''<^ " I y :|:|--|.in«:;;:t^';;:;J^;;;;; 'K,;'-^^ ;; 1 . riMaNhii.jrnn.i ,,i / ^:; '' ■'l-<'' i'.V^|.,.r(|MMiM " 1 Tlm...l,ii.K ,„„i ui : "'^ '"•"■"■^•l"'''iMait,.r... " 1 h> S";;^:;Si.;'::;rr'---""--"::r:-:;:;;;;;;;:::;:;.^^ ll ;!^)"KP^S'S •' ''" '""•'' '""^ ^^S/S A master mason . A ninster brick-iiiaHoir •- Muster caipratora....".; Master briek-kvors.. ° ! ' %-mak-er,snu.n ' &;'■''?''"''""'•••••■--- ; t'p'tLTs of corn ... Moworsofcorunn,] ;,•,,;;; Arakr.ru!corn!„„v^,t.' jeapers.nion... in-apers, women.... '.■■"■_' " «. d. <» C 4 u fi i) 4 H fi (> 4 3 6 4 4 (1 4 O 2 fi 3 (5 4 1 4 1 8 1 1 1 I 1 (i 1 8 8 8 4 4 1 G 1 8 h 154 LABOE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. From the iiiidclle of September to the middle of March, the w.T^es vas to be one penny a day less thau the above rates. WAGES 1)Y THE YEAR. AbiiililTdf ImsbiuKhy ^ f; ''• ChiL't'hiiul, best plow'iiijiu 1111(1 cuter. r i- I^! .Sliophords "; ^ ^•' f Jul'urior BuiviUit-iiiaii '.'. ;,' ,^ ' A woni.'iii-sorviint, able touaimuso a bousL-iiord".".".'.'.'.'". 7 i.-; ,, A second woiuaii-.seiviuit ^ ,. ^ A duiiy-uiaid or wasb-uiaid -'-'-".'."-.'".".".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'." 1 lo u Table Y.—Showhif/ ihc u-af/rs of artificers, hthvcrs, and servants vi the coiuifij of Lanmsfcr, as Jl.ml by the justices of the peace at Manchester oiitie^Kto/jMa!/, l^-.">, '' I'poa conference with (U^creet and r/rave men oj the said county respediny the i^lenty of the time and other neeessani circumstances.^^ -^ ^V.lGLJ BY THE YKAK, A bailidf of linsbatidiy or rliicf liind, not, above (f Oo" Ut'i lOxperieiicod millers, witliout meat and drink, not above ..' ".' lo uo do Lxiioneiicedmillern, with moat and drink, not above... 5 yo oj Chief servants in busbaudry, that can sow or mow and do other htisbaudrv well, not above •' - qq a., Commou seivauts in husbandry, twcuty-fom'Vea^VoF.igoViud upwaVdVuot ^ auove. , ■ . „. Men-servants, from twenty to twenty-four years of aw, not above. ' ■! 10 oo Men-servants, Irom sixteen to twenty years of age, not above •> in m Best wonieu-servauls, that can cook or take charge of a household", "not ~ Chamber-maids, dairy-maids, and Wiwli-nmidsjoVVthVr'oVdVuaVv ye'rvanVs' " ^' not above " '""i^, „ „„ „ Women-servants under the ago of sixteeu,'uot above !!!."!].'."..*.".*."."'.;. ■."";! 1 lu uo WAGES liY THE DAY. Occuiiations. Best farm-laborers, from the middle of March to the middle of Septem- ber, not above '■ Ordinary lann-laborers, from the middle of March Vo 'thJ 'midilYe' of bcptembor, not above Best farm-laborers, from the middle of SepteVubJr" "to Vh'o 'm'iddVe'of March, not above Ordinary fann-labore.s, from the njid:il'o"of Seiitember to Vlio inid'die'of March, not above Ilay-makcrs, men, not above J lay-makers, women, not above ."." ] Mowers of Lay, not above lieapcrs, men, not above .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' Koapers, women, not above Hedgers, ditchers, palers, thrashers, &c., notabove." Masons, carpenters, joiners, plumbers, tilers, slaters, coopers, tuViieVs," master workmen, not above Masons, carpenters, joiners, plumbers, . ilersVslate'rs,' coopers" tur who are not master workmen, not above JM'ick-layers, jdasterers, white-limers, not above .. ' above ''^''^'^'*'^"*'''^ ^^'^" ^"'^ ''""^''^ working under his directVonVnot A pair of sawyers Master tailors e w<>i' w^^ ^/.^'i^^flr^^f^^ ^''^'t ns the co.n u- is not to (Icn.a.Hl so nuu.li, lmt\s m M, "7'^''^'"' l'<«'!ion of it ou-.] ifc of the country ii.tl. u., al be ■ '' To '""*'"* ''''^' ^^''"t <''« oSu corporiite town is caJIod i„ . ni *^.""^'"^' *'»' ^'''^'^'f ofllcor of ov.>r ! ohor inark.t-town witln' 1.^ Jon /^ ^trf" ^>« l'><-'laimil Tu evo ! :' «omnly UKuleon the m^-kltS 'u .^^!'' p'^'''"''tion, p„b]ie]^ .U sib c copy of tlio order is to be ostrd i. '^'''^''^ "* *''« warkot,'' t'acli ot the said niarlu't-towns and M , . " '"""^ '^l**^" P'lWic ])!aoe in tlioro.n c'stablisluHl are to r e nin , f, '"'^'-f' '"^^■^' «'"i allowances" and such alteration ailerSs ,"oS ^S^i;'" ^.f" "^^'^^•^^««» ^^ mS;, an^^ ioJisirs.!;:;:^;!:^ s.;;;^""''""^'- -s;;;:!^rs,;i;i!;,[;f JUK.. snob as oppose ol -aJi^IlSffiif olSelSl^^ifMe^r^ ■ , . -«-u»-.oc die as iijI- t=^f^n^,;;;S:- - !;!^;;-,;^;o un^ Pioceof work by the or h,re a -reed on ( or to do t le " ^ i "^Z- "'\''''-' "^" "ot J.ayin^ the wa < ' s ;;* ""^ ^vork, on ilain of i n, r ^o .^.^m . f '^ "''f'»''t license c*;!' the owHer Pomuls torleited to the ownei o t " ".. ' v"'"' Y ""^"^ ^'"^ ^^^"^ ^"n to be recovered by law. ^'"^ " "' '^' ^^'«i«^les his cost and damaoes Wl/in Sn";:XC'oStt b ^''^/^"'^ ^'-t "0 «^n-ant th.t Intli "ial that he or she is leS ly ice.^scd' '"'.''^^ ^^"'"^"^ ■'^'•«^^-i"t^ a ostbuo 2e,a,HUtHbertytose;^|^ Si^,^^ his or l^r S S?: ^^in the nnnisteroftheparisli \vhp mV.^L^ '^^^^^ I'y tlie chief otlicer or consul. fT'^'^^^'^''^"t'^f'l>aits,au(lsubscr^^^^^^^^^ towu. ,Tl,e ,naster o .nT t^i^^-'i';!- ,V^'« ^""^^^ hou.s^-holde s brthe ' tiuionial sliall sail prod II the per ''0 one w'l 11 or imprisonment till he pr thni twentv-oiK, ,7.,,-.. ..i '0 fco 99 iia i;!4 Jfll) in,-) 1U7 l(J-> VM I'J-i IbS 1S5 ina vn ^'■^ lliH l.V> Harvest. Ilaytirae. «. d. a 9 6 11 11 8 (i 11 ■J 8 (1 8 9 1) ' I .1 t Wiuter. Medium. (I '; I) 11 il (I II (I 10 (I 10 I) III (I 8 ID (I 11 t> 11! 11 11 11 1(1 10 H li i u 7 i 11! l-J i;i 11 (I 9 r. i-j (i 1(1 n i;i i:i 11 7 9 10 n u «. d. 8. d". 6 6 7 « 6 G 7 4 (i 7 3 7 8 5 B li .■) li 4 5 C 6 ,■-. 4 3 5 (i 4 6 f) G li li 7 5 4 9 r, 1(1 4 9 11 1 li 7 'J 6 7 8 G 9 9 9 4 9 (1 9 4 9 9 a () li 7 2 li (i 8 4 9 5 H (i 11 G 4 I) ."■) fl 7 8 -) 7 8 3 8 9 8 li 9 7 li G .-) « 11 7 fl !l 11 ll! U 7 7 Tortdlnsl, -^ewtcjii . Jfoiiniuj-K Kiihv hcliorioii . Uilliii;.. Itookliv. Promiiijrt,; ivipliri Swinton.. f I'aikhill . ^'ei'iii«loid iJanby . linby poswortii" •Morpeth . ^liiiviok ..'. Bolford . Hotton.. " Peiitou...'"" g^'rwlck..;.' jliothbury Oambo ...." Glenwelt"*" Ascot.. Pom Ith ..." Keswick Shapp '.'. JJolme Kabora . . *.'.' ' Cfaralang.."' Onnskirk ..' Altrlngham . Knotslord . HoImVChapo Siiesstono ... ■Aston.... gagley " groomsgrove. Persboro.... JendswortU .". More ton... genalngton..; Henley Maidenhead .'. Harmoidawort Kensington... JVuma Areragoi *TabIea Vr, V t Under the m time and hntvoe ^ROM ELIZABETH TO GEOKGE III. ^uu.: YL-Showing the rates of wages paid fc 157 ''"-"S'-iounurallabcr^Sc-Coutinuea. I'lllC'g. -Newton .. Nniiniugi,,,, ; Kirliy ./.. KiikleiitlianV "Cliortou .. Uillinr . •■•• ItookUv. ■■■■ Froniii'igtoii '. l iv-ipliri... ^wintoii...."' Craikliill...." Uanby ^aparth .■.■.■;;■ Itnby fiosivoitii ^torpoth ...V" ^liiiviik... Bolford. Jetton... J'entoii... S^rwlclt..;.""' Kotlibury Cftmbo . Glon welt" !;■."■ Ascot Poiirith... Keswick "■' gjiapp ■■.■.;■. goluie itabors Garslangl.'**.'"" Onnskirk ..'"* " ^AltringhBrn..*/.; Knotaforrt . . Holm'schapol'.'.". Stone ShenatoQo .1!'.'"' ^ston " HaRley ".:[ Broomggrove.. Persliore . . BendswortU ..'"'.; Moreton.. genalJiSton..'.".:;; HoQley Maidenhead ."."."."." Hanuoidaworth'.V Kensinjfton Mima ArerAjes r«y per week. distance, ilarrest. Hayti ;ime.,t Winter. Medium. " • '^'"'I'ocMvely, Bu weeks and five wTekl. «iceptioa of hay. Place 8. ^gW^i^^^fov- : f iiiiiifni ^.^..^sm LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Table \ll.— Showing the yearJij wagm of different clamea of farm-servants, ami the ivenkly wages of women employed in Jitld-u'ork in 1708 at various places in Ei.^'land. Kisby Sl!lliut;rtpot Ilolilcruijsa Howdcn Thoriio AVBiitworth Brifflild \owtou Xnuuiiigton Kiiby KirUIcatbam ... bchmtou Cilliug llookby Freiningtnn Kiplin .Swinton Craikhill Sleiiingford Dunby AsgartU Ilaby Gosivorf' Morpot Alnwick lipltbrd Hettoii I'onton llorwick liotbbury Caiubo (Jlcnwclt Aacob IVnritb Keswick Sbnpp Hohno Kabers (tarslang Oriiiskii'k Altrinsham Holm's Cbapel . Stono Shenstone Aston nagloy Broonisgrovo ... I'ersboro Hemlsworth .... iloreton BcDsington Uenley Slaiilenlicacl Harmondswoi'tli Kensington Mima Averages . «. a. 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 10 u 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 10 5 5 a •T3 s.a.. I) C 11 11 7 10 8 10 r. 5 10 5 9 5 10 10 7 7 3 U 10 5 7 10 (i n 10 5 « 15 10 3 G 10 8 ii C 11 U BS. 9«. 9d. a.d. n u 15 3 3 10 2 3 4 ■10 3 y 10 4 10 10 10 u n 5 5 2 10 3 2 1 '.8 C 1 10 2 10 3 2 10 2 2 15 2 10 3 3 2 5 1 17 2 2 3 3 2 6 3 ; s.d. ti 13 18 3 3 5 8 10 8 (1 6 3 6 3 3 13 8 10 9 10 () 2 G 5 13 7 2 7 13 7 13 5 13 6 9 8 6 6 « 11 e 6 G 3 fi 6 6 10 6 6 13 13 16 6 8 6 10 1« 6 18 6 6 18 « 5 3 4 15 « 6 10 IG 7 3 5 5 £ g. 5 5 3 1,-, 4 3 3 4 1 5 4 10 5 4 4 10 5 10 4 5 5 4 :o 5 5 10 3 10 5 4 3 10 4 3 3 2 10 2 15 3 3 3 5 4 5 2 15 5 10 4 14 G 4 10 4 4 3 3 10 3 4 10 10 10 5 10 3 10 4 5 10 15 3 19 J3 5 £ 8. d. 4 4 3 15 5 15 10 4 4 3 10 3 10 17 10 10 3 2 10 i.i 3 5 7 C 10 3 10 17 5 10 10 17 G 10 10 5 15 10 15 5 5 ;j 10 15 3 5 Women per wock. & s. d. 12 15 5 7 17 (i 10 5 5 8 6 10 15 5 10 15 5 3 2 10 2 15 3 3 3 5 4 4 10 2 12 4 10 3 18 6 4 10 3 10 6 2 12 6 3 5 2 15 3 10 2 13 3 10 3 5 5 2 6 15 7 6 10 17 G 3 10 3 12 G 3 5 4 10 4 15 s. d. n 9 7 G 4 9 4 G 8 C 7 9 7 G 14 G (> 6 G G 3 3 G 7 7 G G 5 fi 5 6 6 C (> 6 5 6 G 5 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 3 9 G G 'o"3 G 3 9 8 6 ». d. 3 3 3 6 3 9 3 3 6 3 2 5 6 fi 6 3 3 6 6 P 3 a 9 3 3 3 3 C 3 4 4 ». d. 2 G 2 6 3 3 2 2 2 2 e 2 3 4 6 a 9 'ii's 3 3 2 6 3 4 3 3 * Under tho general term " winter," ifr. Young incbnlcs the entire year witb tlic c:;cepiiun of baj'- time and harvest, to wiiieli be assigns, respectively, als wclUs and live weeks. T.UILE vn I'lai Bedford.... r.otlierbani Mieflield .... ^'akt-fadd . I ds ■\\U'n I'reniingtiin. ri.irlingfon.. Newcastle . . Ciirlinlu Kendal \\'airiii^l,)n.. Liverjiool Manchester... I'nrs'.eiii >"( weast!e ^Voreesti r Averat;pof nien. -Average of ivome Average of cbildi Tun. 10 IX,— SI ir.Oti. A wliolo 1 A lilt Wl!t 1597. A lore-qti; A fat wet! A lilt shot IfilO. A 'tiiittou A lamb .., 1018. A log of 111 A mutton IWO (o 1G90. Mc J Mil. Li vo sheer inO. Ueef, tiio 11 Veal, ditto Mutton, (Ii Lnnib, i :i 10 1 1) 11 8 :< :i ti 5 1 8 7 iils .....'""' Mvn -Moil Miu ;.■;■■■ Moil . Iron . . I'sirs'-oiu >'( n-oastlo 'Voroest' 1- (Mon s W'oniiii .. (Cliilrfnu, Tl #. I M- '- Hill '"""'■I''* iiMon 1^1""'", lllllH . I i W'oiuon . ;J!(Mi ... |(j!(Mi ;.;;; ■) Woiiion icchiidron ;;.";■■"■ ''"li'olalii, -lovoH . it Men I s W'l.iion I ( t'liililiin ""' 9 (i 8 11 7 1 5 4 3 .1 9 li fi (i 7 ti 4 1; 1 9 •1 a 3 Avcra^'eof men AvcraL'o olMdMion Avoratjoololiil.lion ...'..'. Ta!.i.|.; IX.-Shoirhii, Ihr prw,- of „„:,l (,lwjh, „f s. d 9 fi 4 7 '■i a MITTO.V. iriO(5. A whuli! mill ton . A fat weHicr loOr. A fore-qnaitfi- of iiiiiltd,', A lilt wdthor, in wool ... A lilt slit'cp... £. ■■>. <1. .. Id X) .. 15 .. 5 18 1610. A.n.moa_wei,.Un«.Vpou;..f;;,M,iVo^ 14 IfilS. xVloirof iimttou « 8 A mutton 1 10 I'lO. Uoef, tnoimuml 2,i iriO. Uoef, tno Veal, ditti Mutton, (I I). itto. 1^06 to 17;;0. Mutton, tl |r:M to 17(10. jriitton! t l<.i-». Mutton at Siiiidii in Ktonc '>", tlic Htoni- 2,} to 3 -.0 w, -.8 24 .. 2 - 2t^ ..018 it'l 1756 3 31 3 ill 21 21 3 7-16 24 1757 ■54 31 3j 3 31 31 1758 1759 1700 1761 2' 1768 1763 2 21 Si 1764 41 1705.- 1766 1767 1 5 54 1 5 3J 1 2 » 1 2 2i 1 2 6 1 6 3 1 4 1 8 81 1 10 41 1 8 7 1 8 51 1 ."i 8 1 13 2 1 U 2 1 6 3 16 8 1 10 (•) tl 5 6 1 8 6 1 6 S 1 9 1 1 9 2 1 8 9 1 8 6 1 8 7 1 10 4 1 11 10 '-'1 21 21 24 21 2} f I' 3 21 It 2} 2} 3 21' 3 21 3 3 3 3 3 31 31 3i 51 51 5 9-16 5} 7 61 51 61 I' 81 7ii 5J 6 1 5 5 4 (> 61 6 6 6 7 3 2 13-16 21 3} ■•ti 31 31 3 l\ 31 3 31 3} ^f 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 1768 ,769 1 13 2 1 5 2 3 34 2 12 6 2 9 11 1 18 3 2 4 7} 2 2 11} 2 3 llj 2 3 1 18 6 2 9 1 17 6 2 1 (*) (•) 12 5 51 •11 51 51 4 4} 41 ^ 41 4 ii 1770 177! .., 1778 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 » 1785 1786 r,87 i7es.: 2 7 11 2 3 11 2 3 2 2 6 5 2 6 5 2 6 5 2 7 7 2 11 3 5 '4 4} 4} 41 5 5i 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1 13 11 * None bought. t Ready money. Non?,— Tlicae prices are conRlderably lowpr than the price paid by the consumer, which, in 1795, xrn» about 7d, a po\ind for beef and mutton ; thej', however, show the proportion between the pricos of different pel loUe. lu the price per pound fractions less than one-fouith are omitted. I I Uaififhl Sfi'veiini'o. Ofll. ,■ * ■" •' ""■^;-b;oir:':' ■■ .^ijltdll _ ■■ Wamii'n.. l^i"M;;ljton .'. lii^^•.s^IJll .... Ciiiwoiili..]^"" ji.vcliiiiili ... <';i«ti'rtoii iM.^ii .;;;; P.\'iikcli(Id... l.'.|.(i,s . Ki'i'iii ...'.'!!"!.';■" ^'■''lilniiiiKjr . Will)|.r.-iHiit . Unttou Risby . . Kliilinjillwt . ; Howdeu 'I'honii^ "..""' Anmnd UViiiwort'i UiiUicM )liill,'iiil).v KfWloii' NLiiiiiiiiijton ..." Kirliy .'. KiiKiiMthiiili'.' ;.■;■■■ SiiiDitun (jiliiny; liiMikby Urnuf;h .'."]" I'reiuii);;t«u. . .' Ki)iiin.r. .;;■"■■ Swiulon C'raililiill .'. Sli'iiiiigConl Uaiibv.. ■AvMilh.... J!:ihv -VinvcMtle....' Moipi'ih .Vliuviek.. Jicll'iird.... ll-'tlon .■■ l.'i'nton ' lliiililiury .". Cniilii) .'. ii '.' I'o.sstin C.-omwuil ...'., ll'«.Vt(.ll ^'■^u'Je> ' <""IlCVsl)l(„|_;'j," Kiiiiici ...'.';;;; AVill)i.r,sH„t . UlittDIl.. Kishv. t'ii!li:i;jll,H.t .."■■ Uowdcii 'JIlDMit^ Aiimiid Wviiiyi Uiitliclil H()llflllliy ^'llWfOll' Niiiiiiiiiutdii .. Kirli.v . r Kiiljciitli^iiii'. (jillin- .".'; I'liokliv BmiiyU I-remin;,'t(m. .." Kiiiliii SkjuIiiii .. (.'raikliill '' Slciiiiisj'oni . . Diiiihv Ai-iiiih.... ii:% ;;■ .VcwcastU- Morpcili _■ Alnwick.. Bcllbid.... ■■■" Ilotluii .■ l.'niitoii iiiiililiiiiy ' C'.lllljc) .' lilcnwoit. . As, ni I''ir;tli ['//_' Ki-owick ... . " ' fm> :: K.'iiilal illlllllo '" Kai]('i-t .., •iai.sl.iiiir..' ]""];■ Waniii^ton ...'. Livciimiil " Allriiiyliiim .."" KiHitsliivd.. lliJlLrH.('i,iii)er." -N;'W(;,l.s|l„ luHl,,,. Nii'iistoiie •istou iiiisrw ;";; •orth. Liuo. 1 DiH. taiicc. 20 .'W .N 3; -II •lii "47 r,-A .t7 7i) 85 .j :);io 301 200 270 2!l(i 2f2 2c« Slirt 2,11) 24(i 230 2J3 1H2 200 ISO 170 )3-t l,-)0 117 112 110 aio taken ir Kieml. 2 li IJ n llutter.jClu.t.Ho.Muttou,|l)c.ef.|v,,« 1 1 1 1 3 14 i i 1! n a 7 « (i 4 ti () () 7 « () 7 cj «ii fij ••'i Si T'l 51 4 6 « fi •"■'i i ''i I 'i () Pi 6i 7 8 fi L'i •1} « fi li 1' 7 G "1" 1 C 8 1 li fi () 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 :i.j 4 4 4 2 •4 ,)i 2 3 I 3 3t a' 2i II o 2i 2,V I 3 2 -ii 2i a a il^ 3 3 ill 01 :)i 3 ai a'- 4- I 4 4 4 4 3i 4 3} 4 4 3* 3 3 3 3 3J 3A I 4" 3* 1. I'ork, 4 31 4 3i I 34 1 3* 3i . u 3jl 4 4 4 4 4 I 3 3J 3i 3 3 3.' 3* 3i 3i 3 3i 3 3 3i 3J 3 3 ^^^ 3 3 2J 3 3.i 3 3V 3" ■M 2} 3 ai ai ai 3 3 3 2A 4 3 ;ii :ii 4 I -'i I 4 3 H 3 3 .3 .3 3i 3i 3 .3 2J 3 3} 3 3 -'■ii 3} 3 aj 3J 'ai ai I. 3 ! 3 3} ^\ 4 ! 'i 2* 3 3 31 3i 3i ill 31 •14 31 31 31 31 3 3 3 3i 31 ^i ai 3 3 3 3 3 21 3 .31 31 Si u 3 3 21 ai 2i ai ■'! 2i 3 3 3i ■■li 3 ;'» "A'orUitTu X ""'•.■•vol. iv, J,p. .IJJ J., 162 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMKRICA. Tahlk XL—Shoiring Ihe prkeR of the principal ariiclen of nuhnMrnce, .fr.— Continncd Pork riani'R. DIs- tniiee. Br*K)nisj:^'"vo 118 l!iii(ls\v(irlli lldH'tllll !ii; llfMlHiDirlDIl 47 :ir. llnilr.v Jliliili'iiliciiil lliiniiNwinili iii KcIlsill^U)!! o MiiUH AvcrBRt's Bioad. nuttpr. l.i L ChfoHo. iMiitton. Deef. Voal 3 3 2} Si a :i n :< 4 Hi •II Average of mont*. 4 4 HJ 4 4 4 4 I 4 I 4 4} I 3 I Hi :fi Table XII — tSliowinii the iiim-};! crpniditiins of worliiuijmvn for hoim'-mit, fuel, and thn 'I'""' "./' Ii'oIk, ul idiiiiKii pldcm ill J.iujlai.il in 17(irt. riocPH. natflolil SldViiuiKO ■OtlUy.. lloll'^lllliu Millipii Waiidi'ii Br(>iit;li)(in Ilali'-Wistdii (.'alwdiili A.vi liiiii li t'MSll'ltOll Ifytiii I'aoiitun l''os^i{.'Il CroiiiwpU Urft.vldii C'nntler Coii('.vHl)n)iij;li .... Ei'ck'slicUi "Wodllcy "Wiiljcli'cld nirtiin I'artiin'.s Loi'il.s iiKinuC.ictiirea Kiddcl \Villu'r.<(di-t lliiitdii ]i,8l)V Snlli'ii}; fleet IJiiwdcii 'I'lidirid \V(Mitw(]rtli Dntliild Nowtdi' Iiiiiiniii''toii Kirby Kirklcathiim Si'liortdii Gillin<; Kddliliv Diouu'ii Fi'iMuiiigton Ki|iliii Svviulon (Jiaikliill SIcniTii'furd I)aiil.y Tliuise- rent. £ f. d. M IT) (I a n a 2 3 U (I 1 10 u 2 1 1 7 1 :t y 14 (I 1!) 2 10 () (i 15 1 5 1 1 10 1 10 2 1 10 2 5 2 1(J 1 10 10 1 1 lO- 1 5 1 5 1 10 18 1 1 5 1 1 18 5 1 10 1 5 I 5 1 7 1 5 15 17 ti Firing. £ f. d. 2 1 10 2 10 1 5 2 10 1 10 1 5 2 10 1 10 2 1 10 10 1 15 10 I 4 1 12 1 1 I 1 10 1 5 1 15 12 12 1 10 1 5 1 5 10 1 10 1 8 1 10 2 10 1 1 15 l(i 15 1 (I 17 G Tools. Places. £ «. I 5 1 1 1 10 12 15 1 1 « 8 5 10 15 5 5 4 5 10 5 2 5 3 3 ;t (i 10 5 12 ■ ii o| 2 i Asearth lialiy jSi'\vea.stln (jOHWdllh Mdrpi^lli Alnwick ikllonl IlettoM Herwick I'eniiin Itdlhliury C.'iinilid (ileinvi'lt A seot I'l'nritli Ki'KWiek .Shapii IviMidal nianulac lure.t IldllllO Kabtr.s (iarslaiifj \VaiTinj;tdn man iil'aetiMcs r.iveriiddl Alliiii;;liain IvtidtMldid llnlnic.i.(.'liaiif)l... Xewca.slli! nianu I'aeturcs Stone Slienstone As-'dii Ilauley lli'(j(nns;:rovo . . .. I'lr.sliore liendswdith Moreton l!eL»inj,'ton Henley Maiilenliead IliirnidniLswoilh . Kinsin^-ldQ North ^liniM Avorajro.'i JIiMise. rent. £ e. 15 1 15 I 10 1 10 10 1 1 10 1 10 15 10 15 Id 1 (I I 1 10 Firiut;. Tools. £ D. d. 1 10 £ «. d. 5 1 10 1 2 (i 1 1 7 (i 1 5 1 5 1 10 2 5 1 7 (1 1 5 1 10 U 1 10 10 1 1 4 15 1 5 9 A 1 1 IDi 10 1 10 1 5 1 5 2 7 6 I 1 7 (i! 1 I 10 6 1 10 1 2 12 II 1 15 2 2 15 2 1 5 12 1 15 1 10 2 5 2 10 3 15 5 3 10 Ifi 17 e 10 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 10 1 5 I 10 1 10 1 10 1 5 1 5 2 2 10 i 1 18 2 13 11 7 6 10 2 6 2 6 8 9 5 7 6 G 7 11 Taijlk XUI.—Showiii/f ilwi/citrhf raliw of am-aiilH' hoard, ivanhing, and lodging at vnrioHS placcH in England ui IIM. £. s. d. ^'^"Y- 8 i;5 « ■9l'"'«'"!'' 9 Altniijjlinm 8 13 4 Kiiiitsfoiil ^ '"^ in 8 s'o'in .....!.....!!/.!..'.!!.'.".'. 6 10 Slienstono "* g o y Ifngloy Bi'(MiiiiN(Trovo Bi'iulmvorth., BeuHiugtuii .. Averngi Tabijs XIV.- Spfionrt flnrir, the Third fldur. Uio h Malt, bushel Hops, ewt Decf, cwt " Mutton, pound .'. SiifTolk eheese, en Derby eheeso, cwl KcMip, punnd C'andle.s, d(]zeii pm CiialH, tl]ocl;nidro) Ihiller, theflilii,,. Potatoes, thoauck Table XV.— «/< E. 1) u 11) y !!:!I!!:!:5i^*?s"A^;i5Sis^"'^^ '"'"''""'■'"'•"""^■'rsrlrs'i-jsr ttT i?s)a. tir IV.i.i. Secnnrt flr)iir, thn flark I f 'fbi"! fl'iiir. llio sack. .■.■.■;.■; } Malt.bnaliel J lI(i])M, cwt J iiccf, cwt !...."!! " MiitfDii, poniid ..!!.'!...'.'.' Suiruik ilioi'Ho, cwt!! lioiby cliccHo, cwt. Soap, pound " C'andlus, dcizcii pniiiids OialH, tliocl.'iildiMii Uutter, th.'fliliiii ! Potutoea, tUosack !!!!!! 1 lU Table XV.—Shoivh,g ihe fxpcnses and mm _:=^=^?«?sssi??s^ '*' No. l.—Foar persons. No. 3.— Six •()•« ill a Pl'VSOUg, 1792. EXPE.NSE8 Br THE WEEK. Bread, flour, or oatmenl . Yonst and Halt Banoii or 1101 k ! Tea, suyar, aiij butter. ! Soap Candles Small beer Milk., !!!!. Potatoes Thread and worsted ...!! Total per week. Total per year . EAKXINGS PEU WEEK. £ «. rf, s>. U ;i 4 U 1\ n () 10 n () III n •-•} (1 u l( n u Hi n «j n u .■> n u u 1794. ». d. a c li lu 179.1 179.) 6 17 12 Man, average . Woman Cbildreu Total per week. Total per year . 7 6 1 4 7 18 14 10 s. d. I I a a (i 'Jl Oj lOJ Id I) -i & «. d. 4 (i 3 a fi "1 Oi 1(11 l(( i 18 7 01 5 1 8 1 4 H 10 Si 19 4 EXPEN8E8 PEB YEAR. rrovisiona, na above , .. .„ Kent ; 17 12 1 Fnel-cn.al, wood, ami peat. !.'.'.;!." o '!! 2 LlotliinK J liiMbs, burials, sickness S Total expenses per year. Total earuinjis per jejvr .!!!!! ". Surplus, (+,) dcflclenoy, (-). 2 19 9 4 84 5 4 18 14 10 a 10 2 2 10 7 0^0 9 23 8 ]^ 7 6 2 18 r, 1 11 I 7 1 1 14 4 1 1 10 2 1 a.') 14 10 24 5 4 2:t 23 24 9 (J 2:J 14 7 in 14 4 9 S 14 -18 9-19 + 047 + 4 10 NoTE._No. 1 is a decent fa children nni in great distress, £ U,:sy'*i'i;&:i„7ir:ai.r=3^^^^^ ,,„, - man 3, sjme, and four small eh ). woni; iMren ; m 30, often 164 LAUUU IN KUIiOl'E AND AMKIUCA. Taulk Wl.—tShowiiig the mjww/im find iarvl»;/i of two familknof agvkvUuml hhorcrt at /luvkdfH, in lIuHitiii/'Junahiri'. Taw-k xvir. RXrEN8ES I'EU WKEK. Ureal!, flniir, or oalnitul jillCIIII lit OtlllT IIIIMt,... Te:i, Hiiuiir, and liiilti.'r. .. .Sii;i|i niid liluo Caiulli's Yi'iiHt am) ault Clictau liter I'litiitoeit Thrt'iiil iiiid worntetl Totiil iier week , 'i'ulul iior year . EAIINI.NGB I-KII WEKK. JIan, ftvernj!" '\\'oiiiiu», :ivera^*>. . ClilUlreu, average . Total earninsH )tei' week . Tulal euriiiii);» \ieriiiiiiiiiii. EXrENUKS I'EU ANNUM. I'roTisloiig, fts above 31. lit Fuel SluK'H Otlier elnllieH ami fnniituro. Bii tliu, liuriulx, uiekuesN Total expensoR per year Total earuiiiys per joar SurpliiN, (+ j) dcllcioncy, (— ). Mo. 1.~KimrperioDj. nnj, 17U.V00. S. I. d. ;i II) I u !l IJ U tj U 0) U ."it lu 111 n f. d. •-' -.1 1 4t II :i •.' (i Hi Nil. 9,— Mix periuhSi 1711.1. 17'.)5-'0«. 0} £ n. (I. :, 111 u IJ I) Vi «« .£ ». d. 1 lUi I e .,.1 II n ;i 11 U 1(1 7 9 7 4 5 10 8 7 XJ 13 4 Ifi Ifi II a u ;) y a.-, mil -3 1 7 7 4 ,1 10 r> Si J r, ij 7~it iH I.') a 7 ;t 1 a 7 3 1 II l:l II :i:i iii u no ii 11) 1 III 1 ij 1) a J i) (1 r. :i« 1 11 :t.'> ii- i M l(i B 13 n M ■i * •HiirviHt laiiiiiijis not iii(lu,|,.|| , IlirvBon KTOit h:i.v tinvaril in .K,,,;: u,, .U-lloluiioieH. EXTRACTS F, , THE HALLIWELL COLLECTION OF HANrNCUIPT. now «'mbni(T.l in tlio J.il ,/ ('mun wJ t ' f'^^^"'''"''^^ abo.H ...viMi tl.i.u.san,l s. arn ,.m n -nf h ■^''•'/'""'■'f"" eo.,i,„i,e8 lector of riio,s.-, a . o fn', itVi k n. V'/^. 'l?" ''^'^•"^'«"^'^'. <•'« col! tbe n>.i>-l«tat..s;wKKo, nuo ^^^ the ,,.;o,,le of priHluco a writer 1.1. t lo his A nf ' •^"^^'' *^.^,' "«••'' '"osf likely to l.).terials w)m!h V s/ kino. ^.^ IrVll^T^ '^' "'"'^^ '"^^^ ^'^ ross tho world Has acldo^lhli.,';^^;;;;:;;!;;' 'S-'- -"""--a! l>-g- l-jO KXPENDlTUlil s rou l.Alioil. Kith. 1 Mid GoiKlamn Mills for -J days' work "^ '^ " Wli. l>„id Wni. JnilKoCidavH i««"rK ^ ^ (icoi>ri. ilill (I (lays and i 'J Joliii ili-ailli f) diys aiiiU •"» 5 John Fisliir (i days aiuU ^' 8 2fith. Faul\,.taylerr,,ruiakeii..Miivcoato " «^ May ^tiFaidi. u. for 2 wed.. t.ryo'wS,;.,V::: , 1« Kill. Given .\ .;an)cnt(>r . MM, how vc drill -'t ,./■■• •' ' 1*^ 1 i,.!','- i"." ^^ '"»''••■ and Ins man, one day . •' '^ -Wd. Paid lor uiakcmg 34 .ir. and hmUui;{n:^\l":\::\"\\-y- 9 7 Jj ^^j -ii!.i^m^mii^^^ IGG LAUOH IN ICLROPE AND AMERICA. 1710. Jtily •,':>. Piiid nootli for fliiltijj till, iiln JiOHi. I'aiil Tiijii .liilihnoii'a wiln lor iiiiikiiiiin mv <*liirt»urj '.'.!. '..'.'!!.'!!^ !.', ',!!! y:!ci. I'liid ii'oMo lor ivi du,v.s' wiiMiiiu;; !.'..'!!.'."."!!! Nov. ;i .• 4 II :i n 10 (1 ii 10 2 10 (1 1 :, GO 15 I'aicl Alice liiill a jcar'.s \vaj{i'» lh S.-ptollIbor! I'aid III lino lor,') wci kn' work I'aid Ml. IJawliim, lor survcyiiig tlio woods iviid uiuiic ini{ vi- brcwIuiUNo _ ' I'lilCKS IN 1710 AND 1711. Fnim tliri .saino Honrc(^ flic lullowiii;,' t'litiics nro selected us oxainple.s ol'tlie itiices ol'ii liir;;e mimlter ul fuuiiiioUilies niuclia.scd bet wl-ou Juno :-M, 1710, aiul August lil, 1711: 1710. Juiju '. 1. raid for nix bottles of wino and white birad. £ K. l-,> Aug. 17 19. •Jl. ai. iHt. I'aid lor >' ([r. and a hall of oatos y I'aid for :i ,var Is of riliou '.." I'aid for a tin sauco |ian '.'.'.'.'.'. a^. I'aid for six yards of laco '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['. I I'aid fill a salmon and bread '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'. W. I'aid lor a sido (d'niiitton '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. July I'p. I'aid for a lookiiiK-Kl'iNt' and a knives !"!.'!!!!!! (iiven liobin to buy ii wliiii ^ I'." !!!.'!! 14. I'aid for 4 Kinee of eorks '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1,"). (iiven Grt!ev(>'s nniid for a idg !!!]!! I'aid fur 7 eliiekin^^s ..'!!'..'."'.!!! I'liid for crawlish and t routs and graylings.. Paid for nil Pi'o eraw lisli .1'.'.'. Paid for anelioveH, one jioiind q (iiven for a slioiilder of veiision (j Paid ye i)oslnjan for letters .'"'..'.'!] I'aiil Daiiirll Ileatlieoato for a slieeit '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. (iiven White's man for a lamb '.!."!! Paid for .'> eiHiple ef raljitts !!!!!!!!!! I'aid ye wasln^r woman lor a daves !!!!!! Paid for -2 couple of rabbitts and a pd. of capers ........... Paid for a slicc|i, wi ijjlit 75 |ionnd ."]" 3d. (ii\cn Jlr, Ward for --i shoulders of vension "'.."!!!! (I nth. Paid for a watch-case, and paid for cleaning tho a clocks! !!.'.'" Clh. I'aid for 10 ducks ? o 7 ill. Paid for Sue Eyre's gloves .' " o lUih. Paid for G pd. of butter ".".'.....!!".,.!!!."!'.'...".".! Paid for two couple of rabitta '....'....'.'. Paid for a busliell of salt '....".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'..'. Paid for a do/eii and U orringes '. ................. o Paid for niiisheroomes "..'."!!"!"."." Paid for a pair of shoes , '.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'. (iiven ye Duke of Devonshire's keeper and his man forii buck"." (iiven lor two iiair of stockings o 17th. Paid for G pd. of butter '...............' Pa id for 14 pd. bacon, at 5rf. i peny !!!..'".'.."."".!!!!!."][ Paid for a salmon '. .'.'!.'."'.'" I'aiil. I'aid Mary Vicars for carrying water SiOlh. Paid Jlr. Charles Hagshaw for IG ((r. of oates !'..'.".!."!." 11 4 Paid Kobert Scholar for G busliells of wheat ] 1 ]h Paid ye tay lin- for a busk ......'. I'aid for a liandkiiichief 2Urd. Paid for a pair of shoes Paid Daniel Heathcott fur a calf 10 a 3 G 8 7 5 H 5 a 4 1 1 5 1 l:( 5 (1 5 I ( :i i H ( 5 ( 14tb ir,th (jiven to Ward aud his mau for a, buck '.'.'.'.. I 3 7 13 4 U 1711). Sopi. 1st. Gih. lUli, ur.th. O't. ;!rd. 4tli. Oih. 01 li. I I Gth. I Will. I Mill, i !.'oi«l. 1 1 a!)iii. V p 'MM. J'l 1' Nov. 1st. I a 4tli. Pi Gth. Pi P, Pi 7tli. Pii Dtli. Pa Pa lOlJi. Pa i'a I'a Pa P;ii Pai Pai (ii\ IGth. I'ai Giv Pai Pail Pan Pai, I'ai, Pai( Pail Pail Pai, I Pa ill Paid Paid Paid Paid Pad Paid I'liid Paid 17tli. Paid ll'lh. I'aid Paid a lie I'aid ; D.a'i lOtb. aad. a/.ih, :foiii. ad. th. Gth. 8tli. luth. sad. ft (i (•) 7 (» ) U li (I 4 II :< II 10 ti ! 1(1 II I 10 (I r, I) i 15 CI (i > G 4 « (i FKOM KLlZAIIKTll TO OKOIJCE III. 1710. StJpt. Im*. fijy 167 •i'li. I'.iiil fur tl "•11 iniKild for II |)i>{. Utll. I';||,| ^ lis fla.\iH liri'iul. , 'lIKl I ' iiiiiliT (oi-r, I, ll' (I 1 li or an Api.ni tiudaclt y«i wannin^r.,,,,,, „ , I'lli. I'iiid ((11 (i |,d. i,( I . I'aid l.ir r.'chi.k l'>fli. I'aid 1 S.':;rd. I'aid I inlfi'i' , i'lK.i ... '>lMtllllLf,' liaiVM . " d ,,.,,. .i' a nail ofNlaics..". !!'ili. I'aid („r a 1' iilNt. I'aid ,M. DiiU.oCi), N.I I'aid r.ir i»t. I'.iid Ale. ]!, (li iii.vIkI uluat ifll'.V tttv -< .St. ol' l)a lOllr I'aid I I'aid till 1 i.v iiiollicr li,.|. jiixi ,.,,„t 'irt' IiiTksiiCaiiiil,.,s "lin D.ilr li.r.-, paiioi'st I'aid for a wlirpll r.iid ( II' II (i () 17 yii s i) a ,S Ki ;{ 8 i«ll<)i:!,.|i.sii(|i,,||a,|,i K'lo lOtb. Paid I Paid iMiN. lii 1 (i <'i' liair a do/ l(5tll. I'aid 1 (Jiviii Mr. Ward I'll of liriii Oiv or a hind ■■< man for 'J »] •Ills .. , t'll fo tlir i|i'. of'nintti KlIll.S. of V( !<1. I'aid Hir "'111. I'ai.l DCLT. :iOili. 1' lid lor 'M. I'aid lor a liaK at D "lid lor a jiair of la i-Mon lorli;! v.Ih. ofeloalli " ^ "^ 1 17 li 10 i)(i 5 III) i! 00 0-i 10 00 (i no 10 00 jioiir of IJakcwfll IKiir of lead iii.v siMrr CariiT f iiili ■, and a 2ad. Paid 1 and Ibr bringing bilictt eart and porter, . . 0;5 0!) itadoiis. . , 01 Oi) !!() auil lor mu.steid. or a set of wheels for ye chariot" 17 OC, 05 00 00 '-f*>p*y>f^**^^ 1C8 LABOR IN EUKOrE AND AMERICA. 1710. iJntT. -Zl raid I'Mid I'.iid J'iiid Paid 2(itli. raid I'aid I'aid I'ai.l 2t;. I'ai.l I'aid l'ai for 2 jiair of stockinj;s and :! inettinpjH IH 00 all oe.r men for a yeare"s washinfj to this day twelvemonth O-l 04 00 1 K. forgoing to Xewliiiry when I was ill 10 00 for )id. and i of cells 02 02 for 12 bottles of wine from Smith's 01 10 0(» for (1 [lair of mittinj^s and patches 11 (!0 h'obin tor a ]iair of liootis 10 (i(> Mary llassell for pd. of bntt 05 (K> for ii wild dncUs 01 00 J*r. t'oidi to rctnrii to London H 00 00 .1. Wiidiwork for 2 pair of shoes for myself, and a pair of lis for .lolinathau '. l.'i 00 Frank I'lislicr for 2 ducks and a drako 01 On for 2 lar^c pluinb-c'ikes 3 Hi ir bo.\es lo ]int ym. in 2 c (tarryonr for brinnini; ye watch lip (> for brinyin;^ it from ye inn 11 ir one f;lass for ye sped ides (> foiivlettcr (» ;{ for mcndini; ye gohl watch '. . Ii for a letter. ." ;{ for a pr. of white salt in shoes for little master .1 2 tVr 2 pr. id' i-'.loekiiis for litlle master 2 for a pr. id' clowdcd woslcd 10 (! for an ounce and i id'^old tlircd. at li.v. K/ 10 for :< (|rs. (d' a yeard ot' plain muslin and starcliinj; ti I! for a pat torn for an apron 1 po Willi id' tobaccoe and a box 12 (> for a jieice of diaper tajie 1 for 1 peicc of narrower ditto M lor l a hundred of needles {\ forahati and a silver iilniti!,' to it for 2 bottles of Doclr. liiiichl's drops :, tlicr halt and .silver eilKini; (I iby ready dressed ]0 (! ice of ii( h si Ike I'or a jir. of shoes and facein;^ I! t! ass knockers for a dore and a hatch 17 ' toliacco and a 10 |iil. box 1 .| -yli«Jl'' '- ';'" . 'f'-"'"' ",";''"»i^'' f«' various lion.e sober,"'y,v. t-, T.,,n ,. F i h , o'^^^^^^^ '"nMaek *Mbr coining to .lo.K.tha,' and Will "1 r rci 1 S^ T^'"^ V'*'''' •'"^''^^Ih^m,," 8^^ «colers at ^\•u.ki.un,'^o " neon e h /^ !'h •' "'"'V^" -•^•- *'''• "^'> the 5.V. "to Jvatty for U'aei.i, ! "iv iJ^ , .'" ^'h;'!' studies, no doid.t, and - ^^'"^^ ''"^''''''^ '•' ^'""'f' «f tl'is last pa.VM.ent he «■ ^ ' fii^ ..nH *''V\""^' ''"^' ^''''^ ''^' ""i'^^'^ On the -1st of Jannarv 17 r i . ••™ther John -to i.ia.v at cards." a'>- ^o.' "-lun. '.V. ()<.. to a barber Ibr >^l..,v i,,, i • ~ , ^ the saiao month he pays l>-.vs a ix'riuio n,Vl. .i . "T '" ''';"'' 'V"^ *•" f''*' -'»"' ^^ March ie ^". are bat a r^o:i!7:^:.;i::;;^:ts-;;:^^^^^^ ^"^ ^^"- June IS. Given to liimo soldi, Ts £ •'. (/. Given to ,1111- tcnaiiCssiTvaiits a r,,!,, ,•■ /!•'">■•'''"'■ "iKl'MVself.... !) •'"ly <|. (■iven a poor woman... 2 :! f, '- "v™S-i5SS;;;;;-;S«;£;~;^v;™;,;;::;;;;;::;:;: S S S duuco pu.siti 170 1710. July 17. HI. ill. 2i>. Auj,'. Ctli 7tli i:itli luth 2:ii(l. 2.-|th. Si'Jlh. Sopt. Sill. ^•^11(1. ar,tii. Oct. mil. mil. "lUih. Nov. luth. 1 ni. Jan'y 21st. i.'7tli. IV'b. tjiii. etii. l^lL. Mar. 2l8t, 25th, :kl, 8tli, l-Jih. 15tli, leitb. 26tb. 27tb. syth. 1st. 2<1. Kith. li;th. 10. 22(1. May lIHIi. 2tlth. 2;i(1. 31st. Juuo h'th. 11th. Apr. -^mm LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. £ s. d. Oivpii ye rin 0;i (10 Paid for 2 wigs , \ 12 00 (ii veil nurse for looking afrerd'r Willy when he bad ye small-pox 1 1 Given JaiiK's for buying my borso 116 Paid for y(( lior.se 10 Given ye cook for saving ye suet 2 6 Paid Win. Wliitehorn for a s'rloynof beef . 5 o Paid my sister Carter part of lier money, so yt ye interest must 'I'll ^'o on no Paid for ye Queen's tax for lieidmui l;i 4 Paid for ;! Whole Duty's of Jl.tii ". s 6 Given Iiol)iii for selling ye hortsc o (j Paid Ibr a perry wig p.) Paid f(U- a liatt'for little Willy, and for letters [ H 01) Given Mr. Packer's uiaii lor a dog 5 tid Pi' id Jelin N(nvton lor ye pool's rate to Easter 3 4 00 Given .Jolinathan for eoniiug home sober 1 00 I'aid tor Canil)(l(Ui's lirittaine o jo ot) Paid Edward Young for ye window tax 1 5 00 (iiveu to ye scidars at Wiekham o (ly I'aid .In, Webl) ye Queen's tax and gaol luouey 8 II Oil Paid Mr. White for measuring land 1 o;i Given li'iliiu for bringing the wriltings safe .f") (HI (iiviu .In. Cox for eoweumbers 2 Oil I'aid Mr. Web for 16 gossleiis 1 4 00 I'aid .Mr. Lyte for ye 2 guns 6 (i OH I'aid yi! w(Uiieii for pickin/r stones 1 oil Paid Robin for letters ami bath waters 4 00 (iiveii ye cooper's wife for sitting up with Tom 5 00 Given Robiu and Jack for comiug home sober from my cousin Packer's., 5 00 * The suiiertluous cyphers, which appear iu the origiual, are omitted in subsequcut, aa some have been iu preceding, eutries. 1711, June nth Gi 1:1 Pa 21 (ii J 11 y iith. I'll 12 Pa 18th. (;i Gi I'll P,i (ii\ 2;i. I'.ii :{(). To Au{, I'aj ■ 0th. I>;,, !'ai 16. I'ai 28. Pa, Pai Sept . 6. 1-os (iiv 2;{. Giv 25. Pail Oct. 1'2. (ilV 28. (iiv. Nov. 5. (iiv. (iiv. 1711. rilh . P.li. 2;f, PaM P,n. Pai, 26. Paid P.ii.l 2S. I'aiil Dec. 4. (iive Hlh i'aid 151 h (iive (iive I'^th. i'al.l l!l. J 'a ill 20tb. (iiV.'l Give I'eli 2:id. J'ai.l Paid (iiv.M 20. Paid. of Givei Be o\v iii'(> iii Oltlit '■ JJa liwci Bycid and beero.. Wine and orrangoi A 11. 'ck and bnast A breast of veale . Aslioiildi.r..i'miitt Six chickens , S|iurri>w gras.so..., Pochteggs.. I'lyre Tiiservts B1..VCK Bov, CiiK £ 8, 7 6 2 (') 5 SJ (i 2 2 t) 2 t> a () 10 II 4 10 1) { 8 l> 2 li 2 5 u 4 I 1 (i ) u 2 li 5 ) i;{ 4 8 (i 2 (i ID 8 00 5 00 4 00 1 00 10 00 5 00 2 Oti 9 m o;i 5 00 2 0(i 4 00 C Ort 1 (Hi 4 00 5 00 5 00 I'UOM ELIZABETH TO GEORGE III. 1711. Jiiim II til f; 171 j".y IV... j^:-!} :;;£;;!,;;:;;"(r;,::;;i,;'ffi^^''-*™:-;::::::^^ » 2 l»lli. .Urn wJiiMc w..,'. lined <;iv.'ii iil(^ii..cii',M(;.,ll,..|.r,. 10 ,"."','"■ '"'iii^'.v.MiK'M'N iiatt.i 2 1 .11.1 l„r.vc lac,. ,111.11. II, tons '> (5 .iv,.ii IM.V III;. .;.,|,„ wha( lio losVat'ciuVla ^'-^ •' ■' • ,".l ";"iMK';iMi rorl,.||i„i,„,er,l,;„Vl 2 d Au,r 9th ;'" '"'^ '■''■•'''•" '"'litiiKWiiiv... :: I'j '■» Au„. -"l'- ; ' ,niaHis,s,,.Hi,,,s,.aiMl jw.uUnir.,.. , « « ..II. ..ra|Hir,s..aii,|,i ,,ai,„n,ii,.kl,..s ^ ~ '^ «: i-;!!;:;^;::!::;;;-'^-"^*"'-'^"^-:-::::::;:;;:;::::::: II!; S M I.I .aiilMaii.lKivi.ii Ja,"k 10 .iwii .Nlr. l)ii„H,l„|,.'HMian l„r ■Vf,;,;.;; 7 „„, ''"■.""::;;;iii;;;.\,:;,i^;i;ri;„f.'':;:'"».'.-..«...::::::: ■; s -"■ i:"rir«;HlV;i;r:a;j'--™'Su^ Z:Z,„ 1 1 ...... 4, ■i|,r,,,iHr.,,]MtyAIill,s.".' 5 U J.ii. 1,1,1,111 l,„. a ,,iz„|. ... ^Oth. . v..n i.Mani..,',sn,ai. lor liisXT, J-biix 1" 2;)<1. l';n,M..r.)iM,lil„H„r,vine .5 1 iiiil l,,r |,i|„.M„i„i (,,|,,„.c„ 10 oiMiii Old hui.,« i„vn,,co lor bi« ciui.t,u;is-bo.;. :.■.:.::: ^5 2 or1Su.;m;Sci::;;::lr"^^ Miscellaneous account, foia;;,;., ^,e ^1 /((crn; 6i7?, 1G75. liread and Ix.cro.. £ » ^ Win.! ii.i.l .,naii«..H 1,^ 4 li;;ii:rv;!ar"'''''''^''"'-'^^^^^^^^^ ^^ 4 .Spainiw (j:ias.so.... r ,. poHit,.KH,s /, ; ^'" 1 *■ - >2 (J '^•"*wvln jj-o 1,; "^ i5ucKUov,c,iK..M«ni;u;;;;^;v;-;:- ' 5 172 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Mr. John Moort'a bill—U>7G. To 2(lHi of DpooiTibor. Ovviiifji' i'ov lo(lj;in;;(i l'' of mutton and all other thinL'.s i''(or ll:i;;;,'c((.S _ _ For II iiiin.iii ofciiii "-•--".'..!!!!!'.!!!!"!!.." ^ For a piiMMil ol' loliackoo and jiipcs .'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'. I''(ir MKicr (li iiiti ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'..'. For vc woman Ri'arclicrs For links 1 ..".!".'.'. !"..'.!.".!' ] Ye i)orter .'....'.].'..] J'?"'''"" ""<' ' '•'""' '"'■<' '""' l"i«' 4 :i 4 i;» / 1 hhii mrm cu Is — 1 Cu'i Ang. lOlh. Paid nnto, John Swallow for Icr H mending^ sntes ofelofhes of niv nin IT. tliven nnto Tliomas Jackson hy niy inaster's oiVu'-r'lVor\V)hi'icuoo 1"!" .'Isf-. I'aiil nnto Mr. lionini i.'.illi. I'aid for the liarlier, for trimming my (|iiarlei- of a ponnd of toliaeeoc 'i'liU. I'aid for mending my maNter's go'.'sslii pt. II. I (ir a lelter by the post nnto Valentino Uroiightoii. Get. nth. ]', ■'tor eleniie ((vhaeeo-ni pipe.s .lohn Swallow i'(n- iJ 1 «. (/. 1 -i 1 i; dcmlilett mending my nuistcr's wastecoatc and 14. Flora (ia/elte 1'1'or '2 poiind.s of eandle I'aid for a hoMleof .sei Disbur.s'd in the whole 17 10 iJ/M. S/oifi)yd—l\h. ye U7, l(i75. 1 horse (Miit;htsMiav ir> hnshell ot oal.< Olu> liii.shill ;; peeks of heeils . Half iii hushell of nniidt Jlott offJiidith Cirsham—yo. w 0, 1700, 1 pair of shamey gloves. y!' hood 1 Maek giri|]<' 1 blyek tf<'rlielo apron y wliile kolcs and li w iers . JSIaliinj; ') sui s ol niglit eloths. >!:iking :i ])air of double rnllles. jMakiag I! long fneker.s 1 white sarsie.t liood. il y ;! :! I) I J 4 li 'i Bought of James 1 pair of line Ohini 1 pair <]f blew (.'hi 4 China ihoeolel ci 2(litio choeolet eu| 4sniid!ehina bolih I oliina teapot ;t pair bottles and £ l 4 ;! 4 l>.» a 4 (i. ./. o 8 I 1 i; 1) ii a (! 1 fl. it. 4 (1 (1 11 / 1 4 .S'. i» rf. (i (') t 17 11 (1 ('. 1 t 15 ti •> (i Ci :i (i 1(1 () (i n t> (1 lit ;! it (1 o rJtOM I:/J/AI1KTII TO GEOKGK III. 173 Mi.k Hi(^ ye ii|ir()iiH £ I will KIIIIHO. :».v;niVi' 1 while l^iik ni|d||,_ 1 (Tine sli,|< /r,,i (') .V(1n. J«. 251 h. V, iii.'i liiliiii' "III' l(|i|M'l| llillsl yn yd ;■'"', I-' |iil. Mild a Imix III. '■'iiiil^inK'/ hriMi.d liiyjil, lii.iid 111' Mlllliclll d.'iy I i.'iid April 4IIi. i'aid /•„, I'lii- iiKiludiind hi'iiii'd ( ". hiii;.i|m hips. nil. I'.'iid n.i'rt |t.'iNl, hiinl liiix , lirl\rl',s Jl'lll. I'iiiil I "• lllHl l|l', l(( ('lowdl'l anii ]' III' .1 rli.THii i,r ly ,„|, |,.,„|. , \vi)N((!d,;it H(/. yn (lUliri!. .. aiUl. I'ilid I yr.Mi. l>,||d I\,y2 I 'I liii a |ir. (iriiiiiiii . I'liid 1 ]|iiiil jin'iiyd.or ImhI |,|ii,.|' ' ' 'lir •-' lll'W ^^IllNNI'H I'l,!' lull' (sl I'liiK. J'liid vii \). J'.'iid i'l III' .'iiiii iif Hld't, ,V'' H) IllI'll'H , WlllllllllN III pick,. II wiiiiii,iii„,i,|.i„^,i„^j.,„ ,-,;,;,-;, 1'). r.ild lorhn^lii y <'hriniiaM II, •! I'aid I'ur d \iiMK yi' HilviT liiiii, M (i 4 !) I 4 1(1 (1 1 ]:i V.i 4 f* H :f 7 (i " 7 (i 1 ^ .''. :f 1 1(1 4 'I .•! 4 1 (i .. ;> :i H 10 (> 7 (I (I H 1 :i 2 H ;i () 1 I () ti I 1 , \^ I (i >'""Kyo infill- K"\viii) lyiii^'. Sir Jdliil \i irl, Bought of Jiiuics Luiul and J, "'« /nV;— 1701. '"'"'" A^lili'v, at the Cj ~'1» ', i;oi. iine ill the roiiltiy, Jlai'cli pairi.fliii,. Chinajai'iH, paiiili'd I pair (if hliw China 1 4 Chiiiii ('hdcdli'i kaKjjoim, will, Kiilil a ditto cliiicoh't CI iiipH and 4 naiirriM, In cih' ipnanil a twoMu 'iHiiiiill cliiiia boltli's t I'liiiia ti'iipnt ". H pair iMil I li'.s and 3 liiuVty oii IKII'I.S , 12 dull' saucL'i's iM. £ ». (I 1 t) i) 18 l.'j 4 8 ;i (» :{ t) 4 1 liairHiiiall lii)(t](..s with gold 4 7 K i'taiilty t'hotolutaud tuiiciipH, inoii'loi'M'."'.'' ~ *; AgiT. d to a bolt [abate] for tl 'I' nppiT piiiiTll. A iKiiillmr'ii bill. I)iio to mo upon tlin ball ^ „. Uew.aibt. Fi.ia latribuiid idiick.. "" H lllfrt 1 For;i shell diK For (iiHli (iish. For a turkeys. oreiileofyealand lwni\, ai'uH |i. pound. >•*«»••«•«» :{ 4 li! 4 2 U) 4 10 C £ 8. d. 10 8 H 9 a 10 5 4 6 LADOB IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. £ «. f?. ForflRPoso 1(> For 'M) liuiidr. oysters 4 For 11 ciirlow 9 Jan. lat. For a tiirUcy 2 6 For i)i'll. biiter ii C For ('iitiH '-i t) Fiiid for Iiiro of'a liirjro tray 1 Paid I'oi' liioUiiijf al'ti'r yo bacon ; 2 4 til. For '-i (1 licks and a teal 1 H Otli. For a disli lisli *> -i ]'or iriiisturd si'cd iJ For 1 iMiUcts Si H 8tli. For a teal 4 £4 IG Christmas boxes, 1711. Rccd. IG OG. >. d. December 2Gth. Watchman, ^Talts, turncock, and browor's men, each 'Z (i Dustman ''i ;5 baker's men, coacliiiiaker's man, neweawoman, corncliandlei'a man, the |iost, }i;i"'<'"e-i's man, and clerk, each 1 Cliinuuiy-swecper ti Batcher's man, sadh^r'a man, tayler's boys, h)cksmith's men, far- rier's man, Ibreigu postman, uud Mr. Orover's son, eacli 1 14 Work dun for Mrs. Ann Peng Oct. ye 10th, 170G. £ s. (I Washinf!; a snUe of niprht-cloas and rnfflos 5 Washihfi two heads, (W.; one sheet of iiines, 4rf 10 Quarter and ^ of hohiud for "J pr. of mittius 18 'A yards i of ribcn,'^, to bind yiu 10 Washiiiji a suite of ni<;ht doas 'A 2 yds. 4(11 of scarlet edi^iiifi, yd. for her workt 1 iii Abhick silk !i))r()n 4,0; sawin^j silk, 'M 4 b i of an onnce of tilled, "2 J needles, 2d 4i ^Vashin!l; and dresing her best lacet head and rntlies 10 2 yds. J of white ribcn, lllrf. yd 4 J} Abldck and white fann, lUi. ; a paper of patchts 1 6 4 ell of black liben, 3 powder 5 J 4 yds. of yelow riben, a(/. yd.; 3 uailes of broad i 10 3 halfe sheets of pines 1 Washinf? and (lresinf{ a piano hi'iid and rulllos S 5 nailcs of stript canibrick UW. yd 3 IJ Jlakiiiff, starchini;, and dresg. her ni^xlit eloas 1 4 ]Makin;i and starching; her rnlh^s, (irf. ; tape. Id 7 a yds. of black and white riben, \7d. yd 2 10 Makinji one shift, one apron, and 3 tnckijrs 10 yd. i of muslin iu an apron 4,0 yd 5 Of i and i of spotted cambrick for sin^h^ rnlles 1 lOJ 5 nailes of plane muslin for tuckers, and one pr. of rullos 1 f^ Iloland tape for shifts, tuckers, and apron 4 Washinj; and dresinj; 'i heads, I'id. ; washing a suite of nitcloas, 3rf 1 3 Washing and dresing a head and 4 pr. of ruUus 1 2 Washing 2 suites of night-cloas i .a sheet of iiines '.id. ; washing an 1 k 4 ti ^ 10 4 •'■I 1 ft r,} 10 1 H 3 u 1 4 7 2 10 10 5 (If 1 m 1 ^i 4 1 3 1 2 9 5 10 1 G 8^ FROM ELIZABETH TO OEOKGE III. 175 ft.™:!:::;!:'n;:lr' '"'"^'' "•- ""^ '^^"'' '^ -y- *°y-. -i ^n ot,... n.,.iona. BtnfTs U.rsM,.,l s,., -..8, w.h. ,.osr, „l.t. :fr,/npcn., first r...t 1) s ot u «oml „t....l l.hus n,Hl ,„; otll.T ,.„,Zh n-ns^ : 'i!:;;t:.;;;!; ;;rin:iy;:'::;;^i i;;:^;\:;' -^ -^- --^ -..ito, an.i ^om., or ti.. wi.i.. i„ i,.i,.H-.i; ,;,':' ''■'•• ''•"" •;' ^" ^ ••"«t ; most of ti,„ fomor. with tiH, .,.„,., now..r;;,rii'.';'-ini wi';!:.' ""■ "''"^ '"'^ '*'"' ^^'"^^ 'i"-^^«. «"M, Ilia, and fould. IJla. HJllii' gauze. Silko and llircad lares. £:lad an:i';;:.;';;:ltHei^^"'" > '""^ "^ '•- ^'^"-^ -"l -f ^«1. -m,- black. oidl^n;; ■;;:;-.^;i-!;rli-i:;,-;::^^ ia.t .m .. at i.,.r e... AKortnil. of (aslioiiaUle flmv.l viii- . "/ ;' i^' ■'"n- ^3^,1 ll.,; ior,,,?.. '*-"" ''"^ ^"'»'- --'-•-■«'«' '-1'" tl.^.k': ..,.., red, and Hollands diiek is wortli here £7 tn ^7 10/ ... ■ (;..r,la«e sorted as „r. nulmo 7.^ perf hi ' "' ^'''' ''' '" e""''"^'«^- ro\yder.sworthlierei:Ual.anl. " i",:::;;as;;sf;ric,r--»"- "* Lead, in pi^K^, jC^-'O pr. tuiin. Lead, in liarrs, worth £-4ti to 27 pr c wmf ;;,nd!; o^l-^r';;;;:;;"''"^' y« "^l^'"- *. duek. pigeon, and .„nl. m small casks, worth here now IL'fper lb ' ^ '^' °f.'"»cc, r. cwt. of pepper Lomi,,.) ,., .. m"! aC. e S"il/:^^^^^^^^ /''''"; here ^oei.g well bt. in Tiualy waatud wheu they arryve. ' ^ V<-rticn\drs happot. ta Uu cst^raord- will sell well sad coulors; , H now scarce ''-■^uia iriMi 176 I \^J LAnOR IN EUROPE AXD AMERICA. THE ERA OP MACHINERY. The invontiniis wliitth (listiii^iiislicd tlir- liittcr pnrt of tlio oi^'lifoptith coiitmy iiiiiuj^uriitcduiKuv ora in pi'odiictivc iiitliistry. Tlic iii'W di'viiics lor spiiiniiii;, idicady ivi'cnod to, were* usod iit liist in ooiiia'trtioii with \viit('r-[)ow('r ; but, it was not U)n^ bt'l'oiv. tlici stOiitniMif^ino was brouj;lit iid:o iviiiiisition to^ivi^ tlicni incioasoil clllcifncv and a wider sphere of operation, Oitee saceessfnily applied to tlie niovin;;' of niacliinery, this ^reat inotoi- seemed lo stininhite tin; inventive iaenlties ol' man lo pi'e- teriiatiiral aetivity; and one labor-savinydevice was (pdekly followed by anotlier, nntil a ^leut pro[)ortn)n of all nianufaeturiny industry, was largely i»erfoi'med by the aid of niaehiiu'iy. This f^reat ehaiu'^^'e in the methods of prodnetion — a ehan^e wliiehhas pr();,nessed steadily from the latter i)art of the last eentnry to tlu! present time — was inanj^ui'ijted in (Jreat J>ritain, and it was there that the new system re(;eive(l its earliest and most si,ij;iial development. Aiij^'mentin;;' to a prodi^^ioiis e.vtorit the a;,;j;regate piodiiet of labor,* it necessarily gave rise to a vast increase in the ayj^re^ate wealth of tht^ eommnnity; mid ill this increase the worUinf,f-elas>es have undoubtedly shared to a considerable extent, though in a dej^ree not at all (iomparable to that in ■whieh the weallliier classes have been beiieliled. JmU'ed, eaeh new applitnilion of machiia/iy was a sonree of temi)orary ineonsenieiiee, or oven of severe distress, to the particular class of worUmen whose manual labor it sujierseded. But the most imporiant bearinfj of the new methods of proihiction upon tiie relations between labor and cai)ital and the condition of the M'orkin.n' classes grew out of the necessity which they created for asso- ciated industry, and i\)t lai'R'e establishments, carried on by accumu- hited capital. Nowhere is tliis more forcibly illustrated than in the inaiuil.icture of te.viile fubrics, which from time immemorial had been in lui eminent degree a household industry. The language of Words- worth — '• M:ii(ls .-it tlie wIku'I, tlic woav* r ut liis loom, iSiil bliljoiiiid liappi'' — would doubtless have answered almost equally well to describe an ancient Egyi»tian household in the era of the pyramids, or the occupa- tions of an ordinary Lancashire family in the middle of the eighteenth century. Almost every fariu-hou.se and cottage in the manmactnring districts of England had its spinniiig-wheel,t which furnished in door occupation for women and children, while the men were engaged in the labors of the held. The invention of the lly-shuttle in ll-iS had very much increased the rapidity with which weaving could be done, and the b«&int!ss of spinning was thus stimulated to great activity, the earnings of spinner.s being unitrecedentedly large. While the textile industries were in this coudition llargrt'iives invented the s])inning jenny,| and Arkwright the spinningfraiuo, soiuetiincs called the water-frarno or throstle ;§ and a few years later these were, followed by a still more elab- orate iuachine,|j in which the operations of both of them were combined. So great was the superiority of the uew machines that the old-fashioned * It ks i;ul(uliit«>(l in Iveiuiedy's " Riso and Progress of tlii! Cotton Trade" that, as early ii8 1615, OIK) peison, aided l)y niacliiiierv, "'ould produce as much iva two huudrud cot- taS" Hiiiiiners could have produced iu 1*00, t In many ca.ses scvcrul. i Alioul i7()4, ^ Puteule . • • an a household industrv, was praeticiil vS un ^.: '^ u' ''' • '"' T'''''""^ still held its plaee, uihI\ as ev , stim n?!/ ^ \\ cuvmi- however, the rapid inerease iu the mnl 1 f \ 1 'i <'x nmrd,„,„.y activity by just ..terred to. ,u tl^^n^Uc u i ^ isSL N ? P n!!^''"'"!^'"'^ ami other oufc-biiiidin-s were niiieklv coi.v Mh/.i ^^ I;ancas uiv, barns bers to the business, -radaallv s t ■ , f, i, "'"•"'^''Hi>";--.' nnm- ailordtl.ewo,.i,.o,;,et.u-m^t^;"!:.^ to give phu^e to clo C e ind .sS; n M"!;:1>!:;..Vr ^^''^ ^'^ •="'""""'■'1 •nan who had pursued tl'e even Ve, r t" if^^^^^^^^^^^ f '^' "■*"■'^■■ the housewife who had pii.M her b Vt . o? '? H 1' '''.'" ""."'"' ""*^ lireside, werecompelk-.l by tlebveoi i '?!•,?! ^''•'' ''''^'^'^ '^^ l"'^' «"''i their places alon- witli huin In , ?. fvS '"^'^'■^Vl*' ^'''''-'''''^tanees to take their hours of labo s " ' ^ '^^ .i^m^'d'^^^^^ to regulate the sound of its per'en.ptorv bell "" '"''^ ^'^""' ''""^-^ "*' ''^'^f' ^'y of nl;s::S^?;;^;;sS^t^;:lvr tile';.;?^ ^« ^'- 1>— ^ion by the hijvh prTees whieh , , w. •"^^«t^'''V ^^''^ «W"tly taeilitated prodncts. -Yan^'fa inlit t^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^''''^t obtained for their a pound brouo Vn tl ^i f n v n/ 1 ^^" ''T '"'^^^"^ ^'^'^^ «l'i'li"g'^ shillings. The Brit si nu ed ?us in 1vh^';'"''•,'^ ''' '"■'^"' "'^ thirty were eagerly bougl ?p by the c aT S • v'; 'l'"'} "''^ •"'"'"'actured, the poor_of less durable nn,IiK.» 1^ ^*^''^'' *'^™ "'^"' o^^Tt^d to it inust have bee'nt maS/o he i uSrtt Z 'n'1 r" ^^'"'•"* «^ tomed to the prices thev h-id m : as the sphere of nuK^hinery extends. One may still see the shoemaker's shop, with its nuxlesi array of tools and its little stock of leather, represent- ing' a total cai»ital of a few hundred dollars, or even less; but the spiu-re of"sucli shops is now comi»arativcly limited, and the juoportion of boots and shoes made by macliinery in hsrue latitories is increasiuj;' year by year, Jn like manner one may still see the shop of the bla.;ksmith, the whcelwri-ht, the carpenter, and the cabinet-maker; but in all of these and in other trades, the amount of work executed in lar^'o establish- ments liy the aid of machine v is immense, and is constantly aug- ment in;;'. It is hardly necessary to sa . i hn this is not referred to as a thing to bo regretted. The vast im:i>:iv,; ia man's productive powers which machi'iiery has brought wit;, il i.- itu. incalculable blessing; it would not be wise, however, to close our eyvs to the incidental evils — temporary in their character, it is to be hoped— ()y which this blessing is accomi)anied. The alarinirtts who imagined that machinery, by doing the w;ork which liad been done by human hands, would leave the bands without em- ])loyment were not long in learning from experience and observation how groundless were tlieir fears. What machinery has doiu' is not, if Ave except occasional temporary consequences of its introduction, to dei)rive men of employment, hut to chuujc iliecoiKlilioiis viidcr icJiich thvij 7Cork. I'^xcept in the co-opei;4ive enterprises, which within a few years l)ast have been successfully carried out, its effect has been to divide all that largo portion of society employed in coiniection with it into two distinct and, in respect to tlieir circumstances, widely separated classes, the one consisting mainly of a few very rich emidoyers, the other em- bracing a multitude of emidoyes, who, if not absolutely very poor, are at least extremely poor in comparison with Uie members of the other class. This wide contrast of conditions is iM'obably one of the causes of the discontent of the wtukingclasses; but thei)rincipal cause, both of this discontent and of their aggressive altitude toward capital, is to bo found in the fact that to the great mass these conditions apix-ar to be practically permanent. The journoyman mechanic who could sec a ])rospect that within ten years he might himself become the owner of a shop was not disiiosed to feel or act unkindly toward a class of which he hoped so soon to become a member, viz, toward the employers; but tu fiio n})erativo the possession of a factory is a thing so remote from probability (hat it scarcely enters into his wildest dreams of future suc- cess. So 'it is in all the industries carried on in those great establish. mciits, against S]ihere, is each Jt is thus Iha working people nent class apa; furnished the o( interests, ir, lias that condiinatitj try and greatly working-classes gave rise to an has been a marl imi)roveinent in ingmc!!. The 1 not co!iuecL(;d v lively rare, and sickness or o!d ,i ing share ofllio tliat the lasf-inci of reconciling m pendence w liich reach of lh(( m;'.; associations of w ings those aggre tion of industry can do this and and business m; operatives like a necessity. But lhoconsid( unions and striki of the more im;n period of its devi measures to whic of Argyle, in Clia] interesting facts ; toiii began under was made iivailab Very soon I'k) court mnrlicil l.y lacti>ii(..s. cusu limt Hiich lactori lioiuiliUion.s, aiKl, tlici atj; coiiiiiuuiilics I'ur t mills wcr.Mv.ifkrd mi( iiniiil]|.i-,il' '■ Jiaiids"' \ I'ur a (IfiiiiUn )M'rio(l, And iidw, lor Hi,' lir piiiliTlhi; workiii^dt' Till! liiill-owiier.s colk'i "full a.r,.M. Ill very 11 li>r tlifir !U/coiniiiu(lati tinnj,' aj;oiicy of iiiarh I'actory KyMtisin Iiad iiii v.liolu'fji.iK.'ratioii \vin'( i.^'iinrance, and of iiior "irarliaiiiciit, witli a i tiiri.'r, (() whom tlio m" ■''"•i-Idci-Sir JiolKMt 1' i.iliiralcftecls dCtlii' r ''"-'"I'lWlinyi'ts.s ol'iK Tin; i:ra of MACiriXKuv. 179 Sv iJ'I^lS vi!!!r h "'" '"^"•n-^"^'''" ''f 'ittio shops, in a„v oxtendea -o'kUu';;::X'tu:^'^^^^ ^" ".o ,roat l.ody of tbo ..t..rosts it has at . i.e sa-ni;';!;,^":;^ C;. ' i;;^;,!; i -'• -'-7» s!(.k.)<",s.s<.r.>l,la-.., t..'.viiM.vir; ';!•''' 'V.'^ "^■'*''>' '""'l'^ ''^ t^at t:l.. last.,a...tio.,c.a lu,„, of c.^nCa i' ">k,v m • S'i?.'.':' '" '" ot rm,..(Ml.i.- .„a..l.ii.,.r.v a...l ass^Hat...! la bo, u t!^ f ,' ■ •''".'" i.igs t lose a"i>T(."-atio.is ..f <..ni..,i W. ; "^"""'" ""^ «>t tiu.].' ow.i oaiii- c'-. do tl.is and also s! p, '- o of^ oh . wu nnl'''*'' n^'""'!- ^^ ^""^ aud business n.a..aoo,a i. t, tl.e I4t' .u , i; ' V''*'"'"'"''^ ovorsiol.t operatives like a n.ountain ....onon^.l s win ;. -', ^'TT^ '"no,.;. Ids uecessity. ^ mikxjv^, \\ ill coase to be an iiidustiial But the consideration of this subjeet. eo-onentioi. .. ■ „ ii ,■ . , nmons and strik.-s, n.ust be postpm.il'uS m Shh las'lHU!'''''"; ot the nioi-e iiiaiwliato etrc^.f^ <.K ti.,. f. .V ^""'luii. ;,' Has Ijeen said period of its devd.;p!aenM;,^d'^- Z ' 1 bli^ SSo,; "S !'"•?';'"'" measures to whi.-h those eW(,ts ''/''"^' '^'? ^^"''*' iutercstino. facts and .rile, tio ■ \. " ' I'T^'-^''^'-' so'"^ »";4l)l.v- tc... be.a,r.u..ler"u;e i^d^nodve-p-^vr oltr^^r tSl^ :?;,::".'^^ ^- was made available, he continneJ as tblinv,; f " «'^-a"i cgmo oaso ,iiut;u..h lactori,M uusn" , ' i;,''' ' ' j^; ^'•''''••"'■'^- ^.^^ ^.a-. a nrcossity of tbo imiMilutions, a.Hl, tlioivloro, n^u/ ' 1 ^n ^ ^''^ ' ■'<' /t 'l'^'^""^'' ''-m ,.,o..xi.tins ■■.t;; con,>n,UHli,-.s iur (hemsel v.s. 1 V, m s >, , Vs n ^i'r!;''"-'"".^- ''"'y l'^"l t" <■■■- nnni),..,. of '• ],an,ls" was solum t'^^'^^^^Vf,'!''^ l»ra(l,.(iiu((!iM.no.l. ■* '"'"•'^^-""'''^^ ^vIi.lIi l;uiiad ihu laborer to Lis work Im- tliL'ir accoimiiud'atioii. ^ „,. ,„,,, ■,'iini'anco, ami of .non..rcorniift o T , ■ r t , i, ^"'y^''^ }^'-^^^^'^racy, afinvnUxl ;:■' «';.!,.r sir ]iol„.,|, ivd WIS tho ihvVt n/ V"-''''''' ■■ i'^ '"!"'"'' '"^<' -'''(ion. ]„ i^ii,.^. >n..«,» ,,n,.. M,:. ,,ru::K;,:i5;:;:;,x=;?r;,^,;;i;;s;S-S^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) Y Af. / 4. fA f/^ ^- 1.0 I.I 11.25 '-la If 1^ 1.4 M 1.6 PhoiDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRKT WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4S03 180 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. no mensii.v xvhioli dop.s not atiind in some cl«ar Ti-hHwn to pro-oxistin- la'vs, that Sir Rol^.. ''.'.• bill w.. lin,it..,l «tii..Uy to the r^Snlatiouotlu, labor oi .'Pl-mt ce.^ ClnM>vn ami y..unf; persons wlu, were not '^V\^^''}^'^^^>''^I^^^^^^\^,^J^^^ evils, but lor tlirni no r.Mucdy was asked or provided. 1 lie notion ^ •''^\;;'' V'?, J. ', f it tir.swere 'ilreadv under Kti.rntorv proviMou,-, and were snb.pH- s of a e^Ml contl.ict, it ^v^s^e 1 is 1 li at eir hours of labor should be re-nlated by pc -nvo emictinent 1 ut i luV -ai ii le whicdi wasfa.uiliar willi restrictions o.i the pn.ducts otlabor, and mi vl He s^m^ on labor itselt- -whieh restrietions were for the piirp- o ,7s c irin.'sni.iw.se•' '' free" 1 I "u' t ■ lie purpose of avoidiu- even t lie iiiosi fright Inl luoral evils. 1 1.ese evi s, lu V ^-..r «i s lev', li'ilit bcs Nvero the result of •' nate.ral huvs, ' and. were lueident o rpe™.!;;^ need.^ui of euipU-vers and employe.l. In ('>V;-;;; .^^i:'!^';; I;^;; ^ ^h^ ^ it w IS conee.hMl that .vstrieiions lui-ht he to erated. ^^"'\".''' '"; "f '' f .''':"'7,,^^^^^^^^^^ tl„. liist of the f'letorv i.ets was pass.-d. It is a lustory wlueli lUu-tKu s,in tl o tlL.!- es ■ d t 1 e se s w iel hu iian con.lnet, hodi iiuK-idually and collectively is .e- teriuin 1 b nat ira aw. Jf Waf's steaui-c.-ino had been invented earlier-it i nils a It b e 1 I s e .ei.d awav from tile centers ..f population, m order to folh.w h ^ s, o s ivaiu cons,-,pu.ntlv, tb,, evils of the factory system had not be-nn rbel'^ervldde in"iie labor of !.pprenliees there is no ^^^y^-^-^^^^^^lXr^^^i:':^ evils ini-ht hive hern allowed to fester witliout e>'en an a>seruoii ot tlu i ij;! t. to c KXk theim Til!' act of I^I,-,^ tliou^d, useless in every other «ense, was invaluable at least "VSn'whilew'm's'!;;vat invention bad been completed. And now a new cycle of eve ts 1 ■ 1 Vlien''th . ...rleeted steam-en.^dne becamo apphealih. t,; nulls it was no ],, e? • Iw vs Che p Ir lo'ereet them in rural districts; on the contrary, it w.^s ottei. Seio 'have hen. in the towns, near a lull sni.pl v of labor and a cheap supply .. f, i \VitI. is chni"e cm.e the abaii.lonnieiit of the system ol apprei.ticesnip. It vu "now " f ' " a l.rvl c ...ore and more m„.plied the mills. Ihit t his on y led to t it s e ev ill 1. a-ravat.Ml form. Child.en and women were especial yvaU.able ,u the w Ik ol n. s ' ■T.Tu-e were parts of the machinery which n.,ght be led by almost in l.nt 'M an Is '' The earning* of ohihlren became an irre.sistibhj temptatiou to the m. J Its T ev were sen to the factory at the earliest a-e, a..d they worked .lurins ^^'w^le hom^tlnlt the n.achinery w.^ kept .^ work. Th., Vj^? I;.;' , ' lS(?^'t"l^b- Koo.i annarent In Hlo, tliirteeii vears after he had obtained the act of ISOv, bir KoU- e t l\Ki o back to I'a rliament'aud f.hl them that the former act h.d become nse- less-ttt ills were , low jreneiallv worked not by water, but by steam; that appren- ices 1 a ' l^?.e Kiven up, but that the same exl.au«tin« and .lemorali/inf,' labor tro , ^hich l>a,'lame^t had iliUMided to relieve apprentices -f^.^t"*"^;*'^^^'^ " 1 thousands of the cl.ihlren of the free poor. In the ^"' "^\'"S >f ^-^^J^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the House of Commons a now measure ot restriction, he f'^*^ ^ 'j >" ^^^fj j „ J .^^a „ tiire extended to these children the same protection which it had ii teiuled to attoril to t o annre 1 ice c as^^^^^ it had con.o to thi., that the groat mechanical inventions which wrthoXrot' The a.;> would be a curs, rather than a blessing to the country. These were «t\'oui5 word; from a master-muuulacturer, but they were uot more strong than true.t - ;mndimt^nort^mse^'ha,ored to bring these evils to the attention of Parlia- ment ad t, cr'ny was Robert Owen, himself a wealthy and successful n.anutac- ?ure , hough more widely known at a later period for '^''^ ^^fr'^^Xli^ mTvV y '' questions. "llis son, in his recently published volume entitled '' | ' [«:ff "« .^^.^ ^^^^^^^^^ Lives the following Account of his observations during a jouruey which he made witu ^ rfather Cou"h Englau.l and Scotland in ISU, for the purpose ot collecting evidence touching theZ7d\tiou of childreu employed iu the cotton, woolen, Imen, aud silk fac- '"■'tIio fSts'' wSectod seemed to me terrible almost beyotid belief I ot >u excep- tional cases, but as a rule, we found children of le. years '^^^"^H^^'^/^'^^^ S^^]^ hours a d«i/,'with but half an hour's iuce.-yal or the ^'"'^-•J^y " V^'^'',^^! 'oq ,7^^^^^ the factorv. In the hue-yarn cottou-miUs, (producing from UO to .m banks to t pom ) theV ievl subjected to this labor iu a temperature usually exceeding ^.P ad irall the coUon-factories they breathed au atmosphere more or less injurious to the lungs because of the dust and iniuute cotton libera that P^rva'b'J 't- "1.1 some cases wo found that greed "f .R'l'" ^■}V"''';-'"^'' \^„ L o vihmrn itio^^^^^ greater extremes of inhumanity, utterly disgracetul, i.ideed, o a c.vilu J na^^^^ Their mills were run fifteen, aud, in excoptiona c^tse^, sixteen hos a day v it^ a sin to set of hands- aud they did not scruple to employ children of both scxts from tue a„o ofeb'ht Wo actually found a considerable unmOer under tliat .ago. 01 t.gui. wo dciuaiiy loLiim a . f,„„i(| ,;ot be ma iitained without corporal "It need uot be said that sacli a pj^nm idiuu ool lc in (.u„„,,„ „„,i wn fio- punishment. Most of the overseers opeuly earned stout leather thongs, and we l.o ijueutly eaw even the youngest childreu severe'v ;,;a.eu. Thus began t the debate, linv ends with tlie 1 restrictive me;i inte.-ests were against; those. \ the total aliaiii compared -villi ()[ip()sitioi. ,vas leciual concept Some of the abl fonal inter -St. d which Ihi'y call ;iil abuse of the iiifa: be tinned human "111 London iii douce he had colli factories of child emph.yed at ten a to introduce this 1 hill dragged thro iiiiitdated and coi * This was very the debate of fJl 'h^-\' THE EUA OF JIACIIINLllY. 181 llins 1,,.-M„ that -rent (1..1,,,t,> «•!„(•!. ,n i.riiuMpl,, may 1.,' said to hn not ona.'d vot- ^i..svsillitl... tm.a.mi „t tim in,l.v,,lMal will. CobI,..tt .l,.„o„Mml the opposition to icstiictivc mcasnn.s us a cont-stot "niainmon a-ainst nieroy." N„ .loilllt orrsonal mtcn-slH w,.i« stroM.!,' m tlio lorniin- of opin.on, and sonio iildinnation was natural affunsc those wli,. s.rme.l to r,-ard tin, al.sohUc lu-leet of a wholo nrnr.alion, and tl.o total al.arKhmnientol them to tlie deliasuij; ellee's of eNcessive Toil, as nothi'i.- fompan-d 'vuh Iht, sli-hlest cheek in the aeonnmlations of t'.ie xvareliouse Bat tl «• oppositioi. .vas >iot in the maind'Mjc-itlier to sellishness oi- in.liil'erenee. KaN,- int.d- h'etual eonopinms, false views, Imth of priMcii>io an possessors of capital was a competitionnotconhiied to our own country. It was also an international coinpoti- tion. In Jiel-iuni, esi.ecially, and in other countries, there was tho sanii* rush alonjr the new paths oi industry. If tho cliildreii's lioiir.s of labor were curtailed it would involve ol nece.ssity a curtailment also of the adult labor, which w.-nhl uot bo available when left alone. Tliis would bo % ciirtailnieut of the workin.r-tinio of the \yliole mill ; and this would involve a cor;espondin- reduction of the''i.roduco. Outsido ot certain limits this is not by any means a neccssarv iiif..enco. No similar redaction -it proiluco would arise in foici-n mills. In coiniietitioii with them tho mar- gin ot prolit was already .small. Tho diminution of proiluce, from restricted lahoi wouUl destroy that mar-iii. Cai.ital would he (hiveii to countries where labor was' still tree troiii such restrictions, and the result wmild he more fatal to the interests of the working-classes ot the Hii-lish towns than any of the results arisiier from tho existm- hours ot^ wor'.. All these cousefpi.-nei'S were represented as iueyita'blo. Thoy must arise out ol the o|)orati<)n of invariable laws. "Wo 8ou-Ut out tho surfjoous who wore in the habit of attemlin" tluwo chihlron, noting- their names and the facts to which they testilied. Their stories hannteil niv dreams. I.i some lar;;o factories fnnn one-tourth to oni'-liftli of the eliildreu were either cripi.les or otherwise d, formed, or permanently injured by excessive toil soiuo- tiine-j by brutal abuse. Tho younger childi-en seldoni heUl out luore than three or four years v.ilhont severe iIIikks, olteii eudin- in death. "\yheii wo ex-pri'ssed ,siiri)-ise that parents shouhl voluntarily condemn their sons and daughters to slavery ,so intolerable, the explanation seemed to be that many of tho lalher.s were out of work theiuselves, and .so were, in a measure, driviui to the saerilice tor lack ot bread; wliile others, imbriited by iut.'mpcranee, saw with imiitrerenco an iiinise otthemtant tacnlties compared to which tho infanticido of China may almost; UB ti'i iiied humane. "' "In Loudon iiiy father laid before several members of Parliament the mass of evi- ilence he had collected, and a bill whieli Ik^ had prepared forbidding the oniploymcuit in lactones ot child workers under twelve years of agt-, and (ixing the hours they iiii.dit bo employed at ten a day. Finally ho obtained from tho older Sir liobert reel'a ni^mise to lutroduco this humane moasiiro in tho IIouso of Commoiis. » * # » rjij^^ bill dragged through tho house for four set ' niatilated aiid comparatively valuelw.s form ragged through the house for four sessions, ami when passed at last it w as 111 Ui This was very Ibrcibly explainctl, both by Sir Robert and Ity his sou, Mr. Peel, the debate ot Fvjbniary 'Zi, Irtlri. ' m ™,j_^ 182 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 11 Riiohwciv (111' nr!;lImpnt.^, iivu'imI iti every \-;.ricty of f.inii niiil siipiiorl-i'd by every kind (if slalisliciil (Ictiiil, liy wliiel) tho lirst I'ai'fory nets wcu'e velicii'iently opposed. And, iiid<>ed, iiilookiiiir bMck ;it the debutes ot'tb:it tiiiiew,) eamiot tUil tos'ee that tli(3 reason iiij^ol' those wiio opposed restriction on tVee hi'ior met witli no a(h'(inati) reply. Not only were Iho sn;)piirter.s of restriction lianipered by a ilesiro to kee[) tiieir eonelii- Kions within tlic) KeopiMif a very limited measiii'e; not' only wero they anxious to re- imdiato eonseinir'nees whieh did lejj;ii iniately t'ollow iVoi.i their owii premises, but they were thenisi Ive.s rindh- i;^norant of the fniiduineiila! piineiples wliie'i wero at issno ill tho stiif\ 'J'heir einsions were, arrived at thron.i.'h insiinets of the heart. The pale faces of little children, sin. ited and outwiini, carried them to tneir result across every dlllieulty ot" argument and in delianee (d' tho allc^fed opposition of iiKivitablo hiw.s. A:id yef.if the suiiporters of tho faetory acts had only liiiow.i it, all triio ab- stract ar,:iiim;'nt on the. snbj'ct was their own. ''file concliisioiis lo which fiiev jiointe'l ■werci'.a Uue in flu; li^-h!. of reaiwn a.i th.'y felt taeiu to be tnu; in the Ii'4lU of coa- ecicuct;. Tho (l(^!):i»-e rov.iUt'il in t!:o pissa^'p of tlio ticf, of l.oIO, (.">;) Geo. in, c. GG,) whieli, heiii!;' t!i(.> (irst iiK'u.siifO rcstrictintv tlie hiborof iiii;ii)j)f(Miti('(Ml diildreii, v.ms, properly sp;- kin--, (li.^ lir.-^t of tlio factory acls. This jv.;!, hovvovor, iis \V(.'iI its one p (.s.sf, establLshino- ;i .stri!i!,''e!it systtMii of ;;()Vc>rniiu'Mt inspection, that any pros't'oss \va,s made in niili,u-atin;;- tlio cvds wliich )!ie factory sysSoiti had de^X'lojJL'd. ypeakin;;- of .Manciies- ter in iSo-, Hiv J. T. K. feshnLlIeworth says : Tiio population Pinpl:>yed in tho cotton factories ti^es at ," oVloc!; in the nun-niiv ■works in tiie mills from (! tid ■■<, and returns l;oiue for half an Lo.ir or torty minutes t"i breakfast. Tj.is iiu al ;;-i'Uerally consists of tea ov coli'ee, with a. little bread. The tea is almost ulwa\s of a bad, and some! lines of a deleterions iinalitw Thii operatives re- turn to the mills and wiu'kshops nnlil li oVlocU, when an hour "is allowed for dinii, r. Amonjj; those v.-jio obtain the lower rate of wa^es this iin^al <;enerally consists ei' boiled potatoes. Tlie mess if potatoes i.s jm! into one lai'no dish, melted I'ard and biil- ternre pimrcd up.oii them, and a. few pieces id' filed fat bacon are sometimes niin;;led wiih them, and, but .seldom, ii lillle meat. Those who obtain hotter waijes add 7i fj;rcatei' proportion of animal Ibod to this meal at least three times in the week, but the (pian- tity consumed by Die laborin.;; iiopulati;)n is not Ki'ent. Tjo f nnilv sits around tU'> ta- ble, and each rapidly appropriates his portion in ii plate, or they will pliin;;e thcii' spoons into the diab, and witli an animal oai,'eriies3 satisfy the craCinirs of thci\- upiic- titea. The iwpulation iiourisbod on (his alimeiitis crowded intoone dense mass in cottm'es separated by narrow, uiipaved and almost pestilential streets, in au atmosphere loaded with smoke, and tho exh.ilations of a l.iij;o mannfaeturinjr city. The op.^rativis are confj;re{;ated into mills and workshops dnriiij;- twidve iioiirs in tho dav, in an ener- vatiu^-, lieatcil atmosphere, which is freiiuently loaih'd with dust or tho lilaiuents of cotton, or iniimro from constant respiration, or from other causes. They aro drudj,'cs who watch the inovcmeuts and assist th(! oper.itious of a mij^hty materiu'l force, wliTeli toils with an enerjjy ever unconsclinis of fati','ue. The state of tho streets powerfullv allcctsthe health of tli-ir inhabitants; sporadic cases , " we lind lirst, that the chiidreuemploved in all the i>riiieipal branches of manuiacture throu;,diout the kin^^doni work duriiit;' the saiiio number of hours as the adiilt.s. ' '• In some rare instances," they siiv elsewhere, "chil- dren beK'in to work in factories at live years old. It is not niieoniiuon t,. lind them there at six. Many are under .seven, still more under ei;,'ht; but the p-eatest number are under nine. I'lU'in .-jlieer fatif;ue, tho poor creatures would fjo supperle.ss to bed, bo ininblo to take olf their clothes at ni<,'ht, or to put them on in the mornin;;. Pains in the limbs, back, loins, and side,-' say the commissioners, " are freipient. The; frciptency and severity of the pain uniformly bear a strict relation to the tender a^'e of the cliiiil uud the aevcriiv of the iabi Curl s suiier irom pain more commonly than boys, and np to a more ii Kreat number diiction of (lis of exci\ssive fa useful hal)its, ( _ "The delbrii ries, who, (Viim tfi^ed ill the d llat-foot, ami c known in the thoroughfare ii whom he (pioti 1 had IVeipicnt iui; work fordii io'jkiii^'ereatnr tho liips Were \ up, but ;•, eoiisi Tliat au ediK couditions, resii tory-workers w tine spinners, \\ extravagant rii Ijjuorant tlin saw in them toi llidi.'ous inslani to the mill by t fruit of their ci was less for edu the child— iiuill j^rievauces deta ISii-J, appc'ars tli ries from l-i:;t) t^ maehiui'ry of tl; Horner was abl, boroiij^h of Old! the (late of his t humbler rank,!. * t What were t!i for the most par wakes, at the 1 through horse-c diversions. An tliey would be p and generally tli tho main spring wliioli continued looking men and till they were tti On the Sunday i iiig tho iudulgeii however, the ch when possible, m hands, and these Pnjoy tho sermon fur theimrpose o tliey had renden with uoi.sy, drun outbreak (luring The ordiibTr a.s ;i far difier Jiiore time for iiitein[)crate, ;i rlieir week on lliieiice.'^ to be eaii»loyed theii THE ERA OF JIACIILNERY. 183 'li.ctu.n ..f ,li,s,.;,:s„ wao U m „ ,V ,1. ■> ,1 ; "' '"', l'''-^'^"'''' ^^-'MstUMlio--, t!,o pro- of oxc^ssivo fa.i.nu. •, m ' .; . orrntir,, oxrlusL.n (l.v it; s„u ;;m;,,.,1 i,. ,h. daily aU n^Ml^V sii uio f s Iv^r.' 'fw^ "^V;"'^' !-"«-'-ally .u- lat-loof, and cr^aturo ..f II.o%, i, o T , ir t of tl '. s r' %".'-'^'^''l »' i^'-!^'"-. know,, ,i, ,1,0 ,„a„„rarturiM.. di.fr .f. J l\\'h^l.l''. ^" •'^''•' ''l''''-* "'^'^ Cuniliaily known iu ,|,, ,„an„IU"- --" lino spin,,..,-,-., wh,, woro tho bi't id wi ,-, . V:"^'-S";'* >' ■;;Mo,-ant. j:w„ tho extrava-ant iotousuc.s ^ '' ' "'"' ^'"'^ '- <-ln<.,tional ««1<». at til', la, .;':,. :''.""'"> »™l';:.'j; pL. al,„„l,,| tair,' an,! tlironirl, Ik iliversio),s. ir.sc-collai-a for tol lid, ,iiini|>!ii:,r j,, sacks, cliiiil An ilinost sroiioi'al •ai'u,), linnt,,,;; pijr^ ,vitli soapi'd ta Ki-';as('(l jHili's, grinninp tlicy wonld bii painfnl to adilnce— : niicliastitv — t ml gcierally tl,rou;;!iout tl. prevailed -nionjr t 10 proofs of whicli ai' s, wiTi! the clioiees o as aliiiiidant tlio wliicl, contimiud till Sii ) lowest rank's oft le women einpl,)yi.Ml in faefcorie IS main sprinjr of uiijoyniont. \VI,on Sat look iiifj; men and ])ale-faeed' w lyovoninjj;. FidiUes 10 workin ly ovenioLj cai popnlati !!iit drink no, indal^^'nces be.r.. till they were tnrned, d on, en tlii'oi 1(1 tl we,'o to be hrard on all siilcs, and li" On tho Sundav mon I'nnk, and riotons, into tl. 10 imblio honsi's. ing tho indn!ne!,co of tl n.c; th(! pnblio lionses wir o streets at n,ost o again tbi'( ind reeled and jij^Mcd " seasonal)!o hoiTrs. n;,M'd, that the t how Wl,( over, the chin'cl i-wai'dens, with 1 t n,ight bo qnenched. Whei?tl,'nre'h n possible, seized all tho ,1 oil;? staves tipped witl iirstfollov hands, and these, 1 enjoy tho se , neimr caiv lor thepi,rpose of r, they had reiKU.,rd t fully nnon, while their eapt rnnken and di unkempt npon whom the onr appioaehed, Hilver, sallied forth, a,;d. warding the,nselv pto,'s nsnallv ail n a pew provided for t y tonld lay t with noisy, di'nnk-ei, liot, and noiaiily and ,'cii,i;i <:s with a ; on. lonriied to som,o taver iass or two for tliei. lem, were left; thereto uutbr eak- (inr,,,!;- sonie lavoiit Caster and Whitsi In fact, near at haml iportant siM-viees snilcn, silent work, alternated o •' wake: mtido dcl)anch dth, es, w,!!, a;. hole lilbof the l\ i-er TIio ordiiiniy arti.s.iu of the works! asional eio,'y worker. as ii la I' dill'eioiit iiiaii, liavi inoro time iov stiidv ttl'tiT lia.l i()j» at tli(> same pcrioil is d more iiitempofato, and in the hio'liest eommeiiciiio- ;,, trad(>. ,Sti!!, I l'>iflil)0d ediicatiou in cliihliiood, and tl liuo loir week on ;i Thiirsd; priced tnule:^ iim iiee.s to be found in th ly. Xovertlieles.s, tl , lie was ;i[>t to be ii.V men only ber,Mii employed their leisure hour: workshop. » Tii , tliero were many yood i n- s in readii ere were sr.ivc men, who ig'or study: eiitomoi o.-ists, llorists. IttM 184 L.vnou IN lU'Rori: and America. l)otiiiii.sts, students in I'liciiiistry nnd astronomy: men tlicro wcro — poli- ticiiuis, (lubblors in tiiL'oio;;y — wlio, wlicn woik was not actively on loot, kept tlio conversation anions tlieir I'ellows IVoni sinUinj^ into inanity or vice, or who (liseonra^^cd sueli i»ra<'tieal Jolcinjjf as was iniseliievons or l)ainl'iii. lint these men were e\ei'[)tiona!, and sometimes, notwitiistaml- in,'4' tlieir stndies, they were as fond of a glass as their most j;racoloss ]iei};hbors."' * # * * # ".Aloreover, as> invention after invention l)rou;.;lit new trades into the factory system, as the war of competition ra.L;ed liereer and liereer, the nnml)ers of these ontlyiny trades were beeomin;^ alwa.vs fewer and weaker in the midst of the sweliinj;' mass of factory workers; and if tlie strennons elforts of many of them tended to i)i;ll that mass up, its weight was, in tui'ii, always tending to drag them down." J!nc witli the reform aeis of l.S.lli, and Lord Ashley's nieasnro in regard to laetories in 1S,'J.J, there comnieiieed an era of imi)rovement. Jt wonld be interesting to trace tln^ histoi'y of IJritish legislation, in regard to laI)or and the lal)()ring class, from tliat time to the present, but this would be ton long a task. The following i)assage, however, from the work of .Messrs Ludlow »S; Jones, already cited. Mill serve, without spe- cifying parti(;ular laws or the dates of their passage, to give a good idea of the aggregate of legislative work in the interest of the class under consideration which wasaccomplislicd by the British Parliauient between the year.s IS'J'J and 18U7 : The I'l'fDnii nets oi' 1-"V,' fi)iiiiil thr I'actoiy woikci'H, midiT t \v('nty-o;u\ in tlio cotton ti'inli.', only pioli'cti'il IVom iii;;lit-\vork bctwi.'fii ('.'Si) j». in. imd T).:!!! ii. m. ; tlioHt) under ciglilrcii it'hlrirtfd to twelve Iioutm' lal)oi'. ' ;ne on Saturdays; cliildrcn under iiiiin t'orbidden to lie einployed. ];ij;liteen liun.iuil ami sixty-suvon sees tho wortcers in all the leadii'ij; liranelies of our textile industry, cotton, woolen, worsted, Lonip, llax, tow, linen, silk, when worked under steam jiower, enjoying tho redueed hours of ten and a halt' a (li y, with a Saturday halt'-lioliday alter XJ jt. m, It' children are allowed to work at eij;ht years of a^e, provision is made for tlieir education. Various other branches of industry, such as print-works, bleach and dyo works, and lace factories, and processes connected witli the i)rotected nuinutactures, have been brouffht, witli Kliy;ht variations of detail, into tlie system; and tinally, tlu>Uf;h by a measure which has not yet had time to produce any ellects on a larf;o scale, a nund)er of other auxuu- factures and eiMi)loyments; whilst au cllkieut system of inspection lias been insti- tuted to see the system carried out. Tho relbrui acts of IS'.Vi found our mines ,ind collieries worked, in };reat uu'asnre, by women and childien — those dejfradiMl, tliose cruslu'd l)y the l.ibcu'. Ki;;hreen liundrcil and sixty-seven sees female un(lerj;round labor absolutely ]irohibited,as well as boy la- bor unless educated, in coal or connc^cled iron-stone, mines, under ten ; othi'rwise, lioth in tliese and in all other mines, under twelve ; whilst lierci also a system of inspection is at work, jxiwerfuUy aided by the independent action of the workers themselves. To say nothing of chimney-sweeps anil bai;ers, ilu( reform acts of ]S;',-J. t'ound onr sailors almo.-t witliout protection in i)urse, IuniIi h, or salety. lCi;;hteen hundred and sixty-sev<'n linds a vast code in existence which endea\(irs to secure all three; and al- thon;;h jialpalily insul'licient in iimny resjieets, (especially through Iheexclusion of the. coasiiiii; trailer fioni various of its ]irovi;i;ons,) shows at least a \ ast advance in puhlio consideration tor the merchant seamen. Th(^ le;;islalion in force in 1h:',-J, allowed the workinif classes no bankin;; facilities exi'cpt thr(in;;li the iiawnbroker or the private savin<;s-banlc, no legalized lii'ld of as- hocialivc self-lull) i>nl the friendly society; to which all tederative (■xpansion was de- nied. Li;;liteen huudreil and sixty-seven (inds the savings-bank system more efiieient ia itself, yet largely su)i)ileniente(l by the i)Ost-ol'lice savings-baidc, which stakes the credit of tlii^ state on tln' safety of the poor man's (.leiiosit; linds tlio loan society, the benelit building society, tho industrial or iirovident societv, recognized and regulated bylaw, the large friendly societies with l)ranchcs or harmless oaths or tests brought witliin its [lale, the trade society struggling for recognition, a;"d last, not least, tho association of the worker to [jro'lls allowed without the risks ui. partnerslii)). In lt<:!'J, sanitary science, as distinct from curative medicine, iiiny be said to have been unknown, and. the onfs' ,aotectioii to life against other than personally injurious action, to have Liin in the conimou law of nuisance, and the building acts of I'iio mc- trojiolis, I of a few largo towns ; 181)7 sees abroad a very Hood of sanitary legisla- tion. In I- . cry place' larg<' enough to iiiaintaiii a local board, the right to pure air, pure water, safe Npiices, i.s, i heen euactei them with o) In iKi-.', thi li.V 1 ('7, ilea tjie classes al Xiitional liri child, cerlilie for tho ci imii bers of soeiet itself and to • ■stablishuieni the workiu"-- ainended pale hitions. Eighteen 111 dred ways, opi hy stamp-diiii SI' veil sees tha price of an o| by Iliiskissoii, try of ili,^ wor at once tlie cc dence, light; ' and sixty-seve or snbjeet to II duties; tlie di charged to the III I.-;!-,', tho liceiit civil iust In ls;W the a exist. Ill 1)^07 joint-stock con tribute their sn by a late act, h nieuts. In ih.'j; man, thoexpeui palo of tlie hiw rather revival) i The coinpeiisati to his class. In iH;i-i thopr although th(^ ri; lias at least beei The above the interest o Tin* laws aire- ^vllich have b what greater known as the list Lj of that to several larj their -scope, as laetories in toiided as to i and iilso the fc . 1. Any preiiiisr "ig iiiachiiiery en "■ Jn the'mai !>■ Ill file mai . '•• In the man ur^iu part of eith( '- Any promisee hook or letter-prci THE KUA OF MACIIINEUV. jgr SipSipiii IligiiiiSili wind. I'''vob..M.\:n."t;:,y;d 'c^ti^h te^cS *"^'"' ^'I'loye^; ^vhnt o-roator detail. That hi( f f IV? ' ""'•^' ^''' ""f'<'^' „t ihat yoar. This act ov > 1 . ^'^^^ ' "J"^!' I'ear.s date Aii-- to several hnne and i.np J.a^ i^ , tiis nSTr '"■'" '\'' "'^ "'^•^'"'>' '""t^ iK'.r seope. Jt provides tiuit i //idU .n o ""'^ "'■f'''" as lactones ii previous -ct^ t , '"""' '^'' t<> the o.stablishiiKMit.s deUuerl ^^'"•10.1 as to incVu c la ^ ' ;,"!"^:'''-''^' ''' f'^^t v.crd shall ,o o S ^'■iii part of either of tliu book Any |,r 01- iotter-press priuU ■'«-" Hllljsli x'misesiii vyliieli is curried oL the Ij'^^iorHutta-i.ercLa.orofartiet i<-'s niado wlioHv ;iinl. ^'".annfacture of glas,M.nper,o:. tobacco 18G LAliOK IN EUUOI'K ANP AMKRICA. n. Any iiri'inisci, whctliiT adjiiiiiiii/,' or .'■•i'i),ir:ito, in tlic same ()rpiii ventilate his biiildiuf,' jiiid free it from dust, the inhalation of wliicli would be injurious to the worIci)eoiile. lie is also refpiired to put in proper condition any giindstont; worlii d by steam or other me(!haiiieal power, which is so faultily tixed as to be likely to cause bodily injury to the grinder usin.'j,' the same, and a failure to comply with this recpiire- juent subjects him to the same ))enalties incurred by a laihire to pioperly fence machinery under the factory act of LSJl. Her lAlajesty's princii»al secretaries of state are empowered to modify certain of the provisions ot this act with re-ai;! to the necessities of par- ticular trades. Another act of the same date (Aujrust ]">, 1807) aullKuizes Her :\rai- esty, or one of her principal secretaries of state, to ;;iant licenses lur eouneilr, of ooncdiation or arbitration for the adjustaieiit of dilferenccs between masters and workmen, when jielilione'd so to do by a certain number of the masters and workmen in any particular trade in any bor- ough or place. iSudi councils must consist of a chairman ami iidt less than two nor more than ten masters and workmen, to be elected by the masters and workmen respectively of the trade for which the council nuiy be constituted. tSueh councils are empowered, to settle dis- putes which otheiwise would involve ]>rosecutions and proceedings in court or before the magistrates, but not to tix rates of wages or hours of Avork'. The "agricultural gang's act"' of August 20, 18G7, was designed to remedy or mitigate certain well-known abuses connected with the hir- ing of women, young persons, and children, by contractors called " gang- masters," to be employed in agricultural work on lands not owned or oc- cupied by the employer. It came into force on January 1, 1808, and aii- plies to England only. Under its provisior.s no child under eight years of age may bo em- ployed m an agricultural gang, females may not be eni|)l()yed in the same gang with males; nor may any female be employed under a male gang- master, uniess a female licensed to act as " gang-master" is present with the gang. Ko person is allowed to act as a gang-master unless he Las obtained a license granted by two or more justices in divisional petty sessions on due proof that he is a i)erson of good character and lit to' be intrusted with the management of an agricultural gang. Ko license may ho granted to any person who is licensed to sell beer, spirits, or any other excisable licpior. The penalties under this act consist of fines and withdrawal of license, ond all snch penalties may be recovered sumnmiily. tion on Jaii tlom. It k any handle exercised b the making rei)airing, < article" Ji thirfeeii yci in any on(! i young p(.r.s( woman (feu haiulicral'td out of w hie! and the emi child, yotin^ Suti'iay, or not more th by retail on those so sol( Ko cliild I the metal tr; The M illlu a penalty no any direct b not to exece( In every \ whereby dus extent, the h owner of the such other m by one of lie of mitigating The en lore local authorit whether or in Every chih properly-qual employed, an or after p. i hours in any manded by tt In connectii act" of thaty satisfaction an on the fourtet on the part of employer it is matter to tho -Mr. George II mittee, referre This is qnito ai a:]y otlior doscrip tract, it is not dci of contract, and t The wori shop regulation act" of August ill, 1807, came into opera^ 'Tlio definition tills iiarticiilar ac; THE ERA OF MACHINERY. 187 any lKU.,li,.,,,IV' ^vlnH" S^L .!'.;':! "jfT/''-''^ ^ ''="'^ T'^' "i^' exL'iTi.so.l by win- of trade or C, v ""■'""« "'"'.V niiin.iiil Jabor, •irticlo" It duos nor .ut d Tm, ,, ' r ""''^I'l'"^' '«"■ ^-alo, niiy n. a„y on. day, MldH. lu,ui.nt;;:'^,; ,';:':' ^'^^ ''''< 'J^''^''^' 1k..us yoiin«- i.or,s,>., (,„.r.oM botwei., )l,ir r ,,1 ;.;';'; T ^ '';. '"" ^^''^ liandiaafuImin-anfpiMi.'d.f ;, ,fv n/,'^'^^ '"■■"»' child, yoan f pirso o • w on ■ , J '^"'i''" ", "z '"' '""^ ^^ !>• >"• ^^•' not n.o.o tl.an live pc^so .fa v a I ' ^ ' ".'/"•^"'''"'•:^'V"^'"f'^ ^^""•••' by retail on tlio i. en.is s •!.,'• """"^'''M' articles to bo .sold tbose so sold. l"^""'^<'^'>i "1 roi.aini.a- articles of u like i.at are to tb?;;.e;;;i'l;;£;;;^^7U]a;;;;;^!^^^^ '""^- ^« -'^>'^'^-^ - ^■-•li... i,. any direct benelit Jro.a tl e 1' < 'ti . ' '''''''^•''' 1"'^'""" »'<''ivinf;' not to oxcccl twenty siMlIinos "'^ ^"''"" ^•"'l''"y^''l to a penalty wi!;nS;>':?;.st^;;l:n!:.Si/?iidS;^^ 7 ?;""■ ^""'-"^^^ '^ '--"^ -^ c'xtent,ll.elocalaut!.o y;^'he ns^Uli^ n^^^ owner of the work.hoi, to pro ide wi ! , ' ?^'""r,"":y '■^'•l'"'''« "'« ■Kuch other inochaidealai>nl.Zi.',n "asonablo time, a Ian or by one of Ilor :daje;t 's S^ " '■'" ^'.'"^^ ^" time, be approved ofmiti..uin«thoiv,?,iKSned '^'^^'^'^'"'^'^ "^ «'"te, for the purpose "K; n -n' ^ T'^ ;^'^^ i.-iH'raiiy';;';;;!^!;:^ ""^*-^"- "^^-tones hours in any o e da nnv be eoni '*""'" '"^ '"'>' "'"^ ^ime or of live mandedbythcact ' ^ Accounted as a part of the ten hours de- In connection M-itli the le'dslation of i^r.7 «fi,« i. act" of that year, requires not ... ' " *^ "asters and servants' «atisfac(ionaiu :.w it, o 'S "^ ^y'''^!' has caused much dis- on the fourteent r sVc io no the u I'^'^r'l'al objection to it is founded on the part of to tvm k ■, a c^.i ,' iT' ^^''f V"^'^*-''' ^'^''^^' «f contract euiployir it i« o^l^^^i tt",;L^\ " i'';: ' Jf'i'^^'^ 1''^ the part of the matter to th3 consident on f t ." i ^''"'- ^" Presenting this Mr. Georo-e Ilowell st'^rS^v <, b t ""i ^''^^^}'^y *" ^ovember,"LS73, .ittee, rJterred ^'^l^^l^^J^l^j;; ^^^Sl^-^'JSIc^;?*-'-"^--^' ^-"■ tract, it is not .k^.lt with e.i >^ /u Uy I u ' , 'Vlir.* I ^'"^ ';' ''"'^ """■^- '^'"^I'^l' "roo,.- !Z. '"'^^^"""-■'"«"t' iltl"^' Circiiiustancus con- 'T!io ti.'d in 188 LABOR IN KUROl'K AND AMKHICA. nccti'd witli it, tliis iiKiii i^^ lialilc^ iit niiy iiumiciit. to \m dniKK'''' "'1' ^" |iilsoii nn a <'oni- liiiiii Irlciii lor iiliHi'iilliii; liiiiisi'lf IVoiii Work Tlio inii)ossiliilily <>!' iiindyiii tlio iim.'^tcr iiiid Hciviiiit^i' lut. to blcarlifs of coiitriict coiiiriiilti'd liy i'iii|d iieopio weic less edm iited than 111' y mo now. If the law id' tract ho iillowcd to icsr on its own hasis, as a man, it m;iv he trusted to a mailer of ei|iiity hetwerii man and ceoiiipli^h all tli(^ imiiiosis which jie.li.'e rciinii'es. All act "to i)i'ovi(l(i In'tlcr dwi'lliii^sror artisans and lahnrci's," wliicli bciii's date July ol, l.SOS, was di'sioiu'il " to luako ]»vovisioii J'or takino' down or iiiijtioviiio' dwcllinos occnpiod by woi'liiiiirincn and tiicir I'aini- lii's wliicli aru unlit lor lititiian lialntatioii, and lor tlio Imildino' mid inainti'iiiuice of licltoi dwi'llinji's lor stieli licrsons.'' It ]»rovidc.s lor Ww ollicial inspi'ction of such dwcllMiss, mid contains provisions totiompel tlu^ owners of bui!din,L;s so occu|ti('d to comply with its rcquircnicnts. Tho "waycs attacluiieut iibolitioii act''of IJsTO (dtily II) provides tliat after its passage no order for the attachinciit of tho wa,:,'es of any serv- ant, laborer, or workman shall be made by the jiidj,fe of any court of record or inferior court. A similar act "to limit \va;i('s arrestment in Scotland" is dated August l>, JS70. It provides that from and titter .lanuiiry 1, 1871, the wages of all laborers, farm servants, uiaiuihicturers, aitilicers, and work-people shall ceaso to be liable to arrestment for debts contracted subsequent to the passage of the act, unless such wages exceed twenty shillings per week, when the suri)lus over tlnit amount may be arrested, but if the costs of such arrestment exceed the amount recovered they are not to be charged against tho debtor. The "factory and workshop act" of August 0, 1870, extends the defi- nition of " factory " as enacted in the act of August 15, 18(i7, so as to make it include i)rint-works, i. e., works in which figures, ptitterns, or designs are printed upon any wovenor felted fabric, (not being paper,) and bleaching and dyeing works, or " any premises, \. hether in the open air or jiot,iu which the processes of bleaching, beetling, dyeing, calendering, linishing, hooking, lapping, and making up and packing tiny yarn or cloth of any material, or the dressing or linishing of Itice, or any one or more of such processes, or any process incidental thereto, is carried on." Toall such establishments the regulations of tlie act of August 1^), 1807, in res[)ect to factories as there deliiied, with certain luodiiications appended in a schedule, tire extended. All act dated May L'j, 1871, exempts persons i)rofe.ssing the Jewish religion from peiuilties incurred in respect of young persons tuid females i)rofessing the said religion working on tStiiidays, luovidod tliat the establishments in which such euii)loyineiit tide's piaceare closed on Saturday uii to sunset. The trades-union act of June 2!), 1S71, provides that the i)urposes of any trades-union shall not, merely because they are in restraint of trade, be deemed to be unlawful, so as to render tiiiy member of such trades- union liable to criminal prosecution for conspiracy or otherwise, or to render void or voidable any agreement or trust. IJut nothing in this act shall enable any court to entertain any legal proceeding instituted with tho object of directly enforcing or recovering damages for the breach of any of the following agreements : 1. Any ngrpenieiit between tho niemlieis of sucli nii any iiiunibors of such union shall or shall not sell Ihi ploy, or he employed; mion as to tlio conditions on wliicli ir {I'wtSj transact business, cm- Tin: i,i;a (»!• ^rA(•^I^'^;^'v. 18a a^.teZ;;7"""' '""■ "'" ''■'^■" ' "' '">■ '"•^^"" '"• -"y -'-.ii-tion o,. penalty to 3. Any ii;;rcciii('rit for till. .■ii,i,i;,..,ti i... ,•. • ... •Illllou— . "M'in.s. oi woikiii.iii iicliMu 111 conruriuity with '■••...iiiiii, lie tllorilk'soiTrsolii|i„„,soVM.rl. Ii',„..,..„ ,„, ti,„f-.,/-"-"-"- ""i- "- i-4..-.l up,,,, an, P...SO,. ,,y .„.,o.,.. of a ..n,.,., ..f j,... • Any iiKici'iiicnt made Iiftvvr,.ii ■>».< (i.„.i... ....: > I. Any aK.vjM,n.nt ..la.l,. I,..tw.v., o„„ t.',..Irs.„i,i„n an,l M'..,tl„., ■ .). Any liiuiil In sc.iiiv | .<> pel pn..ii.ici< ol' iinv .il' il ., , •'"^'" ' ' '" '"'' " '"■ "- '""'v« "«.'eu....;;r to i:;i;;!n:!;'i,;;;::;^nii:'"'"'- ■lis. TIio act riiitlicr makes provi.sion for (h,. ivist.'v oC (,. wi > . . • SSI'S;;;;;;;;; ;i;ri:z.r ,:"¥'■ "»'r^ such combination whoUuT to n ^ ^c ^ . , ^i ! lir!'';'''' " '^^ r""H'« relations betwee. woikmcn a u r s .i . , ' '' ''^"''''itn.a- tlio workmen, or between uiastTsd.^^^^^^^^^^^^^ )etween workmen ami conditions on tbe co c -t f an . N^^ "' '*' ''"l'"«'"f^' restrictive bad uot been iKiSe av n ,; 1 TUT' ^s would, if tl.is act reason of some inc or ^norVol' \l r s'Z. Lm^ zvsSnf' nlT' l'"^ The act .n question also repeals the trmh^s uni ,^s' n ifactf oflsS '' Another act, bearing the same date as the last M nn^>0 1S7^ , known as "the criminal law umen(lih.>nf ,V i.'/ ' . '^'^ '^"^^ a source of much dissatisfactio ter ('on.'nHi'ft ^'"I'wfn!^ f " ' J'' workiug.classes of the United King,!,, f Ss no p. ■ ^a^ ^ ""J *^" punishable with imprisonment wiM viti.n,, f f ? '- "^ ^V^" ^^'^^^'^ ceeding three montlis, to c^V^ l) i!^ ^LltS^lilS'^-' ^^ -t ex- peace. ° ^"''"" ®" '"'^'i^o"'"a or lutunidatiug to keep tho vi£? to° o^^SluTu^iS",^'"^' l'^"""'" '" "'" ""''"-r dcQuea by this section, with a (1) Being a master, to .li.sniiss or eoiiso to .Miinlov nn v w^rlrmnn . „, i • ineut or work . ' ' '" "'"-'' "'» ">•'"« "■ workman, not to accept, any employ- ^'kSlfu^r cZfbinaUo"""'^'"'^"' '° ''"^""«'' '" '"'y ^'^V^^^^^ or permanent asso- ;^f|:s^?s:n«[tis^i:;,!::/^:j;,:;:!^;,;;;:: - p«-"^ imposed by any tem. ^"'i<^K.r:j^Sv^pc^^;,^m;:Cit;'^:S''« "- ^'^ ^-'--.- *^— ^-or ar^Sr^;^ S^?irliSS^\^^:!^r-^ ^^ -^^st or obstruct ill f J. .^"frsistout^y follow 8u,'b porso.i „l...i.t fr.,m place to iilicn 4.i;;i'Sn''i?i7,S',5l:'i;;riE ;;":;';,;:;;■.;!;■■"■ - '■""•' - -X- .«. ,.,»», », . t!^SiC-JK"33S22;-;; 190 LAnOR IN KUnOI'E AND AXIKRICA. (H) If III' walcli or lii'Hi't tlio lioiwc or oiIht ]i1nri> u1irrt< Kiicli piMNdii rcniili's, or vorkN, iir fiiiiicN on liiiNinrNs. or li:i)i|>riis lo lie, or I hi' aiiii'dacli toKiirli lioii.siMir pliico; or ir, with two or iiiort> iii'rsoiiM, lie lullmv kiiiIi pcrioii in u ili.iortUrly niiiiiuiT in or tlii'iiii;{li iiiiy Ntri'i't or riiiiil. I( is iirovidi'd that no one shall ho iJiiiiislictl for (loin^r or conspirinp; to (Id any act merely on (lu* ;;roiintl Unit such act resUains or tends to lestiain the IVei^ eoiir.so of trade. Oll'enses eotnniitted under this act are to he pnivectiled under Iho snninniry -Jurisdiction acts, a|>i)eals heiny allowed under eertaiu dellncd eiiiiditions. In an interview with Die home secretary, in Xove'mher, 187.'!, 3Ir. Howell r( leried to the criminal law amendment act, as follows: We iiNk tli.'it tlio I'liliri" m.'t iiiiiy tin ri'iiciilcd. It linn cimscil lirart-buriiiiifjs on flm part of tlu^ '.vorloiH'ii siicli as no oilier law Iins, • • • Wo I'r.l, inornivi'r, that iioiif of tliK ).iiiM;overiiiiiiiit to leinovt! if. j;ven if it wi re Just in its prim iples, it is f,o iiiliieate anil iiivolveil, ami has heeii Ko variously interiireted, that none of iis arc safe. All iiet dated Anoiist IC, 1S71, and entitled <' The indtistrial and ])rovident societies act amendment," is dcsi.L;iied to taeilitato the erec- tion of houses, cottages, or other htiildinjjs on land held by such .socie- ties, and gives them certain new powers to build, sell, "lease, inort- ga^^c, &:v,. The "factory and workshop acf'of An;,Mist 21, 1S71, takes the dutyof onforcin<,' the workshop a(!ts of l.S()7 to 1.S71 from the local authorities, aiul imposes it upon tho inspectors and snbinspectors of factories. Itj forbids the emi)loyment after January 1,1 S72, of any female under sixteen years of age, or any child under ten year.s, in the manufacture of bricks and tiles, (other than ornamental tiles.) It requires tlmt any accith'iit causing hiss of Iile to any one employed in a factory, and any accident ])rodnced by machinery, or by explosion, or escape of gas, or steain, or inetal, if of such a nature as to jirevent the person or persons injured by it from returning to their work in the factory within forty-eigiit hour's after its occurrtMice, shall be mailo known to the jirojier authority. It provides that all olleiises -.inder the factory acts of ISo,'! to 1S7], inclusive, may be prosecuted and the penalties therefor recovered summarily. In certain cases, where the nature of the business carried on in any class of factories or workshops is shown to depend on the weather or the season of the year, iuid wheio it is conse(]iiently necessary to employ yonni,' persons of fourteen years of ago and upward and' women at certaiii times of the year for a longer jieriod than is allowed by the factory acts extension acts of ISOland J8(;7, or the woiksliop-regnliilions act onS07, one of Her Majesty's iniiieipal secretaries of sttiteis auliiorized to make and ])ublish certain delined exceptions to the provisions of the laws in question. The act of August 0, 1S72, " to make further iirovision for arbitration between masters and workmen," authorizes the appoiiumeiit, by mutual agreement lietween masters tuid workmen, of an tirbitrator or of arbi- trators, and of an umpire to act :i cases of disagreement between tlie arbitrators, for the Kettlei.ient of disputes between masters and work- men. An agreement under this act is made mutually binding upon the master and the workman, ujion the master or his agent giving a printed Co[iy of tiie agrceaieiu to the Winkman, and the workman accepting the Kaiiie; pii)\ wilhiii lort.N will not be'l niaster and .*. n agreei be liinding i or service in mutually (ni initil lilt' ('\| tioli t(i <'eas( pait of Hit- 1 The a-ree continuance, tile aibitratii the hours oi legiijalioiis I tit lit! enhiici of any such : The agreei irators, or in ami upon his ('Ceding can 1 ter; but, if tl within tweiit; tlie arbitratiJ consented in .'hall be exchi Further jin the taking of iiess(\s, (Jcc. The "coal I of stratilled i as to coal-mil years of age, mines. It pe: years of age, a of state in vie lor more tlian (lay, if employ more than ten A boy of tw age of sixteen, tlie a(;tai)i)lies than ten hours J'^lvcry boy ot mines as men iwciity hours i are enacted tt: cither the lettei i"ico must not hours at any o one week ; t'liat ;!■■< a part of tiu Tho forging or "SO of a forged muiuli,-,'' iiu[ui«( Till'; i:i;a ok siA(iH.\i;ni', ">'<;; l»l«ivi.l» <'r i...ivin;.ji(<.i>yori|„. airi tl nan, i.s to Ik^ of no cH ISC the a;iift.nu'nl, as hct II ii«i<'tniciit entered into !„.( eel. 191 'le master, t't'iiient, that he ween sneli l)e l.iiMliiiK ii|K)n each ol ||u>in d \yeen a master and a or .service in \ie\v of wliieh it '"■'•'«■ Jill of the a^ieeiacnt. " c.\c(M (I six days) of an int icM' siicli iHdieu has I , or CI). IS Itcen made a Tl nin'l^rr^Ls,!::''^'''^^ contimianee, i)e lioiiiid by anv rules tl iiiiiiLr its th(^ ai ■liitiat ors.afhiliator.ornmpiiv, as to t lie rale ol K'i'i <'ontaiiied, or to he made 1 >v I's or (luaiilities of w.ak to he j thu hoM le^-idalioiis iii,d,.r uliieii work is to he d to h(! enloieed ' of any such rii! "'iltiiiacd, or tirecond wa;4(s to he paid. ilioiis or enloieed hy the arhiliatr)rs, arhitiat "lie, and may specify penalties oj', or umpire, for the hicacii Ti le agreement imiy also provide for re I iiators, or iimj»iiv certain tlisi and upon Iiis or theii' I mil ci'iiii;,' to the aihiliat s arisni.n' out of inlract eeedin.;;-can he takcir hefor icaiin;;- and del<'iiiiiniiij-' tl or, arhi- ions of law, ter; hut, if the disa^rfenieiit or d iiyother court or person lor tl le same, no other pro- within tweiitv ( the arhitrators, arhitiat )iie days from the time wherr it ispiite is not so heard and det le same mat- ernrineil nose, the .jurisdictioir of corrscnted in writi shall h(> ( oi;, or iimpii'c ceases, „ni.,s the i.arties 1 n;;, siirec the disayr lavo xclasively deterrnine. m, on SSaturdav. ihe intervals lor meals allowed to such persons must not be less than lialt an hour to each ])eriod of enii)loynieiit exceeding five hours, or less than one and one-half hours to every period ot emplovmeut exceediii"- eight hours. ' " As a safeguard against accident, it Is provided that the ])erson in charge ol any engine or a].i)aratus used in going into or cOmiugoutof the mine shall be a male of at least eighteen years of age. \Vages must not in any case be i)aid to persons emitloved in or about a mine at any public house, or other jilaee w here spirituous or fermented liquors are kept for sa!-^ The act requires that in ciunmuiiieatioii with everv seam, with certain dehned exceptions, in which persons are emploved in mining, there shall be at least two shafts or outlets, sepanted by natural strata of not less than ten tcet in breadth, eommunieating v,Uh each other by a pas- sage at least four feet wide and three feet high, and each provhled with proper apparatus for raising or lowering the persons enii)loved in the Every mine coming under the ])rovisiona of this act, with certain spec- ihed exceptions, ;s required to be under the control and daily super- vision of a properly qualified manager, (who may be the owner or agent ot such mine, but must not be a contriuiter for getting the mineral in sucii mine, or a person in the emi)loy of such contractor,) and such man- ager, though nominated by the owner or agent, must also be provided with a certificate of competency granted by u board of official exam- iners, and must be registered as having such certificate. A certiflcato of service, however, showing the re(p^isit^^ i)ast experience iu the mau- agemeiit ot a mine or mines is allowed as an ecpiivaleut for a certificate of competency granted under this act. A eert ilicato of either class may be canceled if its holder, upon a i)roper iiKpiirv, be convicted of incom- petence or gross negligence. Provision is made for the appointment of inspectors of mines, who must be free from certain specified disqualifications calculated to inter- lere with their disinterestedness, and who shall have the right to enter and inspect any mine to which the act aiiplies, and to see that the act IS complied with ; and tliey must also notify the owner, agent, or man- ager of the mine of any cause of danger not provided against in the rules, but which they may discover in tli(> course of their inspections. VVhero the owner, agent, or manager of a mine is unwilling to comply with the lequiremc'.ts of the inspector in regard to a matter not i)re- SS•?"i^'^«t'«'«c•'^sei3tobe THE ERA OF MACHINERY. 193 ;!??.,*'-^^'l? "''"<'' »'"! "either of referred other tht fj-'s' ''^ "-. <''^^sx St v";.':?,"':^!!™'-. °"° "• '- V,. ., ^>^iK7, WHO lu ue bj the owner, a^reut, or mau- to be ■ " TO Miucli the arbitratiou relates T.» «<.fVi select an unipiro, of the arbitrators on uS iVeral cl^^e FyJ^'aJ^^'^'f^ '^« «''^« ^'^ that a P..ct.eal n,inin, en,i.^3r or ^^rJ^'^i^^S"^ l^^^i^!^ the mine in case of dan^^i ti L ^e^ol's fH . '"'''^ f ^nnkumi fron, employment of gunpowder iibl is ti^if,?^^^^ ''''"} "'^'^'i- J'^I'^s, the and .,ides of a mine, the , i v ns 5^ n nr'"""» "^^ ^'"^ ^^''^'^'t'^' ^■'>'>f«, points touching upon the s'Svnt^r^^ ""* '""'H'' '""^ ^''""us other 1»! neglect of £eLZ ons ece.^irv to^^^^^^^^^ ^'^^'^■«'"- ^^'i'' prisonment. A laro/ , ..-f- nf f ) ^ to saiety incurs the penalty of im. intended to secui^ ftS J S enfor Licl nml^'f "' ''''''''' VrovisuZ, requirements. ^-ui^Ji cement and to prevent c ion of its' Ln.lor the provisions of thisSobovZleiH^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^■''''^■ no girl or woman of any age mavbeemn^^ >^^^^ ^'''''''^ ''^' ''S''^ '""1 ^o boy of twelve years of a^-uul., ST^ person of from thirteen to sixtoe loov /•"^*'*'" ^''''''^' ^'"^ »o voung '"'•■'0 below ground for more thu" i m-l^ "E^^ ^' ''''''''''''' '" ^ more than ten hoursin anyone In A f,.? '." ""•)' ^"*^ ^^'c^'^' or hours must be allowed for rest I'nVer'n h "'' H^ ""^ ^^'^'« than eight Friday and the I.eriod o f emnlov nenf . '" .?'lf"'' of employment on other cases the interval be Sn Si s of fT'"'^ ^''^"^•'^'^^■' '^"«^ i' less than twelve hours, except in the cseo J ,""'I''"^^-'l'^»t must 'not be .sons whose employment is jitsi h , ,1 i'^t^ ^f''"^'" '^'^^ ^'"""^^ '"'^'e per- of residence that thev do not n In .'..^"r •''"" t''^^'^' ordinary p ace '"='1 "ho are not oHl^^a^uo^^^^';!!^ ""^^ ^''^ervals of iLbor cases an interval of eight l.oui4 ,nust be Simv f/'V'''"^' ''''^'' ^" «'>*-''' employment. The period of AT,MnnW f ^'^^'V''^^^" "^'^^^^ I'^^'o'l of thetimeofleaving he,iXeand to^^^^^ 1^-"^''""^^ ^« ''^^^"» -'it the surface. Thclx^gulatio fin rtard to Son"; *'"'^°^ fetnrning to preciiut.ons against acci(leutshavr u-n nor .? f^'-T"* ^^^ ^vages and . vuled in the- coalmines regulatbnact^" «^"^''^^'^fy to those ino- the health of women, you, " ersmis :,?,! ' m 'i i"'" ■'«">" ^o^' i...proving tactures,and the edi c S^t 4S ' 1 '^'''''; ^^"'I'Jo:»ed in nmnu the factory acts." Tlu-sTt whicl ™ to ameul J-'."^;>T, 187u, provi-hall be either the period be weeiro a .ri', r '^" ''"''•'■ ^'" ^'"Ployed twoen 7 a. m. and 7 p. m "'^'''^*'" ^ '^- ">• '"'^l ^ P- m. or tlie period be- yo^.^;Srson,!;r'tn.an'Snn noJ^- ""^'^ ^S"' ^^ ^'^"I^^ed, a child, !'«ur.s, and sh.^U i.ot'b "!» j -J^^J.^^.^i; «^^^^ except between thosj half hours without an inten'al of afle T . • ^H!'''}^'^ ^«"^: '"'J ^^^ tween the hours of (J two I. in. and (J p. m, o iit least half an hour 1 i;;!^tf :!i^/':: ^^^-9^ ^^ "'-i^rof ^hi^u ^iKdl be before 3 p.m. Ou SitZJ 13 L ly. a child, V lu hour lor a meal. He- yday except aaturday, time at least one hour oung person, or woman -#s^^^iJss 194 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. sliall not be employea in any nianufacttuinff process aftor 1 p. m., or for a vp rposeAvhatevcr afterlAp-'"-; ami i^' o^tlnit day tl^ tHne a^^^ lowed for meals be less than one hour, the tune for quittnig work shall be half an hour earlier than the hours just i»;H."i^ S^ul ^rS time be prescril)ed. Duriiig the year 18 .. - «^;1<1^;;W - he emnloved in a factory f he is under the age ot nine j ears, ana aitu the SStion of that year he may not be employed it he is under tea v^ii^o 4 The three last provisions do not apply to persons who 5.my be law?ull> emph)yed in factories before the time when they go mto ''^ S enactment of the factory act of 1850, or any previous act, which aulli^SlH^employment of^uiy chihl in tl;e^^;-;-i^S; -^;1-; ;:j Inuovi- hours than those authorized in the case ot a c lUd m an.N otmr factmV to w',lch this act applies, w ith cei^ain exceptions during the lirst two years of its operation, are repealed. „. those details Various provisions of a minor character, as well as those cieraiis whidiareintenuied to secure the enforcement o tie act and to guard against the evasion of its re.inirements, are om/.ttec • Another act of the same date as the last, entitled the, " l^o^' 2i,^; i ufactuie and wages act." was directed against a custom wlch ha p i'4i ed among'-einployers in the hosiery ""^^^^tri t- ^MifS iMnftiMoirmiGsandmachinerv to the artihcers employed b\ Jiem ami tl e de c&i - of ^^ tVan.es from the wages of . aci ar ihcers^ The uVi imides, . noiig other things, that all wages in the hosiery itiUUctSIeSl'bemade payable ^V'^ "r'r.^^"^Si^^^S.mal;: pages or deductions whatever, except lor bad and disputed ^\olkmau ''Another measure adopted during the same «f ^o'\^f ^^Sfi^ the " workingmen's dwellings act" of August <, 18.4, ^^' ^ J'," ended to emrble municipal coriK^ratums to «^;";^or ease land d^^ i„g to them to inirties^^biiKlH^ themselves ^t^^^^ZXi^n^ the class to which the act npplie and Wales This Among the measures for which the British workiugmen are now ask- ing, in jul above na and cons} the princi forcing pj: the law ii niagistrat fications o the law s j)loyers in further ex truck, and sending of T The legii and works! uient of ai: shall labor, mary, to t The theorji making tlli sequently, furtUer tha Toluiitarily test with c sought to g members of and assistai tions have acconiplishi] the failure 1 But the mo purposes, hii erally knowi Combinati aiu and else' the medieva very widely ] iiies consistii originally foi the state was duty. One c populations i upon coinmei In the times Loudon and ] tions, and we independence increased in classes of woi required that work for at h chamber of til associations o cases folkiwed at Berwick-ou TRADES-UNIOXS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 105 MiimMSMII mmmsm TItADES-UXIOXS IX THE UNITED KINGDOM ™t V a ,.. i, , , „ '^'.""'"e. "!»■> theso conditions, iito tlio «,, Coiubinatious for trade purposes Lave, indeed, existed in Ormi- Ti.,v tio s ' „d v,^ i,' "-^ '"f^' ««-^-^t,'?"sive with their uuinicipal corpora- iiXn'pnyi, .n ^'•'"cieiitly powerful to show consideiable spirit a I Sne n ' *"'■*"' \", ^^'l' ''"'^'"'S^^ ''''^^' ^-oy^Wy itself- As the o-„il s Ksi i r"'''' *^'^' ^T'^'"« t^xdusive, and in some cases vas lonn^trl n f '^'"''''.'V^-^'*^ debarred from inembersliip. One re -n at ion Sib It 4\;'r ^"«''""'/ "^^""''J "1^"^»« InnKselfWabstinehco tm clmmberott : lliri n^^^^^^ ^^'^ ^'""''^ ^'"*"' "'O sacred assocHt nnVni f 1 ^^"^ soDietunes led to the foro-^r ion of separate 2SSi lnl?i ^''''^^*^«»"«.'^ '» «"c town, which, ho^^-v,.r, was in some 19G LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. The medieval trailes-coinpaiiios •^'ere composed of small capitalists^ and workmen, but they had some resnlations similar to those of the modern trades-unions. They fixed the rchitivo number of apprentices and journeymen to be employed by a niaster, and had rules against working with men who had not regularly learned their trade, as well as against systematic over-time. In some instances they appear to have taken away the tools of members who failed to pay their dues, as a means, perhaps, of coercing them into i)aynient rather than as a pun- ishment. Disputes between masters and workmen were settled by the jiresident of the company and its court of assistants. It was one of their rules that any man entering a town and seeking employment in a particular trade, nnist join the company representing that trade and liav his dues to its funds as a condition of being permitted to work. The lees at first were small, but were raised as the companies increased in power, until admission became very diflicult and the companies themselves became oppressive monopolies. The charge for apprentice- ship was also raised to a very exorbitant figure. lu the twelve great companies of London, (the nv rcers, grocers, fishmongers, goldsmiths, skinners, jnerchanttailors, haberdashers, salters, ironmongers, vintners and cloth-workers,) the fee for apprenticeship was successively raised from 10 to 40 and ultimately to 100 pounds, whereas in the early times it v.-as only half a crown. Illegitimate children, and even the sons of peasants, were refused admission as apprentices. As early as the reign of Edward II, no person could bo made a free- man of the city of London unless he belonged to one of tlie trades- companies, and in the following reign the court of common council was chosen from tlie trades and not from the wards of the city, while the Lord Mayor was required to be a member of one of the twelve great coin- ])anies. To these was transferred the power, which the old guild had for- merlv possessed, of making or changing trade regulations, and their ])rivi!eges were confirmed by Edward III, who was himself a member of the company of cloth-workers. In the sixteenth century the mem- bers of the trades-companies were divided into three classes: The liv- ery, wlii'h included the richer mejnbers, the masters, and the free workmen. Their form of government had, by this time, become more aristocratic, the ollicers being appointed by a committee or court of assistants, instead of being elected iu a general assembly of the mem- bei s. Iu short, the trades-companies ceased to be friendly associations between capitalists and workmen, and in the end \.ero controlled by men of considerable wealth, even if they were not con)posed entirely of that class. By their exorbitant fees for apprenticeship, and their arbitrary restrictions they rendered it dilllcult, if not impossible for a l)oor man's son to Icaru a trade, while by preventing competition they taxed the public in general for their own benefit. In English history there are records of a number of coalitions among workingmen for particular purposes, and in the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries there were in Germany associations of journeymen formed, apparentlv for mutual assistan^-^e during those years of travel (wandei'jiihre) winch the regulations of the trades-companies required of the young workman on the completion of his apprenticeship ; but it was not until the latter part of the eighteenth century that those per- manent organizations, now so well known under the name of trades- unions, began to malce their appearance. These organizations are, iu- dicd, une of the natural ontgrov,'ths of that groat revolution in industry which has already been dwelt upon at some length. In an industrial system which was carried on by means of great accumulations of cap- ital oil the one hand, and great numbers of laborers without capital on TRADES-UNIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 197 tho otbor, nna which at the laro-e ltouds ■xni]"\:^nZul":^ """•' !''"^ «^noctc(l thoso laborers into the circunistiiucc's just luciitioMod -^ ' " " dent, or hick of work, still loriiis an ir ) which a majority of tho tra( L p to 1821, when tho coalition act of 1800 was -c. to wl.tel, ,, ,,,,u,„.i,y if >i,» t™ios:m;iEa;"'£S'""""= '"" '"^"''' Alliiuico Cabiiu't-Makcrs' AKsociatiou Altn iicliaiu Tnulcs Council 1> 3i '0 Anialffiiiiatod I5oot and Slioo Makers 14,0iii» Anialgaiiiated WcKxl-Timirrs, SaAvyci'V/awisuIiUlV-M^kV,; \'' *'^^ Amalgamated Society of En.ntH.ors -'"""ic jiautij, j j^, Amal-ainatod Conncil of Woolen 0;^nUives"\\;i"k;hiV,: ^'^' """ A:"' Amalgamated Association of Jliuers M.-JUO Amalgamated Society of K:;ihvav Sei'vants' ■^•''' ""'' Amalgamated Iron and Steel WoVkers '-^". '■" "' Amalgamated Operative IJaker.s, Liverpooi'DislVict ~"' ^"'' Ama gama ed Society of Carpenters ami Joi iws '^"'' Amalganmted Trades Conncil of IJarv ' '-"'"' Birnnngham Trades Coinicil IZ-ioO Blaekluirn Card-Hoom Operatives' Aissot^iatYou" ;'' *^"" LoHon Trades Conncil l,a(j(l IJuiler. Makers and Irun-SIiipl.uJldViV '-.•""' i>nck and Tile Makers, North Staltbrd 15, U(ia i5r,t,,h riate-Spoon and Fork-Filers' Society 1-'^' Bary Tr/idcs Council ■' IW Chester Trades Conncil 1, S.'iO Crewo Trades Conncil '.'. Cah) Dressers, Dyers, and Finish.'rs l.Oda Dnmleo United Trades Conncil J,~I>1 Darliam Colliery Mechanics H,()ii() l)mtonConnty Colliery Kngin^^rs'As^wMon -•='"" |:^;;:p;j;;SivSsj\:7iS<^ri'tei;-r li-^ KfeiStu:!iS;?!i-^:S?'^'«-'^^ i" Fxecutiye Conncil Millers' Associatiori 10, (100 iederal Lmon of Agricultnral Laborers -l^'O i'llesnntbs- Union of SheJlield. 30, OdO 3, Quo " / 108 LABOR IN EUKOrE AND AMEIUCA. ''d I'iic Iidu WoiUois, Hiiiiiin^liiilii iuiil District 230 1 riciiilly Sdiii'ly o(d Tin-Plate Workers' Society 210 Loailon Amaleamaled Society of Tiu-Plale Workers 500 London Consolidateil Bookbinder.s fcflJO London Tra0 Stnckjiort I'ower-Looin Weavers , 2,500 Til i ted Kingdom Society of Coach-Makers 7,040 Uiiittd Kingdom General Post-OtUcc! and Telegrajih-Service Benefit Society .. I'uiti'd. ,l(iuvm>ymcn Brass-Founders' Association of Great Britain and Ireland. L750 United Operative Masons' Association of Scotland 10,C.")3 Walsall and District Trades Council 600 TRADES-UNIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. Warrington FilesmitliH' Union . . West End London Cabiuet-Miikcra. '."".'.'.' 199 390 400 J. .„ , - .." 1,300 It Will bo seen that this gives a total of 919,8-12 members from wbjpli some deductioDs must be made for duplicate represe Sion * Alle^^ making t .eso allowances it will be quite safe to sartlSt t e"\.„,^ , ti AMALGAMATED SOCIETY OF ENGINEEKS. The growth of trades-unionism will, however, be best illustrated and i^TuH K- 'asT?.?"'*''^' indicated by i^resentS^'sSlo'oT nacth'or^in-ySnf Hwv V''']'^ ^""^ ""! "'*^ "'0«<^ important and com- I m, lr«"i'l ff I A ^^f"" ^'"^'^•^' ^^""S^' »«fc "o^v tlio largest in point of ^"Ss Smiths nty'fe'""''^^^ ?''''^^^ "*' l^"g"'eers, JN^hinists" MiH: If f.' f'""''^' f^"d I'atternniakers," more commonly known howcvor a^l'11e'S?r^.ll,'^':;«r•"^^•" ?^'"« S^^-^ assoclS; num;;e;inl: of miSmcs " S, . w^t f '^^^ "ien.bers grew out of a " friendly union oi mccu.inica, which was formed in Manchester about the year IS'Hi or within a sliort time after the repeal of the coalition act In fts present form however, it has existed only twenty-four years, or sinie 1851 l"s growth during that period is exhibited by the "Swin- t ble showin ' S47e tiotf ,;or'''^,' '''' T'^r'?'^^^ accumldJ^d 3,^^ fe TAni.F, I. Year. 1'-'>1 Ue512,(JnnL>) Iti.VJ, (December). lrio3 1S54 1855 1656 .. 1857 1858 1850 18()0 ' 1801 I80d 186;! ■■ 1864 l'^65 fl8U6 1867 1568 1860 l-^Td 1-71 1-72 Xniiiber of members. Balance on hand at close of year. 4. 11,839 11,017 9,737 10, 757 11,017 12, 553 13, 405 14, aoo 15, 194 17, 700 20,935 a-,>, 8C-2 24, 234 'M\, 058 28, 815 30, 984 33, 007 33, 325 33, 474 33, 539 34,711 37, 790 41,075 42, 332 4i, 000 £ 21,705 1,721 5, 382 17, 812 20, 202 35, (J95 43,207 47, 947 30, 353 30, 831 CO, 198 73, 393 07, CIS C7,410 80,947 11.5,357 138, 113 125, 203 i)d, 099 7C, 17C 82,407 lie, 326 158, 313 200, 923 8. 4 o 1 10 11 1 18 4 12 19 1 1 16 3 15 13 8 a 2 7 6 6 15 1 Hi 11 3i 7 9 11 3i lOi U 8 6 Oi 6 8 lOi 3 7 U 10" llf 7i m Ci Amount to each member. £ s. a. 1 10 8 11 0.^ 1 13 U 1 14 9.V 2 10 lOi 3 4 '>>r 3 7 Of 1 19 lOJ 2 1 ■li 2 17 (•> 3 4 2 2 15 9^ 2 11 84 3 4+ 3 14 ^ 4 3 ^i- 3 15 o 2 18 IH 2 l| 2 7 c^ 3 1 C* 3 17 4 14 1 O'i o.;n:;"i:;l*';^Sd^rSrSed''' '*'°^" --tioned comprise brauchesJFl^;^ 200 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tlio following table shows the amounts expended for beneficial pur- poses by the Anial{,'auiated Society of Engineers during the twenty- three years from 1851 to 1873, inclusive, witli the amount expended for each purpose, and the average amount of expenditure per member: Table II. Class of bonelit. Amount expended. Avcrngo per uieniber. DDiintions to inonibers* £ 8. d. 501,827 252,441 89, 850 22,800 80, 087 £ ». (f, 24 11 .-J 9 18 9i 2 19 Hi 18 8+ lit'liof ill isit'kiu'ss .Sii|pei'anuuatiou Accidi'iita . Fuuei'iils 3 3 7 Benovolcnt grants, (nineteen years) Assistauco toother trades, (twenty years) 1,007,011 20, 553 11,830 41 12 9 13 KJ 11 7 Total 1,039,994 42 18 0)i- * Uj- " douations" is niciiut the stated pecuniary assistanco rcudcrod to members -ttlien out of woik. The following table shows the expenditures of the same association for the year 1873, with the dillyrent objects of expenditure and the aver- age amount per member : Table III. Objects of expenditure. Aggregate, Amount per member. Donations, fares to situations, and beds to non-free inciubera. Contingent benefit £ c. d. 13,045 11 5} 1,010 18 l^', 022 5 9 9,477 18 11 1,800 0,.507 10 2 ' 1, 430 10 8 3,950 m 0,270 12 11" 1,.343 10 2i 118 13 2J 507 Oi 094 .0 58 8 £ s. d. C 5} 10-1 8 (i 4 fj 3 li H 1 lOi 2.11 7i OJ 4 iSiek bouolits, stewards and medical certificates .... SnperaiHi nation benelit Accidents, itc, iier twentv-tbird rule* 1, , ' ^ 'y I'- " ^"^""""'"'^ !• iiiu'rals ....... . (•rants from benevolent fund I'rinfing, htationery, emblems, postage, and parcels. Li'andi-oniecrs, executive council, secretaries, treas- urers, auditors, banking expenses, delbgations, and bonds of security. Rents, rates, coal, and gas. .... ...- ... ... --.. ...... rmeliasing new property, incL\ding club-boxes, locks f(U' ditto, &c. Telegrams, bad coin, &c Grants to other trades Giants to London trades council, traci-^s parliamen- tary committee, gas-stokers' defense fund. Unacknowledged remittances.. . . H 05,875 17 5f 1,324 1 11 1 07, 199 17 5J * The twenty-third rjile relates to assistanco to members in emigration, and will be noticed beroaftc . At the en m England each ill js't,„, j'l Malta, 2 i average nnm fi iiaction ov liming .[oii, i •'issociation, ji J(-'ss (lian twe font ill no all e Th(> x\mcri( f ff^'i-cgato me ^">ii, lo each ; fllienyCity,A alo, Chicago, i^'ver,(Mass.,) Jsew York Cit;y iittsburgli, P(j fechetieetady, g is omitted. I'ho income c iiientsofiiieinl) t-'st on money d^ for the year, as ^f- Hd. to add 1 already given, i; {about 8-'0 in U 4," fiPPlicant (with a towsi)ee; Avorlvod fi\-e je^i of wages in the person of « stead I'oni certain sj)e( i'avmg lost a lim stibjoct to fits, or impcriect vision. liidate /brmembe The iee Ibr adi tlio member, risiii, tlio fee at 40 yea 'I'om eacli menibei inomber, tiie conti ^U'ld at the amoun Lvery<' free mot cuinstancos satisfa ( oiiation of lo.v. pe f'rt,v weeks, and outamod, making j provided the memlj receiving "short d( £«;"fundonatioi ^2 t^'lf", and at t go.ved ; nor can an' roui'teen weeks in -li P'iipioymont throii'n- tef^«" ""til U 1 of the trade, loiiona branch i ™a«.s-uk,„.vs „ ,,„ ,,„,„ ,„,_,„^^^,,^ At iJie end of 1,^71 ♦!..• ■"'»1 tll(! Kilst Ill,l 201 ''/'«, of wliich L'.yj woro ' '' "I Aiistraliii, 1 ioH. 5 111 oacli iiiiiiiiiiP thirty weeks „!,/., ^oi' fourteen weeks 7, iLV^l^J ^'coives a mMmmmmi liioyed '^^';^tii£B^^^?^^^^ or ca,, any „,ember reeefe h.^^/J.^. ^^^'^^I' '» "-^'ich ho I'll weeks in ji ,V , ."^ i"e "full (Innatior)" fh, ]>•' yonation_nntil^^'£''?i::::'^ff!.^r disorderly ill ore '1- 'Jraiich -- -^ lijis been of tbo trade, aud at full .«,. 1 , "^^ 'nember losiiiff bis wages. * '^^'"•^ ^^ ^Js own m. 202 LAnoii IN euhoim: and ami:uica. A 'Ti'ct' iiiernlit'i" on (loiiiiMoii may obtain ii " travel iiif,-- card'* (Voni tlio st'crctar.v of his own branch ot the society, and on coajpiyinji witii eeriain l)re,scrihe(l reifnlalions, may receive his donation from the seeietarie.s of branches sitinited in liio dillerent towns or cities to wliich he may jjo in searcii of work. A "noni'ree niend)er." who has paid the whoh' of his entrance money, and is not more than !»)«. in arrears, is allowed sd. foru bed in each town orcily to which he may travel; and where tiiere are three or more branches, he may be fninishcd with ii bed for three nijihts. Tht; secretary of a Ji)ranch in any town to which the traveler {;oes ninst direct hnn to any place wliere lie thirks it likely lie may llnd cm]iloy- nienl ; and the ollicers of a branch have discretionary power t(Mletain a meiid)er a few days, if they see a prospect of obtaining,' employment lor liim. A member, beinj; a i)attern-maker, a milhvrifilit, or a machine joiner, rejjistered lor '' toolbeneiit'" and losin;,' tools by tire, npon satisfactory l)roof of his loss, receives compensation therefor, thou{:;h not to exceed dtlO. The amonnt is laised by an e(pml levy on tlie registered members of the above-mentioned departments of the trade. Any free mendn'r,* when visited by mental disease, bodily sickness, or lameness, (not ocfcasioned by drnnkenness or disorderly condnctt, or any disease improperly contracted,) receives U).v. i)er week ibr twenty-six w eeks, and its. per week so long as he coutiuues ill, making ii total of JCJO K),v. in Jilty-two weeks. AN hen the funds of the society are .£.'>, and upward, per member, ex- clusive of permanent investments, if 7A lier cent, of the members are out of employment, a limited number ot"tlie unemployed members may be assisted to emigrate to the amonnt of £(t; but no member shall bo allowed the benetit of this rule unless the number of unemployed mem- bers of the society in the place to which ho wishes to emigrate is below TjV per cent. Any " free member," not moro than lG,v. in arrears, who, through losing a limb or having one disabled b^rficcident or othei wise, or through blind- ness, im[)erfect vision, apoplexy, epilepsy,, or jtaralysis, may bo rendered permanently unable to follow any of the departments of tho trade, pro- vided his disability is not tho result of intemperance or other improper conduct, will receive tho sum of £100; subject to tho condition that tho amount must be refunded if at any future' time the member is ablo to resume work. A member in good standing who is not loss than fifty years old, and who through the intirmities of age is unable to obtain the ordinary rate of wages, is entitled to a superannuation benefit, varying according to the length of time ho has been in the society, as follows : To nannbers of less than twenty-live years' standing, 7s. per week. To members of tweuty-five years' ami less than thirty-years' standing, 8s. per week. To members of thirty years' and less thau forty years' standing, 9s. per week. To members of forty years' standing and ujiward, 10s. per week. These payments are continued during the life of tho member. A member of not less than eighteen years' standing in tho society and not loss than lifty years old, if disabled by any of the causes above men- tioned as giving a titto to the "accident benefit" of £100, may take his choice botweeu that and the superannuation benefit. * This rc^u'.iitiosi is not, applicablo. to a cliiss of isii'inln'rs wlsn, on accoiiiit of <1( tVrfivc. lioaltli on t'utcriiij; tlio society, hiivo not beeu admitted to tbo " sick beuefit," and liavo paid 2(?. a week less thau other members. TK,U)E8-raiOX.H IX tin; D.MTU, KISOJ>om. 203 x^';»";;;;ri;i';;L';vi;;;;;v;';;™i":;S ■-'■;' '■:"■ • "■•' •'•'■"•■"- n branch ron.iS.V": ^ , I ,n' o ^^i'/';^"""-^'"-""' '''low^'.l lor ally overv (lav/ os^. . i '""""' ''^ n'.,wii'(.(l ut .stated tinu-s (usu- eitlu'r k,; ,t .t tl <^ln ; , Iv ''""^".' "'"^ "^''^^ va<;ant-book," which is iL c -in ;.v' i..i 1 "■'' """''''">''*" tl'o t">so ofhirgo towi.H \ hero ^vith coal ami oas.ttu si. ^!m '"'''■; '""'. ''"*^ ^'^"^-''^•^■^ "'^'"*' ""^^'^^ ^« <-''"^ «l'o^va satis- (lis^iotHS^;,^ Jo'S^i"? ■;"•':'" """^ "'^" '"'^ ^^"'•^'^^l i" ^ particular 0.U ;;f ^, : ,S u.d b m '?;; ;':!y,'"^7'>"''« «!■ '^^^ l'nn.ch who are ninove to another itoi.to, 1 ;■ (o , l'?'"^'"' ?" ^'"^'"-^ ^'*^*'"'^'"- *" iioia donatioii,and,i son i uses ... ^''"i:'*.'-V"Hmt is suspended PenaUv. The ro'nr t^^^^ in' "'' ' '■'" "' «"''.)^'<^ted to some further Oae of tho somen's vn« V! "!'''."''" ''.'^'''^ ^'''»"'^'' regulations. of OMnnHio- for tt «,Mr"Anv' ',',l,;l.',:";,:,','r„'™™,',!'. I'll'l'l^l™"".'*- nioioovcr, required to shai Jiic " (they being members) nil that ho Alo in(Mnber taking work by the piece is, m I'Jinal pi'oi»ortions with Lis fellow-work- ciirus over the regular weekly "•r^pinwswfcL,, I. ll 204 LABOn IN IvLli* "H AND AMEUICA. Wii;jo.s; aiK^I Ht}y nioml»(T working for or uiidcr iiiy iticrcMiiastor, and not ivccivihg an n.«jflHl shale iu uny such aui'[>k>, is iciiiiiicd tu Iciivu lii.s employment. Any mcmbi'i' bonstin/? of liis indcixMidcnco toward his employer or employers in conse(juenee of his inemltership in tins soeiety is unbjeet to 11 line of li.v. (id, for the first oHfeiiMi', fw. for the Kecoud, iiud 10s. for tho Ihinl or any Hiibsetpient lepetilioii of tho oifense. The above is only a brief statement of some of the leadin;; provisions of the eonstitntion or rules of tho En{,Mneers' Assoeiation. Many minor regulations for special eases, as well as the iirovisious in reyanl lo the eare and iiivestnie'it of funds, the eipndization of funds among the branches, or, more projx'rly, tho annual settlement between debtor ami creditor brantihes, the election, (pndideatiou, and duties of oflicera and committeemen, along with various other matters of minor importanei , are omitted. The governnu'utal organization of societies of this class is, however, iliustraied to some extent in the abstract of tho rules of tho Amalgamated Hociety of Carpenters and Joiners, to bo presented below. A:MALUAMATED BOCIETY of CAUrENXEIlS AND JOINERS. "he following table shows tho number of branches, number of mem- Lers, and cash bahuico of the Anuilgamatcd Society of Carpenters and J'iners of Great Uritain, Ireland, and America,* at the end o^' each year from 1800 to 1874, inclusive: Tabmo I. Years ended December 31. Niimljer of branebes. Number of members. Ciiah bnlnnco on band. 18f)0 20 :w 38 .13 81 134 187 203 :>18 230 21-2 2',>(i 24l> 205 618 ono 04!) 1,718 3,27!) 5,C70 8,002 8. 022 8,730 '.1 \'.()T> 10, 178 !), 704 11,23() 12, 78!) 13, 8!)0 £ «. (1. 3"l 3 ''j IHdl r.lt3 13 0} 8!1) ri lo 2 042 H 3 MiJ 18C3 18(!» _ 18()5 4,' 500 to (H 8 320 13 7' 180(5 13, 052 I o\ 15,15;! 11 ^ 17 171) Ii! 1 1807 1803 ISO!) 17,02(; 11 C} 17 508 1') 4 1870 1S71 l(i 82!) 7 ] 187ii 10, 84!) 8 0+ 30,450 11 ;;i 1 38. 125 U 187.5 1874 The following taL shows the expenditures for bcnelits of the Amal- gamated Hociety of .- '•■e;it'^rs und Joiners for the year ended Decem- ber 31, 1873, and t^.,' tin jii ;eci>. i :;d one-half years from the org.uiiza- *Tbi8 association haf '■!■','* '!■ 'i'.','-, of wbicli 231 arc in Enj^land and Wiilcs, 11 in Ireland, 5 in Scotland, 1' ^i, tl', •,■.r'S^ed States, p\\ * In Canada. The branclics in ilio United States comprise -I ''' u.eni '^r- . Of tbo I't jranclies, 2 are in New Vorlv, and 1 each in Albany, Baltimore, Eostoii, Chicago, Cleveland, Fall Kiver, Newark, I'liil.'ukl- phia, Pittsburgh, Saint Lonis, San Francisco, iind Washington, D. C. Tho returns from tho United States in the monthly report for January, 1875, represent tho state of tradu as "bad," "dnll," or "sl.icU," with tlio exception of San Francisco, where it is reiinrted "good," and Nowfirk, as "improving." Tho returns from tho English and Welsti branches generally report trade as " moderate," while tboso from tho Irish are chielly unfavoriible. i The cash balance for 1874 may bo subject to a slight correction. "(■■< Liiiiiits 1111(1 luaiKs to other ViiJlVs" Tot.il £ », rf. 3, 0^5 r,(i(i f), i-(ia 1,^18 •MO (1 117 (1 n 2, 9IVJ I) 4i>ij ir.-) Av jMtr iiibiiiLMfr. K, d. 1 l!) 1.)} 1» '■i 1 11* f,J u 4 7i ^* a Itumsof espondituri'. Kxpeii.litnn.H i;.r i;!} yearH ended l><'ceiiibt;r;U, l,s7;t. Ag«re;:ate for tho fiociuty. Avi'Mno jH;r lueuiljor. I'liiintions ' Tools f)ii account of Hickness! Oil ncconnt of funerals .!.',"" On acoonnt of accidents ] Tosiipor.'inniiatcd iiienihors..! On uccoiiiit of trade privilcLriia ili'iicvolfiit uraiil.s Oiauts and loans to other trad"e,s""' £ 1. (1 'i'<, i> 17 (1 1) 4, ;iNi (» 40, :m II 7,*M y, 7110 017 (» 17, 4;m () li, ■^r.i 7M Total UM,477 £ «. rf. 7 (Ill OJ i:t U (! 4 4i 1 4 11 7+ 1 liJi 11! r>i il Hi o aj f^n£S:^^::(^ZS'^^:tl^^^l-^^ own rnlo«:^i;-;-; support of its mi'mbors n cnst of^ ' *i'"^^' '"•'' ^''^' '""t"'-^' •'■'"> ; for the baria 0?.', . mbS^^u, ,7u : TiVo?'"'^ Hnperannua- Jfl>lacintf tool. lo8t by firo Sr or heft n]uf V ''''"'^■'"» «'ni<,n-atiou ; liers out of work : also to form o Pnnti,.„ I ,*'"' ««sistance to mom. l-rpcse ot granting assist'i^u^inTn.r!*'''r^ benevolent fund for tho " iso provir« than three hundred nnX"uS-e"c;^nhe^S -d October, the income by the auditors and sSbSik eStt me.^?.^!^!'."^^^^? ^"^/^\^, ^^."^^ new oiiicers ; and in no case tlie report has been read over. may the old officers leave before 206 LABOR IX ElTROrr, AND AMERICA. Ill any lar^o town ov district wlioio tIn'iH> arc two or moro brftiiclieg, they may hold conjointly a sj)ocial sniimioncd inoctinjij oftiicir branches wlioiu'vur occasion requires; and all I'esuliilious i)assed at such inoet- iiips ninst be entered on the minutes of each branch. Tiiey are also made bimling upon the several branches in (lie district, and cannot he altered, rescinded, or set aside except by consent of a majority of the members present at another summoiu'd au'ctin^^of the district branches. Upon any question whicli under the rides of (he society is rcipiired to be decided by the votes of a inajorily of its members, these votes must be taken at suuunoned nu'etiiij;'s of all (he braiu'hes; and the numbers voting on each side nmst be transmit teil lo tlu^ general secretary, who must add them up and publish the results (o the branches, the question being determined by a majority of all the votes cast and not by a ma- jority of the branches. The entrance-fees A'ary from 7.s'. M. (when the candidate is luider twenty-live years of age) to XI I5.v., (when he is forty-four years of age and under forty-live.) Candidates for mend )ership must be in good health, must be good work- men and have worked live years at the trade, nuist be persons of steady habits and good moral character, and not less than twenty-one nor moio than forty-live years of age. They must not belong to any other trade society or enter one after their admission into this. No person may he admitted who has acted contrary to iIk^ interests of the trade or luis been excluded froiu any other society for misconduct, unless such resti- tution be made or such satisfaction given to injured i)arties as may ho ordered by the executive council of the society or by the branch to which the caiulidate seeks admission. To be entitled to all the benetits of the society a member must ])iiy a contribution of l.s'. per week and .'!(/. per (lu.'trter to the contingent and benevolent fund. A contribution of '■•(/. \n'V week and 3(Z.' per quarter to the contingent and benevolent fund entitles a member to all the bene- fits except that for the sick. All moneys subscribed by tlu^ nu'iubers of the society become tlio property of the society generally, and not of the branches to whicli tlie members resi)ectively belong;* and any branch leaving the society forfeits its share in the geneva! fund. Whenever it is found that the funds of the. society have sunk below an average of £1 per member, tlu^ executive council has the power to assess upon each member such sum as is necessary to raise the funds to the amount just mentioned. Ki)ecial levies may also be made for other purposes, in cases of emergericy ; but such a levy on the society at largo reiiuires the consent of two-thirds of the members present at special meetings of the branches held to deterndne the question; and local levies require the consent of a majority of the mend)ers present iit a special meeting of the local brancdi or oranohes, as well as the ftpproval of the executive council of the society. Special coinndttees are elected by thesei)arate branches, (or by tlio combined branches of a districit in which there are two or more.) lor tlio management of trade movements in eonnection with strikes, lock-outs, &c.; and special auditors areele(!ted for the managementof the accounts in such movements, which are kei»t entirely distinct from the ordinary accounts of the society. The principal authority iu the association is vested in a general council, cousistiug of sixteen members, each representing one of sixteen dis- " Tliis is jilso a rule of tho OinTdtivo .Stoiic-iiiaMoii's Society, iiud of houio otlu:r astiuc'iiitiuuij. tricts into and each 1 cast in nn rei)resents of some eli submitted the genen months bel to all the I of the geu( occurs duri the eandidi liighest vot The gene the branchi upon movii the general receives a s auces for sj An execi branches si otlice, is inv the businesi various que The gener and from fc si)ecial emei only be ado must be sub and any ch;; rule, require matters, the general conn of emergency awaiting the district. The benefii Uiiemploy( Cs. i)er week cumstances .^ per week.; to ting, not to e.\ and U.v. per Wi £12, or to am lit, to a mend ahled, £,j(); s standing, Ss. eighteen yeai nature of bcui tress. Jt niaj ganization of hy any of the aresindlar to ASSOC: In the repoi ISTl, the numi TRADES-UNIONS IX THE UNITED KINGDOM. 207 ^!;fo.ic^i;e!;;'?H!:;i'7^'"^'"''^^-^''¥' '^'^ ««<'i^ty oxters is ,iivi,io,i, rS v"tnts f;V l.^^^^^ bra.iclics witliiu the distri(;t wl.icl, bo of the ficnoral council talced ,, he o'k'o h^hrci o' '"''^^'"""'r.s I'Shcst tlif ' '"' "' the pivcoding ek>etion, received the next tithe The general sccretnry is elected by a majority of the votes cist in -,11 the branches Mitliin the association. lie is nnili tlu , vn. . .V V upon n.oving hunself and his tan.it C. ^M " .^ v he r SSt iS S; snSd ^rS.^'n H'"' ""'•^T'' ""''^' """ ^-•^^"" other l.C! €iui^La lui special sen ices and tor assistance An executive council, consisting of six members elected In- th^ branches situated within a radins'of twelve m h s Vo, . eiui d ?£"u!^n;^o?H "''' '^ :''^''^^ ^'^' «"I'^^vi«n," over thJ.^^ o li i^,;;; ^^:!^ the hiuMness of the secretary, as well as with the po«er of deteni i, in general council, by letters a.ldressed to its several nie. bei li icas s ut emergency the general council is authorized to hold . eet nos w khon? awaiting the attendance of the member representin^ulelmS The benefits offered by the society may be summarized as follows • h iiemploycHl (or donation) benefit, 10.. per week for twelve weeks V,.,l G.S-. per week for twelve weeks more ; for leaving employment i nder c r cuinstances satisfactory to the branch or to the exec th'e o ici inV per week.; tool benefit to a member of not less than s x mont Is^iu:^ " ,mg, not to exceed £,5; sick benefit, for twentv-s x week; r> oi wo =uu 0. per week thereafter as long' as illness continues linenrbenet' £U or to a mem ber oi only six months' standing, £3 lo, • acviVlent e n ' 1,0 a member totally disabled, £100, and to^^i memb(^r a Uallv d s-" .lb d, £,.(); superaniiu.ition benelit to a member of tweiitv-five ve-ui a 1 hug, b.. per week for life, and 7.s. per week for life to a i ember of lyheen years' standing; emigration benelit, £0; other b^.e Its n the ut.ire ot benevolent grants, according to circumstances in casis of dis^ tu'.>s. It maybe remarked here that the rules and the gover men il r ga.uzation ot this society are regarded as beingamong the best o!^;l,sSi |J.\ liny ot the trades-unions. The reiiulations in re<7..nl fn v w"/.,! . r iue similar to those of the engineers. ° ^acant■book ASSOCIATICD CARPENTKKS AND JOINERS OF SCOTLAND. Ill tlie report of this society for the twelve months ended Octol)er 31 16. 1, the number of its members is stated at 5,781, of whom 5,'J2l wei^ mm f>-i Bfe8»iBWB3ari«ifa3»r 208 LABOR IN EUKOrE AND AMERICA. subscribers to all its bcueQts, the reuKiiiiiiig 557 uot being subscribers to tlie I'tiiul provided for sickness, siiperaiimiiition, and i'uiicral benelJts. Its expenditures for the several objects for which it is constituted, as well as for rents, taxes, salaries, &c., during the twelve ' mouths just named, were as follows : £ 8. «f. Sick-all()\vanco3 1,H13 (li ] !i)ii uses to three (lin:il)loil moinber.s l.'U d' FiintTiil-iUlowiiiicos 51rj o Tools L'()ii;;)ciisatioii , [i~\> n i\i iStriko-allowiiiico ■ 40'J 5 tJ Grant to aj;i'icuUiiriil laborers' uuiou 50 Vieti!iii/:',:(l allowance* !,-> ;u H:ill I'l'iits ]'.'.'. 39'J 18 ilV Taxes uuil hall expeuses H-l 4 d' Stat ionciy and postage , ]-jG 14 11 Trintin^ and atlvertisin;^ 415 4 (ij Can iage of parcels i) ;!" Doctors' accouuta , 1 H) (j Lost time U H) fj lirancli lioxes, &c 1^ ;j ]{ Delegations "'■. yo j^ 7 Law expenses (j ;} ;) lOxpensrs ofjoint meetings 51 ^ J-i Salaries and coiiimissious p;;>7 15 7^ Total 5^314 3 yj The income of the society for the year ended as above exceeded tlio expenditure by £l,4il 5s. 3=^(7. This increases the accumulated iund to £9,071 ,S,s'. Sid, of which £7,554 5s. M. belong to the ti'ade account, and £1,517 '3s. 2.UI. to the benellt account. The number of members added to the society during the past year was 774, and, according to a state- ment presented by the secretary, it now comprises nearly one-half of tlio members of the trade in the districts in which it has branches, the to- tal number of journeymen in those districts being 11,830, while the meiii- bershiit of the society is 5,781.t The secretary calls attention to the fact that during the year several trades have had protracted strikes, while the n)ombers of some societies, notably the agricultural laborers, have been compelled to fight for the right of determining whether they sho-did be union men or not. In some of the trades wages have been reduced, but among the joiners the changes that occurred during the year wore tisually favorable to the workmen. The secretary estimates that there has been an average rise of 2s. a week in journeymen's wages, while sevei'id of the society's branches have obtained a reduction of hours. The only disputes with emi)loyers during the year were those of Dum- fries, IJunfermline, Tertli, and the Clyde. The latter was short and de- cisive, lasting but a few days ; but the one at Dumfries was protracted and bitter, continuing for a month. Tills society was organized and a code of rules for its government adoi)ted at a conference of delegates from the carpenters and joiners of the i)riueipal places in Scotland, which was held at Edinbiirgh ia September, ISOl. The rules have since undergone three revisions, the last having been comi)leted in August, 1873. The society is divided in- to two sections, which maybe called respectively the ""trade section"' and the "benefit section," although some of the allowances nmde to '"c^iJL'ers of the trade section might very properly be classed as Ijeiiefi- * The " victimized allowance'' is one which tho rules provide for tlio henetit of mem- hers- disi'harjred from their sitnatimiH. for aetinir ns drlogatosi, or otherv.-ise f-crvi'i'; l!;:- association. It is a regnhir payment, e(in;il lb the wages lost. Tho " vicliniized al- lowance" in Ir*?;!, exceeded £1UU. t Tlic number of apprentices in the same districts is 3,310. (1,1 ()' u Hi G ir, lU 18 SI I 4 (>' 11 n 4 (1 11) () 10 8 ;? 11 Iri 7 3 1) 8 15 8^ TRADES-U.IOX.S IX THE rxrri.:B KIXGDOM. 209 '-;;t b. ..ulH>n.o,l by tbt\X oni; ' S,:;;/'^*^ '"■-'« 5 but.ucb levied '- '->.uro;^;;:;;^::;:r f;4;;s''i;;.^i; ^^-'^ ^' --"— -r a ..,,. ""'"'l>"''" «o throw,. (>»r o w , , , ,' '"'V^' "-^ '"l<'q-atuc' V r to ' ''Hi ''^"'"'' ''"'l''".vnicMt. If i.s "'•^•'•lenr shall „ut have V^u l^;Z\uJ tr'''"^ *'* "'*'^ ^^'"^''"' <'"" to 1 e .i ?, • ^''*: "'"'•<'l ^Howanee on or next of kin. Tiie alloui ,^ ,. . h' , .^"'^ ""^'' noniii-.^o, trnstee tm-d) is £r,, whieh/how :^: :,^ ;;;,; ;:;',^'' '>^ ;^ ^vi,e (if s„e be re^i : ;vMle It ui.as been drawn oV.\re£;tltL*^ ''^;/''^"' ^'f' '^ ^^cmul boneht IS ;}.. (W. p,, ^.,.hc to a ,e ; ' • ■ i y^' ■^''*' •'^"IH'rannuat.on years' standing- in the ^ociiy ^^n\T! ^^^ ?''''''' ""^ ''-"^ '^'^^^^^^ ^^n tilteen .vears iirtlie soeieU Th. ^^•'>•• '^'i' \veek to one who has bee not allowed as b.n/ s ie ,„(!'''; ''I! ^"^ «"l>^''">')>.atiou, howev. ', i wwses of the loealitv in li( 1 ' ^r. i '", "•'•""' ^''="' ''••"' ^!'^' "« "al "Mvl.ici. he can obtain employment '""^'^''^'^' "^'"'^ b-Ksiuess or calling execi;;- :;; =J;!-::'-l!,;--J;tK^^ .. reo..ired to ..ward to the 'H'>i' l.o.ss,.ssion not neede.l ( .r hei* .'n'm (ii^^f/'l '"";''"' ='" '"""''■V.s in bnuiehes not havinj.- sulli,.i,.„t t , wk "" ''"f'' '<''••'• i-xpenditure, • and "'^' to preserilH.! tornis c d . , ( h ';:,^'"'' '•"'"'^«^' '"^'y, acVord ''^''l'"r.S provided, of eou s.s th be moi f ''•'","!"/ '^^« l'^»' ^^Imt they '" "<^<'onl.nce with the rules of the s -i" J '" r,'"'' '''''^^ '''' ^'"t'tl^'-l t'>;«'(;iuive committee and nc.t iuunedi ,h. ' , ' ', '^ '"*""'V'^ '^^'"t to tin, •7<.'l' iMuk or banks as niav . ' ?m '"''^ ^" ^' ''.^- socavtiry, and the UM.n.in It to e '.'. I '' ''"^'■'' ♦'-"•'■^'■^I'-'n*!- '" "T •"""^' <-f f lH> assoei , ei'h .'"'*' "f ',' " '^*"'^'"- "•"ii'..;t.d to the ViKs' s i '^ :fX -: "'-'"^^--and tlu:irnime" ti'"'" ^''" • '-^ - '■' ' ^"^ ociKi tase. :No mones can be drawn ■»'"'twoiru«tees,an(luonecanbc ■Pt l).v the central conospoiidin-'-secretarv 'A: "oi'ii'tyslj.ill !,:. t I'vuls of f|„ 'I'tt V(M1» Urawn_n.,m the Sinking t^iudwi.S ot (I \l]VV i^' "Hl'ill: (if tioim aro li..I,l to dctc COIUIIIJIt miles f'iDiil ill : I «iivt!riiiiioiit;" ail. I till- t) '■'■< "liic'licim.sibtsol' iJi IIMIH'11,.1, cfril li.ivi) M niiiulics Nil iiiiiiiie what In' I'l'oro^rali.-i, of el lliltLVl witlii iiiich (if tlio ii "If iiioaiUeis, who lioid"ollicc 1 I'Ciill'r ! !an a raijus ur o.uo ytiii I'A !hii uxeciitivo 210 hAI'.Oli IN KUROPE AND AMlCniCA. tlic sif,M)ii(iiro of tlic siiino olliccr iiiitl six triislccs; iiiid (lie Inislccs nrti t«) si;^ii no older (or driiwiii;; nioiic.v williout a Idler lioiii tlii^ cxooiilivH conuiiiili't'. siiiiu'd 1>.\ llie cliitiriiiiiii, iintlioii/.iii;; (Ikmii to do so. The sociely eiicli .vciir elects iui iiiiditor wlio serves lor lliree yeiirs, so tliiit there iiie llnee jiutlitors, w liose icsiieclive leniis of ollice Ieniiiiii:t(> iit .veiiil.v inlervals. I'.esides auditiiij,' llie iieeomits el' the soeiely ill tim end o'l eii( li yeiir, lliese ollicers iin^ re(iiiired to assist (he eenlial eonc- siioiidinj; sdVelaiy in inaliiii^ np " an absliael of wlialever ina,\ he eon- sidi'icd oC iM(ei('si lo (he socie(.\, either as a rr.s'uwr of the past year or as a ^iiide lo fiilnie pro('ee(lin;;s."' ]S'(» pail of the tiinds of tiie association can beapiilied to any purpose other than (liose set lorth in (he rules, except l>y a (lireefoiirt lis majority of all nicmhers votinj-' in iiieelin.us of the hraiiciies specially called after due iioltce lor the deterinination of the question. Js'o alteration can lu' made in the iiilt s ^(U- laws) of the society without tlie assent ol two thirds of llie members; and in years when a delej^ale nieeliii}: is held all pidposed alterations must lie tirst snliiiiilt((l to such lueetint;, and by it (it at all) suliuiitted to the society. >'o ms in tli(M\x|i(Miditnros of the Amali^aiualed Tailors' Society from i\Iay to December, lMii>, and oaeh year troin 1870 to 187;} iuelusive, ty^icllier with the number of members, the averafie expenditures per member, (he niimberof members in ri'ceipl of sick and iraveliiifjr benelits respectively, anil the number of deaths of members and ineuibers' wives: Ex)i('nililiin's on ncconnt of sick brm'lil Avprj^i' iHT niinilx'i'im accomit of N,ik liomtlt Kxpoiiililiiiia (111 iicooiuit ' por nuMnlior on iravcl- IM'h' ;i('0(.UIll* Expoi;iuii'son;u'coniit oltratU' luMU'iits. stiiUos, mill Iook-oiU8 Avcrai:!' \nr iiii'iiibfi' on Biimi' aii'ounl aoi wa ■f:. s.d 6 7 4 f^ n 1 yj 5 C 1 Pi H 4 Nunilior of nioniboia at end of yiMi' Kuniiior of nienibors rpceivm;; BioU lii'iii'lit ■Nunilicr nl nicmlu'i's ri'Ci'ivinj; travoU'iH* boiK'tit Uninlioi- of ilcilln of nienibiTS and iniinlnTb' wivi'S 3, 094 'JOS 30 ItTO. 1H71. ls7i Jd ». if. I, S47 1'2 7 1 a loi 202 IS (i 1 32 200 Ui 7 1 4, OOli 550 167 01 ii:il 707 It. d. 12 10 7 8 9 9 3 4 2 b lU 1 « I i-M 283 s. <;. 7 8 5 7 8 2 21 10 111 17 4,914 658 252 1C2 9,001 756 38) MO £ .V. (f. J, 937 7 10 4 9 I, 420 18 6.1 rotaHorcn- I Ml' pi'liml. £ f. d. 10, 095 7 li 4,004 4 li 041 4 Mj . 1,759 7 I J 1 01 022 5 9 1 o; 1,'J07 9 8 t } 12, 385 1, 122 3,0f'li 008 i.-'OA 189 553 * MiMnbcra tnwclinii in i|ncst of I'liipliiviui'nf. f To tlu'M' oxpinolii'iircrt ninv be iiililcil an item of £Q3r), pnintrd to otliiT nssocialiona in 1873, Ihc liist year tliat tlio socii'lv liad set ap:ii'l a coiitiiiixi'iit liind for tbat piirposo. -; 'rii!- ii;K»'.i,r i.f i'iu';oli;':s al U'.o cIuki' of 1874. a-! h!!o>vu in the li>l of nesociations ri-prvwiMi o at llie .".nnnai t vaili'.s roti'jro.ss, wait, in round uuiuborj, 14,000. § Not funiiaUiHl. The i\{.r'^r( l-v., and III '■^U., leaviii... added (o a li .V<'ar, makes The leiMif iiiv as lollon an entrance ,vears, fi.v. ; i yi'ai.s, i;,,v. is at the ral enter the ,'«oc Iia\ iiK'nl a,\al))e in thi to the luithei;: to pariicipaic! iiieiil and cont t>a (piitlin.q hiaiich or to t The "sick-heiK second^ 8.V. ; loi coiilinue.s,) 2.v. ( t\vel\e year.s' f life (o niembeifr id. per day in ( to In. per (lay ii Tile general i an executive ec t'liKlcd the prei 'If'volvi' ehielly ("lee. a (piarter, ic'ijiiire it. Tin wciciaiy, arc ( ''■0111 the hranc "lore or less e: Tlie olijects of t t'xeciitive couiie 1- To iinprovoiiM Oils and (lie lijiiU, wHl-('()ijsi,|crcil but TUAUKS-VXiOXH IN TIIH UXfTKi:, KIXODOAf. 211 ii^r mHHh^t:,:":::':;: ''' "'''^ ';-'"•'"""" '•'■■"- >-=•■• '«-•' --ns .en .r^ .V.., ,.,,,,,,. ,„ , J ,t;;r;;.:j:;,;:,,;';; ;;;:■■,■■.';;:;■ -' .- » ar,;:;L/Jii;;:: {';;;;;::;;:',;;;;-;,;,|';:'; «'"-.;■.. 'n;,!;.,.' a»,„. , I.-. M ii„. ,,,„. ,„■ ,.,. ,;V. ,", ,. '■;,:," '""•■■■I':: '" '!•'■ ■■mi. ■...«■.■ i,„ lawlMll.v ii|.|minl,.,l. ' ' '" ""'"' "•■-^' *'' '^'" "»' >i..mii,oo iH^rn'M il^'^hnvs" '"""'"^ ""' "'"'""^ "• l-''ti.:i,.nf,. in tl,. <■ siHc- -• «'xoc,>.l.vr liinclioMs «''''.v, mc He" ' i .; M V .. '"''r ' '"'•'•"''"■^- tl'o president and "•""•e or less .'x et'n ss . . '"''-;l'^'-^ ''^■"'^' l-rop.rtione.l with Tlie ..hjeet.s (.1 tie isoH.ll'' "''['''"'■ "', '"/'"' '"■'■^ '" '"' •vpre.s,.nte(I. 212 LAnOR IN KUUOl'K AND AMERICA. •J. To provide ii siifii luid profiluMo iiivcstmoiit I'or llid I'oiitrilnitioiiH ami miliHcrip- tidiis (if oiii' iiiciiiliiM's ii^aiii.sl sli'Uiii-ss, (lisrasc, iiiiil iIimIIi, mm well us i'i'(iiioiiii/,lii;; llio Htrciijilli mid power of iiiiil v for I lie wrlfiiic of our Iriiilc, iil\va,vn .sccUiiif^ an aiiiifilde Bti'il IciiU'iitr of Iradc'-diMpiileM rallicr than rrsorlin^; lo llic I wo-t il;;cd wcapMii cif hctllo- luent by Ntrilics. 'I'liis im ai'coni]ilislH'd liy raisui;; capital or funds lliat lua.v lii' availa- ble in case Just and coucilialiuy measures fail, and tlieti, and then only, resorliii;^ to l.bo.^e measures wliicli our unity and streii^lli. couduued with accuunUaled luiuls, can ace;iui|disli, our system coudiihini; ail the ta( ditii's of cNchan^i^ in inveslin;^ our labor l.o prolilable advantage, and insuriiiice and fi icmlly socii'lies tor benevolent iiurposes. :i. To piiuuote the intellect u. ' and uuileiial bcuetit of our mendiers and tlu^ trade p'Ucially, by providinj; means of social inti'icourse and diseussimi id' t(>|iics for Mio ele\iitiou of Ihc^ t rade ecncrally. •1. To afford nu'aiis of carryLu;; out the repeal of all laws that hav(> so InntfuUy aileeted the posilnin of woikinen hitiierio, and to iVee lalxu' from resliictive inlluencu, at I hi' sauu' t iuM' fostering' habits of i>rudence ami foret houf^ht. • o. liy means ut' oui' rules, I'nceura^inii t hose u ho may have t he wcdl'are of tlie trade at heart, to become ornaments to our calling, and leadt rs lo a better and mine i levaled ))i)sii Ion of our i lass. Ill Mic siiiiic iiddioss it i.s cliiiiiicd tliiit dmiii;^' tltc .vciU' IST.'J "w.i^oa wfiti advaiici'd iiiid tiadf privil('j.vc.s oblaitK'd in no less tiiiiii (il'ly-foiir citii's iiiid (owns in Eiiyliind and Wiilcjs," and tlnit in 187 1 (tip to >;(i- vi'miii'i',) "no li'SH lliiin lil't.v-.six more <;itii'S and towns," wlicio the Huciet;^' lias biiini'lit's, " oldaini'd adviiiitaj'i's in tlio siinii', tliioclion." SOCIETY OF OPERATIVr: ^MASONS. The (ollowin;; t.iblt^ contains ii condcnstMl sttitoniont of tlio oxpondi- tuics of '111' Soricty ot'Opt'iiitivo Stone Masons I'loin St'pteinli('il,'t, KSIO, to Novc'inl)*'!' !';>, IS7;i, spi'cir_vino' the dill'cii'iit items ol' expenditniv, iintl also distiiijiiiisliin^f between expenditures I'or tiade ixiiposes and ex- penditures lor benelieiai objeets : 1, Expenditures for trade pur|i()ses : 'J'o strike pay £."(!, Hi;7 (lifts to other trades ;!,-^l)(i Loans 100 Dok'Lfatioiis in general 10, 'J.'it! 11 1 H H II :! 11 0, 7;!0 4 Total for trade purposes 2. Expenditures for benevolent purposes : Sick allowance ; £.M,828 Funerals Travelers" 8urg(^ens' fees liitts tor charitable i)ur poses Hospital subscri|itions Disabled mend)ers (I '.17) Friends of 10,i nuMubers killed Orphan children Master and workmen's actst Superannuation of mendiers Leji^al expenses in del'endiuj; prosecuted menibersl .^ 1,828 Oi '\U,-iM 14 ■iS u4, 45;! 1* 9 Si, 7H<) 15 10 51,-) 14 :i 2, '.1 11 1 17,1141 5, lot) ii'Ji 1) t) '•)'i It) S, (VM> i;! U ;!, 4^;? U Total for benevolent purposes 191,i!()8 'i i) Grand total 201,91)8 U From this statement it appears, therefore, that duriiig the thirty-throe years wliich it covers the expenditures for benevolent puri)oses ex- ceeded the expenditures for strikes and other trade puriioses by £l-*0,o.'i7 l.S.v. Id. 'M(Mnl)ers travelin<{ in search of work. t These two items might perhaps have beou olassifioil with the expenditures for trade purposes. • tiiido •VilUMl 11 8 ,s :! 11 I II II i) () It) i;! U U TRADES-l/NlOX.S IN TIIIC UNITED KIXGHOM. 213 over ;55 y^.rs of a;^,, i r not" • mi . l'" ' "' "'"'''?' ""^ '"^- ''•■••-'>'"* vi(l(Mll.,> has paid 1. lor h,^^^^^^^^ ''''' ''.V' '' """'"''^^^''.s Nvilo (|.ro- » l^i3 r(.oi,st,.,(,i o.a or w<.,IIo.k, arc not inHiuL-d in is" v e '"'' "' •"""'•■" '^^™ ■llie .sni.eran,ination-l.c-nolit is as follows To mombors of ten years' standing ... 1 o men .,.,s of mwnt .voa.s' sianHin-^ )t'- '"^i- "'^•'I- lo men. hers of twenty years' stat.diiM.' '• • ,['■ '''*'' "■<'*''^'- icMnemiiers of tweniy-iive y,.ars' standing ;; I;; ; y.::: jil:; j;;;;; ;;:;;;;|:; owi. nnsoomlu.t, .Irnnkenness, r w,„S, ;'"';: '^ n.emred by his il.'iith omirrinfT to a nieniber nn( I. s ■ f, *'"''^' *^* iiwidental "^""i'"'^S o>' "cxt of kin is en i ito i" ••";!""'"'"^t'.'"<^«'«, ''is widow, vp:^^::^ taS^:X::'i:- •;;,--•; -f :;:;f ;-'- ^^o-- ti. stiHulma- «>(• the inendHT and th.> ,■! ei mst nees of ?' ""'"'«' ''^ ^''" into ia acconlancf ; i; l^irT.;;;:'^ the'^^^-'T' ^'^ '^'^ ^''^'^''^^ ^'^--^ work are allowed l-,v per we iVn . ' '"' ""^'"'""'^'^ suspending pro or ollicerof the eij • w, ' " ai^eS'^'^f """•'^-""^ =^''>' <''■'- l-l-'i'-f,' sneh a position is ai„we «s e ? "73 /" 'ous^.iunu; of Lis not used abusive la.m-,w,o,> t. v , r t in'", , >■ ' 1"«'V"I^'ortof a t wot birds majority in a suniuioned nicelin^jj of the lod^'e, the voles having' been, lormaily taken by ballot. When such an application is received tlie cential committee is to appoint a deputation from three dillerent lod;i-es(inclu(lin,!>- the one from which the a|ii)iication emanates) to proceed to the locality, examine as to the state of trade, the nuii'l)cr of Uicmbers entitled to bcnellt, and other matters, and to make a report which is to be submitted to tiie various lodges iii connection with the application. A vote ot the scc'iety is to be taken within twenty-ei^lit da.\s, the (inestion to be decided for or against the application " in ao- coidance with the majority of the votes east. In eases wlierj emplovers aitempt to reduce tlit^ current rate of wa^n\s, to introduce piecework w here it has been abolisln <1, to inci'ease the hours of labor, to iiifi iii;;e upon the esiablislied meal-hours, or to emi)loy as masons persons who liave not Ivained the trade, a two-thirds majority in a summoned meet- in^'of til 'lod^e to which the members atl'ect'e', shall be siillieieiit to Justify them in resisting- it by a suspension of Work ; and in case the employer attempts to enforce the inlrin;;eii!eiit before a lod^e meeting- can be held, the decision arrived at by a two- thiids majoiity of the members workiiij:? for such employer is to be bind- ing; but they nuist wait upon the employer or foreman' before suspend- ing work; and in all cases the central committee must be inlbrmed as to the particMilars of the dispute. The members of this society bind tliemsclves (by voluntary offer) to give moral and material aid toother trades-associations. Any lod^eat*- piied to for Uiis i»uri)ose is to iiivestisate the case, and, if the cause be thoii.iiht worthy of siipptnt, the amount of assistance re(]uired is to bo niade known to the central committee, and by them to be submitted to tlie society, a vote of which, iu lodge meetings assembled, is to be taken within twenty-eight days. Ail lodges are required to transmit weekly to the central committee any money in their possession in excess of £10 not required for their injiiicdiate local expendituies. A printed list is to be ])nblislied annnally by the central committee, showing the names of members who have" worked in oiipositiou to the society, of the members (or oflicers) who have committed frauds or defalcations, and of members who are in arrears under local levies. Members are i)i()hibited from working overtime, which is condemned as a piactice tending to keep other njcmbers out of emiiloyment, and liienibers who ]iersist in violating this rule, in opposition to their own lodge, are liable to a tine not toexcetd£2. There are certain excep- tions to this rule, however, in cases of accident or necessity. Where siibcontiacting or piecework is abolished, members ;.re bound by these arrangements. Where workin^; by artiticial liglit has not been tlie rule, lotlges are authorized to resist its introduction. Hliould the lunds of the society fall below £3,000, the central coin- mittee may recommend a sjieeial levy upon the nieml)ersof the society, hut such levy must be sui)mitted to a vote of the societv uud approved by a majority before it can be carried out. The .)| rules, is decided i vote beii pose. This s( be notice UN The to 10,(JoL', sli The niiml The nnnil The expei Strike jiaj Assisting' VVag<'s of tees . . . . General (k Voted to I Voted to ]■ Voted to J' Voted to 1 Tota Sick allowa Accident pi Surgeons' i\ I'^uueral alh Total Total Grau( Excess for I The tiuanc stated as loll In bank, Dec Deposited sii Interest accr Drawn out oi Amount in hi •Tlii.s probiibl gross, aua go elsi TRADES-UNIONS IN THE UNITED KINODOM. 215 lOU 5 15 Total Sick allowatioe ^'''' ^""''^'''''-'"^ J^OT^osc*. Accident p.ovisioiis ..." 4R0 Surgeons' lees * " .' 400 Fuueral ailowauce 15 ■ 1,(J70 Total for benevolent objects iotal lor trade purposes '.'.[\ '^' ^^*f'^ Grand total 3, JoO 784 1 7i 4 ^ Excess for benevolent objects. 1,782 2 n M stS f^'Si;J;r '''"" "' ^'^ ^"^••^^^ - ^^^^ ^^ o^ I^ece^ber, 1874, is In bank, December 4, 1873 £• poposited since that date . 7, 8( _ _^ Interest accrued up to 3d Deceui'ber,"is74! .".■.';;;; "^' fl'"^ *'!,' "^ 800 18 d. 10 Drawn out of bank dnrinfr vear ^^' *'^"^ H 5 "•^ 445 18 10 :^^^|^banl^.cember 3, 1874 TTT ~Z~^ 21G LA150K IN KUKOI'i: AND AMKRICA. 111 Imnils of lodfjo trensiircrs ;{;[() if, j/a III Iiiiiids (tftrciisiircr of central (Miininitteo <> |o i> ValiR' of hill! ill ICdiiiUur^ili i»()() o o Tolal worth of the association Dcccmhcr 3, 1S7I ](», l.i!) IS (!■/ 'lolal wort h of the association Decciiibcr 4, 187;5 S, L'lS i;{ S;^ Net gain (Imiiiff the year i,,s<)i .1 k, The niinibcr of lodf^cs in tlie association is aliont 100, wiili an avera','*? of ov«'r 100 iiicmhcis per hiti^M*. Tiie ictiiriis made to the (U'litral coin- iiiittec, lt,v the lodj-e seeietaiies, indicate tiiat a lar^e majority of tiic men iM-loiifiint;' to the trade in the i>iaces where the society iuis IJiaiKilies Hre inclnihMJ in its inenil)ershi|). Tile atiililinj;- conimittee, in snhmittiiifj their financial statement, take occasion to con;;ratiiiate tiie society on "the steady increase of wayes ill tii<> v.iiious districts, and tiio obtaining,' of sndi" witiiont any jjrcat sacrilice, eiliier as repirds time or money. Tlie past year," tlie.\"say, " lias also been free from strikes of any Vreat majiiiitmh'." Tlie'y liir- fher observe, "that a iinmber of lodfres' have taken up the apprentice (jiicstidii, with the apparent determination of having; ail wiio may desire tolcain the trade (!oinpelled to serve a re^-iilar apprenticeship," a result; which they think, "would i)rove an inestimable boon to the trade "i fiitiire .u'ars." liefeniiif>' to tlu combination of emi)lovers in a nation;. i fedorat on, they say, " we must meet ledcration with lederation ;"' and aUhonyh that plan !ias not hitherto succeeded "from the iact that the laij^cst and stronj-est unions stood passively aloof" from the movement they express the hope that a federation ol t'radesunions will ere loii}; be loinied, " wieldiiiff a power f-iviiter than the national federation of cap- italists and emi)h>yers." IJcferriiij;- to the movements on loot amoiif,' the trades organizations to se(Mire the repeal of the "ciiininal law amendiiicnt act," they ask, " Why not a movement to raise from our trades (ir;;anizations a fiieat political federation? for then, and then o-ily, with the ballot and workinj;- as one, will class criminal lej^islatit,.. be swept away, and our interests receive more iittoiition at the hands of our legislators." Ill its plan of orp^anization, benefits, and rules of action there is con- siderable resemblance between this society and the one last iioti(!ed, al- tlioiifih there aie many minor dill'ereiices, and the contributions, fees, and allowanc-es are not. in all cases the same. The rules of the I'.nylisli society provide that members of the Scotch society coming' to EiifPand shall be admitted free, and that membera of the En{,disli society j'oiiijj to Scotland shall be admitted into the Scotch society on the same terms; but by a curious disctrepaney the Scotch rules provide for the ])ayineiit of half a crown for admission in either case. Jt is i)robable however, that the provision in the Enjilish rules is the one finallv afiteed upon, thesHi rules having- been revised as late as December 1*4,1874, ■while the Scotch rules were revised about a year earlier. In both cases conlormity to the rules of the society entered is of course a condition ot admission. The two societies ajfree that in order to effect a mutual understand- nig between them, a fortnightly return of coiTcsi»oiidence shall be established, the more es(»ecially to avert the evil teiideiun- caused by an iiitliix of hands from either country in case of strikes'; and that a .printed coi)y of the lortuighliy returns of each society (divested of their finaneial two soeiet stonc-mas( UNITJO The folh J{.»iler-AIal. J)eceinlicr with llu^ iv On ncTOiint nf xl liflii'f tiiiricinlpr: Oil MCcuiriil, oC (11 On MiCdiiiii (if 11', Slll'p'iinH' aiiliMil' r<)(iii|)i'niiiimiit(!i Siilarios }':uvn (]f iiii'iiilmr, 'Iciino (liiiiiiiidiia. uoimniH Total. ' Tlio (ixpcntl The numb number of u «,r)7.'{. The iiuinbi the numbei- < association, j The beiielii are in the (or ated, and to I bills, funeral Ti.ADK«.,.NmN« ,H mv. vm'i^v KimnoM. 217 »tu„v.n,„s„„s „f 11,,. liuill'ui,,;;.,,,,,," '"• ""* ■'•'•""" "f "'" "l»^^n,uv„ ij.S;f;!!r:s-:i';t,rl^;:;;;;;;;,;i-::;'ii:--,M.« >; ..i « „ ,„ Dcccnihcr;!!, is;,! ii,„l Inr n, .. . '^ I'litiiiii lor tin. vcjiiM'iidi'd ''■viH'iKlllnrcH for yciip rinliil iJicciiibor' Ml On nccniintorglckncsfl.... Jiclii'f to riirinlMiM tnivcllnc On HncipiiiK nf tiiiicialH On u.Ti.iiiii „r lnMl„,liHj)uU,;;;: ■,• hiir);c(jnH'«iil:MicH ... '• i'dHripcranimiitnilniumW™ L, , 1 'iKimbers . . S;ilaiips ... /IdlllC lIllllillliMM liolJllSt'H * ' Totnl. Au«rr(tli|i Cor tllii HiH ir .V. £ «. rf 4. im i 1,0111 4 :i 1,'tlH n n V!H1 n n 1, lllil) ID ,■> 1, l-JJ 1.) ■i Am't per incinl)!'!-. I IM III !I7 IHI) !l V II) U 7 .ll 1 !l J IIJ r,i ;i i.'i 1 f.i 1 un I) 'j; (I ICx|iciiilltniin for Rcvfa M'lTMiiiilml U,Tcmbi.r .ii, if<7;i. At'-rcjjiifi.f,,,. I..\,ii'iii,.r tim ...luiciy. I inciiilMT. £ ». (I. 30, .114 I) i:Mi:ti :i, Afi !',-.''J7 II, H17 (') 'iiiij II n 1. 4.i7 () l.^'".'! I) 1} £ «. il. a lU H 'J 4 ^ U IH :< H u 1 1 1) ir. I'i II (1 II ,1 ■H A II ' I'lio MnciHlituroH for ..IlleprH' »„l„rl,.« .lurhi^ ,|„. "■"•(Ml ,vi>iii-H an, ,iot indiKl,..! i„ tl,„ ivt,.™. al...V(. 11,1 »ii|„.,Mr.n„! 218 LADOR IN EUUOri: AND AMIMIICA. wm AMALOAMATKD HOCllJTY OI' UAILWAV HKUVANTS. Tills society was foniicd in tlio hcyiiiiiiii^fot' tlicyt'iir l!S7-*, Jiii'l cotisists ol till cxt'ciitivo (•(iiincll and \'>ij Itraiiclit's. In the report ol' the Ki'neriil Hvvietarv for that year, the nuniluTot' members eoiistitntin;; said society Im repiesontcd as lieinj; 17,-17, with lands on hand to the aniuant of £.i,'j{i[K This he regards as hehif,' highly eneonraKiiit>'. !lesa.\sihat alter the heavy expenses which mnst naturally tall upon a ;;i}''anlic society at Its comnien(HMnent,andconsidei in}- the short time that manyi^l' the blanches liad been opened, and the niindier of men who, alter having;' .joined tlit! society and obtained throni;li its inlhience that which they soiij;ht, im- mediately abandoned it, such an accumulation of lunds speaks well I'or tile iiitnre. The improvement in the condition o! many of the railway- men which the society had been able to elleet in this short time speaks well for the lutiiio power of the society when its members will be in- creased, its funds au;;nientcd, its inlldeiice extended, and its organiza- tion completed, Tluu'Xe(;ntivo council, lu; states, is decidedly opposed to strikes, beinj,' of the opinion that if railway men will (uily be (irmly united, they will j;ain that to which they are entitled without huviii},' recourse to any stoppajio of work. The funds of the society are arranged under the following beads, namely: Delegate fund. Eini''ratiou hind. S Ii It fund. Investment luiu Stiike fund. Superannuation fund. Amount received by the society during tUe six months ended June 3S i- ". \'. -i s = - 1. -J « 2 — Hi ■0 10 3* rt n o : » 2 " O f i,^ I »»=2 > 1- -i .^.1 i -ef tv- 'uf r-"-*v : ■a e •i " » 1 1 =« 1 S : ; M* rf I ■ o 9 s >a o lo O 3 3 O O X> ■ 2 c Tin 3 Tj ri t- « o « = o »-?:.■• i; 'C J i- '■:> 5^' « o o "V I.-) -H 00 00(0 o a o o c o lO O Tl f O (O •- 3 r^ :j t- r> :3 s*p|52 •» srims c» o *»• n c « 71 -r X - Si ■ C l* =? S '-^ ^ ■ f2 o ^ O " fo ' « *r — ^ a -r a "« *■ c. «i -. V «« I- o S " "^ 3 »» 3 3 inr"'ir ;0 oooe< ■O O 0005 ' « p' — — •».• T cf n »opO-5."- Kr: — -5- r^ CO o t" f i-'V ci ri s :^ . K xT o o' . O 9 OO O O o o a o o CI 9 5 2 i2 .9 ::* N -? (jb I. 5 1~ Q t-- -:» 3 = -^ T 'J n f o «- aj ■::; T) n /JC* LIO ^ Ml--- X' r. o "' '"' if lOOO OL - ^3 t" (- rt 00— ■ 7)" 119 rro — ?*-ro 09 — ?t**'3 o TD x> X) x; j^ /S ac V V. V V. 3 s p - -» p O o !• *■• (- !• -O t* 05 /. U /,' ij O a o o P & OO .5-1 a- a s'-a <° a. t 2 q 2fl 5^5^ .S.3 (i<:3 28 220 LABOR IN KUROr'K AND AMKRICA. NOTES ON TIIK I'OKKnoiNCi SOCIETIKS. ii.iY iMiii /MMMilf..,.s ol To v , , ,'i ^ fi..Ms,„ ,p,.,nt,.,latfr,.,„.rMl .,„.,.ln,«,s ,.f tlu> ivs,,..,.|iv,. hndlrs. I,, 1st'" l.n V v.t 1 ' ' rnas....^' as«oc,at,ou wa. bn.k.n u,. in c,.„....,n..!,..,« ,.t a .npluvo with Jh^tll^io^ioS f .^' .^. "'^^ "^"•'""" .^^■''"■'' "■"•■* <" "■nn.,l in the h.tt.T year ivsnll.,! ;,,, 1 . shilhiijis p..,. w.M.k, a.,,1 a ndnriH.n „r hmirs ti i:! to (10 per w • ■! a .1 a ,;„r.CNpon,hnK uicivast, i,, tl,.. p,i,.,.s „| pi „„rk an.l th., ,mv t • v -i , i ' a ho oliuTs ninain ilo.s... to Ih.. p,..,s,.nl ti ." Tl,.. stliki, of Wi ^^■.s e. t m'd upon t..,s,.<;moatiirth<.rn,s„ „, wa-.^s an.l t ni..,.H lor pi,...,.wo>k us xv,.|l -sir. .l.U'fon ol t h„ hoars of hihor fr..n> lit) t,. r.l p.T u'. rk. It w ,s -a, v ai' ial v . a , ..'ssfh ' .a h,.s,...,vtary «tat..s that tV.,a, ISdt; t.. iWj in..|Msiv,.. th.. s.! ■ -tv sa .h 1 n S as pih.s ah.,at 1., p,.rcont conc.irr,.ntl,v with a r..,ln,.|i the 1 oars ..(' aho ■ JV ,n (..no 54 iM.uKs p..r w....k-, an.l a c..nsi,l..rahio h. (i, in ,|>c na.tt. r of < r n ne ila, il,.,n nanke.l (1) n, th,. tahh, iiu.la.h.s th.. pn,..|,aN,. of Kovrnnaiit stocks to th« nna-antot £,(,... That n,a,^..,l (:!) i„..h,.h.s l'l,|(Mir,«. an.Hl a , rL S 10.V. ,.xp..a.l,..l ior tlio saaio ,,ar|,..s... Th.so thiv,, s,n„s n.ast tli.T,-f..re bo r-..^;, . , consc,,a,.i,tupon thostnk..sab,.vor,.f..r,...l t.. " mis ro uatl lUu txpL-nse.-i 1 lu, oh.i.Tt ot t Ins str,kc, whicli was an incrcas,. of vv,,"..m wis .1, ('.■■it,..! v I > '^ Iron, C.anwall t.j take the ,,la,...H .,f th.. stiik..,.; thlly "r o h^ ' ^r |.o ' f i '^ ^ an (last iij, ,,„ly a low wooks) has o...iin,.,l a„i.n,« (|,i. „„.„ib,.rs of this s., 'i.- ' 1, :^/s;;iko'::';;:;io;i;i';';::;^^r::i';^,i:z;',l;.;:'''-'^^ -"'^ ■■ - ■""- t-'-^v;,;;;S -u,^'ll',l','r'"'"'r' ''■^"'''^ """" "''..■' «''',"''"^'' '^'"''- ''"'■^^•'"•" ""■ ""'.nibors of this 8n,.iotv Bis t, ; ' ''T''"'" "7^ '■'^^''^'•'■-■'1 ''»• -'•III. n( ...a siaialin^. o.ainni tt. .'. i^ bistinnol SIX .■Mipioyors an.l SIX w.,rk n,) wlii.h li,n| i„...n i,,oxislonoo fo ' , /,■ k Vu- . y.'ars at th,. .lai„ of th," abovo rolnnis, an.l lia.l work,..! sat isla,.t!^.rilv ''' '''" llio]iayiMi.nts ot nioinbors ar„ (if/, iior lortiiii>lit an.l Ihi'v i ,.iv.. ii)» ,>„,. „. i , ss:sr,r ;i;,:;';;Ei;;-si ' » «'»■ « :--: iS^y"l'S':;:;J,Ss Piyy"'''-'' Pi't.v to p,.rfor,n tho .a.linarv ,liili..s of (|,.. I.fiu... ''""""*»" t"<^ =">"'-ly for .lonahnns, allowan,:..s for si.:kn,.ss, a,.,.i.l..nls, snp,.ratinaati, i , . ,.Xn 1 on ' lion, Iroin ISMJ to Ir.V.) ini'liisivo, ani.mnl,..l to (• "-Tl | , ! H/ if! v. i' ' ." sanu, a.T.,nnts,froai 18(10 t.. ML) in. 1 s . \;^,r"x '.H (W i^ I'tV^'IV ':'''''.'.7"'' ''<' strik.'s aro n.,t in.la.l.,,! in th.'so ani..nnts -^"'^'J-' '«• '*''• i-xpcuaitar, . .oi- Ji yV rn,n„<:i>,l T!iiM,,jrophic-!-« the Up to 1H/;J tho soou.ty ha.l no fnn.l f„r b,.n..|ils .,th.-r than r.'li,.fto na^n on stiikos- LaiHl aaioa^.ts to ahoat i:..000 win..,. is";..t nlw!::;;:! ^ul'!^ JE.,^;:,^ ""''■ "^'^ "" Whoila-Malurs and Jrou-.Sh,p /;»,Wn«.-TI,is so,.i..,.v has alr.,a,lv boon not i,.o,l. It is to be rcfiretlod tliat ret Miners' National Union, niiiiil . . ,. . „ »»'i'iii«lK.\(l(»:hii(>iiil)ci. Associiitum ot Miners, iinmln'riiiL; •ir.,()(m ; ti„> N iirn.s could not bo obtained fioin llitj J^uborLT«' Uuiou, uumbLTm- (>;),0;)(>, mul iho I'cU'ial U iio Amulgiimiitt'd (' National A,i;Ti('iiltiiral uiou of Aijncur- tural L.'ib paiativcl, t('miiti(! 11 piobiilily ats to liic been scxc lilvi'l.Y to I tiicsi' iissd ciatioii (it l'o\V('r-Lo( and SttH'I tioii in roil boi'ii r('(;(i Tlic soc: the iistioci sen ted tit i Uiiry, l.S7(j beis repie! iull allow; city iiade> of very coi gress at all noticed in was also 111 to (;oij)i)ii8( doii,taf;t>ni iiiovcinents Ooifi^iess t trades-niiio l,2()(t,(l()(), ;i proportion ^ siderable s, iron worker .j(l(>,00() 11101 velopiiient, in a slioit ti wonderful j lits. SiclviK and in som and orpliiuu provident ai inair.ssitiiati tiie benefits coiitiniied l\ however, tlu correct. Tlj to their inea iU'c mil iikel; iH'ss and the Kieeinent aiu laisiiiess tac <'ver their ol) *A f„\v of tho as till, Scotch A:- coiijjross. t Air. Potior is TRADKS-UNIONS IN THE UxNITED KINGDOM. 221 tiiral Laborers, nunibpriiirr 'U) nnn . i„,f *i . . a-s to liiHr u cil Jon li \' '^^ to bo n.ann,.ni,.ative been severe m .tV 1 , ^'""" '■^'""'^^^ ^^^'1' «''"Plo>('ivs have tlu.se nssneintic,,,s, i,s\;; I'as' e ; r M i •"7';:"^'';^ 'opresentatives of fniuu of Cotto.;.«pi,H,ert n ,X nV'^i^ ,,0 ni^'"!' ^'1'";'^"' ^^^^•^• I'ower-Loo,,, Weavers, rniunbe . m ^ ' ! ? ^'"'^^ Li.neasliiru »"'''''' «'^H''h;o tra.les-unions of the Unit ^1 Kin Ion li ■*"^"' "H.H,b,.rshii, of tbo in a sln.rt i.ne fie ■" ert ^on.plc^te in their arranoe„H,,ts as ^^■""'^'Hni i,ro« s' In s b^HM " n I ' """ui,.^''''' ^"^."V' '" '^'"^^^ ^•='"-^' hts. Sickness and de uli in cl ', "^ P'ovident to trade bene- aml in sum..; s, ^ra , t on is S " ^''T^''^ ^'''' '" '"<'^' '>'' ^ ''^>"' 5 a-1 <>.|.l.ans. Tin..; alo e S . "..S ^ l^e' /'^l.!''"^'"'"' '^"' ^''-^'^ provident airaniicnent bv u , l. . ,,. . f ^''^'^ '^ ^'^'^'^ lu't-woik oi mitM\s situation wi be,;, ^.n,^^^^ m>ss an.l they do it yerv e) i, fh. ^'""^' "'"''" *'"'*^" "»" l>"'^i- as tM... Potter is editor of the Beehive, the Trade«-U..iou or..uu. ! ii! ovi' n -ti. OH, as well not rL-proi-o'.it.a in th.; 222 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tliis is strong comHioiidntion ; but it must be fniiilcly ooiiCcssrd that tlic study of tlicir i)!iiii oi (ii{,r)iiiiziUi()ii, tiicii' inaiiii^ciiH'iit, tiicir modes of milking- the will of tiicir mcmbors felt in nil niiitttis ol' vital coiicciii, tlicir juccaiitioiis a{>aiiist liiurl on tbo pait of llicii' olliceis, tbcir i)i<(\ isioiis for tlic discouijijiciiu'iit of insb or liasty action in dis- putes, .Titli emplo.NVis, tiieir i:eniillies for li(|ristlul oi' abusive lau;j;na>;e, and tlieir earebill.v jiuaided airaii};en!ents for mutual snpixirt and assist- ance, tends to impress one with a much more I'avorable (.pinion than that which is eommonl.v received of tiie sobiieiy of eondnct, cjijiacily for business and for selfgoveriuiieiit, solid intelligence and moral .blatuV of the men who eom[iose them. TRADES-UNIONS. By Ml!. J. S. Stanm-.y ,I,\mi\s. The followiufr, forming the coneliidinjf part of an article written for thisiepoit by ilr. Stanley James, '-Un the condition of the wovliing- classes of Enj;land," is inserted in this place because of its connection with the pieceding chapter : TiiKlcs-miionisrii in EiiRlaiul is an cKtalilisIicd fact, niul a power -svliicli, allliaii^'h many polilitians liy to slink or avoid, it in licst, to openly admit. Tlie iiMprejiidicrd observer must ■:l!o\v that in Euyland trades-union.s liave lai.sed woikiMj,'nK'n nioially and inleileelnally, and have, lani^ht tlieni a lii^lier sen.seof tlieir respon.siliilities. Tiiey have incnased IJU! piiccH and shortened Ihe iionrs ol lalior; liavi^ ediicared ^vorUin.r- ineu to a knowledge of their eoninion interest and common duty, and in eveiy sense liave raised the diaraeter of English workmen. .Ind^e Rniiert Kettle, in his w'ork on " Strilies,'' sa,\s, lesiieetins' the trades-unions, '• They have promoted flee thoii'Jit and free action amoii<;- thi,' hand-working classes, and, moreovei', have taught them toVespcct the law and icly upon moral means for obtaining wliat they believe to lie li^^lil. Wo bav<' now no bloodshed, no rioting, scarcely an angry word' in the bitterest 7ind nioHt protracted strikes. Althongh wo owe this salntaiy ehaiige jiartly to the improv(fd education and the. higher moral tone among the laboring class, wc owt; it nnicli inoro to tlifc direct and immediate influence of Irades-iiiiions." The British Quarterly Re- view says, " It appears pretty clear that nnionism by its influence has, liy slow degrees, altered for the better the condition and ciicnmstances of Biitish workmen." Prior to ise4 all concerted proceedings on the pai t of workmtMi for Ihe ])urpose of raising the rate of wages were imnislialile botli at common law, and under Ihe •' com- bination acts," which were in force both in England and Scotland. In Scotland par- ticnlaily were flieso restrictions impo.-eil on woikinguien. In 17').^ the jouiiuymen wool-combers in Al)erdeen formed themselves into a society. "Though tli'eir seeming view," siiid Lord Kmiics, " was to provide^ for th. ir poor, yet under that pretext several rcsoiiitioiiH were w.idv cram])ing tiade and tending to ni.Ike them independent of their employers." The judgment of the court before winch the men were brought was, '• t:at such combinations of artificers, whether they coiltct money for a common box, inflict penalties, or make liy-laws, are of a dangen.ns tendency, subversive of jieacc! and order, and against law ;" and so uuder )ains and )>eiialt e's thi' men were iirehibited from coiitinning such society. In ITti.'tlie co:irl at Ldinbiiigli fmud '• that thed.fend- ers anil other Ji.nnieymen ta.l as of Edinliuigli are not entitfed to an hour of recess for brc.ikfast, that the w;i 'cs of a .journeyman tailor in i ht^ said city ought not to exceed oiio shilling per day, and that if ::ny Jouiik ynian tailor uot r t.ii.o I'oi- employed shall refuse towoik when requested l)y ii nii s.er'oii the, aUnesaid terms, unless lor ^Ollle sullieient cause! to lie allowed by the magi^trates, the oliender shall, up(Ui conviction, bo punished ill terms of law; lor aits and niaiiulaetnies which aie necessary to the well-being of s uiety, must be subjei^t t:) rules, otheru ise it mav be in the power of a few in v o\v of the sovereign court." With r.gard to llio i ropii, ly of then gula i nis it was observed that, the power to fix wages was admitted, and "it is of no ptirjusi to fix w.ig. s without also fixing the number of working hours; and it is to no purpose to lix ulher if tho defend(!is have the jjiivilege to work or not at their pleasure." lint year by year, during this century, the old-fash.ioned enniiootion of mastor and Bcrvaut, with the quasi-feudal servility on the one baud aud patronage ou tho other, bus pa.",sed nant and i to the com the statute Jibolish, lb opiiosition acts of I'ar until ls71 Many fornr societies an engagenien its secrets." unlawful ai The tlad( the wages a too often at employed. ing and mis between em Arbitration rister, now devoted bis disputes bet (for which 1 workingnien accepted it 1 the leading f of Miners tli tricts in ihe ers to form 1 arise befweei barbarous eo a national oi great iiu.; bei (,'onite de Pa by the great Bertram. The leader llalliday, Bin of the Gaul L great, who, al TRADES-UNIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 223 abolish, UH.piiinsn.uliu'KUlis^v^^^^^^^^^^^^ 'IH.v m.h > imn/.., I„U m,t. to aut««ll'a,li,.,„„.„t ^v.-R. iVo.M li.,„ t.^ me ,■ .1 , "/''"KH' .■v,t,v .lay. Various Many Iomimt (iisuMlitics im., howrvrr coi.ti ■„ m i' "-V^V'"'' < "'.V "■•■lo lc-alii;..(l. «od.ti... an. ,l,..n„.,l nnla^vt U n i, at s I. 'u^ ,^^ T'v "T""!"'^ '"'^ '"'W'' = " ^H engaK.M.ir„|,s in tin. natnr,, .,l^,a(l r // ", ,/^^'^ ^ "' ^'V'' •'■''^'H '^''<" ' i'th., or Its m-crvtH." A..c(.ipr.'<.'ialed by tbo arcepted it. loyally ainl tlioion.K \,u..;' • "^'■■""■'^t tlieir elainis, tbey have !ig continued strike of the Lancashire cotton-spinners, wliich took p.: I'le in bSlO. The toliowinjj;' particulars of that and several other stiikes of Lritish workiufimen are taken in a condensed form from the work of Mr. Ward on " Workmen and Wayes:"* In Ir-ld, tlu' .s|iiiiin'r.H in tin) mills of Miinclicster, Stoi'lq)()rt, Macclcsru'ld, Shilcybridfjo, Aslildii, Ihilc, OUlluuii, iJolloii, ami ii.s iar iioitli as I'lcstoii, .siimillaiit'oMsly l(\tt. tiioir woik, and, JKid tliu stiikc coniimu'd a link' UinK'T, tlii' wliolc of iScoflaii|>s to that par' of the country to preserve order; and had it not been for the Judicious measures ol the commandant of the district, (Colonel Shaw,) great destruction of life and projierly, in all probability, would have taken place. The men, however, returned to thuir woik at the same wages which they had been previously receiving. THE PRESTON 5T1UKK. The Preston strike w.is marked by similar features to those just noticed in thecotton- niannlact lire of Manchester and the surroiinding locality, and ended just as disas- trously to the operatives engaged in it, while at the .same time it indicted a groat los.s, * The opinions of this author on the merits of the several contests are usually omitteil, but where reproduced they are not always in accorduueu with the views of the author of this report, upon the c, I'leston stri iiiiinber of liit-'cers, chil loom we.'ive The sjiiniu'i work, and w completely ( overlookers, it w.'m iiiipo* of the pecuii The wages o Wages of 1,; Wages of O.f thirteen w Estimated lo out Estimated 1< iu consequ Total . From whic Estimated aa bi-'tween J;; Estimated vi Other private Allowance to Leaving a ne But, to the whole sum ture. The some of wh t.'iking ban And the loss i &c Making a t«t; struggle, of 111 Febriiar; extremely de\ duced to paui of the count r determination for making st. solved to orga pose of advaii injurious to in the county, at mainly to' the several stockii for low-priced night to destri that very few the undertaki; three weeks; property coini was called Luc wlio, wheu ore: his hammer ai w-cre repeated atocking-fraiut liaui, and thee Iu the two latt 15 STRIKES IN ENGLAND. 225 upon (1.0 cmnininity in tl,o inuncsliatr ami snmMnulin- di.tn.t. Tlio oporativos of I'lvs on Htr.irk work on Novcnili.T 5, l,-^:i(i. The .stiiko lastnl Mu.f,., n w,.,.k« m 1 tl n.unl,..r ol ,,,.,.onH thrown i,ll,. l.y it w.t. .■las.ilu.,1 as iLll!. s ;o inneri^; ' w honi wr.Ui.KH, .J>U overlookers, |)a<'k<.rs, .-nKinrn's, cV.'., nuikin- f^.r.Ol) persons in all 4 ;V "whotlnvwHr ''h''' ''''";"7" ^'r^ only parUes wh,rvoi„ntarily lert S ^^oIK an 1 wljo tliicw tlie others out ot emplovnient, so that the 7,K10 renainin" wero con.ple ely depen.lent npon then,. The sacriliee, on the part .,f the pieees veers <.v..rlo.|ke.s, packers, an.l engineers was s.nero in tlu' extr an.., and the m ro tVm . 'w U was in.pose.l npon then. n.n,;!. against their will. Tl... followi, « t , \v,',« \^^Z ot the pei;un,ary loss to all classes of the operatives in conseq.icnco of the strike : The wa;,'es of the GGO spinners for thirteen weeks, at 22s. Gd. ... i Estimated loss sustained by hand-loom weavers, iil'e'.msJq.Venco ofVh'J turi.- Estiinated loss snatained' l.y clorks,'ciistersVincThai.ic'sVdr."ssVrV, sizprrA\" ^'^'^'^ in couseqiicuce of the turn-out !......'..'....'.' 8 000 '""'■■'' ~tI^,. From which must he deducted : 12, S03: Leaving a net pecuniary loss, to the whole body of (he Preston operatives, of But, to the t'^-ii ft,^ law, it maybe said that the loss amounted to the whole s.im ot £,0,01:;, as the deductions were nioslly of a charitable na- ture. 1 he loss to the masters, being tli.-ee months' 'inteirst of Ct^OO ODi. so.iie of which, being sunk in cai)it,al, was not onlv un..roductive, but was taUnig harm Ironi being rendered useless, was estimated at And the loss sustained by the shop-keepers, iV„m loss of business, "bad d'ebts" IV c _. ' ' Making a tot^al loss to the town and trade of Treston, in this nnavailin.'" 57,'eing so mneli improved that there was scarcely a man out of employ. The frame-knitters' union was dissolved. Laving distributed, during a jieriod of four years, no less th.aii £1(5,182 among the un- employed. The wages, however, of the liame-knitters eontinued to deeline, until they reached little more than an average of ."w. per week after deducting i'raiiie-rent,s iiuil other shop-charges, though certain exjiert hands eould earn twice that sum. Ill 184:!, a petition, signed by upward of 'J.^IJdO framework-kuitters of Leicestershire, Nottingham, and Derbyshire, was iiresented to (he House of Commons for an inquiry into their distressed condition arising fioni the low rate of wages, the cuoriuous exac- tions for frame-rent, the ]irevaleiice of the trll<■k-s!l^:l('m, or payments of wages other- wise than in money, and the mamifaemre of spurious articlea 'called ciU-ujih? In Feb- i-nary, l.-'-M, Her Majesty issued a commission to iiirjuire into their grieviuiees. A largo body of information was eollecied and published in a ci)|iious report. The heavifst grievance coiniilained of in this iiHiuiry was tlwframe-rciii.i. The system of frame-rents and " charges " is one of tin' mostopprcs.sivo that can pos- sibly be conceived. It grinds 1 he poor stocking-weaver almost down to the dust ; at least there is little^ left of his weekly earnings when the rents or "charges" are (U'dnctcd from them. The' evidence, both of masters and men, is perfectly conclusive and coinci- dent on one point, namely, that the aiiionu toft his deduction is regulated bv noli xed rnlo orpriiicip.lo; (hat it is not dependent upon tlio value of the frame, upon the amount of money earned in it, or on the extent of tho work made; that it has dili'ercd m amounts at diiierent times and at dilferent places; that the youthful learner or apjiientice pays tho fame rent from his scantv earnings as the most exjicrt and skillliil workman in tho trade from hi.s, of iburfold the amount, and that the inactiee of this "charge" has existed for upward of a century. The griev- ance began with tlie bagman engrossing the frames and letting them but tohire. I<^. was th.e beginning of a powerful and crushing monopoly on the p.'irt of the masters to exercise the right to charge, on the one hand, a hxed weekly rental for tho use of a tool to work with, .iiid, on the other, to reserve to theinselves (lie riirht to nre\ent tho renter of the tool from the tree and uneontrolleil rented. I'nrther, when the bi uso of it during tho time it was man eould not liiid full employment, he preVented tin renter of the tool from working it for other parties. He also exercised tho right of oiily allowin eerialii lioiu ing the fiani power lished'lis't of ling the iiiilii and, in the in manufaetnrei production, v vestment of 1 In many ca the hUfer'luu out iigainst, a The narrati the history of ecouoniic hiwi defeat on the (.)n the 4th i fortnight's no For a time tin the blast-fiirn tho contest, a w-ero a rcdm Wolverhamjiti reduction, am coal men, the This uaturall, went in and g! they did not ri the masters' ti to object to th crfiilly disjilax Bromnich, anil the chief enip: seeing that th arrangement.s iron works, ref shire, and Nor a ready respoii to be used to 1 to run as mair quantity of U) tiiittco attcmp have named, v ■nttempt tochd cdllicrs at a di; lis to what ma Kiipjiort of the the colliers at i who felt (hat t numbers tliioii was at its heig die of the'nion tweeu I and strikp:s in exoland. 2-J7 ,„,N . llmMMK 1 ho uoHuiicM to br;4iM lit a .■...•ti.in hour, an.l l.^uv.. nlV w,.ik at anothrr ■11 mi hour, lo .iKivasr, hh.i-.m.v.m-. his i,ow.T.,r .:.,„ n.l, )..■ kq,. o u I', ith i ^ k^^ ri^iil^ol nil N\oikmi-ii, an.l thry aj^ivfd that Iho lutl I onois i/ii"ht lo liavc r,..l.v« of npon I,nn^,i,;,Mn a l.ill it uas .h.f,.at..,l l.y .la. a,:tivi(y aiu U^Crty of 1 , ,, .'s' who had n.jran,/.,.,! a powTlnl pailiani.-ntaiv opi'osilion lo it. "^ ' tW hVv f " ,'" ','"■ '"i«'''-^''l':,><"Hli.io,rot llu.,tVa,iu-wo,k knittcr.s, and Ihrovils ^ ; „ .;; ' ^^"y^'""l "^'""«'. ^t"'^,-'^ li^.v-e -lo,,. then, inhnit.d.v mw.v, !ia ni Iha m, o 1 whrinncr thoyhavu boon iv.-^oitcd lo loi- the ivnioval of ihJir -nrva ici s ( Vm r 1 «a;™s";y,i;;;.E;;;™i;';'t:„;:;?'-''"' -"" »«'■ - — • '»"«"=«:? ^'si; ff;i';£r,:Sti,;;:;;,;™L:^j;,,S,i'i;:;;:,t;;;;;';;,;;;^^^ »tMiiuiii, or nif> caimal in the. inaiinlactiiri'. In inany cases alter a hinji stlii;r,i;h>, ani<^Mou.lj turned Tin; .sr.M j(ji;i)siiii!i: coi.i.iKiiY sriiiKi:. The narrativo of th<. Stallordshire colliery strik.. is a, sad tale, and (soon told It is th.' liistory ol a lu.pe.less s(rue;,|e, which was generated in i.a o ... f ,1 '"l,;, 't iieuMton I lie juirt ot I lie nieii engaged m it. On the 4th of July, l>(J4..jnst six years alter the nr,.ci.diin' .'eneral strike in If^'.-J ibn for u.ghfs noticeof tli.. masters having expired, the thi,.k-e . en ill rni d o lor a t.nu; they w.-re jom.-d by Ihe working ..ngineers, an.l by the C.n .'ii ! y , u u^ bias -tuniaces in the making of pig-iron ; b,rt tlies., aft..r a sli.irt st r^ .■ .ay n bo contest and resumed ^york on the terms propose.l by the , ^s7 Vs" Mi ' ^u.ro a reduction of ten per cent. The thiii-coalSyork..i.s in tin il'b.n nd jNolverhampton districts ,lid not at lir.st join the moveim.nt, for tl i.'y u'ee t.'.l re.l letiou, and were at work, when, by r,.p...ated entr..aties .a, the p rt of t , t i • - This nain, !;^''/::r';''''" '■""'^"l "^ tun, out. some of them witbou giving i,ht. Ihs uatuidl,\ led to magist.."nal proccdiiigs, and the Ihin-coal men iiltimalely ..1 ent nam gave notice. On th., expiration "of that notice, lli..y all Ui r ,. 1 o t bu "^iSe;"' Jernis " 'It wll ;' h!'" f ' "T'' """' V""^-|"""-^'^« '" •^-" "t "mce i^l^cqm^ iiu n astu.s t(.niis. It will, tlu'ri.tore, be sc.ai t lat the tbiek-i.o.il men vv..r.. •!,. ).,,. t toob,ectto the terms ^yhicil tlu: masters oliere.l : an, e bjec^u n be Ue no M^ y^ ,.ri,.lly,l,splay...l among the men who weie employ..,l i„ tlie "-"-'.V ^vith thi« Vasal on thei.ar of ■i ,. b tha tb.^^^: un« ' ^ '^ )V''re evidences at homo of a want of unanimity M..n iJ/",,':! Vlu , f f?f'"«,«''"''l "Itiinately win tbo day. returned to work n Mnull ...I„l».l,t!uoUghouttho^yholo of the district. The - - < nuy. '" 'I.^ its lii-'igbt ill September, but tl ere were ;!t»,UUU out whi'ii the stri die of th e niontl o provont these from uit number bad fallou to about IS.OUO in th twceu 1 and 5 o'clock, were dotoi mined j,"oing to w,)rk, morniuir mid- meetings, at be- upon, uud thenco detachmcntfi moved off 228 LA150R IN EUROPE AND All ERICA. .lillriviit, (lii-octions, lu'iuloill.ydr.misiUMl wlii.stlcM. AVIicivvcr men wnv iiu't oi, tlio vmd K<,iM^' (I. ^un■k, t\wy wciv .siiio lo I„. i)n.\,.|itL'(l Iio.m ;;,.iii;; dovvii tliiit dav. Isii- ii y, It iv(nurctl niiicli iiciHiiiisioii to hiiun "•"'"t f^'H''! ii nsnlt, Imi avIu'h thAt liiili-d otiior niojins ol a k'.s« uKiwubKM'haiMft.T wnv U'soi ted (.• ; and \vlu.n nun isnic.-.Micci III KiHtm^' to work, unohscivcd, llioy wnv met as llicy ictmncd, and assailed with tlir usual ciMtlicIs ot "l.laek.lef,s"and tlw. like, tlie i.resenee of the pi.liee as Iheir .uniid i.otwl hstandinj;, A .nv of the more desperat.^ ies..rted, lor the lir.st time in th" his- toryol aeuliers strd'■ the other branches imiiie.liately I hi' workmen were leitnvilli- ,.i..» i < ii . l.nd ,he v,^akness ,o dd'nle't S„s e ^' w ,1 'ihHd 'I^l "'I'^'^l. ^'"^- '"^'l "'"'""^-'l- "nj their eonibined will. Tli,^ lead, s of (1, V ,, • "''■' ""i^ ""tlmi^' eouhl stand a-ainst related .„ the workn.en arnl their en!,,'!;;;""'"'' '''•^^"""^^' ^'^ '■^■S'"'it. all n.atters that it ""S:i:rr;d;;;!i;iJ 'in: d^ -"^ «'-"y the n,astors found ifSt:^tE-Sil;-!-;^ThS the luneeedMifrs of the workmen ' '^'^ ^ "dually to counteract tho olFect of it had already ai)|ieare'i ^'•■■' ■- ••' • tlu. "H'f ^f -hiHn;^^;:;;^^ to'Jea;,^rtoS'::^i"^ f *!'^|>-'^ V;> .'ontinno the iirotcctive clau.so iK.uiod. Workn e ho^, It i," ""'''-'V"" .".' *^"' '•"•'" I'X »', ?"" i'"'''' '''t'"-'- tlian sacriliue of aU the others. No change w,^sn a u.Ulls'st'^le'''';'/ ■*'''' ■^'«""' '"'■ *'"-' S"n", . tota loss to the district on this str 1 e >• v 1 > ' .''f "' ''" "^'^■i-'S" £^,500. The lands employed at tho (U i>nZi^J^:!l^^'^\^;\';'^ '"^ ■^i'l-l'!,^- The number of the amount of w.,„„<, ^ --luucs uif,.i«»-:# a i H> ia 230 LAIiOU IN ElUJOI'K AND AMERICA. Willi tli«-f()iirf(>cii niiiniiraftorics.nnil (cu w.mUs fnmi 111" ;;ciu'1mI HiisticMMion the nini rosiniH'd work. Tlic anniinl liiiiM,ir was iv.laiii.d, mid lli.. NiispniNioii cliinsr loini,.,! j.nrt (I tiic iijiicriiMiit '111,. ..si.iii (,f snll.Tinjr wi,h ;rn.„|. ainl Inr ImmuhI iiiiv- tiiuiK llial liiicl i,wvi(,i,...ly l.rrii MTii in Hi,, .jisnici. i:,,. piivMinitN Iniin 'lli.. iiiiioii tiiiKls wny V, rv iiT..^'iilia- iind did nn| ,.\(.....,( :iii avcnif-.' olTw' „r (,,,. pn' w,.,.k for imn ^^"'' '= '"'•■*! "'"'" "IIIII..I1 and cliildivn, wlio llinu a iai'M. iiroiwuiioti cl' ih,. work- 111- iM.piilalinii ,ii,| not ivn.jv,. any allcwaiic... Tli. piivali' iim of Hi,. woikiiK'n \v,.r,» pvi.l.hiii llii.y lM.i,.tli(.h: with a cm-lane,, worlliv ofa li,.tt,T..aiis,.. A Irw .lavs lirliiro til,. t.Miiiiiialiiiii <>l 111,, slnkc a niiisjdiial.l,. iiiiinlM-unl' iialiviiliials, aiiu.niiliii".' I,, iii,. waids ,)l Vidd.sininlli niisly id,.il-i.,l lli,.ir wal: !'..,s and disn.wal.lr ai I UdrsTil' divss 111 aid ;,'n,ial liiii,^. Many (if 111.' niiMV p, nidriit v,-,)rkiii..|i, wl... had iii poltcis j|;i-,.i ^](-, Total loss to lolliiis, iiatc-inakoiH, aiiili'ii;{rav(!ls V) ■',-,■> lutal loss to the iiiaiiiilacturcis '[ kVii'i-J '^'"^•^^ 18^',(ilO No (iiitiiinc was coiniiiittcd diuiii!-- the stiikr, riiluT on tlio person ov iii-opertv ofniiy inaniilaetiiier. Iheio w.T,. no inimiltiioiis Katlievin-s, nor indieai ions ol' vioh.neo wlueh was hi-lily eivdiialile lo the men. Diiiin;,' the sfike,, how..v..r, munv of tho laainilaidnrers were •'incketed," anil any indivi,liial seen (o enter the inanniaetorie.s ineiiired a liiii", which was slopped Ironi the sne'e,l ir.s' a w,.|.k i-orsoiiuMvecks ;lu' reiiiiircd advance in waj,'es was resisted, until at lein'tli thos.. ineii wh.) ciiilinne.l at their work w..r.. subjecte.l to such treatiii.'iit, on eiiterin- and Icav- Uimhetaf'tory, that, the proprietors wito indn.'cd t.) accede to tho terms propos,.,! in., iiu'ii, h.ivyever, were disappointed in obtaininn- all th.' advanta.'.:s thev hiok..,! for as only a ,snliiri..iiMiumb,.r of weav.rs wimv tak(.n ba.'k t.) work the looms in tli.. ohl part o tli.M'stablislimoiit, leaviii- their newly-er.cted buil.liii- unused. Tlie owniTs soon alter disp.isedot all the machinery it ontain.'d, and this commodious an.l siw- ci..usstriietuiv,l,ib yards in len-lh, Kl.iod untenante.l ior some tiin.', a melancholv m.uHiment to tlie elieet ol mis-ni.led union poli,.y. The union men, how<.ver, th.Mi.'ht otherwi.s,. ami (h'cim'.d the emptiness of the nnrivaliHl structure a triumph of tlKir cause. Ihemeiieiijraecd in the various pro.;e,ssos of hnisliins, as well as iiiillim'or tulliiifr woolen .d,)tli,,|oiiii'.lth.'uni.)n; am' the workmen, for ii period, wielded almost irr.'sistible power over tlic projierty of their ma.ster.s. The ii.'Xt step of the union was to draw up a list of wa' tak.'u t h.al the niaiiUlacturers should be successively apidied to for Ibis purpose, in order that there mi^dit be less cliaiice of any -..neral resistance on their part, and that the ooiii- uuation miyht not have too much on their han.ls at any one time. The larger mini- iH-r*Ti;il' ' "'"' "'"^•' K'-'-'t ■'*"l', ■f''.vlIios,Mvl,„j.,„, „„I.|1"""'' '"" "' '■'"!'l".v. win.,. ,(•,., „i,,-„.,l„„I ,o l„> '■"•'1 "!' ''Hw.vn ,M,.M..r. ,„,,,:,; \ ,,,',;; '■'""""- '""' ''""I'ivan.T v.s .a.-- an.l i.ri,...s Tl,., .vil ...'l , i^n p, ' ; ! ' ':^'\n'';i;"" "; '■"■"'"; •;■ ""■ "I'' ^^y^-" "1 tlK' ■w.irl; iliat ivMiain,..! ' ■^npi'ly iill, in equal i.i„i,„iii sh,.,T tonn...sHoC,,;,ssionaM.|,,i,„inV l'""''i,inal ltT.im..,tly ,li>i.lay<.(l tho ni, i,, waii- of a maaalactnivr havi i„„ ,. „ , •' '," !' ', '"^, '','" ""'>' '"^'•'ih'.. in llirscMados ■•tmv jvl,i,.|, tlu. Mni.aV. r ; ; , ' ;' /' ''"'r * '." ^"-f"?- J'^v-.y nw ..f „Mn„v- "■"H til." caiiM.M.rtli.. invnil , , ' li ' v ' "' ' ■■"•'"^^<' '".' 'i^t ...Tasi„„. Tiiis stnlc,, Mow on tlie c..nihi,ia,u.n i.oni": li^.l!; ^!:^;!,',;;^1;-|;- ^I^^J;-''-^ "-l i.uHct.a a I'MMllNr.niis' STIIIKK. Tho Anialffunat.".! Kiii-iii-i'iM' hIiIIc, „f i*r,, -,> «tnk.;s int.,l..ra,it an.l ln\^uiX,^ut^^^\r;>^^;^^^';'''' '"f ^ ■■•^^l"'^tH. lik.. ,>tl,..r l>nn.-,,,l,..s wlii..|, I,,,v.. liJH, .,,„ Ml ,\V,1 kiV. ; ; , "'t.'Mipt t.. .....ani/... lalu.r uinm r."sai-.l,s tlw piincinh, vvlii.j, s nia , ,, , < '^ '"""I"' '" I"""''' ■""' "1>1".1.1. Ah M laI.o.-ti;,.y ,|./n„t a ' .'.M ' ?^ ' '! •l;::';i'j""<^'>l'7!-lMssotlal„n-an.l. in.lcJd, in.3ii.lly sncj..|v ; l.iit as wo da v.. , „ ,"'',■''" "^"'.'"'" ^^'i'' «"iiply a l>,.n^'^'l' '"'' ="'^' "" '"^"' «''^''l 1"' ""'"o po nut Of co.no in ; tla.y ..b.^SM III, .V ,,' h' 'V ""'■■ '■',''"'"'' '"'^ 'l-'-'^'id'fo ; they tonlino- 1.. onl.T. If (|„f,v is mvi In , ""'lil"y';is ; ili..y ;,n,s;,..|., ,„■ s,i,i,',. J. -.-■.■uoun..o.l on tl... ...nliia;:; \!v ^v i ru ''rin; ^ ^Y" "^'^ "' ^"^ "-"i-^ --i-'- ^''£riS;;-;r:!;'l';::'i;i^^^^E^ F-|ieriiVtxSvaiS-i'!£;: St^^^^ !"'■ "11 tho hands thoro an. lo .h it- , ' , ' If"/,,, '=''''' ;-^'l'"=l'=U«. lu-vo.' too much "''■■■'"'■^'> liro.luction by i.l..,.,.w„i |< T|, . .', ■'. "' ''^'1" I 'lU'l it ni.,.n work ov.itiuio. or '-i.i<.-^>i upon tho '"^".^•-...k;.;t:::;;ii:;./-^;r - t^li^tlSoS^m:;? • .M'^'iiS^^i'^'mm.Hf 232 I-AUOIl IN Kl'Koi'H AM) AMERICA. A iiioiv cxUmkI.mI iKroiiiit tiiaii the uhovc l.nrCiilistiact of Mr VViinl's cliaptcr on llic stiikc (•ftlii- Ainiiloiiiimtnl KiiKiiu'cis in l.sril~'r,L' would no (loiil.i j.rovr instiiii'tiv.", but pictcivnoc is Kivi'ii totli.' followinL' iiis! «.rv ol 111*. fi.Kim't.i.s' .stiiia- on tlu' Tyn.', picpareil (.xpicssly lor this U'l.ojt by Lvun Iv. Jones, Esq., L'nit.Ml .States consul at No vcastlc-upon- TMi; KXUINKEKi,' 8TIUKK ON TIIK TYNK. ',nv.!m.i/.'Tm'',"*^''''1"'' ''';'''■'''''''•''''"'''''' ^^^ •.■..tt.m-oporativoHturn.Mloutloran (.mr.st My„x\ faiKal aud labor as tli,. cii^jiii.ris' strikoin Ncwrii.sd.' and .li-itrict o a .•nln,.t,..„oft„. hoMrsnt l;,l„.r (V„m, tifty-nin. to llCty-iour u.nrs >.•.'' Mil 1... ,v,„on.l„.r... that tl,,. .'otf.,.,- rativVs wr.. unMU.Trs.fuI. aftorV. ,1 >,ir tl o 1... Nowrastl.. ..nKMUMM's at tl„. rnd „f a fwi.Mty-w....k Htrikr, c .r.i.M ,, vil « mu Tli(. iiim.-lir,,irn!ov..|Mort «lni«Kh> of four w.okVuml tVo Sn!,!l?.H";!rl"'r r/ "'" ''';'•'"'• ^^^'l'^ "••"•uinK from th.' attitiid.' aHsttined by the, nion at .Snn(hMla Id h.dd a ni<.,.tiii- oi, thr -Hi .d' April (one w,vk aflrr ll„. .■(vntn..nc,.rii..i t of h- Sundcriaml striko) a.ul ph^l^.d th.nis'dv.i to aid and suppOrt I S, nd^!^^^^^^^ oward ..xtrndn,;, the an-na of stn.KKl.' U. in.ln.h, ^■e^v^a.th^ 'jl, w on w .^^^^^ n lo-honis ^.^st..m was last hymnunK imp„lar. and on thr ..venin.' of tlif 2d of M..v • nH-ni'l"'"^ Ms,snn„.d .l.dinit. shap,. .n a .droular. whi. !, was ,.o7.cdu.d in i , n bu^fc i.'.sp. otlnl lan^Miagc, askit.K a reduction of the hours „f lal. r from fiftv-nin. (o fil^v four hours per w.'elc, and expre.sin- an earnest desire to se: , le tho matter "vitlot'^ resort to extrenie tueasures." This ^vas signed I.y " the aetniR eoui, fee of I Ni , Hours League," and sent to the various employers of engineers o„ he 'I vn "wit 1, reynest hat an answer niijrht he returned befnVe the fJtirof the sa.nc ne iV, ' rpon the ,lay tollowin- the receipt of the ri.cular. the masters met . the Station Hotid (or Its consideration, Sir AVilliam Arm.stronj; in the chair, aiul the proSo r, tnvv -\!':'-";""'-^ ^V«'V- ^""r- """""-""i^'y vUh (&SM?;';i,dS;i:;;^' ^'"^"-'""^ "■'^''=" ^""^ ^--'-> '^"-« "-' canipai^:;^;^:j The next move by tlio leaKno was a, prci)08ition to appoint six of their number to iTn^,rt'u ; Teir;' m:,;f /'r'' r'"'''''V''r'!" 'T *« *="'"'^^ ^ iiiitmtunately a snial body of men had already turnea out. and the masters dPcli,„.d :; '?:,"'^'' '*■'";"•- ^''''.' '^''^■'^' ^^'.-"''I '"»vo suK^^ested a written coniiuunicati , f , the leas 10 „, pioteronce o a meelii.j;. but for the fact that a strike had alreadv ( ikc' dace. 1 his commui.ic;,t,o„, like (!„• lirst, ,vacli..d the men throu-h a Iaw-(irn., iieourso pe,.| harly dis(aste(.il to the me. Xoi only did the masters d, .line to le^t X^^ oikinei, they w<,ul.l not even cnnunicate with them, save through t u/ii lud u of vi 1 " /"'V''"^- '■"•' "T" r'" "!"•'■ <"lo"de,l. The mastersc.rnsi.lere^l tl" ho ti.el to the (l.lcF™"' "■'• ' " '■'■""-'' ^^''^ '^ precipitated the Btriko and added On Saturday, May !2(), the i,,.. :,. „ id another me, ;iiur. and. after di,«cussiu- th« rep!,; o, !,c m.astey.s, tl..- lollowm;, r, ...iution was pass.-l almost uu^nimously: ° Ihib iiiectiug, lodiDfT that the r,,nr • .r eiiergef i- .actiou has arrived, recommeuds the followin; (one wet llawthoi & (Jurne Th(> nil not ices, II The llo tllllt ill (I On \Ve( iiiayiu- to possible, I day a de| (he redie St;i|ioii II meetinjr o iiiKs, In to make t Illeeliiijj; d teis. Tin; Jiiven to i availitijr. Htateii tlid vrilli II ('Oil lly the I notice, left The men iV Co. had pi'udently, to the Iie'ai bearinjf on stances in i of the wor Mr. Stepl nnd inariiit II t that I expnnditun could only ; adoption ol' tity of worl charjjos for that there \ proprietors ' were in tluu niachinery c could not" fa stability of ests of the v I have thii of the hours brawny sons kindness, an tioii to work Stephenson » thiMu throng: During the in procuring securiiiij ein| uuno liberal < aiico of ;u. pi stop work. J w'us made. ' lislied as woe! of .Tuly the n eutitled to n The Uuited i Strike. Diiring tho t"wii moor, y and uif^cd i:hc All tho iuiti "fi .J STIJIKKW IN EN'OLAND. BiiaKKW IN EN'OLAND. 23.? \^r'''^-ru^^^^^ "•' ""•>«.-•.. .„,.,, a>..« rul, I III' IMIMl TKIW Iliv.'llii.i ■i..tl...„j...... I ,. ... In tlii-ir til.' n'.livsH H.,MKl,t, for. Tl, M V. , , I " ""; ■■"^"'■'' 'l"'irK.i.'VaM.vH a ,1 iiiKM. In aiisw.T („ a .inrstioii 1,,. m,.i •, 1, , '' .'',' ^''i^'* I'"' -iiM'shon in all it^ l„ar. to.Mak.. til,' ,,n,|,o.sitio ,, Ii I .1 .V f . .";'"' '"IV""^''''''' ''i"'-*'!'" ai'UiM.v | t«'i-«. Til.. nwiH rrs lia.l u. .,, '^v ,'''''' '•^V"''""' '"('' t.ui,,.! hy tl,,. „ as 'ivaiiM,^ Til.. ,.i„,,i„y,.,.,, .■vi.i,.,,,iy I ;.;7,' v; V 'J ' ;',' ".' "'" '"■■'•^"'' "•' - :s:;,;!;i;:s.s:;:'L,;r,;:i^:? ;.-;;-";"»""-'^;«;s;!;;;s'« oi ii„ w..,i^'<""">ivo " t«i.i< foniiM.titi.Mi tlio i)m|.nt.t,)rsl,4Vlv,, ;,S; iT '»"'"' '""' abroad, an-l to exp,MHliturc of ,ai,il,d f,„. t) „ ,,„ • '| so o ' , f , ^^ *'.' "" ""'":•"""'■ i"eT,.a.s,; i„ tho could only yiH,l aV,.|nrn lb,- tlu'o . C^ 1 Mt J' v, :i''':':'r''' '"^"''""^O-- whi,:h ndoption ol il,„ nii„-l,oiii nioveiMcni \v< . I,. .,,, i^ ', .' '""' " '""■'"■'1"l.iro of tho t.ty of work wonhl l„. .Materiiilh r" h c , J^ '^^^^ ' T"^'"^': •^r'"'"^ 1"-'^. ".s tl... ,,„au. that th.'re was no i>r,.l,al,ilitv tlia t .^ , ,, ' tm^^ "',': '"'"''■ "" "'■■'" ^"I'l-l vcro m th,.ni8,.lv,.s nnn'mnnointivl., fi,,- tho 'Sr/, ',.;.>, 7 • '"''^" ^■"""•'^'t.s which nia('lMM..ry ...nploy,.,!, th.< ,,„...( , 7, .mi :,,).>', .M'""" "* k''''l""K their n...n and c.ul.l not fail to f-' ^"" '-i-tioa brawny .sons ,,f foil, Mr. .Sf..pl,..,mo l^a i , r ) 1 v" ' ■. .',t 1 T'' ''■'■''^" '^''"''''^ "1""' "'« kindn..,sM, an.l having abstain ..I fron i i ,i P. . ' }'.''"*';<' ''Ls nion with tlu.. utmost =^''"^i:iS;n,-;';i-iHii'^^ mor. lib.nal .liMtribntions of .,.,''. ..s.^i':',';*;:, ( '"'^ '•^"i'^-l Hicm' U mal o ancoot ;..i,er man was mad.. .„, h,! i f Ji , 'f,; fi'^ "'"'''''r' ^'''" '"«t allow- «top work. Jlurinff tho ibllowin..- v ^.-i ' ,,;,,"'.,*,' ""• '"^■" ^^"'o ^^cr,. th,. lirst to ^va8 ma.lo. Th..,so money-allotnmi, ' ' t ( rs ('. , ^ ' 'i''"'""^''," "' ^'- "''• l'^''' '".'"i IiKlwaas woeklv i)avni..nts .,n,l Lv I'l • '" imj; and inv}r„i:i,. ^^. ' ' I^o^UnUed States obtained .0.0 ti;;;:il-^riru dnl'nl^'^nj't:;:^-';^ u^zs:^:T^^x^.f::^^tr::^^^^ '\^ ^™^^-' -- -■" - t.m au.l u,«..d then, to stan.l tirully jo'tho Id ""' *° '^' """ "^ ^^'-•'^' -tewar.l.hii,' Ail tho .n.t,atory stops for those tnass-xnectings were taken with a view of creating 234 LAnOK IN KlIUOI'K AND AMERICA UH nnicli ciilbiisiiism m possil))!., (or (|iiii,. n ininibcr of tliosc on stiiko were Iicinniiin"- to lost; that uoccssary I'l.'iiii'iii: in IimIiIc, iiiuI.t tlir iiilliuiiioo of Nliort ratioii.s. "a \no- ccs.sioii \viis iv^'iilaily lon.icd ; iimimcioiin llaijs anil ai.pi-oiiiiato uiotXoi'.s wcio distrib- ii(.>r.s and omidoycd sciiI.mI. >lr. C, M. I'alnicr, head of tlio lar;;o shifi-buil.lin.^- cstabisliiiu'iit at, .larrow, olfcrrd bis sn vice,', as pcaiT-makor, and maslrrs and men were Unally broii-bt, laci' to f.Hw, Ibion^b bb. ijood oliiccs. Tbo mcetin.' was brld at tbc c.mncil-c'bambcr, an.l anionnlcd lo ibis ; Tb.. mastrin statt-d tbat tliey bad a w.m- pruiniso to ollor, providinj,' tl;.^ nii'ii w.inbl agivc^ to volo upon its aooeptance or riMi'c- Uonb!/bnU„l. Ibo n'i)rc.MHtaliv<'s of |,b.> b'a;,nio dccliniMl t bo proposition. Tli<>y ob- jc'dted to liavniK tbo nnistcrs didlalo lo Ibcni bow tbc (lucslion sboidd bo dccbbtd, ami Ji.'roiii myoiunion tboy sbownl a, wan! of conl'Kb'ncd in tbo rcsnlfc of a 'U'crot voti' io say that tlioy weri! so I'xci'ssivfly sciisilivo and imb>iii'nd(!nt as to rcfnst^ a, "ood proimsition, s.mply beuauso it lainni from Ibo mastors, wonld bo to do them an in- jnstiL'i'. Ou tbc 2d of An<;nst, tbo conipronnsn wbicb (lie nnistors dosinid to submit to a voto ny ballot by till' men l)efam(« known lbiou(,rb Ibc niedinni of larjio posters iiut u\ eon- Kpicuoiis phiees abont tbo town ; afler slalin- anion- otlu-r tbin^ry !i,;,t, tbeir worku would 1)0 openi'd at tbo usual boars for Ibi' re-enj.-aH:ement of tbeir men." On Mis lollowin- mornm^rtbcy inoee.Mbd lo ^ive Ib.^ rides to bo observed by thoae wlio would resume labor, Ironi wbieb 1 exiiaci llu' following;: " Workin^^^-bours insid.' : Tbe woikin;.;.|i.,nrs lo b(> fifty-sovcu per week, arranj'cd ns may he agreed on between llie einployerM and workmen. one eq " Workin^'-liours outside : Time .lel'na I i y at I bv work or on board ship only to bo reck- 3ned. A ixe( tune-allowaneo to be added for traveling, .so as to malvo tiie total boiu's 3qual ^o sbop-bours. '' Allowances and traveliuj; expenses to remain as at present. Overfmu- : All tinu', over and above llflyseveii bours per week to bo valued .at rate ana a quarter exeept ui ease of workmen rerpiired to work all day, and the whole or a portion ol tlu' siicceedinj; ni-bl, wlio will bo paid at tho rate of 'time and a half for the tune worked alter 10 o clock. "All work on Sunday to bo .■onsiibwd Hpceiiil, and tbo hours worked to bo valued as at present, w ith usual meal-honrs.'' The compromiso met wiib decided opposition from tho league, aud entirely failed iu its ob out. J VI emdineid, to employ engineers for tlio various wor.;s, A counter-plot was set on loot by the league. Tbo various trade) societies throughout the. ,a,|,., (l„. i„,ai-t hire 1 .vl ,>;';' " ''i '"•'' "^ f ho wife and (he „iii ,m. ,o ,,a,^ ,,raly... 1.^11;,';.';;;;,!;::; -,^='t could relievo then. ^[ v^^u![ fc--SK ^-"^^^ ^" ' ''^ ^'- 'i- eo„.e I...anl au.l i.Uo.o .1. i< oMi' ciMi.lo.vers will conmle tl?rm".. ""'""*'"'" '^'''J^'i'Hy to a close: fnu., ^vl,icl, is now in .lisp.Ue b^u en s J '"'" ''"' '^'^^^''^ ''"•luction in on vorldn- li.K llirm 1,„„,, tl„.j- sl,„„|.| lah ' , ,, ! i , ;■ "■:»'l»'l. """l lli»l iu llni rf ,™,' , 10 •Ionian every -■'-.--- '-.«^ Si^X'^;;;»ry;^^ -,=;-i^;:;i'tt£. iiK extra lor each child and altho 1 ( T^ =' no„„red to VI,. ,,er nan and a xhil t H' n''l'>i''Mnent. of a nn n w u 1, ".""!, I ,>''',''■ \''''^ '',"' «'""-t "'' Ihmui; a „ ,, lor vjni i„,|„.. ,,i„, n, „.„„|,ri„ f™; ;';;'■?»■ »l; tli,; r, ,vi„„ arrid,:., ,1 III. J 1, „,,, N,,,„,.l,,,„„|.i„,, ,,;.i„/,7 ,",,;' ,.,•£ '» <.«.■«,.„., u. re,ii,i„ ,l,;,„,„ |„ ,.. M.J t i'Sil" '"''»™" ^'' •"» '«•« ™a i"t., „.„, .,„„ ,„,., „,„, ,., ,. ,, 236 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. THE STORY OF A FEW STUIKKS. [Tlio following article in from tlic Chicago Tribnm',1 The Hon, A. S. Bollos, in his just puLlisliud " Chapters on Political Economy." quotoR from Tiiornton'.s " Ljilior " and Ward's " Workmen and Wages " tho figures of the cost of 8omo famous strikes to tho Btrikers. We reproduoe them from his book, and add others : lu 1829, the Manchester spinners struck. Thoy lost §1.2.50,000 in wages before tho 'dispute was at an end. The next year their brethren at Ashton and Staleybridge fol- lowed their example in striking anil in lo.sing>il,2r)0,000. In 1^;!:!, the builders of Man- chester forfeited §1500,000 by voluntary idli'iiess. In 1^31), the spinners of Preston threw away $2t-Q,000. Eighteen years afterward, their successors, 17,000 strong, slowly starved through Ihirty-six weeks and paid §2,100,000 for the privilege. In f?.");!, tho English iron-workers lost 8215,000 by a strike. Such losses marked, too, the strikes of tho London builders in 18C0 and tailors in Iftirf, and tb-^ :;;,i'thern iron-workers in 18(1,'), The strike of the Belfast liuen-weavers, which uas end( d a few weeks since by the mediation of the British Association ibr the Advaneem-'Uf. of Science, cost the opera- tives §1,000,000. The recent strike of tho .shoemakers ot Chic.igo cost them a nuich larger sum than they needed as a capital for a co-operative shop of their own. After they had wasted the first sum, they tried in vaiu to raise the second. We might add instance to instance to prove the euormons cost of strikes to tho workingiiiaii. Even when they succeed, tho n^sult rarely, if ever, pays for the money linproductively spent. When they do not, the money is of course a dead loss. It is absurd that workiugmen, in the face of such facts, should persist in using this two- edged weapon against their (imployers. lu England, Messrs. Mundella's and Kettle's boards of arbitration, and tho introduction of indlistrial jiartncrships between master.s and men, have done much to prevent strikes. In France, the state long since estab- lished courts of arbitration for the settlement of labor quarrels. They are composed of six membert), chosen by employers and einiiloyed, and a president and vice-presi- dent, who must belong to neither cla.ss. Sir. Thomas Brassey, in his "Work and Wages," says of these courts: "The result in 05 out of 100 cases brought before these tribunals is a reconciliation between the ])arties ; and, though appeals are permitted to the superior courts of law, they are rarely made. In 1870,28,000 disputes Lad been heard, of which no less than 20,800 were satisfactorily settled." COOPEBATION. That a. strike, so long as it is unaccompanied by violence or intimida- tion toward such as do not voluntarily engage in it, is a means which ■workmen may legitimately use in their efforts to advance their interest-s, must, of course, be freely admitted. But that it is a most costly and hurtful method of settling trade-disputes is a fact which workinginen themselves have now very generally learned by sad experience. Tiie chairman of the trades union congress of the United Kingdom, held at Liveri)ool in January, 1875, in his opening address referred to strikes as a mode of settling differences with employers which ought to bo avoided by all practicable means, and resorted to only in the most ex- treme cases ; and the same opinion, after being repeatedly indicated in the speeches of leading delegates, was substantially embodied in a reso- lution adopted by the assembly itself, in which fully 800,000 of the trades-unionists of the British Isles were represented. As a natural sequence to a resolution of this charactei; was another, recommendiiis; the adoption of that system which is designed to reconcile the now con- flicting interests of capital and labor by uniting the two in the same bands, namely, the system of co-oi)eration, and expressing a cordial de- sire to act iu harmony with the co-operators of the Uniteti Kin;.j;doiii. Similar sentiments are to be met with in the documents issued by the leading trades-associations, as well as in their most influential newspaptM' organs ; and in fact the system of co-operation itself, as a practical reality, is making rapid advancement among the working-classes. As long ago as 18.'52, 'Sh: Babbage suggested the advantages which workiugmen might derive from co-operative stores. Tho iiochtliile CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES. 237 and' w'SrSpS'l''-''' ',°r"'!' ™Bistpars of frlcmlly miotics of E„slaml cit rue Close ol Ibid, show the tollowing results : Wales. Number of societ ies Nuiiiber of ineiiibors ".. .... Number of members ailmitted' (Im'^i'.r year 1873. the Number of members withdrawn duri'ii, and cLiua WiU'c. . TaMoy noods ]'l;ix, niaiiiifactufi'S of Glass and f;lass-\vani Hair, imniaiiiU'acturcd llidi's and skins lU'inp, nianulactiirea of India rnbbiT, uianufacturus of Endaud. Iron nud steol : J'iK-iron IJar-iron ..!.'..!.!!." lioiler, Iioop, scroll, .and slioot'iVoii'.'.'.-.'-.'i"" Hails of iron of sfeil .'.'".".'.'!.'.'.'.".'.".'.'.'.'." Old and scrap iron .'..'..'.'...'.. Hard ware anlarl)lc and svnw. and luaimldcYuroij of MctalM iinil liiaiiiifictiiresof Paiiita Taper iiiftcriaU ..'..'.'.'. l'ii|if!- -11111 iiiaiinfactiires of.!].' bilk, iiuuintaetiin's of. Siiila anil nali.s of Straw, iiiaiiiificiuics of Tii\iiiiiii.'s, liars, or liliick.s....' Im, iimmifacliircs oi' ^Vo(ll, niaiMUiictiire.sof .......'.'.'. ' Ziue, itu., manufacturea of...'.'!!.'..'.'.'].'.'.' EDgland. U.— Tabic aliowhiij the rahte oft $1,. '5114, II!) -', Kifi, >-,-:i lli.'i, f77 ■W."i, (illl 7iii',:!i:j l,ll':-, 107 fii, i:)i (1, iilll. !Hi 5,!i:l;', l,"i7 :i07, Tu!) I,?,"i7, lli7 i;i. Oil, 701 2lt, !I17, 0;ii) lti7, U74 Scotland. Ireland. SH:t F»'\ ;t 77(1 y:i7. ,~()i 1(1, 17J 7. 17."i til. 1(17 Uli, M7 11, IMI a7, Mils •M ■), r>:-:-j (1,(1(1!) 1 295, (l-(i ly. Uld $3,19 "aro 65 ' ' m 3, 4g5 'J, 635 71 (hiriiifj Ih le value ofmimrt, of mnchnndm'from E„gla,„1, Seolla,„1, uML^d^ ■ f'JIy-Joui- fscal y,iirs ended June ;iO, \&i\ to 1W4, wch^m'. """' Fiscal year ended— Imports of moreIiandi.se into (lie United Stales lioni — Eugland. _ Septemlier 30, IgSl Si'lilenilier 31), IfrUi !!!!!" Seiitemlier 30, l>-£i ! Scptenilier 30, ISil !!!!!!" Scpti'iiilier 3;i, 1,1^,"! !!!! Septeiiilier 30, 1 i",'li !! ! Si'iitenilier 30, lc2V Siiileinl)er3(l( Id:;? ' Seiiteinlier 30, ISJU ! S;>pleniber 30, It^aO Septemlier 30, 1831 September 30, 1 f.i-i ! Seiiteinlier 30, 1«33 !!!!' September 30, 1^3 i ! ! ! ! September 30, 1 1"!."! ! . ! ! Seiiteinber30, 1R3U September 30, la3T Septtnib(,'J72 672, 904 5.50, 1-29 71i,041 3C2.511 :i8l,3:)3 :61,,564 491,891 47;t, 162 274, 712 5 12, 800 5(1-, 356 l:i 1,776 75, un 1.51,6.-0 98, 349 81,021 102, 700 43,535 68, 08 1 104, 8.5T 85. 774 500, 240 2;'8, 078' 376, 703 21,>3, 78:i 23.5, 9:i8 152, 5:i3 1.5:i, ua 22!), ;i35 152,293 89, o:i2 ll:f, 4.53 11.5,280 758, 547 92;i, 726 190, 834 60, 634 74, 286 77, .598 87, 108 211, 903 a47, 075 210,463 487, 4;i0 435, 814 1, 0;i0, 2-29 *Iueliiding Scotland and Ireiind. 240 LABOR IN EUROrE AND AMERICA. EXPORTS TO THE UNITED IfTNODOM. Ill-— Tabic Hhoiciiig the exports of conmoililks, ilie (jroitlh or iivodiicc of (he Uniiei'. States, L'liyliiiHl, ^cotlainl, and Ireland, during th'cpxal year ended June 30, 1871. to Cummoditics. BrfadsltilVs: WlUMt Wliint-llimr. Indiiin corn . All otliir Domestic exports from tho ITuitcil St.itca to— England. 8-13, lap, n.-iu 8, Ria, 0(M 7, I-:), 120 ■.is->, 03;) '■i'<'ti' ^ [ r,n, 80^,709 Cotton, raw H.-iir, iimniuuil'actiirrd Iliili's. I'ur.s, iiiid fin-skins Li'athiT Naval St ores (>il-cako Oil: Coal, fcriidr and rcfinod) Animal and vi'j;(.'tab]o Ore, ar^ontiferous Provisioiifl : iiat'on and liaius llnf , liiittcr , Cliccso Fisii, (picldcd auildrj) Lard , 111 al.s, preserved Pork All other 130,il5-,', 167 240, Ml 3, .171, 7i'.0 2,0-3,171 1,110,0^3 3, 021, 4{)5 3, 50(1, 370 1,070, 040 255, SH Scotland. $5, 801,.')7!) 2, Ml, 513 l,e20, 100 105, OsO Ireland. f 25, 003, 52'J 285, 215 10, C(i7, 007 10, cot) 10, 232, ,532 504, 840 22, 222, 544 1, 773, 4«t 21H, 77,? 9, 129, 370 .500,001 3,119,295 40(, 111 1, COO, 0.12 CI. 7.53 Tot.ll ; 39,120,030 Seodfi , Spirits of tiirpcntino , ,Su;;a" and nioLi.sscs Tallow Tobaeco : Loaf Mannfacturod Tiniiier, lumber, &c Otlici' iinniaiMifactiired articles. Other manufactured articles Total. 227, ISO 1,238,010 288, 071 3, 013, 703 7, 007, .530 1,251,. 502 3, 572, 2U0 005, 702 0, 02.3, 196 270, 333, 833 Ifl, 124 309, OOtJ • 39,200 aCS, 020 3, 245, 5G3 202, 400 lii.5, 413 1, 063, 708 889, 970 .57, 2-17 179, 272 2, 010 30, 873, 3 17 3, 855, 303 134,821 43, 485 1, 789, 535 400 .5, 805, C19 85, 5IKI 01,810 140, 819 1,010,859 755, 451 12,738 7.50,919 50, 1,50 839, 822 21, 120, 5(il 4,!i|iO 440, 554 '4,'2(ilj 9, 889 35.5,'.5(j'j "se.'ra 43, 509, 055 IsOTE.— TheassroRato quantities of tho pi incipal articles exported to tlio Tnitcd Kinmlom in 1-74 were as follows : Jiaw cotton, 903..571,772 pounds ; wheat, 51,833,278 bushels; whcal-llour, 1,703 981 bar- iC'-'.ll-';"" •'°? hams, 202,723,419 pounds; beef, 23,721,":4 jiouuds; pork, 20,039,898 ponuda :' cheese. 78,oo2,9.0 pounds. ■ . x i The above table not only show.s the value of the cotton, bnt of the grain, timber, naval stores, and other crude products of our lields and forests, and of animal [iroducts, which find a market in the United Kingdom. Tiie greater part of these may bo classed as the raw mate- lials of English manufactures, for the breadstuffs and provisions, as well as the cotton, the leather, the timber, and the leaf-tobacco, really be- come the elements of manufactured iiroducts. Whether the material interests of the country would be better pro- moted by consuming at home a large portion of tiie food now exported and devoting it to the conversion of crude products into manufactured goods, is a question which will receive no consideration ni these pages. Here, as elsewhere in this volume, the author contents himself with tlio pre.qentation of facts, and declines entering upon the discussion of ques- tions respecting which there are wide divergences of opinion. lu vi( compost ment, cl 5,307,221 in 1870, tho Brit; The in fifty-foui Statement s 1820 to 1830, ii 1831 to 1840, ii Ip41 to 1850, ii 1851 to If-OO, ir IMU to 1^70, it Caji'ndar.vear Cai udaryear Calendar year Calendar j-enr -A^SSrosn Owing 1 prior to tli nativity ot forth in ti Britain," a table, Fn proximate < nativity wl in aildition that of the a centurv, i Of the la no less than -'01,99a, a n: m 1871, wa; and other a metropolis { not exceed, 10 L i;M,6ii 43, "IdS •100 ■1, 21)0 STRIKES IX EXGLAND, nniTGRATION PRO.I THE rxiTED KINGBO.AI. 241 ^.^.l-ietly of British birth or 'de cent Ts uo/t-'"-'^""'^ ?^' «*'^-^"'" 5,3G^ 229 persons of forei-n birth who fonu.^, ^'"'pnsiM- that of the m 18<0, no less than S.IIoTtOo were bX i^u tho Al'v V^r-""'' l-rulati,,., the British North American iZZJom ^'"^"'^ ^'"^'^^»^" ''"^^ "^ f.ff.,^ "'"^'gnitiou into this conntrv from the P.,;t;.i t i i , *'"'""'■'" '^owi>,f, the Ma! mm,;,ra(km ;„o the nnlal ^fnl.. f n r. riTioils. I £'121:10(1011(1 I M'iilcs, Isle I "filiin. niid [ <-'li;iriueli,sl. I aii(U, Si'dtland. Irclnml leOO to IgliO, inclusive 18;)1 to 18-10, incliisivo It'Jl to 1850. iucliisivo IMl to leiiO, inclusivo 1861 to 1»70, inclusive Calonil.ar year le7l Cal ndar year 1872 ("iileudar year 1873 Calendar year 187-1 (Tr(\at liiiiaiu.' Total. 3. 180 'i. (;(;7 3, 7 1 -J 38,331 3(i. 733 I'J. 13.-, 14. .Ili.-i 1.3,008 8, 7UJ ;o, lOO 133, OUG 07. 100 ■x,.r.:u 2:i, 188 243, ,-J.| 10-,', 33 J "48. 3(i(i "48, 740 4!i.%0(;:i i37, 078 3:ii, 247 ^« proximate estimate has boon made of tL n,.l ?"""'?^ ^"'1'^^'^' '"' «P- ufitiyity who are included , "he numb^Vf f P"'^'':" ''' l'^'''-^""« ^^ ^sU m aihlition to the 1,718 ()')- ir .1, "'".''^^ ^^ these "not stated," which tl^atot the4,ilO,4GC;'^tu^'^';m"JSLf^7 '' t^l^ table, shS a century, upward of 2,0Ci(.,(K.O or two H,i t '' '" '^ ^'"''^ '^^^'^'^ ^a" Of the laro-e forei,,m ek^n 4t in the ckv nf 'v''\"*'V'''-'-' ^^' ^^«^''^"^^- no less than 410,00-4 in the census r.ti^'^nl,^'-'''' >''''^'' ""'O'mting to ->01,990, a number almo.s er,S the whnA*''',"^"'''''' of Ireland were " "1 18<1, was 240,32(5. lud " d Tf 1 ?ir"^'"l''^'«" ^^' I^ and other adjoininrr cities which ,n, 11'^ "' "^""'^J' ^^*t.y, Brooklyn uietropolis of Amei-ica be' h.chu ed £^ ^?;"' f ^''^'* ^^i *^^ ^o^'^^orda not exceed, the aggregate poSlcj!; S BSS^eS'l^itv'"^' ^'^""' " 16 L "^ * / 242 LABOR IN EUKOPE AND AMERICA. I.— EATES OF WAGES IN IDE UNITED KINGDOM. Before i)i'esentiiig tbe tables sbowii!,c;' the oaniiiiss of fnotory-opeia- lives iu various inauufacturiug- towuy of llie United Kingdom, tlio following statement, showing the rates of wages paid to mechanics and other sliilled workmen iu tlie metropolis, is submitted : SKILLED TI;ADI:S IX I.O.NPOX, WLLKLV M'AGES IN I'rTl. Slafimciit (hoiclng Ihf nlohlislied mtr:^ of wnrira ohtaiiud hy memhcrs of the various trades- smieliis of the iitrtro^iolifi, In mimmir u'lid iriuler, com^iHal iimlvr the SKpcrviniuii of Ahagtr Hay mil, LL. 11. Tiades. Bakers Basket-nmlvcis lioat-buililcrs Bool£-biu(lers Brasa-cnik linisLuis BrasH'tlniskois Bricklaycia Brusli-maki'i'S Cabinct-makurs Cabim-t-iuaki'is, deal Carpenters Carvers and silders Coacli-biiilders Coacb-niaUera Coaeh-sniil lis Coach tvininiers and makers. Conipdsiti'S's Ci)rU-cut lei s Cordwaiueis Cur liers Engineers . Parriers Frencli-jinlisliors namniernieu Iron fonuders and niulders . Letter-press priutcr.s Painler.s, liiiu.si) , Pianolorte-makers Plasterers Plumbers Pressmen, printers' Skinners Steam-engine makers. Stone-masons ♦Per hoar. t Piecework. 70-3 1,3P6 4()U 500 4,')0 1,7-10 50 25 3';0 2UU 3, 5.-10 100 3, fiTS 1, 000 33, 539 220 30 80 T,372 400 till 225 100 17, 193 Jiato of wagea. Summer. Winter «:j 87 3 C3 8 47 7 2B S 47 8 47 Hi* (0 7 20 7 99 9 14 4 «4 9 (id 9 ti.S 4 fcl fi 05 4 84 7 20 C) 8 47 Hi* 18* 9 63 7 2G ."i 81 9 20 7 26 14' 16' 14' 18' 7 20 7 26 JO' 18' 9 14 X tJnoertain. 15 03 4 8t 7 26 7 20 8 47 8 47 K" (t) 7 26 7 \VJ 9 14 4 ^4 9 08 9 i)i 12 58 6 05 8 47 ■ 26 O 8 47 Iti* 16' 12 10 7 26 5 «l 9 20 7 26 14* 16* 14* IS* 7 26 7 26 16* 18* 7 82 f wngea. Winter. f5 03 4 H 7 'Si 7 iifi 8 47 8 47 l(j» (f) 7 Sfi 7 W !) U 4 84 0C8 U CS IJ 58 6 03 B 47 ■i -M C) « 47 * 16* ♦ l(i» 12 10 7 af) 5t„.ct u-tlu, r„ll.,wino. starnuont i.s not to .hov the sSc rates of \auou.s o,.,.u|,atioii,s m iliUeiviit localities, la a very lai-o n,i. her ot oeeupations ti.e l.a.ul.s are paid by the pieeo or ),v\;e :! ft a w a<- ..al rate ot vvaoes woahl not indicate the .sum an open five o'l Mke home with un. at (he end of the veok a.s the nrici o ' hi^ lb. Ihe smn.s staf-d in all the.se tahle.s are, theRdbn- the a vei^'e .sX c-a'ne,l per vveelc, whether the labor be paid by the day or by & pie' e' COTTON 3IANrFA('TURES. In a line-spinnin;^ n.ctory at Manehester the Ibllowlng an- th.- averse ueeUly earning.s ot tl.-e operative.s : ^ a\tnioO llaiidmule spinners, small niule.s* i^m an lli'iidmidespniners, laryo mules*.. . i" in TuMtens, women - . i ^- ^^> I'^eeers, yonu,!. p.T,s(Mis ...'.".".'.'.'.■ '^- ^^ ^" ; tz I'iccers, hail liiiiers ■*■>*' C.rd j;rin(lers, men - J|^ Cai'd snipitcis '* YX Card room Irames, womeu".'.".'.'."."'.'.'.'." ■;;;; •• is f,. ^ on biip-earriens, 1 I I ■ jj I » 1 . *^ ,-1 ! • • 1 ■ • • ' 1 I ; ; ; ; ; ; 1 ; ; ; ; .■•!.; 1 J • =S I ft f, r. f, fi fif, I \ I I : ipPKP : ; i i : : ; : -_- — _ ;Mj53;^^^•^•l'•^•^•^• ' • • ; • ' c^'^ n I • ' I i i : ;S» i ; 1 ;l» ; ; ; H : ; : :ir>£ :5S ;;:;;; : ifi : : : : : 1 J J Is ; ; ; ; ; 8 : : : iJ^."'-'' :^-" > • • 1 > . ••£'....., I 1 1 • "^ 1 'III' M.i)s,ii|.iin!iij .10 :::♦:: • • 1 • ! 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 ■ to pooq.KXin/i.ix ; ; .' : - : ~ - ! .* 1 : : ; ; I I I ; e : ; I ; 1 1 ' z 2 • ::;;'' •-- ::;::; I •' X I I I : 1 I 1 : ■ ^ < I 1 1 ' 1 1 I 1 1 X ;;;;;;;;■■ . — . — _ ■ till. I I I I ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 • ■till- P. - •aojs.iqoHnjv : ; ; ■ : : 1 ; : i :;::': i i : i : : : ; '. '. '. i i i .'^ f M.in|4 Ss'r; v-^t;;:;!^^ =: i i-SS'r; :^[:P.-5 :hJ^ fiSKi* 5 ' s =5 '.j: *^ -C r • - f> ■BDUtlT 'AJllfl ^T^— 1 f X 'p rj r: r^ . . _, — ^ ; t- c -1 -. ; — — '•^ "t ^ SI :"* 11 1- * i-- 1- - '^ '■H J. £ S B ; a III i'f if f s I S £ £ i ..- : i :'5 i'^ j i ; ii i^ i • • . - I S .U X X rr. £3 = i ¥ S ■' X c *- - = -, 1- X . S fc £ ££J = 5 i : c S » c ; = .5 • JJ-s I: eil^J £ ? f X TT " Q S r ii = C x^ r » S fc V X ; S X X X X X T X i = .^"^ .r-?— >^*^-5^.^-£^-'''-j!tI=.5.-----5 t c 2 ^ = = '"3 ~ J S 2 i ■ c v: y. x S •/. r- r- r- 1- wttonrtir;e?5i iiiii ; •■§ Isis i i£§ JS.a 3 ■ o S^ 6 i a a 2 .g a n 2 S 5 ; « i .i x .X s jil : lit ' » • ' t- ;3 : I ° ;?) : ;s . : I I I .' *^* : : : : : :$ I 1 J : : :3 I I ; • ' '.' i : ^ i :$a : : : ig ; : ;r? J S' a S ■ ? S ^ ; ; • 5 S o JO * ? ^ . I ;.-,• = ss ss a ! : S S c 2 .S a o fi S 'Z'o i £ ? t S i S S sfe*i|.f.i.iii .H.SE £ o is S -rl 3 JiSiSjJgS^ is « tt 10 rt rt L-. r3 5j ; « •^5 3 ■ 24b T..VJ10R I\ EUROPE AND AMERICA. Imi iti.ixo, iii.r:.v(.iii.Mi, AM> HYEi.vii c'diriiN iiii;i:.M> Occii|ialloo». Noitlritfliiiiii. I'«l»l.'y. ncnmrki). Ovcrlodki r<, 1 ' .....,...,, in n." lo iffl ll^ 1 ;n to 7 'jii 4 :i." to !• tw 1 H to 1> 4'J 1 HI 10 y 4j 1 i:;i to a n.'s •J 4-,> to v; !"i •J -.'1 til !i liii li >•• to 'J 4J Ub to 1 57 '"i'.^i ■".yif Adnllii. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. BlnndiiTH. nil. 11 , DyiTH or llnUlK-m. iiicu •. Cop-wiiiilf iw, n-diiifu DouhlcrH, Wiiiii'ii Cli'iirtTK, wiiiiiin OlltttHtTH, WlilUl'U Hiilim Hiiiik-wiiiili'T ^ , ,, , Boys mill girls iiuil r U !!.'.'!""! Do. XoTE,_Tho lioui»of work utv nl.xiy jut wn'k; tin.' wiiyus, pru'tly [.irf-wnrk, lu'rlly ibyivork. wooi.KN M.\.\rr.\crrii:— *>ri.\MXO, WK.wiNt i:ic. li" Oco'.liuitinu. i g 1 \i 1 * J 3 n •j-.^ Lnyora m for TvH.Mer", women ...| Onl Ki'lii rn or rl' iiiu'r.i, men | 4 Sliver-iiiinilHr'*. firls .., Coii(li'iiiii'r.|iiiiiiU'r>", glrln ! t.'nrrl-fi'ciU'ri', n-umiu j J W'oolycr*, iiu'ii I AVoolyeri*. foreiiu'ii, rnt-n '■ Self-iictlu^' miili'Miiimli'r.^. iiicii ! 4 .'ielf-.'K ting muk-|il','CiT', Imyn .... Self-nctlntr iimli'-tik'CuiN, bi'yj ami (jirU, liiilf-tim.'rH Kiig.Krlnil.MH, iiii'n Engiuiiiicu anil htiikiM-i , WnrpiTH Power-loom t'lnt-rn. mon IViwor-ltiont wt-aviTi*, woinvn Wool.Hortfri*, lui-n rnlling.millcr.s, n.^n Woolnnrl iili'fi'-ilyi'rj. n:vn Cloth-dreniicT!!, viz. rai'iMs. cultirx, pri'fuern, lunt^'rcTi^, ilrawerj ."•. BurliT:', wonit'U RipKcrs and B'ttinpcri', m-n Jli'mlern anil siiuiiptTii, wunun .... Oilcxtractern. nuMi , Meehauicif anil joinern, men Hag.pipki'r^', wimicii , ^Ilanil-npinufrf*, im-n IIand-»piuuer!<, y.iunp persouH Slubbera r. to K to $0 on |3 iW ^3 17 I i-i 43 to ifo rin I 4 C4 j'ii V! !lll .T 113 4 f 1 3 nn 1 tJU II a 17 1 t>9 , H u CO f) 84 .'.H to (iU to 5 (liS -. ;i3 i wi 3 an 3 ?7 I 4 84 5 11^ n (ill I 1 ti'J I 1 43 4 S'J 14 a 2 17 fi 33 4 ti4 4 f\ 3 t;3 8 47 .3 3H (i (15 3 I'H 5 Si 3 gn •i 43 a 08 3 14 5 |5il 7 3n 1 !«] 5 33 U 77 .33"to"'3"5ijl fi'sit 2 ill) 3 33 I 31 3 14 I 4 II a 43 to 3 ill I i 31 %l 81 3 87, 4 3,-| I 3 38 i 3 yii to ' 5 811 to 3 38 i 3 43 to I 4 33 to 3 33 I tj U3 to 4 33 13 111 3 87 3 5ii 8 47 G an 3 38 4 C4 4 .33 4 11 5 08 a 17 to 3 90 i I UO ..I. . I 4 33 to '. .|'o'o5'to*'i 3 38 ■ 37 43 5 8(1 |3 firt lo 3 H7 3 3-.' Id fi 3!l 4 tl lo 3 (18 4 J.'i 4 PI 1 !i3 to a ir 4 33 C 33 5 80 to 7 3li 1 43 G 33 XOTK.— T!i.- Ii.ur< of work arc sixty per week; the wngeH, partly uieee-work, partly ilny-work. WOOLEN Jr.vxrrACTriiE— ci.OTn-PRESsiXG. Occiijiatlrn. Li'f.lH. RemarkH. Glgpers 13 .3fi 4 33 3 3fi Do MnchiniKta ' Cloth-presserM Cloth-draweri) .'.'!.!!.!!.! Cloth tenterers 8 47 8 47 fi 77 7 3i; 3 87 and 3 .33 7 y8 to 8 47 Paid by tho piece. Do. Do. Do. Handle-setters HandraiHers Foremen Note,— The hours of work are .sixty per week ; the wages, partly [liece-work, partly day-work. A'Inllii, Do, P". !•", I)". IX.. Il». Dm. 1>0, tt 81 4a,i 5 m Hfl tn ;i k7 )■-' Id (p '£) r 1 to 5 l)H 4 33 4 35 53 to r SO 1 4r, <; .'.3 AVEI.'AGE i:AI{NINCfX OF n['i;KATIVKM. WniiMA MAMlAtllllK— COMIIIXa. •47 ()(i'ii|iiitlon. M'clmiil- Uiudf.jrJ. Wii.iwu.h.'iH." .','.' .'■,'.■■'■' in an (v.niiwijhru ■.'.*.■.■.■.■.'.■.'.■.■. I imr >> HI ilimi.im.-ii _' ■ j .( 1)3 t'.lllllllllllla.... OdiiiIj-IkiiiiN i II •i a a Si .Son:.-TI„. huurn nf work ..m .Ix.y (kt ,v..k ; tlu, wn.'H., ,„„.„y ,,i,.c„.,v„rk, ,.artly ,luy.,v„rk. wooi.K.v .M.kMiAcruiiK— CAiii'i;r- •".»'. tr-G. Orcll|iil(lon, Olimgow, R' mnn,(n!k. '■iim. NnlKlihorliooil "f Loudii, A«l»tiint ilyiM, mi'ii ... A«»l'taiit civfi lliiij.l.lii , b •"lyH wciinin .. -I".!!! «■.■!■ vHrsiinillici,iiH.rH, iii. ii 1 llllll-ll oril «•!■ IV.TH l-llil blfl'lUITH, b:iyH Mitlmiil.H ■' I'^itti'iiidriiivcrH, luiu '.!iii.'!!!!! l'ulti-rci.(|imv,.iM. hiiys !!!!.'.." Wttichniue.wniki.rs l"rit.rH',a'n(l'«Vw.'ri'min «Bri'hi.n,i'-n-(irki'rH, ii'iid tj, ami «,.ivHr» WMr<'liiiu«-n-oi ki'iri, ti'iiii r«. luid ..■«• r-i War. hcm», -HorkiTi., i,.|iteiv, and wwtrrf'. ulrln tro|,|iHr.-., ciilliM'ri, mid c|.uu.t«, im-ii . troiipiTs, ciiit.'M, an.l clciua-iH, l,„\^ CriiMpiMH. fiiiiMiv, and cii-uni rn, iviIiuhu (JroppfiH, eiuiHiM, and cl.-airuiH, girU...; Wiadi Trt and rr..|,.|M. wmacii Wiiidi TKiin I rt'idoiN, girlH I'..ivi'r.lii,nu WMuvir,, llnH/t.i»" ciiV'riiVi'i'im'ir!'' I'DWur-liioai \v " Over!,.,,l4,.i-i l>'dteraandbobbiu»eiferV,h»if-ti',TOrH!.'.'.'.'!;' ?l I'd 4 !'i .-! 1.3 ■■:■ 4 J y 14 3 14 3 ;w 6 77 2 43 a 17 a 17 3 38 a 6« 36 4 35 a as) 3 iS oo T ii.'i 1 93 'a'fs' 5 ell Olaiigow. Brndfnnl Di. tried. $G 77 to 87 to |7 SO "4 '35 3 87 5 U8 I 3 3S ). 3 14 ia CC to 3 14 o CO lili 7 74 to S 47 *1 81 1 "i'as'i.'.'! 17 tn 81 to a 78 4a 10 ail to 54 u a '.111 7 !»!i 6 47 3 t.j to U -'O 'a'54'!!;!;;!::::;::: .«! to 4a 10 8 22 N0TE.-The hours of work are sixty per week , the wnge,, partly piece- work. i.,rtly d.y-werk. 248 LAlJOli I\ Kl'lfol'i; AM) AMKHICA. II.AX MAMTAtTriir.-M'I.VMMi, WKAVI.NU, Kit. Oi'ciip^ition. Overloolurx Wari-lniust'iiiun . . , KoiiKlii'rH llai-kiers Sorters PivpiiriTs. woiuiiu Hllll gliis Siiitmir.x, womou mill (firlx D.flW.s lic-i'k'is, womi'u Jlakfis-nj) Kiijrlui'ini-u Jlfchaiiics Drf^SL*rH, nieu UresHtrH, womeu .. Ui'e»iii.'rs, boyi lIulf-iimerH Cuidurs, feniak'tt... Coinhi.rs.tViiinles ..i Kunill.rH I 'I'ncklers, men { M'iuiiers ' Weavers ' Bleachers, f'emalea .1 WarpuFH ■■■1 ^i !" *^ I;? *^«"»*««3 «7iii;tufu.i8 .1 (" / to ■! .Jo _ _ . I I 4 f4 to (i or. I ai to 1 ,07 4 8-1 to (j u.") I 43 to 1 73 1 31 to 1 73 1 ^'1 to 1 37 J u:i to 2 4-! 4 ;)5 to ti 03 4 f4 to 03 4 (i4 to 7 Sli ... Ill 03 to ' a cy to ?i? 47 I . « Ud ! . ' f 4 50 to I 81 to S 34 ... 1 -13 to 'J 113 I .',7 to 1 (If to 1 HI 1 13 to I !i;i 1 l)!l 10 )> llli 3 67 to S UJ 1 ai to •J4 to S (13 lo 1 'j;t to 4 ;)3 to !.> W 4H 8 !■> a 17 4 S4 (13 lo 37 to 1 f7 n oi( 1 s'l S.' Ull I .'1(1 to 7 yii 3 ;io '.' IK) " ' iio 81 43 1 D.3 i'si' 1 21 t.) I 1 m to I ri'ra'to I 1 1'3 .. ;i 14 .^i 3 Ml!.'! i'"' 81 4 84 to I) 05 I I $3 5U 's'65 2 05 2 17 2 54 4 11 5 go 5 32 5 44 1 en to 1 93 to 3 (i3 3 87 1 y3 fiO 2 54 3 38 KOTE.-The hour., of work are .1..,,. per „...„k , ,l,o wagen, pa.My pi.c.vork, partly dny-w JL-Ti; MAXfiAcriitK-.spixxixn and w]:a\ing. ork. Occ'upatiou. TVorkor^i in prcp.irlnij Oepiirtraeuts Spinnera, coar.irtinnt tenters .i"". '.'.!'.!'. Weavers, girls .!]'.'.'.!."'. Half-timers Twisters .'..'..'.'.'.'. ' Carders liovers '-•-'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.■.■■■■■. Drawers [','.','. I'oi 'I rs .....'.'.. Bundlers NorK.-Tho hours o. work are sixty ,,..• week ; the wa«.. partly piecework, partly d.y-.work. Jtu f5 50 a (15 2 05 2 17 2 51 4 U 5 80 5 32 "i'tO ""'•j'si 3;;8 2 (j(i 2 78 ) 2 (iC 48 2 23 2 05 2 05 1 93 1 99 2 6li AVERAGE EARNINGS OF OPERATIVES. SILK MA>-UFACTURE— THROWING RAW SILK. 249 Occupatiou. Nottiuyliaii Men employed nt spinning and throTV-ing-mills . . BoyH ' Women and giria, doubl'eVa !'!l!!!"!!"i] Women and girla, wmdera of rawaiik !!!! Chilrtron, drawing Women, reelera .V.V.V.V.V.V.V." Men, overlookers ."." $3 87 |() 9i1 to 2 42 1 *1 to a 54 S 17 to 2 (iti 60 to 9B 1 93 to 2 17 4 84 to « 77 Manchester. $4 U 1 (i9 2 05 48 S 05 NorE.-Tho hours of work are sixty per week; the wuge«, partly piece-work, partly day SILK MANUFACTURE— SPIXXIXG WASTE SILK. work. Occupation, Silkbollors, men Siik-droaaers, men Silk-preparera, girla.... Silk-apiunera, girla Silk-doublera, girls iSilk-reelers, girls Jlechanics, men Joinera, men EMgineiirivers, men.... Warpers, men Children, balf-timera ... $1 93 to 1 93 to 1 93 to 12 42 2 43 2 42 "s'm 60 NOT£._Tbe hour* of work are sixty por week , the wagoa, partly piece-work, partly day-work. BLEACniXG, DYEING, AND PRINTING. Occupation. SINOELNQ, AND Bleachino, stitching Foremen Wen Women above 18 , Girla ond boys between 13 and 18 Half-timers COLOK-MI.'ilNG : Foremen Men Hoys between 13 and' lb '.'.'.. MACHINE-I'MNTINO : Foremen Printers, men ' Tentera, men Boys between 13 and 18 ..!. Hand-I'ri.ntino, (block:) Foremen Block-printera, men '.. Ilnlf-timers. AQEINO AND STEAMING : Foremen Men' ','.'.[ Girla and boys betweeuis and 18. DtFINO, SOAriNO, AND CLEAR- I.ST, : Foremen Dyera, men Men ;."""■ Women above 18 ..".".'.'." Boys between 13 and 18 FlNIiHI.NU, JIAKING-i.!-, A PACKING; Foremen Calendrers and sta.cii'e'rs I* St'J 87 to 2 17 to 1 45 to 2 42 to $8 47 5 08 2 29 1 93 1 21 10 89 4 35 3 38 13 31 10 89 3 87 1 45 6 53 4 84 72 6 05 3 87 2 17 8 47 to 12 10 4 11 3 87 3 02 1 93 $7 26 69 o , •o i- o S * n ^; $8 47 3 87 1 33 |1 21 to 10 89 3 87 1 45 2 54 to 1 45 to 3 67 to 4 4 84 to 'i'os'to' 7 26 '4*35 $9 68 to $14 52 10 64 3 87 1 45 6 77 3 87 4 II 7 74 to 4 35 to ! 42 8 22 4 84 7 26 to 12 "i"45'to'"' 1 93 ' to $11 37 3 87 fi 05 7 26 9 68 to 14 52 7 26 to 12 10 8 47 wk'-^-f 250 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Bi.EAcmxG, DVFjN-o, AND mixTixtt-Contiuued. Occiiiiatiou. FIXISHINO. ETC— Coniiuiiccl. Jliikeraup nud tmckern, ineu Women, nbove li? GiriK iiiui boys, between U and 18 MKrHAXlC'S, S.lIITHS, joixerV,' ETC.; Fnronipn JIe."l]anics Joiuor.t ."'.'"!! AssiKtnntsandensine-tpntiTH. Boys, between i:i and Id Wntchuieu Ct'i-ters '.'.'.'.'.'. Tinuk-keeijerx. men , Book-kecpern, boys between 13ai:d 18 De^i^'uer.-i Eiip 'verH fi 05 to $r, 08 y n to 3 90 1 ca to 1 03 15 10 7 iG to - 74 7 71 4 R4 2 43 to 2 HO 5 03 4 35 to 4 84 7 3u to S U5 1 CO ! 35 to 43 to .$4 84 3 14 21 to 4 oil to 7 2t; ■ I 7 3(5 to $14 53 to 10 89 |7 3iito$ia 10 XOTE,— Tlie hours of work in pr are geutrnlly ruiher in exte-s of tba work. *iiit-works are not uecesJariiv restrif^tud *.-. na „..« ™ i . ., ■at nu,aber. Tbe wages are ^::S"^;;;'u^ 1;^ ^.^^t^.^^Z l^l WAIir AND SKEI.\-ri;l,\TING. Occupation. Dppipfnerg Blnck-cutters Block-printers Warp-printers Wnrp-dressers Warp-dressers, between Warp-printers, between Fi'mnles Color-mixers Skoin-printers Skein-printers, between Skein-printers, under 13 Ordinary printers and nud 13 and 18. ^Maiichestt-r. 1 Remarks. 89 08 S 47 6 29 5 51 5 08 3 43 3 39 3 IB 7 21) fi 05 O -erlookers. 1 94 97 4 36 ITSTIA.V DYKING AND FIXI.slllXG. Sndners Washers Copperasers Whizzers Dryers Men Lads, from 13 to Ta'. Lads, from 15 to 17, Lads, from 17 to 19 Men Hend-euders, men Tail-enders, men Men Lads, from 17 to 19 Lads, from 15 to 17 Females U'??"-"?'"' '"-""T "f,"'«''k in "jl'-aebinK and dvemg-w » rfg"- l-hKl p:iri;y by picco-Work, partly Ijy day-work, ■•orks ;of cxccisd an average of 60 per week. AVERAGE EARNINGS OF OPERATIVES. DYEIXG. 251 Ocoiiii.'itiau. Skilk'il dyers UiiNkilk'd (lyei'ii Bli'Hcherrt Hotprensera mid tiuislierd. Boys Dyerrt, woiueu Dyers, glrlH FoJderH and ironers. Calico-gliijers JlotropollH. ir, -29 to $7 26 3 87 to 5 57 ;t c7 to 7 74 4 .■ 1 to 10 17 117 to 3 3!) 2 18 to 3 63 !.>V to 1 94 2 18 to 2 911 8 47 ^^J^^J^:;;i^^;jir^!;j^;';^;:;^i;'i^l;'^;^;r"'''^ ""'^' "" ^"^^^ -- "--^^ ..tco^.r...,. FrSTIAN-CUTTIXG. OcciipatiMi. Men on piece-work Women on piece-work '.".'.'..! ' Young persons -■-.... ^... !........ NrnK.-iloiiis „f work, CO j.er wtik ; wag-,?i pai.l cl.kfly by piece-work. sM.vLL-WAKE. r,i:.\iris, rnixoi:,*. ktc. Mnuchebter, $2 42 to $4 64 1 4.^ to 2 90 97 to 1 94 Occn;inti,in, Silk Pinallwnre-weRvers, ninle Silk sniiilhvare-wenvern, female Silk siiiallware-winders. female .' PlaiterH, women above 18 ". Winders ']'[ Makers-up i [['[ Makers up, young persons Plaiters, yonug per.-'His Half-time Note.— H"ur3 of work, GO per week ; wajjes paid by the week. liOOT AMI SlIOK MAN-LTACri-RE. JlanchoEter. Metropolis. ?4 3i; to $4 84 3 03 ;o 3 87 $7 03 2 42 2 90 2 42 3 CJ 3 03 i'c3 1 45 a 06 1 57 61 (icuiipntion. Riveters, bept class Kiveters, second class. . Vinishers, beat class Finishers, second class . Clickers, males Machinists, females Fitters, females Ijast-nifikera t'loRgera Cutters a c L. if |7 26 4 84 9 2(1 6 05 Leeds.' |2 90 2 90 5 08 5 06 1 94 1 G9 4 84 to J8 to 8 to to 6 to C to 2 to 7 ■ 56 47 |4 64 47 I fiS I 63 05 39 I 90 26 5 32 3 00 2 30 Ipfwich. $4 84 to $9 $6 05 6 29 2 42 5 81 * The nnriibcr of hturs are, fnr females. -,| per week, and for male-. 59 per w*!:. *'ijH^*^--*^B^v^^3 ■. 252 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. CLOTIIIXG. Occupaiioa. Overlookers, meu (JutterH, men ... llasters, fcmalei), first class... HiiHtem, females, iaferinr Macliiners, t'euinles, tirst class Mftchiiiers, females, inferior .. Sewers, females, first class... I'res^ers, men, tirst class Pressors, men, inferior Metropolis. Glasgow. $10 171 9 20 a 31) 1 47 3 41 S BO S OH 6 61 4 2i) ^Ui fi u S Ipswieb. »7 26 2 90 '3*96 7 26 Note.— Ordinary hours of work from S a. m. to 8 p. m., but tho average Is leas tbaa 60 per week. CEXER.VL FUr.XlSUIXG. DroHH-miikiug , Bedding , Alantel-uiaVing .Si u fling , inrnitnre Making up of carpets, sewing Polishing of furniture Upholstery, women for sewing, Ac Making up of bonne's Metropolis. $2 78 4 17 S 66 8 89 3 b7 9 63 3 03 4 36 NoTr.-Ordiuary hours of work from 8 0. m. to 8 p. m., but the overage is less than 60 per week. M.VXTLE-WORIC. Occupation. Mp.chlnists. sewing ; Experienced Improvers Handworkers ; Piece-workers . . Day-workers : E.xperienced . , Improvers Mtfropolis. $3 63 to $4 36 73 to 2 42 2 90 to 4 84 2 90 to 3 63 73 to 2 42 NOTK.-The ordinary hours of work from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m., but the average is less than CO per week. STAY OR CORSET MAKIXG. Occupatiou. I Metropolis. Stay-cutters, men .Stuy-pri'sser-, men .Stay-machinists, females .. .Stay needle-hands, females Stay-embroiderers, females Boners Eyleters, boys and girls ... Boxers, girls Finishers and overlookers . Foremen Fitters $9 68 9 08 3 15 1 94 2 66 a 18 1 94 1 69 1 69 4 84 3 63 Remarks. Termed iu the trade fanners. Sundry workers for superintending girl* Koit.— urdiuiirv h ours of work from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m., but the average is less than 60 per week. 7 26 AVERAGE EARX7XGS OF OPERATIVES. LIXEX-COLI.VR MAKING. Ocoiipntioii, Jfpn, cuttprK, flr.-'t clues Men, outtern, Hi'coml olasa.!.' Men, cntterK. third k'Ukm Females, niiicliini-luindH, fi;.st"-ii"i»<" Females, lunchine-hiimls, nuconil cl.i Tea onU'; Do". Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. With board and lodging. D.). Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. XOTF.— Ordinary li..ur-i ..f work f.-om 5 a. m. to 8 p. m., but the nverag.' is k-s than (10 per week. HAT ANT) CAP MAKI.VG. Oecupatiou. Machiuers, hnnds Clerks ;;'"" Boys ! i . . ! ! . Needlewomen ."!!!.'.'! Hal-trlmm 5 44 to on Kii,7inemeu ) We -Inneu Lab. re! 4 .........'. Masoiia Puddling-,^. iiGE: Puddlers Shinglers Laborers , !.'.'!1 ".*!'!'" Weighmeu ,,,[ ", RAIL-MILL: First henting 10 28 3 '32" to "4 '23 10 89 14 52 15 73 Second beating Rougbers and catchers Rougbers and catchers at blooming 9 68 9 68 57i8'to""7'2G Chaugm.,- and pulling out B( 'jeymeu Wheeling iron '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Piling iron S.iwiug rails .'..."'.!!..'!!". Straighteuero Weighmeu ....'..'.'..!"!! Laborers PLATE-MILL: Heaters fi 03 7 20 7 17 fi 41 43 6 29 4 84 to fi 03 3 03 to 5 80 Loaders and general laborers . 12 70 3 03 to 4 59 4 59 to 8 71 MEIICH ANT-MILL: ' ""■ Heaters Rollers !.'.'.'.'!".!!.'."." Chargers Laborers .".'.'.'.'.'!!!!! Weighmen Smiths Smiths' strikers '.'.'.'. 8 59 12 10 3 03 3 63 to 4 59 6 03 4 84 to 7 01 4 59 to 5 08 4 35 to 8 22 4 11 to 7 01 5 ►■!.' -0 fi 77 7 01 4 , • ■ 6 77 2 7 ^6 1 '"4"59'to'c'53' 4 35 to 4 84 77 to 7 01 5 80 to 77 1 5 03 to 6 53 Boiler-smltha Fitters... 7 20 Pattern-makers 6 05 Joiners 4 47 t< n Holders _' Laborers '..'.'.'.'.'. .".V Note,— The average uumber of hours about 59 per week. $4 6( ;1 Xt 117 ton. $12 2S 111 44 7 !S) AVERAGE EARNINGS OF OPERATIVES. IliOX-JIILI.S. Ouiniinttioii, Pli.lHI. ! . l>H(l.i(. r/ I I''iriiuc(itii It il r K.iiitTH'im. f'(t ItM's' Im Kitii urni in (ii'ii. r.,1 iiil 255 I II . Ivrlmudri ""..''!! i ! I taiitH '..!.!!!!..!.".!. y» '.!!!.!....!;'.'.'.'.!'.". HI Biroightcnera lurtrs !!!!!..'! Note.— The immbur of hours abou! 59 per wi'uk, II!(iX-1i)I;GIXCf. Maucho.-iur. is 47 4 33 12 10 12 10 8 03 2 42 7 26 3 S7 Ocoupittion Ft Til!' 'm't» t-'nr'iKc- Kit' 1 1 '.'.*. !1 *.*.". 1.m!m r< r^ !.!!!]"!..' •'iiiit , hi' vy ..!! ! .Sliiillw. li./lit I'if.r» 'I! ■ !•- M.ichihl t-i '.'...... ■. Manchofttr. NOTK.— The uuuib'ir of hmirs about 5'J por Mwk. iiiox-iorxDiNt;. Occupation, '. ion .loitha l:i'-r eclorn ".'.*.*.*.".*.".*,* .1 liiiirH iind turuera ■• V 1 ; i ! , I s .'.'....'........ M.cll'H, ■ liku,. '.!".'.'.'.!!!"'.'.'.'.'.'. h ■!> SI. liiundcrloa 1". '.!'!!!! 'ii^iry Iniiorcru [l.]'. ..II ^uiitha ".'.'.'.!'.'.'/ .i.'-acfiiiuii M ludieater. $r37 1 2'J 1 2Lt 1 21 1 21 1 37 1 4.1 72 ti4 1 2fi 1 U3 Note — Number of hours about 59 per week. ENGINEKRIXOr, BOILER AND AGIilCfLTUIiAL MACHINE MAKING. Oecupntion. i'-ar.d (!]^-:n( -titters Aiirk'ultnnil-fitters .', (!oo i fiiKiut^siiiiths "."' A);i ieuli iinil-amitha ] Hi ill r-tmikcra ]][[ fliKiil i:ii!ihini»l«, (i. c. woodmen) ...'. ii'"ii iiml bnisn moldora ('..'iiiiiTs iJiiywijik kiborera '.'....'.'......'. I'mtern niikera I>:.::;cr« W.. "][.'.'.'. Iliuiuuermen Manchester. $9 23 7 26 7 74 8 70 7 21) 4 35 Suffolk. $9 68 6 (i5 10 16 in 05 to 7 26 10 89 9 60 8 70 4 33 2 90 Essex. fa 80 "h'so 6 29 .f3 My'to'b" 63 8 95 '3 .39' Lincoln. $6 72 6 72 6 ,')3 6 77 5 32 3 63 6 77 f'asgow. $5 80 to $6 53 "5'32Vo"6 77 '5'68Vo"'7'26 3 63 to 3 87 6 29 to 7 26 iii ImlJrM'rr^^rkld';"""" "" ""'""^' '" ^''' '""" ^'° ''''"" P" ''<''^' I" »'"' «'''«*"" counties the full 256 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. LflCOMOTIVE-KXOlNE .'MAKING. OcfUlmlioii. Fitt.TH mill (InihliHiN Tunierh, uliMiitrn, [iluurry, nml rtlulleM DrilltTH Erectors ami IjdlliT-iiiiniiitcrK J'litlerii makers Irnn mill linmn moMern. Co|i|)er»mitlm O riiidern IljiiltT-inukeru " NniilbH Forgeiiien .' " ] hiiljorern namuu'riui.-u Glasgow. $n 05 6 05 ;i iti a ,'i3 ti 77 7 (JO 77 7 50 li v.'5 fi J.-i S 47 :t (13 4 11 .,l^N?,T'^•■^?'''^ "'"'^■°."'"K<,''' ""• »" 'iverairp raU-n. many nii'ii lieiug ]mU\ liotli biyhcr mid lower, nci'orillnj; t„ iiiuliry. 1 lie lioiirs ul wurk average about 07 per week. IlOI/r, XLT, AM) l;l\l:r MVKI.Nti. Ocenpntioii. Boll-makers, poorl BoU-iiiakerii, coiiimuu. Nnt-makers, litrfre Nnt-iiiakern, liiiiall Rivetmakern Screwern of bolt J Bolt-maker.-i' ^triker... Rivpt-cutterH Itivet picker-out 'I'uriier- Fitler's apprentice . Glasgow. $n 77 HO 7 an 6 05 5 80 ■fl) 7:. to 1 (i'J 3 63 1 69 1 81 6 77 2 17 1/iCK ANT) sait; :\rAKiNG. Occupation. Metr.ip(plis. First-cIpsB mcfli.mics kuowu as tool-makers and eueiucers. . Good litters ."^ Laborera in in( olii'iiics, employed to tit up (ir put logeVii'.-r nli.",t' is made by iiiacbine— mere uuikilled labor. Boy s .111 il y I lut h •( Wouicii, employed to work automatic mnoliiiie.< T'lil 1(1 to *>:) 31, per on Lours-. •■:7 'Jii to ill !I4. per (ill lii>nr-i. piice-worli. H 3,1 to ?,■< 47, fur (iJ hours. a 17 to Si 4."i to 4i') 14 i:3 14, R» til;! law iilloWH. XOTI, DV rnorRIf;roRs.— Our system is e.-^iceTitioiial to a'l others iu this trade, liv r"(isnu of the loMts of the w-ork IM uij; preiuired by macliiiiery similar to Kntield. fuloriunatelv, the best ineu onlv work p.ii(att iivo. thirds time ; consequently, they take only a part of wliut tbey curu. The hours of work nv CD per week. SIIIPlUTI.DlNi; AND M.VKIXK KXOIXKEIilXG. Occupntiou. SHIl'Hl'It.niVG-YARl); Blacksmitlis .Angle-iron smiths Hammermeu Riveters '. " Platers and li'ters Calkers Helpers or laborers '..'.'.". Itivet In.ys [_ Carpeute'rs aud boat-builders Joiner.s Bloekmakers Glasgow. ifa OS to 3 t'O to Palate Riggers . .fil 0,1 (> ill 3 73 5 3i 7 01 5 3-2 3 33 1 (I'.l 6 03 6 53 5 8if 7 30 6 -,'3 Metropolis. f-'' .'id 10 SO to 1 4.5 to J8 71 il 4i 7 S(! 9 I'l 8 71 5 (B 2 17 e 71 7 !« 8 71 7 'J(i liazor-( Clhugow. $0 05 6 05 Dp? fl .'i3 ti 77 7 (lO G 77 7 50 H i'S 6 .'.-) 8 47 3 ti3 4 11 $« 77 5 80 7 Sfi 6 05 5 80 to 1 (i!l 3 in I tJ9 1 81 6 77 S 17 f8 71 !l Jl "7 20 9 19 8 71 5 Or* 17 C 71 7 >M r :i 7 'jii 7 C(! AVERAGE EARXIXG8 OP OrEKATIVK,^. 2.37 Occtt|ii't|(iii, (iln< M.'ll-'.lir.lls. Siiipnuir.nixd.YARD-comi Mucliliiistii llol-LTH EvoiNK-uonKs: J'niiiBlitHmi'n I'liltiTu-iuukurH. '.."'. Joinerri J"** Illii(kntnilliK...ii".']^"' HiMiiim'rniMn .'"" Fitt.Trtuii.l llnI;ih(.Ta ..*'.'. Jron-turnuru JliK'liiiiljitd ."" Luborers BoiJ.KIlWOKKSr I'latuM iind flllers itivcturjiiiiiclculkurj ..]'. Blnckumltlia 1 [iiniinerrm;ii ' ' HoKkTH on and liilmrorn' !! liiVft-boj'a ami blowira. .. nut'd, ■f-. r,i 3 J3 9 20 li II (1 ."9 11 r,.i 3 ^7 r. Pli f) O.'i r. .'11 3 ■Jii fi 47 5 4t (1 •Jll 3 3 7;j 14 f^71 7 !i8 8 71 5 3a 1: 71 4 3.-. P 71 7 -Jii 1 -'1 SIIEl'FIKI.D TfiADlOS. Occuijutiun. Anionnt pur Week. IRON AM) STEEL MAXlFACTUriE. nead puddlor. Ordinary jinddlcr Liftertip, boy ["_'"_ ["[ Forgciniiu .'.'.".'.'.'.".". '.'..'.'. I'urgu laborer '.'.'.'.'. ." . ' Armor-pluto laborer.."'."..'.'.'. '.'.'... rattern-niaker Roller, head '.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. .".".'." Roller, laborer .'.".'.".".".'.'" '.'.'.'.. Furnucemen, laborer Spring.fltterH ■..'.'." Laborer to the above .'..'.".'.' '.'.'.' Wire-drawers) " .' " "" ' Wire-cloanera RodrollerH .'.',"'." \ Sheetrolkrd !!!!!!!!!.' ' i . . i ^ . ! ! ! EDQETOOL MAXUFACTDRE. ^Tr^^'^'^rivS^.r'"^" "■" ^''■•Serr<,ce.ve»$.0.89 and the Mriker «C.0o, or $lo.l0.nd Gnnder.f, with apprentice. Cirinrler, siinnle-hauded . . Ilardoncr-i .' ." ] [ Warehoiisewomeu .'!!.'!!'.!!! i ! J i ] '.!.'.'...'!]!! FILE .MA.VUFACTURE. te: ^n^:bS;l"' '''"'''■" '" •"'-' P-"-- -'<■■ -".">«. of ed^e-too, ,br,.r.) Cutters Ilurrtenerd .'.'.'..'.'.'.'..'. i.' .'..'.".'." Scourei H, Homeu . . ! '.'. Cirindtrs '.'.'.'.'.'.[ '.'.'. CL'TLEKY MAXlr'Al -re. *a9 04 to fH 40 fi 53 1 (19 10 10 to 14 32 4 U to 4 81 fi .13 8 47 21 7,^ to 21) Ir4 4 P| •"i 80 14 52 7 '."i I'i 4 84 12 10 to 14 52 10 OJ SPRIXOKXIFE CUTI.ERy- SpriDg.kniie cutler, (avoracre, probably Pen and pocket blade grinder ^ I en and pocket blade forger... T"l;i::a^l!:;ii.'; .v::i:iMCA. SiiEri'iKi.ij I ■■,., H— Coiifiiiii il. Occupiili' Ci;TLEuy MANUi At 11 iiE-Cmitiimi', un.lci- anv e,irnia»iances ou .Monilav, .in,l very oit. u ;'.''''i I"^.. " mi"""""! I'f work capalili) of piuviiliiig the bare iieces«Brii"s ol life. ' " ' in viTious enuni'H, that with th" lust hl« wages Iii« reut nuii wtar and leiir on Tuenclay, niid who p _ ..„ ..,,.„„.,,„ Theroiii-o ngaiii winw branehcs of tlm'sh<'lii<''ldNn'ili'"Ko iu'nre!.'sed''in of tool"" " ^ "■"''""'"u ciiu hardly gut u liviug, alt- r deducing froiu I .,m?,!i'','.'„"!r, "'.""."";'''", "','"''' '•"""'•"'"y hi opi ration, especially in poriori,. when trade U f^netnatieir nad page" ' '" '^''•■"'■'y '" 'l""!"'"'' "J" avemgu rat. „r wMges i,. mis Ineality, u.< given lu th Note.— The number ol leiur.s worked in .Shellli.! ! in about 08 pi week. leiigenig Jdinerii MiiHoim Ihltkhiyern. I'iasterera ... J.aborerw .... .'(upirier lahi I'liinters I'lumbers lua .Slaters \vii;i:-\viji ui.NO. Oecupatiun. I Mnnchestir Weavers iJruwera Winders S'.itchera I>andy.makcra Kngineers Meclianies Weaving apprentices Drawing apprentices lioys $8 71 a 17 .T 14 iJ 10 4 a 4 64 1 nil I 1 4.") 1 OH J liemarks. i.ro for the flr.s- four Ite hifit three veurH #:i.fi;i (iivi.rage) and « T-4..'j'J. Caliinet-makur Ijil lerers., •■'rile li polishe I'ainterH fillers I'pholMtery new 'i'lirners Cliair-niakera . Joiners ...,.,, Car\ ers . . -• 'I ■rators..... ci)rri:i!-.MiLLS. Occupatien. J.nbiircrs I'urnacemeii Jlainmer-mea Kol 1 iug-men *l'ube.dniwers lioys over in y. rir.s of n™ boys under ib .> l;'.ts c: ago (full time) MauchestGr. Jl 11 T iC, f> 05 r, ri ."■, 118 B 1-2 1 IjK C'orkamker.i, fl, tloek-makors, Be ^ n H 'IT !» lis u m UU to 7 iw III \J ID tIJ 1 1 .'r.i III 7 'J'i III ■J '.ID Ik V! U'l - ■!? - 17 li) '.1 til? (. 77 •J IK) to 1 lltl 'J 1"! to y7 ■ I'liiir ucl I'stcr. M 11 7 an r, OS 1 iia AVKRAOM lUHNIXG.S OP 0PEKATIVE8. COACII-lllII.Dlxo. 259 »il 7.^ to |3 W « 7d to H 71 fi 7S lo «S3 i lu tLo C'AIIIN' *M.\i: AM) ITIIOLSl Kf!Y. OceiiiKiiliin, Ciiliini't-miikurH... I'lil.^ MiTci-H .■ Krciiuh ijolishers Piiimera CiiMiTS .'.'.'.".■.■■ I'pholntery sowiiH ... TurnerH "* Chttlr-mnkera ..„'.' ."'.*.' " ' ' Joiner.H "" ciirMMH !!'!!!.".'."" Dii miors ... ' ' ' .' Niil K.— Khiy iioiirH jic'i- wftk. CI.OCK-MAKING. MauelientiT. Mutropolls. $7 74 to 6? 23 $7 Sfi to $Ii) fS 7 'M to la 10 II 77 lloin.pM'liour 7 SB S 47 7 ;.'li to 7 74 2 !W 7 SG to 8 47 7 2li to 10 (J!) 7 20 to 12 10 '■< 1!) 7 ar. to 12 10 1 'J 19 fjlnrkiiinkcrx, flrrtt<.|,iM. Llock-miikers, SLcoud vi _ /, $7 2fl to $<) fl^ C U5 to 6 77 NOTK.-TIi,. licirn uf HurU lire 58 i., I'l r vri'ek. IGO LADOR IN El.'KOI'K AND A>rKRICA. I'DlM'.liV, Occuimtlou. irf'ildu'Uiirt.' prt'ciii'rs..,. I'riiitiTH iKcnui'ii , 'I'l.ruwcM 'I'lirnirH iSiunjiT'iiuiki-'rn I'i>li-inHkrn< I'liiti' mill nuiii'i^r uiukiTj). l.iil/dnrn TniriartrnTB, woHicii .... I.i'lljfluriitri), worufU ... Wiirt'li'mMtt wurnt'ii I'liiiitn'urii'H, womi'U Iii>y«, full tlimi h<'y. liiilf tiiiiK 'I'l'mpcrera of clay I'lllllTJ) , Mip-niiikiTH , -MclilrunnerH, boj'i liiwuit-Urunieu ()l(ii|]i'riitiniH iirc|uiiilHl |jiT l.()i)llbrick<, HO Unit tbo niigeH can ouly be uvcrugfd. GI.ASS-MAi;i.\(;. Occupation, Metropnl!..!. Founderii Spareinen, (wLo«' duty it U to All tLe cradbli's) Kilnnieu Cutters .'...!!!!!!! Cutters' nsKlrtfautd '.'.'.'.'.'. < r rindiug-iuen (iriudlnK-boys '.'.',','. .Siiioothinp-raen ','.'.'.'. Smnothiiifc-wouK II .".'.'.'.' rolishinj.'-meu '.'.',',. rolisli iug-bi ly 9 .' ,W" fB 7li « (;4 ti 41) 8 40 ti !.>4 9 12 1 !!•-> 7 iiO a 40 8 4!) U 40 Note — Tlie Iiours of work nro about 50 jier week, SOAP AND CANDI.KS. Occupation. Copper nid.'siii ,i Tallow-indterii . Caudle- pounders Cnrniea E'-ys Metr AU, $5 71) r:, 70 4 HO iffi 24 to 7 20 1 20 to 2 40 ^f ^' i'l »1 3 fl AVKIIAGi: EAHMN'OS OF Ol'KKAIlVKS "11. MIl.I.s AM. l;i:i|M,;iiv. Ociupn, 1(1)1, Prr ««n)ou , • •^lrlllll^» .. . ,,,,,.. "i)|i|n..riui II ,[ IlllVH. ,.,..,, «'"i«'T«. „...;.;;;, I'liriifiit. Tit ....!"' Vunl-lmn.U UlucksmliliH NoTK. -Th- I,. MM, „f «,„k „r,. ,io ,„,r „.„~ lltl;-.MtI.L8, 2G1 M>'iri.ii.ll., ir 81) tn t'« 4 I •I ;i,' to i f) < ("I In n 3'.' !i la ti) ;i >•[ 7 au 10 7 «■'! f i:i S m to 7 in 7MU MillorM Miilliil iHlmrcrs . . .'.'.'.', ' liiilliiury liiljori'M....' YomliH over If .Viiir/of 'kko! BoyHumUTl8ji.„r*of Ht'o. I'l w) to J7 sn 5 Ml t.) |{ o.| ■* v'l Id n c t< ? :« ti> 4 11 ' 45 to S 4'.' fIli;MI( AI. WoIIK-i ropfill.j. J8 7ii tJ (i4 1? 41) 8 40 fi S4 9 12 1 !l',> 7 lii) 2 40 8 4n B 40 Occupiitloii. Wiillilmrlcftcidmiiiiiifftnttire... Mnnmnclurii,golilorl,l,,ofliiim.. i.uhortTn llrlcklayci'a '.*." Joi iicrii Jlillwrlghls \'. C'nrtineu '. lieelincn '.'..'.'. Conpcra .' Su\vyor» .' ' Hrick-iimkiTrt Furimeenu'u EuRlneern Holler-inukiTH.. JIlHcksmltlia ','. Plum liers JIiiMoiiH .".'.'.'.' FouudoM, (mol'Ji'iV)". '. oii-Tyuo, '"'OicliiiitiT. r.niCAD AND UISCIIT MA.VCF.VCT ■f'UY. Occupntlon. Eiacnlt-bnking, men Uwuit.linking, ijovrt... •uioaU-ljiiking, nn.a .', $n r (i s:i 4 5i) 6 t-j fi O.j 5;iO * n 6 (i5 "h'so (•< n.i fi 2; I n :)■< 13 Gins, $1 m to fr 2ti 72 to 1 4.'. 7-j to a 17 2 UO to 7 74 262 LAEOR JN EUKOl'i: AND AMERICA. iii!i;\vi:i;v. UciMi|miiiin, Stores, men Stores, hciyrf _"' Tiin-roomK, iiu-n ','.'.'. (.'a»k-w:i;,bi.rers 4 :io 5 ;w t; ii.j 4 .O;* I ■■;■! 11 iiud 3 1; TOlUfCD AW) tICVliS. ()reupiit:u;i. .^letropull,!. JMr. l.oll.. JIvtropolis. Eiliubtirab. Glasgow. Cutters llryers or pe.ii iinu ' .fi ll.j lo ,fH 47 4 :)(i to 7 ilil •ft! an to f6 53 "W Jnieii-strip]jers lloy-i^:rii>pers SJ li'l to ;i il.l 1 ii:l 1.) 4 f\ S'J I'J t. ^ 18 to ei Spianers 05 to t-' 17 7 20 Paekers 3 ()J to (i O.'i Jjii 05 .^Iaehi^e•l)Oys J Ul to 4 M L igar-iiiakers Cifc'ar-makers, best bauds 7 'JU 1, (1 o.'j 1, Sorters 7 :.'(i Suiiff.makers and sifters Foremen 0,-t to (i o5' Workmen f 8 47 flirls leeding niiiehines i;irls prejiariug tubaceofor -) 57 I i'4 e ','3 anichines. Boys at iiressps 1 ;0 i.i to 1 Id llulf-timefi 07 to SG fDnnt.i I f:i 1 Hoar, of work variable-aboul DO per week, li, llo«l«i, wpges vpry from ii cents to tlu.Ol weekly. AVERAGE EAUXIXOS OF OJ'I'nATIVES. Uo I'.U'Kl! MAKIX'i. |4 :/3 1 Ort 4 '-M 4 11 1 45 5 08 4 .");• 7 01 4 ^4 5 nil t) y.i 7 '.<•> 10 ifi 1(1 ifi 1» IH 7 'J It 7 74 4 fi i.^gow. -.-. T 4 H.} 8 3!! G (13 4 f,;( iiud 3 c .' Oi-ciiiMiKiii. Kent. K.i-I ,'luiy. SkillH wurkiain I.Mljr.ri r.s NS'nincn .'." Yiiuni; p(M'.Mjii>i ChilJivn, liuU-tiiiieM.. r.'iii in;-n Hir.icTi.Mt .]],'_ liiig-sortLT!!, woiafM. .. I'lipcr-sdrtiM-s, Wduiiiu. ■\Vii5lier.s oir, iiiou Jtacliiuo, Men .^liu'hiiH'. brtys lia^'euxiacei's . I ij I e-i to $n S!J . I :i ii:t lo 4 :>:> • ! 1 CO lo . i lilj to .) 11 3 il f\ to 4'fi C3 '1 11 o (111 o Dil !)(; Dmiii'in. $4 64 to !».-( na 4 oil 1 4") lo 1 4.') lo Oloi.sop. I JlnnchostiT. y 17 y 17 i; Oo 1 :( c7 I L'l 4 ;).■; 'J lo '.' 4-J 1 :i.3 r- fo :! Ilil 5 Hi) I'.WV.n f~TAINI\0. Occinmiioii. JIctroiK Laiic W.itfr.folor printprx, picci'-work . K;>'uk.printfi-s, pii/cv-uorl; JI(lul-priutL';s l^ipiT-staiiu-r-i ■'1' L.t'oOl'LT.S. fl fn to ^>; nri T yii to 7 !/■,' V yu to 7 lij 1 M \ ii x'o a 40 3 Hi DODlv-ni.VDiNU (tpcupation. riiiisluM's l"oi'w,irio\\\ C^J C/ 71 ^1 -ri ,7t -J . 3. ?> Tl TJ ct -r a; c -vt 7f Tl ?» r;» 7J -' 71 T'CJ :j 71 't 7? rr /- z •) 7' 7* 7( v« I 1 Alil:(l 'fi.WOU A[Mr(J ■ o ■ ■ o ir. V.UOU -Ci>i.,o,\^ T, .7 7. X 'J- .- - (^ (. T, •»-•!;. 17 r-'-,7 X C. 7? 'iJinqqof -I. X 1.7 X 7. -. ; .r: f; f- X, -^ 7; X 17 17 -r X. . 'Iiiiudaox •uotuij^ ■J 'lAftJQ •jiojuJuox I 71 71 ■ 7J 71 = . T. 71 ,7, 71 7! 71 71 71 ~ O . 71 O • O •a.iiA.)j5£ 'I- 71 . 71 71 71 -^ O ' 71 O •B.u.ni .Ciicci 71 — c: ,c o . T 1- .75 tli ■s.uon ^jii'iDAV r, oc x — ■ r. c. — ' 77 r7 — r7 r7 71 '* o X - x — .-^ 711-1- X 71 71 X .7 1.7 X 1.7 4.7 i 71 i7 I - 71 (^ 71 O a-^ !C 1.7 'i -^ O 'C tC O 'C Ci (, t- i- 'C iC ic •» -o •3a\t[qo[ CI 1- 71 1, r:i ;; X X ;.-: x 71 51 i. fi 7 ■. 71 -J '.r: X — T r. - U • X I- 71 -Ij : t- t- t- w -c •— o ; • 173 . :-..^-.i_;::ii;y; 2;£>. | AVERAGE EAENIXCS OP oi'j:nATn-i:s. Lirniiii-riin.s.s i i;i.\Ti.NG. ConipfL-itors I'rf-.s-iiiL'ii M:iiliiiie-inou li i-s 2G5 Il\ ,«;i (;s f Sv.' It iW ... J 4J TAXxixcr Axn cnun-ixn. Skimiera S licarors and fl uii-liJrg !!!!!!!"' _<'urri(_^rH limimeliors and jap'miicr.s !!!'.! Glove and loatluT tini.,b.T« uud TaunerH Tannors' boys !!!!!'.! Jobbers .'.'.!."..'.'."' .Tobberu' boya ."' " DycM !!1[!!!'"' nj' prs' boy H '..'..'.'. Wool-rug'drcsserti. . . .' .'.'.'.'.".'.' M'ool-rug drcsseiV boys ."" Women eirployc'l iu sewing ski' M areliousu aud stable men Warehouse and stabl.> boys . Mechauics employed lu repairs Occupation. dvers. Metrt.poiis. lieniiirky ic. !fi) 12 7 1)2 7 BS 5 ;■)•,' 5 n-,' r> 04 :' Hfi ft 7l) a p8 5 7(! a nj 1 ya 7 44 I rirce.vtrk. IJiiy uork. iiorK-^r.\Kixo. Occupation. Rcpe-y nrn hund-splnucrs Twin"-3pinners, lacu \ Twin e-spiuuers, boy s Jlaeliiue-spiuners, men ...'.'.'.'." M.icliino-si.iuners, boys. .!!!!! ii" j'^Iiicljine-spinners, lenialeg Uop.'-niakers, (by aid of machineVv.Vm'en 1 opc-makers, (by aid of macbiuery.l lads / \'.'in-i)oy s "!!!!/.!! Warehouse-men. . ..'.".'.'."" Engine-driver .".'.' Blacksmith ''. C'.u-peuter '.'.'." Jletropolis. llnnche.-^te 5 to 15 years.. 7 aii ! ai r, bi a in 1 (IU 5 .'ia a 4a 4 f'i 1 a I 5 :ia li 18 (i aiJ 5 ei ""77 J"'-'-'> AX» iii;.vi.i> ji.\KiX(i, r.R'. Occupation. Heed-makers, men Keed-mnker.s boys, (fuil'iimi.)''.". ile.ild-knittiuff, wiiineii H.aia-knittin-, girls (.full tii'iio.'." JIauc he-ter. [ §7 ao 1 4j a HO 1 4.j ixniA-iar.r.r.i: :m.vxi-factl'1!i:. Occupation. ■Skilled workmen, class X .. Ski'.ied workniiMi, class It Skilled workmen, cl.i.ss C " (tidinary workiiii 11 ""' Ordinary workmen... I.a-is Hns ...v.'.'.".".'.' Wijuieu .'. Girls .'."**.' Tlirenflers, male. ' \li."Cer.s. male ^ulcnnizers, male....! Faiishers, male ... M"chaair:a 1 ^;> C'B to .$M 5a LatU;;.haud.<, I li;n>.N, male. 7 50 to !) fiS (i as to 7 an .'5 08 to P 1)4 3 87 to 4 h' t a !)0 to u ;w 1 45 to a 4P 3 ](3 to 4 :iti 1 45 to a 18 *1 a I to W) to 117. to f 1 1.) tl to M- liii 3 30 ] 45 n 1!^ 4 36 4 II 3 (?7 6 0,-1 00 to 3 3J 2G6 LABOPw IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. LUCIFEli-MAlCII-JrAKING. Oi:ciipntion, Chip-box niii!:crj Chip-box nmki.'rs ^Inle-h bux niakiTrt MiieliiiHvl'riiiiio lilkTij -Mi'tch-box (ill(TH '. O'lil l)niiil» in niiitcii (l"par!mvnt '." Oilil himiU in match di'iiiirtnit-nt Oilil liiimls in match (Icpartiiicnt Odd hnnds in match di'partmcut ■\Vax voKtannil Inseo malrAKi.\G. Occupation. KKU.SII-.MAKIXG. Occupation Lied* Pan-Jiand.-i . Hairhandd I'aintern . KinishtTd Borers Apprentice.-!... Women Oirls Metr ipolis, ifi !< ) II i-i ■i Ijii JJ i;r. to ;; t'j i\I''trni)olis. r.ahnrorn, by time, from J^:ibortTi!, by |ii' ee, from Work-(tiriH, by time, from ".'.".'.'. o j.i Y\'ork-girIi<, bv piece, Irom . 7 ,,T . ■; ' 1 U'l to -I 1 !t'l 3ii to .fii ,-:l li 7S to !l :.• I Jlitropoli.f (1 If) i! 7t^ ;?i't7 10 cJ 7 2li a H IP 97 1 oi "'fj'i3'to"'.i';H 1 li.) '.) i:rt I li4 4 :ii5 lo ;; I' J AVEKAGE AVAGES OF OPEHATIVES. 2G7 EATES OF WACJES IX THE CXITED KINGDOM. .«cr./„.,-.. of tlu: senna duaahers ^cm^'^,^ ' ''"'"''' "^ '""'' *^ i.iXE\ AM) ir,.\x M.v.\L-r..cTci!i:. AVKnA(;K I.'ATics Ol- iiliilvd from tlw mmicil and . IlELPASr AND NKIGIIUORIIOOD. OcCUlK-.ti.il), Si'i.v.i.vo : I'rfiuircM f'lr spiiiiiing;, ivom"n.. .Spiimcis, wuiijua K.'i-lera, H-Diuoa .', lI.iekl.T.-i, m.'ii .'.'""' Mi'clmiiie.i, iiii'ii Ovi'rli;i.kfiN, in./u .'.'.'.'.'..'.'.''. La!j(i!XT^, iiii-a ... Wf.AVI.Vd: Wiiidfi's "'(iinon Wiirpt-i-rt, woiniMi .".'.'..'.'.'.'.' ' Wi-nvtTs, woiih II ' ivcrseei's, lunii In liI.EACH-FIKl.D.-i : -Mill AV' iiiicu .'!!!!'..'!"' I.ii'is .^iinl boy.s "[,'[]"" KU.NDEE AXD NEICillBOlUJlJOD. .Sl'IN'NIxo : i'ri-'I)iinr< f.)r >i)iiiiiiu(;, wninen. . I'ri'pi.rers t.r spiimiuj;, uis iiml I >ip|ilhei''', wmiieu ■SpiiiiiLT-', jrirl.H "" Ti'. :-■,.. -J >,.,,;,,,.[,,;_■;""••["■_•■ j; .'..*.'.*.* ll.^i,,r !S, III, .11 I lai-'UIorJ, w.i:ii>'ii il.wklers, lii.i.-i liua hoyi'.'.'.".','" .Mi'i'liiinic!!, riifu "VViirflioiiMwiii-M .'.'.'.'.' -V.V Oviiiiiokers, nion '.'.'." Laiiorers, lucu . . IVkwixo: Win'l.ry, wcnon y.'itiilt'r.j, pii-lrt \\\ ^Viii'perrt, Dioii ^Vi^^pL' -s, wiiiiieii .' ] AVarpL'i's, ^Mh au |0 24 to $0 39 L'o to ;« ♦24 to :ii) *(JU to M 1 Si 1 4.". to 1 Ul' ■a tu .;» ♦CI to r?fi ♦•■)() to 4 -J "III) to 4" 1 4:, to 1 a) -..| IC to 10 ID H) III 1(1 10 10 10 la III ill 10 10 10 1\T w..,,ic, ?1 4.-> to fJ -ii 1 Sil to 1 ii:i 1 'Xi to ,T :i:i 7-J to I 45 a oo to 2 110 1 y:) to Ji 39 'M to 1 21 'I HI 1 57 to 2 54 yi) to 1 ,'■7 4 .'ifi to 7 2(1 .T ,1;) to (! 05 5 75 to S 17 li OU to 4 11 1 m to n 03 !»n f) 1 21 •1 (^1 to (1 05 i li to :! 1)5 1 CU t,) 1 y7 1 !':i to ] *i7 r, 1,.-, t,) K 17 4 tl to 05 Til (iO CO fiO CO CO CO (JO 00 60 CO CO CO CO CO fiO CO CO on.Q GS LABOR IN EUROPE AXD AMERICA. JI'TK JIAXUrACTL-Iii;. DUNDrr: axd xcigiiuoriiood. Occui)at;uu. iSl'INMNQ; I'n'l.arcrs fur spinuincr, Wfim"n I'ryiJiiriT, f,,r .-pinniub', lads lui. RpinucrH, wwiiu'h fi CI) m t; 1 fM r..i 57 . 1 SI to 7 Viil 4 ;ji> CJ .1 2 l.-i to 3 :.i!) r.) . ; 3 n:! to •1 f 1 fii i'l to 2 'JIJ t' 47 3 57 t;o 60 WOOI.EX JiAxri-ACTriii:, ninvsnuuY axd xe iGimonuooD. Occt'.patiou. PUEPARINO WOO'.E.V CI.OTU. KT.' : Wool-rorttTrf, men Wool-sconrerd, driers, &e.,VuVu Dyern, men ", Dyers, foremen, men ^.'.".",'.'. Teiizers aud willyers, mi;n. ..'..'.. Scribblers, foremen, men ..'. Scribblers, feeder.s, women '..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Slubbers, men Slubbers, piecors, bids iind" b'oyV '.'.'.'.'. Condenser-minders, women Spinners, men Spinners, piecers, lads'n'iidbnvs'.'' Spiimers, foremen, men '... Warpers and beamers, men . .'.".'." Wurpers and beamers, women Healdern, bids and bovs Wkavi.no, ETC : Weavers, men Weavers, w oim 'u '..'!!! Weavers, bids aud boyj".' .'.'.'.' Weaverif, girls ." .'.".'.'"[ Weavers, foritnen or timers] men Knottersand sowers, womeu... Ifurlors, women Millers, men -"""!!!!'!! Millers, foremen, men ....!"!iJi MiHiBger, men DUK:^.NO AND FIMSlil.VoVvioLEi'c'LOTlV," ETe' Dressernorpipn-ers, men.. Dressers or gi-fers, lads aud boys.' .■".■■ Tenters, men Cutters or croiiper;, ii*."!V.' Cutters or croppers, lads and boys'.'.". Cutlers or croppers, women . $n 2f) 50 4 3ti iiLI 5 !<,■' 5J U «•? 5!) 4 (iO 0;> ]0 ga r,-j 2 UO SU !l «!< 5!) 2 IS CD 2 UO 51) 7 2'1 !>'.) 3 l.'i 51) U (,V 5;i .') 03 5'J .3 H ,p,'( 2 'M OJ 1 ?1 53 ;iH7 W.l 3 87 5J 9 90 5'.) 8 47 Kl a Od .13 2 ') ;t (i.'i GO 7 (l-J (iO 4 t?4 fil) 5 JJ CO IliOX .\ND .STKEL MAXlI-.VCTL-lii:. •SUKFFIELD .\XD -NniGIinOItnOOD. Occupation. IIlO.V-rOL'.N'IlKRS. ETC. : Iron-nioider.s, lui'n' Irou-iuol(lcr.v, lads auii bofi! .' '.'. Joiners, nieu Grinders and glaziers, nieii' .'.".*." Grinders and glaziers, lads nudboy's';.'.'.'" Pattern-makers, men ■' Pattern-makers, lads and' boy's' I iittern-makers' assistants, men Iinnien, men lilackamitlis, men!!.'!! Blneksiiiitlis, lads ancfboV's'.' Bl.icksmiths, helpers, men... Ell f;me-fitters aud turners, men. Lngmeers, men Jlilhvrigbts, men .".V.'.V". Molders, men ••"■• Plpners, men '.'.'. Turners, men .'.'.'.' ' Screwers, men...!!! ' Iliiramer-meu ' 'Strikers, men ".'.'.'. ' Borers, men ! "' Slotters, men . .'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'." rurnaee-men in forg'o".! r ounciers, men Enpine-men .'.'.". I'ri Hers, men .'."..'.'.'..'.".!.'.'.' Carters, men ... ••---.-.- Leborer^, men. .."! Faj:-.MA.KJ,t,, . G?ISi:?;:;^""°'"^^^'^^^^«;^^n !!!!!!:, Cutters, l,,,i„ ^ni b„'7 ■ Cutters, wunuu ... Cllttora i;i[-T^ ■■• H(trd-ner"s,"men !!!!!! "" Hardeners, women *■--*'.».■•,***>• !!!-j ! $7 74 to f:J •,>:) . ' to 574- - ■•- fiO 5 33 to (1 7* r 'i to 60 5 30 to 10 li) J J to ;»4 5j 1! 4-.; 7 --'rt to fj fi,J J ?i to fiO 1 4r. CO 4 3fi fi 7S 5- ^} to Cii 7 20 to 7 74 -,. 1 4-, fiO 4 CO to 5 «l ,-.,- i to 60 l-'i 5fi 7 X!ij £c J to (iO 58. 7 74 5-- ■ n 2LI , 7 3ij 1 58 4 3,i| Eg ? 2.1 1 58 "- 4 fiO 58* 58 • 5 M C> 2(1 58* 5^r 58t • 21) i 7 71 4 1^1 58? SI cts. per dav. .5-:j- 5-'t 4 Jti "J*J to 0-} i' 71 ;o n 211 4< to ,76 7 20 to H 87 4-' to :,G fi or, to ? 47 .'id to CO t< 71 to 14 fi4 .IO to CO :> 32 i 50 to CO 4 ?4 to 5 el ' .Id to CO 2 ;ii; to 3 (13 ' .70 to fil) 2 )»t-i -J r,j < n-l to i;o 1 fin to 2 'J.i ' .',■/ to 00 fi 53 to 7 74 : .V) to fiO 2 li 5a to (i« 1! '■ 81 270 LAIJOK IX EUROPE AND AMEIilCA. Iiiox AND srr.ni, maxltactlt.i:— Continued. SHEFFIELD AND NElGIIBORIIOOD-CoutlnncJ. NEWCASTLE AND NEIGIinOKIIOOD. IVr ton. Pur d.iv. Ilighist rnio I Low >t rstc '...".'.."..'.'. I A%-i Tiiuv rati- '. 1 Rolling I Ilciitlnij .".'.'..'' .".*.'..".' i Cliarging i Sbecriug ."-'.'.'.'.".'."..".'.".'.'.'.'.".. I * Extras arc paid on these pncvs f.jr best qualities. ?.-) 1.5 10 2 ;)() 11 a ()» 1') *^i no to 1 .';- JO •IJ7 1 1 117 10 -■■•.9 10 ntn jjl In AVERAGE WAGKS OF OrEUATIVES. Iiio.v Asn .sTKKi. MAMiAcrniK- :„utinucfl. 271 NEU'CASTLE AND NKIOIIBfilUI iiMli-Ciiniiiiucil. liAli-nni.T.iNO: ItoliiiiB Ilcaiiiif,- Culling (lowii . iKON-KOL'M-iKliS, J: Irv;n-iuol(IeM... JoiiuTH , I'lilttriMiiakM'H 'I'illllH'U nim'krtniitli.4 IlliickKiiiiths' ii>- KiiKine-littiT.s II Hoilor-iiiiikcrs ., .Miliivrighls I'lMIK-l'H Tiimprs Scrcwei's UrilliTH A|)|ireiitic(.'S Ciirtoi-rf Laborers T.'l.. lurr fS. 5u to ii:i I'crdnv. Jl Ki 1 111 1 0,-j !>7 to 1 'Jl I'S t.) 7;i i'7 tij I a I 1 wi 1 j;! .17 to 1 nr, 17 to 1 -Jt *ll DUNDEE AND NElGHIiOIUIOOD. IIJOVFOUNnKltS, KTC. : Iniii-mouluis, ini'u Iruii-moldiTS, ludd and Iji.ys .'.'.'.".".'.'.'.'.'.'" JtjiiHTH, men '.'.'.'.'.'. }'ftiierii-miikur.J, lueu ....'.'.'.'.'.'.".".' liliickHniitlis, niijii !!"!!"!!!" Engine-iltterjf ami tiiriierrf, ni'cn '..'.'..'.'.' Eagine-tittorsnud tiiruurH, ladu nn'd'boyn'"' lioiior-nmkiTC, iiieu UoiliT-inakor.-i, luda ai;d liny s V.'.V.V.V Enpiiiecr.i, rni'u EngiiK.ers, lads and boya ..'!J'.".'.' riaiii-rs, nifn Planers, lads and boys ...."!''!!.". Turners, men Turners, lads and boys ...'.'.'".'.'.". ""' Screwers, men Finishers, men Finishers, lads .ml boys ...'..'.'.'.".'. Ilamiuer-men '.'.." ■•strikers, nicti '.!!!!!".'.".'.! Korers, na-ii '.'.'.['. •Slntters, luin '.'.'.'.'. Furnaee-mcn .'!!.""! Eajtiue-meu ..'..'.".".' ..".".' Carters, men '.'.".".".'." I'ortirs, nn'n '.'.'.'.'.".'. Laborers, men ".'.'.'.". ;i2 to 17 SI! 1 '11 r> .',7 r> HI ri (i'l 1 .'i!l 5 (ill 1 II 1 i) .■"•7 1 iil n II.) 1 oil :i 87 fl 4t 8 1)1) :) 87 :t 87 3 87 5 yj 4 tiO 4 84 4 l-'li n 15 3 Uli Per neck. 10 10 V) 57 .'■i7 .'•.7 r:'7 r,7 .■57 ."i? ^^I'. 27 79 LAiiOR IN Kruori; and amkkica. s;m'.in.ii.i)i.\(i, (ok iiiox.) m;\vca.stli; anu m:!(iiijioi;iiooi». Oi'cMij)i)tK)U. SiiinnuiT.DKns: Moulrturs FlIllT.H , Chliipurn Uivi'iura I'liitcra CiilkerH Onrpciilera Iti'Ipeni Kmi'hj JuiniTrt nndcurvord Painttirii lirUlcru SnwyeM Sirikurs Buys Laborem fl ;;: ]0 ?l a-, til (J!l III 73 to fl III '7 M (ij to U7 I'l ill 1 13 tf) In 'n ',17 M M :i7 tu IV I'l 1 lU l(J •ji i') 7:i ^.1 1 HI (III .0 ill ll'l :r: t.l (7 ill ■J I I'l 4'l 111 i;j tl) 7:j iO BELFAST AXU NEIGIIDOUIIOOD. .Siiii'-r.L'iLnEr.s, (iuon ;) .Slii|i-amiiliM StrikiTU or lielin'M Sawyers Joiners Ship-cprpcntera Lftborera Pliitera and lioiliir-umkora. Angle-iron timiilij UiVftijrH Iloldern-iip 97 t' *i cm 10 r,n It' '.17 III 1 111! 111 1 Ki 1 ;i) ."'•-' 1 lU 1 Dil 1 HI 1 UU 1 III 1 Hi HI tlj ;j DUNDEE a};d neighborhood. IKON-SIIIP BUII.nEKS: MolderH liiiilUera , FittCTH Ctiipperii Hivi'teri) , PIctera Ciilki;r?( CarpciitiTH Hulpora Jioilcr-mukera Siiiitba Engineers Joiners and carvurf Pi'.iiiters Drillers .SawyLM's .Strikers Boys Laborers I'-r week. 17 »; ri7 6 -g ,17 fi 7H i .',7 .1 (i^ 1 c?i R 11.7 ! .■*"i i'ti ■ .'1 to 7 O'J ' fit;, ,j 5i to (1 iiy j .>i 5 (-1 I :»'\ :i 87 1 5tfl, 7 ai 1 r.i il 7.-I 1 .77 ■ (i 7^ : r,7 (! 'J!l * 4 liii 1 .''ft ti 'Jfl '■ w^ :i 87 .Wi 1 1.-, ■jt^i ;i .17 Oti AVi;i;AE> OF OPERATIVES. •••"'»! AND HMl MAKI.VC. iii;i.iv\sr AMI NEKiuiioimooi). 11.. l||Ml|.,u RoPK AND HVIXK M'lNNCri, ; l>o|ie.yara«piiiiH.,H, m,.|, Itopc-yarii H|)iniii.i,, |ii.|,, „||,| 1 >vliii..»pliM]cr«, iii.-ii ROI'F "''•'•■''''""''''"' ''"'"' '""'''''-'■ ■K, .•iAK,, A.M. S.Wl..t'l.i)ril JUKUli'! Koijii-miikurit, himh "opivmakeiH, l,„l,, i,u,i ui/yV .'.'.' ' ' '. "^uil-uinki-rii, iiK.n Sall.iiiukerH, ln 7J to I yi 4 MR lu i; {;.•, 117 t.) y 4- U .W t) 7 *.» J^AJmi^liMV.Wii: AM. I.nI,ci:i.AIN MAMIACTI-Iti:. •21'6 1 « ' Ij ! J. >t 1 "'■! 1 "^ «» ; It 1 '-' •* ~!!-iii''2''" ■'^^'f ^■':I|'IlHM!;|Iu,,D Owii|ini;i>ii. :•! 10 " iC 7 1 II) 1» 1 111 •> 111 !) 1 Jl) I 1 ill 1 10 r, 57 57 •4 57 ;( ^■.1 l) S^i .> 5i-| i 5-J r 5i^i i 57 4 .J7- * 57 57 J ■,i ' } .>, 5t' 5f it':. 1 5t rOHCELAIN : Cli:>-iuakc'r.«, men TIllOWcT.S, IU<11 ] Tliiijvvi.|-.s laiU au.l bu'v" i iirin'1'1, men ]. TiiniiT.^, lads anU boye'.' IlanilliTM, men J'ieii«.|>, men [^ t'jgure-miik';r», nii-n .'".'.! ■ FKun.-iiuikei-H, IuJh auj Siouelcrs, meu Mulders, men ,,[ SajiKar. makers, meu ..'.', lii.-cult liremeii, men lii.-cuit.pliieern, mc-u .' (IliK.Miremen, men Uii)Kt.|diicer.<, men ' Kilu-liremen. meu. ....".'. I'l. inters, men ,,', Clildei'H, Hwn ,'_[[ l;lnanieler», women . . . , " i:nameler!<, gills .".' ll"rni>iur«, womtu..""" lili^lli.^llel•s, girls .''.'.' Wareiiuusemeu I.'ngravers, meu .'"' Apprentices '/_[ Ofllco heads and iitteudaui llllJS. 1 .f. i»l . u 'J (18 i 11 ;) nil 1 u 11 (],■< a ■*'l 1 -1 u #7 Oii to '.1 til" ; 11 11 ... 7 \>G to U' ID 1 11 '" .1 Ca to ■j i-2 1 1.5 -Jl 11 u ... 7 Uii to H 71 i 11 ... 7 Hi 1 a .. . U lis u 4 35 to 4 c4 11 111 III II 6 0,5 ii .. C 05 11 .. • 7 sn to 11) .% , 11 • • fi 05 to !■ • •>' 4-0 to a .'iu i 11 41 1.) 1 'Jl I u .. 1 !i:! to •i W j 11 4i to 1 t'l ! u ■ ■ 4 64 to 7 ilti 1 n .. (i U5 to u» ;i .. Xut stare.! | ( U«.i fiij to T'JIj in'i ! ( ( j per aumuii, • > a a Ni;\VC.\STI-K AND NEKillDOnilOOD. I'..-r dav. r.lUTIlKXWAHF. : L'liiy-makers, men Clny-makers. Women '. Tlirower.s, meu Tumors, incu Handlers, men '.'. I'ressers, men Molders, men ', Jiiggw-raakei-H, nieix ! Bisenit-Hremen, men.. Bis nit.pl acers, men . *•?! 45 4S *1 Jl 07 *1 45 *1 21 *l till ti ru ■ >Uat. a piiM lor p|.i;.!. Work, 18 L t Rates paid for day -v.-ork. lOJ 10| I'l lOi nu lu' 8 10 ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) f/, O ,.* emen, ia':'ii Warfhoiisemeu, ivonien Warehouiienieu, g:vU Paiuters, womeu Paiutf rn, girl^ Burnitiliort;, women LaboreriJ, nun LsborerM, women Laboreri*, IiicIh aud bny^ Li'borert*, pirls Gil'IerJ, men PotttTji, ineu ♦•j'l 0!) lot *4S llil n yi n *U7 iU *i m M *->i iv) *i)T 1(1 tU7 m •t;i6 li'i no 1(1 "73 ^ *ii Jn *tiO (t 81 I''-; 3« h'j &0 1"S au Hi •1 PI Ki.j *1 21 m CHEMICAL >LVNUrACTl'l!l:s, NEWCASTLE AND NEKIHKORHOOD. Occnpfttion. S? CHE.VTrAL WORKS : Foremen Tiiue-keeper.-* nu^l u't'iglit- r.-*, nu-n Euginemeu aud briikei-uieii, iiiku Flrcnun, l)oilcr-in<-n, iVe., iiuii Sulpliuric-iiciil makers, iiu'u .Sulphate of sodii nialK.-rs, men ■ Suiphate (jf soda lunkerti, lads aud 1m ^ys ^ I Crude-»odii mnkerti, men .' Ci'ustic-"odii makers, men ', C'LnisriC'.s'da makers, Inds and b^ys C'iU'buuate of sodii .^ kers, meu.'. ; Crystola of ^.oda ninkern, lU'ii Bi-carbfiuiste of sodii make: ^. ir,^u Bleacbiug-pciwder makers, meu Fire-briek makers, men , Fire-brick makers, lads end boys Coimuon-brick makers, meu . .". : C"Uimon-briek makers, lads aud boys , Tile-iuakers, uien , Blacksraitlis, meu : Blacksmiths, lads aud boys '.. JI il hvrights, meu I ' JlilUvriflits, Ibds and boys | Joiners, meu *, ; .Foiners, lads aud b'-ys Plumbers, men '. , i Plumbers, lads and boys 1 Bricklayers, men i Bricklayers, luds ami br ys I Masons, men Laborers, meu | Oartmeu, men 1 IC'elmen, men | Sfi w-mil! meu Coopers, men ] Coopers, laiia aud buys i $1 41 10 81 10 !)3 III 8'J HI 1 u;» M 1 17 10 30 lu 1 09 111 1 O'J 111 ;i() 111 1 13 lu e'j 10 e9 10 1 23 111 yr 10 48 10 81 10 48 10 85 10 1 09 10 3li III 1 13 111 3(1 111 1 (I'J 111 3(i in 1 21 10 3G 10 1 13 10 36 10 1 -Jl III 73 10 81 10 15 10 1 (1!) 10 1 21 10 73 lates pui'. '.'or pi^"Oi;-work. t Rates paid for day-work. C3 ,• -I" CO ■1 01) U't *ii mi 1 yi 6 •!)7 10 ►1 'M 1') "■J I 1') *l)7 1(1 tl)7 10: t.iG I.'')- •-.>« li 1 •TJ *H I'l »ill) II ai ll'i ;i(i l:.: M l.'{ ao Il.t 1 n lo.j 1 ;!1 ll's in 10 10 I'i 1.1 id 10 10 10 U) 10 10 i'l l:i 10 10 lU 10 10 10 10 M 10 10 10 10 10 ID 10 10 10 10 I.) 10 10 AVERAGE WAGES OF OPERATIVES. KOOT AXD SHOE MAKIXO. 275 >CEWC.-STLE AND -N-EIGlIIiOnnOOn. Occnpnt.on. il Boot and shoe MAKti.t i Foremen, men Cutters, men i J.. '....! Ilflncl-Btwu workers, m^ii'.'.'.'. IU\ etern, men [[[ Finislierii, u.ea .... .'.'.".'.'.".'.'.".' Fitterrt, women '.*.''.'.*." JtucLinistB, women !'.!!!.""" Apiirentices, IncU and iLyV.'.' Arprenticef, girls *3 47 1 9i sei ^h 5 0* 'H fi 05 '^i 7 74 12 2 90 9- 3 :>(> h1 1 21 1 1 21 ; 9 BELFAST AXD KEIGIIEORIIODD. Per (iiiv. Boot anh shoe maklk*- ('losers, men Closers, women....'.'.'.', Bootmen, Ken ....!.'.' Muiemen, men ....!"[ I.iKlii's'-meD, men ....'." Jobbers, men [ " , Binders, men .'..., Milkers, men '" JO 36 to !I7 to M to 97 to W to 97 to 97 to $0 70 1 21 1 21 1 21 I 1 21 I 1 21 I 1 21 ' VBriniii Uo. Do, Do, Do. Do. Do. Do. BUEWIXG. NEWCASTLE AND .N-EIGIIIiORHOOD. OccnratioD. & . "Si BlUWERS; MasU-Iionse men and others. tppermeu ]_ I'pi'er celltirmeu [',[[ ^Iiilt-house men .'..*.".'.'." I'pp^i' draymen ..'.'.[ Umler draymen .".' f .".'.' ! Ciiopers '.'.'.'." (-■(irpeuters '_] ' Smiths .'.".".'.""' Laborers a .4 3 BELFA.ST AND NEIGHEOnnoOD. ?o O.a 1 i 1- 12 l(i 1 12 li 5;t 12 5 OS 12 7 2rt 13 5 Cp 12 (■■ 33 12 6 77 12 6 77 12 3 63 12 I'tr Week. Brewehs: .Mnah-house men I'ppermen J'pper draymen.. Coopers Carpenters Laborers ' IJates i)u;d for piece-work. $3 39 73 3 39 73 3 ?7 to 4 Si 73 4 &4 to 7 26 72 7 26 73 2 90 73 276 LABOR IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. IL'II.DIM; lltADICS, lii:i,KAST AND NKIGIlIiORIIOOD. OLiupiniim, BLII-DINQ TRAUirS: Fot-iiueu Jla-ioiiH Masoiid' laUiii'era Bricklj'yiTrf BrickliiyLTn' liiborerd . Joiut-ra H0U.-0 carijuntera Plft'itcroift I'iusii.-n I--' labortrs ... 'St'ni'.'CiiUura iShiti-T.i PaiiiltTH PluiJibi-rs Commi.L liibortrit $1 3.) to i. i'-i 4Q ai liO 21 fil» 21 Vi yi «() Si ai «i •ji 4s 10 I'r 10 ll' Ifl 111 !U iO lu U) l!l 1(J I'l in g.vs-woi;ks. BEIF.4.ST .AND .Vr-IGHBOUIIOOD. Occiipulji'U. GaS-\VOHK~ : Gus-llKlkl-Tj.. Stoki'iD Kotort-imu .. Eiigiueers.... JoiuerH Kri'cklnyerH .., Smiihs! Pipc-luyers ... Liimpliglitcra . L>iburt-iK $" »r, to cl 'i9 10 85 to 1 0:1 It) Sj to 1 (19 10 1 (11 lo I , 2i c — 10 lu 10 10 10 10 I'l 10 |0 lu f8 1 Iloms piT (luy. 23 : li >3 i I-J >:i IJ 4 1-j ;) 10 r> 111 9 10 J 10 lu 7 b' BELFAST AND NEIOHBOKHOOD. Hatiers, silk : Body-mnkcrii, men ... Silk-flniahers, mni Tippem off, men ....'" HATTERS, FELT : Bddy-maktTrf, men ... Proofers, men ]] Blockers, men ...'.'"" Dyere, men ' FiuiHliers, men .'." Clown-aewers, women." Trii"(i]ers, women Cnp-mukerb, women.. II *I 21 Various ^ '■"■ Do. il to U Oi.' Vo. '* to 1 21 Do. 1 ill Do. 1.7 Do. I '7 Do. 1 -IS Do. •M Do. ■I 10 :j',> I Do. to Si i Do. BELFAST AND NErGIIBOKIIOOD. a TiinnoM CuiTitrn .'.".'.'." llei;m-men and e'hVd'.'meu" ' MmiJ-makeiij Laborers li'S 00 Paid by piece. 3 C3 I *, 3 03 12 42 to a 00 GO "so 60 60 NEWCASTLE AND .sEIGIIBOrjlIOOr,. Tanners, men Tanners, lads and boya".*" Beam-men, men .. Benm-men, lads nnd boys.' .■ilied-men, men Ji-ed-men, ladn und'boyV.' Laborers * F" "-^fy I ■i till t.> S 3y I 4 ;w ! i b I. ;l sr ■I "'4 ' ti:i till (in ' I''--r HULtUu. ' i'"i lUe thii- >ea:mi:\'s ^^•A^lKs. Mast.Ts First mat.- Second mate First engineers ... Second engineers. Stokers A. li. nearai'u .... Oraiiiarj- seamen . Jioy< Master.^ First mate , Second mate First engineer-^ . . . Second enginetrs , Stokers A. B. seamen . Ordinary e.,-am..'n . PORT <_iV lli'LI.. Oi.ci;i\ati')n. rORT OF DUXUEE. Rai 1 Wa'.-e, per month. ','S IW |„ llOl (M ;:■< 7.' 1,) 4'? 4.1 :t:i hs ■■■1 '.'1 1.. ^T P.' ;i.i .«- t,. ■V iw ii: '.M 1.1 Ct ill H .'('.' 1.) S4 '111 !> (i.» ti) 1.'4 Cil IT 4'.' $1!' 4i> to f.iti so v.'4 -Jil to ;H 7'.' H .■>■-' to aa 04 Vox- Week. $13 ni H 4: ti ij P'r luomli. irl4 !\'J ti. fill 94 •J 4',' M I'J 10 WAGES IX ENGLAND. "WAGES IN IRON-MILLS. 279 .; to ^*101 IV) to t.l ;t:i ^,- f-r I'.i 1.1 .IS (!•' til •:^ ':i\ to III U4 '111 '."4 SU IT « views witli vv.u-.,Avi • J"l.v, ]S<_>, tlio antlmr Imil sevoml iutpi-. Irequeutas those of the uio v rv n h, , J^ l>oiug uearly as STANDARD -WAGES. Si™,S^- K= lis ;|iaiSSi LMler date of Siaaonl, Oetoboi- ^'i, ISTj, Jfr. Williams wiitM- Advices from Wolverbainptou state : tcib8r"'"l^7a °f^ representative irou-mastt^rs nu,l iu...-^yoI■koI^s heW at this iilico Or tion. This ra e is la'etl ,roi t l^^^^^ ^'"' ^'"ir "^' "^iH-uieirs wages iu like propor- of finished iron i n^fuoXof Fm' n, 1°'^ "!'' .••-'' '"t ^"''-'"'- ^'"""S the past quaiter, men's wages 10 per cent Thi« «. fVil A Pinldleis wages is Is. per ton, and iu niill- ter. Tho'-reductTou has bectf clee il V su,:^fif,^^ '" Engkiud for a'uotlier quar- even L-^^ per cent was not thou ™o Ze , «l ii . A '"7"S'^« «* 1-* I'or-cent.,, and for uioro than 7^ per cent """^ ^°" "'"'^'^' ''^'''-' tl"" l-'tter were scarcely prepared 280 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. t I « H O P Z I * '^ '^ .; .5 2 O D I u a e 1^ a .S M 1. rl^ I -a a g •" Da Sis -is; 33 -/"li- iff s ^:d c , ^.•" ^ ^ © f 'S = ^ ^ 2 J = c. ■c ■is' f ■ f = I — .5 ' » ■ T _f I -*, ~ ^; — Ub = is cJ-i ; = =^ I - i£ -.?-•= 2 - i b — * — ; bis 5~ ; C "7. > J I c f 3 « ' ■ . c _ — c =5s B=.=3 ::.: . tii r!E" fill i^ *■ . i£ o -^ >» y «- .iij ■ 1 ! I ' ^ .-■n °^ ■ ■ • ' '— f.^' .':::: i 2 = '.'!!; — i — ! •-a-^'^r: "^ '* 'tr - ■is •' = 2 • • g § ►r '^' -I Tj c* XI •-- « '.3 ^— C u T V-^S-*^ f^t' ■^ c. s u — C-rt .£ i •?g !l^ i "S* '^ ^1 "* f n ; ns if"! s s i s ■" ■ o c e o -a 4) O « • — t^ ■ B • = :— : M ; ; ;- ; i ? ;1» ;3 ;^ S I c 5 s - -' ; ~ -I >)" ■^ >■- '^ 3 ■ « ; i ■ ^ 3 X s ^ = c . ijj 3-J!'' (s g- icij' ~«3 p. U.J 5 3 to .£ "« a ti iiliii " « c « O k P o 2 fc. w t- '^ 3 tf H WAGES IN ENGLAND. .3 1 i a £ Z a; J, ; ; ; ; ; ^5.-i il .'!!;; !ii >■>.>, .' ; ;-. I'l:?-^ 4-34 i ; -3 lli^ i IX. III i i k. y;? tl:^' ^?"^'|-ii O i^-.^ -^ f ^^^!j ci i?i?:!t Zi~ l|i-i i" tj^ll = r i; Hrir'ff.H S-* 2~"i- 3~ ' is.i "I ll '-j£= ■ ._;" .~^ r.a.. I =3 J - 2 '^ o 'T -^ r = o n — ^5 fctH iJ ^ be ■a u & Is .sis 282 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. I §.-.3 J 9 a - c I n-_j~.2 :^ 'i 1 o ■3 i •^1 a It s Itcip ' .:— i^ 2^^-c «s to f^ 2 2.5 If •1 S? a R SM^ •A ^ fc. ' . . : X - -■=*,- ,- • 3 ?! ' . 5? "t! = :5=5 - -J^ « • = ^ > t/.-3 p» ' r^ T. n t-= ■ i sc ■i^ . b,1 284 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ' i '^^ ■ ■ ! ^ t ■ yT i 1 B a a o 2 i-i Ed O b 5 t •"1 Q -1 3< t a 9 I S i- s II » a. a 1. >.3 ; - n - -* u e I 2 '."■? J o ''■ ~ >'" s '-" - - !r ? »:■ 2..-= ;■= * it ■2 £ 5 III! 'MA. 5 S "J --3 I— '"5 'a ; •: t>.i-; = = •: ■eM ii M S = ■9 £s ?_■ s a 1 a o 1 ; J a a I §t(.S N 3 .S3 ■ a o = -; , » ^ - •-■ ■- i "^ O >» Ot : -' -i U — 11 ii -»■ a — U 5 : :=55 11 s s. c =: -11 a^ ^V-i -o si «^i «-: © M - « c U fill % rt S ;^ _: = * . !-5 "a _-' a J » __ -Sis CJCS X = 5 ej ' J3 trJ3 •^5 m" 2a S o" II .a A "^ . L*- -. 2; * -. -.li^ = SM "i --c i *' ■•-5:= j5i-5E-=- f 13 r t c « ^•r a c — 3 ^ :i u ^ "z o ; p ' a ■St; 5 2, 10-. » II =^5 ^ ^ t- '-■^ r. . c ^ ^jC* ;'^^ C «3 i:_ i- .- X =-=':* e.s «! flS I a >3 r? 31 £ 2 ? ; a « = -0 ^™ ;^ .^1 'i C X 5- •-■ CCffi4 S:v <1 ~ . »- T ^ i =^ = ' X ci Ui rr til a -« S s. ■3 (S S r: « « if .a r: Zm := of a" = C--M ; c J! 1* c 2 -^ a - ; J. it y 1 r* iJ B <1 M M & I li a io «.3 B. .5 :u.3 •sj WAGES IN ENGLAND. |4l C,= » fig" era C- - (h £ ff-o « S3 Si 287 if^ c"^ ^ ic 'f. - >, - — ■^ ? -T . r: /. -^ ^ ^' 'Ctc C' A '■»3 r, s "^ F z-Pc'; ■' ■ S -" t' — tc e--'Ir ■^ 288 2 ^2 < r. K 3 ^ LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. CiX <— c; B I ~ i j f^ S=i fe-i I -ir^ -.3 = it - *- ; e-"i ~ Z c-^''£ s ■= = " • — -cu- 1- 7'-'- — :' 1" i .^ bf.- i. I c ^ "" tc . «« r « »i « . * — i »-■: ^£ = • -n i.~ e. ' \a « • S : • 3 ii "r-O :£■ = &■ . a '.^ C-^ .'^ Mr sSp^'s a = c a fco CI Ko M 9 3^? " i ?,^ c I. tc ^ 5.2 ^r fl ^fJ a S - 2 fciij M J .. I m.MMfflii 2 'JO LABOIi IX EUKOI'E AND AMKEICA. ilOTAUY I'UDDLIXG. It may not be amiss in this connection to refer to the introduction witli iii)i)iireiit success, of meclianical i)U(ldiinii, elfectins as it will by its lahor-savMiff process a very considerahlo rechiction in tlie cost of inul- (lin,!,^ .^Ir. Bell, who has recently been examining the process as con- ducted in American furnaces, says ho believes— Tli:it rotiiiy inKl.lliiifr will ulMiniitfly bo ncliicvod, ,ind it may 1u> tlio rrsnlt, of somo n?; ', ■•■'l ,'", '" "'r "l.'''r'"^ '"V,"";'' l'.vMr.]),u,ks. AVIu.n..,v..,. i,;uul. .ud.l 1,^ " sniii'iMMlnl hy HUT Kinical iiu.nis, Ml-. Dauk.s will .Icscrvo jiivat. c.vdit, f.,.- t Ir, assi^t- iinn; h,. !,;,s alivady iciidi'iv,!, not only i„ ,.,.rf,.c(i,ij( tho liiniaco iloolf, but iij .k'\ IS11I-- utliLT aiiiduiiiccs iXMiuiivd in inauipulating largo lua.s.st's uf iron ^h: Jones, the superintendent of tho Erinius worl ., .^ ,. Tho f.'ttlin.;- for tlui furnnno and tho niati'rial.s nsod for tho sanio am no loiirr-r ks, says ; ((HI si ions of diliiijultv, and in tliis i jii't't we have no drawbacl fnrn.ioe al'tcr caidi heat with hcst tap, J'oitcry uiiiie, i hui'ablo iM-ojiortions are mixed ' ..... \Vi iino rlii) in a, ;;rin minutes to puddle. The heat is removed in a sin-'l ball, and squeezed m- shaped into a p.. ,.,. ...,„„u -. „ u^. ,ui,.. ,, 1.S then cut iq) at the same heat and taken to reliea(-im.- fimia Jiammered and rolled into b 'h.'co about 4 feet Ion;; by 15 inches diameter, "it s. Tho T.rinuis Company are now uial bars, and tees, with no other iron than Cleveland CCS, where it is n.dieatc ill'' angles, bulbs Thr Tl relays of men are employed at the macbinps, and >york ei'dit-l lie present consumption of coal is for actual pud Of fettlin;; (half bou;;lit and half from first heatin bars. The yield of bar f lonr shifts. >i cwt. to tilt! ton of bars, on of or mill furnaeos) 'J cwt. to tho t quantity of coal used to the ton of bars, includ roni pi;r is 20 cwt. of pi^' to iiU cwt. of bars. Tho wholo heali i.s tinder 20 ewt. TLo price Wii pay tho puddler.s is at present :!.:*. 2 4-lt)(/riier ton h'n-- wi iohl 'tl their own nnderhands. Tho whol .., .^ , u and reheatiu.iT, is under 20.s. per ton of I le ^ya.ges o; every kind, inciudi .lars. , they payiii;; eupola-reliuiui; It is intended to increase tho chai'Ko to one t Tho on. oxjieriment of working t'.iis charge has frequently bei reipiired for imddling never exceed, s forty minutes. The number of I 11 made, and the finio m(^ as at ]Mv.sent, viz., six in eight liouis, and it is sin leats wi II b. Wen IHuUiling bars, vVc. It of the el of th arge that the (juantity wiil berai.sed fi iply by llu! iiicivaso of ;e six heats will t; •oni uUU to olHI foll^l ! up four hours for lettliii'', renair The act Mill [liring, cleaning jiralij- We lind that it takes tl i line le .same ci con,sume""ci"; vh., ' s' - •'11111 j, 5 am ' S .-111(1 i llilli-ts . . ! ami i . nratirsniidrnllinj;: UlSCU IlAIi.Mn.L. l;ar.s, abi)ve.jcM-t ."." ■I'.iis, uutiiTii,,,,!, ,i;r..'i; _ ''"■iinehVliTek'." rLATi.;-.\nr,L. ntatinic.qnilriillinrr. l;i;Ui-sr.-on,,,i|7,;,„„,^^., U t.-s f,„m pil..s.| ti.-Mwt i .itus from ;„li.s (i to 7 ewt ]. :'^ .'■"'"I'ib'sTtnHewt;; ii.it,;a irom j,ii,, „ t„ ^ cwt ;.":::;;.":;;;;••• " iMiiiicnnin: '"'^•"''"^"'-■-.'''""I'uuu.ls ....■.■.■ 111 i; s. d. n (i 14 <> 14 14 (i 1-i li 1.1 li i;t 11 I'j (1 a u *l in *i II *i f.-i 1.5 (i fi; (1 IS til till (1 17 ;t (7 ;i 18 !l fl'.) tlO t3 3 f.T fii e fs !!• li t(j li ts n IU (i tl2 tl4 6 tl(! C til) fi |;il 6 1.1 14 14 14 14 lU i;i 1.) 1-J H 3 4 u <> a a .■i a 1 rj n 3 9 fi at 111 10 III 10 i.i I ir. £4 4 lU 7 6 fl 9 12 14 3 9 9 12 14 3 l.S yi 9 at 2!) 3'J 111 12 14 (i 7 I'l 12 7 fi 111 12 14 n n 7 fi 111 292 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMIUIICA. NOUTn STAFFGRDSIIIUE. n^aocsjuiid ul llie liUIdiiljih VaUcij niicl Korlnii Troii-ll'utls, Xuith Sli'O'onkhin', AiiausI 31 lb72. . ./ , Di'sei'iptiDii of work. l'u(l(1linj;: >i'iilil)linf; Doiihliii^ (-'astiiilis Kivct-irou, (bu.sl) Iloaliiij;: I'ill'S Blooms Sluiinlii)';, KtrainliainnicrH : Kolthlin;; l)ouliliii^' Sc|iii'czi ii;; I''oij:i--nillins; Bricli laying', repairing fiiruncps : I'orucs Mills Ciitliiin ilown for l)ar-iiiilla Ciutin;;' down lof iilutc-iiiills I'lT ton. DcM'ilplion of work. (>r (on ol' V>,ril(l poiinils ruilillint; lus-iion, 5 liciits, best quality !-,>«. {ul. per Inn of )>,M{) iioiukIs. riul(lliuj{ pif^-iron, .5 heats, extra best \x. pw tmi extra. 1 to 'J ewt. of serai)-iron, per turu, allowed at full rate for |iiiilillinK'. 1 to 2 cwt. for doubled-irou, two or more balls baiuinered toijctlier, I.t. pi'r ton. , . „ , ,. SliillliiK.s. .IViico. 1 to 2 cwt. ca8tinji,s m (i por ton, Jiainiiicriiig', steaiu-haiiinier \ ,| p,,,. ,„|, Ilainiiieriiiji-, steain for doubling | i[) j,,,,. (,,„' Squeezers I o p^r ton! lorKe-rolliuo. , .,,„,, t„„, btoeiilakiiifr-iiulls tor jilates i a per ton. kSloektakiuir-niills for bars i y ,,^,f (y,,' MLscellaneeus labor in forges, iron to forge, coal, iiieludiiig lusli- ■wlioeliug, inill-wnghting, smithing, t&c 7 C per ton. In plate-mill : Rolling and heating ordinary plates <) 4 p|,r tr,n Rolling and Iieating faggoted plates \\ C, per ton, J^lieated , 1,| () per ton, J'^xtro, largo and up to Ti feot wide is 3 per ton. Shearing and speilling, &c 7 (; p,,f ton! Misceihiueous labor iu mills r, m-i- ton, rdiihiri', August 31, k. IVr 1 i/n. «. if. to 1 ):i H tu H 17 rwt. (Ill- I'l'ilVll'S) ... tia a CIlllIK ! t4 :i tj (j ii'li mill up- vh .. t(i iiil;i-H incli, i.'li tT H 10 mill 1 "1 fit :i \t II ',' U r ciMit. til" ',> ()ll) poMllils 1 of •.> 040 l>oiiiul.s Xflft. per ( oil. \vj,a. IVnco. I () IMT toil 1 •1 |1C|- 1(111 1 10 lU!!' tdll, I per (nil. 1 l p.T tun. 1 W \wr ton. 1 8 \wi toil. C per tou. <) 4 por ton 1 (I per tdii 1 (') ]il>r (nil H 3 \H'T ton 7 (! por ton 11 per ton. WAGES IN E\G].AXn. SOUTU WALKS. irtigfsjmid in iron-mUh Prt;::l;:t::r^^^^^^^^^ Jiolii;itili;j 293 Onliiiii)y1iil„,r is iVoiii hiiKiiiccrs' Wiij^r,.^ __ M^icliiiiists Jlill-\\riir||(,v, _' (;niii-wi„M.i..rs iina :,;],•:;;,;;,■[,;,:; ,'"'r;; •"■",'' "liiiwiocutMkor.s. J iiildlciH' iiM(l(.rli;ii)(l,s llnriiiiioniicir.sii.ssi.sunit.s . Jiolloi'.s' ;issis|;in)s Ji"vstioii, iitoM'y;.;;,;",;,^",;^;,;;; Tor ton, (is. 4,1. 7s. Oif. 9^.4/. 7«. (Ul. ;!» 4rf. 11^. 4(1. fiv. Od. IVr liny, ■l". to iis. Ti'.. {■(I. to at. Gd. 0'-'. to 7s. (;.s. to (w. •Iv. ()(/. to r>.t. Gd. •Is. to "w, Gd. '-■s'. to O.l.' h«. lo 11,'). Is. ^(/. to 3i. id. H. " 's;.,r;;:?;;:" i;:r!;, i;:;- s-;;;.:^:;- 1-'- '<• ^" .-• -„. .ess ior a tiii ... say ;!,v ul.ii, „ mIi .''^"o1i,i„I mst iiliont -Is. ; Jot c-.vii ) i.> .'s., \\ iulu 110 iiUowaua, i.s made ia Eiiohuul. STATEMENT OF AVALTEE WILLIAM., K.SQ. "^^ ln'U 3rr. Williaiihs wi< ;„ w , i • . '"insofEii-Iand: ^"'^ "'"*'' ^^'^'O i>^'t:iiiiea ia Ihc Trou- lie ; o,.s lor «,.:,y or or. n\- irou' ^^'■'- ^ '""" "'^'^ '1'" '^"""' ^v<^^.. ior llvo L^l,^^ ;;:£^;^.n;/^,:-|;:S::o:l:;.:;;. t ^ -'•■-- --n ....nato iiL It wlirro tlii.y w,„.k lull ,i„„, J. ,1 , ri : n '.'^''-""""■y nHownl of o.s. ,„.i- ib f ■;; anion. n>o lomuco to . 1 '.;,™f^ ,;'::'■'■-;::'•■' •'>• 11"^ 'inn in ronv,: ni^ nl a£,^|S:;s^ ..,„.,.„.. ,.,.,. „,„ „.,^^,^.,.,^,^,^ - *7, . ' ^ '■""■^' ^^'"" 1'""' ''y "- ^"". "-'"..Hn. all l.,,or, 3.s. 0,7 nor J'lonrainp; and catcliinff. r.W ^ ..S;;;;;;; 'lES- - - .- - • £i.;;g ...,.>„, :„„„ ... « , „„ „„, S :,'■:;*, ;i. ••.> r,,ii, „i ,,i,„,,. „,„„ """"^ ;^i '. I 2D4 •c o 'a <^ "S' f LABOU IN EUROrE AND AMERICA. I 'A •^ s d 3 a « '^ V ci o ,0 '^t:^ _: c ^^ -s^g-: iE^5 ^ i I £< x S :'^ crj ■i ■K ; •/ (^; ^ ^^ J rs-tr: -r a. to X y, -iJ , j3 ? ro ^ -:» s^ ■ w o 9: -c M i-T f • ■-r O <^ o f) 'ij pi a p « c; 03 TO n O fl ci I « Q «^ d 5 TO ■ : .5 rt B a i rt ' li CP5 i- ^ rt • I 'd S ■V TO s : 00 ■ 1 ^ 03 •- fO ... oi : ' .K rt o X q rt (II >' ; ^ d s 1 1 •2 ! ; ^ 5 tc fcfl : §i 12 :J r:i; — :i; . c E- 2 CI P I o ^^.: rt ;?3 St .9 J2 S April, IM- Dcc't'lillifl', iHiLI. (J('tol)cr, l>7i JI.'.ic)!, l.'TJ..." Aiiaiist. [■-< Hay, IpVI ....'.V ■ - - .v..'. H.ll. 7 II I C), K > M !l (1 1 li lull 1 4 I 'J 1 •\ l-,> U 1 I^i 1 10* AV.vci]:.-; i.\ sti:i:l.\v(ii;ks. ofA*. rn(lill,,r.s.... Itfliiei's Sliin}rlm-,4 ^liingkTs' lii'lpcis' '. Forge-iollciM liilll fuMKlcr-Illcll .. Ball fiiniMci'-iiicii's lilack.suiilli.s Strikers Fitters , Slottors anil jilaiicn Laborers Engino-teiiters Firemen Hiiiiimer-inen Ash-wlieelers Cdiil-nnloailers Trolley, boyn , lelprrs. r. s. •s. ll. (loUl. • > II §10 f'J II 1) 4 8.1 II II 19 :i(j II II 4 84 (1 II 111 :i(; It 14 oa II 4 84 II !) (i8 J II 5 80 111 II 7 ao ,s (3 78 1 II OS 111 (1 7 OS i) II 7 O'i lU (1 7 2G 4 84 (1 4 84 10 u ii 42 COAL•MI^'Il^'G. COAL-FIKLDS OF DUKIIA^r A>-D ^-OI:TIIl•^rKERLA^-D. «-.;rally speak oi this as'ti;;!^'^/,! ^;^ .^ , J^^''^; ^ ;^,1 -'if Het, as ,here,,or,. vbi,si,u.ss i„M„t or View, Nvt, si eo 1 1,0 nirs n li^'i T"' "^""l'"'^'^il'lo "'hI absnrrt, ia "■en earrie.l to Neweas le Iron nl , /l i nj "'V'«''^^ l»evaile.l, ciials havo til n.;nS:.:^S;y;;!!:k:::;';^,S,t «""^'^-- ~tca .i,L o,.e ..i' • lai''j;est steel- 296 LAUOU IN 1;U1U>1-K AND AMEKICA. Til.' c.Ml firMs of n.irlmni ni<- iiioro cxt.'nsivo iii„l ll,o niincnil s„n,r (1,.,.. thnf ..f I ; iv , V V *f ' • ' I'"" "'"„,»'"'""" ^■""'- 'J'l'" """""I l"'"lMct is not less i S M / '^ '''''''f I '■'"«".";' "* ""^vlu.r...,H>,o ..(.ikinK than "l.t Nowcastl... vol.) Mild at >(i.(i.. i.r loll, ami a.roiilin;; to iicwspaiicr icpoits i' contract liis liisl been cntcicl into in Franc lor tl,.. «ui,pTy to Kngl'ii'l ofWIl^iuo lous "' The lollowiiis- stiitotiioiits sliowiiij,' tlio iiiiiximiiin iiiid inininiuiii cost o labor 111 the Dmhiiiii iiiiil in the XortlmiiihcrlaiKl coal-iniiu's in 187.?, iilMitlu' advances and icdiietioiis made in tiio waoes of mineis, with their average earninos at various dates from Aj.ril, 1S71, to J)ecember. lb,l were liirnish.Ml l.y T. W. Buiminy, esq., minin-.engineer of Now' castle-on- 1 yne, Enghind: durua:m. Off-huiid hihor Uhic fjivuiid ^.'''1'".?''''''* '"'■''"'" "" Iit"rc<>iitngos, given up to Dnconilicr ni, 1fl73.] Willies jiir (lav, »illi liniiHc (iral. Iowa lice Ibrieut. t'l.i-.s of l.ilii.r. Pore iiviinina J'..lel,- OVi'lllKlll Deputies 'rilllliiT-leMilers .[ ■>.lll:.ler sllil'lcls ][[ Shil'leis »'liiieluue:i, (eoulriic't work") '.'.'. SloiH'iiien Sloiie-imtleis '" M. later w.isteiiieu AVestenieii ;; ll'lpeis-nji, (III, Iniase) '.[.. J!i:!kiii)I inclines, (no liouse) .. J'livei.s, (nohoii^e) J'l.lttelH, (11,1 lloUM,') .' I'litti'is-iliivin'.', (iMi Iiiiiise). ..'. J.:iniliii^r-la(l.-i, (no lioiise) Coil piers, (no lioiise) , Switeh-keLper, (no lioiise) i nipiiers, (uo house; CliKiH ol' labor. .-ST on 91 r,\ ft Wi 1 7H 1 ai 1 4't I H-i 1 u.-. 1 .-i,! 1 ,'i7 7:t 1 1.7 1 ?■< !I7 1 ;i7 1 ri'.i (W 1 IK y 4j 1 .-ill 1 1 1 •,'."! 1 ."iD 1 ;>7 (it il!l 1 IKI !)7 1 .1:1 1 .-.-. 7!) 1 17 1 :m 4il s:i 1 r.:. .'iD 1 (i:i *•> •(•J .V,l 1*7 ;iii 117 1 •-'! 111 111 1 .■iri ai f.') 1 ji ; JJeccinbcr, -■or of Now- 'au'f'H ppr (lny, kith liniiw7 r.i 1 l)!l H 07 I -Ij .7 r,7 1 117 .7 77 1 17 1) 7.-f 1 r,4 ■1 411 SI ,M 7!l 1 ■£) :. !):) 1 i;) 1 !>:i 1 111 (1 1 hi 1 -4 5) 1 till 1 ri :) 1 ii;i J JS •J y7 1 Si 1. 1 hiKc W(jrk s or iinwer.s. iicm, Uiijtilur 1U'( Avfraj,'!! ;i L'ariiin;;8. 1 -ii 1 'i If 1 82 t. 1 -iJ WAOES IN KNOLAND. 297 C'laig of liibor. WllC.S per ,i„v, Willi h(j||.<|. I'liiii'iii w rcut alluwi.tl. r»n'in(.ii8iiiltlj8... Isniitlin lliirw.Nli,,,,,!,,'"" J'i<.k»hnrjMi,er« ;.'.■.■ pitnlicru ji"iiiT-i)iiii,ii',;.i; •"'".'■'•'"'•llJoilHTS...'' ilolIlfTH ' *■ ' M'aKoii.wi'iyiii.H;.' Juljiiitii(l,.ra .. SuH-yirs I'l'tlTH... ('iiiiii;rt:r« ;,;;,! g,:,;,-,;,;;.^;;;' i^iHldll'Ts CrllHUUMi ....'.'.[. JI.I.SI11I8 "' JUhimis' liilimV'i'H!'.' *v iii(lintr-i'ii"ii M* Vw'i' ' * I iin|mi-.,.M-iiHMn(.ii.(«| f.uili„K,.„,;i,„.„„., I ■I'li-'nKii,,.,,,,.,,, ,|./,,„ ';; i;"ili'i iiiuiili'r.s '■'iri'iucii, iiii Jin-nicn, luniinuiiVr J'l'IIKSIMlli ' j'lilliiiH in hil'sj'in.'s i;illiiiKin|.|l..s, i,„:ii.;"'" 1 ii'kc'iriicrs .... ' iio-oli'aiK In ... '^^'I'icliiiifU . Class of labor. wlthliou.Hi.foiiilJ or reut alloiini. Toki'nnirii I'olirlilioyH .'.'_' KcmI((T(ju acruons." .Sfrt'i'iicru "■' Siiiall\va;,'cii'iT)oy. A|i|iiiratu».|)„y.. Walters • 'iillcrs \\ Htonc-tiainors ..'.'. I-'ibori-rs iloi'.sr.ltc.poVH ".'" 'arlincn.. I'latf.|a.v,.rH .'.'.'.'.'..'. ali..la.M.rM'nMni.stnii't's"!.' j>iaiic,li.ilrivi.is . \Va(;on.;;riaserH, Iiovh"."" liiaiicii.iii,.,, ;.. •' — Jlaiil(.rii||.|„ _'_'_■ jlaok-lip.iUinon.'.';; l.aiili.|,oitoiM men...' I oli<..|>|||„,.,.., __ lo»-.incL. lorli(Mis,3orr(>nn Miiallrun.n.rH or loa.lJrs ,,,o o;^';;::i;::;;;;;,':'^;"r--'t' <)vvi,.|,.v,.|,.,.h'. StailliiiiiMi .'.' Tcaiiicr.s Laborers, (i',;," "allow,",,",'..;' > ' • - -.-, to til„(>, :;^'^; tiie .,.,.o,H, ,as ,..adoi , J m- "s'*:. '!' ^"^""'"y, ^^72, 12i per ;;:^;^^>n.a. , i«:, ., ,., ,„,, •^:|- ;,-, - £--• ; ..i ni.u,L Jh'iluctiom TIio /iiN^ Av.,. . 1 ■ "" S'U'laco lalH.r, oxe^^p^^ o j r„ "i;''^./" ^^I*''"- 1^74, 10 por ooi.t on nil -ona .as ,.a.,. i,l ^.^-l^^^ S'coIul'S'llu^r^" ^^"^^ ^^ NORTIIIDIBKRLAND. ny.'im advanccul 20 '"MarclCTs^. t;;; n; Sr En: -■■« ->van«„ 10 porconf., and ilj 8i# C*''^JB IN EURCWPJ5 AND AMICKICA. AVtt«)ii6«j» /., , ' co«/-^( liU, Off-hiiiitl liilmr !/■ hnr yroiiiid. (Tfi**! prlflcn inoliwlfl nil porccDtngrii given up tu i>'i r :il, IcT.l, ft# >ffJjor. M'ngps per day, with li(M(«ii riri('H lliK'k (iri'iiiiL'ii J)i imllcH TliiilieiliiiiliiH, (no liijiiaii) AIllHlKI'HJliltCIX hliiriiTrt CliiHUmoti KtlllllllJlMI HtoiicinitlcrM JIiihIlt WiiMtiinfH . WllMliMllrll lllljlllH lip, iMiyH Illlll 1 -Jl I M JU 0-4 I 7li 1 -,-, III) 1 :<:\ 1 :ii) I M 1 1J 1 ;i:i I 111 1 Mil 07 I) I r.i M •I) till 44 W iriiiliii;.'i'ii^;lni'niin I'lllllplll^J'CllgllK'IIK'll I'lii riiiMi l''iii'iuirciiH*ii I.iiiii|inii'ii Wiilrr-lriiiliTM lIiii'Mi'-Ki.i 1 II .'.7 J -Jl 1 II 71 1 H'J 1 till 7.1 t ;i:i Off-hand Itihor abmr gronuil. ITIu'se pi'ioi'H incUicliuiU pi'iTi:iita^;i's ;ilvcii up to Dcci'iiibcr 111, li^?;!.] W'aifi'H per 'Iny, M'itli liniiMottrnii allnwanco for ri'iit. Cla.i.-* nl laliur. a ^ S4 * a V. '3 9-Ji li "S^ KtJ Kiifrnu'ii .smltll.^ ^1 fii iv III ^1 n8 Siniljj.-i 1 :i!i nil 1 X"* lIiirsi-.Hliocr.^ 1 -il 1 nii 1 Hi I'icU-Hliai nnieis 1 -Ji 7;! 07 StrikriH I (IK Ml 114 1 ;i,i 1 111 1 PS I Irt 1 :^:^ )'N>rnin'ii jiiiii(.-r!j •J III tloliins •i I'j ^^li 1 1)4 AVat'iMi-wiinlit!) ■J 4-i 1 IJ 1 77 Tiili-iiiciali'i.') •i 'li ^4 1 lij Sawv.ia 'J 4i !l|i t n Pittcrs 1 ;t;i flii 1 i."i riiaiitrcia nii'l Kratlicr.s 1 ;):i 1 yi 1 y7 Saibllci-h I -Jii m 1 II 1 0^ 1 ;i:i HI) !l|i <.I4 1 11 !M a. SI HIS ^lason.s' lalMiri'i'.s 1 (1,? 7-J III) "W i ud i !!;;•(' n^'iiM 'III I'll 1 i.-i I 4.-1 1 4.-1 l'nini)iiig.('iii:iiii'iniii..., 1 C!) 1 4.-I 1 nr lIaiiliii;{-i'iiKi iii'iuen 1 1.-. 1 4.-. 1 4.-) lan-oiiyiiii'iiicn 1 4.-. 1 0-1 1 'Jli Locomotivcvenjjlncuii'ii J 4.-. 1 •i\ 1 :t:i Uoilrr-uiliidurs 1 57 1 II) 1 HI Pit'flienien , \ --.'I M' 1 II.-. Loconiotive-fli'cmeu .. . '.' . W) ' «S Ouai'da , . , ' ''3 , oc : ; Oil Inspector or li(a]i-kt'eper .... ■1 1 :• 1 at) Ilaiiksiiii'ii , i '. < !■) 1 4.-. Puttei's-iu (if tiibM, (l)iiys) , i 'l ! 40 1 eo ClaMM of labor. rU'k-carrii'i'M, (liiiy.i) Tiib-cli'ani'i's, (lioyn) \\'i'i'.;lmiiin .' 'rikiiiimii Tiikcn-boys Kl'l'kl'I'M (ill KITl'I'lJS .*^i'r('ciiiTH Siiiall-wajion Itny.s Appai'aliiM.lioy.s Waiters, (liiiys) Stone- 1 i'aini'i'.s ^ r.ahoni'.s Uia-.seki cpers I'ailiiiiM riale-laycis I'late-laycvs' nn.sistaiits l'»riiii(li-(i''ivei's \Va;;iiii-j;i.'a.s('i'.s, (lioy.s) IJiaucli-iai'i' '. liaiik-i'idcrs liaiik-lieadiiM'ii liankliollnm men, (no liouso) l-'oke-liiii'iH'i'.s ('iiki'-i!r,nvi'i'.s roke-lillci'.s, (Mo lioiisc) St.iilliiiiiii Te.noors I.i.oo. n \Viij;e« per ibiy, with lioiiMe or an allowaiieo for rent. f4 1 ;i:i f.-i I -Ji I lid !lli till H-l 1 III 1 II 1 -Jl i'li I III I 111 I Hi I Hi 1 M li-J 1 14 tH 1 a.') 1 ,51 1 :i.-) I 4.-1 1 11-2 1 OU 7ri *0 2ii an fi lis ii'j 71) ,"1 ;u I ;iii i JO ,V) 1 in ■;s ,'■.0 1 (1) lii fii 7li I "•'I 71) I 7tl , III 1 lUI 71 im 110 1 (II li-i 1 ;;.-> 1 4,-1 1 (;■) I i:i ICi Cii nan p.T iliiy, Itit llntl'^l' III' a|. i».iliru Icii' luiit, i 3 d .S 3 ;q :>{ "J $1 4A ei ca I 1 Ul 1 yl u 1 lilt 1 ii:i 1 I'll 111 u lill 1 01 ;i 1 (1!) 1 -Jl J li.'i 'i:l «i ii;i 1 III !l :;) Ml 1 M hS 1 1 II 1 III ;) .'.r (■0 ■J 1 -Ji 1 111 ;i I II 1 «J 'J 71 !l,vx--\Vi,n,.s,,..l,i,M.||l,/;p,.r(l A.s.socii nv roceivii.y 3n pm- r,Mit. ail- inrs -Waii ■s ii'iliu'cil 2,/. pep ,1 lay. to 'j: Lav ■^iiini ii()\y icc'i'iviii^r ;jo .^,^^^ ny. I»"'i' cent., ina.siniuili a.s tl J:::z^*:i'!::^-''-^''i'>'''-t...io;m pi JJrpi/Hes I it'tliuyojiic'i' ci'iit. K' iiiou wlio liavol UUClI. )i.t'ii ■op iuiil clioclc ihawiii- t 1,; , , ■■" " '",:; ii» 1 Nantl,u-d stomnncH Fixi>(l <> romaiii niialttueil. 'Koil to(«. {),(, aiiil 7.S 'i< ' . i)or day. ,;iH::r!:r:^''*'«'^":'i'>^'''^'i>ai.ibn; ami tl'o.so who On ,/nno ;jo ^.„ ii'(^l)aid by tlio il;iv 'to ti l)i('C'e to l»i> rodiKU'd At ^Vl'^l! iniitiiallv llU'-inOll UCIC ivduflMl.tr/ iviiiaiu a.s tlu-y uio. o ltd' ociit. •Wial iiH.oti„o|K,id October ^0 I'd' (lay, rmu •">■ "«'/ •;//(( ii^i'i'ocd to i«it, tlio'lbllowiiig rediictio; bo reiliifcd 11 '''.s' at iticsoiit iccei 2 Jkink P/T mit., ]ea\ ii,;.' j,i) ad )V/)l)l/,.... \\' ' f- "" «" Sr--^:!ff'?'>'''vi'u^cHii./ ij^t'.s to bn ivdiioi'd IV/. viii^' ill) advance of 27 no vmioo of Hi por coiit 1.'^ !• cent, to ^v/uv/.-Advance« to bo roduced per cent Deputies — Whoro Pi'ops, G.S. M. ; tor d t'!icree»crs D cent, reduction. «o a.s to leave an ad vaiice of 1.5 Jio prop drawing to bo jiaid lawin "•*'. ; wliere tliov dr Illy wage to reiua ,1,,.,,.^, ,.1 • J •■'., M ui-ii Piop.s, („/. por .score; ciioeklo.s Id iw lu us at 11 Cboel jyec/i '(iiii t',v.— W'ago.s to be reduced presonr; piecework 10 per 5 per cent. 300 LABOR IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. SWANSEA AND CARDirP The following tables are coudensccl i'roin iiioro extendod statements sea and Cardill' coal ilistiicts and in other collieries of Great Britaiu, England, February, 1S75 : SlaUmciit nhowing the average earnings of ivorlmcn in Swanwa .'* 'f Class of labor. Gi'iii^jola. Cut tOM .$12 40 piT wcilc Diiy-worUmon . 1 i^s juT day Triiiniiiors . . Hauliers Laborers . . . . Engino-mnii.. CarppiitLTs . . Hniiths iStrilii-rs Wci-lii-rs.... Ilnstlurs Firciucu IJoillllllOll Tippers Itcpairers Ilanlers Dnov-boys... Pitmcu StolllTS Uikliiirs Ovcriiioii Iiicliut'iuoii . Sureeuors ... Masons bH ilay, oiilsiilo. > 'JU ilay, iiisiilu .. i ■11 per day 3.^ per (lay 3H per day n-J to JO 00 per day 00 per ilay '. fl'J per day 8H prr day M per day iiO i)er day 03 per day 30 per day 08 i)er day ("^ jier day ^^.-^ per day 7'J to 5fU ci) per day 00 i)er 4 weeks ... Swansea collii'ry. West Swaiise.-*. •Si 74 to $2 0.5 per day $12 40 per week 1 20 to $1 30 per (ley 1 Orf to 1 50 per day 1 85 per day 1 32 to $1 no per day 1 44 ])er day 1 44 per day 52 to 60 7H ]>er de.y 74 to 1 20 per d.av 84 to 1 32 per day 1 e5 per day 73 to$l 40 per day 32 per day 1 28 to SI 08 per day 02 to Jl 02 per day 1 Od to 1 50 per day "i'JO tojl dtiiier'day 7 40 per week 5 90 per week 11 32 per week 1 44 \n'T day . . 72 jier day .. 00 p(!r day . . 1 Us ijer day . . 7 40 per week. Dun van t. $55 00 per 4 weeks 47 10 per 4 weeks 30 00 per 4 weeks 30 00 per 4 weeks 30 00 per 4 weeks 45 48 per 4 weeks 30 00 ])er 4 weeks 30 00 per 4 weeks 33 CO per month. 30 00 per 4 weeks 27 88 per 4 weeks Class of labor. Cntters X)ay.worknieii Traiinner.s Bankers Laborers Graig Mertliyr. nrynwillaeli. llesolven. Emily. 'ir2 34 ])or dav . ... 1 til per d.iy En;;inc-ni(n . Carpenters.. hmiilis Strikers . ... AVei^bers... Hustlers Firemen 3i'i;'(linen ... Tippers llepairers ... Haiders. ?! S5lo5l n2perday 1 85 pi:r day . . 1 20 per day I C 1 7^ per day, loco- ) "■ ( nidlivi'.iuen. 5j 1 20 to§l 32 per day 1 32 to 1 5i; per dayi 52 to 78 per day! 84 per day ". fo lo.yi I4perdav' 2 00 pi-i'day '. 1 20 to SI 8(i per day 1 50 per day 1 50 i)er day . 1 32 per d;i y . 1 50 per (l,(y . IJoor-boys Pitmen Stokers Hitelier.i , Overmen lneHn(Miien ... Sereeners Masons 00 per day , 92 per day . 1 72 per day . 1 80 per day . I 20 jier day , 1 50 per day . 1 50 per day . r23 00 per fortnight. 1 58 per day 1 22 |>or day 17 00 per loitni^ht. 1 32 per day K; 44 per fortnight. 10 44 per lortni;;lit. 00 per day 1 20 ])er dav 15 48 )ier Initni^'bt. t 58 per dav ...... 1 20 per day 15 72 per fortnif^lit. 82 12 per day. 1 80 jier day. 1 ^0 iier day. 1 32 jier dav. 1 08 per d,!y. 1 70 per day. 1 44 pir (lav. 72 per day. 2 OOjier ibiy. 1 7ii per day 17 20 per IVjrtnight. C4 per day 10 44 piT fortnijiht. 82 ]ier d.iy. 48 per day. 80 per day. ■''' nfvai COAL DISTRICTS. WAGES IX ENGLAND. 301 in rogari] to tlio w; aijil were iiu i J 0N\l,'.5, e.Mj., liiiMiug.enoineer, of Leeds, Leeds, coal m.lnc>, ,rncn ,rortin, f„U run. «,./ u„koui rem.tiou. rriiuroae C:M per day; $-3.10 Jier llil^lll. ?1.7d to jl.Uii per day. .?i;d per ') weeks c2.ju per day SS.fi'l per week; lirilli. die, ¥lu.:i-j. 5;M..-li uiider.j;rcMiiul, ^■i'< nliovu, per 4 weeks. II.OC per day ; master, 51.44 ; colliiT, jl.wS. ■^].12 j)er(lay, Hiirfaee ; f l.'.:ij,undi'r {{rou:;d; eniiier, Sl.'JiJ. §1.11 to $1.-J0 x)er day.. (-1.2.1 (o81.;i2 per day; I'erenian, ^I.Cd. 6j2.(j4 per 4 weeks . . . . $45.32 per 4 \veek.s . . . $1.CS to $2.40 per day. $(i2.:i4 in headings; i-l-'.;)2 ill stalls. ;J2.4U pur day ?42.0fl per 4 weeks •i2li.;i0 per 4 weeks it4 j.us per 4 weeks Jll.oa per 4 weeks *i:i.;i(i iier4 weeks Sl.eU iiur day $1.20tof-1.29perday.. SM.?.?per4 weeks s?l.2ti iM'rtlay; auil'aee, il.U2. Laborers. ■11.72 piT week . ■vl.02 JUT d.iy... 04 eenls jier day, siir- iaeii and under finiiiiid. fl.o-j iiewday, snrface; •¥1, under jjicnnd. 05 cents jier day I.l wvneelyu Gelli— ' Colliery JTo. 2 J42.C0 per 4 weeks $47.12 per 4 weeks Colliery No. 3 . T.aii, not fall tiino Darrandder t'ilely ; I'owell's Llaiitwit '... ll.iutwit and Black Vela Llantwit Rod Ash Company Penrliiwfi.T , r.li'.enelvdneh J ilat.s|e^r .Mertliyr— Seam I '. Seam 3 S.'aiii :t Crediiir Bryndeu $l.eCpord.xy J3.94 in headings ; f2.84 ill stalls. $1.88 iu headiuga ; *l.n4 in stalls. $10.08 per week 82 |)er day SI.!I2 per day S 18.72 per 4 weeks ^12.40 per week $2.02 per day fl2.10 per week SI.M per dav; colliers, ifl.:ili; Slli'laee, .Jl.KI. Jl.:i2per(lay ; Inieiiiaii, Jl.JO; 'hours. $l.:!2pi'rd.ay; ma.ster, si.»;o. $42.40 per 4 weeks $7.02 p.L'r week \ f32.8S per 4 weeks . . . S.?.I2per 4 weeks i-K'M per 4 weeks If 1. 18 per da\'; suii'aeo, $1.12. $:i0.48 per 4 weeks; if25.()4 per 4 weeks, siirlaco. $30.02 per 4 weeks ; $!i:.20 per ao days, siiifacu. §l.Dti per day $1 to$1.03per d.iy ... f20.48 p(^r 4 weeks •VI. 02 per day ijl.nfiperdav; colliers, *I.2IJ. $1.10 to $1.20 per day; $1.20 to #1.20 per ni«lit. $1.08to$l."Gpernighti $0.04 [ler week. Siirl'ace, $1.14 jier day; $:i2.H8 undo ground. $0.00 per week $30,12 per 4 v^coks of 7 days. $0.P0 per week $7.40 per week $1.20 per day; surface, $1.10. ?1.P3 per day 10 days. $07.80 10 days, .$10.11 10 days, $13., to 10 d.iys, .~;00.i)8 $1.08pi.'r day l$1.48, 6 days; forc- I man, $1.08. $1.12to$l.r>0perday. $1.44 per day $1.08 iier day $37.40 iier 4 weeks $0.48 per week ; hoys, $3.00. $1.34 to$1.44 per day; surface, 80 cents. $7..")S per week, under ground ; $0.,")0, sur- face. $1.32 to $1.52 per day.. $1 to. ;i. 30 per day ... $1.10 pir day ; boys, 70 cenl.s. $32.83 per 4 weeks.... $1.50 per day .$1.02 per day, surfare; $1.32 under ground. ■?1.20to$1.44perday. $i.'08p'erdiy'.!!!!;'.!'. $33.30 per 4 weeks ... $1.34 per day $7.34 per week, under ground; snrluce, $,-).00. 51.12 pi'r day .$1.04 per day $1.01 per day ec,33 1 AVAGKS IN EXGLAXD. ^^;;;^^^l^;^^^ f„U tune ana .iU.oui r.sincUon. 303 TiiipiTs, l^""l^™.en. K,„i„o.,n„„, ,,„„„„ I j„.^,„^,_^ ];iitii,;i,-, .?8..io ,„.,■ Itoilmeu. ^''■"^'"•■■''^'.v «l.iOi„..r,!.,y »:cei,lai„.r,Iay... fji.nata j,.(, ' - *'■"' to ?l.iiO per $lto5l.0fip,.r,]ay..|fl.ooi,er,la,y fl.01pci-d;.y ?I.llt((Jl.',;.i,yiioiir.s, $1.1-1 per (lay f33.3Cpcr 4 weeks.. fO.Ti per week ?^.7fi^^, $,..0., p„, U^,,^ ,„ flUO per *^^.M per .1 week., f;?;';;;;,,,,,,,,^.,,,,,,,,, {••I-I.M HUdVe, iier 4 Weeks. iO.Vi to fO.'JO tier Week. *«.iilper4weeh« C^J.^I p, r , weeks. •?.l.'lij per,l,,y . Laiil- . "i«,5il.i:s. *l.."0 per il;iv ; iiaiii. ' Hi;x,.>l..i-1. i *''^^'"'1'0- JU.,raays *,»,- , |';,;^';,!:;::'^-'"^''''^j*'-«^p-.k,y S'-l- per ilay. •Jl-iljierday. per ilav. ■fl.l.S to .-;i.n3 n»r li.'iy. ■'I,'"li'r.i weekg. !"ieent.sto?1.30p,.r |?T.JOperweek ?I.HpCT(lay... $30.9Cper4weeka.. $:i3.3fiper4week3.. fl.3l per (lay.. 5l-3J,C,l,iy8... (lay. *l.'ia per l-J li„urs . Jl-'iS per clay $33.30 per 4 we(>k.s SlO.OSper week... ■'•"^'"'•''^'>- 'cOperday !„ „,; . .,, „ J.,. , , i ..... .. i.,i, to .:I..!i ppp fj.j.ljper 4 wei-k.4 ..■ | -.'''i^'- I I ■■^'•"■-'Per II liiiiiri). rl.iiU per il:iy. .?S.U2 per week $1.44 per (l.iy.. $36.C8ppr4 weeks. fI-,^2 to $1.44 per day. 5-I-.04 Per weel- . cr-tn "a»lins!si54!^''''^'( -'■"> 1'" "»■„„„. ..I s^,,o .,,„.,,,.,,, ?l-73 per dav; nl- L lowed 7 day.; extra i , per moiitli. I I f-fl.:iai)erilay, .steam! j '„■; I-"' i>er day, lumse' .... : i-l .3-Ji),.r,lp y. .ste'm. 1*1.^0 per day j s^ per day ! i;:;;;;! ||-i:;i';;'^i'^>-.i'u"'«... f4por.4day«,| ' ^ "^>- ?-perday -'!i -e „ i I ■" ( vl..jfi per day,'). I 6l-7fi, siiiyle turn. fl.oi?, 7 dnya fu-inVdi;;::.... , P^^^pe;^'^;^:kr'^'-'^i-i'^'^-:::: ioivinaii, $7.40 p^,[, ."i".;;;;;;;;; ^'■^'''^•'•'W $1.34 per d.ay..., fC.33 per week ?C.C8 per day.... ^'■^'P"''"y ?I.20rer.Uy.... ?I.7(J 7 day.«i; drift, ... fl-Jl, 7 days. I •JI.4S, Cdavfi. I, ■ ' ■ I Jl.CS per day. •f .1-J per 4 weeiiV , SW.™ p.r week.. ;5g.4Sj„i, week. 61. 50 per (^av ?i-4iperdav.';:;;:." *.il.(i-J ii(.r4 weeks iioys, Super week...' ^'■">^'^'^y U^porday l^l^'.^^Z. *'-'"^"^"^^'^ *'^-^^l---k...KS4perw:ek. $1-38 per day. f 1-J per week ^^^'■ntsperday... f,,o„p,,„„^..„.^,^ 4-J to 4U ceiila, i cents per day... •fl-.lliiM-rd.-iy. fl.O'J per day ! , .'t ^li ' ,\ ' I 304 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Slatciiwnt of tin: average carmnga of icwhmcii in the Cardiff coal Districts. jiniviiiyii vALLr.v. lMv:iii)iith AUF.ltPAIiK VAI.I.KV. Xuvi{;atioii ami Dcfp DiiiTryn' Jl.t-J poi iln.v. IlitClluTS. Slokrr.i. ii?.7-J jii r 4 wcclis. i;iai'nt;wiinr Abrii'mnilidy Croniljac'li Abordare Tilionclda. Niuitmelyn Powrll Duffryn Coiupauy'a pits. S1.S21 IKT (lay $1.20 iicrday RIIOXITA VALLKY. Fcrndalo ' Sl.llOpor day. $1.11. under j;r(iniid. !) dayn i Sl.O'J, .siiil'aci', I ilav l)i:i' wuuU ill- Idwod. $l.v!U to 61.40 per day. 63G.'H per 4 wcck.s J1.12 per day Bodrynsalt Xylacoeh .?1.4(;per9 lumr.s , $l.li^ to ¥1.44 per day. Eliondda Merthyr $10.08 per week . Bute llorthyr I .51.20 per day.... Llwynypia Steam, ?S.4g per week, !l lioiirs; house, Sl'J.4n. piecework. fl.;i8 jier d.ay $1.(12 ]ier day j iii^ht, (Hi cnt.s. ?l..'iO per day i^.'M per week Gilfarh Coedcao Dinna Main I'eurhiw ler maenclydaeh . Llwvuellyii ... Gelll DarranddB , Cilely Powell's Llaulwit Llaiitwit and liliick Vein Llaulwit Ked AsU $!..")(! iier day $1.54, davs Maestig Mertliyr , liry ndco ?l.aO i)er day $1.50 JUT day $I.QO iier day $1.12 per day $1.06 to 81.30 per day.. SI. 12 per day; boys, C4 ceut.s. $21. P?, underground, jM-r 4 weeivs : $22. U2, above jirouiul. 9 liours, fi3 cents; tbiel, $1.02. $1.02 per day , $1.10 piT da.v AVeigliera. $23.12 per 4 weeks ei.32, C. jr.; Sl.lO, liilly; $1.10, Inop. *1.32p day •$1.12 to $1.32 per day. . $1.32 to $1.40 per day.. 70 rents, 001 cents, to $1.04 per day. $18.,")2 per 4 weeks $1.14. $1.20, to$1.28 per day. $34.08 per 4 weeks $1.02 per day i $1.00 per day. $1.0.1 per day. $1.32 per 12 hours. $1.14 per 8 hours.. $1.32 per day. $8.28 per week 1 $7.80 per weeli . $1.08 to $1,10, 28 aiul 2'.) daysijeruiouth. $1.14 per day, extra cleauiuf; Hue, $1.12 per day $1.02 per day $1.20 per day $7.70 i)er week $1.30, 7 days.. $1.33 per day. §1.34 i)er day 90 cents to $1.10 per day. 90 ceuts per day 90 cents per d.ay, house; $1.32, steam. $1.24 per day $1.00 per day $1.08 per day 42 ceuts per week ... $1.12 per day $7.20 per week $1.23 per day 11.441 the Cardiff coal Wui;'liora. jicr 4 weeks. C. M.i 81.10, y i $1.10, Iiiop. J Jay :oS1.32pcril,iy., to $1.40 per day., ;i.'!0,to$1.28per per 4 weeks ler (lay , lerday. >er week . nta rer day, se ; 81.:ii, steam. ler day. ler iiuy. lor day ts per week ... )er day ler week er (lay WAGES IN ENGLAND. diBirkt, when working MJ time an^ ,„!a , . J J tme and mthout restricfion-ContumeH. llasoiis. 305 •34.04 per 4 weeks 9 Jinnr.% tl.44 ; h. boicis, ua cents P( r (lay. ti:« (JIT day, ]„. ™[;'^'». ''■'ceuiHto *1.0li niid ei.4B per day; laboiers, H, $1.44 per day. »4l.!)2per4woeks: «.i0 per 4 weeks, l:ili(ii(Ta. $1.30 per day «1.08f,)r6d„y8. SCt rents per dav "iiilaee^^l.OtJ,,,!,; (ler t'riiiiPKl. SI.IO per ,l,iy un. der Hioiiiiii; I M eonis to Sj.osI per day. ' f I 04 per d.ny, siir '■"■"i JI.I2, m,. (ler Airoiind. I «;«.04 per 4 weeks ".^i-,?n.,!^f ^- -l:.^^-tsper, «l.a8toei.,')4pcrday «'lfi to $1.28 p^,. 'ay; toreiucu, *l.liH, 7 days. 72 to 84 ccntH per day. ' 72, 84 to 96 cents J>er day. ' «l. If. 81.22, to 1128 I |icr day. ( II"' uuy. *32.88per4week8...Uo,48per4weeks ^'•'''"■'■"''y hoeemsperday. $l.nn to$l.20 prr 9 uour.s. 81.18 to $1.40 nor *l-8 per (1,1V ;„,,„,. yers, ifl.l.jti,*! ;,.j_ 61 ,12 per dav, r„r,^. $1.44 per d.iy «:i.1^18 per 4 weeks • «.iO per 4 Weeks, sawvers. «l-2.Sper(l,av;saw. jer.s, $l.la. $1 50 per Unv; 30 days p(ir month. $1 le per diiy ; ]«. U'lrers, 9« cents. $1.10 per day *'-44t'i«lC«por"day $1 fiOpf^rday... |t*.S4 per wick ' 20 L I' .* per day. jl-12 per dav. 1 .3 p r 4 weok.q. I ■'•'■'i per Wee);. «l.'«perdiiy;8,iw. ver.M,SI.5<). SI 'JOpcrd.'iy; saw. yer,i,Si,in. $114 iierdftv; .saw- yers, 02 cents. "p^^mm,^ 306 i- ^ 3 S5, ■s. 5S LABOR IN EL'ROI'E AND AMKKICA. .3 Is .a ID c 'a. c i* -1 « t- -^ 5 CO . ? ? i S S 5 r^^ t ^t .. J. 71 - ^ .<.. - r- r 5 i •i es: i 1^. i t4 1-. f * ^K •fl i- 2 I i.3 ii i'.a j? = ^S: o ■=?; CD I I /A-'^^^ 5) ; a rj -^ t? ii =■ o ; i^ -!• -1 1.-:! 7* +-• t* L^ a a m : K ;i ■ >. ■A it :i. ;3 a li r 2 -v S a" Si' 3 itt a u «! il • u ' a •3^. it t* tt s — = .-3 .O ~?i I t" tf» I'. : K I * u : ;& ! ' « a .. *• Sis c ^ g ^ - i - > o s ; i f4P4 gg ■ a^t «■- a ■ £-^>^ "S t: a 3 35 -3 C X -J *n r ~ a -a a i- <13 if n Mi' ^ ^ At O a c »A3 & a:; .af = 2:5 .-3 a ' L. ca ■£ HnlH'P i o S -• rt i.a a I ^ a u c u ° .2 ^ £ E § 5 a '3 & s g K 2 S 9 a s s w ;» 5 Is S PS s2 4» fA 60 a a <« i- ^ ■3a = 4* > s a s <1 Ml a -3 J) a a 1-5 i s 1 a a ti S. 5 K ♦^ g S 2 M w is - a n ,0 3; f1 Is u i M El o a » sub : 5« a s q WAGES IX KXOLAND. 307 ■''*W.'"m>^(mmmm* ;f**?^j 308 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA in H 3 M o >< El (/I .1 •|U, •J.M 3 '1 t t ac v\ ./. n c. 2 * 'i Sr ft : o c y § S «3 ". 1 I i(^ > X t J te < u. ■-. ta. 1 ? f = -5 ^. "2 r o 1 a i 4 < S y = 1 ■f s % r K a .2 a 1 K A s £ a T < c 1 'e = ,T; .ft Q 5 5' ,-. ^ _o S ^ c u ^' 'i r; ^ f. c '~^ ". "". e & ^ z = C 'r ^ ^ i. -. ■"• c •*■ o| &, .a ^ ^1 00 3 ll s ;^ 1 « o •< luaa J.I J s S s s K| S 3 s s S| 5| s s s £ g — e in S Jo e ■o i • - - - 1 - 1 C - — cl e tn 6. . ^ u PS.a Star««r«< .howiug mlrnm;', i„ WAGES IN KNGLAXD. YOIUCSIIIKK. 309 ''^^■^'^^j^}^^ ""• 'f ""f.i. Jiimiarv, 1871 JaijiMiy, l«7o JlllMliltV, Ih?) Man;li,'ia7j .. Jatmnrv, Ik7 Jamiai'v, l''7' Janriaiy, Ilw.) Alarili, ltt73.. Un,l,.,- ,la(e of October 25 1874 w „ „ •-W.,. jw,. I" iMi.iiti,,,, to tiios,. (!:L '•^: " "'"' '"""■«• for to; I* .fl I's m 310 LABOR IN El'ROrR AND AMKRICA. ENOLlSn MINING IN 1872. Mr. Robi ."i Hunt, kocpor of the ininiiiprocordH for Groat llritiiin, bnH lulo tlu< following returns of English mining in the vear 1«7l': Miniriln. CojI Iiiiii lire .. riijipii-ipr Tlii-mc ., Iii'ii(l'»re . ■/Am: iidii pyiiti'M, {Miil|iliiii-i)ie») AiMi'iiic WdHimiii ('()l)Mlt .MiiiiKanc'Hi) Fluiii Mpar Ollll IH. lllllll('II4, &o liisiiiiitlMirc ('Iili'iiilc ol'bariiini Hill.VllH l.'hi.vH, lliionnd llrr, (iMiliiiutcd) OIluT cailliy iiiiiM'ials, (I'siimatrd). Salr. ("oproliles, (ofitlniati'd) Total valiii' (if till' iniiu'ialHiuoilucoil in the UiiitiMlKiiiKdom X(i. (if lllilU'.i. I, cm 'jiiii 117 lll'J 4ri."i Hj 15 ;i 1 3 1 QiiaiititloR, lU, Tom. Cirl. ■1117, :iio :ii- 1, K.7 ill, IK) H, Mi !■:), I'dH 3 |H,."||-J IJ C'l, Mill :i ri, 171 15 ^H 5 1 7, 77;i f'll l> 3, ;)l!li 15 'I ('1.5 fl, (lli'J 17 , 2011,1111(1 ,;)!)!>, 4117 10 :i5, (luu Vuliie. JElfi, nii,i;i3 77l,f74 •I i;i, 7;iH tiiii, i:i5 nil, lu5 7.1,951 nil, 170 17,11114 U!»;i •JO 3H, H(i5 40 f , Sa7 I.'IO 7, 078 45(1. (100 (i5ll, (IliO 051, '.48 .'lO, 01:0 ,!)i;i, 541 Mvlah ehlaiiKd from llic urcn almre ciuinitralcd in the Unitid K'tiiyilom hi Ihv ijcar 1873. Description of niotol. I'i-inin (.'oppi'l-. Tin . . . I.i-ud... Silver., iiinc . . tone. ..do . do do. . . .(iiinccs. Othur inotals, (istlinalcd) '. ',', Totil valuiMif niolnlsprodmcd I'nnu tlio oioa of tlie United Kingdom Qnnntitii's. A'alue. (), 741,!IM 5, 7o:t ii, 5i;o C!l, 455 C-J-. !iai 5, l!ll i'l 40, ;t04 5-;t. -j;,-." I, i.'iii.H'.io i,-M'.K 115 1 17, 'JiiO lIH, OTO '.'. 5(W y J, 07(1, 14;i The total valuoof the nu'talsjiroducod, coal ami other minerals raised, in the year 1S7L': metal, value of, as above, £JL',()70,44( ; cod, ditto. £U};.',n,Ul; minerals, carth.v, &r., £1,S11,.S2(); total, Jt:7(>,l!>;5, J(i. The increase in total value, amounting to £12,871,52.'}, is ehicliv due to the additional cost of "getting" each ton of coal. To the ;$,Oo'i coal-mines should be added the product of l.jt> others not included. KISE OF AVAGES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. The tables on pages 24.'? to 278 give the wages or earnings of work peo- ple in (iieat Jbitain which were paid in 1(l, lll:(l rifi,ui;i,ri4i i/nir liS72. Value. JPH, .■40,;t04 ],4."ii),!l!10 1,'JOII, 115 1 n, aio lliJ, OTG •J, .'.00 •J-J,U7(I, Ml) lis niiscd, )il, (iitto. J(>. The liic to the ;oal-iiiiiifs WOllcjM'O- llC ('X(!('|)- L'liil (lillfr ill's. _ 'I'lie iiiiiiiislu'd llK'tioll of .'1' (liiy, or CO ill the ii'i}iiiiat(^'(l all OtlKT t of labor WAGES IN ENGLAND. gjj ■1MB Viiriniiv Hi) _ nATK« O. WAOES IN 1873-MKC,IANICAr. TUADBB. Jiales 0/ wage paid lur „r,^- in the ki„o.lo,n of Great l',-,, ■ r v. ■ •' -^ '""" ^">'<'<"/<»;hfferm,f kinds of labor. Trades Knffinoorsnud machinists JJlaclisinillis, («..,HT-,1) tanieiilfr,samljoiii,..|„..""" ftlimc-ninNoiis liricklaAcrs S.iildle and l,.,ni,. .s ,„a|u.is lin-inciiaiiiltiniiiT».. iaiiiteiB Cii|)pi'i'sniii|ia.."."" AiiHiedi-iidusiiiiilis..' Trades. Ship.Joinrr.') iMll-llloldclH j'«ltern-iiiiiker.s.!!."" I'liddlii-H SaieltriH .'.'.' Sl"iic.,|iiaiTy men!! •■leiH'l] [Mili.sliirs i llntcr,>i Ilook-binder.H Caliine|.iiia|(,,rH.'.'.' I plnilHtereM eal.inot-„.,k,'r«, a„d' .i^to s' as ^«^o!' .;"/'",', ''"^^' "="•' *" ^^'" , ', t,! ""•'••^■■•« and niaclMM St., ; usa n ^" ^'".'•'^•^""•f''^ "la.so, ,s, in , "<'''>»ato as tiuuahieson tl (Tun ( ;i • '■''"'' '"-'"^'' ""^''-S >t is not so each of the principal towus^'W^SediSni;'"'''''^ ^'•''^^ ^ 312 LADOR IN EDKOPE AND AMKlilCA. DOILKK MAKKRH AND IKON HUU' UUILDKRfe). \ 1^^ Table nhouhig llie imkli/ ivugm puid lo Imlir-mitkirii ami Inm-Hliip huiUkm in lome of the pititciitut tun'im and ciiirs oj tlw UiiiUd liiiiyilom tturiny llw i/mr inTi. [Ooumof liibcir jut work. 54, cxci'iit in AlMirilii'ii, I>iinc|pi>, niid (Hmhiiow, wburo tlii'j- uio Jl liourn. AvuiiiMt' 111 olj iiuiiiH |>rr wtvk UiKiii^li lliu yiiar.J Lovulitloi, Hriiitlia, AImskIi'i'U i: ' ' III I'liriicHit . llKll.lIll Ilirkinlwiiill Ili.iillmd 11 lM\ill ISmy CIu'm:!*!' (:(>ik *'r('\vo DiMl.y D.ibliiit DiiinliK Klibiii ViiIp. w nIiii) y'lril OlaHilclW lllllIlT hlllip (irvi'iiwii h HDip 'Viiiil Hi H 7. Ill II Hi d 7U lu 1) Hi n 111 n 111 II II) » -14 H ll.i 8 71 !) Ill 7 »J 7 ill) 7 y« 8 4711) II 111 lU 10 10 HI » 'a 1U Ivi 10 Vi ft 1ft to !l liH III til ft 10 Hi U (i8 7 75 to 8 71 7 9!) ft Ift ft 1ft ft 1ft ft 111 ft 1(1 a 08 riittcn. Ill 0,-1 Jf* Si til H 7,! 8 j:iio 8 n 8 7;^ lo ft 10 7 7t a n 8 7J 8 Vi 8 71 8 71 71 Blvutort. i:> 8iiii|o 05 7 71 ID M -a 7 -M 7 !iU to 7 71 7 Dftlo 8 £1 to 7 99 to Average in abovi^ places. 8 7! g 44 d U7 8 83 to 10 Hi III Hi 8 -.'.i ft Ift 9 Ift 8 71 to 1ft 8 71 to ft 111 H 71 8 71 tolU Hi U lU to ft 08 ft HI 8 >J3to 8 71 to 8 71 7 lift H 71 ft ill 8 71 ft 111 H 71 ft Ift ft 111 8 -iW « 71 7 lift 7 8 7 7 7 DO to 7 li 7 7.'i 77 7 lift m 7 80 to 7 ;i.-. 8 aa 7 ft8 7 «li 7 74 7 74 7 71 7 71 7 V!0 7 lififo ft 111 7 74 to 8 71 8 'Zi n :,:» to U 7-, to fi 2ft to 7 80 ti) 7 37 to 7 7.1 7 7,-| 7 lift 7:i 7 75 to 7 7 7 7 ' 5 M S 811 7 73 5:1 7 75 7 511 8 01 7 48 Calkcn. •5 81 oil!)' ^^ 80 to 7 74 7 04 7 80 6 74 5:i to 77 HO 7 08 to 7 :t,-| 7 80 7 80 IlolUt'r*-up.* 7 80 to 7 74 7 50 to 7 74 7 80to"7'7i 7 •.'« 77 to 7 lift 7 UU 77 to 7 75 7 08 7 75 7 75 77 to 7 27 6 88 $4 00 tS 61 tu 05 5 81 to « 17 8ft 5 50 7 74 5 81 4 on « 05 5 i-i 5 .18 to 05 4 H4 S 56to 3 HI 4 18 4 30 to 5 .Ml 77 89 5 HI 89 'Jft 89 >to 8ft 5 Hi 4 84 to li -..".I 5 HI to 89 7 80 to 7 73 li 38 to A 89 8ft 5 HI 5 81 5 81 5 ;I8 7 75 .'ill 7 0;! 5 50 5 HI 5 Hi 05 to 5 98 ■* In sninii shi)|m linlilor»-up ari< mnploycil on ttiii piecewoik syHtcui. t Woi'kiiig'houi'rt li'uni lii:ht till ilurk in vviutci'. ill Home of the my are 51 bonr*. Uul(]erl-up,* 1 t4 RO 13 81 tu U 0.. 4 b HI to U 17 i II Wl U r> Mi 7 74 6S1 4 4 Ml u ur. 5 J'.- 7 4 H4 S 56to 3 HI ) 4 I'J > 4 aii to r> Ml ! « 77 i <1 JU S HI 1 'Jfl 1 U'JU 5 na t(i « '.Ml 1 U Uj tu II J!) J 5 Hi 1 4 H4 to li •..ll 1 S HI to II -jn 7 aiito 7 75 1 'J 3'i to fi 29 1 li -Jll .'■ Hi 5 HI » 5 HI > 5 ;iy 7 7.-, 7 Ui 5 -,ti 5 HI - 5 HI 92 WAOKS IN ENOLAJfD. CAUI'KNI KKS AND JOINEHS. 313 ---->^w.i,-;i --;-^^-;^. - ^^^^^ fl-'io irn Town», AhiMJi'iin Ahrru.ivi.iiny Al(lii«||(,t Ayr Ilrllimf ; lliiki>ii|ii.|M| .. iliiiiiiiiHliam lliilliMi Ilriiillcinl JlrlHioI lliiiy Dlii'Htep I'oHMiliy I'U'WU. .. <:oik Di.phv Diilillii I'liiiilrii'n... IllllMJl'K Diiiili'iiiiliiiu Kxcici' Killrilmi(;(i .. (ildiiii'siir . " 7 n Ju flo 5 I 7 yo 1 ^«5-':') I WieW Turk Average Oreenock Iliillfiu I ,. „ iimi.i,.i,sii,.|,i ...;; V, Kiilili rriiliiMti.r ■■■'«■« Kilm.iiiMiek :.:;; 7ao Kirki'iildy l.ii'dn iit'iccNtnr . [.iVl'l|llH)J I'dlliliiU Lfilli I.midiiiiili.rry .. Mnn IcNiirid... MiiiichiHici- N*ii>.'" St II lint; \\''ihiih:im|itoii » 5! IG 51 17 51 Kilmarnock *'*"'" Loiti, ';..■;;!:;;; >? MiiiilroAo ( ^'' Nortti J?erwi'ck I'l'rlh I Saitit Audrews Stirliuj Averago . IG to 17 14 13 to l:t 15 15.ua >vagU"E?5 ''' ''^'''''' *^^^"« '^^ hour« of labor are longo 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 r aud the 314 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. PRINTERS' AVAGES IN ENGLAND. In London tlie established wajjos of oitlior compositors or niacliino- nion are oG,v. (§S.71) tor fitt.v-lour lionis' work. Tlicro arc always a lew nuM), not exactly oveiseers, wlio will liave, jU'Wiaps, live to ei^lit 'siiiilin{js (Jiiish to minion and nonpareil take one-half penny (1 cent) lise ))cr thousand, and smaller than ii()ni)areil a hij>lier rise, accordiiifi as the font may be. When books arc stereotyi)ed or electro- typed, onelburth to one-halfpenny of rise on the above, as spaces being Ligh or low determine. Fiecc-h.(!.>,) for lilty-tour hours, for machine iiieii and compositors. Best class of men are generally on a wage of thirty shillings. ($7.2t).) Machine men, all nearly, thirty shillings. I'iecework is jiaid at six- pence (12 cents) jier thousand ens; all descriptions of work, except very wide leaded l)ooks, which are onefburth iienny (J cent) per tliou- san(l less. Stereotyped and small fonts the same as iii^Loiidon. riccc li((ii(l,s.—Vu)iH\ average men can easily make from twenty-eight to thirty shillings, ($(i.78 to $7,2(J,i :\iu\ where very diligent and' atl;en- tive, thirty live to forty shillings, ($J.47 to $'J.08,) and sometimes more, but they si'ldom keep this up. Boys, in case-room, after three or four years, can earn about tea shillings ($2.42) per week, if they are active; and their earnings in- creased to iourteen shillings ($;! ;JS) a week, during the seventh and last year of their apprenticeship. Many of them, from the fourth year, get the half of their earnings. In the macliiiieroom, or prc.s.siroom, they start with se .-n -r eight shillings, ($|.(J<) to $l.!»r)) i)er week, which gn>ll.V I'i^'s «'N say, .six- teen shillings, ($;{,87,) during the la.st weeks of a]»prentu'eslii|i. 'Little boys, not apprentices, from four to seven shillings, according to work: some as high as ten shillings— pointers. Girls in iiiiichine-room, earn from four to eleven shillings, (OG cents to $2.GG,)a(;cording to ability. Those earning eleven shillings jter week ate they who point the sheet on the second side of platen uiuchines. WAGES IN ENGLAND, Stalemciil hIiuw, MECUANIOAL AND PAinr 315 "','/ tlw fulcK of tvaill") nnSiI r... , J iiai/is ])p„/ f,„. mccliiiiiiral tiiifl LAlJOIt IN ENGLAND. f(n-m Idliiir in //, ifcchaiiies. Bliii'Ksniiilis.. -liriclil.lVCMMillKl' C-;ibiiic;.iii:,ii,.|.,, <'i"lli'll(cl-,s (!oo|K'Ta ' MiillTS .... l'iiirit t" 1 !IJ p|.|. ,|,|y 41 to 1 !,-j p,,. ,,,,■■ ft to 1 Cm ,„,,. ,|.,' /.'■■•^•"„' IIJ U day. ■'•iicmlly liv the jo!) I « o M p,.,. day. 1 -H to 1 o.-i pel- day. f to I (;,-, p,.,. (la-y ii " "■- !'-■'• -'•'>• . I A " ,' •'- I"''- 'lav.. 1 « to 1 i)^ per day . FAli.M-i.Aiiou. Ex'iHirioncL'd hands f Snmtni'r.. ■ I Winter .. Ordinary liand.s | Siiiniiicr.. ""\ Winter .. Ciimmnn lalio.or.s at otlior tlian FeLaler,(:.r::=:::':^-"'y--l TOper(,ay..! 30 per dav I „. I'Klci: oi.- iiOAiii). I '■•'*"",•"'- 1" t4s -10 per year October, Itjij [ J'/"' wirknien . . . i i'orwoikwonMui 3 40 per week '■i •10 per Week ^On,o 3 3!. p,,. week. 1 4.) to 1 1).| ,,e|. „.,,,,|j_ ^ Sai". Helens, I.anLI"'!;'.',!? 'T T'^' """ ''"^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ■>ea.tcr, o, d,„a,,. tarnidaborcrs receive ,4 cent, per day CnZEF MANUrAOXUKINa TOWNS OP OKEAX BKITALN. tlimMii ,^nvv„ were el.iefiv tiu ' ^ ' tii, '' 'i'"'''' "f' ''•"•f".v-l.b,>r f >n.llv i.uni.sl.ed to the ;,utl,o t t ..^ ^ l'^71, iuitl uhu.i, w ! ■« t;s. low proposed to present s'm"ne, is .^l*.,' 'l'"^" ^"^'''""n",' ' t lates ol wMo-es, whi,,.h were (,lt,,i' .:''''''; ^V ^"^^"^ ■^''<>"i"ff jj/^r ;i;;?i-^- on <. .e .„,,.„ ;!^^o!:n-a;^^?^Sto;^,rr';^^- J';l'-.' the e.„,,,s which 'eilee, " , r^:";""'^'"''''.'«' <-<^"tcT, ..7m t , ' l>'«..cl. ()(■ i.Kh.strv. Inter s 1. .; 'J''<"^\ «^>i.i"e.it in its i,ee.,li ,r Of Leetis .„,! She.lieid, of J • I ] "1/ v "': '^'1<'i' "..t(in, Cliester, and I'iiiladeiphia, the river Delaware is designated as"theCljdeof America." LIVERPOOL. Poi)ulation in 1871, 40.3,40.5. Liverpool, the principal sea-port of England, situated on the river Mersey, tour miles above its mouth, is celebrated for its gieat commer- cial importance and its immense trade with every part of the world. The vast amount of English merchandise which tinds a nnirUet in thi' United States is chielly shipped from this port, the value of which, in the year 1871, reached £:J(J,310,743, ($lL'8,041.L'oO.) In the beginning of the eighteenth century Liverpool possessed only one dock, but now its inagnilicent and commodious docks cover a space of 400 acres. Ship- building,* both iron and wooden, is extensively carried on at Birkenhead, on the opposite side of the river, where the en< Laird and others are situated. The ineering works of Messrs. manulacturesof the town of Liver- pool, however, are but limited, while the pioducts of the consular dis- trict, which, during the year ended September 30, 187li, were exported to the United Stales amounted to nearly $38,000,000, as indicated by the following table : EXPORTS TO TIIE UNITED STATES EROJI LIVERPOOL. Staltmeiit iihuwiiiy the rahw of exports to the Vuitnl Sttitcn from the Liverpool consular ilintrict duriiitj the yiar eiiiUd Hijitemlier 'M, loTvi. Articles. Iron Steel lliirdwaio Till : Tiii-pjati's Wire-rope Wool , Clieinicals Le'itUer anil sidiis . Sa.t , Dry gontia Value in U. S. piUI/ ?7, 03-1, l,U7ri, 'J7, 12, !I4!), I'J7, 3, 840, a, 'J I."), 1, .") m, U4I, 914, 940 (i.^iO 013 •J98 :i!l6 cm 7(i:t 7li9 439 ■)07 4UU Articlea. Value iu U. S. gold.' Ungst, wisto paper, &c . Kniit Bcor Ciial Hart hen ware I'uiia rubber Slate Aliscellaneuua . , Total «?50 21 J 4u:! 7i.) 2()-> 4i-0 2.10, 8^9 107, llli IttH 244 in, 74!) 3, 487, o:u 37, elJO, 903 * Alllion!;li the rates of wases ami cost of subsistenco in the TJniteil Kinpdoni whieh appear iiii pre- ceiling; anil siibseci it panes are eoniimteil at the r.ite nf 54 H4, Unileil States tloM, per ponnil sterliii", ami t.io shillinL' at 21 eeiits, yet, in the ahiivo ami other tables of exports I'loin mamituctuiiuj' towns the pouuil sterliuj; is coiuputeil at the rate now cstahlisbeil by law, viz, $4.tJiiG5. RATES OF "WAGES IN LIVERPOOL. Mechanics mid sJdlled artisans, in October, 1873. — The wages of en- gineers, boiler-makers, shipwrights, mast and block makers, jirinters •Siiii'nni.ni.NG on tiih Mkhsky in 1H7:5.— Tlic live i.riiici|ml Hliip-biiildiiijr fniiisoii the Jli'isey tiii'iied out twent.v-iiinc stoaiiiera and sovon iron Btiiliiig sliiii,s ihiriiif; the year 1H7;{, llm total toiiiiaKi! of the steamers atiiouiitinjj; to 'i,\,U01 toii.s, anil ol the sail- niK-sliips 1',',IG4 tons. Messrs. Laird Brothers Ijuilt eleven steaiuens, whose tmiiiago anioiinled to over 1;!,OUO tons, and six gmi-liouts, at,'f;rei;aliiif; nearly k!, 0(1(1 tous, Messrs. Itowdler, Cliatier & Co. built seven steamers, amount liifi to 7,(100 Ions. Me.ssrs, riiomas Ro.vden & Sons launched live screw-steamers of the total aniDiint of 5,407 tiiiiB, and fonr iron sailiiifr-ships, a{;orej{atinK (i,7(i4 tons. R. & J. Evans & Co. built foiii Steaiiictx jHid one iron saiiiiig-ship, aiiM.r.iiiiiisi |„ 7,llll0 Ions, Messis. i'oller & iloiig- kiusou built two steiiuiers and two sailiug-ahips of iron, agi{regatiug 5,000 tons. WAGES IN ENGLAND. States largely tlic <;()iiiiter- ittsbnr^li tlie while, owing ;toii, Chester, ■ tiiu Circle of on the river lent conimer- i)f the woild. laiiu't in thi' of wiiicb, in heyinning of , but now it.s iicies. Ship- Birivenhead, Us of Messis. )wn of Liver- C'onsnlar dis- ere exported indicated by OOL. vvrpool consular Viiliio iu U. S. gold.* ^.■^jO.qij •lOll.Tl.-) 2(JJ, 'IrO San, 8-9 1U7, 146 lfi'.i,','44 tiJ. 749 3. 4d7,0:« 37, eliO, 903 L^li iippciir (111 pre- ri' pdiinil sicilitii;, iiluctui'iug tonua, vages of en- eivs, printers lildiii}; firniHoii np.s (luring the iiiil 111' llio sail- wIkwi^ toiiniigo •ly 2.000 tiMhs. ) loii.s. Mcs.-iM. It «)(' 5,407 tons, Co. built loin 'dIUt A- ilutig- 100 tous. 317 and litho/rraplier.s, and of som^ nf fi to I 4.) per day of nine'C k ^gVo^^^^^^^ <'''• '<• «-• (81.33 $«.()) per week of fifty f^nr boms ' ^"*'" ^'^*- *« ^«*- ('^'-US to to $0.0.-,) per week. IiZnlol ,V' '''•":•' ^'"y tion. 21,v. to •',! si ?« to l;2,s.. 0,/., (.94.35 to $144 ' "' ''^'^ ^'"''"^''' ^-^u-s tbey range l^ifii^l? JJonicstic servants 'I'li fron.i;ioto£i'0 (S4«40foSr.s lIo'.iier.s-up Turiici H ' ' Coppcrsiniilis Br;is.s-finisli('i.,s l''il toi-,s and erectors ■..".■; I laiiiTH Simpers . . . .' Sliittprs iJr'Hers...".';;;;;::";; Ironmolilcr,'? ^Siuid ......".'.'.'.';; Bra..8.m'.Mors.".^^'"""' •■•'■•• l^nn'-niiikcr.s J^afcrii.ni:! kwn fer "'''•'"'"--■■■■■•■■■■•:::::::. E;g;^.irivcr8ami-tenier8::::::::;:;:;::: Foiiiiriery-drossprs Foiin,i,,,.^.)a,„„,p,,j^ Oriiiuary laborers . Averafiowngo8 of skilled workmen in U ''i' 318 LABOR IN EUKOPE AND AMERICA. WAGES AT THE CANADA WORKS, BIRKENHEAD, Average rales of wage, paid to dHlnl worhmm at tlw Camula li'orks, Birkenhead, in the air- /(■(■» neais/rom \6:A to lt-{JU, iiivltisire. 1 ^ 3 . t = -^ ^ a 1 « <) J he nbovo table, extracted froni Mr. Bi-assej's "Work and Waoes " ^^i''^'t;; '"t '^''«''t variations in wa-es during the sixteen .years prior to -K- , .!.--"'''';'n*' ''',*'"' ^'''''^*'''" *l'*l'^^''t^"t ocen|)ations lor the years .b-.4 to !h.ji and trom 18(il) to 180i was almost identical, while inlSC!) tliere was a sliylit decrease. ,*^?I\ ^^'^^''^ ^'"^ ft-eneral average in the sixteen years, viz, "Os 11^/ {9i:-i, vary greatly from the rates in 187l', when the /a.thor visit(" carpenters, G«. i,e'r day li shol^ iAIr. Laird stated he advance in the rates of wages paid in 1872 over those ot 1807 was 10 per cent, on the higher and'lo per cen m. tlS lower rates. From 800 to 900 men were at that time emi^loyed iu the BIRMINGHAM. Population in 1871, 343,787. In addition to the various articles of iron manufacture for which Bir- mingham was, at an early period, celebrated, Jbrass goods began to be produced about the seventeentli <'.eutu.v T^i'- brur-'i t, ,vv- - .U , ot the most important lu the town. Every description of article in this D. head, in tfic ait- ^ t 1 5 r^ s a 2 .— ■*— m 4J 1^ p <( ». rf. JS ■in li J!l J7 (i l'.\ ill (i fU !'( (i !!) (i III n Id 10 (i 11 4 II) 11 10 11 s. d. .■11 (i ;ti"() :io (i :ij u no (i ;ii 111 li HI I no 4j ai) •ji) 1 :iO 3 ;io ;i ;to a lii ti i no 1)1 I) ;ti 9 111 a liJ Wi ;t-j $7 17 no 30 11 31 ni 31 7 no h\ •Jl» 10 S7 24 11(1 Wages," 'iuvs prior to )!■ tile .y<'ar,s liilc iu ISd!) z, 2a.9. llY?. ■ visited tlio ^ prt'Ct'diiig ■,v. to ^24'.; maciiiiii^ts, loiors from ly iu sbopj I 1872 over lit. on the )yed iu the wliicli Bir- 'gall to be ioi'lilS OilC de iu this WAGES m ENGLAND. 319 ti'idc, inchiding istained p1mw« f,> . • '*'" 'J"""titU'.s. Th « oi.,«J c»te,l, and in tt vil' dh';^;'u.o to^ni'^H'' ''• ''''' «"-<^-«<>H iS oS Messrs. CIkuico, who snppH . ntM^ ', ' ,, .^l ^'^''"'''" '^«tablish, ,,l t of l^ani, says, i^ipsissiJa veXael^l^ra) "'■'"''^' ^ '''^ ""^'^^'^^^ "I' r^imiing- >"an.i..- of nut h^t tti : •' ^;r ""V"- "'" "'^^■'- "'at -^.Z n ';i.!:"r;' ■'' ^'""•" i» nuny Miiylois; s.rthi; ' ;• ; ! ^ ;>• '^7"''V« (-"'-ll'-^'^) tliiU n their n.„u uuci sea-eole o.u oi' sUL;lfcr'"'- " '"'""^--^ ^^ -.Ui;:;;:;!^:,^ the town. Jewelry, in tlie V' ■ • ' ' ^ ^Y '""'''"t establishment in enters, is made in g eat n LitiZ ''t ""^ '""*''' ^'^'"''''^' ''^^«'' .^t v sue. Sneh articles as sE .n ^^'"^ P^'P^^^r-machc ivMla is xh^n ..e .nam, ac=tured and ornanien e w t t '^l.r^'"^'"-^"^'-'''*' i"'<«tan Is" ii.id inlaid With pearl. Pi, eari is i l. p" '' ?*"''^'''' ""^' '"'Hlseapes ""n«iia,«. The gnn trade, fi-s'.'f, ''}"'^'''^ '*'« ""'^'^^ i" iir 1" tiie tinieof Wiliian, HI, 'retains its ' ^'^^" government pationa-'e the liiimingha,,, Snudi-Ar n.s cZ)' n^^^^^^^^^^ repntation. The laetor^of orders trom foreign governn.entT ^ A n, ^ ^'''•^" *-'"'l''o.yed in exeentiiur i«anulaetured are require' to l^prm-.r^l^'""'^^^ 7}''"' '^" «""-ba ,e]t IVliament in 1813. ' Metal^rol M, ^ d ■'.1^'"^^''';''^^ ^^> '"' '^^t o^ extensively carried on, while JJ I'mlno' , ,'. ?^'' '""' I»'""'aking are Klacture of steel j.ens. ^'""'"guan, stands unrivaled in the man Mr. Consul Gould ftirnishes tho fr>ii„, regard to this iniportaunXliy:''''"'^' "^^^^^'^sting information in <.'iiiii at- Willi tiu. .1, ;,i . . , "'^ Hol-l)()v ill th,. oi.i •u'.iM «,*'"' '"■"'t loity '"s-ii"'.' a...i r • , ,^;,,f,s■'"■,, "''"""Is.'" »f lb. iri™ .■";,';"■; "r ""si- ' -ii- 1 ii»i'#WWiTcr.ii •320 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMKRICA. nt, first WfTo clumsy and stiff and poorly adapted for wrItiiiR pniposrs. One ol liis fnsr (IcVK'cM to I'L'MUMly thoMitriiffS wmm llu' hiiiiiII ^lil on ciiili side „{ thr pniiil,. Willi tho nscof ilicNciiiuo the viuioiiH tonus wliitli hiivr Minco licrn I'liniihli,,!, 'J'ho tirst pens sold for fifty niid scvonty-fivc cents ciicli, iinil for ii \„un liiiii> lli.^ viiliie was twoiity-liv(^ ii'iits. Tho piico liiis H'l'liialiy (liTifii.sf.l, till lu ilu> pivscnt tiim.' tlicv are H()lil iis low as ont^ cent per tloziMi. '' Jo?.iali Mason, also a niaiinfacturcr of stotd jicns, is still living at a Kfoatcr nij'' than that ot Mr. (iilNitt, and his history is iii8 '. Guns and inipliinents Needles ami buttons Wateliesand materials Ciieniicals Cotton and silk goods Hoot iiiati'iials Glass, slu'ft and ware Pens and lips Jcwidiy and I'aney-goods Optical tMinndf lieis Nicliel and oolwlt .let, real and iinitalioii . China ware and Parian Miscellaueons Total for Birraingliam T/Picoslcr iiKi'uev , liiddeiini.i.'^ter agency Wolvi r ainiiton agency Ecddiich agency '. Total from Blrmingh.-im .aid districts 18-:i. *:, 'it H, una s.i, :iii.-i nil, ■i.-.ti nil. Ill) ■):i'J, -■. H.-, (1 (l.V.I, ^..l) 4,'ia. f^j.'! ;i(, s:);) 147, III! « I,. Mill (il.lll.s SKt, 1 1- J 111", ilf •M\. 117 :iii. 11114 iiu. I.VJ 4,o.;ii VX :iHI IW.d'ia 111, (III4 , 7in,7li,-) til 'II, i;ni oiHi, m\) .niii, 4.-i:i ti.i(i, ;iH4 7, 4ii;i, 4i;i ie7g. ei,!ia4,ne2 ni.:ira ii:),ti.it loi.vce )-l,0.-i4 (!..). 442 4M,'ja 4v>, ilM i:);i,ti:)8 iii", r,9 (iri, 4:14 27;i, 109 ho. 'AM 4-4, .ICO ;n, 146 .'i'i,.MM 22. 2;i6 1(1,443 7ci, 203 i, 4110, 243 HJMlll 1147, 1102 tlsn, !i,18 (172,710 6, !)31, 823 "WAGES IN BIRMINGHAM. On previous pages, iu the classificatioti by industries, tbe wapes paid in Binuiiigliam are given. The rates iu some biaiu'lies of nuinufiicture were personally obtained from the proprietors of the shops, factories, and works indicated, and verilied by conversations with tho more iutclliKent workmen. of the WAGES IN ENGLAND. 1. IMT-J. 01,324,082 AM iii.';if,3 Ml!l ii;),tiji IIH lIM.VfS "iri 410, 4r,ti 1 u6 l-I,0.-.4 .-.lO r,;,i. 442 Hjr» 4:,i,2a fitii 4-J, 'J;!4 Kll l:i;l,Ki8 riiii) 111",?:!) ;i;,-i ly, 4;i4 iCJ 27;t, 109 ■Ml- v\ im 117 4-4, r,m i;ii4 ;t7, HG I.VJ :M,.-.tii tlKI 22, 2:1c :)H» lfi,443 (I'l.J 7C, 203 (lU'l 7115 5, 4110, 242 i:i>j K2I,0U liTIt 047, noa 4:1:1 (i.-n. !i58 ;iH4 072,710 JTT 6, sai, m oh.idclos j.roilneod. Tl , n , ^ ' taste di.spln.vo,! i„ the ftm v t^J Other fa '/ • T- - - .■ -7 ""V, ^aiu irom 4s. (irl. 322 LAnOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. WAOES OP LAnoUERS IN HITILDlNa TRADES. Mr. GcorRO E. Jod't^iy, Kccretar.v of tlic Binniueiham MasttM-P.iiil(lorH' Associnlion, in a letter to one of tlie newspaiiois of that city, dated ]\Iar('li 10, 1,S74, {jives tlie followinf,' statement of tlic rates of wages paid to laborers in IJiraiinfjliani for the preceding nine years : For sovt'iiil vcars bcCoic W,.l, mul to JIny of tliat year, tin- rato of wages paid was 17k. ]irf week of Nixty lioiiis. Ill May, iMl), IKs. was (laid jicr week of sixty lioiirs. Ill .liiiir, l.-Jli,'), jiayiiu'iil liy tlic lioiir was eoniiiiciu'cd, and tli« rate iicr lioiir was advaiKi'd (o UL, tla; tiiiw: woikcil li(l.\ -right and alialf lioiirs, or ID.t. iul. \h'1- wuck. Ill May, IHCiT, tiiiiii was reduced to iifly-six and a half hours, and wages advanced to Aid. iier liour, or £1 per week. Ill May. l-HtH, the rate of wages paid was 'Iff?, per hour for fifty-six and a, linlf hours, and tins rate of wages and lime eontinned till May, 187'A when, under the arliitra- tioii, eoiidiieted hy Mr. R. Keith' as niiiiiire, wages were advanced to 'IJi/. per lionr, and th(! time ndiie.'d to lifly-four honis, or to £1 Is. l;/. per week, which is the present rato of wages and time. Tliese ligures sliow an advance of wages per hour in nine years at the rate of 40 per cent., anil 5 per cent, more is now oft'ered, making fifty-four hours, at 5f/. per hour, or £1 2,1. ()(/. per week. It is proper to state in this connection tliat Mr. Stephens, secretary of the laborers' association, asserted tliut the rate of wages was then but lOs. Iter weeli. ■«ir "WOLVERHAMPTON. Wolverliampton it erliampton is sitnated in the great midland coal and iron mining district known as the I'.Iack Country, and has manufactories of almost every article produced from iron, steel, and brass. It is a ])hice of con- siderable anti(]uity, although little is known of its history until the year !)'J(!, when Wulfrune, sister of Ethelred II, endowed a church and college here. The town was then called Ilampton, and afterward Wul- friine's lliimptou, which has since '-een corrupted to the present name. "Wolverhampton dejjends mainly upon the manufacture of iron and hardware. The lock-manufacture is one of the ohlest in the town, the lamous Cliubb lock being made here. Tin and japanned ware, hollow ware, gun-locks, safes, cut nail-s, tools, and implements, are also manu- lactured ; and all these branches together with brass founding give employment to a large number of hands. The report of the subiusi)ector of tiictories for this district, in 1873. states : ' ' The following notes, in regard to wages in Wolverhampton, are from the author's notebook; those relating to the cost of subsistence and ♦he con(lition_of the working-people, will appear in subsequent jiages: Julij 10, 187li. — Went to Wolverhampton, passing a succession of vil ages in the Black Coiuitry, the town of Dudley off to the left— al 1- .^ — ,...^^^, J t.^w i.,.i..i v/L j_'itiii^^> \_fxx i\/ tm.: H.-11— till , ..^.igcd in coal-mining or in the production of iron. Saw ruins of the old Warwick Castle, which, with the mines, belong to the Earl of Dud- en WAGES IN ENGLAND. tvages paid was 1 323 £f "t:^;^;;'ri'v;2';s ^::?: ';"•■ r *-' -.h=« ..„ ,„.. paxHor helper, 4 tons n '{v : f \" • < '^ viz : 4 tons ut Ihs—li, lay up little or nothing."' '^'- '"'-^^'■' "^'t ^<'-v. Uo savs tl.a ",',. t;? ssrSS^SiS;- Stearics average wnges is 30,v. per e oiV ^V'5','"";"'" o'' "'acl.inists' shons tl,« pays ass,st.-,nt T.v. o„ tie i^l- kv t/ ;.!t i'':''" ^"'''"'^ "^ l-mnJoK A Loe-inaker who had cone to f i'l . """'f^''" •^^'- '^ of iuticjles niaimfuc'tnrcd from Htoi>l. It wotiltl bo intcri'siiiiM' to tnici' tlic |>r(»;;icss of tlic IcikUii^,' iiHliistiics of Sliollichl, uud to ifli-r to soiim liistoiiijil iiicitk'iil.s,* but time and .s|»ace forbid. KXPOUTS TO THE UNITED 8TATKS. Tlu! variety as well as tlic valine of the maimfactiiro.s of Slii'lllcld, which tliid a market in the United .Slates, are, to some extent, iudi- ciitod in tlie foUowiny: StatenuHlahowhiij the iximrln from ShiJJlrld ti> lln: ['iiikd States dtiriiifj the yi art ending Jkitmbti-'M, 1S7'J and ls73, ArtieloM. til} SU:v\. li<'s.si'nifr-Ht('(>l miHh. Fishiiliiies Tiiv Axlia Ci';inl<-|>lli» Wliei'ls unci iixlcs Willi IVsMCMner-Btciel tires. CiVSt-Hll'ul I 'I'jrr-bldoins . S|>1'I]il;s Axk'S l''ici(;])iiinls, cnink-]>inH. ami pinluUH . Swilclic'M, raiJiDacleliaiia, ica Caht-Ktrcl hells.. Cawislri'I rollH StUll llllK- Ollli-i;il»lili;;8 Iinii, iron wire, Iroii foiico, roiU, io Ti'lr;;ra|)h-wii'o Wai'liinciv Hanhvaio AiiviU Culli'iv FiliiH SUWH Oilier tools (Jaideii tooU Suyilies, .sirliles, and j;ra33-liool;s Sli.;i p-slieai» I'laU'il poiiiln Tia.VM anil waiteix Uiahrellariba llaekle and fiill pins, steel ndllM. llyers and doetorn or calico web. . ljj,bol.storei»' iiiaterlalH, viz, eurleil liair, eottou-warp soatin^, c&o . Gnii.s, Koii-niatoriul, .sliootin;;-tackle, itc AIi'Msiiii'H, nieasmiiij; lape.s and rules Oprnal ami niatlieniatieal inslinment.s, spectacles, &c Siii'^ical instninieuta; baiidayos, &c Salud .skills Grain I e tiiiiib Gi'ind.slone.s Jlincellaueons Total 1873. i'i, Iriil. 05:1 aO!t, oil) 12,51!) liiiai:! a. III.'. 4, l:i7 Ifi.'), 44li vzi, o:a 27, 1.15 54,071 a, 6!)2 a, 280 1, 04 I 3a,j 72, 193 187 a, 743 2, .102 !t, 24 ,j , 240, !)4!l 501, 024 24, (124 111,004 5, 04:l 10,201 26, 120 4,870 3, 400 10, 584 «, 172 50, lid 38, 770 17, 5117 7, f 29 8, 40;i 250, 085 477 10, 887 20, o;i3 7, 9C2, 440 1873. $2, 975, 273 1, toil, 0,'i8 47, 45U 1, ,503 5, 870 S, ftO.i loi,o:)i, 122, ."ilia 13, 4.-8 74, 0,53 8, 208 a, 559 3, 403 1, 803 3, 433 3, fl,-,^ 41,290 1,338 4,827 2.819 5,613 1,514,385 503, 498 14, 304 94, .509 5, 875 10,003 22, 070 1, 403 3, 004 17,439 4, aim 51,004 27, 348 15, 907 7, 203 4. 125 355, 305 H,0'J3 19, 570 8, 035, 884 * T!ui iioot Montgomory livoil, was impri.sonod, and died in Shefflidd. Tlie ndvocato of imlitiuiil 118 well OS (ii isoiial lilieny, of Iron siioocli, and of a "froo pross," lio wii.s niwanli'd by a long iiiiinisoniiiciit. Tlio imblication ollice of his paper "Tlio Iri.s," (now a small provi.sion .shop,) iii.s editorial room, liis cbair and bi.s desk, as well as tliu liou.si! ill wliifli the latter years of tlio good old man were pas.sed, and where, in 1851, ho died, wore visited with deep interest and voueiatiou. — E. Y. each, of SliclVu^ld, cxtoni, iuiii- he yeam ending ■i. 1873. ,0M $a, !)T5, 273 ,01!) 1, 803, (i,'i8 ,51!) 47, 4.-.U , •iVI 1, ,W3 ,21:1 5, 87fi iu:. a, 8Ua i;n 441) liii,63i; o.-,7 i-M, r.i;.-, i:.,'. 13, 4.-8 971 74, 0,53 C'Ji a, ao8 •J8li a, rm III 1 3, 4li3 ■sj:> 1, 81)3 3, 438 3. U.-.-i m 41, 'JM 187 1,358 713 4,8J7 .'"lOd 2.81!) •Jlj 5, 613 !Hi> l,5M,3,-j 0.!4 563, 4!)8 0-J"l 14, 3li4 01)4 94, 501) (Hit 5. ^*75 ill! 1(1,00,) 1-JC 2-,>, !it:i S70 I, 403 4!l(i 3, vm 584 17,439 17-J 4, 2!in ltd 51,!1!)4 771) 27, 348 3:t7 15, <.>!I7 f-.oj) 7. 2(iS 4I« 4. 1-J5 (i8,-. 355, 3(15 477 887 i4,'lW3 0:13 19, 570 440 8, 035, 884 'Die ndvoc.tto )r<)sa," lio WHS r " Till) Iiis," as well as tliu Li;i B, iu 1851, WAGES IN ENGLAND. -o. ^, K^lEa OP WAGES IN 1S72. C'liiHH ofliiljor. I ^^, ^ 11 ■ ^___ "7~ "^'""l t-'luiH oflnbor. I ,„ Mi-ihiinics: . ___^ Hnyea. JIJack.sniitliH I p.. I . ' - ' ■ ^"■i-n,.rr-.;::;-: tvl...n.so.' I« tiriiiilTS... 6 05 Fil..l "■''"■ "'"'""i • •>* i-'iliT, H Kt 'I k\ 2 »0 ,JS,;?S:;;;;;;=;;: ;ii SE;:;;^:::::::::::::::::: 'JS s;rii.;cr« ;::: ""« -'i f..i„.n '-« ""^';;;;::;:r- '"^i ^--..rv.- ••:•■:;:::;: Ji;i 7 87 ^""^■''■■'i'lSfiirnncoVnoB 1 "«» " I 4 88 i'iiiiii,.i.voi-s':;: M'liic iii..,s,|„j, !;;i;;;ir'M-i-^^^^ •■■■■"■::::::::::::::::::: •••■■••■ P-f:f;;:;:J;:r ; ''**^''"t''IK'rhnur." 'o oonts per lom. The folIo\Vil)"' OVfriPfo <• ., 10cc.i,t.,,eri;,.n,.. liii 3'2G LAnOR IN KUROPE AND AMRRICA. il I ^SSmM^sS M l)or.M-M moro or Iomh skillnl fron. V^s. to 'Jl«., avna-!', L'()«. Smi.ll l.oys IVoiii (l.v. to S.S., liiiKt' bo.ys or joutlis, wlio assist in n.lliii,i;, im-ivt- i.p to lOA*. and even l(i.v. . . ,, .1 1.1 Sw.disl. iron is laifiol.v used,. 'specially lor t(M.ls. I'of otl.cr work an. lor some of this, there is an a.lniixtnio of lu-sl Kurdish .ron, scUt(.<1 ^^'T,!lu'\:\.-\u conipanv with Dr. W.-hstor, rnitrs. i.er week. Owin;-- to preeantions taken, thi.s M«»ik is not so destructive to health as tbrnierly. , . , .. , Average ean.inj-s of the men enoa^ed in the vaii.ais kiinls of work ranye from l2S.v. to ."iO.s., some earn ;ir>.v. . , , , , In son.e branches, smdi as tbr-in- poeketknde blades two men work to}.ether, and at pie.rwork each can earn ..s'. (» . l-er day, but as the uork is hard, they are unable to labor all the week, averayiiiK o.dj tour days, and earnin;>- but .'ibv. , • , ^i .... u in Laycock's UairclotU factory the girls who weiive buir-clotb eain .s.v. ^"'soine men who do work for bu'^i'e establisbn-ents by contra<;t, pay men from JS.S. to ;!(».s. and earn from £'> to £ti per week ; but the.se are really contiaetors or small manntadurers, and must not bo classed with uieu who work at tixed rates. Laborers in Shetheld earn from 18.v. to Ws. Carters, drivers of teams carryint:- steel and liavdware to railway-sta- tions, or drivinj,' for uianuhicturer.s, yet from liUs. to !!-'». PllOSPKCTlVK DECLINE IN WAGES. It has been .seen from statements i)reseiited on preceding pages that there has been a consi(U'rable reduction in wa-cs iii the iron inulcoal- minin.. industries from the maximum rates of ls7li,bnt a movem=nt has been made looking- to a reduction in ironfouiideries, eiiKiueennt?.shops, and 01 her branches, or, in other words, an in. . .■a.sein the hour.s o labor. A return to the old system of ten hours per day >« piopo.sed. 1 10 followiiif.- extract from an article in the London limes of December _1, 1.S74, more fully explains the proposed change: Brown :t C.',un.. of thV lai- -st .mmmuIu. tnnno ..oncTnm m i;l"< '; " ; f. ';.;^' ;. XVs v\ir . ' ■ ."nt. Tlu" nn, now nl.out to n.,ke a .Imn-e u.0.0 unyortaut tlum "n NH "a it 1 out. A noti.'.. l,a,s hvvu postr.! in tl.e «orU,s annonncn.- that Umii lu, 4 .1 J. an II.. wa-... of tin- .nf.!,,.'-!. nt.T.s, th.- l,an,..,.T-; n-'n .'. >■ r..l.u..-d 10 luT c..nt,,an.l th.,so of tl>.. lalior.TH m the enf..n.;.;['s l.nli,.. fo /, . vv an 1 1 nins d.^arlnH nts will be i-.dn.vd by a nimilar anan.nt. 11..- t,.n,.ot 5 1- ors 1,1 the ;fo..l!s,ni„«. ibrj..-. .ail, an.l thv """^»"<' '="',''";';'^-l';;;;: ^ all.ivd to tiftv-nini' hon.5 inst.-ud ..f liftyfom- as at pusrM. 1 he .)bi,-. t of the aoti,. c ear i. t em l.avoi to !,..,.« about a nlun. to th,. ohl sy«ten. ..1 woikin- te., h.m,. a .1 V in le . ...nts where'thi. eannot be .Ion., th.' w ap...,f the nu-n are t.) be iTdund ?0 e- ,Jnt Thu>. n, ,he enK.n..e.-s, bulV..r, f.mndery, ami idun.n- d.^artn..'. t> t ■ Bki l\vo kmeu are .....l.'r tlH- tifly-f..n.-hour H.y«ten. While tins ;^">"'"';^;^ ; j ; vionslv ..sel.^ss to k.-ep the lah„r..r8 eu>l,loy...l liltyn,,,.. ''•'"'«-";;' 7.';«Xvlm.i xva"..« of the wh.de ,.f hem u. these del.artn.entH are to 1... re.h.e...l 10 l;el (eti ., «l ^ ^, s . ere.l .■uu,vale..t to the .lilferene.. bet^w...... li ty loi.r and ''t'^-"'"!; ' ^ "^'J in th.. st..el sniin.', fol-e. 1. n.inier shojw, and nulls it is lH..-.Mldu to m. leaM the \ <> U n-^tn sofX labor.:?s ,.. llf,yMnne,V..ea,.sethe skilhMl arttsans w.nk^ InTns. In all these .h-nartmenls, t he.elore, «.. tar as th.. laborers ar.3 '''''''^ ^ , ' . littv-nine-honrs sysfn, ,s to be infrod.ieed. The ,,r..l.«s..l .hang.. >«_,<".',^ ' ; btr:ke a .eve.e blow at :hc ni::. hour niovemept, Imt m the p eseut S^ '' ' '™. it IS not likely ibo uieu will olier auy very Benous oppositiou to it. lo the intiouui. Laco llDsiory . . Ciinoiia .. Miieiis ... OiiillH.... Wllill. ^ro,| lliu(lki-rcl Sliisliim . . Klii.siiis .. Vi'lvcts .. Crane Silk ids of work otU earn H.v. I. Hosiery <'lll 1(1118 Liueiia OllillH IliiKlkcicliiofs "" Jlusliim liliistirs V(lvfi !i. iir..-. j 70li 2, :(■,>!! i ICO '■1. r.().-. ! 301,(177 ' 3:io, «!)1 (1. !ih:i i:., -.'Ha 11,3111; 3, i-ji; U.^.i.-,.! ' iJO. 133 7, 1 1 1 ; 0. IIJO Mli.l-H 5,17(1,130 . Xottiiigiiiini altliough not visited in t\w onli-r U„M,.','t'ZrT~^T^', uuli,s,>,.co, because it lies .i,liin tin- consuhiv . i.^ I^^r^,:^,^'^^"'^ couditiou o^t,:'^:^^.Z^:^^l^,^Z^^^^ "^ l-v,.ou., and -''i*''**'^"^"*^'*)^^**^ u 328 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. •M \i * J i m \ i -/»/// 20, 1S72.— Visited ii mimber of lacelaetorios. In tljat of Mr. Tiioiiiiis Hill the I'oliowiiifj wiig<'S arc paid : Eaiiiiiij^s of iiR'ii, piecework, average, JFr. Tlill states, 28,v. or over per weelc. His son tliiiil^s the average nearer o(),s'., and handed nic the weekly pay-roll. The liist twelve averaged exactly .'5(»,v., but those lower down received less. The average is between 2Ss. and 29,v. iSome men receive as high as 4().v., while others, such as old rueii, earn as low as 10,s. Tliose who average 28,v. are the lirst class. The second class earn from 20,v. to 22.v. There is a wide dillerence between the elliciency of the first and second classes, owing partly to dillerence in machinery, the latter u;sing old-fashioned haud-looius, the former the most improved machinery. The avei age earnings oi' tlu> young women is Os. Cxi, per wee!:. A few earn tVom lis. to l.'i.v. per week, but they usually overlook a few others. Small girls — known as " half-timers," because they are recpiired by act of I'ailiaiwcnt to attend school half the time — receive from 2.v. Cxi. to ON. per week for such labor as they can perform. The wages of woi k-]ieople, with best class of lace-machinery, on lace- curtains, black-silk laces. &c.. average from 'A'js. to 4()s. ])er week of fifty- four hoiiis for nu'U, as given by Jlessrs. J. S. Wells & Co., lace-curtaiu manulacturers, and 4(i,v., as stated by Mr. Hill. In explanation of the high rates, Mr. Hill stated that the work com- ujanded higher j)riees betiause it is injurious to the eye-sight, few men ovei' fifty live, or at lurthest sixty, being able to work at it. Women employed in the sanie branch earn on an average U).i. ikl. per week. Good litters engaged in these factories earn iOti. \)nr week. Some men on maeliines making black-silk lace earn from £3 to £4 per week, but this is exceptional. The high wages obtained is explained by the fact tiiat the work consists of some lu'w pattern or style, which is at the mo- nient lashionalile and in great demand, but will probably soon go out of fashion and the demand consequently cease. Did not visit the works of Mr. Muiidella, M. P., wliom 1 saw in London. JJosicri/ factory of Messrs. A. T. IStewnrt iC Co., ofjfcw Yorl;. — The earnings in this factory are indicated by the fallowing extiact from a letter from 3Ir. T. G. Carver, agent in ^Nottingham, to the firm iu JJanchester, in reply to an incpiiry addressed to him concerning the average earnings of the various hands em|)loyed in tiio factory there. The original was shown, and a copy hau thu umniiiffs of our v.avions hiintis for tlio last three iiinntlis, I li;ivc to rcporl iis follows: Hotiiry lialf-liose liiiiids, .Cv! -l.s. M. per week; .sliin-l)o(ly IhiikIn, flirts mostly, £\ Ds. pi-r wvl-k ; rib-top liauils, £-i Ik.; avcrujjo wiru- iiiys ou l'u};i't's piitciit IriiiiK^s, all j;iils, Ills, (h/.' :\rANCIlKSTKR. Poiinlation iu 1871, ;!>S;5,S4;5 ; Sallord, 124,S0,o— 508,048. This ancient town, the site of a fort built by the Celts, was named IMancenion, or "the place of tents." It was taken possession of about the year 72 by the Uomans, wiio continued masters of it until their final de|)arture from the islanil, some three centuries afterward. It fell into the hands of the Pictish invaders ami was occupied successively by the Saxons, the Danes, (about 870,) and long afterward by the Gor- man Comiueror, by whom it was assigned to William of Poictou, who * It is not iiri'tcmlid that tlio aliove aro tlit^ rof;ular or usual i!ariiiii>rs of opuratives ill oilier liK.torics in Xottiii;.;liaiii, or (.Isewluiro in Kiij;laii(l. In reply to my imiuiries of Mr. I'.ix, in MaiiolicstL-r, and of Jlr. iSluuarl, stibseiiiiciitly, in New Y<)rk, it was staled that the men and woiueu who uaru such high wages are most superior iu skill aud iudusuy. — K. Y. works, n WAGES IN ENGLAND. 329 vi^-ajjo t'luu- ,'■« <»r cal associations, >m m u llu •■ .Vh*^ eelebratod, howovor, for it3 actu..„K town in the oinVi e ^^^^^^j^ .'-'"li^ <»« the lir, nmm,! l>.vM.on,loa au.i Liverpool/ ' ^"^^^ '" l'"i>"Iatiou it is ouly «urpaS tl.o ^elgn'^i'nem.y vni '^'t:^!':''^' ^""^ - very earl, perio.l In ^^"ctuaiy iron. 3i>?,.,l^,;t^2,^^««";;f tea ^« remove "tile St o tbe resort hither of idle a m disiol ,?.' "'^ «'''"»»^J ^'^''t it caused l>oUi in linens and woolens li^ ii. i^'T''''"' ^" ^he injnryof ,1 ami which gave euiploSn to n^^^^^ l";^'" ^^"^ i.sUnJn 'j' tmj, It was mentioned as a r..n, .Mil'. *'• '^arly m tlie last cpn ton alone goods to the amo.^?^ Si'. US'! ''^'"' ^'-'^^^oster and S Manchester is the center of a ptT. t .' f "^^''« ''"""ally manufactured ^oinnmn.cation with nearly al n r* s nf r'" ^^ '"."'''''^' ^"' r '^"T ^^■•"•''^- ^t is S . ^;a.;;ii.:is.iis-^^^^^^ -tensile ILX. J^^nr^" suTa'f;;" f"*^ '^'^"^ ^"M-^tant and works, manufactures of the v u^V n J ,: ^ '*?'''"fe'' l>'''"ting, and dye I 0;^ses, and particularly tln^S^;," J? ^j^''^'^ employed fn thosep.of steam-enoines and machinm V' '*''«' "f-'its for the construction o«^ tl'ose of Sir Joseph W t S;th ■ e t^i.. '''."^' ^^"''^ ^^'^^ nd extensive works in Oldham 'miu.,;/^ ^ T^^ prominent, while ' »achin..ry are well k own i oZr'o^' l''' '''" i>''^^'»^tio'n o f iotto.^ "'arket in the world for tie nrmlncHn, "'.*"''• ^^ ^'^ '''«« the c def fupp y of which passes througl t '^ ' ""l "«"''" ^''r" or thread Le merchants, who export it to th iir re * " k^5 '''™ ^'^^^-''^''-t for e g^ Chester in ths respect ^^ fW.or ,,.7 ^^ "^^' "^'^"''tnes, giviuL' to Ar-.,, A-f Jl "'™ '"'S"!)- «-im«l on. ' °' "'™'' """O" aud silk I 1^-1 '" '■'"" i"'l"»trv: ^^ '■'"■' '" 'i-g"lJ to tliB w n. k^ • V;r/;i/;^*''*'*^ yards, worth S> W(i «r^,'"'f •"^^^' ^''«"ans, 7 ] vu irun^u COlLoUspinuiUg It ;!■ 330 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. is carried, that ou a self-acting mule a single thread has been produced nieasniing upward of one thousand miles in length and only weighing one pound. To illustrate the great decline in the prices of cotton goods, owing to the introduction of iinjuoved nuichinery and the reduced price of raw material, the fact may be stated that a kind of calico which sold toward the close of the last century at (is. a yaril can be produced now at Gd. The average price per yard of goods exported in 1815 was 3'U cents; in 1825, liU'r; cents; in 1835, 13 cents; in 1845, Gi^ cents; in 1859, Gj\ cents; and in 1871, 0:| cents. The average price of yarn exported, per l)ound, in 1815 was 3s. 7{}(/. In 1871 it was 13Arf. In this connection it may be interesting to present a statement of the number of si)indles and amount of cotton yarn produced in Great Brit- ain as comi)arcd with other cottoucousumiug countries at the close of the year 1873. Table nhon-iiig the lutmler of sphidlra and cotton conatnned jfcr spindle in the under-mentioned coiiutricK, with tlie }jinindn of eultoii ei>nHn)ncd ijer 6j)indle and the total annitul eonsunqjtion, aupiwuinc/ the millis to be runniny full time. Countries. l>rnraber of spiuiUcs. I. V rcrs = 2. Pounds spun oimuully. Grt'.'it Ilrihiiii (1871i 34, C9.'), 185 *9, 41,^:181 5, 200, 0(10 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 1,900,000 1, 400, 000 1,700,000 2, 000, 000 600, 000 500, 000 300, COO 230, 000 32 57 38 47 CO 47 48 38 25 43 48 00 43 1, 223, COO, 000 TTiiitcil Statf'H (1874* 538, 082, OdO rr:i lieu ZiiUvirt'iu 107, 000, 000 141,000,000 120, 000, ( 00 89, 3O0. OUO 07, 200, u::0 SiJiiiii ........!.........'...!.!.!.'.". 04, COO, 01 50, 000, OHO Ili'!"ium 34, 400, Ono llafv 24, (100, IIUO SwciliMi uiid Norway Holhiml " 18, OUO, 000 9, 890, 000 * Furuisbcii by 13. P. Nuurso, es(i., of Bostou. WAGES IN C0TT0N-3IILLS. The reduction iu the hours of labor and the iucrease of wages in cot- ton-mills are shown iu the following table : Statement shotcing the average weeldif earnings of operatircs in eotton-milh during the years l8i3'J, lt;4y,'l6o<.),«Hf/ 187:i. Occupation. Sex. ■We(^k of C9 hours. Week of CO hours. 1839. 1849. 1859. 1673. Stoain-onginn tciidera $5 70 4 32 1 fiS 2 04 6 00 3 84 1 04 4 80 2 IC) 5 28 5 52 1 C.9 5 7(i $6 72 4 80 1 80 2 88 fi 72 4 32 2 l(i 5 28 2 28 5 23 5 52 1 80 1) Oil 87 20 5 28 1 92 3 30 72 4 80 2 40 24 2 28 5 52 OU 2 16 ti 72 »7fifl -u Carding: StivtohiM's Women and girls 2 63 4 .-ifi 7 08 Spiiininjr: 00 PifM'CIH (>v('i"l(Ktkt'r8 . Women and young men, 3 84 7 20 Reeling: Tlirottlo-rulors Women 3 00 AV'iriHTS 24 Si/(MM 7 20 Womon 300 7C8 JJoiler-ni.iken Uivctcr.'i . ... MollllTS r.'itlcni-makii titU'n Turiici .s ll,ichiii(".ni(>ii. ';"K,'liilIim cliinr-s , plncksiuiths!! Strikers Lubort-ra n produced ly weighing Is, owing to rice of raw ^old toward now at Gd. 3'li cents; lu 1S59, G/^ ported, per Bent of the Great Brit- the close of xdcr-meniioncd il voimumplion, D Pounds spun nuuunlly. 1, 223, f'OO, 000 S.iA, Otf-J, (idO l'J7, OOti, (100 i-a.ooo, 000 120, 000, ( 00 89, 300, OUO til, 200, 0:« (i4, 000, 01 50, 000, Olio 3-1, 400, Ono 24, 000, 000 18, 000. 000 9, 690, 000 ages iu cot- uriiig the years Week hou of CO •3. 1859. 1873. 87 20 5 28 $7 C8 (J 24 1 92 3 3C 72 2 83 ■i .ill 7 08 4 80 2 40 6 24 6 00 3 81 7 20 2 28 5 52 C 00 3 00 24 7 JO 2 10 6 72 3 00 7C8 WAGES IN ENGLAND. S|:i;;!:"i::^L!'-- the same ratio Of .dv. 331 <;.f Averaoe usages ^per ^oeek of 59 hours) of persons employed in 1873. Occupation. Cariling: OviisiM'r Senonii li.ind.!!! Drawing iianio tenderV '. hpcedor tenders.. GriiuliTS . Stri|ip(!ra .' Spinninj;: Overaucr. Wages. ?10 P!) 1 7 20 2 fcC 3 H 5 32 5 32 Occnpatiou. Spiiming-Continiicd. itiiile-spiuricra 5Iule.l)aul<9iile pioco'r's Jtep,_iii'..s|,„p, engiuo-nioni, &c'." foreman ()i-„vor.si-er... « ooil and iron workera JiUjlllll'lT Laljoiera Wages per ^^^eek (59 ho.rs) in cotton-mills in July, 1872. Wages, ?I3 31 to ei5 73 2 42 to 3 87 14 53 7 74 9 ca 5 32 Cyphers . Piocers, on self-qctors f In. Piecers .... ,(/',"'" Overlooker . mo . . ino . .. I Ciiarno . I Coarso . Scivengcrs Weiv lug : ("Cdirso 1 Coarso ... iFino :;;; Weavers ( | Men Winders .. Kuler3 . . . . 5 1 ^i'' l\ Wo ^ omen. .. .'H Past,l,nns„al time ;;, "llo«-e,l, unless ,, Znt^^r^'l ','"""■' ".'■ "^''itime riHs IM.Ie applies t,) I th(r. ^ •'*■ '"'".'■'' "* "-Wkl'd. ^^rrK..-. T ,e rMes; ■ ,„ '™''.'' '"'.■■"'"■'•■'I on Ihis list, paid In-. .,,e.f,l,i:;:,'*."t'S,f "■':'■ "l.'l'i- <"l'lo are, those tuaneh „f lM,sin,^,s the w.. 1 •.'"■''''''. ■!'V^' lliis trades-union rates *'^ '"'"' "'" '"«'»'''■ tl""" «I)e V ' - i itt- s ' 332 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMELiCA. JTccldy icagcs (54 J. hourn per week) in building-tractes in July, 1872. Trudo. Plasterers . I'aiutcra . . . Wages. Pluiiibprs C)ai|if liters ami joiners. Kiielilayera Bricklajeis' laborers... Masons Slaters $7 !I8 14* 7 n 7 \'S paid in various shops and factories iu Manchester and vicinity in 1872. Tljc iiivestipitioiis of the author made iu this seat of the cotton industry related chiefly to the condition of the workpeople, their habits, mode of lite, and coiuiitiou of their homes, and also to the cost of sub- sistence, the success of tue co-operative stores, and their inliuence upon the members. The wages paid in several well-known establishments were as follows: In the works of 8ir Joseph Wliitworth & Co., where heavy and lij;lit machinery and majhine-tools and steel-guns are made, the weekly wages of ordinary workmen range from .3(>.v. to li'Js., probably averaging, as in other manulacturing towns, oOs. Some of greiiter skill obtain liiglier rates, while inferior workmen receive less. Laborers in the works receive .'"om 18.s'. to '2()s, Sir Jo.,jph Wliitworth is favorably known to American enginetTs, and his rei)ort iu regard to various industrial establi.shmeiits ot the United States was a iair exhibit of such as he visited. An account of the aid which he otl'ers to young men who have an inelinatiou toward mechanical pursuits ftill appear on a subseciuent page. The works of ^re.ssrs. \V. lliggins i*t Sons, manufacturers of cottou machinery, though not so large as that of Mr. IMatt, at Oldham, is well known iirthe United States.* About SOU hands are employed. *Iu this and other inachinc-ahops, ami in eii}j;iiif(.'iiiiK works in variou.s jiart.s of En- rojie, one who, thouojh an iiio.Kpeit, has visited such (ii.st-ehiss works as tho.s(> of Sellers & Co. and clh- is in rhihi(li:li>liia, of Corliss in Pi'ovidfiicc, and, indeed, in all our < liief eities, esiteelally the locoinotive-enoiiie works in rhilaiUdiiliia, raterson, Tanntoii, Ac, is stiiick by thi) inferiority of the tools and niacliinery as coinpared willi those of the United States, which are' of the best eh>.ss. There are exceptions, such as tlie Atlas Works, in Alanchester. In iron-ship yards, liowever, smdi as that of Messrs. .J. Ivlder ifc Co., and others, on the Clyde, the TytH', the Mer.>;ey, and the Thaine.s, althoii-h :!J! aro not of einml excellence, yet the larger number are thoroughly equipped with the best aud most improved tools aud muchiuea. WAGES IN ENGLAND. 333 r IcwiT lionrs. luu HUiuU uhopH <, iilastiTPrs, anil 111 'lll^ latter iMul [111, bxcept, in tho QMS. u nco werr. nni,- o„ ,,., .^ •. f" -I*'''- il.ilt-tiniers, whose weekly wairi.s turners were only 2,v. U^/., now receive 4^ w ^""!-^""^''^» ^vhose weel i» laachine-shops 28.., and somehigh'o;.'"^ '''"'' ''' ^'^^ ""^ ^'■ SEAT OF WOOLEN MANUFACTURES. <;ioth ii=m*^sc.rovad%ir'^;S!;^,,;^];!;'-tf^- it. ceuSe the various kinds of woolen c oths 1r f "V^ "'^^I'chants, where ccllence, chanoo bands ' ^'^"^ celebrated for tl'eir ex- wa^SaUnSluid lllncv S^^^f ?! "' ™-nfact.n.in, tronserin^s .0 snrronmling nei^dK rl ood ."''"''^*"'"^'' "^^'^"^'"onduieke, md' blankets, and coar.i ch^ ^ Lve L^'''-'* quantities of ear p^ts juanufacture, which, like h t of io ic? ""itt?,'-"^' '^ ^'"^ -"-^'' IjKliut;', VIZ, at Bradiord. The lei .SIm ? ^'' ^hie seat in the AVost lueii staple business. *"im. puhiie buildings an excdi. . '"'?''>\ V'''^' "^'^ '"any IJ >" 17(i8, and library an,l\, sen. of 1 't ?' ^"""'^"'.^ ^^' ^^'- ^'^^^i- ^ociety, and a Mechanics' Sit tc «i h S'^ ^ I'bilo.ophical volumes. ''tiuut, «ita J,000 nieiabers and 8,000 834 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tho flnx rnonnfacture consumes amiunlly 12,000 (ons of flax. Dyeing, coal niiniiif:-, iron and uuidiine malcinf,', tiio iiinntiracture of paper, tobacco, pottery, oil and cboiuicals, lorin also iiiiiiortant branches of industry. Nearly one-fourth of the whole population, lialf of whom are females, are employed in the various manufactories. Mo other town in En},Mand is so admirably situated for trade, being ])!aced in the heart oi tho in- land navigation of tho (country. It is also the center of a net-work of railroads converging to it from all parts of the country, and placing it in connection with every important tov,'n of the kingdom. WAGES IN WOOLEN-MILI.S. The following statement showing tho rates of wages paid the em- ployes in the Saint Helen's Mills, Leeds, was furiilNhed by the proprie- tors, Messrs. Johu Wilkinson, Son & Co., October S>, LSTli : lITandH employed, 443 i hours of labor per wi«>k, .WJ.) Oconpation. Men. Womon. Boys. Block-cutters SO 72 per week 3 ill) per week n 04 per week 4 44 |ief week 3 70 per, van!.. 3 2H per week Color-ni i xcrs Fullers Wille vmen * Weavers, tapestry *;) UH por yaril Washers Overlookers Ilarilencr-mnchino-men aniliipwiinl. 4 08 Jiel' wetrs C'uttcis, lioys! StiMiiiicrs... BoilciH Tint('i(.,3 Pressors . . . ." Drawers ....".' Xiiiolierers Hiindlo-setterV .".'.' J-iiKinu-iiieii. liurlers Kiiiealf grounders hlinvers. Finishers .'. M.NE.V TnilEAn. $10 10 9 SS 7 40 ' Overh'S "^'^^''-'i-^. Joiners, Ac S5 80 to 6 78 TANNEH8 AND CUBHIBK8. Skilled tanners . . riiskilled Skilled eiirriera riiskilled nssisianVs Lab, -ers for Loth trades';:;:::; FKE-LEATIIKIl FI.VISFIERS. FellmoDgers Flesliers Purers ;; Chamois groiinders;:;::;::::;;" 2 90 8 47 1 94 7 2(1 *7 02 tor, -,7 7 2C to K or, < 36 to 7 no 4 30 to 5 3 I (>veiloi)|;ors' HiailDverleokora.. l.ahMnrs, (luiHkillrd) I ^veek.:,o'C;l.y,.';'M-:.rs,(,ora MACIII.VEUY. Strikers -"'■'■" 1.1 a . . . strikers... Smiths : I'laiiers Best mechanics. foremen -\Iodel.i„ake"rs;-(j;,i,Vcr"85; IW (o a 03 , L'p to !i 03 J 1-7 to 4 38 1 41 to 2 54 43 1 69 to 2 90 8 18 to 3 CJ 1 81 to 2 90 I 3fi 4 60 6 03 to 6 77 5 M ionnerly lG,v. to 18s. Jfy- They .state tl.at ^^c'uS ' fx-Merio,;".;:';' "''"''^"^ ^^ ^ ««™'»on qual- isbed lu4or, dVi.^;S trrS/ioit l^Sr'*"^ ^«-"= -^ otber tin. BOOT AND snOE TRADE. f; 336 LAnOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Wagen in iho boot and shoe Irade at Leeds, Cla88 of work. MEN S I,I(;1IT WOKK. Best kill, calf, ami seal lovaiit Kip mill Krnis li'vaiit S|)lii or til -111 1.1 C'(iiniiiui) l.ii'i -Ui|i, liriiwn bottoni (.'iiiiiijKiii l.iii'ilrsli liiiwt. plain bniwn bottimi JIi'Ii'm .-liiinlinn-hiiiits. wiilc \vi;lt Ciii-Ut't I loot M ami Mhoes I'WOH tit livi'M ; UihI Mil. tall', ami »i"al lovniit Kip. Hplit, ^11 iM, mill jiiuiiioil In van t Comniiin lai r kip ami IIchIi bout, plulu brown bottom . Eli'vi'iis III iin<'s: I-rsf kill. I'll If, ami Kcal levant , Jvip, Hplir. ^iiiiH. ami ;;raim'il Irvaiit Ciiuiimiii laii' kip ami (li'sli boot, plain brown bottom . Sevens to lens ; Jie.sl kill, lalf, anil anal levant Kip. split, ;;iiii», and graineil Irvant C'oiuinou laee kip uml llesli boot, jilaiu browu bottom . men's STnONO WOltK. Stubbed beel.s ami mock eliiikers For^jf-bools SpaiabU'M and liobs Twos to lives, sjiarables and lioba lOlevcns to ones, .-pa rallies ami bobs Sevens to tens, sparables and hobs Patpiits . i'iddle-waist . F.XTItAS ON MEN'S WOHK. W.icliiiiescwn Bevel edse Eed welt liest inside-bevel eliunp Uest ont.sidebrvel ehiiiip fii'comls and tliiiiis in side-bevel eluiii]) Seconds and iliiids milsiile be\el ehinip Pirsis, seei'iids, and tliiriissi|iiaieeliiin|). (All clnnipstobojnmxied in the waist) One row ol'ri\eis nr s) iritis extra* SerewtMl toe and , joint in elninps Three rows of rivets or spri>;s in ndddlo Common laced kip and lU sli boot, black waist Nailed boot, with Mack waist AVellinytons I'wos to lives : Patents llacliim -sewn Fiildlr-waist lSe\t'l edjfo Eed welt Best and eoniiuon inside- be vol clump Oiiiside-bevi 1 clumps Firsts, seconds and thirds siiuaro clnmps Screwed toe and .joint in elunips One low of li vets or s|)n;;s extra* Tbree rows of rivets or spriiis in middle , Cominon lai'e kip and llesli lieot, with black waist Xiiiled liool, wiih black waist Elevens to ones ami si-vi'iis to tens : J'al ivi t Fiddle-waist llaeliiiie-scwn Best and common bevel clumps One row of rivets or s|irij;s extra* Three rows of li vets or f,pii);s in middle » Coniiiion laci' kip and llcsli boot, with black waist Kailcd boot, with black waist JIEN 8 KLirriCH WOKK. Common pumps, wliite bottoms Coininoii pumps, brown bottoms Boys' twos to IIncs common pumps, white bottoms Bov-';' twos to live:: cominon rinmp.s. brown huttonis .. Per dozen. ' tc ,^ a ►H — $2 18 !I4 W V-i 71) Hi iS 58 411 1 33 4fi 1 :<:i 1 yi 1 08 9I> 84 3 09 2 till 4-i 1 »2 1 58 1 ai 24 * No extra fur liuisUiua ouo e.\tra row on common brown bottoms. ■a . -j .2 tt C .2.3 Q Ph a. ?2 C« 13 18 a i-i 1 >M a :to 1 r-a 1 04 1 -lli 1 t:^ 1 ;):i :i 87 3 ll^^'». >i'm rivets mi.I ^J,, 'i.'-V Fonr;s !:,""i ".'';! • "" """ -^""l'. ".-'t l-el«, iron" nVeis "ami epVl.s' i- 'J''ftk"lnricllov.uit.. - Lnli iiudcoiumou "] _. . , KXTUAS 0.\ WCMEX's WORK F rs,3 a,„i socomu ..la no- ,n "'""^ ...:::::::: Will tombing heel ." '.[[ Fidillc.wiiiat C'liiimulH '...'..'. ..'..'. \\'liito foreparts ...', lilack waist ami brown forpparVs • ■ - ^ i " ! ! ." ! ." ." i A^S.Iir'.":':'':'''^'^'^'^ :■■■;":::::::::::::::;;:;: • f *'"■ '"w of rivets or HpriyV ikVr'i* '■'.'" Hm..,,,toom.8,imls(n-CLstotoi» -■.■ Mac uue-sewn, eleven., to ones i^iifcss'':'?!?:!':!^"*^"^----------^ Wliito foreparts lil:!ck waiijt ciul brown VoVonart ••'.'.".'."" &,r^':-"^'-i'i"«:::::;::::::::;:::;::: : rirsta and seconiU i)"eVe"l"ci,V„",n' '■^^'.^W'.'.] One row of rivct.s or sprigs e "tr-i* Fo,,S';;,';^jr:^'^"'^ "-'"•'«« ™""-'tl--^rJparianai,;rionpiiiiaaio Jiiicnine-sewn... riildle-waist .'...'. ^V'liite foropart.s • Ijl^^ck wai.st anil liiwn'tijVomrts •■■.".'.'.■.■.".■■■■ /,^r"»;"}vai.stamlblael;lorqa^^^^ .' (■"Is liifjh-leggetllmot.s, all sizes ■■ Copper tips, nil sizes.. J... _....;; ...'..', r, , women's SLIW'EU WOIlk- Pn!!::T''"''","'l>^'''"^k bottoms limp,,, brown bottoms ^omenseasbmerop„mp;;^;.ui,-i--:-^-^-;^-...^^^^^^^^^ 81 27 1 l,". 00 00 84 84 81 4,5 1 33 1 21 I 09 1 0!) 90 84 1 0!) 90 CO 84 7a no GO 84 CO 72 00 72 ", CO fi ai 1 09 U(J 81 H 73 no 78 CO 78 CO 01 cc S4 «ei ami Mill; goods AVool iiiiii lliiiii 04, ll'.j 31, 454 S27i.'l'7 40, 2'.: 1 3,7111 4,810 A\'tn'stoil hihI cotton Lini'u... .. . . ■\VlMll lIllllHilk ., "W'dul, Kill., ami wor»li-il AViiiil, cotton, anil nIIU Ljni'ii and cotton Call-lialr "W'orrtlfld, (-1 )tt 1)11, and Hillc Maidiini'iv Mnhair and cotton All otlu'l 1 lloliair Total Sliihaii' and wool 3, 040, 374 WAGES IN W'OOLEN-MIU,8. Wages paid in a large maniifaetory at lluddersjidd doing business with the United Slates. Occupation. ■W'ool-sortcra . Dyi r.s Ovtrldiikers . TcaHci's I'l'udl'I'S Enyinoer.i • S|)innor» \\'ariic:-.s ]ViiniL'i'.s , BiZIU'H Timers AVeavers llcndors Knottcrsi, Br.rlois Sconrcia Fnllers or millers. Tentcrois Finlshcr.s Pressors , 'Warilinnspnion ... Enijinc-leutors I'ircnicn Sox. Men ....do ....do ....do lioys and girls ikn r. ...do Woiui'u and cirls . Men ...do ...do ...do Women ...do Girls Women and girls . Men ...do ...do ...do Hoys Men ...do ...do ...do U. S. gold. 45 (-0 4 -I eo C8 to 11 ,VJ 4 ;iii 2 H 8 17 7 Ui, 8 H S 18 to a ao 4 84 to HI ;:(! 4 84 to HI 3ti r> 80 to Hi 3 03 to 4 '• 4 30 to ti ia 2 18 to aM 2 It) 2 06 7 2(i 6 29 to 7 aij 4 84 to 5 i-a 1 94 to 3 HS 4 84 to ,'-. fn 4 84 to 1% 5 80 to il lis WAGES .OF MECnANICS AND FAMI LADOKKRS. Metes of teagea paid for mechanical and farm labor in the year 1«74. (Ilours of l.ibor vary from 50 to 521 per week.] Occupation. Per week. Occupation. Per week. MECIIAMCa. Blacksmiths 84 80 to $6 00 7 08 4 80 to 7 20 , 48 1 72 to 7 aO 1 8 04 \ 4 80 j *11 to 14 1 7 80 to 8 40 ; 7 20 ! 7 80 to 9 12 ; i MiiciLusics— Continued. 8.-. :c 1 ''0 Bricklayers .and masons Tin.4ii'.iths Cabinetmakers Wheelwriglits 86 20 to "fi Carpenters FARJI-LABOBEIiS. Experienced hands Coopers '. Miners .Machinists n 20 Painters t3C to 7'' Shoemakers Comiuoii laborora at other than Stono-cuttors t(iO to 'IC Tailors t7.i to 1 K * Per hour. t Per day. tg (he year ending V. H, KDlil. H!l, l-l 11, lilli 64, li'.-J 31, 154 1, yc S27,:ji: •iii, 'Ji I 3,-1:1 ■J, (-10 3, OIU, 37 1 ie United Statca. V. S. gold. «9 C8 to 8 18 to 4 V4 to 4 f4 to 5 HO to 3 03 to 4 3(1 to 2 Id to 99 4 84 1 94 4 84 4 84 5 80 4 fl II ,VJ 4 :ii> 5 11 8 17 7 ','! a b a DO in ;.'!; III 311 U li.'i 4 ■»• a 90 a H 2 013 7 •->« 7 20 .5 ^o 3 tS 5 ^■0 7 «j 9 11^ :> 32 i74. Per week. 8.-) 70 1 •JO 20 to C 72 tl 20 t3C to 72 fCO to 06 t72 tu 1 32 t Per day. VVA0E8 IN ENGLAND. 339 ,> , . BIUDFOUD. Aiticloa. 1672. ■W'oratfd (joods ''iiripcii) \v„„i ; .Miii'liiricrv ... Ii'"ii and Hteci Clotlia Siin|i-«reft8o ... i'lucks ;*'?';!;il'«;!H«'').n*; 1, nan, ito 9a(i, ;)(ij 1«7, .'■,<)() 124,51 till, ,'),'i8 11,080 IS, Ml 1, 91 1, 470 i 9(ll.,!l,-,| ' an;, 793 1«.''>,07I .'-a, 343 27, y.ia 8,544 Yarns SIiuhIh "' ^f»t« 1111(1 riiffs Vclvie I'aiiKisliH SIIhcc 11(111 conn. -— 11; -—_____ jJ5,900,2Cflj 17, Wu, .lo^; In addition to tlio nl>nvn +1, 1 ~ " ■ m.ll.l..fr mi,,f.g„.g,ito inipmliili,,, ]•„;,'"!? ." i'l'""' " ""Ili,,!, ,|„Ma,» ami ( 1, M ,'„bo, 00 , , V','" ;';" ''^'S'"" ""' r'.Ti ; . "'"■'■ ='l>l>i«-^'"'ated "■ ° .""') "Ill 2uove ANNUAL VALUE OP THE WOHSTEB TRABK I III' tnfnl ,,..1.,. i, - . :' Com- ISO) ,., -— ..tuucr ui CiOlU- * Till, rotui-is^^fTrT^ ^ —- ■'"' «i"u winch i,s iiiainly l.j,v:„(! .,„,,,, males, aud ^,7^7 leuialos, total i),^sL-E. Y wook-n-clotli mauufac 340 LABOR IN EUKOl'E AND AMERICA. tlio nKriciilturnl returns ami tli(« lioanl of trndo tahhm for 1872, nIiowh a corrcHpondiriK cxtcMHidii (if the worsted Iniili' (lining; that pcridd. While the aviiihilJe (|iiaiitity of wool and of Miiailar animal lil)er for nil iiuipoHeH was Itj^'LOddjIKKt iiouimIm hi IWil, it wiih loHt year r)0tl,()0O,OO(( poaiidH, (i;)M,()00,tHiU itoiindH hi^ln),' of home kiowIIi,) of whieli, prohahly, yir),()0(),Otl() potindH were niiiiircd for worsted, and '»'r)r>,(Ml(),(l(M» poniidN for woolen iiiannfuetiiii's, prodiu'iiij; in inubiuiition with cotton, nilk, and otiier nuiterialH, Xl(i,70(i.' ti (it woiNted jarnH and tisNi.cn. and i;;!t),l()0,(i()(l of woolenn. ^'olllll., mIiows buttei' the >;i-eat and i onstant deV(dopnn'nt of the llnnlfoiil trade than tho unioiin'.s exported to all jiartN of the inhabited jjlobe, which were — YHnm. AV'orMlid (isHiicB. In 1842 £)):!7,;to5 £;t, or)t), i»ii:j i;4,UM,atw In 1K52 i,-i:io,iio 4,u;i;t,(i;»o t;,;M);i,2:i() In i«ii2 ;i, (;()2, r.5r) r.,wi,7eu !»,r..M,:ii.i In iwi'i r.,iK!,2'.'a lo.HKi.r.'.n ir./.iK(,7oi) In 1872 C, 110, KW 20,1)0-1,1(1;! 27,()iri.-,ni|- As even a brief men tioii of tlio worsted trade would be iiicoiripleto without n u'lVicuoo to Sir Titus Salt, to wlioiii more tlian to any oilior man is tlic ^'lowtli and i)rosperity of that leading iiulustry due, a some- what extended notice of tho works at Saltaire will appear on Mibse- quent pages. WAOES IN WOKSTEDMILLS, BUADFOUD. Statement of tho rates of U'ugc» paid to tlu variouH opmiliirH employed in manufadonia oj yarns and textile fabrim in UradJ'ord in 1>72. Occupatiun. Sox. AVftKOs per week. Kenmrkg, Wool-cdiiiliint; : Witol-MurtcrH* to 77 5 Of* 4 00 4 00 2 !I0 2 7tf 4 11 :i 03 2 00 4 11 a 15 7 02 4 :I V('l'8 Jobber Younp man 10 to 20 years. • Stcolip.uicfl AViirclioiiHemcu OvoilodUiT For compotent person. DrnwiiiK and spiuuiiiK : Diinvcrs Kovors ...do S CO 1 2 90 M, .n.Yioi.i.,= „r„f™..,» Spinners | Twistii-s 2 ;io 'i , . .iu;; 2 sides ol' .\ liuiae. 2 00 2 30 2 54 2 4B Oti 52 4 U ,'i;i 7 50 7 20 7 20 4 30 7 02 7 50 10 97 IJubbin-IayorH Hoys and girls lioys over 14 years. . do lidbbin tnkers-ofl' Jubbtr KeeliTH, (pi(;ce work) CI to 7 cents line counts oviT 69.00. IlnuU and gro88(!r8 (piecework) Packurs Wol't men Overlooker For competent person. WciivinK ; Warp-dressors Twisters Woavers, (piecework) §4.32 per week ; men, S5.7l!. Takersiu Overlookers I'attern-designors * Foreign -wool $2.40 to 64.80 per pack of 240 pounds. * Some portion of this extraordinary increase mav bo accounted for by the advance m prices which took place in 1871 and 1872. WAOES IN KNOLAND -Approximate rate» of „■„,„,, n„A , , ^^ 1 Occiipnllnii, rri'iiniliin . U'"pltt„sli„r« \V/"'l(lj.T)(... >V()iilc,„|||„,f^ • (^•'"1 nu .M,,l s,,|,,,,, — OKriiMiitiT^;;; .'...'.'. Vnvnviun: ^Vcuviirs liiirlcrM <»viil(K,)<,',r^,'; H iirpdri'Hw.r., jyiKin(- r,,,mi v«,Vi.',;r;„",;;,-.- .'.' Box. Moil .... •• r. (w •< "I ti) 7 '.'I! :i :i!) to .( ,;„ 7 Wl to H 47 ■'►'I to .', -1 •' •'!' t') 4 :«i -7,. •"•'' < 71 to M !)(i ■? yii to H 47 4 l-'l 111 <3uolactions ^"carpet and rug i'Sure"'' .:::::::;::: ^{.i« ^.^.'^r i^y^a ^'S f 6 asasssBTiiJBiiTffiia: 342 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA, The following scale of Aveekly wages in tlie carpet-mills of John Crosslcy 6c Co., Halifax, was sent to the author by that firm at the date indicated : WAGKS IN CAKPET-MILLS, HALIFAX. SIi;in rates In U. S. pilil. Wool-sortors, SOs. to 28s JiS 75 Dyers, (very inncli accordiii<; to abilhy aiiil si)eci.il work.) Spinners, lioy.s and girl.s, from >in. or 'Jn. to 13s 4 H.'> Spinners, men, from UOs. to UOs 05 Weavers, men, from 20s. to ;i5s H 47 Yoiinp; women in various employments, from 10s. to iJOs 3 03 While the wages are correctly stated above, the margin is too extended. From conversation with weavers employed in these mills, the information was gained that men earned at piecework from 23s. to 24s. per week, and women from 13s. to 14s. It will be observed that these figures are within the limits above given, and are more definite, and may be regarded as the average earnings of male and female weavers. It was stated that girls on regular wages, not on piecework, receive but 10s'.; laborers, 18s. ; and machinists to rei)air looms and machinery, from 2Gs. to 28s. per week; the latter working ten and a half hours per day. KIDDERMINSTER, WORCESTERSniRB. Although not in Yorkshire, Kidderminster has long been known as the .seat of the ingrain-carpet trade, but of late this branch has boon transferred to Dewsbury, while Kidderminster now makes the worsted or tapestry carpets. The following statement of the average rates of wages paid iu carpet-mills was presented by the proprietors at the date indicated : ■ 1 ■;«■ ft s Weekly icagcs of pcrsoiifi cm2)loijcd in 1872 in the worslcd fipintuiig and cerptt mauufaclonj belonging to John Brinton ij- Co., in Kiddcnninaler, England. [Hours of labor per week, 59.] Doscriptiou of work. EDpinc-rooin, yard, &.C. : E\)liim'cva Median ics Laborers, watehmen, and yard bands Foreineii Worsted yarns and fabrics : Wool-sorl i.'rs AVdol-wasliers Combers : Wast s. SO 72 to $9 (!8 1 21 4 36 to GO.'i 9 C8 7 2C* 4 V-l I 4 84 j Description of work. Wor.sted yarns and fabrics — Con. Gill-IJox and dra'iving bands . Spin ne rs Twisters Keelers Overseers A' istants D.Ncrs per day. AV covers per yard . . Fiuisbers per piece.. Wages.. $0 $2 Cli 1 SI 2 05 2 m 9 C3 4 M 50 to (4 05 12 to 14 ' 72 cents to 81.C9 per pack, according to (lualily of woo!. AGRICULTURAL-IMPLEMENT WORKS AT IPSWICH. In the exposition at J' jscow, in 1872, a most creditable display of agri- cultural tools and implements was made by the firm of Ransomes, Sims & Head, proprietors of the Orwell Works at Ipswich, England. In reply to a request for the rat< of wages paid iu the works, the following letter and statement were received: Ipswich, October 12, 1872. Edward Young, Esq., London : • Our books will not "lablo us, without cousiderablo trouble, to fjivo you the intbrma- tion wliich yon li:'ve ;,,4-;i'tl ft>v re.'^piTtir.g v. v.ges paid i". our v.-orks in difVernnt classes of men, so that, although wo have tilled up your paper as nearly as wo can, yet the fig- nills of John m at the date Slcim ratcH lu U. S. Bold. §5 75 4 nr. C 05 8-17 3 o;! largin is too I these mills, : li'om 23s, to (bserved tl'at uore defluite, male weavers. k, receive but II inachiuery, lalf hours per 3en known as inch has been s the worsted irage rates of rs at the date rpet maiiufadory 1. WAGES IN ENGLAND. Wages., n. s . $i CI! 1 81 2 05 am 9C3 iu 80 56 to (A I.. 03 3.. 12 to H splayof agri- iisomes, Sims ,nd. In reply llowing letter "Joher 12, 1872. • on tlio informa- difti-rcnt chisscs call, yet tbo fig- RANSOfllES, SIMS & !r:::!:=!^i5?ss^ Occii2)atioii. ^\'o(];l. workers. . Inm-wdrlcer's : Jloldrrs ..... TiniiorsornVacMnists; JiliicJisJimtijs j Wages. $5 93 Oecinmliciii, HEAD. W ages. Painters ... » P ,; Carter.^.... " " .1 P<"-emeuoroverlooUe,s: nmirs c.f labor per vreel: ',7 " 'nm BRICK MAKING TIJADE. for S71 ."^'"^ ^^•^^''•'ft from tlie reiunt nC f^ ■ BIUCK-M.VKXXG, NKAP. MANcnnSTKU. T> , LONDON. S':.l»''°","' 1871,.3,2«4,200. » iim.j 2U. LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. not tlie seat of any very extensive niauufoctures which find a market iu the Uuitod States. To show the variety, bnt not the extent, of the exports from London, tlie lulU)winj^' report, made by the United States consul-general, Gen. Badeau, to tlie Department of State, is presented: Summayy of goods vxiwrkd from London 1o tlie United States of America durinq the years ending Hiptemhr 30, le71, lt?7:.^ l«7;i, with a list of the principal aHiclat sii'pipicd. rniNCIl'AL AliTICLKS SENT I'liOM LONDON TO THK UNITKD SlATK.S. Acids, aiTowroot, Jirtihts' uiateiiala, iiuimal.s of ovcry (loHcriptioii, lalive,) aljiaca wool, aiiiiiionia, anmniiiition, axes, l)rass, bronzes, bleadiiiis-jiowdei', blackiiif;, Leci-, lii.stuits, buttons, braces, bells, buckles, brushes, bristles, bricks, books, boots, buUis, Ijaby-lJiieu, brilliants, balls, barometers, braids, bone, bolts, bedsteads, bars, bark, ci)|>. lit:-, cutlery, clocks, crystals, cabinet-work, carvings, cork, cork-wood, cochineal, chem- icals, cement, chalk, cliocolato, cocoa, 'colors, china, colleo, chiccory, corsets, carpets, cords, cottons, crai)es, cartridges, caps, cards, crickctiuj^ materials, castings, candles, chll'-stone, carriages, drugs, druggists' sundries, dogs, diamonds, .h'cauters, emorv, essences, essential oils, engravings, earthenware, i'urnituro feathers, llowcrs, all kinds oi laucy articles, furs, fringes, felt, door-cloth, fog-signals, llax, llannels, iishing-tackle, granite, guns, gold, gold bronze an ^"--lo« down tho T^i; ^iStout'SJoit^^TaJi -iv*^«s«'j»i#^.- BAG LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA, A'csRels 01 an nfj^rogato of 88,000 tons woro launched from the vprions sbip-yards on tlii^ Tyno (luiinf; lb*l. Locomotive aud cntjitie works. — Newcastlo-npon-Tyne in the cradle, of the locomotivo ongino. At Wylani, eight miles west of this town, Geoi'so Stephenson, the inventor of the fu'st .sneces.'ifnl locomotive, was horn in 1781, and in lt'2\, associated with otlicr men of skill and means, ho (opened the locomotive-works which have since made New- castle fainons lor the manufacture of these engines. Locomotives and marine engines manufactured hero are exported to every country in the civilized world, with the single exception of the United States, Tho'je who have tr;" jled in England will verify my statement, that both in appear- )lo pro re Itel: locomotives of England, generally, are Itehind those of America. But in conntrus ■where Newcastle engines are brought into competition with those manufactured elsc- ■where, statistics prove them to '•■>. possessed of great merit, both for speed and dura- bility. Tlio work turned out per annum and the numl>pr of men ouiploycd at the works of Messrs. Robert Stephenson & Co. and those of Messis. R. & W. Hawthorn are us follows : nrms. 1. 6 s 3 B'P, h ►-1 SrosHi's. Tlol)or HtoplieTiaoii & Co 52 40 12 1,400 1, 700 houi's. ileaui's. K. & AV. ilawtlioru &, Co t) llOUI'.S. •4,000 horsepower. I v - furnished with the number of horse-power, and not tho number of engines, by Mos.srs, U.iwthorn. |ij The- Elsickk ordnance and engine works, — The ArnKArong gun, by name at le.ist, is known to nearly every American ; comparatively few, however, are awaris that tho ord- nance works of Sir William George Armstrong & Co,, where the destructive weapous aro forged, are situated at Elswick, in tho West End of Newcastle. Sir William, the son of a born merchant, who once tilled tho oflice of /nayor of Vow- castle, was born at this town in 1810. He was educated for the law, and linally >r- > ticed as a solicitor in hisnativo town. But the law had no charms for him; hi, .li ul was of thi! inventive and scientilio turn. His earlier a( hievemeuts were improvements upon hydraulic engines and . I'anes; and in 1840 the Elswick engine-works were founded by Sir William aud a few friends, chielly for the construction of that class of machinery. During tlio Crimean v.ar ho iuveiUed tho breech-loading gun, with which his name will ever reniiiin associiited. At present tho Elswick engine and ordnance works of Sir William G. Armstrong & Co. is ouo of the richest linns, and most completely arranged works on tho Tyne, when) artillery is manufactured for nearly all tho governments of the enrtn. Tho number of men employed in these works aro in tho neighborhood of 3,000, aud BIO d' :ributed uearlj' as follows : Ordnance works, about , 1,100 Hydraulic works, about l,JiOO Eoundery works, ah(5ut lOO Blast furnaces, about 200 Officers, about 'iO Total a.flCO Tho genius, indefatigable energy, and persevering industry of Sir William Arm- strong have brought his gnu to such a state of perfection, both in range, precision,.' ^ economy of powder, that, by almost unanimous consent, it is acknowledged to ". ', .- first of English ordnance. An ordinary ;'2-ponnder weighs 6,384 pounds, requires ten pounds of powder, and carries a ball 3,000 yanls. Tho Armstrong 3i2-pounder only weighs li,912 pouudo, ' quires live pounds of'powder, and sends its shot or shell 0,000 yards. Tho first pieces turned out by the inventor were lined with steel ; wrousdit iron, in tho hand of a ma.ster, has since been found to bo equally efficient. Tho Elswick urd- uanco-works construct guns ranging from a 12-pound lield-pieco to a GOO-pouuUer, aud aro possessed of facilities for turning out several cannons per week. 8 sbip-yards on flic locomotives tlio iuvontor of it(!il with other ico mailo Ncw- overy country loth ill iippear- 1(1 fireman, tho lit ill coiiiitr-oa ufactni'iHl flsc- pced and dura- 1 at tho works iwthoni aro as WAGES IN ENGLAND. a t^ ei c. •si' r 'f^" >-i 1,400 9 honia. 1,700 9 liour.s. 3t tUo number of 1110 at lo.ist, is 'o that tho onl- ictive weapons mayor of \ow- id iiiially n" z- liiiu ; hi, .'li.id la and . Allies: 1 a i'ow frleuds, iriiiioan v,-!auy, the Tvii.. rn.'i^'X" -^ "'^^^c'"''i's in tho disfrw.f ,.,-.. .,._ . contracts wero'mijjT" ''"' --"'-^y in a^h^t^-Ki^-- ^ieh' rl.^^^'^'''^^ If inaiinfactiircrs enn-oa.e,i ,•„ ^, . . "'ii^nich tho lortuuato '^'g.«dr 1,000 oms Itl iniisl.s. Aliiiioii, jier 1,001) ciiisf l.") c,^ijt3, Uonrgeoia, per 1,000 i ma 15 cents. Wcckl.v papers aro Ics.^— 12 cents per 1.000, iiiiuion, instead cil' 15 eeiilH. The prices fur ilay-wnW; aro Id, (2 ceul.i) per 1,000 less tlein tor iilnlil-work, KoTli,— Printers in Kii^laud uieasuro tliU'orently from wliat tliey do In America, The width is jueasured iu cms and tho depth iu ens. Wages in iron-sMp-hiiUding and oujinecrhif) ivories, — Tlio following statenieut of the wages, ruling at the dost/ol' 1871, hIu,\v,s but lew changes from the rates of 1872, as given by Mr, .lones. In this, as in a case iu-eviously noticed, the dillerencc betwct^n the niiixiuunu and miniiuuiu rates is too great ; the mean is not belicn'iMl to bo the true a%'erage. For instance, some boiler-makers may (siru .'IS.v,, but the mean rate, as above stated, 35s., is above the average, which is under Ms. So iu regard to laborers; the average is not 22s., thti moan rate hero given, but 20s. at the utmost. Average wccldy timgea {computed in United States gotd and lenrMiuj M honrx per week) paid to poraons employed in iron-ship-biiilding and engineering alioptiin JS'eweiw(lc-on-Tg".e uml vicinity in the year 1874. Occupation. Wagaa. Ooonpatloii, Wages. Iron-molders S7 74 to $10 89 7 50 05 5 32 4 84 7 74 to 9 19 C 53 7 26 to 7 74 5 80 to '■ , , Koromen $10 80 to $14 .')3 « 77 to t< 22 7 20 to 8 n 5 32 to 5 ^ f Ilcst Machinists. . . < Ordinary ( Inferior Patterii-maliiirH and cmpoiiterH . . AasititaiitH , ,,, , Laljorora, i^arturH, itc ApprcMiticeH IrillHriL'htH 4 35 to ' 1 45 to 7 20 to 4 35 to Ilolpers Ki voters Holder.s-on IJraas-f.iuiiderH 'li to I'laoRcrs 9 08 to 11 :•. 6 77 to 7 . i 4 84 to 5 eO , llraaS'IitterB . . ... . llelpor.s Blaclismitlis Ilnss-t uriiers Sailmakers V; tj r , ; 10 Soptonibor, Wngcs. 2(1 to.-" 47 ■n t() "J CS 54 54 U. piT toll. ts. IM'V ton. i?i3 ;•! 6 -.1 ... 7 2G "54 4a to 2 90 .... n <-.'i!tfl. Hi rmit.s. 15 c.^uts, 15 ceiifs. Tbd wiilfli 3 following vs but lew this, its in iimum and )o tho true it tlio mean under ;^4,s'. 1 rate hero prr i('('(7i) paid Ic-oii-Ti/'ic (Did Wngcs. 810 e» til $14 ij2 (i 77 to P O.T 7 '-'(i to 8 71 5 ;t2 to .'• ■1 4 3ri to ' 1 45 to ■ 7 i!li to 4 ;i."i to 'I! to 1 '/111 ■ 1 ■ '■ ■ . la T 1 ^ ' . tc V 74 WAGES IN SCOTLAND. v.x.E.ox-rvN., iVot.««.er 25, 1874. ^a^^n- ^Ui,Uen (1 {'-'■"i 24 0,1 ^18 (II) ""*• f ■■'^^^^^t^^r^iii's^ay. 4 10 4 fi 5 5 3 GLASGOW, SCOTLAND. Population in 1871, 477,732 - y?fil^7S?mw^ ■rm'W, 350 LAllOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. While the iron, textile, and chemical proiluets of Glasfiow and vicinity are well known, the niannfiictnre of iron niaehiiiery, and more recently the bniidiiij'- of iron vessels, have given the Clyde a fame which is pos- sessed by no other river. SniP-BUILDING ON THE CLYBE. While in the days of wooden vessels tlie Clyde was noted for tlie marine-engines built by Napier and others, which attaimd the highest excellence of workmanship, the introduction of iron as the chief mate- rial used in building sea-going vessels, both sail and steam, has more recently rendered this small stream one of the celebrities of the world. From C'llasgow to Greenock, twenty miles, the river is almost lined with ship-yards, working to their full capacity in the building of merchant- shii)s. There are in all twenty-eight yards on the Clyde, and tliese have launched during the year L'27 vessels in all, Vvith an aggregate tonnage of 2li'l,l)0(). Tlie following table will speciiy the classes of vessels and touimge of each class for 1S72 : STEAMUnS. Niimhcr ApRrcKato Paddlc-wbcol Screw Hoppers aud dredges . SAILING. Iron Composite Wood Barnes YACHTS. Steam . Sailiui? 10 14(i U 1 U 14 8 O.'idO 1, 9U0 1,7(IU mo i,(ion 400 Total 227 224,000 Tlie larger of these vessels are destined to the following services : For the East Indian and China trade, 3S; West Indian trade, 0; South Ameri- can, 1>S; New York, 10; New Orleans, 0; Canadian, 7; African, 8; Mediterranean, French, and Spanish, 30. The others are chietly coasters. Tlie following is the aggregate tonnage launched from the Clyde yards during each of the last ten years. li^iCS 109,571 1801) 192,;!00 1870 180,401 1871 Ull!,2^« 1872 2'^4,000 1803 124,000 1804 178,505 1805 15:5, 9:i2 1800 124,513 1807 108,024 The year 1S72 has been the most prosperous one in ship-building yet experienced on the Clyde. Although the number of vessels launched has not been quite up to each of the last few years, the tonnage excoeils 1871 by 28,000 tons aud 1870 by 31,200 tons. The increase of last year has been larger than any yearly increase for many years past, and lias been entirely in the class of screw-steamexs. The year's tonnage of screw steam'- vessels is 40,800 tons above 1871 ; 67,000 tons above 1870; 73,000 tuns above 1809; aud 77,500 tons above 1808. But while the screw-vessels have so enormously increased, all the other classes seem on the decline. In the building of war-vessels, 1872 has been a blauk ou the Clyde. In paddle-steamers there has been a considerable decline, WAGES IN SCOTLAND. 351 ci,YDE snir-nuxLDiNo nuniNo 1873. as lu>t con para vWvw' ""''^"'t.,.« ,s„c]. .a ra. icaf e™ f.'r'''"""''' ''""'"'"'m " liVo n' f'aguificont ilcot. Oiu , f f ' , "" "'''^ steaii.ew as tl,o year's^ lr7-'*'"" ^-''''''I'any, 4 tho totals were a8,8 ^as an iiTOo rtho n""'"'' ™" •'"•'^itionaTves- ^^.eaa.eo..nlAS--^--.^t^t^^^^^ Tlio total mnnbrr nf f "" *''" ^'"'*^°"' °""J' M""-] Jan'ichedduHuiVle::,^'' ?" ^ross tounafr^ by 1-' G-!i* ti'''^'""*''""'''''* '^'^vo dmSl «.o.ss to„„a,„"'^ tt V sS'sa^^r /'^'^ '^'"' *"'^'^'t 0/ 'L"".S.s"' -■-■■"-«- "wt tlio avci-fo tnn.,T "^""V"*, suous a decri'aso of '») -"'o i- P"^^ "«'s year, while fbn *"i.iuast in tijo touuago of if«% 352 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. EXPORTS inOM OLASaoW TO THE T^NITED STATES. DnriK^j tlic year ending .tun" 30, .1S7:'. Mll^ iniportH iriro t!io Dnitcd States lioiii Scotland, cliiollj* lium (rlu.tyov., weic as IoIIowh : T\fi iron, (i:!5,093 (ous) §3,305,188 Old and utr.ii) iron ;il4,(i:t:i Stfol mi is 4rtl, «'j;! Htci'l iiif^ots, liMiM, &c , 117,0(i:, iSlccl ni.imil'iictmvH ti< 1, 171 Cdtlon goiidn y;it>,t'.S7 Otjicr col ton inannfiictiuos' S, '-!(W, DIM El.ix. law a(W,0,*'2 Flax niaiinCai'tmc!) 3,740,118 , 111 to nianiiliiL'tiircs 313, 'JdO Clicniicals 3U(Mi:i;( Siii,'ar, liKiwii 3l(i, ;!')1 Otlut aiiitius 2, f^m, Itll Total, 187^... M,341.,->TJ Total, )**l:', 14,34.1,770 Total, Ml l-,>, 1(!U, 4,-.^ RATES OF WAGES. Mr. CoiisTil .Toiikiiison, in tran.sniil t riijj' to the author a statement of tlio rates of wage.s at tlio close of tlie ,vear 1872, makes tlie following remarks in regard to the cause of the lluctnatious in the I'.ice of )al)or: United States Co?-:sui.atk, Ghggoit, Jaiinari/ 1, 1H73. Hou, Edward Yorxo, Chief of Jill reaii of Statistirs, Sir: Tlio condition oftln' laboring cl.isses in Scotland is i subject well worthy tlio careful .study of all wlio aro interested in solving tlu; great problem of labor in tlio United States, The last three years have been years of uii(!eaMiiig strife bel '.seen i.aiii- tal and labor, the employers and t!ie eniployi^s. " 'ioeking-on't," as it is ternn d, im the one side, and strikes on the other, have been of aiinost daily occurreiire. As thu capital of the country is in the hands of eoni])ara(ively lew, these can readily coiiibiiii> to put down the wages of labor, thus forcing t!ie iabore' into coiiil.iua"tioiis mid "unions" to put them up again. K-arly ev< :y trade ha^ ts " union. ' and alnio.st every locality its combination of t • nnio'i- All cL'u alike sutV.r from these ceaseless contentions between ma.ster . ,.' man. For instaiu e, for .some laontlis [ta.st ,1 struggle has been going on betwoon tins miners of this district and the jiroprietors enters, masons, tailors, &c., i.-^ nut more than 27s. per week, equivaieut to %G,3.j iu United tjtales gold. TES. 3 tlio tJnitetl 4: ... 82, nor,, 188 ;!|.j,(i;!:t 4.-i4,7',>:! 117, (Km !.>7l,17l ... 2,'5)(l,;n>* aoH.o.vi ... 3,740, IW :u(i, isr.i ... o.fiM, ii;i ... M.IMI,,-.;'! ... m,:mi,7to ... 1:J, KJU, l.VJ tomciil of tlio Aiiigix'iimrks tbor : N8UI.ATE, Hilary 1, 1^73. iVell vortliy llio of liil)oi' in tlio L* bcl Witi'U r;[\>\- it is tfi'uird, cm rrcncc. An fliu •cadily coinliliio iiliiuiitions iuii! 1!,'' and iilaiost ffiT IVoiii tlii.se I iiiontliM pii.st :i > ])i'ii]iri(^t(ii''i of iid siirt'f'in^f to of coals to the are ii'i- • sclliiii; hero ; iron jiinl bvo onornionsly ii forei!,'!! 111111 or lower tliaii rici's abroad. It' lilo, if tlioy l';iil i arc, tlu'ri'f ■ ouditioii of condition, lir: iiliroad lit luv vv. " " [Ivanced tlii) an niecliaiiii' mo iiistaiu'i'.s ;ivenige pny ilors, &c., is Stales guiu. WAGES I.\ SC0TL.1.VD. >> fiffen III OHihnnhin ./•- > • ^^° l;att.Tii.iiii,k,,r, i iiriKTi, . i'liuirrn I'lillcm.. ••'iiiiHiiors . " ■ ■"ill'TH.... ■■■■ Sinitlig .'■■■ Hnnmieimcu.'.'" Haters . Kivctcrg . ('slkerg... 'Toineru . . SawyoiH W'ngt'i, *n (19 « -li) (i i;i J w « u « sr i A4 7 70 « \m \ I'osliillpcl Inbor Carpontcrs . . p";;!;;.""'""-- Jioldirsdu....' Avc.rQ««ol-„ll,iu,„,.. ., #6 04 8 87 S30 « 49 n 3U 3 UO ~Tu. 3 63 « 03 3 as 3 67 to eaeb. " ""^' ''-- "orlcs ie«pectivel • ^C/'LI.?:?"!,'' «"^' in tlio -"^ '^"'^'*' States gold and the gen. m 354 LAUOR IN KLUOPK AND AMERICA. enil avt'iase Kivcii, which iiiiiomit.s t<. $7.(>7.J in the onKiiu'crinK-wmlia and iii7.13 in the ship-yiud; or to eT.DU anil lyS.lL', icsijcctivcly, in law- ful mouoy of the United States. Anninr mdJy ivnn''^ (p,)- 'irvl of 51 ho.'r^) u,ii,l to pn-s,wH (miAoijid in Ihcatahwcrivn, fcoi/c/'-Hm/,./;;/,..,!./ ->/.->/.»//.'.'>!/ Horl^ r/jj„ LNn-.y t\,.,ul Uln^^jow and Uuva,,, in the ijinr IS'-l. EXtasrEuiNo and uoiixit wunus. bllll'-DLILL'LSa VAP.U. Ill Ol'lMlI.llli''li. ■ a*- ! ?is Ol'CMpntillU. Ifl lis 4!( 44 4 B'tl) 107 7 IJ 5 tt ;i4 D4 Hi 4 11) 'J4 2S :w 10 i; ii'j MacliiiiUtj: Jli>t OnliiiMrv lllffllnl-' HllpiTM rattiiiiuiukeia auil jwlui-rs . TiiiLors Kiijiliii'lltti'l'" Ill lick Slli it ll.H 1Iiiinnii^i'iiii-it MilhvrlfTliU A iiiirenlltes LulioriTs ItrasH't'imuiU'r!) Fnmiilciy ssera FouiKletV laliorera lilaHS-lllilsllPM C'opiK'i.iuiitU.'i C.'rauo-iui'U ■ \i\fi)H\» liiiiler-makora Itivi'tuiH and callara lIi)Ill('I-iiiU l''laii;;r lilacksniilljs Ilniiiiiiui'iui'U Appreiituxs lifvi.t-lio.vs Labdi'eis (ir Iiclpi'i's Foroiui-'U, (uu^iueiT, &<). Siimliv Fittiia Avi r.1'4 330 II i:i 78 Hill 14(1 13J OS ^A Slili Al 18 7 e 37 S.-ili 40 a:. 4:1 1:1 10 85 1:1 rvj 4."> 4."i 2-i7 111 9 80 7 0^1 1,407 n 6 fi. 4 aj 6 (.:( 4 10 1 ei) e« 4 n 7 Ul 9 :iO 7 ii' 7 H C 17 7 !l- 3 O'? »< 'JJ 7 !• 7 H 1) r,j 7 71 7 74 4 t;r. 4 m f) Ml 4 '.'Ii • lu ei' 7 1) 1 1 aiul lit'inpi'!! itui'e of liiicii ;liiiiing ot till' II3' incroiisoil en appliod to ;aml-spiuiiii);; cbiet" article;) iml bajiginj;. niifaetiu'o, in- te are aluioijt of this mate- ons annually, ni 2 to 3 ponce 1 the clicapest tlos of fabrics great beauty, snndise, sacks , The annual valiw „f ti,,, a,,^ , •loe is npwan! of £:i,im,m!: ' ^''"'^'' "'"' J"f^' "'anulacturcs :a Duh- FACTOUYLABon. Occuiiiitiiii. Juti.j.piniiln);,]),v,,a,.iugiiat i'l.riiiien " Wiinjiii .... Hoys, IJ to ISJWiVV .'uto, eiilijiiuis Hut ! Jiiiliiiit'rs, woimn . Miilers, Kills,, lotoi.-,;.,.^ T, ,, .*' t"l-!.Viiirs) .... ° B.iIibm.wiu,i,.rH, womiu . ' ..'liwindcrs, WDujou H :ii|iers, womeu , « H t,. ■.> 4> 1 ti'J to I U3 2 49 to a Cfl I 1 cl fi) 1 DU 1 57 to 1 t;u !!« to CO •- I'li t.) 2 .10 '-' 'iii to ;i 14 lilt to 4 13 C Ki to 7 •21) - IJli to 3 3s « --0 to 8 71 .''.'illl'I-.S nhiciiMuiiti,., ;_■;_■ Masoiiii I.nl)ori>M ... J'la.st(T..r8...;'"' i'liiiiili,'r.s .... IirnB.H.Uui.,i,eVa';' MoIiU r.^ ... nakeis ;;■■• I'aiiiters "" ^'lilm.i... i'oui,.,,tic8;.;.V;;nis il.itisoiiiaiU.s . . <.'oolis, WOlUc-u unnleucis, un'u $11 29 •) 7T f7 onto 8 47 ■I U to 4 H4 5 =1 to (J (i.l 7 S(i 6 03 C 7.? fo 7 7 J •' aj to B 78 5 Pi to 7 2() I! 2!> to 7 21) 5 el to C 7d ••■^ 03 to (17 7fi t." I 5 30 to 5 0(j ^^^^^^^i^r^*!^!^;^^ '' " >"•.-"... 'W'agcs por Tveek. Ocpiipiitloii. Jiitc-iiicUors . ■Mrikcrs-up .... ' iiiiJntsoftencra."" lifpaiers .^piiiuura L'TOraospiuuers.' J lucera " ' ' " ;'vi'«-iniiiis"." '"' »il^p.^v■iulltM. ;.'.■.■.■;; hVagcsporwcek. Occiijmtiuu. 2CG |?3'd1 2 at;on. W.iaos per wi oli. Blaclismitbs I $:. 70 tn 50 24 Bricklayers and luasous Cabinetmakers Carpenters Coopers Miners llachinists Painters 8 JO to 9 CO 00 to 7 ao 7 eo to 7 08 fi 4S to 7 20 10 00 to 12 00 i e 00 to 7 00 I C 72 to 7 20 ' Occnpation. Plasterers Shoemakers Stone-cutters Tailors Tanners Tin-smiths Wheelwrights Hours of labor per ■week, 51 Wases per week. ?8 16 to $8 <14 6 00 to 8 40 8 40 to 9 CO 6 00 to 7 20 5 23 to 6 00 f) Sa to 6 4d e 72 to 7 20 rAr.lI A\D OTHER LAF.OK. Farm-han,ls..|5^j]^^--1.:;;;;:::;::::; Common laborers at other than farm-work Female servants Wages per month. $12 40 to Jl.") 00, wi«i board. 11 20 to 12 40, with board. 2:) 84 without board. 4 20 to JIO 00, with board. Mr. P. rieiuiug-, of Duiuloo, emigration agent, -u-hea in Wa-sliington, fnriii.sbed the following rates of wage.s, per week of lifty-ouo hours, obtained in that town in 1S72 : Occupation. "Wa^ca. | Occupation. Wages. JO 05 to $7 20 per we-k, .•i fli to () 0.") per week. e 17 per week. 14 per hour. MoMers (i 7;^ to $7 21 por Tvrek. TrVoavcrs 2 f'O to IKiH per wcok. ■ S])iiii]r'r.s . l'^ to 2 4',' per w<'ok. ' Plasterers Masons I'ainters Cicneral baiu:?. (temalr). l *j\ to '-; 1^ por week. 1 12 per hour. LEITH, SCOTLAND. ropulation in 1S71, 44,280. > This i.s the sea-port of Edinbnrgli, from which it is only abont a. mile and a half distant. The water of Leith, at its confluence with the Frith of rorth, divides the town into two parts, called, respectively, Xortli and South Leith. The principal buildings are the exchange, the custom- hou.se, thetown-house, the eliureh of South Leith, and the lores — a mil- itary station for a .small body of artillery. The chief manufactures of Leith are rojies, sailcloth, locoiimlivc- engines and UJachinery, glas.s, soap, ale, refined sugar, and oil-scnl cakes. Iron and timber ship-l.uildiiig i.s also carried on to a cousideni- blc extent. KATES OF ^YAGES IN 1872. The following statements, showing the rates of wage.s paid in b'^T2 for mechanical and agricultural labor in the lA'ith consular districr, which includes the city of Edinburgh, were furnished by Mr. Coihsiil liobeson : in the consular Wnaes per TveeK. ■ t8 16 to $8 (14 6 00 to 8 40 B 41) to 9 CO 6 00 to 7 1!0 5 28 to 6 00 5 52 to 6 Ai e 72 to 7 ao 1. per month. 00, witti boird. •10, with boiird. It board. 00, with board. ^^ashingtoii, f-ono hours, AVajies. 5 $7 2fi per wC"Ic, ^ ti 0."i per w«tk. er wcok. or liour. er hour. iihout iv mile itlitlie Fi'ilh ivoly, Noi'ili , tlieciistoiii- Ibrts — 11 mil- locomotive- iiiul oil-sct'il ii coii^itlt'iii- |iai;l i:i ISTJ ilai- district. ^- Mr. Consul 'VAGES i:>- SCOTLAND. I. ilasoiia H, Joinora C 7J "l-rinmbcr.s i;. lilacksmiths.... V. PJasteiera ...".■■■■■■ VI. Tiiisniitha 6 SO Vir. Bootmaters: Closers . . ^''i&v:s:T:f:f.r'''"'' ilechanica, tenter.s, Sec. ^ouns women and ^irla. '^•&ta«d:'"'^'"'"-"^'''f3 = Soeond.clas!> li.-u; iJ Tlurd-claa3 hands .■.,.■;;■■ "•.••■• X Painters : Journeymen honse.pai,i.p„ Ora,u.mena.d..,aLentaTf,ain{ora: I ?0 84 to 1 ')l . per dav. fOet togl SI per d:;v. 2 40 S:/^3 and $3 87. ''-Sis;"S^?rr"''^^-'"ced„y l'"m uala • |,I„^';;^,':? «"""," arising stated at Jti.os. " "' "''* yi-'ai-.-iay bo o" Saturday" o'"'/^ ^"Js «"? « 'iours MteoflOd. (lo cents lo^*"! '""'' «' '''o !'''^»ic3 i., not™ fiibi ,'"■'^■'°*'.'"«• Do. a-o KreatirmM IL' '''•''';°f '"'•sons, }'■'>i'tbe,^ and ?|?o a ?.*'"? ""a^'aWe I'-'iirs , Xov. WT to ,jau t" "■''ia.r.s 5 to Feb. U, b ,//n .' V'l''-'7""i J-l". U t urdaya :, bouix "^ ''''^■=* "" ^ Sat- -iccordin-toabiMtr ■'I'-'kcii time. Ho. Do. Extra time is pai,] f, This cl.if3 has no [Extra tinie is paid f„r are„f 'idins to cir. -at:vesarenotlia;;i:;'j;^J^;;-,0P; Bovs . i'^^'^;«ct^,||:•^-<^•;;^J2^-v.e.a^^^^^ ''^''o^p:K'"'''^<>--E'l-bargh:| J-et tor-press giils..;:: li-krn^';;'^-'"'''^'''"^"'^'^:::: <;irl3 •jowers ami VohlVrs.' Apprentices.. ■t "0 lollowinitT nro" t iin r',»',V " ;• rvCgiiLiriay-hands. t'--nter?M^^^lrr;;E:j,(^- 'm Work w ,„„;?„ •"i'l'^y- hj?-n::/te^^^;^it;;"'"-n'-^^ «J uon,..- ,n H /f,,* V '"'« ';V, 5 days and tive., have no . i!^,f; ..iliPs.Mmera. "•orkino.1,,,, " ',';", "?'"■, "Id tlm .vear roHu -^''^'^""-"J obtain all thu v'G fO to 7 20 •> 78 to 7 2ii I ' t' to 1 4.1 1 4o to a 00 90 to 7 74 M 20 to 8 47 1 »4 to a 00 I 1 ■)■■> to 3 15 (JO to 1 21 Compositors 7 SO I Casual uigut-hauds.: •^"ordinfftoabiUty. t Xho prineipa, ' 21, to 10 40 S 47 to 13 31 Acoordins to ability. 1 S58 LABOR IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. Siatnncnt Klwirin'j the rates of icarjcs j'fid to maliauics in Icith, .J'-c— Coutiuued. Classes of oi^ernlirts. Eates of TTnppn paid in tl]o olSio of the Il.iily Si'utsiuau. — L'uutiuui'il. ^MacbiniHtii ilachinista, feedera, (boya, 10 to 24 \ears.) In ihe tstabli>ilimpnt of tbe Eilin- buigb Coiuaut. SIT. Carters ... Sill. Laiiorer.s Eemarka. DnT.r'imjiositorsnre paid ritthprateof Cd anili •'!., nndniubt-compositoraTJd. and 8(1., ]■. r 1,000 tyiies. mcording to aize. Tins obtains alftbe ypar ronnd. ilaaons' laborors ftvorngo weekly Traces throughout tho year may be stated at J^.M. Davlaborers in country and land-ward districtsaro paid at tho rates of li cent.'? nud 84 cents jier day, but tiiliinft into consideration tbo brokfu time towbich they are exposed, tho av. eraj;o -weeUlv fi'rniuKa of tlmt class do not exceed tbo sum.s of $3.84 or f l.O.-f. Some elas-sea of laborers have little or no broken time, bntitisesti. mated that the nverago Wiiekly earn- inan of a laborer in Seotland may ho stated at from ^;).3G to 64.32 per week. ACrRICrLTURAL LABOR IN SCOTLAND. Tdhii Kjsoiriiiij the fjs of agricultural huioras hi Svolland. *Aiinual earuiufs. CIa«s. In money. lu gains. Total. Farm-sttv.-.ui;-' ?101 C4 IIG SS 3i loads oatnie.il, at 40s., £G 10s. ; 12 bnshels barley, at 4s., £-2 »3. ; 1,000 yards gtonnd for planting po- tatoes, £4 ; oow kept. £' I'bouso and t;arileii, £3 ; f 220 !!!> Farra-hiiid.5 ilo 2U7 03 OJ.l OJ I'arm shejibevds roro.stors : Over-ieers _^ e,- 03 3 G3 Uidiuary liaud.'i * These are tlie waies. &o., actnallv paid to tho farm-servants on a farm about 2j miles distant from (ho citv of £(Hnbnr(:h. and niav bo stated n.« a fair avorajxo ?L:i:i.04 to .v38.Vli. Jn addition to this wage they have bed, and bocird, ai.d wai^hiui;-. On some fann.s it is imperative on 'the hind to provide a bendap;er lor lield-labor, and he hires one ac- cordinji'y. The beudajter lod.ues in the hind's hou.se and shares the fam- ily living-. For her services on tho farm the farmer pays the hind at tho rate of i,').~ cents a i]v,y i'c-v vAv.o. montlis of the year, and 24.2 cents per day :'or three mor'.tlis. ^\ ith an allowance of •'^4.84 lor harvest-food, utiuued. I nttlioratPofCil imsitoraTJd. aud irditig to aize. roniul. ;o weekly -waEPS Tiay bo Btateil at, n country aud paidat tho rateM iita per day, but tion tho broken exposed, the av- ;s of that class lima of t3.P4 or f laborers havo no, but it isesti- <;e wi'ekly earn- ieotland iuay bo ) J4.3ii per week. "^3 Total. 9 1 1S03 Mi 21 5.-, m 3 03 les distant from farm-servants ia ■ keeji one or twi> iifcluv,uo. It i>i or iiicluau'iicy of ■lulagors," a lu'o females, If-year their jm\ ability ; case, 838.7:1 :o this wage ■! imperative lii'os one ac- res the lam- ' hind iit the I 2J.2 cents ai'vest-ibotl, WAGES IX IRELAND. inl source of comnlaiut n nn /t ' , • ^l"' •'•''-'^^'"' <'^' I'^^'Hlage these (lavs of (r,, n mk , ° ^^^''^'^''^ ^-''o-se circum.sta1.c each compelled to rn^/Ar^'f''"V-^' '^'"^'-^'^ ^'^ ^'*'»'S' thus, a y,Kcny. LiuK-r. :' Cork.".;;; ■ Lmnm, Jr;,yo, llJ.ocnnmon-J Sliuo 5 -'inter.. (■^■■- IT to ■J-, to :nto 33 I....."" -•■1 ,iO U4 to •■■I --'-Ito ■;;::::; [ ' -^^ -oto ■i^a ■l:i 37 30 to iii' 3Tto 3Jto ,10 II, ] 70 1 ,-.., 1 •J ■>■.] 1 jej 3- 33 \"' •1:; UT to :3 'o6 1 fj "si's: to' ,"i(i "fo 1 21 . . . .^.n ^i 33 S t» 4= oV 1 33 S3 to 4; 67 m 360 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Statcnwit ahoiciiifj the nilcs of tniyes paid for mechanical and other labor in Ireland in the year 1&73. Occupation, JIECUiVXICS. ElacVsmiths Bricklaj-orn, masons — Cabinet-iiinkera Carjicatera Coopers jSIaohinists Paintera Plastertns Slioemaki-i s Stone-cutti'ia Tailors Taniieis TinsinitliR ■WliuelwriglUs FAHM LABOREllS. Esppricncpd liauils : In snnnuer In winter Ordinary liauds: In siraimer In winter Conimon lal)nrera, at otlier than farm work Temalo servants ^ MISCELLANEOUS. Seamen Xaljorers or unskilleU ■norkmcn, 1S74 Apprentices or bnys, 1874 rorenien or ovtrsLers, lfiT-1 ■VVaterford. Cork. Londonderry. S8 40 B "2 7 ao « 24 a '6 1 50 C 00 « -a C 00 C 72 C 00 per week per week per week per week... per week to SO CO per week. per week per week per week to 87 20 per week, per week 7 20 per week (J 24 to ^1) 72 per week.. S So 84 per week . 33 per week. Ci 84 per week 1 4ti per day 7 30 per week 5 84 per week 33 per week 1 40 per (lay 1 40 per (lay 09 to S7 30 per week ! per week . . . 72 per day. 00 pur day. CO per day 4d per day 43 per day CO 00 per annum 3 41 per week . S 43 pur week. 2 02 per week . 1 Uj per week. 12 40 to 515 per mouth. 2 02 per week . 1 40 per week. 73 per week . $0 84 to $1 84 to 1 96 to 72 to 72 to 1 20 to 1 08 to OO to 5 7(i to 06 to 5 88 to 4 32 to 3 CO to 4 32 to 32 per day. 32 per day, 04 per day. 32 per day. 08 per day. 80 per day. 56 per day. 44 per day. 24 per week. 44 per day. 38 per week. 70 per week. 80 per iveel* 70 per week. 30 to 30 to •32 to 32 to 40 per day. 40 per day. 30 per day. 36 per day. 30 to 72 per day. 40 00 to CO 00 per annum. Mr. E. H. Derby, of Boston, who travelotl in Irelaud iu 1S72, gives the following memoranda in regard to wage.s at that time : Londonderry— servant cirls, 13.9. per month ; servant men, from £10 to £U per year ; masons, is. per day. Girls in shirt factories earned an each of Ss. ; 'many at piecework earned from Gs. 4i7. to £1 per week Housemaids in Dublin get £10 per year. A washerwoman earns Is. C^. per day. ^Vages of farm laborers, with board, 106\ to 12s. per weeli. Extra help 2s. to 3s. each per day. BELFAST. Topnlation in 1S71, 171,113. ■, ,, , Bi^lfast is the chief manufacturing and cominorcial town and the great depot of the linen trade of the north of Ireland. It is the center ot the Irish linen manufacture,* to the cultivation of which it is mamly in- debted for its prosperty. There are also flour-mills and saw-mili.s, tbunderies, tanneries, breweries, and distilleries, a felt manufactory and vitriol- works, and being a maritime town it has extensive ship and rope yards. It presents an appearance of bustling activity not to be found elsewhere iu Irelaud. . • Linen was \voven in Irelaud as eai-lv us the olevuuth coutui y, but the lirst nicutiou of Irish lineu oo rononl occurs iu the tbirtceuth ceutuiy, it Ijoiiig stated that lu Ka it was u.sed iu Winchester. Ireland in the louderry. 1 32 per clay. 1 ;« per 24 per week. 1 44 per day. V< 3ti per week. D 7ti per week. 4 80 per weel<« 5 70 per week. 40 per d.TV. 40 per day. 3i! per day. 36 per day. 72 per day. OOperaumm. 1872, gives 1, from £10 > earueil an ;i per week in earns l.v. ). per week. WAGES IN IRELAND. IKON-Snir-BUlLDlNa AM. EXGINEERLNa WOEKS. 361 Facilities for this brai.cli of u ustn eaZt^V^ ^^"^ ^^'^"^« ^tar Line, possessed at Belfast; indeed bTratesT^l *'''"' ^" "^« Clyde, are lower. The following rates Sbfthpf.-n^r '"'^ '^'^^ *« l^^' somewhat liirnished for this report Siu-Lh^^.h^.^ "^ as the statements nulde ^the'^li™ "f AH s^r?''V *\"n""^^ '" ''''^ detail .ow, are, therefore, not so^aluahK ^l^^fof"^:^:;: '' ""'''• Platers, rivcter.s, and calkers ii'Muers-ou Kill Wrights... '.\.' Joiners Paiuters Sawyers .'." ei 13 68 1 29 1 10 1 17 98 Hijrffers Smiths '.'.'.'.'. naiuiiieruiou rin^.a,ulpatteri^Uers: f 1 09 1 06 I 15 63 -BrBLIX. Population in 1871, 2G7 717 enrlHa;.^!!?"'^ S^^}^^}^''^^^^f'\ n high anti^uitv. In the ll(;U>jthcEi,glish ndor So 0^"%^^'^*-^" ^^^V^e Danes, and in to Jnsh poplin.^ stocking^, cottou in i ^'- ^^'«" '^^^ and apparel are thiivin- but nS n^f ^ ^^"^ """"^ articles of jewelrv the population. The weH-knowu D d>?^ r^'T"'- ^^ ^"^ "" small partdf the trade of the city, the exnoits i^ s-i^'^'^"', '•' ^" ^"iportant item in Mr. Wilson King? UnitecV S Ses consur^i' n"l p'"'-^'^ liogsheads. November 2i, 1873, writes as follows: "'''"'' ""'''^^' "^^^"^ of hSl^V'^"^ "''^Sti?f ;S:;;7!?^ ^i^J-^ than tl,ev fbr.nerly IS slightly dearer, but meat, siicrar nmi tJ r ^^ •'•'^"'•uced proportiouateiv Kiph J same as before tb'e advance fil^ake". ''' ""'' *-'''^'" "='''"'-'iI' ^^" be bad for u^arfv ?S id the groat ?nter of the mainly in- saw-mill.s, lauufactory re ship and V not to be Ih'st nioutioB 1 that iu Wi Wfll SG2 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMiCKK'A. li ' itfiij AGKICULTVRAL WAGES IN ENGLAND AND WALES. J!nte^ of agricultural wagn and nmount of wnlhj niruiiKjH fur mm, u'diiuii, uiul childnti, in each county of England ami dVi/fs, in i/u (jiuirlirn mdld 'Miihitil.ndx and Vlniotmas, IBGU, and Lady Day and Midtnninn >-, le7((. [Compiled from parliamentary | apers, Xu. .'iTl, of »es»loii lf*0, mid Nd. \fl, of sesBiou 1S71.] Districts and counties. Qnnrters eij>liil— BOUinEASTERS. Sarrej.. iricliaehnaa, Im'Ii* ('liristniiis, I'tiil Lativ Day, l!l-70. . Kent ilicljaeli'uas, ISGU' i (,'In Istmas, 16CH . . ILailyDay, IfclO... I MidaumiiH'r, IbTO Snssts I iliebaelmns, IcC'J' Christmas, IfOJ .. Lady IJay, 1670... ilidaunimer, lr70 Michaelmas, Ifii'J* Christmas, l^^!l• .. Lady Day, lc70.... Slidsumiuer, lf70 Alicbaclmas, I?tlii» Christmas, 1M'',I ... Lady Day. Ir'.O... ilid.^ium'uer, 1?70 . Soiith.imptou Berkshire. KoriU'mptoDsliire SOlIil MIDL.VXD. Herts I Miehaehins. l-O'.i*. Cliristmas, l-i'.i ... I Lady Day, 1^70 Jlid'smnmer, 1870 . ilichqelmas, 18ii'J*. Christinas, l^Oli ... Lady Day, 1-70 Midsnnimir, If-'.O . iliehaelmas, lr'''U*. Christma.s, l-i!!P ... Lady Day, lft70 Midsiuiiiiier, 1370 . iliehaelmas, IStiU*. Christmas, ISilfl ... LadyD.iy, It-70.... -Midsniaiiier, l-7il'. ilichaeliu.i.s 1:G,I*. Huntiii;;don . Bodlurilihirc. Cambridge.. Esvex SnflV. Xor:-i];;... Eovrn'.VK? TViits DjKtt. .! Sliehnolm.Tx, l-nfi*.l j l.'hristtiia.s. l^iM* ..' I Lady Day, l-:0.... I llidsiimiiiev, 1670 . ., Micheelni.i.i, li?G9*. i (.Ihri.iitma.s, ISiiS ... I Lady Day, 1670.... i Midsummer, 1670 . . Mii'hai-!m.-i.s, 1-uj'. j Ch:-istiiias, ^^t;'.l ... Lady Day, 1;70.... ilid.-.ummer, It'U*. .'■Midia.lni.-.s. l-ra». I Christmas, IWil ... I Lady Day, 1S70 I iridsiimi'uer, l-'-lO*. .| -Michieliuas, l?fi&*. ; Christmas, IdiiO ... Lady Day, 1870.... I ilid'surai'iier, ls70*. ileu. ■Weekly wa;;i« without lodij. ■ iny and food. .*3 II to ;t 35 to .1 11 to 3 11 tu 2 CO to i! ti(i to •J I'.li to a lib to 2 12 to 2 42 to 2 W to 1 'SJ to 2 17 to 2 72 to 2 .'il to 2 CO to S 78 to 2 fiO to 2 42 to 2 <;i.' to 2 (ill to no to 42 to 42 to 42 to 42 to 9 I 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 1 2 4' 2 4^ 2 4: 2 •!■ 2 i 2 4^ 2 4 to to to to to to to to to to to 2 to 2 42 to 2 2ii to 2 211 to 2 42 to 2 17 to 2 05 to 2 o:. to 2 17 to Wfelily I'ani' IliKH liy luHk- work. ?:! ns ;i 14 :i yt< 3 (il) 3 (iJ 3 03 3 38 3 ant 2 iUlt 3 14 1 2 90 2 0(1 2 00 2 00 2 iiO 3 14 2 42 2 42 2 42 4 34 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 21) 2 90 2 90 3 pT 2 t^O 2 00 2 42 3 03 3 3H 3 3« 3 3 J 2 yj iS3 03 to fl !• I 3 l!3 3 0.1 3 Ih! 2 90 2 9; I 2 90 2 90 2 99 2 90 3 II 3 14 3 14 3 14 2 90 2 00 2 GO I 2 90 I 2 421 2 17 1: 2 90 1 3 oat, 4 ■X> to 3 03 lo 3 3a to 3 03 to 3 14 to 3 O'J to 3 14 lo 4 3,'i lo 2 90 lo 2 90 lo 2 90 to 3 03 to 2 42 lo 2 00 lo 2 9U lo O.'i •I 3.'. 1 II I II ■I fl 3 113 4 X, 3 113 4 f\ 3 20 3 o:i 3 03 4 M 3 14 3 14 3 03 (■3 to 3- to 3S to 14 to l',■^ lo 00 to Oii to .1 47 3 20 3 Ull 3 03 li O.'i 4 II 3 03 .'i 0.- 4 3,", 3 'M 2 nil 2 911 .% .'12 2 90 2 \m 3 (i3 to 3 2 90 t.i 7 '.'il a 42 to 42 lo 3c; lo 2 90 to 3 >-7 3 3m 7 20 2 90 3 14 to 9U to 90 to 3 i^T M 2 90 to 2 90 lo 3 11 lo 3 03 to 2 90 lo 2 17 li, 2 42 (I. 4 3.-I 3 113 8 90 3 «• 4 3.' 3 14 3 03 3 :ty i ;;:• 3 14 3 «0 i a.'. Women. W'eelily wajres wllhoutlodu- iii)( unil food. Children under lli. Weekly wa^'es without liidir- iug iiud loud. $1 21 to ?1 4.-I I 21 lo I 33 to 1 4j to 1 45 to 1 21 to 1 21 to 72 to 72 lo im; to 1 21 lo 911 to 90 lo 90 to 90 to 7J lo 90 to 90 to 1 21 to 4. 1 4. -I a 17 1 45 1 (il 1 45 1 45 1 21 1 45 1 45 1 21 9ii I 21 1 21 1 45 1 0^' 1 OH 1 21 1 0^ 1 08 90 00 1 45 1 45 1 45 1 45 1 45 1 21 1 21 1 21 1 45 1 21 to 72 lo ."I lo ^l lo M to 81 to 90 to 90 to 72 to 72 lo 9ii to 72 to 90 lo '4 to ^4 lo ? I to 1 45 1 21 1 21 1 45 1 21 1 08 1 118 90 ' iti'i i 1 21 1 21 I 1 0* I 1 21 ' 45 21 45 21 90 90 !>0 ?0 9ti to $1 (]} 02 to 1 08 to 72 to 72 to 72 to 90 to 48 to 72 to 72 to 72 to 9(i to PI to 72 to 1 21 lo 84 to 1-4 to c4 to 06 to 9C to 84 to 4s to 84 to 00 to 72 to 72 to ro to 00 to OII to 00 to 48 to ■i^ to 48 to 48 to 48 lo 48 to 48 to 48 to 48 to 24 to 48 to 48 to 48 <.. ■ With beer at hay-time and hi'rvest. 72 to 84 to 72 to 1 t r.sually v'itix beef «t lllirvcsWllUP. ' With I'u' 4- to 4* tit 4s to 48 t.) 4>^ to •it to 4H to 72 to 1 lis 1 21 1 19 1 93 1 21 1 21 1 49 1 OS 1 4,7 90 1 21 1 21 1 :i:i 1 21 1 119 1 (ill 1 il 2 m % 1 OS !«; 1 4,1 1 e< 1 IK 1 l.-i I'll 1 i> iiii 1 4,-, 1 21 1 21 1 4.-; 1 ri 1 '!'. I 4.5 1 4.1 1 US ilC 1 4,-. 1 45 1 CI 1 -.H ! u'l 1 '.^l 1 ir, 1 4'. 1 4,-. 1 4.'i 1 I'r^ I'll 1 -l.-i 1 C!) Devoiislii 111(1 children, in lirietmas, lati'j, 1 45 48 t,. I l-i 48 to % 48 to 145 72 to 1 oil AGRICULTURAL WAGES IX KNOLAXD AND WALES. 363 Districts cuuiiti anil IC'». QiinrtiTt- in, !..,'_ -Men. Women. CLililren under 10. i"«n„„,.,oa.| ':t;!^:>'--'-\ -;;';:;;;fl!"'«- Devdiishiiv .. Ciirn\r;ill .. Somcrs. t . . WKsr MlDLAXli. Gloi:custersliire., ■ ' ^i' li.K'lui.i.i, ]8(i!c I '-'lii'istiii:i-i. Ijcp* ' ' '"Illy Jl^iy. )>:(i'*. ' -Mi'lsiiiiirncr, 1-70- . -Mii'liiitliiuix, 1m;(i.' >-'liii.-;ln]ii.s, If (ill : l-iiil.vj>:iy, le:()..:' I Jilii.-'iuiiimi, l-'TO i jJi!'liii"lni,is l-c'i- I <.'lllistll!ils, IMI'I' * ■ {f:'y Hiiy, 1,-70;' ;; I •iliiiMiuiiiier, IcttO'. ' Jli'Iiniliii.iN. 18119* , <'llliMllul», l-|i|IJ Liiily lliiv, l,<7(l* ' Weekly vragea "■itliotitlodg. iD«- ulU lood. ncrefoiilsliiif Sliriip.-iliiro.. St.'iQml.... Woicestorsliire Warwiclcsliii .NOKTII MIDLA.ND. Ldcostersljirc . . ^jiiNiimnicr, l.-;o . I JiHluielmaN. ]ri;:i- I • llll'^tlilil.s, IXII- ' j {-'Illy Hiiv, l-7ii' I :i[!il-niiiiiirr, |--(r • Jllrli;ii||]iM>, iMilr I Y'l'i'i'iiiiis, i8ij:i« I I-ailyDav, 1^70* I JJiilsniiiiiier, 1,-70* ->Iii Ii:iiiiii,i,s. IsD'j ■ ''liii,^tiiin,«, l-CO' I f/l'j.^'J'ii.v. 1870*.!; I ^Jlil-iiinii/i r, It70 > (-'lili.stiun.s, K-i!'l' LnilvDay, 187(1 '.! Jli'is-niiiiiier, l-:o -»li''ii,iiliiia.s l-ii!i- C'lnistMas, l-iai I-nilyDny, ]8;n," ^•''■■uuiiijer, Jr7o Kiitl^Mul . Liiicoiu. ..' ^!(]!,i(Jii]ns, ]8(;9 Cliristmn.s, l-rtd jLaily Day. 1870.;; I AIiiLsuuimer, 1870 .. Slicliaelnia.s l.i(i9* (Uiii.stmas, ]8ii.f) Lady Uay, 1870.!! j ^Md.sniimior, i>7n' .1 Mieliaelnins. l-(;;i* j Clii'istina«, ]8i;i) Lady Day, 1870.!; V,,,- , , -slid-'nniiuer, l!770 -Nofiiighoinshire.! II ieliaelma.70..!! I llidsaiuiner, 1870 " hay.tiro».^ndh,irv«t. trsnallv I » •' iMi.d and cider at luirvf with boor at Ii.irvosttir.ie t-tinie, and a cottage, io. ■*'551|f^F' 364 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. liatea of agricultural icagea and amount ofti;eekly earniiiga, tjc— Continued. I r ' Districts and cuuutica. Qunrtors cuiled- Meu. Wpt?kl,v w.iOTa witlioiit hmii- iug and I'uoil. TOKKSUinC. ■WostKiding... Ifortli Hiding . . NOllTIlnUN. Diirbam ITortliumburlaud , Cumbeiland . ■Westmoreland . . ■n'ELsu. Jlonmoutlj . . WALES. VnioiiS. Hertbyr Tydfil . Eridgend and Cowbridt;!;. Gowcr . Llanelly . Llaudila-fawr Carmarthen Havcrfordwiat... Cardigan Miobaclmns, I'^fiOt. $,■) 33 to $3 SO Cbri«tiim», lelJ!) .. Lad.v Day, 1670... Midsiiiuiuor, IrtO Micliaelums, li'(iU Cbristiuas, If^G!) . . Lady Day, 1*70... Midaumiuer, lci70 Micliaclmas.l^OOj. Christmas, 18H9 ... Lady Day, 1S70 Midsummer, 1670 . Michaelmas, IciiJ'J . Christmas, IfU'J ... Lady Day, 1b70... Midsummer, 1670 . Michaelmas, 16t)'J.. Christmas, 1309 ... Lady Day, 1870 Midsummer, 1670 . Michaelmas, 16005. Christinas, li69 ... Lady Day, 1670.... Midsummer, lo70 . Michaelmas, 1-69 Christmas, l-^iiO .. Lady Day, lei7U... Midsummer, 1,-70 3 au to 3 99 3 20 to 4 11 3 03 to 4 3j 3 03 to 4 78 T 90 to 3 H7 a 90 to 3 03 3 03 to 4 35 3 03 to 4 3.1 3 03 to 3 87 3 03 to 4 11 Weekly earn- iiijjB by task- work. $3 03 to H 35 4 3.i 3 03 3 63 3 38 3 03 3 03 S 43 to 3 (53 3 ."iO 3 03 3 36 3 99 to 4 11: to 5 60 to 3 87 3j 87 63 03 03 3.') 35 87 11 35 to to to 3 to 4 to 4 3 03 to S 08 2 42 to 2 42 to 2 00 to 2 00 to 3 03;: 3 03 to 5 32 3 Oil i 3 03 to 4 35 4 OOih 3 61 to 4 35 3 03,1 3 03 to 5 32 3 02 to 2 90 to 3 14 to 3 14 to 3 14 to 3 14 to 3 14 to 3 14 to o 42 to 2 42 to o 42 to ji 90 to 42 to 21 to 21 to 21 to 93 to 93 to 17 to 4 35 4 11 3 6.) 3 63 3 03 3 03 3 63 3 03 2 90 » 2 90 2 90 2 90 3 03 3 63 3 20 3 20 2 90 2 90 3 38 3 36 2 90 2 17 2 17 2 17 2 90 1 45; 1 45; 1 45; 2 17 2 17 2 17 2 60 3 67 4 35 to 5 06 4 35 to 5 03 4 35 to 5 06 3 03 • 3 03 4 81 to 2 90 to Mich.ielma.a, 1609 1 Cliristmas, 1^09 ... Lady Day, 1570.... Midsummer, 1670 . Michaelmas, IfO.l . Christmas, 1869... Lady Day, 1870.... Midsummer, 1670 . Michaelmas. 1609 . Christmas, 1609 ... Lady D.iy, 1670.... Midsummer, 1670 . Michaelmas, leC9t. Christmas, 1608 ... LndyDixy, 1670.... Midsummer, 1870 . Michaelma.s, 1669 . Christnia.s, 1609 ... Lady Day, 1670 Midsummor, 1870 . Slichaelmas, 1669 . Christmas, 1669 ... Lady Day, 1370.... Midsummer, 1670 . Michaelmas, 1609 . Christmas, 1609 ... La.ly Day, 1670.... Midsummer, 1870 . Michaelmas. 1669§. Christm.is, 1809... Lady Day, 1670 Midsummer, 18705. • With beer at hay.timo and harvest, t TTsu.iUv tvith beer atliarvcst-timc. } With food. II With food and cider at harvest-time, and a cottago, j Uaually with food aud beer at harvest-timo. ■ Women. Weekly waMs with 78 !•(! M S4 to 151 yti to y 17 GO to 1 4,1 7-J to 1 45 '•i to 1 4:, 1 OS to 1 45 73 to 10.^ Ti to 1 45 30 to 1S9 1 SI 54 to 1 21 3i; ii is to 70 78 to 1 fi.i 73 to l(i;i 72 to 1 0') 7;2 to 1 t)li 1 B.' 14; 7i"to' '"w 7i to Oil I'ji 121 72 to US 72 to 9i; 72 to w 72 to i45 3(i AGRICULTURAL WAGES IN FVrr avt. "^ ExNGLAND AND WALES. 365 _f^^^^U^.roJ uages an.l a.nouu, of urcP an ■ , 1 Z^ "'""'i'*' 'i-^— Contiuued. Districfd nnd fonntics. Qnnrtcrg ended— Weekly wnces without Idtl,-. Miehnclniiis, I8fi9- Clinsttnas, Ipcd fniyDny, l«7o..' *;!''»nmiiier, 1870 Michnelinns, Igijl) t-lii ietnins, 18B9 Liidy Day, 1870.,.; Jlldsnianier, 187o Aluli(H.lmn8. Ibfitf ^unstmas, l(-(iii. ^-1!''/^".^. 1»70...' Alidsumiuer, 1870 . "'""^ '"''"'"'' "/«•<"""' «'"? c;.-w.e„ «, ,«,,.„,,,, WOMEV. Kent Sussex '.'.'!!!." Southampton ' licrkshiro .'.' >'orthampton .' A'm-folli.f.. ■^viits ;: Dorset .' Devonshire, li!" (.'"rnw.iU liloucestershiroii iierefcrdshire Shropshire... Staflord ^Vorcestershiro' '.'. ;jvnrwick.sliiro ." I.eicenterehiro ... Lincoln '][[ >i'otfinf;Iiamshiro Dnfha^''!^«'l^"^'^«'^i'^'^)' Mnnnionth '■""•er, (Wales)'";.' ' liekhcurell . I-!!!:!!!!!!! ^'''■■'"'™- T^^^H^;;^^:^ si'nirfjf ''.?;.i.^!.^?.'°*^"N>03to*2i7 1 45 1 -Ij to 1 f,; 1 4.-. , 72 to 1 21 ■ 1 !13 to 2 42 "6 to 1 45 (;;;;;;;;;; 2 M "to "a 'if 1 45 to 2 17 ..; 1 t^ "'0«'to"i'i]5 ■a to 2uo' "i'ii'to'i'M 1 45 1 08 1 21 '"' to i'ni 1 81 1 CO 00 to"i"45 1 OS to'a'iio UU to 1 21 1 43 1 81 1 SI to 1 aj 2 17 Kent Sussi'x " snnthaniptim ;;;;;■ ^h'lKshiia Herts J;'«rthami)tnn"s'hire."; B-illor.lshiro. Xonblli Dorset '.'. Deviiusliire •'"niwall . . . gloucesterbhire';;'" Snmpshiro.... Wen-iistershire.. t'.''i"'»terahiro.. " -l-uii'nln JvVttinshaniKiiVro ■'-aucashiro .. H!££Zi£li^DEU 10 YEAns. ^1 45 to S.' !i(l' 1 .?0mm<' '366 LADOR IN KUROPE AND AMERICA. A return, similar to ibe tbtogoing, was made to tbo liouso of C .in' iiKnis in July, 187'>, j^iviiifc the aveniRe rate of weekly earnings of agri- cultural laborers in J^iigland and AVales during the (quarters ended Michaelmas and Christmas, 187li, so far as the same could be readily obtained. Tho following information, condensed from this return, exlibits .\ gratifying iuiprovcnicnt in the earnings and tho condition of farm-labor- ers over those of l80'J-'7() : At Epsom (111* Wfi'kly wiij;rs ti) iin'ii weri! l[i. a. wci'k ; anil woiuon, fis. ; cluldroii iiuder sixteen j t-ni-i tit' ii;;i', &«. ; and tho Haiiiu stated a.-j weekly earnings) by task-woil.. In tho casteru
  • triet tho men earned 10s. by tho week and ao», by task-work, lu Kent (at Favershuni) the men earned 20.t. as weekly wages and 2Us, at task-work. Only thoso who sow and reap are engaged by task. Doer, a!o, and cider aro given in some phiees ; in otliers no relro>liiMeut. lu ono phico iu Wales tho weekly wages to men was from 15s. to ti'in., and witli " task money " stated at It^s. Cd ; and at tho saniu lilace breakfast wa« given, as well as other meals, with ab'Ut four pints of beer a day. It is lueiitioned that the supply is atiorded during tho hay and corn harvests, and it is added, "Tlieyaro not stinted in food." At Northampton tho weekly wages was Ms. Of course, tho amount is dill'erent in tho various counties. In Dorse'tshiro tho wagca to tho men were from Os. to lUa. per week. Shepherds, -JOs. iu tho lambing season. On the (Queen's) O.sborne farms laborers formerly received but ll.«. ])er week, from which was deducted 2.s. for the tent of the cottage witit which each is jirovideil. A ganlen is attached to each cottage. A quantity of thin beer is given to each man. I'ARM-WAGr.S IN 1S71. There has been an ad' of the hours of labor siis In an article on tl'<: which appears on snl . f Tho average rates of farui-' of labor have been reduced. iii* f in the price of farm-labor and a reduction • "iiultiou of the working-classes of England, :(!f'!,t pages, Mr. Stanley James says: :■l^"^ throughout England have since risen, and the hours iii the northern counties , lis, a week is now jniid for farm- labor; in tho luidlaiul districts, ICs. ; and iu tho southern district.^, from 12s, to Us, There are still parts of Kuglaud, however, in which Uiou are paid less than tho lattur Bum. From the London Times and other undoubted authorities the follow- ing information iu regard to the prices of l!arm-labor iu Great Britaiu is obtained : la Aberdeenshire, a jdowuiau receives from £33 (^135.55) to £30 (irl4o.90) per aQ- num, with food and lodging. In Mid Lothian, agricultural wages have doubled since 1840. In Northumberland, 21s. (§5.08) a week and os. (72 cents) extra iu harvest, house and garden free, and bO stone of potatoes within tho year. Iu North Lancashire, 20s. ($1.81) and 2l8. (i^o.Os) weekly to plowmen. Yorkshire, 20s. (.?4.84) to 23s., (§5.5G.) Lincolnshire, 18s. (§4.35) per week, winter and summer. Norfolk, 2s. 6il. (60 cents) per day, ordinary laborers. Agricultural laborers' wages bavo risen from 50 to 100 per cent, all over the couutry w;ithiu tho last quarter of a century.— 2'iHics, Jpril 17, 1874, •^ Kfiv i!/n)'AW, (Jj^n?, 1874.)— Weeklv wages paid bv au omplover under tho Duke of Rutland, as follows : Laborer, 17s. 2(/. to l~s. Oil., (81.15 to 84.53 ;) horsekeeper, 18s. (j(/. to 20s. 5(1, (J4.47 to §4.04 ;) yardman, 21s. 4(?., (85.1()j) including harvest-work and piece- work. j(7i£//i))-(?.— Wages paid upon the KniHti-^hall farm to a man sixty -eight years old, ■who is tho lowest iiaid atnoug the able-bodied laborers employed. Forty-seven week-* at 14s., (83.38) S15H.80; piecework over dav wages, £•> 15s., 8(?., (.813.47 ;) five weeks harvest wages, £8 lOs., §43.31 ; making a total of §-215.G4.— Tii.-ies June 8, 1874. Mr. Walter AVilliams, under date of October 25, 1S74, writes: ''Fai'm laborers earn from 2s. 0'?. to '3s. 0'?, per day, according to capacity, mth perquisites." er the country LABOR rx Tin: uxitlt, klvodom. FAKM WAOKS l.\ 1375. 307 ».onth t.. (J oVl.Kk/ ' """ -^-^^''St'S la.. ;.iul upwai.U; T oVlock to ^ ^n . * V.W,r, ./«„,„„,, ,.,.,v„„_v... "^^"^iv to o.30,uext i>w 7 to 5. per « «... and roach l,onu.'ajlZS;';/°°-^'^l-'M i" i^ct, ti;; .u^u fce'Lur^UoT sit.... Hours 10|. ""^ --^^ "■^'■^, li... t., i:.s. 1,,, ,^,,1 ^. i^ rrh.„ ;,f .,.at: '"^''"-' - '"^''. ■»-■" out of ,ro,o^.u a .eoS^.i' "b Ibo Cheshire, {Tmporh-,r,^ Ihir^^U^tc. Jw?m'' ''"'""^ ^™'" ^ ♦'" •"'• .». per ,Neck. and lAborer. are scaS V ma- s o,' I'T' ''"-i'^'"='"i>^' to lorulity, f.om l:i,. t„ "ti:^;^i'l;,^'i\^c:!^^^:^S ana ftu^^:;^ Ji" — « -'^^ ^ labor, from 7 a. 1,.. till 5 ],, 7u:;i bonr 1 ':i,; ''"'^'■''' *'- ''• '■•' ^^^''-'k n.ore. Hour, of "■ V- I",'? V-,?-"- • ^'"' ''^'-■^' ^'^"'-^ °f la^"'', from 7 wort'. "''=''^ '''*-' iionjuialiv los, ii^r wi^i'l- imf ^.. ^ , \- 1 i- .■„. ■' ^' i--^ "cek, ijut good meu bavQ .J''i<-'!>i»fMm»hiye, (South.) V'l'.h \^ w, ,. piecework Hour«, tVom t. ,\ "" ^^ "='-''' ^•'^'- 1'^^^' "•^'^•'^ J mauy u:eu earn more bv 't - Us. tbr^O bou^) S;^5 i:-^-| -«^^. 1^^. l>or week; but iu man, pansbes SALAHIES OP CXK.KS IX BAXKS, IK.srr.AXC. COMrAXr.S, .xc. I'l'ove of iutorest to some i"adeis: '*^-'''' ""^ ^^^"^ ^'^^l^o^'t, ^vill ^^S:J:::'Slit^:^^.I}^<^^{ -tr, ;„ b.„ks a„d l„s„rance con.nnies 2',^^r'"£0toi:60. TbJusual isfrom Hcv nt;;; o-e „ ?J,;, ? "«"al "ge of entry in 1 OKe of eutrv for oixTinarv cle ■-,",", if^^^^^'^ont of ei^bt bu IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // // ^.> C/u w I ^ 368 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. t.i in tho onst' <-f lli.< iinii(n>.. %vlio ontor hotwecn tixtoen and seventeen at £oO per annum. In Olvn's, with 'Jt'O el-.tUs, tlie iiutiiil pay is £75 per annnn! ami tbo a-e ot entry betweln m«vente.t, an.l eighteen. Sevent.v-live pounds for a lad of o.Khteen is by m, monna a low w.larv. Tpon tl.ut point I can speak with cousideraWj conudeuce. TukioK the «rneia\'nin of clerical eniploynieut iu tho city, there are not many places where ft lixl of eighteen wonhl ^et £75 a year. j. i, „ „«. r-^nn ■ As reL'artU tmumum pav. about £;!50 to £400 a year i.i oanks, .-ind, a,t the most, £300 ft year in otlu'r ..H(iibliK.\nMentM, : -e the niaxininm amounts to \<-hich ordinary clerks, if they are possessed of merit-tbere beiiif: hardly uny promotion exiept by ment-m.Y look forward to. Tims, in the liank of Eii-;land, the secretary .itated that every cleik would rise to ii "maximum- of £;iiiO about forty-one to f,)rty-tonr years ot ajiR. In tlie London and Westmiust-.T liank, ami iu Glyu's, Ihe maximum lu both casoa is stated to be £ 100 tor an average clerk. RELATIVE A^IorisT OF WORK TERFORMED. In ostimntinf; tho actual cost of labor in the United Kingdom, from tho lij,'iiit's pio«oiitod ou tho i.recoding pages, regard lias only been had to the numlior of honr.s of htbor which the work-people have exchanged for tho sums named. The compntation is made upon the sui)positioii that each man, at a given occupation, will perform i definite amount ot work per hour, whether he labor eight, ninC; or ten hours per day ; m other v.ords, thiit men who have been working ten hoars per day will perform owv, tenth less if the time is reduced to nine hours, and oiie-filtli loss if reduced to eight hours per day ; which supposition may or may not be c«u re»'t. If it be retiuired to ascertain the advance in the cost occasioned by a reduction of tlie liours of hibor, tliis pro rata mode of computation will furnish the resull approximately correct. But when, in deterniuingtlic residts of .his investigation, it becomes necessary to compare the cost of laV.or ill (Ireat lUitain with that in the Uniteu States, other data will bo reijuifcd iu addition to those which have already been under consid oration. Tlie question is, What amount of labor is exchanged for a given (iiiimtit v of coin, or of food, clothing, and shelter ? This leads to the further ii'aiuirv, Does a workman in the United Kingdom accom- plish as much work, iu the same .space of time, as one in a similar em- ployment in the IJiiiied States f This branch of the investigation tn gaged the attention of the author before and during his vLsit to the uuuiufaetiiring towns of Cireat Britain, and he endeavored to gatliei such facts as would enable him to detennine this question. Throiii;li observation and iiKjuiry the conclusion was reached that, in most iiidiis- triar;>ur,sui(s, a workniaii in England does not perform so much work in, say, nine lioius as another of e(iual kiiowli'dge and skill in thesaiuc branch in the United States. The reasons assigned for this were van- oils, some of wliich are here presented. Ml'. ScUicU, then United States consul at Bradford, is of opinion that workpttiph'will not perform as mm h work in a week as similar woi I;- mt'ii ill the United St.ites. The English work-jcople, he stated, iack intelligence, waste Uine, and by their intemperate habits injure their health, and eoiisetiuently lessen their ability to labor. The ,vame rei»ly, substantially, was made by the consul at Sliefheld, ami by others cisl'where, each possessing such an acquaintance with tlu' sulijeet as eiiabh tl him to express an iiitelligeiit opinion. A .Mr. Dodge, formerly of Cohoes, N. Y., a manufa(!turer of tiles iie;iv ManchesH'r, having emploved workmen at the same labor in both coun- tries, and (heretore folly q'ualilied to form an intelligent opinion, stntoil. in n.i.lv to !i imestioii". tlial EiiQlish workmen ])erforin less work m kinent. a given lime than Amer a reason, that it was ttwiii' in similar empl ^ he want of '-adaptability" of the former £50 per annum. 10 aff: of entry f;litct:n is by no ibl'j conlidouce. lot many places , the most, £300 [linary clerks, if by merit — may ;bat every clerk ■H of ago. in both cases is ingdoni, from mly been bad V e excliaugi'd e sup])ositioii ite amount ot s per day ; in 1 may or imiy 111 at, SlH'ilicld. itaiice Willi llio or of files iiciu' r in both coiin- tpiiiioii, stateil. Q loss work ill ne ga\ c iis " of the ioruier LABOR IN' THE UNITED Ki\GD:)M todifl'crcnt kiiidsofAvork; tiii,t Mlt toint'd to or to train tliciii to worl if was (liTliciilt to get tl 1^ more rai)i(lly tlian tlicv had 3G9 H'ln out or "ohl It is evident that the iiit.'rni.cratc habi oeeii aeeiis- tiiue (:ori>(.(|iient tliei work, earli Trr eess. l']\ th er part ot th le, Willi,, jit woil ■«'oii, prevent tlieni Croni iieifoi ts of the men. and the I OSS ot nun: men work as I'ajiidlyas tl J ('Specially dnring the latt en if week this is not tl iiose in th.. United Stat hill wee I'r part of tl 10 l)atron, Saint .Mondav. t ineiiof sneh haiiits ilo not If case Willi men wl •lit in the lo drink to e.v- serve the festal da v old so soon a especially true of tl nil .Mondav. thev •n- n.,.,i.N. * • ' "" •'•'> •*' "i'''>" H' mcM in Siieliicld jiaiies iimier I he caption, '-('.Hid y night and Simdiiy. " 'j'l '■^ will appear in sub The fact will not, p<'rhap iiiiiiiiiraetiire. especially at mad tiibricatinii olli irdware, enllei irioii of the labiiri »«' disputed, tliat in line or engiia'ciin" asses. us 1,- qiient most branches of tlie workmen peiform I .v,aiid(itlicr niaiiiifactnresot <"k, and in the number in the Cnited States <'ss work i)er wee! iron and steel. Tl ill tl 'm "ii an average, than an erpial e next impiiiy is, Wlmt [.ereent le computation ? Fiom „i tge of reduction should 1 the conchision that j am iservatron and iinjiiirv the aiitl HI average, nine h,:ndred niei oiiiits to ten per cent 10 made iiir is led lo branches indicMti (llicieiit work jier w liiiiirs of hibor in I the L tl, as well 111 toe United State ; 111 otliei- words, that. as iit Maiiv ot ee lers, will a 'V as one tiioiisand in ICnaland. If n iigland were as J iiited States (iltytonr, tl I'i'iiierly, (iitvn on ■s, employed at the I'oniplish as nmcii lereloiv, the given number of men in the lie amomit of wojl .siiine, In cotton respective countries would be al me ],er week, and in ecomplished by a aiiont the and in other textile f iidiistry, the dilierenee Ik H'tories, and i two countries is not so great, A t tween tin' amount ot hil n some other brand les of •or iieri'ormed in the population ot the two eouiiti of th", work-j)eople of the Unite.l St ['• iiverage()f the whole imiustrial les would, it is lid ie'' d, indic;!( III silily of but six, jier cent, in t vor III tl f-iigland in tl IS connection it iites, a diirerenee of but emhl, i)os 10 iimonnt of work i»<.r(orme given by a correspond, .ni o| « an interest in ages iii le men in niiiny es w'uo liie <'onipar'son of tiie work In If'O-i (li tons, wliicli /■(,!• :ii:! In 1S( e iivi'mge iir.idnc't nf ;« tlie I'lys, is ('niial t woikii our I'lvil-iiiincs f^■l ,L;-(liiys, in CI]!!;!) i,, ;,)|j vc for caili ]\vr^ linidiict ;;ivc,s Cii i cut. lor each miti- flivi's l(.>r .•h o -M cut, I'or each licr.Miii Milv ,!»71 tuns. I'ach |H.|Mii, :;i7 I,, IIS. !>!. piT (l;i\ i|'l'>yr(i :!ir| prrsmi |„.r,l,.|y; arid in l,-;:!tl uliirli, i;,|- ;;i:; w,„]i\, tl ■i^'iii per (lay. It will tliiis 1 uliicli, Co "■I'll was a Ix' ^I'l n that ill the I . is i'<|ll;il tl) 17 !!■ avcr:i; hi'i'iiiid period of li (litiiinisli,.doi,t|,ut p,.rp..i.,'„i„i„| tn]7i cu t. per (lav I I' yeais (l-(;;» to l-7;r iiiit !il'sj period olli v.. .\tar-;(|-('!l '' I'lial-tiiiiii. li I'* a Vr or each IS rcdiic ,1 his I person. ,, ' per fell f. —-J IV to'JII .""' "iitpnt IkiiI deeliiied Uy l^; cwi. tor to prodnet l-i>) "' m till, leii vein eut. iiitli per cent.— -Jl) iiarkabli^ tact t jiior i>y neiiilv \\) per I'ent.— tjl oriiied por 111 "I' Ul,il; |„,,.( l-'fllt. U[)U;ir(l A further illustrat., nuiier or agent residii tiat, while tl ■"* '.';',,' I"'';"" I'inployeil aho'.lt 111 ill 1-^7:). t lias heeii ic rates of i;reat a rediiet ti> 17| cwt. ) per (||.\ , Ir, wa;^cs li,-ivi !iiii in tile aiiioiint. advaneeil (V ini ;I0 Hi on of this fact wa ig in j\[iindi,>st,.r. Tl tlio in "iien the rjites were rrom'Hm'hri'-i « given to the iiuthor by iiiers in a et^rtain initie in !,s7i was ■l,> iie avenure <• per cent, lii-dier t ^'•''^''•'•'•^^'•'■•'■•'•'inyi.W.,,,.', .veekh's^ Tl "y daysi.er week, while many worked but fr, e 111 187:.', he weekly earn- ley iiv,'iii; od les.s in ;! to o^, days. I .' ' I i t » i 370 LABOR IN EL'KOrK AND AMEUICA. II. -PRICES OF PROVISIONS, GROCERIES, HOUSE ltKNT,ETO. ndicatcd. ir,iii tluMiea'r lutiiiCjiuniiloiuiitydfwciglit aiul iiiionossioftliojioUl-coin bciiriiig iliileioiit iiiuiii's iind tlie impress of s()Vor('ij;iit.v of various conn- tries be iidopled, the traveler would Iind that Ids coin would pass cur- leiit ill the\vorl''5 in United States currency, and another of th' ;> oc- cupali!!!! in Philadelphia earn 81--"5<», it would he inaccurate. V that the ei;riii;ij;s of the latter were 51) jier cent, more than those -f the loi'mcr. TluMpiestion is not what is t lie United Slates eijuivaleut of the tliirly IJritish shillinjis, but what is the i)urchasin,u,-power of the wa-,es i.i' the one workman in Eiij;Iand and of the other m the United Stales. In other words, how much of food, clothing, and shelter will the earn- iiifisof the one purchase as compared with tlie other i Eor the solution (it tills (juesi ion other elements aie necessary, and th ise must be consid- ered under the next general head, viz: •* Tlic following t:il)lt; shows tlic ivlativo woijilit and value of tlio gold coins of Emoiic, whicli most m-ai'ly aiioroxiniatu tlioso ol" the Ciiitud States: DcnoraiuatidU. Ilnll'-ciifxlo SMVcriJ^^ii Twiiil\-rn-i'-franc pieco Tweiit.v •uiai'k piece Country. U. S. gold. ■\Voi;:!it in |inroj;iilil- Gr.Tins troy. Tniti'il .Stiites (in-at r.iltain — l-'iMiieo ticriiiiiiiy 4. P(if!.") •I. Hj;) 4.7li4 111). I ii:i 1 l-J. 0!I0 110. (WU Met lie (IIMiiJincs. 7.ra 7.:K 7, ■-■■'? 7. Uk' ™.CK,, OK P„ov,,,o.«, „e., „ ,.„,,„, IMtT:NT,ETO. oi'k-iH>oitlc em- United Kiiijj- iliictioii ill tlie ill siil»se(iiU':it cent .veiii's, Jlic, :oiiip;iii!SOU be- ill ("o.'tiiieiital ■ess;My delta so iiiill.v .liiveii in e coin, but not It'tlie ])iiicbL's- ns iioiniiially, s, and with tiie :'iits,* then no e economist to of'thel.) "J 11. 1 :,'■.' ■i (!.';, 11, llj 72 (i-i 0(it,) fi't i 4 .'id 2 no to 12 3 i:;i IQto Hi to 10 2(1 ' into 12 to 14 IG 4J 12 to 16 30 in 4-^ ;i(i Mio 111 to Is 20 1(1 to To 2,- t,) :i2 11 ;!(; to 4-; 12 to i-i a t.s to ;i i-'i a i„j|„ : :i7 1 TO to 7 20 3 2.T to 4 4 OU to ,-, no 4-i > m to 11 40 j ' f'-'" -' IgI I CiMo ivi N 4.;-' H i'W 372 LAHOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. J'ricvs of provUioim, ijroccv'um, and other hading artkle/t of consumption, .f-c— Coiitlmifd. Artirli.'H. Leeds. Flour: ruovsluNS. | W lieiit, Hiiperll nn per Mil W heat, extra I'.imil V il" . . live . ilo.. ( 'ill CI nieul '!"• • iWrf: I'resh, ropHt ing-]iiecC9 per lb. Kresli, «niip-]iieceH ill).. Kienh. riiiiipntealin ilo-- C.llllell ill).. Veal; I'lrre-qnartiT.S iii>- • 11 iiiil-iliiarlers il"- • (:iiilet.i ilo.. Slult.iii: I'm eiiuarters 'i" . ■ Le^'..' 'j'>.- ( llnpS I'll • - Turk: I'resh ilo Ciinieil or salteil il" J'.aeoii ill) Hiuiin, ..^iiiukeil ilo Sh.mlilir.s ilo, Sausa^ies ilo I.anl ... il" c.iillish.iiiy 'I" ]illl ter ilii • • I hei se ilo. . ri.latiieti ilo.. Kill' ilo-- JSeans per lit Milk Ilo.. i;«^» perdiiz.. e7:i7 IrlTJ. Muuclieitter. 17 ?7-l !l (III l.l OH to (i II ;i to an to lUto iO 24 to ilo.. do.. C) 01tOCF,UIF.3, ETC. 'i'ea. Oolong niid other jjiiod lil.iek per lb.. iO CO to Ciiirie : Jvi'i, ^reeu U;c., Ki.i.-iled Sujiar; I iiiiiil lirown do. Yelli.wC do.. Cntlee B do. JIti!a?iMi'!4 : New Orleans do. I'lirto Itieo do. Kinip do. Snap, niiiiiiioii ill). St areli do . Ocal i)ert')ii ( lil. eoal pi'i' giill IiO.MKSTlC miY GOODS, ETC. Shirtings: liiovvii, 4-4. Htaadaid iinality per yd lileai'hed, 4-4, Htiiiidard iiualily do.. Shi'etinu'i '■ linivvii. '.I-?, standard iinality do I'dea.-ied,'!.,-'. slandiird iiiiality do Cut t 111! tianiiel. gmid ((iiality dii Tickiiiiis, good Iinality do. . Triiit.s. ". do. - Miiii.^seliin' do hiines do.. Kalinets. niediiim ipiality do.. 13i)ota, mou's heavy per pair. IlOfSli liRN'T. rmir-rooined temn enis per month . Six-i oonic.l tcnome'rits do. . 03 5 i4 lilt to ao to C4to OCto 04 Oii 0^1 10 3 14 to 4 44 4d 10 to lUto $fi 17 6 -7 4 mi D Oe Xotlinghnui. 87 aO 4 oo $0 19 to 21 to IB to •,'t H ill 'J I 1- II' IJ :i4 24 to l:iti) ■:■! (hnshel.M'.'i 1(1 (Uaiiei.t,! I'J Tor nion per iveeli V'jv womon do. 3 89 10 to ,1(1 to :w to 10 to 00 to 1 0!) 2 00 to 3 ti3 4 CO to 4 P4 fi 28 to 6 76 C) 48 to 72 24 23 07 OH 09 (callon,) 315 (gallon,) 43 (gallou,) liO 03 12 4 ti 48 00 Hi IH 24 18 20 14 24 ri4 3 34 30 10 48 to % ;iii 4U (W 07 00 to 1- [■i 3 38 to 5 M (I) 07 tn 03 to into 20 to l!ilo 2Jtii OHIO 5 00 7 10 2 4J to 3 f ! 3 30 to ■( -I 4 8lt!i : ■■ no til 3 ■> 1 -i:, to 1 5J T-a, Oolnns (;i.ll.-e: " IJii,, ^ree „ I'lo, njas .Sii:;iir : (iood I,,.,, Villiiw (; Coll).,. I{. M..^l^ses: .New ()|,||, Potto j;n Strap ^'i:i!i. eotlinio Staieli ... <":il... "d, eiial ....' ^■"1' Weiii,.|| eii •Gas, per 1,000 I'eot, 84 coats. tV: ; Wot liiiig-eliBses do uot board. PRIC'I 21 2-! 10 IH 211 21 to '.;; 2J ','1 in 1. Hi b l!< 10 to ':i> Ki 1- irt o.J 20 Hi 08 IJ 3J 21 to ;)i is l-Jtci -J.i (bll'ilH'ljIiri 04 1(1 0!< 0^ (Uaficiit.ll'J 30 to JC 48 to 24 2d ;ii> w 07 OH 19 (ic tiT in,) 30 in ) ■{>< ou,) liO 0-! 00 to Or 1- 4 M 48 3 38 to (1) 5M nn Ki 07 to 08 to 1? 11 IH 24 Ki 20 14 21 M 3 34 into 20 to into 21 ID O'J to "'2 ■ioto •fl t- 1:1 ■ji 3(1 5 00 7 10 3 30 to 4 81 to .1 -1 2 no to 1 l.'ito 3?',' cs ilo uol Ijoaril. rif, (17 07 ':: illon.) 41; .(K illon,) r>i 08 no le 3 H.i 4d 09 to 12 n to 24 24 to 40 4-1 to 84 H to 21 24 to V.i lU to M '>)■> 1 IIU 8 88 4 80 6 08 3 36 2 20 mi' 374 LABOK IN tUliOI'i: AND AMKKICA. rrUcH of pi-oviHloiiK, ijyoccrks, and other InuliiKj arlUhn of otisiimjilio)!, ijc— Coiitiiintd. AitiilPS. WAi.i;». CiircUir. >iiiw|iort. riioviBMixs. l-|nni-: \\'lii':it, wilicvliiiu ..per lilil fT 17 A\'lu'iit, 1'S.lia Ounily ..ilo.. 7 ii.'i IJri I 1 I- I'i-mIi, idiist iiiu-jticocH.pr lU -0 J'TrNll, KCillI'lUin s . .. (Ill . Hi I'li.-li. niiiip'tili'alvs .. ilii liinita ill).. yo ViMl : l'cMi'-(|ii:\rt( TS (1(1. . 18 lliiiil'i|ii:ivli i» lid.. I'.l ('mil 1,1 (ill.. ii4 MiiMiiii: l'nlf-4Uilitur» ill).- I.-' l.i'^' ilii.. Ill Ciiiiii.s ill).. -M Pill k ■ ]''n-sli do.. 18 ♦.'iiiniil (ir siiltrd ilii J'.aii.ii (li)..'$0 17 to J la 111.1, .wiDlit'il ill).. 17 Sill mil liT.s ill). . 3 Sati.ia;;i'.s ilo.. 17 l.anl ill).. iiO r,>i;ii,.li,iliy ill) ISiitlii' |i|> < lliisn ill) I'ol allies ill). . (\-> r.iivi ill). o;iti) (II Milk iicMit. U7to « li,L;S» in'riliiz, 'M r. HOC !■; HIES, i:tc. Tra, (Jiiliiu^ or other gooil M.,(i .pirlUI 'Mlo U7 Ci.ll.'i". Jlii), ;;ri'rii ilo. . lliii, roa.suil ilo. . ! Suuai-: I liiiiiil liniwii (*"oii flaiiiirl. nil (liiiiu. . ilo.. 'I'ioliiim.H, piiiil niialily ilo. . rriiils ■ ill).. Jloiissrliiio ilo la 1 1103 do. , Saliip-t.s. iiii'iliiiiu niiality.ilo. . liootM, iiii-irs hoavy ..jicr iiair IloriiEKF.NT. e- 47 8 71 SO Hi (iiMo in (17 Id 17 •J-llo :iJ to nn 4 -J •Ji 1!) 21 HI ;) J9 to 1 ;t:> into Id to JO 2-J to 14 to 04(0 43 to Pi! onto 07 to 2fl lo ytito ronr-rnonu'il lonoiiioiit pr mo Sis-iDoiiiiHl ti'iii uu'UtD do.. Fill mocliaiiios, &e..]i('r wook I'lir women in l'aclorie.>) . . .do. . 4M C 7t- to 7 M 2 'JO to n;!n 1 !« i:i 17 ;!0 Kli !,« 2nn 4UJ 2 00 iiii to 2(1 to 0.-) C(i(o (17 10 to IJ 4 I n flOto Oil I HI lo )l 3 h7 ! 51-0 lo C (10 07 to 01) to IJ is! 2t ' (10 i i;t.i iiii 12 IC 12 32 O-'to I'l 12 to l.i 41 3(50 2(io i 3 03 2 lili •24 to 2-' 11 20 1 33 to 1 !'!) 3 p7 to 4 p4 fiO.T 7 20 10 to t; 3(3 5 to 2 Of) to 3 03 2 4210 iM 103 to 2 le IS" * Liu on. ifc.— Coil tinned. IHVJ uiiiU'n. to 1^1 to -111 I^'ith. $11 I •! til jll ','■-' HI to •:n 1> I'Jto •,'(1 »u li: su Hfl IK 1'J )0 i< Sli It. w Sfr •Ji ir, 14 to l;i II t'> Si-.' ■Jl to a,- 2Gto It )i: 'so to till li'j to ;)-j ■J' -li.) 1 !i:i (bush.) 11' I lo 07 Oj Is; to a-j lis ■l-'to to 0-1 Id OS 11 li (HI 01 n-t to li c to II iJt 1 I.S lo Ci liO Ovl 4') IG 12 "0 a-i 10 to 4.' to 'JH 17 II 11 •M to i(i;i to ■IrJ a 11 fi or. 3(3 7 -ji; n 1 J to a fi:i 2 4-' to il'f) to 2 1- ii. i-nicics or i.K..v,.;oNs, kt,,, ,x h.:l.x„. ■' """''■' "J •■""•^«"7"",», ,|V._C,.|,li,n,,,|. «J I ij Ai'tlclu*. i'loiii': 1'iiiivi.sioxsi ^V'jll'.ll, NU|ll|(ilM' "lll'ilt, rilr,, iiiiiiilv It.M' • ''oni-iin'iil . liuii: f'i'i->li. r(PiHirTi.-.|ii,.,.,.H I'lt-'.sll, .soil,j.|ii,.(iw i;'iv.tii. ruioiiM.vu^:;;;. ^ <-ollii( Tial: I''ori'iin;ii-tiT.s JIiii(l(,ii.,|.t,,rs ... <,'iuli Is lliilliiii : j'oic'ciii.irti'ra l.i-X f'lii.n.'j I'oi;,; l-nsh I'mui'ilors.iltci ' .". J>;iCMti ll.iiMS. siiHiliecl Mioiildiis r.-i''"': ";;;;:■••••• •••■•■■ l'"il.Kii, (li-v ... -M:iilaTi'l, i,i,.K'l,.',j.";.' l.iitii'f l''ii.lluf,S ... i:ic.' ;;•• lii'^ma .Mill .'.'.".'.'.■.■.■.■.".■ *''^)k'^ * |..IM( i;i,'n.s, r.-re. Toj|.O..IoM-ornth.-,.,:,.„„||,|,,,k Hi", uii'i ri ... ^. i;i".i(UM,,i Sii;;:ir: ' liiio.l liniHii V. lio'vC I'diiMll. .M"liis.s,.,<: "■■■ ■V'wOrliniiH „. I'"IH. liiuo.. Snup •■''iHli. <(mj|||i,n ^iJivh . . '■'Ml ... Oil, t,«il. iiii;i..v.Mi. -^""'."^ I '•"'"'"'I'lt'ir.v. I I'oiib w. :l -'J 2— !« Sliiriin Sliniiii p;;';;:"^«" i""iiiy..'....:\;: 5i'Mis>iHi,i,.ii,.i;,i,M.s:::: IIOISIMiKM'. f'''M;ri,n„„.,l(,.„p„„.,„ '""IioiMii,.,! t,i,,,„o,u,s lio.u:i). ■,nrni..,.l,,„|i,,,^^p ■■"'''■' m!,!„yp,rii;V;'"" iiOMiwrru II]. Y ( a^e»^^ 370 i.Ai'.oR IN Kunopi: axu America. niifivs oi.' iM!()Visn)Vn, <, I'.ro. [From tlui tiutlior'H notes.] liiiiMiNdiiAM.-R.'iit <.r liitcli.'ii iiml two rooms aliov.'. in iv:ir of I sr is ;, wi.'K ; in rn.nl,r,«. llicnd.f.'. tor -1 |M,iiihl loiif. M.-M, \s.yrr pound. (.'hjMsr.u An,WM;in, -.,(. n.r pouml. U.i.tol- ili.v ..MMUN, iilMml ikC/. |"r «i;U l..r .ink. am 1-. IW. n.r in.nl ; iivnii^c, iilionl U. Iloiisc-ivnl in HulmrliN, low.r tiiiin u\ lU.' .■ily-l». In 1,. u.l. )(pr hoMMi- olloni' looms; (!.<. lor hlx looniM. Sili;ri.ii;i,i..-l{fnlor lonms, onlinaiy pncr, I-., per v.vi'k (oi nM.ins, oi n M.nlls per ronni. (Io.kI romiis ivnl for n.oiv. A irspclal,!,. Mnall In.ns,. m;,,v Im' liad or os a v.Tk. M.al in Sin rii.'l.l is .in,„l. WoiUinumrn Ini.v ll... l...st,an.l tli.y .'an ullonl v. rxrcllrni 1mm.|- and mnl Ion, WU. inr ponnd ; ^'ood at HJi/. Anii'inan l.a.on, nl. lo .i,.. ,\ls.S.lirsrilt.-l.r.' of v.al.'.W.i In'st Illl.'t.tW. I.c^; of MHlMotl, '.)(/. (omd u'.l, for M('unM^ ■;.((/.; loi- n.aslin-, M. to Vlitt. 'I'ra, v.t.v -ood, ■,'■•.. !(/. lo '.N. r--/. ; Ix'^t, .,.. lo,Ml wlnto M.uar, W. ; l..;>. AUI; Inown. ;W. to .1.!;/. Floor .'..lo '.'k. 1./ per. Ion,.. Jlarnn, 7,^ lo '.»^(/., iliiflly Ani.Tiran, wliiili is very Kood, and oira.Monall^ Ixtllcr lliau Minli.li, at lliesamo p'i''''- CJooil li'a, 'Jn. n/. ; l»'sl,:w. „ .„ „„ u,.,. .. ll u li a\.— I'oni- rooms in upper part ol liousf, Iroiu .CS to X'J j.cr jimi. licit, i Ikmis-s, liulll by Cro.ssliys, two runuis on a lloi>r, larger froutaj;,', lit 10 K'lnicuH ii year, and iioori'r at lowrr rales. . ,.,oi /• >i> lu;M>lni;i..-licnt of houses, livi' or six rooms, lor clerks, J, 18 to .L.'O pel yeai. NornMaiAll.— Keuli.f lline lo four rooms, averat;e .l«. pc^r week. Sonn, nice linuses in a ,'00(1 .street rent for thesame. Wilhiu llic wallsef II,.. old town lour lo live ro.,,,,.. •.nelinlintc taxes, 'U. to -1.^. (W. i'riee of lucvisions mnci, ll.e same as in oilier v.es cm towns Mumt l(l(/. lo U'. for the h.^st larf; r^i/.lo 10'/. tor vry pM"! ; ,pule ^..01! i,l 'M. V. al Ml. by the le^ ; KW. for cutlets, and iniieU less lor the pooler pieces. Ill l>l)n;sriril>. Priei^ of board, for workmen, Ills.; for workwoineii, 'x. per week. t'ol.K. I From .Mr. lierbs's noter,.) I'ri.cs in a provision sloiv : li.el am inullun, Uh. lo l.v. per punml ; pork and liaeun, '.•(/.; corned beef, '.!(/.; smokid hams, Uhl. to !«.; cab- liajjes, 1(/. each. LONDON \VH01.i;SA[.K I'lMCKS IN 1S7J, From tlitv iiiondilv slalciiiciit of tlio nliolcsislo i)n(;('s of tlu" following iiiliclcs ill Ihc London markets duriii-' i-iich moiilh of iho .Vfiir l.S(2, llii! followiii;;' iivi'ra^i', I'.xi.icsscil in Ciiilfd Stati'.s coin, lias been coiniuiteil, and lli(i averaei; prorata i)rii't' staled per pound : ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ I'ork: lIams,smoked ^'fl^ fl'l^''^! , , It It.) l.>. , J'i'ld .„, „, .,,; , ];!'•"•'• ;:::: x-, \<^ 'w'm ( liecso ., ,„, ., ,, Collee, .lamaiea middling 'm •"- "- <\ fc;uc;ar.K"od l)r()wii , '' .',' Mohlsscs, West Jiidics ' ' '^ - ' ilisi', 'It. ;i Wci'l, ; ^llMll Allll'l il Mil, . Mini l". <"'. Mir 1^ — In. 1(> li. (ii/. mis, or ;i1iiiiil Is III' liail liir lis. II y mil ulliiiil ii. liiiciiii, 'id. Ill '.111', (iiiiiii iii'i r, fill' In. fil.; Ix'^t, :;-.. '.K. ]ll. |ilT stnllr. mix, ■!.•(, I'ol' I'.illl' HI' IIHIIIIS. (ilMll IT Ilmii Kn^li-li. ■r yi'iir, lirttrr I ^luiiriiH a yi-'iir, C'iO piT yciir. viiiic nici! liiiiiM's iir 111 li\i' liiiiin--. ill iillici- wcslcru iiniK^lj: I ill '.ii'. 7c, )irr wcrk. mil iiiiilliiii, 111'/. , Uhl. to in.; i.iib- llu' rollowiiif; yciU' I.STl', (Ir) H'll COllllMltl'll, I'l r rwt. rcrlli. . ^^.'ii .v.i.rO'j:!.? IT d:; l.'i.'.' •-ill "i I -J'i. 1 1". '.I-; II. :i ;! •.".> v'.;i . -j.'i ,-1 ■:■•> ti V, T.'.l '.! (Li 'J,? rmcKs 01' DRV aoons i.v ksoland. 877 ..■"riS';™S;:;::::;;;:r;,;i;:-;:-^.jl^;<;™;».M «..,..„„ Artli'ti'H, Prion. (iriiy HlilrlliiL'H; aiMiirli... lUiiiili Jlli-lni'li •Kliiicli WlillrMliiil||ij;«": '■'iiii' iiiul,.., :iil.|ii|.], Shiiii, iimKi', ;i(;.i,„ii;;;;; "lull' Hill li: I..ll.('.lHlii|n SilVDIlv, lllliT ..' I'lilH'V ll;iiim.U; Ollil.lls .... Aiiwiiiii ; (irnynhirilnKH: 7;^-liicli Arti(!l,.|i. Piioe. .f.',','"-,, •••'■">',;,';;;;,;"'i-'H-(:on.i„ui,ii. i|::il^i,K:;:,^Sr------ III tu Hi in 111 yii i:i Id 'JD ' at 111 n ■l.i I i til .'III til llli S.'l 111 10 "■-'■liii h Mlilli-ll .■ Till'.!'' "'"'" *''"''''' ""'''i''' •• • • • ." ■.'.'.'.'.'. '•"If.Ml, 'ntlL't-MMll riii,iii,:|.,>.i,|,.i, I.iliili: ,.,JviHi-..ii-uw,i, :,,.„„,. ."II iii.'i.'iiii'li "','," ' '"] ''"■ I'll iii'li IlinmH, ai'iIl'vaiii'iiiM <'llii'iili.'»H.iiiui,.nai„. '"/•"'""« Crntt. :i'J 111 :m i» tu J4 'tl III i;o .'ii III i;i! I.U 111 ^( M 111 'J4 '.'11 to :io .'■0 111 :i(j 9 tu in 2U til in AVIIOLKSALK niICi;s OF ,i,;A,N. T"'''<' xlKWillfl Ih, urinnir niirr of „l...., ■ ■ . «.;./ ,nrl: ,.f ,„,/i nJn,\iun,;.'''r'! '"'''"•'"' '/""'-'n" /„ /■:,n,!„,ul a,„l Uah. for ,l,n Montli. ■':;ini ll-y I'lMll.i'iy Maii'li. ...... Aiiril JIiiv .fiuil' .Ink- .;.■ AllJM.<| Si'iiii'itilicr . OvI .hri. [ NuVl'MllllT ..'' lllTl'lllllIT AV1T,-Ij;,.f,„.,,,„.|, I ?■■'!■ .\V0r,1trrf(il-i.,|,.h( y.'r jM'i- lm.,h, j.f. 18KI. IWM. IMX eiiHi en .'Il All il fU !l •■') III ;' ','•;; II •-'? III II ■): 11 .-III 10 fi .'"ii 10 III 11 II (..- II IIM I ., Ill lit 10 ;ii; 1'' III '.'Ii 10 (17 1'.' II Mil ;i -H II .'iT 10 -JJ 1' II :i.-. 11 :!:i 1) II i."i II .■1,-1 It in 77 1 :h !) 7-J 10 !'l 1 S7 ^\ liear, .^i;j.su J barl.y, §iu.!i0; oats, 8^ '"'' ^'^''' ''''' "« ^"""^« ' 378 LAHOll IN KirilOI'i: AND AMKIMCA. u ■\viioLESAu: pui(!i;s or (iUAix. tiluliiiinil ^hnirimi Ihe iinfdiir iirire of ijntii) fivr iiii)t,ri(il qnnrlif hi KiiijUiikI iuiiI U'o,h§ iliiiiiri Hiirly-Jlm .i/riot, /nun l"!!) Id t-*? t. itirlimin: I'tiiioil. Wliuat, 1-in- II. (llvi',V'llt«> . i\:\ rif 1-lJ- 1'', ntvti vc.HHj. . IJ !ltl l-.'iii- .'il, iilvi' ycaiH).. H :it l".-..'!- .V.i, tllvu J I'llln) . . i;i ft ll-tiO. j ij > I'fll. I.I -JH IrllJ. i:i :i(i ID 71 ti i;i Mil. 1-li.V ^ 1 III I'l iBIiU. 1 II )■« irlfy, i' m H ^Ml tl !lli If Mi Clf< H (ill f 4J H H 7 IH 7 II » IW Ilyo. r.rlml. H III I 7 I'll) n ;io ' I- *u I H M I W '-J ' 7 7.x 7 ai) IM17.. IrtlH.. Nlill.. If70.. I(-7I . |k7iI . i-!7;).. i<«;'i.. Avi'ni;;i'fci!'a.'i yiH. VTIivat. Dml«y. nyu. |l.-i 4H ri fit l.-i ai) III :w , 11 .-,11 II 111 II -.'11 H ail la i:ii H li-< la iw r< ml 11 OH II :i) la a> 10 7i ■ ■ la -M '1 14 Tlio -.■('iicrul avcni^'o of tin* prioo of wluMt, Imili'.v, ihmI oats, in Eii^iluiiii nil. I Wiilf.s for the .years l.siiS, ISiii*, aiul 1S70, wciv : Wheal, IKT wiiiii munllis of l-'TjJ^ OcliibiT. M.iiUc'Is. LiiiiiliMi : |'„ rl |1IT .-I IKMlllllrt.. ^IlllltlMI ill' ■■ Xi'Wi'.istli-: iJiM't' |M1- I I pd'I'.llls . il\ll|.l[l Ill',' ll.lilUll.. Killnl'iir^li: lii'i I pi'i' 1 1 {luiinils.. Miitiiiu l"V ii.iiiiiit.. iTiiiiiiiiry. Ai>iil. Jiilv. il -ji to ei •II CM -r. t.. f 1 aa iji a: ti. ei .'.a I I.". 10 1 U'J i I 'Ji iii 1 aa 1 aa to i lia a -ja ti) 'J l-J U IT I') ii -41' li U) 'Jl -Jl ti) 'Jl 3 S to 8 ."1 IS to Ul a 17 to a ! a) to ! Avn-. UtfU. i: to 'J lai Hi I,) -J I 17 111 2 llii 17 to -M fi 2!) to $1 '11 .;i ;i- I 4.') to 1 t'l I I -IV •J a', to a \i I a :"i I'l tci r.i ! II ■>:■' lo 2 4-' a 1 1 Hi ti i'l i I'J Table ulMwinii the iwrnvje prkvof n-limt, nmil, uml imIi'Uhk in auh qnarkr uf lliv Jin ijtnvH cnU'n'j J)ivinthi:r 'M, IfiTA. (Juartir emliiiji— Ttj! JliMt 111 Ihr M.I- iiiI>»Uniii Mi'at Mlll'lvl't. Mnrrhai. 1.-70 .iiiiii' ao, i.~7ii s.'iitfiiiiii'iaii. 1-70 llri'.'mliir .11. 1-70 . /•« Jlaiili .li^ Juno .1 1, 1-71 S. ptomliri' an. 1-71 . Di-cniilii'i- ai. V-ll.. Slari'li ai, i,-;a .iiMii' an. i-7'j Si'iiti'iiiiii" 'III. i'-7a . D.'i'i'iii'M'i ai, i-7a, . lliM'i'ii ai, i>-;a JulHviO. I:i7.1 Si'pli'iiili.'r:;n. I,<7a . Di'i'i'iiiii. I' ai. i-7a . .MaiL'li ai,i,-i;i ,iui:i' aa, 1^7I Si'iiti'iiiUiTao, 1-71 . Ui'Ci'iulii'rai, 1671.. A Virago r '/ r iw III 1-.'. 1-! 12 M la la I a I a 11 la la la 11 II 11 M la 111 r; IJi'cf. I'n-lh. iu ii.r. ii.a.-i l-i 7.-1 12.7.-, la 1.1.5 la 12. 2.-1 l'.'.7"i H.2.-1 I a. .-.II la. ,'iii M.7.-) It. ,-1 la. .^1 II. 5 i la I la. a.') I la I Mutton. ; < r l/i. ' 12. 7.'i 11.2.7 la M 1.-. la, ,7 1 1. 2.7 1 1. 7.7 1.-.. .'lO 1 1. .Ml Hi. 2.7 1 I 2.7 la. 77 la. 2.7 la 12. .'.O l!.'.:l Hi :i'.' H i."iii]iiii 21 ::ii ■ ■^Mi'i.'.lhii 21 l''l ■ t"'""" 1 l--lai a-; -3 ■ ><"nl».Mi. ■ I'l^l'I'U in -11 4:1 (i- ■ •^,."il|i''a-l..ni .70 P« ■ ''''^iiliiiii .." ■ ^:.""i'«-i..i,.,.l ■ "iMnii - ' ' iiii 1 21 III ■ -^"'"ll Wal.'N' ■ •'^""inini.iiM 211 I'i ■ I(tiii> (I mi U'lilri Ilui'liiy. r» fit 111 :i-J . . > . . . , II III K :iii H liH f ml II '.It 10 *« n 14 njti. iiid (Kits, ill (iv: WUeal, »/' H7-.'. Uciiilpi'r. lAvi.f. J!) ti. fl 11 4:> to 1 M «i ;i^ li7 r. to sj ra i; lu iw •J :: 1 l.> u!i to y 4-" i i; I ' Hi ti> i'l i lu • vj' ihvjiir iiitm ■ M.t- Jli:it Mmicin. I f ^ * ;v r (/<. y.r ^.p^ IP i-j, :. t;i ^^ Ii7.'> .111 Ml m.-j:. •.■« -II 1 !. \i'i Hi M I.I i'll r« II l,"i I-J i.'i III ■.!■: 1 :;.,-> •,'1 :;«; 1 1. -j:. •ji I'll 1 1. ^-i 3-; ^; i.v r,u 2-* .".i: 1 1. .'■ii 411 -II i:.. -J.") 4:1 c- 111. -i") 50 p- » , 1, . 1 1 •,'.■• t;.'i li** i:i.:.'> xv ri' l:;. ':ri m; 10 i:i ai 111 l-J. .■.!> •J) I.; IM'l -■ ■' A $ ' If ^. •^' ■*-vJ«; JSO LAIiOR IX EUKOrE AND AMERICA. Avvnii/i' pricen paiil for (ininj })itrrvi/(tfn' stores in KiujIuhH in the years 1808, 1800, and 1870, Articles. Tra iMT iKiniid ^ll^i^^. t riislird wt-i linii[)f* por I'wl iliii Icy. 1m rti .ScotiU ilo. . liii't', cIi'jiiumI I'atiiii ilo. . J, i riser* I meal do. . Siiiip, liaid, yelliiw. , iln.. I'ni tei", impel in 1 pinlt*, jicr (Inzcn, 8 to jiall'Hi ^\ It', i.tipei'ial pints, tj to giilloii ImiwI.s eaeh Jlilk pel jialloii I'otatocH per rwl Ve;;etal)le.s, iiiixeil jii'i imihikI i;^'(4« per.l.,/.eu IfctW. ?(l 47 !• Ii7i 4 ■-'II 4 I'J 4 IH 7 '.ill Hii 1)44 .'li 2'.'} 1 .-.i; ISli'J. tO 4IIJ II 11) 4 M ;t !ij 4 7S f.-'i .'■'Hj 1 48" lt70. $11 no. t< ill 'J I 4 M 4 lit .5 47 7 t-0 Aviiasi' of J yea!8. ?0 Ari. I !l 7^ 4 '^7 4 IJ 4 III ; n;t Hi '-':i 1 .-i:) I 'J Contract 2)ri"es of bread {per A-piiiiiid loaf) mip/died to the Irtinim in each cuiintij i/ Ircliiutt in tuck lial/iij' the juiim of ldU8, liMiO, and Ir^iO. County or station. Antrim Ai'iiiaj;li Iltitlevant ('.•irl.iw ("avan Cla (.'ork, except Fenniiy and Jiiittevant . l'"ermoy Down I'l'mianai'li OmIw.iv kildare, except Ciirragh and Newlirid;; Kilkenny Ki:i;i * County I.imeii k . ..'. l.ondonilerry I,on;itnnl ..'. I.onlh Mayo JIonai;lian SlijiO Tipperary )ierar ^v;llerto^d .. ■\Vestni( atli "Wexlord.... Average . Kildare, Currnsb of flour per Baek of 'Jso iiouih1«. Dublin tlour per sack ol 'J-0 pounds ItiCg, lialfyear l«l!l, lis Ifvear IKO. bi If-yi'ar to— to — to — •"■ij Jl- 1,,.,. ;,o. -May 31. Novem- ber liO. Ct'itts. Miv;ii. Noveni. bei- .HI. Cents. Cailx. Cents. Cinlx. Ci'ii '.<■ 14 11). ci 11.11 II. !-l!l III. 'J 11, 11 Hi 15 la 5 1(1 10 14..') i:t. .'IH ll.:i(! HI. -J 1(1. 78 ;i. :i la..') 11. s i:i.5 11. c! in. IIH 1."). .1 14.4t< i:i i-j. is 1". T'i \f.:, 17.7 111. 74 1-J. 5 i:i 111 14. lis 1-J. IIH III.IK) II. 5 10 i-.J 14..'i 14. -J 11.4 10.4 10. 1) 1) 1(1. IW l.'i. 4(1 11 n. iiti 11. Ill 1', HI 17. f !.")..■) 13.5 11. cl 11. -J |e ,-, l.-..!l(l 17 11). 5 I J 11.5 IM. - 111.4 1(1 111 11 11. u III IH 17.7 1.-) l.'i 1.-. 14 ;i. ,") 1-J 10 11 > ...J 17 1(1. H i;t 1-J l;t le. Ill 14. 7(i la iKi 11.4 1(1. J 10. (Kj II. \-< l.^ all 14. t< 1-J 11. H 1-J. 5 ll.s 17 ].'). 4 1H.4 11.5 11.5 11 1.-). 4 14.74 11.1) 10. J 10.4 |i -i IH 1, ■).,■) 1-J 10.4 11 ■1 111 l.'i 14 11 1-J II 17..') 17..') 111 10 10. 5 11..') 17 a l."i. 4 lit. 4 11.4 11.11 11. - ir>. H i.-.n 1- 10.4 11. 1 1'. .1 17 1."'. 4 1J.8 1(1.11 11. 4 J 11 " HI. .") HI 17 11.4 IJ ID. 1 Iti. .■'() 15. 44 1-J. H4 11.01 11. IS 11'. '.'J ifi-j :ii 5SI-J (l(i *ll 4-J $8 'J() "ii 70 .5: Hi lU (W a 114 9 ua 7 98 b-J8 7 ;i!i ?, lH(i9, avd 1870. A VL'l'i gu cjf a y< ■a!H. 0.tt «0 4H. I .1 1 4 'JT 4 IJ 7 4 I'l (1 -, ;i;i >i n Mi ;i 4 ■J :i ~'-i ivuitlij ('/' Irclaitil ir l«ll. 1', 1(1 ill-yiiir Ml- .Mnv;ii. XCP I'iM- U. .V. Cilitn. C'n'.v, bd 1(1. -3 10 ;;j' 1 10. 7S :i. : 1 ti I--', if. III. :,■; I i:t III l 10 f*. "J 4 10. !) 11 ta II. 4(1 ;i.:ii rt 11. -J jn 'i 11..-. IM.-' 11. ti Ill ........ ". !''^ Ill li; 111 1 1(1. ik; !l. i-^ •j I-.'..". II.- -, II..-. II 10.4 11. S 4 11 li II 10. ,'i 11.. 1 1 ll.O :i. s 4 11.4 1 11. 4J ;t w 4 li 1(1.1 11 11. It) 11'. ■J-J ai! J8 70 57 "0 J8 « an 7 ;id rRici:s OF ruovLsinvQ tx^ ., CoiintiM. -\lltTilll -\iiiiimli.. J'lilli v:iiir C.iilnw....;; •'.ivj.ii... • ■i.iiv ;; j.irk.,.x,.,.,,vi.v,:„,;,y;,na"ii;;„;.v,„;i: iiiii-iin ....■.".';; I'll III. 111.14; li . i'lTllK.V .' tialwiiv Ken \ ■ K;i;l;;;;::;-^;';:,;;;r'^'^"";'Ncwi,;.i. IvilliciilU " '■'i"j:«(.'i V iini.iicli.. ' I.lllll|.,l|,i,-|,y . J-i.M-lonl i.iiiiiii .';■■ iiiili:;^!,;,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; '.'.'. ''■I'P'iiiv.'.".' ^I'.il. Hi.i'.i... \''i-.-ii.i,„ii, ..; AiiMi.nl ;;■ .\VI-I;|n.,. _ to- ■ '-''"• j«'_if-.venr i 1870, li,ilf.,y,., '^P-^'^^^^^^^^^^^ Aiiiclns. lli.a-l ... j;n;;:ii- ." ' Kili,.*itl,S. J''lTOii |,|.(.f yi;»;ii«l,l,..s.'.'.' f'lilt iii.iii I.'ici- !!;■'■ '■"■•■'I'l'iiiiriiiw.^i- Wv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,^ __........... ^;;|''iittor,.,um.;.;,i,;;,-;;; • » I'll' n.nvriHio.i '['""•' ■■.-... |;'l'l«'r, ivi h' '.'.,.'_"" ■ ■ s.!ittl'r''''''"''"'''''="'''''^i''^t'v, Sii! 1 1 .....' * -Mill, ,;' lii-ise , if iti 1)^-2 J.AHOU IX EUIJOI'E AND A:\ir.i;icA. iNCKKAsi: IN Tin: cost of living. Fii lli(> rollowiiij,' icipor j\rr, Joiios, United 8t;it»'s consul at ^^•\v(^^stl('- on-'r.viir, pn'scnls lii.s views in leyard to tlio uilvaiice in tlie eo.st of piovi.sitinH in IST- : Till' fdxl (if llvinu; IiMs julvnnrcil botwron ?,0 nnd 40 per cent, tliin yrnr. The pricii il' (dill is nciirly irniililc wlmt it ('(mid 1m^ imriliiiMMl I'or on the 1st iif .hiiuinry last ; liuiir l:iis risi'ii iVnin .'ill cciils to (it) Ki'iits \>vr liKI iiuiuk liutcl it is 'J to 4 fi'iit.s lii;;lit'r; iitnl now Ijiiil tin' |)iitiito-croii has failcil, nut aloncMii Iti'lanil, bnt };<'ii<'iiilly llM>'n^licinl llic I'nilnl Kin;j,iloMi, wo aro certain to cxin'ricncu, a .scliou.s aih anco ia I lie nvcat sfaplo of tlic lalioiih<; i \\(\ reason abont as to wlial wo nii;;lil 'riii< iin|i|oyrrH of labor in I '•J,ol nsiililain llio ncccssaiiis of life Ibi' onr woikaien as clicaiily n.s iios^ibn", so as 1c) cnablo llicin to lender ns llieir .services at a low wa,y;<' : Ibis, to;;elln'r willi oiii' clieii|i money, anil init lira I ailvaiitai^es in mineral resources, in the close iiro.\imily of coal ami iron, IIS well as by onr favoiable f;eo;;iaiiliical im^iiiipii for tlie intei national iiiarkct, will enable ns to nnilersell all otliers and i online coni])etilion to onr ow n land." 1 believe it to lie a well-i slablislied tenet in iiolilical economy, that ill ]ivoiiortion lo llie ineiea.se of imiinlalioii llie ]iiice of animal tood w ill advance in ibis country, it is tine Unit Ibis ]n iiieiple iiiiiy occasionally lie oM-rinlt il b.\ shiiuncnts of livestock from the eonliiielil, yet I aii|)rili(nd that this can biin;r about no serious exception to Iho I'lile. lor upon the tiisl appcaiaiice of the rimleiiicst. the cattle-]ila;;ue, or kindred diseases, upon the iihiins of ^oikshiio or anmnjjr the bills of Carnarvon, the importa- tion of cattle will lie slop|ied by older of the piivy eoniicil ; therefore, it is fair to an- ticipate lliiit a traflie attciidi d bv so inanv dillicnlties, risl. and uncertainties will iie\ I r at lain the imiKiiitnde necessary to nullity the piinciple laid down, 'flic farmeis of lis eonntrv liilist be iniliiced ti Is iband atleiil loll to Htoidv-raisinf;, else matters wi on wheal -jjrowin^!.; and turn their mind and ill soon bt come serious. l'.mplo,\ers lit' labor are not nn mi nil fill of the situation. Herculean elforts have been liiiil ale Mill lieinj;- iiiiide to induce the workinji-classcs to adopt the Australian nn'at a j;eni develoniiieiit of this tiailo. ral iiiticle lit' diet. Capitalists Iiavc lormcd liinitcil-liability companies for tLo upon '1 It is pel the tables of the aristoci'iiey of the eoiintry. At a public inceliii'j; held in the adjoininj;- boroii;j;h of Gatesbead, a few months ago, for the a>;italio!i of the meat ([ilcstion, the mayor of Newcastle asserted by authority thill one of the wealthiest men in this district used this chr^.s of food twice a week, mil led to no abroad that Australian beef and mutton are to bo found mon 111(1 piclerrcd It to the meat ]iroc ired freiii bis re^fiilar bnt(dicr. 'I'his poli(.\ will certainly contiilaiti; to wipe away the natural prejudices of tliti masses a;;aiii.-.l meat killed, cooked, and canned by unknown hands MjUtiu miles awav- COST OF CLOTHING. In tli(> l'()i'<\o;oiii,o' taMr.s tlio cost of ])rovisi()iis and of liouso-ront pt^r week Iiiih liccn ,i;iv('ii, til.so the prioo of vaiion.s iii'ticlf.s of dry good.s ainl of liiiots, (Iiit.s ftmiisliiiio: .some data for a e()inpiitatioii of the co.st of iiviiio' ill lite I'liited Kiii.odoui nt-: eotnpared witii llie United rtttitt's. ^\'ilil^■ lite piiee.sof the piiiicipal article.sof siil).sisteiU'e are on the whele its high ill llie former a.s in the hitter eoiuitry, the venial of rooms ami till' price of clot' iti,o- lire only i'liDiit one-iitilf as iiiiieh its in the United State.'-, I'rom a earefiil eomiiiitation made in Uondoii, it is believed that clothing;' can he pnreliased there at oO per cent, of the f^'old and M jht cent, of the enneiiey prices in New York. Uri. .a a tailor in Ilioii Ihil- luirii, wIiii makes more eloUiino' for c'itizetis of the United States than any other in London, the lollo\\iii,ii' prices were obtiiined : (iiMid lm>iiiess suits, made to order, of .n'ood and fasliionable iiiateiiiil, cost Iroiii r».s.v, to (ill.s'. ; the lowest jirice of similar tpiality in New York, letidy made, lieinj-^L'.'S to $,'30. Suits of line blue cloth, .Si'.v. (»(/., (dH'.'.'t'.) which it is believed <'ould not bc obtiiined anywhere in the United States forJ^lU. |''iiie black cloth dress-vests, Kb;.; tbcsstrou.sers of best black doeskin, .'Id.v.; Irock coiilsof the bt\st biiickclotli that could be piircliascil in l.iiial.in, silk lined. SO.v., (.'^li»,;)u ;) overcoats from o'Os. to Wn., the lat- ter of ;;ood braver-cloth, with itilk-velvet collar. at >'c\v('iistl(>- II I lie cost of yc'iir. Tlic prioci III' .liiniiiiry last ; lit i;s 'i Id 4 i-i'iits 1(1, lint ;;rn('lillly lions ailsiuiuo iii IH pilS-^illlc, so IIM ■r Willi mir clii'ii|i iiiiity of cniil anil iiuliiiiiai iiiarkut, w 11 liiiid." ill ]i;ii|iorlion lo liis ciiiinl ry. U if livcslnrU from inns cxci'litioll Id ii^uc, III- kinihiil •on, till' iiniimla- i;, it is lair to aii- iiciM'tainlii'S will vii. 'I'lir faniii'is n tlicir iiiiiid and clTiirts have been iistialiaii iiii'at as) LiiiipaniL'.s Ibi' tLo ;o ho fouiKl upon fi'w mnntlis ago, lol liy aiithoiity u(l twici; a WL'i'k, prcjiiiliccs of 111!) ,UUU miles iiwav. lousp-ront pi>r Iry goods iiiiil of the cost of LFiiitea States. J oil the whole ot rooms ami in the. L'liitcd ; bclii'vcd tiiat jld and ")(> pt'i- •in IJi.uli Hoi- 'd States tliaii able niatciiiil, in Now York, ,•.(»/,, (61'.>.".IU.) fnilcd Sratt's sot host Iliad; 1)0 pnrcliascil o OU,s., llie lilt- 5'?3»sag-* J,* 384 LABOR IX KlllOrE AND AMERICA. rUICKt? OF CLOTHING. Prices paid for raiioux arlhliK ofvhdhiiuj, ,f r., ut lUtlilcIum JIoKpilul, in Ih near ISTO. All idea. Clntli I'Oiils, (viiTiinis rnliirs) ( Icilh Wili'.ll i.llls, (VMIlllll.M !■! I'lS) CliiUi tiiPUMis (ViM-iiMis n.lcirs) .. I Cc'lltH Cloth, errviiiilM' li!iic< Wiiisiiimtn t 'rroiififi rt . . I'anvaM nut nf ii-c cxci'iit for coiil-CiiiTviii; [.Inclii'ts msciM (■|'l"U; ■I'icU fi'Mllii; 111 TicU I'liitlicr |iii!ii"» 7-4 WhitiHV l.l'Ui\(:,-i hi WliiliK V I l.nil.i'l-' Ill Whitii'V II I ( il< VhiU' Mcii'Hsli ckiii::*. Woiucii'H stiK liiruis . Jji;ii'ii liMiiilkiicliicl's 1.1m Jllui DipwIms, Cill )iiclic> Chc'ili. (ii'.l iiii'liis) Cotton Mints l.iHt 1 Woimiis 'iioinc-iiKoV ^^ lioot.s . ' I Sliocs . oricli . . ....do.... ....I'll... ....ilo... ....do .. ...do... ...do..., ....do... ....do... ...do... .Si'i'vmits III 'I- Us ... , s Iiiiiv.i iM :iiiil wiii.sfcoiit.s 1 o... "■'»"•■' I'llliioals '"••■ ,. I,.., I,. Jo do... do . . .jior jiair. do. .. do .. )i'r do/.i'ii. JUT dozi'ii paiia ilo. .- ]n'r d(:/',u. do .. Iii'i' vaid. do. . . .(■acli JUT vaiil. .| lu-i-inir.. lero. «(1 ni 1 i;,-' H \i 11 Ci 1 (1 iii 1 yj .■'I ;i -I I : i; n 11 ■J 111 ii 1)1 n '■j« :1 'J:l 21 -^.l 4 11 :) m; 1 o; 1 :i' l.'i ■,M 1 II l.'i VII r.-' 1 .'." CO-orERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS. Indnstrinl co-oporiition Iniviiiji' nlroiuly lioon briclly alliulcd to, it iiiiiy not be iiiiproiicr in tliis jiiiict' lo iviVr to tlio.se co()]i(niti\c societies {'k' the piiifliiise iiiid sale of tlie nt ces.siries of iil'e, which in Kiiulai.d liic ill niiich favor. Associations somewhat siiiiilar are not iinknown i.i this coiiiitiy, especially in I^ew ]:ii^laii(l,\vliei(', some twenty years :\>j,n. they were immerons, and apparently siicccsslni; but lor some tlcici t. eitiier of orpini/.atioii or adiiiiiiistration, they jiiadually dcclineil in niimlici' and i»opiilarity. In ICiijihnid, however, they have, on the \\\n)U\ met with decided success, there l.einji' at the prc.Hiit time 1,4(10 of siicii socielii's, with a total nieiiibei.--liip of netirly ,1(i(),(HI(». J.ast year tlicv sold domestic siiiiplics to the iimoiint of j;i.":.,(MU>,(t()(). The Jvcclidiiie jdan of co-operation is consiilcrcil to be the lu-st. The Co-operative Kews, the otnan of this nioveiiieiit in lOa^land, says: By cxaiiiiiiiiio- the Icudiii.i;- i'oatnrcH of tliis plat', it will tic sefii to lie a'< siiM]ilo iis it is clVicacioiis. Many of llir sncii tii s. now llii' iiio>.l llmiiisliiiio, coiiiiiM.'iiri'il ilirir tm-:- iifss (iprialioii.s wii'h li'.-^s than s->VM. i;vit,\ I liMio is iMiiclia^eii anil .^idil loi- cash. Tiiosc who liavc tried *lic crcilii sy.>rcni liav(' all I'rilcd. The o-ouds arc hi Id al 111" ■ irdiiia'.v price dnnanded liy the ic-rdar di iili r.<, no nunc, no less; Itnl orc.-it care is talicii ti> iNcliide all adult. iateil ailieh.s. 'J'o picvcnt IVaud, clicini.sis arc iii;plo.vi d hy sunn' of lie a.s.^ocial ions, ami idionld aiiv of l he C'linniittce^ of inana.ncinent MisiKil ail article to he iliii'iirc.a ,-ainiiIe i;. in ini diately fnrwardcd for aiialvMS, and thcoooiU arc not sold until a report lias liecii received. Thus, ooi.ils sold in co-operative sliirrs have a just reputation for purity. li is cheaiier to pay a fair price for a pure art.ek' than a lower price for an iKliiKeiati d one. It is lielicvcd that co-operative i•ndl!^t•.■y will ,«oon control the whole prediictivi' iiml disliihntivc hu-^iiichs of the country. 'I'licre aie tens of Ilanisandsof jicoplc in Eiiolainl, wlio. up to the time they Joined the co-operative societies, had iievcr savid ii peiiii.v, who have now coie-iderr.hii- sinus aecuuinlaled hy tlii> iiicali.s. The accniniilarmii ^ dfeetdl l>y a soit of donlilc-coiniiomid intercut. The average interest is .'^aid to liens hioh as •■i^ per ci nl. on the whole .•,liarc and loan capital. /( //(( j/rar 1~T0. ItlO. ...rach.. $li ni ....do... 1 d." ....(!(!.... ;i ,■'1 ....ilo... 11 1-.' ....(1(1 ... ;i (0 ... lid ... ti Hi •■•:!;;■- 1 ii:!^,^""' "- .'"--t Of I... ii,.,.i .(root ..„„„.l in,ia slH'ft co-oinnilirv ^lorvs, Livt Aiistnili Jii'd', in piK 1 "iciit, without bono; iiUl line, ■qiuol, l Jiccf, Jliitt Kai Kii.ircs, por poiiiK L'liriicd, ill iiiicl.,.^, , ' of, jior dozoi 1 |ier jioiinii ii'iilieriionnd I'er pound.. Deni Fni Cnished Crystals . iits: Praia, raw Ua\ nrrants,Zaiit() ■sins, Valentias Kaisin.s, Snh ] an U.S. ■■•i^ins, Mn.scatds J)iites, Tiitilat I'nines, iv,,,„,j,_ Aliiionds, Valent la. Am reserved oraiifje.s. ■iiiie-jiiiee.iier dozen lerican tinned f'niits— J Toiiiat •Iiiiirts.. eaelies, one-pound tin.s ■•■o-appl(.H,one-ponnd ;oi two-pound f inn. ''''■'■''.V',i«s,])er pound . tins. 17 17 ]■! i.-i •At to 28 4 68 3 78 26 18 64 6^ :^1 ■M 2 aa 33 uo 00 to 07 (17 06 09 m m m 24 1 44 21 ives, Frene! Arr 'furoot, one-jioiiiul tins '.n-starel '. per iioiind.. ^;Waiidtapio,,a,p,.r p„i,;,-,[ S «o an, tiipiooa, pearl, porpomni" ba,oa„,!tapi,H.,U^io,p,!rprM/; : \eniiife]li, per pound liice i'taroiii and I'atiia,two-ponii(l pael- iSoai Carol lua, tu-o-ponnd pad' ascs Candl, Mottled ... 'ilo wa.x.. lie white 1' Steal r 'Soda, 14 me.. ;ualiine 'Stiirch. ^I'niiieer-;, best ' Jioiliids per pOIlIK L'.J L 10 2 04 2 IG 3 li> 1(> 11 f.':> (I.S ir. 13 or. 07 0.-,; (I.S 11 20 24 4(5 24 10 ob(] LALOU I.\ KUIIori: AND AMKUICA. Il^ Spices "ci 1 Vir.. llllilril LlillH'! r, ])I-T llllll!.(l . i)\CS, |lfr |inUI|(l ICf, \)LV Dlllll'l^ Illiii'pi, lirl'dlllK'ii •]i|i<'r, lilack, iiri' (iinicc. .. ■iipiT, wliilf, \n:v diuici'... ■piicf, C;i.vi'iiiic, jicr oiiiR'i ;mi'MIi>, |il'1- niiiici' ir, (li.-liikMl, p(.T (iuaiL ... '2\ •M W or. ii; -10 ii; 'J Hi; :ma.nc]Iksi];i; and sAia\>ia) c o-otkiiativk .sociktv. ILivlii;^ visiti'd flio shops luul (ifl'icos of the abovo society in ?il,iii- chrsUT, iiiul iiiiiih' iiKiiiirics of tlio oHIih'V.s in i'(',^iu'(l to it.s oiu'iations and succi'ss, tiic author beheves tliat ;i lew items of inlbriiiation in iv- .yard to llie objects i'.nd iaana;i('nient of an assoeiation whieli has iii;l ()nly Ix'en ]'i'f»d"*'t've of material but of moral benelit to its nu'nd)er> uill i>rove iuteicstin.i Tlic seeretarv said that the savings of the nieiu bcrs enroui'aiied thi'Ui in habits of ihrift, and that they were not so lau iiieu. <'li <;iveu to speiid iiiouey iu driuic as is usual willi otiier worivin 'I'liis scicicly WHS l■^l;lllli^l;('(^ to piu'cliiise fond, flriiij,', clol1iiiioiind (.Mrli, on(< of which .shall lie I iaii.-.fcraiilc, and the icniaindci' willnliawalili'. Kach incinhcr sliall lioiil af Ica^t one .sl;arc., and not more, than two hnndicd. Any nicnihcr may pay the \vh(do or any pint thereof in advance, Init not le.sHllian tenp .■)'' nioniii, or two shiUiu'j d lie lined thrc nc(^ per ([iiai'ter pers'iai'i md, on del'ault, 8li.i!l ncsH, ( lislr elience Jier i s iliereof, in each ipiarter, iiileii^!; not exceediii;^ ;"> per cent, per annum upon every paid-up sliaic standin;; lo his accuuhi, ill the hool.-.s of i!ie soeiely ; Imt the committee hluiU al any liiiio have power, with tlie fcanction of an ordinary f;i'aeial mecliiiu;, to alter th(> rate ol' interest upon sliarcs. Also, that the net pi(icei;(ls of all Imsincss carrii d on liy the society, after iniyiiiiifnr the e:;pei.ses of mana;;emeiit, interest (Ml loans, the proper reduction in value of lixi il stock, and the interest upon tlie Mihscrihod capital, sliail fiom time to time be applii-l liy direction of the ordinary (]ii.'irti;rly iiieeliii,ns, either to iucreaso tho cajiilal or iiibi- liess of tho society, to the foini.'ilion of a reserve fund, or to any provident luirpii^o ;iullioi'i>:ed by the hnvs in fmce, in respect to f.ieiidly .societies, and the remaiiidcr (less £•1 li.ij. of every JCIUU clear jirolit lobe set apart for in^truclioIl and n^crealion) shall In' dividetl amoni; tho im luher.i of tho society in proportion to tho amount of tlicir pia- chases at tho stores during liie ijuartcr. The dividend for tlie last quarter was la. i\il, on the Sll to iiieiahtMs and 10^/. to nounienibcrs. Tiierc is tx library with reading-roDiii foi' ]uen)l)er.s, and a public room for meeting's of tho society, and iVir llic ■weekly meetings of tito Ii directors, who receive l.v. per week for .siifii service. at otiKT lie: Tlio sales are fit the jirices charged ibr the saaio (j !slioi).s. Thii following were noted : (rood American cheese, 8 cents ]>er poaiid, (very much used, and i^iiiii !o bo fretiuently better tliau Eiiglisli at t!ie i-ame price.) ^'el■y [;:)o<\ lea, ll.s'. 8i/.; the best at oS. Halifax. — The forty -eighth semi-aniuial report of the Co-operativi: Society at Ualilax, wLi;-I; has jast been vt; ives its opeiatiij oc, 111 I)*' J'i k; yocii.TV. socioty in ^I.iii- » ils ()])('r;iti(iiis onniitioii ill IV- which ]i;iH not to its mciiiht'is, ifjs of the luoiii- cy were, iiiit .sd oilier wovkiii''- 1 (itlicr iiccrssarii's iilsii l:sI1kiii tfiipi hi k 1, on (Ifl'aiilt, Nil, ill I) arisen iVoni sick- icliiry to tlio cdm- in.-c (jf tlii< dci'.iiilt luylit to bo uiadi.', bof tlu^ siii'pliis iv- li (iiiai'tcr, iiiti'vot iiii;;' to liis iU'cinii:!, 'o powti', with tliu ;■ upon shares, y, alter pay in;; fur a in value of fixi d to time be. iippliel ho cajiital or Inbi- provitlent imriiii^o he, i-eniainiler (Icsi eei'eation) shall Iso luunt ol' ihoir pia- £] to imM;il)ers ■a(lin<;'-i'oi)t!i lor j(y, ;).i!(l I'll' llie 1' Wi'vk iov such iiilitios at otIaT 1 usoil. aii'.l Siiiil a'.) A'ciy ;^ootl lio C()-oi)fiii(ive ;3 its 0!>;';:ltiMli^ 388 LAIJOU IN EUUOrE AKD AMERICA. ^^Il'' i ..,, . J:=i m Tuhlf «hi)uhiti Ihc (iiura/jc mcldi) ixpnutiturcH of lahorci-ii' families in the manufacturing IdtniH if J)irmiii 80 382 7U 440 IN ■Weekly cMiuiii;;3 of laliorera .. 8 37 '14 20 7 20 7 80 TOiirly e!iriiliii;s, ostiniating M 435 24 530 40 371 40 413 92 * Eai'uluga ol' lamily. WEEKLY EXrENDIXURES. Tahli- shoH'infi the nvn-nf/c wcrkli/ Cjpemlilnrcn of hihoreyx' fnmilivn in the manufavlufini; ton-n^ of Leilk and Dundee, Scotland, and Cardiff and Cronvbrar, n^alca, with their icii/./i/ carniiiijH, in I'^T'J. Leith. Dundee. Cardiff. Cronebrar. Genornlnvrr- Articli^s of expeiulitui e. 2 adidts nnd 2 children. 2 ndnlta nnd 5 children. 2 adults nnd 5 children. 2 adults and 1) children. a;;eiii(ire.it liritain. ?o nc 1 21 S2 20 1 50 10 72 28 50 111 8 30 24 ?,[; 114 3(1 8 24 24 $1 21 1 08 10 42 32 30 14 Hi 72 24 32 24 30 ei 21 1 45 10 50 30 40 14 .52 40 15 12 48 3(1 12 CO SI i.-; Meats, frcali, eornctl, salted, &c. 1 aii Uuttor 30 .|:ii il" Snsaraud molasses Milk 21 30 18 24 14 12 48 H Tea I'isli, fi e.-ili ami salt Soap, stareli, salt, pepper, vine- rotntncs and ntluT v(-setal)Ies 1^5 •til 4 yiiel 30 12 24 24 48 12 li- Oil or other li^'ht Other aitielcs Spirits, Ixor, andtolmeeo, if any 1-S 48 Ill' miiniij'iiftiiriiig :ld, Eiiijliiiiil, kUIi ester. n niul [run. SbtQUlil. 2 ncliiUs mill 2 cliildrt'ii. ei ni en Hi (il) 1 u:i III 11 Hi liii 111 w III! :iii i:l ij M iH 'Jl is I'J If, 21 ii'l ;iii f II f)U 3J lu ^ 20 i.'4 :ii> til 1 03 n 3(1 3ii li Si 7 41 t.-.7 7(1 25 00 3.S-1 a 4-<.|iJ 7 a tH2 70 410 IN 7 9« 413 02 //in ma»ii/acliivin/j 9, M)((/i (/(tie iC(c7.7i/ ■bnir. Gi-nor.il H'ii'iiil irrr- real trt nnil liritiun tlifii. f 1 21 5 1 •(.■) Sli Ill 1-i .Ml .|:.\ :iii II., 40 40 14 !!:i .I'J li 411 '.'1 t; WS 1.1 2H 12 m 4- 411 ,^ ■■t :rT-vV. „. n«)I,K.HI.N s FAMILIES. 389 — ____ ' ''^'"'''''■"■■^/"""•''■'■VJ'^.- Continued. 'Jino •V(ii;icri.Tri!u. l.Alinl;i:i:s .,i- i:Xfii.AXi,. '*'^'*r??!**'^*wiw^ f!^' « 390 LAiiou i:^ Ii;ii-!il.v, im (lie r.'isn nii;,lit ]»\ I'.i liclll M (if Ijljrillllll IlilVll illCfl'MMll ,v #ti' fill- l'-ll'lll-tliiti.l iiimiIo liii;;.' prolils, miil uiviif .."iii'i ol wlinit \vi ro numlici' of lalioirrs for liin, };rcatlv It Cfltlsr.H may III' lls-i;;IH'il for till, |,|,.:<|. lit lliisi ralili'COIKiriioli of tin, J'.ii;;lisli fariii-laliorrr : llio Kii.Ji.',li liiiiil-svM and llic ;;ri'at loral ii I'n aso of |io|mla(i()n. Ill (1 \v.s|fiii of iioor-liiw iflicf ; I'litil thr laiiil-law.s and (In, Ivniirr on wliiili land s iTiitcd 111 Kii;;land pr,> nltorcd, llio roniliiloii of ilic farui-lalioriT can ncvi r l.r iiialiiiailv I't mlit'cir ' Jf | inurli lii'ttiT tliiiii M-rfN, thrir cn'jiloyirs, till, liniiiit-fanMors, am Imf vav-aiWif "tl ay ari« in owners III || llilc f soil. T 111' niajorify oi'tho faiins in J';ii;,'laiiil aro onlv lit iTiiowalilo Iroiii year to year. 'Jho sain,' family may liavo livid liayiiit'.oiii of i|„" ri'vvuid of tliiir Jal>or. iind the lalmr tlii'v ) on yearly terms, .'lliolis tlieir liiiids. exoi I liiant rents to the owneisof tlie land. Diiriii"- t! on one larni for eeiier- avo wriiiiji; from not been iillowed to eairy ii j.'Uii, to throw n li-li-llne, or ti icMi \ears tlies i'arnis witlmut t! uoiiiiiieB of till ir liin raised oil till! estati,,, ii rail' 111 till I' jieriaisMonof tlieir laiidlnids. 'Jjiey lime voted at elections for tli. tl day I limes. |ieiel recruits for tin ' yeomanry " frooii lanee, wli"ii a desci nilaiif of micIi ancestois, inoro inlellijicnt or self-willed refuses to In, led by the nose liv II lie I IS iiii o|iinioii (if lii.s ow n, and iif tin, c e steward or baili ]i ' tlu! s(|iiirc',s -' candidiiti Next icnt-di onnty eleclioii voles n;;ainst " my lord',- ipH, ciicIkI t'Vcry liiiiMinj; on Hie fmni y comes, audi i(, w hose iilieeslois hiue. and have )i;iid theii' hiiiill..i(l a lien vy lent f Jieli I'ellow, ulii to seek lllKilli- ve ciinvericd liaricn prr- md to have a he nil ir that 111 iviliMi — wli wastes into feltil w ill ol his ov, 11. is turned out of thi Ills I'Kliei il Ins fathci:^ And here I wish il lo lie eleaily i-t idt le <|Me'-tloll. liiive iihvays had tl AVI 111.; or torv, ■I stood tluit I kce]) aloof IVoiu the jiol le ten:] tation and the jiowir lo so ir (•onscryative, the j;reiit land Itie ■owilel'-i cases when, the landlnid imiisclf would he inijiailial, his MilioKliuates, tl Htewiinl, or taniily lawyer, laki, can; lo use on thei ovcrn their lenants, ami, ii o a;,'eiil, to them. J\e],t d !•: rowu behalf llm (low er deleeninl 111 such il slate of vassala.ue, it is no wonder that, in their turn tliu ml have screwed down and tyrannized over their laburers. ' III the. old time the valueof ihe land itself cvcrylhinj;. Xow the land itself is v IS iiotliinj;- ; what it would |irodiic by the farmers of ]',iij;laiid CBtiniated value ot tin lined most, and its ]irod lie staled to ill, only from o east. Till cuts [laiil iiid 1 III, lo thrco |ier cent, on l iiaiiy of them, al"ter keeiiin-' their hihorers on starvii lion wajics, liiid it hard woik to |iay ilial rent. It is notorious that i niK '" 1^'iKhiiid is tar less remiiiiei iitivo than any branch of trad lowiidavs fan J-oiiii;r iiiiiii fairly educated and a thonnieli farmer ! (> or commerce. A liirm ; he may d, vote time and into of wau \\h III I careful attciilion to i nay iiivcsi a certain ns woi k; h ipital e m.iy ]iay tlio lowc.it nay liav(, investi d the s. en yeai.s' time he \vill liiid himselfafar poorer man'ihui'i Ins hrol! too many cukos an Eii;;lisli farmer liiid line capital and attention in some bii.sinc .ss or trai ill hi s capital, .111(1 hai received no I'el Silt the end of ten or twenty years that 111 urn for it except tho maintelianc self and family, l.'eiiieinlicr, too, that in such case liie hihoivrs 1 if hi: clow II, iis I shall herciiltcr llninbtildt ; ays that; A\' been latislho trni) and lo,;ieal conclusion lo drav cannot feed itself hi iiienltnrc is the, only trim source of wealth. A ifter all. lowever rich in other respects land wo are told llmt I'aniier.s, who only [lay the lamlloid from twoti) three 1 f 111) \- 1 J' f 1... 1.. ...1 ....... I,..; .. I.. 1 1 • 1 . . . . . I thoviiliu, of the land, jmy their laborer fjiiiof I'xisteiice, and yet farniiiorisi s which only keep them on tl nation wliiili ik |ioiiit. Ill Kii;;- icr cent, nil ii; very niai- II nnprolitahU; occiiiiation. The real truth i's, tliiit iicarly every farm in Kn-land is greatly overrented ; that the est IH liclitions, -which licliti area of (licat liritain ; second, the (nciit d'cmai'id lor value is kept up by imaled value of In small holdinns into lar"e estah ,■ the land- Tlicro seeni.s lo be an .■veral causes : llr.st, tl land caused by tin, at 10 liiinttu owners of England to mainlain their landci nvrittc,! compact isorpluin cl m slates ami add fli(,reto by cans 111 their power. Year by year llu, hind-owncrs of Kii;;laiid j.;et fewer. E Aliab coveted Xaboth's v may be adjacent lo his estate, and tl ineyiU'd, so does ii lai';;e inoprictor eyo a snia goes on yearly. It is true lliat, wl m iicciimnlation of land into the II lioldiiij;- will 'I hands of a \l-\v occasionally purchased by some rich i iPii any very hiij;e projierty conies into the market. It i %viso after llieir Kcncrati lerchant, contractor, or railroad man ; hut iIh-.m', I er cent., to buy land which 11 on, witlidiiiw their money from invest n y can let at only 1 or 2 per cent., for t leiits payiii;; 7 tn V iiirpi cinK ailmittcd to the cla.ss of landed iimiirictoVs, who, directly or indirectly, holU politically and socially, III .icnate, oouil, and camp, nile EiiyiiUid priisni'iily. Tho my llii^ CMiiiilitiiin It) cinlilniilli ci'U^ ' WIS not iiMiniiM- I nii'iit <|iiiiiililii's III) IHIHSili;^ (if llll) lined. 'J'lu) BiiiiiU NS 1111(1 ICHS. 'J'lld I'tir liii'o ^ri'iitly Milili' rnijilil inn i>t' f iM)i)r-la\v ixlid'; ;liiiii1 PI',' nlli'Tcd, , ir tlicy iiri« iiui; il v;i>!'iils of tl.ii : on yi'iiily tciliis, I' I'liiiM I'lir j;i'nrr- liiiM) \vniii^ IVdiii 1) .\rar,s tliey liii\,i II I'lilil.il, (111 tliiij: ; flcctiiiiiH lor ih.i ■••(iiiiiiiiry " tidi'ii r Midi liiiccstiii-i, Icwiiiil hci'll ^rloiii,,! iKsion to draw .' A mil inn uliich IMllllt. Ill Kii.n- lircc per (.'cut. (ni III tilt; very iiiai- I'lil truth i^.that •d viiliif of laiiil rst, tho limiti'l 10 iilisoriil 1(111 ct' i'oiii|iact iiiiiniii;' hori'to hy cvi'iy Icwcr. Even as 1 holdiiiij whi h haiid.s of a k-w I tlioiiiarkct.it !■; man ; bat Uh'm', jiayiiij; 7 to 1'' till' puriKisi' (if iiidii't.'ctly, liolli CO.V,„T,„. „„. ,„ „.„„„,„ ^,, ^^^_^^ ,,^. ^^^^^^^_ ,,S'>. in fiicf, low „..,„, '■"•■;• I'"' him-.,. iCind his "I Woil;, or i ooii.-^ciiiii.nco mai'ki.r is o 'iiair.v,ai)(l h,., 'II 'act, ji on; th ''>"'-<'\f :i,u\ his I- ni I 7' ■"""!' '"'I'l 'l<"vi, (o III,, on • I "'?• '". "^ liMc, in ihi) world .., '"""='^'^S ""• J-ii^lish fanudubom- is t ."^ ■ ■"' '"'" ri.'ini.cd , lin, i'v:,,,;' .■'""■'^ ri"'""«' ''"to ..xistcpc,- ■.'„„"," '".■"^ I'""'- ^'it' Li.iiiish i-.xatts hi^'h «u wiiif().s, }fU , ilfcordi iir to t! Il' ti's!im-mv of "'ii;? wii.) ,ai.-. (J .\ t-ars, and mlfmm^:. ^m I 'A LM.Oli IN i.l I.'on; AND AM/KICA. *;"•*' i'' "' ''('"'/,"■*'•'. '.'' "iilioimlm, ■, Im IS Ihn .iM.iiiH.st. |„l,n.vr in ||„< «;,il.|. 'II,,, f ' ■' '" <'"• lliilisli iiiliiy 1110 1 rri'Mill.il ti..Mi 111,. liinii-liaMinis. l;,,,! I.v (..ll ;■,• '■' ^""Imt '"'iMK iVon, ,1,,, „„„t „f,„. ,,„,r ,„„„i,|,„„.„,^ ,|,„ r,„.|M-lM'l...i,T '.-. ,M,„„ 7. n- i.'l.U ol J.i|.,v|,ni. , Imt, lin ,nil> , Mh |,n,.M r r.Mi,liti,.MH to 1., ,„m.. • 1.' ot til.. Iu„.,i m1i,vni,.i,] lyp. s ini.l l».st v..rK..|« in il,.. nv.,i1,|. Wiih hucI. Immiich us M.y 1, ,1V,. ,t ,s ,,n' n, 1,,. u,,, ,,,.,,, 1 ||,al l,,lH.r..rH HiM.M.I u lint. v...- lilll,. ,M..iHV tli,.v OiMi 11 111.. Vill^,;;,. lM...r-|M.M .,.. 'J „.„. |iv...s „v, I.,v,l.v; lli,.,,. is „., ^jlv.r linn,. u> ij,,, .Imi.l i:it,;;;i,.,' ov.l- llMiii. Wli.it ^v I.t thni, )Ii,.,v m,...|< ||„.i,. .,„lv ,,l,,,Mir.7 i , H.nsMiil ,.x.,;t,n,..n .,| ,s .,. ,l,|„u • y,., ,|„, ,|n,„k,.,„i,.ss .•mm,.,,;; raiiM-lalM-i.Ts is vr • Hli.;l,t ; 111.. |„M,r l,ll,,vs ,.aiiii..t, If (luy «, ,111,1, „ll„i,| ||„it, Iunmiv. Vi.w.'il in ,.v,iv '■-•lit i"ii..'l Ins 111,., th,. p„riJ„M „f 111,. iMniiliilM.nr l,..,s I,..,.m „n..'.,|' l„il, |,„v,.,tv un.l 1,11.. liMM- 111 a .l(.j;i.„ l„ v|,|,.|. tl,.,,.lh,.i. u„ikiiiH.,.Ii,,-,M..s.,|- i;iij.lu,.,| iial.. I„iik bcoi lint ll...i.,i;iicn!liiial Ii.l.ni.T liiis a( l.isl U\\:rn (li,. malt,,. i„|„ 1,;^ „„ „ ,,,„„i^_ f,n n.lail<.aiiiv.,...|it m 1 . I.iiiary |--7V,.l,.s..pl, Anii li.:s| sI.mhI ii|. nn.l.r Hi,. ,li,.„tiii,t. t .■,... ^\.■l^^so^m,l.■, 1111,1 hi.llli,. l.,iiii,lalloii,.ltlial>;.vatni..v..nH.|il wl,i,.|, has sii„.„ NM-.a.t „yv all ,i:^.laii.l 'I ha( .. „„t ll,,... y..n,s i.;;,,, y,.| .I,,,,.,,!, An li m( tl,.. pn-.s,! ■iioni.iit lias ni„l„iil,|..,lly ,ii,„,. p,.,-,s„i,;,| p.nv.r il,an a.iy ,.lli,.i man in Kn-laii'l. llis n.Mn ,.s ki,,,„,, w„i,.v,, 11... i:„;;lisl, laiiKiia;^.. is spiiU..,,. llisv.uk [,as nln.a.ly lMi.,i-lil t„iil, ^r,„„i ,,nil ; ll,.. MV.iaj;.Tiit,.s ..flanii-wa-.s I lin.ii-liniit Kimlaii.l liav,. MI,... nsri,, an.l ll,,. lioiiis .,l lalM.r liavo I,....,, iv.ln.v.l. ||, ||, .iIIi.tm ..,„ii,ti,.s ..f J.ii-laii.I 1H«. a w....k IS n.)\v paiil l.,r laini-lalu.r; in lli.. nii.ljaii.l iliHiii.ts, Kw.; an.l in p,.i I 1...SS than th.. latLTMini l!ii( Mr. A,.|, has .■n)„.iI.iicv.| ih.. Ki.al..sl ..p,,.,Hiii.,ii an.l ahiiM. in .•,)iis..,in,.nu. .,1 his lal..,is .,n hchallol- Iho das.s iV.mi which lu, hits lisfii.' J«)liu y'iiltor, (-<;., II iiK'inlur of |li(. r.iiti.sh Piirliaiiioiit, and editor of tlu' Loiiddu liiufs, ill ;iii addicts v.liicli Iir delivered al ii ineetiii.r ]„ JhtIvsIiiic dwelt upon tlie cniu!iti„a of tlio :ijiTi(MiltiiiaI laborer, Tiiid (Iccliiird tliiit, 111 .spile of idl report.s to the eoiitntry, it wa.s better tliiiii It bad l)e<'ii heretobire. lie .showed liy stali.stics that while the iiriceol' l.iod IS only il very little lii,!;haid are very .small, and Ih,^ avora;;e hilxirer earii.s only tliutcen or lillcen shilliii<;s u week, wliilethc eond)ined earniiifr.s of "a iii:;ii and his w He and liuiiily do not anioiiiit to more than Iwent v .shilliu"s a wee!;. - " And a Jiidieions writer of our own eoiintrv, eomnieidiii"- on the i)i,st cii:d present condition of a;;Tiei:llnir,l laborer.s in lOn-hindjlemark.s tliat llie resnlt.s ol the labors of 3ir. Areh and Jiis eoa'djiitors are already iHandes^iij a decided ri.se of the scale of reninnerutioii olEiij^lish iariil. *:.InAtyhhiis.liiv,.(,.,lhisatt,.Mti.;nl..nt mlvantn-. s. ;„,.l -.n.ant liit.iro v. .uiiiK lor tlio lahoivr, still, « h..|, th,,. a-.m .1 Xow /.■aland ..!• l .•ui.-i.la i.oints to tho fivo passa^.-, tho latt.T iii.li,c..iii,.nt is ^aw t.i juoyail.^ It 1^ liopod that wh..n Mr, Aioh visits Anioiioa ,s,.ii,o anaiii;..|ii..nts liiav ho imulo, oitluTl.y.si.u.. authonly.,1- iho .•o-op,iati,>,i .d' piivato in.livi.iuals, by wiiicll lUo paistago-muiioy .'loiu Liishuul iii.iy bo advaiajod to hih.iror,) of thi.s tla.ss *'"M'II/||\ ,,!■ III,. ,>. n,.,,;C;' ''"''""''"-' "'^'l'-n.,:n ,,.|,.v„i„„. „ '«ir- -'"=; ;:;Hff :--"t;^ ,!:;r ;^rr\--." .v. ■vr;^i;q:;^,;;'^'-~E;;":;;:;.':t ; S3;;? n|?S£S^^^^^^^ ^, , ' ■■"•"""^■•'^S llUXtil!M> filled '.'K'illlil nil UiUi 'I'lllM Ihi'V 'S u iiii,i(.|||iiv,„ -'.•^'•H.;h;:sri;r;;j;';^;:j^'-3,!--'.-^va^ liii.di ' <"lMiy coil "" illlll lllMlvf' it l,v with, ti proiliirtivi *• I'D LiUi I)\ '■(•liicf,,!,,, llcillo f !,,,(, "•iil-Jiibo I W.'iMfnf WliiJc tin; l;il 'oicrs of f'"',v would '''"'■'-■•' '» l")s.>,e'«siou of 3M LAIiOIi !N ]:UUOPE AND AMERICA. tliis liiiul was i-.iisiij"; himself iiilo tin c:v.ti for his clnldrcn, iiiid ';i\-i' f lirm a thoidimli lil-tlifm r,ir iiiiy im^iiidii in jil'ii. Ilr, Mi', ilori I)(isition of a landed pvf)|)i'i(t(ir, flu; State would '^ I ediiealiiiii free, of cust. and tliws was mole lliaii ever sati.slied tliat li fuMl.so ill eonueelioii with tiiis moveiiieiir. liad lie<'n the ii;4lit, one, and, let the coiisc- fjiieutes 111) what, they niiniit. to liiiii iisaii individual, liesUonld o with the men to tin C'lid. In i;ni;laud (he nioveineiit had lienelitted the men wilhciut injiiriiiLj the master lor what th'i emidoyer spi'iiti in extlM waije lio would save in rates, and lie wonkl liaxii the advanra;;e of uii.'ii woikinn' for liiin in the ])Iaeo of )iaii|iers. The men knew full ■well what tlio union had done, for them. As a l)ody they had aecomidished more in a year than as individuals (hey eonid havo done in a lile-'tinie, and, in addition to more pendoiu'o ami lian a pauper's nizrd tliionj^h- iiid lii'tier wan'e, they had already won for themselves a spirit of indc manly feelinvr ; they were l)ei;innin.!f to est iiiinle themselves at more t value, aniti(Mi would In out Lnuland md as heing' inlinitely Ixller llian that in whieh they had \>w\ iously lin 3ic. ^Moi'i'is, iiircr his ivttini to Uic aiuiior as I :ii a visit t(j (lie United ,Sl;itc: \vroU_ s lollows : Yon ask for some details as to how our ]i( under my iiotiee. the fit her day. An apiiar.'iitly stronj,', robust man aii] Swi.viMix. Oc/,./<, )• 21, i-ri I will d to the poor 1 !ve y;(.- in >? hieh (his man lives a fi I oiuiei; of iineooked ineiit. 1 was Imlil- w evenin;;s afterward, and I referred jiniiliely (o his ease. 1 a.-ked it' he had truly represented hi answer was yes. 1 wasr.lso assured t!iat, nnlil the present movement aiiuni'.; ilu" laher- ers, more than lis. a W('ek hail never been jiaid tosneli iiien.tiK^ <;ener,il rate' bi.dii"- 111,,, M en in sneii a, state as this eannot, tell how they lis It is a mystery to them as ■ anfocvery one else. It is a wi'll-a,-.(ertaiiied fact thai, in dii^lri.ls'wljti'e tlu se wretilM'd wanes arc )iaid, (he cost of (illajje of (he land per aere is mneh lii.irher than in disirii' ■where better s are jiaid ; yet we ljii;lisl men kiel; most vi^oronsly against all ( obtain (hero leople are so wedded (o old notions (In Jn till,' same distriet wliere these prin ■work, receives more than J not an a^rieultnral laljorer (o be found wlio, for an ordinar y we ,■1;' ;.v. a week waj;(- rate |iaid. (''an it be wondered at, tluMi, that in (he Until very recent! v, '.'«. and lOn. was tl ■ar b-'(;,-i ir iiaupeiism cost iis ilO,l:;i),()()lli-' Oiir auricnltnral pour hav(( never been p;iid ;i liviiii;- wai;e, and we. li had to snii]dem 1 anodier iinniber of my jiaper, (hat forOcdibcr the ease repor(e over at Michaelmas. You onsht to nnderstand \vli;it this means. It is a eoinmon inactieo in some (list rids, when Iiirin;,' a servant bv il"' year, to j;ive so much per week, with so mneh over at the end id' (lii^ (erm. liii't tin; payment Id' this bonus by the master cannot be enforced by the man, ami for this reason— it is always j,romi>.id eondition.illy (hat (lu^ master is perfeellv sa(i>tieil witli the man's work throiijihont (ho whole cd" the year, as well as eoveri'i ,^ claim for over-time in (he harvest and odier bii'sy seasons. This boniis.'ln fact, (icsii man down (o be used by his master in any and every way ho may think lit; if a iiiie- ter calls upon such a man to work from -1 or "> in tlie'i oriiinn "ulil "^ m' •' a( ni;;lit. In' must comply under pain id' forfeit in;;- (his over-money, rraciically, therefore, hisovn- nioney, instead of increasintj (ho man's v,a,i;e, does lio more th.in "meet the e.xjra wciir and tear of (ho man at the busy seasons and at liarvest-dine. There is ofreiitinicf :i great fuss iiiiidf! about the amount laborers earn at piece-work. It should never In- for^tolteu (hat the piece-work jirico is based on the day-work standiird. The iii.in Woikin deeo-work could not live on Ihoday-nian'ti wa"es. To earn (ho lara;' r siiiii, I SliUcS, WTDto CCmTIOX OP THK ,voKKrxo-CM.Srs OP GiM-.r , ^^ill bo met, Willi. 1 , ,„., ,;/;'" "1 M;<(''a ami .•omliiio J, ,• , ■""" "1' ••' '^'''f^o «'fui, I will l„„k uii 'i ,„ M ,• "' •'"■>■ '■"" aiKl Jiv(, ir V -^ lalnncr's i;(,„i^. q";"'?::.;:M!;;;;;;,;-\H^''"r™---"-;;'™ „ ™"™tf.ss:;^:;;^='?'"r »"""'i;.:::*;^^ r-" ..n..- \fi n-i.,„,i,„,, i.„ ,.„„„„,, I }vitn I,i. 1M1..UM. 7'," '■^■';.''>-;"!|'lt ">"lal,l.-l.. it, . „ ;';!'^'';"'' ^^''i'- «"v.. a *i":lotal of(l„,r UM.; Is T , r "' '''':''^' ""^•' ■"! "f 'is, with a view to the issue of suminonses. In tho interests of Iho Union, and for lln' preservation of invaluable imblic rights, it is earnestly to bo hoped that the iMiriingdon beneh will proeeed witli their )iidseeu(ions. Tho tilling of Joseph Aieli, and ilie strong probability that he would exereise his ojition of preferring prison to a line, lor 1Ih< erimo of speaking in a eonntry maiket-filae(i to our poor country serfs, in a distrii't where their wages only jnst i'emov(>, them from stiivvatlon, would bi> worth more to (he I'liiou than (he ehelnie of a millionaire. Other meetings have 1 II held ill Ibis niiiiketidaee, and standing-rooni found for wild-beast shows and ex- hibit ion.s of ealtli>.' lint e\eu siipiiose thai (In.' J'ari iiigdon beneh sliould be snecessfiil in |innisliiiig lliesi' speakers, how long will laws last which sauetioii such outrageous decisions / ''l'li(> eountiy should be v(>iy grati'fiil to the National Agricullural Laborers' Union lor pulling these iiuestious to the test. CONr.ITIOA' ()]•• I'AUTdKY, MEClIANirAL, AM) OTIUUI fcXILLEU "WOKKMF.N. lliiviii.i;' cotisidci'iMl (lie condition of tlio afrii'inlturnl liiboit'v, atU'iition IS now (liii'cird to tin iii(|tiir,v into tlic ('oiidilioii of IJiitisJi woiknuMi cm- ]ilo\('il in MiiiH's, mills, liK'toiii's, iind ;it nicclianiciil tnidt's. Tiie liabits of tlu", WdiUiuiMi in I'L'oaid to industry, and if lie is nnttble to iK'ilbriii ti full \v('('K\s work tho oanse of sneli inability, and wliotlier it can be re- moved ; tli(> condition of bis bonic, wiictlicr coinforiable, and, if not, ■\vliclhcr lli(> discdnilbrt iiriscs from li is iiiiprovidiiico or other fanlt, or Aviietlieril is Die fault of his eniiiloyer, or results iVom the ^,^ stealer slater of society — ail these form s.nbjeets worthy of careful and ii!!part!;il invest i;;'al ion. It. is iissniiicd in the outset that the evils above indicated do exist; that tlici avera;;e JJiiiisli workman is not in general industrious, but labors only Ibiir or live days jier wee k; that his family lives in diseo!!!- tort ; llial! tlie education and trainin,!,;' of his children are iiliKost witeliy ncoifclfd, and that this discomfort and neglect are not necessarily (hcu- sioned by insullieieiit etirnino's. Jf tlici above sttilenient alfords a fair i'adication of tlie coiiditinii of many of (lie skilled worlcmen in Crciit Jb'iiain, especially in llie miiuu- I'aeliirino' and minin,L;' districts, the (piestiou arises to what cause or causes ar(> tliese results to lu' ascribeii ' A reply to lliis ipicolioii in- volves ii diseus.sioii of 'iiu: i)Tji:;;viN(r cu.stoms of gkeat iujitain. Th<> chief cause of iho evils which afilict the ISritisli woikiaeii nnd tlieir families, ii, is believed, is the excessive use of spiirits and beer. 7\ltIioi|o|| (iiis rejiort comprises an intpiiry in relation to the. Wii;4es tuid condition of (he laborin;,'-cIasses in the United Kinodom, yet, in regard to (Ii(^ drinlviiiy hiibits of society, tho investiij,ation may bo prolitably extended beyond this limit. Tlii'se habits of the IJritish iieoiile are uii- fortunately not contined to the workinit' and lower nor even to the mid- ,K1) W0rjv31EN. co^rno. OP n,„ wonu.va-cLAss.s op obp„ .mr.ux "07 'I^Sf:;,;^:' '-^^'^ >"' -"^^s, a., e.touato „oth .exes ana to Of a ^i!;;;^ ■^^II^^.I^^S^- S;;,['l^,^y'vesti,ation is n,ado „v a citizen over .%0(),O0O,0(.O annu y /^ ?,,■ I'/''?-'-'' ^'^'""''■.v ^vl.i<-l. ox 1 [s citizen of tlie United HtatcVrLStu'V •',''"' '""' '""" 'i'i"<>rL A I! Ins .statements, wl.er, l,e rn.r/n lA J T ^*^ '•""■^eientions y careful liis national l.ons^ are compose o'lV''^ '". '^'H "'^''^'^'t tlK^^' .s o • resist the return uiissiles v inV n -, '' '""^'i''"' ^vill.ont Kiren-ti, to miffht provoke. '' ''"-'' '"' "^^''*''^ on tlie glass liouse of S.] |„a d^lf^TS'S^^S -t.i^;t.y pn.sented t,.emse,ves to tl,e a^tl.or extent of the drinkin-iaJts; "" ^^ '<'''"<^^' to I,is mind of Z suiliciently ronvineinr^cam 1,^ ndS'"' T' ^^■"•""' ^^'I'^'-^h t^d/bo greater weiglit shonNU.o att el , to . 1 ';^ Preference is given uul co...tiyuho have had luvomte c^ ^^S^^''^' «^ 'f 'l^nts of th^;^ ii:-t' ^'^='-' ^^^-" - ^"'^^"'-^"" a^^erilf^SiS^cal^^E! tl^'^SiS sl;S;;ir^ '^ "'^ ^-"•^- ^--^ ^vhid, in IS:^ paMishea Dri.XKING CfSTOSiS or Kxnr . v,, t' r filiowiiijr ti„, anion.it of intox '•■ ti iT^i ^'"''■■'' I'"'''i--lH>(l ],v tli,. S(.,(i. (i„„i c. • . mmmsmm wmsmmmm msmMmmmm iilBliiiSiii tra S;i;:"'!«s:«'r-ry»«-'«^r Di,.j evils resulting from tl ngazine, Febiuarv, ] '■'i'liy Unit t! TliAmr T>; (i t!it '■■lATl;jiIlAJ.V._' t- tiiinkiiig habits of (lie 1 '':i-lerieiieed ill I'ranee, in the I'nited Iblatcs, in Cicrmany, and in Eul; land. Our .'■•atniday li'eviirwcr remaikably comments : "Ediiealion ami infelli;;eii(:i; arc lather ai;aiiist a woir.an lliaii otherwise, for they make hi.'r lulievi! thai bhe at least is safe while gradually and unawares imbibing- the fatal propensity." Tn further illustrntion of the ponertil use of liquors, in England, it iiiiiy 1)0 stilted, as the I'esult of ])er.sonal ohserviition, that ladies of thti mitUlle classes, .when visitin;;' any exhlbivioii, are acciistoined to p;ir- take of wine with their necessary refieshnients. In the visits of the iinlhor to Iiiv;;^ industrial establishnieiits in TuU^- la.id iind Scotlaiid wiiit; Mas IVetiiienlly offered — a castoai which wtis in vo.qiie in the United ytates some forty yetirs aoii, the retention of \vhicli in (Ireat Jjiitain is probably due to the intense conserviitism of that country. In one instiineo, where the work.s were extensive ami several hotits oeciipied in th'Mr exaininalion, wine was at sevenil times (;ffered, iind surjuise w;is expressed thtit such J';tgesexteni]ed articles '• On the condition of the work- iiig-ehisses of Gieat IJiiiain," ]n'e[;ared especially fur tliis report by United Stales consnlsiiiid others, iire given in lull. ISrief e\tr:uds rtMm some of these papers, referring to the dunking habits of th',; people, ;ii'c presented here. The United K)tiites consul at ^rtiiiehesier .says. • The workiii'^-cla.ises consume an mormons quantity of infoxie.'iliM'j; tiqnnrs, prin- ripally beer, lliou^h very many partake largely ef siiirits and of the. cheaper wines. lnlem]iei'aiice seems to be on the increase, es|)eeia!iy amon;^ tl'.o women, not only of tlio workin;4'-clas.ies, hid ahit of the iiiiddlv (uid iipii'.r miildlr cim-'fi-i. Genend Faii'cliild, United Ktates consul nt Liverpool, I'.ndci' dtito of November, Jh73, writes: The increase of dninkennesi, r.nd all dissip.itioiis whieli follow idle Innirs, is alaniilag. *■ Tlic author may be jiardoned for niakin;; a jiersoual refcreneo. An I",n.i!:iisli lady, beeanse one of her niiesls drank in) wine at dinner, Jilso deelincd to t'i,-te tlie lieverai^e; , and a rare exhiljilieii of il marked except iou to the general custom above iiidic true x".^'itoae>.3. COXJ.,TIOX OP TIIK WOIunXO-CLASSES OP OKEAT B1.ITAIX. 3D0' The W(..stminst.r Roviow of Ja:u,a, v, ],S7], .savs • His able ollleial ronoit lor -i l,n.^■l „ ""^"« «t t-'"i't. JJniMin. ontli,j.saine«u!.j..,;t: ^ I'H'Mo.i.s your contains the luilowin- 'I'lic jiiiiDiiiit Aviiicli is siicnf in (i,.;,.!- w ., t • i • ."■« jii ™«>. i„ «.i.«iri r, ' ; ^K";'^;r,',?'.:l»''>■ ■-''; ■'«''■■ <•■« i;^..-.. ,„, •'■""■; ■■"■" I<" mili,.,,, „,„, ,1 , ',, " rMt;"''.;™ V' i;'''' "■S"'»rt.v ^ Hi.' ran,,,- ,'1 j/.ll;;;r!rriTS^;i;;:;;:'»r;;!;'S;?s«,;;;»T'''"-"»'-i.'=i-'' > -. .Mm,,vl,av,.,„„,l,.„br,iM...u bc'i.HihMll.v I ,■! i 7 , ''"'' .^"■^■" ""•■■■■■•.scl i. „I,s<, (n.o. .u^..,.i,,,ei....trac.nnMn,.i.ex;!.';S'.U:r:^^^^ ^^1). 3. obster, Uni(.Hl States consul at SLoniobi; thus wntos, January )-v.ii so ,:,.„„,,,„. ]f isV.i,;,;,,"';^,;^^^;::'; ,?*,''»' «•'•"''-'!, iK„.it. «,!;;:): "■nonnt oi- £10 is sjh. t\v , ,- •', ' '' ^'-'^v■ cstiiu.a,-, an average ana ^;^i;;n:i^;s;^ of u^^Sst;;;S" j,;-;!'^ ^ -^^ ^ - ^'^^^ -rai '"f;!.'''-'^/^';/ drinks dan!:!, ihepasHeur ''' ""'"""' J''"' ^''' ''^'' "'^ •^■^ardod as a Christian l)l.Minr,U^;u'Vl. 1 '"';''! ""'^"'■^'"ly i'li'«tratestlusiKutoI-thesulIject. ^^ '''"' ^^''i'^'' ^"^■^'^^■^ .^'ir::" " p, I^"xr>ox, /■,.7,;.,/,7r-/ r?, it^rr.. !;';;';^nsn almndnnco on tI,o evil, of hU-uZ'^^T'vr' l'^""l''''"'«' 'i'"! "-OiifisM hi ii"l"Hl, y,,,, „H,st, M-,.]l know thcMi-V' o n.",, ^ ■'''""'''" '^■"T you by ivprat inn— ,r,„i roaaoviM'vdavnM,l,,v..,.,.,.K ,.'';,', *''•? "i'i'"'i-'ii,s aiul various J'acis wl,;,.l, 7,.,. '.' iiOt iu;l(i iiy and every whcro. Tlien; is v.tv ] '■I'liat thu lilt y litCu ui' all that i.i fiH wliich iiiav 1) 'O'l t'loso, (1, lid ( i:it 1 hliunld ■pressing, p(!,,iilon(ial I ;ite of (.Le dwelli lu xcvrral : ai'jro J I 400 i.Ai'.oi; IN KL'iictri: ani> ami;i;i(.'A towns, MiMtriTlMiiilv in IIh> iu.fn.|M.lis. is i. slr..n- inovdcnl mn t.. (.;mk. lind spfcmllj to ihiiil; iiiilnit siiiiits, is lo iiiv Hiii.tl Hiiiply iMvvdii.l Mii''"^!!''!'' , , ,. ^i Tl'!' l"s^ to :, .Vmntn'. nicraliy, snri.lly, mihI aiK.n.MMlly, !,y sm.I, lK,l,it-, ;nuon- tl.o iicDiilc.dcliis ail r;il(rlil;iniin. . » • *f * * * Willi iiKinv tliiniks Cor y.mr Irlt.T, I aiii, sir, your oluMli.iiit ^'■'7;"'',t;„,. ,,,.,,,. i::)\VAi;i> YnfNc;. 1>(|.. .,,.,., ,, ,. TIIV; NATIONAL TM'.Vl'.lIAtn;. Jii :in c.litorial, discussino' the n-italion lor llii- \v\h':\] of tlio tax (,ii malt, a tax whii'.i its opiu.iiciits (Iciiomici' as one lliat "rol.s tiio poor inanofliis beer," tlio London Daily Tele-iaph ot Mareli (I, l-^.l, makes tlie Ibilowiiij^ reiiiai'Us : W.. ki.ov,- nil that can 1..^ said abont the " nalional Ix-vcra-,.." Tliorn .lyp tlxisc xvlm iM.lirvc that it is the •' wine Men .,t . 11 , icss,,pport\d the nH^isnre, as c,.n.liicivo tothelu.alth, the nnu-anty, m of the lal oriii-clasM's, throiuih biiiisin,!,' to their doors a cheai. an, wla.l, s niedriiilc. ^i}thetsnlt^nt.,.Hydisap,iointedtl,eex,urtati,n,sor.lstr,,.iMls SMliiey^^ '■The new beer bill has be.mm its operations. Everybody is d. i,nk. ll.oseNjh iie not sin-in- are sprawlin-. Tli.^ s,.verei,nn people are in a b,as ly state. \^'' "•'^';. now -iveu np the poliev of limit iidyin- b-rrdionsi's, m or,br to bnii- ba.d. the a^;, .t S'id." Till, f'rnier,; telfns we did not -o far eiion;;h, and. that the tnie - I'aradise K,- gained"' is to be found in a hoine-bivwing peopli'. iii;Kv,"Ki:ii;s in ininoNON-xr.ioNT. ■M'liiehester is not nioie eelelmited ibr its nianulactniv t.f eoltoii, leeds lor ils woolens, Uii'iniiiiiliani lor it; liarrotinet, but lew men are enii.loyed m its nianulaeture, and therelbre a knowledp' of the ratesof waives is eouipavatively nniniiwrtant, vet in eonsetinenee of the vast inlluence wliieh emanates Irom this uniii- terestinii- town, the anthor took oeeasion to vi.sit it, and \vas shown thron-h' the extensive brewery of .Messrs. Allsopp .^ Soils. J his is tiio largest sinale brewerv, and imikes J.ODO barrels ot ale per day. I.as.s pixHluees a lar-er quantity, but has three breweries in operation Iho vast extent of the beer-interest in Groat liritam may be j^jathered tioin the tbllowin- aeeonnt of only one establishment ni one ot t!ie towii:< devoted to tiiis nianufaetiire : The town of Durton-en-Tivnt is a.lmost wholly siyen tip to tl.c inannfa,.riin' of hccr. • In fict tlf, brev.-erK'S are IIk- town, an,l the interstices between tJic breNScnes . in!i,> c n i s nie dwcllino-bonses. The i.nnienso bn.wcrics of liass, Allsopp hide '....p, W thin-ton, Salt, Nunneley, Kveisli.-l, and IJobinsou arc ail l'';f' ', ';-'; ^;^; ' , ^^ h.sser not,.. IJass alone ha.-i three breweries there, covering; alt ..■■.e he • a .it tic oi luo'icres ,d- ,.roun,l. ISass use.l last yar -.^ii/.UUO quarters ol malt lor brew m- pu - ~ If tTu reckoned that an a.^re -rows lour quarters of barley, b..<..U acres u.- ^ cupicd in -rowing th.. nialt which Ilass used. Of hops I'"^ -''';:>""i; ;'' . ,^'^.,t': !■...•■' .... ..,.,„. -,,.,.,,^ ot hoti-L'.row'i;- country. In ni,ilL-,,ix .i"f l,()UU. The total br^ w ol I'.a-'s liiuin- the Ytui- co.v.„,ox o,.. ,.,. ,vo,:k,.v..cm.sse., or on.AT unnM.. 401 i^o^^;;: -'^s^'^i;^^^!;,;^^^;-oy;^o Visit, a ,„o.i,e. or p.:: House of ConHnon8lii,s name?s n 1 "^ '^"t in the or ednoationa! questions o'<, i i^ , r^' wT''' ■ ^" ^'^^''^t 'innnS condition or the poor, or for n rmr;; '""' ""Provenient of the ■speaks; in the oi brts nm m. h^ ' "' "* f,''"''*'^''^' ''»^ ''I'^'lv, if enr of the worlcin^-classe!;, hi ;' S^ ; " :;r;:;."'«r'''^ifi«" of dV.in;,'^ measures so ably urired b\ Vr it , " ''•'''"'*^ 'Supportin- the House of Commons, hiJ v ice'ls nof T "?* '1^''''' ^^''t if, i.T e n. behalf of measure's tbr tl e an dio • ti n'^^^t^r^^ 1"« influenc-e'not f 'it c asses the iniJuence of Mr/iSs out ' "./'i'.' ^"''^''^ A\estmiuster maybe the seat of ,,o iti n Lr'^''l'^- '' l">t^"tial. the vast power wliich molds the c Inr.A.'', f?"'!''"''*')' i"lluence, but moral condition, and swavs tLlestidesr'H "•'''" *''" '"'iterial and Lng.ish j)eopIe, has its clnef ^oof- oVt. i ^ ^'"^ ^'^''-'-'it m^isses of the ence.conlineil to the Sit sh Vs am'ls Tl r,;:?. ^'^t'^ ^"^^^^^ ''^ *'»« ^"«« andin countries which the traveht; rSe v vi "/« '"'"^''^ ''''^^^'""•i^'''^. well known. In ])laces wliorn Vi.I -^ y^^'^'^' ^^^^ »f>»ie of JJass is unrea,], the Vroal^s^^ll^^.^^'^.^ln^^^^^;^ ot HhakespealSa^e ^;o dass. name of «tratibrd.upo^;;.:j- ^^^l^^- --^he^d w£se^^J;S&iSt^:t^S=' -^'^ ^---« London- porter of dilferent and riva ln'ewe?s-^h^ 1 ' '■•"■*"''f "^' t^'^"' ale or would escape from the ubiqui ourLnTf'; L ^ ""'^f'^'^ the Channel he words that n)et his oyes as e sit hm.? ' w""?'"' ''"'^ "'« '"'«t I'n«lish no." At the farEa,ithisarewas seenlo'^^^^^ "^--^^ t^^e renowned ancient capital of ifussh " tl Kl'' *^' '"°^'*''"^ ^"^ i» Novgorod on the tar off Voio;, as we U f ^ """ ¥^'^* ^'"^ «<: ^^U'" in Central Europe ; at the \vi i,. h .? " -^'"^ "'''"^^ ^'oi'tes of travel the Atlantic, and i, Xew Yorl n'n«i ' ?°'''*'"^' l'''^''«^'« ^^'^'i^''' traverse States even to the shou^ of"^ He i^f [!? h"^ J'" !'^''"f '^"^ '''' ""^^^ And It may be doubted whether then' i , ^ '^*''" ^^ '"'^'^ured. 402 LABOR IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. country intoxication is inrmjiient. Indcoil, the consul ot iho ( nitoil btatos at Chemnitz reniaiked, "JudfiiiiK IVoni the quantity a native can consiiine, 1 appieheiid tliat one will staji^er quicker Irom the weijjht than the .strcnj-tii of tiie potion."' In Kii;;hiiiil, small or li,uht beer lia-, been in {general use lor many centuries, and was a common beverage loni;' hel'ore the introduction of tea.* Indeed it is a little remarkable that while the use of beer does not diminish, that of " the cup which cheers but not inebriates" has {.n'eatly increased, until theavera;;e consumption, in that country has reached four pounds i)er capita, t . , , ,■ i.. To those who need or think they need some slimnUis, the use ol malt liquors is far less injurious than spirits. The intemperance which so j-eiierally prevails in LiNcrpool, (;.las;;-ow, London, and Antweri», where West India mm and other spirits are largely cunsiimeu, attests this fact. nOMlOS OF THE WOnKlNG TEol'LE. It has been incontestably shown that the chief cause of the evils that afllict working men and their families arises from the excessive use of spirituous and malt liciuors. In making a lull analysis of this subject it becomes necessary to extend the investigation beyond the secondary and search for the! primary cause, of which the cause just stated is merely an ell'ect. If the woikman indulges in the excessive use ot spir- its and beer, whicli lesiills in decided injury to his family, is he alone Tcsponsibhi .* The (piestiou is pertinent and demands a candid reply. Trom a careful consideration of the subject it is evident that the intem- perate habits of a great mass of British workmen are duo to the dniik- iu" customs of the classes above them in the social scale, which tho facts already presented, and others which are initent in regard to the almost universal use of intoxicants in the upper ranks ot society, sulli- ciently prove. Until those to whom the working classes look lor exam- ple feel their responsibility in the premises, so long will the nnijority ex- pend a portion of their earnings in drink, :ind suffer their lamilies to remain in poverty, ignorance, and discomfort. The responsibility lor this miserv shouh'l, it is atlirmed, be shared by other.s. In addition to the drinking customs of society which should justly be charged with a part of the wrong inllicted on the workmen's families, there is another cause for which others are chielly responsible, viz, the wretched tenements occupied by the working classes. From the iniual step in this investigation the authors attenticm was arrested by observing the miserable apartments in which most of the factory operatives dwell. In Uirinini;ham and Wolverhampton, and in most parts of the '-black country," lu parts of nearly all the chief manufacturing cities of England and Scotland, the tenements to which the tired laborers return at ni'dit, and where they .should have comfort and repose, are in many cases unlit for human habitation. In some instances these belong to the corporations owning the mills, mines, or works, and were erected in low grounds destitute of drainage and of proper sanitary regnlatieiis. In other places they occupied rooms iu poor buildings in the outskirts of town or in the 'most crowded thoroughfares, redolent of tilth and dirt. Confined to two or three rooms, or as in Glas gow to one, or at most *Ti'a was iiitiodutiMl into Luglaud bcfuro IG.'jr. Uo'.t ^vas used iu Germany auil Britain in tlu) tiuio of Tauitus. , , . , ,- „„„l tin tho United Sta+- i Ibe consumption of tea, winch ^^^^s f()rnu'rl,v but ono ,»''•" prr capitM, lias Lrradually iuerea'^"'^' -^3 ;;^t:u- ;;■- imrnmsm co.mn,,,i.S;^,;:;-:^.«-m to bo satisliod .it,/t^^^^ "j-"^\, Diit It 1.1 too couinioii. ' 'T^^^™IWBpjP^BWW^I'^ 404 LAUOK IN EUUOPE AND AMLRICA. 3Ir Consul IJiausconil), in liis "report on tho coiulition and habits of Iho worUiM"' classi-H of ilic Manclicstcr consular dislncf," which ai.poars in full on a subscciucut page, thus alludes to the lionies of soino ol the workiu},' peoitio: The houses oftlioS(^ i.iTs„i,s wlio s.i.mnd.T ho inu< h in all cnr.( to woil; fnll thno, thfee, lour, live, anil even six i.onnds per weel mill dilapidated
    er; 1 bo.rins with the poverty and pawning of tho p.evnms week, ami thus the peipetu.il round continues. The tenouieiits arc generally small and dirty. The following extract from the Cambrian News .shows the uiicoaifoit- able lodgings of working-people in Wales: The nowly-oiipoiiitod inspector of nuisances for the rural district of Aberyst with Ikis Wdo two repolts, which reveal an almost ineonceivablo state o degradali.Mi jimonK ho people. A la r^'e nnniber of tho lionsos are altogether unlit lor Invbitation, and tho* herded proniiscnously to- and ill iiy. lie and liutrli- liiii: ni tho pcop.„ „ ., , 1 ■ hovels are terribly over-crowded, adults ot both sexes bom, Kothcr. In Olio case, sixteen men sleep in eight beds in two small rooms another instance four incn occupy tho beds during tho night and tour during tho day. tho day-occuiiants ficiiueiitly having to wait until tho night-mon get up. In one y a family lives iii a hut, which is also used as a slaughter-house, skin-reom, and bi «r'B .shop ; and in another, a woman, her grown-up daughter, a cow, a I ..;'or, and fowls occui.ied one room, which has no lire-place, no window, aud no li;sou or vculilu- tiou beyond that provided by tho door. Dr Griffiths, the medical ofiicer of health for tho borough of Sheffield, in hi.s annual report issued in 1874, thus refers to the sanitary condition of the dwellings of the poor: Manv of tho dwellings of the iioor are unfit for them. Ono room t-requontl.y serves tho thi'i.efold purpose of bed-room, dwelling-room, and work-room, and the cubic spjico for air is totallv inadcouato for tho health of tho tenants. ^\ hen to this is added tlia tho windows aro generally what arc termed Yorkshire lights, or casements, many e which cannot bo opened ; and that when panes aro broken tho detinioncy is supplied hy wood or paper, excluding the light ; and that who e lamlll.^s, w; out regard to sex or ago, the single and mairied, aro prt)iiii.scoiisl,v minglud-thoic need bo no .surprise at tho existenco of diseaso uor at the spread of infection. The following extracts are from a report on the sanitary condition of Liverpool, made in 1871, by Dr. Parljes and Dr. Sanderson : ■Within the courts each house usually consists of a room on tho ground-lloor, a room ahovo this, and .1 third room in tho attic. Most of them have cellars. It very tre- fluentlv happens that there is a fiiinily in each room except the cellar. In many casus tho staircase forms part of tho rooms, and is without any window, so that 111 lact tliea is an inevitable mixture of tho air containca in all tho rooms, low coustructioM could bo better adapted for tho spread of contagions disc.ascs. Mauy of them at once attributed their condition to drink ; others owned it on be ng pressed on tho matter. Several women gave an exact statement of what their i>- iaiids earned and what they brought homo. Two examples aro selected of ^^'!rl^ •• ' in whoso cases there was no irregularity of employment. A tin-plate worker uic- stant work earns 22s. a week. He has a wife, evidently a caretul, resi)ectablo xn oiiiau, the front room of tlie same house, the rent of which was 2.j. a week, '^''''''\'''''}j^,f,'^, ibughter aged 17, and a son aged 15, lived; the man earned Sis. a. wc.'k, and pa^^t,! lui tbc woi'kiii''- ic uiioomt'oi't- Wmmmsms sBSmmmssm mmmmmmm liiiiiliip iiiiiiiiiSi The f(jllo\vil|o> fol,Tp f'nrmi „rn ■ i n...... „ 1 , . "^ * Car-c.o,r,?rrf ^„c;„„,^s „„,, ,,,<,-, ,.;,^,, ,,,^^.^^.^,^_ Oon-.'inliiilra Land M;invi,'iiIolii.acl . OK .Mc,il.„iai-lu.t Suiii- ;;6 Jjlackjmrs' M-yiMl ] a^Urnil.licT'sCUo.... IfoposLan,!, Cairon-atc Curves I,a,„i,c.^,„„,- lun,s'LanHMJau,,n^,ur ,V«l7.Ji'iil.liii-s,r7iim,,;-",V.'' trn,n,...,,.,„i;,,,.^ >;-<;. • "St. Jame» ntruft ' 5 y 3 4 1 7 3 3 G ^-i'siS^jn-.si^^ •i^i^sa^i 406 LAIIOU IN i:ik(nK AND AMKUICA. land, find tliiit. tlic siiliji'ct Ims loccivcd (lie caifriil coiLsiilcrulioa of Par. liaini'iil, as will ho shown on n snhsc(|ii('nt, ])a;;'('. Tho JiOiidon Tiincs, in an ai'li<'l('! showing' tho small nninhcroi' tlio coiiilortahlc, rc^^aids Ihosc iaiiiilics which pay a rental of hss that .C,M» a year as not anion;;' tlic "I'oinfortaiiU'.'' I'ln- writer sa\s: iSivcii ill rl;,'lit oCoiii' |w))mlinioii livp III "Illinois of IrsH tliiiii X','i) II jcai'— tlmt is, ari' not ,. ill tlio (inliiiiuy wiisi' of tlml wnril, roDitorlaUlc (it nil, liiii iiic, wiili iiioii' or li h.sdI' Cdiitcnf, iilwiiys htl ii;;;^liM^ In iiial^o rlids iiint, lihviiys fii|ii|H'lliil In tliiiik iil' iiicp|i(y,al- vayH alli'clcci in lln' iikimI dirrit ami Hi-iiniis way liy a tii\, ii ii in prici's, nr a sto]i- |ia^() in tlid ('i)iii'Mi! (if liailc. It is only ti> one In <'i;^t{l of niir |ii>|iiilati(in lliat a hum-.' jri;;!! is iMit a Very serious sum, fHily In I'oiir in a tlioiisaml tlial u live iioiiinl nnto is not an imipoitanf, niosi im|)oitiiiit amotini ol' mom y." » ► • 'I'hc iiiiniljcr ot' till- n-ally comrorlal)!!' ia lliilaiii cannot l)y [lossiliility cxcccil Tn.ii^O, while it niuy bo very litllti more tliaii lialf llial aniuunt. Ah the w()rkiii;;'class pays a rental of less than £-it a year, it will ho ohserved that tiiis vast array of workpt'opk! sire living oatsitle the palo of "eoinl'ortable." i'i:i;;iAiii;i>ci).Ni)irii)N Ihoii^^iit it ii the. nudtiiij; |iot it is his hnsimss lo feed and kcc[i at a niolteii simmer. 1 thoii;;lit and said so a fortnieht since; hnt at that time 1 had not visited the iiotterii's. nor jiassed half a day in l.onj^ton, which is the center of tho mnrky ri'Kion when; half the ciockcry that is used in the world is inodnccd ; and I am afraid to say how many times dirtier, smokier, and, to the nnaccnstomed, inoro Btilling than any other imttery iiarish round alioiit. Tho following extract from tho re]»ort of the Insjicctor of liritish fac- tories indicates the de};ra(letl condition of the work-people in tho feus and at brickuiakin;;': Ihavojiist received a rei>ort from Mr. I,akemau of some work lie has doiii! in thu fens of Camhridj;eshir(! : " 1 liuve k'hic tliroiij;li the center ol' the fen district, and of all the journeys niKlertaken by me it was the most ti dioiis and niiiiitcrestiiif^, cxcciitiii;' that I have taken note of a type of iico)de seemingly pccnliar to t he fens, vacant in expres- sion of countenance, i;4nor,int of every tliiiif; hnt work. They do not know tliu iiaiiie:! of the localities aroniid them, and never see iii.y one better than tbenisi'lvcs, save tlicir ciii- idoyors. I wonder how tlieso poor creatures aro to bu reached, what is thuir hupe, wIku'o their liai>piness or comfort in life." From another part ol' iho country 1 have had ninch tho saino pictnni : "A most bar- barons, semi-civilized, ignorant set. ^len and boys look liko red Indians; tlio sanil used in brick-iiKikiim beiiif; burnt reil, and with which their bodies arc^ covered, wnrk- iiig bartdieaded, li.ircfooteil, with cxiiosed breasts, and with wild looks, drinkin;; all day Sunday ; Monday ami Tuesday dog-ii;;htini^ and man-lielitin;;. They resiiiiio work on Wednesdays, when tile poor litllo nnfortnnates aro niado to toil away, staiiipiiij; and c.'irryinjj, and jncssiiiL; a ^rood fortnight's work into tlirci* or four days. One nuni, who last week earned in four days '2is., took his wifu home a loaf of bread and Oi(." Xot only iiinons' tho I'onrs and in tho brick-lield.s of J'^^ngland is this degradation manifest, but iii those town.s which exhibit the hij^iiost typtj of civilization. In some of tho manufacturing towns of England there is a downciist look which indicates hopelossntiss, if not despair, on tlic part of the workingclassos. They seem to have sunk into a condition of despoiidency frtHii which nothing can rouse them. ]S'o ray of hoiio glimmers in their pathway, beckoning them to higher position. Tliey seom to regard their social condition sis lixed. They have no hoiio, am! apparently little d;'sire, to rise superior to their present state. Vv'hat orntioii of I '.a-. imiiilM'r oi llio r 1( ss tlint ,CJ(( .Mill'— tliut is, nro itil IIKII'l' or ll MSIlt' liink ol' iiiiiii<'y,iiU |ilil IH, 111' (I htOp- ;itliiii llial II NOVO ivc i")iiiiil null! in * 'J'lii' iiiiinbci' (100, wliiii! i( limy yi'iir, il will lie iitsiilo Clio palu iK(! nliiiliii.L;-lil;ir(s lit NO it is. TlirlH M' I'Vrii tlian tliiir t' iron who Works is eyes (Voni liriii.' silK ss lo fccil ;iliil lilt at tliiLt liiiii' 1 Il is tllO (I'lllCf of is ihoiIiicimI ; and auuustoiiicd, iiioic, of I'.ritirili lac- [)ic ill the k'lis !• has (loiio ill tlin listi'icl, anil of all c'stiiiy, cxiciitiii;,' , vacant iiioxpn's- iiow till) naiiK.'S of L'S, savd their ('iii- at is thuir huiic, 11' : "A most Iiar- iidians; Iho sand IT covered, work- ioks, ilrinkini; all 'hey I'esiitiiK work away, staiiiiiiii^' days. One man, Head and tii^" [igliiTul is this lehigiiost tyiic l^ngliiiul there ies]);iir, on the ito 11 coiKlitidii lay ol' hope o.sition. Tiu'V e no hope, aiul .state. What '"N"rnoXorT.IUwOHKrNO-CLA.«,;so.o """ •" » l«>''tioii or the,,,. •'■' «'•'!•'"•' l"''seMta(i„„ ol' thr n 'n.li. •l"i; WO,(Kl.M;.tI,ASs,.;,s ,„ •;>''"* 73, there weve f,.'! inmates in the Sheffield Wnrk- bouse. There were, also, o.-ir:) persons receiving " out-relief," making an aggregate ot C,ll'.) persons more or less dependent uiioii public charity lor support at the best sea- son of the year. S OF GREAT ai'o ad vauoing, CO.VDI^.,0„ OP T„E WOEKINa-CLASSE.5 OF «HEAT Bli.TA,^. 409 ^-"'■•'■/'■oni Mr. Co,mlJI\l,t,r dated-. great town, wi{h its In/udVer^f^^Tl cl in S^^^^ ^ ^V? ''''''^'' «'-"''l visit tbi, works that annually supply tho worl.l H sm'l, ''"'"''^ «" *'"""«'' *!'« oxtonsivo ho would bo very likely to come to t o co dusion tl"'?.'? .1M''*'^tities of their pre 1™ tnous people. There is no denvin^r t hot. n ."nl^ ''l* ^^'"^ '■'' '"^ very busy and i Ins M-orkmen. They are a har.l- ?o Hni p o o-,r/^'/f5 *' 'V'"""')* ""* '^^ tl'o SheS ayerylarfro pn.j.ortiou of them are id loTm-oV''''^ ''"'•^Z'' «•«'•/- li"t it is true that imght and ought toboatw.r and wh.'^.^Tl *• '"''"y ^I'VS in tho year, whea tiev Every Mouday"is so geuera% a Ih^I H n . '^'V' *^'"l'l"y«« «ro needing theh labo^ Tho streets arc full o"u that day of' i?,.' ^tti^^V^]^ ^° }'" ^'-^"^^ S^int MoVuS' a stranger, espeeially an Anieric-in wl ,, t* " ^^'' '^"'^ *''"* ^ac* cannot fail to s ril-.; town. This Monday idleness is in HO m . V ^ "«* 'iL'q".-U"ted with tho enston.s of tho day that is taken for repaixs to t ^n. ehinery in^t'"'^^^ 'V? ''''' ".at Monday jLJ^ the masses of the n,en e-nploye.l i «„. "Jh l i ^""''1'' steel-works, during\vh eh work. I ut this will aeeonnt lor b t a ial? tuon of 1*1 "'• ^."^ necessarily b"o out of iH.to a great extent, yoluntary inrl i,.,Vi i I'oition ot tho idleness on tha.t d'lv T<- holi.lay is, in thousands of nsi\nsZSeT''i ".f""''^',^ '"^''■* •'""! custom A^^'t J,' munbers of tho workmen, stoSuff N^^^°L o,,'l/, '"'""''^ ^^'^ "^^^ '^^J'. «" tha ai-o inml tho tollowing Wednesday.^ Such niLMw h. i ori "^ "''"',',' '^° ""* conunenco a^'ii^ From inquiry and my own obscrvati.m r iVV' ^"^f '■>' I'? called industrious. " time, both for employer and en pioye '. and' uZ c? e'"' '\^'''"'' P'^^^^ "^ ^'-'^ '"ss upon It, IS tho result of tho driukiii.. l,q /« f ,:l '"ck ess waste of money consernnnifc see how tho weekly wa-es aro sni nml, rn i *^f.'' P''?''''''' «" Renerally. It is t.' inf, f a places on Saturdays, ^^u^d^'at'^S i^toSs*iUdr\t? ^^"" V'™"« *" ' ''■^' '''-S fi H fi'^^^'f "^ *''" ''■'^•^l- I ^vould uot say that SWr.'o'n •^,!''''*'^"J'' '^"'1' in^lced, oS with other largo manufacturing towns of L^,.;i\n,l.T^ '^'"- ""mparo unfavorably ho nature of the labor required heroTs such as nerLnl f "i^V.* ^^'""^'^ ""^' although to drink, and to a landed greater iiecessitv ft.rlt'^n P? ^^^""^^ *" «'-'"*'•''■ temptations u much lighter kind. I say fm cLTecel^ri,;. 'i'^!! J'l' '^"**'^'^'' ^^■'"•'™ ^l^o work i.s of men employed in tho most exhaustin" khw nf ^? ? ^^'•''° '^""^^ ''^'s' licre a body of who aro total abstainers, and X thalth" VSt"'b',r"' f-'^^'^^teel-manufactois Aimth ' ''?",""'^' "'"^ H"'l"™"co. ^ ' ^''' *" P™^*^^^ themselves tho equals ^''^^'''^r^t^^^^!^^^^^ V ^' ™™t-"<^'l- It i« tho mid the l.ke._ This oyil has become so gix-at that ^.m?/, .'f'^'""' P'seon-shooting, since to consider moans for 8uppressi„L?it ' ^ " meeting was called uot long inor2^^l'^rii::,Sa^!;;:3^;;~ ^ari^«?l,i!' *'- aboye-mentio„ed ways Has ingmon have not been used, except in conn iruivdv f" ' ''"""""*«. earned by tho\vork- s end their money freely for moats of tho best rm.'fv ^^'TJ"'"^ '" concerned. They tho workingmen is that of a well-nouris ed and v m ^ ' ^'"^ ",'" S<>"eral appearance of nany exceptions to this belonging to a class! .iSlul^P'? '1''!"™ are, of course great town. a o i-J J. ciass lai below, such ys can be found in every Kespectfully yours, Ugii. EDw-.vnn Youxrr, Cldrf of IJurmu of Stalisth:^, WaMngion. C. B. WERSTER, ■ IniitdSlahs Comul. BiRmNGnA:M. Laur fro,n Mr. Consul Com on tl,c condition of tl,c rcorMno-classcs. Sm : In response to your inquiries I be. tn . ., ^";'"^'^"-^^'' .\occmlcr 10, 1873. 41 U LAllOK IX EUROPE AXD AMERICA •i Till' "cnrtiil Irslliru.iiv is 11i;it no iiini-c comfdvls ro to the nmiily now than foinicily. Ilicn'MM.I i.:i\ mciins, \villi lluMi]i;ss.>l' iiiiiHrsiiudlni'^cincn, an incivasc ol no ot i.T liixiirv Hum tliat of .IrinU. In a larf;(' pvopoitioii of MU'li honi.'s ,/,ihi(/i/ awijort u luUilh'i inil.iiotni. The iiiCTcascd ua^cs also Ifa.l to idleness, as llieydo not care to work niorelluMi enoiodi to seemv a certain anionnt, any earn for the support of the family, and the wolneu were trained to iKUiscKeepiiig. In a large, numlier t>f cases the women drink as badly as tlio men, and liavi' iioamlillion to better their condition. Voiirs, I inly, ,J. 15. GOULD, I'liUtd Sliilin Coii'itl. To Hon. I'li'WMsi) YofxG, Cliiif I'f L'liihd Slaki lUu'can of Slalintics. Tit port of Mr. Cu). M.\xciii:sTi:i!. :w;/ UraiibtviKh on the comVitlon ond huhUis of the Korkv.i'j-chvie Maiitlicfitcr consular dif-lrUI. if Ihe Siu: The wm kine-classes of this consular district arc naturally an energetic and Indiislrimis peciplc? hut tliev cannot, I regret toadd.be said to be y.try temperate. 'I'hev consume an enormous (|uantitv of intoxicating Iniuors, i>nnciiially beer, tliou-a very nuiiiv partake largely of spirits and of the cheaper wines. Intemperance seems to h(' on ihi- increase, esiieciallv among the women, not only of the working-classes, hut also of Uw niichUo and upper mi(hlle cla.s.ses.' This is the tcstiniony not only et teni|)eianee advocates and missionaries, but akso of medical men, Chnstian ministers, li()lic.< olllc.-is, and magistrates. IMucli working time is lost, ami many enijdoyers are ofleii sadly harassed, by their wovk-people going off to fuddle. Ihe iiresidt'iit ot the Rlanehesle'r Chamber id' Commerce, IIni;li Mason, esip, J. I'., himself a very largi! eiii- ]dover a general Hcarcily of labor; and in a(hlition to that, and )ierhaps as iv coiKseiiiicnco ot that, there had tioV been that industry and that fair return of labor for wages im the part ot a great many of llio,se engaged as cotton ojicratives wliich ought to ha%c been the case. They had 'laken advantage of their dominant condition, and had disregarded tlinso necessary rules of disci|dino and subordination, without which no great concern, indeed no Kmall' concern, ccuihl be carried on with any (h'gree of pleasure, or even ot imilit. TiJili>, which nliccted all things, would nndoubtedly change tho present statu et tliinuH." From the foregoing testimony, which could bo ccn-roborated to almost any extent, it istdiviouslha7miieli time is wasted by tho work-people Much of their earnings is recklesflv s(|uaiidered by and through their drinking habits, and, as a natural and m- evilalde '-e.iii.Mice Ihe home-couiforts of the families of these people are very seriously abridgeii bv the large amount spent by the men, and, in sadly too many instances, liy woiiieii, and even by youths of both sexes, in drin k. And, as a further seniience, tli O ' • I.AS(\slllllK HIMNkT-ACTs.— l.aiieasliiio spent £i:i.Si!l!),7,-0 clirectly iijion iiitoxieatinjj liquors in 1-ffit. ■\Vluil iimr .iiia i,.ili<'i. iiilrHi lll''i;|i.| iiaiinrTs; llU.nOO vajinmts, idli'iix as viiKaliomls aliout tlie streets ; 4 ,0<> luiiatiis; :i,7lllllioiie«l»onilealliH; IHVJ.-u iHTSoiis l.ioH;:lit before tlie nia;:isliati'.s anil eonvictcl ot criniei j.ilU ilei.irilnloi.s, oIlriiderH, anil sns|ieeti-(l iMTsnns, not eonvieleil ; •J.';i'.l liimses ot Imil eliarai'ter, lirntlii'ls, nrelvirNolMtolen ciioils, .'i;r. ; 17,7:W iiulilii; Inmses anil beer-slioiis ; ;).;U(i nol-cemen einnloveil to liio- 111 I lioineii Willi iiii» liHiii llr. il.mjii IS aii.-ius from the lirinU slmjis; *l).'. 'P lu lur<,IIUO,Ullil 4 |iouiicl loiives; 5,UU0 or lii.UliO or nioro hiisliela of grain ilesU'oyi'il in iiianii W iluiiiknnU, lillinp iniiltitnilrs t factnrint; llie drink, or oiiiial li,000 iiuihoiis einiiloyi'.l iii the ma uufai.'tiire of the ilrink. :ii>(j-chin,f(o looiD.i, witlioiit a bit of decent ioo« have hecnacnrse to tlu^ famlhrr ! -^^^^^^^^^^^^ io.lrmtof Mnga to bo j:rown,;r ,„„l sproadin^r i„ .nanv , sf N Mnl l">;.'"^'"-n;nt. Th,. evil sc.,, s twuiMTa.K'o and social n-!oiinc)4 t n <, , ■ f ""'" ' '"^f'"">'iiK- tbe ..nriicst clforts of tho increase,, activity an! zd';d',?a,-'"'V; ,•'''" ■'''"•'.V-rorn.ed school-boards; the recent an.en.bnent of the licen, i 1 "h J xv ,v v'P "'"' - '.^sentins nunislcrs, .,, are sold have had their honr.s of s Te c na ] , t /i l'' T'"'''^'^'''''''''''^ have Ijccoino so vei-v liad tlcit •,,„• ■ V • . ^"° '''"il<"i,^' hab ts of tl e n,.,,.,!,. preciable result, .•x<;;,,t'?h!^' „;' ^ ^:;u..Ku!,";: /'"'^%""* «-'" '" Vvoollc. i;^ " as 1 most probably wonld l,;,vc be m iV (1 . , T """' "" '"I'''' "'^ '^ "-l-^. ■■<> ernicious there is, at 1 he sa,„e , in,C; an ncre , 1" ,! :d ^rictK^r^''^''"^"' '"'f^'-^' "■'•' "i^-^! ' ' perance and social r.^fonn. rs. T<)|. , W ', i ^^'J' ' ^,';'''""'«, -'""l enthnsiastio teni- Lod^<.s, an.l workn.en's e ni.s, ;' ;!, ^ i^^;; ^"^'^^l'^^' ^''""'« "f JI"Pe, Good xJnJ, ^ ^•arned on as never beJbre. Tl e, an' Is, o,,l ''''■'';'''" '''■"'" ''^t-'hlished and mMkm-el.isses, the ,u sober , i „',,*, '' '■"-.'Perativc Koch'ties, in winch the and by n,eans of ^vhich the are ,' o dv ^2?"':'''"' "™ ■»v-tins'their .^!\u^^ .uiakin;.'|,rovis,)n for times ofsie, V' l'^"^ ''"'f.' """■(! homo con)forts Imt 'm stantia! 'aid tor the be;,';;V:.d o.'.es '""' '^"'^ "'^"' '^^''^''^ '^^'^^ — . ^'-cnring'^lnne'sub- of ^ff^li^'^U^^^^^ [!- -^n. "jovcments A.r tho promotion thojotal le«.slative snppreJio.r„f tho^l:,,S;;'.R'Y^'y;Lt||--^^;H^.^^.nH ^ * * » ot their instruction : '' "' '" ^^'"' ^'"^ l-^Huwing is a return of the degree ""cither write nor rea d iiead and write imperfec'tiv n, 4r,9 JvL-adand write well ' o ai;j buperior instruction ['// tO 10 I remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant, "^^ ' t;. II. ERAXSCOill?, Hon. Edwadi) Yorxc, luitcd Stati'n Cuimil Cln,j;^ Bureau of Statistic., Treasury D.,artm,:nt, WaM,ujtou, D. C rr^^^:^^;^^:^^^^^^ I.i.l.l,snceo.ruI. Tito year. The accession, amoaat trit'S-'Vohunet ''''~^''' ^'^ '''''''^' LIVER POOL. Letter fro. Dr. Trenck on tl. coumon an, nuMts of tke Mori., olasse. Medical OFKiciat or IlKAT/rrt DtofAnrMKNT, Mf.MciiAi, (JFiiti:, J)am; (Sti;V,i.:t, Siu : Your questions are .so n-o„c,.oi ti,n f t r Ltrerpou!, Somnber -M, 157,3. 412 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA, WM' I. An: the. tahorui'i chisacs iii(li(ntnoiis? ■ ^ e ^ r ,. „,„ I consi.lur tlmt t!io hiborin- .lassos of Liverpool luo as, a rule wishful f. i en - nloviuent, ar.d that huincss or a ' the young, in large sections, of the people is yery evident iii Liverpool. It is at lirs't. ronipiilsory idleness, occasioned by the abseiH^e of occupation or worU ; it soon demoralizes tins child and then degenerate's into a habit of vicious idleness. It is among such poor children that industrial schools are wanted; for unless children aro taught some kind of industry or trade, we cannot hope to see them make any ellort to rise^above tho wretchedness of their parents. II. Arc the lahonmi clanncK intemperate if IXl. If so, do the\i 'lose much time from labor bi consequence^ IV. Are the comforts of their families serioustij uhridijetl by the amount spent for dntik, I consider that it has been incontestably proved that the working classes of Liver- pool aro extremely intemperate, even when conijiared with similar sections of thecoui- inuuity in o' er largo towns of Great Britain. I know no stronger or sadder proof ot this than tho returns made by tho jiolico force, which show that during last year, IK'-i, I'^i^'lO persons were brought before the justices on the charge of druukeuuess, ami that of this number no less than 7,7StJ were females. This unmber though so large, will only include persons vfho were obstreperously drunk. It will follow as a corollary from this fact that uiuch time is lost either directly by incapacity for work on account of drink, or indirectly by sickness coiise- queut on tho elfects (if drink, and also that the comforts of the families of the hiburer .uo seriously abridged by the amount spent in driuk. coxm-nox of the workixg-classks of great LPaiAix. 413 ^^^Tho cau.. .,,cU l.aa to the ,r.U inte.perauceof tLo la-^oWng classesiu Liverpool V^§EB^^^^^-"'^^^^^r'' --' -- - ^-'-o, .eel. Louses UH temptations to tlio «Vetopl,' ° '^^'^ 1'"^^'" ^'""'*'^« and ii.i2 beer- i4 ho!!- '^'{^^'lilS *!:;^;i- S'SS-tcl^St^^ «^^^* rr' -'' -^ ^•'-n-oo,'; able to HnsKest a praetical ren.e.lv. ' "t'^^^^"'"" "^^ I'lnluutLropl.t has beeu peoi'^d^ti;;;:'t;l'';i.;';!^;:^.;t -;^.^;;:;t-t of ph,«i,„i oonditio,. of thJ tempernnoe, so tho ..".nber of pa , /J s v Ul 1 ".^ '' ^''''-g^ly dno to i„° extent of that vice. Tho p,,n„l. t |n ' r n ,v^,,* ' % certain extent an index of tho 2;!=;,'ni, and we find that d,}riK\l e ks si ve, vr^^^^^^^ ", „ r*'''"'"' "t ^'','? '"«t census w s the averaKc luiniber.d' persons at ortimo\vmVh;^^-^T"'^ "* "'''"'"^ wa.s I.VJIU; or, in othel- won s/tho n, X, o f ' r ' " ''r''''' '•'-■'""'"" P"''''"'"^' ''' ' chuled every sixteend. person Within tl'!,pa,-rsir "^^""^'"S parochial relief ia- ^^ llliyS'SLIS K'il^ri^C.:;: a^^:Sr^' ""^ '^ '^ '-'"''"'^ t'-t drnn,. perisn). '^ ''''"" ^-^•'''■'t a motor or cause oi such extended pau- V. Illmt !h the common of the room, Ihn/ oco,,,,,? The ;xten't":(/v"" "■* ''''" '" "■'" "^ ""> '""'"^ «"''> of l!y t^^'^;l:;ti::^'S?l-*-- '>y '^- ^-ilie« of tl. laborin. class n,ay he jud...d th^i^!S^ri:;:t.iiUSirsL!?^i;:.,^-^-;'"«'i f v-'^^"-" -« ^^^^^^"of honses 8.J,4rO. Wc find that C4/J0 t'^ es^house Tro *^s ''" """'••^■'' "^' '"'^"Wtod il.J per ainuim, and 1),W8 arc assessed at Wtweon^id "w'm'' "'^ "'^ i'''"*''' '"'low leaving ir,,o;i9 houses at an assessuK nt -, W^^"./ '""^ -^-^ ''"""''« l'«' annum that tho houses below £ 11! coasis^' r", V* fX,-^ '^ '"'': '"""""• ^^ '** '"""lior kn wn between ^00 t,, <)U0 cubic iK-t lb ^eah^t^f ? Til sh^Im' "' "" "^''rs^ «i>^o of ew excepfons are sublet in sin^d.'-roo ocenn ,tio,^ 'n ^ '"">"''* ''■'^'' «i"Knlarlv landlord's tenant to sublet the niiddle n ui to "nX^^^ l""'^^'^" i'^ I'-r tho boiS;'^lT.^.lf?,^-:-^.:;!;,;^,-"^il!^ 0,5.8 houses at a rental apartu.euts, nam..Iy, a front and back k ch.. " n 1 fZ . Vn ''" ^Vm'"'«"' "^"'-^ °^ «i^ cal di-nens.ons of tlio front bed-rooms arc from 7 (W ^^ 1 nT'f " f "i '^^'•^'"go c"bi- rooins from f^OO to WO feet. Sucli 1 o , s, « m, i ../ ^'^^? ^'-■"^' ""'^ "f tho back bed- tenant in single, double, aiul tnd o Z -o; ,nSr IVw 1 1 T^'l'^' ''^ *''" '-^"'""^d's cen . of all the habitable houses of Liveniool ^m ,s"n r ,l /? I''"' '""''' *'"'* ^0 per for onser or shorter periods ; in fat^ sub e i^ tV,,: r n "', '"^'f.' •'" '"""'-occupat on miblettiuK of houses, and eonse , e m'lrof i Z^^^^^^ conditio.,. Tho ext'cnt o" Liverpool 1,0th as respe.ts (iltli m^ lo^v m- v r ^ ';^ ""='' '' ^novous evil iu wholesome stato. '""■''^'' ''"*^ t*^" keeping the same in a cleanly and a^S'aS"; ^SSSeSlniL! &r°^-'^'"'^ "' ^'"^'^ accommodution and other ^ppli- n.; power'^h'Ir^ivelf l?i';\,o'r"'""'''''"" ''' '""'''^ *'"''« of «"<='' Promises ^J of lln ova S^: i^'^!;LS^£;--|;;-;|y--;«t^r Liv^^^^ the rem. <;t houses iu Liverpool.^ It ni^i>d olZZ\l£.^' ^ - words descriptive of ^vreteh^nlT wjlll^^n^StS'S^iS' SiJ;!;^!,?^^ 414 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ffw yf:irs lias vastly improved. I reiiuiiii, iloar sir, yoms, very truly, AV. S. TRENCH. ToCk.nkhai. V.ur.cuu.u, L'nilcd i'(a(t» Consul. R^imct from a Idler to the author from the Hon. Lucius FalrcMM, United States consul at Liverpool. has not co„ nbnt... a « fJ^'J^^ ^'^ ',"'J , ' luoin I havo convers.,.,1 ou.tl.o subject, laboMi -nicM). -1;'''/'^'''^,,^' •-'//., a all (lissit.ations ^vllicll Ibllow idlo hours is S;^,!*! " " iKv^ tl ^ t' be*o,.iMS,;^nho b^st iuiV,rn,ed that the fo.nilies of the iaClnlr-meu arc evcu ^vorsc provided for, a. a rule, thau when ^vagc.s were le.s. Uuder date of >'ovcmbcr 22, 1873, Geucral FaircliiUl writes as fol- lows : , , , Tn mv I'.st I .-.v.. it as the Koneral opiiuon liero tl.at tlic lalwrins-clasRcs liad Mt b,.!.n T/bst I Ui.rilv beuelite,l bv th,; recent riso in ^va-es, xvhich I meant to luoro espc Iv Sill to t losrA' '^^^ iu the eoal-.ni.ies and faetories. You ^v.ll note that Dr. TiSiU^f'ves ..tl.er te.fhuony respecting the inllueuco of sueh rise on the labormg- classes of this town. ST. nELE>;'S, NEAR LIVERPOOL. Letter from John Ilammill, es^., co)isular agent of the United States. Unitkd Statks Coxsulatk, St. lldcii'a, ^''ivt'inbcr 13, 1-73. nrsuSiu- lurcplvto your impiiries in re-.wl to tho habits and condition of tlio .,i,L;.J in tins distri.-t 1 uiavsavlliat they aro very various, as, I siipposo, """';' bf ft o.is"vh.io^h'n^^s^^ blu i "ilft s' rbc hdr CO liUoiJ -A well as I am' aide. l.wiU deal with the collior. flrst as thev ari a . u.nerous body, and aro at tho present tune attracting the most at- n n km on iccou It of the enormous price of coal, for which they aro in a great mei ■ nreio blame a° they will not work more than, say, three weeks per month; in con e- UMico of hieb th^' get considerably less coal, making it sear-,-, and thereioro dear S are enabled t..atfor.l this waste of time through the extravagant wages they aio iwt^'ttin" I believe fully lUO p.T cent, more than they got, two years ago,) but w Ich I "in a -raid nve .loing them no good, as when they are not working they are lo - nvh - s^h o ■ c^^^^^^^^ pursuits as drinking, gambling, >-c„ wduch, ot course d. mri^ninove the r ccm.lit.o..; nor the condition of their lamilies, as they nnist spend o r ther "ste a'ood deal of their money iu this way. Their mode ot hving nuw.s verv diffw^nt frSm what it was some year or two ago, as then butcher's meat was co - KidcTcd a -rcat h xm and seldom indulged in, hue now although it is cousu e abl. d m^r thev imt . mlv"l ay it regularly, but will have nothing but the best joints. I li : wi! I vJ ,r ■ m e^s criuaTly to a I working-men, but to the colliers m particular. ¥l2 n ond ha hSov.^l "i"!^ th 'discontinuance of sending women down th. ,n, EtlSSi^S^^'^Kev^"-^ ind.isti-ious men among them, and what few of these there luo must be liMng ^c.) comfortably and saving money. COXDITION OP fainUks of the S. TRENXII. ■writes as fol- THE WOEICIXG-CLASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 415 eons,.q„e„tly it falls to the l.a t vim 'liZnH "''"'■''''''■' '■""' "''"'^- ""■» "H" " to it" ^ir«..ly composed of Irish, xvl.oj ^ (1^1 ( .i,"''.'!""''''-'^'''' ''^"' "' ^'^'^ <1 -^t i "t a o liiibits a.i.I habitations. TIm.v i • , i V ' " ^" "T^ "'^'•'' ^icrs, aro vry .liifvii their I'ur , half starve their wit es a. f ,i " ^7'[;f '""■^ "i" J>'" tow,,. a>,;i, f ,r '\l": ,,„ I With haro ieet, elothe.l i,. n.^^s, „1 u , hnf , 7 ''7 ^'^^'^ ^■''"•1'"' n>n„i ,g a o,' t aj;esra„K,.,l lr,„„ ei^^ht to f.mr'te', ",'.'," ' Th "^ ir''5"^';'''^'''"i:''-eluldre,rwir, ot the prisoners at o„r polico courts aro mo ,^ i ., / 'H','"''' "^^" '^ '"W l'• »'"-'^a , c !; walks to mako upon then,. I'ncKiaii i., .uo very ordiuaiy, ami I have no ro- cases. w;hero they takosinghMne,^] '','?,:' 'i':""-"-' |? tbeniselves, exci^.t i„ afJw can niakoaRood living;, iHid t loscVrci 7' i ^'''"'i' "''''-'^"'''■^■'^'"•I'b ifbc wil vo -k I Iiayo saidnothi,,;,. ul.cn t w .' s as it w', 1 'l"'"' /""I'l^.or be^r.ars is'vcy i.o c"ibl ' exact Idea they are paid so di ^.iv?, K " fit er", '/'"'^ j-'.l.o^ssiblo to givo vm „, ^ soiiio per day, and son.o do TH-'ee- • r/- Fn ' ^'^'l''*-'- ''^•""" ""•■" ^vork per h.m Hon. Edwal-d Yofxr,, Chic/of Ciiiud ^la.'i s n,urau of Slar,stic>^, JSaMmjlo,,, t'Ukd Slates Conaulur Jjcnt, HI. JMars U. S. J. GLASGOW. IIAniTS OV TilK I-AIioniXG.CLASSKS. [From a npo.t cfirr. C<,„.s„I Joukhisun.J foKpinS^if s,!S:;s^r:;j^^;:^.;:;::^ri;^ ti,e ...es paid t..„ .e,. ter education, nu increase i,7 all the c , I. ' nf- ' ' "•'^''-''" ^'""-^' '"'"'■i' cloth,,,-, bet- cess an their efforts. IJut there a e -a vo k^'^ T '^""''1 '"■"«il.v wish th,.,7 ^ C increaso of wa-es would only brin.v "re ,ter ini-^ ,t'^ i "' "" "I'l^-sito result. That an would give for creator «cl}.i,,d ^nVo os eS '-f fr'f "''f " ^>' *''" «PPorfni ity tet tnends of tho workin--iuen of tl',. - ^* ^ ^ r ''""'^'' '■'' f*-'''™'! 'JV manv of tho •ilarming extent an,,,,,./ hiLcl'.ss of f,^ '''•'',• ^'""^ ilnu,kem,es3 f-rev Is to ,! created as their .va^es havrbe n i,," re " / f."^* " ?'"""^ ''" 'I""''''- '^i^aV I,a, C- beuehtted by such iCcreaso of f a'^ " 1 u Is' 1 " ^''""" ^^,^""y ^'«^'«' "" end their extra earn- f..ed, gives so,ne iinportaT,tXth;ti/s be' ri r , /'"''".f''* ''•'''« '^'"1 e^'^'^o rcportr ust tlie whole of tho [Jnif'd KinXi, This ;"",'''''."•*'''•? y"'"^' ('xt''"'li"ff, LoweV 'r to over the co^tpj^f,^^; ^,; ['-;-" f «l'im. consu,ned"has U^;':;y^'yf p^ ^t fccotchiiapersavs- "T.\>?.:: , , '^'^- <-'>iiiiiii,.n(- n i „ v wu t, ,vhdo tho consinnption of intoxicants is '-^v. . ^'"'""'s'"".:.' ; an.l jit this mo- 1 bori," 7""'^ ^J'"V"onn,u,ditie 1^ '!/,.«; ',^^J^=.'^"K/"f" ■■'iPWy than ever, th.at tal fl^^^^'^ "' *'»■' '^"""fy have littlo wisli to ittlr l^ «."'"'«' V."^-'""'"''^'' tl'^'t tho i>rtai)le homes, mio, nn.i ,.,..,',*:. -..i .. ",'-^" V'"." ?" wttor their cond t ...i • ih„^ „„... '"'OS, good aud plei'itiful f„a,i ,^,,^-. r ^"^"""^ V."^"'^' condition; th.it nn,,,. ".^ ati«npt to sec,u-o ! e n b it uV ;\':;;:";,f;:^ ;!" «" ^^'V^'«'™ their roaci, iicli thev iMvn i.,.,.„ '. "^ ."/ wages they receive abnvo t,I>„ ,>,, ,-.-' lortabli) homes, goou aud iilentifulf,,,,,! .,„,) -V",.-." — -^'^ i"eii- eouHition ; tl,,it cnt,, t!!^y will iu,t attempt to seciu-ot em 1, /L '"''"■,''''''' ■^" «" ^•"- =^'«'™ their roac taucB to which thoy have b en •! c ,sV, ,1 T-^ ''^""'-■' .'^"^y ^'''C'^'^'" '^"jovo tha mere riit more wretched a.ip„ssibly^ll",:,::?^'Sur^""^ "' '■"^^''^^"'^ their conditio" ^hI 410 LABOU IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. M()Ni;y .si'i:xr at •nii: i-AWN-Hiiurs. ,„ HpCIlt think it is u ijruat dual iiioiu - KnijUnk pT,..is^nn,rtn,.=.oVa^^ ^TSil^anlun" iu^^^m inS^r^ong.r n.^ c^u Ik. ib„U h, En^.nd than rilosefo be" ;..... at' tl, various workshops cm t^^^^^^ the iiuWlvaiou ^^•i^^^^^ prevai.ert ; an.l in tl.is ..pinion I am com.l.oratoa b tl o cv Irnce • «evVral intclligout, disccrnins ^^■o.•kingn,en, ^10^0,1^ have slaillj "ntn ?r >iront\cc(.unt of tliei^- own class ha.l truth not stood in their way. T iViiew 1 c ■ "in *^ not, will havo a most bencficia ellect upon people addicted o the oxccsiTvo use of strong drink. This law i.nmdes that '-^'1 V'^'dl*;; iT.l u 'X'll bo clled "on Sunday, Christmas Day, and Good Friday, during the whole i. su.iii '"'/''i,,:, ,. „f i,.,if ,nsf 1" in the afternoon, and between the hours of hall paht ■>■ So iJ^irafrernoin,^! aft";. S; hour of 10 at night and on all other days be.oro Hip hour of six in the niornins and after the hour of 11 at uigut. . ''K person "ho sells or exposes for sale, or opens or keeps open «"y.P«'"",^'^^/, the ^Ic of intoxicating liquors during the time that such premises are directed tube cSsed by or rpursuanco of this sec-ion, or during such time aa f"™«-?,'d f «^^« " > intox catii..' li.iuors to be consumed on such premises, shall lor the lirst oftense be 1 a lo to a 1 e nltv not exceeding £10, and for any subsequent otTense not exceeding 120.' The 1^ e it that wi 1 ecrue to the British workman from these prohibitory clauses cami ™ o erellinTa ed rn a'lV of the quarters formerly lost by the engineer through ?arrv°U It the pul™^ on his way to the shop in the morning will now bo saved. After if he mustU rn is face homeward ; the penalty of violating the law is too heavv fo be trii^^d with by the ke 'pers of drinking-B.aloons.' More sleep will thus be aftorckc toward recmTerating the s rongth of both mind and body. The time for nidulgmg BhSencd ; may w"hiot hope that the resolution of those prono to the >n'mo']« f « " ;.f f iin in/oviratinir beverage bo Btrengthcued, their ambition rekindled, and their new hoi'es, Teir h\4her a^ms^^^ suufhiuo to'many a hearth now all l»it lost m the ^Yll^ kbS-dasses in this district, especially pitmen, are great fanciers of dogs ; while other "of morfref nod tn«te breed birds of various kinds in largo numbers ; giow flowers of rare beauty, and under great difficulties, on such a scale as to put the -.AUicr Sf magni^Qcent cons^^^^^^^^ to sliame. A collier named Thomas liuckham first ^ent COKrmON 0. the WOnK.KO^.ASSKS OP 0»OT B„,TA,.V 417 anketl Low nhe got a o,t win. f 1 ? , *''"'^' *'"fi'^«'^'l «« » servant in Nowcastln nn •-•'' like the nativeslTy " "wfllow „? Lo""^^ '"'' T'"^ ^^"* "^^^ ^^^9 enS o ironoumi ^'h.8 peculiarity is^but rare°y "ft alnC 1,?'' *^'^"i^ *^''"' » ^t cLow i' tho .n ddlo " EVAX R. JOXES, t«i<«/ Stuha Cumul. MINERS WITH SCIExNTIFIC TASTES. DSi^!:Sa^^SMvXnr"^"^^^^ Northumberland and with iuterest : ' ^ ^*^' "" ''*^'^" luniKshotl to the author, will be read agJS;!^^^^^^^^^^ n,i„cr .-l.o rativi.'S. II.— TlIU MIXKIiS ANI> Ii;()X-W01!Ki:HS Ol KXGLAXn. It his been often said, and uith much truth, that EuRland's greatness has Ijcenlmilt r^> i.cni:.iUs of. Mr. tfumloy James ou agrioultiiral laburora appear ou lueccdnig pagoa. CONDITION OF TIIi: nOKKING-CLASSE.S OF GKKAT IIKITAIX. 419 cal anil imii Ims lic.ii I he ciiiis.. nC ri,,,i.,, r . , " ' -' -' • ho:roi- i!::;'r::;;„ i::;;,nr'"^' "mnu,actu.a. an roNifiid i„ till' ■iiiiii.diiit..,! hy wiVD-iiiuiy.v, \h v.rv .liiii and" (l„. . „ V i f^ .■.'^ ■ " '""'1'' ■'•<•'■<•'■"<■( as fhcy am ^a.K.,,t..n pick ,i,^;;:l'' , ' . ■; ;i'^i;r;: ,';:,''i^^^ «>ivi,.c not only .la i- • imis 1 «, """" ,""'.'"■''■'"•>'•> i>i' ' - Ml Mii.di int.i.liain.al .kill n.<|,ii,- .,1 s sti , 1 ."n i "">'"", "' """ "''^»" i« "ot does tlio mst. Jn.n-w,,,k(.is A , in,'.! bf V""''''' "' ""'"'•'>'i'<' ; inachincrv bat ^vin a j^oo,! ...wanl in , u' « la m t w^, "'S l''! , ' i?"'' '.'^i:«V'.' /o gn... .lan«o,!^ two as Olio cluss. 'J'|„.y aio n)ii „ .,^ . P . '•' ' " '""'"'^ ''"'"''^ ^ ^^'H t'oat tlio K-Mico in 8tn.li;; ,l,i, k^ ^ oi rni ? ' 'V "'".<='' K'^''" <" tho J5ritisl, vi.r of iml, j. tliHi- laiiuli..H tlKT .mdorK 'i , l/r,.; ' r , , i",<'">'' .■''i''j-■- *-* Too often it iiiav be th'it lie (., „ i i i akes .i;ieat deli-ht in bis own iirowess |n..iistiictsthji!^,a!eM{;.," ; ;^:':;;^'^^^^ loi- their lonls. It may be inia-diie 1 h., tl, ...i '" "V ''"''•)' ''"'■' '"''• ■■' "'^'tch |""i. Not altogether ,so. I d- i ,] in. 1, l' t ' 7T '\^""''' ^l'-I"'^ved set of l"«la.r aims or tastes, tlu.y have { in thw.ef ,'-,'';* "" *'"'-^' j''''- '''''"'rn-.l from ^»" '' 'T'""^^' •''"'1 ^viHi'-K Au..,,htheydo-i--^:;:!;lr^;-y-^^-:;.as.^^^ gseft"*'.,^** -*-f^ 420 LABOR IX EUROPK AND AMEIUOA. ' * in the (.pen c.n.'tr.v, tl.ry ol.tuiu imur air nii.l rhv^ywv living ; sUll ^^Ul. 111.) lov.Miuc for wine, of i;;!;!,7U0,tltiU ; iiii.l v lin. wr loiiu) to tin; lax.'sui.oii wvvnXn '""'"""' ' l.eliiilfol tlmtoMNnnar, a"'!ifairi.rovortumol thf two-thirtls of tlio rfvcrue on tea, tlit ...... .■• • f;-' ,; „,■ ,• i .ir,„-,ii ,i ,»,t of a tot lI taxen on frnit nn.l other custo.n "n^ rxe.se .IntU.^ ^p^. a t..al ol i.^1,,.^ the iiroportion vaitl by each is about u.s tullowH . Falling on the uorMng-cIusscs, spirits •■■--■ •••••••-••••■■ Malt Tobacco ^' Locul taxes, houses, iVc K Tea " Sugar ^ Licenses '^ Other taxes ^> 7 :t '3 y 1 1 1 u I'ltlUiiij on till- middh and hitjluT claam. Local taxes, land, houses £0 Stamps ^ Inconiu-tax " Spirits ^' Malt " Tobacco ^ Sugar ami tea ^' Winy *' Others ^ in 1 U II " To appreciate properly, however, the real burden of taxation, we innst tiiLc i,i,m account tho number and income of the woikin- 'lasses. The relation to their nunili. , is casv to calculate, since £au,U0O,0UO of taxat,. u among ai.UOd Mi:N. 421 J. .',.n.in«H di.nn« 'the period ,^,,';' ' ';,''i';: "\ "" ''PPr-ntiee, forego, e , ' . • iipiiliiffliil 5iiiSg|iiis!! 1 1; >; i« lint ft Nlijrht Bketcli of t lo woiV "i"" proportionately.' " '"'^" '" y«"s;X,i!;;;,SSrL;s =xb,',rti' ■.•j«^^B^'r^^^sr:x!s£ 3:|»MS»^Jz!,s-tsS SS^^F^-- i."»i».», ^,„„„,., 31, isrj. J. s. siA.\xiii' jJics ■ 422 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. LORD TwOSEBERY ON DirROVING THE CONDITION OF THE "U-ORKING- CLASSES. At a meeting; of the Social Science Congress, held at Glasgow, in Oc- tober, 1874, the president. Lord llosebery, made an extended address in -which he directed his remarks almost exclusively to an exposition of •what he considered the best means of improving the condition of the ■working-classes. Foremost among these means he places education. Education and enlightenment, he says, are required to keep pace with the material prosperity of the country. But the education of exi)erience is also valuable— as uiuch so as superior culture. It is requisite that the working-classes should understand the injurious effects of strikes and collisions with their employers,,and that employers should recog- nize the claims, of their workmen to their kindness and forbearance. He favors compulsory education, also, as a means of lessening habits ot drunkenness. The statistics of national thirst are not very attractive topics so long as revenue considerations are suffered to obscure every other, and it is unfortunately true that among a large section of the population increased prosperity seems to mean increased drink, or, as he sarcastically puts it, " the outward signs of our civilization are an extraordinary accumulation of wealth and an extraordinary consumption of alcohol." But an increase of culture by no means implies an increase of sobriety. HHe reviews the physical questions which so materially concern the welfare of the working-classes— tlieir dwellings, their hours of labor in factories, especially as regards women and children, and the good aspects of union and co-operation. lie says : It is true that unions among -svovk-peoplo, -nith a view to tbo artilicial raising of tlieir wages, may lianipor production, and Larsbly control freedom of action. On the other hand, they have often been of real service by promoting intelligent communica- tion between work-people in difl'erent parts of the country, and in ascertaining the duo recompense of labor. Few impartial persons will be disposed to deny that, though it Las caused bitter feelings on both sides, as all such revolutions must, the great social movement which has recently united the English peasantry is likely to difiuse enlight- enment, to eucour.ago independence, and to place wages on a more clear and rational footing. The natural .adjustment of the right proportion between the profits of capital and the wages of labor is a toler.ably sure, it may be, but certainly a very slow process, and union among workmen has had a beneficial effect in hastening it. Strikes, wliich cause so much distress, and which so greatly hinder production, we must lament. But so long as capital and labor continue distinct and opposing interests, is it likely that strikes will bo rare ? Co-operiitiou, indeed, is the obvious remedy for all these troubles ; but co-operation can hardly, so far, be considered a success in this country. It appears to require a more general intelligence and a greater accumulation of capital amoug the working-classes than exists at present. There is so much to be done ; our civilization is so little removed from barbarism, At this moment there is a daily column in the newspapers devoted to recording brutal outrages, where human beings hiivo behaved like wild beasts. Every policeman iu London is assaulted on an .iverage about once iu two ye.irs. AVitbiu the memory of living men the workers at the salt-pans of Joppa, only a mile or two from Edinburgh, were serfs— orfsc)-i>(i yhbw— and sold along with the lands on which they dwelt. Neither they nor their children could move from the spot, or could alter their calliug. The late lord provost of Edinburgh, who bears the honored name of Chambers, re- cords his having talked to such men. What a hell, too, was described to Lord Ashley's commission of ltf4'-i. In the mines were women and children employed as beasts, dragging trucks on all fours, pursuing iu fetid tunnels the degraded t.isks which no mere animal could be found to undertake. We know that equal horrors existed iu the brick-fields two or three years ago, when there were 30,000 children employed, looking like moving masses of the day they bore, whose ages varied from three and a half years to seventeen, and when an average case was thus described : " I had a child weigheil very recently, and though he was somewhat over eight years old, ho weighed but 52} pounds, and" was employed carrying 41J pounds ot day on his head an .iverage distauce of fifteen miles daily, aiid worked seventy-three hours a week. This is only an average E -U-ORKING- isgow, in Oc- uded address exposition of iition of the 8S education. !ep pace with of exj)erienco equisite that •ts of strikes jhoukl recog- forbearance, ling habits ot Dry attractive ibsciire every ection of the I dvink^ or, as ;ati«n are au r consumption Ds an increase y concern the irs of labor in ! good aspects Ijcial raising of action. On the ;eut communica- irtainin^ the diw ^ that, tuough it the great social diflmse enlight- lear and rational profits of capital ery bIow process, Strikes, which ust lament. But I, is it likely that 11 these troubles ; itry. It appears f capital amoug from barharisni. recording brutal ;ry policeman in u the memory of from Edinburgh, iich they dwelt, tcr their calling, of Chambers, re- to Lord Ashley's loyed as beasts, 1 tasks which no ns existed in the tuployed, looking >, and a half years 1 a child weighed weighed but 5'ii average distauto 9 only au average CONDITION OF THE WORKIXG-CLASSES OF IRELAND. 423 S^^tt^!;r:i^S S^^^ilS^J^I^!^^'^ at the present tin.e, and wo the tender age at which they are so t to^tlSr 11^"'"?.'"=''' ""''"••" ^^'^ take int J account goodness and purity seems to Cnn's^ampeSt of f"] '"° *""';"•" '^''"-■" <''««!»' "A sa^s a witness, who worked himself in t u. p "i* ?•*! '"''° l";"!''^, and were I to relate " whole country would become siikeLundhSa^^^ ^-"'^l ^^ reLiteithe IRELANP, Co.NsuLiTE OF TnK Umted States De.vkSir: ' » . , Dublin, Xoremher '^4, 1873 ^^f^^lnJ!:^^ <^r^*- ^ ^" - --'V "nil ^.^s^^\nSE:L!i-!?-tkS '^^^ advance in wages. 'l havTne^^^seen peonle ^^f^ f f'^ •*^« ««™« »« befro' the should say of the n.anual-laboriug clL so b ,mt .f .i'"\ ^'^^""S ^'a«S' «' perhaps I necessity ,Ioes not compel such careSess ra L^ 1^" ^T'" ^^'*^° '" ^^^^^ '^•^'ro not uneonimon, yet clothes are realfrouUe f& i ''""■'""''^'■P»t'''^°'l garments aro the -rkiug-p^S/^'Url'SS^^^^^^ some time, but I think ?.i,vr'?'/??",""^''^J' '^o '''^oaes of the courtlv o^Tp:^^^^ Dublin is full of Jino lashiou. Until recently, and even Ktill t,, . l J • ^ealthy, but now abandoned bv houses were ebielly occ'i'iS 1 y clerks r poo rnf'f.''^?' '^^ ^•^"^•' P'^'^'^"^ "^ "• eso hxed incomes. Within the past few vears IrrTf ,?, .'"'* '^/Peotable class with low bu.lt on al the outskirts of the eitvand^havKn, '"'"'''■' f ,^^^^^ houses have been class, and the apartments forme,l?„'sed bv them b .v," i"^''i f""^^^ ^^ P«^«™« «f tWs manual-lahonug class i„ addition to what thev had b^*'"/,''''™ possession of by the condition of their lodgings. At least fbiri«n^w ■ V'^'*"?' ^'^"^ g^atly improvin'n'tbe stances which have cSme uncfer my own obs^r'^aui^/t',/""? •'^,?'^ P""^ onLlXd in! numbers of new small houses have bee."built h. t ?o ' > * « »r^-^°" *^" *'"«' ^^^t largo increased I do not think that Ian h' ds , ^eralK ^■.^ T/" "^ \^'' P«P"lation has not dition as theyon-iit, and I have be™ tobl H, t?i * ^"-"P *'^^"" l'0"«es Jn as Rood con- laborers, when comp^i^Kl wihEnghSo? Scotch' "IZT'^T: ^.° '"« opi"ion, Irish own opinion an English laborer whl got drunk at' n^X^^ i""'l^ '-^'lustrious. In my day, while the Irishman will not worftho av after^n 1 T^ ^? ^".^^"'''^ «« »«"»! next Hancock's stati^ics drunkenness thronXKenLl 1°^"*=^'- According to Doctor oI^Tm^'S"; ^°'1 l^e thinks there isZt more of TthprJfT P.r«^;?lent than it was Ireland the number of arrests isgreater wMel.fw <= "^ *^^ ",'," England, though in l)y the facts that there are morl mAiZn^^r^ t. " ""counted for, the doctor thinks ment control, while the EngH police aro local"n?ul'^ '^""^ they are under govern! when making arrests of tax-payers ' ""''' consequently, are more wary 1 have also received your letter" of fi,n Q1.+ ^^■ request, have been to see Sir. Pirn I ha, o alo .1,T.' ?°/^'/° «'"»Pli-''Dce with your from Mr Guinness, and have, in both cases met^ih '''I *" '°'="''' some statistics nothing has resulted. ' ^^^> ™*'* ^^^^^ courteous promises, but, as yet. Dr. EnwAKD YorxG, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics. WILSON KINO, I nitcd States Coiisnl. ADVANCE OP TEMPERANCE PRINCIPLES. -^:^S:^ '''- ^^"-^ ^'«b^^-' -'>=ari '.[\ o° o f where many mouths before tho birth nfw,- ft *" '^'-'™ "^ '^ "^'"'^ "f lyin.'-iii c u vimoa for the event by layin^as^de a sfJllV, '.''"*' T "'"'^'-"' '^'»" "^"k" a l7t to r.ro-' 1'/. ; Bumber of depositora, 63^ accouutroA'si't li^Sombcrfsk""'"^™""'-^' ^== ^*- HOMES Fon Tin: rooi;., [From the Xcw York Times, February 2^ 1-75 ] 4n iSSi:!S^?Z51nti^eS?o*Si"7- "^ ^onnnon. on February 8 the dwollmgs of the workinir c assp. V}r r- ^"'\'"',""^"«s-">" ""provomeLt of eented a bill which would gVfrrto;vmrrem';'dvh? ^'^*'^ ^ '^' Kovennnent'i re- crowding in English large towns and cities In k nf, ^^'^ ''^,''' resulting from olor- ndirectly showed how much has alrpn^v" ,„'"'"*''''' ^P^ech advocating the bii] ho The "Peabody fund" conS a capSi ^53 000 ono"°T''f'*^'^ "' this great rol,^ proved dwellings for the poor. Two other soHp?;^^.' "'^''^'^ '^''''"^'^^ to building i I similar objects; other associations MvlnuT*'*' H'^'"' ''^iiended 81,500,000 each for •sand of the poor of London I :^wLo,lsedi„''wT•''''^r^T^^' '"> that 'thirty thou' ally arranged bnildin-. ti^,, remaTkab Ip snnilY. '-V" l^^'''**"!!. l^ealthy, and scientific- shown by the fact th: . : leath^rate in f hn '^ ^ mlluonce of tJiese " model houses 'Ms and London will r..; im/..^ sfvtv n^il^ * °'^*-''*.,'^'''*"'^*« of ^^la^ attained the fearfa rv. . . . ;:m of soever, Sf T' *^°"«''"d, and in one instance has he "model lodging.^ouses"1s never ovei£rnPr°.r""*'' ^'^"l" "»'' 'leath-rate in buildings m preserving the 'ives of vnnnt „i -f, ^^^-^ thousand. The ertect of those Liverpool, the annual rate of mortalUv of Phin^'"' '' ,''1"^"^ ' -iarkablo. Thus fn m one hundred living, while ^^£0 Si hm,^^^^^^^^^^ °"m" ''"" ^'''' »"'°""t« to thir y onedistriotof Manchester, out of a hrdredr^tL*f '■''"•" «T""*» *» '■ighteen. In children under five years Veached the eSaS^'^L^P^^^^^ "^ ?" «ges. tfe deaths of let in these improved buildinirs thev «bI,w i ,^^ '^'^ "^ '*^-7. or nearly one half . Various cities of England ifavelrpalli^''*"'* ■^° ^•''"° "^ t«-«°ty- improve the poor-quarters TlZ^uL^^rn?;ii'^ ""^^^ P^^^^'J to enable them to demolished 503 houses, and improVed 3^0^;/'"/^",'' ^^"'^ '^<=t«' "'« corporation has burgh has also spent a large sum and rlpn„„?i i *** "» /^Peuse of $438,000. Edin- cnmo were broken up, and tl e ^lict rISl niT''' ^^I^O houses. Many notts of oiienaes from 670 to 570 in one venr A?ri„c ^"1''"^ ^** "^ ^^"^ number of serious much of this has been returned to ?he ctlmZfon^^TJ'-^'T'T ^^'"' e^P^nded but has been improved. The experience of nnt^f v"" ,*''" ^"^'^ "^ the property which ofall these fever-nests and dens of crime iroduc^vl'n.l ^'^^^•'^*'" "'«' ^lie breaking up were turned out. Thev alwav'T fi,„n,i^!,i5? •"-? »o hardship to the poor peonle who transfer themselves to t^ho cSr? It oZnhLf '''??- T^ '"'^"^ ^"^ ind ced^ to ings were erected more peop"o were accommte'^""''' *°°' t^-^'^* '■^«'« improved build^ uuder much better sanitary conlmfons so thttb« « %?'y*^" 'P'"'° °f gr«"nd, but as many poor as before the imDrov-ements n„n V^ ''*'"/ •'"'"■"^' «""'"! accommodate thousand of the inhabitants. '^' '""^ * •"* ^'^^^ ^o^y or fifty lives among eve^ of the^°^Je'^^L:t'C^;Toor!:;ut^tefs"S'n ftfrr' ?"r« «- -^.orations become infected with fever, and inako vn^^in • ''''' ^'«"'o'isli liouses which have objects. The secretary of state hSf w in ^ i"iprovements which have sanitary necessary through the Luse of com rnsriVr'''*''?,!^'^^'' °f urging the "order" The cost of the improvements wm of cou?s?i;^?M ""^ '°^," <=o"uoils much expense. Pj-tP/l^ed however,Uat the towrcouncrshm.ld Jt'^nnP^f'^ ?.? tax-payers. It Vs° o HOUSES FOR THE WORKIKG-CLASSES ! ' IS 42 G LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. in >, 4 ^' had taken such a iiroiiiiiifiit vart in the operations of the metropolitan association, Xo better site could have liecn obtained for the structure in fiuc! n a greatly-improved habitation, but from its situation formed an example to B.-.rroiiuding proprietors and tenants of the manner in which such houses should bo built and kept in a permanent state of cleanliness. To secure a site oh! property had to bo removed, and thus, while benefiting the working-classes, the associ- ation directly ameliorated the condition of the old town by the erection of houses ;iv its midst bui'lt according to the most approved sanitary plans. A woiikman's town. [From tlio Lomluu Tiuica of Aii;;ust Ti, \i'-2.] Lord Shaftesbury recciitly laid the fust stone upon an estate at Wandsworth, ealUa the Shaftesbury Park Estate, which has been acquiied by the Artisans, Laborers aiid Gen'.'ral Dwellings' Company, (limited,) and is to be laid out as a workman's city, iu 1,200 dwellings. The company was formed iu 1807, in consequence of the destruction of houses by railroads and other imjirovemeuts, for the purpose of enabling workin^f- men to erect dwelliuga combining litness and economy with the latest sanitary im- provements, and to become themselves the ow ners of these dwellings iu the course of a stated number oi years by the payment of a small additional rent. On evf y estate purchased by the company a suitable space will be reserved as a recreation-ground, a co-operative store will bo built for the especial benefit of the tenants, and pM^'ic houms liill be aheolutely forUdden. The Shaftesbury Park Estate contains about foity acres, and is situated between the Wandsworth road and the Southwestern Railway, and about half way between tbe Wandsworth road and the Clapham Junction Stations ; and a new station on the Lon- don, Chatham and Dover Railway forms part of the architect's design for the future buildings, so as to afford to the inhabitants of the projected " city " all necessary facil- ities for going to and returning from their labor. The houses are to be thoroughly drained, constructed on sound principles, and with good materials, and well supplied with water. Ample school accommodations will be provided, and a hall for lectures or public meetings will be built. The houses are to be of three kinds, for the accom- modation not only of artisans, but also of the " clerk-elass ;" and each house is to form a distinct and s;'parpt6 tenancy, iitted with every sanitary and domestic convenience. At the appointed time a large concourse of people had assembled to witness the cere- mony of laying the first or "memorial" stone. Lord Shaftesbury arrived punctually at the time appointed, and Mr. Walton, the chairman of the company, opened the pro- ceedings by some introductory remarks, iu the course of ■which he paid a warm tribute to Lord Shaftesbury's consistent; endeavors to elevate the working-classes in the scale of civilization and humanity. His lordship then took the trowel and mallet, and laiil the stone with the skill and self-poesession of a tinished workman. Having pronounced it truly laid, his lordship then addressed the assembly. He said: "Mv GOOD friends: Having laid the first stone of this noble experiment, an experi- ment wh' oh seems to me deserving of the most unqualified success, I cannot separate from ou without a few words of thankfulness and congratulation that we have met to-day i„r such a worthy purpose. We have founded this day a workmen's city, and wo have founded it upon the very best principles. We have founded it upon the great priuci- plo of self-help, and upon the great principle of independence. By independence, I mean without any other assistance than that which every man has a right to receive from his fellow-man, sympathy and kind aid, and that is ■what every man, either great or small, stands in need ot from another. You have founded the workmen's city upon your own etibrts, and by your own contributions, and for the great and wise purpose of advancing your social position and bodily health, as well as your intellect and gen- eral prosperity. And most heartily do I say for myself, and I also say it in the names of hundreds a jd thousands of your fellow-men, that the blessing of Almighty God will rest upon the good work which you have inaugurated to-day. I like the princiides you have laid down for your guidance. You have simcn your tciadom in a moral point of lieio ly excluding public Imieca and the tap-room; and you have done with them as the people d'.d of old by the lepers, you have put them outside the camp. Yon have, too, founded the buildings with a due regard to the necessary arrangements. There are schools for the children, and will also be a library and reading-room for yourselves, and a club- room, where you will have the advantage of indulging in beneficial amusements. I hope, however, you will not forget the women, who are by far the best part of you, let me tell you. In those intellectual amusements take care that your good wives and daughters are nU eseliuled, for you will tiud there is no social progress witluiut ths aid of the female sex. If the woman Uoats, she floats like a cork, and drags the mau after her. I am glad, then, to say that yon have inaugurated this workmen's city upon a sound and wise basis, and also that every man shall have his house to himself, so as BENEFICENT -MAXLTACTURERS. 427 badly ventilated. He lives i (ThL h nv - n *?,° «^'*- ^^^ I'l^co is ill-drainod nnd he j8 numbered with the eM^'h f^^^^ ^^'^ i" a fermoS aseistance. There is nothing "o ec.omic^n,?'^ ^''"'"'y '^°"^'' "l'"" t^e paSfo? L7d1?fe'/°"/'"'^'S°°'l^^^ter,S;dnoTvercr^^ ^''^•''^.''^■*^'- '^ ">^y cost a? Jound the most econoni cal and best meinlnf ,i ^- ^ , ''' "0'«0Jne rooms, will he the land, one feeling of united svmf.athvTf. of •^"'™,'^I'°" "'*' t^™"« to tlo lowes? in strong pull, and a null altocethe^' I '.n i ""' "H*^ ""^ •'"^'' "l^ give 'a long null ^ measure at 'what l' have st^u to .kv T'nr / ''''^.*,^** ^''«^« ^"^•^^ delighted I evond gaged in advocating iniprovement in\he ^omS^'"'"' ^A'?'*^' ^'^''^^ ^ l^a.l been en not by charitable means that the work can iTeffil^^ condition of the people, but it "h of your own hearts and hands Vou must sav ' vl^ „,"r^"?* ^'^ ^on^ by\ho exer on men.' I trust that this will be the c^ncLpnf f^ Christians, andwill live like advancement of the social positioronhe Znle " Tn ^ '^?^^ ''°'^' '^'^«^'°«'l ^or t^e elt an honor had beeu conferred upon hirblu. —'i"f'°°' '^''^ ^"'•dsbip said ho mterestiDg gathering. He said that a lil^nr^ ^ ^/'T***' ^» '^'tend that highlv- him V„\''J,^°°I' '"^^' "« amemorkafot- the da^ hThon^ed^t. '"'"^^'^^'^'^ ^"^ conneS him to be the donor of the first book The b Yu ! ^^,^ ^^^ committee would allow without Hands,' a wonderfullv^Sstinff arrlnr'i°i',''^ «'''" ^"°"'^^ 1*0 'Tbe Homt^ provided with hands were «U led bv tbn iwhV°* ^he way in which creatures not 8Kf\S^'^'?^'^^^«^"^«''f"'i''^ l^eA ^1'/,'=^ p°:l h?d given them, to sate of the information to be derived from > i^,,* i' }° ^c'cpted it not only for the that It was calculated to suggest He hoped when "ft" ^' "'° '^^^ "^ ^^'^ reflections engaged was completed, when every man was s^ni^,!,?'*^^ ^'^''^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ then ft«f 'Cjoying the bl, Hsings which God had rl"? ""'ler "« own vine and his own be called to another place, in which he trusted fl ] ^'Vl' *^"'** ^^''"^ thoughts would home without hands, iternkl in the heavens" '"""^ '^"^ """'* them-to a BENEFICENT MANUFACTURims. classes, ml the optoiou Ms e™»}l ?i ,if ?," '',°^",°? »' ">'' '''boring, mou among thorn were ."g»r»?Eh3 h ' ""^/'".""'tas laWts so com. It «s alleied, at least b/Sm"i Ij ,«?"' "' .'i?'"f''«»We homes. ,l^1l5e:-»^SK- m 428 LAHOll IN i:n{()I'K AND AMKRICA. cause of tlii.s tU'i)lorabl(' condition, iuk' sufificsted u rouiody to souie of the inopiiotors of laif^o indnstiiid ostablislinu'iits. On reaching? the AVost Kidin,!^' of York.shiro, especially the town of IJiadford, the j^ratify- ing fact was ascertained tliat the benevolence of isonie of the -wealthy and ]ar<;e-lieai'ted mill-owners had already been directed into that chan- nel. The most noteworthy instance was that of Hir Titus Salt, whose alpaca-works at Saltaire, as a iirst-class industrial establishmeut, de- serves especial mention, but whose benelicent and successful enterprise for the welfare of his work-people <'iititles him to a place in the very front rank of philantiiroi)ists. Jn well-directed efforts for the promotion of the best interests of laborers " many have done wisely," but in prac- tical benevolence " he has excelled them all." It is eminently proper, therefore, that, in a chapter on the condition of the working-classes of Great Britain, special mention should be made of — SALTAIUE AND ITS lOl'NDEU. It has already been intimated that no account of the worsted-trade of Bradford would be comi)lete without a notice of Sir Titus Salt, who, if not the first to euftago a the production of worsted goods, was the tirst to manufacture the wool from the alpaca sheep. This beginning, in 18^G, proved so successful, that in ISoU the importation of this wool had reached 2,180,180 pounds, and the price consequently advanced from lOil, per pound in 1830 to ~s. Gd. in isrj'2. There were in Bradford and its suburbs, in the year 1850, 194: mills. Mr. Salt might have retired from business and enjoyed his well-earned wealth, but he choso to go on, not only to help his large fiimily, but also fo improve ihc condition of the factory operatives. How successfully this determination was carried out, the following statement, condensed from an extended account by a local writer, will prove: Bradfdril, with its still-iiicrcasinn inaimfacturcs, vas boroininp overcrowdoil, dirty, •and einolty ; its streams and canal were overy year becoming more and more sinks of lilth and i)olhition, and hot-beds of fonl diseases, and Mr. Salt wisi.'ly determined to bo JIG party to its further increase. Seeing a better spot on tlio banks of the river Aire, and purchasing a tract of land there, he at once began to erect such a palace of indus- try as England had never seen, with dwellings for the work-pooplo contiguous. In 1853 these works were opened by a banquet ol' unusual uiagnilicence, attended not only by the lord-lieutenant, members of rarliauif at, magistrates, mayors, and other civic dignitaries, but by the work-peoplo of Mr. Salt, who, to tlio number of 2,500, marched in procession from his mills to the railway-station ot Bradford, and were conveyed by a special train to the works. The mills, warehouses and sheds, '''ye-houses, and gas-works at Saltaire occupy au area of OJ acres. The principal building, six stories high, distinguished in many respects for architectural cloganco above all other works of the kind, is built of light- colored stono in the Italian stylo of architecture, and is computed to cover over D acres, including the warehouses, stables, and dining-hall, while the lloors in the sev- eral buildings cover an extent of Hi acres, or 55,000 yards. The walls of the building •aro of extraordinary thickness, and, in truth, more resemble the castles of ancient times than a building for the exclusive purposes of peaceful industry. The south front of the mill — 545 feet in length .and 72 feet above the level of the fails — has a very commanding and beautiful appearance. The lloors are based upon arches of hollow brick, supported by long rows of highly ornamented cast-iron columns and massive cast-iron beams. The roof is of iron, and the windows are largo and formed of im- mense squares of plate-glass, a fact which alone proves that everything has been done to render the building attractive .ind comfortable for those employed. > The warehouses, wliichrnn northward from the center of the great front line and ter- minate at the canal, are 3150 feet in length. The ground slopes downward to the canal, so that that end of the warehouses rises 1)0 feet from the level of the water, or 18 feet higher than the principal front. . These m.agiiillcent sheds are roofed with sloping skylights, through which the light is more directly anil uniformly diffused than by side windows. In the western side are also rooms for sorting, washing, and drying wools, and for reeling aud packing, lie- IJKNEPICKXT MAyvVACmUKRH. 429 The occupants of tlin nTm.i, «^^*-UbnLi i„„y ),i, trained and ■^"smmmsmmi '!*i 430 LAUOIt IS I'UKOrE AND AMERICA. CnOSSLEY OUMIAN HOME AND SCHOOL, nALIFAX, VOKKSlIIEE. Home on the -JOth oC Jmio, ISO!), ^vere IbS; ot \\lioni 1.- nncic uojb of York, lliS YorksUiie cbiUlioii have alioiuy l^^^^" admittcii, ot \nuoiu '"l^aUeSui;? ilf^EnaiS.l.u'lbm^^iors have also given a pvei^m.co salesmen; 7 of master mariners, pilots, ami fishermen, «^f /^^ '^^/^y*^."' f Kls^S • farmers; 5 of accountants; 4 of barristers and solicitors, 1 gaSing?hS oftlfem abundantly illustrate the value and urgent need of a Home for Orphan Children : (A.) The skill ..a tasl. of ^^^^^f^^S^^^Z^^^T^^nuu^'^i ill a low years be wouUUic second to i.o *' "' V^Jn '. Zt in 18C3 while attcuding tlio his^vorkmeu increased from 3 or f to about 2^ g orUy afte\ l^o w Exbibitiou hi Loudon, bo waa seized w tb lusamtj . »"or"> •'"'^^ "" children wholly unprovided for. _ Tho education allbrded is regulated by the capacities ot the childien. AlTtL'SeTare t'l^ht reading,, ^vritiug '-'ithmetic English g^^^ siiiispligls £.-10:000. the founders have provided an endowment of i.3,000 per au num toward the cost of maiuteuauce and cdiicatiou. IlLNEFICENT MANUFACTUKEES. siu ruANcis ('kos.sm:v".s hkmoi Ariiox;.;. 431 Jl,c pcophsparh-: .•ovoiin- n littl.. over tliirtoci acres, laid out hv ^ir Ju.s.'ph i'axtun, ^vltl. lonntams, Nvatoilalls, lako, aii.l fu ■Misheclwitix CO mHetio,,, M. 1,S M, ,.<,nv..yc.,l t,. tlw Halifax nupuratio,, as'tru. teSS .0 own aixl .nl,.s,.,i,u.ntl.v o.>,!ow..l to the oxt.nt of j:.;,0 00 thSebv ^Vr«///-/»v; »/w,sAo»w,v.-Stylo of l,nii(liiij.- somcwliat similar to Mr Jo.sei,h CrossU.y-s aln.«l..,,,.s,.s, and tl.e rate of wyuu'Ut to '.i LZon'o the .saiae. The en.Iown.ent l.v the fonnder .viel.ls jCr.OO per aniu.m ^ A.s.si,stco[ilo. In tliis ru- spcut Messrs. James Suiioton it Sons, of tho Panumro Worlds, Cnrnonstie, allord a praiseworthy exanii>lo. Their \:o\ka consist of ii power-loom factory for weaving, cal- endering, and packing jute and linen cloth, giving employment to abont live hundred persons. Of this ninnbor abont seventy are halt-timers, attending a school upon tho premises, and carefully instructed in tlio ordinary branches of education by ,i well- qualified female teacher, holding a tirst-clasn Kovernnient certificate, and two assist- ants. Tho gills, who form the greatest nurabci of the half-timers, have tho ndditivinal advantage of being taught sewing and knitting, and are also instructed in music, according to tho tonic sol-fa system, by a master employed for tlio purpose. Evening classes are open for such of the workers as are employed in tho factory during the day. Tho expense of maintaining these schools is defrayed H^loly by tho Messrs. Sm^.ton. There is also an evening class, during the winter niunths, lor young men connected with tho works, -where for a merely nominal sum, instruction is given in tho higher branches of education, by a highly qnalitied male teacher. In connection with these works is an elegant and spacious hall, capable of accommodating six hundred persons, and fur- nished with piano and harmonium. It is used as a Bchool-room during tho day, and in tho evening is available when required for public meetings, lectures, &c. There is ab'o ft reading-room on tho premises for the exclusive use of tho work-people. I'ivo daily and two weekly newspapers are supplied by tho Messrs. Smioton, besides maj;- nzines and occasionally other papers considered amusing or instructive. A bagatello table and chess and draught boards are also placed in tliis room. A lil)rary, containinfj about a thousand well-selected volumes, has also been established ; and a librarian, p;iia by the linn, attends twice a week for the purpose of giving out books. Commodious cot- tages have also been built by the Messrs. Smieton for tho work-people, and are let at mod- erate rents, much lower than could be otherwise procured for similar accommodation in or about Carnoustie. Tho factory and dwelling-bouses are situated in an airy aii.l healthy locality, in the immediate neighborhood oi an excellent golf-course, wlieie, ■ wi,i,.i, , „ ; I, , \ '"■;, ;; , , „ s»ifs a» »iii i,.,„i ,„ .,1 „ ■ 7, , , „, ,,"':;: V"' ""'''. '' tlieroct'iit past. IMPORTS PROM PRAXCE. LwiisXI,(i.i(;i_|4,sj.j ''truciiiiii (,i- til .Ve In,.,, „r tilt.' IIK "''■ijial coiiiicil of I,v ?wl!:.S;;:l,;!:::;-^,!::'^:-:;,;!;;;-:-^5;r^^ f';i;';;:;S'-:=te:i"'''»™>,zu isiinkiioun: but thc.v must -^l.a ..ounc, „f I.v„„s, thut u.UU. M^u^Z ,^ 'vl^n ^' "'" "•'<"-' "» tl,.. urn. ;.ly 28 L r# • m if 'i WiMiM'' 'n'it 434 LADOH IN KUROPK ANO AMI'iaOA. Value of linpnrln from I'ranio in llic turn fxctil ijiaii niilrd .hinc HO, is: I. Priiiuipul artlulca. Pi'k, nnv J^Hl;, iiiiuinfiicfmcM of W'lHil, iiKiniirai'liiri's of WjiirH, Kpiiitt, mill ciinli.'ilM Li'iillirr, ;;liivL'H otliiT iimiinfaL'tur>.'8 of Cot trill lii.iliilfilctUli'H l'iiii'V);<"iil.s Willi lii'M ami iiiaiiiifactiiii'i of jjolil uiid Hilv( I mil ami .stci'l, uml MiaiiiitaitiiicH of (hriiiiiiils Kail Ik'ii, stoiii', iiikI china ware JtiiltoiiH, nil kliiilg I'lllH, (Iri'SMI'll , Straw nii3'< Wt (144 l\\ i\y.\ 117 7rtt (!•« Ill 10 ;i:M (itii ■IfO wx\ )'i(m; .*!-j(M,!i-:i f),! •>.■), .I.M I :i, H.-,ii,(;(i7 r., .17:1, 111 >>(;:!, 7, Ml 1,H,-.1,H7I !t:w,/j."i:t,o;;',i y,:il'.',.v.'ii rtlii -ii ',':« I, vi* ri(i:i,Hr,t :!7it,'ji:) 7,ir);i,(;:u 'I'.t, 0(17, :!•.'() a, (Wi,r.7() Total r.i,ii9i,8yu '.'.(I, '.I'.'.'., '.177 •,t,(i:)l,',"j:i :i;i,'J77,-.'iiii Total for (iNcal year lH7i». Total for liwal yt'ar 1H71. Total for lineal yi-ar 1^70. Total for liscal your IrtliU. Total for fiscal year 1HC8. $i;t, Mil, I'ltl as, (iii',i,',>:ii 4a,7:!i,i;H :ui,a-'i,,'.:;i •25, ;iir), iai,j EMIGRATION FROM FRANCK. From tlio above statomciit it will bo observed tliattlio products of tlie sliilled industry of Fraiu^e are to a lar,-j.-.;i ii:;;» .'"I 'j,:fi-.' ■■■jn ilii Hid -111 1^1) ',>r>.i I-'-' V.CI ri(i:i H-,1 '>iiii :!7'.» •JUi m 7, -i.'>;i i;:u LADOU IV FRANCE. lNI)USTlaE« OF VAllia. 435 hvciifV .r,?„V «'M,iw,,v,,„Ko,MiH.. 4:,.J r,:w i,i^ TlimTlnvr'''''''' «kins amlVoatiiVV ,^040,033 Ituu 'n! •"'•""> '}''fi<'l^s". L>9 y.;ic 5.03 13.49 3.66 4.87 S.45 6.75 2.79 1.96 3.00 2.78 0.80 3. 78 4.19 100. 00 WAGi;s. 436 ffi .5 Si 'S. t^ LAUOK IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. •spnox I -psilnojif •S.H3IWH AOlirj JO ■H0(l9nj(\ p nn '0J8 AV «<>[ 'A'JJIPPBS 'HjSV! 1.11!;) •j»iH09i pmi Bnpis •B.ij.iid ■aiiiil pmi siuoin •8iiiH''"i-J"'i''"J I'"" •i.i,>J •^od puB Biaoiraoqo •a?p 'pn»I 'aniz •Bpoo3 noAOAi puu nJBi •ammoio •ojnjjamj •Snipiina: (•uotiBlusniilT)) 'poo^ 'Ei:««-e9S27;?!!'325SSrs3S52K _, _„ , i^ •*■(»» '■I J-- ••^ -^ ?J ** O '" l^ "' ' ^ • ' ® ^^Cir-.— ■^T ■ CO ' W S2Si2i?,s=?|^p3 ;s ;s ,- 51 ,- _- - ; J 2 ;Ji S X 55 ■■■! s-l" -I 1- « .-; 51 n ■-< 2 S — -i i^ ^ o -I 2 — ■- i 5! « o 31 o "-I " ^ 1*- t- i/j c* P3 '."^ »- ; '"*s?5Ss^sg!;g§??;S!-J-:3 jss f-i ^cl ^ ti Lo ?: L-: ?i CO r: 'f 2i =C cs CO i.o If r: £ J? X c t» •T i- »S irt CI rM ^ O C. X GIC* ^* CI r-' M 3 S 3 ir i^ >3 ■•:: « *i ^, "t -' '^ .-^ 2 '■ "^ ^ c* ^5 -t 00 •»• Tt B OD CO -r — iS Cl-^Ct It* IT. r^ -o o ^ ro z .-^ r- 5t -^ r- tr Cj -J 3i CO CO ^ « -. ^ ^ j: gi '^ ;^ .^; :;: ^ ;=; rf r^ - -5 S ^ 7i li ^ fo C-: -3 ^ X ci ^ ci i< i::; « 55 U CO 'V «b -r X <.o - ^.o ^ ^ cf -^- ' c. C-. X r> * Cl - " a I- r^ I.-; ■; ■£ C i o .:■: ^ n c» ^' f' ;i : in ct « C-. « TC' a» ;:_» ^- « - s 5; 5 ;:? f: ^ 'i3 2 S " •- m CO ift CO ■v r-' at >•''. "V t- »- rt , ^ -, — , ,- _ I- /^ 7- -* 'JTi — — CI 01 t* '^ ^ S w r- - ^ I^ C-. 5 (~ ^O irt rH 1-. ,_- c t^ — ' r::' O 5< CO 00 h* X '- !■• ; U h i2 ,- !i -M H -MX. 1- '.i! i< S =^. I l:^;Z-^- -n T ft Hi 'X fi r. *, a 3 : . ft; iJ c ■ U :■' : 'o« : (.; a K s a ; -= ■= c '/J ^ 3 - -i - - ^ <* -^ 5 5 tj-r. T. 03; S £ 3 3 S 5 7; c c «■■ * « ^ ^ ££££££££,£ .2 £ .i ^ t^ s^-. 9 9 (ACT C^ - - = 3 ; 3 «; lO c^ i- . - ' 1 0-. C£ := -.5 at t' 'rf o 2 - 1' 2 V ffig?i;s irf" i ^- ir. 1^ 'J ii c H-m K- 1— #1 c» 1 -r r^ i.*: ci r^ o »-P- 1-1 ■«r X CD „" — i . C". C; X ci to , r- t~ 1- 1- -J ~ ?i-.^:=n o CJ ■V •?■ :t ci- 71 1 -■ i-" I.-' — • .1 o c* •" ^~' -o Cl •—'" 1 —> r: 1 « 11 ■ oxrt II (O n p !^ 5 ci — (0 - ifi S "5- l-tlt •lit 1-Ilt ..-tit g : « -J - y -CO = 3 s V = iii2 a ^ 1; I I II .= 3 :: sa 5 1 H IS- t. •:< ^1 CI n Z ' 1^ LABOR IN FRANCE. ►j;*^^ 437 p^-'r^^F' 4M LABOR IN EUEOPF AND AMERICA. Ill 11 iioto appomlod to the table on tlie prpcediiig page the averajfe (liiilv wiiucH i-ann'il by maUs and loinales ivsju'ctivi'ly m tlu' aKjin'gate iiKlMstrics of l»ariHare shown. 'Iho lollowiii},' table exlnbits, however, the average rates earned by men, wouieu, and children in each branch ot' manntaeturo named below: 7'(i(Wc elwwimi the number of work-people and u-ar» «/ "';'''. "«"""''• "»'' chiUlren, in the fol- hwing branclua of maniij'aitiiri', in 1 urm, tti ItW. Mannfiuitures. !s3 'A Sk Miinnnn Muliliii'tv nnd inpiiies ••■ llc'iillni; iiViHiiiitiiM; Rtdvi'fl, furnaces, (iveus, &c V'(i\iiiiU)i li'H : ii nil, brass, copiiyr, leiul, r.ijil ziiin. hiiH iliKiimi'liliicrt I'M'i' iiiinw. H»(iril», &0 1 1 II n I waro • ,• IliillciH iiiiil ki'ttlen of iron, brasa, and copper 'I'liiwiirii I'nwler wale, tiul'dil, and putty Wlllll'KpllllMIIU CiiMciiiniiiniiliij! (•ImwU : wiiiilcii ami casliniero riliilliiir anil limning wovcnfabrics and dress- yiiudu . IheliiU iliri'iiilH (ind tissues Wen en t.ilirien fnr dreBses, liousofuruJsbiDK, liillliihM. vi'KlH. &c; 'ti IiiiiuIuuh; nalloiiun, buttons, &0 .\rill'ii'iiil llnweiH t'liiMi'i^i anil liiiO|i-8kirt» I ; pliiilHlii ei B 'IlilllMH 'Jaiiiii'in Minite,eii-iimliers I, enl ber ill ethers liiMitH anil Hbiies (ll.ivi'H: leatber Ini' UniiiU Mllliiir.v einiipineuts Illil'iniiliiim Kini" linlH (liMiiirH iiiid onrriaBcs I'lne .|e«ell V Chuap .jewelry Silvi'i' Hani Will Uen In tbi( precious metals I.iipiilary wipik ,■•■,•■■••■-••••.-•,■ riiieliM, wall lies, anil wntchnr' 'is' raatenals Mai lieiniil leal and iipticul inhi ^ -linents r'niiilliire: eabini'twaro I'.iper lniiii:inf;H: -wall-panor jliiibrelliiH, e:iiieB, wbips, &c Muxieal limlni nU ot metal j'lliHii-riirli'Hand barpa ItrimliMN MfttidieH I'lliilerH' tvjm. l.llli"i;riiJililo Pi'inters I'll! inleiilK and colnring matter )'li;iniuiel«tH, drupKists, &o I'll ) iinierB AVages of — Men. Kango. Aver- ■iH'-'-* 31.67li rt, i»7 3, 5,"i9 4, UJ(i 47.1 .■)0d ^9- 2, -J."!-! 1, KW «()* 2,110 l,i«0 1,007 2, 48^* P, 4-J'i 7,KII 2, 254 2H, na l,2r!ri I, 142 i,(i(;o id, II.--J 1, I'.iO 1, Oli,') 5, 41^7 a, ar.i iill4 4, 9:i7 5, iJI 1 2, !);t7 61)1 1, 2 10 317 2,380 3, 108 7, iK'il 4, 4,M) 2, 222 2, 101 1,7;17 722 fi, Ifirt 3,2'9 1,749 1,511 l,4i:3 60 M 40 50 .50 f.O 70 30 fjO 00 60 50 40 25 to ?2 40 ifO ^5 lo to to to to to to to to lo 10 to "Women. liaugc. Child- reu. Aver- a{;e.* at,e." 50 to 1 20 CO to 2 UO 30 to 40 to CO to GO lo 00 to CO to ,50 Ml 70 to CO to 30 lo CO to 50 to 70 to 40 to 00 to 50 to 60 to 30 to 00 to !iO lo 00 to 00 lo 40 to ,50 to 50 to 50 to 00 to liO to 50 to 45 lo 50 to 50 to .50 lo 20 to 60 to Ml ill 1 07 1 02 81 B7 87 92 00 73 75 JO 30 to SO 50 $0 34 30 to 50 to 99 83 ee 79 7(5 79 1 04 92 88 94 99 7:1 93 91 93 1 12 1 09 92 1 II 93 I 17 90 1 27 1 02 98 92 1 ) 81 1 07 35 to 50 2 00 2 00 1 40 1 'Hi 2 40 2 00 1 -0 2 00 2 10 2 110 2 00 2 110 1 J 2 20 2 00 2 40 2 40 2 00 2 20 2 0O 2 40 2 411 2 00 2 40 2 40 2 00 2 00 2 40 i 1 00 30 to 30 to 15 to 25 to 20 to 20 to 25 to 10 to 20 to 20 to 20 to 30 to 20 to ' 15 to 25 to 15 to 20 to 30 to 15 to 20 to 20 to 40 to 20 to 10 to 40 to 40 10 40 to 40 to 30 lo .35 to 20 to 15 to 50 50 tl 90 80 70 70 1 20 2 00 120 80 90 "'so 50 120 80 80 80 1 00 120 00 1 00 120 80 HO 80 1 10 1 20 80 00 60 I 00 1 20 2 40 2 411 ' 210 t 1 00 2 00 81 03 99 02 74 50 73 25 to 30 to 20 to 30 to 95 to 30 to 20 to 80 120 1 ee 120 80 80 90 43 04 35 43 'ib' 32 35 37 39 46 41 35 39 45 35 40 42 "20 34 38 41 43 47 49 45 43 59 50 64 50 51 57 45 47 28 41 $0 40 35 35 2;< ;« ■J4 26 1:1 1:. it) 23 2:i 10 •j'i 13 '::0 2:1 20 57 Hi SI :a I!l '/) ij 30 ' The figures given in these columns are the computed averages— not tlio mean rates. MANUPAOrURE OF LEATHER GLOVES. Ah an illustration of the completeness of the result.s of the inqniiT.a Kii!"h' hruneh ot industrv, the iirodiict of which liiids its chiet iiiaiKf. in iiii.seoiintry, ha.s been' selected, and translations of the lettei-iuws and tabic arc" presented on the following pages. ? the average he ajifjrcgute »its, however, t'iicb branch iUlren, in the foU - ( ;bild- 'omen. . itu. ) \Ter' A VtT- ««• lj;o.* .ifc(\" i'eoh'o s ,0 34 jo'-'io 111") ^""co "43 a > 10 M 35 '^5 "so 43 35 n""50 ■■'io m'-< ) 50 32 ;«) 40 35 ■J4 «J 37 11; a 90 39 tK» o ?0 •)6 IJ o "0 41 70 35 % () 1 iO 3i> 1:1 o 2 110 45 1.". I'^iO 35 i^ 80 4(i 90 4-^ *5 o""io '""20 ... . o 50 34 as o lUO 38 2:) 80 41 11) o 80 4! •,■1! o 80 47 V. 1 liO 49 n 1) lliO 45 o fiO 43 '"":«) o I 00 59 2:1 to 1-JO 50 tM fi\ e4 o 90 50 ""ii) 51 10 1 to 57 ""ft! to 1 iiO 45 "" to go 47 to tiO HA ""30 to to 41 17 0-, "mi 3J in ' ' fO ■14 11) to 1 io 45 'i\ to 1 ^") 1 42 3i to lyo 45 I'.i to to 42 a to to 41 1.') 39 30 i menu ) atts. f the inquiry, ii ts chief iiunkc!; the letter-inws LABOR I>f FRANCE. 430 Before it cntiio to 1 the liiiiid. J Illtll sli a kind of wicli wirljoiit the coiuiiieiK 'e nn iirtidnof ih HISTORY. foilctte, till III th e NlXlli ( niciit of tl •Ini.sioii ( ■oiirser Idiids of c],,!! xeept (oithe tliiiiii'l',."" At kIovc was made n.se of to ',' ""f/V"*' "''''^ 'i'st ni.idel'l protect plates of iiietal eiidirv tlii l"iiitHof the till. wiwe added, I Kl'ive of tiiicli nkin I 'IS, .so a.s to 1, !fi'rward, they the li )eilijr \y<'iv cut at iMelieelJK'iit of the fomt die.s.S(.f til., l.iids „(■ ,1 'Olllllllfr till. ■.V tile tion of the^^duv'e.s ofC tile uiovcs known a- IK'l/ecrioii of til,.. 11^ manyeiti,.s li.'sides Paris leliolil,., ]j,. ]il,,i,s, ] '■ product tr:liiited a laim. ,111 s doj;-skin iiUn ■nncvill,., N At th iinfT Vend » period i,s dated f lenie .'icinired ders and Ital.\^ wl The mannt'ae iiidnstry hail ,■„„ ','ate aiithoiity in th ov,-s fornii^d lose coiiiitii,.,s for cerlaii iiiid even Flan- "11 iinportant II oihi'r kill, ill th In 177(1 tlK ^.,,,, to the wijr lian-,„ak iviK" ot sill ali-ead time of Philij. A conimnnity, which <)\'<'1S. 's'liiieiit monarch iiKii'SfiKs, in IVM: th rceeivcl its .\ united to tl were renew,',! in ](;,-,(;, |,v I light to 11 to lin lak :eall eihaiid th.' Kii'ri;>iis,andl)oi,ndandedu,.,i ISIVO oiihle, silver, pcrliinie them, "itli the emis with till e art. G! Accordiu'!' I well as by the nuister-glovors, hnt ih ,, ,,1. 1 , , .~' " " 11 11 nil! 1" hoi,' length, .„„l,i„„|,|,,,|.,„,j lives were sold by tl ormei ".my that thive 1 '< an an, lent proverb, imanulactuiintr of tl iierchant.s II order to furnish iieni was ■piiin, tli<'iire|iMrat7,.n ,j ig indiis- liis is to he atiribntcd As to th 'jiiaiitity for f ini|Kiitanf of wl le cut at tl so of Ncrouger silk, lll!lli,.s of O Kiring towns of Vend e im:nnfa<'tiiieis of J P iris mal. ise ami .Si'iin O lie, Mortagne, \ iiildi stabl ishments wher.'thebu; very generally the woikiii,., ll.Sti. ?rv(niality; CI estheiiiiest.jnalitv'of gl I li ■ . tl in,... *. II * .r! ■nienil,:ditry, Treaihlay, ami -It her ■llle.ss 1 of the coin- V'widoni '|-!>iii<'iitand Liinevillemai «l" t«n: fiiiii. le, and .Saint, lull ovos Oivnoble makes the kid nl \ I1lilirr> III . ii.ii .... 1 1 .. !• . . f^ Tl led, ( lied ul„ leil the Swi ien prefer tl ki'pi.iieipally for ,'X!)ortat i'loves of ,si'c,)„d. sh ol '■'' lsio.s,i,v, Ihehair-si,!,. i ^^lovcs are made. I gloy<^ whii'h Is ! le mamifaetiiro ,if laml ion; .Mil of tl ainb. -»-•■'• '..T €(ie «"Vi's. Mauiifa,'t ut Paris. Ills and Grenol are inaniilactiired e refii doe-.skin, and liaii, .Ni •se of the I Iters of other cilie.i d lie jirc tl everywIiiTo iiiiicd skins W'liei'e t niooth- '" not sell at h "• <"iiy markets for the ,sah' of ■''»<-, tiiey have dci.ois and agents ^^mi^. S3^S^»* [I iiat 410 LAnOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tlio slovpH of Frnnco arc so lii<;lily ii)niri>ciiitiMl aliroail, fliiit tlio iiinniifiicturnrs of other countries, to I'acilitate the sale- of their products, do uot scruple to cmntcrleitour marks. So confident were the rtcncL niatinfacturers in tbo superiority of lh(ir goods, that at tlu) time (>' the iiivcstif^atioii rehitive to the coininercial treaty with EuKland, thev uskcd for tlic free admission of forci;;ii f;l()ves into France. Moreover, the exportation statistics clearly show the prosperity of this in.'rs, punct urers, cni- broidereis, sewers, and clasperi,. In 1849, the glove-makers emiiloyed 1,950 workmen. The decrease of 754 is explained by tlic eniployiiient of a greater nnmher of workmen in tho departments where hand- work is less expensive than in Paris. WAGES. Men.— lid work by tho day, atid 001 by the piece ; 9 cam less than ?, francs each per day ; Hii earn :i frames each |)er day ; 3;! earn "-.i") francs each per lay; 45 earn 1.50 francs each i)er day ; 29 earn 1.75 francs each per day ; 49 can- i fi ... i^ili l)er day ; 39 earn 2.25 francs cay tliu or skilll'ul eut- LABOR IN FRANCE. .lay; i.cli irr i fi ir.:ay; " ■ .'u i'r .'I''" euuh per day as assistant. y : ;i receive an "; 3 of thcui are in summer, and 441 o . . "dkad 8i:ason." mannkks and habits. - - •^■'i^ 1IAUIT8. MOTIVE POWEU. '" '^^«- ipHuli:;;^!: iSr '"^ at the glove-maUins works, and is used Marketed in France J.xiKiited to En"'' '•"' f'"' "''"''■ ' ' iC T , ••''"■^'■' il"'^ ""able AGUrcUMX-Ii.u. I..vnoi!K,!s. AKnoiiIfnml laLnrors arc .livii i ■ . ""'•"•y in„l ,.„', r,^^ :r'V," '"'''"'■"" "> '"'"1 ami oi.Hn^ '" '""""-« "'ho livo '"'*'^*^'T^fgT P: HliSj 4M LAltOU IN- KrUOl'K AND AMKUIOA. Ill Nome (lri>iirtiiii'ii(s, such ms I'Aisiir. rAiitic, Ich lloiiclirs du KliAm-, Mii.l la lAto d'or, liiliiiifrs ciiiii Dvi'i- •JdlMViiiiis C^^lli) 111 III'' yi-ii'. Ill iitln'iM, wirli lis I'Avli'^c, lii ('or- 1." v:i', IcM Ci'ili'S till Nonl, la I'inistrm', la llaiiliv(;ari>iiiic, tln'y (In ii"l rcdivc iiinn- tli iii 1(1(1 (Vaiirs (i?-,'(l.) 'I'lic adclilloiial aiiiciiiiil til' wall's ircrivcd in Uiml tlinni^'lioiil. [■'laiicii is ciili-nlalni to 111' aliciiil •-'('> IVaiics (sr..','!*.) Bin- t licit' ih a imicli Krcalcr llillcl•l■llct^ in Ilic aiiiiiiiiil paitl ill Uiiiil lliaii in intmt'V. In llic tlcpai liiicnl liniiclics tin Kliinic, (iuitl, iiiiil (iimuilt', it in not ciiMtoiiiaiv In pay in l^iml. In sonic IIiIh ilcsc. iptioii of payiiiciil (Iocs not ainoniit lo more I liaii Id iVancs. (>:-i ;) in sonic il surpasses in value 1 lie ainoiinl, of I lie money pavnii'iil (in Aisiie, Aiitle, I lei anil.) Ily atliliii.LC lont'llief liolli tlcscnptions oCpaviiicnl il will lie loiinti llial llie avcni'^e amount ol wanes ifccivcil by ii tariii- lalioi'cr ill Kiaiice is 171 liaiics (.S:tl.-.'(>) " year. IC to lliis lie atltletl (lie value oltHid lonsniiictl l.v Ilie lalioivr, wliicli may lie fompiitrtl at, about- Id cents a tliiy, It will be loiintl that the iiiaintcnant o of a laiiii-laborcr costs his ciiiidtiyi'i-, oil an iivciapi, iihoiit, ;),M iVaiit's (ijTOHl) |icr aiiniiiii. ,.,■■,■ 'I'lic wa^es td'dav-lalmreis varv, acconliii;,' as they are led tu' not. Inoriler to lacili- talc comiiTirisoii, wo will only tiiki) into consitU'iiitioii Iho diiy-laborcr who in not led Iiv his ciiiplover. " * * * ..... ,„_ . . ' From a table presented tt) the Kmiieror by the imnistcr ol tlm interior in lK>-<, it aiipears that the averaj;t' tlailv pay td' a day laborer in Kraiice was 1 IVanc 7.") ct'iitiincs, (:!."> cents.) The hiuhest is 'J tVancs ."id centimes, (.Vt cents,) in llit; tleparliiitiit ot the S.iiic, ami the lowi'sl I t'lanc III centimes, (•,"-•) cents. I in tlio C6tcs tin Noid. Acconl- iii"- to the " Slatistitpie Anricole Ollicielle," th.^ daily pay t-t'ii wtmian in the a-riciilliual tlislricts was i-.'i cenlimes. (\7 cents,) ami that of chililreii (i;t ceiiliiiies, (Ivi^ cents.) 'I'lic .same tlociiiiieiit shows that the male agricultural laborer worliH, tin an uvera;;f, sjdd tlays ill tlit! year, woiiicii I'Jd, ami chihlreii t-d. If tlie above Vijjiires be correct the day-laboref earns on an aviTilfjo Ig/O, a woiii.iri $Jd.ld. ami a chihT sdd. The siiino piildication (;ives tho folio wiiiB calculations ou tlni annual c.\iieust's of day-laborers, siiif^lo ami mariietl : Average expcndilurc of a mujle man. Frant-R. LodL'inK -^ ?"' '" iMiod.!" '^f ^;;;:;| Clolhin- ^ '' "" .|-„(,^1 liU'J GO 111 Dotliictiii^' this from tlio amount which it was calrulated he earned iu tho year, ij7(i, only ii'J.OO ivuiaiii for othur expenses or for iiivustnient. Average eipciiditure of a marrietl day-lal>om-'n fitmihj, eonsisting of father, mother, ami ehitilreii. Items of expenditure. I'l'iljiing liivatl Vejjetables Meat Milk Wine, beer, and cider Salt ,... (lolhing l'ii-in« Taxes Other expenses Total In French In Uiiiffd eurren •y- Stat cs golil. JV. a. i> S^ -1(1 2:!.-) 47 HO :«■) 7 'Jll 42 8 40 Ml 4 HI ■M 1) "O 7 50 1 ,^0 91 IH ','0 3'2 Ii 40 f) 45 1 (111 ;?'2 .10 581 45 lu; '^'.i The fore^oin^ is, of course, calculated to meet tlio requirements of a Frenelt, and not of nil Kiif^lish hiliorinj,'-maii. For a family consisting' of live persons to he abh^ to atltml til,' abovt( expenses, they must ail Work, iuid even theti the united wnff^n leave, but a small margin. In crtto (I'lir, ir^if, la ('iir- (• niiirc tliiii limit I'lunoo ilillcl'iliro ill vIkimi', (iiint, I III' |ill,viiirnt' < ilm iiiiKiiiiil (li'scriiitiiins il liy II l:iiiii- mIiii' oI' IiiiiiI ly, it will lio viiigo, aboul (Icr to fiicili- ho iH IKIl It'll LABOR IN FRANCE, 415 Man n wai'i"! » Diiinii M uiiijcs Tofal III IVi'iicI, J„ ir„j,,.,, inir,.|,ry. «tutl-H, jrold. $70 on 'Ml •)() ;;(» III) /•'r. ('. .■ir.i) 1) Kl-J n i:,o ligiisisiii;=ai (70, a wniiiMM ^tioiiM uu tllll II Uiiiti (1 Stn tl'H ff) il. 83 •10 47 (10 1 l.'(l 8 4(1 4 Ml (> .-II 1 r.ii 18 (> •JO 40 1 (i 00 lUl •j;i ... ... N..,,.,,, ,„ I,,,,:. „ k.l.,',;,,, ::',■:;,';;;,;:;■■ .....i....... ,.,■., il,,:,. ,„,„ „ ,, to wl Tlio fdoil of till, ].v,.,||.| I'OOI). 'I'll till' HiijilisI > "oiliiii.in IH, lis a '' tllillfr licltfl t iiiiiiii is ai.ciisj()iii|.||. jj Willi nil I wiMirliiiK Mllllll (o '"• lii.s liivalvCiist. 11 Kiv<^ It, a lla. i.'ill a. :i'iii'ial III iiiiy a |.' "., ■'"i'i'*faiifia!Iv iiifi ll'l,'!' Nliri' 1)1' ( li'li ra(!(ni\ i.'iiiil ■lior to fliiit lllNl iiii'al II **'""<' llljlllv Olllv Will il Nlllllll |,i,,,,„ ,,| I'V caf til.. i,„.„( '„(• and (iiiji Hiiil ilrar. 'I'lin Cull ''I', ctliiTs h.iir il I yi- I'or iliiiii,.|-, ,s( li, Vvlliljl CDxIs .,1 Hliirli llicir "IIHIIIlll ,s„|,,. |,|.,,,,,| 1. pofatiM's or III'Vll- III iiiili! son nilil i.s aiiv- ii'il oviT l"Mt- 10 crllt Its a I II'IIIkI "t';;iiiiMally lo b,, ol I lloMlu o(,.i,|,.r I ioilfi was (•oiii|,„.s..(l, \vj,| •■lll'l'"ts, ;i,|,l aiHl for II "'"•"■I'-'liii Kian,.,, I.oi'l, ch "■''i; or wine, lir I III in friijjjil t)\ II ir ■v'l '?/:;!* ^l";'"'''^''"<^i»i'^""ff;M..i uaji 1111,1 ,,00,1 ; 1 !ly noun ■<■ •■"iilM',''or (■id,.r 'it^; liivad ad lib '•■I'i'T an IOiikI a II asm of ,s'i o wliic islniiaii III ip. I i'li'l walrr, L'i:i.|ifM_ii Hum, \\ ,.,,,|f,. •'I'llfs- II ln' i«arcii,sloiii,.d I'll iiiaKi' III ii'.id is an Diiii.sli th artic I' aiiioiint of a As I Mlilf|.| -' IN'llts. ••I'lil.sji iiii.al. i;iii'him.|i coiihn which is al iiiiiial foiiil ii'iil'liioaidics, 1 vncu ill th loaiiioiiiif or fi„ IU'WI'VIT, t|„. „„„f|„ I'm id 'pii'ir (l(. li'sisiaiii.,,' Ill'' if ill iniii'li |;i ways to I, -;l-'iHHti.toioi.i,"i,-:i;i';;;;,^ • ohfa aic niiaiil I'li'ii have a I'll as lie,., iit cvfiy I I'l'iii'li worknia '.^'I'l' (|iiaiitifii.M r inid of K"|"l 'inaliiv in ir Wlldl iiianiifai'iiin «' naliiiii. ay.s Ii|.(.ii , 'Ssoni.,s to what, in f II s ini-al '1' ■I'liowiicd for t i-.incois liti'ialiv t' and nin We di ft f, i'|il"'ar cvrn m I'Vi'iiili Wl il palatalil o-tl K'lmlsiv i<'- very pooivst idassi inoal oiif of tl 'I'l i''il' ••iililiary Nl;i||. ' jf other urliidcs of i'''-Hfairoflif|,.» 'j'l,,, '■'* P^lSSCSS if. oiiiati'rials III' Very roar.. A I' is a talrnt 'i'liti|. vsod of all sorts of iioxioUMs|iiiil.s;) for, in iMiilitiou lo tlioiKlulriTiitfdcliiinii'tprof tlu'tuHpiiiliiiMm li,iii..rs. till' tlrv •■liiiiuKMif I'l MKc will not iMTiiiil 111. 11 totiikf willi iiii|iuiiit,v tlio iiiiiomit of Hliint "wliich they could, perlmiH, diiiik in Kiiglaiid wiiliout uny iMimtivtly mjuiiims Ai'cordinK to Dr. Cpnvcilliifr tlu< population of France in not miniciciilly well noiu- ishcd. He ( Mliiiliitos tho daily (•.iimuiniition oruliii'int:i"- 'Uvv liy u Htioii^', lii'iiitliy iiiiin to 1h', lit iirrwnt. li om ■l(i fco I'-t oiinc.'s, vi/. . ..i.-ii,. -...I'f, M oiiiiri'sciiiliiin, and 7 oimci'n ii/i.'c or nitrogen. In order, lie siyw, i hut tlionmtteridiniiiiiiU:d Mlnudd Imn-;^. ulaily ri|ilaiiMl, tln-ro oii^'lit to he an execss ofearhon and nitnycn. A heallliy man oni'h't, lliepl'oie, to eoimiinio daily -1 oiiiicesor dry toed, or l! cwt. 1 ip'. 1 l.->".»r Ih.t. ivnnii- ullv. The iMtioimot (ho FieiiehHoldier liave heen lixed upon this ealeiilalion. it i.s, h v ever, proved that theavera;;o daily eonsiiinption of the whole popnlation is only -lew* ' qr. y.017 llis., insleud of ('> ewt. 1 nr. M.;.iU7 lli.s. per iftiie nninlijtofeliildreii iind 4 cwt. ii (|r^. :t.ti;! lliH,, a ( l;].4:'>9 Ihs., oi y.t pereent mail aiiniially ; hut, live yeafsof UKe he dedneted.tho coiisiiniptioii will ho itleieiiee of from I ewt. ;i i|IH. a.-lHi Uw. to 1 ewt. ;> '[is. ■nii.'<<(inHiiinplioii. whieheoriespoudstolltiallonHot wheat, WKUlloii.V.d harley or rye, 70.(11- poimdH d'liieat, iindfli.;!:7 i.onndH ol jiotatoi-s, is, ac- cording to the doctor, niueli ahove the averafce ol the last teiitury, hut is, he eonsuleis, Btill iiiKiil! lent. This iiiiist he very loiieh hrlow the aveiaK*' wants ot a laiKe portion of (he iiopiihition, hecanse il niii.st hi< horntMii iiiiiid that the general coiisuniption w relatively greater anions the nin." r cla.ssesaiia iu towns, IhiKi amoii}; thu poorer classes and in tlio eonntry. . ^ ^ ,x i i .,.• As rej,'i1rds the eoiiNnmiition of wheat alone, tlm nverngo is stated to havo been .l.J callons"perniaii in l-.il, and (l;! gallons per man il l-'livi. , x, r n • The consumption of meat per head «iii.- thu sear lcl'2 m shown by tho foUowng table, ill pounds ; Years. 1812 1h:!0 1840 lHi)'J 1B62 Sheep, pigs, goats. 4,40'.) 11, (ij;; 17, (;:!7 17,0.17 Hi, on; Oxf 2, -JO.') 4,4011 4, 40SI 4, 4011 C,C14 Cows, calves. 1,'), 432 I7,(i:i7 17,037 24,201 24,2.'il Total. 22, 04G :j;!,(tt;'.( :w, ti.-.; 4(), 2it7 W.711 Tukiu"- into consideratioM (he incre'ise of po)! ition, the < .^sumption pi-r head for 1871 would he over 7J poiin« •. In leo^, 1,* at 2 i.onnd.s English ;) 4.-i per cent, were ox.i., 40 per cent, piy.s, 12 per cent, sheep and yoat.s ; in all, ]ti,liUO,00(lof animals were hlau-li- tered. . „ . . . ,, , . i .• The following table will p'; a i mo price of provisions it: !• ran ■ during a period ot thirty-two years : XIalf akilo— l.MO of a pound. Ordinary-sized bird. Ihllf kilo. 1 1 lUizpn. e! . Avnr.Tfre period of yuura. 1 d c s 1 -- -J II, 1(12-5 i,.U.<1 4-5 17;t-5 523-5 iu;t-5 57;!-5 24 07 2-5 272-5 7a 15 1 '.t -1 1 iea4-lKI1 iH:t4-i84;) lv.M-18.5a 1S.54 It(j5 JO. 71-5 7 4-5 81-5 9 2-5 HI 2-5 $0. 73 5'*0.07n-5 8 1 s; H 8 4-5; 8:i-5 10 1-51 9 4-5 Ul-5 1045 $o.o8;i 9 1:. 10 12 1-5 .$0,722-5 7f)2-5 1 01-5 1 OGl-5 ■50. 14 1-5 15 10 Iri 19 3-,'- «0.081-.'' e;)-5 'I2-,'' 10 4-' 113-.' S0..5725 (nc-,-. 123 1 34 3-5 1 Jiinital increase, per cent. From 1?24-1833 to | , l«i4-l''43 «0, 16 .3-5 $0. 154-5 80. 103-5 l-'iMiu i,-:ii-if^i3 to I 112-,! 14 lfH-(-^.53 .. From 1SI1-18J3 to 1S.51 Fr,.iii tv.'.iro l«5 From 1p24-I833 to 18.55 58 3-5 2124-5 033.5 19ij 341-5' 30 2-5 l.'i 55 4-5 201 322 5 JO. 14 17 2-: 88 104 41 1-5 0.113-5 224-5 89 4-5 2S!:!-.;-.'i 513-5 $0,111-5 19 03 (72 36 1.5 •50. Iii3.5'*0. 11 1-5|=0. 094-5 $0.91 C?15 14 1-5 791-5 119 4-5 354-; 132-5 50 183.; 593..i ,77 4-5 14!il-5 1?( 3-5 It.* 291-5 314-5 * Tbi; kilognimnie is equivalent to 2.205 lbs. avoirdupois. ' all f^nrtn of III! UIIIIMlIlt llf VL'ly iiijiiiious tly wi II iiDiir- niiin. lii'iiltliy l'^4l'Hl'lll)^, anil nIioiiIiI III' ri-;;- . liiNillliy mail :S.K IIps. ivuiiii- Mliiiii. |it;i) 111),.;-.; 4(), '.'it; 111 per lii'ud for •ciu coiiMmnril 'tit. wi'i'i' oxcii, l.s were bhiiigli- iiig a period of 5'«O.081.r?4O.r.72 5 !l-.i.r> S.'io-5 1IH-J| 1 at .;o.094-r. 183.0 14S1-5 314-5 50. ?1 6? 15 i?n-5 1-^ 447 rr.oTiiiNo. nil own (hvss, \vlii.|' ^-iiuK. mo whll .ho wowj;;^:::,;;:^;'--* cl.„rged ..y „ fln„ i„ J.,,is, wlios. p,,n,.i,,a liii fiillii^tiii ('oiii|.! to Hiiit I'ulrtot , (ojit - TfoiiHtM'H ntid wii inVcoa't J lOIIHt'l'H Orcat-coafc OvorallH lilollHOS •'^liii'ts, ;i , -i/ UoiltH fl'orktng-drcm. A"", n to n-j 19 to :m 'i'> to r>-3 19 to ;!0 I-* to :i-> 'f> to I!l( Tlic uiioI(. f, 'H Hants. 1 w» to 2 r.-, 1 i"> to .1 ;.,-, 'i -'■' to r, .r,(t 4 to 15 •'■' 00 to 10 10 i "0 to 7 01) to It l-O to y 10 to 00 to : CO lO 10 (I no (i 10 7 -0 14 00 39 to IT, IW to N-, •ir. to 1 10 ^0 to y (10 I-OnOING8. The " t'i(,''s 0.,vri,NrPH " nlmo i ■ '""' "-''""•'■ wmrnmrnmrn . •'■■■ --uiniunti liavc th,. i,s,. „*V, iT" '^ ^'"'.V ''•• ■' "'>' a-iinittcd ' '"' II m m 448 LAnOR IN Ei:noPE and AMERICA. Tlio ('il(^ Oiivriiri'i in T'liriH, in tin' Kin' liiMliiiliminit, coiitninM 170 (Iwi'lJiiijjM, lionidiin n Hiillv il'iinilc iiiitl a Miiull I'.staliiiNliiiii'iit .'>'.• In >•;!•. 'I'iii' lur iiislii'd iiMitiis art' Id lor >}\.l]{) ii niiiiilli, At AinicnH, Bitnilui' ('i('L't|unH liavr lu'cu uniili . IJflif I'oi' liiniil.v, I'liini S|."..(lt) to 8..'')-". Tlii'S.VHlciii, wliicli Imsriall.v licrn n |)(>rfi'('t Hnrri'ss, itt tlmt iu1(i|itt'(l lit Mnllionst", Tlio worluni'o'H cl\\rMin;fH cofiMiHt of roWNoC t wo-Hlolii'd lim: , cilrh with i) ^^arilcri iillaclnil, II nil till' roiiilli uiri of tlir Iriiso In miiiIi iIiiiI a \m>i knian. iitrr ii < ritiiin niiinlirr ol' sciii -, I'lin iilitiiin III' lirrliolil III' Ills lionKC, Tliis Iiiih an iiiiini'nMn iimuil inlliiiiiri' on lln' iiiiiHiliil iiii. Tliirii Ih no iiiiliitin^; svHtiiii of NUiicivi>.ii(n. 'I'lio vM'rUiii.iii IrrU IIimi Iix IS till' poHMi'ssoi' ol' 11 mil hiiiiir, tliiif in :i I'l'W vi'iif.t In' will lii'ronic ii |iioiiiJi'liir ; iii|r| lliiis till' w Imli' iliiiriiitrr lit' till- iiiiin is rliiiii){t'il. Ili» wit' riMjifrl iiini'iiM'S, lir t'li Is liliiiNi'll' a iiKiiiUi-r of I lie lioily-|Militii', anil liis iiilrrt'HtH niliHt liiin on llio hIiIii ol' onli r. Till' follow iiiK pnNHiiKfH lire cxtrn^i'd from nHniiitiiry roport on llii' coniliiioii of F.illi' wliiili wiiH iliawii ii|i anil iiiTsmtril to tin- ninnicipality of that town \\r l>':i'J. (Iiini liiiprii\ rniiiil.s liavo ln'cii rll'irtiil niiiri" tliat ilatc, iiliil Ni'Vcral nrw i|nailrrs for llin workiiin-rlaNTs liavi' Im'i'II iiitIi'iI ; tnit if I lii^ inisi'iy i.s no less now than ill l"'H'J, tlli'li' in Ktlll inonuli lilt to iill'oiil ainpir -■! upo fur iiiipiovi'ini'iit : "It is ini|iossililr 111 iiiia;;inr tin- ilwi IlinfjM ol' our woikin^-cliiMHi'S witlioiit Niiiii;; tllt'lii. 'riiioili:li till' stall' of inililli'iriiri' anil ilriiiiiialixatiiin in wliirli llii'y livi', lliry Inini; llii'insilvis into a conililinn of ilirailliil iiml ili'dilly iui--i ry. In tliriiiiaiU, niiili'i- ^ioiiiiil ili'iis, in llii'ir looms, wliirli Mii;;lil In- lakrii t'oi' rillais, tin- atinosplii'ii', how I'vrr loalhsoini', is iir\ rr rhanj^i'il. 'I'lii' walls an ioviti'iI with lillli. Thi' ImiIs, w liiii flirlr all' any, roiiNisI of ilirty pliiiiUs.ruvriiil wil li ilanip anil piilriil straw. 'I'lir coiirsK Nliri't, till' rolor anil iiiatciial of whiili is liiililcn iiiuh:r a layer ofiliit, irsmiililr.s iihirvi- ill ti'Xtnrr. " 'I'lii' fiMiiitiiri* is niildi'Wi'd, lii'ilaiilii'd, ninl lirokcn. Tli« windows, iilways closid, arc pa.strd n|i willi papi'r so lilarki'iiiil and sinukril that Iho li^lit is iinalilr to pi'in- tfati'. In Honir casrs iho windows air iiailid up hy thr propiii'tor to piivi'iit 111.' pain s of jjlass fioni lii'inji liiokrn hy oiii'iiiiii;. 'I'lii' Hour is worsi- than all, slii'Wrd wilh inlj- hish, lillli. riiiili IS, anil iiiniianls of vi'i.'itahlrs ])irkril up in thu stiit Is, and inl'rrli il with Miiuin of all kinds. 'J'hi' air is niilii to hr hiralliid," iVi'. M. lilaiiipii has thus ih'sirihrd ihi' win Unicn's hahitations at Iioili'ii : " Tlii> cntranrn is oftrii h.\ alow, daik, and narrow passa;i;i". win Iranian ran hardly stand iipiiylil. 'I'lii'si' pii^--aKt's ail' Ihi' hril of a Irliil stirani issiiin;; lioin the ilill'ririit stoiiii uml apaitnnnts, and whirli niii.s into ihi' sinull loint-yard and thiro sla;;nali's. 'l'ln' shiii- casL's air s|iiial, w ithont ll^lit oi liaii nisi its, hiistliii^ w itli haidi'iiril lillli, and hy tlniii uit! rrarhi'il dismal low dnis, w illi window s and doors whirli srarci'ly opi-ii or shut, and w ilh litllr or no fninitnii'. 'I'hi' yoniiii;ist rhildri'ii slci'p on a hii;; of rindois; llin rust of till' family, fatlior and mother, hrothrrs and sisters, are all liiiddli/d tii<|ethijr iiii a niiseralile littrr.'' (ileal ell'oits have heen inado to amelioratt) tlio condition of these wretelied eliiSM's, and iiineh has heen elleeleii sliieo the .ihove was written, but the aiuouiit ofpoNerty that |iii vails leiidei'; it dillliiiit to 'I'ep paee with it. M. .lilies Siniiin remarks, in speaking of the wretelied condition of the workiiij,'- classes ill the Fieiieh towns, that linkily they are, not awari,» ot the extent of their iiii.-.- t'ly, and in pronf ol iliis he i|iioli's an old woman lyiii<{ on some wretelied straw In a damp eilhir, w ho, pointiin to her iiiifihiior on the wet, bare floor, said, "1 am not rieli, but, thank Ciod, I have my pallet of straw." ■WAGKS AM) QUALITY Ol'" WOKK. There can ho ro doubt that the trustworthiness of the workman has an infliieni'e In most trades on his rate of waf^es. Of coiuse, in some niechanieal eniplouiieiils, wlieli) the workman is hut a maehiiie, and wlnre iliere is no scope lor the i|iiaiily of lioiusty or dishonesty to make ils intliieiiee apparent, ihe former may not he reiiniiierateil as it Klionid lie; hilt, on the other liaml, in sniiie liailes, siieli as the Jeweler's, himisty fi'lclns a hi};h priee. The jiersisti'iit abstiaelion ot an inlinitesimal )ioitii>n of Ihe silk f^iveii In the Lyons workmen lo mannfaeture has always weighed h' 'vily on the trade of tlmt eity. The workman forijets that the ell'eet of this petty fra is to increase thecii'itiif lirodiietion, lirst, by loss of material ; second, by increased expenditure in supervision. lie foiffi'ts that the maimfaetnrer has to contend with eoni|ietition ; that his coiiipili- tors are forci;;ncrs, who, perha|is, are not so heavily weij^hled in the race, working, probably, iiiidir more favorable circimislances, and w here astiiitercode of nioiiils jin - vails. On lliis subject, M. P. lieaiilun, in hi.r) " i'opiilaiioiis OuvriOiea," eayn ; Tliu ninniifnrdin.r „Ii i"Vnon i\ i-RAve,:. ninniifiirdin.r «Ii„ u i] 410 ' '' '" ''I'' l)lii,rh,„l ,1. , . - /,. , . " ' "It) lol Dwillir 1 ««r/ — - , .t,;J -'i I 1-7 i>-'-im ..";",, ',';,':,"""|"-' '"■■•'■ "i- .■,■,1,., ,., ' • """ •'■" ':m „' ; ',„'■,,■ ':;;:<• ■■ ;» t&. <„ „„,„ °""" •" ""• '..»*»,.,,,„,, ;^i5S'--'''-^H 1;= - ^...» 450 LAiiou IX i:ruoPK and amkhica. TIi(> cotton indiistrv in FrnTO 1i:ih from its very comini'iici nu-til ii.lni.toil ivs ifs ^•.''rialilc til." iMiuiiilhr'tnic of lino toxUivo, wliilc Kn-liUi.l (ui llie ol „r linm liis pnn- ,'i„;a;viunKMl ill tlio ,)i-o(lnrlionof(M,:u.sci..rlicl.'siita dual) '■'•;•• 1 ly I iv.hIi Icxiircs, in'r.,i:s..Mn''nc.' of Hioir linciu'sn and cic-anco. Inivc always solil ioi' lu-lirr inic...H (hau the Hn,ulish, bnl Iho i.roiioilioii biilvaun tlio uvo i.iices lias always ivaiani. (i aiiont Ihi' ""''tIu' avora^'(^ wa-os of col toii-spinnrrs avo from TO cents to 40 cents; 10 cuts is paid for si)ii>nin,"-"two sides and :'.0 cenls lor siMiniin;,' one side. The Imm's of xvork at l.'onen foiaierly weiv from t! a. m. to / y. m. Iliey aiy now r, ,l,!e,'d fiom (i a. m. to (i.l.'. j.. ni., and in some estal.lisliiiieiils only Irom ». a. m. to .. ,. 1,. ni.; bnr the eniplovers state that they an' afiMid tliev aill not he able p-vnianently in adheie lo this rediiclien on aeeonnt of the less \vliich this ,iimuinli..n ot lah,;r "'Th'e'^foUowiii;.'; shows the f (jowl a-orhnini. _ I'-.tU. 1^1 n. „ . f-n :\i hO WA Siunners - .,1 - .- A\ eavers ',1', !,\, ( ai-ders ,,. .,,^1 Wi'iders, (men or women) -'j^ Ij'.-^ Children - Av<>rn^;o - ■" This nn"ineiit.ation of \va'Jtes is at tlie rate of ;10 per cent, in ten years. _ The pnniorlion hetweon the men. women, and children from twelve lo sixt-en years of a'ic employed in the collon-faelories of ITance, is fiO per cent, met!, 'ii) per cent. women, and ~'r> iier cent, children. , . , • i In M.nie mannfa.'lovies a <;ood Aveaver, empl",ved at piece-wovk, can <,'ain as much as sl.lil adav, hut this is an exceiition. , -, , t .i ' In the Vosiies wa^es are a lilth' lower than Ihosealready (pioted,bnt the an;^iiieiit;l- tioa dnrini; the last"ten years has fuUuwcd the same iiitio, , »#♦»♦* DaiJii iv\i(lc at Amiam. •' •' IVapfs 111 v. S. pM. -- , , SO 40 tosO i;o •y'''''''''''^ ;!0to .!0 ''■'.'1'""'"* liOto M ^i'".""'''^ iHito r.o ,;''-',^''":' coto 1(11) ^""■''■""" eoto 2 10 I oremeii The houses bnilt for their ^vovk-p<•oph^ liy the 0)iH/)(/.';)ii'' .li(o»i/))ir consist of four rooms, with a, coal-shed and a small -ardeii. The rent before I he war was oO cents, w huh lias now been n'duc.'d to 2.') cents. T'ho houses of the same chiss ni the neigli- borluiocl are let at from 5U cents to .") c.aits. V, » » * • * * j.7;,„,„/'_Tliis town, wliicli liolds such a prominent iilaco in tlio imiunfaclnrn of c'.otk, conViins'fro"i '.i.ono to 10,000 woiknien iiern'aneiitly residing- wUhiii lis hiiiits; almiit -II (i,'(i altogether, countin!; lh<' lloatin^' po.mlalion. The value of the maimfuctmes el tVist,,wnmu,>in.t.-din l.<.^;M<.r.-.4lli(l.(l(ii'fruiics, (Sl7,(ll)(l,(l(!(l.) The fact that the number of workmen employed lor (he lasl half century has not nl- ti-red is worthy of notice, allhoudi tlie inodnetion has so enm'monsly mcreasid. lii"^ if we take, for the sake of compai i.s(m, the years IMU and l^^.-)!!, Unit is tosay, a year m which all the w.V.! P'J.OOO ineces w.>n' made In 1-0! three kinds of cloth were made, the avera^'e price ol which was U francs the metre. In 1-.'.:! Ihe action of niachiiievy had reduced ih.^ avera,L;(! price to I'J IVaucs the metre. The clolli maniifacl ured in ls!5;j for it francs was siipenor to tuo (•rolh which in 1-114 sold for -.iO IrancH. , . „i,;i,l,vn Th,. waw« of the. worknuMi iu f-^Ot wore 24 cents a day: women. li> cenls; cli.KInn 4 lo (1 cent's. In IKVi I lie average liad risen to oo cent.'! for men, ;^;. ccnt.s lor wouiuii^, .iiul l3 cents for chiUUeu, ^ * * * . * M nilii]it(!i1 a.s ifs li:iii(t has pi'lii- /I'ciH'li tcxtir.cs, ;li(>r |iiit'cs tluai iiiiinii about ihi' ■10 ci'iits U paid 'I'licy avo ui'w II ti a. 111. to -"i.!,') )lc ))','i'iiiaiii'ntly iiin ion of laliDi' u lmiI'lOu iu 1-iJO .V.t '<\' ill ;;.'i !U -si to sixt"fn yoni's net!, 'io ])rr iL'lit. !:;aiii as much as it till' anu'iiit-'ata- (Vasos ill U. S. pibl. .. ^iO -10 tosO (iO ;!0 to ill ;'.() to ."'0 ;»(> to i'.o l-.> to ■!'> 4(1 to 'O CO to 1 Ull fc'O to -i 40 iiir consist of four war was .'lO cents, Ir.ss iu the iii;i"l)- iiifactnro of cloth, its limits : iiliniir lU iiiaiiiilariiiiosdi c'ltiir.v has not nl- y iiH'i'rasrd. 'linw is to say, a year in lacliiiii ly was (111- 1, iioiwiliisiaiiilius 8-:2.00n iiiccos wi'i'i' of whii'h wiiH ^4 > avcra.^io prico to ,as siipciioi' to tliO If) cents; cliildrcn > cents lor wuiiifii, liUr.—T] LADOR IX FRAXCE, to 7.(1(111 ''oiM:,^;;!'^^'-K^';:'Mt..'ofi„,i 4r,i tant'- oi's.OdOin ,,„;,|| aro chi ■liiiiafc, Ilk,, ti e ly CDKanrd iier. Tlu nslry, i], arn timii :;(j rton-Miiils \v to (i, "t of Cal.'i in t) l'"I'iila(ioii (irni.. f„w iiianiififdirc i>| "^ cotton-s ipiiinci-e n! ' cents aiiidhs work-in ■■* "I cii;;ineeriih f-!<'ani-l,ii;, ineT- ■* a poiind. lous : nir;it, yo M..,(ln ,1 'Jl cent> In I'.tc of a pound 'I'l "I'aied and <,f liit'i I'on-ini) lers, fu a day; f n.riici's (I Ihc '<■ "■.■intof (1„, inpldy iir a siijiiTioi' ela s\st I'lii of a/ipvenii,' I'l fil to .>sl. ■■"■i' K''t U to 1 L(es IS as "' same ; ••' a da,\- : cciits to twelve 1 ; ;:a-'-s do not speak vol :;; neireviiw I i ■ ,• . '"' 'I- of Iheircvinci ''lip hero tend,( tc illoiie (hey are t 'ii-ines;, is in i| '"Ills ill ii„. ( iiincli pride in ij ii'y of tl infer !■> amount id' talent s! "1' v.-orlcniansli ! All I en, lint II lai At til "■'lis Willi w(,r|. .■iiids (if >W1I ley a ■X'r woik. 'j'|„. J 111 the coiindv 1 I'laniifaeiiiij Iv for till ■ sciircelv " '■oinpaiiy wh. inselves work ( •Ver ten el. oy are nearl lonrs of wi low " hy theii 'cwhere. ,v alwavs ■Iv vary U ni"!i, ■oill eleven 'Pt in nv.dvc. In ] '.^■c capi(alist.,i, i| ".U'town iif |!,,|i oi' ele\-ei •P<'iidin,-nn,ney whi,.I Scciii.s to 'cue of (h cnij>loyers, w lavc resulted ii' cliar.icf,,, IK' men worj- ('. r cle\rn ''<■. ill the iiei"hl 1 or, more .;,.,,, .|.. cases w li is nut ( lllnod, v.l il.v, twelv lere the leir own. C lldllls "." ■"■'■ ciidenvorii loiirs only; and f| 111 inakiii.. tl ';,' to hetfcr't "■'■c there are sev,.,'..); on.ployer hy atf..n< v.oiild h.ardiv I in ncy evince lein more sett I 111 conceit in' j] ic possili 10 nialter. to his more piide j,, ,| "c condiiion oi mid to lia\ ;•' system adopie.i ,1 of tin ■ in a lai interests, wliih, t Tl iiliniit'iniin has al lie "orkineii who ;"'il;i'theinii(aiio„ twelve I The 1 ;;c town where i| icir wind leir work, and f| <-' improved tli llero ''orkiiicii. Ic inoivlr i ".I'l repay i most enfirel o make tin ,V ceased f,. lour.s' work as it is niai i-eai \-al,., iii'l'K'l'rietorsdid not I"''"l"f<' the lacc which I ■* '■11 i sod ; Ij'iit , leir iilla-ivctoact !ic worker e 111 iieloiii, icienncs lac,, ,.j,,,. o Ciciiiies, siipjily (1 coal-tiehls in the n tnit lilinds, 'I'l IhiAl '■^'rict a lai I'oiirfhs of t '•■^ ill co.-ii-se la i''i.i.diliorliood r.'iiic, ■aril 1 ( ce earn •>," ill what i.. urn o(i ,.,.,, f^^ lipiir.s it. no a day: tli ■s name, cents cc^iitiiiies, (.•io lose \yhi) ceiiis) lur f-'huloii e.vicld I he v,. 'A'' ininiin iii.iiiiTfaciori li^li !i. ats h x■t<|||■-^J,tl iir h -With tl efore was ' coal oli( I'opilhilion, wii'i'ei """■•' i 1.1 the whole, of I d the 1! raiK .■1,'^siii de Va tl IC :<;i:iie ai !*■■'<< "hieh emph ■'•c. The h. d a; exc ov( ,• H. 011(1,(1(10 t ',v a nnniher ot 'cpfioii of „ ,,| miliealtli IS in the s I.'iif Imcil i;c|, f, WiiliK iiloiis. 'Piiiiiin;;- factor •oin no cents I'lnher. (1 ill is,i( "IIS of coal, f^hiss inaniifactorv and t II, there ar ' 'e, and CO llceil- to (10 Tin. ci TT lortiiiiat,-ly ihe hid '"'s in the Jill 1(. t cent ■''"",^'reat industrial "eaily 17,000 i^-o stoej s a dav "',v cost, iiiiliiriii.shed \ ;in<: of own of .^11 The 1 estah. ast prices aiv "j in the Mil "iiale is healt Tl ''■"111 •■ri^id to ,«(.)0 II very low es Falnvid miier amnr,^'p,,|,,,,„j ae aveni! ;e t a year W icit and OO-'I,';,) '''■"•<• .'! -ir.s. o, „ irenl eit. leit, in (he wini I'liperatiire V 'I'l'e.s. twenty klloiiu.t,,, characer, dainp, and >",a (aiiiily of Co,,,. ....._ lilies liefw hilt ter )"'i' pound, ]. /■'"lilrSiiiih "'""', cinplov i I"'"' pound, 28 cent ' "Z ;) l,,.,.,,,], costs h|l l"'i' pound. -1 '■r. the aver,)..,. I ■en OP- i.-„i .Villir het '••■iit.s to !.() cents tlie hlH <'i'iit,s; wine, toll s skill n^' TOO I aand; . each. o Jier Jiint, n.< eenti lie are tl iieese and wi II ts; ; hi I'enI meat. ireii- potatoes. p( per pound, 1 o.uranin; ■';'■• per id lit, .'f P<'|' poniid, ,") ''■'•■'<• hlacksniid :;■.'" Iv of twelve I "id Streimll . Kivcs work to tl w, Ac. 1 I, can cain t M'orl, ch "icn s .(i lonif 'eccive al I.od; roiii -15 '• .st,iple prodn '"' I'ojmiatioii. cents cents : 1 cents; iiaeon. lonl; 4 (' t'eiits to 70 Its of (I A nieel :ii|irs. lancs oi ,") fi cents ;i ila "j:'!"'.' to live at ho, _","•« live in ho.'inl'in.r.j A „Hcv. —'fii,, ,j',: T' .W'catcst ii«cs liere a; ij le (dimate consist iiiir of siiiLd ancs (,-•() cent only Cl'll'l. IVlli-i '.'••oliomy. Jl,,(.l iccciv(^ froi'i, ijo liaii 'e very 1, houses for.s.w to j,!'! "perateonc iK'e rooms, cost f I'-s district. AsaK- miiic, In proportion • -Masons, (■arpe,,. s orisj) fi >r a d i.v s a tei 'a. month; hut roin .•sjii to ,s(:{ many (in.l it 'The skill cents to no ics. for in.st ■nd worki "I' iiahisti l.iid e oiilv .V ill lai'l •d worki cents nice wl lien are oh II 'li>.v. Tins 1 lo arc the man only rcci-ivcs '«0 ''lost iinmer ;cil to live will iven for i.iec<^''-work I'lc.sciisil,! I. plate-rollei estahlisl eliieii ai ■s. caster imenis "Iv to Wdil cents i'est only jjet f IC'r Ii, 'roni (10 c '"lis class I 1 tin Th i.aiid meehanii lese can liv Veil employ,.,! i •eyoiid til Icre, cuts to vO ■'^'■--'"Vw;,;;r;:rr'i'''-''^-<"-. •"''r'.'^ery had ; Wlioiiiimlier, the f, '« can iref, T o widl on' J I " special hr . hiirlh on, and leir earniiiir.s. yi ''"\> iahor of ,V ]>:i -llili! 1 lurmcrly th twenty Ii fr, !- '-, Ihe 1 'liner ahoiit JO.dofi 10 emhcii,! even 1 onr.s onlv ilcc-worl irodiiei •y received from 14^ ;i,1 Ivors of M '.vorki lerers and t i\<' Well, if tl lllcileH iiicn iiieii, ihi' .second ah< le lace-w«irk, ley ait yn.dpo, 'entinies to 40 , ccuiimestol'Jcentiiuus ^"vcmirt complained tlmril centiin (' to ,'s lleir ceiit^^ mi^ .««^» ■««•«»• i ir.'j i.WAm IN KiMiorr, and amkimca. n um>Um..,m irninn>»M •'^"'- ''' .1! J ,' ' ,)„ ,,, ,;, ,hmi ..nunds in llio hium.' Imihv 1 ■ ;; riv"' '''::.;';' -ia :;:n,';;oii7;:,;"-'Si!:':T'-. ^ «^ ' ^>" • ••• -"-"••' ,.,„„(„iIm1.1.\,1im: iK.w li'' ''■''';'''','■'!'''.''"'". ,"p',V..i,„-*l,v 1, ■mil 'IS w.Ol its 1>V imicliiM-ry ,,.K„„, „,„ .v..n,^. oCall "- '"' "^ '-^ " 'l w ! m' - ' l-s,. .1,,, ....U U> 1k„„1 Arli'■ .'....'.-I'l'i' 1"" Kili'fiiiiiiiiiii " '■ ■ '"'_ jM'T 1(111 Mln^;llllll1lM'S.. ...v. 1>''1' I"" Kiliii;i:iliniii'.'i. '_'/_" per 1 1 1(1 Uj ii;;viiliiiiH'«. '. .. jicr 1(111 UiloijiMiimii s. II OalH I'l'llSl' l.nili Ul'llllH I'liCKi.rM riiMir liiciiil, wliili'.-. Kiriiil. I)riiwii... Uiviiil, l>l;i<'1> .-■ ll.Ml' \r:>\ Muiiiiii I'olk yrr IIMI ],ilii-nniniirs. I»T liKi liilii.!;iiiiiiiii<'« liiT 1(1(1 Uiliijininiiiii's. niT |(l(l lillii^;lilliniirM. |il|i Uilii;irMiiiincH. . )ir|- lvjl(>;;i:iliiliii^- .(mt Ivilii^irniniiic. . |iiT Uilcii;l;iiiillir. .IM'l' Uilo;;l;iiiitiii'. ^ 'w i-i - fl p '<• *^ i, 3 ■/) ,• (H L U '.'. 'ft., Z hJ t; r. 3 a •A i t—i H-t ._^_ /■ <•■ 'j»; nil *:. :;(! IS (!(( ;( Hii 'JO r.d ■1 111 >j(i r.d ■1 ID :;•> (Id 11 III Ml tid 111 11" 27 (Id ;> iiii (; r.d 1 ;;o ^d (Id s nil r.d (Id III (III ■\:, dd '.1 ,-ii :!l dd d Ml 1 '.Id M- 1 >d •i;i 1 '.Id "i- 1 (Id •i."ii ' !'('■ poirul r, .-.".-- ai,nn, :i.H. ■--x;:!;:-,;;!:;;";-';:' zr;^::!.^'u.::.'mSt ,,„.,„.,M. .1..; '''•'•'''^'••\''''''^''V ; \, 'mw .1 . 7 1,0(1(1 looms Ml. ^vo>■U, ..niplovin^ ' .„l,l,,,,„n iHto.llw loK'iii" lixiil^''"; '",' „,1„ ritc of l:U. •.■ills IMT Mini. Tli.' ;.,,,„,0 i„„.is. Id l-V,0 .1.0 xvn-oH iKU.l X .■!. a ' . '^ \;\V' V, Ui,,,v n:.>„ -. ill 111.' l„.n.T lui.l. I'lit 111'" Mv.Tii),'.. is :;(, .■.Ills l"'"';'>; , „f ,.,,.,. ,„. ^,ix M„ri,.s, Imilt .|-1„. „„j..iil.v of tlu- lA.iiis ^^ovUvv^^ •'''■ '''•\, ' f ,. i", y , ImU- in a .lii'iiminl ........ssly'lor U,...ii. '^I^':;—^:Z:^;X. 0^1^^^^ i.i.iin. mill un^ l.'t s.^l>anil.^l,\ • 1 li' '■'IJ-'.' '*'.''•''',, ,' , ,,,, ,,,,„.,i,ul.i' .)r 111.' si.ii.'.^, loiiiim;: ,,„. nni.il.ovs of Nvlii. li vrv.v t.oin two to mx, . '',;,':' n.iu.Us to tl,.' li..i.:;lit "1 „,., ,,.on.-i..lo tvvo .livisujns .-11.. mIjo' '' ;, '^' ^iru, , ■.. si i i"-n..Mii. and l"'.l-ni"i" ,l„l.lv...i anil assislanls: tin- , li;;;';^. '^'.^ ^ :, .^ 1^: • n irv. TU. li,.altliiiir.s ol'th. ^zzr::^:::'"::'^^^^^^^^ "■'^'■'•'""" "Vi^^'vi:::;.i:i:;^^::nC';:f.:.iu.nS;i:;;;^^^ ;::ri.s;r;.;;:r'i;r:a;ia;.^^;;iff:>. i:^^^^;^^^^^^ Ih.ni NIX worUnii'ii, ai liy thin law to.'Xt.Mi.l ii'iannra.tur.' is con.c! ai'. til.' pr.diiliil.'ni. 1. It i:^, tlii-1'fl'or l-.MiL'i- us h.y :!••* '•'" "'" MMhinl llOHllKltl. worUiiirii lit'iii;_'. ntii ciinliiil. Vlnli^ nil II 1 llio vciir, 1 lli< ir, I, \\W HIIIIK! I Mill' I. til Hiiinmrl liiin iH \ty nuifliiiHiv III Willi; l>\ llMIIll IIkiI llio ronini I ',1 inline in 1^^* I V ^ B J^ - •jc r,(i 1 IS l!0 j ','() r,o ' VII r,o ;;•.' (10 f,o nil l!7 il ,l:iri|ll;l iIimI 111 llli^ liiiilli^' till' spiiri t'liniiiM;; iks to llir lii'i^litiil (. IS irsrrvr lurllii' mill, mill lii'il-iimi" illliiiii i.l'tli. i-Ui'il I'lVii liMil '.I mil till' liiw ill • lit lioiirs 1111 \. 'I'lirri' is iilsiniii iiiaiiiil'iu'tiiiii'H ii"i' nl, or ill woil> I'liulilllil. I 111' till' lips ni'vi'i' liiilil 11"".'' ciiiil'i'i'ri'il "11 1' lie i;,. ('Ill J'li'sll lll'sl I'lV.sl 'IIIIIITS... ''. |ll'r Kllll;,'!-; Sl';i-;is||_ |,,, I NI'JI (JnIi ..,1 I'll 'Nil- W I'ri'sl, I vvnd.i' (ish IMIMI'. . |ii:ilil '|ii;i:iiv, .V, pi'l' |< l"'r Kiln ili'.'.'.r.'iiii ili'i- fi Nil • ||. '•"■■•lIl'I'/iHll, ,,i|, '■••III'. |"'r Ml iK'li. |.ri- u;\ <>', |>!'l' liil "j;i;iiiiiiii' "^'^ii.'iiiii ";;i:iiiiiii,. 'jiri.ci. I I.: I I »■:» M'.'lll, piT liil, lilrl li.ll, \lllll I'I'I Mill I'l' Mlii.rr,' ";r'".'iiiiii,' :i''iiiiiiii' li'i'i.iil. '">, pi'i- lull WI'.'IIMII '" iinliiiiiii "!■ Willi' ()(■ II II' f'lllllll I I :iiv I )/"('.« ///,.v.-\„„, •Ills (o I-j I'l'lll.- ii'W norii; '■IIKIIiri'lill;;i will '-;i«iiiiiiiii(.„. („,,., I |„ l"'i' lilii^ .( I / I'liil,',.) I I'lilli's liii; III til I '' '|0-llllVii( '.'■•■'■'•III. (ill. s ['■I'llisllllll'lllN. I ' "iiiK. 'II )iiiiiiiiii II (T iiiiii.s r, "/I il l,u ii'h.. (I I' rrilsl sr;il,. I, 111'' ■■li;;lillv 111 1 1 (,'.) "'■;/', /'ill- Ul,|,.|, ,),, "'0.--i'lc|l(, |,|||,,|.^ ,, '■'■111 (iK'i^l;, ,1 ri'.-iil I'm. .'111.1 iiii'.'K. vi "•1.0 III ;„Mpi| I'llll'll; I'll, III' :iii,\ III " llirs III II, Nllfl I .'IS (o, |i""«'l- iiC I I pi ii'i-,. i''i' l.'ir^i. ( "III'' .'111' I I, '.i'l;iM ""l.'iiiili'liill lllii; .'llr 'i';^'- I'l.ril- II "'iiilil '■•'l"'n .Mnsl ti ',"''iiio;r, .'III. I ( "iiii '■'•III (Iml in.'ili Mill. '• I'.iiiiili ■lull M iiill.v ill y •■"'' "liiiiiK mil NiiDrr I ^llip is lll'.'ll ii'il'iin.lly vi.| •Slllllllli. S '^"1.1(1 'llli'il ■•ili.l liiil III pi.'i;.|i.i; ;i""i'.V .'i( liiinl V."",'" '■:iiki.iimi. iiii;;s HIT I '^■iii;; at ,\| iiiiiiiiii iiii i;;li' ir .ill. ;iii^',-, IS I '■"■''■'•"■^ I III' i:ii../j '/'III 'IVlTclou ,1 l.\.S ll.'ll W.ll'l,- I.. I ''""i'i,';i' III lii.nl '•■■I II \ .'IS 1 I'SS II ■'■;:Mr.ls lIl.S.lll •y ;ihv "i;,^ In (I 'lll'll '■•■111 1,1,1, "■'■1. .'iinl .'II "1'^. (I'liii (I ':'" '" '■;ii-li.h.i, '(■ '■'■Ills to ..sl.-ji) ( •II. W 'I' .'IN II l^l'S III I" lll.lllll|';,|.| :-'ll'ls lilli.sll. I, nil liiil "'■|''irKiM;ilT lllllll "■ p'TllllM II, II. Kinliil I,, (J .;lii ■s ii.^ar (I ;iii '■'■ills II, ,|() ■ill '■;ii,i.;l.'imj '"'. "".'II. Cl.lIM ill 'nil Is. '(■( ri'iils U lliiillil(;ir| '■'■Ills (odd III il IS II. l( 1,1' , ' li'iliili' his. ""'"'• /■■il.'li'o.^l.s.v "■ '■:il«li.-li Wiiil. '"■"'K- '■.s(;i,l.li..| '■'■Ills /,„■ „.„„„ .■Mill '■^"■'•"ili'l iiiiil ll'll' Uol)^ If I'll "'II'- 'irni, '■". I' r.iii'l ;iii.| I vvi,i), iiii'iil-. v;nv I siroii;, il ,.|,, iii.iii- i"iii lii'i .^'■"'■Jl lis, ,'111,1 <.|,„| '■'-■ ;^ii'ii(. I ■^'"'■111 ''HUM, I I 11 11". I KIOUll |;||| Ul'dl -I) l^liKlisI n.'ilili. iiii.'iii lii.j, l'i;4' 111-.' ;ill •I I'm. .M,.,|| "'■II' o| (lllili.sli ',\'' 'IN VV.'JI ;|( ( I. .'I II. I (i l'i|"iii whirl, Il 'K ll'<'llN|0||||.,| , ■ii"'i' (Iniii il " •-"''I'lilsdii^j. 'lil>) ;i il.i.v; 11 iiiiiiiiihil . Illo.s.'ii !'• INlli (ill 'l"'iiiliii'i- il -\'\ 11'' Mini Hill'/ V.' II " •■ininiiil Coiiii, „| 1 11 (own 111' II ii;.;li 'Il loiji. •■U'^n I.. Ci 'll.l IIIM'S,) 'I' h Is I win 11' .S.'lllll. ,sii ■"''I pi) in. I, \ '';in;; "111 ■••>:i I., '•;i'-!.'ilil... '','1111, ol |',.,,,| I, lis l(..,||. '■ "' i;n;.|.i,i,|. 'J I'' ''liiini/o i I'lllK' (.1 COV.'I' ;||| ( I'l'.'-iiii oC,-|„|| 1 win (it r;,. •^ Vl'I'V h|.;,;|| III. II; ; ' ll'lll.s wiirlu 'l. T'lMllI K'S Clin h.. II III (•.III ,,.,(, '■i.v M,„.x I 4o( ( ll'low -..'l' ),' i.v .'inil mil «■ I'XIK.ll l'll.S"lft„|-|,.,.,., ,1 i'dii' |. Mil .'I / 'I ,'111(1 no VI-''- "■''Ills (o i; iipii'.^i '■•^ I'l'iililiil "lliplrlo /;„• , '"••■illli.v hl.l.ri \ .A . . '^ I'li'l (li:i| .,1,1 '■|i"l''nii.'.i ,|,||, "111' Il W.,||, '■"III .-r'ti III .-^ii liii'lii ic fiC I'l'lOs I'l Iliid'l ICIs' I '■lll'.'l ''II.'IISC IpCIM ii'';i( ;iii.l !'• i: ,'S .l| lu' .\' li Slllllll 'I' .'I •'.•v, .1, ill.iH'll I \ s. , I II 11. 's ('CO (lllllll, Hi lllI'MlIn |-,|,.„j, '"lf;lll, il'lhr.v.l nir. ' I ill '"''•Il Afiiiiils ii, ml. '/I vi'-('l;il,| I'OM I I's Jill .r|l( ' looms, (,,!• / II'I' on.s, ( 11,111 .s|.. "Ill- ipii.i.. (■ "III •-'•'.10 II .10 , 'I'll. Ml SO K' I iilnst '■•l|', IIS is;,|,. I'.V.lCdiO pi "(inn. \\ ""111 10 (Tiii.; I"sr (,, I ''(l.ll'.'icl Cliali iiiimii.r.— Y\ '^i .'KlllV / >'• m.)i', .•niu'. '•r oC (I (<'"|. '■•"■II .■ili.iiii ;!o '■il.lllii'N cjipi, ( "'I'' ill'r t il fii (is "Illlll'.Ml; .■(•Il(^ '■.•Ills I'llll III to ,S(, II' ini^n "■" nniiiiilU, '''i'.V iloiihli. I ''■•1 111 spinning ,si||, '•'ii''"iii-<.C,|„l| mil 10 |„ •,)!) ("lies h .•^ ^"ni.'uli;,,, j,„',„, initiii- 111,. I '''•Ills I'm- I'^II'IIV '•ni;;o i.,„ 'I ih. "iinicii ||in;;s, whi.-h .V. In ,1 v.irvCroi, I .,.,-;,„ '.ji, '■Ills ill /;,||,„| '''■■s.s-Mi;iM,i,r , I. Ill whirli II'- ',(■ (ill. ii''iiniliil '■'■Ills. 'J'l iiiic'cs.) X,,,.,, yj ci'iKs Is lit 'OIKlllllf. .M,,,,( ".v.soist .ii'J.K)|„,s;j',",' (i.i. 1 . 1 . 'II II' ;ivc| >(s /'r ii'.s, .V... TI (lllilisliiii,.,,, ''''Ills is II, ■"'''"• ill whi.h (i lo.il-.llli,.,, I. IIV.I i;ro ol' I'll' (hi'v •s, Wll.T y W'.l; " "iini.. P'l'Kilo;.. "ni.r.ti.jo ,.,.,„ ^^"I'k i.s I.. II I i .yrr ■l"'i' .\>vv .(Ml- • IM'i' . jicr . jirf . 1..T .11. r J'lViK JmtI'. lilsl (|ll!llil.V I'.i'cr. siMoinl i]iialil V i'.ci r, Ihinl (|ii:iiii.v ^■(lll, liisl (|iiiili(.v \l'ill,MM-lllnl (|lllllil.V .. \ ('iil.tliiiil niiiilily.. .- Million, liisl i|ii:ilil.v .. Miintiii.M'rdiKl iiii;ilit.V MiillDU, lliiiil niKililV- lill.'l 1)1' li.'.'l' l>MllHl-slr;lU IliilliT, lirsi na;ilil.v Hiiilrr, M iMunl (lualily .. rnilli-r, Iliiiil niiMlilx r.niln-, loin 111 iiiKiliiy.- MilU I'n'iiiu Siij;:u', i'lisl (|iialil.v .'-iiiiiiv, M'l (ir.il iniiiliU :. . SiiuaV, lliirtl i|ii:ilily .. -- Cill'i r, I'lrsl iiualil.v (•oIl'iT, sc'coml (lUiilily .- (■,M^^(•, ihiiil ;iaiiMiii'.., 1 Uili>;;raiililU'..| 1 l,ili>;^i aiiiilio..'. 1 UiiMi;iauiiiir..i 1 Kiliinr.iiunic. .1 I Uiliim.iwmir.. 1 l>il(i';i,iiiiiii. . I Kilivi;i'!ililiiii'..! I Uilo;iiainim'..| |iiT litii'.. |ii'r 111 ic. . A l^illl^l aiiiuu'- . k l'\ilii;;raiiimr- . j. Uiliipraiiimr. . ,} Uiln;,iaiiHin>. . I Uilii'j;iammo.. •j Kil(i>;raiiniu'. . I Kili><;iMii\iuc.. I. I>il(>i:raiii:ac. . I KilnL;r:i\iniir . ', IviI.il; r.dimii'- . 1 Uilo;.;raniini'.. .; kil(i;;ia!iihit'.. \ Uili'LjraMiuic. . I Uil:> U,". y lit) ■Ii' 1 •Jii :;i 1 .-.(1 :'ii' ^ no .'■-' ij -JO 11 :> III) ■111 ^' -Jii •u 1 70 ■.)! 1 10 •)„ r> 00 1 |i(i :voo i:ii '.i .-.(! .'ill •J -.'0 'II 1 70 ■.■.1 1 ;',.-> Sir 10 (i-i 1 110 'jii M) ii; 7."> 1.". 70 11 M 10 I- '■i -JO •11 •2 00 ■III 1 so :ii; »< 00 1 (ill 00 1 1 'Jii 1 no 1 ,-11 I :.o 1 I'lii 1 10 •J., 1 :io 'jti I -J.-) ".'> 1 Ml ;;ii 1 no :v.' TO III) 1 M li:i CO .H) ; ).. |„i t'lO 00 i ,,, n. riOc. toTOo. lOf. to i l( ■ I'lv'oM iM'.roK Ts OF r.iaii.'^ii ionsuls. iiuridCNi; lo.Nsn.M! il lal-or for Hio .lay ol' 10 lioiir.s: a iiiasoii. '<' '■'"t^; ;' Mator 00 .•.■ill.'; a ra. poiil.T, .-0 .•.■„(..; a .joiiior, C.- n.nt,s: a lockMiiit li, ,Or.Ml.., ,, i.-iintrr ni to (;-J .nils: an ..nliiiary lalmi.T, M .■.•lll^. In tin' liool Iva. .■ n u.aknii::' ■;,nis inmi iiO....,its lo 70 ,...|,ts a .lay by i.i.v.-u.-ik. In tl... p..n '>''""' ^"■''"•^„";';'; ,.,,. al.onl s;i.Tr> a w.-.k. Ui.^ .lay's uo.U l-iii^ iVoiii S a „i t.. , V, ni. «iil. iIh' ml." .fail li..iir; tli.>w,.iii.Mi.'nii.l..y.Ml ..ii vi'''-'-"-.«rM«n'l'al.ly iv.oiv.- as iiii i.- i. i ..' .■...lUMit-woiks. vvli..,v n..t niii.li skill is iv.,iiiiv.l, ill.- ua-.-s ,;n' oO •■.■nl^ ;' ''^ ,^; 1' ' iv..ii-u..rks tl,.. ..r.liiiaiy lalMiivr is i.ai.l rr...i. r,0 to ,-,.1 .■.■iits, wliilo !..■ ,skill..l ■ ik i ,v.-,iv..s as nin.'h as >1 a .lay. In tli.' .•aniai;.' niaiiiila.-lo.y. >vlii.'li i.^a v.a,\ oni' "i|- ', l,iisiiu.s>, tin- Nva-.'s vaii.^v iV.nii oO .•.■ills lo .-1 •,';> n .lay, ii'-^-ouliiif; lo di.' l-ri.'.'s ..( provisions m tlio town '''''•'' '"^^ ''•"', iM.M.ktiist ..iKilily. 1 .•-.Its ,..T iM.nn.l: ImvI, oi-.l,nai-y m;|^>1>^v. •>'•-; .■.•-its .'..^^^^^^^^^^ ,:,ntioi,...„lina,y .pialily, ^iO .•.;i,ls p.T l''''-''"' 5 IV'^I- "f I'^i'^^i' ^'^ 1 i' 1 1, "^ I' V mil. I ; p' iiiiii.l ; lint Iff lUiiitl ; iriiiiiitr,, <| iiality. IH ci'iits ii.-i ponn. I ; Uiitt^'i' foi- t!i.' lor llio kitilu'li, '-Vi .•.■nts piT iioiiii.l tVi.iii 10 lo ■!■'> .•.'"'■t sii^ar, wli it.'. 17 IS p.T p..iin.l;, sii;jui-, In'owii. l:', to i:> l'i'IiIs per Ji'i cimI.^ all' iVolu Jjl) to ■tii. iStJltcN i^ii $0 (I, III to III) ;^i» 00 Oc. ll'll lis ^'0 1 i;ii I •.'!! M IN ]■• ,:, l-j M lOc. to M. iKl'^dii, 70 ci'iits; ;i Mlillh, '.i> ri'iils; :i IviiiU' 11 woikiii;!!' Ilillllirill'liivy \v;iUiS 1. Willi llii' i!lti'n:il ■ lis iiin.li. Ill t-' riiis ;Mlny. )"l'"' ic t-Uillcil \vi>ikiii;i:i is ii very iinpi'i'i:'"' itir (lcj.'ri'(' 111' sKi! liiiiilcinnr Wl (■cuts ]>cr iMiiniii; liililv, -^0 ri'i;t.H i"i t:i!i!i'. •i'Jc.'Ul'^F' -ill 111 .l") ri'liU !"'■ L'Clll; piv \y h tl '% ilMii 45G LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. AGI{ICri.rL'I!AL LAllOISERS. Occupation. By tlio yc!ir : riowiiiiiii Oidiiuiry laborer Wdiiu'U .-• r.ytluMlay: Moll, with 1(10(1 "\VoIm■ll,^vitli Ibod Men, witliout t'ooil Women, without food.. Average wages. Currency. Fi's. 40C<— 4."0 t)75_;jv;,-, 1 no 1 00 3 (10 1 75 United States gold. ffJO 00 to $00 ":,:> 00 to 05 41 tJOto 55 30 20 00 35 o 15 15 15 13 13 13 13 Observations. Board and washing found. Jileal-tiuies included. Meal-times included. I'lUCI.S OI' I'DOVISIOXS. Articles. Bread, second (inality r''!" Uw'TkIs- Butte.', fresh.. per i.oum . Butter .'^ilt perpomn . I'otatoes perpoun,. ISaeou perpoum. Beef, second (inality per p-iun. - Mutton perpoiUK . p 1. per pound. i" I ))er pound- t^tl^ar:;;!;.^;;;::::"'""-^----'- perpoumi. CoOee per pound. ,7. per pound. jiiiu.v;.^".':.v.\v:.v;;.';;;.v;;.';;; per quan . ,, each. t^ni^^i^hh,^:".''''^""'----"-' p(>rpoun(l. .Soap yellow per pouiK - Soap soft perpoun.. p. l' ', per (piart. B!^T,c'un>''™'-"^'^V."y."-'.^'^'. per.iuart. Wine, common per (piait. Brandy per quart. Average price. „ I United States Currency. ^^^^^_ F): c. 80 1 .'lO 1 ■10 07 1 1 15 03 (1 93 'X', 1 00 tit! >2 00 4 50 15 10 73 73 40 •in •2'> GO o 50 $0 10 30 n 2;! IS IH IS yo 13 40 03 Ml Mi (II 0.') i;! ro LABOR IN PRANCE. PRICES OF HKNT, LTEL, LIGHTS, CTOTniNO. 457 Articles. Rent of rooms.... ^'"iili^ I-islitH C'lllKllcs "' " IV^trok'iiiu '. C'lotliing ".' TwecdH ".'."] I'listiaii.s ,[ I'ianiicl.s [[[[ Linen (coarse)..".'." Ciilico IViiifs .'.■■_■_■ Merino ]."' f*(iH liini;,s \ ■Slideii, ni(Mi'.s ■SluicN, women's Shoes, chilli,.,,,,),^ __' Slioes, (sal)ots) n:ilN, silk.......'" Hilts, felt c^u's ;■.•: ..per week. per ton. • ix-r iionnd. --per qujirt. ■• Jicr jiinl., -- l«'r j.'inl.. •- pt'r yard.. ■- lier yard.. •- per yard.. ■ Jier yard.. - pi'r yard.. • - lier p;iir. - -|>er pair. ■ per pair. ■ - per pair. • • per pair. eaeli. eaeli . each. Averajro price. Currency. ^ U. S. gold. Jr. r. :! 00 40 00 70 Ba 8 00 4 50 :< 50 1 'S> b'O 1 00 2 00 1 50 1~' 00 8 00 f> 00 1 00 1-i 00 4 00 , a 50 ' $0 00 8 00 15 10^ 1 00 70 n> 20 40 a 40 1 00 1 00 ao 2 40 no 70 -MAnSEILr.KS CONSULAR DISTRICT. ^'.mce A-nenltnral laborers are paid'on f L ,v ,•• 'i" """';'' ^""'"^ '" <1'" '^""th of ,,,, ,, • '^P';".ses, lioiiso-renf;, A:c,. to 'ihoiif fl, T. ,"', " "■'' *■" '"•''■t tl"'ir otlie-' "I'litiori „[' t'\ !}.,| and inr :ui.i u'i provisiiiiis nr usually so l)iifflit and ,^I>, fuel JN «1«; V' iftitablos ftn; not to be obt e lii>i, elie; Wit "H-'T tiian in E :nitioa in tlio south of F 'igland, but tbo winter bt pet' rlian in Enj-land. liread ti 1 no cx- nieat. raiico below Enjrlisli rat '"« shorter in Franco 'th an iu that iEFWii»TW It 458 LAHOR IN ElllOPE AND AMKRICA. ronntiv, th.- Jiiiiuiiil .■xiiciidituiv tliciroii iim.muts to Mlmiil llir siiiur ni IhMIi conntnes. Hoiis.-'iviit in llic liM'-c I..W11.S is lii-li.T, )iioii,)rlii>iiiili!y, than ill hii^lana.. ^ In the wmtli (.(■ rnm.'o (lie Htan-lMi-.l of hrallli is vciy -on,!: tli.' .•Inii.it.^ is fino nnil eniov.iblo tlir-iiiuliout- lli(> y.-ar. and a fair luiiniint oi' l.-imrvily is ik.I uaiilui),'. Hi., suininns aio Nvaii.i. Iml tlu: liral .l.^'S ii.M pirvml thr aili.snis and la|.nivi-, 110111 .;ai- lyiii.-oiit tlitiro.Tii!iatioiis.wl„>llicriiMlooisoiMail 111 Hm'OImh air,au.l IIic liclil-lalior- cVsiur luit i.irv(>iit('cl ll!.ivl.> IVniii liriloni.iii;; (lu'ir woiU. Tl,,. lalioi'ii lassrs ill tlicM' ipans arc Iru-al and aUslcniiou-; 111 nuittris ot diK Tliis coiisislsliiiiKmallv .d' l.ivad and wiiif, and, :<,y,v^ livi- as tli--, • '"TiK^inhllidfMiilH, tak..,, alro;;,.tluT. are l.dtor loaiid in dollii,^ llian in most .mmii.- trirs. Tlic arlicirs .a' wli'udi liicir (dolliiiiii: is cuinlioscd an; nol ailo-rtlnr so ^ood 01 ;■< suUstaiilial a.s tlios. in -.■iioral us.- in i;..,ulai.d : Unl tlu- 1- ivnrhn.an is inoro .•alrud ubout ids .:l,.lliinu-. and Ids K,,nnri,tsl..d. b.tlrraiid last loMurr 11, .Ills 111,. dijdi^l^M ^ tliau llios,, nsiiallv \voin by K.mlish artisans and laliorcrs. War.a clolbinK is ab^..- luti-lv rr.inisirc iiMli.' south cd' Kran.'i'. as nincli so as ni Lrjjand. tin- i;lian-r« ol t.ia- IKM'iitiiro IciiiK vcrv laidd, and dry. cnttin.,' winds wld.di prisad r.-adcruit>' it, liccossaiy toilsel.roluTpivcantionslor the l.ivscrvalioii orboalUi. ,„ f,,,. fl,„ wnvl- Miudi oi-oMiIss lias b,Tii ina; lliem allu- gethc^r, lliey do ii.a take mueh pride in their work, or put their eliarauter into U. NANrivS. Wa'-es niav bo lixc'd at an avera-e .d' f-0 eents per day. The- ransian w.,rkia:Mi ;.* iiaid bv the week or fortni-hl, dednelin-. ,d' eour.^^e, the holidays. 1 ne mean jiay laay hns be e.stiinat..d at .yJO per month, about >^>W a year, but one inns not hi.se si^ht o the stoiipa-es. ("mor/cs ««(«r,;,.s.-) whieh, in dillereiit tra.h's, -.ary between two and four months in the yar. In short, the I'arisian workanui eaiino be siid to .s.irp.>>.' l-;-2o0 yearly. It would bo ditli.adt to say wlietlier thisj^um is sulhei.nt lor Ins m.nii- ^^'riie exist enee of the I'arisian woikinan is at best a wretehed one, and tins is, tli.T- foiv, vevv'probablv tli(. reascui why ehaii-e is so la.ptikir. The jreneral wish appeals h> 1„, iii favor of the'eiuht-honr h-al-labor system, the supph.|iamtary hours " ^^";';'" bo paid aeeordinjc to the present nres,au,antsaiidlar,e ,,rivato houses. If In, workman be la.r- vied his fooil is usnallv prepared at home, and even it wmkiiifi- a lew iiiil.s 01 , lio la - \ h I ii lis luvakfas! in a tin box whieli ran .stand the heat, and wliieh he ^^,: , W, IH w 11 when he tak,-s his wine. If single, he will repair to son umrrlw.ni ;'•<"■ some eookinj; establishment, where, iv^ular workmen-s nn.ds are piepnivd tmmver a^v number^.re laboring in the neighborhood. The l'-l-''''';;":;-'^X, ^ likewise a tavorit,* resort, trom wii.m.v, alter Inlying e<.ok.:d '";'"'' ;;' ■^•'■;:1 ',y , ,,u.hlinKs, santiues in ".l- '->• hard e^,s and br.,.d hey proee,MUo ;';;,-" I'ui ' to . oiii; dele liieir oit-a kfest. The sinii !e man will dine as ho has breaklii hihHhe marriid man returns to dinne his labor or to the ucstaueo. at / or 8 o"c hiul. ■dintr to the natuie et i,:tt('rs of ilii't. slo ior luiiiii.il W loWllH, t'N|il- ill llVl' IIM till).--, r ill most conii- ■ 1' NO nooil or M) s iiioi'o ciiniul iiir dry cliiiia'c .illiinj; in al)-.i- hiiuKcs of It lu- iij; il UL'uessiiiy ;s for tho \vov!i- II i.i bciij;;' i)iii 1 ,-oll.1, illul Olllrl' iiul [iroix-r iiiiil # IDS in thi> south i Wlll'll it Klli(H (lily. Tiiurc i.s |i is nor. lUiiMMii- in;; llicui allu- tcr iiilo it. lull \vovkin;!ii i.i UHMii )My iiiiiy lOl lose .si;;!ll (if twi'cii two anil Miid to surpiiss 111 for liirt iiiaiii- * il lliis is, tlii'Vi'- wjsli aii|)riir.-vli) nil's of work rti'il, to lllr UalUlt: 1)1 LATiv;: IX FKANCE. ^^'''^^'^■UuiT.^^^^ ;vi.l, ,ro,Vssio„al prido. Oiio coiisfwU.v DAILY WAUi;s IN NAN-rrcs. Occupation. Siifrnr-rcliiii-rs Cottoll-.spililici-.s ...."."" Wool sjiiiiiunM '.'.'..'. ^\'e^ vc'i « '.'.'.'.'. Jlccliaiiics Workn.,',, in p.a^lain'andchina".;:: iSiiitlis, stnki.rs,niid nvctcis Mu,,-.an,,.,.,.r^ «,i,,,,„,,,,,; -■■••■■ "l^- -■ ■ ■ , t'arpituti'i'ii '..'.'... I'opii-iiiakcis .,][ ( 'impfis '_"/_'_ Ilouso-paiiitui's ...".v.". SlasoiiH " ]'!mnl),.rsnri(l glaziers !.".';." ■t.alioreis SaivHin,,rs,„Hrs"tn.ot-s"w,vp;.r,; AKnenllural lalmrors, with food ieiiiulo woikiTs ill tlio (irld, witln\;od French cur- ivucy. l.^- S. K'.hl. 2 (If) to y oo to ;i (HI i„ '-' .".U to 4 (II) to 10 III) to 'I (II) to f) 0(1 to 2 oil to 4 m> to a 2.-. to 4 (i« to 4 Ot» to :{ r.() to 4 W) to y 5U to 2 -S, to 1 -'.■> to U ;ji) to 3 00 .i (III 4 Oil •^ :,() a 00 ].'> 00 (i 00 00 ;! .-,0 r. 0(1 ."! 00 10 00 4 00 2 oO 40 60 40 to .",11 to (iO to oO to M)1o 2 00 to .-0 to 1 Oil to no to ^0 to 4:> to ,'■0 to to 70 to to ."lO 4:> to 2:> 01 ; to :0 i;o II fill (I /-O 71) 1 20 '.i (0 1 -M 1 w 70 1 I'D liO 2 00 eO .:o OS III short, nii'ii's wa ^-.. H).r.,'nts, si, anff'i\;i;,;::!,:;,x';?-/i"-'""i '":'- ^-^ -nt ;.i,v of lon.nii.n ],,,,,,, i'.i,;^''.^ 'liCKi'iicral tariff: tlmsc ' wiiiii- earn, as ji.,"v i„. ■-•'■p'i Illy ch.v; .■:;;£;:;;, ^''■•■'•-''''■^•-•'-i liiiH' to their aliilitii's;' (1 ity, end. hy ean^u^'l^'^^lltl/r hiur'l;;^h:r;:n:i^?'i;^r' "^ -"•"^"'^'-^naiu'd ' existeuco. I'Xter- XICK. At Ni Z:ii^''}:'!^':^''-'j^r^'--^^^yth.^. ■:\jiti aiioiit (•;.-, ceiK.s, th the workman is tools whl.h-lie uses^,-.'" P'"*''r?-"''- ^^i" ''am on ii'in-- foiiii,! I)v tlio: ij'^iiKi'iii'r.l line ti!(. workman is idle ilml.,,,' T' " ',"""" "•''' m" niasrer-eari a.v^and holidays, so that he a ,' ,7,, ','"'■ ''.",".'"'« "l' H'o year, inelmli, ■ Ill»''isni,iiiairieil he can ii ei • M I"" uce ot Ins Work will thistle.,! „ » !i;m;i>, .his resitit s,^;;;;;^::t;: :,::,;;.-;;' -'"- ^'- 1..^ wan . nut iru;:.^L;i ;;;: ^■-WCwC';it';;;;:!,-i;!,---;;:;-.-^ (i an iiniiy ^^t. us take I •oat forty j„a,>h MX or eiiriit; months of tl wli " may he le year. said to enipl de for t an av- eiitir ; ;' Siin- SHIO. i with threo iieir own w.'int-; ae case of a work'sh iiy i cLrtaiu nmuher of hands ip ol' tile former cati and suiipose that tl j-.^^t^WW"'^^^ If u 400 LAHOn IN ET'ROPE AND AMERICA. u,.rksl„.l. 0 ; V 1 sL,, nv vvortUaboal k>0! i" all 6110, This .a,..tal, vhul> ''^ »'•'''''''' >■''';;";- sai'v. can only la, obtained l.y o„. xvoikmun m luui hun.lu il, by seven oi ■ ,ght jeai* of latior and ccononiy. Let nM now eoMsiilei' lii.s expeiiHes: ^^^^ Hint of woiUslio]) '" J ,-(! Insiiranci', (obligatory) a j,, jm li.'nt of bidj^in;,' - ;.,, m, Settinji, iVe, and reidaem;,' toolH ^ ,|,, (;luc, li;ilit, and ineiiliMital expeiisi'S ^. i^^, I'atfiit or iieiinil. (oliH^atory) •---■ •• ••••-.• ••; !, -,, lutercstonoai.ilal,and>..,,say,s,-.0 woith of ^vo»d, ,Ve, lu 8toio — " 157 MO ThMO nnunintH an- piven with the slyietest care, as they are the resnlt of inqniri. s iiinrb' tVoMi ii lar"e niuidiei' of nue-leis (pf tills class. Now!as tothri.lodu.e. l.ct ns taU. one of this ch.K« of masters m tla; n,ost lav.r- rVoni tills is to l)e i,.ductut ^'^O; to I he \\ litilu Dlllti ly lllCt'a- t ol iiKiiiirii s IC ItlllMt I'uVrl- ,si>. lIlOIltllH (if this is 11 vciy ; oliliTM, tlriiw • is wdik wlicii Hiiliirly iit liis S tculs a liiiy I'iciit work to hiisc laliivrs l:e ilci wiiik V' nil lie wood iiM'il \tiY iliiy ; tliis, II lolul ^aiii III' I'ol'i', Si,')" ; llu; Ilium t'liriiiiij; workineii \\iil iloying a l.'ii'.;i) laii'ilto iudr.io no nmn is cii- onc (liiy. Tl;() ilird iiml slciv- s taUrii by tliii 1 he iiilliH i!i.cl iiastd'H cai'c to il'licic'itly .ti'di"! HkI pIdllliftolH as till! anintint idrkiiian wniiUl L'll I'Xpclullil ii !■ fui- brcakf.i^t I'AIIOR ix FR,ANcn. I'lil-chiw-jmuir of n,o,„!/. 4G1 Stoiir-ciitfcr.. Rlasdii ''■iip'iitcr..*. ' Jliaclisiiiidi ... ]..ilii)i'i'i' i'""if....V.'.'. ('iiMiii-t-iiinkiir ))', IwriKlit.. ilakiT .. j^i'tciiir .■.■.■.■■;. I!<'<'f-.... Miitroii i'"i-K ..;. lliva.l.... i^'ifiar.. . . ]'i)lat(ics Colloo... Tua Wiiu-.... UiiitctI States K"lil. $0 PO (i.-) 05 80 .40 :io tiO (ir> 1 00 to 1 I'lfovisroNM IMI ■1" r pnniid.j •■l"'riioiiiHl.| •!"'i' pound. i^il'Wraiiiiiio. ■!"■'' pound. I •1"'' pound. j ■!"''• pound. !"■•' piiiiid. !"''■ 'iiiait.. 1 00 !«) 1 00 -I.-) 1 00 If, 1 f'O (1(1 JO (iO 60 20 u ao 09 yo o.t ■M •Ji) Oi miiulj, ja'i* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. {/ >" c^ V % m %'' S- <4 W- #.. / f/. ^^ 1.0 — Hi I.I UUl- ■ilM IIIIIM llitt IIIIIZ2 1^ 12.0 11:25 i 1.4 1.6 1 liuiugiajjiuL. Sciences Corporation \ ;i7 IU iilidiit l fi;nics !!» (•|il^ cciit-i.) Tlic \V(iim:iii docs imt li iiliiiics (-'! rents) in ^^l;0; tliat (if liis \\\l\'. d lav'im iilsii to work nn liuiisi'kcipi'r. .Slu; ciini.s (iidiii liiakiiiK' <'Vciv (l:iv oC six ' viiiipdii (hi' earnings of fac.foiv work ali ii'ics Sccntiiiirs )lll', (llf('!l loiirs alioiit ^1 ci'iits irily ;i.J fi;iits jicr hour; tliii.s \(coinit must, l(ij taken of iillc lime, wliieli so nnich reiliires tlie w bur ninsi he a di (liielioii niaile for fifry-fwo Sundays, and vctryof ni'i s ol () lieiaiive! IMS no inllneiiec U))oii that of the luaiselieeper. Conseinn-iiily i; I'oUows that ihei .\roiida Imt let ot oveih)oli lhisahnormaliis|iit<'. 'I'lie iiileniiiition' of Snnday h'aves lo tlie mail 71,'i cents (li.Mi IVancs) pef. The home workman, whose children i!o i:ot earn any wa.ijes, must: live, on l^ cents, (li.dj francs.) plus :;,') ceius (1.7,') francs,) equal to sl.OT,',,- (.-).:',7 fraiu's) per dav, or .^i^.y.'.-ll (l,p an neeomit of exiiendifures in taverns, wliieli are iii.'ii'n cliielly every Sund.ay and Jlonday, and which are at least ID ccnis pur week on uii rverage. Amoiiu' the reirist^enul workmen this sum may represent fhn avera^ie of earnings re- 'ili/.ed and |daci'd in savings bank say, per davi 'M centimes (r>-,-f cents;) iier vear.lKI.VO iVaiies, (si;".:!4.) Total, francs, 1,1)(;->.1(I (s'29J.'l-i.) .Many modilications iiiav Jiave to li^i I'jio iiiiiiiiiry scliTOils in I'niis nro free, mul Icianliiij; iTli;;iouscult iailitiWeat to ni i|ii>J3u cluug,-.^ uf Itiiu Uiitaru mutu iiiiimelf. lire, tlio Parisian n-orlcman is too 2 frjncs 2 ccntiinrs \v])c'riUiv('s, HiIIdus lliat l!ifi'(! (hivs iilsd ; liiit let li'iivcs 1(1 till' iiii!n .*:! iViHics.) 'i'licro It l:isis jjii'.crally Tims the j;cMcriil > 111 !i luiiii tor his !iii only ;il';- ci'iits, I liy cxros. Tlicy illr-tclllll. UnCdl'- IlllsillCSt. TlllMC! "witlisr.iiiilinj; tln' llic |ii>|iiilati0 lies.) |ilns ;l.") ('('Ills Uli'i.?;! iraiif.s) [ii-r peiiilcd ill August, Tcr liny. Por yi'iir. Vettta. o-..'>_ -' 1 11 eO.i 14 ]-i ■]:! ."(1 ;! 11 ;i4 iiA ■i T'i () 21 ;",i f) ]s ., 1-,",T r> ^l ;i 111 ;i:i f. >> 11 T.T 4 i.' T 1 i-iv 4 :n ;{ 111 '.':> 1 '.) i;ri o 7 :iii ■-' hi (> T ilii u O II-) "1 i7 111 :ii; ,vi O T 110 i'i M ','5 ;i ;;■,' ',1(1 S 21) 51:1 tii\!j; at li ss tliau ;tiMliiiii of iniMic wliif.Ii at'i' iiiMi'd pur wiM'k on 1111 I'I' of onrniii.^'i I'l'- s;) |M'i'yt'ar, SHi.VO ift iiiav luivi' to li!) siiui 'i-oikin;>n is too s1;|5 t .V. 404 LABOR IN EUnOPE AND AMERICA. Hiij^ar. cniio nv moisf, per liilonranimo fioiii JO. 2'3 to $0 01 Molasses, \uv kil(ij;raiiniic 11 I | Noap, (.'omiiioii ].l 1~ staicli \i-ii :■■> Sinili, lirst-class, wliitc, crystal, lOd kilojiraniuR's in 'Jd Mill]), tliiclv, -10 lU'^^rci's, llKl kildf^i-aiiiiiu's 11 iii Mnip, Vniiiid, ;>:! il' urues, lOO kiUnfiaiiiiiit'.s V :;i) I'oal, sciiii-si/.c, ton .'- T.'i Coal, siiiall-si/c, ton 10 00 7 >u Coal, i|iiiti' iVi'sii, ton 7 oU .1 i'li \\'o(iil, hanl, oak, «V(.- Ilii do Wood. ]iiiic 1~ .".I: ]!iiriiiiij;-lluii!, ])cr kilojji-aiiiliu.' 20 ','•'<' I'ctnilcuni, lilri' l:i li; Since Aii),nis|-, lS7i>, tin price of lircad in Paris lias fallen. In M.nrcli, ]f'7H, it was tor 2 kilo<;raiiiiries ^Oceiilimes, (l.').(i cents, i^old, I'llitecl States.) 'i'lie iiiiceof .■',') eeiiliiius ( l(i,.')7 ceiils, n rcliased lor l.'i ceiils, wliieli, willioiit liciii;;' ol' liist (inaliiy, is ci|U;!lly iioni iMiiii;^. it this ]iiiee tlie workiiif^-classes, if tlii\v Iiad re;;nlai' work, woidd Hot snlfer : Imt it is the aljsence or iiisnfdciency of work that iiroduees sulVeiin;;, ll;i\ jiio^M'ss of which li( conies eveiy dny :i|oie pcrceiii ildc. Add to this the inoidinale i i>e in the price of meat, and Villi liavea II idea of the cruel privations which wei;;h mioii a pnr- lion of the popnhitioii. The coiisiiniiit ion of meat has siitVcred a reduction diiriiii;- this winter, which inoves more than any reasonini; the constraint of the liopiilatioii. In C(msnltin^' the rahlcs of the imiiorts into the iiiaiketof La Violettc we lliid t hat the av- crai;e iiiimhcr of slice]) olfcrcd for sale, which varied from lo.dlK) to 17,0110, has fallen to lO.tllJO or 1 1,000. 'I'lu' nninhcr of calves has diminished hy half. Oxen and cows show a reduction of (iiic-thiril. J'i^i's alone show no noticeable dilfeicnce, but they liavc rciiclied ])rices no loiifii r accessible to small purses. It would be dilliciiit to draw scientific concliisioiis from tlicso data. These tli,nirfs have been collecied altera certain j-iint course, during the two years lf^7! and l--7v!. Tlic\- are not rij;oroiisly-calciilaled averaj;es, but only simiile indii'al ions to sc'rvc as a basis for iiiiich lai;icr and mori' (iroliablc e>ti mates. ISiil certain anomalies an^ observi'd therein, laic indeed, but v.hicli may be due to accidental and isolated inlliienei's, liav- iiij;- acted iijion the iiiai kcts, w hicli have been here selected at hazard wilhont any ]i'is- f-ibility of tiaciiiM back to tin' iieiiiirbalinfi cause, 'i'liis is notably observed asre,:;,ui''i calv( s of a mneh lii;;lii'r inice in 1-711 tliiin in 1.-72, as the increase during the liist of these two years hail reached to one of the most .serious crises. It should be iioti il ili u I lilt side of nieichandise which has a re,t;iilar eonrseal the market, (halle,) tlii' ]irie inciitary articles arc not absolutely thi' same in all (iiiarters of I'aris. l\)lli<\ ,• jii'iicial economic law the most iiojnilons (jiiartcrs arc always best inovisio. :d coiise(]iiciitly the ciieaiicst lilacc ibr i)rovisioijs ; such are tlKMiuartiU' of the Teiii].lc, St. Denis street, the markets, iVi . The peddlers jircfcr to f;'o to these (|iia,rters, a^snii ,[ that there they will disjiosc of their merchandise, 'i'lie shoiikccpcrs always sell a bt- tie hi, uhi'l', when the coin]iet ill;; licddlcrdo''s not oblige them to lowi'i' their prices. Still. the ))i ices of sho|i-kcejiers in iiojiiiloiis (pialters are less than those in the old commiiiHs, aiiiie\iil to the ca|)ilal in l-i'.o, sncli as l!ati;;i]olles, Monlniartre, iVc, ami esjn cinOy at those of the clc^^aiit and rich qiiarteis, but with cxtrcniei;, scatti'ii'd |i(i|iii!aliiiii, Mich as I'assy, Oheteil, Ics C'hamiis Klysecs, Ac., tln^ dilfercncc is about one-teiilli. It is miiidi till! same as regards vegetables. On the whole, the ])iijc of liviii,;:: has in- creased .since the war. while wa^es have remained stationary, i). co;;se(]iieiiee of llii' too lon;j idle tilin? imiioscd on wciiUnicn by the circnmslani cs, and by thc! loss of a certain iiniiibcr of markets taken away from the I'arisiaii industry by tlu' enemy, 'flic o]ieniii;.j of new ccnter.s of sale, on the one ])art, the activity of l-"rencli atiricnlliirc mi the other, the |ierfection of iiidnstiy on the third; linally, the iiicii'ase in w au' s, brought about by the increase of piMilnctioii, will not dclny tlic disapneaiaiicii of tliis temiioraiy ]icrtiirbation. As rei;ards the price of clothin^j;, this has been niodlfii'd but little. The stuck lias loii^- a^o been re-sii))i)lied, and even the ad ivily of t he ta toi ics tends more to ])iiMhi(i> lower prices than hij;l;cr. Tin; following arc *lic jirice.s of some goods in common use; IJiicn. unbleached, for shirts, uood(]nalitv, 1 franc 10 centimes jiei metre, per yard .' '. jO -J'^i Linen, white. 1 franc 7.') centimes li.'i I. i lien, niil)lcaelied, bedding, 1 franc '.>0 cent lines :'* I. i lien, white, bedding, 1 francs "J.") ecu limes i'l I'laiinel, cotton, mediiini, 1 Iraiic ".'O centimes 01 Linen for mat tresses, good (pialily, 1 franc fO centimes •'!> Calico, 1 franc lo cciitiiucij i'i Ill ^0. 3-2 tn $0.01 11 11 IJ 1- on ;;■) ir. 'jd 11 ai SI ;;o LABOR LV FRAXCE. 10 no 7 M) 7 TjO ■! ;•(> :;'.! nil l>^ .-.r 2() :;ii i;i n; h, l'-^*:!, it was lor ice (if f-'.') (•(■iitiiiics ri'uil-iiKiikcts ami (iT Hist (jiialiiy, is j;iilai' woik, \\ui;hl Mcrs sutVciin^. ihii till' inoidiiialr v\>r 1 \vcij;li niioii a |iiii'. iictinn diiriiii;' Iliis II' iMipiilation. In 1^ tiiiii that till' iiv- r,U(Hi. has i'allrii id ■11 and cDW.s .■-hnw li, but they havi- ta. Thoso fin-iiivs HI'S lf^7' and 1-7'j, lidiis to sei'Vc lis u lalii's aii^ oli.scrvi'd d iiilhicnci's. hav- i wilhiiiit any |i"s- lisci\ I'd as it^mk's hninn' the liist nl' (iiild lie notiil ih It ',) till' inir s. rollo', ,• . provisio. ill Icf (it thl^ Ti'UI|.lr, • (|naiti'is, a^sMii'il s always sell a lit- tlirii'inici's. Sti!l, the (lid coiiiniiim's, 'k.-f., and csiM-ci.il'y :tcri'd |Mi|in!atiiiii. (lilt (inc-tciilli. It (if living' has iii- i!;s('i]ncnc(' (if till' il hy lli(! loss dl' a *■ till' cnciiiy. 'fill' !cli aui-icniinrc mi ncicasc in \\a,;;is. iplicaiaiico of this ('. The stiiiU Ikis s iiioi'c to piiKhii'i; Is ill coiimion iism: V. S. «■()!.!. ictrc, per &f)0'- ;ri 21 ;;ii ^■•'"' tln3 Liiv,, '■/''•'"""•'"■•^•■t costs Vi-./ir"' ■■'"t^^'-i'ooiii .,„ I '■'""' '"'f'"' ■j'r ii( 4GG LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ^^ m W > As ii'j;iir(ls (ho };ross ri'vciiiio from Iioiiscs, arcoidinjj; to information rollcrtcd in 1^08 in '.u \ inililic siitcs, it viiiii's, Iiy tini'-si-vciilli lictwccn 1 iini! (1 per cent., nioic tlian liiiU'of llu'ni liclwciiHl !ii'(l s per cent.; liiially i.-i lo onc-tliinl Ix'twccn ',» ami Kl per cent., '.iiiil I'Vcn more ; ami, stranj;!' lo say, tli<' ii-vcnmi of Ikmisch in llic iici;j,lilioriii){ iirniiKlisscmcnt.s is |;riiiTully niiicli hijilicr tlian thai of houses in old I'aiis, because tlio ])idpiielor exonerate liimsrif as nnieh as lie can from the expenses for I he i>reH( ivalion of health and the seem ,ly of his tenants. As ref^ards the net reveiun'. it anionnts to ahoni one-tenth of the \ahie. To jiul^e of it liy tlie ri'snlts of sales dnrini; the last months of l.~71, it ajipears that the valne of houses has not lieen sensilily nlleetcd liy tho war and the insurrection. Xevertheh'ss, in rejiaril to the renters, a perccitlilde decrease has talien place; this is easily understood, lielore 1-T(I theri'wero ll>.tltltl vacant lodi,;- in;^s, while in Au;.;nst, 1-/1, tlu- nnndier of vacaiu-ics amounted to .")l..'illil on i\ total of (i.".0,(;,ll apaitnienls. 'I'he iirice of liuildin;i-f;ronn(l in the iuteriorof I'arishas liUewiso 0(l on tho new Opera I'lace. Fi(un !!••'•,'.") lo li^'ti Ihe price of ^rround has risen on Saint Lazare street from sll..lO to SllO; on Saint (ieoiirc's street from >|;1.">.MJ lo 81'-'0; on La E<'renes-(les-Yathniuiu from f^VS lo !j'i;io; (Ml Alhosy street irom !ir>'^.10 to ^'!f; on Pascal street from ^ir'-l.-U to ;ilj; tjiuiirter I'rancis I, from s~ to $'>0 per sipiare metre. llul Ihe sit nation seems to have cl]an;;ed in a nolabh' manner. JMr. De Lnbey, at tho mecliiii; of the I'edilico-Kcononiical Society in .luly, l^T",', mentioned Ihe ease of a bnildin}{ constructi'd in Paris helore Ihe war havinij; cost, for f;i'onnd and erection, tTli.li'.Mi, which was jilaccd under ad.judicalion at the iirico of jioU ,01)0, then at .^lOjUOO and siio.iiiio, wilhcnl lindin.ir any bidders. ]i'.L;ardin;,' occuiiied lodjiin^s, they yii'ld a revenue of .'5;40,9sO,000 for (i(J,0(IO hoiLsos in l'a;is,an averaf^e of si;v!l inste.id of SITP in Ihe year l&io. ']'hi> rcvcnuo is thus dislrilinled : .tTjTTH.ODiMor •J.Mi.tid-l lod,t;ings, at less than SGO; .'l;i,7';i',('(iO for l."i'.!, :!!('> lii(l}:in<;s, at less than iUOli; .'r(i,>-U),UH(i for '.lfA-^:> lod^in;;s, at less than i-'-iW ; j:!.(;iili,UUU for ll,f^GG lodgiufis, at less than islJUO ; !f'J,OUI),Ui;0 for 17,801 hid,uin,!.;s, of over iJ.'dO. It h;is been atteuiplcrt of late to n'lnedy the hieh juices of Iodginj;shy hiuldinL;- houses cspi'cially for mi'chanics and sma!' ..\\ shoi)-keepers. U)) to the present timi' noth- ing has been so siu_'ct;ssl'ul as the liousea ou Arras street, No. '.i, by the society of masons and si(U]e-cntters, lor eo-operalivo .society Viinirimv ttiunuhiVurf, (real-estate savings society.) 'I'he ground containeil a surface of 7 l.'i metre-, of which d'.,'-! are hinlt upon, i;nd '.•! are in litigation. The buildings are of two kinds — those intended for dwellinga and stcues and those designed for public meetings. The lirst contains on the grouiul floor live shops with lloor-rooni l-ii metres each ; m Ihe second story, two rooms to Ijo divisible accoiding lo the needs of tlie .shop-keejier or othei- occupant; in ihe tliinl, fourth, .•md lil'th l.igelher, 411 lodgings. All lodgings are remark.'iblo lor their excellent distriliution, for thi^ir good arrangeuu'nt, anil for tin.' condorts they iinitvi. The kilche;i is no longer used, and has been replaced by ii heating-stove jint into tlio inti'rior oi' the principal roiun. This ap;>aratus will give as niucli heat as is i, ceded in the iiioui in which it is idaced.and is so contrived that no cidinary vaiiors are percep- tible in the room. They allow the tenants to cook wiulo going on with their own W(Mk, which, as tin; worla'rs earn but little, is a gr<'at advantage. In all these lodgings there arc arrangements made for lighting anil heating with gas. In all the K{ories there are city water, wash-tubs, and water-chiset on the closed system. Thu bed-rooms are iiariiuetteil and ornauienled with looking-glasses. Tlicso lodgments rent at 6'JO to .'?71l.v;(i. ii really moderate price. Such advanlages have hecu readily appreciated by the public ; for -10 lodgings there wore 10 lenters before tho work was eomiileted. Thesccond building combines a large hall with l.'JOO seats, and will arcomnioiliito l.."IMI persons. It is well lighted and conseiiuently n.eetings held in Ihe day-tiuie liavo no cxiiense for light. 'J'lie price of seals is much less than in other halls in I'aris. I5i".nles this largo hall Iherearein this sanu; tmilding small meeting-rooms which can hold eighty persons at very moderate rents, also for the aceonnuodat ion of tim juiblic whenever qi d. All these, buildings are perfectly liealtiiy, being of brick anil iron, and veiy sidid. 'J'lie real-estate savings society deserves connnendation for carrying out this pro- ject, which, in addition toils philanthropic purposes, has achieved a ri iiiarkable liiuiu- cial success. In Paris a furnished room rents very liigli. Mi.serable cliamhors cost 400 and 4','0 francs. It is by no means a rare thing to have to )iay s;10 or ^I'i per month for one furnished room. The prico of largo apartments furui^hed iu inoportiou very luncli greater. Tho event;-! of 1S70-"71 have brmight about a decline in rcnts,l)ut oidy in high rents. Kegarding tho low rents, they have only had tho eliect to suspend iho rise, The cuii- 1 ('(illcotrd ill lf*G8 (•('lit., more tliiili iCCll 1) 1111(1 10 IIIT till' iici^li'MHiiiif I'liiiH. lirciuisc tliu rtlic picsi ivatioii inc. it iiiiKiiiiits to '.s (liiriiitr tl"' l'i''*t ilv alicclid liy tlio rci'Iitililc (IcLTciiso '.'.(ilKl viiciint idili^- I.TiOil (III IV toliil (if riiviHliiis likewise 'I'lum it liMH liccn cr (if l.'aiiiliiilcaii 1(1 licl wccu ^■oisillo •;i riiiec. ■oit IVoiii $ll.-tOto (■s-Yiitlmiiiiii from fidiii •'i't.'-O to 5;15; . Dc Ijilicy, at tlio ltd Ilu' I'lisi) (if n mill mill (•r('(ttiiiii, 10, lluiii at 61U,UU0 ) for (i(i,fl()0 liousps at less than S'jO; if-Ji') l(i(i;,'iiinx, at ,OIH),011U tor 17,801 liy Iiiiildiiii; lionacs ll'CSl'Ilt tilllC IKltll- .siioii'ty (if iiiasoiLs cal-t'sliUc saviiii;s '■11 ilI(^ llllilt n]l011, idcd tor d\vclliii;;a liiis on tlif uriiiiiiii v, two roiiiiis to lio ant ; in the third, for ilu)ir (.'xci'llwit miito. »t(ivf jiuf into tlio I'at as is iicimUmI in .■a)iiirs arc iicrci'ii- in with tU(-ir own and licatiiiLC witli hisct on the closed n;;-}il asses. Tlieso antii:;es have been renters before tlio will aocoinniodiito the day-linic liavo Kills in I'ari.s. ctiiifi-rooiiis which iiiiiKiilatioii of tlio by, lieiii^- of brick v'u\nt8, Llic rise. Tiie euii- LABOR IN PRANCE. firaf ion of Ntrnnffors niul nv,.. <• "lent of the ,..,„, (...i """"^ven of pmv L'rat 11.1 ,.!■ .. I-'' ■"' "ii'cli by til,, ,i,.,.,i... . ,." "cial.'., friglttoncl 4G7 1)0 ^ration of ^ ],; accoidi 1'^' to it.S 1 I""' of iiie j„i deal ll.S III t ''•'."'IsiiiTcet'ioii I ■.vniKl ni(.asi,r(. J,y th "icnted by al,„i,( Jf i- (li/iieiilt to i I'nmy„fl,,„„f„„,.^ Klo llld.s wen. boii.r) iiorinal r !'<• civil w ate (iC has ill ■■i''itaiit,s. J!,,sj,i, increase, W(i„|,|_ , cs, the 'las ;ir as li\- ,1, l"'Iiiilafed :i'<>rt,iti,)„ ,.,,„,' (" c\eitp. I'l'inihilioii ,,,• I ;oo(I iiii- orcsee liinv ,1,, -■-■^-i;x;;^;:;':'''"->7.:/ 'K'nicnthoi lii^di. J( formed the ofl ises. S, ".l-"''*'^ Will flld lit r.,tM)(i ,„■,:,„„, lave b '" at loo Iii.r'l he Vera I I liiiildiiin whi . ^vhieh, II aiii soeiel 'I ."'as caused 1 ^•''''''•!l'!."-.vlSVI,'?r.-*''''^ ics have al '.y fl into ivai le lliiii.,i(.,.||. '(■tiirii of s(,. f^inall lod ly fal "i.U'cis and '/ :"';^,.'"i;'^^'""'^M.iacHi «'t'^'c, the 1 '-' '"' ■ "■" •'I'ai'iiiciitscaiuK 7;iiicdy, I,,. ,,, '■ini|iiillity ,„|i,. cili/fhs I I'oiil I a ban oncd tl loiiHes Jiave I lie de] can fiirn ISh ;j ,. (It I 7-| "as vcr\ lio IC In '■\';"'. win last i ^".'in.and II iiecii "■'■'■".V under the I arlnicnt.s to J ^really ,| widows, j lilt a lilt ";i;|-oiil;i(;toi;s.se)| fj imaged; ire of (1„. I iris. ]„• ,1 icoiir ^lii'lll!' •imti "'ciicsdnri,,,,. ,1 11, 111! verd "iiniidists, ni whil icni at jiii ■'I iiniiiber of (I tenants | 'inarteiH ■oiul 'IC SI-, ..,,„ ,. •'"'[••'lid the I btiuctionofnowniilr en of !,,(, Hire air in tl crs, as -.-of/h,;'',:^';!;i?'';:'-''yio.rTt ell :s SOI oad.s and "■'"■iKhliorli„o.l„c liiiddl,, el.., ""'. "'ijiilali.sts I "laiiiways will ] 'he woods '„i] MiirIc a desii ■(-'. to '"iiloKiie. TJ invo alrcad for tiiiid I'lciiractici wants at MpcDds 1 cents varies "wee 'y refenvd to tl,, IV.— I '■■'(-t: op- V accord i '"',i<>iiiyiiitellini:,";ii ''-^-""•.■.,i-d.i,:;i;^G^ ■OVI.SKJXg, lavi) how- ■o|iii?, enjoy ■SO (jiiarter lie Coil- !V'->^'''h:uu: ]^T'!!,!'^'!'^]'- of *^iod 'H'O'St of, 1(1 ,■.,,„, -M ■NS of „ !<. or even .^',|ijaysiiii)i|yt fastc,and,ta|. sfl'ci'j,'lh dee'l iiii>^cnlar fo,,.,., „ ■'•' cents, e Iicniseh '^iii.U'a ll; Tl isis (if IC da ilv ch. A w ■''■'"■ilnsiiKii.i, . ''N'pcnso ""i.Parison. ,„.„, i-..y.'^P(.,,d;h:;;;,;;;••';'^^^■ -stain h..rsef,^ ;i;^ 'iiian, Ml T fiiiK cents, bread wl Wo meals s nil I lie; l>cr da Tl 'lit ill ">* Is how Jl J, at, lialf III af 11 and! f^iicli ease i ajw number of ',',:' ''""'" ,""' liealil lo. in hei " an cxpeiiditni idforthi.ini einp 'ly "yiHelit. lion, i; e CCIlt.s 'iich h .. 1- I . *"((oil, "Inch a lal 1' coiisiini, t.'i: Ii 'lit tw ■cnt.'. cs or ,, o'cloel. at ( At n W(ir o"cIoel liiii^f-nicn li\ I IS injniei of •Jii I,,. .J., and tho ' 'I'eloek, soup, .J or I piece ofehce.se, .| ■c.s ordinarilv '„■' '^'."'ily the ind poniii tciit^ perd '"■ war, .s,„„e b„;,n'l ividnal c.\| 'ay 1» Willi him IV Cents cents, a ei ,"'<;ii- an ordi„,,n lalt .Some- 'I' ration ot'i,,,.,.,, ■"in reaso, '")'• l^s. This^iv,..; IS OI , •(■sides tho S^.]!:^:s'±:t:»:?':'^SS^^^^^^ !or the d; '■"""iii.v. and of meat ,/< llf,'-ll(ii|ses \v is/>:iirioiis iH , I'licbiiiiili iiasrai.sed lave di.. I'' could d; lor '"11 t'stablisl ' "1' siipei appeared or li 'ld^.e:;r^,?'"•:'^->■^>l^ ti at U (M'llts iien 'liiality, but and brea|,;f ave "lie could f, in th tl [."■:ce to ](), 1-) "'«i'c.sfablisliiii,,„f. ^.nu'ntofJ^,,,,,,„.hicl advanced their I ' ^^•c|■o list for ^a ( i.s- '1'* exanijili.. I( least For bread at tl ■■^iiicc the hit s. a 'nay be s, and I '** W''llastli,if, of ■cuts. Tl 'i Rcrvc.l port 'West prieea lie 111 ■lid that tl workw 'men, ti t' events whieh I wines; 10 price of r ions of ICC of fniiis ll ind most rest meat at kcwi ''andr ciMits. Iieir Hid drink 1 homes; tl CSS W 11' quantity of i 'laye (lelii^r,,d ''•■■^faiirant I aiiraiits have t '" lllcre;lsed ndispcn.sjibl coiiiifry ill ii'i '.^■in.iih.'isnse iwed .''-■n'-'>a'.".vr;r;:;:;:;r''''i^i'--it;si 'I "iie-lifti, at '■ incy can also | Eir-"!'.";anks; "CS most hoi ive at 2-> ity (if Wiiiid I), exfeiide Women "riotheh. '.' a sjiirif of ;encr;illv. Tl CCIlt.s, -jn (.cut.. niori! inor;d ii'ichold all economy till I'.v pn and evi'i c.ss. Tl 'Ic.sirable, i I'y, resin, |..|( :;-":it'ivery,itt/;,.'^;' .V admiral, 1,. ,,1 ■pari! at least' Th, 'ii'.v cat h\s.s • meal loi and the onl ";wever, that the ] '.■'""■aH:e, and I, ' almost iiiira,.,,! S'-^atcrski' 'v^l ";''A'"ayto(lo,hi;i;' ^'••■'Kcs will ,'"""''"nrsof ,. .. ,. f sar. . (lea'ih, "' '/'if^ed and w work in the day unit of ] 'if-Mve it al "■'■'■ is ccrfai,,jv -is wants thai ' ill a 111 ■voniaii 'U.S. ■<'iiinneratioii for ajor- ^,r"i:p|irsof'v^;odi;;;^r:'':'"''''--'abf:'d't ■'".id it is the I i} belt '''.-''icr value li cr pay 1 '■ siistciianeeand ""•«'«""*■:?£- 't,f;...::rS,-;, "procure for tl comfort, Tl " >" "lan. It women '.s work be y'ii"r,Mnstriietion, liiis tho '"!■ (he work. Tl lis i.s a (pn.st icilisclve's tl m.uiationof;hei;;,^:;'^'r'''-''''-i^'-K;i: I'eupl, he lleee.s. 'II of life ami e w ll o cou- SILK INDUSTRIES OP LYOXS. GEOKGE EEXAl •D. Tho f n . •'"^"^siiaPS OP LYOXS obtalno't"t^;;(^..;:i'?"-'-'^i''n in ro.afd to tUo Uuiu t • ''*^'^^^;im^':'iSi^t- i'l i' 468 • LAHOU IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tlio trniisliitioii iVoiii tin' FrcMirli and tlic valnablo explanatory notos Avert' suiiplictl h\, u prat'lical .silk inaiiiiractiirc'r, Mv. T. Nelson Dalejr., ot Tiitei'sun, >^ew .lei.sey. Aiimvcrx to ijiindUms auinriiiiKi llw i»thifi1r\vs of Ljinim ( Fniticc) mihmillal to the "Coiisti/ ihn /'(•H(//i(>w/m'.v ■■•'./;>»• tlir ^ilh■ hiilK.^Iri) of J.ijaiit, lSiiilimhi.i; l'^/^. \M. (ilsr.AT iNOl'STIilKS. I. fVlial cir lilt jiriiil liitliif^lfir^ of Ihf (hiud'lmiiil? Till' rliit I'iiikI liy I'm' llu' most iniiinitniit \\ itliiii tlii' jnrisaiction of tlio connril is tlio t;il]< iiKimilac'tMic \viili its iniiufrnuM MiixiliMrics. Tliis imliisliv ini'liiilis, iiMidi- rniiii llio niisinmif ,sill;-\voniiH, (•ncoon-wiiKhii;,', Kilk- tliKAviiif;, liruiiiln'N whifli. willi a U'W fxcciitit)iis, an; iiio.scciUul williiii tlic Lyons district : ii i ■ i Isl. 'I'lir (ly.iiii;' of tlii'owii iiiid siuiii silk, worstrd iiml cdttoii yarns, tlio (lyciiis iiml lu-inliii"- (il'iiiccc-L'iioils, ili'sifiiiin;; ami tlif ciijjraviiiii; oi'iiiUc-rs liu' tin^ saim:. :^'(1. Tln> \v.Mvin« 111' plain ami ti-iiivd noixls, talii'tas, satins, vclvL'tH.lbulardH, 1am- )ias,"t iiialnialH I'll!' iTcli'siaslical and iililinlstt;|-y lUii-iMisi'S. •M. The iiiaUiiii', n|i| and windin.j,' t'l' trams and orKaii/.inos; warpiii;,', bramiii};, inimntinii, and slaitunt nl' liMimsi^N tho making ol' licadlcs with oi- williuut )nuii.s;i| and till' slaniinn;; I'l' palli'iMi I'ai'ds.'i , ■ • ,. ■ 'llli. 'I'lio shcaiinfi i>l' M'lvcis, watciin^', oiiibo.ssinf,', rnusliiiif.', and sizing ol \nL'w- goods, and Hum liansiiifi (d' pii'i'i's soiK'd ill pidci'ss ol' nianiifaclnro. And, linallv, i>iicnitloiis coniiccli'd willi wfaviii^; and uinbroidcrin^' iii KoM and tlio niannlacliiii'" of ti'immin.us, coniiMisin-- tlu^ drawiii-;- of ^idd, silver, and lirass into tluvads and strips ; (|u> coviMin!;- of silk and cotton threads with strips ol loil ; oriia- liicnta!triinminu,cmliroidrriiiK, the iiiamifaclnro of biiuliugfJ, hut bauds, chenille, goods ■Willi ra\clcd edges and friiiAjcs, Ac , , , . w 11 <■ Tulles; hosiiry and -loves of silk, cotton, and worsted ; plain and hgnred laces of bilk and col I on;'" storking knit I iug and crochet -work. The nianutacliuv of fell, with [diish, straw, and cloth hats. II. IVIiat ix llli- ivnilirioii of III!' oiurnlins in llienf imhislrks? Therii are two classes of weavers— master weavers, who own tlio niacliincry ; mi\ joiiriieyiiicii weiivers, worlong nmler the former for lialf tho price paid tor thu •weaving. It „ , , The worksll g(.|ieiallv contain from one to four looms— rarely moro. Til.' gross earnings of' the mast<-r vary from -1 to li fraiicH, (-0 cents toSjl.SU;) those ut the jonrueymcn, from '.' to :i francs p.'r day, (10 to (K) cents.) All extra' expenses are defrayed by tho master. Journeymen dyers woiK by the day or hour, according U) the custom ot the en;- idover, ti'n hours' ennsliliiliiig a working day. , ^ .,, j'lost of tho iiieii eiirii Irom I to 5 francs, (,-^U cents to !rl ;) a few as much as o.,iH, (ill, 1(1, ■> per dav, , , . , 1 i In additimi to ilie ionrnevmeii, laborers are nsed for work which docs not recpinv special skill, 'I'liey \w.i k 1 [ hours, and earn from ■'> to 1 francs, (tiUto tO cents,) avci- a"in" 'd.oii, ^7(l cents, ) ''Souie ot till- nianipiilatioiis before and after the dy.ing, .such as the undoing and making np of silk,vV\ rennire female labor, which is paid at the rate ol Irour.^,-^,^ Iraacs (-1,-. ceias) to -'..'I'U.MM'cnts) perday of 11 hours, , n.wir Overtime is paid M \o tilt centimes (10 tol'icciits) per hour for men, and uO {V> cents) iov women and iipprentices. From these rales a deduct ion should be made for loss-timo^ "'•('(laiMalT.t's.'Irclinrii for tin- silk iiMlnstrv ; " a cdiinniftoe roinixisi'il ef Imtli rnirloyers .irdoiin.i. lives lorlliraiiiiiMlilem'lll.Mui'iiti>l'r»ii(iiivirsirs. estul.lisliid li.v Imw in b (u;. as ,■; romi nt iirliiliMtiMi. i Ki'rli sill>:i w illi salhi la'iiia.l and laiw taU'eta linuns in irlj.l. Tlic rcvcrsr ul (lainasU • Kelliii-' 10^;. llur 11 luimlhT eC Mk.'iiis iiiln a hank, and tlieu knottiii.ti it to la-cvciit tlio billv lo.m S' t liiV' -iiailTil. "'I'lii-i iMilmip Iviili lirf.ive and al'lir il.vi iiiu'. ,, , .. ., 1 .• 1, ,.0 r'vieuHliM": Pas.^lM|,vll..' v^ ar|. I liro.i^li rent aial Lanu'ss. Stnrtin.2: llcsalntilig ti.enuinl-rni shoiu, ofVieilth- i.ri lad. (It I'atali'. iil'«.' Ilie leasiuM „r warp, .vc, tunialui tla; f''M'n''''dqafi itV " «">|d^^^ II Sunr liVadl.s ,nv iimil" laeivly witli a Idop lor tlio wari.-tliivaila, ollier.saro providuil \MtliMu.iUi-tul *"r The Ik.'w'a is WvM laade on vaii.-r, tin',, tl.o ear.ls for tlio loon, are staiiiiH^.l accormnslv. *. Tlie .-ollv l,floiif;s to llio niannla. I upr. lie stials U . tlii'Mi 111 r HI lidn or leiiiith Inr tlieir labiir. , . ,, , „.„\,,i li'i ii. ..' ' ■ w. rl>H ■• roiiM.- 4 .-.iini.K oT a lar^e loota u( .snlliciont size to aconnniiodati the looui.s, .v.ul rf a small aiiioiiilnn l»'drooin and liin lion loiidum d, I'or tlio weaver and Ins lainily. •» I taUo'it llieio mo no woMod tnllos or laoos, a.- tlio original soonis to imply. 1' (),■ .:,,;;ii„-. ; Uaios . -Ol"' fioni till. Kianiu V (tli!ov..-.lo!-| done n). 111 kii.iU. d rolls, Tl du ■ li.s tomid.rthoso, NiiaiaUlon onl llio ;d..ins. nainl llieni. and mark llioin witli vaiioubly UuottcU stnui,?, w as to distiii;iiu.-.li llie lol.s, Alb r llio dyein;;-, tliu .silk isunule up into rolls iii;iiiu. I-AHOR in FRANCE. tho conncil is tlio I siziii;; of ii'iWA'- d figured liicos of toiJl.SO;) tlioscuf ir iiicii, aud 30 (10 jviiU'ilwithstuallsttol )iliUi the Idoiiis, ami of '.f;s3ii"i;«7^-:'"'":,-*^!-""- .,: ''' "•'S";-;ir ,Fs;i:;:t-:i?S'^"';'«'- -*= ., ••»"■"■■■ «».... i,: .,"::';;,"■■ "■ «"■"' i"'« . .';,'i:".'- ,"'" >-••« «...„ ,„„ 'i:.t&iSF'' '■ >'-"<"*:: ;t';i;;r;rff, .,,„„ rss^^sss^HE: """ '■'■- ";"::: -»^s^^'S?SS^^^^ ' ,y'" ""■'•« « .'/m,^ „n„,i„, . , , "•'"' ' ^"•-'•^-ti.i.o ',,„"•'""'' P'TsoMs cn^^Ha,,! in tl, "^ tnnin,in- to ''"yS,^;.i'sS;-"'f "•"■■ ■"""-"■•i." ...II. .,„„„,•„„.„ il 4ro LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. I ; ft* ■ u IV, (I hat in ihr ptnmil tharwhr of the rvUil'wm vxitlbiri hitwitn rmploycrs and oprratlrcs 1 111 till' wcuviii;; iiikI ill tlic liillc iiiiliistrifs, iiistuliility in tlicir priiici|ml fmliirc. KiiiiiliiyitM iitiil i>|iiT:ilivc'.H iiic ciitiiily imlfpi'Milciit of iik li oilier. Tlicy iimko aiul flosc ciinii^icliicnts « illi I'licli otlirr Willi llic ({li'ilti'.sl, liicilily. 'I'lir iMi^lidii ol' iiiliicMt is tlir ruling; ouc. Tim workiiiuu work . for liiu ciiiiiloyiT, anil llii' c'liiplnyir piiys liiiil for it. Ill lliit, iiH well .'is III ilif other iniliisliies witliin tlie Jiirisilictioii of tho coiinril, tlio rel;ilicili.K lii'lwceii ciiiiildyers and ojk rat ivcs are f;eiicrally iiiiijealile. .Miu.sui'es ealeiilaleil to reeoiieilc the e iirovided with ;;iiod recomine'idations can borrow a sum not exccedins; .10 francs (s^) for each of Ihedr looms for plain goods, and oO francs (slO) for each one for li;,'ured ijoods, 'I'lie rate of interest is .') per cent. If the loan i.s not returned when due, the coiii- paiiy is rc-inibiirsed by a retention of waives to the extent of i;. As retiards the dyeing industry, some employers have endeavored to better the con- dition of IIk' workmen by assisting thciii by means of viduntaiy contributions in be- coming inlerested in the '• nintnal-aid societies'' and "pension banks," or by giving them, ill tilt! way of a premium, a share in the jirolits of the cstablishnieiit, or else liy liiovidiiig them with a physician in case of sickness. The worknieii have forim^d a "mutual society," wliiidi is at jiresent in a nourishing condition. Employers are admitted as homu'ary nn-mbers, A few journeymen dyer.s belong to tho " niiitiial-loaii societies" and " co-operative stores" of the place. In i-ll;! home journeymen dyers formed llicmselve.s into a " co-operativo joint-stock coiiii any, with a variable amount of capilal." 'J'weiity men are employed in the works. The dyers have also established a "protective and industrial society" to oi)|io,so n reduction of wages and al'lord lelief to the victiiUHof accidents (ineiiibers only) and to thosi' who have Ijcuii rejected by tlio mutual societies. Members pay 00 centimes (10 ciMits) a nionlli. llatiers have five "nintual-ald societies" in tlio departruont, including tlio woiiicu Lat-trimniers' society, lu the tulle and triiiiiiiiiig industry there aro no sncli organizations, \1. Han there hieii an increase in wages in the (leparlment f The (luestion of wages is a vital one, csjiecially in coninierce mid tho more iniport.int manul'aetnreH, It is oia; of tlu^ ino;-t formidable problems of modern society. I'orsi'V- cral years wages liavi! been gradually and regularly increasing with a correspimding increase in the prici's of the various articles manufaetiircd. Thus, the price of velvets has iiieri'ased .'I) to lit) per cent.; " pattern.s,''t ligiircd and fancy goods, 150 to 4U per cent.; iaii'etas and (dain goods, 15 to '.iO percent,; dyeing (during tho last 2 years alone,) 10 to Vi per ceiir, III tile tulles maiiiifaeture, the rates of wages remain on an average nearly station- ary, Ibllowing the lluctnat i(Uis of supply and deimind, Jleii earn 4 Iraiics, (fO cents,) and wdiueii k!,,";0 (T,!) cents.) and women embroiderers working at liouic in the country earn iVoui (i(l.J centimes (1:^ cents) to l.iJU francs (;>0 ci'iits.) In tlu' hatter.s' trade llu-re has been a rtiluctiou of oil per cent, in all hand work for whii li niachiiu! work has been substituted. The price of " brushed hats, Flemish style,''; Las increa.sed '20 per cent. In g(dd-weaving, Ac, tho r.atea Lavo increased 20 per cent,, and in the nianufactnro of trimmings, 17 per cent, * (,'liiirc(ial is extensively used in I'miice I'or cenkiii^' mill lieatin;; jiii^'peses. I (i(ii)ils in wluc'h tliuif is .Tuy variety in tLo play uf tLe tlui-iiil.«, (a.s ser^'i'.s.) sinijilo designs, but not fluwurs, ligurcs, ic. ; ilata with a lumj silk pUisli. LABOR IV FRANCE. •lien tine, tlic coiii- n the manufacture pi-»'.«;,;™ri;;r,Rt''i';!':^»'-'''"«"S3^ n„. „ = "- """ "■"■-;-"'s»;t;:i;\:;=S" ?;■'!"- s:i: ' «"»-''^i;iSS£;:;;!:;:i Si-; fc r-*=;is»:,£r7"T'"'''''»- - -v "'""'••■f "f 11.! / . ' ;;i'',;,„ ""^ ■'■ '"'"..V ™ I ;",?";;: ■"■;'"'■,»" "'■■ i-i"- Il.mc,,,l,,,,. „,,,,,,,,,,^i;,,' tj"..n,,,l,.r,,,,.|,^ ' i'"° •Ill if,-,7 thiT^^r ;~,; — — — __^ •* '"•' <'i"i''i'y- !'•« tu„ ,u,n,i, ;:' :'r iv.i\''''v-'\'%''fio^,;fTn;;ri;;:T-7-^ — . era 'Somi^.ifnotill nf.i """-"•'««! to .|,.)io. SomoVt.r. .",,,, /'''''''''■'■■'•'''l'''''^^^W ?s:s-,n;;i^H j™-i"5'3S£!s' ?s^ ■ ». if I' • 472 LAIIOR IN EUROPE AND AMEIilCA. km: tiiii; and drawing' in,* licaiiiiiit,', \var|iiii." ivcdlii ' li.iltiTh-ranl.si.inipiiit,', lli.' inaiiiilariiiiv of ,Iar(|ii,iid iiiacliim'«, sliiUlicH, "e.'d.i, ui7d otiirr wcavcix iiMiilcimiilM, and llii' loMsiiiiition oC Iimmii.s, Tliciv arc also nijiior indiiMtiicH connected wiili d^\ein>,', nn tlic dvciiij; und clcuiiNin" of picec-noodH HO, led in proei'^s of maimraetnie, (and Raiments.) A very iiii>denitc in"! voliiicnt .NUlliccM fdiH small l.nNincs.t wliieli is Hiistained liy local wants. Tlic owner does the work liiniself, and in Imsy times employs oto' or more as,-,i.sianis. Tlii^ hiiindiy Inisiness Hlionld also lii^ mentioned, wliicli is inoviiif,' from the city totlio cmiiiUy. It in lieeomln;; ((iiiio e.Mi'iisivc, and even snstain.s some lar^^c citalili-l'iincuts. II. ./(■( the. miiilfr imtuHlriai imlimd In muiiilitin or exlind thcnmlveH, or biromc alim-bcJ bu llic iirml oninf ' III. // //((■// an hfivmiiid ahuorhtd, utitlc llir nio.it iipparent cauw of it. They arc rathiu' incliiwd to iiiaiii'ain llicmselvcs, liccanso of tlio clicaniiess and aim- inicily ot the ncecH.H.iry machinery and implcmenis. Tliero Ih no dan^cf of ahsorpiion, either at present or in the future. IV. .Urilif of uorkmvn None. V. Has ihm been an increane in the ralti of wagex in thrxu indiistriva t Have the i,rio i ,>f thr tinrmirii'ii oj life inertiMiif -^ The same answers arc given as to questions V and VI, under the head "Great illdiis- The iiicrciiso in wa>;.'8 is, on an tivcia.ijc, only from iiO to 30 per coiit. LETXEU FKO.M THE UNITEU STATED CONSUL AT LYONS. The followiiij,^ lottor from tlio fonsiil of tlio United Stiitcs iit Lvons Kivcs .some additional fact.s in regard to tlie cost and condition of lldiur m that seat of the siiiv indnstry : Unitkd States CoN.sur.ATis, Lyonn, France, yovemlnr 7, 1-73. DiMit Sni: •*•»». On the whole ther.- is a very -reat difVcrcnce in tlw nainre of work and (he nm,le of livm- ol the worUnien m this country and in the Knited .States, and in mv oiiini.Mi it IS ,;.lmosr. imiio.sihlc t,) jml-c of the relativ,^ a-ivcal.lcness of tlin work aiid the well- hem- o the laborer l.y plac in- the kind of the lormer and the cost of the various arll- clcs ol ood elotbin-, and ol honsu-rcnt iu the two coimtrios into a comparative posi- tioii with the eariun-s III wa-es. ' ' The lahor market of the Lyons re-ion is jrovornod and .absorbed to the -reitest ex- tent by the maniilaetnreof hilks. This complicated industry divides its.lfTnio a "ivat niunbcr ot separ.ite mampnhitions, s.) much so that-a few cases cxceptcd-ihe laaim. taeturer.s cannot keep the pi^o-ivss .d' their work under their direct contnd. Tiieir Inni. ncss consists principally in dislributiii- the materials as they adsancc to the dilfercnt ilegrces ot pertcction, anion- the various sections of their workmen. These take tlio matcn.-ils to their iK.mcs and there perform the task a.ssi-iied to tliciii. In this wav it happens that a lot ot silk, alter beiii- spun and dytid to bo made into a piece of dr.^ss- Koods, passes eif;lit or nine tii-,es throu-h the manufacturer's ollicc before the piece ar- rives hnally on nis shelves, ready for sale. ■• TwiatiiiK aiul .IrawiiiK in ; i. e., iittiichiu- tlie llircaila of a new warn, one by one to the tiiriinn or io'.;:"5!:,tl]a 'ui:u^u:luu^-J:::^':^ i:::^^r''' -"- -^^ -- -'='^ ^- '"« ^^^t time, tu. t>av.a. ...vo I-ADOR IN FR,vj,.CE heivmt aliaiirbvJ by ilieaiiiifss .iinl sua. :« coiiqiauy or iocU.ti) f".;Sl,;.-., ';;.■,;•'';":■■» li„M |iv„ ,„,,,„.„ ., ^' *'-Oft :;-r!;ri,;;;:'7r'--^ ""■'"■"■ --'-.^ i- «... -s^i5fw»t«« a m wiM 474 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. and ntiiu'.iniitioii, iind 11 to iiiiikc Hwovds niid liii.voiicts. Ei^^lit tliousMiid hi'v<'T1 hundred aii(liiiiii 'y-iliii't' \v()ik\v(inu'ii!ir(M'iiii)Ui.v('ili!i11i('iiiiiiuifii<',turiM)ltt'xtde;t'iiliri('ii.un(l'J,ri.")l) ill till! i.nidnctiiMi dl' Mitiflcrt of liiniiliirc ; 7-^:i of tlicso bciii}^ ciitalo^nuMl iis ciiliiiuit- inakcrs, 1,1J:! as iipliolstcrcrs, ToH iis bt'diliiij^-iiiiiki'i's, mid :U( as lookiii^j-.tjlass iii:ikt;r,s. Connected with biiihlinjr, \vi^ ai'o asloiiishril to see :! aiidiitcets, ri sawyci'.s, .1(1 carpcii- ters and joiners, S masons and shiters, ',)'.) niailih^ ainl stone cutters, 7 ehiiniiey-iiiakers and Mwee'iis, and 1 l)hiiiil)er; then come To iiai>er-haii|,'eis, f^U iiainteis, ;;Ui/.iers, plas- terers, and lieeoralois, and 10 ornanieiital-ih'coiators. Ceracmie niauutactoiies alibid emiiloyiiient lo Mil women, chemical work:; to iSTii, candle-tactories to .'):!; I'i are en- gaf,'ed' in tlie making of f;as, 4i:> in various nielhods of inanipiilatin^; h'alher, :i'X> in Jiietal and lundwaie work, 'J^o in turn in;;, liox-nialiiii',', and other trades comiiiji; under the lieadinu; of wood, and :\7 are employed in tlu^ manufacture of cast iron, steel, eop- Jicr, and olher melals. Willi the exception of the niilliners, who iiro boarded by tlieir employi'rs, and receive an annual salary, eniliroiderers appear to b(! the best paid, sini'o they can depend upon earning' from 11 to 17 sliillin.us a week ;ill tins year round; •^^•llile -J shillings a day represents the iiicoino of the ordinary |,'ood workwomen in must other trades. THE ■WORKING WOMEN OF FRANCE. A sorio.s of articlos niidcr the above caption, traii.slated from tlio rrciich of M. Jiik's Simon, \vlu(;li rcccMit'y iip[)Ciaii'(l in tlit! New Yoik Evening' Tost, are of sticli interest tliat eoiiious extrtiets are here presented : AUril'ICIAI- 1-I.0\VF,1!.S. iVers may well dispute, the palm in point of freslmcis ilooiii ill gardens. The lovely women of both woiid:) it'll Ihev dress tlii'ir hair. It a\v formi'ily stood llr>t ■ipicntly Lyons was celelirated lur Nearly live thousand women ani The best, Tavisian artificial flow of appearance willi those which li..., „ buy ai Paris llie llowers with which they dress tliiir liaii in the mannlaetiire of llowers, silks, and laces ; sii)isci|iieiit its llowers. AI iireseiil I'aris stands pre-eminent. Ni'arl; engaged in this liranch of trade. The most skiilfiil are artists wlio study natural How er.s with r<'al enthusiasm, ;'ii(l imitate them with greater llde)ity than tlii^ best pai.iterd. I 111,11. ,,1,11^1,,,,, , 11, .,.1,^, 111 1^1. Lii, ..•,.,, ^'1.1.111^1:1. three francs for a day's work of eh^ven hours. A Their receipts .soinctiiiies amount to ,, ^ .» Jtiiirinlv can live very comfortably, if she is not seized with a desire to deck her owu ]icrsoii Willi the wreaths she makes anil exhibit them at the Mubillo. CUTTKliS OF I'iiKCIOUS STONES. Every one understands -why Paris should bo the center of tlowcr-iiiaking, but liy ■what strange and inexplicable anomaly has the culling of precious stones been estalj- lislied on the summit of o!ie ot the ,)ina Mountains ,' iJiamonds are cut at Anislerdaiii; Init rubies, sapphires, a(|naniarines, amethysts, and opals are all cut and ]iolished in Iho heart of the monnlains. Thesis rude children of llii' .lura remain faithful lo the occu- pations and customs of their fathers, and all the riches which pass through I heir haiiilj do not make their cottages ajipear colder or their bread harder. They have lately made .some advances in analogous branches of trade. The women make false stones with a skill whiidi is niieipialed. They pierce rubies us pivots for watches, and even begin to make' mosaics with srones sent from Florence. Their work-tables are placed near the v.indows of their cottages, and there father, mother, and cliihlreii work all day, will 11 household cares, preparation for meals, culting wood in the mounlaiiis, or the sieving of some poor jiiece of ground docs not call tlieiii a-way. The woiikmi who cut rubies often earn tolerably good wages, yet, notwithstunding this, wages of out) franc iii'ty centimes (;>0 CL'Uts) arc the exception. The average is suveiity-livo ccutimes, (lo cents.) STli.VW-IIAT liI!AII)i:i:S. Quite an important branch of trade, and one which has to do with the feminine toi- let, is t'le maniifaeture of straw hats. Nancy is one of the great centers of this indus- try, and, if the merchants are to be believed, they export hats even to America, Mo.sC of tins men's so-called straw huts are really made of the bark of the cataiiier, or lioiir- boil pahu. The Nancy manufacturer buys thi^ bark, has it drissscd and torn iiitnloni; strips with a sort of melal ciniib, and then sends it to be braided and made ii]i. Tlio maker is [laid llfty centimes (lU cents) for a hat. It is necessary to work all day, and to be far more skillful than the generality of workwomen, in order to linisli I wo. I'uii- lima hats, and those made of liiiely-sewn plaits, are made in France, the lirst from tlio leaves (d' the ypyi^ia, which come from I'anania.and thesecouil with plaits liouglitiit Fhirence, and cliargeil with au exorbitant duty. It is this duty, and, in a few instances, the liiK! U'ni;^-jiliiss iiKdicrs, siiwycrs, 'Ki ciiriicii- , 7 cliiiniu^V-iiiiikcrd Iters, i;lii/,ifi-s, plus- iiiniraclorii-'.s alliird s to 7>'.i ; l"i lire cii- tinjj; Icallu'i', 2'X) in rad'.'Hcoiiiin^ under :ast iron, .strel, cuii- rt) boardud hy tlieir I lie best ]iaid, siiii!o U tliii year round ; .vorliwoiiieu in must from tlio French ,v York Evciiiujf i proseutt'd : 1 point of frosliiioss men of Ijotli Worlds formerly .stiMMl lirit s WHS cideliraleil fur loiisaiid women are .study natural lluw- LU tlit^ lii'st pai. Iters. :)f eh^ven hours. A re to deck lier owu o. ver-iuakiufj;, but by s stones been estalj- cut at Amsterdam; and polished in (ho aithful to tlu^ uccn- tlirough their liaiids They have lately I imUco false stuni'S ' watelies, ami even ■k-tables are placed d children work all n the nioiinlaiiH, or •. The women wlio this, \va;j;es of uiio 'outy-ii\'o centimes, th the femiiiino toi- nters of this Indus- 1 to America. Most catanier, or lioiir- 1 ami torn iiitu Iuik; and made up. Tlui I) work all ' "^ thev , „ ""'r''"''« sho|).s as f, eii£52SHis=s~,..,. : ;:^aud con.biniLtl^':Kl''''-'-''n^1 ;u;d .:'"^ Ca noti'j Hn ui "S- Several general wool-; only disag,.eeablo t "■"fJ-spiuuiu.r £ «IMunin;r i, j,,,^ jj,,^- u visitors; tl '-•ilitatiior ,1,^ ictor iid(^ ) t'lc Women iw arc rcujarkablo "'1''"' ■•uul dan ,'<'rons tl lich T'l-r.ations of o not "■'"'P'oycd (1 lor their m;a( '■lu cotton- "i's.s and do. 47G LABOR IN EUROPE AND A5IERICA. f 1 panco. Pn'i>:ir;ili(>iis nf lii'iii]!, (lax, iind ;il)i)vc all of tow, iMuit, on tlin contrary, r|nan- titiiis of vor,v iniwholcsoiiic fliist. It. is inipos.sibU" to nanl ami spin tliciii, I'xcipi in vory hot rooms, and with the aid remain then something.; like fO centinu'S a day for fooil and other expens.'S. Most of these women take their meals at the master weaver's. Tliid arraii,i;emenl, thoaijli not always ]iractieable, is mnch the best. Althonj^h women ari) naturally sober, and t;em'rally less in need of stron;^ food than men, we sliould remem- ber that these women work tit a fatif;uini; trade, whi(h rc(]uires a certain dej;r<'t; nf Btrenji'h, if only to accomplish a j^ood day's work. To he miserably lodj^ed, clothed, .and fell, and with all this lo be oblJLrcd to work, at the very Iciist, twelve hours a day, is tlio fate of a female weaver, as favorably situated as possible. VVK.WKHS AND I.AC'K-MAKKH.S. \Vt' shonld form a very mistaken idea of tiie trade of s|)inninK and weaving did \vn sujijiose that it hail completely done away with maiuial labor. The old-fashioned lnoai is still encoiitdercd everywhere, in cellars ami cottages. After visiting one of lluiso va.st factories where live humU'cd looms are working together with a deafening clattiT, it produces a. .singular effect to cross the street, descend a few steps, and suddenly tiiij oile.self in the workshop of a weaver of the olil school. The cellar is lighted, as all cci- lar.s are, by a trapdoor. The atmos|diere i,s dump enough lo prevent the thread tnini l)reaking, but not so datu]) as to injur(^ it. Sometimes, often indeed, the loom coiii- pletely nils the cidlar, and the weaver is obliged to creep under the frame, ami si(iicczu liimself between the lovi'i's, in order lo tie the broken thrernls. The large, heavy, rough-hewn iiosls, the war]) moving with a creaking iiois(>, the cords grating in the pulleys — the primitive simplicity of all these accessories contrasts strangely with the idegant little machine which is driven by steam with smdi raiiidity. 'J'ln' old-fashimu'd weavers usn.ally work alone. Sonu'times they have two looms in one room, rar.ly more. When they spend their days thus, seated on their stools, their feet on tli'' le- vers, ami their haiuis on the battants, they might easily imagine that there h.ave Ini'a 111) re volutions either in society or in trade, and that thostuain-'oiigiiio isatill an invi utioij of the future. Cotton is woven by inacliinery in Alsace, Xorniandy, and the north of Fnince. Uaml- looiiis are tluue the exception, and their nunib;>r is ilaily diminishing. Some old lioiiscs liavo retained 1 hem because they involve no expense, and iiatteriis can be varied iiii tlielii with mine facility than on power-looms. Here and there, to bo sure, may be seen a hand-loom ; but it is a family heritage, and the children contiiine their lather's tiaiK> with their father's iniph.'iiieiils. The knitling-Ioom, such a source of revcnuo to ceuu- try-womyi, does ik.I sutlice for the supimrt of a I'arisian workwoman. This is the case also with regard to another branch of induslry, lace-making, the products of u liieh are priceless, and the labor miserably paid. At I'aris, where livia^' is expensive, lace has rarely or never been made, for the g M and silver laci^ mamit'ae- tiireii in I'aris ranks proiierly among pansaiu'iiltvii: For the same reason, very little nf the so-called N'alenciennes lace is made, at Valenciennes. It itditlieiill work, reiiiiircs il long appreiiticeshii), absorbs all of the maker's time, and is so miserably paid for that the win l.;iiig population of the north linil more Incr.ative employment. As it takes several inonlhs. and sometimes even a year, to make acoiipun thrci yards in length, and as it is inipossilili! for the lace-inaker to wait so long a time for her wages, it is the ciis- t(un to jiay by liuiiihii, there being three haiuhn in a yard, iind twel.o in a cmipoii, The result of this is that the employer incurs both risk and expense, as he is ohligcil to furnish tlie thread and pay almost the wliolo amount duo the maker a long time before he receives the work. At iho pn\s( lit time there arc but three, iace-makfi.i at Valenciennes, earning from one franc thirty ceutinies to one franc lifty cent iiiics for twelve hours' work. What is known as Valeiicieimca laco is made oxtcusi\ely at; tlin oontr.'iry, quan- ipiii lliciii, cxri-iii ill si/^iits :iV(i Illni'i; 1111- atci' llooils I 111' liiii'k siiiiicfiiiu's ail iiitdl- 11 la.v asi(l(^ iiiDit (if (I slatid all (lay Imi;^ inkles. When, aliiT !■ wrapM with u hidi tin; cold ami (huini. (if her rcccipls ; ilm ('!■ a weak liodv and mean of llic Icniali) I'y to lie 1.7.") fiaiK"), ■d work. Willi 1.70 y. If ■•<; francs (20 lu;, IIk; lod^^iiijj; imist wasliini;, hIhics, and ■ tliaii what ifj ali>ii- M a day for food and dfi- weaver's, dliia .lllnnigli woiinn an) 1, \Yf slioiild reini'ia- a certain de;;ice of lily lod;;ed, elollit'd, twelvo hours a day, md weaving did \vn ' (ild-fashi(nied loiiai isitiiif^ one (d' llioso a de.afeiiiim elattiT, i, and .suddenly lliid s lighted, as all c'ci- 'Ut tin; thread tniin I'cd, till! loom ciiiii- frame, and s(|(ic<7u The larj^e, heavy, irds i;ratini; in t!ii) strani.;ely with tho 'J'lie (dd-fasliioMfd n one room, rarily leir feet; on the 1,'. lat there have. h!'i".i ia still an inveutiou 1 of France. IFainl- '^. Some old hoilsi'S s can ho varied na »'. sure, may he sceii tludr father's trailo )f revenue to couu- an. y, lace-nnikiii!;, the I'aris, where iivi!l^' ih'er lace nianulai'- •as(ni, very little (if cult work. re(iiiircs ■raldy jiaid for tliut As it takes several in leiij;lli, iiud as it aijca, it is the ciis- .vel, o ill il coujiuil. at), a.s he is ohlif^cJ makia- u hin^' timo irce hici'-niaki-i.s at I lifty centimes for ade cxtcufi\(-ly at Ypr<f FRANCR. :if;e-niaker'.s cusl I (Wiont, Ri C';iiliines to one i •"'■;-<. and rarely "on varit ■'W'S .'ind in al 477 raiic. lii l>-''■^':^^:'l::^v"'T'/n..••^ ':'-''-. m, "•o h;s,H tl ■siihi (hi.stl ''i".i,'ii coupon of V 111) woni.iM mst.'i I' 'unt (I'AI til :il '''iV'>" is ni.ad '•'" li'ur Inin(h-c(l ''"'•leiine.s lace is (till NliiiidlcN !';,'(■< I ( ,"■> patterns f |iro\i(l,, I Iroin sev and tificei, J '."'' pius and " I'lire of a '■ii'y-(ivo the I >iii( d'Alei e NjuMii H'on ;ir( "'"'•ivcrydidw-ent lundi-c! s|>in- i>erSOn 1||;|); '"■'' '"■ iKd, tJie //, •livided int es th i> several "' '"■' .'ind ih,. (I [iianiier Crotn V pniM used tl ^■'-H. an;i ;;;;;&;--■.-'''-''• tl I>atf( F''".^,^''«i'iapieceon 'le l>ri)(l( u apjirentice.sl ela.ssi's— the/;' (iWel> llelleicil lillt II lies. m w In (l;el "'||> Miak(; 111,, I '\'y enihroid ■"',•'',"*», the (V-v,/,, (linen \v/i() litter in.iko i|) of Uir, hroi If '"■■■ivy Work, tl inonti '"I'ller destined t 'i'l the llliii/, ">'"'■'<, Who niaJ i.'iko •-* issiiMici,.,,, i-y. Th( ■y earn ( !iee, I,.;, ve it ";.V'';i'i .■itlend to all || (> snrr( •■ind ifti iipport iiniil '11 iia avi ""I lake if „| '"«<■ on,, fi-;, lie a da '.•''"•■liu, as th "'II' hoiisi.||,,|,i ,1 ey con], I nil, ''^iiitlin Hot injiii-o 'I' 'ley ;■ or cm- eioileis ol ■iP)iears(h;il lu-,.„( di e-W III ''>'aiiiin;ii j y years arr. >''':i:iu.i:-u '>Mi;.\. her o 'i'he 1 f (it k. l lei-s wl Ills , ,s| '"I. lit l<'ast Cm nubile inehid W....nlofH^,,iO„„.,„.k 1(1(1 hroid lli^llest "' Work al esonly ihov iippori(;d Ihi wonienii„.n(ion,.,n,v(i, e re-Ill li'l'er.s, f,,iip I aiics for 1-, "ip's paid hi.f„n; (I MIMI'S (iffy ,,,.„i ■insidve, 1 riy 1 lireil 'y v.iri, ■ri lis kinds o( f'luinii.s- 'I'll earn three ( I'' >'nii-intiirt larsi'aiiisl M'Venfy-lU lilies for ,1, lanes lifty '■ <'eiiliiii,..s f "and ih for lil:iker,' (;entiiii,.s, '"r wdikiT i(! War w lilies f,,)- ( •■■^'■«, (Nirs,.t-i||.,|.,. '■ si'iinisti 'i*''''-' are a J,.| l''^' "v francs d.iilv f. iiee- 111' seainstre.ssi and I II' inillim.r.'i '■'< 'lllldoyed hy fiiii <»n II f,\' t'eiltinies for [\ Vest- 'iial Th( mo Miiid lift,.,. II ,.,,, '';;.^'"ii"'ii ei,.,,)„y,,.,i ;«"ii tap,.strv, I. I'l's, Corset I"* "h,) w,irk fur 'I'T h.aild v,;i "' W-oineii (vli '»i"l em- us, four ;:''" •"■•'l^'''--* •'Hid nphol Si'ener iiti ^ty-tl fr, t'l'idinie.,, ,,, hiindivd and il avcfi 1''''" eeiiiii ■ lies for til 'f.sal inpl hv si ni.akei ,'es sonietii m'Iov<.s, iuid old cl fe r ih,; /, (let I'leinakers '.'ip-ui.lk,. oiIk.s; (iCfv,. ; Ol"; hiindicii il 'I'lesetirned liv'l i\ ' '".ved in Ih,. / and tl and '""Hie hiiiidr,.,! Panied ,1,1 ,.,„ ., tweniv- 'I'liif^iiuil and (ifivi •irisian worli and fifty \v(,i iiif/iriis. 'lose wl I'liil ■ers ent- "> sMti c!( dh ccntinie; ']' \'er,ai i: II"'" earn,.,! I, "'.■!'' ahoiif twi centinies. ■aiiisti iiiii's to thr 'S(.S wl .,. (■. •ss tl 1(1 work Olio I'll sixty • .nnd si.\- "oiii,.|i i>nd "■ iiiiieh .soii.'ht «"ork-woiii f^iliee that I ivhile fh t Tail e liici lowed with ii'ler and W(.ll 111 ;i eerl.iii IIIK III"! tiKJse in tin; sj ed at I ll lOMlo "111 of th,. ,s, ■easin.r ilii ex( 1 .'^ensc, an tirtisf. if •S W..|! •■I'liipelition, tl I'Ptional .I,..|.„,, „,. ,,,, ;i's h;iv, lors w ■lie is (dlli "■m;;--niaeliini. 1 [I" iiiMk,; t,, „r,i !i:iV(; coiiil ii'i";wcomiii,.reiii| 'Ut h (ifn t'eiitinii-s ■'I fo furnish I :■■' pa.v a iiueil to ] . ndited liv the el ;;i^i'",.alion,andfhedi/ and, If ;i „., ler owi woman from foi lower the valui; of I '^'■win-silk, A: c., f ir t( (■^ix f'raiK.s i looiit t\\ i^/i.'iliiral fhatsh,; I'll, only lan;;,'., ■■^einin;!. 1 1 lor. o ;'f.idi;allv ri iiiyii' manual l.il ;:-;>• iw;,L,,;;'i;5;i:'S;;;.*;;™„,„i. ['Xp(.n '"■ i"i!leiity-riv, •II V, tW,.|,(v I' protit ,it" "'■■^ or two fr iiiniation. 'J'l iiHiifted I \\ Ol' rest and .iiics lift le workw ■■Hid who tl louses to wonicii v,| lolesale ri.;;(| -I yc'entim(;st.rtw,:iv;;. 'lllell d Ill l<'l|li^e!v<.sd„,.v,.rvthj 10 super. lours' Work 'uiiu: I)ut Th se \\ il ■'11 I'la order ii,r .v-ii"ideelotl iiii^estalil , out ,,f whiel iiii.'4 re,|ni|-. 'irii two Weill i"'s ai HI who ileci I'Nampl,., th,.,.,, ,1 I ikinents ni;ina.re f], e.V 1 one hou r IS ' of which 11 le iiiisli ozi'ii pal,.i '•"'''^■iiiicthi;;ynr!:';'':'-::'''*''''''-'i'ti if ti "IS .'It „. i Very ,1 ill le sliop. 'I'll, and in t« 'vH'arci.lv t hirly-iiv e eeiitini,.; II dav; 'ikin,y: tiiii,. Ci,, ] "';;■■? '"I .lii'ifliread, and '"p dednets (iff 'y w-orkii|.'i'roi iii^kint's Hir; T onecoinidisli (111 i-i.v hi will) i.. piluse (ir rest. To < 'workhy ■• ^ ';'!• "ii'i'l^ a ^killlui w,irl y cntii leniorniiiir (j| ';•' pi'oflls.ainonnt I'l'i'nlly. The s eo.st Tho P.'lietof lies. s slie must Si Won •S in tl to only mil ''.'111 make thr I more than ooniy picture w ;;"^^- steadily H,r fliirt.;,; | ■1P ■men dr ; ;.v 'iiii. .'andiedi^'it. i is , r',."'^ /""■'' •"''> '^"i ro^'iiliu worUwoiiK'ii, a few of tlio best, cium (lircii fnincH, ami iiliiKist all earn two lr;inc,s, or two InincM lil'ly (Tiiliiiics, for tliirlci'U lioiir.s' work. TliiMMsicst \yorU falls lnlow tlii« estimate; for fxamplc, (!i;,'lit.v <;ciitimMlation and the rapid increase of InxnriouH lialiil.s. nndonbtedly ii much larf;er i ilier are now en^aned in tliis lrail<>. 'I'luy in- varialtly leei'ive ime fratie sevi'rily-liv(r eeni imes a day, I'lnles.s they are (/i;h/)/((m.'(, in which case they rel•eivt^ two fi'.uies, as lliey .are ol)li;j;ed io siand npall the lime. 'Ilieir day'.-t woik lasts in winter from .-^ in the moriiin;; till half jiast .MAKi:l!S, H Not lesH than l-J.OdO women ari' employed in t the Loire alone. In the (irenohh^ faetorv* there at he i^lo on an aver;ij,'e four Imndred ,'JllO tifly do/eii a yc'ar. A si -trade in the d'|iartmeiit of ho cut I he gloves, inakiiij; n;;le house at (.Uianmont (Ihlille .^hlrne) employs 'J,ll,")l Hlitehi'r _ There are Ihr.'c sep.irate kinds (d work in Klove-makin;,'— cnttiii;!,', stilcliim', ami (in- ishiiijj. Men iisnallyik IIk^ cnttiiii;: Iml lately He y h:,ve employed at th("(iienohlo IilMnnfaetoiies four or livi> 1 iiindreil women, who pl.iee the, leather i cut it will] the aid of a luilniicin; and prepare it for sewiii^f. It, is not very ipon the iron h; iind 111 , hard work, e women receive twenty eenlimes a day. 'i'hey e,iii earn from forty-live to he time Ihev Fcvetily francs a month. This (hpeiids, of course, iijion their skill, and I have to ^ive to the work". The stiichers are iiaid for fi;loves foiii' fr.iiies fifty centime; Centimes. The mist re.ss dediH'l- liish the silk, at a cost of altinro toil' lor on onedozen sinf;li'-hiit loncd ladies' 'r.'incs seveiity-livo .•ind for I wo-lmttoncd ;;loves four f il'ty eenlimes, and the workwiiii.an is olilii,'ed \',, fnr- y centimes; llirei^ francs thirlv (■(■1,1 lines remain n pairs, or thirty centimes a pair. A piod worker can 'make at nio>t four pairs a ihiy, hiit the majority of women do not make more that. I (ilove-slilchin^r r wo and a half. inires the most (■xl|nisil(^ nealncss. The stained gloves are not on the workwomairs hands, hiil she is (ddi^ed to pay for the in,'il only left pairs a day Would amount to one I Hkives are made of lamhskin, in I'Aveyron, in the Ilaiife M; the jiriee of ,i dozen .d'ten falls as low as three francs. Tin erial raiic, twenty centimes. In the Ilante \ OUT leline, whero irne, and even in I'lserc tl len rednced almosl to noihiiii. o worKwoman s receipts aro Tlio rollowiiio-cxliMct I'l'oin (lie Pari.s corrc.'^poiKlcnct' of (li(> ('liiiMj; Tribmic, .siipixi.scd to be from tlic i)i'ii of tlic I'llilor, Mv. .Mcdil" ■■■i ■- ailiiiti o!ial inioriiiMtioii of tin iiitcivsting ciiiiractei' in ro,i;'iU'»l to tl ployiiifiit of woiin'u in Fnuici' : iii'idrd.s IC Clll- Wonii'n sei'iii almost to nic Jiossess the re(|uisiti! physical streiii;th. Tl onopolize every avoeat ion in the cities for which ih '■y shop-keepin;;' class plac. The hott M.ile clerks are scarc(^ in 1' ley constitiUe the j^reat bulk of the \ isihlo and hoari!in;j;-hon the woimm liaviiij; t:iken their clKiiiica! trades are lare'cly ijlh iii^S head-u:ear, slippers, dolts, toys, and a, llioii.siiml „. the Fieuih supply tile markets of the worhk In Iheeonnlrv, a ses ar(> inana,L;ed hy females. All the Iinlil, .,• |„e- with women, who maiinfacturo nmstof ilie cloth- irtielesuf eoinnier(!(> with wliicll out lit' doors, im the farms, side hy side with 11 II !• rcncli women work leir male relatives. It would 1 le a sale esjimate tosi.ite that half the productive indnstry of Francois the result of (■(■iii'alo lal >or. Hnt lliati li the French more iiavticularly excel is economv. Tliev I in every French fai y live upon nilv kiiou'.s jnsr ahonl one-half what the Ainericins do. The wit to a nicely what (inantity of each kind of fooil is Hie Jeasl'that wi'll'silfii"(v'\'o''n'iV,'ke'a' comlorlahle meal, and not a, particle- more than tliat is ever cooked or .served. Servants ver p'-rmitted to waste or st( al food. The lad ketiii.:;', her kilcl iiid her pantry, with .sliarp eyes' In lh(^ matter of clothiiij;. also, tin^ sa y of I lie lionse looks after her illa^'^iin, be neatly, cleanly, and comfortaiily dressed. Th momy prevails, and yist they all seem to ged, miserable paupers, living oirpnbliu chi ere IS no vast element of indi;^eiil. ra^- portiiii, U'.ty. Everyone appears to lie sell sup- I-ADOR IN FRANCE. 47a SpHt;;S;::i'S!;-r='r'"=S;;,!x,- 1™. in.'nii,.,! six v., V.'r •'■""'''''■;' '""' ""■ vvi •; ,1,. , . ; J <"■'"'■■""•, UlH.n in,, rv, . , ..'i' C;. (li,i in-idlmri, ; '""•^'•"" ,stan,lm ..»,..,a„S;;,l-'il-;;.;;f^;; Sl;,;';,:;;;,:':;*;;^,!';';-™;,™.,,:.*,,,,,. .„r (In. J'la,.,- St. Mi-iis,. ,1 <•' '"'l^'iiMVS loo, in 1 1,,, "'' ' "■ 'lilapi.la.,.,! r„ „! 'V,''"""' """ "'"■■^ "^ v<;. InuMMl ,„ ,:,.)lars/,;.,!;, ,,': '^''■'-'"-''HMi.rl.t """'!;'" ''^'"'1' ■•""1 Cl„ 1 , / I " ,f "r'''^' '■'•'>"-'i''• :J'''-''-->.llr>wnains",l7.:;''V''''3' '''''•'>''« .■■^ ■"'■fas,., ,,,„u: , w„ va K ;„,: '^"- ''' '' "" ^''o ,V"'K-, tu„ .v,,,rs an,l a I,, ir''''''^'^^"^ vv,m,a„ onco jl;;-':- ;-aiiy w.ot.,...d a..,,.. „„, ,, ^,.„„ .; COI.LKCTINT, liKxrs. ,)nr„i I.. , ^ t.<>ii,rt tlii'ir rents tln^n ''"•'™"-»^"=:'«-i"-K'SS»=S;'S^^ ■■'-'XW^MSsgaTJste^ 480 LAnOR IN FRANCE. m Iinntl-r:ir. Wlirn rttoiinnt rcfiiscil (,» piiy h,^ took luviiy h\» dnor aiul wiiidouM with liis own lijiiids. 'I'his woiiliy iiKliviiliiiil iilu;iy.s ivturncil lioiiui ut niiilit witli hiruo n- ccijits, imtl yet Iiu dill not (lio 11 iiiUlioiiaiio. iiouKs OK i.Anoit. In l-inf! tlio ■woilini.'inV (1;iy w-.w fiftci'ii lioiir.M loiij; at Jriillioii^o, Doniacli, ami Lill,. niid MNlccii at. liiscliirvillc. A report iiiail(< lirCorc tlu^ Indiistiial Society at, Midliou.,,! Ill 1^:17 ^l,■llell that it. Was eiMhteMi 1ioii;h loll;; ill many rreiieli iii.iiiiilaet'orics. Adiilt.s iin> now liiiiile.l liy law lo twelve lionis' lalioi' jier day. Adding' to tills the lioiir and a lialt usually allowed tor rest and meals, it makes the ahseiiee of a mother from her lamily lliirteen and a liall' hours. This Is in case, W(>. sniniose, her lioiise is near the I'aelory, whieli it rarely is. (ii'iierally, it takes an hour to e;o and return, wliieli inalies iillo,i;e|lii'r an aliseiice of fonrleeii or lifleen hours tor the mother, and of solilinl.! fo iie;;h:eted ; it is neither washed nor swept, nor put in order. Yet no one can have the heart to're- proacli for this the nnhapiiy creature who, when she returns from tiiu whop, has harelv Streny;tli eiioii;;h lo preiiare snipper and put her children to lied. It is, then, impossihle for a woman employed in a factory to perforin her ditfy to hrr children, During liiT ahseiici- the visitor will not iinfrecpi'entlv lind the children .';itli- fred around the tirel.'ss stove, sad and molionh'ss. 'I'lieir weakness rather than "heir luother's Injiinetlons keejis them at home. The first Idi'a which occurs to 11s 011 seeiii" them is that they have never smiled. There is another dlllienll v ahoiit schooling'. It is necessary to he rich in order to ;;-o to the free school. A child "of six years <'aii wind- at el.;;lit he can enter a mannfaclory. Supposing;- that th^'u^ are two or three children belween jlii^ aecs of six and lwel\i\ years, liow is it possihle to support lluMri on th(( •\v!ie;es (if one iii,-in f They must ,h) their ^veek's work as well as their father a'ld liinther. ^VI(ll wliar, iinpalieiice do the peasants await the ae-o lixed for eiileriic' tliii factory ! Is it because they nndervaliio tHlucation I No, it m because tlioy dreaifstJir- Vatioii. LABOR IN PRKNCII PRISONS. Acconliiio; to ^I. Simon, there are throe cliis.scs of ])risoiis in rmiice, the coiitnil prisons, the (iepiirtineiit jiri.sons, and thi; houses of (•(Uioc- tioii. In the first are confined all women eondemned to hard lalmr, a.s are also .some men condemind to a li!;e [)nnisliiii('iit ; all jiersons vAm- demned to .solitary eonlineiiient, and all jiersons (Hind(Mmicd to iimro than one .year of imprisonment. The prisoners usually remain about three year;-. There arc twenty-five of this hind of prisons, jind tliey are the only ones wliero the work is ]>roperly regulated, or is of ;uiy imjiortanee. There are not le.ss than fifty-four trades earrii'd on in tlieso central iirison.s. A contraetor-oencral buys the hands of the prison- ers, and lets them to subeontraclors. The tarilf of wao-es fixed by tlio government, and aeeepted by tho eontraetor, is jjreoi.sely the san'ie as tiiat of free workmen. The eontractors .supply food and elothin;,' for the i>ri.--oners, and a debit and credit account is' kept betwi'en tlie. State and llie contractor- .o'eneral, an account whicli, on the sid(! of (he Sl.ite, always ends in debit. The prisoner is lod,!;ed, clothed, fed, wariiieij, and has his washing' done, {;ratiiitous]y. Ho has no family— at least lio may be considered as havin-- none, since he cannot support it. IJc is never in want of work. If he is ill he is not obliged to t)ay for medical attendance. Finally, it is out of his jiower to spend ei'ther time or money in the pursuit of pleasure. If, therefore, he be its well jiaid as a free laborer lie ouyht to save a oivat deal of money, lie really docs, since he receives a ceitaiu niimlier of tenliis, not of the real [uice of the day's woik ]»aid by the subcontractor, but of the price named in the tarilf, and accepted by the eoatractor-yeiieral as his base of opcnitiim ami as e(iuivaleut to the day's wa,^■es of a free laborer. Tliis sum is ahvay.s reduced by one-iifth, whicli is deducted by tlie contractor-,i;ciio- ral in i)aymcnt of the materials and tools with which he tiiniishcs tlio pnsouer. * * » « « « (1 wiiiildws \vil1i liis if^lit Willi largo ii'- Dnrimcl), and T,ill(>, viricly ill. Mujliiui.sn iiiriictoiics. Atliilt.i tills lh(i lioiir aii'l a iiiollirr from licr ■r lidiiM' is near tlio 1 liini, wliii'li iiialiis anil lit' MilitinVii fur 1st lie iii';;ldiili)il ; it ivo tile liral't to I'f. ho kIioi), has haicly >rin her duty to hrr 1 till' chillllrll J,M(h- is ratlicv than (licir I'urs to MS nil si'oini; hollt NclllKllill^'. It six years <'aii winil ; •() or tliii'c I'liilihrii Hiport (hi'in oil Iho IS llii'jr t'atlirr ami ■il till' cnli-riii;,' till) ISO tlioy dri'ad star- sons in ri'iilico, louses of (;()rro(!- » llill'd lilliol', !1,S ali in'isoiiN coil- (MllllCil (() IIIOIO y I'l'iiiaiii ahoiit isoiis, and they 'd, or is of any lifd oil ill tlicso 1 ol' the piisDii- ;('s lixed by flio 'iy tlic same :i.s [id eloMiiii^L,' for :.\veeii tiu! Slate loot' llu" Sl.ite, 1, led, wariiu'il, ily— at least lui port it. lie is l)ay I'or inedieal either lime or ■^ well i)aid as ii He really does, eal [U'itte of tiic named in llio sc of operation r. This sum is )iitra(;tor-,i;'eiio- :> ftu'.uihhes tlio * * I'KoDKrrn.x .„,■ nur ^'■''':'-'--uU when. ((,„ ^^'iK'happr; i"i iiileicsi jiii makes hm )■ I fiavr jiiM ,., i^i">ii loiir.iays'ii;;:,; '"■•' 'i"Iiee or u|;,.i, '• '"■ '''d not (III iliii am iroi 'I ,"i)ii ili'i! •r ol iiii- illd- I'aii llM. h.n-lih,;,,.," ;"'';, . ■■■•"", wi,„ (,UM out a ,!,■,, , , '•'■•^■>i"n of s,,. MS • • ''""'"f;-"n-ils is I •MS r < , ■ '"■"'""■' '" '"■'"'•"■'• •""'" o,s r,"' '"^ "'"•'■ im-^i, I. mi .•,''"'■;■ '^^■'•'v-^l,,..^^, a', ''.'■•■' ■^'''•- "'"""nsiMT, . l"--"'"i i.,T dVv I •■ ""A' ''•'VI! trn l.|.,s,;- ''•'•'' '"i"-^ '••'''' '^'o■ua^^,';:^^■;'•''''^'^"• ''''•'! Mii^7''^^ 482 LAIIOII IN' EUROPE AND AMERICA. I.NDUSl'IMAL PUOnUOTION IN FUANCK. Oil ii |iri'\ii)iiM piiHV llic valuer of tlic industrial imxliicts of Paris iu 18U0 wassiad'il al ;i,.!i;iM)!L'.!)M» francs; tUv. foiiouiiio' lal.ln sliows iIk* Viihio of proiliicls 1)1 iiiiliistr.v in cucli of tiic. i'iHiil,\ -nincr depart incrils ol Franc.', m a, ,snhsc<|nciit y, a-', tiic a-grcyato anioimt of wiiicli icaciies the sum of '.•,V.-M,n;M»,0(M» iiancs. 'JJihIc sltoirhhi the toftd niliic of intlusfrirtl product ion in the ncfcml (irtmrnt!< of France in fhvijenr 1871. I'rpai llnrlil.s, Si'iii(> Nnnl . KhCinr .Scihi'-Inir'rii'iin' IJllllcllCM-tlll-lllll'HU' . .. ]'"ii'> iMllr llMin-li'liiii AlMlc •SilMIIIK' JliUllC Loiri'-Inr.'iiiMnc Aid.'ini,-. ,.„ ras-ili>-('n|iiis l!:is-liliiii Anl.'rli,. !!l.'-.'(-Vil,iiii.' '. Oi^-;,' M(is,.ii,. ;;;; (iildlllll' Isinn Vos^cs ,.. VmucIiiso Hiiiiti-Ciiiiiiiiiic Ciilviiilus llc'raiill fSi'iiu-i'l-Miii'iic Onus Siioiic-i'l-Loiro Finisii'M't' Cote (I'Or Miiiiu'-fl-hdiii' Aulin D.dilis i..'. Dioiiii' Tmmi Li)t-L't-(fiU(iiui(> Ain l'iiy-ilntM. VillllC of IPI'O- duct. l,'M",i;'.l-,r:!:5 Sartlii'.... | 7ii:», h:;i, ICO Mrviv. i (1(111, .l.'ill, ,sn» .Maiiclio I ■1|ii,:!:!:i,(i:m Mmso i ;.'7I,s-)i,;!;n Ocnx-Sf^vivM ',''-'l,:!:!-i,(l7r> ij llimto-Vicnno 'i:i, i:!il,(ti;) i' Var ... lilt), •J.")-', -HI j Avi'vro?! {.'Iialuiit Kinc-i't-Loii- Iriili(,'-('t-I,iiii(! Hiuitc-.Sar>ii() Vciidi^cj l>'i,it;i."., 118 1711, .'rj:., 707 i 1I!1,;»U7,7H:! 1 1(11, (110, .-Hi 1(1(1, It I,. -iU 1.>\(W 1,71)0 |! Cli.T 1 1-^, i-^i,(i,'>r> ■!■ .jiiiii 1 1 1, •.','!», l;ir> i Chaii'iito-InlcniMini li:!,si:!,-jn(» i' M.,ri,ihau i;ii,:W!t,!)-ji) :j aikIc I'M, (1(1(1, lisi) \ AUior IU.!,. !:;•,', (KiO ! Ilaiit.'-Maino ]lli,'J:i:.,7-JS i! Yoiino 1!."., (!((', 11(1 i G.T.s KK), (lie, ,-()() , Vi(>iiiio KH, 17-,M)i:) Mayoiinc I(i|,7>'(i,r,(i0 ' Loir-ct-Olicr !•!»,•.' ll,()(y ' Liwidcs ',t7,:!;ll,H-ji) : }[aiil.'-I.oii-o '.11,1.')-', .170 Tarii-ct-Oarouiio .'^-', 7.-''-', .'mO ' CiHcs-dii-Xord H:.', 0(11, ()■.':! i Ari^^^! 7r', 101, (■,;!.-. 1 Lot.' 7(1, :!'Ji!,(l'JO I, na.sscs-I'viviu^cs 7,"..(il'.\ 10 ir>, itWjOio GO, 1(11, ;!:')7 i 57, 170,'Jll ll Ilautcs-Alpra r.'J, (177, -170 I Savoio I o-J, 4-i 1, 05-2 I Haiitc-Savoio Till, ( Ills, -jos I Loz(iro ■10, .■':!:!, -15(1 I CoiTczo ■10,197,500 Caiital. 4-<, 1)58, 818 Total valiKM.r |uodiict. in fcaiics, 0.755,0150, Total vahic iiuliillai'x, l,00(t,l()l,i.M).s.* 000. I'ranvn, •l"^, !)0>',71fl ■H,H)7,.|lo 'H,;iOil, ll'jii 'l(l,-Jli),i:i;! •15,7;»:!,-,'jii '1 1, 1155, ^55 41,-J(10,,-.-5 •i:!, t-'s,7v':( ■l:i, ;;:i7,()i;,-, •|-.>,;!S5,,-|III •11,71(1, Mill" ■10, (Kiii, :',;ii :io,(ili,>:;(i ir.;, do;*, >.",(! liO, 1-0, 1111(1 ;!5, 5(l:i, >!■.' :i5,5i-.!,;i:."i .■!l,o:ii,()-:! I!-', (1(17,-11 :i,',:i(il,:i-> M,7lil,ii-':! ;i(i, .-ll:!,5:i(» •J-^,(io:i,i).',-, •~!ll,7-J(l,5-J0 ^(l,5lll,-:J5 '2(1,115,07,'. y5,7v!(l,','70 !i5,5.|l,;il() o.j ^;i._) ;■;>[ 'J-,', '.)0!l,(i:i() 'JO, :';j-, '.lull r.>,5-:!,'j:i(; 10, 171, (IK) l5,L,'-!,ii;:. 15,(175,1111 M, 117, ISOiJ 11,0I'J,1-U i;!,7.i-',:!i»o 11,^--'^,'J|W 0,:!51,-J'.'0 (1, l)(i:i,7(iO (1,0-7,(175 5,7i:!,'JlO 11, .5il7, .l.jS Total vah((> of inoddcls of industry in tlio United States of Anicvica in 1-(jO, bl,f ^-5,fi(d,(17 (l,Kold j in l.-'70 Sl,'j;!v!.:!-r>,.14-J, cnrivnoy. " Cumiititing tbo I'nmc, in this iustauco only, at 10.3 cents, gold. nets of PiU'is in V,\\)ht sliows the, IKT (IcpiirlllH'Ills r Wllifll U'ilcllL'S I in tlic several Vuliio of pro- duct. I'niiir.t. ■l-'.itiW.Tin ••■".■-or.-iiu ■H,:iiiii,;i'ji) •Iti.'JIl),!:;:! ■'•"'' ',•':''■-':" •1 1, i!.')"), !'ii') .) I, •.'!;(•, >>,■) •i:!, i-J-i,7'.':i 'l:!,:i:!7,uiM '12, :',<:,, ."(II) •ll,7!(;,si;(r •111, t;uii, ii)!) :!'.!, i;i I, s!() :!'..', Ill i;t,.sM( ;i;», MV.iiio :!■"', •"ill:!, .-l-j :i.">, .''>l'.', ',17.') :!t,'.i:ii,(K! :i-',i;i;7,.-.ii :il!7iili',i-';! :!(!, >ii:;,5:io •J-, Co::,;).','. ~'t;, 7'jii,n-jo 'JO, nn;, •_'■,'.-, 2ii, iiri,(i7,') y.'),7v!(i,'J70 y."i,.vi-i,iiiu '_'■-!, iiii(i,(;.'j(i iiU, J:i', !l.ill r.>,r,-:!,;i:!i; nM7i,iiii) 1.-|,'J, nil 1-1, 117,;!IW n,oi'j,.i-u i;),7i-,>,;!iio y,:!.-.i,-i-io (i,'.)ri:;,7ii() (;,(H7,67.') r>,7i:i,'Jio I>, .'>l)7, '\oS LAmn m fraxce. MANUPAOTOHin.S IV Tr ^'^'^ :--":*■■ i.;rS'^vT-- -. 'CJiiii !./• (...,t .. .' "'"■"*5 1.); .V i(,,.w ir. _, . ' ■" ' * •iiiuiic . •• 1 'T. ' ^--"i-fe-iJrS'^VT'-'- -. Lwaiii ()(• ijij.f,' .. ,'. '"^■^' '•'»• •allocs, 17. e|,i,.( .',*'"""'''■-; ciud- ^' I'KOTORT,,,,-, (,i, ,,,„. „ ■i-'^.i. Tl,.. ,■„„„„. ,,„,. . "'"■™''"- '"""— ■r....s.s,.x J'llll>l()yill(Mlf.s. i^K'ipiiItnr,,. imliifitry CimiiiK'ico '" '^^" '•-■«• F.-.,,,,,!,.,,. 'i',."'7.|,Ms '•J7, (J75 I cor, 4!)i 1. 7^i\ O-f) ■'<;i,:.'ll Aiucrii'ii in 1-GO, i, gold. -^Jl 484 LAnOU IN EUROPE AND AJIERICA. I'UICEH OV l.'AU.-M AND MKCUAxMCAL LAUOH IN 187.'J. Uii """""■ ''"r)^;;-sy54'i;-rri='i£-- iHcilkH, ill iH*;). Occniiailoii. I'AUM-t.AllUUr.llM. Expciii'iiccd Imnils in Miiiinirr E\lioiiciiciiil IiiiiiilH in winter OnliiiiU.v liiimla in sum- ninr Ordiimiy handa in win- tlT Ci'imnoii llll)o^et•a(ltotlil'i■ tllall faiui-woiU Pl-'llKllo HI rVillll:) PKII.I.KI) WoliKMKN. rinrksniitlm lliickliijiTa Of inuMiiia '. (.'.iliini't-niiiliira I'ariM'iitcr.s ][ Ci opers ] iliiiirM _"_' Jliicliinists ". ' raintoM ..'."." riiiston IS '" Shociiiiiki'M ."' >St"MO-cmt('r.H '/_ Tailors IV.uncrs .[[[ Xiiismillis ..' ■\VliL'ul\vrif'litH Oi'imitniciit of i-"iio Inli'Tl. j,-ij.„ line. , I-yoiiH. JIarsclll.'s. Ilaily wiitrcM, Witllollt Ijo.llil. IXiliy ivai^fH, uillioiit Ijoai'il. Moiitlily uaucH,' Willi liiiai'il, ?ll .lO 11 .10 00 C CO C !)0 5 70 Dally wiijjcH, willmiil Ixiard. Dally w.-i^'cs. fO .]!) ;io 60 :,- 07 •I'J 4i 4'i 70 So 70 to Oi $0 00 to 53 S5 m 20 20 Id f 1 to C-J IHT IllO. I 00 So fiO to 1 00 iO •to to FO Ml to ,-il tS •10 to 1 (10 IflO 00 10 i (III 70 *-0 to I 00 60 to 1 (10 1 00 to 1 2,-> 1 00 to 1 »r, HO to 1 00 HO to 1 00 HO to 1 00 1 00 to 1 2,-1 .10 to 1-0 HO to 1 (III HO to 1 00 to to I 00 TO •10 to to "'co'to"i'(i('l' 70 1 r,-: a 2S to 3 01 r.7 ilo oi; ii(i r-7 to !l.-, 70 tr» . 80 70 to 1 00 FD 00 to 1 01) K) i;0 to Ml 00 to ] Oil 60 100 to 1 'JO (60 to 1 OJ 1 io 170 to 1 (10 (•0 to 1 00 •10 to M) .'to to 00 •10 to to le'J to 1 10 t!) t (K'luJieS''' "'"''"'"'" '^"''"S month of October, 1S73, 61.70 per wo.k, tb. wo,Uwo,.u.„, 51 05. I'r^ (10 m I (JO ii) tw (Ml w 80 F') (III Ml (HI 00 60 ion to 1 vo till loU to 1 0,1 i-ii 1 211 00 )70 to 1 (I'l (III t=0 to 1 tn ou bO !■ wurUwonu'ii, il.S3. PRWRs OP PRovr,sr„v, ,.n ^^5 ^'.V»ll«. j y, l~~ J-- '■'iovi.sio.vs, I 1 -_1 Jl _ I •'''^"■'"•'"'■•■<. I A-a„(.„. '■■'"'"■. "(„...,t,,.i,,„,,„„„ ""'Wi-I.iiT,., .. (la "I I.... ,'■■ l"i' II,., i;:;;;;M;;,-™iu;i-;;:::::;;:;-..::;::::::t:; ^;; nj •••••::.:::■:::::::::; t;K:'-'---::::::::::::::-'-""--:t^ " Uli. ^^f:::::::: Liml.. -^ 11|), KliUVll, NuifV&o" !.'! .'."." j^^'«1 ■■" loiiitot's 1111(1 othui' vi'gi^tabli's.." l,-) i:. u \i V.) ID ,'!.■> '>il llldll),!' li,r|,t, oi iin- iiii i,!,..s . .,.'.'.".■■.■ ;;;; ;■■• 't' >y\\'a.i, biiT, 1111,1 t..b:'ici"(K.'.'.' .'."■' i t\ IIollNL-llUt Cldlllill; i Pit yiMr, »83 lax.'.siMiy,,ir , ,][; .■MAlt.sKII.LnS. una,;;;;.! ,, :^' rVi' ^'; '^''1''''-':v?'^'-'i'i^^ a".l cok., wliicl. S...VC. Ill "ill r.u Jil; 'l. ^ '" ^''" '""'""'^'' t''" ''''^'"■" •''■ woml, charm;!, iiig mat, uich fitmil:/ MtiU iiLT weok His wli') 'i'olal ^ly L'iiriiiii".s. Xo. 1. Xo .1 ?'J 111) fl 8) •I :;ia f!l '.T J'NiU'iMlitnrcs: pi'c'a(l,-j:i|ioiiii,i,s nine, liiju.iris I'lvsh i.i>'afs'-.'iiioiiiMl.s '.'.'. J. :i 1(1 ami oil Ch('( S(( ' >Sii!,Mr •" ■ Jlilk ,..'.".".'.■ Cdllie Soap iiiiil k; I,.. J^alt and i,r], ,"'.' I'otatdu.-) iir,l ,j,. ,VKl't 111 lit Laiieati(.iiai a :a;.]i^'usi,u,^oj(;; ;;::;:..::;:;: ;;;::;;; ^!^ Total espousea por week • 3 10 5 TO ;ablc .,11 ■u 80 Ki :ji) no I'J 10 M 07 I'i 05 10 VJ .-iO 03 08 21 I'D 04 09 14 20 H!0 :iO 0(J 16 4 ;)•.' Am, I-AIlOn IN PftANCE. iitliiy l),v tlio faiiii. i'.V miicics of sul,. iMit low I'CSprjIlM..^ I'lOlU JMiUNL'lllfS. tint tliirc vhilttirii. •') SO Ij LTi " li.'t '••Jfo 1 Kl :ij 7 y^ 5u 1,; ■ 1 iiu wcclily oiiriii)|f,r,s m ill .Miir.scillLs, i\v;ij;f;siill(lr.\p(.|n,,3 J I'Xinln H liiinllv ;qj. vr fiiriiiii;,' till. "liMst 1" sdIj.t. iSiiirltiKiiis ;t coiiMiiMcil ill till! ic.'iiil, lor tlii«ivasi)ii yi'^'DI'H to l.,,l (Ml'ly iniiitfil ; lor, ii] ^r,.,,. 1 of wood, tliarcual, inj men, uich/timil;^ 111) OiJ •i ^" 5 70 ,?l ^'O ,;ii 60 Ki 21) i-'l) I'J 10 11 07 13 or. 10 ID :iO 03 OS HI 21) 04 09 14 •20 !J0 no OG le 3 10 4 :!•.' ^s;i;;sr;;-.t!i» :::::::: lis "*'« s«i« BiJ M-<'i4in'..,i,.„l ~~ fiO Oti "•''^'"^•'■-'-^.^ -I in on..,.,,, i-"> yo r.o 00 ;;*;;:;":s:;s;::;;;:3;H:;'i7,ii:;:-;;';s-;.;.a,.™ „ ,„„ , '" KIiIh oi; i.i.;.iTi,.,i „•,;•,;•;; 01 wiiI.nvH 'I'otal Oflllis,, H:^;;';;:;1-1:;^^^-:::::::::::::;::::: --■ ferSi^'--^-:::::::::::::::::---------::::- n::'^:^ li.t'r'.l ■■■ V.'.,}:m I, UK) .mM -.%ti| ^'""^ms^s '^ii*«ttl^»iK>Mi^iAiiSidSS*4Sfi;v .-V-u: 488 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ilil |i LA]]Oii IN fJEKMANY. If, iiisfoiid ol a report on the cost mid ooiKiitioii of labor, t]iis voluino Avcrca liistoryof tlu^ vari(.(is iudnstrios of lOiiroiR^, it would bo iiitor- I'stiii-' to asccrtitin tlii' origin aral to traco tlio devdopiiiont of the i)riii- npal iiKi!iiil:icl!uvs of those states which now couiiiose the (jeriiiaii liiiiipire. The W(),.h'ii o-ooiis of Iv'hefiisli Pinssia^ and Saxony, tlie linens of Sile- sia and W esti.halia, the enitons of Alsaee and Berlin, the leatlier of tlio iLhiiie eor,ntry, the steel ()fJvssen,t]:o bronzes of Lerlin and :\Ianie!i, tli(3 toys ol An rem her-' and Soniu bery, the carved work of the llartz Mount- ains the philosophical instruinent.s of IJeriin and Casseh to say notliiii.' of the nunjerous peculiar industries of Berlin, ('lieinnilz, Franklurr htiitl.uart, Colo-ne, and Eiherfeld— all of which lind e.\tensiv(> markets in the Lulled States— would form rich subjects for historical inve.sti"ii- tKUi, and th(^ publication of tiie results ju'ove hiyhlv iustruclive. 6u some other person with more leisure, and with e(iuaf sympathy for the jn(.nsirial classes, must this pleasant work be devolved!^ IMPORTS Vnon GER^IANY. The jiroducts of German industry, which comprise the principal im- l)()rls titmi liiat country dnriu';' the last two iiscal years, as well as the total annual value of our imports since l.SUS, arc shown in the foUowiiiu- table: ° Aitick's. Value of imports. lt^74. 1873. Clotli mid .■.■issiiu,T<'s llrcs.s-tronils OtlK-T man 11 tiler iircs of wool i::!,21(i,3(ir. l,oi(),:!-'.i 2, 01 1,(1-,',') r>,(;ii,ij:iii 2,'Ji!i,.si:i ;i,-,'n;!, 'i;!(i i,ra», itiii l,:!ti'»,7-,'l it;iii, 21)1 811, di:! l,2i(i,s:i.-, :;s(i, 21'.) r)-:>,.--i(! l,r>-.-!, (!•.>:! l,.17S,r77 Klli,.17S K")i,r.;!(i l,oii,(i(;'j •2:>->,-j\]-> i,;i(;o,ri7i; Silk iiiiiniil;icriiivs.'. Cotton liosii'iy ..'.'.'.'... Other nianul'.ieriiri.'s of t'otlDii .'."!".."'".!.'.". ]-'.iiiey gill ids '.'..'.'.'.'. Leather, and iiiaiiiii'iictanidof, ('xcentiyloves Gloves i;!, ii><.i-i) ;;, (iiio, (iii'j •t,'i."ii,(ej i,'.»ii:t,7.--i •i, I.'il.iUii 1, iii:»,(i-J0 i,ir.M-j;i a,(ll^(;;l■i (W, ;i-() '.i:ii,oii:) 1, ;)(!•>, iCii; l,s':!i;, ir,s i)iy,T:iii S)l(i,(iii7 l,i.>, ir,.-, •li'j,'JO:< 1:5, •-'ui;, Ills 1 ! 11 1 f I ' 1 1 s .".".'.".'..'.' Jewelry and \\a.tL'hes I'reeioiis slone.s Furs, diessed '.'.'..'..'.. (ilas.s and Hhissware ...'.'.'.'. Iron mill steel, aiulmaiinrnctinvsof " Pi!;-lead Jiooks, i)aiiii)hlets, iiiaiis, &o C'lieinieals Vv'iiies, spifiis. and cordials !.'.'.'.".".".' Alt other iiiercliaiidise 'J'otiil imports ot mereliaiidise •i;i, 'JO'.), b:>-i 01, 101, 750 Total ill 187-2 .,,, .,,,, „,, Total in 1,.71 /..[,'/. -i-'oirir- Totalin 18(Jli ^^^\\V.ll\\\\l]V.[\[]"[[[ o-'Ili-'oiir ...... .... .... •-»• ...... ....,, A,t)j I C ^ , J<^i I-ADOR m GERMANY. )r, tliis voluino of iiupoits. 1873. )-) ijl,7r).-^,;!ii:! ■t i..')i;o,r,7(_; T) '■-', (i:!."), liii,") li l:!, ll>^,.|>o ii ;!,(ii;(i, (iii'j 1) ■\,\:a,u-ii (1 i,;tii;»,7.-.i 1 t:, l.Vl.llliI 1 ],lii!*,iWO :! i,m:), i-j:i ."> 2,(!l^,(l',l'i '.) (i'J^!, IhO (1 '.i;!i,oii:» ;! i.'jCi'.'.'Xii; 7 i,Ki(;, ir,s i(;,(i(i7 o l,ioH,ir,r, •> ■iia,!2i« t 1:5, -.'Oil, (lis o 01, 101,750 IMJIIGBATION INTO TTTt- Tr-vrr™ 489 Unlike Fra.K-o Avw , • , °'' Ger^unt. value overSSm'mi;^"'';''^ ''•'^"' ^''*^ 'i'>'^ -^t i!!;"":""" ^''^^^'ipt^ Jar^^on„,.^,;;;7'''' "^''^ wI„)o or J,er ,s„,,.s aS rrun l '''^' •'^'^''■'^'o in yoa., n.o.a I«.o to lizL^faJ^Sl^ffi-!" ^-'"-^- <>-i". the nftv-four lS20-'30 . . i«;ji-'.io.. ISU-'JO.. •■■ 18ul-'(J0 1872 1S7;] ... 1S74. .•..:::; :::; , "::::::: ,.7,729 .'2,4o.t 'I'S I, (J20 ... M/.(;(;7 .. «-'-', 007 ...:; 107,201 ... 305,505 ....; 3;w,ui ^ 50, 927 tl'an the • „n ^;''\^''''.v ''''''taine.l ^^72'! '?'''<^'"'' ^^•^'''^' « ' C'mnnn population of rmlcd sv,/ o :■ in 1870 '""''' ■'^■■liut Louis..." C'lliPi|l,-,>00 r)-.',:iiu TM*, 7lfi •"id, 7(li) .■i-', -ire, !-'•>', >,'!',» 15, ,-7;! ir), 850 15, \>:id ^lllllio?! 'JanniMiaudKliieVibhi: <.<)lonr[H3 l-i'i|i.M'(; K'ankrorf-nu-iholjfai',;; J)r<'rri('!i Aix-ia-ciiaiVdi",;;;;; JJll.SScldoi'f ... f-'lii'mnif;'; . ' ■ ---. 10;>,012 ■--• M0,81i> ■--- l'-il),y51 --• iou>,r,r5 I'lnswick swn 1: 'M, 7-18 &-J, 990 ' •'!, 7d3 09, '](;!> 08, 150 C7, .-580 .')I,703 01, 707 490 LAHOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. COST OF LAllOR AND OF SUB.SISTENOE IN LOAVEU SILESIA IN 18G8. Ilcforo ])i csciitiiis dotailcul sttitciiionta sliowiiiji the rosulta of personal iiKiuiiy iiilo the cost and coiidifioiis of lahof in (ieiniany in 1S71], it niiiy 1>(> well to siiliiiMl the rates of \va;;es cxislin;;- bclorc'the advance iii l)riee whieli Ibllowcd (he teiiiiiiiiitiou ol' the l''raii<'o(i('rman war. A work, imhlislu'd hy Mr. -laeohi, on the rates of wajjjes and (he material condition of the M-orkin,i;-e,liisse.s in Lower Silesia diiriii,!,' llic yeiirs IStiT ami l,>(iS, alfords iidbrmation of j^reat value, es|>ccially in re.u'ard to lactory-operatives at that period. I'^roni (he numerous "and d(;laili'd staleinciils oidy :i few liave been selected, tnuisliitions of which are here presi'ntetl. Tablf shoiriiKj llf rales of mines paid for faeiorn 4tn'• Male.s. Females. C'luldren. 15lo;icli(>rs: Ordinavv luinds CciiIh. 18 to ;!0 'J7 to ;i;{ ;!0 to .Iv! '18 to 00 :w to ri8 iil to ;jo yo to ;M 'js) to ;;o ;'.;! to .18 :'.o to 00 ^1 to -IVi ;!0 to oi; ;)0 to 00 ■18 i.'8 to 4-2 21 to 30 Cell 1.1. 11 .i to 18 Ciiits. lll.'Mrll.ls Maii^It'is I'oM'llll'll PookliiiuUTs I>i'('\v<'r.s Biick.vMnls: Oi'diiKirv Willi; Jloldcis Cliiiinottc-iiKildcrs On coiitriict-wiiik 11 to liO l(i to 18 10 to 17 10 to 18 Avcran'c siuiiiiu'r \\ ajii's Caii('-t;ul(iri('s: 'riinici's JOiii;iavfrs .IdilUT.S Laboi'fis Clit'iiiiral-works; Avcrajfo wa^cs Fii'i'woi'ks 8 to 1.') 10 to 18 21 to .10 18 to 'M ■1 to fi C to 10 Cigar-fai'liirics: Stl'i|l])Cl'.S SkillL'd liands SI to S3 Wi'ainii'rs Roll™ '»>1 to 7v! 7J to SI 08 oi; to -18 Si riO 8 to 30 00 to 7d iil to 00 18 to t>\ i-'l to .18 'Jl to 4-i 30 to 30 30 to 4-i 30 to la ■iS 90 Assorlcrs """""* •••■*"• I'a.'kcis ForeiiU'ii Distillci-.s iiarHicnwarc, {glassware, &e. : I'ottcrv, iiioldcrs on (irdiiiarv work 11 to ^:> Stoneware, onliuary work turners Itainters Poreelain, j>;luzini;-makera 18 to 2\ burners gildei'S 12 to 18 pottel'-lurnera foreuieu ISIA IN 18G8. ilta of personal in 1S7-, it iiuiy ho ;i(lviiiicc ill liin Will'. ivii<,'(',s and tlio siii during' tiu* (', I'spcciMliy ill nnnu'ions and Uionsol' which labor hi Lower V (l;i.y. Cliilibcii. 18 Ci'uts. 10 to 17 10 to Id .... i.-)"" i'to'o 18 10 6 CD , IB if '1 ill 492 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Jidtcs of w(i;/>n paid for /(U'lori/ and other labor in Lower SiJesia—VAmVd, lirimclu's niul (iccniiiiliims. Wu^in pi'i' "l;iy- iMaU'.s. ]'\iniiili's. Cliililrcn. Sllj^Hl'-l'i'lillris ('('Ills. 1 1 lo :!('> ;:ii III (HI IS (o ::(; ;!ii to 'IS ■ '.(1 lo.f 1 lis •Jl (o 72 •20 fi> 51 !.".) 1(1 :!(•) ,sl OS Cl'lltH. '.1 (<> ir> i> (,. ir. 1(1 lo -Ji Ctiiln. 'l':iiiiii'r.s Toy-liicl Dries: ( Miliiuii'v l;ili(in'rs 'I'll nil'!, -i Si'iil 111 Ills WiUcli-lMclni'v wdrUiiU'ii I't \V(iiili'ii-l:i(ii)ri('s : Cjiiili'is -...-..., 11 lo l.s ir. Fiilli'is S!ic':in'i\s J'\)r('UU'ii - 1 Tlio r(',i;iil;ir\vM;;('sol' woikiiijniK 11 hvci'mhc, in siiiiiiiici' iiiiil wiiitiT, tVoiii Ki.S cents to 21 I'enis (^pilil) per (liiy ; ol' leiii;iles. IVuiii S.I (o ll.leetils per (hiy, more iieiirly ;ip- Jiroiieliiiif; the lnj;lier i:',ti'. IliiriiiLC "i" short winter days Nvorkiii^quen receive, lor ei,:L;lil Iioiirs' lalmr, IVuin Id to II. I cents ; 't lie t'einales, ~.'2 cents ; while in siiniiiier, lor twelve lo tliirleeii lioius' labor llie relat ive wa;;es are lloiii I'.I.'J lo'js.s cents, ami from M.l to Hl.-J cents, respectively. 'I'lio wajies ot those workin^r in the royal loresls ai so rcj;nlateilastoavera;;;e '.'I cents jier day for males, and I 1.1 cents per day lor teiiialc.s, in some monnlaiii coniitries the latter receive but I'J cents. In l;ir;;fr cities \\a;;es rise ahovo these rales, especially for skilled labor. Men worlc- inj; on railroads ri'ceive in snmnier IVoni ".'s.S to lili cents per d.iy ; and v.omeii from IG.S to 'iti. 1 cents. In the larj;er cities ordinary female, help in honse-kecpinn' is paid from 21 to •-(i.l cents. ^\ orU done by the ])icce, or by I'oiitract, is paid about one-third more t haii the cus- tomary waives. A coiiimoii laborer expects, in contract work, from oii to 'H cents ; at railroad work, even more. \\heii work i.s scarce tlu' wa^^cs often fall to abiuit- 1(1. S cents per day for males, and !).() cents for females. Labor is often jiaid by the hour, at- from 1.1 lo li cents for males, and ('. ! to 'J ceut.s for females : ','.1 cents per hour are the w,-ij;csof an able lield laborer in the mountains, Dunni.; the summer especitdly, opiiortiinities for work are olfered lo children, who receive Iroiii (i.ll to 7.« cents iicr ilay, and in winter about I.S cents. ^^'llercvcr the work vises above mere manual labor in a trade or factory, Uto. daily wa^es of nien are from oU to IS cents, and often rise to (ill cents. Jliners at tiimielim,' are frequently paid 7'J cents, (I thaler;) in the district of tiorlil/, a brick-maker, aid.il by his wife, avera;.^cs Ml cents (ler day ; in the district of ,)aiier froui ^,-.").7(i lo s7.>,'|) per Week. .Skilled workmen of lar^e experience reci'iv(> from ;s;!(iO to .sl;!-i per annniii. This \vaj;i'S of the moldors and enameleis in iron-fouuderies, of the locksmiths and .jniiicrs in luacliiiie-works, in piano factories, amount to from 7'J cents to isl. us perd.iy; llui Baine in niamit'aetoiies of j:,lass. silver-ware, and watches, and hat-factories, 'i'lic liif^li- est waives [laid to a very skilllnl Joiner in a piauo-l'orle factory were ;il'J.'Jl per Week. M'aj;es for female labor ai'o more nniform throughout; Is ccuis per day can he earned l)y a skiUl'ul hand ; ^1 cents per day very rarely. Juvenile laborers in factories be^iiii with \\a.i;es of 'H cent.s ]ier W'l'k, for 10 hours' work (laiiy, and rise to 7'^ cents per week. Tlic law jirohibits the einidoyiiient of children under twelve years of aj;e ; from twelve lo fourteen years it permils (i lioui;*, aud from fourteen to sixteen years, 10 hours iniiloyed U to 12 hours per day, (exclusive of time for meals ;) where work is continued day and ni;;ht, the hoii'S for the day are t'rom (i to 12 a. m., and 1 to 7 p. m. ; for the niy;lit, from 7 p. lu. to G a. 111., with i- hour recess: in a few districts 10 hours constitute a dav's work, lu many clotli-tactorii's and wool-spinneries, males and female rk 12 to 13 hours, and seiiio evi'ii Iti hours per day. As an example, a cloth-factory employs liivnien aud machinists 1(3 hours, spiuucrs aud dyers 11 hours, all others 12 hours, o.xciusivo of tiiuo fur moals. Slksla—CjonVd. IT .7^\ to sT.'JO per llieraniuun. Tlio iniths and Jnineis il.ds [lee (lay; liio tiiries. 'J'lie liif^li- Sil'.'.'Jl per Week, day can be earned V'ek, lor 10 horn's' 10 I'niidoynieiit of it permits (i liuurs, Ill's' work per day, :nls; in cities, oO II to J 'J lioni's per (1 nin'lit, tliu luiii'S i'oni 7 p. ni. to G a. s work. Ill many i lunirs, and sduio leii aiul maeliinists )t' time lur meals. I-AIiOU IN GERMANY. 5gH"SS;::H^^^^^^^^^ Z I'l r wirl,. — i" !•■,; 7:1 I IIS — ;.' .".o --. -' HI, --. ;-- ir.\ li.ikers ... Jinlelici-.H.. ■ •^inillis "" 'J'innei's Wlic,.|urjni,','s i'liriii.rs.. 'Saddlers ...'.'.'. J'ocksniiilis Tililcils (^hoeinakcKs'!.'.' •"-.'.'."'. o '.^ l'Vese,,-p:,i IKcrs " " ^ J ' o '', (■klth'w;'''''^'''"-—-"— -V ■-■"•■■":;::: ■-■ ^'ii liiin lies „r s -,-..,' ''"' '"''''I IVii.ss ;i, .•iveri..,, ,i.,ii 0;;;r skilled work„„,,;:'^;:^"'""" "•""'■^i"'-<'^'v,i;,und;:,;- :.-. so dl S';^;-.;;™i-w,:;,„;i,- :::;;;::::;;::; :-".'"'"S '■ -■''^"-■■--S™;;^^^ ^"'""-Iae(,„.i,,s,aver ,,, ,„ , ""'''r lalior,.,-, ' "" ,, ^'^'--iHM,iin.;,averai;;.;;.:;^ ;:;;;; i^^^^ r,^ Ave,,,.,, ,.„,,, " ' , '"''^ ""^"^•^•""";;i-rsons):::: ;!i •.'■'■I" to l,'ili(,r,.|,.. s|ii^. ' '" "'" '■"a -minis ,.r i>i -^' --. 1-.' fl) In 1 1 1. .. I' I --H.i,i.e,aisWi;;';,'V;||;;S"'' ""-'— .rn,reoe,,il.,renn , • illel ' _' ciotiiino;, iiiuVi^is;:; .-'.'.'.'. ....'. l;m'nitiii,.,(o,ds,A:e '"'Ill, ''id; elmi-r- I !•>. r>i) DO o ;i; .'! CO II .|ii 7 i.'U 'I'dal .... .'i 70 i:;£,-»-»''v™.4^;:il;;;ssis:sj';.5^s£;:^^^^^ Kxpi..n..,,s of a family: ~' ^^'''''''''■'^ "f ^-'imMt'if. ''^"'^ JJ''"f.lH'r annum I'al,,. ,.,mntrv IXl'S, itt. CleHii Otli ' l"'r anniini. er c.\ ite I'eiis ' I'er annum... ''""'I'l'i' aniiuni. Total II fo :i (;o c;G uy (I'tr we'eiv i^l.Od) oG 10 Id 4-2 ■1 .'!',> 10 00 n r>7 100 13 494 T-AIIOU IN KITKOI'K AND AMKKK'A. Till' runime of l.'iliiircrM' (wcivcr.i') fiiniilii's (Iocm nuti f^cm liilly nvicli IIicho aniomitH. M;iiiy Mi'o iiiTiiiil led In L;Mtli>'i' llii'ii' wniiil I'l'iiiii IIim ri>yiil Ioii'mI-i, anil m|)imiiI III. Hit I'nr cliidiUMC, wliiiii (lii'Y lii'K iViiin cli.iiiliilili' iiiij^liliniH. A wi-iiviT riiiiis liiin Iniiii IS |i> 7'J ri'iils, s| ami sL.'iO |iiT wri'U ; imi'-il wiavrivi liavi' I wo Iiiuimh in (i|ii'ia( ion, anil lii- j^i'llii'r Willi llii'ir \vi\i"4cani IVoin sl.MI lo s-.Mii pci- urrl>. 'I'lin avn ai;r cai ninj^M of wcavi'i'H ai'i' ^ivi'M al IK! crnls per wrcU, or alioiil :f.ii) \><-\- ,'uiniiiii. I!. I>i-j.''J |ii'r yi'iir ; a l)oy, jji'.l lo s| I ; a ma id -hit van I, §!•-' lo .Sl"^ |iiT aniiiiiii Willi lioaid. 'I'lic annual i'\|ii'iisr.s ol' a lalmirr'M raniily. Iiviii;; in a romrorlalili' iiianiirr, williun! luMiiiri. would 111' lii'arly dmilili' llii' aiiioiinl ailii.illy i'\|iriiilrd almvi'. Till' r.illowiiiir is an rsliniali' ; Ifi'iil, ^oiii' I'ooiii, alrii\ 1' and lii'il room ) $S (il l''ni I and 1 mil I II 11) l'ro\ i-.iiin ., ^liiraUl.isI . loll'rr ; al iinoii, |iiilaliii's, diini|illii'^ -lOninls; rvriiiii};, lii'i'ad, a lillli' 111 aiidy oii'iils; .sn|iii.r, miiiii, lirrad, v /.',i'laliU'M -lircnli) (O (III Clolhi'i:',-, ^llnsllalld, .^li. I> ; wili', :.i.*ii ; cliildirii, ^T.'Jn , Hiiaji, I'J Cfiils) '^t) l\\ I'aM's.O;.' _ o I,; Sri 100 1 iii'^' 111' cliildii'ii, {'ii, ii'iils |irr w itK J).'!' cliild ) It (il) Sriiiiol liooUs 7'J 'I'd lay liy I'nr siil,n('ss, A r H f,H rnloii Mcii I'Xiii'iisi's H TiH 'I'olal Ill -1 ■I. IHstrii I (if Scliiiiiiiii. Till' nrilinar> yrarly wai;!'-, in adililinii In linard, |iaiil In ;i"rvaiil'< in lliiiniriil dis- tricl, Wi'lc as I'l'illov,,.: MaiiM'rvaiil, SII.IO In S'.ij.dK; hoys, ^-^.lil In .'^l-.'.'.li'i ; maid- Kcrvanls, ^-^.ill lo f;'l7.'.'-' : cliilirH iiiirsi>s, s.'i.Ti; In sl-.'.'.lii, jliirin:; llii' liarvi'sl llio daily wa';i's I'nr roiirli'i'ii limirs' worK aro as rollous: Mowi'is, IVoin ll'.v' to 'J-^.S ci'iils; laliniri^, (,inali's,) IVom l'.'.'.' tn'Jl rnils; rcinali's, Ironi I I.I In 17 I'l'iits. Ill (iiliiT MMsoiis mall's rci'rivi', I'orli'ii lioiirs' daily lalior, tVoni M.I lo ID.'J criils, and Irmalrs I'J In I 1. 1 icnis prr day ; and in winlrr niali's rrci'ivo I'J Cfiils, and li'inalrs 7.1 tn ','.(i (Tills. A l.ilinii'r ill I 111' cilirs ii'rrivi's from ','1 lo •J'^.H ri'iils prr day ; llio"lrl- lows" (^ Joiinn'\ niriil nl' 1 ladi's H'l'i'ivi' rrnm (id criils In jjl.'jll pi'V wi'cU, and liimrd. \ l.ilioii'i 's tamily nl' livi' persons ri'i|iiiii's I'oi' ils snlisislcni'o diiiiii;^ Hie year (lie i'nl- Inw im; anioniil : ror pinvisinns, sT'.; In •'i^H.'>.7'J; renl of one rnom and Hirer liediomiis, ?rl. :!•.':' einlhin-, Ar.. slil.Ml; T'lrl. A r., .s;!.l'i(l ; laxr.s, Ae., s.t.Cii'. 'I'nlal, sln-^.n I. .'1. I'itli-icl (if (li)l(lli( r(i. Till' eosi nl' liviiir- of a laliorer's raniily ^linsli, mil, wife, and two eliildreii ) in llii.t disllirl is Hms i;i\eii: I'l n\ isinns, .'JV.'i.lld ; real , S I.:!'.' ! I'liel, :77.'J0 ; rini liim^', Slll.d-J ; fiirnilnre, lools, Ar., ■;■-' eenis: taxes, Ac;., .'?■.'.'•'-'. Tnlal, i;.(i. SlinemaUers .■liel lailnrs receive Irniii '.) lo in cenls, liesidcs llieir Iin.ai'il and Inil^inu', vliicli is valued al I'J cenls. (i. /'/l.'.'(l per \vccK> Cv! Id ri,"> 7'.' Fuel and li.-lits I'J (id Id Ml Taxes, sehonl, Ac I! (id :> (iO Clnlhinfi, A-c I'J ,S"> I'J S,'i Other expenses .''i 7() 5 "(J Total Id7 .S7 t»3 Od :i('li lli(-H(i ntnoiinfH. mil M|)i>iiit III I 111 I'lii- iiM lino li'iiiii IS III ii|ii'i';il HIM, Mini III- iAri:i;',i' iMinili;;H iil' III ';7'J |irr MiiiiMiii, InAi'H, s:l.l(i ; fiii'l, VIM U, till' iiinli'it, HIT r Iriiiii ;t to 7 ('(iMlrt I ; II Mialil-isi'i'viiiil, li' lll.nilirl', Wll lliilll IVI'. Ijs V4 it 10 s ; r\ I'liiiift, rciilM 7:> 01) Is) ^'0 li; 'J ii; ;t til) I'i H fiS « ,"18 Ill -J ■fill I lli-i l'lll';ll (lis. I lo sl-.'.'.ir.; ni;iiil- -i I'lillow s : Miiwrrs, MKlll'S, ll'lllll I I. I Id I III ID.'J rciils, iiinl its, mill li'iiLiIrs T. I piT liny ; llio " Id- 'U, Mini liimril. 1;; llir yrMl- llir Col- li Ihlrr Ivrclroiiiiis, il,.^llH.li|. I Cllilcll'l'll) ill lliis : rlnlliiiii4-,S|0.ll';; In lr--i CNIirllNlVll M ilay's wiiik ; (his 1 liiiMiil, iScr., which llllMI'll. i-liilli iMcliirirs, l.-i :t:!.() III ;;.-^.l ci'ius; lioiiiil ami liid^iiiu', il at fidiM s'.KM'iO to (;ily. C'cimitiy. .. SlO CO $\ ;w .. (!•.' .|l) fM 7'i .. I'j (ii; 111 Mi ;! (U) :i (iO .. 1-j .-:i u K'l 5 rt'i r> 7(5 , . 107 >S7 93 05 Wiw.H„ronHr,i|j„„.M- *'yH.S,.,.„(M ,,,.,■ ,!,,.• . '"■■' """-'- -,,„..,;.„„., >■''.. ■iiiil i„,,.|,.,| . i-,,„,.,i,, , • I ' :>' ill,.S.-<,.,, ;,, ;,;._l| Q ', Mill! Wa.', llpll-lll". '11 l'il.i>>N. NniilliH _ \viiiTiuiij^,i,iy ^>lllll'llllllll.,H .. _'" 'I'Mildis t'liiMnci-iiiiiiu.rH! !.";.'.;; '" I'l" in,n,/,y, :'"'n)"'" I> !m.. 7'J 00 )fl) .|-,' I J I -J ::o ■Ui io 7'' Co ~- ''''.'/ '•/(.■n;/r„l„n. rill' NI|I|,sin(,.|,,.,. ,,(• .. , - .,. «""."•-.,., .„.:;:y;'„;:-.,i.i„„„„,,; y,,.,.,„„„„^„,,,.^^ " "^'- '"••"i,ui|i.,:.,„, (|,,„„ Al.lMSOll r|.,.,.iv,., 'N'MMK. ,/'-• . ;'"'""'^""'-'''OM.,iila,.n„il. ,hii,v, >'-|>':-:iS:,-r,!:::^:-'''-'''-'-H -,;;,;,,■:. II (III ■''"'■'^ I"-'' ■.viT|<,".Mav Tiilal ^ il.iy-lalioivi- ivnivcs •>. , , "..|.K,M '""- -> '■'■'"'' piT.lay,,,,-,^!,, ,. „, , « 00 7 !.'0 7:> 7a Tola I .. "" ^^'l'- "lay ran, • -N".? (iO -. II 10 00 A ('ai|ifi,(|,,. ,,.||.||^ .i |. <'^ 00 •> '•'"<'i.i ; III,,.,, in III,. ,;,,,._ IJi'llI, SSC.1. ,,|, ,,■ ■.. '■•^'■'■■■^■"'■•■^ ">■ A K,.M,I.V. '■'" lailiMl, ami ' , "•> '""'''■ lit' (■iirlail,.,l I Hit,, II , '"^^ ^''-'ll'ifl or Ciirlil- '" '^;;:^■:";"■i:;r;;:'^:^-, "■'"'''' -^'"— ''--n i„. ,;„„,.i rr„vi,si„„, ""■ '"'■■^""■'^ ■'■■'■ Iliiis, o,,,- /f;'''|..iiKii(M,MmiK,;.i • !""!■'*. iVc... Ji r,-.' ,„ ".j| in ^r^'"'"' :;:;:: .'.'.'.:\ 'vf •" '^^w Total I II t. 'j^ «'> 1 It ='f' -y to liiToa 49G T,.M10R IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ll.V riilcriil iiiiiiilrii's i( liMM Imi'm .•isci'ilaiiic'cl (Iiiil, ii family ran earn from §93.00 to §111 IV yi'iir, til I lull Millie lay iiiiwiiall naviiij^f*- l''or llio ('il.N 111' (iiii'lil/. Ilu* avi'raj;i' iiicdiim iif ii laliiiii'i'H family i^t cMliiiiatiMl at. ^'J') to .'*1 1 1 a. ,\('ai' ; I lie i'N|i('1isi'm loi' fmir or i'lSf jii'i'soiis, from .^1 1.') (o ^U7^.', ■II, II iimrli : .R('iil,ll;;lils. anil liu'l. lir'J'i 7'J to §:!3 ir 10 i;i"iiiiiiK !■- 7ij 'J'a\rs, ami ullii'i' ('\|ii'iisi',s ^ dO '''"'"1 lU) m ^ As, iici iiiiliii;; lo llii'si' wtatistics, a man ami wife uau earn but .^'r-M 1 \>vr y. ar, a ilril- cii'iiry uf !j;ili>',i imisi 1)0 niailo iqi liy (he work oftlic chih'ren, or hy t-xtra ialiur in Ihu tiummi'r, fhiH'rially al liarvcHl-tiiiu'. lit. Dinlrict of I.i,(jnit:. Exiii'iisi's of a family with tlireo eliihlrcii : Provisioii.s— lircail, I )ionii(l of (Imir [icr lioad, daily «-3() "d |iiilaloi's, } liaM-, or 75 iioiimU (n-r week, al Id ccut-s " i) ;;ii ii|illi',\-, 'i sliollols, at til) cents % jii'Ms, I nIhIU'I. Ill si. IIS 1 0-' iiiltler. I lo I'l |)oiinil.x per week, 71J [loiimls per year, at It) cents. V.'< 71) niilk, I ipiarls ilaily, at 1 cents .' r> fl nieal, I swine for fattening;, or I iioiuid pi'r week ,") ,")0 Mill, I pound iier week, al -J.-l eeiils 1 -J.") eoll'ee, eliieeory. siiijar .\ '.\i " Ileal 11, 111 r for cake on holid.-iys 1 ;!J I r ; ijO 70 81 * 1 alii'UVl (■(xuals 1. jli liiisliols, Uuitotl Stalca. I) Ill frnm §03,00 to - ■ • SI, m ... ;jii u; - ■ • Ki ','(• ..- IJ U(J ... ?fUO I;i •r'* i;o - . . (1 7 -J , - . c< ;!o ... r. ■!() ... ... »'-.' II'.' .'•i 1 1 . §•.'1 IJ :; liii — ... — . . _ U 111 . . . ] 1 I'l I Ti i-j ;i(i I- 7" ri (III ir.) u:! i l> .,. y ■ar, a il.ll- OXtl a labor in tliu «0() ."0 'J ;!i; ill) 1 0-' t 19 cell i:! 7;i .") .-'1 fi "ill 1 •-'.'i .... •1 :\i 1 :!■-' DO 70 81 LADOH IN GERMANY ii^p^PSss?'-^"- ::: "•'<''— a .•i.,.,„i,s,,, i.' ' l'"i'<'l'.sll„|.,s" ''"•w, vVc !!;;;;;; ''•'■'.'.'.'. V':''"''''- 'it /.y cciiN isiiv^.;™'''^—" -■'■'-.«- yHii.'ircisivc -' •''^••(rris i;;,,i,'s' .'.' J simi'oi iicii^ ■ " *''-:--:"-''-"^ - -« ...r .„„„„ . '■'""'i IS .■.sn„iat..,l at '^• '■ ) > .^ yi; IK) ■91 so y k; i (IS fi \)C, .... y Ns 'i (Ki S tij r< 7ti ly:! 50 m •■■.X;S'/'X';;,;i' ?'•'•;■«• '"•"-""■•'"■"■" .™,.i..v,,,, ,„,, °'S;';;r'™"'«».«"S' ;;%■■;;•-,"''■■*'"<■» .•...„..,,,.„, ,,„. .„ ' 'itnict-\vorI, 32 J. 3I(.lt "■"aco.s, &c. vcr.- ^''s> ]H'r diiv 3{'iits: ord U) » '- cont.s; job. '"'y Iiaiids ifj cent.:! ""orker.s om- !>.J tmiidimM PttHH I l!/S LAUOU IN EUROPE AND AMEUICA. Miiiiii/7 cents; in near Ininaces, ISl men, at average daify wayes ol ")2 eents. l''ir.si elass melteis,,iier day, !)ll cents; second-class nu'lters. per day, 7t» eents; third class melt eis, per day, 02 tuMiLs; Jlrcmun, per day, 'j'l cunts; laborers, ]»er day, ')! eents. Stilt- irorhs (If Linnvbitrii — iCmpIov 120 men; total watjes, )5!M,;j5(J.Sr!/<77.l I. C'iitipir-sli«i) til A»(7((,'^((;v/— Employs ol men; total \va;,'es, $r),70;j.Sl ; aveia;;*', s|(i7.7(i. , CiKilniiiit'.s iii'iir /.tiiihtin.— Wvwcvs, p(>r day, Ki to r>," i 'nts; drawers, per day, .'JO to 1 1 cents; ordinary laborers, per day, 1 \ ..ents. Jittilroiiiliri>rl>s itntr J.tii:l)iin — Em\)loy llo bands"; total wa;;es, iifo;j,;{;](); a vera j-f, si 110. 10. l''A("l'()UV-I,,Vl!()U IN 1S71. Tlie I'ollowinj; statement of the rales i)aid for factory-labor has heeii in-epared from the Annual lieport of the Chand)er' of Commerce of J'laneii, Saxuny, for 1S71 : lidii-ldiiniii'i ii's : i'iilli-i'M-iiiiilvi'r.s l.'ul;siiullis ^t-rtto -.im 111 louiiitcrii's lit Criiiiiiiit-siliau : t'o'viiuiii 7 20 to 10 ;ii) ^'"''•''"■'■< -iKSto noi •'"">i'i'« I! Ill) Apiir.MilicfS .J J, It,, ;j i;ii , , .f>"iiiiiiH x!(-sto:!u.; Ir(i:i-l(iiiii(loiRvs lit Keiclioubiicii : M( tillers ^ ^],) AppicMtii'cs " __ 7'J 1i> )i :ii Olh.Tliaiul.s ."!...!."."!!.'!!." 1 bO to !i iti ilac'iiiH'-works : 't'"i''ii'i« , ;i coil) 8(;i Tjocksiuiths o f^s to 4 ilJ -'"illf'-f !].'."I.'.".'."!!! J; hS to .') Ul OthtT iiirchiinios _ 2 Ki to 'i v Api) rout ices ~ 7:J to 2 Id lycd, 150; wages, Jilts per (livy ; in daily wa^'cs of 53 Kcs lor the year, iiifit, at avcra^jc at ascMij,'(i daily inciters. |»('i' day, !im!ii, iHT day, 'j'» iifji's, !i(l J,;{5(J.S(!; ajics, $ 10,51] l.fu;; wa^os, *.'{,-'7LM(); al \va;;os, $5, KM); wages, 85,7();J.SI; I c^'iits ; drawers, ijenlH. vi wagoH, 8u;j,;5;j(;; ylabor li.is liccn of Coiiiinerce ut' Wr( kly v.ij;cs. 1 11 1 U(i S'J HS to -, III ■^ k; to :! (Ill ;i (111 'J S-! to ;! (Ill M t-S to ;i tiu 7 'JO to 111 :iii 'J .-.-' to r. Ill ;! cii i> Hi to ;t (ill •J es to ;i % ;i iJi 7'Jto " .'>j 1 tU to Tui I! 00 to 8 (;.i 2 KS to ■1 x 2 hH to n III )> 1(1 (o •J >,^ ..... 7;^ to i IG Jii.'icJiiii,..«,,i|>,s lit y'.',.'. "p "-> III /;iiicii,i,| . r"»''£rr'-- i*lil('Imi,.-u„il,,s ;it ih'.LV": rMn„.,s,n;ij;w;,;;;:;;: ''Or/i.sriulli.s . ,, , . '^I'|ll(lilic,.,s. ^'^"•'i"„-wo,Ks..„|.,- ;,;.■„•: .''"'liNniidi.s ' IIIIII'IN.. ■'^IMltllS. ..." •'"i'll'IH ...'." |\/'l'><'llti(!,'s.'.' l-illloivi-s... Mic)iuif.\v,,rks .,, I rnn,;,:';;^ '''•"'■'■ «W-I..,„a:- '''"'IvMiinliiV. •'"iiiiiH ... H'acKsiiiidVs ., , .■^J'l'iviKi,.,-^ *'"'''";;!-»">i>..u;w-. „ iC;;;,:^;'""'-""'K^c ^^.«i.'ji,.,n,.,:-ni-,;--; (\;;; ;'';<"„;, ,„;,,,;-;: - ;v:iM::::;:;;;:!;:r'"-'-'^ > Y'"<''^-iii,'iii,.,,s 'Mi|'i<'ii(ic(',><.. ''•^■•«'-iii;iki.i,, •'oilKlH •'^'.i,'ii-|i:iint(T,s < lMill-Ml;ili|.rs „,. Oilier WDili,!,,.,, ,,., '''lllHlllilll.S. '>ilvor-n;iiv: , ,, ^Voikiiicii qiDnii-C.K.d.i.j,.,, : <';|"'''M.'oli.sI,<.,.s,,s^.c ^ OvcrsiMT. ' t , J'l',VH , ^■"'\:inIiit.s lahoij in gkkmanv. lar-,. ■liici .1"' •IK '■•lay... '!• M.'cK-. ■■•$I.H) •••• $•-' K; ((, ,f;j 00 •••• •■' 01 to -J ;to '■-'to a It; .'t CO ;i \>r, *■- '<» i,' tin ■ ■ .. " HH ■ • .: ''^-' '<> :f CO •• •• ^'1 (o ;i ,;„ ■- - '■■*io ;{ », 72 • ii(.i(o ;;,,, >- • J to .J ;■;> • ~ ''I lo .1 .-.J y i"s 1 (^(j ' f^O fo o f,j^ - "' I" ,1 'J.J ^ (Jl 2 40 '-' Ki (o ■! K^ 1 '^" to y i,j ~ "i to ;{ ,;o 1 20 to 2 Ul ••■lie, fo Cfif. ■■■^).... 1 l-O to •■i CO 2 /C t„ 7:i to .■! CO 1 oa 2 r-'i t„ 1 0,-j to 1 11 1 '11 (o ;i CO I"'i'. CO 1 11 to o .J :i r,5 to r 1 •10 ^'5 -^le. llH'iy . 1 11 to 1 rn a ic u ••i oc ••! 0;; 2 10 I It '^iW^^aai ll *Hi r>00 LAIIOU IN KUROl'i: AM) AMKRICA Tuxtili' CiirtdllrM! At H|iirafliii;,'-iiiiicliiiii'H, (Kirlft) 1^-i m S|iimi(is !$•.' l',' to :t I'J I'aclii'is ',' ,V.' Ovclsrcr Ij t;i) Hpimiiii;; iiiiiNlcr .| ;i-.' ( iKlill.ll.V liMiicIs I '.'(Mo I -0 I'ciiialc^, (al coiiihiiif;) | ,",i; OiImi- Iciiiali's I lli'i to 1 II llinlii'sl waj^i'M a K-i to 4 ;t'J IJoiu'-iiialii'iM : lli'.il liands ;i at to I ■,'.' lto.\x, ( ir> to I* ,Vii||lM ol'iij{(') i II Cotton I'ilClOI'ifM. (jlOWlT-ltMlllW:) ('otloII-\V( MVlTM 'J t'l.i to ;i li Ciitliiii-VM'aMis, giiln, iiiaMti'Miii ;{ 441 t'ollnii-winviTM. males, inaMiiitini ft 61 Anotlic r rsial>h.-*liiiii'iit ^ivi-t ilic avi'iH^i' i'itriiiii>;n of — Males a (1| I'i'tiiales o ;|| MaxliMiiiii rales , t MvJ to '1 (il ^Vo()leIl-<■llllll winvels lire K'""""''i'l'y I'i'i'l l»ieol' Pyeiii-. males o .r,o ,„ ._, ,^ Clot lis, ea>simeres, Ae, : \Vall>er ;t CiO to .^ 01 liiili!;liel' 'J ,'')'J to II ','1 .^hearers, Kills 1 "II to '2 ',\i t'aiil-eleaiiei-.s I .M to I IH ""V* I ■:!) '•>'i^ 1 i;s KiiiliKiideicrs, tenia les ,f, ;((; (,) 7 ,-,(j Kmliidiili Teis on linen, jaconet, iVi;., net from sllK.Tti to:>i:>7..'>0 jieryciir, iJraweis III' ilesi^lis 2 HH to ,"i Ot Lilfi'-weavt'iH iiml knitters, women ] 'J.'i to Villi SlocUina-weavels 1 (H to 1 II Ami except ionally [ ,'",0 t() 'J Ml Tanners, males .' -J ^s to ."1 Hi Iviil-^liive makers : <'i"li'i« 10 .S) to'Jl ("U Sewers, fiiiniilis .j j,; D.vi'rs 2 a (ilove-sowi'l'S, pel' dozen, liTf. to isl.O.-i. 13rusli-iiiakers : M;>li'H 'J 10 to I ;w J'''''i':'li"< I 00 to •.' Ill ,loiiiers and polishers ^ 2 tr!? to Ti Cl Wood sawyers : IJy iiaiid o ]j; t„ ■_> -^ 111 steam saw-mill li (ill to II I'li flioo.last-faetory hands o n; t^, .j .^ liasUet-makeis '. 1 ;j.j (^ o .< iiook-liiiiders : Ml'" 3 W to I ..'. . ^Vonien 1 M to '-! -" Earniiifjs of eoal-niiners and tiiifdi;;-;;i'rs : (Joal-niiuurs, iivciaj,'!! eariu:ij;s per year, in 1.*(I'2 Sl-.'l ilO '• " '• l-^tH "i.->i H " " " 1-71 is7 yj Tiirf-difii;ers, per 1,000, from (iO to 70 cents. Turf-ciitters, [ler 1,000, from Id to 20 ucuts. ■ Iti to 1 Wi to O -■( i! 88 to 1 14 to ■1 ::i n (id -.1 H ^7 y-i • 'A"0« IN OKI{.\fAVY ••'•'^ ••'■rM. stir . . '•""''"'^' i"i' 1 80 to 2 10 I 1 44 to 2 10 2 88 to 3 24 2 !')2 to 3 24 1 44 to 2 10 3 00 to .-) 04 2 88 to 3 24 2 88 to 3 00 3 21 to 4 32 2 10 to 3 24 1 32 to 1 80 SI 44 to 81 ,-iJ 1 32 to 1 to 2 88 to 3 24 1 44 to 1 08 1' 44 to 1 80 1 44 to 1 08 1 44 to 1 cO "■^'**y'«»«K5s&^'sr^ crmany — Cont'd. ^ ) (iO 30 42 Children. Per (lay. 14 H(i (;o 30 I'lr nri'k. l(i 1(i 1<> "iii .... §1 44 to .si ,-iJ a4 80 1 :w to i mJ 80 1 44 to 1 iii 1 44 to 1 tO LABOR m GERMANY Occupations 503 Cout'il. riccf-silks-Continn..,] *\:ii|)(.'r,'s wv;:r'T'''''' '■!''''•'' "'''^ ■-■■■■ /:;:!:.':^^:'.^"''i"'"^".<'ott,.,Mv„oV"' ^ '-'ifo :i (iu:'" Wi'ii v.Ts, (liv.s,st.r.s ! - ^-^ (o ••{ (ill i ('i"i.i:s.,ciai,o,. i„^,;-,^---— — -I ;i^lru 4;!;!^:: J!h(iji . . iJifasiTs — .. (Honr,s .;i' i,;r,o;.; ■];)",,Vi";hV) I ^ '-' Kilo r, 0] •-' '-■'to ,-, (M ~'' to ;.i (Jo -' to t I) to 1 (;-■: ' f'Mo y ii; sj It; 1 rtlfo 'i'liKihcnj, Sax-onj. Friufjo-fnctory .. ^'«'''""''^'"« "■' l""ms, fine (lIour«otwoMc,i5"touJ,;,--,iayO •{ iiii'Muh, Saxony, rniiKo-factory : «iilv-i-.s on ronn.l ln,>'„'.;, i 2 c3 to 3 00 Woik t'oruicrs oil round loonii c3to 3 00 1 21) to 1 4J 1 ^'-^ to 1 .11 •WlKJfte^1ff*«jl)K^y^»f^^g;,ij^^ ^ ¥ I 504 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Eatcs of wages paid by manvfaetimng cstahlishments m Germany— ConVd. Occupations. Men. Womon, Children. Cut (on liosii'iy — Coiitiniii-d. J'inislicr.s I're.ss-liiinils riuki r.s iVr u-ct'lx. . S2 02 to 82 33 2 3n Per week. iJO 90to$l 20 I'er u-eek. Iliimls (111 sc\viM;,'-iii:iiliiiic,s 1 20 to 1 44 1 44 1 44 to 1 30 1 44 to 1 30 1 44 to 1 30 2 52 (.iloiir.s (ifliibor, 10 to 10^ iwv day.) J.iclitciinltiii, StiJ-oin/. Yin'ii-spoolcrs Ihiiuls on iiiachiiii'.s ( Fiiiislifi's 2 3i to a 00 2 10 to 2 ■'■)2 3 24 to 3 00 4 32 2 S3 to 5 04 5 70 2 83 3 00 00 to 14 01 to 03 00 to 30 12 to 1 03 21 to 72 30 to 1 03 12 to 29 2 83 to 5 04 Hands on round niacliincs Hands on l'a;;i!t niacliinos Hands on L'di,'in>^ niacliincs (lIoiii\s of labor, 12 per diiy.) Uartmatmsilorf, Saxoinj. Pa^ct-looni niakors I'orL'iiian, cxcliisivo ofirco runt iiiul fuel, rirenioii, exclusive of free rent ami fuel Packer Aliohht, Sa.eoutj. Mannfactnre of \vooli4 •'^(•lioiiaii, Naxouy. iriin.Is r,ii UMcliiiics JMiuslicns . l'msN-!ian,l,s l''iiiisli(;rn . 52 ')'-' to ;! ^4 (•rcU, Saxoiiy. ;.m - ooM,. /or cash,, J;- Jlaiirday) Machinists, (13 hours per day) Liitkcnwalde. Cloth-factory : Dyers, males, per day, (13 hours) . . . W ool-assorters, females, per day ,( 13 hours) 1 18 to 10 • Knotters, per piece of 30 yards o.oVo'ii" Chain'shearers, for 100 pieces yarn. . .Simmers, girls, per day, (13 hours). . 2G,4 Fine spinners, per l,0u6, from 30 cents to 48 cents; per week 3 CO to 4 32 . re>-»i«ni/— Cont'd. Cloih-fuvtory : Per wteh: J'n- W(ti: r"ilw.s,i,er week .■;;:; CJoth-fMctory; Cimlers...'.""; Kiiotteis Shearers Dressers Dyers .'_' SllOll^r,,,.,^ ...J t'ariJ-seUers ." ■ I «2 to 2 04 •i (^(J to" '.j ";;.}■ . !... . Scgaii, Silma. Clf.di-fictories: \V'<)i»l-,sorter,i. Washers " Warpers . . . ." Carders ." ' Fiiie-siiiriuors" ." >)eavors ^"i'Ppors Fullers [ Finishers 'cleaners I'ressers . . f^J'onjrers .'.■.■.■;."■ ' ■I'asteiiers cai■ ^ -i'f to :j 7(J ^ '10 to 2 f^,-t •■i n-jio 2 ~ r»-.< 1 20 1 GS I - Ki to 2'^s' 1 M to 1 (« ^ I'i to 1. RS !^ >-'^' to ;{ (iu 2 t'-^ to :j (IS - Iti to 2 r>2 2 54 to a fi>i ;i (io 4 ;!•.> 2 r>2 2 r.-j •■?! 20 to 1 44 1 Mtol 1 Mtol 1 14tol 1 «0 to 2 44 41 41 2 Ifito 2 ](i to 2 l()'to"2 1 44tol 2 iot'0'2 r.2 80 08' 1 li'tol 44 Kei: lair trock ■f ^'2 to -, 04 I '"Wto r, 04 i' Puat, .S4..'32. '"ff> PCT Lour, 7i cents, ^^t-. 508 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Rates of iccujcs paid hy muniifacUiring establishments in Germany-CouVa. ^^''^ ba4tolf5 04 Spodlcr.s.. Dit'sscrs rUiXA, SAXOXV. ~'4 to -1 -M jy''"y''^ ;J8^to 4 :!v! blioulci'.i l'r.Tl;i!,SWAU)K, JiOlIl'.MIA. Wcavors . Si)ooli;rs . 3 00 to 4 14 a 10 to 2 ^-2 ijl 44 to 81 SO 1 'J8 to a 34 CLOTII-rACTOi:iES, CiliO.SSKNIIAIX, SWONY ra c;.;;ts;"S;o5't=r;;l^.^c;,:'T'^lrt"^^^^l^?' ' i ^r^ '"''' ''-''^ - !'-fe color,.,'. cloth ^^•. avers, iK.r^muk.^clM.t ^^ '"t>^-^''"tk .vcavcs, per Lauk, i' ceut; ov,;r-li,)Mr,s, ^.(i to 2M cents : canl-littcrs i '.'r ,1 ,v- 'i • ..f,' ^ ^ '. ' ' "'"*'' ^"'' on macliine, per week, 6:i.-J4. ^ ^^ ' "" "'' ' "^er-lioiirs, 2,ti ceuts; hands VViiyca of loremea vai-y ai-oatly, according to ability. Cloth faclonj of Sihivkhus, Saxony. Washers ilahs. Females. Dyers and spongers ?i -S-^ Pressman "[ ~ 1" Machinist .'..,'....[....... "^ Y' Fireman '.'.'" ~ '''"~ Fullers, (i;i ]i„urs per 'day) "."."".",".' Vr"J,: >. 'i }!i WooMvhelpers, (U iu.urs p.T day) ...."..■. *^ '"^ '" ^ f, \\ ool sorters and picliers, (D hours) . ^ "^^ , , w,)ol wasliers iind dryers *" "' Wool-carders '^■1 On self-actors ^ ''" Sliearers, (13 hours) ' ^ '''^ Nai)ners 1 l''^ c?4 Chain spoolers, (females,) per cliain of 120 meters (min. 130 yards) 10 c^nU Chain Hliearers, (lemales,) per chain of 120 meters ^ ' lo r Cham gluers, (males,) p^>i- 'chain of 120 meters !::.".:: ^ Z'h Power-loom weavers, (females,) j.er 24 meters ..".::..".:::::::;;:::: 4S ceuU to'to"S'''°^'^°'''"°"' ^"'^^'^y ^^""'^'^'^'^^ receive, for six workiug-days. from Germany—CouVd. en. Cliililrcn. '■ii'f'S iji 44 to si bb 2 r>2 2 M 1 (l.iy, rSd cents; ov(>r- iil, Iter 100 liaiiks, -,'1.1 in (i^ to 2 Iiiiiik.-i |)(T ;iriH'i\s jMir day, 2:>M 1.0 cents; .spinners iuik, l.'.i cents; 0,000 •0 tlir.ads perliaiik, » tliiviuls pur liauk, I, per bank, i' cent; ■ 2 to XU, cents, for trti, 2.ti cents ; hands il.llfs. FfUiak'S. .... i?t :iv! .... 2 Hi 2 Hi 2 ',2 .... 2 U> 80 to 2 01 .... 1 'J2 ■ ifO 84 ■ 84 1,50 ■ 1 ;!.s UH e4 10 cents, I'J cents. l:i cents, 46 cents, vorkiug-daya, from tABOE IN OEIiSMNV. ;;;'^o«, «ov,.,,l n.s ;,.,.' ?: 1V""'' '"'"Tor w 'oi;; ir'"''^J'^'"l''^' am moiits. A-p I '^^•'' "« i'or 'I'l 'i "^""i'''' '"f'I'>i, clonk- f.;,,"'^ """ ""^' .I'le lowest W'in.,w „ . ' i ' '^ '"'">■ (iiiiiinjiios, o,,,,,, P'»ml paper,, i/'^'": '"'"' '<> tl'o.so wj.o stit,-!. t. , ' ^ r-«-':;-':r :/Tf 5i*;^ uifs:^^ ,Jt has bee, fu,„ , unur,„r, , , '"■i^u'acture.l at'the Ilie lou-o.st u-a^^(.,s, v,> 2 ,, , ' ' ^'^^ "■'-^^''<. of tea '-o\.S;!-!'-'-' «-- «e,... .J\eav(!r, „,,,.r„^ , ./''•'' »yvA-. p , 1 i!£^H!;.:;'«''''''-'i-i'-:iai-5| ' ''"' ■• ^^ i-. ::::::::;: - (uvk,,..n.;n,;:-iV;,;-,v^--i j ,, ,,^^^^^ ^^, i ^^'■"'«;lers ■L'l'i'.s.scrs U eav'crs, naj rou- .roods f 'I'lKlers ... 1 41 to 2 10 (ilonr rs ■a of labor, Iv pel- day.)! lo to 1 d^' 1 ^^l.ViViiV j 1 '^O to 1 (Jsi ' . 1 i^^^^B^HiWBS^wwfti^BS 510 LAHOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ()('l'll|)lll illllS, Men. Women. ChiUlron. Fiitn'V tl('klii((, (IniHK SclioMian, Sii\(p|iy : Wciivi'i'M Pir urck. $1 44 to 5(1 80 I'lr iveck. Per week. S|Mll>Il'l'N ^00 to §1 08 'I'h'ikIi'Ih !l() to 1 08 1 Si) to 2 10 1 M to 2 10 3 00 to 3 04 J»,Vt'lH l>ii'NNi'rn ( )V(i|NI'l'l', (hcllltjdl'lllirlMKMlt.. ()V(i|xi'(i|',(lri'.xNiML,'(|i'|iiirtiiii'iit.' 2 eri to 3 24 (lIuiiiH (it laliiir, 12 |M'r day.) .Stri]MMl iliill, Si'lii il/, Siixoiiy : W'l'iis iiN, (111 iMiui'i- looms 2 10 to 2 88 2 10 to 2 88 NjI'Mlll'lH 1 08 to 1 44 'I'i'lillltl'I'H 1 OS to 1 44 3 00 to 4 32 2 :>2 to 2 Si 1 44 to 3 CO OvciNrrl' (IIOIIIN ol'IllllOl', 11 |MT (liiy.) JilCfimmls, ()lM'iljiii;;.'iililchiii, fji- Jt'siii : Wl'IIVl'IH, IIMM'llMllilMl ( Woiliiii); liiiiirN, 12 {K'r iliiy.; AVi'iivciN, liiiiiil lS|IOol('l'H 72 to 1 08 Dll'MSIiI'M 2 10 to 2 iSS 2 f*S 1 02 2 10 to 2 8S 1 44 to 1 bO ( lliiniN of liilior, l.'t ])('!• (Iny.) C':ir|i('lN, Sfliminlclicijj;, Silcsiii, : S|'il|ll('l',M 1 44 livcr.s AVi'iivi'i'M, on liniiil-looiiiH Wcuvi'i.s, on iMivM'r-looiiiH ' Knolli'i'N 1 44 to 2 10 (lloiiiH ol' lnlior, 12 i»'i' fliiy.) LriilliiT ;;oiiiIm, I'i'cilii'rf,', Siixoiiy : 1 'orkcl lull lU mil IvClH 2 52 to ,5 70 2 SS to 4 32 2 04 to 5 04 3 24 to 3 (SO 2 88 to 4 (;S 00 to 1 Oci 3 00 to 7 20 3 00 to ') 04 3 00 to 5 04 3 00 to f) 04 3 00 to 4 80 :y 40 3 00 to .'"> 04 3 30 t'iilniicl MiiikcrM Sli'i'l-ucirki'iH lliiiiii'NM liiiiki'r.s I'uli.sllt'l'S 1 44 to 1 ,^)0 Day liilioi'ciM (Iloiirx ol'liilior, 11 \>vv (l.'iy.) Loiitlmr );iiimIh, Ulioiibaub-oii-tbii- Miiiii: l'oSIi'rl|iollf(||i'r (li diiyM ol' 1 1 lioiM'M each.) Oil-clolliN, CiTli'ld, rniNHJa: J'lintiTH liliirki'iicrH l>;iv liilioii'iM 3 30 1 02 to 1 80 (0 days ol' 12 (o 13 hours cacli.) Glass licads, hayrcnlh, liavariu: Woiiii'ii and rliildrcii .?0 00 to ftl OS Families Willi many cliildreu ■ oaiii2, 10 |o2. ss. (0 days ol II hours each.) } I'ArKH-MILL, liAUTZKN, .SAXONY. MapliiiiJHls, Sl.OH; iiapiT-cutters, 83.00; Rrindors, §3.24 ; fironiiMi. $i.l2 ; ra;,'-oiittor9, $2.88; hlcai'iii'i's, $2.8,i ; hiUorors, 82.1(i to .82..")2 ; packers, 83.12. CiiildriMi: Assortfrs of raj's) ,s|,| 1 1 assorlcrs of papers, 81.44. Hours of labor, 81, per week. Children. Per tcwfc. Irt 4 rl 4 (i (i I) J .?0 GO to 81 0:j S'i.l-J ; ra/i-cuttors, liilih'i'U : AssortLTS LABOR IN GERMANY. «oi.n AND sri.vKK ,.;axai.;,s, , acks ,- rn 511 ■^IA<'III.Vi:-sniir. Jiinl(hM-l,„.i;Hi„ii!,.s ■■■" J lirilri's ill JKiii Tiinici.s ill lirass. Tiinicr.s in wood..'. J iniiK'ii Ii<'n-/onii(|\.,.,.^\"/_"_ Joiiiuis.. • •-•-- ...... MA.M,M;.s,„>i.s.u.„s,;m„,.,,^ I'''"- xv<.,.I<. I'i,.e,„v„,k. Engliicors Wanter-ndiliiiiiMi" MaHtiT-/itii.r i'on.'iaan... •i v;i ■i •^l :i Ml $ii AS «> 4S (i IS (! .H 4 Hii 5 (i7 4 >^(; 4 SU i''"' 'iioiitli. "'.v; ^r' ;!" foeas;tt ::: ;!^:'i' >" iom Ilaviii(r II tliei)rpf.o^v>.>» ui glumaxv. mmmmmmm Tl IJAIOrKN AND ELUEKPkld C^tt.,„ and balf-.silk r bb s ., fi 1,^7 ?;;T' ^"^"^ Y' yots and vol v.t ri l>l,o,„'"^' ''■"*-«'"^' «'""'«, taill.ta.s ..::;; i|!Utons iind b„tton-stuli;s ." Hoolonclotli... iiisedlaueoiis ". Total , 8.'>7i,ir,r, i'"i<), r>T() yil.oOrf ■'■'•J-,', OCJiJ !•■!<), lOv! 1>7, .111 fcliippod by way of— JilOUKUl Jlainbiirjr iitwerp iiotterdaiu ..." I'iveipoolandLomlon"; ifavru Total.... 4, or;i, sii- ^.•3,984,0.15 7-Js, m:i Jn>,771) ~'-', 7(!:{ ',07U 4, U7y,lu7 ^Sia^smi, 5Vz LAllOK IX KUROI'K AND AMKRIOA. •\VAUEfcJ IN HANUl'-AOTUKINa KSTAHLISIIMENTH. Tlio (ullowinj; still. nuMits sliow tlio weekly CiiniiM},'s of oi)orativcs om- liloyo.l III vaiioiKs imlii,strit..s in the funsular district of IJatiiieii, I'russia: (•I'dijiMlidns. AIi'ii. Won Silk 1111(1 rililtoiiH, Uiinni'ii Kil'liuii iMiil Nillv wcaviu's liavinj; 'tllril (iwil liHiiils Hours of hilior, III pcidaj. Cottoii-lir.iiils and trininiin^^'s, 10 lionr* per day It tliry woik l.y llio jiicco tlio ^ uvciiiK'! wi'cUly earnings ar(> Finny ditvss-ljnttoiis, wcavi^.s, 1(1 lionrs per day Ilall-silk K(>o 5 7(1 to c* 01 3 t;o to 7 yo 3 !)(; to 4 II $'i ■"',' (o SvJ HH C'bildri'ii. i?l 08 to $1 80 ~' li. to 2 88 1 44 to I ,-0 'J 10 to 4 3^> 2 (it to Si 8S J ;'H (o r, 01 'i 40 lo i'l 70 4s ...... 1 08 to 1 eO Woolen mills, liarmni, arvragc iccclchj mujcsfor U hours of labor. Ot'CMpJltiollH. Moil. W 'liieii. Cliildren. "Wool-.sortri'H §J 88 3 (id 4 3-J Wool-dyertJ \\\ Overset'is !!!".' I'ifikers Cardeis '.'.'... Spin lit VH ]. Wai[iers ami boaineis lieelers ;;;;;;;;;; $3 00 to 3 lIlV 4 08 to 4 32 $;1 80 •2 04 ()verscei»( ]_" Assistants 4 08 to 7 5iO 3 ','4 to 3 0(1 3 00 to a UO 1 in to 2 10 4 3-^ to 4 08 o O'J 3 30 •Z 5'J '2 Wi 2 Hi iji o'-ito "si'itV i=ii 'J8 Weavers [ " " liiiriers '.'.'.'.'.. Overseers IJjessers or e ijfcfeis rinislieis Press- tenders DraweiH \ liriisliers ^'oi I'aekei'H M 88 4 0-> to 48 3 00 to 3 00 3 0(i 3 r.vj y r.'.> 4 08 Overseers Assistants Enpneeis ]_.. Aleolianies Laborers I'oroiiiaii Forge-iiKistors Assistants ForeiiK'u of strikers Strikers liOLLINU-.MIJ.I.S. fin 60 (! 4S 5 40 4 'il KNTN. of operatives oin- liiniic'ii, IMussiii: CLiKlreii. §1 C8 to §1 80 1 11 to 1 ,-0 1 G6 to 1 (rO ours of labor. C'liililrcn '0 ■• §1 its fi -- 2 04 (i -IS ,") 40 4 i-i LXUOlt IN' OHRMANY. I'Mlldll'-IlillsllTM i'lllllll.lS.. I |iv|ur.i(()iy i(,ll,.,..s Ii III Iris I'^awnMiinaNhViw,;;:;;, ^;;; >\ rldiifm AiNislllllfs ' ^''"'.'•'' "I' liiiiViiVMxroVi.v; -"■ •AssiMluiit.N ri "'iMrs JJaiiniicr-siiiiiiis. .'.'.'."" A^^iNliiiils . ^;"iH.,s ami l.la^Uiin- "■'■' •MiirliiliiHls i-ilioi.'r.saii.i'nriMnV'iI •■-- "■"irsnrial,,,,., Iw' ).',',', 'lay . '.'"•'"■•il is al.i.Mf lie," ,,,,,,„,. , ., "" "^ -""••■' |i"".i(ls ; „fs(,.,.l, '^" •— -^"k">-^"^" -''-,. ,..,..„,,,..,.„ _,^,,^^_^J ?'^ CUo«!» :\c, :•.!() (i H H (II r -,• '< til r. Ill ; I -.'■•i I-.' !l(i 7 -JK 10 >ll ■ T) 7(; (o7 -Ji) X (i| G 40 8 fi4 r. 7(; 4 :w '"""'"••■^"'^""-'^^■'M...,„M,„„„„. Irnii-iii(>l(l(M'M M.'H'Inili.sIs, Ih-sI, -- -UMiniii,sfs, oidiiiaiy H.-lpcLs •' Ji'i\ I'tci'M .'.'.'_■_' Ilclpcifs '_'_ '■'I'll 1^1 i-N..." Uriiurs ;;;;; , I!liiiksiiiltiin V. "'■I|"i8 Kilters I .'lilillTS Pit wcrk. ■•■■■?7_i.'(Mo.v>l 111 7 -Jd III s (I.J -- • •"> (M Id IJ H ■••• . I :fj ■•• •> 7f! fii i; H -•• 4 ;:~' t..r, (II ■■ • •'• 7ii to li .\i ■■■ 4 :!•> tor, (I.J •• • "> 7(i lo ,s 01 ■■• I :!^! I,,.-, v\ ■■■ •"' Id to (i )•,» • • •'' 'r 1 eoii.'j ii: ;i Mi 72 Id I 1 1 :i 42 3 (iO to 7 !l-,' 3 Zi to :i III! y 111 1 80 to '2 Hi a f'Stn4 ;)■-' 2 II) loll '.'4 u hi 5 71! to 1 1 :,-i 1 Oelto I (-0 1 44 to a f-t 2 tH 1 1)8 4 81) 3 Oil 3 43 to 3 on 3 GO to 3 Oi) 3 24 3 (III 2 88 to 3 HO 2 H-i 1 08 to 2 10 3 lii) 2 III 3 (ill 3 i;o 4 ;i2 3 21 1 80 to 2 rvj 3 00 1 OS 72 to I II.S 1 4 I til 2 04 I 2 40tn3 12 ' 3 24 to 4 ;ij I 4 32 40 5 71) 1 .10 I 3 81 I 1 .'iM I 2 70 i 4 04 i 4 20 , 3 (ill 3 00 4 32 5 Pfi 2 .«8 3 48 2 ,V3 3 48 3 (1(1 lloriii uf ivnik pi r day. II II II II II ^riioi'ilam. II III 14 U til 11^ II II II 13 1.1 I*) (*) 111* liij (■) v>\ 1H( Ink w\ liij II II l"l li'i h'J ll'f :?» 11 II II 11 v. \i Vi \i Vi ICIJ lot (*) '('•")" 10) 1(1 ID llj I 'J I'i 13 13 ^vi.l ')r '■''K'"''!* ,'"'> •; «'"' ', <"■ 'juvoniSe operative.^," thn hours of latior arc liniitedTirconformity wi.ii tue le^'ulatioii^ laid duwii iiy the inil;ialriiil euile, Uewurlre-OnlinuiiL'. II II, .)■(',— ('.in: iiiiu'il. I--VIJOK IS r;i:n.MANv, W.M Illy *i :ij ;t I- 1 •J III 1 "D I Ml fj f'Htd.) :i; 1 ■(llciW -■■' •i ID :i II, 'i ii; i! 40 toil Vj H III 3 r>Jto:i (11 S intn'J ^^■' 1 eOli.U 111 ■.i Mi 73h>l 11 :i ■!? 3 (10 to 7 !!■.' 3 5a to ;t (111 a ifi t ia Hi 3 gsioi ;i-,' 2 1(1 toll -J I 3 Id 5 Tntoji :,-i 1 08 to 1 fi) 1 41 to a f -I 3 fr.-j I IIS 4 till 3 0(1 :) 43 to ;i till 3 BO to :i !>() ;) 34 ;i (Ml 2 88 to H (irt 3 H-* 1 0^ti)3 1« II 111) 3 114 [i fill 3 i;o 4 :i3 3 31 1 80 to 3 53 3 nii 1 OS 73 to I (IS i 1 4 It.) 3 04 ; 2 40 to 3 13 3 34 to 4 :ij 4 3310 5 711 ! llon'H of wntk |M i Oa.v. II II II 11 II riiciiiiiiii. to Mi .„,,i II II I J 13 I.I I*) (•) in* (•) h ■ li)| 10 ml iiij II II iiij 111? !?' 11 II II II 1\! 12 13 13 IJ lllj luj I 11 II 1. 1 511 (') 3 HI 1 5.S (•) 8 70 11 4 04 4 20 3 no 3 on ioi' 4 33 111 8 fi>< 10 2 .-a iij 3 43 i-j 2 52 1.) 3 4? 13 3 r,!i 10 arc limited in conformity "I'KliSlllilllN l„.i,.| 1 >'<"llt_V ,„ ,|„. ^.^„,j, "'"' ^- Ki f.. ^'!^■l ^43 "o Cost of pin-iroii per ton in If'TH-T I oj c,, C osl of C( 111 I'll! worli.s, per loii, I'-.'i'-i .J •^:! Cost of coiil at woiks, pur ton, in lc*0- 71 $■> M to 2 ~- Diiily \vn;;c.s of skilled woikiiii'ii : Siiicllcrs, S-l cunts; fiiniiici'-fiM'di'rs, fJ crnts; liiixcis or iinddlurs, (ili cfiits ; I'dkc inid(llrrs,()0 cents ; ski,;; curriers, (ii- cents ; eiii;jnenieti, (:»; cents| lircnieii, (id cents; hiborers, (ill cents; siiiit lis and litters, 70 cents; model' niiikers, 77 cents; (•iiriiciiters, li.-t cents; niasons, 'Jll cents; 010 and liinestolu; pudUlei,, 7(1 cenis ; liiiiestoiie lireakers, W cents ; coki.' Iiiinicis, .-l cents. Hours of labor fioiii (i a. in. to (! i>. 111., and (lie reverse, the lalior boinj; rontiniieii tlironj;li tlie ni'^lit. « )iit of tliis one lioiir is allowed for dinner iiiid one-lialf hour fi.r lireaklast. and (lie sanu^ at l o'clock, iiiiikiiij; in all 10 clear lioiirs of labor. A certain ]iortioii of the labor of tln'se works must be carried on on .Sundays as well us ou week- days, and these men obtain an advance price for Sunday-work. liOLLIXG-JIII.LS. Cost of pi if-i roil ,4.1o ,iq Cost of coal at worlis here ' 4 (;y Labor : I'liddlers, per ton, tirst quality o (m I'liddlcrs, jier ton, second f|iiality ] 7., I'liddlers, ])er ton, lliird (|iiality ' 1 .> A ;;er d;iy. Time of work in sniniiier from (i in the inorniiio' nntil 7 in tlie e\eniiio-. In winter from 7 in the nioriiin^' iiiiiil dark. Woric here can be carried on the Ki'cider jiart of the wiiitei ; tlie avei'ase loss of time fioni very cold weatiier, when snch work cannot be done, would not be more than one month. Oniameiital ]ilast(Ti'rs iji OS to 1-il 44 per ikiv, Cmnmoii )ilasterers, (or assistants) .' " ' ;•.' |ieril;i'v, l'lii>*'''>'''''« 1 0,-i to 1 :!J penl:iy. House painters and Kraim'rs H4 to 1 O-' pi r il;iv. Gas-litters and honsesiniihs 7'.^ to 1 'Jil pi'i' il.iv. !^lloem::Kels, lii>;(, chl.--s pi („ i|,i |„i fl;iy. Mioemaker.s, second class 7v; to »-4 penliiv. 'i'iii'ois 60 to f^l perili.y, $K ".0 yi CI. -1 ;;:! , $-2 M to U -: iKirc-fccdi'l'n, T"J coiiIn; s, (is cents ; (■iii;iiu'iiii-ii. tcrs, 70 ffiits ; umdil 11(1 linR'stonij piiiUlli r>,, liilidr being; cniitiiiiuii iinil oiH'-liiilf lidnv lur VH of lahoi'. A fcrlaiii ly.s ua well us ou wtck- ^K 00 4 i;o 2 On 1 7^ 1 .> tons iicr day, and will iiiul the oaniit LADOK IX GERMANY. AGUrcULTUKAL LAHoit. 517 T^«''l>orors i„ this <,,-.• ^'-'^''^'^ ^'^^on. '« >"^ little tuo-u-|u'( ',.<1 i.art ,f /i.' ''"'I'lin ..I A T\- T . .. ^;'f-'. "-ally l< ": , '"^'f 7"! «'"all „I,t ^ 'L , , '''^ '"a'";"n tlu-y I ia Tl,- . ^'-^ r-A-CliAPELLi PRU.SSM ^^'"iil-nlossnrs ^^.■'i"l-iiNsor(--;fon.,naii..:""- i, ""'■'■"' ron,,.iaii !.*-*"i'' (or,.,,,,, ci.()Tn.r.vej.,„,,j,^_ Tit Wi'clc 61 80 to A-J 1,; , , '-J I(! 1 ."1; to ■J (ill to •i (JU to ii; N,r rn (o ."> 01 (o 4 :« to 1 :« t<, 4 ■•!■-' to r> 01 to -i ;fj to 4 y^ to .) /(I a !•- '■> I-; •J S,-s 4 ;!•.' :! Cd ? Ml :i CO r, .11) 7 'Jo Tl 7C T) 04 4 :v> ") 7(1 ■") 04 i") 7(i r> 01 r. 04 518 LABOR IN EUIJOPE AND AMERICA. ' MACIIINK-WOliKS. Per (lay. '^''"" Mnrliini'-nioiinters §0 9G $1 "JD A'ljii.-.|i'is T"2 M 'riiriifrs 7:> yij l!'inis 67 HCi ClMViiiolilors 72 !)(! Siiinl-iiu)l(l<'is CO 8(j CiiMl-iiiiiicrN, at picccwoik r'i Snj Coalduinpcrs, at jiiocuwork 7"»J — Per (lav. MiU'liiiiists ^1 OS Iil:irJ(siililll.s 7'j l.ocksniithM ;ii', C'lirpi'iiters , §0 C7 to Mi (.'.il)iii('t-niiik('is 7,! MuMiiis 7^ to ^:i Piiiiilcrs ()() PlilSttTlTS Kl Slioi'inaUcrs 7'j lI.iiiK.'Ss mill siiildlc iiiiikera CO A^^riouUiiiiil labor ., 4t j CA'il'.IAGE-MAKKRS. Per (lay. K'.itly-nuilu^rs $0 9,! 'I'l illlllllTM 1 ll-i V:uiii,slicrs 7;i Bliicksniiths Oli GLOVK-MAKKIiS. rnttt'i'.^ $0 i:; 'i'aiiiii'is 7> Ityt'is 7,; Wdi kwoiiTcii Si! AViiikwoiiit'ii on iUw work 1 41 lloius of labor, (j(j per \vui;k. NKEnU", MANUl ACTt'llK. Pcrwt'olf- AVIuttcrs Sli '.il Cutters :! 'J ; ]iin('-ilvci-,s .'. -1 I r I'olislirr.s ;i ir. il;iki r.siil'M'\viii;;.inacliino iict'dles G 71 lloui.s ol labor, ijl per wii'k. COLOCiXE, PRUSSIA. Altliouo-h tlii.s olil Ifoman town i,s now more colcbnited for its catlu- dnil, its pciliuiK'd water, and tiic two bridjivs ovor tlu' JMiiiit' — tlio oin' of boats for ordinary travel, and tlie otiier tbe railway biid;;e, a liin' specimen of modern eiij;ineerinj;' — tliaii for its imbistrial establisluiieiiis, yet in its vieitiit,\ there are mills ami faet^)iies wliieli produce floods toi the American market, aa the followinj^' statement will .show : Slalcmciil iiq the exporls from Cologne to tlic Uiiilnl Stales in tlie year 1H7'J. it It 'I jl A It iclcs. Viiliii'. \'ilvi'trt iiiid i'il>b(nis . . . . iy% '1- ],I>;mI v.xvi \T- '.''■ SticI HI. 1" :[i. i;.i C.-..I'-! JIlHiellaiiious ■i-:\\:''> Total . .1 1 V\M- w \- Per .lay. ^i'-'," :gO 90 51 -J!) 7-J CO ?l) f^ I Oli 7:,' — Per ............... ri S; 141 Per week Sii'.'i , lui; /. !(? ;i !;■■ OM •ated for its catlu- Ik' Ivliiiic — till' "III' wiiy l)ri(l;;i', ii liin' ial cstahlisliiiu'iiis, produce goods Im . sliow : id the ijiar IH n. Viiluc. 6,-.-'i. '<- •ICI.i.li H.'. 1" •;i. i;.> c,-..i-* ■xi\-:'« i 1 7N,r!i 1 LAI30Ii IX GKRMANY. 519 liliicksinrths ('.■M()<-ll(cls .. c.ii|.ci,i.is. „;,',;i',,;.",:„.;;i;-' ^I;is(uiH Jl:is,,ii,s. „n DiiTi'ivork -Mach„„,si.s.sKill,Mlw,..l I 1 'Mtoa 1(1 i Hniii.., '|ll'l(l;iy. II I) II II 11 9 (o £r'^-:-"--"^^ , Liil)()r( to Li '"'"'" •^"'^'^-^"^^ ^"■''^ -1 - 28 cont. pot. day of 10 to 11 iVouiV" K-Npoi ioiiccd (a i!^-\p01U'll(.,MiC., • ' ""-^ *'"''"'"''"»''''S witli ho'n"!''''!.!'? •'''•^■' '^'fl'^'iMioai-.I 7'>oonf.. r ^l>^n tl.alo..^ Ih'; d;; '(VosTZ:;'"'';^"^'^^^' "-'''"'-'^, -Hi tii ■^'■■it; l> a.str'i'MiM w-'i Ji. ■ ''' '^'""<'-<'iit ('!'< sl'>o. ,.,1 ) """ lai- KEinjx. Tills tiiiiiod (taiiitiJ nf i>. 4 i 520 LABOR IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. rahic ofijooih, tcarci, and miirhdinUxe cxjmrtcd io the Ciiilal SidtcHj'rom llw IkrV't coiii,idar district dttriiKj Ihv yiar ended Sejilemher 30, 1673. AiticleH. AVonlon clotli mill cloakinga AWioh'o hIijiwIh, liiMil.v-iiiailr lailii's' dresses, cloaks, wooleu, &o AVorsliil yarn I'M il wurntril y.aiii, cnibroiilorics Cut tin I ^Dods LiiH'u ^itoiia , .Sill; jiiioils J>:iHket \\'ares jMaiiurai'liiics ol' liatlici-, wooil, iron, zinc .", Faiii'V liaper, cariit', anil ]ia|)i'r boxes , lliioks, 111 he.;; Till ills, piinls, paint iiij;.s, ic Chrinieals, aliotliecarii's' utensils Siii inilie aiiparatiis, .sur;;ieal, oiitical, miisicil I.iallier filoves , In.ilaiioii.jiT, (oiiianieiits of black glass) (Jlass anil porcelain wares T.iip HIT'S. M- i lie. si I'll p 'cc , Lead and inacliiMer.y Sliscellancims goods Total * Tbo tbalcr computed at 72 cuuta, Value. *ei, y'.' ii'l Mil. ^N 2:11, ^'-ii l.'.ll. IT I ri, M!ii lO.'i. M- l,(i. li-'< ril,.'i.;ii ■111. '.01 402, '.J'lJ 2UII. i.-'l 4,4'J0,'J'J1 • FACTORY LABOR. Tlu^ followiiio- rates of wao-es were paid in 1872 by the proprietors of clotli and otiior factories iu or near JJerlin : \m lAi Occupations. Hours of labor per day. I'er week. Men. AVoinen. Chililicu. Sbawlfai'tiii'y : 10 10 10 III 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 to 1-: 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 10 10 to 12 Varpei s SI "s to f.") 70 4 32 to 5 70 3'2i" 3 24 3 CO Q Pa to 3 21 3 00 to 4 32 "W'l'avirs oil liand-lnoiiis ■We.ivei'.s on power looms AVasiiers a'53"to'2'6a' Dveis (iliiers Cai'ili'i's Fullers 1 go to 2 10 1 «0 to 2 10 I'^lieaiei's ] 'lessors Beaters 5 04 to f) 70 5 70 Jim Ills 3 lU to 3 21 Labitrei'M 2 E3 to 3 24 Kiinixe-niakers 2 r)2 t .jailii's' I'leaivs: Keainsiie.sses, (costunicrs) 1 bO to 70 (,'iilteis out 4 OS to 7 20 1 iiinei's •i ;V.> 3 CO to 7 20 1 1^0 to 4 1'^ Kllllil'iiiilerels Fancy silk triiiiiiiinj:s: Al.ikers of fiingti. gimpa, &o .5 04 to S 01 *2d 20 to 30 00 4 32 to 5 04 it Oil t^. «1 Art O'. irseers Gold mid silver triniminps ; I'l ijiue-iuakcra I'liler." 10 to 12 M' ire-drawers 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 5 70 to 6 P4 5 40 to 7 20 SpiniH'T'S S|iinners on pnwor-looms 1 SO to 2 r.2 2 10 to 2 68 llaud-iuadi) goods M 1 e, * Por month. till Ihc Ikil'it coiibitlar Viilno. 'it ',«1-.' TtlO t'l-^ li:il ■V.f.i (.,",11 41 ■1-,'ii a!i-' :ii;: (•:. !i;ii; ;):il ;".-) v.-<. H, Ull) ai-.' (1 •: no ^l^ •j:ii -''') ir.d, ITi n Mill 1 !!.■), i> i.i;, C-l ni •iii, I'll ■m-j. .^.,.j 'JOII. li,'l 4 4'JU, ■■in he proprietors of r week. i'diiicn. Chililren. BtoSa m ) to o 6.-) 1 1 to to 10 1 1 ui! ::;;::::::: j to 3 'Jl ; to n 01 D to a 7(i •I M I J to 7 '^0 I i D to 1 nj ,$1 Ciitcy?! 1=1) 3 to 2 ria j to U t'8 LABOR IN GKRMAXY. MECnANICAL LABOR. naka paid for mcclnwlcal labor in Berlin 621 Occupiiticiiis. Skilli'il woikinoii : liaski'i-in^ilici,, ... lii:ii'l(»iiiitli,s ■" ]ir'('\v»'rs *"' (.'lillHMltcl'H ...'..'. Carvers t.'iwir-nmkcr.s, maii'.s tj;;ai-.inakfis, f, male Coui)cr.s Coppci-siiiithH ..'.'.'.'" Kiidiiu'ci'H, sli'arn Facldiv-liaiids, „ici>' Ja'tory-lKihiN, wonw i'lictiii'v-liaiids, chikli liliivc-niakci-H .. Jui]i<'r,s I-"iU.sniitlis ..." JIachiniats '. Jla.miiiH Slillcis... '.'■■■■ •3... II . . cIl . Oooiiiintidns. Skill,;,! wolIi„„.„_C„„ti„„^,, >ail-rnakirs I'apiM-.inaki-iH, (InnVv.V ni, |a|i,T.„i„ii,M, (laucy.) «„ J|iani,.iMakci.s .. l!''a(l.v-Mia,lo fjarmiiiiVs, "i "(iriM'ii I!""(Vis.... Sa,l,ll,.iH ■■.■.■.■.'. Salisiacn iiiTiurks' .S,aii,Nir,>,..K,-«... Sliiii'iiiakeiB... StokiT.s TailiiM '.'.' 1'aiiii, T.s \ 'i'lll'll,.lH .' ■\\'cav,'is Laliiir,is : In cily Ill country ...[.'] 'I ' ..' .■u . . . ki'rs I'ur -on FliiJitids llll|H|'S UliU'k.siiiiilis Ik'l|i('is Kiiivnicii Kii;;i]ici'is I'iilti'niiiiiikiTS ami caqieiitir AMsi>Mnt.'i ^Liibmci'H, <:irtcis, &c All|lllMlli(l'S lliUwriylits As.sjstiiiit.s liia.'-H I'uuiiilei 8 lilti'is 1, gOl) I,, -(111 b:.(i lUlU lull i:.o nil 'lull ti)ii I/.WII 4IIII Till) {Hill :iMi •7, (Hill •Jill) :ii!0 ■1(11) VM 4IIII nik. Avt'rncowi'ok- l.v waf;i'.t. (Ill Uniieil Statu* K(>l(l coin.) iT SO tu $.4 i;i 7 -M Ti 7li to 7 i'U 4 :w *o ,1 li; •J i-B to 4 ;i-j , 'i 4-1 to 7 ',1 1 4 :i-j to li -n 3 7li to 7 'JD 4 IW to r. 7(1 7 yn to H i;i :t iiu to 4 ,ij 7 •!) to ^' (11 ;! i;o t') r. kw H (34 to 1(1 Mj 5 7ii 5 7(j to 7 ','11 a lit) to 3 (II a r't< to 4 :ii T-J to 2 |i; 7 ai to 10 (H T) 7i; to (1 4S 7 iO to (- t;4 3 (il) to J 04 (i 48 to h (M Hours 1(»,S<'** t''iil'l'».v6s wlio.sc weekly eaiiiiii,!;s arc tlieiciu j;iveii, the imminT oiisaiieil ill eaeli of tlie vaiioiis siilxlivi.sioiis of labor is slated, thus aftordiiiy data for an aeciirate eoiiiputatioii of the aveiaj;e easiiiiiys or' skilled and of unsUilled laborers eiiyayed in the vaiioiis iioii-works of JJerliii. The averafje weekly wajj-es of the 10,100 skilled workmen is .^fi.SS; oi' tire 4,000 helpers and assistants, .s4.;iS ; of the laborers and eai ters, >^;',M>; and of the 200 apprentices, 61.4-1— eompiited in United States yoid eoiii. BUILDING-TIJADES. The iiilliix of material wealth, after the terininaiion of the war with Fraiiee, j^ave a marked iiiipetas to new enterprises, largely advaiiccd the iiriee of real estate, iiud induced the erection of a lar^e niiinber of biiildinjis in IJerliii. Keal estate advanced as' rapidly, and changed hands as freipieiitly, as in some of oiir western cities in previous years. The owner ot a etir- iier property in the celebrated Unter der Linden, not far from the liian- denbur^- gate, was, at one time, offered only 10(»,0(I(» thalers, wliicii lit^ was advised to refii.se, but in a iVw month.s atteiward he obtained an- wards of 200,000 thalers. The activity in the Iniilding-trades caused a great dem iiid for skilled labor which rai>i(lly advanced in i>rice, leacbiiig Ugures previously un- known ill Germaiiv.* tSiiicc till', above was written the ])rici) of real cstare has (l..(!liii.-il, the iliiiiand fill .skilled labor lias been loss uutive, and llie rates of leiluiiud. wao;es have, coiiseiiueiuly, ln'iu ! i tiplDIJ (1 in the II'OII- BlylU. •-S Averncowcck. A^ l.V WilKlH. (Ill Uni(eilStaltii '■•s. Kiild coin.) 1, m) «7 SO to «S ill WJO 7 'M i.rcii .1 7(1 to 7 -^U t:.(i ■1 ;w •» .''i ^ii j:iiU •J r-S to 4 ;cj i;(l:l . (1 Js to 7 yi 1,(011 •1 ;w to -u lull 5 7(i to 7 -Jl) IM ■1 :w (» r> 70 ni) 7 20 to H CI 'iiiii :i (10 to 4 ,;j Mid 7 -J.l (0 c i;i i,iiiiii ;i CO to ,'. (H -1(111 H (J4 to 10 .-U 7(10 :. 7i; 11(111 5 7(i to 7 -Jil :ii>(i :i ijo to .1 111 .■",(1(1(1 •J t-S to 4 ;« ilOl) -•J to 2 ii; ;)(iii 7 ','() to 10 IS •imi r, -fi to (1 4^ i.".(i 7 ii) to « CI -1(10 3 01) to J 04 ooi/ (i '18 to f> CI LABOR IN aERMAKY. iini-c'ii;;ini'a ;iiul UmU, ItAUSCII. d i';it/ijic'crs' Society. fiu't tliat of tli(> en, tlic iiiiiiiiu'i' is stated, tliiis ijit^ easiiiiiys ut' i iron-works ul' lien is 6'>.S8; ot' 1 cartels, 8.'>.tiii; etl States yoid f tlie war witli r^'ely advanced ii'jie iiuinber el' ! as fi'e(]iieiitl,v, owner ot a cm- tVoni tlie IJran- alers, wiiicli lie le obtained ap- iind I'or skilled previously an- illHll, llll' ilciiciiul OllSl'lJUl'lltlj , llCLU ^ JfASOVS—'VrAOTr.-n .... Janiiiiry l''rl)i'ii:i'iv. ilaroU.:'.. April Jl.iy Jmiu I" July ]* Atiyiiat . Jiinnary I''i'briiiiV llurcU.. A|)iil... iiiiy ... Jiiilo ... JllI.V . . . . August ™?S;!F:ir'!p~FJx t„l!r~^i ami l.Gi per ,hn' ' " '~' ^■^'^' ^•^^, l-l-i, Llii, l^'' \ .!,^'H :""'•/.'"' •■-'snchvo 524 T-AIUiU 3N KflJOI'K AND AMKIUCA. itlln Sliilfiiiritl HhitiviiKj Ihr iiitiiihir (if iiicii admdtii riiijihiiitd, iVc.—Cdlitinii.'il. I'KIit.'HNTAmC OK JOUIINKVMKX MASONS KMI-LOYKD AT KACII OF AJSOVK liATES. .liiiiiiMTy .. I'l liniii'ry , Manli.... A). Ill M.iv .Iiiili' .Iiil.v Au|{IIHt ... i.7;i (I. IIH O.UH n. u:i :i.oi y. !iH 4. -iM (j. :i I (I. i-j (I. IH II. n-j 0. r.7 III. 77 j:cj. ;m U-.'. .'ii ■^■i.X> 1,VJ. Ci'l 111), :u III. Ill iiii. r>'.i I !i. 7M .l. Till a. -Ill i.iiii MiJ 77.07 ii;t. 0."i lo. j:t 'J'i. •J.l ."i.'i. 7!l :)."i. i;!i 0. ii.-, II. nil (I. ."ill ii;.7i '.I. r.i 4. -J-J 1.17 ;i. 'j.-i '■ (I, '^7 I. 7."i I II. 411 , 4 I ' 0. 4.T . 11 ;).'. Ill 4. 7ii (I. -Jj 0. iw 0. ;t4 0. r-r, I (I, aii 1. -ij 0. 40 II. 'Ji! II. MU (I. Ill U. 11 n. (13 o.ua O.OG 11.11 (I. S(l 0. ,15 0.00 0.14 JorilXKYMEN' CAUl'EXTEllS. .T.imnii'v : VM (iitii 41-J >.jii:i ;!!i 25 1(1 vi . Jiiiiii , IH IKi 7 17 4"i7 |!-Ii leii 3'l ■IS 47 ni 1 ■ lulv i II 1(1 7.") OH ^41 !IUU Ml Oii'J so ai ;) 3 5 . Aiinimt I'lUtCKNTAQl! OK JODliNKVJIKNCAllPEXTEKS EMl'I.OVEI) AT EACU 01' AliUVK KATK.S. .Tiiimiiiy ....... I'llll IIMI'V Mai.li.: Aliril M.iy iliiiiii ■Inly AllUHhl 0.70 0.47 0. 13 o.'oiV 2. 37 II. 311 3. nil •J. 4 J '.'. 34 I. Ill 0. .'.d 0. .'■>(> la. 00 32. 20 32. 77 13. 22 4. 12 l.O- 111. -,:, 31. .'lO J,-. 17 11.113 .'i. ."ill 2. or. 13. .'lO 33.00 2,J. 12 11.113 4. 23 1.40 11.34 311. 07 2.-<. f,7 1.".. 57 2. 2rf ^'. 74 4-.'. (10 27. ."id 13. ,7.-. 2.01 1.07 7.411 40.21 2!l. 00 12. Oil 2. .^li 1. 3.7 4. :\-> Uf. 0!) 211.18 12. 4-, 2. 7.-' 1.51 3.H3 .'•.(1.04 30.33 10.47 2. 05 1. Jd (I. .54 0. 15 0. 22 (I. lilt (1. 17 (1.25 0. 54 U. 14 0. 23 0. 07 (1. 13 (1. 12 II. 1!) It. 17 (1. 211 0. 17 0.17 0.07 (I. 07 liECAl'ITULATION-. AIi.iiUi. iTaiumry ., I'rliiiiuVv JIar.li.;., April ... May.... .liiim — July .... Allj'IIHt . MASTEIl WGKICMEX. Q4Q 254 317 303 I'.nl 305 302 ti2?5 12 33i; 00 I 370 5ii ' 420 24 i 430 50 434 Hi ! 435 00 i 432 00 SI 17..* 1 32.0 1 4.-.. II 1 34.4 1 42. 1 1 ■lit* I 42. « 1 43.2 c,\urK.\TKi:s. I Kij 1.50 l(i4 172 1110 1-7 170 Isd lfl>0 73 IIIO .50 1 220 Wl 211 112 2511 20 2,.l p> 212 01 25.** 4ri fl 11.. 1 1 2., 'I 1 3-. :i 1 4". Ii 1 3ii. 1 .Taniiai'v ■ F.-liiiKiiy Marili..., Ajiiil .... May Jiiiio .lulv JOUKXEYMIOX. 1,403 .*I,.137 04 j 1,.523 . 1,.524 24 ! 1.004 1,073 2' fll HI). 5 1 on.o i, 5511 i a, HOI 40 :.', !I3II I 3,011 04 I, 005 i 3. 307 OS Ail,uii«t i2,!-lll 3,207 Oil I 1.300 61.172 8-1 1 06.0 1 O'l. I) 1 02. 7 1 10. ,>l 1 1 iO.II 1 1,204 1,270 1,400 1, 4li;S l,.".li;i 1.213 211 ; 1,421 2.S 1.054 50 1.007 ,52 1,774 Ml- ! 1.1133 20 I 1, 1)82 Kb $0 rli. (i 1 i:ii. 7 1 11.4 1 II. U 1 11.3 1 ll.ii 1 I in 1 11.5 intiliUril. AlioVK KATES. 1 0.0G 0.00 0. ii ) 0. U ^ (1. aii 0..I5 i 7 2 :'i * a ■J .. t U ! 3|.. .... 1 ■J . J Ii . i .') i :t .. 01''AliUVi:iiATi:.S. 0.07 0. in Ii : a 17 4 I U. U 7' '(Vi:V a 1 0. Ill 7 I ll.-J!l 7 1 0. 17 p. 'ia 11. a.'i (I. ti7 Mi:x. (.■.MiriC.NTKIlS. i~ T. = tc m a n he > >-i r: U 1 c lfl>0 73 fi r.ui .-)(i aoii ») till ',1-j 2.">lt 20 a.'ii f^ yi-j III y,"i^-< -frf 1 1. :> H'l. 4 1, 17-J H-J fii 1, -J Hi 21) l.lil -JS i,i;."ii ,"iii i,iii;7 ,"i2 1,771 Ml i,ii:i;i 20 1, !I62 es I p'.l. (i i:i', 7 III no II.:! li.ii II ri 11.5 CIIKM.MTZ, SAXONY. 525 lll.l.\ I) . ,.|;,s,s<.,l ;|.s \Voik.|„.„|,|,. 'I'l, ' , ^''" "'''"'>";lllt,S of \v||i,l. '^~l^}^:i.^s:is-;^"s. i-s* --.- . Cotton li.isiiTv DairiMsl.H ]J!VM^.-,„„l.s,;; I'ri'ss-Irlrii'riinL's..'. J.iiiiiroiilcri,..., l'iciic,\ UMiiil.s ...'.■ (il()\('M . . uccs, jcoii„iV„„irsiii;; J ii.siral nisin.»i,.i,i..(.. Jili«'i'Hai;i-ou.>« 'i'ov.s . ■^^^ "»''•" "I'.iwuVimiyaVn ".:::: T.aal JrEOnASIOAI, AND PAcrORV LABOR. Afcordi'dii-riiMlicr Aitili.ia|.||„„.,.r, i!.'lii-ls li^ulici's lii|sli(.|.|||.|I;,.,., I;iilTll-i„;ik,.i.s ... J>''fr-lMc\v< i.s lii-lMii.-il;i IS, w " lllllDZc . . . liliMclii-m .....' li^Nlldiilliit.r.s j!i;iss.i-,,„,„i,.|s. ''in^li-iii.iiici-.s J;i»'ki,iyri.s '■'ii'liiiiiiki'r.s JillUlll'ls ''"Itllll-TJIllkcM <;^'nl.„u|;,.r,^, (|.|,, ;''IIli-lliilk.TH. (,';,I '-.•I'lim't-iiwkci.s (-.;r|iiiit|.,s V,'. — Ill 520 LAIIolt IN KUUOI'K AND AMKRIC'A. Tulih Klioiiiiiij llir (III niijv ivtiLli/ nilci paid for lubur in Hit dinlricl of ChcinHil;, .ft. — f^iiit'd. Tratlps. Moles. FlMlVlllH. IWIO. «2 Iti 1 112 1 02 2 37 2 01 1 f« 3 24 1 OH 2 Hi 2 40 2 Id 4 32 2 Cf 1 (W 3 IH 1 44 3 ■« 2 88 3 24 1 «8 2 III «(l Ja 83 3 12 2 88 2 HI 2 40 on 2 fH 4 12 2 52 1 02 2 40 72 3 2) 2 Hi 2 Hrt 3 21 1 44 1 44 3 00 '.Vo4 a'67 1 44 2 >>'' 3 liO a 88 2 HI 2 42 1 41 2 01 2 88 S2 88 2 40 72 3 24 :i no '.; h8 3 (ill 1 44 1 Ml 3 CO 3 CO 5 1)4 eb 72 '"66' •2 lOlHI 'i'li.V 72 ('liiiiitH'y-MWi'cit'i Ciotll'ltllislnTrt * jo' 6(1 84 'i6'!)fi's6"n6 84 HI 1 •j6 60 Cl'ttli-wfiivcru Ciutli ■shell I'tTH Pj 1 44 1 03 ♦4b •46 CoinlMiiiikcrM r;(Mit)(tiuiH r.i ('impcrH 'i'o-' 'i'au' '"r68 .'.'.'.'.. i 03 (.'rncUi'l V Wiirr JlltiHtft ('rmiki'v'ywiiio wolkiiirn Diiylaliin'ciH 1 >)Ki illt'Vt 2 i('; 1 44 2 88 3 (10 2 8H V!':. i 44 2 88 a 12 2 31 1 44 2 H8 3 no 2 HH 2 40 3 fill 1 44 a 8,- 2 iid 1 41 3 21 1 (18 2 52 1 08 <,:\ 12 (4 32 3 24 4 32 2 40 2 40 1 08 HvfiHnC Milk and wool... KiiizravtTM Kilrruttcirt Fiiiip'-niiikt'rH OI'tHs-worktTs Ufi 1 02 1 08 1 06 1 06 1 oa 3 24 3 24 riallt'i'H 2 Ifl Uli 3 la 2 88 2 Hi 2 40 0(1 2 88 252 1 32 2 52 1 U8 3 17 3 (10 2 HI a 10 1 08 3 «0 2 52 1 02 J roll aiitl Htrcl workvra: \ lIiU'liiiH'bnilders .... i liitlio^zraplirrs 1 32 2 52 1 !)2 Mill.Ts Milliners 1 2G 1 44 1 44 1 44 i 89 1 44 Milling: 4 32 4 (IH 2 52 2 ill) 2 11) 1 t-0 2 lU 3 fiO 1 01) 1 08 84 a 10 1 f-O 1 20 1 20 1 eO 3 !)B 5 04 4 08 a 52 2 .-lO 3 III) 1 02 2 8S 3 (10 1 04 1 08 !I6 2 52 1 80 1 44 1 41 2 12 3 'Jfl 2 «4 3 3C 2 10 1 C8 1 20 1 08 2 88 1 08 2 52 72 2 04 2 40 3 24 72 0(1 «() 2 52 1 02 1 08 2 8H 2 52 3 9fi 2 04 5 78 2 HI a 88 1 oa nil a 40 2 HI 2 28 1 44 a HI 2 10 a 52 72 2 10 2 40 3 24 on a 28 2 40 3 fiO on 2 40 2 40 3 fiO on 00 110 2 88 1 !)2 1 08 2 ^8 2 88 5 04 3 00 7 20 2 HI 2 88 1 44 1 08 2 40 2 88 2 1-8 1 08 2 HI 2 40 2 88 riiiitei'H: linvs liope-tniikt rrt SnUllei's 0(i !I0 2 70 1 02 1 08 2 *>« 2 52 0« Oil a f8 1 02 1 (18 2 88 S;i\v-i!iill laborers Slioeinakern ShoeniiiUi'i's' tools Soa|i-iriaU('rs Stoekiii^i-weavors, (nia- Stoiii'-ninsons Stoiie-eiUteiH Stiine quarn men TailoTs " 2 Ifi 3 3(1 1 08 1 20 1 08 !l« 2 52 1 0- 2 hi 2' ifi' 2 t'i 1 08 01! 2 40 2 Hi 2 40 1 fiS 2 Hi 2 Hi 2 r.2 (i'4a' 2 Hi a 88 1 08 1 08 a 40 2 40 2 .52 1 C8 2 Hi 2 40 2 70 .. 'I"'ipi'rtt!'y-!ii;tker3 Watehninkeis Wlicelwi i""ht-( fil) 48 4.'; 4^ fill 1:0 2 52 a 10 a 68 2 88 2 Ifi 3 ai WraviTs, isilU) Wciol-cuniliur-i 'i QJ 'i"6V 'ins "i'oa "i'o- \ 'i'ji) • Cbildren. mil:, .fc— (.'luitM. iiifilcn. imi 1I:U7. I»'(M, Ui '4 i) 'io (III r4 •«i() no hi ■"■••is )* t us )e "i'bh "lbs "Vbk 14 in )8 "4S ' 'i 'o> 1 PB ::::: ...... ' ' ' 'w'l 'i'l'i- 1 44 ■" i';o i 'Jo '■i 6- 2 ifitd a gi i"44^ 3 OB to .i S4 *OBto 1 4 J 3 GO to 4 3i 3 '.'I to 4 ,)•.' 2 l:8to 4 fiS 3 CO to 141 2 70 to 5 (14 1 ."flto a 3 (10 to n f'j riast or K.vpsnni IT of Paris inaiinractiiru .. riayin^'-oaiil mamifiictiiro . I'oWlllT.lllilU VriiiliTH or typi'-NcttiTs . /'linti'is, 1 .VH anil j;iils. I'm so, !.l(ivc'', and rap makers, (>iiariviiii'N ]:ilil>: ]t ii'iiiaiiiilartiiro I'lliii-.'-lai'toriis. Koiii'-inaki'i-.H Sail.llci.-i .. S.llV-lllillM. S' ri'«.iii:iiiiir„oliiri! Snilptois ... Slioi'-iiiakris . Sii vi'-inaKiMM , Sh'ti yillillls; r or loiilcovcrcr ... Copper sniitlis (-'iiileiv-Miiitlis JJoiliT '^iniilis .. Teeliiiieal iii.strunientH Xail-saiillw .. . r.i iinilli! Snnp-l),iiliTs.. SjiiiiiuiiL; : S 7li lo 7 ao *a jj to ti ud 3 (iO to 4 3a •1 «l) ri'jii 73 to 1 41 3 a-l to 3 JJ 3 88 to 3 :m 4 ;)i 3 :iii 3 ai " r> (Vr a 'III ea iiiio#-i 711 a ."'•,' to 4 :ij 3 llllio 4 :i-J a sa to -I ua » « - ' , -i "•.a •• • i s ■« (•i 10 to in '.M a 1(1 "•fj'to'oo 8 £ij to 4 CH 1 41 3 34 to 4 33 1 GSto a lU 1 41(11 a 11! I i."ito I ;iii I II lo a ii; I I .'llo I ;iii 4 ;iJto (■' 4^ 4 33 to i; 4^ 7'.' to 1 fO 3 S4 to fi 48 8 40 to a (M lo f4^ to 4 U I'.'* ill! H 3 CO 3 !Mi to 4 i» 1 Odtu 141 3 GO 1 OS to 1 30 a ^■^ S 88(0 :i 34 9 t?8to 3 (10 ;i (in 3 into a H-i 1 ao to 1 4 1 3 53 to 3 a I 1 eoto a i(i a PS to 1 OS to a 53 to 3 a I into 4 33 Hi 1 '14 to 4 ;i i I 4 1 to 8 'JS 7a to a .'I'j •1 11 *i aoto 1 II 1 1-0 to 4 :ij tlOto 1 ''O t:iO rvto"a"ii'i a into :> 114 1 Ml to 3 rd I 80 to 4 ilO 5 04 to a -i 4 14 n on 3 Ii I 4 ;i3 3 liii Cottou Lnoso yarn. Cain-yam... Flax spinning. Slitcli or loop 1 pnto 4 3? 1 cat in to 8 53 a 8d a ,«sto 4 .'13 *l Udto I 41 3 i;o • to 1 63 I 44 1 44 to 3 8S 3 r,i to ;i I ij •I'll to i in a .Tj to I ;i> I 44 to ;i m I (1 10 a ,"ij 3 hi til ;i Vi 1 4 1 to 3 IG 2 1(1 to 4 ().■' •I to to in 34 to a R-i into 3 '31 ICto 3 34 ".I to 3? J 3 31 lo 1 n'l liiiiiii 4-1 2 into a frt 1 41 to I n-i tl3to 4-' 3 on onto 1 fco 2 nato 3 3n ti as 2 PP to 1 20 1 80 to !to 4 : 1 Ud to ii m ' IJesides board and lotl" t Child 2 PJto 4 .'13 1 44 to 1 SI) run a wagea. Ill, units, .fr.— CouiM. tUiH 3tf a - - ■■} 1 =-■■ ?ia • MX • •3 - a . . il - J-, 711 il 10 to 4,1 J 1 4 :)J ■) :i-J •1 M a 40 ti) 4 1 ' J U 111 ti> a :w ( 14.1 to hi li lU I 4iUt 4 j 1 :io 1 I 1 1 to 2 'J^ y n; 1 :iii i; jM i; H 1 r-U Mto a .'iQ •1 II *l so to 1 )| 48 1 ''D to 4 ;u J Wlto 1 ^D J t:iU I THto a Hi J CO 2 into r, (14 1 U) 1 ^(l to a rd I 11 1 1 m to 4 'M 5 01 to 3 >i ! l(i a-s 711 k; •ji 3J 2 .Tjtn t ;;j .... 1 44 to ;i i;o (!■■! a K. 7a J J *'-08to#9ln fi""'kl.,if.,ri,.„o l,nl|,I,',".""" < " '"'" " ™ t ■ -flf„ ., 1"! I te:Kr •■■•••:"::::::... . ^^'^ :"■■.. !^ i "'" ««"' «;;rr;t!!;:--'n-ii.-:::: ' '^''^''^'^o t4 m,:' •i '■"■'^.'.!'" Riiccorv r.ictoi-v" " s^;:.nM.,«,,,„ ,(,„—■ T.inn.Ts 'i tb' ( aHKfo 4,...| , , xlK^'"^-'- •""::::: ^='*"^'' "'"'"il^: ?fo^i!^ Ti;&'-^'--"::::::::;:: ='^«t°V6o- ^i^o 324 ;^l::^^> Turners in „.,,,, " '" 2 .12 o ,.,» ' "" Pn[hi-,.l|j,.m„k„,.,, 2 A'^to 3'tV.' 9 fla " ''^*'' 3 «'^ Watrh umi.i,;,,-,; ■,-■,,;■ • iJ'ii.UoHv,.,^: t'n'inillsan,! .•arn,','s""" ■■-•'.■.■.■.■.■;:.■■■■•■ ■ ^ into Sm j'^a;);^:- an,, „„,.- « ^» «.«to3co1f [o{;j^;:;-,. Wlm-)wriL.|,f,; > J J "t" »4;t I ^.'"'•roiisiM,,.:"-' ^"1 ac4r o,«, '■""!; »"0(.\roil,- l.,?v„ ; < 0.J ' 8 16 to 2 ks ' ^TOlon-cIothwonvors.. '.'."■■ ■*""'" ^ '■''^\-----'''.'.':::'r-i SWtoa'ii " Cloth gUcarera I f 1 OSto 3 ;o l > — — ___ '•■',.1'' : 3(i f, 3 8! to 3 CO o .., , .T '' Besides boar.raijj];;;]^;;^ __( ^ o4 L 529 '"■'■'■. '/c.-Coufd. i 3 O *« imti ♦' •<4toM sa II oa 1 flt'to I 80 1 80 to 9 83 J CO to s'to y 1 1! to ■« 7)4 1 Od S 34 to I 44 1 !W 3 (10 ' 13 to 4 .18 fi Id to .-I 118 8 1(1 to ,', 114 -' '"^ to 3 !)« itillf 530 ^ M LAIJOE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. WAGES IN SAXONY IN 1870. Bnfil;c.tmal;ln(j in Zwrnhni, Saj'oni/.—hi 27 factories, witli 73 skillort la- Itoroi's and ;J0 appivnticos, -joud Muikincu earn por wock -l tlialors = $li.-((H'-j)laillnlait straw in the winter. The earninjis for men per day are uot less than 18 cents; women, 10 cents; ciiildren, Mhile attending schools, -I cents. Paper and pasieJ/oard vianii/aeiure, Chcniniiz, ^axonij. — Wages vary from ii(J cents to 83.00 per weelc. Vantel/oaru bo.ves and oilier arlielefi of paslehoard, I>w!il,ol:-, So.vonn.— ]\ren, ])er week, jioin 82.52 10 81.32; women, 81.20 to 81.80; childicu, 30 cents to ;$!» cents. The above industiy consi.sts of the manufactiu'c ot'bdxes for cliocolato, candies, .soai)s, jH'i'tumeries, ylovcs, hose and liall-hose, trimudngs, labels, envel(>i,es, tickets, i-vc. riajiiiujeard favi-.yriea at C'ltmiiit-, iSajLvni/. — Wages per week fur men, $2.10 tu 83.(iO ; wages per week for women, 81 cents to 81.80. Manv.faeture of Chinese lanir.rns, dx:, Zarnl-an. tSaxon)/. — Children, over 12 years of age, working from 3 to 1 hours per d;iy!, earn wecldy from .'U; cents to 18 cents; men, working 12 hours per day, earn dally from 30 cents to 18 cents. rrinU'iifi-iiijiees in Cliemnifz, Saxoiii/. — Tyi)e-setters and ])riiiters, i)er week, 82.88 to 83.70; women and girls, 81.20 to 81.80; apitrentices, 72 cents to 81.08. Leaiher-heltiiKj for viacliiiies, tfv., Cliemnit:, Siuony. — ^Men. per week, $2..')2 to 81.32 ; women. 81.20 lo 81-08. Kid-ijinreseiriny at Olnrn-iencntlial, ISa.rony. — \Vages,for 1 dozen gloves, sewed. .")! cents. Felt and eloth shoe factory, Waldhcivi, Saxony. — Men, per week, 83.C0. Viy,tr ftctory, Waldheini, Saxony. — [toilers and assorters, per week, (male and leniale,) 81.20 to 83.00 ; girls, 12 to 10 years of age, 72 cents to 81.08 ; children, under 11 yea. a ot age, 31! cent's to 72 cents. Slate-qiiarri(;i, Jioeltlit-, Sajvny. — Daily earnings iiom 30 ceids to 10 cents. Earthen and stone ware mannfaetnre, Chemnif::, Saxoni/. — Weeklv enni- ingsol nien, 82.10 fi 8r).70; women and boys (11 to I'o years ot' age.) $1.20 to 81.11. Working-hours in summer-tinu', 12 ; in winter, 10. Cloth-n-eariny establishments in Meerane, iS((xony. — Weekly earidngsof men, 82.10 to 83.00; weekly earnings of women, 81.02; weekly earn- ings of children, 30 jents to 18 cents. Plush-weaving, Frohbimj, Saxony.^Mav, 81.11 to 81.80. ritli 73 skilled l.i- VL'ck 4 thalors = isivcly cliildren's l)or wook, fiom J- ; packers, pur , per week, from week, from $2.10 receive 40 cents; is chiefly carried lid scliool-lioius ; Lionths in brick- men per day aro ■while attendiujf '■'ihoI~, ScKvoinj $1.80; cbihlrou, \es for <'ho('olato, bose, trimminf;s, 'S per week lor uts to 81.80. xi)}!)/. — Children, day, earn weekly r ilny, earn daily nd printers, \m 80; apitreiitices, -]\ren, per week, )r 1 dozen j^lovos, per week, S-^.GO. rters, per week, 1 of aiic, 72 cents ?2 cents, n 30 cents to 10 /. — Weekly earn- I) years of age.) 1 winter, 10. 'ckly earnings of 2 ; weekly earu- LABOR IN GER.MANY. CUV I,OCA,..KXr.u«S COMI.AX,K« ,x SAXOXV. 531 P1.1C0. Annnbor;;. Clifiniiitz . Do.... Do.... Diibfcln .. . ^'alllc (jf t'oiiii),",iiy. Kxtiress -Muii.T-.iKxpn.sic;,",;/,,';,",;;- ',;:niilJin;';i;";':''''^"^'i'^''''-.V"i^i';w.K;rks- J-..\|ii-c.ssiufiiH iiistiiuii',;,',; ;;■;■;;; ]"''" j •>'■■■' I .Jl.08. •■"J I .-i 1 Tl.«r rx,),vs.s,,„.n wo^ ;. for I ( ■ ,'";•■ ,"»" "'-'""..I .■..,,1 , "y l"lil I (i 1 *1.4l'lofilfi. "'S of circulars, cards, I.ili;:; ic"^;!/"^'"'"''^ ""^^ <'""-i' articles, caJi^" PRICES OP PACTORY-LABOR ix ciIKMM.. ix 1872 the year I8,i„, a„ ' "^ week y w,oe.s whieh obtained t'-Mls-r t'^^.'"r'"'^ive ; also the popidatioi, , f the respective tow isvii,'. i^^' '''''•'■'^■'"■•l «^-<'ording- to the The rates which prevai'ed in isro ,,1 tnct, and which are presn ed at ,:',,''''• ^^'^' ""''^^'^^ ^'i«''fod thi.s dis- advance ovov those of 1871: ^^'l^^mo. i,i,o,.s, ,sh„wed a decided Occnpalio 1 Mitoj'i'.^it'l J 44 nosioryfiictiii'ics:* oniiii;!i'v ii,„v,|"^" ; ^|iP';nnt,.n,le.,,t of JacYoVy .■;::: JIllI'lllLlsts •' I-iiel;.'*!!) it |].s . •Smi(>l(.rs, \yr,4, nu pioc.'.wovli:' .'.■ t'littcrs, oil piiTc\v OcciiiiaUcin. -Coutinueil. Eosiorv fai'toiy- Pornior.s - Dics-scis Prissi'is Anotlinr factory : iStockin;;wL^iivt'r3 Spuolcvrt Olovo-innki'ra (ilovt! oiiibioiilcrcis anil (piiltors G love and (sldckinf: lornu'it) C.sA,s8oci.,tio,i: Jv(lllc.|;ictorv: Jlr;izil'!.s ..I aiiiizicrs, (111 iiiiJi'woVk '.'. ' SlMkfi-.s li IVH "[ CoiiliiT-worli.s : • ^"(iprrsiiiiilH.. A"!;sr'"'''"''''^'^™^' ■•■•■•■-■■•■::: Braw.H-Cniiiiili.iy . i''(IIIIl(It'l'S Cadt[iol j.sliiir.s Ji'PVS Sim illi-.sliop : ■SiiiitliH ^mijlis, ou pioci'woik ' Strikcr.s TiiriRTH' .•shop': Tiiniors x\jipie!iti Inin.tiiriuTS j'liMitrs _'/_[ Jiorers \\ '--., I'olisliers .".".'.'.'. '"■"• CJiil.lreii. >:) cntn r, 7(i IJ -lito 7 4d I .J ..^ I 1 ^'l ' ■■> nn to 4 .12 ! J CI4 to ,'i 7i; • ■ j 4 .'!2 to 7 20 - • I 2 ee to 4 J2 1 G2 ..■ ;t nnto 4 .-ia ■■' i U4 to 7 yii I. ••! - cs J. •! a esto 3 ro |. ■| yuto 1 OS j. .j a into .T CO •I 4 3Sito 5 04 • 9 ]«to 3 CO • 5 7Cto 7 iiO • I 3 24 to 4 32 5 7ti to 8 04 •■i fiOto 4 32 S 04 to 6 4t< .T CO to 4 32 .1 04 to « 4« 1 Mb to J in r> 70 to C 48 a 52 to a BS 4? to 10 08 ■'i 04 to 10 to '> 04 to e a^ 4 32 to 7 112 3 00 to 5 70 3 OU to 5 70 5 *« to 8 0,j 8 14 to 18 00 1 44 to 3 CO tion on the huIJcc^ tllcy^lri^SS £:'"'' "^^"^'^'-' '^^^ nartmann aruings of the nicu: jMoUlcrs on pit'eework, from .0-l) per ton, formerly a thalers. It is brought from the district of Zwickau, al)Out CO miles. Q'iiey import part of the pig-iron used from England and .Scotland. They make cotton aud woolen machinery, locomotives, and a variety of other juachiuery. Iluascl lO Co. 'a ilamasJ;-faetory. Visited the factory of Tlossel & Co., who make damasks, velvets, reps, &c., some all wool. They employ a few meu and 800 women. Wages avei-ge as follows : Women, 2;| thalers per week, 81.08. Meu in mill, 4i to 5 thalers, 83,24 to 83,G0. Men dyers, 45'to 5 thalers, 83,24 to 83.00, Au allowance of 1 thaler (72 cents) per mouth for rent is made to the married men who have been employed ia this establishment ibr more thau one year, and 20 silver grosclien (48 cents) if under a year. Many of their working-people live out oi' the city and bring tlieir dinners. They are very frugal, living largely on coffee au'i potatoes. They had little kettles with co.fee, some had bread, others citatoes, some both. • They cooked their potatoes and warmed their c 'C > in tho mill. l\Ien \>ith families live in two rooms, paying Irom 3 ♦ - 4 thalers (82,1G to 82,S8) i)er month in the city, but in the country only about 30 thalers (821.00) per year. Wdf/cs of viasoiis. — Men and v.onien at work on an addition to Ihe iuc- tory eai'u as ibilows : Bricklayers, piir week, a thalers, 83,G0, Master masons, (i thalers, 84.,">2. Women to mix mortiu- aud assist the masons, earn diu'ing tiie build- ing season 4 thalers, (82.SS.) Tliese women are elnelly from iJolieiiiia, who return home and remain during the winter. I^otHiuiluDn Kuitfiufi Compfdiif, {^Iv. Felkner, maiuiger.) ]]stablisli('(l by Mr, Mumlella, M, i*., of England, Mho is one of the luincipal stuck- holders. Wages of men in facttory, average 83.G0 per week. Wages of Icmales in factory, 81.50 to 82.50 per wei^k ; aAcrage, 81.14 Their i)iiucipal factory is at Tausa, a small village of about ." ' habitants, near Ilof, and not far from Bavaria, where l'ro:,< ,. > "^ L',000, ehielly females, are (iuiploywl. They have their knittii'[';iri>'ii at their homes, where all the members of the family work, 'mk' eivn but from .3 to 4 thalers ])er week, at piecework'. They receive from 4 . to 130 sgr, (81.00 to 83.12,) per dozen. On the linest hose, selling at 8 thalers j)er dozen, the price paid is but 130 grosehen, and as a family of onli- nary size can complete but 1 dozen per week, their earnings (83.12) arc very small. In the factory at Pausa the females earu but from 1 to 2 thalers, (72 cents to 81.44.) per week. I* ifts of the iiicu: .76. riicsc formerly s;) sccoiul year, iicli sub.scqiu'iit 1 uuder iustruc- 5 tliulcrs. It is uul Scotland. s, and a variety :s, velvets, reps, omeu. Wages "ent is made to tabllsliment ibr if under a year. nid bring their e and potatoes. )tber;~ p-itatoes, leir C' 'e ; in tlic m 3 t . i tlialiTs utry only about lition to file j'aC- iirii::;' tiie build- from iJolieniia, r.) J:st!iblisli(Hl principal stuck- tueratio, SI. It. about':" -0 Li fro:.' ,. ' '" lvnittiii:T,'-lrinii ■ I'k, 'iik' eivii but a from 4^ to 130 liti!,^ at 8 thalers a iiimily of omi- linss (^3.V2) are I but from 1 to 2 LABOR IN GEKJIANY. 535 abmlt^ootand.?-' '"^^""^^'^^"rer.s of comn.on cotton hosiery, employ The nuMi earn o thalers per week, .«l.] 00 AVomca to finish goods, k to 3 ti;aIe;.Mi.,so to 82.1G. LKII'SIC, SAXONY. Kind of iiicrcliaiKlise T\-(ml(.n nncl li.ilf.wooli.n -ccmIs Fui'saiidslviiiH r.-"<'o Cotton .TiKl liii|.|i smiU Books, music .incl I, iitiiros Mnsiral.in(lotU..i-i„atrmuoui;:: Lacca .'■.ud triiimiiucs Drugs Kid glovpa __ Human Iiair ...', Toys and fauc v-waro lirisflos lI.ieliiuery.r.!,iiTOri.ware! Miticdl.iiicous Total value iu Uuited .States gold dollar.,. 3, 44cl, 0.10 world, the tbllowino. brief noiiceiLari>rove inter "'H '''' ''''^''' "» '^« THE BOOK TRADE OP LEIPSIO. ^4!::iS S.''rt^^^!::L'S'^;!::;'-«i-f '«« --'«' that this city '"an tonftue ; and not lb that alone i, a •''^' '^' '''''^''' '" ""^ ^'^^■ and dead langua-cs ' ^"^ '^''^^ "' t''e majority of modern x|Sc^S;:v;>;i;L!;s;!?^jlLe'TT^'^^ ;^ ^ '-^'"^"- - m Pans, the English with one Sndo -uid L^^''''^' '''''''' ^^■'"' «»« a most be said, those of the rest of T,,?.^:;! .^'e German, and, it might SIC, this being the mSronnliVnt- p ''^''',''"'t'^ ^he publishers of Lein- evo.y bookseller in gS na.i and tVoTP' '' '"'^''^^^* "» ^ho spot, and liere. Six hundred bookii?^.. r '^''"'''^ countries has an agent to settle their am ua Ten, nL ,^"'7^'^='»^:« ''«semb!e at the Easter tkr dents and 40 pilnS^g^^h'S Thev'h.;^'^';'^' ''^"I ''''''' '"''' '^' ^^ if" 536 LAliOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. _ The Loip; '■;; \.it.y Diroctovy lor 1871 f>i vcs (lio names of 210 book-firms in a popul. on of K)(»,i)li,>, smaller tluiii that of Washington Citv of which IM are publishers, partof tliem liavinjr thoir own printinft-es-nl). li.sliments; L'l are booU-oommission-merchants; 21 are music publisher-i and dealers; are antiquarians, ,'jomo of them bein<' llrms o' oir'.t importance. » ^' ■ The celebrated Leipsic auction sales of books and objects of irt mo comluoted by three book-llrms, at certain regular stated pe^'.-h. lu liStJS, twelve such auctions were held, resulting in iheag regau -'Jos of .>I-,L'(K) Avorks, comi»ris!ng soino 2(;i>,()0() volumes, niid nvt proceeds of So(.,()()(). In J,S0!>, there were eleviii auction-sales, with (i').OOO wc-ks and 2.^0,0(10 %oIumes, au aggregate .sale of i»i,">l.(!;!!i. The mc'^t impor- tant sale during this year was tliat o; vhelibr;,rv »:; the late Emperor iNlaxiUHliau ol' iMexico, which realized tl!t,5G(), ai:d attracted purohase.i not only iioni England and France, but from the United '-tates. 15esules tliese book-auctions, there were two autoinapii-auc' ion-soles consisting of 3,;5(»U uumbens and six auctions of objects <.f aii^mimln-i- iiig l.),uoo. h> the year 1^70, in consequence of tlio Franco-German war, thvm were but seven urciions uf books and six of objects of art. Comparatirv KtakmaU of ike >,-o): , j,:Mit^hrd h) ihe flcrman huol-taulc «f L,hmc duriiui the ■'(»)•< Isiia, ItC'J, ami 1-70. '^ I et of work'). Encyclopedias ; wofiig of ri'fert'mn j science of literature Tlieolofiy KiUiiinal economy and law ; polities and sta'iHlii's.'!]!!!!! Medical, surgical, veterinary wience.s .'.' !Natnral 8cience>>-. cLeniistry and phanuacv '.'. I'liilosopliy '. ^ . . " Hdncatioualand lext books !..!..!.'."!.".".".'.'. Juvenile !!"'"'.]'"'" Classics anil oriental iungua^os; aiitimii'ty .aii'd myt'lioloil'v Modern laufinaues History and Inofraphy .'!".'.'.!!.".'.'..'."" Geo^rapliy I .!!!!!! ! MatLeniaiics and astronomy .......". Military science and horses Ct.rM.ncrce and industry Arch) lecture, unu'liiuery, railroads, and niivi'rati'oii I-'oresiry and liuntintt; niinin>:and snieltiu'i Hou.seki- 'piuK, a{;''ii:ultu''i% aud ^ardenin'',? Uelles-Iel tres Pine-arts; copy-books and stenography ..'........'.'. Freemasonry ' " ' Miscellaneous worlis ..!!.....'. Slavic and Hun);ari.au works .....'...'.'.'...'. Periodicals ......!....." Total for each year Total fur three years Ig08. lOfi I, 440 !t7U 6:w lltili S!40 44(1 3J-,' 710 'J!)0 i;i4 1110 2.-0 y,"jn 4:i7 14 3-1 3S 'J;i7 10,; 1669. le70. 2fi-3 271 1 . noT 1, 1:0 -' 141 1,014 :il7 412 i'7,"» ,v:3 l-.'7 103 l.Kil 'J!I7 3i>-,' 235 •lU 31W Slt.'^i 2117 filM C02 SO:) 234 124 114 HOrt 242 424 411 2i:i 1:12 ii;) ;d ail;-) 3:,1 illlO 73!) 4;).-. 340 ,s 3fi 304 3f!» 02 ,',0 33J 2U 11,101 0, silt) 31, 37,'> LEIPSIC FAIRS. Thi.s quaint old city reposes in its normal inactivity, except durinf' on(5 ot tiiose seasons of the year when it becomes the principal mait and exchange ot Northern Europe. Three largo fairs arc held here annuaUy, one beginning tb- ) t of January, called Keujahrs messe; another, tlie second Sunday afte er, or the Oxier mease; and, lastly, the IMichaelmas mesne in Oct - . Of these three, each of them la. Jug three weeks, the Eas.<. f":-. ireadv reterred to, is by far thei-; -^v important. These fairs niei'chants and foreigner^- Vi '.u the most distant parts , ' uie globe d by S )f 2 10 book-firms binstou City, of 11 pi'iiitinj^'-ostn!). riinsic i»iibli>sla'i>.t <; linns oL guj.iv Itjocts of .irt fi!?i ted pevo'is. Ill ^.'-U'cgfin. -;ilos of iH't proceeds of til C'Wrn Avorks lie inert itupor- lie liito Emperor icted purchase. 1 d ''tares, pi! auc' iou-snlos, s ot'aii, immli>er- ■nn;!n war, tliertj ait. of Lupsic thirhi/j the LABOR IN GERMANY. 1808. 18G9. !<>(! Silo 1, -IIO i , «U7 1I7II ; 111 .lOfl :il7 6;ii; «.7.-> Vi6 1-J7 HH6 1, Kil 24li 3iJ-> 4jn •I'.l 3,i-,' 33-1 710 ini 'JIIO a,! l:il i-Ji «,-l 3IIH 4-j:. •l-'l lllll !>13 83 il3 2.>0 3(15 i(,">rt illlL* 4;iT 43,-| 11 f" 3-1 3i;4 3S (i-J i>;i7 33J ls70. 271 1. no 1,011 Jia :,:i5 103 9117 235 31)9 2!I7 m-i ZA 114 212 411 IliJ ;ii 3J1 739 ;i4() 3fi 3f9 r.u 2U 10,348 I 11,101 u, si;g 31, 37,5 , except during priucipal mart ling tb' ■ 'tof lay afte. er, 11 Oct ; . Of tv: fr-ii. iready 3 UT. \i ..Hi by s r/' tiie globe, late they iKue fallen .short of this si, m, ''"""■' """»"".^' lJ'*'"y'^ of ;;oeu^s!'i;;:;,;S^j-;-;.;';;-i?^;;;;;:.^^^ a lo,., ,.wod have A^udic knows !nor[, abo, u S.o H v E't ""f'T"'^ Oreek to Avhich he belongs. JJin,-,,-' i o f .i • i '' '^'"'"^ <''^' ^■""'"t'v streets o (he city are fill.,1 ith loni ne of f . ^" '"'^'''1^ '''''"'"'^'^ «>hI tion to the ordinary sliops in \ l7 ''"^;''0^/t'inpoiary booths, in addi- eale-hardware, eloths K;i ., . '''.K^',^ '' ^" ^''^^^^ are e.xini.sed Ibr -0 thr^igedSS^tSn^'td J? --"r"'^= "le streets ^>ai'S w, u their pec.diaiMi.anne ^aml if 'i'. ,^ ^^1^"^ "i',vi'rs, .| lo Ij tlialiMN, .S'J.W to $?>.'i'i. itiiylaliori'iH, I to A^ tlialcrs, iJ-J.rtS to .*3.24. Hi'WuiM, (cliildn-ii iiu'liiili'd,) 1 to 'J tlialers, .S0.7-^> to ?:1.11. Tim iiNiiiil lioiirii of jatior aro from t; a. ni, to 7 p. ni., w itli an intcrniption of half lioiir for lirmikfiist, one Lour for dinner, (at noon,) and half hour foe lunchoou, (at 4 1». ni.) ^ ' It is iJiDli'iilt to ^;ivi' till' rxact amount of tlio cxiicnsi's rithnr of a faniilv or of a sin- plii lu'rHoii ; and a ^;riuTai riilc in repaid to the fxpenditurL's of tlio lalioriiiK classes caiiiiot lio iii'i'iiratrly Ntatcd, hh tho outlay is {,'ovfrncd by the inconio, which is usually all fX|irnili'd, ' Allhon^h l''ranc(^ has almost monopolized the i)roduction of goatskin gloves, in whii^ii slu; excels, yet Germany mannfactnres to a largo extent the mttdinni (|iialities, \vhieh, being less exjjensive, are more readily sold. Germany was represented at the World's Exhibition at Vienna by many of its most, important glove-manufactiirers. Favorable local circum. fitanees, enabling the manufaetnrer to combine tanning and dyeing with the production of gloves, and the introdnctiou of new methods for per- fecting t\w artichi, has condnced to make tlerman gloves an important nrtidc of export. There are in the German Empire towns whose priu- eipal biancli of industry is glove-making, such as Altenburg, above re- a ; Arnstadt, in ivvTi'd to; llaliierstadt, in Prussia; Erlangin, in Bavarif I'hnriitgia; llaynaii, iu Silesia ; and Esslingen, iu Wurtt temberg. DRESDEN, SAXONY. The cflpifal of the kingdom of Saxony is more celebrated for its art- weasurea than for manufactures. Few European capitals contain ft {jreiiter nnndter of objects calculated to gratify a refined taste. Ea- nched with t-xlensive collections of paintings and statuary, with muse- ums of anti(juoand modern art, libraries, and public gardens, it has be- come a fiivonUi resort for the wealthy of all nationalities, large numbers of ■whom nudvcil, their place of permanent abode. It is a favorite residence of English and Amcu'ic.an families, and among its inhabitants may be found many men of learning and talent. Dresden gives its name to the re- nowned porcelain ware which is made iu its vicinity, chiefly at Meissen, about L'S miles distant. Although manufactories and other industrial establishments have not hitherto been erected, yet, as the United States consul at (li!it place states in his communication, "tho steamships ou the river rOilie, which divides the city into two parts, the old and tho new, (AlLsladt and ^'enstadt,) and which is navigable from a point a little above l'ragn(> in 15ohemia to Llamburg on the German Sea, and the iron-horse on the land, were irresistible in opening even the city of Dresden, euphemistically called ' Elbe Athens,' to the inroadsof au iudiis- trial era." DRESDEN-WARE. China ware ot prtreelain was originally brought from the countrv after which It is numfi;, mud was first made iu Europe at Meissen, in 1710, by vvns ill tlio oon- k'l" the lieadiiig II ill ipfjiirrl to a the i)roi)riotoi's, ami fliildrcn, sonin lit m tiiko tlio work itiTiiiption of Iialf Ion luuchoou, (at 4 fiiniily or of a sin- 10 liiboriiiir clftssus o, -which- ia usually ion of goatskin 3 a large extent 31-0 readily sold, /^ieuiiii by many 13 local circuiu- lud dyeing with letliods for per- s an important vns whoso priu- burg, above re- El ; Arnstadt, la LAnOR IX GKRji^vxy Tl.nfM , '''^''"''■'' '^^ "^E U.MXKD STATES Stakmeut xhowiiig i/t l>t'8eripti(iii idti I li " "~ -■ . - p m y / i 540 LABOR IN EUROPE AlVD AMEI.'ICA. ill sfoiTs ten lioiUH 11 (liiy, cara I Ic. .' laliorincrniati riuiRcs from 1} to thiilcr (7i; (M'lits) a week. A fam- Cliildroii iiCciid scliool ro^jiilarly five Iioiu'h n day, from their sixt' tlicir foiiitcciitli year, inclusive. JCiiibroiderers. (jiirls.) wlu» voil- from H to L'.} tli;ilir.s (sl.44 t^i Hoard and loil^'iii;,' for n' nin 2 tlialers, (.«i<1.0S (,) >ti.,i; . lorn,.,-,, _ ^._ , „, ily consistin;;' of live nu iiihers {(cneriiUy uses ui> tlie eaVnina'sof n week i. p., 7 tlialcrs, (8.").(M.) .i)\ i,. s.-,.7(;) a week ; «irl.s worUiii-' in tlieVacto'rv tea honrs a day make L'A t tlialers (sl.SO to $l!.l({) a week, (iirls who Kew at home and woik twelve iionrs a day en-;: ' ' ' . fhaler.s (: t to *4.;}2) a week. The e.xiMiises of a married Inhorer l.)r rent mav be estimated at .'lOto 40 thaler,-; (•■-'Jl.OO to $2S.,S(») a yeai'. Unmarried workiii'Muen i)ay from 2A to 3\ thaUrs (81.80 to $2.52) for hoard and lodKino- a week. Chddren are obliged to attend school from tho seventh to their four- teenth year, but theiu are advantages offered I'or further imiirovement. Olbernhau, Zschoi)i)au,Waldkirchen,^'c.,is ■ district iu Saxony where, chielly, toys are jnanufaiitured. Mm workin<]f in those toy-factories, either bvthe piece or by the hour (twelve hours a day,) earn from 3 to 5 thalers" (82.::'; to sg^.tlO) a week. ' Women and girks working on the same coudition.s make from 2 to 3 thalers (.:il.44 to $2.1(i) a Meek. Children work eight hour.s a day— the remaining four hours beiii'^ devoted to their school— and receive 1 thaler (72 cents) a week. They cease attending school when fourteen years old. Board and lodging for an unmarried man ranges from 1.20 to 1.25 tha- lers ($1.24 to $1.32) a week ; tor an unmarried woman or girl, from 1.U5 to 1.10, (84 to 90 cents.) Freiberg, a town of about 20,000 inbabitp its, 1,200 feet above the level ot tho sea, known for r -: excel out .Min,,.^ Academv, has also oiio of the largest manufactories of gold and siher laces, trimmings, frin<>es sandal laces, &c., in Saxony, probably in all (k-rmany, '^ ' Uere, as TfcU as in all other Mi!i'-ufacturing districts of Snxonv, most of tho work is done by the l;.j,ortiS in their dv, llings; in li.is iiistance chiefly that of wire-drawing, fringe-making and lace-making. The latter work is usually peri'ormed by married women and tlxfv grown daughters, and as they have also to perform their househo!,' .Uities, it isdifliculi lo give a certain number of hours for their w < rkiug time. The wages of employes in this branch ( nur;icturing are as follows : 1. Men who work in tho mamifactor^ 2.15 to 3.25 thalers ($1.80 to .*2.70) a we'. 2. Wire-dri\wers working at homo umkt 85.7'">i .■ week. 3. i''ringe-makers who also work in their dwellings earn from 3.20 to 5 thalers (.$2.04 to 80.OO) a week'. 4. Gills who either .spin or embroider work on machines in the man- ufactory, 12 hours a day, earn from 1 to 2 thalers (80.72 to 81.44) a week. h s a day receive irotu from 4 to 8 thalers ($2.^8 to r hours bring ii week. They LAHOR IX GICIOIAXY. 54^ "lilt ;;iils usually live •s iM'iii^solitth.. -.ue as state.. i„ the .'i^triots'or M:.t;;e;;^s.^r;^Ji;;;s;:^:r^ ^»^« ?7u. if^«.v«-»«««»/m7.n-„^ rf,V,/,^ o/yorthern Jiohem Woau-uaro only emplon;";,;;]" "?';"« ('^^'^O f"^^) a week. ' J^r«.ok.n, the .oocls, andean. At !uJ i'^? S&'1;!'^-;;J .Sr;,"*;'!?:.'"'!'"^-^ ^ k. ai ) per co..se.,„ently, fro^ iuZZl^l^iuZ^'^ sl^r tl'Ir;" ^''^l''^ "'' "^'^^ «" :he soda, standm, tbe ki. ,.t lab,)r whieh they pertor,,,/ '"' '' '" ^'"■^' '« "'^lic^ited by MECHANICAL AND FARM LABOR Occiipathi'is. Skillpd workmen : BlankHniitbs Bricklayers or miiion'n t-8lnnet-iuiiki'r3 . . . C'arpentors Coopers Wachiuists ] ruintors ' Shoemakers.... '. Tailors Tiii-sniitlia .'..'.'.'..'. Fanuiiamls: ii.^ncri. iicod Imnds Ordmuiy bands Coirimo;, l.',or, (notfarm). *enjnlo» vauts Per day. I'er week. ♦0 60 to 10 84 W 60 to 8J 04 fiO to J4 .'i fiO to 5 04 7S to »li 4 32 to 5 78 "a 4 33 1 n 4 32 to r> 76 CO to 84 3 60 to 04 54 to 7-.' 3 24 to 4 32 rj 4 33 48 to 7a 4 33 S 88 to 4 32 Per month. •1- 7 an jt. 5 40 34 s'lVto 3 60 h i til!: 542 LAIiOK IN KVnOVli AND AMERICA VUANKI'OBTON-TIIISMAIN. Fiiiiikiuit, foriiicily a f'lcc^ town, was the Nciit of ili<* (roniiiiii Diot down to tilt! yciir l.Sfiii, when it wiis aiint-Ncil to I'lii^sia. It lies on lliti lifjlit lianU of ll!t> Main, iiiitl in con icctcd l»y a stone liridyc wiili tln> Nnlniil) orSiiclisciilianscn on Ihc Ifit lianlv. In ISTl it Inid !I(>,718 in- Jiabitanls, of whom :i, now town, especially in the prin- pal street, called Zei!. in tiu^ Ncuc Mainzer and TaunnsStrasso, and on tho (piays laein^' the .Main, inlial.ited l»y rich inereliants, Itankers, or diplomatists, are jialaees. Notliinu is more pleasinu' here than Ihe belt of honlevaid j-ardens, replacinj;- the rani- liaitsand s(ii(lde of great anti- (piity, especially in the (piartev iiroiiii(i the cathedral and luimerbcr^,', juni [ireserve all the characteristics of " the ancient imjierial fre(^ city." rraiikfort has Ion;.;' been the linanrial metroiiolis of continental I'lii- rope; the cradle of tlu^ Ji'othscliilds. In tlie.lews" (ptarter the old house, HO lon^' occniiied by the famil,\ , ;ind where tlu* {■randmother of the pre* eut iJaron Kolhschiltl died in a leceiit year, was standing in 1S7L'. RvjiiD-ts ill the United .SVa/r.v. The f(»l!owin;;' statement shows the exports to the rnited Slates from tlie consul;!!' distri(;t of Frankfort on-tla-Maiii for the liscal \car ended June oO, 187u: Artiilc Viildf I.rnHiiT, liiili's, nnd Blilim -II,lli':>' 1111(1 llMlll'ls' I'lll' ilrucll V, |111 cilMlsMlld iiiiiliiliimstdiics, Wine, liniiiiiy, lii'cr, mid ciili'C Linen, wikpIoh, and ciiitciii ;;(iiids Ifiliriiin li:iii- mid liair works Ijt'iitlnT ;^(t(MU .'^ilk and .>iilk goods -,.'.. [•'aiicv fjiiuil.-i Iron, liaidwuro, iron KoodH, and nia- otiincs '"liiiia and f;la»M "an I'ipi s JJni^rs, chemicals, aiid dyes Uliiii Kid L'lovoH Slalioncry, paper, ljooli.4, prints, &c... t;>ini nt i-:i, i:n (i:i(i 1>-Ii tiW :.» i:i;i 1m! 4(i let ITl 7:1 !I7. ;i-,::t (w rt. ■iriV (IS ;)7, (l:!.-. .-i!l ;i, ■J'.lll .IJ ifi. ."iifi ra '■H. P)-J w 14, 0^(l :io •)'J, ((•-■I :i,s il. (Mil 4,-1 31, H.-.7 71 n. ■Iii7 1^1 "t U-J7 -11 Articles. Viiliie ^IliicralMntei' 1 janiv Ion prim i ii;,'-hlaidc I'l rriinieiy and soaji ■J'ypeand copiier Jiiatrices /jiieryatoucs Seed.. Macaroni C'iLiar-inolds *(!, !>fl!l '.13 H, ii:iii 11 a,(i-j| :i7 ■i, ;i:is 13 1, 1117 33 1(1,711 :,a (1, HI 11 7, 4 13 ir. :>. 4! 1(1 -.^ T>, yts ,'i5 1(1. Itl'll 'JO ;i 1,4110 II •-', S17 :io l(i,(i|i3 3\J 1,4117 14 Slioe and liorii buttons Hops I'nines, I'liiit-.jnice, and dried fruit!!! Marid.'liliicks • .'oiiicaillerie Tovs Snlidriis '■ Total 1, (Wf*, (CM ^^^ RATE.S 01.' ^VA{i];S IN 1S74. Tile advance in the prices paid for labor in Frankfort a!id vicinity, c.speciaily m build in;4-tratles, is tiius stated by IJon. W. Trenti'ss Uebster, Unituil,IStates consulgcncral : There lias been a great advance iu tlie rates of labor and a corresponding ineivaso in the iinee.s of rent and i)rovisioiiN. Tlicro is miw going on in iieaiiy every cilv of (.(■rniany an ininionso and wholly unparalleled aiiionnt of bnildiug, as well as riii(ny pnblic iniproveiniiiits, sneli as wa.ter- works, sewers, and similar nndertakiiigs. Tiiis great auiodut of work in cities has drawn not only the men and boys Iroiii ail the vil- *"/';'•'*.• }'^';X'"« *'''•' women to do the work in the conntrv, bntlia.s afsi) drawn llioiisands n» skilled laborers from the nortlieri. part of Italy, wlio lind ei:i,,!oviiie:iL a.s iiiiisoii.s, carpeuter,s, patuters, and some as laljorers. Still the supply of i ihor does not c,7lH in. uses in fln> new 10 Ncnc Mainzcr in, inliiiMU'd hy Nodiiiin isnion* lacing the nim- iTcts and (jiniint 'iitstorit's, Ibrnis w of prcat auti- nul iJiirncrltcr;.', IH'rial tVoc city." coiitincntal Ku- LT tlifold ilOU.Sl', tlicr of tilt' piosr ij;- in 187:.'. i(('(l Slates from seal ^t'iir ended Viiluc. iffi, !i;i:i 113 h,!i:i!i 11 3,(.ji ;i7 ■.', ;i:i- 13 1, liiT 3:l 1(1,711 M t 1, Nl U 7, 4 i;i (Ij r., 'I!!!! •,'5 .-i/JIC-iS 1(i,:iwi 'JO (1 I'niit... :ii, 411(1 11 •j.fi" :io Hi, t\'x\ :« 1,4117 14 ;t, iCiM 111 l,(;-,ii^, 1i:M 117 rt and Airinity, I. W. I'renti.ss '.spomlinj^ iiicri'Dso I'iiily (!V(ry rit.v of 'i, as well as iiiMiiy ulcrtakiiiHS. Tliis ,8 li'oin ail tlio vil- > drawn tlioiisaiuls jyjiiuiit. a.s iii.'usHii.s, or dous not t'(iuai LAIIOH IN UKRMAW. fj-ta , Trailvt. """ I ■■ -- ,, , , , ' — I Wiijfi «. 'ri^na;^'"'"^'"' - — — — — — «"'-^(m,.rH.:;:;;:::;:::::::;:;;..............£p:;:::;— ^^^ , Hlii • ?" ~ """ ~- •••••! lllOto 100 J^I&><'<>Sr»^f /,,,,,,.,,,, ~,,,,, „„a „,;,„,^ Exiicrliiiiv.,! Ii.iikIh ( .'^iiiiMii.'r .. " < U'iiilir... Ol'illU;iry li.iijils f Siiniiiu I 1>H1I||J, Cmipiiii.ii l,ili„n,|„ „( Kiiiuiili. si'i'vaiiN ■JVVIiiiir '-•tliiTtljuulaiiii.wii'ik^ "•;::::::::::::::;;:::;::;;:;;*".j;;{;;*"j';;«(.^..t„*i„o : I' ;'" «(!(.. CO •••..■.'.■;.■:...'.. '"' ''"» *o .. ?ii#,\*"'BA II ti) eo "'"%"■"£/"' ('/«/,///,,? in un.min ill III, (Tlu> (loiiii niMipii,, O'liilmtldiia. Iliik.rs, (i.i<-I,i,||,ia bdiiMl) Jiiiiiiicliiiiik..r»..7... l"i"il(llili(li u llni/liTH ]] Ciii'lM'iitcr.s. . .".'.'.'."." <'il.MI'IC/llKlT^ Kiii;rav(TH Kirrii'i's ... f"'M.-iiiilli,-( .'.".■' illlilli TH ]] JuUli •iiinlici'H I-i'ntliii.(ln..ss(.|.s Jlai'l; i uisl -I . . Jliii'Wcfiil Ic'ir" JI.Ilbll.lioJi.sluMs'.' 4*IasrHiS J'aiiitiMs, lioiiv,.' I'lind'is ]'i'iiiil'.ivaii..iM".'. 1 iiiiitiiriiiKi.rs.. NaildlcfH ■ SliMi'iiiiilicrs. StltOlM SldllO-IMltlcM. .[[ 'i';ii!(ir.s 'i'riiiilv.Miald.'rH .' j llllolsllTI'l-.s... M a. ,.r.s M, |,„,,.ls, ,i,„..|,„:i„g I I'Vankf-irt. I Ofll.„i,aol,.~' ':l 0(1 t„ 4 (1(1 til 4 -M In II IHI til ."> ai til 4 IM to i (III In 4 i-d to •I fn (0 C 411 III (1 (III t„ 4 fll lo I' 4(1 ti. M-(,ik lioanlj. ""■II, uiiskill^ il .' ?il (III ,'i ai 4 I'D ti (Ml 11 (III 4 Ml (i (10 7 ','11 4 (III I) (III f iill 7 ;.'ll n (III 9 (ill »■ (i (III f(i II (II) " ■-'(I til [I CO •"' (111 ti> e (10 'i '.•O ti. H 4(1 4 .-(I ti. 4 Wl III 7 '.'0 III T ai to 4 Ml to *4 -JO to (i Oil to 7 Ml) t„ * ''■><> lo 4 Ml to 4 Ml lo 7 -,'0 to 4 00 to 4 ^(l to 4 -JO to *- >-0 fo f i en •J Ml I, 4 Ml to 4 Ml III 4 iill to 4 00 to '■i L-0 t„ ri m to 4 Ml to ■i •■M to ;i i;o I* (III (i 40 li I III i Ml 'J lil) (1 40 7 'JO 4 UO no (i 00 4 50 1 «» to 8 (If) fl 40 to 1 ijo (i UO to 7 'Jl 4 '•(I to 10 (JO .1 lio to 7 -JO •'i Iill to 7 -JO 4 •■'i to li 00 (i ' C-i) to 7 4 00 to 4 0(1 to 4 Ml to .") liO to 4 Oil t„ 4 00 |„ 4 00 to 4 W) to y fo to 4 HO to 2 rO to 5 00 4 -((1 4 HI) li UO 7 iiO (i 00 4 m r, 00 7 •.'() 6 40 C 40 4 hU I puce'.viii k. „, STUTTOAET, WitnTEMBl^itO. «lt,U0StlK4,|.i,,cin I i *'« "'^f,' ?!ll|.'''-.aiuluilisii,,li,,s,„,,,,^;^^^^^^^^ -«'io u>,iflbt;r or powiiv looms nim.Uwwi • " i""M^''^ '^*'" '^,^'•^0 operatives JJ^ased since tie year Sfr^^^l^ij'^J^^^"" cotton tissues La^S iooi 1.S in nse is about 12,300. ' ^"^ ^'^^^ ' 'he number of baud- ^"e value „. «. „„„„„, „„,„„„„„ „^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ 544 LABOR IN EUROi'E AND AMERICA. ■Mi iu tlio year 1801 at upward of .Br),00(),O()O. Stuttgart, although by no lueaus equal to Ltip.sic, yet holds u high position in the book-trade, having numerous book-selling establishments. The Stuttgart book- trade is reputed to produce annually $1,500,000. LABOR IN WiiKTEMBERa IN 1S72. Unable from a want of time to visit any part of this kingdom, the author availed himself of the prolfered services of 3lr. J. (Jberndorf, formerly of Baltimore but now a resident of Stuttgart, to proem o in- formation in regard to the cost of labor and of provisions. The follow- ing statement not only gives the prices of both at dilferent periods, but their absolute and relative increase. It is gratifying to learn that as com])ared with ISoi) the advance iu wages has been greater than in the necessaries of life, and the condition of the working classes has been consequently iuiproved. SuTTfiAirr, S('2>Utt)hfti'). They arc tlie average wa^es paid to adult males: 1, — IVuijin ill fiietor'uii, (hy dtcucles.) Imlustrial establishmciits. 1830-'3l). CotttDU-spiniiinf; | $0 27 (.'"ttiin-vve:!viiij; a.'>.5 Wool-siiiniiin;; • a» Wiiiilcu-clotli I'actorii.'s aii-; Clii'iiiiciils i an roller 24" WalliMiprrH I as Silvci-ware i 43i •Ti'wclry : .(i) J'iaiios ' :(ii Cutliiy j a* .Ta|iaiini il tiii-wii'H 30 rruitiLj; j ,14 1840-'49. lS50-'50. ! 18fi0-'e5. i le72, JO 30 27 a7 32 47 47 41J 32 10 50 ?0 33i ! $0 44 32 37 33J 3!i,i 33 30 57 50 SOj 40 50 50 40 44 44 38 38 48 70 04 04 44 00 07 iO 5o 65 02 5U 46 52 00 80 r.i 97 52 70 97i XOTE.— '1 lio pricca iu this aud subseiiuent statement.^ wevo sivou iu Uorins, wliieh have beeu com- piiteil at 40 cents. II. — Dailj/ irat/eii of mrcliaiiics, (hi/ decades.) Occupatioua. Wiirtoinber 4- City of Stutt-rnrt. 18U0-'3!t. l840-'49. 18,")0-'59. *0 37 37 30 33i 33 i 37 32 52 33 38 33 28 47 29) 35 314 4U 34| 18C0-'0,-). 1872. 1872. Blaoksinitlis ^l a5i ao a7i ai 37 a5 a4 ao ai 34 21 i as ani 34 20 eo a7 31 30 29 29 31i 28 24 a.s 23 39 24 30 as 3r,i 291 m 42 5-1 49 42 40 42 38 00 40 34 41 34 04 315 41 ■m 30 5ii 42J ?0 51 03), 014 Oil 51 i 51 55J 78 55i 47 .55 48 88 52 53 00 .53 OTi 42i $0 70 H ,-4 07 00 70 03 96 CO 70 JirifkliiytTH am! inutioiis Carpoi' tcTs Oopnersiniths (^'n tiers Dyers Ilanicss-niJikorH lIoiirtc-paiDtt'r.s ...' Joiners LalK)rtTs on public works 00 1 40 00 Sin lei, lake vs Stntlc-niJlSOllS T.'iilors. Tiiimers no fO Tinners Tiiriici's 60 Avet;t-e f(ir f.'ictnry h.-inds. (male .idiilt.'^) Averat;e lor luecliunics, (male luiulty) ... 07* althongU by no the book-trade, Stuttgart book- is kingdom, the r. J. Oberiidorf, t, to procusi) iu- ms. The follow- reut i)eriods, but to learu that as later tbau in the ;lasses bas been T, ,^q)i(7))l)rr, 1873. b war, and tlio jjcn- : iiiilictUH to tbo (lu- ,v years, ami tlio in- L tlio ratca of waj^cs. riiij^ till.' autiiiim of :s all over AViinoiii- ber of coiuuiuico lor -'59. ' ll?(]0-'65. I 1672. x\\ $0 44 ?0 .lii 3J 40 55 ;)7 44 ni xth 44 5U X>!, 38 4G ;« M .W a« 4d 60 57 70 fO ."■lO B4 OTt .■iO, (A 97 40 44 52 5li <;o 70 50 67 r.i wliioli have beeu com- Citv "f Stiittfinrt. *). l!- 7-2. 187i!. ?0 r>\ $0 70 liii* H -4 07 ."iH 00 01 70 .v,^ 00 '.H 96 .'i.H CO 47 70 5,"i fiO 4^1 fi'i FH 1 4iJ 1 'i*' I'O .lii (iO •i till m .'-,:) CO ^ I'M OTt i 4-2} 4JJ Tlio fornior ciistnni of cnil.l...v,..r.s is, as a g,.,„.ra' I^-VCOI{ IN GERMANY. ■-"™;;:;';;';i--r-;-- 345 I.— Fnctoripq ; t'ottoiispitiniiifr Cotton. wcnvin«. WooLspioniii^r. i^ ool,.„.,l„t|| li.ctoriVs.' < lieiiiiciil.s . Piipor ■■ Wall-papors ..'.'.' Silver- wiiio JoH-ollv....'.'. I'iniKis f'ii|](ry "■ .'apiiiii'i,.,! tiii-wnVo i'nuiiug J'cr cent. 2\r eeM. in; •Jii ;i7 IJ-j 41 17 21 117 .■!7 114 .-.) 14 'i'* T..e avo.nge „.,.a.,co pai., to Z^^^^:,';, ';~ ''olianics: vers 111- HI 1-Jl ir— irpolianics: IJvcrs Tanni'ra ....' Sfonp-iiMNons' J "iiiiciHiinil (;aipeiiter.s l';'ii.so-paMi(ers ..... iiiiiikHnntus .. l.ocKsniiiln .".' Cop()or,s!;i i , „g ClllliTs Timioi'- ..'..'.'"' I'aiififH . . . ." j)»otnii,jslioom;,i.er3'; ■ Joiiiiis Turuor.s ..... ..." Tho avorago advance paid to mocha.,io8 114 P.-i e.-i MO l.« i:io li.'i i:)7 11(1 MJ J7 i:.i 1 :<'.' Ml 1^4 ll'.l Irt 17 40 "I-D,iy.lal,oror,s on public worka 35 L 21 30 53 'i-i 2G Irt 4.-1 34 4(i 28 5'i 50 41 4fi 38 40 124 "llliT 37 ft, -> axt , 546 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Put this fi(lvanci) lias not eiitiicly coiitiilmtrd to iiiiiirovo the (■(ii.diliini of ilip wmk- iii^ <:.is.scs, as 1)11 tilt' other iiuiiii Ilic prici'S of tlio iifci-ssuries $0 n.-i, s !l. (Ill 11. 07 $0 (i.'i, 47 ' in or, 0,07 i 7, ra M.(i7 i 14 Aclraiicc in lf^72. Ifi'i cnnipnreil witli lS.ir!-'4i! , Ic7-J coiii[i:ireil with l&,ji)-'(ij , On spell. 'On griiin Per rrnt. 110 On rye. Onlmrlev, On beef. On pur!;. On vi iil. Per ri'nt. j Per eent 07 I 7,"i •JO I -JO i Per rent. ! Per efut. .'lO I l.-i:i ■J4 I 01 r( • ei'Ut. Pee Kilt. IW ' IMI m til Tears. Aveia;.'e iidvai in thr |.riic I'l- lP.reail.atntls,i Meat. Freni lRir!-'4'J nntil 1P7Q fnini l.-j.Mi-'O,") nntil 1^70. Per r,nt. /'. r A t Till! Ill iees of beer and of firc-wood wen; as fidlnws: mm u i il 1 cord wend = 1 11 wiirrt, eiiliie teet ^ ;il,.',M..i) wiiitl. cnliio nieliis. ili('l<(irj-. rii:o. 1 -iM-'MO i,-ni.-'i.,'i 60 01,17 1.07 2. -^7 $0 !I0 HI 11 CO $,■ ■-•0 lev J C ;0 Tills inalvos tlie average advance in l'^7'2: Tears. I On lierr. rn-r-paiTil with tP:ri-.'12. Ceiuparad with Is.jii-'Cj. Per rent. ;ii) Oiilii rl.nrv w ed. ■ Pn !•• nt. t;.-' 'J3 ,Onpiiio,iii'l On iiino I liii'lim;.- WlJOd. j Wniiil 111- pMlier Per rent. Ill « Per <'f^it. Tlie advanced jiriccs of lire-wood liave caiisi il I lie conRiiniptioii of co.tI and coko to .nssiune. miieh !:ir;;er isvopiirfioiiH. The-ce are pref'errci! by till \vlio.';e lirst obji" t i^ vcnig'e prkes iji'i' pound i.i- r.i'i f. Pnlk. T.,il. (iri. s il. (i7 ?0 (15. 47 II. 07 11.(17 60 n.-) T.tl-J 1. II licif, (In iinil;. On vi:\\. lircailstiilVs.i ^rl■nt. 1 rord wooil rnliit! iiM wiiitt. cu f. lii HI wiirif. ^ ;)i..iHjO : nietrra. ili('l;nry. IMue. IT 17 J7 ?(i !K1 !l 111 11 i;o i; +1 0:0 1)11 of (Mini niid coke tu L^\r!OR IN GEKM..\N-i' 547 Ve.ir.'i. i^\'.i,i.'c.H(,fi,in. , I j '»'.MPU. Claiwp.s. Fni..|ny,.r.s ,n,„i „v,.,-,seors "IHnhMMl... . V;'nli,Wiil|i.'|l ..'.'."'.' Tol;|l '•^'-''»^^S~i[i T'Hal. •••'■■iivJi 4:'iE:;Sv-;i""S -.-"...^- .,„. ,. , -- ''-'S":;;:',i:iiSH"»V'-S;:::-"' ■ ■-■ ,..„,::;: "■"liiiii of i;„,,l -I '." " '"I'll ivil ;ni,l /;,,.*,. r ' ''''"'r ,''|""y"'a!nii}„.,..n,..;::;;; '_ __'_;'_^_'" ''■-*'■'(( at w,,,!,.) !;''';"'y n.aimi};,:,;;,^;^ ^"'■'■'■"<"s„^;.,;,naM„nu'to,i;.;-;::;;; y.o-i li^, UUil ■j'lic ■Il ill ■'■■'• "'>i aiin "yo^i a laivH I'P'iu- 111 rlii" „7ii !'■ ill all "'" II »r tii of iimi, hi-, l"««.iut av.nigc r U^y"T '"'"'"'' '""'' ;• ii.iiiisriial i,„i,„i aiid "'■^I'll'.S (I),., ^viigcs ii^'n- I '"•yMiTany.st,j,,-,,,j 'liiilillioii, tlj iis foUow.s : -^iik: iiiaiiii K- iiiimli^.i. „f i "f '^j^*i&rtFi«i^ »^/f<' » liMiMllNni 548 or liis '11 H" ;i tliM' mi'iit lUlet'i' Tiio 11 Tbej, LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. WAGES IN TOWNS. Ili(« innst onliiiiiw class of lubor, 40 cents to 48 cents per day, or $3.40 to S-:i.P' por ; whiU sKillcil liil'ior in tlic liiKlii'i-ln'iinclic.sonniliistry, c.f/., ol an migiuc-biiililiT. t-clii^s iimcliiuiii', (■oMiiiiMiids ;is lii.uli as s(> to Si a week. . worst paid lal"ir is tliiil of ioiirncviMcii tailors ;ni(l i'ol)l)li'rs. On tlio occasion of iitfiud stiikf of col.l.lfis in'.May, I'-^TO, it was i-cinvscnt.Ml that tbo nif of pay. lor iiicccwork was so low tliat il was inipossil)li', even liy workmn (onrtriMi and lioiiis a (lay, to earn hmmc tlnin Ibnr oi" liv.; lloriiis (ijl.dO to S'^'.OO) piT week. nistcrs niaint'ainfd tliat jinod work canild olitain donbli' that anionnl uf wa;;(s. Lowevor, aj;Ti'ial to raisu their foniirr wii'^i.-s from V, to •2:> per cent. W.MIKS IN TIIK COfNlUY. Wao-c; vary considerahlv, aicordinu' to tlio time of year. In winter hibor is very clieair- whih"' in sninnier, 'an.l pailienlarly dnrinjj; the, harvest time, it will eonimand even higher wa"-es than in towns. Instances are not van' where as mncli as 7.> eeiita and 7H eents a day have been paid for day laborers. When in receipt ol ecpial wa.i,'cs, the positicni of tlie conntrv laborer is naturally far belter than that, ot the workman hi town ; I is wants hi'inj;- liineli more easy to supply, especially in the item ot lodjiui;^', the rent of which is very hi^ih iu the larjicr towns, and constantly on the increase, A married workman in f^^tuttuart has, at the present momeut, to pay Ironi B:*.') to .•j.-jO a year for a lodeint; consistinj; of two rooms and a kilclien, wliilo in the country lie could easily lod'];e himself (or half that sum. , - , ,. The rate's of wa^es in factories vary according to the distance of the factories from the capital. In the cotton-spinninj; inannfacKuy lu'ar Ksslingeii, about four niili's frlun Htultn-art, the wa^cs for a eood male spinner vary tVoni :!(> ci^its to 7.") cents a (lav • a Kood female hand receives ;i(! cents a day. The woikin;,' hands in this esial,. lisinnenrhave the advantaj;e of procurin.n exi'dlent lodj^injis bnilr by their employers, and c(msisting of four f^ood rooms each, with kilclien and e.dlai, at the moderate rent of IVom >i-JU tiT^iHO a year. , , >,., , In the calico manufactory at ITeidenheim, the present rates of wagea are ."i? cents u dav for a male hand, and '■J-.i -ents for women's and children's labor. !• may be oh- wi'vi'd, however, that lleidenlieim is siluate cliielly eoniieeted with science iind the luii arts. They comiiti-e 5ihi!os(ij<.hicnl instruinent.s, paint cohas. litii' graphic stones, goUl and silver leal, carriages, and cioth-stuUs. it ay, or ?2.40 to iJ-i.P- |i(>r ., of ail tiiiyiuo-biiildii, VH. On tlio oroiisioii of tliiit Iho rate of piiy. working foiu'lt'i'ii and .(10 to s-,',0(») i»;r wccU. lint uuiouul of \Vii;^(s. per cent. I winter hilior is viiv tiiiic. it will (■oiiiiiiaiMl ,! an iiiiK'li as 7") cints rci'cipt of ('(nial \v:i,l;i's, liat of till! Wdikiiiiiii in ill tht' iti'iii of loiljjiiijr^ tly on the incri'ani'. A jiay fioiii 8'i''> to ??■'" ;i vliilo ill the country he ' of the factories from lyien, about four iiiili's {() cents to Tr> cents a ^ liamis ill this estuli- lill liy their ein|iliiyers, ;, al the uioderate rent if wa<;os are 37 eijiit'i :i s labor. l! may be eh- iipest districts of Wiir- her than in other imuIs lit. since le|y„M,nHi„.t,„.,.,, i" IIh' ('Oil II (IV. >s','iui '«'" Halions of [ ii'c live tl loiisand 111 Mil ti .y two-tiiirdsott 't't'i' animal s .source, ^.-xt t„ 1 ** "iiiiiiilactiini|oi,„| 'ci'f, coaiso ! '!(' llVClii '^foiics liuve bo p'lict'liiin, ol;i Mm liiiind L'li civoted. L,.;,t| "•-tiy, aiidoij, nil' incn is lie \ I'ar, ';'^an.aIs,,p,p,,,;,,,,:,™^;;';';SM lewli.t ^uss,,nuis,u.edles,jeucI,TA '"•'', it is tl ot St •lit', ll > "as soiiu! and ii'iH'-^, Init its (iiiii'f ,,] I'iniiK'iit » oi't't root sii"ar • and Iieii l'aiiitii;-s Clltlil- any, towns in J. »ocn lai-ely tlevelol cd . ,^, i': ^'*^"'' "■:* ^' '«'n,,s rvvM,,...: ." ■ "'i'i"j anil its iii:ii..e .,i "1 H J'.'Oiinitioiiiite d cililici 'I'-opo, of tlie. same ('op,.,. and •^ "laleiial jm ,« i"Hl institntio'ns d tliis, rlic capital of J III (iiTllliiny. 'jt I i^izc, uliieli coiit ll'>^v tliere jue I iiiid ii lilniirycont c'votetl to the |,nrp„.se of i<-.'„|,„ iT. 10 ;-;netntsr,.|li„ ::; JJ'airu-toisin.imiu,! ;•;;■• • } Avcrajjo Provinc,. of P„s(.ii ■ !^|'"l"nir„„il„.,';:"- "r.-tii,t,.r]>„s,.„ Aver "go . 550 LADOR IN EUIiOPE AM.) AMERICA. Stnli'iiHiil xhijwiiiij llii ihiilii iriiijii'. ill xiniDiur ninl u-iiitir, .f'c. — Contiiiiii'd. riiices. I'niviiKM' (if I!i;iii.ieuliiir' Disliii I (iT I'.ilMhiiii Districl ul' J i.iiik(./it-()ii-tliL'-Uilci Av( Vr< i.fSil.. 1-j I nistrift 111' l.i.L'niiz. 1.) I DiMrii't 111' llii'slaii.. 14 UisUict ul'Ulnwlli.. •JJ !;;4 Av( I'roviiicp nt'Sjixuiiy : Distiirl, III' Mi'iM lull!; ... I)i.snictorM;iuilrl)m-.. UisUiut ul laiiiit Avrni;,'!* riovincd of llauovfr Di.stricI ul lln i)isllicl 1.1 llil.ll'.sllrilll , Disti id I riiaiipalily i.f Mpiir-lli'IiMiilil . :Hi 1 II:in?*i'at ii' ril\- IJiciiHMi ;i7 I Graiiil-iliii liv urolilrnbin;. .:« i U:!ii!'i'aiir I'it.v Lij 1 i Diuliv 1.1' Laui'iiliiu L ck 40 41 4-2 4;i 44 4") 4.1 (Iranil-iliirliy 1.1 MiTkl.iiljiirt Diiiliv i.r I'.iiiiiswiik Uiuliy ill' Aiiliall (ii-aiiii-ilticliy i.l'SaM'-Wriinar Diirliv 111 Sa\c'-('iil.iiiyGiitlKi . Dii iirSaxi..Alli'iil>iir Uuiliy ul >SaxL'-.\liiuiin;iii . . . Kiimilmn iil'.Saxuiiv : DIhIi lit 111' ia-i Uislnr 1 1.1 I)r p/ar Djsliict i.rZwiik, Uisliiit i.r liainzi Avi'iaue . Kill" I.f I!, Pislrirl 111 I'alaiiiiatr lll^!^j^■t 111' I.MWir I'lanii.iiia IHslvirt rf Miililli' Fl a Mr .Ilia lli-lrict III' I'piiii' [''raiK'uaia Iiifl ill 111' rpiirr I'alaiiiiatr ami U ilisliat of Luwfi- I!.naii.i Ii'imlmiL c'll 4 J all. \-i Xi. ."ill S4. !>(i 1,-'. llti •ii, U 3ft. 7-J 41. -iC ■Jii. t* iU ill. t'M •J4. ■i\ 18. no 17.711 14. (i4 17. \-i 2i5. n-j ij'.l. •i-' •il ^0 ll.'i 31). 73 34. tU 4-2 :w. V: 4.). 'V> W. II- 41.44 4f. -24 311. (ill 3J. Ul ril.c4 •JO. CO 30 SW. :.'-l 31.44 3 1. ;i-j 31.IJ-J 3-A 1« 31. IW 31.118 '.'.-. 0- 311. Illi 4 1. -J,-! 47. 7li 4i 7J 4.".. I -J 4'1. i:-J 34. rO 4i7;i ~3^riir 31. -Ji) 3i; (ili. -il fill. 411 3.1. (ill 3.-. to 33. 1-J 37. 20 32.8-1 33. (ill 32. 40 2'.'. 2S 31) 34 |.( 3l.,-,i; 21,!iii 21 Mi I HI. -1) II). -II 32. .-2 3,">. ,-.; 2 1, f 1 311. 1'l; 33. :»• .•12. 1 U 3i;.;; 3i;. -.-i 3T. !2 44.111 311. S:l 3:1.;.;; 3.-.: 14 4\l'i 4-i 1- 39. .Hi :i.M4 3-2 HI 37. -20 30 3:t. 12 34. .-0 33. .'.2 27. 31) 40. O,-- 43. Ilri 3'.i. fl 31.^20 38. 45 311. 84 3.i. p4 30. :2 3 1. ,-0 •2.-'. 32 37. Od 33. 12 311. 72 21 24 4S 3ii 2-. HI 2,'i. lis 31. 118 ■2ti. 11) 23. :>2 2ii. ea 211. e8 2^2. 0,1 2-J. 32 31. •20 28. .'.li 28. U.^- 28. ft') 34.1- 2'. I'!. 311 41. ■Ji'i 34.1'- 3'.'. .'• 3- ; 34. ) . 311 - : 31 . 24 .. 3l.'.i' 37. ;i 31 :■'- i\.<-' .32 fit 21 21 2,1 .i2 21 31) •23.04 3U ^1 , — C'oiitiinifil. 1:1. 1 -J 2-1. Oli II IC "J. S il) 2fi. H« au :ii. u •4.'). TiU IP. HO 17. 71; 11. HI ;ii. .-,1. 21,1111 k;. -Il 17. \i 2ft :i2 2'.t. 2,-^ 2 J. Ml !.'i. 12 m. 72 U.VU tii. 12 1:1. !I2 W. It,i 11.44 20. r-M ao ail. -'s :ii.44 III. ;i2 :u.'J2 ;!0 If. 24 Id. (ill 12. 10 il.f4 ■3:1. 10 31. lid Hl.OB 2,-. 0,- ;w. :iii 11.28 ;i;i. 12 1:1. M) 32. .-2 :i.'. '.; 21, M ;iii. vi; :a. :ii' ;i2.iu *;, 7; Vi III ;ti:. .^ I 3:1. ;i;i :i.-i:i:i III 1. 12 •l\(;l :i:. ail 7.71! 37.20 •12.1- 2. 72 32. t-' 3;.-(, :.. 12 3.1. I<(l ;)'.i. ,1', •j. li" 32. Ill :iM4 14. Ml 2:1.2. 32 m 2.72 33.12 37. Hi Iftlil 30. 72 34. i;- .1.21) 21 2". I'll 6 24 31) ji;.2i 4d .'i7. i". >0. 411 30 4:1. Ji !;i. (^(1 2.-^. 1-0 31.1- is. CO 2,7. liB ■.n. ." 17. 20 31. IW 34. 1 1 10 20. 10 2-. ''• i:l. 12 23. ,"i2 2'. '■''t 14. rO 20. ts 30-; 13. :a 20. «?< 34, ;') il. ;io 22. 0,1 UVJ 10. Of 2ft 32 :ii.-.i' 13. t;,-! 31.20 37 11 111.^1 2ft .'.0 31 -.0 11. 20 2d. Of 2II1 18. 4.') 2f . r.'. .H.iM in. 84 32.01 3ll.-.'! l;l. r4 21.24 2:1.11 111. 72 2.1. r.2 2i, li 1 1. -0 21. 30 2-."* is. :i2 23. 04 2' ' " r,.ii6 30. iM 11'. LABOR IX Gi:r;.MANV. 551 I)i.stn.'t„f|Tp|„,, ,!:,vuriu.. Uidtiictul tbimliiatuiil Xiwliiir'i,''.''. Avi'i'ii'^o in TV .^^'"'-'''""|"|■^Vul(,.,||^,.. 59 Dlstllrl „| .\,.,.:;;|i. 00 j Ili.sliict iiIMmxI 01 lli.sliicl ,,| II,, „', '\ vcr.i-i) *0 -Iff-'g ^0 :;3.36 I CO .-I'Mfl '''• •'' ■"•11- i 40 112 37. 2:1 4!). 112 40, :i2 44. 1,4 43. 44 fi.1, ^a 'yi.Mi,,, i,„w,., );iu„„ A i )""''>■•' ""■'■'''"■■" '''''»" ■'.■ I'J I l."\vci- Miiiiiilnir- " 00 ■• 07 I'ppii' .Mniiniiiiiis .' sununuiiiii-soi L;ikoci.iiytiuiro!;j:;;::;:;:;;;:'-- Avi'iji.'o . 44.5,1 43. 20 40. Ml 37. 20 4!(. 211 44. 411 27. -I 3ft IM 2!i. 70 31.11,-1 2! I, 70 3:1. 00 3,7 2,1 :i7 20 3,<. 10 30. 21 i'M,v[;;:?.';;]-;^;:;;'i::,;;i:'^',-'-»--^"U: riovini-i „rj;i„.|,i,|, 1, ,;,;,; I rmiucoi.iciiiJ.TiiM.siii.. ..'.'.■.■;;;;;;;;; Avoni.'t! ___ ,, I „. Alsiinr.r.nMaiiii': Jl ! pi.stiH'l i.ll...mr.\|s:,co !.■■ i j;i-'l''ii-t"n;|.|«.r.\lsiu-,..: '3 j Uislntli.rUiiaiuu .','.■.■.■■.■.■.";;.' AvtT.'iiro 41. 10 .38. 04 311.110 :i7. 4 1 :i."i. 0.1 3.7. 2,- 40. Ml 4:1, 02 .72. (),■' 30 21 30 !I0 20. >— 2!l. 30 3;). 00 41. 70 ;>o. 10 44 2,1 .■17 01 3:1 :iO 30, 00 3,1 1^2 3!). 24 42 :i:i. :!0 4:1. 01 40. :i2 _ .^ .34. II 3ll. 10 32. 52 43. 2C 4.7 ,-\ 44. 52 44. 52 I'lnCES OF BinOADSTUFFS IN WiJlMEMBUItG Tlio, ] o\xv^t pri,.,,,s omuTi'd in tlif vcar.s— isiii. j 1^,11. Wheat .S|ifk i;y.! '.'.'..'".'. Boiley 0:it.i ■ --■i>iT.ii.'iifnbi»..| si! 7,s .' ; "1 liv! !!!"!]j; The liiylie.st prices oecmTod in tli^^^w^^- Wh.'iit... !?pi'lt.... liii'li'y.. Oats...... .porsciirfl'ol.. ' Uiii) .-cLeilU =- 0, 02s 1hi.-1i U iHr. ! i<.-,i. •*;» 9- 8i(; ail 1 -JT ;! '.Ill 7 n H \i G i.H ti 'U a fto 3 02 ! r,rvO LABOR IN KUROrE AND ASIERICA. 'l'ln' liif;Ii iiiiccs in 1S7.'5 iiic tlie result of tlic siiiiill Imrvcst in 1871.', and II (Iccidfdiy poor liarvo-st in 187u, togftber with a .sinivin;; [jiicc ol' gold dnilMf,' tlio last joars. Average prices of other provisions. 1873. l87:i. rraHii '. §;{ r)-.> !?:' 74 Ij'IiI IIh a :ii 77 58 45 14 i-J.O ;i 8a UcllllH a 38 I'otlltDl'H , 87 IIllV 57 Kl law - - - - 4J lii'ft, (lat) MKAT8, 15 n ](.•(•(• i;!.3 Cow ..*.•..••.., 1-' ('. I'oilc 15. ;> ir.— COST OF LIVING IN GEIiMxVNY. Till' lilies of wafjes in nianufactniinj,' establishments in varions parts o( (ieiiiiany, also of nieeliaiiics and iarinlaborers, wliicli obtained in 187U, when a perHonal investigation was made, as well as in ])revioiisaii{l 8iilisei|ii('iil yi'ars, are jpreseiited in the }»reeediniit th<' relative rates as compared with thos(> of other lutrtioiis of continental and insnlar Europe, and with those of the United Slates, A Jiist comiiarison with the latter country cannot, however, he made unless Ihe piirciiasinj;' ])ower of the wagos be ascertained; for, if a maelijiiisi in Iterliii earn ten thalers (87.-0 fiold) per week, and another of eiinal skdl in I'hiladelpliia receives 811i in f;ol(i, it wouiil hi.' manitcsllv iin'oriect to say that tiie Anu'rican earned (iii j>er cent, iiioie than Hie Oeiiiiaii workman, uidess ,87.-0 in riiiladelphia would |)nrcliaso as niiicii food, ciothin;;, house-rent, ami other necessaries, as ten tlndeis ill IJerlin, wiiieli is not the ease. To aid in forming a correct estimate ef he piircliasiii !?:' 74 :i :,[) :i 82 ;i :il 3 38 77 87 r.fs f.7 4o 42 I J 15.3 .. ]•,'.(! l:i.3 , , li! 12. (! -- 14 15. ■•! geuerally cou«u,.ecl by the 1 voEil da.^L '"'"'*-'' '^^*-''^"^'^' '^^" «''« Y. - in vaiioiis parts licli ohtiiiiu'd in s in previous and s in sni'li variety ', cost of labor in h tiios(> of otlier [»sc of tbe United not, however, ho certained ; for, it ) per week, and ;()l(i, it would be »l) per cent, more I would ])iireiiase es, as ten tlialeis [)riect estimate of Ainu' the jnieesdl' II I lie siieeeediiij;' >ever, it iiuist lie 'o (heat IJiitaiii, lieate with entire ase,oiii]);ned with e inarketprice ot eoiinliy, but as it iseoniparfilively I. If, however. ;i 1 oniployineiit in d animal food as ,'f ]iart upon rye- puriioses of cum- ul' boer was oil ;iii 554 LAliOli IN KlJRorE AN'O AMKKICA. Sluli-niviil Khoicirii Ihc /iiiia iif jiroriniiiiin, (jxirniiii, do. . . J''rc hli, niiiip-i.U'alvH do. .. ClMIH ll do... i''ipr(' <|iiai'tri>4 do. . . Ilind-qoat ti-i.s do, . . (iillii.s do... MulKoi 1 I'liio-ciiiaiti'iH do .. I, I-;; ..do .. r!iop.s '. .. .do. . . Polk: I'ii'mIi do .. t'oiiii d or Nalli'd ?. n 8J FH H HI (:.". h.-i|o7 (III .'icHio; M . l.-l l:il' Hi" Jll '^7 8 U.'j Codllsh, dry. ]iHlllT (■||co,«o I'otalut,':^ ... line do .. do,.. do .. ,. JUT IiiihIkI. ]i(T pound. liiaiis prrqnart. Jlilk do .. K;.'^.s per d.izi'ii. oiiooKiir;,.'., :.ic. Tim— Oolong', or otlii'r ^ood blacii pi'r pniiiid. Colli'.-: liio, <;?-i'Cll do,. Kill, roa.sl I'd do. . Kiiitiir : (iond lirowM do.. Y.dlow C do. . Colli'u U do, . Sirup ])i'r gallon Soap. coiiiiiKiu pur pound Slanh do,. Fuil : Wood, Iiaril piT cord ^^' I, pi DO I III . Oil, coal pur j,'alloii Skirl iutzs: nuVi00i,s,i.:TC. I'.iowii, 'l-l, stnuilaril duality pop yaid. liliai liinl, ■J-1, hlauditrd ipiality do. .. Shi'i'lili;;.i: 111 own, n-8, standard qu.ality do... likai'licd. II. ri, slaodard i|U,ility do, .. Cottnn-llaniH 1, nn-diiiio ipiality do,.. Tiikin;;.s, gooil ipialily do, .. I'riiilw ,. ...' Ilo... MiuLssidiiit' do laini'S do . . Saliiii't!*. niidiuui ipiiility do . . Loots, mun'ts lii'iuy pi.-r pair, noL'SK-iiE.vr. Fonr.rooniod ti-noiniMits jiiT month. Six-ruuiutd leiii-nicnla do. . . For nii'U, (iiu'clin nil's or otlnr workuii'ii) jii-r wii'k. For w '■iti'-n I tapl ';, cd ii: I'.iL-tijl iuH do. . . i:) ]i u l.-l Is H Ir i:i M 10 .to-J!l Mo-JI l-l) (17 (l,"i (l."i 11 0-< to 10 C-^ 111 10 :i-'to(ii UT to 10 07 (i 4^ •1 to 10 (JO 'Jl ■,>(;Uo2ts .-•l (11 7 'JO ■Jlilto-J.V.' lOstolii 10 1.1 i:i ■Jl 4S ai 10 on 7 'JO 5 .'ij LI7 CO 2:1 :io 12 1:1 14 (per Hi.) 0;i Od 07 .'i 00 '3 cn 3 !;4 a 24 2 40 i:> j r' 1,1 87 Xi jl 1,11 ', il ll i: n; II 12 14 15 14 ID r, 17 24 24 24 ':i4 }<1 (17 11 04 21 Pi 11 10 9 (10 ail 11 a 11 ii'.i Cli I I 70: lo 3r :ii •..'1 :iii 1 1 4- •Jl 3i'- .1 TO 7 ^'l 2 111 1 i: / niliiliH of ■■oiisiiirp. I 7 4.1 It V, i.-i ij Ic, 1 1 i;i 11 1|- 1.". 17 l.'i n Lo 21 i:i 21 •Jl 21 :u "'"iiV ll.'l u 22 ,"1 in II Ul 21 lid 2:) VI i:i 11 lb.) 0;p 08 U7 12 i:. ii lu 5 UO n 0(1 S wi 1 ;iii 1 1.- 1 15 1 •A" 21 111 3 24 2 .111 j II II II l:i 3- M I.; 4- •ji 3 1!- 2 ni i i7 S» -J —I a I s- f ^0 •V k ;j ■:; o PnotDgraphic Sciences Corporation iV ^^ 4^ % V ■<^ o -'''- ^0".A ^^,^J.> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 l^ .^^ "f^ ^^' ^ ^ ■o f/j 556 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. "c" "c" r- r ■» -* _ r^f' Ti Ti — «« o ^ -- ^ ■— .« ■^ *r r- — CI »> « — rs , ■iiiH'inj.r C) r* O — " -. — ^ ^ 1-1 1-1 — 51 ■;( ^ — T *- XJ — =' -- 1 HI or uaj.vy 4> tuw C* *)• o Cl- *r T) ^ rt "t « T* ' o o „^ Li X • "D s o ■:> CJ J 1-1 ^ 1-1 €-- -H I (^ o ^^ Qi ; !.•; OL I- S 5 ; o i : i' w 00 ,-T-. a a «> : ■■*-'^'^ I* *-o • r^ • -r.i fn ct ro ©■^ L-t - TI = I* ■ ■ '.S nrj 5 g eim t- 'Jl'"?' (-.^-Vrt f^ • -CI C X T 1- a S ! o 1 ! O o O ceo '. ; 3 25 2 f- f- t} 1 ^1 ; : o '^ ^ cr. 1^ ■ •?• 01 — Ji O f 1- •»• OD -r 1- T -ID « - t ~ ^ §S 5"3 en ^ .--o- ^1 1^ ^^-,C.-=I ;a. ■«T L ■: '^ s p : 5 3 P 3 '5 £ : c 5 ci- 2 ££ "^ ; ^ ^ = s is c - = ?? S^ ^5 : s ;< ^'^^ :« -5, .3 o CD C* ■ 00 t< C» C It 'X) ^ -J. O « ■»*■ ■ o %.^^*-.^^ "- C^ Tj (*-* M . <=m •O-H r:?:c^n -. w ■ • J •V --J C o •v tfsrt 1^ CI 1-t ^ S «& I o *r^ CO 1 :3 iS P ■" -r r 7j ■ Of) n. ij ^ ;d a T ■ ; o o tc o 3 o ■ X 00 '3 c» o I '^ u u T* '' CI rH n\ •x> 2 l~- 7 1 •c> — -r -- -fjiir .1^ o o-^ ^ 1- 1-; o -r • — o LT « ^ ^•-J CIM i."^ ?" T xJ wm r^ ^ ^ *H CI iH t TT o o i- s -r OT rs i ** -^ CI c:^ I ti ^ ~, o '•< s C-I '?) •o 1 -*-J I c:-= ■ a f-I ' • 1 • 1 bi , ,'Ji ' =d crc^Hd £gc3 1 = c_d c d c c'3 ; c O -• P. 1. ; '^ to (..-3 ■ ■ ^ c P< P< i i : ; • o • o 1 i \ \ \ i H H • u ; » ; I ! 1 ' .a i '■' 5" ; ; i : i O U] ■^ b] • o j:j 6 -^ •5 c I "^ >, : : • o ' "t; 1 ', • - r. 1 • III 1 1 ' H ! C'^ c-^ r. « 3 111; •^ 9 9 ■-"^ i ^"^^ rt '■'^ 5 5 ~ r^ ; c ' It ! i "S -f a T-' = =. *c= = rt c 4 i Is : e : ■ = • E a ; ^fll -;2 — !»■ C ; :!^s ;i : ^ K ^ w lillJ, : - P H 1 ?5t e i'' E 5 j; |£^ f^"|^= -111 5 .ii £^ u tc V2-r-'. *^ O ^ ^ '- ;r . r^i X ^M fi 1 y ; f^^ 1 LAnOR IN GEIIMANY. 557 h iTi Si-? CI V O CI — Ci « .-< CD ?) and 1^7.1, ' JJ««H/,, ,^lutl,jarl, and J-raukfort, Uvrmuua'ui lal-i,lnr.\\ _ [TliM lu,l..rcomputc.l,.t7i! cfnt«; tl„. n„rin at M) m.{«.] Si'imildrrs S:iiis;ii'cs. Una t'oillisl], dry. . liiittci-....'... ('Ikm-mo I*, luiisti'd . Sugiir: (liioil lirnwn Vcll„iv(;.. „. '""■■^■B Sinip f^'Mli. ('onirnon SlMivh Conl ^ViMid, 'iiinl Wiud, iiiiic .. Oil, conl Arlieliij. i'lolir; I'llOVIhlONs, W'lioat, suiipifiiio Wli It, ixini laniily ... K.vo ■* ('iiniiiMial. . . liicl'; Fresh, rdastinL'-pirccs . l;ri'.-li, s()ii|i.|]ii ,.|,,^ ■" I'i>:ili. luriiii-sirakH .'. CiiiuimI Veal: I'lircqiiartcra ]'iiiil-.|iiait. i-H... Cullil.s IXuttcjii; i''iirciiimrt( IS Lc;^ ... 'iM'im ....■.'.■.'.■."'■ Poi li : FitnIi. <'c.iihdoi-.s„l|, ,1 ' '• Jiarnii ';»■ Hams, .sniidicil . ," ....(111. UUOCEItlES, ETC. "tlllT;;ooil black. ll".... .do... do ... iln.... do... .^Jo... per liiiMliel.. • --. pi'i- iioiirid.. piTijuarl.. do... ■ perdozcu.. ■ lor pound. do... do... do .. • per irallon. • ptTiiomid. do... ptT ton. -■ .per cord. do... ■ per ftallun. 3-' .w OS 1- •Mi 4,-1 OS 08 04 w eo i(> nc ' 2-J i'O 05 to OU (10 09 0!) 04 lU 1 00 Shirtings ; ""V l!oiriiitj urthJcs in Fra\il'furt-on-Ma'n and Ojj'ciibarh. Aiticlts. ] •'raiiUfiirt. Ollciibach, $0 20 (o h; to 4IMn ;illlo lb to 18 to 2 ,11) t,) 5 (111 to 1 .nil to 5 nil to 60 to 2 00 to ;(i (iiMo to (JUto to 1!) 1)8 ■ji; ','1 'St CD 40 ;w 21 4 11" 7 (III 2 M 7 (10 1 50 •\ .-n rni nil ■ri in 1 21) Olivi-iiil llrl ]i;lill-n:Ml-"il (In --- ptT meter.. ilo do.... ilo.... do Miiin I'.ir si litis, iii.'.ili'ia lii'il. (xviillli, (1-1 nicliT) I^incn I'ur slu-cis. liliMclird, {wiillli, t;-l iiii-tt r) Liiii'ii lor h1]1'l-I», iiulilcu'licil, (wiillli, (i ! .uftiT) (-'olton. fitr iKMl-ticks do.... per jmir.. _ ilo _ _ JiimtS, Inr men lldotM of hcsi iii:»l\0 , .f2 nil to 6.'. iio •I -.11 to (> Ml Shtn'H cil" iM'st niakii .SImus, lor eliiklruu IIOl'.SK UKNT. Olio rooni. for .i flin<;lo nifin Two rt)oiiis MMii Uiu'..Mi '. , do..., do.... pi-rnionlh.. per yi'itr.. 4 no to c (in a2to to 1 rn 2? fliUoCli 1,0 •M OltiKH to liii lo, loiii-, livo, or iiioro workiiicii ooiidiiijf did'.'rniee in thi^ Jirices. Tlie same (inality sold in the lowest-class places in Frankfort wiiiild he about, the same iiriciM, perhaiis a little lower. III a letter dated a few inoiitbs previonsly, ^Ir. Webster tbus wrote in regard to the liigh prices of tlic necessaries of life in Gerii'' ■• : If, as is proliahle, the dematid for lahor will not eoiitiiiiie to he so fxreii now Ih, wa^es niiisl si ill increase, in coiise(|iience of the advaie iny; iiricos of ), ,,;s an.l cost of liviiij;. L'cnts have oeiicrally doiihled wilhin the last thre(> years. \\'illiiu my own Knowlcdo;e, tenet, e-iits, which rented ill l~(iD at from rdO to ],'jiiil llorins, ine.v ri'iit from -J. (!()(• to liJIOd florins, Comiiion lahorers eciaiiiy '"'^ very few rooms, and thi\v Jiay often Ivi to -JO llorins for tw'.> small rooms [nr month. l"or a teneincnl, ;i(iH io odO llorins. (,'oiij;ress iiia.v well raise eomiiciisiition of its consuls, wht.'it they \ii\y $1,00(1 ])er year rent, and hritijj; their hread from Californiti. The iirevailino' idea is that thecosi of living is very mecli less in Europe than in tlio United Suites. 1 think that the experience of nio,-.t persons and families now living; ill the cities of Eiiropi; satislics them that there is 1ml little i.ilference hctvveen Ameii- caii and European cities, if we e\cept our very largest citi' s. There is not much dif- fercnce, in rents, fnrniliire, and proxisions. 'I'here, is a dill'erence in clvthinj;, hoiisc- help, and cairiii;;cdiire. Fuel is dearer, and oas is dearer hi re than in the I'liitcil Islales, Of course, in the country and small towns rents are \( ry dilii-rent iVoiii the cities. Ill other thin.os there is not mmli ditfereiice. Of coarse a perMiii will live- ('.il- fereiilly in ihe country from wh.tt he will live in a city, therefoic he will live chenprr. If an American lives in a European I'ity in the styh> and inanni r that he has lived .it home, his cNiieiises will not he maleriall.v less. IVople jjo aliroacl to live cheaper thiiii at lioiiie. In oroer to aceoni|ilish it the.y live in .•niiiller ipiartcrs, and in a meaner style. Travelers have often remarked *■(> me that their bills at hotels ale laroer hero than when in New York t'ity. Also, that travcdiiij; by railroad with lia;;;;aoe is oIm) dearer than in 1li(> Fniteil States. The, ^i.'neral idiar.oe is •>{ 'o :U cents per mile, ami bai extra. 'J' wo hundred poiiiuU of bajjgaijc costs aboiU us much a.i u pus.senocr. Ojj'cnharh. ank lilt. Olli'iil). ch. fO l!» lid ■Jll ntn ','1 t!tl) Oto CO l)ti> 411 8 to Wi K to 21 4 (111 l)t,> ffQ until ir." liO II to ~ III, 4 ..II to Ci .Ml lUo 'J no 1 '.iOtO li III) II to 7 (III 4 lilllo c nn 11 to 1 TiU yjto to ntn 3 .nn III III Km nil lutol-..;."! in 1 f.n 2.S onto (ill (0 M) t)ilto(J4 1-0 ).stcr writes uutlcr 1 tlip cUips of Fr.nnk- iiii' city wlii'i'c It'ntlii;!' ilfiTinioc liclwr^pn tlui I inlriinr (puilily to inj,' (lill'.'i-.iK'ii ill tlii^ kliii't wiiiiKl ho ubdiif, >b.st('r til us wrote in Gerif- " : .'^(1 i;iTn MOW Ih, ■(>h of ]. ..'..S 1111,1 lliir(> vi'Mi'.s. \\'illiiii ;) to l,'.;iiil lloriiis. iio'.v very U-w rooms, uml or II top.oiiiclH, :{(IU i() sills, when tlicy jiiiy II Enroll!' tliiiii in tlie I I'iimilics now iivii:;,' ■('lice lirt \\i-v\\ .\iii(ii- lirni is not innili liil- i; ill fli.itliiii;^, lioiiM- 1' tliiin ill llir Uniinl ly (iiricicut fidiii llii' I iici'tiin will livi' (iil- lii^ will live clii'iiiH'i'. ■ Mint 111' liiis livi'il .it to live clu'Mlit'i' tlnni tcr.s, imd ill a iiuiimr loli'ls an; lar;ii'r lirio with liai^jA'ajir is ii1m> \ ci'iits piT iiiilc, ami :uiich a.i u iia.'-.suiiycr. L.VriOI? IN- fiKHMANY. TjoO -~ r = § ?. ^, f'tj ' ■;» T " *l 71 7t 71 - 2 ■7. ■Tj rj X s w "ii -^ — "" T •r •r - ih «. ,^'.':t ;»7(:(:i ?i -» •-, ■;, T' 7," -^r S s ? K I j{ ' 5?5?S?? ?= = = 1= 1^ ^ j i'vii'ij.Ziiiixss I? ns - ti 11 jj « J, -, -, ,, z, ?,=.= = = = a Si ""='"'"'''•< ^•■- c "S" S? §S?g?3 ;,' -1 Tl il 71 It :i ;l II „ j~~iii:{i^^ \: ? ?? I! ^ ,y r; 7^ *S '■£ *:: x r. -^ f H 5;->5>Tii.-.T,7,:,-, I- :; ;. u ■ ^ ! " s ^ (;? -r -r •?• T ^ m X o' ■?» -r tJ =, ci -.• _• ^ ! ;5i^-'-»-^T.T.t/ti:.-, |« -i ^' i ? SS '3 ".'-'-■• -■■:I^7 r Z'-' ''-■'■■>•■<-■'-< ^1 -.1 £ .= 'S ■ = "^ ^z.". " • 5i -a r. 3 1: - — 3 s i-i ■•Ji J- - "^^ \ 1 s3 r"S I .^ i a .^-2 a = i-s ►H fl "s »"q — I — ■3 P H <; '^"ST^XO >-5 in »-!<:::_ j; . •J.O ^ w 5G0 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. a e O Kl s CO 5 S i-i <5 U :^ s Ed ••»< »* •s- s aj ?^ a* .?« I I O O O S O 3 p p O 5» -J 71 Ji 71 T» 7* i?! « ^ 5« 1", O I": *- t- X ', O S = © 3 P C) -Ti :» -I Tl CI a S tl S??.f5???3l53 Ei PisSs'risP.S!^!^ ^ 93 S S i R£2s.^S«?>SJi ^ S ; o o coo o 1-1 n o (71 '7* 31 7> ^ 7* = 3 gs?issff?s 'J' 1- > < o !3 ops ':! 5i T» ■I" "I- "T o o c t' "I tt ?I •r "r "1" •!• O OO w 8 0000S0003O JOOO o o o o o o o o o o c'Tjji t* :» 3 I r o |X iu s CI d -Jl » *^ -»■ 'C -r 'C X t- t^ (- ;5 o (' T I" Ci i- 2 12 ts >?i;a «; 1 tit < ;i — — w rt < s rc 1 9 1 •^ SJ"" i C» CI CI CI ^1 CI 7* '' "^ c S^SStx???? r! "to 1 6 ?i^i?i3,<;;^;ii:ji^i^ -^. r 1 c> •» p ■ poo-r ff rT i. i, -r -r -r !5 2 = 2 o c» 2 cici-H : ■9 '^ 3 C'=od=;=;ooool 'o i cd :5 *i /. ^ ^ T T -r -P ->• T T T I ■*: ?! X > 5; '/' C /' X X- I,' >J t' *»' li 1 "J* 1 TJ 1 < bi ^ T •ff O X T X -f X' 22 CI Tt rjMnrs.-^Mr^xnrt XI n ^ . :f. Ct 1' CI ••S 1. i. I. 71 "ft 3 "^ -fi 5 s n 7. < % 5 rt 71 CI CI?: :i ?i rt " CO cscoso o T i oo i ;?.x? - '^ £'■ -T J :^ ^ I rf. X. lu j •* T 1 tt -T ;i ^ o 1 f' !-• '^ >": i~' t~' i"' ■" o •^ •J 1 S 2 9 ci 1' 1^ ! ' T. '' — 7-' X. n! t; (?> 5* *t J* *t 3J 2* 11 I* 3* ■■s •' 1 . ■ ii r: n — ~* r* 'C ^ o CI Sj ■^ yp-T j . re r: M r! 2 rt r <• ^ j > '5. ^ fl> CI u T 5ii8S^i?-33 3 1 1. r ; . ?i •■3 tt 9 O '.S o . . X TI •*■ ".C •9 *i cIji^^siHisi-Ti^r: ^' !s •-^ J-. -^ . ■ X' . 7 -r — o J s C* 1 1 o I -CI CI 71 CI CI rt *- O3=:ooo=>o-=o => t:^ ; ; 71 ? 'J -^ -J J (o ■-; - ^ '-J - ■-i» ?^ as j; _;-•--•-; ^ « H n -^' ?i ■O H £ :^ Cl 'C '-9 '. ! -n -?» X 11 *!■ H U; n :'innn7tr: :nn n ."5 n M To r. L-. 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"^C C* Ct C* 11 5* CI 51 ff* C« C» ■» CI 2 tc cr ^ ■ J ■ . • o ;i — »' •-T -• 1 o CI rH k2 •?■ -r'V • I ' L~ T i."; i.c -r ■^ o 3 c» _!__ M «> 1 ^ ooo=>o=>oo=>o Gt ■:( tf T T T -r -r -v-J S s 9 ??? o cj so o o •T '.I K, tJ T '.t •»• 3 n cf -« '^; -i --:-:-;- - •i _J 2 !:lTii'? 3 i-i ..■• '9 *' C 3 ■9 ad 5 c» Ti s^ II 3* J* CI ffi CI c* CI 9 4 fH f^ 1^ ^ ^ 7J ft ■^ i _^_ s 51 ?i to .rS •^ S ■■ ^ S?i?.?.?i?i?ir.?i?, X Rf,3:;S2? !3 3 ! ^ o Oi C: ri Ci 5; ri cJ 51 si si S d ** 9 JJTDTU- r rt -r -^ in -.i r^ ■i 2 j L> :: Clrt — f- 3 ^ ^1 s - ;^ 2 ?n. "■ j X 5i o c c; -? ::i X T -9 S .s -f-r-l"^"J"i"f-»'^l' O •*" o-f-f-fsixTosiir- o CI Cl CI C< CI Ci CI CI fit CI CI T CI To re CI CI a 1 -* -^ »-< r-l Ci ** ■^ ^ St 1 •-1 s CI 1 -5S rt o H o < ; ! I ; ; : 1 1 ^* I = ;; J ■ • • • I r S ►-: S 3 << rt T i-i ''i !^ 3 1 5: STi •?.?,?, ? TV ■: j ff> S J _-r '^ t- - " SSfi-ir.i •J ■J Ta o fH 22'£?2'£ ■J 3 •:i -1 -1 - ;i 71 ?f 51 •T $ — n ■31 ':*■:( ■Ti -tJ-:! T* •ri s??:;?? ?, ? •J t-i STIT?;-i5 s ti 51 i :?.?? ^ 1.1 9 isi^:: Ti • 'ntinn 55 : ;-I;-J?H •o -i 51 51 I> 51 ?5 rt i i :2;^I?:' XJ ■f, n : :?.53s i TO •in^?ii 3 =9 ; ; '* ri r: t) 51 f :3T-£S i; ■;i ; ; n t» ^1 ^» 5i 51 « r- ; : :SS3;^ :i s ■ ' ■ 3 * §?.????. ■^ 3 sasstii!^ 2 ??.3i3?? ?, 3 idssss'i ■i S fi £55 i 5Si£25?;^ Ti a ^ i M is i liiil •i 1 i LABOR fX OKKMANY. 503 2! I^ ri = (- -1; -I -: -1 — ■ ^ u J5 !t '■* '-3 '.3 ~; S O O 3 » 3 .= -J -J J ; 3 -3 3 i'i-<-i~3S^,~KS - I ^5' I -3 rt o S -3 3 3 1".' 5 3 " ri S "3SSrt333S3 s ;Si5?assg* I?; 5I5151 51 51 51 51 '. r. — -1 ■s. ii -. n « 51 51 : -. Ti -I- b ^ S ?i-r XTC ri n r^ ^ ID jr. r 7J s ? 3.^ ;?s ■3 '3 :^:^^ s 3B3 ■»v r;35 3 (' ■^ — ~* "^ - ■" — — rj ■; O* --, ^-H --- - TO a a ^> -J ^ ^ _, ^ O .. .-. O D JJ 'ij t J, 7 ,i?£32.25:::i'j7i r" S -i «?5SSS?1r5SH; fe 3 a M-'S3 it S ; 'S 2/ ;= .5 2 ■-'5 ■?» -^J '^» -» ■^ — C) ri rs n (' i» (- (, I fo j S235S 3 o "7^ TO -X) X -li tli 51 -J 51 ™ £ C2 ■'^ '' = ^ "= TO H < & to S?i-3??i?.Si?.*i?5 i !^^S'3i^!^'a!^<£l^ J ?> 3 = e 3 =■ o ^ T "V Jj •»■ 'O ^ * fi,* '/J I- -1' r; X iJ 1' fj ^ a, ?.?i3S^-lSS3 |S? a S S?.?.3 ?. ?,?>$5fi 2?i 3 W:i.~d-f.iia?.?.7.?i O •H "H S-^ *! -7 r* Tt •»* "T- 'TI -i .. , n o u-i V o *-i »•" '^ '-3 e 1-3 rr '^ '?! -:» -^ o c» ?» t* (a n O b^ • • - 2 I • I " = -= l5 = -: 2- = r-t "■3 « a S'3 ■53 si ri 61.2 S Si f^ M i O O w P H e -. is 5-3 sa M* 0."= i :=.Si« c-r ^ i£j c.s ^^ >1 :: — 2 = ,3 w > to c- i 5 •^N t/-. — ii nil s '9 ,= 1 ||-E <=-^<- < ^- 1 3 v: " c t: 5 = 5 !,■= -a cs = .t: &'■?'= = '^ •=: io .^3 2 r- -^ - B C i - (. :: 5-^ = ~ = i = i a .S: c ^ -J ^f ;^ 2 fc- *- 'A I- O !5 «^-= = = 2 "- 2 « = r. 1: i^ a c ^ £.5 « * 3 a^ r 3 -1 = -3 !> 3^ 2 tT'- ~ o sx.^ .-J - ;5 •' a i ^' '0 -r ?. is 5 |:2i5 5 5, -'^ c. = ss ..' ■« ?' aT .22^- = '5 i — 'i- '-i 5P -, 2 X r: c~ - aj tt > o 3/ - - >2 ^ .S :« t< 1. ■(=• ^ fcr L- O « P C fcV,3J - 5 1) .^.^ o to ■I' 3 t: ;;5 ^ '<- -^ O _, u - ^ ■^ i = 3 t;^ D S = 3 m X S U a M ? 5 D a " 2 BS3 Si 2 ■2 5 2 B2 2 g IH SS ^ a p - Tf o ^U"^ -^^ '2 s s U3 5 !i S f-: O 00 S ?.gs? c- : S^j;S o ^ s . I!J g § ^ t-" p r- S S s s? 5i? t3 i:l g§S?) s •Aiuuri lit S i. « ■* i.-; o o «e ! 5P„ i: 111 2 .: — E;]^ :3 2 C ?5 H "h.CIC-J ' CC r/ = ; ra ^ *~'*i a. O a "^ _y. ^ i S ■^ Z. ^ *■ -> ?■ - M - ''' = -' '7 >J •si'H y. ^ - 1 („ w *i X :«pa fa •f- x ' -^ • :h fl -ria -jaa :aa •= p^ 6GG LAUOR IN EUROPE AND AMF.KICA. COST OF MVIN(i IN UirUAL DI8TUICTS. ilww Stalement showliiii Ihf nniiiml .iiii/ii^ M iiii'Iiwi'IiIlt I'd^rii I'lil-il, III ]ManKI'iii't-iiii OiliT Stiltiii C.iisllH iSllMlHIIIIll IllL'.^lilll •... l.;ilipilii Lir^iiit/. MuiZiU'lini'K Miixiliiiin Eifnil Miiiis'iT AiuhIu'IU (•"iiimio Din-tililiiif C.i'ilvnt/, Tri'*"i-f* Ai\-la-Cliiiiitllo AvcrnKu riTof nIatiP iif cnch to tho wlidlu ♦.-. -n •i hrt r> III r. "li r. '11 r '{> r, vo II ■11 7 !'J (1 H :) 1,1) .') lid 1 ;( r.o r> 7)1 (i JH 7 •Jl) ^ (H 1 7 !IJ 10 fO 10 r{\ i| ;iii ; !l III! n 71) a A 1.0 4 .li r> 71) 5 70 .'i 711 f) 7li 8 M :i 1)4 7 -M 4 IW r. 7ii li 4-( 7 0-J .'i 01 7 !li 7 -JO 7 'M 111 pO G !lli II :a !l 110 7 livi t i:i so •J.") -A) •i'.\ i;o 7. CO 7.ua :ii> III) 5;) 7(i X-' III :iu 10 41 7li 4:1 :iii 41 I 4 41 ■.11 ,'iU 10 :i!i 1,0 no 40 •JO -it* u.i ro •i\ i;o 4:1 •.;0 07 I 4.1 ai 51. B7 «I4 40 7 -M 10 IH \i Oil 111 Wi •i\ 1 1 41 IH 1,0 r> 71) 11 4H 7 \-i » ;iii ii II 14 40 10 M .",J \i H \i 01) rl 114 10 CO 7 0.' II ,'.i 10 rO «.-, 'JO ! r< IM I a.'i ■.■0 14 40 \-i 0.1 ! I.I f 01 ri ;i) a 40 a r.-j :t 10 4 :h 7 w) ri 11) 7.v;o 10 1^0 U U;l it I 41 I 41 U II. 3 110 a 111 4 :iJ 'J ft* I 41 •i II) I cll a 10 a .'■! I ^U a 10 a HI a r-i a II) ;i 1.0 1 O.-l a HH 5 70 I 41 47 7. r.o 8.90 a H< a ID 11 111) .1 a4 I 41 I IIH I Ml a f^.i a II) a ID a lu 1 41 I 41 I 41 1 fO 1 KS a ID a ID I HU 4 :ia 1 44 n«4 «l II I 41 a 10 I 41 1 .'.D a i-H :i 1,0 a fA a II) a fH a ID I 41 a M a H.-i a ^S r> III a HK a ID 5 ;ii 7J a ps ;i 111) 1 44 9.04 3.18 e5 .■.1 I 'J 7a ?j 7.'i 111) lOii % HI 1,0 lllO rO I" I ;i.i loj ai l.'.l 1! no n 7; III •.11 ai 77 in 7H I'J H« !I'J 71 4S II.-. !13 .'.I ii Hi 'Jl 7H III 77 gi H '^li 100.110 T(ji?t' shonitig the eariiln(i» of rural lahumn who possfus tio real catuk, but rork for land- projiriilorn. KOXKiSBKUO. Emoliimcnta, rrci^ (lomicilo, value $!"' 70 to $7 20 LiiMil Inr Kiii'lfii ""'1 1'ottitots, Viilili^ fi T(> to 7 'jO l';isniri) lor 1 cow, vuliio •> 7i) to 7 'jO j.'ii,.l 7 )>iJ to 8 CI II) sciiillVl rvf. at IJ tlialor, viiluy H 40 Ij Mli.llrl biirlfy ^'■^^ y KchilVil pcano, at lillialur, viiluii 1 '^ » siUilli;! oats " '^■i Cash 7 20 to 9 36 Total 5 '' '^ GUMHINNKN. Ordinary emoluments, Frep (lotnicilo, value S^ S, Full ^* '^ l--',si'lullVl r.yi'at H (liaier H ^* Fci'il toi- cattle, value IJ,' ™ Totatocs iiuil vegetables, value ^ '^ Citsh 720 'I 111- above is for '.24 weeks' woik, (of son) ^ ^'^ Extra lot- tbresLiuy 'M Bcliellel giaiu at 1 tlialor 1^ '*'' \. rrs. III. riinilntiiiq 0/ huiban/f, («()•(/ ill leli'J. 1-i n ■3 ja 3 m u H ■! ii "H (1 II ♦T'l '.'0 1 Vi HI 1 41 .■|l IJ 1 V! Hi U III 7a n li a i.i) 1 II ;:, M ill :( v;| 1 ;,ii •■i Vl (1 1 II t! pH Kill :a n 1 «iri :i nil '.r\ 1.0 ■8 1 !fl iJCH llin rO 1 a CI ■J III i-i :w li U III ij frt UIJ -Jl ■1) •J III III •« IJ "■I 1 to a i^H l-tf !I'J II S HI 3 III -1 \i :il 1] 111 5 711 ll.-i'.ij i>-i li M H 'H 1 m 3ri 14; Jl Til 4 :iJ :i (ill -H Id 41 1 II 1 44 •7 Dl n •J -JJ 3 "1. fl -Ji — DO 8.54 a.u8 100. no ■Htak, bill rorii fur land- Jif) 7n to ?7 QO fi T() to 7 -jO :> 7il to 7 'JO 7 ;iO to H CI 8 40 :! -a 1 1;8 rJ 7 20 to U ;iO 01 li • $3 ?^ 07a 1102 10 1^0 5:1; 1140 nntl.r. J Mom>, viiliio LAnoR IN GERM I'jira f mot II III, 1,1, ANY. I M 111 ll. I 'JI;illll>H, v.ilii ll'.rcd, viilii, E ,'««.. li"Mlllv,& I I'illl', \llllll •Si-t'.. vuliio.. I I'iU. Viillir 1 I'.il 4 III I'lK-... ImhiiuIn w.ml at ,1 tlmlfi-. Totttl. l>Axrzic. )G7 3 CO ',' 1(. li HH r. 7(i H (14 (' •18 p7 00 f 1 I! I. I •lli 568 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. lliiniiirrit'd Inliorrrs rcccivr Imnrd niid l(i(lj;iii^', r.O fliiilris (^ei.dO) pprycnr, of wap;ps, a li>ii(l iif wiioti ; iiiid it' tlu\v iiic in clKiif;!' of a liorsc, mikI \va};i>ii, ulmut U) lo 12 tliuliiis ($7.'2U to $^.M') annually, ior biiiiginy [iiodiicts to niaikct. ruANKi'-oirr. Married ticld-liands arc fiirninlifd by tlm owners of estates with a free dwelling,', j niornen (if land, ])aslnre lor 1 enw, and Inel. Fur dwellint; and ^irden tlie lalmuTs wife renders one daj's serviee eaeli we(dv ; fur rent of land tin' hnsliand renders latior worth -Ji llialers (Sl'.^t'-) For wau'i"*, tli ' lahorer niceives ,'; thalers, {VZ eents.) llie wife d thaler (11 centh) i>er da,v. Coiitraet wDrk ]ia,vs the nniiiillialer (•J4 cents) a day, and duiin^' the harvest he "earns i thaler (IH uonts) and the wife (V thaler (Oi cents) i» day. For tlneshin;; lie t;ives one-lil't"eiitli or one-fourteenth part of the j^raiu threshed. The whole earnin{;s are thus eonipnted — 2()we.d;sat J thaler, (18 eents) $.>S 08 Thresh ini; (i months, at (i sehetlel 7 '-^O Woman, KM d lys, at^'j thaler 7 4n Woman, lUl days, at . <> ~1 Extra caminj^s duriiij; harvest ^ 'iO Total i>-Z :>2 Day-laborers' work on an average- In snninier, Ki hours fVii- i thaler, (18 cents;) in winter, 9 hours for!, thaler, (t I rents.) Under contract, 11 hoiUH for i thaler (18 eents) lu Bunimer ; U hours for i tlialcr (14 cents) in winter. STimiJJ. Emoluments. 50 square rods land for garden, 40 square rods land for linseed. 40 square rods bird for iiolatues, ."(I S(|Uare rods land for rye, pasture for 1 cow, 1 load of \ti:y. (i.OUd pi res of turf lor fuel, for which the lauiilv render— wife 5-^ days at I'u thaler, (7 cents,) rent for p tatoes, lin.secd land, 5 thalers, (sli.tUI,) turf li thaler, (81."l.) F(U- the work the nnin reieives IJ thalers (UO cents) per week; the wife w(nks 'J'.tO days at ,',j thaler, '_".) thalers, §v!0.88. ' For tlr eshiuj; the men receive oue-sovontoeuth of the grain ; accordingly the e;)rni-f;s ninount for the year to — Davs' wa^'ca to husband 32 thalers.. S-j;i (M Days' wajics tir wile 'M thalers.. -Jl (!0 For thres-.iiii^r S' thahrs.. 5>:! HI Ineiease for contract work •> thalers.. ;! (ii) Cleanin;; tlax lv> thalers.. 8 (i4 At tend' nj; cattle W thalei-s.. 7 -JO Woman, by spinning 4thalers.. '-'>■; Yields froni potato land '-J1 thalers.. 17 'J- Total 141) thalers.. 1(17 J> Tho espouses for house rent Ci thalers.. Si thalers.. I! (10 Bjilt ^jt thaleis.. '..' ti;l taxes, church and school 4ii thaleis.. :i .'it liueu 8i thalers-. ;"> Pf) Total 14-.i/f thalers.. lU^ (iO COKSLIN. Day-laborer on estate receives as emoluments— Dwelling' and garden, value 10 thalers.. 67 M Fuel, value »> thalers.. 4 :« i niorfren rve, 5.10. sclleffel, value r>J thaler:-! . 4 HJ 1 moreen oats, 8 scheil'el, value 5J thalers.. :t ."1 1 moriren potatoes, W) scheft'el, value 15 thalers.. 10 cO P.-aso and liuseud ^ tualurs.. 144 m: LABOR IN GERMANV. 11) ppiMi'nr, of wages, uliiml, U) to 1-J lliiiltiiti III II fiTP (Iwcllinif. j fitinlcii till' liilidU'i's ii>li:iiiil I'didi'is liilinr \ (li cents.) ll;o wifi! iUt (;.'4 cents) a il.iy, -fy tlialer {'Ji centh) i» lie j^i'aiu tlirt'sliod. $■-•? 08 7 v;o 7 40 -Ji , 3 liO 52 :)2 or' tlialer, (11 cents.) Joius lor !, llialer (14 . 40 scinare rods Imirl (I of Iki.v, Ci.nud pi. CCS thaler, (7 cents,) rent ■) .; the wil'o works 'J'JO iioriliuyly the eyrni-};9 ... 3-2tlialerH..S-j;i (M, .. ;!0 Ihalers.. ^1 llO .. ;W thalers.. )>:\ dl ... f) thalers.. ;i (iO ... 12 tlialers.. 8 (14 ... 10 thal.i-s.. 7 'iO ... 4 tlialeis.. -J -■! .. ai thalers.. 17 •J'; ..149 thiilers.. 1(17 J- fii tlialer.s.. $4 (W !)| thaler.s.. li Slii (iiig tlialers.. 4,') (iU 41,'j thaleis.. f) thalers.. •.i\\ thalers.. 4\!i thalers.. i*k thalers.. x!l> 71 ;! CO 'J (W ;t 51 14-.ii'i tbalor8..1Ui CO ..10 tlialers. .. thalers. .. CJ thalcr.'i .. G^ tlialers., ..15 I balers.. . . 2 tliuki'H. 67 w 4 :w 4 .-0 ;i rl 10 t^O 1 44 Fowl for 1 cow. valno... ■Jshe.^p, valiio ' ".' .Share in pifr.s, valno...""" Poultry, value Total Th(! lalinrhi!,Miiaii rooeivedin and - nG9 10 tlialers.. $7 20 •1 thalers.. 2 US i» thaleiH.. G AH 1 thalers.. '2 \m • CO thalers.. 41) Od Total earniiifjs .1(1 ite, and dialers. tlialers. ! total ci . 2^ 5f> . 7.-J 2\ riiiiii;8 COST OF LIVING IN 1872-73, duMreu ,u.d tuo adultx and Jour cidldre,,, iTt% rr the h 'ir.'l,/, of two adults ar.d two J hui-imii, J'riix.-'id. Avticlpg, ^ a X 3 £ . »- t 71 U 4) a a Articles. Flour nnil lircnd ^''msus"""'''' *''"'''■'"'"' 'iio^oU;i I'liil ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Jim If r .'.'.'_"_' Clu'ii.-^o Sii'.Mr 1111(1 iiiolnsHi's' .....l MiiIiiNscrt or sinin Milk ... Cotrco ..■ J'iBh, fivsli .■inilsVu'.'.'.' !«>ap, Nii.i. li, H,iH, ,„.,,pcr, viiogar,' Ews:;.":;::::::: Pot,) to«8 and ot'licr vcgctniii.a '.'.'.'.. $0 88 0(i '-'4 30 12 3cj PiicI Oil cir olliiT liuYit Siiii il.s, I,|.,.r. aiul ti.baceo.Vii t'W filiicatinnal, 'rcMir'i,,,;,- bi^uijvolcnl jlijcci.. any) aial $0 Id IU I!) i I!) I 84 I Clotlnin; per year ...... Taxe.s pur ye.'ir Wci^Uy oarninia of liiHtiaml : wile, (|||,> „,(,, ,,;|n|i|,,, ,1, tlialiTs lu cauli ea-su).". . 41 4.S .18 14 7li 40 Hi 1111(1 lI'H C 48 ♦0 23 07 13 48 12 (14 80 1 44 7 20 -..-...».,.„^,„^^y^_„^^,_ ,,^^^,^^^^ chitdren, Articles. rinnr and l)n>a(| im 'ita"''''''''' """'^^''.''''n'i «'"okcd Lard " " ' ]!ii 1 1 (>r .......'. (/IlCf'HO ....*',' Siijiar and iiidliiHsn'a' .' .' :M"a.'<,Hcs(jr8iiiii)... cir.c .;;; riKh. fiv.sii a,,',! salt ^'^V. Hlair h, H,.lt, pcppirl ViuoKir, E,:;:,:;:;; ■•; Potatoes and oiliVrVi"K('t.ibic8;.';: Articles, Fruit, green and dried . raid Oi 1 or otiier li^iiV .' 01 liiT articles Spirit.s, l„.ui-, and tobacco'Vif um) iloiise-rcnt "".>/ For cdncational 'rVrigiouV, ' aiui beuevolent objects ..... . . .' . . CM .iT"*"' ""wltlr expcn.sea .... '.lotlinii; pi^r year Taxes per year Weekly earnings. 570 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. m 'i||:in!»l Artrnqr irnhli/ e.rprn)ii«. mxl iMMlI'Vlll.llllil.jlMtM 10 Oiiu cliilil al nciiiiiil — Tiital wiM'Ulv nxpoiiROH Cloliiiii),' |iii' .vi'ai' lax pi'r juar Wii'Uly cariiiiiKs of fallicr anil Hi>n WcrKlv i>aniiiip;Hcif fallii'i'.wmk- ini; lor liiiuaclf I II 10 70 I lU 5 01 «t]i'- 4. ^ in no Ti '.i:! 20 -iU 9 r,c Jnruiif iniihi i.ri)cii O.'i 111 li:i 12 0-,' OJ i:. 12 i 15 14 6.V 17 i:i i Oli 14 . 1 Ai'lii'Ioa. Piiliilnoa niid iitli.'r vpuctabli'a. . Kiiiils, Hic'i'ii and dii.'il Kind Oil (ir n'licr li^lit OIIht ai'liidt's S|iiiiin, li.'ii', and tobiicco (if aii.v) ll.iiiH, r.nt l.'iir f.liHMlioiiat, leliyioiiH, ami bi'novdU'nl cibjrcts Tiital woidily pxpiMiHCU — Cliitliin^ vol- yi'ar Taxt'M poi' yrar Weekly earnings. id- 2. (.'lirlll- lilt/. Berlin. ij 24 ii:l 07 1.7 •M $0 :w 10 4-! 12 07 5.'. 1 Oli II :) H7 24 !lli 2 liO fi 07 28 HO 7 -J 4 liH (J 4^ AiTnuir wivkhi I'rpnidilnriH of two faniilii"; contixtinq, rcHpcclhrlii, of two adiil'n and fiiir vh'ifdnn, in 'l.-*7:t, fi"i/ liro adiillx and liiire cliildnn, in lf«7'.i, i" tlif oitii of Dri-tdcii. Satonij. Arti(.'.'j.i. I'Monr ami lire d Kn h1i. iiirneil, H.iUed, and siniiUed niiMlrt Lai.l Unller ('Ine.se Susiar and ninlas.ws AIiilaHHi's and sirup Milk (".ifleo FIhIi. li-i sli anil salt Snap, Btareli, nult, pepper, vinegar, &.J K'.'ga I'otatoes nud other vegetables. . . 'iZ $0 72 48 48 02 fifl 0,-i 80 Oi! 02 Articlos. Fi nits, green and dried Find Oil iir oIli.T light Otlii'r arlii'li'S S|iii its. b.'i'r, and tobacco (if any) Il.msi' rent Fi.r edneaii.'iial, ndigions, and benevolent objects Total weekly expenses Clothing per year Taxes per your Weekly earnings of father and daugli tur x" a T c- u M f/3 f..o 24 24 4f l.-> ;) 2'i 28 1-0 ^ 48 7 20 to 02 i OH .■i TO 40 00 2 20 (♦) ' Unknown. of tiro aihilt' oiiA three (iinl titu cliililrat ill llu; ■■3 0_; V5 bH I «0 02 |.$Oi>'l i :i5 ) OS m (if any) 21 a,^ 4f 3S iniiH, and 1.-. n.l 1808 ;i 2:1 ,1:0 2rt fO 40 110 48 aiiO ttbi'r RJi'l 7 20 (') t iisliiuutuU, ;l 572 LAIJOU IN EUROI'K AND AMERICA. IlI._CONDITION OF LAUOll IN (JIOIJMANY. tt ^h''' TTiiviiiR' ill tlic |)r('C(>(liii{jp;)j.''('S))r('H('iit(Ml, first, tlioriitcsofwiipcswliich obliiiiit'd ill (iilh'n'iit iifiiods in the various iiMliistiics ot tiic piiii(-i|iiil towns ot the. {jroiit (W'lniaii Kiiiiiirc; second, t lid iniccs of provisions and oilier nitieles ol neeessarv (ionsnmptioii r.s well as the weekly ex- ju'iiditiires ol' tlie woikiiif,' people, the third and not least inipoilant division of the siihjeet will now be considered, viz: '/'lie matcriiil and itionil v;iii(lili<»i of tlic irothmtn and their /(Diiilics. Jlefoie i)reseniinf;' orij^inal data, personally obtained in the year bS7'J, and ihroiif^li the instrnnienlality of others in sulisccpient years, it may be well in turlher illustration of this branch of the subject to ^'ivesome statements from trnstworlliy sources in reference to the condition of labor in previous years. The foUowiiifj inforinatiou, chieily obtained in 1870-'71, is condensed from liritish considar reports: CONDniON OV I.AIIOU IN rUDSSIA IN 1H70. Boforo tlio rovolntioii of l-'dS tlm iiiiitrovcriii'iit of Mio conilifion of tlio worlcinp cliisws ill I'nissia WHS looked ii|ion as a <|iii'Ntion wliicli coiiciTiird lln- jiliihuil Inoplst liioK" lliaii llu' Niati.sinaii. Tliat n'vohilioii, with hx coiiliiNcd aims and iito|iiaii Itj^ih- latioii, clVcclcd iiotliiii^ |i('l'iiiani'nt> toward the arc oiiiplisliiiK'nt (d' nijcIi a rcsidt. Ill till' .year l^'(il iiHtron^j; attciiii't wa.s made b,v tli<^ worUiiiKiin'M'H imioiis to lirinj; (ilioiit a ('oiidiiiic'd aclioii anil a closer (■olieslon between tlii^ni ior tlii^ |inr|i(isi! id' pro- liiotinf; tlieir coininon intesi'st' The alteinpl failed in its ininiediati^ olijeet. lint it hud one ipipiiitant result.; it I'slalilislied the eonvirtioii ainoiij; the woil> uif; elasses that it was onfv li;; intimate union and eo-opetatioii that iMi|iioveinentH in the soeial and ceonondeal rondition of the winkiiifr elasses eonld imssihly h.M'lieeted. 't'luse unions Btill continue to h(dd aiimial iiicetiiif^s, l)Ul le>H attention seems to be paid to tlnni than loniu'ily. The socialist nijitafioti in this rountiy is a jmiely negative one. It si.nnalizes itself by hostility to every ))iaetieal ret'oiin, utter indirrennee to iiopular ednealion, and a. feeble interest in i)olitieal iiio^ffess of any kind. One except ion to the nenalive policy of the socialist party of late has been the eiicoiiia;;cnieiil and organizal ion of si likes. In many instances these strikes have ended by the- workmen obtaining an increasn of wanes, and the eonlidence of the socialist jiaity in their power has been incieased in Consei|iieiice ; but the fact is that in most, cases wheie the sliikes havo been succu.'jsful ptiblic oiiiniun Inid already declared itself in favor of th« workmen. # • # n « * » The ])iartice of traveling, oi " wandering " as it is termed, for tlin purpose of com- plcling his technical education, is still regaided by the (ierman journey man as an indis- peusable jHUtion of his training, 'i'lio young lad, released froin his appreiil iccslii|i, leiives tho lionse of his master and travels abi lad wherever the (Jcrniap language in spoken. H»^ usually, however, visits those towns which have a special irpniation fur excelling in his own particular brain h of trade, and taking ui> his residence, there t'lideavois not merely to obtain a livelihood but also, and moru especially, to eoinpleto his teciinical education and to bcconie a skillful workman. Sonic Journeymen who have got the means of doing so and have a talent for acipiir- ilig foicigu languages, widen their e.\|ieiicnce by tiaveling beyond the limits ol tlio fatherland. Is'uuibers of enterprising jonineymeii leave every year to visit the watcli- lliaking-establishmeu's o( the .Iiira, the macliine maniifactories and lockniaking-works of England, the arms and gnu factories of liicgc, and the industrial establishnii nls of Lyons, liinssels. and, abovi^ all, Paris. Many of them leinaiu some years or pciiiui- lieiitly sellle in these, places, and, true to their (Jcrmau habits of thrift and industry, generally thrive. They are as a rule, however, the . This ,lM,sH „r II , , ; ""; '"""•;■*' """-»o.l llM' .^n..,.|....l l..„.l.=„..i,.,s prrv.lw,, rn ,, r,| , ' "."""« ••'"■"«., I., • ..x....|,| io„ <".V. 11,.. f.,..,.( iM,,,.„t,n,r.. niHu.allv ,( T ^^ '. ,!.'"" ''^'''"'"' "*' "'" l""«''"t !lf;-::;'"';'"::>^;;.:r:;,r;;;™l,i;;;~;;;K«^ scale tiK.n luT,,.. lojuukh «1i,.i,. tlu, ,nii,iMg i,„li,stij is on y .smaller "•>I'l;« OK I.AIIOK. TIir(lll"ll(lllf IM'Ullv fllr* Ml[..t., , (• I) -...i< .-.ni.Hy i„ s^m!„:m1:. n' . 'riv:;,;;r;"V7''''''>'"-' ' »,.i.n.Mfi..,.H ;""',"; "'""■'. '■""" M,...rla H^c ai„l iC ,.• I, ,'• '"" i""'""'l'MI.> .lasw 1 i>i I'.vn.. iii.ans In.ah.l will, lli,. <•, si .T V' '''''''■''•''"' lal".r, aii.l y-.t lln.s class ar.. j„.| M.lii, i.nt I,! l-.ovi.l. , .„ wi, ' ;, „/ '"^ "'IT'!" '"'"' '" '"'■^'"■^ "^ ft-t, iM.t lluy a,.., con.idual.li' lower • w| ■ , , , ''''r l'' '"'"« '" <"1''>"1'I.. .'..im- otheie.iiiiiliy. •> '""'^' "'''" ^^ "■"' ■•"« I'aiU to a oiiiiilar class in every l'()I!Tl;l!S AM) (>T|I|.;i{ I.MlDltniS Of :npr;,::S:^.i:;'^!:;:':;; -:;;,S ::!::; S;;--.'- 'v;: 7.>p>..y.-. to .1. a vy work ove.st„..k..,l. These peo,,!,, o, m s m. 'Sie^'Mr "r "'" '"'"" "'""-' "'"=' '"^ « ^•it;:: ^-"- ^- - "^^ « -■n;e:^;:^l.£;i;i--- 1;^, S^;i;l;' o^'L'i^ wi.ys, lellnig timber, aawing woo.l.&e. '"""° ^^"'«t'<^'^tt:, ni ujuk.na roads and rail- WOIIKWOMMN. wliiUisreqinred to meet lli. o .some iii.'imu ,>*• n,..;„ ^ 'iss, uMuss tn..y aio ; 574 LAnOR IN KUROPE AND AMERICA. prostitution. WoiUwottii'ii of tlin otlx-r cliisw, on (bn otiior lmn In dilVeient locd- iticN. ' What may be line of llu^ bmiM's in one )ilaee is ailoHiMhi r iiiiiiipliealile to llio^o of aiiotlier, and even of ollieis In llie same loea ily or in the nei;ibhiii Imod, The sub- joined jieecnnl. altlionf;li necessarily ini|iei lei'l, will seivc to niveau idea of tbe, geno- ral class of liabiialions in wlueli the laliorin^ popnialion lives. In the lar^e lowiis tlie artisan classes live alinnst e\eliisively in lodfjiiiKS, mid It in riirely that I be iiidipeiideiit artisan or small tradesinan lives in a bouse ol hi:* own, wherVas in Ibe coiiniry and in the simill towns tli<' lalter is iiiori' fre(|iienlly the rule than Ibe, exception. Tbe bouses inbaliited by the rural artisan?, lahoreis, haiiil-lodiii woavcrs, &!■., Iiotb an re;,'ards tbeir Ktrnctnre and living; arraMficmciits. are ;;eiHrally of tbe poorest kind, especially in tbe eastern provinces. liaborers, factory operaiiv('H, miners, Ac, are lre(piently obli^ied, even in the country, to live in iod^inj^s or else in blilldin;4s expressly constincted lor worUiii;;men by tbe larj;e landed propi leturs in tho eastern provinces, and by tbe mill-owners and proprietors of iiiiiie.s and ii on-worbs, and eoiiipaiiles in the western, niovlnees. In many districts in tbe west .jniiil-stock 1)11 ild I nv; com panics ;ind co-opera 1 1V(^ bill Id iii;j sorielies ha \(' been est a I dished Willi I bo object cf sii|iplyiiiH' the want of proper dwellings in particular localilies ; tbey]iiir- clwise land uitb Ibe siibscribid capital and eieii dwelliiii^s suitable lor woikiii;;iMeii nid I heir lamilies, and tllen let tlielii at a nioileiate rent, tiiipicnlly with the npi ion of pnrcbase by Ibe payment of a (;ertaiu aniinal sum for interest and .siiikinf.'-liuid in atUlilion to the rent. CO.NDITION OF LAHOK in MII.ICSI.V. In relation to tbe working; classes in Lower Silesia, it is stated by ii competent ini- tborily, that " tbe cinilitioii of tbe artisan popiilalmn is, on tbe w hole, a salislU' tory on<>. tliiiirneymen and lacloiy orcrativcs can e.irn coiiipeteiit, waiics wilhoiil tlnir BtreiiKlb lieiiiL; overtax- d by the bouts of labor. The, win knien employed ii I lie iiidtcj- trial establishiiients siiiialed in theiilalns are in pecniiaiiy bivorabb' circiimslaiicos. A f^reat maiiyof tbein arc sotlled on liitb- properties ol tbeir own, and nearly all employ tlietns Ives out of workiii,i;-lionrs in ciillivatiiiL; tbe {^roiind. Tliev lalM' I be (rreateV parrot' the veire:a!iles and potatoes lor ib-irowii coiisiinipi ion. I'lie w.irkiu;; population is more and more ii and sobiielv of lb''ir mode of livin;;-, tho woikaien enjoy bodily bralili,at Ibe same time that their nioial condition is raisi'd." It is lo be feared. lioweNcr, tlmt Ibis lo-e-colored desiriptiou applies to but a liiiiiti'd portion of 111!' country. Of Ibe mote iiripoi taiit Kront>s wliieb constiinte the working classi's ol Pi i 8-ia, the band-loom weavers of .Miildle Silesia, iinniin iliiji- aliout liii.llUd, aii! nniloiibli illy tbe poorest, the woisl led, and Irom their weak pb\s.cal eons;itni ions, which d les not pre- vent tlicin, however, froi;: bavin;; large families, lla- least eapalde of rai.sii ;; i beiii-i Ives unassisti d above their ))iesenl condition. Sniie change for the bi tier has b.M n i if. (tied of late by the erection of laige spinuing and Weaving fictorii'S, lilted willi liisl-ralo niacbineiy, oii the skirts of the moniilains, altiaced there no doubt by llie eh>'apiiesH Olid abiihilanie of labor. Willi respect to the employinent of female labor in nianiifactories. owing to tlio rapid increase of popiilatii, 11 aiidlbegieal devi lopmeiit ol induslry, womini are o.u- ployeil iimw to a iiiiicb larger extent than li rniei l,\ in llie factories. liore than a lil'lb of the, whole nnniber ot liicloiy operatives are fiMiiales, and coii- sideiiiig that the greater (lortioii of them are members ol faniilic^, and th.ii they receive comparatlveiy good wages, they are decidedly well oil' in an econoniie.il iiinuf. of view. Their moral condition, owing to ibe male and female operatives woiking iiidisci iininately logetlier at the mills, is fnnii all accounts niiieli I ss favoialilc Tim reporis fiom the various provinces desciibe them as inoidinately fond of pi. a-iiie and given lo dissipation, aildiiig I bill laige iiiiinber,s of them liv(- a dissidiite life, i.nil b,ive to bring lip illegitimate children. Many of the mill-owiieis take paiticnbii cure to kee]) llie woik-ioomsof tbe Koxea separate ; bnr in some braiicbea of maniilaeliire this precautionary measure i.s imposs ble. The pioprielois of the smaller class ol iiiami- fiictm ies show liille inclination to incur expeiisi^ by iiilrndiiciiig the i.'banges In the working of their cstablisbmenl.s which the adoption of such a measare would rciulei nccessi'iy. The wages ]iaid are for the most part euUicient to support hiiiglo persons iu comfort^ vlin stirrci'd in ijct- Wdlli ill |]OIII(',llll(l a iiyiM'iiil iiili: Uicir imitu lullow-work- of till' lioiiHc's orcn- () iir (liCi'iTciil Idcil- iil{)|ili('alilr to llliiiHO Imii IkiimI. 'I'lic Nllh- 111 iilrii ()(' till' m'UC- 1 Iddi^iiijis, Mild It \h I llllll.M' III lli:l IIWM, I'lrilUinl I.V 1 III' llllo iilimrrH, limiil-lDiim H'llls, iirr di'llrlMlly t'arliiiy (i|ii-liiliv('H, iiiil;;iii;;s iir i'Ihi! In il |ii'ii|ii icIiirM ill Mio icM iiikI il Mii-\MH'l;s, lit- wi'st jiiiiil-Mtiick ■Stillllislu'll Willi ilio iii-ililirs ; llu'.v |mr- \>\v liil' will l|ll'rr 10 H tn llii3 Midd, i'.iti(.'ii iculili, at tin; suiiKi dies to lint a liiiiitfd issi's of Pi iBvia, the rii iinildiilili Illy IIki wliluli (1 ii's iidi pri- t' I'aiMit j; I liriii-( IvcH cr lia.-' b.'i II 1 11. ('(I'd iUi'd w illi liihl-nilo 111 liy tin; cli>,M|iii('tiB loi'ics. owiiiii to tliu ry, uoiiii.'ii an,' o.ii- (' fiMiKilcK, and coii- llii'S, Ulld thai tliry an I'Cdndiiiic.il [imiin oprrativt'^ Wdikiiij; \i ss I'll VIM a I ill'. 'I'lm 'oiid of 111. a-nit' luid .Milnic lil'i', i.iid luive ) paiticiilai ('ai-c to of iiiaiiiitactiin' ll.is iillcr cla.ss of iiiiiiiii- liu! cliaiiLjcs ill tlie easiire would icndi;! ) porKons iu comfort, CONDITION OF LAIiOK IN OKRMANY. and if (1 575 icynroiit all tliriftv, tl iiisnld, I'^nM,, sii], port u u ii',. and' (diild will Tl !i('Vcati.sav,.„,dt„.y,.,,„| (V,., „tlv II' iiiiinnr.ii'iiiiii I'i'ii iiiil ell dl .tili','MislirM ,,| >'; |>dpnliiijiii| Is I'cndcnily dt wlial' lli,> Jul no. lint ilicy .,r« way lip. I'vi'ii ill spiid „\- ,„i ici' indiiNlijal lili'-rniinMiilv ,|,,| cl.'ISSCM ill till Ilioildldiiy of il|,.i|. ,|,|j|y |.|i \i'l',-d ('ifciiiiisiaiii'i'S joyilll'lil, III III,. n|..||j loi' .seems to piddiicd i in^'s and wealii'ii llieir pliy iialidii of uliii'li II ley Sllrlld li> I'onipaiitiv II llleiii an iiioi'iji leleiilii llieiii- ";"'iif ill the n'Mdntioi;, o wdik tli.'lr Tim * eoiliitfV, to .strive I (" indi peiideiK 'i'lle llllllers mid il Cdiilia'.t iinl'ivdi'aldv ■ leal powers iiy di.s^ a "'diisideraliK lale I on;;iiiir tor en- llis.sipalio liavo I tLina i 1. .'■o iiinidi SI leeli adopt, mI i;,r Idlll S(ll|u|id,.|inj;'(| ■on-Wdiki'i's of I vvllh till' (;,.| paiioii. liol'tniliof Uieii- eaiu- I'l"'!' Sile.sia an •iliiiost Iiat ill I iii'iii woiknieii ill i|„.i|. .,,1,1 exeliisivelv I' naiiy oflli,^ woik.s payiii;,' the weekly wu-i VVllCK' 111 l('ll.l!l t air eaiiiini ;s, liistea.il dl' ,.|| 'lie tlieiM to I ley are eiind o deliiiih'li They |doyed III, I't'oiliii'' ih' ir I', leir ui\i s. to pre.M'iit coN'Drno.v nr l.mior ix i-i ii:.s;si.v IX 1- I!i:i'()liT OK Ml;. |,|. WIS, coN-^ri.Al; .v(;i:\r xi do si;i,l)i)l;i.', AGiiicci.rni.M. r.Ai iOli, Afrrienltiif.'il l.-il plat of IN CIll] ;ioiiiid. wliiel oi'ers In tlii.s distriet et iisiia'ly rent or I Til )io.\('d in '' liny cnllivate, iisiialh' ! '■ laiy n sina)] f.,,(( acre I I' re are tlion '''""'".^'■"i.'l '1=' .utile liillV two-uhi.,'.| liiii.;,' a ^;diil or f, I'.re and .small d tliiee iicr. iiiKl'SofMieli hmall pnipiii.idiN I ■d earl of the ow II the latl. Il iiiaiia;;e to live. Tli dill «liii h, with I I'll! h. >\y lliey eir S( ale ol liviiie- IS vei'V I le aid of oeeasidiiiil lele, dwninir i,,,,|| mostly vc'^ri'tald s(!ii|i or sort l;<'''|' lip their healMi and ow eoinpand to oiir- woik done liii d|| I 'liiiu'erof an w nil (III ii;;tli |^i(||lally a hit of piirU ,„ on .siii'li dii't JIM til, V I and it i Ills, they lint u AVh ilhdllt lllilkdl'MI;; tew ivhieh cdiisl iiii'r|.s || en Wdikiii!. Ill', and iinide vrry leir main .sin •aiisafr,., wiiii'li is I s uondcr- This 'I'ort. (Jdli'i 'oiled with Ih olWdrk they iiiivetoi'l r any (me Hud of theramilv ii o, I'loiii tvveiitv I r wain'svarv, Weak, lint it isdrank tl ■'■ isii!iiv('r.sally iis,.,l olweiitv-niii aeeordlli'' to t ireeor lour limes aday '"■liiiieofyearand the kind family. aiid'iC tl well (ill'. Tl iiakcorspin ii piiee of linen eld'il, ,.,.|,'l cents per day. .M,,sf ,,|',| ley have Millieifiii l,l;i,.lj i„.,.,;,| , III, I oil .1 t... .. 11 ...I I .. I iiile pdpnhiiidM |„.t le children are all ,.|| ween Ih II Iliilitary .-erviee. I) any ( Iher p.'irt of Iheir i Iroui I h tli tho rural Healed so tar as tl I .vear sii(liii,.||| I Dialdl'S I||,.y ('dllsj,|,V,."|'| lie Women "I the needs of the e a;,'es of twenty 'niiii;j; this period tl ilid H 'e.v can read '■(■nty-.six and writi \i's; and, alili(rn..|| tl ley are pidliahly lii'ttiT I ilde to t I'-insidvcs and all tl 10 ii'ee years' vernni('„l,i|„'y^l,.,„ii habits oldise,pl'„„.,,;| lelii ill nood need after ll lis servile i ley only ujet | lealiliii c'l and eloihed tli'ii per day as pay IV(< (','I|)> excess U(; Mil, I a day.s' wiak tin liiaiii'er, especiiiil I'/.'l'V'.'" '"I- ■I'lie.valldiiiikeilherl... Ill ai;iienlliiral populations ofoH s ended. J (i,„( thatdrnid less, and oi,|,.r th'nt leer or .schnaps, or I Iveliiicss is la ■oii'ih Ihi T ler eonntii way 1 1 gcilm .V to siiani^eis, and 1 icy an' onlerly, civil, a,,,! 'es.aiid It is s stand re amoiijr lolh, lint not to tho is seldom thi'v loso iiy are iic.'irly all piiiictiial ' eaily el rcstaiiiateiusdr I III their icli, liiireh, and then ;iiiinsiin' tl nawls di' Ijn-i (s are id' r Very ohli :'i''A ill their ;ioiis dinii's; the 1 lie ocenrn nee. Jn tl them and their past father of his lloi'l leer-gardens, or in i "I then' isalwa\ iclirsclves the hal nakin:;- visits from one vill loliian Caiho: nice of tfie da>. in tl leir portion Th fa It' Iirop>■. and I'mm th le lowest price ve^^etables, but '.III '•r ■:•!.<() per H' state df moral use iiioi'o fn:sh state of o\oi'cr,)wd •s lower than in (ho count ng in lodgiiiy-houses, and 1 1 ry, and may I le accounted for by tlie ■striminatu mixture of Hie .-,exes I!' ) I 576 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. v\ iHHii ,;** factories. On tlio \vli()l<<, however, I consider their nioriil stato better than would be I'onnd aniiiin;- tlie same elass in ninsl Kiiro|ieaii eonininiiilieH. Tlie town iMiiinliilioiiH nie not so temperate as In (he lonnlry, and anion}.' some trades blue Miiiiiliui is IIm; ruhi rillier llian the ixeeiitmn, and 1 eonKider lliar (Uiniiinn to nxeess is oii tlie inerea-^e, idt,lion;;li nol hin;,' to eoni|iare willi wliat tlie same lialiit iH carried In Tnnland, Seotland, and Ireland. I spoU.t with the jiroiiriclor of a lar^e rollln;;-mill uliocmiiloys -J,")!) li;imls, (Ml this snlijei'l, and Im told nn^ that he, had not bad a'^easc ot ilrnnUenness In Ills establishment tor six months, and Ihat not a sin^li^ nnin had nniained out, on Monday tor niiward ot three months. He aeeonnled lor the faet liv sayiii',Mliat most of his hands were married ii.eii with ratnilies, and that- t liey workt'd In' (/iim/s ot six or ei;;ht, and that wlieii one remained out it disai runted the •work of llinsi' who worked with him. Ho iilso with a larf;e wool-spinninn t'aeloiy Ihat employs J)i) hands. The pmprietor tidd me thai very few of his people wciv addieted to drinking;, and It was rare tiiat any weie absent on Monday from work. Tlie work- iifople do not, as a ruh-, look so strong and healthy as those In the eonntry, as they do not (,'et the same ainonnt of fresh air and healthy ex. leise, althon;;li asa rule they live better. Couip.ir. d to onr workiii;,' classes in the L'nited .Slates their bl.ale is tar below them, both as ie;'aiils livlii;; and wa;,'es ; nevcrlhekss 1 bcllcvu statistics would show that they aie. on the whole, loiij^cr-lived. Thosi^ iiades most addieted to drinUliiK are niasims, taihirs, and .slioemaker.s, with some of the woikeis in iron. I omitted to nuMition that unmarried journeymen iiie- elianles iiMially rent only a fce(/ In a, room with others, near wlii'ro tlnii work may happen to he, 'and for this th y will pay from ."i to tii cents p.'r ni;;ht. Wlicn at work they do not ;;. nerally boaid in" the sense of onr work-iieople, bnt buy a piece ot bread, and" Kometimes a iiicce of btiioked bam or sansane, and Kronnd codec to the valm^ of, .say, 'i cents. ]",acli has his stone jii;; and cup, and then this is .sent to the nearest shop, wiieie they buy their provisions, with the croniid collee, and is tilled by th.in with boiling' wa'teiMind they sit about the work they may be doin;; in ^'ronpsand take their breakfast. For dinner they generally tiilvo a glass of beei with their bread and meat or saiisa^;!', bnt never ynyt'liiiiK hot in the way of meat or soup. At l o'clock colVee is aKaIn taken with a slice " or oiio of his children, but makes his own coli'ee us the unmarried ones ibi. To sit down to a rcnlar ami comfortable meal as wo nmb'iHtand it, is not known amonjr these people, lirconcliision 1 should say that the cmiditlon of the worklnj,' classes here, as (o moials, tcmpeianci', and religion," would compare favorably with the same class m any part of Kiirope. BAK:MEN, PRUSSIA. IMr. Consul Iloecbstcr, uuder date of September 13, 1872, writes as follows : The condition of the work-people iu my consular district is now tolerably Rood, as they have had plenty of work for several year.s. Their morals are quite sati.-.faclory, but their comibrt at 'homo is very poor, in conseipience of the nnhealihy and small rooms In which they live. They have seldom houses of their own, and as rents are verv lii"h thev are oblifjed to live in one or two small rooms. I'liave found the family of a skilled mechanic, consistinj,' of two adults and three chihlien, liviii}r in two biuall rooms, for which they pay 40 thalers rent per year. To make a somehow comfortable living;, the whole family— husband, wile, and ehlldreii— have to work. They can earn about 10 to ])> ihiilcru per week, bnt very seldom make anv savinp;s. They "live from hand to iiionth, and in times when business is dull and wiirk scarce thev dejiend mostly on the charitable institutions, wLicli are very good iu Elberleldaiid i.'irmun. DANTZIC, PRUSSIA. Exdwot from a letter on the eondition of the workitigmen, received from Jlr. CoUiis, comsular ageut, under date of Daiitzic, September 7, 187li: Workingmeu in this part of the country mostly live very poorly and enjoy none of the luxuries of life, their limited cartiiiifrs not permitting it. The best class ol work- men, such as luaaons, carpenters, uud other mechanics, are paid at the rate of §4 per Ilii otter tbiiii would be I iinioiii; Niiiiic trades ■r lliiit. (liiiiUiiin to till) H^lllK' lllllllt IH ()|ll iltlll' 111 tl lill'lL^d \t: timt liii liiid iitit il lli:it iiol a hiii^lii n acciimitid lur tiic ilicN, anil I tial tlicy it tlisai l'uli;;ril (ho )iiiiilii^ I'ai'liir.v I hat iMHili! were aildictcil II work. Till', uiiik- coiuilry, as llic.v ilo fli as a rule llii'.v livl^ ■il' blalc i.-s far Ijrlow alistiib wdiilil hlaiw 1(1 slioi'iiialicis, with I'd j(iiirni-.\ iiii'M iiii',- ii'io ilirii woik may ;lit. Wlioii at Willie my a ]iii tl' nt liii'ail, oli'i'i' ti) llir valai! lit', t III till! iicairst sliiip, lilli'il liy lli.'iii with [I'oiipsaiid laki' lliiir icir Ijiisiil and nirat At l o'rluck rolVco Ih iii.slird, Haiiu' as diii- • day, and that rai:h iiiaiw. Tlii.s sidiiiaps akrii ill iiioiU'ialiiiii, iiliiial to till! woik- lal soiiK' stiiijiilaiif is III hy his .» it" oi' lino (). To tiit iIdwii til 11 Hilling tliesi! pfii|ilt'. ifh hell', as to iiiiiialH, 1 class iu any l>!"t of 3, 1872, wiitfs as iw toli'rably good, as ni qiiiti; hatinl'acliii-y, .inhi'alihy and Miiall vn, and as luiits aro wo adults and Ihree i'8 rent per yiar. To will', and rliildriMi — ut very scldoiii make 1 bnsiiuKS is dull ami wLieli aro very good viiigmoii, received zic, SepLouiber 7, rly nnd oii.jny none of LID best class ot work- at the rato of $4 per CONDITION OF LABOR IN GERMANY. 577 -ii" £rr;;:/;t:ri'-.':-:i,ii:.- ^i;.-, r,... , ,,., .„,. , ^ M'"i><..> ^hiiia.ry IImmM,..,, ii h. u ,| . i o.- l "' '•'^ •""'""■"lass „t lal y.Ju «eek, ( l„|,|,,,„ ,,,,. ^,,|,,, ,.,,,,,1. v,,| I ./, 11. ''"'■'■'• •'""' '■""' "'""■t .^1 .Ml i.''7u;;;»:;;;:™l,'7;;;;;;;:;i;:;™,;:;|;j;.«i»M.i.,,.,,, ,„:n.,.,.„.i,..,;,.,„,,,i,, I'RANKKORT-ONTHK.MAIN. Letter fron. Mr. CoiLsul-Goneral Web; III"' ela.'s.se.s >SiK : • an iiiliiior clii si|ialMl, and liimlil ot Will km.. 11, ulii,, i^ ,, s(eroiitlH!c()ii(liti(,i, (if(l„, 1j,]j lor- Co.\.sLi,Ari:-(iKM l!.U, <)!.■ TIIK I'MIK,, IS '»< lit Moik is 1 'J'he lali.ir '■i-uuLj„rl-oii-ll„: Miihi, Oc/oh, inodiiccd, ai(. ol ■rs ill (Kll iil„i,.h J lll<.|| J 'a I.lai,. lik|. lids, wl,,.,,. tl I'aual sral.., i,l ■r.\ii:s, '' Ut, 1,-7.1. 'diliiit, wliira lii'iv siiriiil i|,.| ]inpovcii...hi.s and li Kiasp, winch, whil iniMTacy, uoi ,|„lil, I, Bi'iiiri e«iadi.,s. Th.. liil,„i 't llKlIll ';;;;; I- ■i)'n-,.iiM.,i,,„pni;;,. eiiinniiiiii.si,, ji, j..||,| f, dis- ioii H to him |,„, p,.„r,,i.,i,y' ^vlncl, i, I'loniisis to iiii|.i-„vo and |.l ei is iiniii(.,.,l to l),.| When wayrs '■'< own iudiistry and tii ie\i' that a: levali.. "eio lower and the lal 'Pelalo habit acliiallv ;soi.iiitioii wiil •^ eaii aloiK! illMisoiianv, at lowrr, still t that the lain lia.s liol h iierii.|.|.i\,.d, a he ahsolnfe ii [Hirer leeeived less ■en all nM.(i nil tliele was less ct. leeessaries ot jii,. ,.| .V, althonf;h piovis ■i|iiiied t laoie llian its propon hiiity oC the, w '" I'lovidllij; belter t Hill ot the iiieri ood and i Ininee tor intemperiinee. 'J'| "IIS Were "' 'nost, if not all nieii, the iiiere. 'JI loti !'i'ij{. 'the heer-l iKiiMer <.aioiis:ils whii.ji o|( ".s is iliiistrated l,v tl "• increas*., loilse I'eii.ive.H '1 he ( rilll ll: i.s.'>iu 'einiaii lain en (i(!(.|ir in tl ■'-e lit the number ot beer-h greater irn f-'eneially has a hoi "Ves very didei|.|it ly 1 le streets. roiii ioil,.ses, ana tlie lat nil- ■r and eV(.iy iiioiniij "nil larin-lioii> 'H eiowds of aie in soiiie of die the Anieriean lab. eiasses iimre than si "'• Jt he is able to I lien and lioys to II 'lall villages of ( It le is iiijir- fiiliii. every djiy, Several in one k "ink is for 1] and :'!> at their Ik lire idiiins in the lilies, and of won ■ermaiiy, ti,,,,, which lilies. J,ik Hve siiifile men, thev hi ie,V eat and diink wl eities, it I"'" to the liehls l hieuil and el "ap meat, I'lllailive .style. Tijev le lime, they will mall ii'iierallv sail..- ■e a littl(. 1 I he vilhij;..!-, w ho lives t 'Ve only their sleejiinir-p,,, "■'<• they happen lobi^' \V lire lh„t th<. 1 ower no far to ^„ and I hnil t hei Ueiieraiiy ever their ■J I le I velijii"- i.s "elyKo'tothe la ■a;;es. and cook th. ill tl where, a ;enerally ,s]ieiit at tl eir eheaii coli,.,., 1,,,^ tl "le and make tl ■er-ho„,se or reslaniant tor bleat ie vHla-es or their sleepiiie.,,] le beer-hoi lees in the cit i.se until it is time t klast leir I'ir meals in or dinner. I'i "eeording to our custom, th.! lal 11 klMile time. J !i<-,v have iKi I o f;o to th..ir heds snjiply of k,| sinall maiiiit "r, with liifle or aetiiriii" vilhi.'. 'orer takes his iiieahs, si loarilin lilaecs liieiii, reeiiv.. le.vs pj,v at ploy ■ TlU! ( id no siirplii.s, t w h tl re St call 1 ', ilie oii.ratives, h lere is a li.xei eejis, ami iia.sses I linle.ss he is a iaiii ■einiiin is not a haul ".■^ they ait! in, llVllI I'lrmaneiit f" work ill the liehls, ,1 er woikino; upo,, 1,1^ ,j WOrkilln ,„;,„; ,),.,{ j , lore (leiienddit f;' I'eliiiaii..iit employ. Soiitl tb Il were (on low le part of the in leily compelled t every kind ol wii land. The fact tl that lie .1 lat w omen a pun their eiii- I'les not inoiliice much e eomp(.lled th tlllOll!. honi Kii •n. It IS tl o do shows gr,.iit dcstiti ever the .servile el K'lr aliiliiy (o ],v„ I ope. In Ue a that tliecon.liiioii of the lal iitioii or Kioss lisses of the iini idioriii- class has b indolence ou, iiierease is e.Niiended. it letter uiiist be ci T Low leoiily ela...^s of Oct in"st be any ii has mit chan-ed much." W. ',f '« not lilaiii to he lear; s;i ith b, ttcr w e.n very ever, are larei ■iiiaiis who seem to ma|. BO well distributed that th tf'-H, .All ehiidren inii.st .y hihoiers or mechanics. Th great jirogress are the J . «euii where the gain IS not apparent to iai for 11 serve hiit'i imlii th attend .sell iey_are i:,' or 21) years ot until they .V take to tiad I re 14 ye ars of ■ biisifi. 'ews. They, nee years. Vouii^r ,„on aide to nnd' s,'e. Then tiiej are c 'Tl ley are then •lie year Th lergf) a certain examination into the active ai pti* -...-",c";.ir;s=s;s=ir;L="!-.i»H;"i 37 L are rei|nired to I ley then :i-ance they there ;;.!:-. :-;:;r^S;- I '0^ k •If ' 578 LAllOn IN KUROPE AND AMERICA. (iiiil tii'iillli.v iiini, liittcr (itii'il fur toil iiiul ii l: lifV fliaii tiny roiilil otlinwiso h«. Itiil liiilnl.s'dl ili(lilHlr,> iilc l.nt luiiiiiinl. l.'i Invi il lliilii KMl I iiilil llii-,\ till' liniii' jillii- lllllt. 'lllf llttliulHlllN 111 tlihhilUllillll IMllKf lllllll IlllNll illlj. felill it ItllllUll l)o ciuiil)l((l that tin' iiiiidilioii lit tvi'iv t lii-'M 111' luliiuiio is imiuoviini. 1 u.u, .it, ynn' .\n.U,-ul ^u vu>.t, ^^,^^ ^ AV,,:„STKR, I'tiiltd ^Itilts LoiiHiit-aviitrdL III n'(V-i-('ii('(> to tlio mistt'iidy liabits of tlic liiboiiiijj cliissps, JSIr. Wcl». stor, iiiidor (lute ol Stptfiiiln'r lili, IH'a, wiilcs as lollows: Liiliiir liiis of liiti' Ihtoimi' HI) iiri';;ii1iir iiiiil mmli'ii(ly,.tliiit- nniily cv.ry IiilinriT iiiiw •woiUr. Iiy till- iiiiMf iir miiiiiii'. C'liiilriirtorN will nlindiiitly iikiUi' n rnulnirt fur n H|iccilii' I'iiii ■ iiniiiiint. A liiiiii, wliii iiiipliiy.s l.'jmi hiliuiiTs. sliilrs lliiit tiny sriifnly liiliiii' liim- iliiys iiiT Wfi'k, iiUowiiiK lor '"itl wiutliti- im will iir. alisciu'o fiDrii wurk fmui OtllLT ciinscH. CUKMNITZ, SAXONY. Tlic follnwiiifr roports on ilic coiMlitioii of llic liiboriiij,' diisscs in fier- ninny, iiml pintictiliiil.v in tli>' coiisiiliir distiict ol Cliciiiiiitz, (xjssi'issiii;;, SIS tlifv »lo, .iiifiit iiitcifst, iin' i>i('scntf(l in full. Tlic oiic was prcpaicd by Mr. Savi'llc, chicl' clerk of tlic Treasury Department, wlio was tlieii ill Eiimiie ; tlie other by Mr. Cropsoy, United tSlates emiMil at Clu iiinity.. KI.rOKT OF MH. SAVII.I.K. .TlXK 18, IHTI. Sii! : Ri'fi'iriitK to Dopnrlmoiit letter of Novemlier 4, 187:1, in wliicli 1 tiiii iiinii nctcd •to iniHim' liir tlic Cliii f iif the Piireiiii of JstutisticH, eertiiiii iiiliiniiiitinii in veluiiiiii to till' idiiililiiMi (if liilior in lieriiiaiiy, iiud iKirticulaiiy in t'heiiiuilz, I luive the luuioito subliiit till' liillowiny; hkpokt: Thetiiwii of Olieniiiitz, wliicli in 1871 roiitiiiiiril iiliout seventy tlioiisjinil inliiiliitiints, 18 KitiMted ill the iniilst ot the iiio-t llimi ishuii; ni'il iMeiisive iiiiiinitiief iiriiif,' ilistiiet of (ieitiiiiiiv. :Miiie tiKiii two-ll iiihs of the iioinihil ion of the to" n, anil liilly llirre- foiilflis that of tlie ilistiiet, may he elusM ,1 as lalmriti!,' iieople. The in iiieipal iiiihistlii'« of till' section are the nianiihietnre of cotton liosieiy, iiiiirliineiy ol' all kiiiils, liiieii gooils, toys. Ac. Most of the hosiery eocs to the Aiiieiiean inarkef. The aj;) iciiUiinil hllion rs ii-ini hnt a small part ol the iio|niIation, aiiil those wliinii 1 saw seemeil to lie less inosperons than the niill-hanils anil meehanies. Mr. t'lopsey, onicoiisiil at (.'lieiii- liitz, is ol t he opinion that, as a class, they are more so, The lalioiiiij; classes aie generally iiiiliistrions. The cost of niiiintaiiiinu' an iiver:i!;p family in the onlinaiy iriii;al manlier of the coiiiitry, excceils the aiiioniM w hieh a iiimii with'steailv eiiiiiloyinent anil averiiee pay can earn, so that even tlioiiL':li the iiatiinil tendency ol the laliorer was to lie idle, his imperative wants winilil coiiipe! him to in- dustry. " I think, hiiwevi'r,aH a ina,-s, tlie winking classes of Ceiinany aie natii:ally in- dustrious. liiteniperanoe, in the sense of dri'likenness, is nirely met with in lairojie, when' nil intoxiealid man i.s a very nniisnal sii^lit. The common liipior of (ieinianyis i;ii'r. which is used to i;reat, express. Ordinaiily it does not produce intoxication. The :iii- liiial amount of lieer consumed is eiionnoi'is, hnt very little time is lost troni its etVcits. The most serions result of the excessive n.sis of this lii|nor is the cost. 1 iiierely n'- peat the opinion of the best inlornied and most relia'ile anthorities in Oermany wliiii I say that, takini;- the whole country tof;ether, the avera.L;e anionnt si)ent hy the Idwit iiinrmiddle classes for beer is (piite (inc-fonrtli of their earninj^s. The necessary ciiiim'- (inence of this is that the comforts of the family, represented l>y the i haracter of tlicir honsesand the ipiantily and (|n,'ility of their food and dothiie.', are either vc . seriinisly nhridiii'd or are iiroviiied tor liy the labor of the women and childien. And even tins iattci' does not supply the waste, since the <,'ross eanmifis of the head of the faiiiily,as I said before, do not meet the coinimm w ants of an ordinary frugal lionscholil, iinil the labor ol'tlijj wife and children is necessary to make mi llie delicit. As a p'lieral rule, the laborer is housed in poor, mean, and crowded qnarters. Manv families are foniid herded to;;i'tlier in a siiif^le house, and but very lew of tlieiii Imve Uiore than one or two rooms. I was inforined by a f;eiil!cnian in Dlesdeii fliiit ''H'' ''•■ the large uiauul'actururs of iiiacliiiiery iu the district of Chemnitz had undertaki'U, lA. iry rniilil otliciw iwi^ ho. liht tllr,\ nil' UKIIII jlllll- iU il riiiiiiot III) uuiililrd I. r. ■VVEIlSTl'.R, Slulm toiin'it-lhiural. [I cliiHscs, Mr. Wcl). Hows: I'liilv ivirv Inlinrcr iinw iiKiUit a I'oiiinM't fill' n iliitrs lliiit lliry Mi'iil'i'i'ly !)li!irii('i> riiiiii wurk rmia )i'iii<;' flitsscH ill (Icf. lu'iiiliitz, iKissossiii;.', H' out' WHS |ir(']»iii('(l iiiciit, wlio Wiis tlii'ii , ciiiiMil at Clioniiiilz. .TrNK 18, IHf I. 1 wliicli 1 iiin iiiHlnicfi'd tiiriiuitiiiii ill vchiiiiin to lilz, 1 liavc till! lunior to 'y tlionsnnil iiiliiiliitaiits. ' iiiMiiiilartiii'iiii; ilistiii't I' tii"ii, iiiiil liilly llii'ci'- 'I'lii' iniiii'iinil iiiilu.sti'ii'a iii'iy 111' :ill Uiiiils, liiii'ii ii'lvi'r;i!;(> lii> Miiiiiunl wliii'li u iii;!ii ■VI'll tlllHIull tllr IKltlUill ivimlil ciiiiiiM'l liiin hi in- riniiiiiy iiic ii;itii:;illy in- ifli in l''.iH'o]ii>, wlii'i'c an nor (if (icmiMiiy is i.'.iT. ■ iiifoxiriitiiiii. Till' :ni- '.{'. is lust fi'iiiii itH cll'i'i'ts, s till' I'dst. ] iiuTi'ly II'- iritirs in (ii'iiiiii'iy wlu'U loiinl .sprlit by tllr ImviT s. Till' nrcrssiiry I'dii.'-i'- liy till' rlKiviH'tt'i' of tlicir , I'iri' I'itlirr vi', Hi'iinnsly •liililit'ii. Anil ovi'ii this 111' lii'iiil lit' I 111' fiiiiiily.iis y fulfill luuisi'liolil, uml "(li'tirit. rowili'il qimrtiTs. M:r.i,v t vi'iy ti'W of tlioni liavo II in bii'sdcu liKit i't!i'''f .'luiiit/. liiiil unilertaki'U, coNniTioN or ,.A„„„ ,v „„„,„„^ BSH'^: ';9:''' ■"7"";^'"=:-^'',S:^^ ^ il '•"l'i''• IVHi.'ips ,1,1. ,„.,,,.,.st eo„„i,io„ of ,1, , , , . ' '""' '""'"•^ "f i:'?^..::ii.;;;';:-i;rSV'^^"-- Ks iiirv ,si ,„.!.' . ',i; . „ "■' ""■ r''"'"'' '^ ""■ ' '■■•'' ,.r '",.'■'"""■'"''""' '.n'riirics. " ' onjthiua lor tbc';;;;;:;."'';;^",!!",:' '■'!:'":" ---f.. Ti,.y „, v, and ibc lo.w of •lay's Jubor liii >'> not ami usts tijum oil til lint lay up e viii'gi. of LAUOl.' IN KUKOI'K AND AMKRICA. ^0 ' Till' iitMlmiccs iirt' in.li. il iiin' « !• !.■ ii woi Kiiinniiiii Iiiin Ncnirnl it niin|ir- 'l^Ul lul III)' MI|l|Hlll III llllllhl II |t«, llllll.V, mill llMN I'lM'll llllllM'tlll'dlllll I li< 111. (^iiiHliiiii ..iniiil. ,1(1 Ihiii hilniiiirnilf, ntitl, if so, iln lliiii /nxi iiimli ihiir hi nnnniiiiiiirf liilrlii|HiMuir |iii'VuilH III M I'i'iliiJii ill un I', llri'i' jh tlir |iii|iiil;il' lirviiiiyr, iinil i vil v liiiily llhllllniM. Alniliiijii' iIiIiiUm iiic nlmvi' till' liilili ill I hi' | ■, iii ill llllKi'lllH '^H \Miillil III' liiHIi' riilMiiiiiii. Till' hvnIi'III lii'iiiiili'M iirrilNliiliii'il In Iln' liii'l', iiilil jniljilii" liiiiii lln' i|UMiilil.\ mil' iiiaii (ii Miillvi') I'Mii I'.iiistiiMi', I ii|i|iii'lii'iii| iliiil mil' \viirHlii"..„7- ipiirUir liniii Ihi' inifihl lliiill iUf hIiiiiiiIIi iil Ihr |iiiliiiii. "" 1 liiiil. .In llii liimJorlH of llliii/iiiHiliiM Hiriiiiixli/ nhiidi/al hi/ llir lUimiiiil hiiriil hii llipiinn ill ihiiih } III iiiiiii.v liiHtiiiirrH Ihi'y iiri'. '{'In- iiiililiiiy liiw, riyiilly I'liCinii'il, iii|iiii iiij,' tliini Jlilln' lU'llVl' M'lVlri' lllilll I'Vrly llllll'llnilirll lllllll nil I III' l''lll|lli'l il' Im-( lljlll'll'i'lil || Ji'ai, III .|iii'iilly wuiKn.i Imi'iIsUi|i «Iiiii' iIii'it Is lull it Niii^li' Niiii in llin rmiilly. r'nilllll. MAii/ 11 Iln- iiiniliiiiiii nl Ihf niiiiiin Ihnj iiciiiiiii f 'i'lirv nil' ili'|iliiialili'. I''iiiiiillr,s urn nIdvm'iI uway lnj;i'lliir in (Hit v, llill^;y, viTiniii- liliiillliK iillryN, iillii'M, iiiiil rilliilH, I'llili. I)ii iiiiiiiiifiiiniliio liri- ill mil' iir liiii ruiimn onlij F A viisl inajiinly nl ilm \Nlin|iii|n. ."< ilitii l>i'iiHi|ial lH'VL'iai;(', and iiitoxiciitioii is not olteri si-eii on Ih sirotHv" rAi:l'iaiIS.M IN SAXONY. The rollowin.ystntoiiHMitsiii ropud to nanporisni, iind to tho food iiinl linlnin.j Hi the working chi.sa in 8axoiiy, are coiidiUKSL'd from the Ltriliwli iioiisiil.i ''epoi'ts: I'lii' I'liil i • "i. ipors ill Saxou poor-liuiiscs ou a given day in tlirro dili'ereut years was as fi:l!i'>Ah Year. IVmr- liiiiiues. Halo pmiliurs. l'"illlllli' imuiii'iH. Total pauiiiTS. DiTi'iiiiiiT H, la'ii* 2, 540 10.817 10, 0-17 7,!ll,7 i;t.oi!i ij.'j.-iii 9,017 03,™ 2"* 3i13 I>iMiiiilii'r :l,. ina Di'i'i'iiilii'i" 3, Ipii4 2, r.5.-i 17, Ml II' iiiiiiiiiiil s/K »/ hji llip imn ill ^ .... M.I'M i 'IIIM'MIII II ,,)! N'h Mini V .,(i||,„„,„ ,__ Ji^'lly liilh.KM .. """^ """ """■ ;;;;;;;■;-» ■■ ...;7;^n~ r^;: i:;;BS::^i3?':r:«;i^=''S;s.^ msmmmmm • -Alioit AMt (rriii'i> . , . A.M. UlUl.li ASSO, lATK.NS IN CilKMNITZ. Ill ■ .«ir...,.,„, ,„, , ■""- =i:d,;:::: f'"-='^ 'M'll'P' .ir,. t , ■ ','"' "III^I.IIK il|,r ;i,lviil|,.,.s t.. M, -■''•'"•'"' " 'l''|l"-*H Mill i l,r,.|.,.^t. . ' ' ■ I till' IMMIiial s,,vii,;.>, ilssnrhl : >>, '" """'""f "1 .S-Jir 1,-01. V,.v i,, clca i«ili'l!'!i(in 'I'lolit ul',^1 !IS>.t,.|.-lit H pi'i- I'i'iii, i,ii,.i'., 'iiji iiiiiuiier nvciii «J 111 l:^70, y-|"ic, witL a iiisiiiir.s |>"ii .'■^ix to ten """iljtT.ihii, "!• r.,li)i and a T^*«»l-» _, R- m »ILl«4il' :|t' 582 LAIiOR IN ErnOPE AND AMERICA. "n , , I ) 7 ^';;i;'-.,UMnm- m.:nly 1(1, (1(10 v„l„n„.s. pmnplilHs iumI pn-iudir.-.l'l ,„,< Biil.JecU and auuuul ciilnbiuioi. lee niiij;iii- lioin -Jl n;iii,, ti. 'M fuliU. BUKSDKN, fSAXv)NV. ' TlK" roliuuiii- n-poit of Mr. C.i.sul lirciihiiH), on tho coiidilion of tlio Avoilviii-ciiisscs III !S;i.\()iiy, uitl. tlio jiccoinpaii.viii- tal)k's sliouiii"- tijo (•..i.M.Kiptioi, 01 l.iviul and hccT d.iiiny iLc. ,mx ,\oar.s Iroai LsO.S lo l«7;j, uiclii>si\f, wdl 1(0 read wilh inUnost : UnITKI) Sr.M'CS C'ONSCI.AIK, Dn^kii, iJctoiin-'J, 1874. III iv^nnl fiiNt to stnte tliut On-^den ,.:.m,„t .n j;, o,M ..I N,x,.„y, aM,! (IH. n..s,de,H-e ..f the lei,;,,,,,.- .ly.us.y, t h7 e.eelio',, of ,„„,,," \x,iN. I,ii 1)1 l;ile, ,,, IK) way eiiei)iii\,;,;c(l. ' l)ev.,le.i I,) n,e e,,ll,,,v\,t ,h.. li,,:. ans, .)rs,i.M,.v.i,,,,sie, aii,nilerali,,e, l),vs,h.,, I,M.s, th,„i,^h lis „,e. e„lh.el,o„ul ,,a„,t ,„^^s, w,„ !.s „( seal, e, a,al ,„,i,ii,; ..aniens ei .,ii„Y a Nvo,l,l-wi, e >e|„„a,,.„,, a,„l a(l,.,ele,l s(,-a„,;e,s l,o,„ ail |,ai..so? ,he ,.l'„l W.Mllh.y people ot .l,neiv„t i,a, amalil ,es have ta'.,.„ „p ,i„.i,- ,e,si,l..l.... i,e,v eith.T e i luaiiemly,.,- tei„p,.i;a,ily, to <.,ijoy the, aaamiLes ore„ii„,e a,i,l ivli,„„,ent. I', nler sael, e,ie„,.,sta,,ees ,t is not to he wo„,l,.,v,l at ll.at the s„,ol ueall.v called '•J-.jhe Athens," to ll,e ,i,ioads of an in, l,isi,-iil e,-i Alnmii-h in the la^st few y a is ,|„ile a numbe,' of new indnsl,ial •■slahlishnients X e,e lo„„d,.d o,- siieh estahlisl„„ei,ls aliva.ly exist, „.■ were enlai-.Ml, and allh,.„..h hei'e a,,. ,0 the city ,„• ,ts lanne.liat,. ,a.i,^l ,l,„o,l, eslal.lish,,,,,,,," lor l he niannf,:,- lue ol ..harco and c-ais, lor ,ne,l,a„,eal pnrposes, for „,ael,in,.|-ies, for .■hei„i,„l ,>a,,,ilaetor,es. sua,,, l.riekya,, s .•ouo,,.spi,,,,..,i..s, clyei,,.^. eslalilish,,,,.,,ls, l,iew..,,es I" " ,"'>^- "'•■'*•,'■' \vl,iel, ,..stald.s!„ne„ts seve,al ll,oas;„„| |al,o,e:,s li„,l e,nul„^ nir,.; lil'.r < las^'orihi" ci't "'" '" ""■'' '■■'*'''''''■'''""'■'"« •"•'■ ""IV •' '-"^all porii.u, of the lahoV-' 1,1 con,sr,,ne,i,.'eof th.. es,a!.llsl,i„,.nt of the Ge,„,an Kn,pi,,. andatieinian e-i i-ei,- Hhip«,v,n-..ve,yOern,an tl.eri,m,ttos,.||lea„ywl,e,vi„il.e " Fat he, laud." , heie wh ,1, laloy,.a,s, ,,„,tean ml ux ol popnial ion into the lar;;er cities, an,l c.sp.eiallv iiito ]) es. e,,, the p,,p,ilatn.,, ,,1 whieh hasnow >,early ,eaehe,l .l,,,s,r.,,uUin,,,l,'ed Ih,, ,s,,,, I. Ihis „e,e,-,s, ated the ..reeOon ol ina,y „..w h.nldinos, therehy allraelino- ope,aliv,s M Ihe ln.,id,no-l,ne, as „,asons, .sl..ne.ulters, l.rielJayer,*, Join.Ms and ea,penle,N h.lvM,,,, ,s ,le,r, and slal. is plasterers, painter-, w hiieuashe.s, Ae. To tins.. ,n„V lie ad,!,.d oilier woikn,.-,, ol sU,lled labor, tailors, sho,.„ale,p,e,„Tol tin- ,. isis which ,■ ,ene, d ii, IheanI,,,,,,, of b-7;! and which ba. coutinii.Ml .nor,, or less up to the present tina.. s.nnewbat declin..d If the conse.|,„.„ee.s ol tha! crisis have had a l.^.s .lel, „„. nial ..|lect npon ,he laboring clause ol lJ,es,b.n, the causes may be b.nnd m Ihe fact that iJivsilen is not a inanufar,;,n„.r orindnsirialciiy „,|„.co„„„oi, seiiMM-f tl„- wo.d.as above shown ; aiul, lie el v; pop,d!il'on •' '' '-'""■'■"' """"' "' i'''"^'" ''^'^"'^ " I'-'lH-mlelance ut fact.ay In ad.lillon to these canses it may be observed thai duiinu tl„. last vear when tl,c,e was so„,e ,elaNal„m in private b„i din- e„,e,p, ,s. ., as eo,npa,-ed with ihe two p,vvi- oiis yars, ,1 uivat many pnbi.e bi„l,li,ius were oeino- cvcled. i mention In^re the ,'ir,- tion o extended nohtaiy Imil.lm.s, baiTacks for Il„. .p.atlei iuj.' of several rcimcls o soMe.rs, an extensive p ,lyl,al„i„. sel , a new lo.val ope, :i-lioMse in the .Aitsia.ll, lies ,e o th.M.ne burned ,„ 1N,1 , a royal theater ,„ ,he .\e„sta,lt, .■xlensive do,:!. Ion- e KIb, and lui-e wate,-uo,ks. The latter nc'essilal,,! Ihe laving of wat.r- PMies all ow;r Ihe city, as i,p t., the present tin,., the water siipplv of lliv.sd, i, was of n very primitive natme. As another cause, 1 may ineiitioii thai tuo hi-h statu of a-ri- 'A. tiiro imiiil)i'i'tliir(,v-llv(', Is iiikI |pr|-i(i(lii'al\, :iii(i il, I'liiiiiiiiitiiil 1111(1 otlior JU 1'f.iits. COXDITION OF LABOR ,x OKRMANV. he condition of tlio t.ihk's .sliowiiij^' the i li'oiii l.sti.S to iS7o, lI'ks CoNsci.Aii;, ■(•.(/I'/i, iiciobii- 1), lrt7-l. (' tliuf Hicsdcii ciiiiiiot rillj;- till- c'liliitill (>r llio (lie crccliDii nil pints (jf the filol), . ^idcncc licr(' uitlicr per. ml iiliiiciiieiit. l.'iiilcr id; (if iiKliistiiiil csiiili- lalilc ii(C('.s?,iiiic.s Id ||i(i ividcs I 111! cil.v ill I Wl) liicli i.s ii:ivi;;alil(' IViiia : Cii'l-iiiaii Sea, aiid (la- itV «)t JJivsdcii, ciiplii.- (■i;i. iislrial cslaldisliiiiiMits iiliir;,'cd, and alilinii-h I'liis lor |li(i iiiaiiiilac- ■liiiicrii's, lor chciiiical Illi.slllllClll.S. llU'Wcl ji'S, ii(-':.s liiid I'liiplov iiiiair, 1 porlioii of llio' lalair- iind a (jciiiian ciiizcn- nllici laud,'' ilii'ic was, ■s, and (•.-.pccially nilo 111(1 liiiiidicd llioiisaiid. ill iiMclinjr opcralivcs iii(!is 1111(1 t'liipciilcrs, <, iVi'. To tlicNii may iiici's, caldrcl-iMnUcrs, iiii', especially carved naliiilai.tiin; oV liij;lily (■ period (d' 1871-1^7:! aiiluiiiii of 1,-7;! and liiat (iecliiied. if (he '11 ihc lalioriiiif classes ' not a iiiannlailariii,!,' Ml" II ; and, tlierehi.e, idiidi r.iucu ot lacluiy last year, wlieii thcro il Willi ilu^ two piivi- iieiilioii liere tlii^ crec- of seVLTal re^;illlelilS nmsc ill the Ailsladt, tadt. extelisivi^ deeliS I lie layiiiff id' wut. r- ■ of llre.sdcii was of n Lijfli statu of agii- wasahoni.-,((|,,.,,,' "" "'J'''"';'"',v. In |>7I dic' v.. , ' '" ''^'."' '" 'li" lal,,,,,.,;* of '->• "H. lac, Ilia I ,<^ .';/,, ',7''"'; ■'■""«'"-<'vcn mm! ' , ''ii;' Vj;;' "' '"" '"''" "•• '■ (oiiMdeialdv. '"■" ''''''■•'''■'■•'''-'I'Ml.ti.iMidl/i/a ''"'•'■'',' " ■"■■'> '"■sIm.wi, .J ••I'M indel.ied ,o Dr. (.,„,.,. ' •"•""'""■"•'■ ''"■•' iiMTeased "r^iut.r;L ;;i„:;;::; ;;;i;;'' rr-'"'^'^-^^'^-:r::;l:''' ■"- ■ *•"- ''''■■ ""•'■-'- '■'•<'.>Ms„„i, i, • *-"•>' "'" ^"Msninption per el , T ( 'u,!,";'""'^ '""' "'" f^ I <-'">iS"rni,ii„„„c„„,,jj i j^ Tiar. V I- •' u 584 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Ah r^'giirds tliii ('(liicatioii of tbo liil)oritig cIiishch,! dosirn to stuto ,tli;it i)opiiliir ri\n- oatioii ill till' Kiii;i;(loiii ofSiiXDii.v, as in tlw otlicr states ciiiniMisiiiji llii' (ii'iinnii Kni|nr(3, is a c'(iiii]nils(iry out?. Quilts iiK.onsistfiitly witli tins svslfiii of coiiiinilsiiiy ciliii ittinii is tli(> liict that tlicy liavo hero no NVNtciii of life scIiddIs. The idea nl' tin- only ti ho stalesiiiaiisliip, that it is tlie duty ot'tlie wiiole coiiinmnity to ediuato the lisiii;^ jiopii- lalioii, has not yet iieiietrated into the (Jeiniaii slates. Only the two model repiililios, tile, Uiiili d -States of Aiiieriea and llie Swiss C'oiifedeiaey, liavis asysteiii of IVeis .schools. Ill Saxony the iniicnts are compelled to send their ehildreii to school till they liavo nsached a certain ajje, fieiujrally foiirteiii years, and they are, at the same time, ohliined to i>ay a tiiifimi lee, and for the school-liooks and writiiij;-iiiateiial. That this is very fre(|iieiilly a f^reat hardship for iioor peojde is Mlf-evideiit. The common schools hero are. certainly not superior to the iiiihliit sidiools in the cities of the United Slates, as, for instance, lioston, New York, I'hiiadc liiliia, Cliica;;o, Cincinnal i. Saint Louis, Mil- waiiliee, A-e. Oil the contrary, I liiid that the s'lidies in oiir schools haves a wider ami more liheial ranjie. I will only idiservis hero that tlio children of the Catholics are educated in dilfereiit schools frinii those id' the I'rotestants and .Jews, because not only till) moral teiicliiiiij;s of reli;;ion, hut also the doirmas of the dillerent recof;iiizecl denoniiiiations, form a jiart of the lessons in the public schools. In souks [larts of Geniiany they liavis recently eommencisd to establish non-denominational, or mixed schools, ill whi(di all the (•liildren, rej^ardle.ss of their deiioiiiinatioiial character, coii- irrvjiiiti) and are taii;;ht the doistrinesof Frotestant or Calhorus Christianity, or Jiidaisiii, by flus respectivcs iirofessors of those criseds ; but in Saxony the disliiiciion of Hie ditrerent denoiiiinatioiial schools was sanctioned by a law which was proiiiiilgat(sd this present year. » * * « # # « I pive it as my opinion that the advance of watfcs during the past fisw years has resulted in benetit to the laborers and their families. 1 am, sir, your obedient servant, LORENZO HREXTANO, UnUcd lilatrs Coitsvl. Hon. EmvARD YorxG, Clii(f of Bunau of Stathtic/>, TTasMnglon, D. C, A. tivto .tli.'it iinpnliir ri^xi- ii;^ till' < Ifi'iiiiui Kiiipiro, t'iiiii|)iils(iiy (Mliic;itii)n ic idea nt' tlii> niily friio iliicitt) tlir lisiiiff popu- 10 two model ii-piihlics, l.systfiii of iVrt^ .srliDol."), o school till llii'V liavo tlii^ sunic lime, ollli;r^.(l riiil. Tliat lliis is viTy I' coiniiioii schools luM'e f the llliifcd States, as, nifit i, Saint Louis, A[il- IhjoIs liavo a \vi;/ointinents of at least- one of tlu! (■slalilisliiiients are iint|iies(ionaltl\' inferior to those of lirst class shops in I'liiladelpliia, i'aleisoii, rrovideiiee, Taunton, and oilier eiiies of the United Stales. \o indneenieiit, therefore exists for iireseiiliii^- an ex- ti'iided notice of indnstiial >vorUs, which, however deserving- of credit, jio.ssess ill no de;.;ree leatiires which can be prolilably imitated by simi- lar works in the United Slates. Itiit anion;;- tiie nietalliiruic industries of (lermaiiy, there is one which, v.lielher ill regard to its hisloiy, its extent, the excellence of ils work- manship, t lie lilierality of its administration, or its general i)i'osperily, is so tar ill advance of others — beiiii- perfectly iiimpie — that it, demands a foremost place, anion;;' the noteworthy indiisliial estahlisliineiits, nut only of (iermany, but of the world. Jieleronce is made to the. STE1;L WOIJKS OF ]'i:i!:i). KUVIT, IN ESSEN, IMirSSIA. In piiisiiance of (In- author's (h-termiiiatioii to examine the ]iriiicipal jiianiifiictnriii,^' establishments of iMirope. a visit was made to lOssen, in 1> hellish I'rnssia, wliere the celeluatcd steel- works of 1m led. Kinpparcsil- nated. While wait in,;;' in llie ofliee, a notice, in the Ihi^ilish, <.lcii!ian,aiiil I'rt'iich laii,yiia;;cs, was obseived on tiie walls, n'(piestiii;; visiiors not to ask lor admission into the works, because ol tiie inlciriipnon and annoy- ance it would occasion to the workmen, and nut thereby iinjiose ii[)on tliu ])iopiictor 1 he pain of a I'clnsal. Alllioii,i;:h. in oliedienc.e to this intimation, a recpiest for the coveted "open sesame" was not made to Mi. Kriipp,yet a cordial iiivitaliou was extended to the author to call, on his return Irom S.iint retcrshni;;-, and thoronyhly examine thcwoiks. Tlie tollowiny extracts boin !iis iioteliook, ill n'^iard to the ('a|)a(Uly and c.ipabilities of tliis ;;i;;aiitic establishment, are here [iresonteil : Essen, Srptonhi'r \H), 1X72. Left Diisscldorf by lirst train to visit the celebrated steel-works of Fiied. Kiiipp, haviii;; been invited tti do so on my previous visit here. 'J'lie town ot Ivsseii is utferl.N' unatlraei ive in ilsell, and possesses no iiiteiest apart Irom this remarkable e.--tablishmeiit. The jiopnlatinu (.■)I,7(>.S in 1S7I) consists of those oii;n'a,u('d in the works, or in supplying those who are so en;;a;;ed with food and other necessaries of lile, and are wholly dependent upon the works for their means of siihsisteiice. I was politely condiicled thronifh e\ery part of the works by .Air. Ila- pi'i'iann, who, with tireat patience and Ciinrlesy, pointed out every ob- ject of interest and answered my uunienms (lue-slioiis. MEN e:\ii'loyed. The tot;il number of men omplovi'd is as follows: In t he works at Ksseii '. 12, (Mil) In ooal-miuing, oro-udning, »S;c o, OIKI Total 17,OU0 mm »y imposes upon the AArOU^TAAi,VA,,,K<.K,M.UMVT,OV wt,:';;^,r;;r :;;:;V''r^''"' '-''''''•'<'-• ^^::;;ns;;,'yr;i-'-iv-''><-''Sop;:^ 'M ' ' ^' '"'■^i'-is IS (iO ,.,.,i(.s per ,|u I „; . -•'-"■.ii'Miincc, il„. u;,,,,,^ ,., ,, j! I^i^l;- ., ,,.„.„, (V;. '1; ^,;: ;;„;'-;:,;;f -;-.,. .,., .[.n,:; ,:;!;';; ^ I'^-O «i"'>flH'ii. (I,s (Tills) uhil.. , ''•. ""' '•"•'Oil 111' ncM diss '"'■<' ''lass a.<- ./inu,.,! US, 'ini ,.;';"" ' 'i''^ '^ ('"' <-'l- T^ J 'l'll pil.V. '-"•lMnv,iu.sc, livn ,';'i;,f ^'t''^ '*-■"") I-'" '-l^- Mvinoiiii.v k\on,l].,,scoi„pidi(.ii.sio,i. ' "''^ iMsasii -S. Workmoii wlion sick ftct iiiilf wnj^cs, iiiid aro cared for in li()si)ifal ■\viili(uit cost. Tlic men jiii.v toward the exiienses of the hospital one giosclieii out of eaeh tiialer earned, the iirni contributiii}'' one-iialf as uineh as the aj;;,MCfiate coiitrilintions ol tiie men, A workman of f;ood skill will receive, in scri]), 1()(( tl'alers, payable to liis family afin- his death. In ease of sickness or inaltility to ial)or he can olilnin an advance, not exceeding 50 thalers, on it, which is to bo repaid on his return to work. J\lr. Krnpi» is building houses for 1,S0() families, wliicli will be rented to workmen very low, eadi family occu|»ying two or three rooms, lie will continue to build every year. Unmarried men to the nund)er of about 1,000 arc lodged and boarded at low rates. They are furnislied with abundance of meat and vegetables lor dinner, which, with one-half l)ound ol butter and one-quarterpound of colfeeper week, and lodging,are ftirnished at 7 giosclien i)er day, 81.1 i ;M'l'oi.ur,H.n,s luJ wm Js | , 'i, ';„';"^'"'' ^" <""'^ n.r.'l.inory, .,,.1 •'"•' "• ""' iinalvscs of ™^^^^^^^^ ' N"'l'.i.i.t it is in "t ^^l•<^.,,an,l Un.n (Jn-a J , ;^' r^;;.: ^ ""'" ''.'^ "'in..s i,, Cr,, a. v m l''".v- J!h(, n. .n,vo],ini..n-(lH. oini.' "•'•'"'"' ••'"'"'"^■'^ ". Ins ,.,«- |n.'H,an,nU H,;:in.n;,,n-_tlMs (i ' , ' "'"•^.'"''•' '" "'<''''llMr.,v an.I ttin'ol vaii.ais kiuds U i,„„ w, i r ' "''^"•"^ ""'-•'"1 '•• liic admix- '» "'•■'"I'-^viii;; causes: ,Mos of i's , ' 7"'l"'''""".v -s. I l-Hiev.-, owinij '"■'^•■"M-lnv an.l have «Tea ex, , ! .V ' V' m1 '^^^ I""" '' '""«■ '!'"<' in •""I"';-ta„(l (l.e!.- business, i., ss iss ..''l \ ,'' '"•'^. '«"*'""'" tlu,i„„u|,lv ^^ lHs«en.M,,si(yexlHl,i,(i,ovva M . ■ -^^^ K^miilies, 1"'"' "-;' •'^'■ive to l.r(mu,te, his t' : "'"•;^ ^^"""'.v 'litaehe'd (o excellence of uorkmanslup tin.; !m.;;ile;e;on:;inU'^,S'"''"''""''^ ^"^ ORIGIN OI' rUK W'OliKS. m-.ss.ona very sn,alls,.aleatliis ImV "'"'V"!'' ••"ntminMl ilu- l.nsi- J'xXM.t an.l ,n.o.luct of Jhe wo ks "f ' 'l^''^''''''''^' i-'-'s.^l ,hc tiiiled account of the liistory V. resenf' ' ' "'""- '•' '"" ""•! l""r. Th.. name of ,h'e to future «enemtiou« ' "'''' ^"'"'•i'' ""^' ^^ '" l"''^l>abLv so contim'o CAST-STEEL MANUFACTOUV OF inuKD. KIUTP '";'"' "''ic^l. is alluded to In th^aW notes '"' '^'' ^'""^'^ ^'-'^l'"- ca«t «tcd were, axle.s, tires, ^vLoois, au.J crossings Il^ m w IK 'I «! 590 l.AllOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. for railwiivs. rails iiml springs for viiilw:i.v.>» miiiI iniiirs, .sliiifN far stcaincrM, ililTir^ iit J)i('(!CM ipI' lllilcllilllT.V, IPIllllU-tll, ill's, ll)ll,-l, N|1M1I^-M|1H'I, t,l>()l-.^ICll, HUIIH, };il ll-LM DlilUCH, bllllt, iVl'. 'I'lii 11' nil- now iiioiicriilioii V!.'insnii'lliii'_;-riiriiMi'i"i, :!',l(l iUiiii'iilirm-l'iiiiiiici's. 1(11 lii'iilirin- fillli;iiTs, I i.'i wcldlii;;- .•mil |iuililliiif,' IliniMcrs, I 1 rll|iiilii mill rrvn Iiit:iIiii.v riiiii;iic-i, Idd llll'liiM-i's 111' oilier kiiiils; 'I'l-t ciiUc-ovrlis, liiil ftiiiil li.s' ror};i'.s, luiil ~U) nU;iiii-IioiIi'1s, busiilcs ■; (I iiioi'i' in ciiiirMi' oC (■(>ii->l run Ion. ,Sc\i'iily-oiir sti'iiiii-liimiiMriH 111 all, of wlilcli (id wci!;li from 'J limiilriMl weight lo 1 10 lltmcll-i'il-'wciLilil iMrli.iiiiil oiii' I'lii'li of Mil, l.invitlil, IIKI, anil I.IMllI nirli ; 'J-li slraiii- oli;;ilH"., ir|iir,'-i'lil Ihl; allo;;rl licr lU.IHMI lHirsr-|)u\viT, aiiioiii;' wiiirli llirlo Iw out) of 1,1 .Ul), ;{ 1)1 .-nil, ,') (.1 l.)ii, aiiil Hill' cai'li ill' olio, •^110, anil l-.'o liorsc-iiowi'r. One ilioiisaiiil ami li!l.v-slx marliiiir-lools, vl/. : 'I'liiri' liiiinlii'il iiml sixly-two (urn. ili;;-lallirs, f:i ,slia|iiiij;-iiiarliiiii's, I'.l.') iMuiioji-iiiarluiirs, 107 iil.iniiiij-iiiai'liiiii's, IJ piiiifh. ilif; ami i,'ioo\ jiif; mai'lnni's.;!-.i iirrssin^-marlnm-.s, (l.i ^■ii.,iliii;;-niai'liliir.s, HI I'la/inj; ami Jiolishiii.; marliiiii'S, M'.' iiiarliini-.s of (lilfrii'iil Uiinls. Ill I lie .vrar l-ii llu'ii' well' roiisiimiMl, coals, 5110,(100 tons; ('oki>, 12,").0(1() tons ; watiT, ll:i,0I.M).(iOII riiliir fri'l, ,sll|i|ilicil from srvrral walrl -Works ; nns. iri.'),OIIO,OUO ciilnc li:cl, Hiiiii'liril 'y llii> nas-works of llio csialilislimrnl, for lo,,Mio linriifis. 1\) I ell 11 a If I 111' traflii' on tlio woiks, '.lii'ri' arc about 'J t miles of r;iilway.s of usual Hanj^c, Willi l^'o siil n^s ami i'.'.l inni-lalilcs, on w liich inn I'J tank-lociimotlvcs ol a I ion i Hi i lie lies cy liniler (liainrler, and .'i;!0 cars, also a lion I 10 miles of siiiall-;;aii.ne rail v\ ays, of HOiiicli '^aii^e, Willi 1 17 siilin.^s ami (i.'> I in n-lalilcr,. 'I'lic I raliic on llicnr railways is can i. il on liy means of lioises ami of ;i locomol ivi s ol (i inch cyliniler liiaincter, ami a70 cals. The caiiia;,;!' (li'iiartaieiif coniiirises, Iiesiiles, ','7;; wa'^oiis, ami alloi;cllier I'.ll ImrscM, of wliii li (iU wa;;oiis ami .'^0 liorscs arc siipiilied liy contractois. To facilitate liic comniniiicalioii liclwccn llie several work.sliops, tlierc am tliirly telc.i.',rapti slalioiiH. A perinaiieiii lirc-ltri^ndo, ootmistiii;? of Kcvciily iicii. lias also liecii institn'ed, whn jicifoini at I lie s.'ime time police duly. There are one linmlrcil ami sixly-si\ walelmieii licsi'les. The general supply si ores, under control of the linn, supply those liclon;,;in;4 lo Iho woiks for leady ca:,li, provisions, clol liiiiij, dry ;;onil-, liools, itc, at cost prices, 'llic rcceiplsat Hie ililVeienl slores ainoiint at [n'osent lo £ 1 1,000 (nearly s.Vi, OHO) monthly, and ail' conlinnally iiicieasin;^. There are also lliri'c liecr-honses, one hotel, one sellzer-watcr iiiaiiiifactory, one Hour- mill, and one bakery, with two steaiii-cnL;ines, [irnduciii.L! at an average ci^hly-live tons of bread inonlli! '. Of ihe dweHin,ns for (he ollicers and worknieli, there arc for the fm-nier two liiiiHlred and six ; for the tatter, two l lions, i ml nine hnnilicil and foily-ei,i,;lit, ciilier inhabiiid or in coiiise of constrnclioii. There arc livinj; now in these houses more than cii;lit thousand individuals, and the niimbcr is lieiii;; rapidl\ increased. The exist Inj^- lioard- iliif-honscK olier boaid and lod;;iiui to two thonsaml live linndred niimarricd wiokiiicii, aiiil other lionses of llie same dcsi'iiplioii are now lieiiig liuilt for the accomnioilaliou of one tlioiisaml six hnndiid more. The ariaiiiieineiits lor the accomniodatioii of the .sick consist of one hospital contain- iiiK file hiindred beds, ami one cpideinie hospital with one hundred and tweiily IiuiIh, ail under the siiperv isiiiii of iihysicians especially eiii^aui d for the purpose. A sick, burial, and pension fund has also been insi lulled for the work men. The firm contiibiiics lo liiis fund half the anioiint of the contubiii Ions paid in hy the incmiii'r.s, liciiij;, in addiliiin, at the expense, of providinjj; iieiisioiis and .support lor those who liavo been rendered unlit for work in their .service, ami for the widows of I heir work- liii'ii. The total receipts ill (he year l.'^7-J ainoiinted to ,0 Ui.OUO, the expenditure Ici £10,5110, and the cajnlal in hand at the heginning of llie itrcsenl year (l'~7:i) to jeilUitf^. l''roin another fund menihcrs receive fi r (heir I'ainilics tree medical troatnicnt against an animal payment of seventy-two cciit.s. Final y, 1 Ik' linn has orgaiii/ed a clieinical lahoratory, a pliotograiiliie and lillin- giapliic jilclier, as well as printinj;' and book-liiniling i slabli^bnieiil. In the [iiiiitiiif;- ofiice lliiie are two steaiii and four hand |ircss('s in opeiatiim. IScsules the cast-steel woiks near Ksscii, the linn pi sscsscs considerahle mining and snu'lt iiig works, which i-ecnrc to it a regular and nnilorin snjiply of the best raw iiiateiial. 'i'licse comprise coal-pits in Ti nssia, 'ion-ore mines to the nninbi.'r el funr liiindr. d and fourteen, with an area of more th, in •.Till.'.illO, 000 square yards. The linn possesses important concessions of excellent iron-ore beds in North Sliain, •whence It. is intended to import annually np lo ;)()0,(:(I0 tons of ore lor the proiiuciion of cast-steel. To facilitate the iiiiportation, a lailway in Spain lu'arly eight iiiili'sli)iig, .•u? well as several steamers, are. already in (toniMc of cmisli ncti^ai. The Sayner and Oheilianiiner sincltiiig-woiks contain two blast-furnaces, which pro- duco daily about tweuiy tons of " spiugeluiseu" aud "charcoal spicgcluiseu ;" tlie for Mlcaiiii'VH, ililTifi lit I'm unci's, Iti! Ivi'nliiiu- liciiMoiy liiniiirrs, h>(l ml '.ill) Nlr:un-liiiilci>., niiilrcil wi'inlit Id 1 10 nil Clll'll ; "J-li HlfMMI- llii'ic i.s Din'. (iT 1,''(J0, il mill .si\l.\-t uii liiin- i;-iiia<'|iiiii',s, I,' |iiiiiili- .(.'liiucH, lil I'ia/.iiin and «, 135,0(10 Iimih; water, r),'i,(.IIIO,()U() lllllil! li;rl, rs. t (if railw.'iv.s of usual .•Idcoiiiot ivcs III aliiiiit 'iiiiill-^iaiini' rail.va\H, ill' nil I lii'.si' railways ■yliiiilnlilialiu'lrl', aiiil iilto;;('thi'r Htj ImrMs, Imps, thcii' iiie tliirly lii'rn li)'~t itii'i'il, will) nl sixt,v-si\ Walrillllrll losi' tM'Ic)n;^in;; (n llio ., a( laisr jincrs. 'I ho lll,V.>i,M,UIIII) iiiuiUlily, liiiiiif'actoi'v, oiii' llniir- •cragf ei^liiy-livi' Idiih I' fnrmi-r (wo Inuulri'd 111, rhlii-r iiilialiili'il nr u.srs imiri' than i-i;,'ht . Till- exist in;;' linacil- I iiiiiiiai'i'ii'it wnvkiiii'ii, III' till', :ii:t'iinniinilaliuu foiK! liimiiital contain- ilrcd anil twcnly licils, in iiin'liiisi', 1' uiiil>nii'ii. Till' firm ill in liy t lie iiiciiiiii'rM, ii]i|ioi't lor lliiisc will) viilnw.s (>r I liiii' wiiik- UII, the I'Xlii'iiilitiirc Id H'csL'iit year (l.-**;!) to ical troatiiiiMil; against lotoffrapliic and lillio- iciii. Ill llii) iniiilinj;- iisidcralilo ininiiig and ipldy (if 1 III' licst raw I) tiii> iiiniibcf of I'unr ii.'ifc yards. ,! licils in Norlli Spain, oic. lor fill' pioiluriion icaily eight miles long, ;1. st-funiaces, which pro- (ul faiiicf^clciaeu ;" the LAHOU IN OKIJMANY. r.r )1 Sflllliofi I- smelt iii.f.vvorl liriuliiiis ilai y i li,,iil loif\.| X "II llie Ii'llilic mans smeliii , Hie I l^'-\Mlll> iilliloi I's s nil the l;| ive Ions of fiiifalning four ldas(.fi ■|'i''Kil. i; the liliine, piiiihe one liunilieil ,irii| .sisiy '| lie, Ileal \e| ".'■'' l"«-""ll>s; I lie .)i,1k liner, and line i iiniaci'), (.jieli of wliieli "iiil. uilh II nee Idasl-lim on i anil the ileii- dail Lv III lour Idast-I iiieneiil, and tlie w ■|' iiinacis hoiii iilioiii Itiiil '11 »ay. "His ail! ill coiiiieelioi II iHlriieiioii of 1 "illi Hie KlieiiisI ""■'Hii;;.worKs near liiiislnn-.r, „„ '"' "'""" ""e liiiiidre.l and forFy to SIX mil e lliln.ieen |i;js I I and Hie I; di "oilis liave ill 11 I'll I olll- •i^i.i'li-.M,iilvisi'li I'd and tueniy Km so one hiiiidred and forlv col; inoie in eiiniM' of eoi fiini l|i|l's Mllellinj; UiilNs I I 'ices, Ileal ly ten Hioiisai isiriiclion, iici',iii'coiilii)n|v, ,,( ii, ■"^''"^ 'II opiiali and one 1, and Ions id pi;; in.i I' pii inoiiili. li'i'scMl tiini', uilli ell Al'll 1)1, ist- lii:.s('i;il'ii(i.N or ,s, mi: AHIK Ms MAI ii: III Ti:i; i:.\iiiiiiiii)\. Oiii> 5'1 inel enieilde cast-sted Ideek, (| Till lis licti.iioind, w (I,M:0 eniiil, <'i;;liine liliv-lwii mil , each coiitaiiiii seastinij-. oiiMii,„||y eylindiicaj, lias I ini-lialf ti ilioill ■i-M.v poiiiids,) iiig under a lil were inaile in I lat t,\-loli I li^i'iiiner, to iiliistiale tli ecu ri'diieeil to I cr, III, densii iiitemli d fur ih fiiiHier foreini;. iiin diflcieiil pi ' S and Miiindiiess of 1 1 H'cs, "liile ill a icil-j illeal ii'• Ulic loi'oinol Ktei'l, ive-ecccnli ic en la > il iiiider a liai ii'gi'd from solid I leeK; by niakin;,' a cut 'I'w 111 till' liiiished stall iiiikIi. Iiiriicd, or linislicd nik anil one di carriaee-axl 'Ihe: 'tat iviiij;-wlieel crank, both <,f ineees of inacliiiieiy ai nil pill d by 11 crucible cast sanic iiiateri.il, ami IS coast-;;nil caniaues I •oin wioii;;|jt i.oii ; pi'-to.'i-n d-, of the 'Ci|i;^ iiiaile of cast laiilic l)ni]('r> iniiaees for <„i,st d,|i lllid selt-Mctini; ■K cairia"(,'s, and , riniiiiiiir-oiit ip-gtiiis on battcrv-carri iHneci's and one li.i|i(. III t'luia. iniiiiilaii idi and on w In e| appaiallis; li;.:lii,.r e|' igcs with cairi.'o i-gnii on caiua! lor .si OS on ship and i*;4c l>i'r, OS!'-, as al SI) ;i-, "I'll' amon- the aitick'„exhibitul Fi CONDITION OF TIIi; WOlJIvINd-CLAS.Si: cla.s.st om inforinntidii obtniiicd ( TI i.s (1 'fs, .since tlic lorcooin.i^r roiii Gcrmiiiiy, in n-liifinn to (lio worii H'COlKlitioil ol'tll(> \V(llkil|.r.('l ciif to prcs.s, tlic folluwiiid- j Til sfiilicd ii.s prospcroii.s, «'\ i.-'.scs ill Jiaviiiia diiiiiii.- n s picst'iiU'd iiij,'- 10 Idriiicr lijoli wiiiit I'll III coiiipuiisdii with the pir ; strike, iu> •'fii employees and wori .vear, hut tiiereiat men are described in ilic repoit ol' tl ;ardt chamber of commerce ii,s auythino' but sati.slactoi ions lie 592 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. HHi Till" followiii;;' is cxtiacttMl IVoiii tliiit report: Till' siiiiihI m'iiii^ III lliii \v(irUiiiii)ii iiiiit (il'i'Ml iii.jiiMl III'. Wiiiliiil ii|iiiii fill' |i;ii l\ |iiir|iii''ci, ii Ir'lliiK iit' tllNlinsI h;i> i;i;ii|ii;illy s iilii;{ up mikI ilrvi'lopril In un rxtciil wliicli fiWfs just f;i'i)iiiMl for ri'iiiiii';: lliiit iiiit iiiil.v pKiiliiclioii will siitli I liiiiM the growing coiiiphciitiiMis, but tliiU Hiii'liil oilier in gciii'i'iil may bt- (ilai'i'il in peril. l'"ARM-LAU()Il. From (lie I'cpoi'f of ii, <'(Hiiiiiissi()ii iippoiiitt'd l»y tlic rrcrmnii asrifiil- tiirists Id liiipiii'c into liii' roiuittioii of I lie rural liibort-i'.s in tin- (li'riiiiiii Fiiipiic, il iippiMis lliiit til*' wujii's paid un- lii^iicr in (ii.sfiicls liaviii";' liirjic latiilcil pidprii'tors, iiiiil also wIhmi tlic [irodiict.ivi'iics.s and con.so- qtUMit rt'iilalnl.ty ol' tlit^ soil is jjreator: 'I'll!' pi.ipiiiiioii 111' u-'ifics I'lir I'ontrart work to (lie ptTilitMu paid slinwh tliat tbi- forinrr ex I'm 1 I 111' iliilv siniinii'i' wa;;i'S liy lit per ci'iit., t lir MVrra^e ('oiilrail-\vaj;i-s slmwi.ii; rv.) ci'iils, llif avera^t' daily waj;i's being -K) ('ents in Hiininiel' and ;i.'> cents in wiliti r. (fcnerally. oni'-tliiid of tlin rural laborers in Soutiieru ami Westorn and one-roiirl!: in I'^islern and Nurlliein (iennany work niider eoiitiaet. 'I'lie average yearly earnings iit' agrieiill iiral laborers apiiroximate llu^ follow ing sinus: 1. Free laborers owning land 'SIT:! H'.t a. lialioiers bii'i'd under eontraet Iti.'i (1(1 M. l''ree I iliHiers not owning land 11(1 Iti Tile iiniiiber of iliiir working-days averages liOO in the year. It is rcirnirked tbal in exclnsix el\(',i(liolie di-^liiels tile number of work-days is iJinallcr than in districts inlialiile,! piini'ipalls by prott'stants. I'lie wagis piiil sliiiw au iuoniiuso of from 00 to lOt) por cent, during tho last twenty to tweljl> -lixe Real's. Tlie uives m| riii'al laborers generally (uvitributo to the support of ;!iu I'aiuily, cither by woikiiig lor wages or by tilling their own family-farm, or liy lioth, C'liiilii'ii gcneially work at agrieiilliiral labor wlii-ie o'lier iudust.'ial interests do not pii'(|o';iiii;iie, oiherwise tlii'y .'.eek emplfiynieiit in faetoriis. Our iii:'orinali m sliows that nearly everywiiero tho earningsof tho father are insulli- cieiil alone lo meet tho neeessities of a family. Agrieiillnral emidoyers generally claim lor tlieir laborers a higher moral Htandanl tliaiillial accorded to other laborers, while many aukiiow ledge their average iiilel- leclnal infe] icniiy. The data received will not warrant a cpmpaiison of tlieir relalivn liiateri.il condition. As to the general condilioii of the rural laliorers, compared with that of leii or twenty years ago, the reports received, allhough somewhat contra- dictory, indicate a general improvement in moralily. ThiMlecrciise of crimes against liropcily is universally acknowledgod ; while .sobriety has improve I in Northeru but (iccrrasi'il ill .■:( |ier cent., respectively, wages, during tho same period, have increasud l'..Mii .".0 lo 1(10 per cent. Kiulgiafion to foroigu countries is greater iu Northeru Germany, and less from Cen- tral and .'^iiiilhcrii (Ji'iniaiiy. Tlie iiidnienieiits to emigration are stated generally to be " to improve tlieir coiuli- tion ; " " lo aci|iiire a homestead;" " induced by agents or relatives in Auieriea; " "to evade military service." In Prussia the current of emigration soema to have run from west to east, as indi- cated 1)^ (he fact that, of each one ihousaud inhabitants, there emigrated from — ie4-i-'5u. lew-'iii. ituV7i. Kbenisli Prussia l.ti l.'J 1.0 Westphalia 1.7 1.7 1.4 I'omeraiiia 1.1 ii.l .^.1 I'osen 0.3 1.6 ^.0 I'riis.sia, i>iovinces of 0,2 0.4 1.4 liiit, w bile lil.'iO,") persons emigrated from the Kingdom of Prussia in lH7'.i. only 47,H09 followed ill l-*;:!. Although without exact tables, the information for '«7l indicates n coiitinmd ilecrease in too niimtier of emigrants. It may therefore bea.ssnnied thateiiii- gral ion Irom .\oi t hern (esiieeially Northeastern) Germany has jiassed its climax, and will com i mil- to decrease in I he .same ratio as previously iu tiout hern ami Western Gcriiiaiiy. The, migialioii of laborers, especially of single men and women, (the latter must numeioiis,) from the country to towns and cities is noticeable. IM'A)U IS ACSTK'IA. r..\3 «I1<1 wool: "^ I«<(l\,. |,,,|„ ,|,;it CUllllhvjii,. |-,.„ij,^' Slutcmiiil ulioiciiia llir fiitiif ,,f.,^.. , ClinniiciilH I'linhmi' Fiiiicy nm»[* ... l''riiit,s(ifii|l Ii/iiiIh'' i;i,i.« dill ftiid s(ia|i i!'iri' •rnto, i"iw ' CIllVPMdf l(ii|, ,t(5 Mftnl.H, id I ^Im.imuI in.slriimVi'it.s' I'liinlH ^ui|iljiir «'"m;, »I>iilts, iukYccVi ^^ I'll! ''lIl'lMIPIfl'.lllMl.!!.]" liei.'of (Inly ." Total Iiiiiiivct trailo. j\ltlll(.H. Hiittoiw ''Ii"l ills, Xn .'.'.'.',",' I,'!'!'""' I '"iiiiiVrartiViM(Vc < ':iiia-\v.,i(., A,; I Mies ]lfin\n [■ l:i\, iMiiniiractii'roH of I'l iiil.'t V'\\>^ , .'" • : ln,s.< nni, ulnVs-w.-In'. '-iNiih.T. ,„„[•„,:;,;•,)•,;.;; ;-;■.■ Mii^^Mal iiisinn.ii.ntH ^illi. .'iMii iniiiinr.icliuvmir" Uiny..»|,ni,,s, ,„„|,,,„,|i.,,^ J ^> oil), iVr I rrM-iiiiliirr:i|ril. i'lic oliliuy Vullli.. :i:i, r-x •I', :n() lii.i, ni;t (i. H(,(| 411), -J'J, •r.,;jijl ■iiJ, ■;i:i I''. II-,' .■;'!, ir.'j nil. l-,.| :'". -in 77, .-g:, 1,1, :iMi Tiim, (1117 l;!ii. l:i.'. IK). eiJii ;, e:m, tiio BtMiaUATIOX r.TO TUB UMTKO STATK. KU.M M:^nn^. «'"',v. A„,l „l,|,„„oi, ,1,,,',/;; !•'•-'>* *" .'';'l'*'"''M.an(l;i.7;J7of li,„. .'Statement : " ' ■'' " '" '" ■^''•■" ''.v n"lerc«.,oo to tlic Collo;!,,. -Vawte- of immigranis who animl i„ Ihr Viuir,! <;/.,/ » /• 1-70 Ki ....:" 1"72 1W3.... 1^74 Tota; 38 1, •i-^, 'M7 r)!»4 LAHOIi IN KVUUVE AND AMKUiCA. ViPiina is ono of tlio auficnt aii- to tiado and commerce, and the prestitje that has resulted from the concourse of the repiesentatives of all nations, are, it is believed, sutUcieiit returns lor the cost aiul labor bestowed upon the, undertaking. THE KID-GLOVE MANUFACTURE. The Vienna inanufaeturers were' fully represented at the Exhibition by a collection remarkable for elegance. Several kinds of gloves were found ill this selection as they are exported to all i)aits of the world. By means of important improvements introdutH'd in glovecuttiiig, regiilatintr, and sewing by niacliinery. the Austrian article has ac- • pdreil a good repute, and conse(piently extensive markets. The prin- cipal seats of this manufacture in Austria are Vienna and Prague, For several years past the denianil in l^nglaml and America has been very considerable, and the. export to thosc^ countries, as well as to Swit- zerlaml, Holland, the J)anubian Principalities, llussia, and the East lias steadily increased, as will be seen from the following tigures. _ The value of "-loves exported from Austria amounted in ISii;! to $;5,.'!()0,(Kl(l; lS(i4, to St,ryjO,(H)0; 180.-), to 8(i,S.l(),0(M); ISOli, to 8!t,42(»,()(M» ; 1 SOT, to !!(12,l!»r),(t()(>; 1808, to. -SI 1.<»7(),(>0I> ; bSO!), to 8ir>,7'.».l,Oll(t ; 1870, to .* 10,545,000; 1871, to $21,000,000; and 1872, to $22,545,000. Riirop(>, hut, until ;iliiii)st iUiy (itluT. iiirliiiit iniinnliu't- )iisist ol' silk iiml mill oriiaiiM'iitiil . Tlu'i'i' arc st'v iiti'i'H iiiiil al»out 1 (>iiiatii"iit.s, jew- taiiitidir-i. 'I'lici'c ml a iiiainiliictoi y I is iiiamil'actiircd (tf isilkstiin's is (> ('iiii)lit.v»'tl ill tlio i the iiiiiiiiit'actiiro ist('arf(iis|ilayt'(I. 1)1 llio tnuios uiid llt'lV. 1(1 situation, few us of «'iiJ))yiiH'iit, Tlio streets are lie lOxpositioti of (•elided in luaj^iii- ittenipted in any It t<» that city, as inent there of the ■d in eaiiyinj,' out the iinproveineiitH (! (piieUeiiin^' that zatioii. The per- the [trostige that •es ol' all nations, jor bt'stosvod upon LAIIOR IN AlVSTIMA. UA<;i , Kv Woot.KN.MILLH. 595 '';'-s H.en tiansialcd fro,, , . i ,*- .'I \''' V''} '""'•^ '"' '^"•^"i - "'"' tntns.Mitted (o ,],(, autiuu';,,' u/is n;';';;' "li'^^^.r'''''' "^''•^- '"'Gained' ^^r:!:!:!^!^^ ^— >• - Occupation. W.iikrnpn In wnreli \\ i"'l Niirtrr,^. . Iivi r-H wi-iiiTM* ; I'liislicrs •■.ilMl.riH, (uivU't'.'.'.l S|iiiiiii'r'H, (uhls, .__ SllirillclH, (l)(,yH).... ]*H'.1Mi'['H MiiHti r (In'RHiM'.']' .Mll-llll»hll||||.CH l;lllinrl,TH, («irl«il I «Hll«l,.( V ,iri.s|„\„i,.iH, I-;,);.!" " .iriLslican'rH S>/i rs lluiiil H-cavrrs"."". SjiiiiiliTrt ' • '"iirMi' Iiiii'l('r8 . ... Ni'i'rlli iviiuicn. .."' I'liic liiiilciM ■ WilslllTH J'lilliiH' limi'ils.;" Mn»I,t IlllllTH ....■ NcippiTH .M;i-Iir liiipprcs ..".', ''.inl-c'ldiinris.. I'ryiTN ■■ Slii'iiicr^ .'.'.. Mii'iiicM'.t, (hnvM)'"" l!rii.slii'i« '. ... M.is(|.rs|ienn'i-s!."' I nzziTs I'M'SMUl'll '.'.'.'.''. MiiMij- pii'sunioii ." siiiljpva KiiiriiK'-U'iidiTH l;.iil(.i'v lilii) kstnitli ■taclur.v taipi'iiters IltUun. Hoiirn, n. m. to 7 p. 1,1 — ilii a. 111. to C p. in ' Acuprd'ijioueDil, — ili> 111. III. iciOp. ni' Alllll(r«toin;ili. ...(Ill On. III. tdil p. ii'iil fill. ni. toe p.m.. • (III Afiiiril'KtonrijU.j ilo ...(Ill ■"■■ ...III. ■■■■ ...do ■■■■ .....i(. ■■■! ...do ■■ « (I. Ml. to 7 1>. lu Wtt«f«. *l !'"fni}J (i;i ...do ...do ■■• .. ilo ...do ;;;;; "n-in. to7 p. iii.'. fill. in. to 7 p.' ni;; — do ...do ■■■■ ....do ;■■ ...do ." ...m. to7'ii.'ni." .do n^oii(.„i„,,o„H«iuai;thTi^;;]i;;ir;^ ' I."' I . . . •J iHli) 'J iii; a !'i to ;i i.-i u IM 1 10 to I M (a) la) 8 ni to ;) 40 I' 111 III Hi ;IV 7 'J? Ill |i 70 il.) in uh •'I (■Kill 4 .17 3 !li to ;) 411 ■1 ■'7 to :, HJ < 31 to 1 il, ' •-» to S 1)11 1 •l.'itii 1 III I !'7 to y ;i;i 1 U7 to a [U .I i-J I fiOtn 1 7.'i 7 '.'• till',' 1.1 1 ci'io a 0.1 1 CI) 1 fiOlo 1 h'l !'!»to 1 lU 1 7,"ito I t;( i K'l to 7 'J7 1 7,Uo 1 HI 3 III 4 f'.'i to 5 sj a 111 to .•) 411 3 111 to .•) 4(1 ■I ''■'ill) ,-, (.J •■' I" to 4 e:, )9G LA DOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. OediimUou. Troppau. Biditz. lIiiinH. Uouin. ■\ViMkly 1 ■WoiUiiu'ii in warebon.se. ■\V()iil-s(irtrr« Dvi 'V.'iillVrs rlllHlllTS ■ i'oialji'is, (;;iils) SlMninTi*. (nirl!*) Siiiiiiirrs, (liii.y.^) Drcsm.'rs SIiLstcr-ilrcBscr^ 7ii;i^Ii'r-siiiiiiU'rs Yaiii-ivilcirt, (tjiils) TuisMTs Yiii-Ti-spdoli'in, (Kills) •• ■Wiirp-HlicalTi's Sizi'is llaml wpaviiH Spnaters Ciiiti'M' IniiliTS Ncoillrwiiincii .. riiii! Imrlers WiimIkts Fiilli'is' lianila Jhislci-rullfrs X;ippcis llaslci-nappi'i'sf (;aril-cli'aiii-iH In vers Siii'ai'tTS SiK'aii'iH, (hoys) Jininlicrs JliiHli'i'-nlicaroi-a liizzcis rri'Hsuu'n Ma«t(M-i)i't'S3iiiiui Sdikcis EnL;iin'-ti':i GO 04 r> H2 1 4.) 07 1 4r> 1 Hi 1 4.-1 7 7(1 t';V a Id 3 d.-! 2 Glj 4 r.-) 3 •: • Some of tlii'so ocfu to a want ol'tiMliiiii'al aW'V 100 '■ .Htracliiio ci'iits. A .slrai'liiif is 1 i)lVr KKI.striiidiiu- 0.7 I'ci- 100 .stiaidim- 4.-! (il'rr PiO slracliiii' 10, e I'er 100 stiaelimi 30 » liavo not bpi'n Ir aiislatci. oHicivs pvoliably not concotly rouJi.rod, o%viiij; latimi., -- . , , 1 . .. uiowl,.dp.o,.,l,opMit "t,tl"l'r^'";:!;!';;;;^_.., ^^ 33 ,,„ts; stron;; yarn, 49 to 57 •' \\:nu lUid wni.r, iici'ordiiii; lo Iuo'Ik 700 Vii-iinai'll.s. or L.-iO" 1:iil;Iis1i yards, to 14.5 cunts, aicoidiii;; to llio liiu^iifss of tho yam. roiils. ,7 cents, cents. PRAGUE, nOlIEMIA. This ancient oiry, tl.o cnpital of li..lH>n,in, Po«s^s«os rnony inilnstrml (.stablisl.mont.s of consiilciablo imporlanc." ; and it i^. to be us" ttU that a .' X.n...t of tht> rates of uagos i.i each branch «t ntannlact.no was not obtained. MARKET rUICES IN PRAGUE. Statemmt showing ihc avcraje m •■ Ueans "J" -■ Millet '1" ■ do Valnein United States n"l'l' Articles, . (rs ill tho city of ValneinUnitcii Stales K"''!' nuekwlieat .. Indian corn. . I'otatoes .do .. .ilo... 62 Oli 1 'It 1 |H 05 1 47 2 27 2 '1^ 1 37 1 .53 4G : Hay percwt ' S(::i\v '>" ; ! ]■ ,,.(• per iiciiiiid j Wine" pert;all(.n S lleer '''>•; I Wood percord.. • w-.id .i"-',- '■"■I- • ' l.aliorers' waL'es, wi t lioiit i lio.ird per day.. ?1 03 to 15 to G 21 to fl 3!) i;j 1 45 20 0.) 55 eO lo Hi 24 37 to C'J Biilitz. AVccUly |i. m. > ('iji. 111. ) 7 p. ?ii. fa 42 1 l:i 1 bJ y 1.- 1 i;s ■«^ 111 to ;i ^- !i 18 (i ■'■> 1 -ji 1 U! ) 4.5 I 10 1 lii 1 45 1 li) 1 i:y 1 m 5 t^j 1 45 !IT 1 45 1 ll> 1 45 7 'ii; •J I,-' :i ^,•^ •J CO :) 15 4 K> 3 • = I'utly ruudiTotl, owiuj; strous yarn, 49 to J7 s many imlnstriiil is to be rt'Kictti'd ;;b of iiKUiiitactiu'o >in'..ti''s in tlw cU\j of ]ier cwt.. . . . do ■-. -r jiniinil. . ■1 yiilU.n.. ilo piT foi'd.. (u'V i;\vt.- i t li oil t .pi'i' duy.. Vnhii' in \ 'nitcil Slates ;, old. $1 .m Kli llj ?1 n:! to 1 4,. 15 to 'JU li i;i to !l 0 Ki-uni i-;.4i) t. Ji:!" (W. Fii ?rii to?iiio ■Oil .■?l:)>-.i;!) to -.-l.-Lf:!!. Mil *ici.Mj loJ-J:tl. 4.1 From $UJ4 Total i-J to .j'jJJ , lliO. « 0111 lie Coilowiii itu'icf of I.,iiitz, on ti C tlic'ii paid to \voik.|)(.( ^ . trial establisliiiu'iits ii/tliat Avinigo T,-iif;i..s of ii laborer in l,-<7;j, f statciiiiMit. translated ii roiii 3!1 to ■ iidcor I 0111 a report of tlic ('iiaiiil p|)er Aiistria, s ]di' eiiii'loyed in the v Ihiws tiie rates ler (li .vetir virions faetones and ind ol \vajje.4 iis- ih,;i [The Aii.strian fl '(/ iv,t!)r^ i„ rpiHi- AitKlrut ill ]S70. lorin. Hnlidiviiliil im,, nm ]^,., 'iilznr. is alinii ciinil („ ,(,~ ,m,is. riiitcd Slati old. Oc Miiiiod ill— 111 Aiist I'iau oiirrciicy. ('oflciii-sniiiiipviet ' 111 United SlM.s i wold. Coll. 'ii-taetorio. l-.--]M;iiieri '' 411 Uri'iitzer to o iii' \'o(iieii-r.(cloiies J-1 C AHiill loale.s :i.K ya;u spiiiiierie.s .J Aiioli CcnKil III I :iii 1, :i5 ki iiiitzir III 1 1 l!l.-Jlo!li; lillH ' \'.I.-J 1,1 7-J |.|.||. leiU/.llto i.lllloiiii.s n.l TJiieM-lactorii til.is.s !';u;lin ic I'.ipi i-(ai'lorii. Cliililreii , OSZT lo I ilor,,, lil) kiviiizei to i lliiii,, 35 to CiO l 4ilklillt lli.3 to He,.nl.> -II ki-i m.v|.i' (, .'0 loi'll "II kivnizei- to 1 lloii ■ins lO.-Jtci 3.-..S te •-'5 1, ^5 I, lelilzer III I 1-lllIZi !■ to 1 *li to II liulill; olili oiin . ■-'I uir.ii .i.tii to .):■ I-Jlo^-, 40.SIO J- ^^iolllllly \vai,'e.s, ineliidi ; lioiuit and lodij iiiwi no 8 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. m Y'i :'; S~ ''■ M fortlio yoar ISTO, before tlio jiciioral rise in tbe i)ri('o of labor, that snino expliiiuitioii isHMiiiiretl. EitiuT the siiins iia!iie Corn-nical Ueiif. tivsli : lloastiuL'-pit'Ccs Soup-pil'ft-S Kuinp'hti'alis Voal : I-\u'<'-qnart)MS llLiiili|iurti,'i8 Cutlrts i Muttiin : F<:rn quarters I Lf;: I (,'liopa Tork : Frrali I Uaciin I Hams, ainoked SIluuhllMS Saiisa;;cs fyard iiiUtcr tlll'O.Sl' I'otutoos Kirc X'.oans Milk *;««» GliOCKlilES, ETC. 1'fia, Ooliinu. "r other i-iinil lilai'.k 811.»'0 per liarrol. 61-J.^O ]tvv liairi'l. Sli per harri'l. HdAU ]wv Uari'i'l. x'8 cents pi.T potiiid 'JJ cents per ptmnd. a 1 to "J.) cents per (lound. 'JRconta per pound. ;il cents per pound. Ill cents per pound. li cents per pound. 14 cents per jiouiid. 14 cents per pound. 20 cents per ptuinrt. cents piT piMind. cents pet' pound, cents per pouinl. to .'til cents per pound M'tits per poiuni. to 40 cents per pound to .")0 cents perijound. pi'l' Ini^liel. U cents jier pound. ■; cciits fier ipnirt. o 10 cents per i|uart. to 15 cent.s jior tlozt;n Articles. lietail-priteH ia ifili. Gkoceides, liTC— Cont'd. Cotfee, Rio; | (iieen j Uoasied I Su^ai', ;;ood brown ,Si]iip . ] Soap, coininon I Slareli ; Fuel : Coal W 1. Iianl ... Wooil, piuo :10 to 40 ot^its per pound. 40 cents per pound. I'J cents per |ioiuid. .'iO to U I cents perpallon. tt cents ])er poand. lU cents per pound. $12 tn?!r> per ton. i:\ to *1 ,50 per cord. iW to J.I pur cord. SO cent.i per pound. IIOMESTIC lUiY-GOODS, ETC. Sliirtin::s : lirowu, 4-4, .standard <|iialitv nie cIi.m'I. 4-4, .staiul- urd ipnility SbeetiriL's: Brown, 0-8, Rtnndard iiu:llllv lile.ielieil.O-tf, stand- ard i|U.i!ily Tickings, ^ood qindity.. Moussi liUi' de laines . . . Satinets, lueilium qual- ity .. Boots, men's biMvy IIOl:sl. KENT. Four-roomed tenements Six-!oo!ued tenements. . . 10 to 15 cents per yard la to 10 cents per yard. 10 to 13 cents per yard. 11 to i:i cuts per yaril. UC to 40 cents iier y:nil. VIO to 40 cents per yaid, tiO t(vOO c.nt-i jieryaid. $4 to -is per pan. ■?1 to$1,riO ppr month. >?!.!*li to *; iier m"ntli. Ill the following statement, translated Irom an ollicial publicatioiiof Austria, j)nbli.'shed tit Vienna in ISTJ, the measures and values aiu expressed in the respective standards of tbe United States: if labor, that some liiivc been {Kiuiiu ' tli<' yciir. tlicUiiitrd States 'sof wajirsiii tliat fontiiiriitalcitit'vs; I llir ijvar I'i'W. )M. Ditilv 81 Oft 1 dO 1 III) •1 .Ml 1 ill 1 'JIJ 1 00 red witii tlio rates cr of tlw oaiiiiiiifs troiii tlio piitH's of eu iu the iollowiii;^ iTO. /((.!/(, ((«(? (duo of house- lietailpricea in It-Ti. ISO to •10 Wilts por pimnii. ■10 Cfllt.t IH'I' |lUllilll. \i cciith |ii'r |ii>iiii(l. ril) to icfiitsju'i (inlloii. i) ei'iits jirr ]iiiiiiiil. 10 ceiiln pm' iiouiiil. $12 to $!r> per ton. 51H tiiijl TiU pi'i' ci>ril. i}-i to 5.1 per ciiij. 10 to 15 cents per yaril 12 to 10 cent.s per .viinl. 10 to 12 ci'ntu per .v;inl. 11 to 11! cntBiiiT yiivil. 2C to 411 coiilH per yiinl. 2U to -10 eeiit» ]iui' yiud. fiO to !10 c, nt^ lier yaril. $4 to !}8 per pair. 1 81 to ?l.rift per mimtli. ..1 61.S(i lo «; per ni"!itli. u;ial publication of OS and values aiu titatc's : LAnoiI l\ AUSITJA. 50 D Slatniuiit HhoH'iii'j the price of ])ivi'ini t ■ v>uMowt,i:j tlie price of provMons an,) f„.J, nnd ih, ,h,]h, „■„.„. , r ■ r , , ■ GoverutiKutal ilistiicls imd cities. Y.At VeiiL I'oik. Sliitto Oaliei:i: I..eiiibcr;j 'rnroopiil Mililiirv liorder: Olocae ^I'ew tiracli.'sea .'!."!!!! Wi'issliirelieu Sloravia: liiUiiii Jufiii.sier ""] ^'^UtltS(•|li^ NilidlKbuif; " Oliiiiit/, Teilscli Sile.sia: Zauerniy Kolieiiiia: TaUi.r Luwer Austria: Treisiituuer V'ieiiija Vienua-Noiisladt .. . . . Stt'ieriiiark: Graz Kaeiiiieii: Feliiliirclien lijiPl'i' .'"".W^/.'. IvI.iKiiilurt viiiacii ;■;;■■ Vollieruiarlit Kraiii: Lailiach I'pper .\iiMiria: Uilahr Tyrol: liozeri iieruu ;;; •• CenUp,'rlb \ Cc„Upcrlb. | Cent.. j,n- Ih. i Cr„l>: .nr lb 1J« ; ll.S lo 11;. (i : l,-,.4 to 17.7 I i). r) 11. :i 10. li 14.2 10. e to 21.3 lli. (i to 17. s 17.fi 17. a 17. 8 to 111. .-. 10.0 lo 17.8 in to 14.2 10. C to 17. H 17.8 PI. .-| 13. a to 2U. 1 17.2 ll.S 11. H ]i.;t la 4 Hi to 20. 1 M. 2 lo I."). 4 I.'.. I 17.8 l.'i. 4 to li;, II U.!l III II, -J 0. 5 to 10. 7 !.">. 4 to 10. 17.8 20. 7 22.5 to 41. 5 14.2 1:1.01 1:1.01 17.8 1". !l to 20. 1 10.0 l„ 17.8 18. !ll In. ill 18. iio 17. 8 to M. 1 :i 8 3 14.2 to 17 ,•^ l:i lo 14. •-' i:t i.-i. 4 to 14.2 ir HO 11.11 to i:i 10.0 to l.^.ni;' 14.2 to 14.8 ! 1,1,4 („ iij 1.V4 I 14.2 to 10. 10, i; to 17 H 14.2 lo I.-,. 4 I,-,. 4 lo 10.0 14.8 to 10 { ii.4 to 10.0 0. '> to 10. C ! 15. 4 to 17. 2 10. C to 2,1. 1 ; 1.-,. 4 to 17. 8 14.8 lo 17.2 i 14.8 to 10 14. 2 to 17. -, 14. 2 lo 17. 8 17.8 20.1 to 21.':) 20. 7 H.2 to 15.4 2;). 7 1:1 to 1,1. 4 17.8 to 18. no 20. 7 20. 1 17.8 to 1,-. Iiii 10.7 to 11.8 ii.8 to ia 14.8 to 16 10.7 to 11,8 17.8 to 20.1 18.90 to 20. 1 11.8 to 1:1 • Govoruiiieut:il iliatricts and cities. Galicia : I.i'inlipri^ Taruiipol '" Slilitarv lioriler: Olocao New tirailisea .'.".].' \VeiM^lxircIieu Moravia : liiUnii Kienisier '* Keuiitsiliiii Niiinlsiiuijj; Oliniir/. ...... Tell.scli Sile.sia: Zaiiernijj Bolieraia: Tailor LowiT A iistri;i. ; i'leisiiiauer ^'ieniKi '' " Vicnna-Neiistadt ...'. htoiiTiiiarlc : Llraz Kaijniten : I'eldliirclien liappel Kliiuenlurt Viilacli .'.'.'.." V(iil{i)riiiarlit :..." Krniii ; l.ailiacii . Lard. Centu per lb. .■1.1. 5 2(1. li 20. 7 Bread. Giiiti per lb. 2. 7 to III. 8 2. 2 to 10. 8 n. 5 to 10.7 y. to .1.1) Wood. Uard. lilier Aiistri;i. Tyrol : UrCilii iiilZIM Mora 2*. 4 30. 8 to ;i:i. 2 27. 5 27.5 21). li 27. 5 ' 4. 1 to 5. 3 3.0 to 10.7 .^:^ to ri. o 4.7 lo 8.3 .5.9 lo 10, 7 3 to 8, 3 30.8 3 to 10,7 22. 8 to 24 5. :i to 20. 1 27. 5 4.4 to 10.7 2.). 7 to 20 7. 8 to a 9 2:1. 7 1 4. 1 to 7. 7 27. 5 i 20. 7 to 29. •'!. fi to 8. :i 5.11 lo 13 20 27. S to W. 27. 5 1 :i. (i lo (1.5 4. 1 to 0. 5 4. 1 to 11.8 I'cr curd. $0 12 to J7 9') a ;i7 3 oi; 3 00 to 4 iw 8 10 to 17 7 90 to 8 40 7 05 to 8 1 12 7 15 7 39 to 7 05 5 00 T) 09 Soft. 26 to 27. 5 i 4. I to 21.0 to 2(1 29.0 lo :i:). 2 ,4. 1 to 4, 1 to 4. I to Per eiird. $5 10 to it; 37 5 10 2 111 2 P( 4 08 to i> 12 to 6 37 4 58 to 5 01 4 3 1 5 00 4 59 to 4 M 3 Bl 4 08 to 4 18 3 31 to 3 ,57 5 10 8 Oil S III 7 15 to 8 10 I 5 61 to 03 12 10 to 12 2:1 8 CO 4 08 to 5 09 I 2 ^0 lo 3 I/O j 2 2!) to 2 50 I 4 4:1 I 3 00 to 4 08 I " I 3 20 to 3 30 I i 8 00 to 9 17 i 15 to 6 10 a 55 to 3 (0 2 14 to x; -1 1 fl to 1 9!) 2 ,-1) a 29 to 3 no a 45 to 2 55 4 84 to 37 0:1 ,; M \ «! i n^ GOO LABOR IN KUROPK AND AMERICA. I'ncc of providioiis anil fuel, and the dMij wagc-t of onlinurij lahur, Jo.— Cout iiUKjcl, Governniontiil districts ami titii.s. Coal. Brown coal, (Iieat.) Charcoal. Aviinifti* ilall.v wages.* Gullcia : Li'iiiliiTS I'er ton.t 58 -Jj to ;iUi.l,slmr,i.' "s'iii to'fl'co' n CO 7 05 to rt til (1 'J-J i> 01 8 CO IJ 4-1 9 31 7i to 7 '.M 1 no to 2 10 7 08 to 8 04 5 70 to 7 20 a'i'io 8 110 la 44 a 5!) to 4 'M 3-. 1 28.8 to :,-,.,; 24 ti' 4;- 28. 8 to 33. 3,1. i; Trllscll Si''...r nt'i'i'si-ary ininvaialioii woro not atti'iulcd witli sati.sfaftoiy iv,8nlts, lie i.s niidcr I he ncccs.sit.v of diawiii;.;' largely fro'n tlic ri'poit.s of t!i«'. si'crciaiics of kpilloii and consuls of tlio liiitish fiovcinnuMit. It is to be vi-jiri'tti'd that this information was not sathcrcd by tlu'iii at a later period than ISTO. as in the foUowiii-;' jia.iies the rates of \va;;es are given previous to tlie general advance iu liSTL and ISTU. Ill tlic villiLji's iiliont Vii-!iii;i tliiTo is ;i coiisiiliTillili' iiuiiilicr of W(';;v( iv, v lio nvc a!si :i"riciiltiir;il i^ilioriTs ; iuiil iu tin' iiiuuutniiKinH Wdodlaiids y (no- diicc. wliici. cannot he made' li'y iiiac!ii;ic-v,dvk. Consideraldr iiiiiiiitiri.'Mirclol l:-stmi< tluis iii.iiiiilactiiri'd, iiiid ot very iiilVnoi- (inality, iire not only toiisiii.ifd in Aii.stria, lou also i-xiioi'tod at low iiriucs to tlio Daiuibian i'lincipalitios and otlnu' iiarls oi'Tuilun. ', ♦ » » » » » ■WAGKS OK AGKlCCLTCltAl, LAISOl!. Ill fO? tlu^ avpfivo rnto of wages of noiifiiltin-al laboicis in Ansfiia was from "il \n 4(1 lloiiii.s a year, (fVom l!i!l4.4() to ::;li).-Jli.) of wonicii, tVoiii HI to :!0 oiiiis, (.>l.-i( to !^M.!(i 1 cxcl'iisivf. lio\v>'Ver day. 2e. 8 to 31. (-. 3,-. 1 3-. 1 , to 11 M 2.^. 8 to :<;. .; ; lo -* (14 i to !•< -Jl a .vj 31 .i(i i (0 !l Ml u :.:; 24 ti' 4s 2d. 8 to 33, li 3.1. 11 ID. 2 to !;4 n; ,-o 111. 2 to 24 2 to 4 to 19.2 to 2j. a j'to' 6 CO 2^. 8 to 3?, 4 28. b to 4d 4 80 28.8 to 49 D to 12 4-* i to 1--1 ■!■* 1 to 3 4il ) to 17 -J-i 8 to Iti 24 3.3. fi to 3e. 4 48 33. C to 38. 4 33. fi to 38. 4 31. 2 to 38. 4 5 to 4 eO 28. 8 to 33. 6 33. C to 38. 4 ) to 3.S 40 G to 12 4d 33. 6 to 43, 2 38. 8 to 48 U Uilojjram 3. STRIA. I: Aii.'^triu and Tiiake iiulitidii of liibor in 1- and ot lior oriirinal d with siiti-sliictoiy from tlio rt'poit.s of di jiovcrmiu'ut. It licrt'd li,v tluMii at a tbc ratt's ul' wages lid lS7:i. )f \v<'.3vci>, w lio arc ulsi ;' till' AViildvioiiti'l, IVom wiiid to till' Upin'i- Alls- iicU, I'aciis I'loiii 1.") Ill I'.t iili till' |i(i\vri'-l(iiiiiis. i:i \y of thr wiiri) llicy |iiii- liiaiil itii's oi' clDlli-stiiUs .iiisuMfii ill Aiistriii, Imt otliof iiai'ls i)i'Tiiiki',v. 1 Austria was from "f to til :'.0 oi-iiis. (.fl.-O 10 iviili'il I'.v till' ('iii;iUivi'r. ml ill ji.irt totiii'^('i!'T:ii 1 coiiwiilcialjly tbroii^li- LABOK IX AUSTRIA. GOl PAVMKXT OF WAGi:s IN MINKS. Eve T.Vtniiu'-coiilrai'tiiii.sl Wlii'ii(}Vi:r ii i.sImiuikI liylaw to si'ttlr witli 1 cii tlui iiart (if tiiiiii'il nhlJMa'ii vyiiikiiian is (ILscliaij;!'!! In. mnsl I iiia.',tiT8 ayaiiiHt mo II iiaiil at II can legally iiivalidato Till' btiipiia.i;!' of a workman', ■s woikin('|i, at least, finarterly. ■■■■■■e. No oiilstai]iliii;r claiiii or qiialily tliijiiltove-iiieu- Iiy lliu winkiiian to a tliirtl 's w a ires liv I person is .V Iii« employer for payment of debt contraeteil ;al 111 tl 10 .iteel-eastinj; faetorie: iiuii ami Icail lelii at till llOIII'S lil.asf leries vva,:^eN ai WOIiKINli-HOCRS. wase.s ai'o paid by 1 fariiaei at a till I. At r iiirnaees is t welv iso paid iiv luiiilnd-weinlit prodiii-ed. In the , will e lioiirs ]M 1- (]i|.] veiMJit, ami the livei lest ic end of every 'i loii^i;- intervals of leiio.se lit '' every six lioiirs one set of At piiildlini' I U'e lelii;lli of labor le men mi y work six I ween the diDerelil loaiiiims „1 worl kmeii empldvid in Hie lei loiiis is allowed in weldiiiH' and roll men is reiieved I liiu mils for every lour " lonjies " nr hi liiiiiiji I'or.ues, the work is t ills'. I'or ly amiiber. rem e Ulif t eii'tine-waiieis, and lioiirs on tin ly s woik in Ibis de|iartmeiit i Willi a (iiiarter of an boiir >i'i,'.;bt and a baU average, \V drawers, work for twelve I tlieir breakfast and diiiner-I.i tliey only w,,ik for ei'dit Im lie-drawers and beiidi s reekoi led at ten and 's rest bet iipliiiiL!; for break-asl ■nr flee wlleii tb liin-makei-t ami dinner. docs not exeeed ten and a half 'I'll Wink for twelve li oil., Co lalf Ween eaeli or eleven mill waler- iil-workers jjet e average leimth of tbo w but not wlieii or eleven bom orking-day, tberefi THE nouns OI- WoiiK, W.VO Wiiik in tbe Aiisd Willi the ■S, .\NI) I.\C1! ;.V.si; IX IIIK I'lIODlCTIO.V or wovi;x (ioo as. lan weaviiu iblisbnirnts val eptionof Sunday.s, tbe ebuieh ie.sti es on tlironfiboiit tbe wboli and L-erlain national or li The niimlier of woikinK-da leai fe.sci- (lailv bill thiit IIS 111 work ainonnt tii twelve' 1 een in oilier plaei's.aiid ii ys. therefore, in most ii leie and there, inoi lannfaetories is about lUIO. The 'Ihe rate of ami till' niiee of i' the d W;i<;e.s villi. 1 winter to fen or elevi'ii e espeeia lly ii 1 siinime aeeonliiij; |,, tbe lliielmui irovisions in diderenf di.sirj on of f ■seiiptiini and sex of the lal ets. It adjust 10 avera.!,re market iiri silselt furl •■iiiployed in the maniifaetiao of textii '"■■'■r. fn the year bSOibedaih iiT aeioiilino; to fab ries, at their hi.diest wa;;es of a labornr average, were as fo(- Districta. lower ami tJiiner Austria .. \ iiralbii" ■ T.vioi...: ..:;:: l!"lii'iiiia, (Hal i.r low "lii ia Odiur ilistiicts omiiitiy) Kreiitzer.s. U. S. ceiKS. (i, (,0 .^0 40 to 4.-, 80 to 1 lloriii. I 3,s t*. 18 31 29 24 mj tw 22 20 Sine 'I'ex *';:;s !^';p:,";;:;,;r" '""■^"'^'^" '^" ■"^•■'^"- - ^-'s-, wineh With refereiiee to the anioiints to .tnd .amu;; eno';::;'^;; ::;^!e;;i:r ■ :;™n;i;;^r:rr^^^;r i:^e::;r i ""■ "r-s - ^^"-^''» Slati-stieal (lata have been (■olleeteil on 1 e dv.,, o'V,, 1 t ,' '^ '■',""'''■ '•""■'■'.^- "''" a.s cati be eatbmvd from t!,.,.n , V di letion i V !; )' !;' '.""'■^t''"' l"'".''"'''-^' As far meats diirin- ibe vear isru iri • ^ ''"""-"^" "* ^^■^"''-' "I'Mcles lu Austrian establish- Articles. Val 111' — In florins, (Aiis- , ,, ,, tliaii turreiiry.) '" o.!^, (jolj. Cotton I'aljiicfl ^^■o(ll^.u lalirii s .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".".'." |:i|'lj.:Mi. (!.i..,<..worirmiiVniaini'fa",-timj" of i."nr.ii'r,H)" 3.-. 000, Oro (ill, 11(111,11110 7. Oiiii. mm 10, 000, 000 $10,8110,000 2-. Mill, IIPO 3, 3!;ii, l,M.O, (JCO .■5, 000, 000 2, .|on, 000 602 LABOR IN F.UROPE AND AMERICA. H r..M'.in'mnas;^ tile :>nny, una the incm.H.d con.u.nption of «..ch gouU« lu the .... ^'■'slmM. iM.wevc- tl,... IbnMsn.aml especially the K ..^11^1., .onMHtition (n,v.m..l by tl.e l.,« ,:.ot' l.e ■ « m.l the .h.ties .... i...l....te.l wo,,],.,. ......n.l.r ,u, s) has .nu..o Itsel, ieTt t.. the .,'osl woi'derful exte..t, the 'cou.litiou of th.. bran.!. .,1 ...d..stry h.s ''r';n:.';riur'.t';i;;.se (bel,,;; ,ri„..i,..lly r,>n,.ent,.at.Ml i,. n...l .,bo„t Vie..na) hav. -fi;n;;;:d;i.i';:ftS'::i^'n^:in.'^'anv;;^ "' Tl,e'n;..n,f-..t..n- i<( linen, es,,eeiallv in liol.en.ia, Silesia, nn.l Mmavia, is e.uriecl .ni Silesia, ;1U in Moravia, a..(I '~'-i ... lyiol. In II mmaw there were in ISTi] bat four manufactories of textile fobncs, the 1 ;?1^ •iverajre wages of male han.ls (at Lo.enz) ben,^ -^ cen s. and llie lowest, (at Kilsnuirk,) It) cents ; of women, Irotn 1.. to J4 cent., a!..! of children, tron. U to 15 cents, ,.er day. Further quotations aro made from the British consular reports, as follows : rACTOUY HANDS AND THAUK-WOl'.KMKN'. TncbT this head there i.s a siT.it d.'n.'ieney of trnstwor.hy ofr.,'ial statisties. TI.e ..^:;:^:,:;^ffft':arehas...n...n|nlbrn..^ T • H :1 .m . ■ t ies\vhieh are, as vt, the ..nly ones aeeess.ble ev.m to othe.al n,- li the MMi.ty '■'■''';''','*,];''':''' A,;.,,,, a ah ...t ti,:il(i,0(IO work...en. Of this ..i.ini..r ?;":^;r::Lt^ "S: ' .p-'ovUl^rwlu: lod^i,.. ..y 4'.. e,.,,U.y..rs '^1- n.,.,1,. „: i £,r\i:u;;i;:7;r^,;^;;;K':;::.l:i:;;i«S'\,;;;:,.;;;t^ b 1 n 1 ve n ,a nied men, partly i.i workmen's barn.eks, i-artly ... sjM.a.al. b.' s. 1. lit '' V,;,, , ' ,, f^ ,,iv,, 1, .l'.in- to CO.OOO workmen. Lod.^nii-s, .■.'iit, f.Te, lor ''k::f'^:: :?^,:bui;n::n .•rd;^^;.;::'^;^' eiii^nrilor-f hons.., of whieh, t.y ,,.. Nmi 1. \N '7;'';'' ''',,, . tl ^vork...aii can ^radnallv lu.rrhase the owiiersliip. Moit'of U' eTu^ n . 1 t ^^ m. lan^^s it may here he ...e..ti,l..e,l, allow a -Hseoniit on She ,.„■!..' f mil way- tickets lor w.Irknieu. The Sudhal.n, for instance, .a very l.bcr.l in this '•'■"l"'';''; ,, „,,,,, i,,i,.. provide.! by ^^'0 establishments for .ir>,7;» wo.kim^n, or >ibol. I'i 7 c m.t o'l' 1 h.de workini.lass ..s above est^.nate.l. Ma..y w..rkiij,.n S';t.;.::i:.renH;"fy..-.h,.ire,..,doye.;^ relief in . It l.ev ■...' K"nerallv sni.pMe.l with sto.v-roo..., a...l oth.u« buil.lii.j^s, .■ . .,,.,;,.> iii.r :illi,Mfllli:.' iil.7tJi haiil en.pio.N iiifi aili'j;elli>:i' alfoi'tl K..|il)ort. of oni^ ^orl (ir ot tion in Ciise . ' . . .. i .... :ds It 41 _, her, to iheir 1. amis in c f u.'ei.ient or death. I'.y 1*") .■slablishn.en Mir.Hi ai.ii i.«i-iii.>-i ii'> li , .^1...,, ...... — ! l»'i' cent, of the whole \vo.Uii.,^-ci;iss) use of sieknoss, a..d eoiiipi'iisa ts (WViA'Ji hands) tlie liespita fees for hick workmen are paid u.itirely. 1.1 live factories, -.ill workmen, the expeusM A. a roinnrkiililo iiirronsp, vv iiiati'iiiil ■, ami lo tlii' the war. l-di;, (111 aiM'oimt of ihv ' MUcli t;i)U(ls ill tho iii- ii'titioii (lavort'd by llio iiMirac'liin ■•) lias iiuuli! blanch 111' industry lui-i nil itiwmt Vienna) havr 1 s(inu' Inanclifs of tlii' iiv ret mil. • * ■' ti'd to tiJ, with ■.!70,:'.Kl 1 Moravia, is carried on is lifinjf very slowly cs- 34(5, of which 21)4 arc in iosof toxtilofivbrics, ■iiz) bfiii;-' ;38 cent.s IVoiii 1.') to '2i cents. tber quotations an; ofTii'ial statistios. Tlie n till' CliainhfrM of Cnni- tahlishincnts, (hey nui>t i)rl;inj;-cliissi'st>niiiloycil. sililc even to oliirial iii- ikincn. Of this nnini" r iiHiloycr.s. Tlio modi' I'l I'll aro lodjjiMl with ihi i, 4,dl() woiUini'n ; 4 ostii^- lilisliment.s furnish r(ir:i- nits, cni|iloyinhiiieiit'^. lie' wholo woikinn-class) ' sickness, and coiiiiieiisi- j,4'J-! hands) tlie liosiiit;il I workiiu-n, tho cxpeuseJ LABOU IN AUSTRIA. 603 for (h le caiv and cni;e of (he siik are .lefraved l.v 111 men. In 4;i(i facloiirs (KiD/.i^lil 1 to wliicii II 4-JU U 10 ('111 ployei iaiid>) relii'f (inns per aiinnn •s conti'ihiite ji li SIlCK-li tontriliiiiiiiiiM (it' til,, worlii proporlioii to their ajiv and to 7 I 1, in addition to snoi, varvini; in ai joiiit roiitriliiition of masters and Is,; ilaliii.Nhed, les and ]ieii,si(Mi liiiii lien. I' a ciiiiliihiitii)n"iif I'll,,,, •> of (i4,0i:(l I Jiayin. ■allli, ( Tlien lids, lor instance, Ki.uiiu le eontnliiiiiiiiis of tl ler cent, of tlieir wanes. Ill the life-insiir;ii] ajoiity of Willi, tin. noiint inmi 12 Ijiicins to piM' ec'il. on tho ;io c woiknien are in.idiiated i pel' cent. 'I'll (ISO wli ! f I arc retniiied men ce prineiph'.) and v: fri p.iy only 1 or -.ipi.rcc'Mt. Out cine and medical att( received \,y their lainilies ... (lilioii to the aliove, snppdrt bick-list. 'I'l weeks. Aloi pay only 1 p,.|' e,.||f as payiiijr I j ') a siiuiU contrihni in case of death. Tl reccivi ion to llie hnii 'cr ciiit., 'Hid ;!l.noo,is 111 c,'is(' (if .sickii to 1 1 tioiiH at I le averai^e leiiijth „l^ time t extended relief and oti 'lint of h.tlf ( OSi; will) piiy o p,,,- ss, llieiii- 1 expeii.sns is ,ils() ir which t lii'ir w,'i;;.vs, when ;| C(!llt. receive | 11 ad i(! rate (if :! (,r 4 workniair.s coiitrilmti small aiinniiies to widows, per cent, to tl ler advant; 'I-* support is coi "'.v are (111 tho -in oiilv Ijo on to this fiiml i iclicf-tiind. Tl si.'i'iired 1 ifinii.'d is eijrlit s lixed at .'i or ( lose faetori, liowcver, IS rarely if ever aide to 1 ii'phans, and perinaiieiit i I per cent., aiford is only niaint.iiiMMl hv exteiisi In tl criiiiient factory at /, icar these e ve assistiiiiei' on tl nvalid The to the thoiisaiMltli jiart of the <;■ eltwi;r, for in^t xpeiisivn claims iipmi it; ji,,,! d Mm part of employ ly coiitriliii- ;^ ill wiiieh tho .I'ensioiis an, I ie''-l'iiml itself. 10 system , III ]ier cent, of the aiinnal w ss pi'olits. And hy tlieSudlial s aiiiin.il assist anee anionnts iibor jier cent. 18 e !;cs IS paid to tho s III eilL;iiie.|';i,.t,,,,y j ,;|) ^..eoiaiiy c^ioscd to ajcidcnt .id io^^'^'^'ailVlL iS"'!:;!:::;',:?;' Ill the trades the care and SBiiscliaflcn. cnriMif the sicl been Educational cstablisl li is provided for by their iiig-schd tlieir OH insnliicient iu iinml liflcen Kill !r and defeeti^ inieiits for the worl port mnsic-scl ill (inality. IIIL to isyeiieially ■Cspeetivi 11 schools: thii'ty-ono pay for .scl tories pay only a certaii lis; thirty-nino all Iioolinji; at the of the cliildr I anmia sum to the comiiiiinal-scl Dicii's iiifant.s •en connected with them. S speetablc workiiig-w 110 iinincroiis. Thi iewing-selidols f :y I'lialile, wl without ch send to niai arjic, dnriiifr the t onian to phieo her infant wl lerever tin ir f^irls ami niir- lasses have liiiherio ories siippoit dra'v- ■iiefion ill three fae- cdncatloii even I'act ord f;r;itniioiis in'sii iiiiinniial-seliooN oois toward tin line she is at wi lerc th( y are estaiilisjie,!. •ries for wi i^rcatest ('a every ;•,■- onest and hard-workin- Kimlisll moll As ri'^^ards th,; education of ll mh au mstitntioii would U I'e is taken id" ir able doiilit that recent scl.ool-bill lie workiiifi-ciasses »r()rA-()(ry-/,()„;',y._Xho statist lUi imnienso and benelicent stiiuul ll ready described ill Austria, there cin 1 lis wi 111 )o no rcasoii- iiiK day teems to be about twelve 1 ics on this Lead aro v avo been given to it by tl at It iiinst ho remembered I'ly incoinpleto. T loaver.i'jo work pi'eseiit enjoy uo less th III coiineciidii therewith, that ,'1 t . -u- ,' "" *v.oo iiiaii oeveiiiv-t and m some ot tho proviuccs tho number :iil seventy-six whide hojid.ivs in th le w-orking-classes in .\ of holidavs IS greater. course of tl iistria •■ year ; SUliVKY OF THE PKINCIPAL TU.VDKS FliU.M A WOliKI.NU-CLASS 'OIN'T OI' VIi:\v. ... Austria to the ropreseufatioti of tlni^. trmh's at Vi.nli . ' ' »'"'''-'« -^""''i^l^-'J it/;;d;::i,;;^;ni"iei';:^'i:;;r^,i;!ii;;;^:;:';:i,:-';if '-^ -i-'-^t-i ;« that of the turners. The slwaiuihr, number ll )( .,IT '"' ";,' '.^'"Ji-'^t"''--. Arc «ot only supplies uU tlK^ AuS, luMlu ,1 H:;;;^ J r/"1"''"' '' ry "'"'-i^'-'^ "lie, totlio value of Ironi 5,(lUU,0ua ^{o oVm f, 'n ' " ^v:' '"" f'" '■■^■""■"^ " ^M' m the ,_'o.i,se of last year the vain, if 41 ui ■ uic V . l"-' '"'"*-' '"'""' ''-^l""''-'-! as much as -2 Uoriiis DU cents) a dav P '.ee\ • .' -L- , . H"",''.J"'V."^'.V"'''"i sl.ould earn JoiMcn.-TUvi;i an- 'iboiit ^ (ini f 'h V V''' "' Ki-'icral in this trade. t.'ade is con.sidera1 Iv u .'*; 'T r. it .ien 'r',"'"V"';' ""', ""'■"^- '"' ' ''""• "' ^'"'^ years has been ranidiv ris i„r ,„' '''■»> nd, which within the last two or three H.ga..d nirnisl ^ a Si m 'Thll Hp:" '^1'''?';:^? """"""' '"' '"'"-^ v Im l"! Tlio avera;;,. rale -Tf wa /is i llis r V F .''o"' •"' •:"■"'"•'<■ *'> tho inincip.Uiiies 81.20 ,.. .^i:,4) /day tli'ti^od wHiViucn ' '"" ' '^""" "" ''''''''''''' '"^^'"''iui (about tl.c U;d^:;rs/au.s''S.^.t'p'ln''ot'th T\ ^"'"""'""^ "' =•"• J^'"-'"- ^''^ '■-'> -ar in P'-i'Sncaml VIim, ,a '^Aitt' '"later '.^v' '""'-V '''''' ''"I''''''"' ^^'f' '■I'-H.ii.f; Iro oniie Egyptian arniy^ "i^^ In" ^IimII^I);!;'';;;:!, '''iv !';::':;::!!;:'^l''[i'i.'« •-' tm "vn.do the S; ii'iiy, in idiit;, wa \r . ■ •rr--' • ■> ..i.i. Jiwii iiovilieil (^lorilin'r to i'^t, 111 .spite ot these facs. tho comidaint is -,?,„., Th, ixon army was iir Very HisiiliiL-ienflv cloth e cireiiiiistaiu tractors, lu this ti.;,ac, also, provided wiili omplaiiied of niiist 1 imLsiidicientclotl lltlioU"h, at the ■a! that the linj; by tho Austrian Naiiio liiiii , the supply (if labor is'bel •e entirely attributed I'o tho jubb ail o\v thedeiuaud. S ors. •■>ti of con- uvorul master ^Sfl^i^sjS^aefcE M . i ' 'PR ■ 1^ 1 lfi fl M 'iaB f H 1 } ' ■m . t GO-i LAliOK IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 1„i!,.l-. of V,rAh, !uu\ <:(1hT towns, icrrntly cul.nvnn ,1 t„ ni-n-c nt \ iciina -'.Oil jomi- lu.viMr.i ..v„iUi,i...i, l.iit ill .Irsp'l-'"'' '"Ji'' "'■''■'■■■* ll"'.V ^V'y uiiMl,lct..<.l,lMiu I'iill llmt „UM,1..T. Till' nit.^ ..fv:,..vs in fills lliidr is rioin 1 wo t.. Iliivr limms ('.K, nT.,s to^l.tt I, ,i,,.v. A s.v.slnii o|- pl.nVwoik ..iriir.l on In U;is HinU: is vrry ;;.>ih lallj coiiiiiluin, ,1 of liv nil Ih'c most irsin'ctiiMi' NvorkiiU'ii ill it. Tlirn^ mo ulM.Mt --'.(Mm imistur t^iilors iit Viciiim, ' inployiM,!; iiboiit ..d M) woikmrii ai.,1 i,M|,ir„ilc,vs. Tlo'v liiiv., K„„a iMiuUots ill tlir laiiiciiMlilios uM.l M loii^; Iliu hou.T 1 ...Miih... Tl... CAl>hii\ of ll.o VioniKi li.ilors is about .IDII.UUIl lloims, (?jl'JA( MM) Ifr.ivcrx.-rUvw iiro about lH.IMKl silk, wool, eolton, shawl, nbboii, ami b.iro wcnvci.s i,i the rai.ital, ivsiilin- cbifllv in its wrstrin siilmilis. Th. ir av.-ra-o wa-os aiv Iom a,„l faivlv rx.....,! livo llonns>3-',in) a wc.-k. Latrly, Ih.wov.v, tlif ti.ido lu.s nnpiov, ,1, an.l tlio ['■■'•■*Mt wa-..'s of tlio Vi.;mia libboii-wcaveTs avur,-o at about .mmUi Uoiii: ,, ^"']v»m/>H-.s ami lumii-w.ohrK.—With a consi.U'nibk' cxi.oit iiuukct ; avci'atJ.' rato „i waofs t went V lloliiis (SiMiO) iicl- week. ,• , , ,i .^„i//,.s,n„/'i,v..»-..,/.v,.s.-^;.pi.ly ..f labor b.^b-w .b-inan.l ; wn-r^. ho.o ^;," '> I''-' ib.rins (Iti; (••■iKs to si.l i) a day. Tlu' oii,uinr.|arton.s ot M.-ssis N.|,-.'l, at \ UM na.,„.l AVi,.vc.-Xriisia.lt, (which last yrar fxpoiltd lilty locomotives to l.iissia,) .•niploy i,;,. v,ant of •-'.(Mill iiaiuls. , . ■ , . w (;'am-/,/r-/,»iW,r...-15asin.'ss brisk; fi^o,! lH.im-maib;ts m Ausina ami ]luiij;av,. ('.Misidcrablc I'xnort to the pi'iii''M':''i'"''* '""' ""^■■''''- W i'H''^ bi.uli. _ Tamin-x.-Wovk h.-avy an.l war,.'s hiw. A siiikn ol lb,.- tainieis lor ]u^:u'V wa-cs ,„ ].-'tilJ WHS siimmaiilv =',.'ttl.Ml by whob'salo imprisonimiit, ami many ol ihr men ...m- gatc.l. liiit williii.'tlic hist year the raK, of wa-es has been soiuewhiit imshed up hy tiiedetiTUiimd ivsi^tiiueeof ;ill tiie men to theobl iMtes. ^ , .„,/i ... ,, .V„r-,/,'i.'/,r.s,-Men an.l mast.Ts to;;-etbef, this ti'a.U. numbers about 1,-2(K repieMM la- fives at Vieuua. This ye.ir the men stinek f,r higher wat;es, ' * whleb has Im^I the effect of lai.siiiK the rati^ of waues in the tia.lu Iroui loni- to livo ilonus up to se\,M ami eii;lit lloi ins (s"!.:',!! tcv ,>!..-!) a week. , i ,. \-; , , , ;;„i/,/,.,.,s — 'ni,. lainilitv wilu wliieli houses are now bellif; uoustrueteil at \ lenn.!, \.> mvn tne wants of An en'ly-ineivaso.l population, has Kiven an imiueuse imiHlih to this ti-a ie. Ahhon-h one cstablishm.nt alone produc.s a mi Imu ol hncks pet; .bci, the snppiv of material IS ^ery inaae,|nate to the demaml, ami the prn e ol hruKs h tweiil -Ihree ilorius (SU.O-I) per ihousaml. The avera-e rate o wa^es m thi., liade i, forahea.l workman; (i-i cents a day ; (the day's work bei.i- Iroui ., a. m. to 7 p. m..) for au assistant workimm. 4-1 cents, ami lor a woma.i 41) cents. 7.V,,.-,., '■■'■"»-(', irices ai'o ten per diein, will, extia ^^a,^.^ for •■xi.'a work. The men are, now a^iiatiu- f .r ,i r ■dnetion to nine hours. 1 he aver;,.,^| v,,-es of a typesetter uro liuiu ^1.41 nps-.ard per diem. The number now eiiipbe.,.1 "''iL'I''!".-InferioV workmen only earn about 7:2 ceuts a week, and Lead workh.ui about .•jl.lJ'5 a week in this trade. I J AG USA. Th',' f(.ll liadc lias iiniirnvril, at abiMit oi^lii liiuii: ■, rkct ; avii'UfK^ riitti ol ij;cs iVoni two to tli; . i' s. Sri;.;i'l, a! \i<'lilia iii.il to Uiis.sia,) fiaiiloy iip- Austria and Uiiiinai v'. ij;li. CIS Cor lii;;'ii'c wa^rs in many ol' dn' hm'il i-ii'i- oiiK'Avliat imshiil up U) aboiit 1,2110 n^prfsi'iilii- * * * wliicli has li.ul live Uoiiiis up to si'Viii Mstnicti'il at Mciiiia, to CM all iuimt use iiupclii-i U'mn ol liiicks pec di.'P!, I tlu' iniio of blil i,-: H )t' wa^cK ill tliis Icaili- i^, lioui t) a. ni. to 7 p. ni.,) t nbout IKiO wDikiis in 1 also tuiployc'ii in lli.s '2(10, I'lom ■•?'■!.:■>(') to si.;,; out UK) ollitiji t;ani I'V 200 of tlii'Ui 1 ain tV..,i; Tile woiUiun-lioins iu rest for tlio day's in.iu, (•i'Ul« jitT lioiir, l)iiiiii'4 ■l<,aiid till' master- till n orliiiiau eaiinot sii|)peit >f .^(~ ii year lor ludyiii^' 000 workmen, and finni liee, eani fi'iui 9i) eeins ,-eai's' appreiiiieesliip. 1(1, to which the liiouili'v dieill, with extra \va,L" > ir.e hours. The avei;i_' uuiuher uow eiiiplie.i'l ,ek, auil head workimii \- yiv. Tatoii, Liiti.-li laUorer, and also rf tlw live-erop — iiue year iim-t .peiise of C'lilfiire. la H"' akiuji, not 111 paid, ill" LAIiOH I.\ AI'S'IKIA. laborer r ri i villi; iVoiii •>.\ ii, ;!() ,.,,„( ployed iiiit more tj |ii ,,,• j.j lie I'oIIdv, ine are the ]>;; •^ 11 (lay, wilhoiit fooii celils a (lay, wilii fond. GO') • I "hen permanelitly eiu- Wdrku lell eiin.ldvi about -Jl eeiiLs a d ill '1 sent, rates of wi e iiiaiiulaediriMd (he tl '■* of the towu-ejierati ;;Jeenls. The pay i\\' a t thi.v, witlioiit Ibdd. Hatters ilek Wdoleii loli^'-plje hiaiikel s ill l;a;;iiNHi reeeivo a lilde umi enrn finiii v! t liieeiils: liarb iiimaii, a plain Iiouse-pai ; •.Wiiiieli who sew (111 tlieela •■r, or a pliiuriier i.s ;!•.) leeeivo lioe-maki IS, about cents ; sliiieiiiHkerfl ''*, iii;d smiili ro hi:;!, ly. paid like -lU III 4s ci iit.s |,^.,. ,|.,^._ jj mostly iiat I'.iit with the imiehilie leeeiv work-people are lioat iv«'s, eaiii ;i(l cents per (lav lui'li, who, if thcv MpotI voist-reii.niieraled eoial Keaiics earn about H eeiils per iiMiim and earpeiilers lire al.M. paid; „| I'J cents |ier day ; l,nf a femal Oioii is llial of I jewelers, vslm receive Ir I' dressmak •oai ilU lo 70 cents per C(m)ITI<)N OF ArtSTKlAX INDCSX lire tilis pn^H' was first pnt in type the It own a 1io!if, . - 1^ cents a d:iv. lbl.v;_Mrei|.pi,i|ei,s a ,( •,'Oe,.„|.s. •lj,„ '." I'ol make iiiuie (hall isaiis aio lie seaiiistresses, who ( '•iiiiis -21 (.cutx. The best-paid an RY. I, .StiiU's ill \iciiiia CM Imnish..,! l«.v J Ion. J'liiiip .Sidney 1 cllowiiio- iidortiititioti Ims «.st,c()ii.siil ofiHTul orUif LiiitiMl finriMir tl lirii-perily, bn'r, the year I-^tJw lie yciirs between 1-(J7 and l-T.'l, A as eliaracierjzed I ustria enjoyed » lii"li d !;";:;'i:;i;:;'i!'r:''r''''^''''''' ''••.'■''-' '■'■ii'''iMdus,,i^,i ly extranrdinarv s hanks and Joint-stiiei !i coniiianies. entire indiislry nf (h,. ediinli In l'-7 establisl came 11 iiaiiK t eu;ree nf industrial pi enJations, eouse- imeills i;f (lie eoiindv bv i-*::>) t ciiliilition in I'lcalcst ilistn y. Ill some briMclies nf 1 A «- II .1 i iry crisis whie I derail;;! d tl,o At lb an increase in (ja las recent iy been reinlercd linn till.' wea\ ■'duel ion tliciv is si ill tAii-iist CIS, a partieuhirly ill-paid el body nf niiliiai y has I cost of li\in Si.llli to •ill..'?(J nil cstidilish Tl iieiit will do day, iiniie are now aatsbahii, whei 't! ill 1 )iiomiziiijr jind few niders an le wnrkiiien, attraeti eiitirelv. paid more than Si, -11, and Udod workuicn received IV It is feared that th liiiicsof distivs to thedislrlTt in tk'se districts b( I Kond times tl. the maiiiifuetni K'Hi^' eharjreable for t ^s in which (hey wero born or had ■ins centers, are s..nt back liei. suiiiiiirt. •ilUircd a leside IIAIlirs AND CUNIM TION Ol- W()l!Ii-Pi:()I't,K IX AfsriaA. The improvidence of the Aiistri ini'rease the prodnc e.xceeded il one until 111 oi' pearl biittoi in workmen is illustrated in the result of iipidy. All increase of ip.'i'ed, (or the men (indiii;; », the demand (or whicl wa-es priiilnced an ell'ect d instead of the (ive to which thev had 1 il piKsiiiie to live bv || 1 in Austria 1 ireerlv contrarv to tli' nil elfort ti las Ion;' iree davs' woi 1 ler wei tiMvcrealion work as eiieii;eiieall The people are i icon acenstonieil, devoted I'he ol her t wo d not inlerriipii y as ill y the mill ndusirioiis, Imt ( |lersii|isiif thrircljiss 11, I loud of luiiiiseiiieiil, and b lys W of (hem leroils hiilldavs ob - 1 , ,'. , : " "■ ' '"1^ iniiHiax : tliodieal 111 (heir labor. They all drink n;;!and or America, lhoii"li win ob>erveil here, thev an inti'iii rare indei d liciaiice in the American *er or w ine, but t (isiiallv sli'>ad\ n sen.se, and casi.'s of drunk lere IS 111) such III s, if (h In the I coiidbrlab of the rent inices eonsei ir''e cities 1 In V louse-reiit is hi-h, and (he bouses of (he work leniia the sta)( It was a ( inciit upon an ex iind iiiunieipal tax on ■cut approaches ii) ey occur, mif.-t I, men an' far I raclM.uover Ij per cent, last year. Tl rom per cent. I«ii'lional jncrci'se of wa ccssive papei t Veil will till iildoyed, while (I i»cs, and (he laboiino d.iv.s iieiiey has not b le enhancement of leeti attended with a dislricts to which thev bi IC uiiemployci an' dependent ■es are now in a sntleiji 11;; eonditiou iiixui public assislaiice in Kxtl'ilCt (I'OIll tll(> i All 111 (' most meni.'il work in Vi jaltiiDore Aiiicricim of Jmio 1*0, 187,' ing the singers, ealh to I he rcM Cling U]! garba eliiia is done by vioinen, smdi as eh mid 'voirs in the upper ^i !;e,eair.MiiM water. carrying mortar in buel ones, sawliin wond. spad mid pumping it Irnni tl ailing and sweep- no doubt, I V icima. Tl uiiny thousands of ti cts, and handliim (he I he gr IC cisterim iiud healthy, ' Th ire of all ages, v ii-ln In-day iloin onng, middle. a;;r('l lick used in biiili (hi , the niak . Till mil s species of labnring-wirk in ;cs are one ilorin (IS ceius) per day nd old: but all Bueui to bo stroufi 6()d LABOR IN EUUOPK AND AMKKICA. LA150R IN SWITZEIJLAXD. TIio viuion.s industries of llii.s little .stiito, wliicli, in its moiintnin liomc, has lor lU'iirly si.v (■ciiliiiics i>i'('S('i'V(' 1 its iiiilcpciKlciuu', iirc o* docp iiitcicsf to tlie cilizcns of ii newer biit more widely extended re])nlilic. It is to lie ie}in tted tliat the liihor of so worthy mid indnstiioiis ii peo- jiie should have received .so inade«piate a reward, for in few i)arts ot Europe have tlio earnings of the \vorlviiij.'peopIe Iteeii so poorly paid. These low rates of waj^es have indueed a comparatively larj;e eini;j;ra- tion, (ihielly to the United States,* where iho rowan's of industry wen; inoru abundant. EXPORTS TO THK UNITED STATES. The inanufaetiiros of Switzerland, which to any considertiblo extent lind a inarUet in the United States, are (thielly conlined to two, viz, silk yoods aiMl watches. Tile following; table, which gives the value of tho principal articles ot" Swiss i»roductioii which were exiiorted into the United States in the decade from lS(ii to 1^13, is trau.'ilated from a statement published by the Statistical Bureau ot Switzerland : Statcmenl showing the exports frmn Sicil:rrlnnil to the United States in the ten years from lfci(i4 to l-'T^, indiisice [Frano computed at 19J cents.) Articles, 18C4. 180,5, 1800. 1807. 1808. Sil k, and iiifiimfartun'a of $4,903,120 321.230 0,-', 094 l.'.7,307 1, 0.-i3. 0.-)2 14, 134 47, 107 4.314 30,081 $5, 711, 240 832, 430 220. 7p5 290,031 2,20,1,881 21, 138 95, 525 00,191,491 1,00M 793 '1,047 1. 0, (JliO ?. 5.53, 215 58, .501 138, .525 21, 023 214. 210 $3, 009, 524 397, 474 01.5,017 474,319 2, 020, 072 51,713 101,391 30, 503 23,5, 058 $1,133, .531 2 12. 307 KljlljI-nilllTii'S .^ Diaidiiij^ Hti'aw and lior.,ii3-huir Watclu'H and part.s of Muaic-lioxfH LratluT ,594. M.-, 409. !l-7 2, 04 1, .597 07, i,ei 200, 2(10 42, M Sunttriea . 04 774 310, 34',! Total T, 205, 045 9, ,509, 4 10 11,440,471 7, 05,5, 701 8, 054, 974 Articles. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. Silk, and niannfact nres of 'I'ls.sm'Sol'cottun and wool Knil)i(iidiMi( ,s I)i-aidini stiaw, and linr.so-hair Watclics ami part,^ of 5Insiclioxis.. e,1,507,8IS 4,39,301 7.J9. 8.-)7 540, 539 2, 597, 003 50, 454 247,341 8, 098 298, 004 $0, 9c9, 733 232, 990 1, 357, 009 757, 392 3,219.872 (il), .524 304. 280 1 13, .525 451, 108 ?8, 370, 903 385, Oj7 3, 007, 288 005, 805 3, 335, 022 08. 374 329, 223 130, 7(J8 492, 087 87, 048, 384 510,414 2, 230, 249 258, 3-aO 3, 570, 940 80, 101 434, 097 87, 141 300, 504 ?5, 270, m 572, 2W 2, IIC.IOT h3iI, 87!1 2, 5 1.5, ,5^9 81, 017 40.1, 201 83, 100 ■ ■? 203, 4J8 Total .... 10, 510, 029 13, 493, 099 15,731,757 1.5,498,810 11,770,404 * Tlio iiuiiibiT of itnnui;riint8 into tho Uuitoil States from Swifzerlaml diiring'tlio liist fifty-four years is as follows : Dc'cado 1«1-1>J;!0 3,2.')7 IKU-iaiO 4,.-il 184l--lti,')0 4,644 1.-51-1800 25,011 l!-(il-1870 2:!,W9 Year 1^71 2,?34 187:!. It574. Total . 4,o;'.i 3,2-23 2, 41)6 74,0:'6 its nioiiiifiiiii Ikmiic, Iciict', lilt' ()•' (Um'p «'Xt('ii(i<'(l republic. iiidiistiious ;i pco- for in lew ])iii't.s of iccii so itooily piiid. ivi'iy liirj;t' t'lni^jni- 's of iiuliistry weio :onsi(lor.ablc cxtoiit iL'tl to two, viz, silk principal articles ot" rit('(l States in the .Mucnt published by tcs In the ten years from 1807. 18C8. 01 $3, fiCn, .''124 S), 133,531 i:t 3!I7, 47'1 243. 3f>7 17 Bi:., (147 5!I4, 7ij iO 474, 31!) 4l«,!b7 ir> a, m), (ua 8, nil,.™ 11 rii,7i;i U7, iir.7 .'.') i{ii,:wi 2()ii, 2(10 •£i ;i», ri(i3 4-,'. M Hi 835, 0:i8 311), 3« 71 7, 055, 71il 8, 054, 974 1872. 1873. (13 $7, 049, 3^4 ?5, •]7«, VH ■il 51(;, 414 572, ii!12 ■^H 2, 2311, 24:i 2, iiG,;ia7 05 25-^, 3-.;i; i30, rtfl 22 3, .■i7(l, il4ll 2,5r.,.W.) 74 8li, 1(11 HI, 5J7 23 434, (■.!I7 40:i,3lil (W f7, HI H3, IGO Vl 300, 501 2(kI, -i-m 57 15,498,810 ll,77(i,4CH ^7 4,^51 4,(U4 2:1,011 , 2:!,839 2,e-:;4 4,(i:'.1 ''i ''i'^'^ 2,436 74,0S6 LAiion IN- .suri7;Ei{r..\Mi. 607 llio (bllowinf' stiiteiiieiit eoninlt,.,! c. .1 States IJnnMi, uf StaVi s ( L v b. " vT''^' •"' '^"' '^'"■^-l ^vldel, were in.poi.nl IV.m Sui/rl., .''''''" ",' ^''.'' l"*'"'il'''l =Mlie!es United States: " ' ' "^" ^'''' '"'"^"'^ ^o'lunodities leachcd tl.o ^^ nidvU June M, 1^74, '"'" ''"'""J ''"M"' IK'ir C'umiiioditicH. FHEi: (JF UVTY. Il'lll i!l!»-r!(ltll3 IlnitkM, A:u '.',[", ( li(i,itral.4, (iyps, Ac. ..m^m JlnTsi'h.'iir uiii'd I'ur wt'i'iviii'' Silk, niw " All otber urticlis licit dm'!WlH.r;;8,',ud(lo;i "■.■.'. • ptmmla.. ....(Id.... Total . DUTHm.R, Hnnl<«, Ac liiiiiiH, and inn 1111 ('iicliin'.si/f Iltiltiiri8(ir all kiiicU I'lii'niiciil» ClnlliiiifJ .".'.'.'.'.'.'." (•■it lull MiiHiiifaetnrcs Kiiiny ({ihhI.h ■ ■ Max 'm»iiiirn(tiirc8 ....[ UliiRH-wai'ii Iluic rii.rmf icIiiri'H I; "II mill Htwl iiiiiniifactuVoa •Ii-«iOrv I.iatliwiif nil kinil.H.'.'.'.'.''; . iniiiiiir.iriiiri.nof .Musical iiiNtriiim-iils I'.lil.lillt'H. &ii rri'ricin.H .i*! lines " '.' ' I'l'iivisinn.s [' Silk inaniiC'irliircs .'.'.'!...'." Si raw iiiiiiiiiliiciini.H ' .' W Mlclli's _ _ _ _ Vine anil Hpirlts. ].' ' '.'.['/_] "ViKiii nianul;irtiirc>3 . ....'" Will'! maiiiil'ac'iiiri..s . Ai: olIi.Taitkli.s not lO.sinvirorcspreihVii .";.■; Total lll||i,ll,l,^ Total I'.ii) III duty .........'.'.'.]'.'. (,>iian lilliH, V illllCK. 1 133. 7.55 1,3:14 4, 0I.'3 1. 110 1, 4-0 2, (i."iM at. 435 2, IM .IioiindH. 11:1, Hill) Total impnrts. lid, (ii j 3-; H,-.^ 1 1, .'.-, I l..>9 (1, 5,'!ll !I4J 2, 053, 803 0. 300 20, I I.I .•.,0'JI O", (ilj 41. :i(l') 27, .'Oil HO, 010 2. IIJ 5-, ImI 8, !i4i ."0, 005 "!'l!, 707 4, .".01, 170 31)2, 2f'J 2,iiCii,oi;j 0, 1,-0 1I,H-I 1:1, .304 1,707 10, I-.' I, 131 IliO, Oii.i 10, .•.!I0, 730 BelKinin Kraiico .'.'.'.'. Germany ]] Kngland [\[[] Scotland ""' Nt'tbeiliiuds . . . ". 111(1 were Total ■?12, r)4.> r>, 2.%, 8:t:i :J, Villi, 114 1, lis, .1,-2 il7J 0, H-il ll>, WO, 7<):; WATCn-MAICIxN'G. 2 f ' it 1 1 ^ '!! I.!! \ i i||l iifii 'IMN' GOR LAIIDK IN KlKori; AM) AMKIMCA. pnnnpal set.t ..f tl..- iM.lustry is i.t (Mu.ix .1(> Fon. , wl.irh is llu- lino st •u'tou „r Nr.u'l.alH (in syhwU tl.is luwn i. silnui...!) yj.n v, ,11 ,anl ,ui,ml wnnujarturhuj couvlrki,. (Jciuntrii'H. Niiinbir (if watiliiB. Vidiic. i.cnn, 000 •JIKl. 11(10 llll). Olio fn.cno.oc) I'l Hlico Ki'-I'inil Uuilcil Sl.ili'S ;i. -jno, in i,.Mi(i, o;ii a. -JIKl, 000 y.'i, (Kill, iiim From till' «enoral census of S'-vitzerland ofDocoinlu'r 1, 1>^T0, and tli-* rciiort of Pr. Hirscli on tlio iudnstiy of watclios at tlic \ loiuia Ivxpo^i- tioii, the following,' inforniation is obtained : y„mhn- of hihom-H h, thv m,w,if a, ii.io Kcmules. Total. N.nrlifttel BlllK' Vimil • 4, 7J:t i,;!i;t in. 111 11.. It.' - 2'>, 'J4a • ia,7J7 1 -j;,!!.'! i DeiH^ndt'iif on these 27,00!) persons are aViout 47,000, makinj-- (in ii nnuid total) 75,0110 persons liviii-;- f.'oni the industry of watches in bwitz- orlaiid. RATKS OF WAGES. As the author was unable to visit the manufacturing towns of Switz- erland, and make personal imiiniHs in regard "> >)'^'.^'»f' "I"/,;;'''; '; tiou of labor I herein, he is able only to present such luiiited data n tlu re-vard as has been recentlv furiiislHil by the consuls o the lut.Ml States. For less rei'ent but more full inforuiation he has drawn huj^eis from the Dritish consular reports. _ OwiuL'- to the varied sources of informatitm, it is impossible to iiial-' the sarnie classilicaiiou as has been made oi ti»e case ot (Jennaii^ ;ii ■: other coiinii lii'Ii is tli(> liirj':''^t (»' viillfvi^ <»t' ilic ) yiMi V. ill lull illy ^s'doi.uiit'd to !>"„ iKilit'H iint) wati'li- diii'iiiy; II (lt'«'iuli' : t/,tliilllil is HlllN'l s i.s init till' (irij^i ollt or duly. In- ts. lllnl, tllfll'i'olf. s watclii's to til" 1, and tlic vaiiniis •tive taiillH. Tlu' nfiulnruKj voinilnen. cimli'T (if VmImc. 1, (HID, 000 >Jli(l. mill ll:l), (llili |17. Will, (ili'l :i. ■->"", 1 ■ 1, iMiii, (III 1 Vi, -Jli;!, (KlU «."!, (Km, lillO «r 1, 1)^70, and Hi" ic VitMiiia Expo^i- , hii (lint Dim uiid wx. USD. 1,(191 I, :i(i-2 J. ■i:w i. il.KI Ft!inu,les. Total . 5. H-3 4, 1 l;l i,:ii:i in, i> I Ml ' r>, -iM Vi. •!•■; ,000, making (i'> " f watc.lu'.s 111 t5\vitz- no- towns of Rwitz- iio cost) and cDiidi- laiited data in that /'ii-aUrmnha,imll,,h,,rl,, rhinirih/umil /..,■ i , ,. , in the ,/. "r iV;:.. ''' '^""' ''' '""' ""''"•> ^'«"!l'>-rla,,a, Oi'c'ii|iiillijii. SKILLKK WOIIKMKN, UY TlIK DAY ONLY. WidtimidiPM Hl;ii'),»lllllll-, Uiicklii.MTsor niaNona' (Jiiliiii"i-miik«iH Carpciiiem ('ip»(iiM« , ]][ M llllilliHtU " r.iiiileiM .'' I'llHIITlMH ,[ J'llllt'llllll.l'IH ][ SUllliMlllttCTH. .'"' i'.lil'PIH ] l»miirn rii-iniilii U'lieciiniyiits '.'.,.'. rilICK OK IIOAHD. y;iT workmcii, |.it wi-pU, Oftnl.cr, ISM i"!- wi,rlav.,i.i,.M, per »ruk. Ool.ibor, laW," Hitle of wagvH paid for/arm-Mi Cliniix (li t'i'UiU. Ziirlcli. 1 nuNle, ti no to 110 7.1 tl 00 .. t 110 ilO III) 70 tID •■ 1 00 !i(l J rju HI 00 i -JO »i 00 to I A-. 1 UO 1 UO 1 |i(, 7.1 1 IKI ! I „|, (10 75 70 7(1 1 UO 1 'Ji no 80 f(l 00 1.0 7(1 7.-, Oil 70 70 9M 3 no to 3 00 1 73 1 1 W) l« a 00 '"'■ '" ""'';;,^"^^;;: "'"' '''"'"' "<■ '■'""". suiK-nt„„.,, „ „„ Ocoupatlou, FAIlM.I.AUOKKHfl. Experlonred hnnds In summer hx|iiiii<.rir (Jri (nary ImmiiIh in Hiiiiiiiiur jnliiiar.v liaiidH in wiuirr. ' uimimi, i„i„„.,.,.., ,it „,^,.r j^jy i,„,,u.,^-,;-|:- riiiualu Bfrvanis <.>iiuwtei(lay. IW, , v. d IMm- in-,asaruU..l.ave nor t.n.lrd to niako the best or t ho most loot 1>. > .11 I 'V;',' ' In s^ t- tho workin.-chisses is toUral.ly fio<.il. Many holidays ^r' ll^^w d n d ,h ^i a oli^ ; >mS lo .ho usual lntu,-dninri,lV l.d by a cunniou ^o^k^u^u M and beer is usod by all classes, o.,H.cially , ho lower who r.l ui in t'na V what is huUin- (and there is a goo.! deal) in .inaUty. . Drunken- ne sd es a I I k. l-revail an.on^ the workm^-elasses as inmdi here as i" AnK>ma or in Kn-hn.l.but ti .sinews is not always the exception h.ncc tlu,' K' ^^ , ''^^ ';' b et "ecu capual and labor has co,nn>cnce.l. tho condit.on .d the ^v.';kw.^M,au o^^^ t^ ■ rrbm.l has been visiblv, and 1 tinst pcrunuicnlly, miprovcd. One ol t iic j^icat. st fn i u ' a w Ik here ,, behalf ot the po(Ucr classes, is placing ant bent, c, .nlornu,. ti the la . s of the p.'oole iu regard to the opportunities that awajt n,dnst.'V and lu ." lb the New World, and 1 hol.l it to be a rcU-ions, as we 1 as an olhc.al, 1 V of CO sn s a >d diidon.atic .dlicials abroad, to scatter the truth ref::mh.>- oar cunt V the people here in Europe whc>u>,vcr opporrnnity is to be had. I '|j;iccm - pauyrnVtable will^ivean idea of llio workiugman'« living oaaimgs m Zurich, all ol which are lapidly increasing. DaUi) icagcs of mcchanica. StoneiTiasons Ikicklaycr.s Saihllcrs (shoouuikers C<-nts. 90 to inn 90 (ill CO to HI Couta. Marhiniats CO to 80 Tiuiieis ^'* Foundeis 80 to 100 Cariientcrs f^O to !K) Cabiuet-iuaker.s ^''^ to HO First-class onm-avcrs and A'ood jewelers earn mncli liiyjlier wages, reaci.ii.o' sometimes IVoii. $1.1^0 to 82.40 tind even $'3 per dtty Conmiou laboreis etirn trom 40 cents to 00 cents a day. In silk estabbsUiiients and colt()nsi)iiining mills, &<-., a large number of women are employed who earn dully from 30 cents to 40 cents. Number otworUii.g hours, ten a diiy, witii one hour's rest at noon. Eent for one lluor ot lour to live njoi'iis for working-people from $S0 to $l-;0 per year. Statuncnt of prUns of articles of suUxstcncc in Switzerland from the year 1800 to theprm;>t time. [The f'r.anc computed in TJ. S. coin at 20 cents ] Tear. IPOQ... IW.i... lS,"iO . . . 1873... Two pdiinds of bread. 11 J cents 5 ;i 5 cc[it» . 11 ;! ,'j cents . 10 •2-.') cents. Olio pennd of beef. 7 cents 5 I-.") cents 5 4 5 cents , 17 cents... Ouo pound of batter. in cents i;t cents 11 cents ii4 l-fi cents One qnnrt of niillc. 1 4-.'i cents . 4 4-0 cents One pound of piiUlocri. ;) ;!-.') cents . 1 y-D cents . Flour, f) cents a potiud ; flugiir, 11 cents a p(uind ; '^•'•■''^'^ 1« ^™^f.^,,l'™'''- ',,,,,,,,, cet.ts a (iliiss ; pork, 17 cents a iiound ; baui, -^4 cunts u, pouud; veal, 20 cents ti pouml ■wiuo, 10 ceuts a bottle. , ^g~ lit-et, •• ^r~ )0, affords some nlo of prices for tho (lf(;i(lcM of tlio l:ist Li. Tlio wiigcs paid IS Kiivciity yciirs ago. )oil,v vcntilati'il, ami iiiacli' lici'o bflWL'fii j; classes, is one not ^isiiMici- and tlio pro- vciy pooily hero, as noon, and has, until own in the table, as ol of yesterday, the liest or the moat o(.il. Many holidays life led liy a conunoii tally I ho' lower, who 1 (lualiiy. Driiukcn- 1 here lis in America ICO the j;reaii liattle drkiii;4nian of Ssvitz- One ol the greatest ig anlhentie inforina- X await industry and IS well as an oflicial, : trntli regarding oar be li.id. The acconi- ugs in Zurich, all of Cents. 90 tolOfi 1)0 (X) COto Ml ell liii;lior wages, )er dtiy. Coitiuiou ilk ostablisliim'iits IlKMl ill'C oiiiplD.vetl of worUiiig lioiii:*, le Uaor of lour to liar. year 1800 to the pnwiit art of til. Olio pnnnil of potiilocii. ts ta 3 3-3 cents 1 a-j cents • ccnt.s .1 pntiiul ; VierT, •' veal,20ccut3iii)onud; LABOR IN SWITZERLAND, INCREASE -IN EXPENSES OF LIVING. 611 J^Lf^ScJ;;;;;; sScfr" ^ '*^'"^'""-^ "^ ^^- ^- ^^-tcant of Tho increase of rxponsea of llvin.r from Iheyear IsjOiip tolheyear lt'5 in Switzerl dilierci nee now arn''^"' angnu.ntation? The tot d '•'''l-''''-'';Y'«wdll,epM,vedb,v,,,e,,bllowiLg Piieeot each single article: rnrcontaso "1 lu^reiise. b(!.6 •.n.2 !M.l f^l.S 8d.ii . ...jier pound.. do (d.t; ;i(i.o '10 'iti.;{ 77.1) r).-...j f,0 70.8 no 5.'7.1> ti(;.7 88.:{ Hi.8 r>(i.5 80 to <)(! IGG.G •■■. I"''' lioiind.. ^asiire of 4 pounds (Swiss "mass").. iscd in nearly the Kum or even at a hhdior r^tio -pears iroiu iho statistical price-hsts orilam- Pprccnt.igo of iiicr. ,iKo. i^o.a .. 7La 14.7 f)4.a LilW ■■ 101.6 _ '"" !)l).7 ^r^SZ:^U,^:t:^!^X.{^^^^ '■> "- P-es of dotbing, shoes, House. ^': ^Z^^z^l!..:;\!fi^^-3^^^^^ ^"^ -pens., of ,ivi„g ..« m-cs at the eoneliisloii'that in he e es B rn! ■. I ' l''' /'"'"• *''• <-'''''""'''nt ar- tciieva are fully as high,) „„ uw^u^ Z i' n t" l^ i^^^^^^ '" ^'"''■'' ""^ l^arely liirnishes a tolerabli existe ico w h .; "e ■*•""'' ''""''" (*-''^^ '" ^^^ savings („i. time of u„„,l_ " '^^i«i'-Uco without any aspirations as to comfort or uuy Wino f'lilfee ..♦. S"f;iir !!!!!!!!! Tobai^co Kyellour !." !! .".'.".'!! Beccheii (ire- wood . !! ! !! Fire-wood of pine Coal ( n: ■ i 612 Prices LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. PRICES OF PROVISIONS, GROGEKIES, ETC. ofnrovUiions, orocerh-x, ami otlur hading arlUlcH of ,;o,mtmi,lin„, also of hotm-rcnt and board, hi the munnfa'tunmj (o«». of JUwU; /.urkU, ami Vluauc de loud. Basle. Articles. Rel.iil prices iu— ruovisioNS. rimir. wlie.at, suiier. . pcrlibl i'linir, wheat, ex. t'iimily. ■ Flr.m; v.ve 'I"- Cornmeiil il", Cccf, (re.sli, r()a,st..l)er poiiuil. Beet', fresli, S(]up pieces ..ilii.. Beef, fre.-li, niiiipHle:ili9..ilo . Beet, eiinieil il<>-- Vi'al, lm'e-i|iiartera ilo. . Veal, liiiuliiuarters ilo.. VealelltletH i'"-- Mutleii, lure-quarters do- ■ Million, let; ''"- SliittiiiiclKip.s 'lo- - Piiik, tVesh 30 'JO IH fill no (ii: » on > i>0 24 1 00 12 12 10 12 10 12 (li) Oil Ort 10 III 06 10 IH 17 14 1-! l.-. Hi l.'i Hi 17 17 I'il n| 2;i 25i Til 07 1!) 74 or. m 22 1 It! 10 01) 11 00 7 00 tj 00 21 22J 00 5 00 'iH 12.8 11.6 II 101 11* o.-S 101 50 20 87 50 5 00 31.4 29.1} 3St 73 50 214 2HS 438 rMio(l tenements! nc'r nionlli ' ie^na other leading article. >'/ eo„.,mptio,., .i-c.-Cmtiuuea. Ilaslo. Ret.iil prices in— 1872. 1873. Zuricli. lUtiiil i)rieeH in— Clianx do i'uud. Kctiiil prices ill— 1872. 1873. Fnrnion, (nicclianicsor ollnr worliiuen) iierw,..l< J'nr wiiiiM'i: eniplnveil in I'mc- •»i '"S ~.- \>vv week «C 00 *10 00 to 12 00 1 70 to 1 80 $13 .10 20 00 1 8fl 1 20' 1 50 1873. 1873. ** 87 J3 00 toil 00 $8 50 JM 9 50 4 00 to 10 00 10 00 *I 90 to 2 28 i 3 00 to 3 00 1 33 to 1 52 1 40 to 2 00 3 00 2 M 00 le 50 2 50 1 7; S % 1 V a u O $3 3C 12 ZS i. jO 1 06 KXI'K.NIH KK.s („■• WORKI.NG.MKnV I'.AMIIIK.S _JJ:^h<;d_b.v_I'r„lV.«s„r II. Ki„kel>„. of li.^s),..] iWMILV- t.o Weekly eaniino.s; il.ui Wile Children i'^ 88 3^3 <■< — t> fiO 5 20 Tot.lI 'i'.itul, my :,n weeks Weekly experiditiireK : Flour and bread Jleit, Hatter ,"'_[ Cheese Sa.^ar ." llilk ..'.'..['.[[[.'. Coll'ee, and siilKstitiites R'lap, Biareh Salt. peppiT, viiiesar, t be eumili d )J10 for iiiHur- atice of the family u i Hociety for lelief diiiiii;j; Nirkiiess, &i-. Family II. T'lo ii.jtlier works also as ribbon-weaver, lliisbanil and wife work in the same faetory. Family HI The mother works as ribboii-weaver; the Imsband as meihaiiii'. It is believid that the expeuses are j^iveii very hiKh, and tlie eaiiiiii;;.- too .iiiiall. Tlu) hiis^band has given liis earrjings as .S-l.'-iO, bnl his employer yives it po«itivelv as iJrj.TU. Family IV. It, is not known at what Ihij wife woiks. Faunly V. One child woiks in tho ribbon-factory. Boots, tfec, worth about $20, aro not in hided. In families III, IV, and V, tho weekly earninj; of the hnsbatid is given by tho em- ployers, talenlated lioin the months ol Jniie, .Inly, and Annnst, l-7.i. The ex))enses as well as the ean:inj;s are not at all nines tho same as given, but siifliciently acenrato for comparative statements. Coneerniuf; tiio expenses of the live families. I wish to state that, tho lir.st estimato was given to me by the husband of the family in (|u.sfion ; the seeoneiises of a family of live persons, nialies tlie following remarks: In the list of tho weekly ex))ensoH of a toitchei's family of live persons, the average is about the saiiie, as for workingmen, and shows phiioly that tlit^ income is less thairUie expenses. There are cases auihentically reporied showing that an industrious uoik- inguum canm)t, even with the hel|i of his wile's hands, earn nearly the amount retpiireil for the common necessaries of life, not to mention such a thing as luxuries. 'I'lio ligliies were exactly these: learnings of man and wife, 1,700 francs; exiieiises of tlio tamily,'.»,'Jl-2 francs. Tnese tignres tell the simple tale lor Swilzerland, and no amount ot tine-spun theories and hiose a.ssertious can alter them; they aro there, and tho woikingman knows them to be sot)er and fearful tacts. The rate>. of wages now i)aid in Switztuland to all kinds of workingmen are verv mtich higher tlian they ever were before. I nnglit add that liou.-e-reiit is eontiii- ually on tho inuease, and tho teii.tnents that are rented at, the [uices stated, 15 to •M iraucs (,s;J to ^l) per mouth, aro by uo means over-comfortu,ble or uleasi^uily and bealthluUy situated. RATKS OF WAGES AND COST Ol' SUBSISTENCE. Avci ge rates of daily wages in the mtfon, flax, n-ool and silk factories of the canton of St, Gait, Hantzerland. [Coudenseit from tl'o Britisli coiirtular reports.] COTTON'. ■Waildinp fiictory , CulKjii, thrciiil, iiud krittiug-yHrn factory Spi]iiiiii;,'-niillrt Jli'ciiaiiJciil spodlinfiaiid t'vistiiif; mills .., Oriliuary inuKl-'veaviiiy luilla: 1. i'Imui sHiU's 2. C'lierkiTcd-wi'iivintf mills 3. FiKured-woaviiifj uiilli) JncqiianilMoin wcaviiij; mills Powerloiim weiiving uiilJs: 1. I'iuin stairs 2. CticckiTwl stntl's Stoekina iiud liosiery wo'wiiig mills., Hiiiid emiiripiiiiiry ..". Mi'di, lineal t'ml)l'(iidtM'y Liutu luiiuulactories (" siugorieu") Men. Cent?. 3i to UO 30 to go ■M to ao 13 to ."iQ IS to 50 37 to — V!:i to CO 24 to 80 40 to 50 •10 Ut f.O 10 to a,-) 3S to tiO •M tu 30 Women. Children. Cents. 20 to 34 22 to 30 12 to 30 1-.; to 3(i 24 to — 15 to 40 24 to 3r. 30 to 40 IS to 24 10 to 2') 20 to 40 Cents. 14 to 20 14 15 to 20 4 to Ifi 4 to 20 7 to - 15 to 16 IC to 25 14 to i\) "4'to'io 12 to 2.1 in tlie fiictiirv, is o ly I'ilC IlKlflll'l' I'illllS lnr L'ouiittU iilO lor iiisiii- 11(1 iiiid wile work in I as iiii'i liMiiir. It is in>;.s tiid MiKill. 'J'lici it pusitivrly its 5i.").7u. worth ubotil .JJO, iiio is i^ivcn tiv tlio eiii- -7.!. J siiiiio as given, but liiit till! lirst estiniiito second one was nuulu tilers. penses is seldom kept ise tile niiniev us loiii^ loi'e uioui'y tbey live 1S73, in tiansiuit- uitiole.sot'sub.sist- L'l'sous, makes tlio ersons, tlie i»vei'a. Cents. Ceuls. tiU SU to 34 14 to 20 14 fU 32 to 30 15 to liO ; 4 to iO — 34 to — 7 to - m 15 to 4U 15 to 16 so 34 to 3f> • 10 to 25 5U 30 to 40 14 to 20 M) ifl tn -JJ a.-) 10 to 31 4 to 10 M 30 to 40 13 to 33 M LAROR IN SWITZEIfLAKD. r^^>^.o.s ..n COST ok su.isrKxc.-Continned. fil5 Mc'u. i.i.m:.\. .SpiiininiriiiiMs ... vveiivnif; iMiii^,, (iiiiii.'i-uV.iwi'iuy;;;;; Woioeu. I Cliildrcn. .S|piiiiiiii'_'.riiiils .. ll;niil-«(.in ii jr M''ijljaiii<.':il Hi;iviiit' wool, A.Ml 1I.U.I.- WOOL. _p■,i^^ Cnh: I Cents. "' t" -10 I 10 to 40 ! 10 to M C'l to _ :■" I" .-io 20 t.vii ■'" It-- -^ -M to _ N|Hniiin,'.';iiHUI,ro-.viiii;riiilJ« Ueavms IlliU.s: cSiiiir-i ... Hiibliiiiis .,..■. '•I'jM-kc.t-luiiKlkm-ljiers,""" dHal|..silk.-i 24 to — I yij t,| ,;>,, BlNM..Nr,, ,„.K.,,„,vo, ,„,,,„._ ^^„ ,,,,,,,,,,^^,^ 20 to 50 i 10 |„ ;.o ! (ill ■ ; ! 2-1 Siiiffciiiur XalMial lile.'ieliiii'g" -Allitil'illl lllciiclij.i.r Tiirk('y-!<.|| dvin.r (,'lii-" Io lio , ;iii I,, __ i , ■'■'> I" i; ol) toliO M to 00 :io Id toK» 41) to no 40 to 44 :i-) to GO M toOU 40 Lime-kilus, men _. children .".""." 40to(in Bnck-ktlti, potteries, utul draiu:pipe-it;t:t;;H;;;- ••; 1. toS Powder-. mils, ,„on ^^^^'^'^^^- -.^^^.'.v:/ :::::/-' f j;;!j<^ Was.s-maiinlaetories... " no tils- works .. ■■ •*'" Color iactories .:: - [V. f^ J^aeifer-iuateh lactones!!; '.'.'.'. H tliemicaliahoratones.. .;;.;;; ..." 30 to 60 fllf) LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. I'aetniics of Hnrpical and optical iustrumenta 50 to 70 \Vnttroolor factoiios Tool -CiK^t Dries (i() Stythi'-liictorics 40 'I'liresliiiiK-iiiiichiiic factories 116 to 40 l''iiiiiilurL'-t'a<;toii(;9 72 Proparation of vi'gntaMc and animal Bubstanccs for industrial puriwses — Oil-mills 40 to CO Tan-mills 40 to (10 Sau-mills ^ 40 to CO Ilcmii-crnsliini; mills ' children 20 Photoi^raphers, men 40 to hO Paper, wooden, and hardware mannfactories — Paper-mills, paper and pasteboard factories, men 50 to CO ■women 10 to '^n Maize straw-paper factories, men 40 women 20 Carpet and stained paper factories, uieu 40 Pla.vinp;-eai(l fiictories 40 M'indow-lilind factories Bone-tnriiing mills 50 ■Wood-carving factories 40 to CO Gold-band factories 50 Articles of cousuraption — In corn-mills 40 to CO lu manufactories of Italiuu pastes, me". W to50 women 20 to 40 children 20 Chiccory-factories, men 'M women 18 children 14 Mustard-factories, men 4(1 Breweries HC toHl DistiUeries 40 to (id Tobacco and cigar factories, men 115 tof'l) women 18 to 40 children 15 Amount of daily icages in the canton of Vulais. Vine-dressera, men 40 to CO ■women 30 to 30 GO to 70 (■>(! ;ic to 10 40 to (iO 40 to(i(> 40 to (SO 2i 40 to 70 40 to CO m to liO 40 to 50 30 to (iO 40 to 00 :u 40 to 44 '. 40 40 30 44 to Wt '20 '.'(» 50 tofO 20 40 to 80 no to CO 10 to yo 40 iiO 40 40 CO 40 to on 50 40 to CO 30 to 50 20 to 40 20 ■M 18 14 40 S6 to 1^0 40 to CO ;!5 toeo 18 to 40 15 AiTrioiiltunil laborers, uicu Dny-liitiorcr.s ji<'ii ••ii;;iiu,;(i j„ i.reiiki;,",;;,'; .Mowers Wii-oiH rs (\"vit"hVok;:",;f",;x, J iiiitcrs liook I li riders Wat(l)iiiukors Mechiiiiies [[ Tailors Slioeiiiiikers .. Silddlers .■;."; Lotksiriitiis .. Smitlis .W" Joinors "' Tanners !'..'" Gardcne-".. IJakors Millers... cartwrifTbts ...■.■;."::;;: liidcers. ■*" Giinsniitlm '.'.'.'.'. Cooks, men, en<,','ij.e(ri)V "■oni(-n, lor ^jO'di Seamstresses Milliners '.'.." ' Masons ' VVaslierwotnen ...'.'.'.'.'.., Head -.vu iters engaged "bV Waiters ._ '' C'liambermaids .... Parlor-maids Hostlers .'."."'" Slaid-servants. S"i"="tors :::::::; otoue-cutters LABOR IN SWITZERLAND. fe'ionnd '. tbe iiys. year. the year. CANTOX OF GENEVA. 617 •• 24 to 40 -. 20 to 40 • • 40 to 50 ■• CO to 70 .. 80 to 100 •- 40 to CO • 40 to 50 - 20to;i6 • 20 to 40 • 40 ( o 50 - ;i0to50 - 20 to (iO • 40 to 70 • '-in to 50 • 40to(iO ■ 20 to DC ■ 30 to (JO • 22 to 28 ■10 to (JO 30 to 42 30 loCO 80 to 120 20 8 20 to 22 20 to 30 20 to 50 36 20 20 20 20 20 8 to 10 40 to 50 50 to 00 .ji'welers, (men) Jiwoleii), (woiuou)..' Wnrkin" WiikiiiH Tinkers.:.. Fetters Saddlers ' .'.'." " Ciinpers ! ! i ' liiikoi's ! lintehoi's .'..' ..[[ •Toineis ,][ ." Wood cutters '. Jmirnc.vnieii tailors .'.'.'." ilair-dress^Ts and barbers ; ■Locksmiihs GildiTH .' Waiciimaker»,'(n;p,',j;;;;; -'i!!'.;.'.'." Wa obimikCTs^ ,,f„,^^ J BookbiiKbM'S... Gia'sraiths .....'.' '.'. C.ibinet-makeis'.' .'."*"'" UpbolNten rs ', HoMHi'deeor.itors Labn^iapbeis....'.". .* Jslacksmubs... $1) no 4 UO 3 00 2 7i) 3 1 3 -.li "■i « 3 fiO 2 IM 3 118 3 i;n 2 .10 2 -M 4 M 5 -10 3 00 3 00 3 CO 3 CO 4 3a 3 3o 3 3 2-1 * Emplojcd Btivon days per week. $0 CO «2 80 (ill 2 00 fifl C9 1 C8 CO 2 2.5 C9 2 25 tiO 1 68 C9 9 25 CO 1 68 ca 2 2.5 69 CO 1 68 CO 1 m (iO 2 25 CO 2 35 CO 1 CI c;i 2 25 Cfl 1 CO 2 2j CO 2 25 eg 2 25 G9 2 25 G9 225 40 to 00 30 to 30 C18 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. CANTON OP Al'PKNZliU,. Ocoupatiiiii. SuilillciH Coupi'is UiikiTs HiitchcTS JdiiHtrs Tiiildia TiiiliiiH Silk-l'iirtdi-icM, (nun) Silk-rieliiiioH. (wcnnin) ... iCililHiii-lactoiii's, (nn u) .. ItilllMin-C'l'llH Irs, (Wnuicn) Ylirn-raituiii'.s, (nn-n) Ynrii Civct"! ics, (wnnu'n) . AVodl-lai'ldi U'«, (nil III Wuijl-lactiirivH, (nomi'ii).. Aviri ,'. 1 \va;,'('S 1 ler ivcek i-i 5J y •,'rt *.) III ii 11) y ID y •10 ill :i ^4 1 ;i-j :i !lli 1 It M 1 !)-J :< i;o 1 M IltJItHc-rrllt ixr Wick. (0 ni2 ;ij ;w :w ;ij ;tj ;tj y.i ii-j iii ;ij a.i I.ivin','pir tl m I -1(1 1 ID 1 w 1 I'.i 1 -10 1 ID 1 M 1 IJ 1 ■>!! 1 1-i 1 .j'l 1 IJ 1 10 1 IJ ' Buiployed neveii days per wuuk. C.VNTON OK BKHNK Average rait; of troflca of tlwtcorliiiig-clnKms, irith and without hoard. I'. p-^ i Oi'ouimtitm. WITH UOAliU AM) I.OUIU.NG. Workinu: walclimaki Ciaipi'i.s Hn'Wtrs Sinn'inakcrs G.inliiii-r.s B.111.CIS Tiirncri r.irtcTs ODii'c.iiurti'rs liak(i-,s KntiliiTs I'ai in-siTvantH Womi'ii survaiits WITHOUT noAiiu axd i.odoi.no. Masmis Foi'L'ini'n ShuK'.ciiltcr.s . Foivniin CarpiMiiiM'a ... Foivtncn Joiiieis AviTai;o wa^cH per wi'i'k. Occupation, *$1 30 1 Ml 4 U(l 1 10 tl i-.-i fl 07 I 0(1 S! '10 •J 5-J ;i I'.i 1 4!l eo 53 30 3 no J4 so to 4 cO 3 00 Up to 4 tfO 3 ,tU Up to 4 to 3 00 ("abinct-niaUtM H I (ila/.icrrt I I'lastcrcis I ; llDUsc'-dccdiali'is j • Sniillis ' J.nck.sinitlirt j 'I'c'iilMiiillm j Mi'cliai.iis 1 lii-a.-s-l'iinndcrs I''(Mii)di ra ■ Tinmen iK;'T'"V"i'^ I.u!iiiu'ia|)hcr.s I.illniL'.iaiiln'is Ciin!|lip.-ii;(irrt ; I'linicrs Ii iiiljiindcis (icldsinilli.s Diiisli.nnikcis ' Taiiin.s Saddlers \ I'dtl'V-S , I CarliTrit;lit,s I I'lnitu^'iaplier.M, opeialin 1 i I*liiit»f;iaidii!is, a«sislaniH Aveia;:c wau:-'rt per wi ek. $:i m 3 CO ■in 3 IJ 3 ;i.) 3:iO 3,iO an 3 4> 3 61) 4 N) 4 r.il 3 10 3 CD 3 10 4 'JO 3 11 3 -JO ISO 4 -JO 3 00 8 7:i 3 la Note. * Pi-dvidi^ tli'il' own todla. ; Work on Sundays, -llio abovo artisuua ol'reii earu more by piecework. t KiiH'ified liy tbo uioiil b. § Per mouth. Table nhoiclng the avcrmje prkes of procinions and fuel in the cantnn of Berne, Breud, lye mixed with wheat per Swiss pound Beef, lir-l c|iiulily (h) Beet', secuiui liiiality do Veal do;!."!!.".; Pork ,|o Potatoes ilo Battel- do Suet do...!..!. Lmd ...,....,.,... do Pine- wood pei Beeeh Turt .■.■.."'. 1.10:5 .do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. per khil'ter do... per wugou load CcntA *'J 04 1;! 12 13 la (i 20 18 18 5 80 9 iiO 5 00 v. n> Mim'-n-iit I.iviii ,' pi r |RlWl(!k. |)IV w .■.k. 1 to Wi 11 '10 8 ;ij 1 .1(1 i W'i 1 m i ;)v! 1 Kl ) ;w 1 40 i 1 'III 1 10 4 3i 1 '111 J u;i 1 1-J Ij ;i-j 1 40 2:t 1 li 1 -I'l 1 a:j 1 1(1 ■i aa 1 I',' thout hoard. A\<'i;i;:o U.I'J.'M IKT wi cU. rs Its ;i CO 3I-2 3 4'J 3 ;),) II liO ;i oo 4 'JO 3 4J 3 !',; 3 DO '1 tfl •1 511 ■Mi 3 CO 3(;o 3 10 4','0 3 II 3 SO 4 iO 4 iO 3 (lO sri 3 IJ uil hy tbu luuiitii. jiith. tei in the canton oj Cents. pnnn(I= 1.10:5. fO (14 do.. 13 do.. 12 do.. i:l do.. 19 do.. li do.. ao do.. 18 do.. \i . .. per khil'UT. f) so do.... 9 20 ei' wajjou loud. 5 00 LAI30R IN SWITZERLAND. Table s/mwu,;, the eiiwli/,,, n,uni/i/„ n,»7 „,. oJ h persous-- uduU.su„d (i iiu'lfen '' "'^ Mn?^|;:;;,i:;;;r;t:J;:'^::;^^ , Coir.',., cs.,,.,,,.,. of .....'.: "''''"'■'"'•'■'' ) " «"'all i.ui'U.t ,„,,■ «• J'loiir, I |iiiiiiid 111'!' wci.y .if V ,,'.". Salt ;j c..n tH ;• fh,i tJ „;;i -:—^;^ ■ -J j^^.-^-^. ...... ^ G19 '■'' of pt at lie I ■or I lie. f'linis eon- eoiisiftiing 'f^ i-ciils . Toful ilwjoww^ (Ush,n-m] hi, the .same f,n>nl„ r i r';:::7'v r^-«->^^'i^;s Fuel .or -Mm;;: .;;:".'! ';:„:;;; ';:7-'^- ""'• )'-■. uso ocu kit,'i„'„ LiKiitiMj;..i,,nM«,iow, .": .;]::'!;V^''"';:'''MoJ^^ MiM,i,'i|,ai o,, ,,,„., "I'' ;n'^nii,s,a,i.M.t oi oil ,„;,■ wo.'k, at 10 ^^m;;;;;; "HMk;..,. ,|„,.d, ,„.,',||..,s, A,: . ' : , "" •^^■'""'1. 1'-- anmiiM.. ... '■' " Tot ill Table shoivhw th »(J I lie animal a rerai/e e.vpendUurc for eh Coat, u-o) h W Pi'icc .«;i!, iiMinllv liislst 'II (Jinan. 'oth, yi'''(<-oii(, |ii'it'i. si..i('i. Ti'dw Sliiit, 1)1 IIMM liiK'i'.s;;.hju to s:i . lii' irco yi^iirs ll'lilS OIIU Voill- St( ii'kiii 1^0 ^5 fi'lit's; t St(ji'ki liOdt." ;.•<. col loll wo lt'(ll|i|'(.(l (..Vl'l'V y, l"ic(^ 4ii(',ij| '•A'-, uodl.'ii, |,i'i(.'( I'l I.-.; ,S-.!.-.U, „,s„,,llv Just IIMUl U.-llilll.V kl.sl OI ll.V I Sh licii.'„'.sl..lo one ,uar, i', i'"!! oiur Acjir.. loyi.'ar, •liiiic ijcin.r t ""-'••'■"••l-'lts, tl8llilllv I'ilsV vvifo rcsolfd, i'\( ^wk-tlCM, pii,',. ;jL) ,.^, IVIt T riidci- iiiit, pi'ict^ 81.00, 11 I'l i('(; ;;o ('(.|ii,s laci's, 'lowsi'^. !'>«, iiMlally 1,'ist filially liisl.s llii "i;'\yrai',n'.s(d.dii;„Vtma. ii'Siiallv la iiiii'.M'ai ■I'o years. !>[/ of an ordinary $■2 00 1 .10 1 :o ■It) 1 (;o ;i 00 1 is la I'x- ■s, e.\lra,(i8c..iit,.. ■■'ll(l;ll|(.|, Jllico.Sl.li), 'S!' one \car. "■ai.s eoat, piieoliO ll'Siially 1,'iM I'oekel-hiiiKil Juekel 'ell lit. Ill ice It) cents, iisiiiilly Ja.stH ) out- year liiicuijl.^iO, Usually lasLst •ellls, tU( "o yell^^.. Wo years ■<|iiired every year, Total :iO 1 -40 ;i4 !12 90 The 1, nyest computation of tl H 57 -- '^^--.-^-^l.:^ i,;T-r^- -SI'- ^vo..kl.i.n,ai. In .IL Table showing the average annual expenditure lor , / /; • . Sh.vs.'.?,''.;.c/,;,^l'''^■'l''''■^'''v^''^■y^^■ar y^yy, |iiieeS,1.40 $■2 (16 1 10 ri MM ^20 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMKTIICA. SjwU]w^» woolon. piic.. :.() (.cnfs, two rnqniml ovcrv vour i nn l.iK ..iclothiii;,', ).ri(:o4-Jcciitn, iisimlly worn oiio year V jMckrt, piKc ifl.CO, tiNiiiillv worn two yciirs t'' rs.rki'irliicC, ixiciHiilcfiitM, usiiiillv Worn ono year ,. "'" '. pric.'iil, iisniilly worn Ibi'ir yciirn ... (.lov.s, iHireltOcfutH, nMUiilly worn "two veafH '.„'.'! ,7 hliuwl, pricn -lO ei'iitN, nNniiMv worn (en v't'iirn ,' Conih, prico 11 (•.■iitN, iisnallv worn onu 'y''iir li rocl(rt-IiaM,lk,.rcl.i.i; price liic^nVs; VwV)VeqVuVea pVi-y^ar::!: ^ y? Unflcr-w.iistcoiit, ii.sirallv Wfurs on.) war f| Uoutl, prieo GO centN, nsually worn two years '-."."!.'.'.".*.""."!.'."!!.' .'i'"" 'Jo Total lei 90 Table nhoicing the average annual cost of clnfhlng for a boy under 14 be loiirjing to the worldngvlass. * Coat, rottnn-warp linon price, inclnding lining, "^''m'>nt in Switzerlan.l where workmen can obtain chonn clothin„ at east at all e(a)um'nsnrate with tliesMialli)iice of other necess'.rieMTliiiA^?^ asin-nlaronii,ssi..iiinaconntrvi,.e.enilr,entlv(listi , s ,, A'. This is, no doaht, i.e,i with a view of ainelioiatmJ tlie c'mli i n o ^^ 'l , " J .I^,:^^^ chanty Kcn..rally. On the other lian.i, there are to he > in n,' , v',,' i . ' ''"^ is!^"i,.!'h^s"!;::^:;;;:::,:;ri:i;ir;:ti::i"i:;;;:?Xi!;!.'';;^^ IS one ot the sevMest. if not the heaviest loa^ hy whiTh his'hiancera^^.i^S ""' A so,>iety tor erecting improved dwellings for the industrial classes wis foon,l,.,l of Lansanne ,n 18t.O, with a capital of *40,(IOo': Anoth..r .nore "LX, I t^a e S o S^p:!^''i.ri;r;a-;,— LdiE^^^^^^ fours, with a common entrance, tw.. apaPtti enrs b.Mi, t «; ' t , , Z,"w^ *'"'""'";' '" oa the tirst iloor. ^ach lodger^has hisiwn^gar:;.?,.:^;;;^^:^ ^^^l^t^^^^^tiZ o^'^^:^j^::^\::r:^:r'S^^!S: ,!:;;->-::-« - rn^o pt^indiciai tuan coofeih.ration.a.id which at lirst sig t w d nZ-n^^^^^^^^ eanitaty s.'use on the operative, has Zl all In- a ' ," ta es ft fs ^cmS .''l'" V '7' '" ^ sess. It i.i(.dii<<.s the evil etl'ee s (.f toosedei.r .rv . , nn?i i '-'-"•"">' ''t'ld to p(is- catioii to\vork snhiectod to ■u.dirl.ct^imS ' T i^ ma nlfUc .nf^ respect, and as regards the strain on tlie evesi ".t is consider d,, I ' f\ '" "'" in,jnrio„s oee,ipat,„i,s, .although the aulh.rit ^ t.vo eve.'v^ t k^'n Vl" ""v"'"'' canlioimry nieaniires, both to prot,.ct the woriV.i.i wis t^/. L . -i i . ' •'"' "'"^ '"f .ut ev., and to preveutchihi^a iVou/i;;.ny;;i;;;Ki'li;;: SSt^o^^^^ [CA. 1 no 4J t-0 •• (IK 'ir, ir. i 14 IB twice ii'solwlj ■ -••- 8 92 re80lu(l six tiiiit'N, 1 fi8 'H 4'i :!0 ' Id 110 r a boy under 14, be- ke, aud acccsso- U 40 70 i"u« 3 ;io 1 00 "•• --.. 40 1 00 iits each time... 2 2i iiO ■ i(i \i 1 obtain clienp clofliinjj, iricH. Tliis is,iio'''l«l« a cireai. ,1m, i '''-^ •'"i'i''^-"f, f>o.n tlL.ir land an c , ,V """»'">• ^'f '► ^wl^s c.,nntrv , L h ' '■'""•'■ '""'il- iiiiiii^ ■ ?t Olren, ho i n v d . witl?f "' '''■■'^l'""'"' <■''■" "f <'l'ai'^ At h' T'-l''''''''^ '" *''« 622 LAIlOIl IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ^•liicli. t1>nn(r1t i>f n tiinrc |w>)iti('iil clmrnrtiT tlmn tlic foii'^ointf, U pxclnslvclv SwIhh, anil u liilr c cilisliiiilly iliNcn.HHiln: llii' ihuMi m III •'in|iiliil r.i. liiliiil'," ((i>'' llli^ irilnnii lliiil II Imiuc iiiiiJHiiiy 111' its iiiiliibiiM iiif liiliiPiiiiu: iiitM.) mill wliusr |iii.iliriil cliiinirlrr is flii-ily iilliiil III llif iinrsiliiii 111 liiliiir. I'MirisrH, liy iiN iivincipli'N anil iiiiiMiliirit,\, u ■wlii'lisniiic ililliiciiri' iiMT III'' luliuliii;; t liissr.s. 'J'iiJK ii>MiiJ,(liiiii liiis rmiiiilril M iny iiiiiioiliiiit iimlltiitliiiiH, mirli iiHunfii'tii'M of mil t mil ■11)' iiirt, hiiv iiinM-liiiiikM, iliiap iMllMit-liuilurM, &i'., iiiiil ili'cli'd villiiilW li'miltH lor iii- Ntltii'lioll 'iiiil iiliiii>i'liirlit. Tlirir m>- iilw> iilli'f Niiiii't'.in, purely II liKiiiiiH, Imlli l'iiiti"*tinil iiiiil K'niiiini ('iillmlic, ^•Xl'M•i^illU Npi rial Mllirrvisiiin nviT llir iiliniit inn anil Ucll-lirin^; nl llir i)|mIiiI IVi' rhiss, Silii'hil liMlIlM havi' lii'ih rxprriillc. il ill nllirr iim Iiiin, niiil Inl Id IIu' ciiallini nl llm lull I niiliiiiial I'linyn'ci'i'M 111' III m.-mi-Is, I'liinkloi t, iinil jjinilnii. 'I'lii' (ii'iii'viNi' "iSMiiciy of I'nlilii! lUilily " rinly ri'rii);nizril I In- iinpinliinir of lln'.sii;,%'<'i''l nms pKiinpsiil nl lliisn cimnii'.-M'N, mill Willi ii'virw in nvi rl llii' i vil» nl luiiili/iilioii, ami loi- ihc j>iin'ial ilis- Hi'llilliiuiiin III Knnvv l> il^f, lilivn lolilulril ii lil'liiiy nl •,',( Oil vnlnini's iiii Niirial iplrHl imiH, noliipii.sin;^- inan,\ liimlis lint rniiiul in nlln r rnlli ilinns. All llirsr vaiiinin |i|iilani liinpii! ellnils In II nil liiiVii n I 111' nii'dil imi nl' I 111' hvMss | iipiil limi ill liii'^i', mill nl' I 111' npi'ia- tlvi' in piiiliiiilai-, iiirrt willi valiiiilili' aiil I nun I In' nativf i'in|il yns, A pnicly iliiiin- cratir-imil pn\ailn, in lliis n-;;aiil, iiinnti;; iniiid'yiis anil finplnyi'il, llin I'liipinyi'i' woiilil I, Ml III- rdiisjilii 1 il liy lii» Miliniilinali'j*, nr rvnii liy liinihi'ir, iim I'litin'ly i iipiilili' (o C'oiulinl till' a Hail M nl' liin fMulilisliniinl, liail In- n t in liis yniliif^rr ilays ,i I'liilrd, sti'p by hli p, llic lailili r wliirli lilnii^lil liiiii up linin a innni-HV.i'rpt'l' In tlm lr\ 1 nl' llii' iniist tikillril ill llio liailc. In (ilaiiiH, wliirli iiiiiy lin (■nn>iiliii'il ii inmli'l cMiili.n as ri';;nhli tiin irlaliniiH liiUM'ili pinpi ii'lnr anil i in|iin,\<''s, mill wlii'ii! a lliiril nl' llir |iiipiilaliiin tniiMihls 111 nprialivt'N, llin (•liininiini'H rniiniliifji' ivriy lii'W I'lili'ipi isc, Hiipi inili'iiil lliii st'linnJH anil liiial liliiai'ii'H, anil, in ciiliriil |ii'iinil,s. linil l.ilinr, innviili- simp Mlclii'im, uilil liny pi. In rasr of sii'k- lii'ss till- iipi'iai iVf is always ri'ilnin nl' liriii^ kiuill\ carril I'nr ; nr it' liiuli piiirspiv- vail, piniiipt ini'asnii's aic lakni to irliivi' liis disiirsn. Casisnl ill iMlniviiir liavo IH'Vcr lircn knnwii In niriir al Ollcn. Tlln npiTalivis ai'n inni'li altai'liril In nar • ntliir, mill liink iipnii till' (liicctni' of llio wnrks ill llii' \\ji\i\ "!' a latin r rallirr than a maslir, 'I'lii' lav\s (if Swilz ilanil nlili.nn I'vny Swiss In alU'ii'il tlm "|iiiniary '' .-rl lsliir;i ct'iliiin niiniliiT 111' yi'ais ; ami il may Imsaiil Inn', lln'^fdVfiiimi'iil. has now niiiU r cnii- Bidi'laliiiii, alsn, a law ii'j,'i laliii)^ tlin liniirs of lalinr. So wiili'-spicail, hnwcvfi-, i.s nlnratinn in Sw il/i riaiiil tliat nvcry I'ntniniliii' lias itn Bchno's, anil alisnni' I'riini llirsn iiislilnliniis is cmc cdin/^ly laic. tJi'iirrally spi'aking, till' laws olili^i' tliiiii to rnnimi'iici' attrmlmni' at llir aui- of six nr sivrii, aii'l tliry aid bniinil 1 1(1 1 til Iravf llin pninaiy silinni until tliry arn lilli'rii nr six tern. 'I'lii' law wliii^h rcipi ill's that I 111 1(1 II II shdiild alli'iiil i lie primary .-ilinnis \ i)lnally iinpnsi's an (ililij^alidii on the hiati'.in , iiidiccnini'l l.\ , on lliri (iniinnncs, iilCiiddW iiij;' nnincroiissclKiols tliinii;;!!. out t In- CI mill I y. Tlu-si- iiislil minus ar(- of a liist-ialc i liarai-li'i. Iinlli as icjrjiils sy-fi-rn and inaiiiii;i-imnt, Il is ;;('m-ially allowid Ibat llic piiinary si-lninls nlVci- a solid liahis to tin- nlmalion (if the pi-oplc. Tim indilsliial clasy .■■ rn as I'lscwlici-n arc licltcr educated than lln- a;;ncnlliiial po|inlali(in ; but nil 111. k'-i few cniiiil lies can lidiist of so t>(-lieral a dilfiisiiin of know ledi;!- Ilii(in;;liiint the l•la^ as is met wiih in Swilzcr- land. Wlial are calliil '• indiistriar' i-clieiils are al-i. vt ciiiisiib lable in niiiiilier. Thcro the snlijects of stiidy include diawin;;, modelini;, calciilal inn, (especially in itn aiiplicatioii to inilnstiy aid coinnierce,) (i(-i man, I'lencli, the elements nf j!(-oiiieti-y, clieliiihl ly, and pli\,'-ics. 'I'licro are many MU li insi . Hit inns in tin- caiilnns nf (ieiicvii, ■Valid, Ni nclnih-l, iieriic, hiicernc, Ziliich, I'essin, St. (lall, itc. At I, nivalin >;ialiiit(iii9 iuMtinclioii i.s i;ivi-n in the apiilicatinn nl chcmisliy to ail and indiistiy. Vaiiinis other iliHtitnlidiis (it a like iiatnii' are I'diind in dilfeieiit pails i f Swilzeiland, tesi il'viiij; to tbe jfciieial intenst taken in the cdiicalion of I lie ailisan and indnsiiial cla>ses. Lcc- tiucs Oil sclent die, I i^t.nical, and siii-ial snlijects are j;ivcii in the difleient cantons with bciielii ial resnils. The Swiss (i|ieiativc. nniU'ijiiiis bis appreiil iccsbip eiihci- iimliT liarcntal siipeivision at linmi! (ir in(ir(^ In (pieiil ly iiniler the eyi! of his emplnycr. SVlieiicver any iit-w Inaneli of industry is iiitrndiiceil a niiinbcr of appn-ntice scliijiils aro immediately instiinted. Amoiij; otlii-r niimerons i xainples, we lind in the caiiloii of Tessin a sclniol w here- silk-weaving is taught, At Fiibour); and Geneva llierc are iiistitiilions vvlierc apprentices receive, iiistrnctiiin in plaitiiif? straw, Ac. Ibit clock and walcli making;, di-inandiiifj iirnlongod and dilliciilt Ktudlcs, is perhaps the braiiDh of traiic, aliovo all olliers, in winch the practical cdiicatinii of the iipiJieiitice is carried to Ihi; hi;.Mn-.sl pilch of purfeOtiiili. Schouls have bet-ii fulUldod for this pnrjiow. at Geneva, (Jliaiix ih; Kiiiid, and Lncic, tho cstalilishments at the two former jihues liciug municipal iiiatitutious, aud tho hitter exclusively tor the jioor. The watch uiul clock iir, U fxrlii«lvi'1v SwIm, •III," (liii' I III' irHMiiii tliiii io {iiiJliriil rliiirmii r in 'i|ili'iH iiliil )ii)|iiiliirit.N, u til IINlncifticM III' llllltllill MiliiiilH irMii'lH liir ill- lit mill Kiiiniiii ('alliiilir, iii lit I 111' <>|irl'ill IVi' rliiNs. 'll til till' I'ir.ltiiill III till' Till' ( ii'lll'Vi'Si' "Siicii'ty 'MtllillS |irillH)M'll III I lll'Hl' mill I'lir till' ini'iH'iiil ilis- lllll'S nil Nlll'llll IjllrMl imis, Mtrlii'iiN, |ll iri' til t lll'il lii'^t lrx't St I iklll;; I'X- Imiil. Whili' till' r.iti: "f lililtril ill iilhiT I'lllitoiiN, lloiil>. Ill I'lisr lit' .sii'k- ' ; III' if liijili piiri'.s pii'- iMi'M III ill liiliavior liiivi) I mtiu'lii'il to I'll!' I iillirr, IT riitliiT tliiiii 11 iiia-itiT. "piiiiiiii'v '' M'liiHils I'lir ;i ll'llt IlllM now llllllrl' Cllll- , cviTV I'niiiiiiiiiii' liiis itH I'L'. tiriii'ially spi'iikiiii^, X iir srvi'ii, aii'l tliry me i-iiNtrrll. 'i'lir luw wliirll lly iiiipiiHi's mi iililiLr:iliiin iiiirliillHs('liiMilstliii)n;,'ll- r. Imtli lis ii'^iai'ils sy>trm irliiHiKs iilVrr a Miliil liasis i: as I'lsrwlli'Ti' arr lii'ttiT liiw count lii'S ran liiiiist IS is uii't wiili in Suiizir- oiisiiU riilili' ill iiiiiiilii'r. iliilioli, (csprriiilly in its 1- rlrllli'lits of j;rnii,Blry, 1 till' cmitoiis lit' Oriii'Vii, At I,iii;aiio ;;iatliitiiilH iiiilii^lry. VmioiisoiliiT wil/i'l'lmnl, trslil'yiiin to iiiiliistiial classes, l.oi'- lie ilit't'iTciit caiitiiiiswith I'rllt irrsliip rillii'l' llliiliT I' I'yo 111' his riiipliiyiT. irr III' iippii'litiir si'llDiils I's, we liiiil ill till' I'aiiloii V'^ mill Giiii'va tlit'ii' aro ij; straw, Ac. lint I'lock •s, is [U'lliaps tlio liraiic'h till* iipprentii'i' is carried uU:d for tliis piirii'is" iii ' two foniiiT pltici's lieing r. The wutcli uiul clock I-AltOU IN HWrrZKRLAND, InNtitiil to piipiU I'llin i""", ;'/ '"'''""^ ■''• I'""l tin iiifcr- P>'(>lll»' o( Will k A. (i. (i It,, Tlilr 'S iirlisiiii Is 1 1, is ll ll' ii'siilt III vmiiiiis I '^ iiiosl forhiiiatily Hifiiut,,! of all ,| I'XIslili I'l iially plai'i'il ij I 111' lalioiiiiM ,1,1 '• upon that mio ilrparim,.,,, SMS ail', IIS a lull', \vh,,|lv i| 11 lllllsl I'lilllilll II' riiii'iiii'iital tliiclllatliiiis I tliat il nay alli -I III I' iiikI nil', Ih I if lal liil t oil', I'xpiisiil (,, 1 1 thor ill wlii.'li ,11,.,, pi'liili 111 loi' ll cs, o SI I Vis Mr Hir iiirans 11 ''^(\ilzillaiiil, lliiH iM 1 11' ili,' iii>taiii IS have iiiiliviil- astlollH 1', Mills, ,,(■ „| illi'il illlhiri 'I III aKliinlliinil ll ways, li'iiiii I o coiishliil,. ilii |lll'.-ilils. lilals iiM'lii pll "i'ln .'. '-o far linin l„ 'll cii|ii|il|.al,'i| anil ili'liral I' winks of iiiiiliir nil the ll III 1 I>llltit,lill "• ! '■ i.saiil, w ■liiU ll latever II' CIIMt icii iiol ill lively liii'iit.s. or when iiii;,l,|„ I,, 11,1,1 "all I T iiaiM.s III Oltl'll OWI iir le anil if Willi will K, ll||livi||,.,u i; II iiri', ,111. ill, lilei'tiv III 1 1 '• ii'S Wile, anil even hisi'lnlil I'' sii|ipiii| nf ||„, (■,, li'n,lll' 1 .sclin "lir. "J'hei., ,., "rie, anil liol|i,ilii',,,i,.,|,|y we 11,1,1,1 issi's wi) liave a siKnili e iii'i) eniiipaiativi ly cant view i,( the val aial liniii III,. 11,.,. ,,, ,1,,,, ,,,• ta ;es 1 esse,- sell 1, are iiiMiil,.il in his miml, I'l larlner nr enn le aiti>aii lit InVel', liy ii'asoii II, ';",V"'V'',".'" ".'■'"""' ii"iiiciiiii'soi ,1 no X >.> lew .>\vi,ss wlioeaiiiint in.H' In the piisf nf iiiaiiaf,'er, le eililcalinn.il mlvlin- t ll isiamls the liiilii'-tiial iml the hahil of oppnrliuiify of I'Memlin., 1 anil iiii.iicy al a iinhlie h7,ii 111'' (in 1 1 value of eilmal ■aviiij,' eiieniiiai'eil I le SI lief,. si i.eniininy lis ki|,'wli'ilj;e. \V ion, ami, ,'ni iile mil' arlis.ii '.V every pnssilihi nu'mis ■si i|ni.|iilv, II luiiil th,' av of Z e eiili(iiio,.|||.j,.^ of Ih,. I 111,' .S\\ iss workiiiaii is I ever iiniifs ai isaie wasiiij;; d,,.),. ,1,,,^ '"\v wilh |„i,.,l ,„. I iiiii'li I'lji'.;,' ,.ariiiii,rs nf 1 1 fur W)lklli;;-Iiniils I lli.slance, iliey ranee I 111 nil', ('nilipareil willi'll ^. ,, s wniiii,,., St apiieiir vi7y le .Swi,- le W,i;;i',s ol,!j|i|,„| nam pre|iar- ihii 111 En^r. of w, is far ll, I » in;; from \\> i,, i.). [,, , Hum 1/ ei'iii.s ,,, y. 111 tl qilalily , f ,|„. l,,,, nw thiise iiliiaiiial le Variniis eiitlon ,,,,,1 > ei'lll.SllI, ,|,,y^ III,, ,|„,„|,^ lecaiitiin '11 the Mlk-Iiaile ohi ir IS M'lilei Iv a 'le in Lancashire ami W .siU. I el, if lies III,' rat, ke 111,. iiiii mt .-klli,'in,ail,l CXIl'lllI crmaiis, ilie .^ujss havi ' per week, while liis,.,.l n;;' their •ccssflilly a, lop, I'll || iImi> aveiiiM,) ,s;.|.w4. I'liil iltiyels |||.,i| 111, ,, iPPi';m,,ntop,.n,lnctivi'i,,i|.p,,s,.s,'hntthi'l,i ill hwiuiahiiiil— leiiils t o|ii'riiiiv wnikmeii—a eii le piimiphsiif eo-nperati on, e a.ssiieiaiioiis. o i-etanl a cnnisiaiice \ iiid, r, i'alil,\ wilh wliii h most -.liii ny exteii.sive ilcVeloinmnt nf Hiekitt esaliiin.sl iiiiki Wlll^' In ,1||. ,..v;,.,.l| lOWU er flusH of co- llint on Snn.la.v« an .xt.a short w.th the o-J.^t ot atlor.hnK ?l,...r..U i i... al r..:uli"i'' matter, l.eelures on the .oeial and polilieal (ine.stions ot the S M*^ th t ct^i^ •" are lV...iuentl.v ^iven, not, o,.ly .n the «reat eenter«ot mp, It n. hut al«. in the r.niote conMnnne., where, in the abse.KU^ ot re^nlar lee- t e s e vill .<.e eleruAnum or nehoolnias.er, ami son.eti.nes even oi.lniaiy workmen, „n lert'al e thi. Ia«k. There are innn.nerahle workinnmen'H assoe.afons whieh have "o> e reK.la p ace, of meeting, where ho..ks, perio.Ueals, punes, an.l r.^trenhnients are m- vi. led f. r tie nu.nih,.r,s, whose time is ehielly euRafred m dehat.nf:, t;ef.nf; np dra- a tie . ert-./rmanees, and acinirin- a kn.-wl.d^re ot modern langnajieH, hooU-l<... iMn« rt.^N in" ar thn,,.|ie hist..ry Ae. ^Mueh attenti..n is a so devoted to nu.sje l'<'< ' '.ea nlins7nnnental,asameansof in.,oeentreeieation,Hn.K.n- hem- taufiht .n all the in. rv sehools. There is hardly a village whieh does not poss.'ss one or nu.re choral £ e U^," (1 in nutny eases a hrass han.l. Tl.e ru.al districts o the can on ol Lm.Mne m.,v he cited as an example of the -eneral taste for mnsic the heneheial elleets of vl el can o h' too hishU appreciated. In this little strip of t.;rntory there are no less th' "i^xteen principal Choral societies, seventeen nnisual societies, thirteen theat- Icd soci.ak' n wH^^ hrass han.ls. Len.herg, a town of -2,000 mhahitants, coi Imno yeas hack, boast of possessing two hnmlred pianos. In ohsenre vdla^.'S d aTic peilbrniances are sometimes given hy the p<.asants themselves. In some pa ts f 8 vit/erland pageants are periodically got np at considerable expense o eoni- ^em. .rate some event\.rextraor.lin'ary interest in the local 'V'"'''-\,, .'/.tril s^r^ctiou athletic sports are common throughout the country. All classes without disti.ictiou tak'i part in these pastimes. The following is an extract from a letter to the Boston Daily Atlvcr- tiser, dated at Zurich : THE SWISS WOMEN. There is sad enonph need of the elevation of women even in Switzerland. O.io b-ndml women clitnb each day to the splendid hnildmss winch overlook the city o Zirch the tirst fountain cf'learnint; in the republic; one thonsa.ul women tml from sunrise till late evening in the narrow la.,es below, dragging heavy ,a„d-ear ts, 8ta'.'erin.r nn.ler large htirdens balanced upon their lieads, sawing wood, oi gath- e riu.7 the^refuse fronrthe streets with basket and shovel ; .u short, performing the most menial service that the lowest class of male laborers are condemned to do i America. I have often seen two slender women sawing oak and i^h wood in h.' stre, t wl ilo a stout fellow stoo.l by leisurely splitting the same sticks One per "Ij' 'J^^ ;"« The other day sat upon the eurb-stone holding her saw reversed brtvyeen her knecs.aud iu ultur weakness was nibbing the stick of wood upon it to saw it in iwo. ig classes, and many e (itycit of iifloidini; iciil (lUf.slioiiH of I lit) I till) {jrcat cfntui'Bof ,(;n(ii! of iff^iiliir Icc- 1 oidiiiiiiy woikiiicn, (•ialioiis wliicli luivo ind ii'froslmu'nts iiio in^. sefiiig lip diii- ii;i};('s, book-ki't'iiin;;, to iiuiKif, 1)01 li vocal ig taiifilit in iill llii) 1 one! or nioro clioiid liofiiiiloii of r.uci'rni; u bciH'laaal ('ll'i'otH of ■iritory tliori' aro no iotics.tliirtt'iMi tlii'at- of •2,0(10 inlial)itaiit8, In obscure villages litfinsdvoH. In soiiio abld cxiit'iiso to coni- ^. Killo niatclics and I without di-slmction ;ou Daily Advcr- in Switzerland. Ono icli ovi'ilook llio city housand woincu toil iiiff licavy Inind-carlN, \\'n\'^ wood, or fj;atli- dioi't, pcrforiniiif; tlie o condi'innt'd to do in ash wood in tlu'Stnu t Oni^poor old cveatine ii'tvv(!i!ii her kiious, ai:d it iu two. LABOR IN ITALY, LABOR IN ITALY. G25 In tins ancient and renowned cont.try tl.ere are few if i.nv n.annfac SmJ. 'ri!eT i' ""*' rT''''''''r'^' '^'"'*'"^' ''■■'"'^••'^'■^ i" li ' S w« ; r H ^y"''^"'" «"i'«"K-nt shows (1.0 Ivin.l .,..1 valtie of the pro- Statement ahoiciiig the quaniittcH and rahicnof K'S mm ralucxofniiim-l.fiiito tl,r r„iU,t Sinirs fr.m ItahnUri thcJturati/em-ciKiatJiDK'-M, IS7.1. •' """"//""" '19 i\rtitle8. 1I(1U1](|9. pouDils. FUI'K OK I)i;ty. Ar^nls I'lH'iuiciil.s, n\ i:s, itc (illlliS IlitioH aud ijUiiis Oils: I'Y'}-. ;••-, gallons. \ Dial lie iir I'Hsciitiiil .ilo riiiiiliiiijs, iti',, 111' Aiiiericaii iirtista. . Kii-s „f oclKin, io liili'imia; hi-cds Niik raw.. "";;;:;;:;;p;,;,n(ia: hMiplmr, criulo ' ,,,11^ OlIiM' articles, (prim^ip.illy tnijiii'al Vni'iti! ViicYiKiiii.^ ()hve8) " TotallVeoof duty DrXIAIILE. I!iinl;s. ,f;o IlruaiUnir!*, pea.so, &o ' Cliiniic'iiin, iliiij,'.'*, &c FuMi'v ^itodrt ; l-'iiiiis (il'iill kinds Jlair, huin.ui Hi'iup, raw Ji'wclry Hiifct. Iiiibnot. Qiiaiitity. j Value, j (Juariiiy. j Valuo. . ..biisbi'ls. n, (i.-,o 30, .'ip:i, jii ' ■iu, CUT , -I .-J ■Jiiia, Kii 11;, 17.; ■\ •I'liJ ' r>. 170 . iii.;i:i( !. i,-t:;i,-jii7 1. •Jll, ^'>0 '. i.u'-ii.'TUi'!. 2,;n;i, 4fii j. 217, m \ ly.n. W.I I . Lpallll^r of all Idiids (rlitVfS Jliiiblo and manufaoturea of . Oil.4 : Olivn, Sflln.d Olivo, not salad Volatilo or essontial V3intiii;;8 I'rovibiona Salt ;.... Straw, manufactures of Wino: In caslia In bottles .'.'..'.'. 'Wiinil. luaiinlacturoa of V.'ool, raw All other arfielu.s '.".'.'.'.". . Total dutiable Total free of duty l>onndM. .dozen pails. -'14 •i, iiiii ;), im '■ .Kallon.").. ... do.... ....do.... ..pounds. gallons., .dozen.. ...pounds. 21. (1:17 "■i '.'lio (if, ri7U 53, r. 1 1,474 i> OlM .Wo 377 10 3411 M7 HilO 1 Ulll .'•>() i.-.o 1, 137 3, •^3:1 53.-', oiri' 0.13 3?, 20, •IH;i M. .V.li 3, U,-|3 4ii, i;oi 21;!, IlliO i.'io, ii;!i 1I.'J7,-) Total bnpnrt.. 4: i;i3 ?^.'i7 2.3 4.!.-. 37,'> ,'1 107 3 11; '■37 Dili t Mil. i;37. 4WI H, 4'.1!1, 21)1 Tho liidireet imports camo tlirough tbe port.s of— Iielj;nini I'lauoi! '.'...... Geiniaiiy Ko-land Senilaud. '■; Irelinil. QlleOee, . Total 40 L 0,0111 ui 7,'63J 4, 33fi 400 13, 3J7 ,97.-1 ?35. ai)4 I, lii-J .32, 239 14, 4li4 21,>Ji3 211, ISG 31.-,,.VW 3,2';0 h31 4.*i, ■■'."jo 14. '^34 114, 4-J3 18, .MIS 40, 4lil 211, tl'.W 197,' 754 r,, Cilfi 4117 4-J. !1,-.-, 2.\ t'liS 4, 5.70 583,' i 97 4,702 119 7, ','59 ll,h7ii 4-', •.•■.'4 1, ll'l), ,•'34 315, XiS I,.™;, 373 3, 309 .19.3, 'J 14 14, .-OJ !?27. r,3G CT, 4f3 300 I,. '"100,375 i-* «.'! ll ■I ! if'Ifi ti 62G LABOR IN EUROrE AND AMERICA. e:\iigiiation fuo^m itat.y. The pooDle of Ttnly, liUc those of M.o other Latin nations, nre, ns a rule, ,lis , ,(•!.. e. to einif-rl e. The folk,win,i.- shows the total im.niKn.tion into e U, e States from Italy (Inrin- the past litty-lmu' years a -relating t 47 -1 ! in more than half a e.-ntniy. Nor were these a nnnngrants, le,'lsn.'es in the table for the years previons to ISTO .lenote «/,.« paLum many of whom afterward returned to their native land. Emiavathmjhmi Tlah, hy dccadr. Jrom l&iO to 1370, ard hy years shcc 1.^ 70. Yciirs. l.S-iOt.i I^':i0 IKll 111 itAO IHl tci Itnu IS.'il t(i 18(i0 ISCil to 1670 1S71 Number. 3sn 2,'Jll l.TillO 7. ma 12, 7ei 2, 'JH Years. 1^72 lS7:t'. Ic71 Tiitil in 31 J "ars . XimibcT. 7. yiin 7,473 .\ 7'-7 47, 41)0 KATE OF WAGES. The following statements, in regard t«^ the cost of labor i" l;;']y^^;'«- vious to 1872, are taken from an olUcial report on the state ot the lead- ing branehes of industry, whieli was made in the year Ibbo: Iron-mhHS.-^umhoT of mines worked, 44 ; uun.berof per.soi.s ouiplojed, «,2l-2 ; adults, l,yd8; c'liildmi, 3-24. Average daihj waycs in iron-mines. Location. I'ipilmoiit Limiliiinly ;••;■,• ;"'" ; Tuaciinv, (uiliiUs iinil cir.liuoii) C;ilul)ria AiUilts. / c. 1 50 1 3:1 1 lil 1 ;;.■) Cliil- liren. Co2)pcr-miM8. -Number of mines worked, ;M ; number of peicoim employed, 2, Hi. 7>tii7,v wages. Locntion. riodmoiit l.i;i.ni;i Louihiirdy Veucti;!. KTiiili.'* Tiisciiiiy, (adults ami cliiuiron) .. Adnlts. Cliil- (IrL'ii, /• f. c. 1 7;! ej 1 40 tO I 06 1 a 73 1 70 1 70 f;„/<.»a.mim.5.-Nnmberof mines worked, 13; number of persons employ.d, 4,l(i5; adults, :J,417; cbilih-eii,4'2G. Daily wages. Location. Viodmont r.uMilinrdy ViMHtia .' rtisiuiiy, (adults aud children togetlior). Sardinia ill 11 1 f. 0. 1 (i7 1 4li 1 :iii 1 ;)j .J u Cliil- dri'li. f .. ions, nro, as a rule, 1 iiuinii^nition into veai'Sjiiji-^ivgating !se all inuiiigrants, » 1870 denote alien uativc laud. ijcarB h'iiicc 1?70. Niimlier. 7, y:ifl 7,473 r>, -►7 47, 4U0 liil)or in Italy lire- > state of tlio k'ad- r 1805: iiiiiloyoa,;j,21-2; adults, Adults. Cliil- (li'i'ii. /. c. 1 DO 1 -j:! 1 lU 1 li.") c. 70 iirt cnii)loyc'cl, 2, Hi. Adults. Cliil- aioii. /■ c. r^ 40 DC 70 7G c. ^0 n r.son3 oiiiiilov'il, 4,li'5; 1 Adults. \ i r. C. 1 (17 1 40 1 ;ii) 1 ■M o 9 Cliil- Irrll. Avi LABOR IN ITALY. (597 -Hi-ii;^ •;;' ^'ch;i^,£:'"^ii?^t::i:s'!':;;!:!;:!''r-[ N-'rir- '•^r.-..ons ..„.„,.v..,i, ca, HiildnMi, 1 IVaiK^M) (•,.„! im<.s. - ^- ■'"""N \ '•'"'tia, 1 Imnc; J'lusr.uiy, adults and adult., I l^;an.4:^M.n,i„M.s;\.|nl.T.v;,llV;';^:H ;,.:''■''' ^''"''^ I'O c.Mti,n.« ; Lignna; .MKIirucilt. — NuiMlicrur niirnw •> • mi,.,,i <■ " 'Hl.loy..d, ■! adult.. Avora-^o Lii/itilc, — Xmiilicr (it' mines •>()• iiii.ni,,.,. . i- . ° c,..U,„u.;dnldn.U,Vanci:,..,'n,i;:M;:-lim^ iKliilt.s. 1 liaiic .i-> cent Oci'Dliiiics. 'j'li.scaiiv M..„HnK.. TMseany";;;,,',;,:;;:;;;,^;-; ;;;'-,, - _*«/;;/(»n-A^„„!H.,.ornnMrs.:!rO: ,MM l^ '.•' ,^^^ '^ 1 Iran.; ,(, .Tut.M.r.s. 8i.iIy,adMl,sand.dnl.i;vM,/n;;n;7V";;,Ui^;;r''''''''' '^'"'''■■'•"' ^ *''""^ ^0 cnti,!:.": c.:r::;;:r^-^"""""- "*■ '~ '-i'-^'-. uir. a v..,..,. mte ,,■ .a,.., o ,.a„es 17 . tiaiH/.s-JO " Si'innstioHacs ... I'-' Ali'iiili'i-.s, (ivomi'ii) .'. Full, ('.IVCI'S... ■IS •''0 |: Curiiintcra ■>"J ;\ SniiilH J." ■ Siivti'lii-r.s iiud .shoarcrs' ;>' [1 Lanoi'L'io 60 17 30 24 028 LAIiOIl IN EUROPE AND AJIERICA. Tlic Iciwor ))ii('i> of !iil)()r is a set-oil' in fuvor of tlii' Ttiilinii iiinniiriictiiror a^Minst t]w lii;;l:ci' piii'i' whicli ln' liiis to jciy Inr iiiacliiiici'y. At llicsainc ♦iaicMr. KoHsi coiiti'iids that, ill spite of tlic (lili'crciicc of \va;;is. Italian opi'iativcs aio really not in a worse condilion than those (f lielfiiuin. llcjiisi-reiit in iiiannl'act urine districts is.'iO iierceiil. lower in Italy than in lirl^iiiui, ami I'ooil is also cheaper. 'I'lie li ii;;;il habits of tlie Italian operative, and tlii' inihhu'ss i.'f the climate in wliirli lie live.'., tend to diiiiinisli Ins wants. Two-thirds ol'the persons einphiyed in niannfaetnres are tal;en from the ai;rieultinal <')ass. 'I'hey live in houses, ot' whieh tliey are .-.oiiiel lines the owners, in tlie coiiirrv . ''iei|iien'ly upon ' ,ie nionnlaiiis, and their haliitsare I hose ot a;;rieiillnrisls. 'I'ln'y cith. i leave their homes I'or the mill in the ii.orniii};, and lelnrii in the cveiiiiiL'.or, if the dis- tance is too "leiit. Iliey go on Monday and return on Saturday. The amount of their lioiise-reiit cannot hi' ealeiila.ed ; hut at any rate it, is not a heavy hnrdeii. The rest of till' operatives, who live ii> towns, are crowded toijethcr in small and often iinheallhv liahilatioiis, for which they ])ay a corresponilinuly low rent, \aryini; from slO to isvJl a year for t wo or three ]iersons, and more in )ii oportion for a larger i.nmher. Th" lood of the ]ioorer classes is said to In; exeeediniily h;id. Hy the exertions ol" heiievideiit persons, howevi'r, economical kitchens have lately liecn estuhlishcd i'or sii[i- jdyiii"' wholesome and well-cooked food at moderate charges. The general condition ol'the hahitalions of working-iieo)ilc is descrihed liv those who Iiavc cNainincd them, as lieing must dcploralile ; wet, liltliy, full of vermin, and con lined. A com))aiiy has lieen finnied for the const ruction or purchase of siilistaiiti^il hoiiM's to he let out to workingmen at moderate rents. Two largo houses foi tlialpiir- ])ose had been biiilt in August, Ifd'.t. NAPLES. The Ibllowiiio' stiitisfics of tlic woikiiio- ))oimlrttioii of Xa|)k's wcie l)tibli.sii(.'il by tl'H iiiiinicipiil iidmiiii.sti'utioii of tlititcity in 18G8: Earmers, 'i'J'ii males; daily wages from '2C> to K) cents. Eniidoyed on rail ways, 2;!! males: wages from iid to [K] cents. AVoikinen in iron-fonii0 cents. Goldsmi.lis, Ul-< men ; wages from Id cents to SI."-". Iron-liedsteail and spring-mat I less makers, 07 men ; wages from 9() to Ijd cents. lliit ters, lOU men, anil 26 women ; wages for men ;iO cents xo ijil ; for women, from 10 to •<;() cents. Co]i|iersmitlis, W men : wages from UD to 4d cents. (.'arpenters,oidiiiary, :i^ ineii ; wages from 17 to 4'J cents. C'arpenters emiiloyed in coach-lciilding, (ill men ; wages froii 21^) to W cents. Carpe'.iters employed in fnrnitiire-inaking, i;.-^7 men ; wages from "JG to 70 cents. Men employed in hreweries, ;!I ; wages from :iO to ,S0 cents. Glovers, ,-0 men and IJl:! women ; men's wjiges from 1!(! to .")0 cents. Lace-makers, ;M men and o.-i women : men's wages from 07 to tiO cents. 'Jailors, •,'!:! inen and '.'7 women ; men's wages from 10 to 7'i cents. S.idillers, 17 men ; wages from :id to ,^0 cents. Luiseed-oil makers, 11 nn'ii ; wages from :.'l) t' 40 cents. Jleii employed in the pri'paral iuii of white lead, 0; wages from 20 to 40 cents. .Men I'Miployed in glass works, 'JS. Men eniidoycd in sleariiie, maniifaetorics, 10; wages from 17 to 40 cents. Pelsons working in wax-mannfaelories. 51 nieii and (i women. Printeis, ilU men ami Irt women ; men's wages from 40 to SO cents; women's w.agcs from 10 to 'JO cents. Pianoliirte-makers, f)0 men ; wages from 'M to SO cents. Ciihlers, ol! men; wages from 40 cents to .• men ; wages from 34 cents to .SI. 00. Employed in the tohacco-maniilactory, r)"<7 men and \,-i.V) women; men's wages from fi-^ to 00 cents; women's wages from 11 to M cents. Ciioroiate-mak.'r.s. 5 men; wages from 2\ to (ill cents. I'aste-inakers, •,:4 men; wages from 21 to 40 cents. Encifer-match makers, H men and 10 women; men's wages from 17 to 34 cftuts; Women's wages from 7 to 17 cents. LAIiOR L\ ITALY. G-20 iiiifiictiiiTr a;?aiiist Uw iiii> Mr. Uossi ciiiih'iHlM i riiill.v iiof ill ;i Wdisi' ilihtrict.i i.s.'iO jH'rci'iii. r tli(j I'liiiKili' ill wliicli I from tiio ajjncultiiiiil wiii'is, ill tlid (M)iin ry, ■ulliiiists. 'I'lii'y *'il li' 1 i!Vi-iiiii.L', (ir, it' till" cli>- 'I'lic iiiiioiiiit of tlirir y hiiiilcii. Till' ;•l'^l III 1 anil ol'icii iiiilii'allliv villi; IVoiii slO to .S"-'! :i I' r.iiiiilH'i'. Hy till' cxi'rrioiis uf uii tstablishud lor siiii- ' is V tllOSl: ;iy, full 1)1' vi'l'iiiiii, Miiil lurc'liiisc ol' sulistuiiti.il >^ti liciiHus for tlial]nii'- )I1 of Xiijilos WCIO ty iu 1808 : o 55 cciita. to CO ecu, , •'VoiTiftn's 111 20 to 50 conts. ;1 ; for wou)L'ii,from 19 !0 to 50 cents, im '-KJ to 70 cunts. IU 20 to 40 cents. J 40 cents. cents ; yeomen's wajjes lien : moii's wa^'ps from from 17 to 34 cents; ((^;te'l,;^'';;:iri;:^r'l;i!r''==-- ■• .iatlstics, however, ..annot be eon^;K:rl:u«";:;:;;l,!:;;i:"'"""" '" '"""" ''^'^'.""0. Tiieso HATES OF WAGK.S IN 1872. Slukmmt 0/ tvas/cs paid at .l///„„, italu, t„ 1S7'> [F»ruial.o.l by II W. Trimble, 0.11., U.,it...l StatLH cunsular aUit.l Oueupalions. IHiicksniitbi* .. Carpi'iitoi s -Miisoiis £.>.1 liilltl.TS . I'hl Khiii-iii:ikcrn ... Tiiiiin'rs S^tiiiii 'I'm Id lUttl'I'8 1 .al- Oi'jvi'-iii.akor.s, (.'nttcr,s. . I'liei.iry o|n!iativn». ..."" Shiip.binilcr.s lilcivr-makc'is. Hpwiirs. . Kacliir.v-iiiiiTativi's Siil;.\V(irkiM» Hoii.se-sGivant.s WO.MK.V. *lVr iiiiinlli. •■ 11 "'iu' 11 111 11 !:i •1-2 ;t -I J :i I',' [, l:t ;i 7(1 :t 42 1 71 1 II 1 71 'a fco ■J u a 1- 1 H $" !l| 1 4i 1 n 1 71 is I>!ii(l ill the coil or ill tlieyejirl87;J lets. folloh i»g-uami(J ritU:^ - ^ — Z T O 1 e='E j; ~ 'p" i3 -.5 i = ' ^ 3 - ^ c i^ ^S. I'ainti'rs I'NiHiiTi'i-a S!iitL'-iiiiiK-i*rs, , •S'oac-i'uiti'rs. I'ililiiTS TaiiiirtM ''"i^iiiillis .'.'.. ^\'lii."jhii'i_-litn I'riiv. ,if l,„.|ri|_ JV'I- H-orkiiii.n. por n-ork, Oc-obnr, 187:) i-w vvurkwoiu,.,,, p,.i- wui-k, OcUibur, If^hi.. r.ntd •Hnii III III •10 to •into ■iij to (III to Ij to $0 ?') 60 7.-, ,-0 no 1 1 llll ?o pU (JO (JO 70 r;o 00 1 00 bO (W 7.-> (ill CO (Id i (;o 00 00 Oil I m \ :i .',0 I IJ-O (io I 70 I (JO i 1 so 1 10 ?-0 (H ;ii roi *-5 61.7 .■il 1 (t> .71 .71 KLl ■M , 59J liK '. la I $0 ,*o no •III 1 ou 60 70 1 ao I uo 00 iU 6.5 1 ao 70 fiO CO a 10 1 GO $0 .10 40 .Ml :.0 to 40 (JO i:ii (d ■IU (V) W) .70 "^'•s-Pm.-i nil ' 1 ; Mil il i. i ., G30 , LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Hates of waavn paid fov farm-Jahor in the f<>Umn)',j-uniiml iihiees in Ilal;/ in thojear is?."?. Vi'iiii'ii, Gc'a-a lirintliHi. Mr.isin '. 5 ;3 a ^ -° ^ ■s Ocniiiiition. -'J y is ^ ^1 II 1« = PI 5 v: Pi Is ^ '-'.3 ~~T. = '5 fe;„ J?. , ii <■-! a fi_ t 20 .■:(i (> 00 In wiiiUT ao w UU 4 OU aji £5 4.- 7 50 Coinc iiu l:\li<)M"9 at ollii'i- tliiHi liirm- wiuk ■iO ; ! i'Jo 5i 15 1.-. 38 ao 4 no 4 so Feiuulo wivaiita i 1*1 !o5-^ 10 1 18 $1 70 to $3 40 •^0 ' r.uanl ia uovci' givi-u ..occcjit ilmiiig vintugc, wLeu lUoy aiu allowed wiuo ad UL>itum. I'KICKS Of I'KOVI.SIONS, GliOCEBIES, ETC. The following slarojiu-iits, showing tlie jnicos of provisions (intl otlier iieoc'ssaiios ot life, w.-ro fiirnislied by the consuls of the United States iic the several places indicated: rrict'.i of prot'.^ions, grocerie>>, and otlier lenelinii artielen of consumption, nho of home-vent and board, in tliv followinn-named eilies of J tali/, in the ,i/t«/' l,-i73. Ai'ticloa. I'iCOVISIOXS. Floni wlioat: Scii'u iliuK pt'V ptnuul . . E\tra f'ainilv do Boot; Frcsli, i(iastiiicc-i>ioc('S do Fii'sii. .s(iii|i-|ii,.-ccs il,) Fivali, nuiipor siiloiii steal; a do .. Coi'uod tlo Veal: I'orcHiiiailora do. .. Hi nil (iiiiii tcra do Cat lets do.... Slutti.ii: ForiMliiaitcra do . L'"-: do.... Chops do... Porli : I-'t i^sh do Corned or salted do B:u nil do . . II;iMi». snudicd ...do Sliohldera do. . . . Saii.sagoa do.... I'"d do... Cudli.tli, dry do Butter do Cliueiio do... * Per barrel. $0 0.-. 07 I J IJ JO nti 05.i l.'i 1.) $0 or,!j*$]i a,-) a o sa ( ■-':. ( ;t4 10 ;».■) Ol3 21 ao iiO ■M to 14 50 l^.^ 17 1!) 10 20 ]:-ii 1 l:n $0 10 . 12 ;io iJo '$10 .M -;-j .ID ■M 10 OS 40 34 17 r (■ 1 ^ to I t > ', i ( a4 I -M I ,i t Without h mii. •J4 ■Ml ■J) 30 28 LAMOU IN ITALY. GM n Ilahi ill tlinjear 1=7.T :!(> ^0 50 *■.< 01) 40 40 r>c 10 ,J5 00 il wiuo ad liMuin. KTC. ovisions uiul otlitr u; United '"■tates iit Uion. also of iii}iiiie-r(iit i/idc lr7o. 60 10 I -$10 ,M Prieci ofpi-i oyMoii,, .re, i„ tk.folU„Hi.j-<«mo} cil... of lUdy in lS7;j_0„„ti,UK.l. Cofl: Vi'iliiu- c. Ccllio li... S.iai». rctiiiiium Kturih Coal ^roo(J,lKml I)or220ponn,l,s. Oil, c'1k:;:v;;.\-." ■.;;;:;;;;;.■."•.:,'"■'' ''"'^'''■' ■ ,., . . I>0.11i:.HTIC I)I!Y-(iOODS, KTC. nuii'tinis: IJidwii, ,..|. staii(l;ir,l niiulitv per vard li .arl,,.,!, 1.1, Btau.lanl (luality.... / \u Jiniwii, .nii,,i, lUindiKi, itud Sam- llUllilVd, Hull/, '" l'"^(ii. Milan. Vniicc. Xlrssi'l^. liiilidlHi. Sarnptidaia. ArlicluB. 2ai iillu ami J clii dion. 2 ndnlts nnd r> clilliltou. tl 28 2 niliilts and 2 tlilliliin. Flour nnil lirc.id to 70 61 70 1 to 00 FliMir, bit'iul, auil lioo $1 n.'i 07 Muiits l.iinl 1 10 .■io 1 (10 15 1 4:i (l!l 00 III Jliilli'i' 12 iJiilli r, clu^esK, and purk 51 (Jlieiso Siiwiv Miicmoiii 15 13 10 n 41) 25 17 III) 08 Cutlcn 2S 10 i4' 2(1 10 14 17 Oi) 43 12 25 CO 17 4:1 34 51 1 10 2 72 1 70 IK 12 ii" 10 CdlN'ciiiiil milli Kisli ami lo^iUiiu'H Finli ;')o 70 Snap, slareli, .salt, pi'iiper, viuo- 25 To 15 I'O I'otalnc.s aihl oIIkm' \'i';:('tal)lt'.s.. on 85 l''i'iiil.s, (fiixMii and diied) T.'ii..I Oil "I'dtlior linht , 42 17 aa 12 15 fco 1 10 m (;6' 20 CO 1 50 40 2a Ollu'i' artii'li's 12 Spiiiia, Hinr, Ikit, and tobacco. 14 AC lloii.sc-ieiit 87 I'oi' i'iluciiii(in::l, icliuious, nnd bL'iicvuli/iit s (Uid and Ijinib skin) lias, within (lie last few years, iit- tanied a ofeat iin|ioftanee, and Milan now furnishes tVorii rnu lo l,(|i,u do/.en I'lrr dav— e.xpoctinf.- to Fianee, Germany, Kn-land, and the fniled (States. Lar^e ijnanlitie; ut buttons are niannlaetiavd. t'arriaj;es to a cousiderahlc e.\tent are expor.ed lo iSoiuli Anu^riea, L,i,',vi»t, and .Switzerland. Coiieinsions as to tlie eondition and well-heinj; of tlio worIiin},'-ela,sses must, to a oir- taiii e.xtent, he !nodili(Ml hy eonsiilriat inns of elimati', and ol hereditary habits ;iml faslcs. Aeeustoiiied to and deli-htin^- in the open air, inured to greater ekposiire liiau oiirselyes, and ;it (he .same time iiossessinj]; a eiiinato les.s riuorons. they aiv eoiiiiiara- tively indillereiit to the friee of fuel, whieh to us is uue of the ueetssalies of life. ILTKS. iii«i, JJiiiidini, mill Sam- LABOR IN ITALY. G33 ]iiiln\l»l. I S*anipi(iluiii. niliillM mid I a luliills mid M'lllllllCll. I 'J Cllillht'li. *1 'M to 90 1 1:1 10 (HI ij Oil a:. IKi 17 (Jrt 17 IK Oil IJ 4i u IS 10 s:. flli 60 83 n 4:) 2a 34 11! r.i 14 1 1!) ;((i a 7a 3(1 1 70 lii UO a ;.5 ii:4 ()()~ 174 -JO 01 UO 2 7") :i5 00 077 7.> UK) to 4 00 ... •JOf (jO ITALY. bor ill Jlilaii wiis , fniil tiaiKsmitted T cent. ; fho ficiuTal ise of 1(1 per tent. idJ. iJdriDj; tli(,',\ciil' My.iiic, Kciisdiicd, wan la SL-iit to till' L'liitcd ic lust I'cw yi'ars, at- ,()('U dozen Jii'l' (lay — Liii-yc (iiiaiiliti(>i (if I'o ox[ior, cd to tloiilii Masses nnist, to ii ccr- cicditidy li:(l)it!» and ' ifutfi' i'.\[ius[iiv tliau i, llicy ail' coiijpara- ctssuLU'S ui' lif'j. •xfciit, Mip|,ii,.(l hy ,1 Hical.T al iinl m . T,*' n . '' ""', '''•"'' "' "'' ^1' 'N I" ^ cclaiu ^.■;:wald,.s. ,l,ns -M,io7,al,naivi ,:',';:' l"'"'';V'r- ^'r"'^' ^vi-lo, In.i. INUII lal<(.s (or Ins l,n.;,Mast n ,.,■ ,1 l„l naiii aMi,;l,.s of (ood. Tl,,. u oH i l-i "1 "MR.. A„.l il,is, ul,i,d. to u, u. i 1, ," ' V " ''''•' "' '''■'■ '""' "■ ''"'- l,ab,tn.,(d,T,,aliiralai,d>alis(a,.(ory. '"'" '""" "'"' ""■W' 'iut., ( ii,„at., »u,l tiHisilonir^- ;,;::;; ^Isl-hitr;;^!'';- ;;;;i!^J:;;,.:i^^ ,!•• i"-... i„ .,o„,„a,.iso„ „ itu .aai(, tiuio (. lower .von.«o of .iiyMcai c-.i.,!'.,';:'; ■l,;'!;!!;;:;:;';.!.;::'-;;;;,^;;^ ■-'i -t tho CAKKAKA. '""°"' '■ °" "•' "•" """ Tit- &!:^:;i;:,z^"""'' ™'™"'"- "'-*'.» ;i- to .18 c...,i,,s; n>,aMd(.-(,„anyM„.„. fn ,., ■' i, h \';'':''V, '''i'''''!-,!'''''''''''''^' ''''''' l"as,M,s, i^aioN.rs, a,,, I sl,,,(_.M,aN,.Vs,.v,.ra.r,.ai: ,/:;,, ^,, ;■''■'-' 'I^"I<--|mi»I,s, cariic.oh.is, takin;; (I,,,.,, hours a day f'■:"■ 1 ,,, | 'l"n,,,4tl,,,.shoinlays,,fn,,.a,l.u, ;iwh^.^,^ / iTiifs iMT (lay in th.. .,,iaiTi..s. '*•'• ^^"^^ "'"' ^^"""" '^•"n iVon, 1,; (o iVl Tlic i.rincipal ailirl,. piodiua'd is iiiuld,. uM, 1, ■ wlM.lo |H,,„,latio„ of tliis distli.r. Tl„. si v'.., n ,",' VT .''"'l''";y""-"t '" '".aily ,l,u yaliial.l.., l,„t noi ,..Ni.,„siy,.. llo„s, - ■ '„r ,, , 1 , ' '"' ""'"''' V •'^'■'''Vc>^::a- aic v,.,t .™"';,^; ':is,;;:;::2,;s';:;;:r.i:l:;;,^;;S;:,:' '™ «™ "• •'«!■' »■.■ - !. wla.anon and niorals may 1.,. iniaKi,!,.,! "' ^"'''' ""■'^" i^'i'-^unistaiiccs, tliuir ci(!;n.';:::;:;x::;;:i'i:;;i:i!L;;-;;;'''''^^ ^'^-^ "f ^.«o ca„ ..ad and wnto, t.. u.u.r diva i",;';';:;:;!;':;;;;; t!uf "'"■""•" "•""'^ -"-"^ '-- -'^tca, a,.d neady m. chn. and aiclm,.,:l,i,al work is sent to Flor ■,„ l',,, ' ""'"'"^^ valuahi.. ,sc„|p,,„.o Uinl^d'^^U^rVI^LSir'""' ""^•'^■"" i'-"-" - "'i^^x^ct,and exported to tLo VENICE. d. ion of the working.cl!t.«os it. lit.. ^•!■,l^;ia,;'Xi^cc!'' "'" '""■ -ioal p.o,.,.ss.s of ancn.nt a^a W io; ";:;:"■ f l''''J""i.'c.l in layoitd' the t,.; ,- audcluaaisliy ^vhid. hay., IuhH, in, n, • > 1 L 1? "■'•'l";'"t,^''l"'ols for (l,auin« tlio niatn.iac.nacs and w.-rksho i «, , /^.^^^ '"''' '''"^W;-^ «--Mti.no„s to De«Mvork,s vvi,ho.„„i will; tl,(.y ar. ,,y?I ,'','? ,V>7''^'' '■•^':'^^''> i'-tie...d that tlu, ... t,.,n <.f .liyi.s u^V ,' al^ r',!,,' , ,i ' '''''r' «,""",'■'' ""*' '^^ ""'^f' ''« "ot h..re in ...n.-ral nso. Iloro th ,s'..v.nl ,,',', .' '" ^"'",'""'' '""' '■>«""-Iut(3 is " «me .yofk or op.fation to anotlu-r n !- , 1.^ ■ a , ? ''h;'^/''V;"''' ;''':'.l'''''«'^« iV.nn 'fiMs; ,.,..,n.„nieal,h.Ms e.mtent.r .a h ,'m . ra, • ?,,. ''\'ui ""J ''"'"f« "^ living !^:;::,:"i'"7' - y-v- <-■ 'i- ,.uni.ise <;"unl;;^,r;:n:r,^"';;;;^lv' v-'v-^ '-- ••iiniiK-ii, these, hiii](iiiii;s ill.!, as yet lair teiv in ,7,,'~ i •'•■" '- !"■ 'de 634 LABOR IN EUIIOPE AND AMKRICA. ti'iir.v, ill tlir j;ri;'l iiiiiinifiictiirinj» districts of tlic proviiiroH tin worltnipii 1 ..iiit w liiili Miiiii- (l\viliiiin.s, ((ilili^ilDiiH to tlin limiiui'actoiirN. Tlln lust alc ill lllc< jirovillct' of Vriiici; : Niidiiii -^ iPiipcr-inills iit 1 ■ •• i' il KosHi'n Hiiiniiin;^ luul cIdIIi niiirinriu'ldiy III .Sii|iii). 'I'lirsi' .lie cli'Mii, dry, U i ;,'iirils (lie licaKli, iiKiialily, mid cducati'ii i, mniiiiuics and " iikinj;m(Mi, I licjf 1(1 sliitc thiit \vr liavt' hero a vi'iy soIkm' and laliiiriuus class of iitoiile, of goml pi'iii(i[ili's luid licaltli, but not liir ailvani-cd in instnictioii. GENOA. Mr. Cdiisu; Spencer, in apoloi^iziiig for not furnisliingtlio information desired, adiis : I (Ind, Imwi'vcr, that any icpoit lliat I (m. ij.l liavc made, based niioii your cinnlai'-, Wtinld liavo been very nnsiitisrairniy, as tin' ((iiidifioiis of life b^•l•(^ a'lo so dillciviit I'rom wliat tli^y art' in Ilic lliiilcd Stales; tlie workiiij^-classi's liere randy iiidiil';iii;; in any .uiealer laxiiries llian jiiilciitn, (or niiisli,') soup, or vihidlfviit, wine, and clieslimt. bread; iiumI, luiller, and otlur deliiaties mentioned in your list of iirovisious btiii^' entirely out of tlie ijm-iion. MESSIXA. Mr. Consul IJclin, under date of September 5, 1872, ibus writes i , regard to labor in 3]essiiia: Tlieie is but very lillle industry in tliis consular diitrict ; no nianiifaetiirin lloiu-mill, ami two silk-sitiiiiiei i,-^., tlie prodiu e ip|' which is sent to JCn^^lainl, I'ranee, and llaly. I he price of labor for workiiijjnieii of all classes avera;,'C8 fiuiii 00 cents to .'ijl per da,N of twelve lioiirs, and seldom overruns ihe latter price. In a more recent letter, dated October 10, 1873, Mr. Belin adds: t In ciin.seqiienceof a ri.se in (he )uicesof tli prineipal articles of subsistence, workincii'.H wajrcs have been raised from 10 to '.iO cents over tliose of last ycai', and they now Viiiy from M cents to ^l.:iu per day, not iiicliulini; boan as it i.s' mil the custom in this island to board worliinjiimn. ! !ie ediicitin i and m is of workim ii is yi'i'.rly iiMpidv- inii, as they and their sons visi, • !;r day .,ud iii^^ht : , .,..ols, and it ^ to "be hoped ili;it before long this class of people wul occupy the same rank as the workmen of all otliir countries. (Fnini tUu Briti.sii Aliii:iiiao for 18Tt.] Ill Sou t hern Kiirope tliejieiu'ral '. iii ,iiAvaj,'es is on ft low scale, alt hoi!.'! in soninpiul- of Italy 111 ■ renin Herat ion obtained by several kinds of a. i workmen is \eiy Kood. In i! ,■ Bhiii-bniMiiin-, iron-foiindiii;;-, and otlur handicrafts, re(|nirinj{ a eombinatioii of niainial Btreiijrth and skill, the workmen can obtain from >^IM to si7.:iu per week. Tli 'ii' aru also numerous trades p cnliar to Italy, in which skilled 'v.,, '..acucaii obtain froni>:!.lii' to ^O.'.il per week; Init, all descriptions of nnskilh d labh iirc very cheap. .Strikes a.i infrequent, disputes between employ: is and ( ayed r:aely proceeding; bi^yoiul tin.' prcliniiii.iry staj^es. Like the Swiss workmai' "itali.ui artisan is pat ieiit". steady, and thrifty in his habits. He contrives to livi an >Bavo money ou Wii,, - wliu'li would scarcely keep an English workman tin lo w -hou.sc. Ifliis v.cie eipndlv ilidustrioiH with the Knt-lir.hmau, liewoiihl tak dvanm !;;the 61ile (d' thcEiiropeaii lahorin^^-cla.s.Ni's. JJiit the inilnence of climate i,- ;uo prodiu live of iiidolene<>, :i'lhi)iijj[li ill ii...it) of the Italian sea-coast towns the workers disiilay an amount iieially very;,r(iod. but the principal dillieiilty ol the wmk- uiun is to j;ain decent lodj;ing-accoiiiiiiudatiou at a moderate price and to avoid payiui,' till worUiiio.n 1 .•lilt t-Mt ail' ill lilt) iiiiivincL' uiul <'li)lli iiiiimifiictiii V m. Tlio wui'kiiiuii iiii.vs n Iiiiilly in tlid city iiinl s iirv in till) country. LAIIOU IN ITALY. 635 too mm 1, f„r |.rovis:on«. TiM.s,) t„„ .Innvl.nck, fo nil Kiildiis ol.vtncli.s. iipi.iiiist wlilcli of .;iM,,i,.y„„:„i is Nitmit,,!. foii^v'^s";;:;^;^ '1),'''^.::'!!::;!!: !';:;,i'^^^ " ."i," •'''■'' ^i^^ i-'"-'" •Hi;'^ni..M,iMaii,.:a;;r;;;::^::^,;:;'i;;';,v;;';''!'^^ umhMlal llio gates of thu tuwi. ' ^^ '" ''■'•' ''" "•j'"'>>i'J"s "...Moi" do- II KM UlUU riiited States viet'- H aTltl " ivlvlll^lriPlI, I ;lu»» of iiDDido, of giHMJ inc tlio information (1 iiiioii your cirrnliirs, • liciv aro so :l.',iij ly cliea)), Strikes a.c iioceeding lieyoiid tliu iiin is iiiitieiil. steady, iioney on wa, - uliicli If lio v.eie eiinnliy tMitt! of the KiiiDluaa (d' iiidoleiiee, ;-. ■•liiiaf;li loniit of ener-,, \vliii!i i;ed in Italy, llio wiul - iiid and (jerniany, aiui [dan ideas wliiitli liavo (if COllllllUUihU!. Til!! difQeiiliy id' llieworli- ;o and to a\ old payiDy From jidditioiial information in reyard to Itilmr in Tt.h. ,. *i ceivoil, tlK' Ibilowing laet.s iiru wiected: Hal^, recently re- riiiniXfK 0|.' PANAMA, Llucn, — Tlie iirinein.'il est'i1i1iuiif>i,,T.f r .. *i 00 to II. I won,.!,, ; niid!': ; ": f , V : ""nis"'!:";'" "'' "'" ^"y"- •^"'i''">- '^■-m per dn-n. Tlie lii^iies, pri,...Ha,e p,,.,; t ,r ,, "u rU ' '" ''''"'"' ""'" '' '" '-''^ ''"ta 0(«.v» niif/ ,f(c /(n/-H(irc.— Tlie l,,i ,1 ..in,,i .. . 1 ,' men and .. women) are in tlio piiv ',;;,;;'':: ^''I'/t^r' '^ ?^ "^ ^^''""' "-' C" The wa^..s .,|,lie potters are f.ln, -j:;!,. ■'■•■. , ''.,:''' ",;! ',■",";','> '" ^'''^ •"■■''e,dvn oa ,.„,,f^ ,.,1 .■ir:;r;:it^:.j^,r^;;;;:!;.r!^r:;::r r a: ''^ '" -f-' -^ "-...vntiees. J^;;P;;..o, .otn . to 4 (Ints , appre^[/:!;t,'l;i,.^'; Z 1/ eell^'Sj^'Sl Ji: 'V'S ' Liqiivnv.i, i. avd uirakd initrrs.—Tho wo'es irivn,, i,, ..11 *i • . l-.ws: rurotnon, ;!^ cents and npward , er di'" , > ,,1 ' ' ' . ^IY'"" ''"l;'^f■•i.^s are as fol- aaxinium wa-cs I- cents per diem • ' "J'""'».\^V"'"^"'"'i, 'iS cents ; women, VEXICK. "'Kl in.li. this fa,:torNM. hi.'hu ihm 1 ;;,''' ^" "1"^'^ "* '''^'1' ''"t.v ">i (M.als li«'i'l, nnd so w,.|l e,,,,.ln,.k (^ , s 7ik I, ,s '' i" ■ '■'I'"' '" "'" '"^f' "' l''"K- c;s.X[,i;;::;;rw^;(;;:;^;;;;t'::nu^;he'i;;:;l'i;^i;,t^^^^ 'i--- m,tice , i. ,., lilleeiitli, and sixteenth eeiiti' r s ■ ■ „ ■ ^ * iNily peenliar to the fourteenth, of modern art are e, st at o ,tio I,'' •' 'i"'"''"'"""' "! "" '^i'^"-S '"U even work ' Michel Anselo and BenvemU.Tvili,,, "'" '''-■"''""''' '""•'' '^"^ '""""^■■' "'"1 t'") time -S;;;v;:'bc:i(. nS;.";:?! nr;^^ .nanyootttunos „ast tltcse l\ ,-, '■ *\ "^i" i'iti'(l lor till' fitieiiess of t le r iirodiicfs- Ti, \ mmmmmB HI 1S7 tlie, exports of ylas.s E^,;yi:rs^i'^;'il,»;™-"---v;;;-r:^:!,«!"s 030 LAIIOR IN EIJROrE AND A>fKUICA. lUmtim lave. — The iiiniiurnctiin' nl'tliis fiibric, wliicli rcct'ivt's ilH iiiiino frdin II .siiiiill isliiial r<»riiicil,v ccli luiilcil lor ils liicc-work, 1i;ih ifccnlly liicii ri'vi\((l umli'i' the iiiisiiicfs nf tlif I'riiicrss (iio\ .iiu-lli ami tlm ( 'on II less .Mil reel lo, wlio round iiii ii'cd \v iiniiu'diatt' (ItinaiMl lor the Mrst spt'cinit'iis produced was c.vtraordifiar.v. The cc.sl ol' till- laliiic (alioiil 10(» I'nii' . per iiicttT,!)!' the widlliol lUccnliiiictcrs) is considcied to he iiiidei' its \ aliie. It takes 1 .")(» da,\ s of live \voikii;;,'-lioiirs per dieiii lor one woikwoinaii to luodiice a siiit^ic meter, the uoiiiaii"s pay lieiii;;' one half franc per diem. Tlie ";//'o,v ixiint (Ic IV^f/.vc" is also to lie revived at f'.iirano. TIic dis- tin«iiislied eiitiiiiccr Dr. l'"iimbri (six .vciiim a depi v in the Italian I'arlia- nieiil) has piili!is|icd the I'ollowiii;; eslimate id' tin- laiior involved in th(i niaiiiila(!tiii'e ol om- meter of this lace of ii (piality iie\ cr snipasscd in iincieiit times : I. Three months' \vaj,M's of one hand for tin* network. II. One montir.s \vii;i'es of one hand for the tlowcrs. III. An extra month's wa^^ivs for the ornamental border. Dr. Famliri sii-ificsts that '-thiH industry should he developed, were it only to save the secret of the art, as no kind of manufacture exists iiu)re cai)al)lc of giving' sustenance to lUousaud.s with u merely noiuiiial capital." LABOR IN OREIXE. 637 LxVBOll IN 5I0J)I.:UN GUELCE. ...;:;r;:^l^;;i::!:^;?';;;!^:r;;';:-;:;;;:»,;;-l;;.""inM.«;n...vo<.^ h'!;;; 'i^^ni'lu :;;.;;;";.,^:'"v:;\/:!';£;-,:;!; --i" 0-...., a., consist lion. Joliii ^r. rillic s. i(.(ciill\ li,li,.,l <, -'"'".' "ooi III SM».),, ,_'.,. Atiu...s, thus w.„t. in nJ^nii;;;';?,/,:;;:^;,:;';:';:;,-?-'- --i-'t at .Six-sfvulliH ..f t|,« <...l(„ii.,.,„,, is rais,.,! in tl„. ,lisf,.;, f r t i , '^•MWHa. rr.ss,..l an.ll.al...!, MM.l v"t to'tir.'Htat./ ' ^' " ""'"''^" 1""''"^ ''""'^ •'<"''^''> ' ■'"•S ^.l-imieutly aii.lsillv. ' """'*' '"""" '""' scsamd sc.l.s, wine, olives oil r,m:.^':;;^:*;^.;:-S:i:.;i;r;.:;:i::,!::j;!:,:r!:.;^^;; i^ i? -^--■-'■r i... nrtidos J. 1h> liaid il th.. sa n.. arli.l,.s u..r.. ' , 1^,, 'i"' !""*' '''"'■'^ """"'' "'''V"' to that thcro arc ab,a> ^^il ,';;';''" ';^;;'^';,;''r"'''-- "J^"' latest rotunm show acres, an.l ,,r.„l,u.iM;: niuumllv 1±mmunn vJ :^1!!^r'^:;'TV'' '"'"'' "*' '•^'"9'^'^^ that growth .reeco,L*!v^h^:'i'^;:^;i^'a«;;ri;;it";;:;.,^S;::r =''■-■' '-""' -^^ - ':' ^'!*r < mmp^ - fWimtmrna^ •' ■ ( ■ ' • ( ' > ii; 638 LABOlt IN P:UR0PE AND AMEBICA. RATKS OF WAGES. Mr. Consul Browor, under dato July 30, 1S72, furnishes tlie following rates of daily wages of nieclianies at IMrieus : PiiintfrH, §1.1-1 ; bliii.'k.sniitli.s, oiupcntcis, iiinsoiis, niid plustercrn, 0.". cfiitsciicli ; iiifo- ridl- liiinds as Iciw us .'.7 criits; joiiriif.viiH'ii sliduiiiiikiTs, Ibri'iicli imir of countiy slides, 57 cunts, iiml a K""<1 woikiiicii 'will iiiukc tlui-i' imiis in two diiys. Two boiituifii, wiili a sail-lHiiit, will cani i^lS>-l lor a loii>r day's wi.vU. Tliioe dollars and <-i,i;lit,v fciits \u'v iiioiilli is lair want's for a servant f,'irl. Most n"ii'<'lianics work from sMrinsc, Id suns.-(, takiii"-, ill summer, an lioiir for breakfast and two lioiu's fin' noiuun;,', dMriuu' wliiih they jienerally take a nap. House rent is §7.(;u per month for a four-roomed teneujeui, ami jiTl.-lU for 8ix rooms. A workinguiau can j;eL his meals for2U cents a day. ]MECUA^^oAL a:sd paim labor. Staiement showing ilie rate of wnqin paid for niidianicai and farm labor in Ailwn.^ rir(CHf, and Syra, Orcm; irillioni hoard, in llif year ISl'.l Occiipntion. Skilled workmen : lil.icksmillis per (lay. l!rii'UliiyiTS ■"'"«■ i .Sccoud-elass do... V.V.\'.[[[[['.'.'.V.'.[[[.dn.'.'. ■; do... Joiners . Callie lilac kmiiitlis Fainilaboiers: Ex perieneod Iianda do . . . (Iidiiiarv liaiids ')" - Cmiiiiiun laiiiuem at oilier than larm-work - do . Female .' 90 -0 CD to to gl 20 ! (HI 1 OU 1 00 no 1 ;)o 1 'lO 1 00 1 (U) fcO 1 ■to 90 1 00 1 -40 Svra. 1 00 to 1 40 70 lo 90 1 00 to 1 20 1 iio to 1 :iO •;o to ^0 CO 50 CO a OP lo 5 ijo ! 1 .lO to 2 00 .| 1 2J to 1 3J 50 so to i(\ 90 C'l to ","1 eo to -j l.'l to P') 7.') to w| to to .-,"l fc.-. lo to to 70 to (i.-. to 4,") to 40 to 40 10 90 fcj e) .''0 4', 4") 30 lo 30 to 40 3 00 to 4 eil 2 00 to 2 ij 1 cJ PRICES OF PROVISIONS, aROCERIES, ETC. SlatnmnI .shon-int/ ihc pri&s of jirorisiona, i/roccrii'.'^. and olhir lending arlicles of consnmp- tion, liitu lionsc-rcnt and board, in iliu Itncnx of I'irwn-i and .Syra, Crtur, in ike ni'O'- l-T-J. Art idea. Flour: Wheat, superfine, of Trieste Wheat, of the Piru'us Mills roovisioNS. ; per harrel of IC pounds. [ per pound. do. .. al. Corii-ii Fresh, roast Insi-pierea perpnuiid. Fle.ih, S'lnp pieri'S i o. . . Fresh, rump Kleaka '"■ -• f',,,.,,,,ii do... V.'al Fore.rpiarters ']»•■• Kilid-i|iiiiltel'8 '!"■ ■• CulkU ""■■■ Pirani.5. Svra. S3 00 to S9 Ot to Xone. Xono. 11 to lot to 12 to ^''-i. 'Iripii.?. Syr;i. to S9 on iO $0 «7 to ""* to 01* vi Xiiiio. ^'ml('. Xouo. Ji'ouo. to 12 12 to 14 \ to 11 1-J to 11 to 13 12 to 14 None. iSOUO. to 17 13 to 14 . to 10 13 III 14 1 to 14 13 tu 14 LAIJOU JX GREKCE. G39 Slalcmnit showiwj the prices of jmmmns, groceries, .;r,-Co„tinucrt. Articli'S. Mot ton: iM'ie-qiiartri'.s I.ci;..: (.'liiiiis I'oi-k: Kresli C'oiiu'il or salti'il. . liai'oii . I'iraDu .•rerpoTinil.. fo IfiJ to 50 II jiams, smnliiMl, ini|ioitci|, inn-iiri, Siiiinlilcr.s. iiniiiiilcil, luieiyn ..?. Saii!ii:i]i, eomiiiiin Si.ii ,|i Pi'i" poniid. . Fiiil : do ... . ' 'Inii'i'iial f per ewt . . Wn.,d, hard.. J l"i' '"■■I-- Weill, pine pel p.iiniil.. Oil.iilive ilo ... per Ljallon . . DOMF.STIC DltY OOOPS, niU. porpiceeof 24 yards.. litv I. ml iiiiality pir pipco of 40 \ anl 1.. S7 to 27 to 02 to 'l2 111' 02 04 02J \oile. Xiilli., \olle. Xoiie. 10 07 to .78 to 27 to 23 Xono. Xoue, Xon,-. X'lno. 12 07 12 1.0 to 13 OO' t-cOk:i Shirtings ; Broivii, 4 !, standard qnalitv. . l!;OaclK-il, 41. staiKlarl qii.ility BloaclK-il, 1 1, standard qiuW P'Tvard. vn:'S,;;;;i-|;::;li,;:;A-;i;;if'''->''^--------i^^ liclviii.M. -rin,li|iialilv per yard. MoiiM-liiie delaines. ' ']"■-• Sitiiiei.s. inediiiiiiqiialiiv.!;" '"•■• BuMt.-5, men's .. . do... do per £iair.. llOLSK.nr.NT. Ca to 70 2 20 to 2 (50 4 .70 to 4 1,0 2 00 to 2 .70 20 111 Fnnr-roomed tenements Si.trooined tiiiemi'iu.-i per month..! ,•' 00 to 10 00 >:U) DiiriiiK Ihodwadofioiii IKU toiaiO 2^ Diuiiiir ihodccaile from 1841 to Ifno ^'^ piiriiit; tho (Iwade from 1851 to 1800 •''••*''■-' piiriiin; tlio dfCiido from 1861 to 1870 - '*•'•'"* Diiriiifr tho year 1871 *, ll(i Duriiij,' tlio ywir 1872 Hi* Dii.iiij; tlu) year 1673 ... !>'>J Dun.'i; tlio year 1874 h:m 70,") Total - (8~',0(l(i) iu tlie y"ar 1871 At Ju'm t i ,-T.'^r d,-,„.|,t,.rs. ..xc,.,.!,-.! I(i,.i2 ill! ;t a:t4. (17 1 M ni'i' 05 'f •JO] fjO .1 Kt;i. ^•■: Q 41 A ■■u 4 417. 711 3. f.(iO. 25 407,017 175 5-J f."', 1105 ii70. Ki 071), »:):! •ji)7. :w 810. 5 1" i!.~0. 17 n^ 0. 5!I5 •J41.7J 45? , -J)!,, rl\ 200, COiJ h:!. Is aoi,o:i7 .■)i:l,(i,-.5 454. .50 7111). 50 537. 25 725. 75 fi-.'O. 75 .■i;i5. ,)n •-•1.5. .')0 •ifi. 18 I iiu.ro 1 5. (ill : 222. 00 29, 4. u. HI 5, U:i, U,«0 ' 17.1. (U) 449. 50 41 L ii: G42 LABOR US' EUROPE AND AMERICA. ,1 of vast importanco as an advanced post from wliicli ho might proceed to other conquests. Under the rule of France, Belgium suilered severely ioni the conscription laws, which deprived the countrj' of its active aborers. The benevolent and charitable institutions of Belgium are numerous. To prevent the misery and frequently the crime arising from the want of employment among the working-classes, charity- work- shops have been established in Ghent, Liege, and other towns. The able-bodied are paid according to their work, and the aged and infirm according to their necessities. In each commune is a bureau ; I lilies andjtUii.s I'aiior inatoriais A 11 lit her art ieles pminils. do... .poniuls. Total free of duty. l!f( Boidi: ale, &c gallons. ]!; as-i and maim faclures of • • ■ • ■ I',irad!i,u'-irnn pnnnds. Sheet iron "1*>. • • Other niarmfai'tiires of Lrat lier, man ii fact \ires of I'.iiiit.nit.-i l'a|ii r and inanul'aelnrea of . .>i'!i. uiannl'iiitiiies of SoirilM and wine..; \V'i;od nianntaetiU'OS Quantities. Values. 1, IPC, ."wO l»,ti91 10, .1 1.1, 0-^3 ■J7,;ra 24.^ -216 n, ■•19 Se, 474 540, Mi as, 073 3, 10:H 1, 14?,7li6 92,518 108, 196 9, '07, 5-31 CIM, ^■^H 114,04.") 1,177 !l, fiOS 6.13^ n,-i. ,V,3 •.',:i7i 33, m 4,010 20, 151 4, iKi IS,, ',:.() 211,01'.! Il7,l,t4 2, 04T, 508 'iK. •I'x ■i\ 1:1 T. »■." ir>7,!i« .Ml, 0-9 47,.'il9 m',H :W. 0:7 120. lid 40, 710 A.. li ho iniglit proceed iin .siifferod severely (luitry of its active >ns of Bel;;iiiin are ■ tiro crime arising vsses, cliai'ity-woriv- otlier towus. The the aged aud intiriu s a bureau de bicu- (ilothing. Bolginm ioal, iron, calauiiiie, iiy thousands of its also is abuudaut iu s. on with similar pro- ass and glass-ware, )f iron, paper, and tos is window-glass, abor enabling them stern Pennsylvania, iry, Belgium is able s. ited States are indi- e United States during the LABOR IX BELGIUM. QuantitieB. Values. la!". "i.'ipc.'.^w' 19,G9l ?24I,CT 24.1, iil6 0, VB .'i^. 474 la.. 10, !-,15, 033 540,U4'J W, 07j 1, 14?, "{ili la.. 3,103 1,177 !),S(;8 cms 02,513 '""'iofl.'i'Ju' 9,1 :..-.3 % :i7i 33, Ktl 4, CM 2H, l.'il 4,»:-:> 1,-', 5.7) Is.. 9, 707, 221 114,04,-) ail Mi 117, u 4 2, 1(47, .it* 2fli OSi 21 171 7.'.Vi7 l.ii.iM-J Ml, (1-5 47, .M" .w-i-i ;!(i. 0:7 1211,1:11 411,71:0 Statement shmcing the imparls of mercha„m,c from Bchjium, .f-c.-^ 643 Continued. W of duty ".'.]".'.'" Total iiaport.s of mnrcliaiulisc T.ita imports of ,ni.rclian,M«c, l,-i7:i rola impuii., ofniorcliuncliso, 1872"" lotal imports of iiKTOhaudisc, mi.'.'.'..'..,', BELGIAN HUSBANDRY. yet the high state of enltisatio , th. ,f V . "'^''' """" ^'"'^ ^"I»'''' country presented to the a nt5 s h ,• f !'"' '''7'"^ o. the r,, " ".^^^^^^^ ^'"'* <■» STa.n was liten.llv labor, the improv,wMe..ts „:.";, r 1 ' r""^' ^^ ^''^ cheapnes., .if -^^..ited e.tent in B^^IZ'^^ ^tHZ:^::} ^^tStS niimS'l^ZTSSl';:;;:;" SS^^^^^ «« i-erestlng iviit of live jM)un(l,s :in jicre Th.. J.,. , ,1 ' ■'"'""'' ''""' I'""'' liin-l vnu ii'u- ■. ■•■■■••■■ flax,, {,,d,.a,iy;;;t;u;,,.s^'',rz\:;;r^:i;';tiV'Mr'''^ li"K iin« with th., tolza. mvooccnpiwl ,h. frro„„,l ,l„;^i„. L^ i ,t ,.^ h r T'l ''"^T '?'">'- I''"' ^K'-'t. ihi'SW.nt .-abbn-.. .h-vdop.s ,1,1^1^' tl .■ , 1 i,'.. ■ " f. '■''•'»■ hu' Aj.ril sowi,,..-; an.l '■xrn.,,,0 tiecssarily rcq„in.« so,,,.' < in, ."''?' * "'I'"'" "'"'« '"'^'"■'' ^" ^'^' ';i»pl-',v<'• -""l .^''tig th.> i;„.d lor oalM.., a,„l th • ^1, ers ,' ■ « . i. ' "''''""'' ,f',"' ti'O .hiiry a„d p,<.. nrmtun. isa ,„o,le] on,tioht,„.J^ H.MlcotMr'.trn ";""'; • ^''" "'j'-'^^^i'i"""'! "uk "vo wli,t,.wasli,.,l. ThoiiaTdii, is r. ,..;, ',,' "'"'^■l'* ■''him' on tl„. wall.s wjMch ».en,a,n,\;:.hL'J,an'tiniiiu.''r- Vh';'].,',;'?'''"'? ''"'"■^ ^'"^ (.'reonsward ; tho dit,h ami ^'«<1. Inthisslandliv^'^'tla ,';!* 'nil^o;^ K'vcs the,,, .ibi„,dai,.',< of.rr,.,.,, ," t i f," '^'"'^.f' »' <"uv of tlic fartaoi's ,vifo who j;'"l.. n,ix.d with canols,"^ , "'; ' v, in'wint:^"'^^''^' ''^'^'^ ""•' " '^""1 "'•"■"■ .. II « • P C44 LABOR -IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. The ficlils aro jnostlv squurc, and rarely rnntain ninro than an aero; the grniind h curved svininetri.'allvfthe .•enter heiiij; tli(^ hij^hesl, w. that the water draii.H down .MiMiillv ill all (lii'Cti.Pim. Ronnd the iiehl, and a loot lower, extends a stni) ot grass, tllrccM'.r fonr vai.ls wi.l,- ; slill lower, a hrd-e is planted, wliieh is cut evei.y seven v.-irs- and linallv. ihe iiS.it is Hiiir.iuiided l.y a dileh bordered with trees ol larpr ;.i(')wl'h Thus eiuli iiieee luinishes rieli grass, liivwood every seven years, and tinilier l„r l.uildi.i- everv tliirtv years. I'lie plow is generally used, hut every seven yeaiv* tlie snhsoil is turiie.rto ihe t.-l) hy the spary year ; th.se are skinned and el.'ane.l in Uelgium, where the skin is us.-d tor the making oiiais. Yet, although th.'irlil'.i is so hai.i, Ww. towns .to not attract the rural population. Ili'.bit Hiid'fauiily'traditions bind them to the idow. While grain is the chief product, flax is Inroely cultivated, e.speeiiilly ill Flanders. Tiie qnality and mode of dies.siiij,' \yliicli is practiced their is considered superior to that of any otlier cnintry, and no donbt the superior v liy chambers of <;()tiiiiu rce and other commercial or industiiii associations. With the exception oj (Ireat Biitiiin, which country has made diligent iiu juiries into the rewards an d condition of the working-classes of otlwr I LABOR IN BELGIUM. C45 an aero; tlio ground is 111) water draiiiH down xtentis a stiii) of grass, icli is cut every sisven (1 with trees of larger even years, ami tiiiiluT t every sevi'ii years tlic I (li'litii unliiiiiwM to .ill ■i. ami butter, not eeic- tlo to eonsiiuie it. I not enjoy nincli eoni- Kye»li>rea(l, polatms, cliiccory tlie eonstiiut ary tVoui ten jienee to a lers of liis family work nliglit, tilt) father eiilli- )rly-iiai(l laee-worli. iii- ; iiis sou:'., when tlieir 'I'liiir litilo hands jiick rado (d' exjiortalion not bl)its every year ; thine or tho niaUing of lials. ■ural impnlation. Haljit iltivated, e.spocially ■li is practioeil tlit'ic \-, and no doubt tlio C,os, Malint's, Jlcch lie to the excellence ,• .spin and weave a net lines lor stile in crop is reserved lor thread tor export ;i 3st and condition of through the assist- ^ siniiliir cbaractor. yeiirs. ics of Europe, while iled intorinatioii on tied, whicli, in this iitry like the Uiiitcil id industriid ehiirac :riven but a limited ercial interests. All .f civil conimniiitios. not, it is submitted, tiiat comiiiercitil in ed by fyovermneiitii! vliole of the valiialde tho.se rel;itiii« U) the procured by iiidivid iiiercial or industrial countries, or the purpose of comparison with tho,se of her own wo.k- pco .le, tind ot ocetisiontil inquiries by other «..vernniet,ts into i, s^, , • es noli S hid ish^^^^^ "'^' ""''^'^^^''l ••"•"''"<"' "t -""^ u1lr^\^^t^' I ''''''^ l>..bl.etiti..ns have been found fnun withdi lepmi '"'"""^ition as wt„ required in the prept.n.tion of this ,d(^s'u"et^^7!;?^,^'' *'' ^''' '^^"'^•^'■^''^'•c ^'-knovvle.I^^ed with the more (..suieas It allurds occasion to refer to that .Miiineut scientist the •>latherotniodernstati.-t:-s.''thelateM.A.^.lS m the value of the informatiV'""*''"''"" ;"'•'' l""!H'ses, it is a subject of deep icftier, tutit t has not been periodically followed bv piiblictitions pre- pared upon the samepltin, in which tnll and trustwortiv inlormtitioi. of a similar character mi,uht be brought down to the most lecent tlite \s )o h labor and subsistence htive tipprecitited in the two d.-c-ades u liid. mive 1 1 tervened since the prices jiiven in the work under consid.eratitai ^ere obtained, the author of this report contents him.self with the trtms- ation and presentation of a few of the tables published by M. Ducpe- • Budget dcononiiqnes dos classes oi.vriiTes en Belgicine, snl.sistanees salTi"res non,r at.on,i,ar. Ed. Uuepetianx, inspectenr general des [Iris >ns. et des^^l isse mei t^^^^^^ bienfamuce, luembrd de U couimi..iuu central dc statLt.iue/ctc./uruxelleri^OO. ry has made dilifieiu kins-classes of otiiei V'*»79««K! GAG LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. WAOES IN 1854. Average dn (7^ wagen pn'id in ranoii8 branches of inthiyfry ill Belgium ludustrics. < Cents. 41.4 40. 2 28. (! 25. 3 31.4 20 i'.l. 6 22:8 16 Ki 32.4 31 25 •5 < 1 Cents. 17 13.4 9 7.4 11 12.4 14.8 8 9 7 11.0 9.3 S 3 Cents. 14.4 11.8 8.4 7.4 12 11 14 9.8 6 11.2 10 7.8 IiiduKtHcs. i "3 I 5 1 P •3 -3 "l >> !3 Cents 7.6 0.8 9.3 9.2 7.6 10 6.4 8.2 7.6 7.8 7.6 9 Centu 24.4 21.4 14. 1 18.2 20 14.8 1,1.0 15 10.8 8.4 16.2 21.0 12.2 1 Silk 1 liililiiins, liiiiso, (& Jlitalliiixv: Chill' csliiblisfinionts.. Si;uiiiiiii»iy I'Btabliah't.s .ArtUuiis" SiHtt'-fiu'tnrips. Sec ; 26 28 3."i. « 21.2 2'1 19.2 28.8 38.6 29.2 1.5! 8 14.2 10 22.4 15.4 IJ.8 1! .1 5 Faclory -liiinda .■\iiisaiis GliiHS-t'iintciiii's : Fat'Idry-iiaiuU .Aitiiaris JlaiiiiiliiiicS(it'lini'U,&c.: Kaitur.v-hamU Ai'ti.'iaiis Li'HtlliT : FactiiryliamU Attisaiis PajHT anil |iiiiilinii: Kictiiry-liauils AitiHun^ Clu'init-al priHltict^ : Faftri'i» Adjiistiirs .Smiths Strikcr.s Turners JdiiK-rs., MUHOIIS Iroa-works: Firemen Smiths Piiildh'f.s , Lu borers Zinc fautory : Maximum. Jlin iniiiit. *1 00 JO :;4 a.') :io (10 •.i-i 1 00 :{i> 40 .^4 50 :«> 45 35 50 M 85 50 Foreman Liiliorers St(>iie-eiuti'r.s , Machinist Joiner Fiieuiuu Hours of labor. la 10 10 JT.ixirauni. $0 ii\) 47 50 70 29 Miiiiinum. $0 .'57 40 45 GHENT. Daily tcages of factory hands in Ghent. Maximnin. Jrinimiim Milhi.s a-i 00 SO -IXA Female.s 41 1- Hdv.s, (1'2 to 16 years) 2(> u!' Ciiildreii uiiUur TJ years 10 Uij y ill PH-Iginm. Cfiits. sr> •A\ M Xi. « 34. 3 19.3 28.8 ltd 6 ?X 6 32 11^ \cenlii. I l.-i. 8 I 1-i 2 l.j. 8 U.2 10 22.4 12 2 15. •! IJ. 8 ^.8 la. 8 2!). 8 14.2 (0 1 Ctiita 7.li a 8 9.2 7.6 10 6.4 8.2 7.6 7.8 7.6 9 lU ti 1 Ceiltn II n tl .') 12.4 8 4 8,4 7..i wu uccouut ur thiit of thb llowiiiff inditstrics. Maxinmiii. Min iiniint. 81 00 jiO :i4 .. ;{.") ;!0 CO ;j:> , , 1 00 ;ii) ., 40 :;4 50 :'.() 45 35 -• 50 ■6-i 85 . , 50 . ^ 70 -• 2!) r. Maximum. Miiiimiuii ^0 47 50 ?0 57 40 45 Miiximnm. Miiiini\iin .. i-i 01) 60 'ir>.4 41 1'^ 10 Oli LAI50U IX nKLGlLM. TakiiiR-tluMmiiibm-orwoikiu- .lays in u voor at ,'78, {.i,.,lnc 1 ViiT liiiUcs iit ;ui iivfv;if{(' i>r4-< ci'iits J'(ir ri'iiiiilcs Mr .•III iivfiii^^c of -JH cents. For lioy.s of 12 to l(i lit ail :iv,Tii«.' of 1 7. jViMitV !.".".' Tliti lowest i)os,sii>li. weekly ('.\'i)eiisi'.s of ii tactorv lal with loiii- yoiiiis cliiltlreii in (Jiu.,it aic tliu.s <,riv(.n : lii('ii(I,(wli 18 u.'> :io T).') Ul) !i:l liO 110 lU Gil 00 74 10 190 00 .■.2 41) 109 98 i w'.-iO 1(10 IC ;;2-J liO 12."i :!0 2110 M 3110 (10 CO 00 (J2 00 13.1 00 (i.S 00 ?17 40 22 2.'» 31 .^i) II la 1.") 30 16 39 1.') 00 18 00 Total. in 00 20 00 12 00 27 60 19 08 76 ,32 41) 99 10 00 41 60 l.T 00 4 92 $311 .'-,3 iSM fiO •«12,-> 72 44 (IT 21 oil l.-'2 .',; ,V) CO 2S U.-l 25- :■,{-, 33 13 (i l.'i 109 :•■.> 31 T4 12 88 Vi'.l 10 41 44 18 12 21 1 ■,'.-, to 00 10 110 160 Oil 21 on 41 CO ITI 2ii l.i 00 80 00 20."i na 12 no 34 00 r , 20 00 10 00 1T4 T2 ! 62 40 44 08 208 40 I 60 00 44 SO i 20,1 00 :m CO 40 00 50 88 iii ii 20 e7 80 00 20 110 40 49 ;JJ 00 ' 61 Oil I 23S no 7 42 43 10 30 00 31 91 29 40 68 CO 12 110 I i2s 00 2.")2 00 l."2 01 n 1 9.'^ 2:!-i CO l.^iO ,',.< no If. 4111 22 193 li; 2.VI CO 421 >:o 131 CO 13: 1 92 364 40 166 CO 293 -0 513 20 i&'*,JiiHiiliuiurtm^ ll'Hili f ill 648 LABOR TN EUROPE AND .niElMCA. Average annut^l crpenditurc of wuikiinjmen'n famiUa in /klyiiim. ■ fe S 1;-^ u ki /■ 3 ^•3 Provliico of— a OocapatioD, ^1 lulal. i • 1 r E- 3 o < 15 Liiuboiir'^ Kiiat.. I''ariii hibdiiT 170 12 fi 00 170 1.; Second Fiircinuii of dialillury iTiU ao ■i 00 10 1)7 170 ^7 Third (iardi'uor tilH 17 IW U 1 50 1 Oli 4 55 3 71 231 ■:■: 150 c- l''ircnian 14U 02 3 20 10 04 100 111 Tliinl liliicksiuith 3fla 88 11 (JU 20 OM 410 33 Liogo I'iiHt.. rrh.tir S34 52 3 40 15 13 273 (15 SfCnllt] \V( rliiiian in warchouao 230 57 « 30 5 in . 2.M 31 ; Third 3Mi 35 U 40 11 24 4li;l !'.' Kirst.. .loiiM'r nil yo 1 20 « ou 1311 1" Sci'lMlll ( Jurdijiior 133 01 50 4 40 13;* (111 Liixcniboiir<; Third. Kiist. ('. T 'MTsmith, family of bIx po.Hona 335 40 150 50 22-2 fid "15 64' 12 00 !> 40 15 08 337 4;i 105 1,10 252 Ml Third v'.i I '.•L-mor 300 52 57 tf7 23 20 3b7 50 Detailed Statement ?;/' mcome and expenditure of a laborer's family of six ■p'.'i.ions ill the district of Brussels. [I hcctolittr r= 2. &4 I'usliels. 1 kilog. = 2. 2040 pounds. 1 frano — 20 ofiits, in XTnitcd States cciuivaleiiU] INCOME. From TCaj;<'s : ^ . Of Imsband, 270 (liivN.T-J continios (14,4 cents) ^i» 8*5 ;'.() (lays, l! I'nuics ( 10 e.Mits) ' 1"^ 00 Of son of IS yoais, ':;i(0 diivs, 7'.i ccntinics (14.4 cents) 'M HH ;!() (lavs,«« francs (40 tents) I'J 00 or son of If) years, 100 days, 54 centimes (10.8 cents) 10 feO .S1I2 oG From other resources: .7."i acres of land rented : 4 hectoliters wheat, at S^i-CO 14 4 4 lieetoHtersrve, atSi>.20 « ™ 500 kilof^rams potatoes, at ,S 1.00 i)er 100 kih)grams o 00 78 kilograms butter, at 40 cents '-^l ~'J 1 calf, 85; 1 fat pi},', $25 ^" '-"^ Products of garden : ^ „„ , ,-, ,„ .>.•> lj 170 kilograms hops, §22.88; fruits and vegetables, 89.G0; tobacco, ^1.40 .. .U bi Total income ~''^ ^^ 1 DchjUim, s ti e a EVa a a T(/tlll. = 'i •i xS, s x'Z c B •5 = C- s «) <-) H 00 ♦ l-^O i:o ea 47 :i 40 I',-. H H II r> iw ifri I ,' 1 i 1 WI 1 73 117 '."J I fiO tf Ifi l(;3 -i:. 1 •!,-. 1 IIO 170 :g lU Ull « ijj M7 OJ S 2tt 177 I'.t 5 00 7 40 !iil5 40 3 r.:l IJI 70 1 on 4 OB l'J7 7:i 3 CiU a 4 o.-> SJ4.-. 1,-. 00 1711 IJ 4 00 10 i;7 170 ^7 1 no 4 nr, U-JI -J-J 1 00 3 71 inn r- syn 10 'M 100 n; 11 iiU Ui) (H 4111 -i-i 3 40 l.'i 13 il73 (1.-, 6 '^0 r> 4!i . y.'.i •:<■: 40 11 'i\ 40;l !',' 1 'JO 00 Ijir It 5'J 4 40 lHr< l« Vi ()o 337 4;i 40 10,-| '.10 15 (14 1,-| |W a"il! Kl 57 ff7 'J3 'JO 3li7 5'J )orer''s famihj of six United States equivalents.) $38 88 1-2 00 :w 88 lv> 00 10 hO $112 5C 14 40 8 80 8 00 31 -20 (JO 40 30 00 bacco, §1.40 .. 33 HS 238 84 LABOR IN DELQIUM. 649 KXPEXDITUUK. I'lciv i-ioim: 1 IhTtdlit.T wlioiit, at 93.(10 .„ ,„ WMicclolil.Miyn, ul^io.vjo S^ <>0 l.Oi/O kilo^Mu,,,,' imtatOLN, at *l.obV»^rlOU kilogMnVs." '1.1 (I!! 75 kll()«riiiiis pork, :\t IH cLMi'tii '" '" '"' 10 kilo;{iaiiis l.crf, ill 20 trills ^•' •''^' ar. kiloKiams butter, lit 32 ciuits. ;;■.!;.". '^ '''! Milk 8 '10 4(HI (.j,'jr,s, at 80 cents' iu'i-'ioo! '' "^* Salt, h|.i((s, iVo '20 2.'. kilojriainHC'olluo, ut 40 ('ei'itH.".'.' '' "*^ MkiloKioi.iM.liiccoi'.v.atlOeeiits ^? "" 150 litii'.s beer, at Ij euutH '.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.I . Kent: " '^"^ ^« For (Iwellii,-, .ontainin- I kitchon. 2 be .meket.s 80 cents; 2 aprons, 40 cents; 3 pairs wooden Bhoes 30 cents ; 1 pair sboes, 50 cents ; 3 liats, 40 ceuU ; iniLs, lie, ,. cents ' ' „ ,, DauKliter of 13 years, §4 ; dauyUter of 10 yea'rs,'.§2'.io .".'.'.' G .{l) 14 55 RoiUlins: "8 95 1 niattrass, ftl ; 2 slieet.s, $1 ; 2 covers, (cotton,) 80 cents ; bol.ster. 20 cents; straw lor niattrass,2U cents ... ""sier, Be.l and bedding for sous, .^3.20 ; bed uud bedding Vol' daug"bVe;s,'ii;2: 5 io Sundries: 8 40 f i!!i,r''i n°r ,''""-Vf ra« """l- «* S3.05 per 100 kilograms lo r.O Liglit — 10 liters oil, at 15 cents i rn \Va,slii„g---,)0 kib.grains.soap, at 10 cents ."..'.■.■.■.".■ 9 [In Sewmg-tliread, iK'cdles, vVc.... "^ ,," Mainteiiaiieeof dwellin.r V^ Purcba.se, Ac., of fiinuturo ."..' ^ *^ Taxes and otlier co; I libations 1 ,,!; lools for fanning \ Y.. Expense on farm for seod8,&c.]!."'.!!!."!"..'!!.".'.i;".*".'.',"_'__" g Jjo ^'loEcco^Sl'lo''" ^'"'^^' ^"'"'' P'^P'"' ^''■' ^° •^<'"*«' amusomont, C0~^^ : 2 90 Total expenditure 'IZ'TTT, 238 04 BALANCE. Income Espeiidituro •■ $238 84 ■" 233 04 Surplus, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A Js^ ///I, fA 1.0 I.I 1.25 •-la IIP ^ 1^ 1.4 IM M 1.6 ,1 V] <^ /^ ^a / *? Photographic Sciences Corporation V ^^ :1? \\ ^9) V ^ ^ 6^ % V^" pnuiiL lucU ',';;„',„.^_,,,.. fr,i„c col - .,. .',:;lJ:^^i^;:^^.^^;^li>A'nhe fi^i^c couipntec, «> .« cents Amouuta oxpi uasfU iii \j mica Stan s (,<" , ■_ ,„blic cliaritv -, second class incluaos i»ii'('s, s;ilt. »ti' 'ii-a. colt'n-, anil cliii'cory llcci-, cUli V, and wino V.i'n\ Cliitliint; ]Vililin- ■ Vncl l.ii'l't Wanliini; ■ • ■ ■ •• Caroi.llii'altli. balli. &c 'J'ri'atiniiii in sii'kni'ss Kruairandniainti'nanii'otiiwiiuiis I'nivliiis.'ani! ivpair "C tnrnitnio . .. Conliibiilion I'lislaijo and nlliiTOXpiMwos. ...... ■ l'„.v limls. (,'x<-ludiii^lnatp\il<'l!a8e) Cost of t;ardeii oi' land Total II.— uiaic.n f'bnrcb Si'iiool lioiika, iiii .""■■,■■■■■.'".' Snbsciiption. ifcc., m cbaritj . Savings-bank Total nr.— vou i.Lxii lines, Coffee-houses, saloons Tobaeco Ornament in dress.... I'nblielVstivitios, &c . Interest on loans Total Total expenses . Father's waK( Jlotbei'searninfis . Children's wa;;es. . Kroui other sourees Total a iskiiog,., »t.ei r-ut p" "•-•'■'' ^,';i'';,':;;":|'''i,^'i I 2ii.u.i;.<.,ni."»''-"'i-r'i"- ; „c-ii-"i'i , ' ■. ■ d ■JOkiloBH.,ill.S.i>,ill |.." "■(-.■W i p.T l,,.iili>l. I ■ Ci:)l,,lMS-. ,it .117 ■ ■■Ml ii-r ".-.■k ; |,.-r iij'jn. . I ■» 17 kiluBS., ill .Oa pa- ivi-i-V lilies in ihc inov\.(ce nf ■ Bocond clasB includfs imU- i' in imluiiouafUt i)0.iitioiJB.) ) Ct'UtS. irui- Comnr.iiio of lion- taiu. riiinl ■hias. First Second Tl class, class, d.. ?fi no 3'J 00,6505 r)-J 12 00 mlO 00 4 00 5 00 4 00 2 40 2 40 10 OOj 12 on! 3 20i.. 8 00 3 OOl 3 00 1 00 2 00 1 20l 2 OO! 2 40 CO j32 7(i CO 5 72 8 74 '.?;2 CO/f kM 7C1 t n'j 20' 4 Oe a OS 8 74 2 40 8 00 . 29 70 Vool 1 501 2 50l 12 ^0 tt i;o ^0 n) 4 Hi C !i7 2 OS 10 40 4 CO 32 00 40 liO 8 00 2 Otf 5 02 „l 2 CO 40 D 2 10 137 CO 2 00 1 60 8 :K 2 (1.1 2 10 3 liii 101 5r ICO 2f) 00 2;i0 TiJ 3 40| 60 4 00 1 CO 2 00 1 00 3 33 1 04 4 W 100 6 C5 1 04 1 m 5 20 142 80 4 37 1C4 07 00 80 00, 00 12 00 00 24 00 7 m\ 6 e^ isTf all! 24J 58 1,0 00 117 00| lOG M 1., oo; ■„ 52 20 78 00 IH 1*) « O'tl „ll,..T.I;.y; p-r li""ii'l. L N. .«'•"•• nl ii'T 'I'ly i l»f 1"""" tit i.cr wcfk J per P*.*"' U.S.. .8 1 .1. ;Vcra.>;p--i'..".,a,u-.s.,Ma«»t.. ■ffii- =:- LABOR IN BELGIUM. 551 raW« .Ao,W«, delails 0/ income and e.penaifurc 0/ ,cork,neu's/a,niUc., .fc. -Coutimied. Expensea. CoiuiDiiiio of Wauthier Urainu. First Seioiid c!u8s. clasa. I.— OP .\ nnsic.ti, OH MA- TBUIAI, .NAlUliK. Provision.s : Wlii-at-broad Kyc-urcad Mixid l)n;ad Piit.iidesiiud vegetables lii'iit ; Milk, e{;^M, anil flub...'. Butter, oil, anil lard ... Spices, .salt, &i! Tea coffee, and cbii'cory Beer, cider, and wiue . . Rent ClDthiiig Beddij" Fnel... Liubt ;;;. Washnif; Cnro of health, batb' &o! ! ! Tiw.tnient iu Kiekuess liepairaiid maiuteuaucoof dwelling , Put chase and repair ot fur- nitnre Contributions and taxe.i'.'! Postage and other expenses For tools, (excluding lirst purchase) , Coat of carden or land! '.' . «87 3G 20 06 Third class. Coniniuuoofltterbeck. Coniinnno of I.euw St. I'ierrc. Fir.4 class. 2 08 13 CO 3 12 5 20 5 21, 21 -a 1 04 ►; 73 4 16 1 04 610!) 20 20 Si) 24 1 04 15 t;o 3 12 5 20 Second class. Third class. 1 04 1 04 33 8 32 5 20 20 80 10 40 8 73 4 37 2 CO 1 04 73 63 «152 88 2? 88 1« 04 4 ]« 33 tii) 3 33 il 24 7 28 5 00 4G 80 7 80 8 73 4 37 2 CO '2080 5 00 5 00 3 CO 40 $31 20 r.o 80 10 40 4 C8 IC (ii 1 50 3 12 8 32 03 Total 191 -g II.— RELIGIOU.S AND WTEL- LliCTUAL. Chureh School !".!!.'! Books, &c !!!!!!!""! Subscription, ic, iucbaritv Savings-bank '. Total ni.— roH LUXURIES. Coffee-houses, saloons .. robacco Ornament in iire.s8 Public festivities, &.o'.'.' Interest ou loans . Total Total expense INCOME. Fatl- .-'s wages Mother's earning.s l;liil(lren's wages irom other sources 224 85 C 00 2 00 10 40 "126 4 00 2 08 1 25 $31 20 'ao'so "'■i'es' 3C 1 5H 3 12 First class. Second class. Third claLS. 10 40 5 20 2 08 1 25 1 20 «3() 40 20 80 10 40 4 68 IB 04 1 5U 3 12 10 40 15 CO 4 9!) 16 CI 3 ti4 8 32 5 20 2 ()8 1 25 370 20 107 33 3 12 5 20 1 04 Total. 191 78 72 00 20 00 C4 01) 20 00 !7« 00 1 04 1 04 825 "h) 9 36 2 60 1 25 90 00 24 00 82 00 30 00 90 85 112 ,'i3 20 00 a 00 8 10 1 CO 4 00 2 00 1 20 80 *72 80 ' 18 72 I 20 pO j 4 99 I 31 20 I 8 32 '. 8 32 5 62 I '48'66 r 4 (10 j CO ' 2 .-4 ; C 00 'c'w'i' 5 60 ■» 60 5 00 40 t72 80 18 73 41 CO 10 liO 41 GO "i'j'i's 14 X 9(i 06 8 00 10 40 3 20 8 00 "b 06 7 00 8 00 8 (0 60 2 40 ! 5 20 5 20 143 19 . -267 01 374~iG 1 86 3 85 389'4T 170 no 31 no l.V) 01) TO 00 4 80 2 00 1 88 ^^^'~ I C 80 .."."'.!l 2 08 5 20 1 '"i oo'l 107 83 45 00 '2400 19 00 232 00 I 430 00 88 00 92 73 112 .W 80 00 6 00 3 40 91 40 90 on 18 00 4 S3 4 16 147 35^1 9 28 283 OiTl" 45 00 fi 0(1 43 00 20 00 121 CO CO 80 91 20 G 40 3 00 9 40 41 CO 10 4U "" a'tio 58 00 4.l736 291 20 72 80 79 20 122 53 I 114 On 273 60 ! 413 20 Q-^2 LABOR IN EUROPi: AND AMERICA. TabU- .hou'imj dctaih of iuconu-. cuhI crpvv.Uture of wo,-l:nm,'x/a>nUm, .f-c.-CVmti.nied. Expenses. City of Aoracliot. FirHt clusr,. i Si'coml uluts. Thinl I.— OF A I'MYSICAI, oil MA- TUIllAI. NATUllIi. \V Ileal •\)r('ad Ilvi'-ltrt'ati Mi\cil blind I'dt, tuBHaiiilveatitables Meat Milk, Pf!!.'s, ami Usli Butter, (111, and laid Sliioen, salt, &e Tea, cdffeL'.aiidchiccorj- Heer, elder, aiid wiiio .. Rent Clotliing r."ililiiiH Knul 'so 110 "2 oa 4 00 'ii"c5 $iO 39 20 u6 11) 40 ;t 20 7 so "ii'fli City of Tirleraont. Commune of Lubbeck. Fii'nt : Second claaa. I cUiaa. Tliird cluaa. $20 39 Liulit WiisbiiiK Caicolliealtli, batli. ic... Tre.itini'Ut in sieiuieHs llepaii mill inainteiiiiiioeof ilwellin;^ l'ni(ha-.eand rcpaircif tni'- iiiluve Ciiiiliilmtiona and taxea .. r.istii'^eand (itliiT expenses i'lir tniils, (exeiiidin;; iiiat liiiiilia.se) Coal of iraiileu or land.. . . U) 00 3:1 (K) 2 00 tj Oil 1 00 3 UO : 00 2 00 l(i 00 3,1 00 3 00 () 00 1 20 3 40 3 00 3 20 «J2 57 852 57 10 30 10 40 1 117 6 es 14 00 3 20 15 2^ 20 I'O 'so 66 I 07 20 eO 24 20 00 20 00 "706' ". 00 3 00 Total . ir,— iiRLiciors aNI) ixtrl- LECTUAl,. Clmreli Sohoid BooUa, ,Ve Siilisc; ipt ion, &e., in charity Saviuii.s-baiili Total III.— FOIi IXXUUIES. Coft'ee-houaes, saloona — Toliaeeo Ornament in dress Pnblie teativitiea, iS:c ... Interest on loans Total Total expenses ... INCOME. 5 00 |31 20 11 24 "'ifio 31 20 11 00 02 40 4 00 10 40 24 00 40 00 20 00 'i.i'oo 10 40 First class. Second class. :i7 20 '9 is Thinl clUKS. ro 1 00 2 00 80 40 9 00 TdoliiTlw'oT'i 194 93 99 97 192 30 4 80 S7 2S 52 00 'io'i-i 3 12 10 20 10 12 2 01 9 07 a ..I i:> 00 28 00 7 1.1) 12 no 3 00 03 1 1,0 2 00 2 00 4 no 1 40 1 20 2 40 C 00 4 pO Father's wases Mother's caruinKS Children's wiwes Fioiu other sources 5 20 1 45 7 ?0 1 43 15 no 1 45 6 05 i 9 25 I 17 05 T27"2r|V5~l 119 j 210 78 150 00 11 00 35 20 20 (17 Total. . 54 no in 00 30 00 19 21 100 00 14 2!S 3t CO 127 21 151 88 10 40 1 25 20 141 IS i 230 7* 12 00 3 00 I 1105 "m 97 i 204 01 210 87 73 00 14 00 12 97 99 97 148 00 29 20 3U 40 tlO 02 49 10 " '30 II2 2; 1-4 9 ii9 24 !W 5 1-2 12 >;) Hi (14 22 00 40 m 10 110 20 (10 4 HO (1 0,! 6 00 10 ml C HO 5 00 110 1 -iO i :» 7 U) 3:14 111 9 17 1 M 1 ai) U 07 14 15 1 25 14 15 15 00 I 14 15 15 40^ 319^4 I55 33 I 340 18 219 no 30 50 36 50 25 03 50 00 10 00 IC 0) 6 00 73 on 10 00 24 00 18 00 211 CO i 317 03 t2 00 131 00 1 -il M Ij 15 10 "aiii M 124 00 % I'O 54 00 40 HO 2."i4 to A. i/('M,.f'f. — Cuiitiimcil. Comrauno of Lubbock. n\ rirst ' Sc'coiiil ClUHS. elUBB. 5i 00 Tliinl ClttMi. ■I'.i 10 20 9 13 CO 12 30 Vi ■.!0 3 \i '-; M 00 3 10 10 -JO i) ll'.l 40 4 -Jii 16 l-J 21 fl.l 00 ii 01 2 01 5 ^J ■10 4 ;n •J 07 IJ Kl 00 a .;i 10 CA 00 18 so ir. 00 22 (M no 10 00 28 00 40 m r> 00 7 on 10 110 no 8 00 12 00 20 Oil 40 a on 3 00 4 (III 3 02 6 o:i 0.; 1 00 1 liO G o;i CO 8 00 10 no 00 1 00 a 00 6 00 2 00 4 OO r. 00 ciO 1 40 110 40 1 20 I -M 2 40 i ;ii) 20 G 00 ■: ui a 00 3 00 141 18 j 230 7» I 3:il i:i ii i: 1 io 1 -M 14 15 1 ar> 14 15 1 ;.') 14 Ij 04 155 ;w 246 18 3UI .•■( z^-. . n CO r.0 00 73 00 i-:4 f'O oi rio 10 00 16 00 IB no 16 o» 24 00 5-1 IJ'J ?:. 03 6 00 18 Oil 40 no 7 03 1-2 00 131 on 2i4lO LABOR IX BELGIUM. IRON, GLASS, AND OTHER T'DUSTRIES, 653 Thp following extracts from the report of the Cliainber of Commerce of Charleioi, lu May, 18d .'.'.'.'.".'."-".'tons!! Vahicof cast iron produced fiancs.! Wrought iron produced tons!. V.iluo of wrought iron produced francs.! 13 25 i:i 2, 340 307, 440 1!', 642 300, 774 20 333 132 i!in 5, 039 3 115 7, ls2 261, 038 SO 17 42 5 63 34 24'.l 106 S,004 3!) 79 39 320 8f-9 16, 538 10, 607 ■336, 084 23, 820, 930 264, 442 44, 310, 300 1870. 13 25 25 2 "^3 327] 713 311. .V,'0 207, 228 20 363 149 209 6, 338 3 115 7,119 283, 495 SO 19 39 .1 63 34 419 203 4,023 43 85 36 209 944 18, 486 10, 609 .340,234 27, 273, 045 2S7, 518 50, 8^3, 608 1871. 13 27 14 2, 312 528, 120 31. 520 327, 600 29 394 1U2 223 6, 587 3 115 7, 139 230, 441 21 23 41 5 63 34 429 222 43 80 39 318 993 20, 337 10.672 380, 157 30, 578, 224 240. 702 44, 320, 040 CONSTItUCTION' WOUK.S. The works, or estaWishments fortlio construction of machinp.ry, participated in the KciR'iul fiivorablo movijnient of tho latter port of l?^*!. Tlie (Ifiniind for Htationary iiuioliiiicry, apparatus, and tools for tlio coal-iniiiiii;; and for m(!tiilliir;,'ical \vorl«liops, cxceeikd the ordinary means of prodiioin;,' thi^ii, and resulted in tlio rapid extension ot I'.iKsiiu'Ss, which lai-^'cly bonelite,d our wiirkiii},'-chissi's. Tliis honefioial effect made itself also felt over tlie repair-shops of onr country. In onr last report wo had to call atteiiiion to the limited relations onr works had with foreign countries. Tlii8y<,:'r we are enahliMl to make the most sati.-^faotory state- ments on tliis i>oint, as orders of imiiortaiiec fonstructors from H,iis-^ia, Gi'rni;niy, and tlie.so relatioiLS will conlinno and increasi'. A considerul)le number of pieces of ma- cliniery and loeomotive-wlictds, of wron;4lit iron, were delivered to Prussia. althon<;h tliey were taxed at tlio rate of 1,:!.') francs (,67 cents United States coin) per 100 kilo- giains on entering,' the German Zollvereiu. were transmitted to soiiuiof onr principal liice, :in(l everytliiii;^ te'ids lo iiidieafi; that .1)1 ^. 654 LABOR IN EUKOPK AND AMKUICA. NAILS. Tbe vion(;1itoi!iil iimmifacfiiro coiitiinioH in Uu- state of Iialf rxi' trnro nirntioncd in 0111 last report, ami tliri atiiis to (Ucliiic uion^ cvi'iy jear to liiially be rciliiccd to a lew spec lalltieM for exjioi talion. The liiiyern, Idreseeiiig till! lifo in tbe pr'ces of Hjilit iron, hastened to secure th>i stoelv on liaiid, Ihiisslill iiioic advancing the )iritis which, together with high labor, reiicleicil dillienlt the niaiiiifactiiie of this article,. The niacliiiio-nail niaiiiifaeliire lias iiiaiiitiiiiied itself during tbe past stormy pcriud ill good coiidiiion, not having had to contend with French comiietitioti. It isexp^'clid to continue to jirosper, owing to the perfected and economical modes of fabrication ac(|iiired by the Belgian niannfactiilers. There is but the slightly advaiucd (irice of raw material, which conld in any manner atlcct the iiosiliou of the Belgian trade in this article. GLASS-WORKS. The disastrons events which have so strongly marked tbe last moiitbs of the year 1870 continued to exercise their depressing iiilliieiice on the coiiimencement of IK71. isotwithstanding this, the situation of the window-glass industry could bo called a relatively good one. Owing to the small exportation to France and (iermany prior to the war,"our iiianufacturers sutiered less during tho same, ami survived without inucli dillicnlty the terrible days of 1>^7(!, and while the fears of a general Fnropeau coii- llagratioii were about being iiiieuched, the furnaces rccoiiuneiiccd work. 'J'heir niiiii- bei"liad sunk to bU during tbe war, liiit by tin? 1st of .lannaiy, 1H71, there were lis, niul a short time after laa, in activity. The number of active furnaccB before the war was 111). First(|iiality glass foniid ready sales in England and tbe United States, whish are still our best custiuners. The statistics of the window-glass exports for 1871 show a large decrease on tlioso of the previous years; the (luolations sliow a constant rising of the prices, both on aecoirnt of high 'wages for labor and the upward tendency of the market llnctuatioii, as well as IIk' i''| >live ijuality of the raw mateiial. The sulphate of soda, which rose from tlj to .>', 11, and even iy traiics, and the impossiliility the manufaeturers arc placed in to procure the necessary (lualities for the iiKinufacture of a good article— an impossibility arising from tbe poor means of traus|)ortatioii — are serious obstacles to ihe prosperity of tho window-glass trade. TOTAL KXl'OIilS OK WINPOW-GLASS. ISra. 1870. lS7t. Kilograms --... io,ii\)S,2oi 40,c;47,-2;W 28,487,933 It will be seen that ihe increase of 1809 over 1871 amounts to 17,41 0,:?01 kilograms, and is <'onse(iuently yet greater than that of 1(^70 over 1871, tho latter being cpf l-i,;iOlV''J^J kilograms. 'Tlu^re was a marked decrease in oiir most important outlets. Countries. Eiifflaml UKitnl Slates Sweden iind Norw.-iy. DiiMiiark liaiise.itic cities Itnly Switzcrliuid Aiistriii 1 111 key L'frypt IJii'lish jxjHsopsioMS . Culm und lV)rto Kioo nrazil i;io di'Ia riatii Chili and IVrn All (itiiir countries .. 187t. KUo'jrami:. 12, (J(i4. ITJ 5, ;i()il, 77,") 17. MO 3S, 1 III 2,0^;;, .'■|7l i;is, lit;:! sn, ;tt;2 Ipll, oiu illrJ, Dt^S '4)4, 0:10 7A), SfO 202, S'li2 iri,"i,o:i4 317, ;i24 532, IISU i(;:t, U16 1670. Kilogramn. IS, 1114,241 1^, 107, li'id .^;l), .'tp7 7'.lii, 0."pO 2,5;!li, US 447, 14.5 20I,0'J4 40:), 4I1.-1 2, 4S1.2I0 ;i4U. m:> :i:i;j, 1G4 ;i2n, 5:18 ;W0, 272 582, 41)8 51H), i;,")8 207, 024 1, ISG'J. 10, 0, 'jrams. 2.')l,li47 OOll, :i;i4 10, i;u4 7.';s, iuj lir.c, 21 j 37;), 24,'i ;i'.i,\ ;w7 4!IS, li,-J l(!4,:ii':) 5li0, U4 2:il), M rui, .'i::) 54.', 4(ij 7,Vi. 4;o 4:d.i-\; 751, l.iT The greatest occupation of tlio maunfacturers during tbe last winter was llw diliic'.iltv of obtaining the necessary coal for the siipiily of their establishments. Not- wMbstalidihg all the sleps taken by the .siiecial delegates of coninierce and industry to Uie goveiument, or the repeated reclaniatious made by all the heails of workshuiis, :'A. f cxiitctiro nionlioned in lally 1)1; rciliiccd to ii Ifw , linNtciit'd to scenic thn ogi'lher svilh high labor, [T llio pnst stormy porioit ipt'titioii. It i,-icx|)"cl((l •ill iiiodcM of tiiliricntidu iglitly ii(lv;iiu'i(l iiii(;i' ' '"""""♦• ■'"«' '" cddhl bo had. " ^" '^"•" "^ ""proper (piahty, pn.euivd wh.rever it n()TTI.i;->UNl-|-.\CTUl!K. lonrreeii hottie-works, twelve of wbieh «■,.,.. ;, . iiii,.,. ,..;n, .1. indnstrv. Under tbe intli nee t' ,' ,' , ' "" '.""^"•'""■"ts of the window-rrln-, .d' I871-bronght\ , em", o t^^ IpO,,.''";','"''""" %''"-"--^- ".e h,s, mol?,! fonrteen b-.ttle-works, twee of wi,.;\v .'■',.''' ''''''.'"• ""■'•■■ "'•" '" "'i^ '■"-",trv c.-ich 71,an;i ,^(111.(11)0 bottles per year. Kacli of p( JUJIET, BELGIUM. oiEoigiutn it. a letter, extracts iro,..' which";,:!;;:;;;;;::;;;;;:- -^'-'>y hefo,e"hi.s dav. ^'•"^^ '"'^""^^^ l^'"^"'*^'' ">'' fr""' (Uiswering your in.piiries I inelo.S(. herewith, 1, statements of the rates of wanes &r nni.l i„ .1 • l.lowers gatlu.rers, teasers, llatteners. glass-eiitrw^. '^a;ke,.' ^p ,',,.'';, '''r'l'f'-^- ^" clerks, (.nvmen, managers, A-e., in windmv-.rl.iss wo."'- ■ f l">'-iii.ikeis, laborer.s, tliat .exports glass. I should think the lac ■• the .'l '"^'l;:"'-''" coy nation their glass chT.ap.T than anvfore"' nan taCi re ■ s „ , V " "'^"''"'"•""■'•'■^ '•^m s.-U lorge production for each .nan P r ex /, i ^^ .J ''^^^" ^ '''""! ''"""' '""' inways been niindi .da.ai.er in En-kn, ll „ , .. w., v h «.<'lpliMt.' ol soda have no per cent, lower lor ci.als used in gl s" v . ^," " Ini. . ^^ r']!!';'; f '-'; J'^- '«> Now, coals and sulphate of .soda a n^ used in v,rv ■,,,'. ,. V '-.■"■>,'-■'"'• '""'er. The Belgian win.l'..w-glass,nan,i;;:ct ."la \:,'^,,:^^,:;^;;,^,^ S^Sd:^^^;Ml,ss':;S;;^!.-;-;^;:';-;/- ;. men who had Vr^^iou,, ^iu'^nX^a'^L^^L^:!^^:-^^^^^^ Bates of wages paid to ,vlmhw ;,h„.i mihrs in n,Uji,nn in \m, pn- caUmJa r month, Occnp.itioii. r.lowcr Do Do ;;; lV,i,s.) PiUkiir Miller,ito)riiiiflin,atoii,ila',&c)..' .Mixer, (to mix material) rol-iii:ikiT '" I'o(iii:iUer lielp( I' I!I:iel;srnilh .[. I 'a: lie!' b.^liiirerin tlie yaril. ........... (Mils ill tlie y.u'il .'..' I'liri'Miaii . . . .' " ' iliiminer .'..."" ?20 ! 32 I 820 30 20 l.S IS 1.^ 18 la 40 .•to 20 20 *>■> 20 20 Irt IH 10 10 40 lit; 170 70 -Vo. :i. «l(i 24 Ifi 18 llil .•io lb 20 I.S 10 ;<() so 65G LADOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Percentage of cost of uindow-glaas. I,.'il)or M itciiiila I'lii.l I'ai'Uing I'ottnry (.iumri'il expenses . In 18fiO. Pit cent. 100 In li'ii. Per cent IIIU REMAKKS IIY MH. ANDIife. tinri) or four WLM-ks iiiniaiuiiiL' 'i™ i''''l'"''''.l .U.ks ...r.. bi^'h.-r salaries m Inrgo gl»H«-«;>rl<^ than those employe.! in small concerns; with re-ard to the salary of loremen, theic is litih' (lillerencein larKo or small estahlishnuMits. , .• ^ Wii l! v-Slass bU.vvers, p.therers, llatten..rs, andteasers ^yorlc on S.nu lavs ami least davs The ]3e|.'ian window-lass manufacturers do not lodg., their workmen, nor do thi'vVnnplv theiu withany fuel.astheKnfrlishnianutactnrersdo. 'n.ere lire no unions amon- the IVlgian t;lass-makers ; and there has been no stnk,, r "Thliiiiirih^Belllan ^hll^Sers are not now so bardworkinR, so ^ady, .o savin,, lor so sober as th^y wore twenty or thirty years ««<>, yet I consider them sui.er.(,r n, Uu above r..s,,ects to the Fr..neb an.l the Kuslish shiss-makers ^\ hen 1 was manager ot'gs- work's in EuKland 1 nse.l to emi.loy English. 15e Igian, and 1- rench glass makes ; audit is from the experience 1 have of them that I g.vo this opinion. I may oh- serve that I am not biased by any national partiality or prejudices, as I aiu a native "'Imongnie saving Belgian glnss-uiakors, there are several ^vlio are now manufac- turers. "These firms are the following : Name of firm. Kehniidt. Devillpy & Co. Jo-U'pli llcvilley A; Co. . . L. Sliimlron SllllMXlt I'-liTI'S l!:istiii A WilliiMina .Sduiiiilt, linuti'ii Ji Co.. • Sloiioycr Fidira Jlonoyer, Pi-for & Co ... A. Aiidii.s i Co ■Manilerlior &. Co ]..Groff &Co Slaycin ic Co K ilt'wevre ct Co DcllonI Kioies A. Missiiiio Donliu Ciollc&Co Ciiqiiiiinioiit & Co Liiurunt, Letliiies&Co.. o X ^-5 Total. rormorlv— 49 Blowers. Tcjifinrs. i5l()\vi'r». J)o. ■MniYHfior.s. IHowcrs. Gl^iS'i-cuUcra. 1)0. liUuvers. Do. Do. Do. D,>. GliiHs I'littors. Do. Do, lilowpr. Do. Do. The foregoing information from :Mr. Ain\r6, who has had experience as a manager of glnss-work.s in France and England, as well as ni Lei- gium, and who has a thorough and practical acquaintance with the suhject, renders any extended extracts from the notes ot the authoi In IciiO. 111 \8s-works lury of foremen, tliirc u rk on Snndnirs aiul t'ciisf e tlicir workmen, nor dn s do. there has been no »U\h\ ing, Ro steady, so savint;. insider tlieni Mqicridr i:i •H. Wlien I waHniaiiiiiiir nd Freneli Klass-iiiakris : this opinion. I may "li- Lulices, as 1 am a nativ. ■who are no^w inanufac- o d h o Is Formerly— C 3 ts- 6 Blnwprs. 5 Tennnrs. 5 BldWlTB. •I Do. 2 ■Mftinifiors. 2 liidwi'is. 3 Gliiss-cuttcra. 1 1)0. 2 Blon-era. .1 1)0. o 1)0. 2 ])0. 2 Do. 2 Gliiss cutter). 2 Do. 1 Do. 1 1 lildwor. Do. 3 Do. 49 10 lias liad expeiienco 11(1, as well iis ill iU-l- eqniilntaiice with the ! notes of the author LAHOR I\ nr.LOHTM. (557 r ::;3- 7- -' ^^ '^^'^ •"«^'' >— r, l. pi.«entecl n-on. tlio author's " "I «la-. Finn, Cl.arlerni, ,ai u , ,7 ', s , '•'^''"^^""' '" ""' '..annlaelin ■ '., ,["?, K as..vv,.r >,s „f J ,,.ss,«. Ji„„„ .,,, ,v ,! vo ', ..'''"'^ '," " ' '" ' i''«<'. ■""1 visile,! .he !,• rl ol \v),o,„ |,,,ve hren will, |h,.,„ /o, , ' , •, ' '" ■' ""i'l-.V ""■ally l,( .M» woWi-i,,.,,,, ,. M.m, iSl„',:;;,;tr '■ "'-^ -'>■ ™ '™". S5,5-.-';; i..;rt; ,:;;;=;;l;r :? ,';;,;-■- .. K,((l,.,.nt.s), ,,..., li,v. Inth.lield.snea'h „/,,;?;•,,, ^;''''"' "■"' K'UNcan, I,,,. 4 n'L '':''ll''''^"'''''«''<'veHnf;eoalan.l , .' ,^'^^^ to 1;:^. -1(1.) 1 < J';^.''l-1 in Pne,.. eostiMK ; ,; j: ' ;';;i^'7"" '"■l''« i" the vieini.v. (■„,., ,,,, -- - Kn...h ton,) Uie prie!; ^ ^^.^ fw j^U^l- ^ ^^ .U. K J- i-^Ji Unile!! ^u^;::':^^^^^:"*-''"^' ^* ^'''-^»^'- --- .no^t ..,• „. p,ate.«,as. ...ed ,,/the T,, „ PAPER MAKLNCr. BcS;;;;r^tr^:;[,s:^r'^;-'i^'' -w o,. or th. h.,.,. i,,.,.,.. . ., tlH' s,.V(.Dt.enth «-.. 1 i s , , 'f ^'^''''''''-V '"'fi' f^v.i.l the .,„. ,, '•''■''''^''"f francs, ;{5 men. ' ; women, ',)(). women, UK». GODIN AND SON'S PAPER-MILLS. ^" the exhibition of the World'« Industry at London, in I80I, Belgium. 05^^ LAUOR IN KUROrn ANU AMERICA. wns only wmosvuwa l.v ..i..« «Mn, M.-ssrs. J. L. C.o.liu & Son, of ITn.v,» thrir rollrctioi. of paiHT of *'vcr,v .Icscni.ticii. A pii/.e n (■( al was M.iH.K ill III! of wliicli liH'iit pcrlt'ctioii was attained. Miico that ;! ; ' , .. , , ..■ s 1.' nulls at liny have obtain..,! u l.i^;l. H'l...ta- tion in •.'..■iV.. n.a.Uots, .specially iu Enylan.l, to whuh n.nnt.y lar,.. •"•r^n "aV;;;';':;...! iuM^tant toaseertai,. tluM-ost of lalu.r in an in- dns.r vv .te H.Ml„...sc'He.intoaspuii.Ml.M,,npetit.o.MUll^sMm ,. nns ..r tlu. r.>it.(l Wtat.'s, tl... antl.or t.u.U o.Tasn.n to visit IIun ..r ,1,;,, i;i.r,;.'s. in Septena,er, ISTU'. The l..ll..win^' extraets In.n. his notes aie present.'.!; , „ <. . i II, „ llrhnnm Srvliwhr 23, lt-Tt>.--Ci.irr l.-n- fnn.i l.iip.' iuwl Smimj: -n Si.tnnlay //III/, />(/ /mm, o(jin7Hi'ii ~.>, ' •~ ,M.,^„,.^ 1 1 (i, , dill iV Soil, V. 1(1 ail' Niiiil t(i 'll.. .Imlv iMmliirlu.il is uIk.mI -'.i.tmO ''''' >^V'i"'^;/.'V;).r,i' '.,,,„, .• „i,iiiT. Tlii'V ^'•!ri^'i;;ii::;;h:;rr';.;;;;;!.i;!:'i:^y"ior'^^^ in^u-tea ouaca.a,of which u. followiiin is a v. rliatim I'op.v : "C.itdiiN 1. nit, 4(1 tV. p. 1011 kilos. ■ w'u'h,^n"uMi;^l'state^c«'n, i. n.C28 cents per pound for common cotton rags, .nd about wilts (4.'Jl») lor old sail-cloth. EAIiNINCiS. ' NVarlv -.11 tho emplovds are paid on a basis .'stablishod by tho lato Mr Godin iiftor V.ai's ..f Mu.iv ■.ml c.imputation, each receiving; pay iu proportion to the xvork per- I'ormed. Tho daily eaniiugs are as lollows : ^.^^^^ ^,^,^, Francs. joju. Women, the most industrious and best skilled 2i I^.J^ oidiiiary j, o!;iO iiilVrior, and {iirls •••• ,^' q jp rntt-Mirters and cutters ^^^^ $l.40toSl!6U Men, engine men and mafUiuists 4 to 6 M.80 toShiiO a.ssistauts ^ "o. HO other workmen -•• • ","' Vi".^ •« O.til) Some laborers aud youths as low as, but none less than. .... .... -i part receiving that amouut. VVa^^es n.ui. jji-e-ui.v -ilh-.i-.-. , , ludUNtiieB. ^__ .^ — « Pronounced " We." ill & Ron, of ITu.v,» anil «'xcclli'iic<' ot" L piizi' medal was liliii^', 1111(1 (liiiwiii;,' iiicd." Since that lied a lii«ii it'piita- tiiic'li coiintiy lavgn [ of lalior in i>ii in- 011 Willi «iinilar pro- (iun to visit liny for lai'ts from his notes 11(1 Srniiii;; mi Siiturday Sdii, wl.icli arc Hiiid to iiiscnluiii;, III!' (linctdr. •lit 11 iliiU to hIiow iiic mills lii'iiif; HoiiH! hix or 111' mills all' owiii'd liy u m iiiiir- stVaw paper, iisiii}{ ti.iKHi ^rintin cxlfiisivtsly. lUi- cil paper, and aio cxtwi- conntries, V)iit not uuiib ;li tarill. of il is of Knjjlisli iiiakc. icmliT them licaltby lor sons, cliiclly women and ; the lag-Morters and cut- on a cuiil, of which the ionimon cotton rags, and Iho lato Mr. Godin, after lortion to the work per- Uuited Slat*« coiu. §0.50 0.40 0, ;i(i 0.40 5;l.40toSl.tiu $0.80 to SI .'-iO 0. HO O.tiO LAnOR IN niCLOIUM. 059 r, Franca. .... 2i .... a .... u .... 2 ....7 to 8 ....4 to 6 .... 4 .... 3 15 francs per day, or by 52;) other assistants and francs per day, the larficr , of late, in this and other «-nd,.!.;;;.;,;^!:'i:r;;^;':::;;^j!;".i"; i.i ih.i,. ..o., ..• ,1.,.,,, „„„,„« n. '";.' it tir;';;;:;:!:';;. "hK;\^"<',^^-'- m^^-^nnu, as ,iv<.,. n'^'Mlar rates of wa^vs, l„ t 1 ,,! tt ' '!7""'*'r<'" ,".«" '"'linito r le '>■ ";""•'" f^m and indt.stiv I ,.;.''::"'''■'"■'';•'' "'•'•' «"ann.d niiy lie n.ado hetwirn ,1... indus v o I, ,'?'"';''''''. ■'■ '••""I""'-" Small in teriitorvas neloin... ; . »i ^"<' ''"-''i'-.ts of 'nm ddlr :: '^Seir' ?;;'■''"' '''"'"— '-^--u ".K-e!ass,.s of Antuni, a.id of n , ^ ,., '-,' ••'",""'"<"' <>f Ihe uotk- '""• Jl"^ "'dn.stry and tli.ilt I, , • i'' '' ""'••'' I'«'.Ii(mso,t!„. ki„.. trusted with those of ^^"^ '"" '""'« "Mtareut uheii tou- TIIE PAPKU-MILLS AT DUPPRL, NEAU ANTWERP ;i.':'i|; ;;:i;i;:;v;:j,!^;:-^';;i;^--M^^ is ....der oi.h,.. tiie loliowinfr tianslation . ( "'vf '*'^'''^ *''*"'^"'' "t Antwcri. tor Jlr. i)e Kny2l)en;eu;l'';ia;'ed 1872:'""''' '"^""'"■^'^ '^ ^"« l>n>pWetor' My niaTnif'actorvcmnlovs nlwmf V)n aliont 7(1,(100 kiloHiami ot pape , , r ".ir' ''''?■ "'"•'• T""^". ""'1 <-hiIdrrn. prmlncinL. "'•'■; "mfy diflVrent classes ' T| .v , ' . ''^\'7 "'"■'-P-'"!'!'- ^".•KninpiVli,,,,, ,^'"^' '!iid l-i orlessaeeonlio.rt,. ,1 • ' '""' ''>""' I'ieee. lli.-,l is K.s. ■ V I--I. nnaennai„^.d w'l.ronl'i ^ | ;',V:-:'; j^:'- ';" -P'-" "^ --^nhitlo! H:!: •-ainfH.m I to l.-jo f „;' /. o' ' V" -* """'V-'*' '" ''" '•""'4 per d av a .dV,. ^^ f"*'" oi-juivesat,..„,,„^:!:;(-'l^^ --'^)P;;nay. Tl. ;;'■",'"• ''>«i-'t^. of niK ";/'::;, ;;'''':i:i;''''-' ; '"-Mew ,,„, read ; none have any he csumh„-t (liqnor-shop) a )";';,. ''■',/"'•'"" ""'''='"•' '- 'I'ink, ami nuTv u ow npon the welMicinJ of tl ' P f. ,' , , '' "i"' ' ■"" "^'^,' ^vliieh the- o, Jt f^ '!• «ive yon »..y lain " i, n;;::?;::^,':^:;:;:;';;- ""- "'"yr workmen-s lamiHos, I am n„.,hle Iti. 6G0 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ANTWKUr. Ai.twrrnis tlio imi.Hpal sea port of n.-lj-ium. Hitnnt.-.l on the ilNor Scl.H.Us n' iK'iv lonnnili.Tht .st«.,ii.Mr.s an.l siMlinu vhm' s In.m .-v.-.n -.a o , Mv ml.laivtolK.sn.i. in ils ro.nnuHlions .lo.Ls. t was uiin « 1„ on.' ,. most i,„,,u,tantn,n.nu..rialntirsin K.uop.-. I., th.- lu.|;;lU ol its n . .. it V it is saia t.. i.av,. containc..! ivv.. l.nn.ln . tl.onsan. n.halatan s. In ll.la.itl,ursa.Nsli.attvv,.nt,v..ivl ^^^^■^^^->:'^^'r"''^''"rX'!\Z fi,„,. at its.locivs, la.lrn with tl.o p....ln..tin..s .. ail .,•>».• I.ts ot t ><' «l< 1 •• Jt is sai.l that Napol....n n..its ..nnmra«..non .: 1. aits It is (.ithcf the l.iith-plaro (;.• tho hou,.' ol Itul.cns, \ n 1)>K.', T. ..,.' ,I,a,hu.ns,an.l (.)nontin Mals.vs, whus. .r.-at w.aks st.U u-man. in th.-ir native or adoi.tiMl city. In past (■ontuiics thno wm- o\ci thnt> silk lac'to,i,.s in «-xisttMK;(",(Mnplo.vint-n.oiv than l(airtlu.nsantlopfialive.s. In the mannfac.tim' of si-winy silk the city is still (•onspu.uous. COST AND CONDITION OF LAUOll IN ANTWKllP. The followins letter and its aeconipanyinj,' statements were transmit- ted, lit the duto iudiuated, by 3Ir. Consul Weaver : CoNsii.ATK, (IF inK Unitkd States, Aiitinii), l)i(i-mhir'S.i, IHTU. mui Siis: In rrspons., to .v.mr roqiirst I in.los., a tinml:,.' st.trnu.nt HlH.vvinK tho ;;:;i;;';i;ri;i;\i:r!;:n;;«" ;^i!:;^.'or ,;.:.viMons, ^u..n.., an.i iion.....nt ...• hu....... '^>::';;'M!;;:;ilrial\.k:.;nina;L. uUW.. .u^.- .,....,10,.. I n.nn.l ^ ..tterly hnv..- «il 1 . , ■ Itl ill- likr instic- in .vtVniic.. to it, lakiiiK into mrounl t u> .l.tlunltN of ^ ii ! 1 M' c' sTn .1 ili.Mi .Ir.lnri.iK .onrH uv.Tii^.H ; tnit tli.. <|n-stion is on,..,! ^,. ^;,u;'!l,;!o;'aiu"li;i:.I.l...MKlaitb.Ht,tol.tyonl..v..jv,i^ licir.l iml siicli Mi.'ucstioiis as liavo occiiirfd to uif. 1 lia\o l»'i n .iidi (I «•• >! i.\ i.,\ niu n V l"? u r^K7^ ol Mr. Ciu.ttan, Uiitisli .onsiil at Aiitw,..,., will, •.vliul. I l.no 1, ,,(,11, s loi 1. / ;'',''".' v„„ aio awaiv of tlio a'mosl tlistnist tliat m mam- 1 ..ri.iii.lv iiii.'iistiti" lint. 1 lav.' ii"t ll'i- ni.'iiiiH ; 111,- ' ' I ■ ™ ' r ,v sv. iiiiiiii.!. iNiiiii.v "I ii"i''5 •■' »"■ ''''"'iv;:';; 1 . . 1 i,i.:,in. Or iiiG iiiiy,"™" "'I"; ■■"'"" i"-,£';>, ;:;,,"i;7;",t'', 3 ^■rriir!;;r\i;;"i;3J!;::.r:;M;^rr.f ."™;;^;^ 1.5 ;»!^^^ r,, L I 1 i;"i 1.1° "'",., work ..v til., liil'.-, M„,v ,..,.t,:r tin. "»,»?»'X, j;' ' .K; ^■ mn I 1 1 s and ton mm and l.ovs. Tliiity huIh make the " pmipons and lo y to H.rtv IVaiics nor thonsaml, avoiaijin- IiIi.th Irancs. (4„5.) A j;ood ''\''''\' ';\'' ' " u Uionsan>:\..n,.non ci«a.s p.M' we.d., and .1.0 av..;aK. ^vook « wj^^^ liv.. iVioos (^-i ^ but out of tliis 8 10 mn.st nay lior " iioiii»'tioi-, (tlio littlo no.\ oi M ' ^ ;o';nak:s*it;:.i.l;to;an.i \.nts ... ttio 'v"--'''i>i'-'],-;i '!;::,'f;]^';\";'".;d;:v^ il^lohulolV 'o,^. 'I^i ^ai '\.:^ke twc4-livc Uou^uud per week, ea...iu« seven aud a ^'^Tu S:'S!o'wLk by the hour, be pays from 4 to 50 ceutimes per hour, tbo work- LAnOR IN UKUilllM. 661 intcd oil lilt' rivor ■Is Iroiii t'V»'i,\ !»int It wiis t'oinitMl,, oii(> hi tilt- iH'iKli' «»' i'« iii.saii«l iiilialiiliiiil.s. 'i« to lie st't'ii at oiu^ arU'i's ot tlu' «lol»t'. p tlif rival of I-oii- I a naval cstaltlisli- ilvvt-rp, asiiitlispcii not «u'lfltiatt'(i tor ■ourayt'ini'nt « f tlu' iiilicns, Van D.vkr, woiKh Hi ill remain 'ic well' over llmty loiisaiiil opt'ialivt's. spicuous. rwKUP. L'lits were transmit- Unitf.d Statks, ■rp, Divembir "Zt, 187'-J. Hliitcmcnt Hliowiri;; ttio riiilrs, mill also it ulutc- liDUbf-ifiit lor laborers buml it utterly iiniios- icioiint tliu ilit'litulty of 111' i|iU'Htii>n IS one of so tsl liavf jiiTsoiinlly col- •III uiili'il nrrall.v liv 111" ,-,'r|i, Willi -.vliiili I have St ilistnist that iw iiiaiii- I llii'iii UM to tlifir wa^is ! iilipioarlli'il vriy jiidi- II' or sliaimi, tln'y imfir I's ill fiicli Iraiio woiilil H) 111 Tliialcly rlioiij;li t') iililv of till' lalioirr ai.il y ill Hiiiiiiiii:r anil Irii m il cacli • ^ '''''^'' "'t' '1j« «"«.« of paiUi'is, box. ,«, nillNKINO nAIlITS. .laiiy trim, ib-irtoii. Ksp. . ! ,1 • 11^1,^1 ,1 :K';'^;::;;h •" " r"-'^ «•• '•■-■i'"^ '"Hn« "laii to man. aid on Sm ,niav lib bts '.,,\'l'''' ''''''''''■'■'''■'"•'' ''^'''1 <'<'ill ■niiblb. of M biv. Tlie I e I le 1^ 10.. . n ' '' """ "'"" '•"•"""le iinlil .(,„ •liiH scourge ..( ,1;.. piio n I ' lis dni L 1, V''^' "" '""" '" ''" «"'"""'i"K '«- si regret tliaT lark of 'lim. , 'v,! n/. ,,, " i.';. , "''.''■•''''■'■' ■^'MHTsliiiou. amhiim,.. ', the woikin„.el,.ss in tbisVoiii -v/ s ,1 i I, .^^^^^^^^ theaehml ,,i„|i „f UM,; toflolbis.l.'nmiMlslaboraiuliiuIe. 1 "'■? «lioul,l be syst.iiializeil to be of 1 am, hir, very ri.'8|)C('tliilly, JAS. IJILEV \Vr,AVi:i£, iniUtt ilahn loiiaul. "WAGES IN ANT WE HP IN 1872. Ocuipatioii. lillklTH Hl.K'kHmitliH lioill'V-llllllilTS... ltes ol alioiit 'jr> ii) ;!ll per eeiit. Nevertheless, the, drniaiid ililleieiil inuiislnal eeiiters. ^ • * , l"or some liiiK^ past htrikes liad ocenrred among llie woiknien of varions trades, ■with the limited olijeet ol' demanding an inerease of wages or a rediielion ol hours ot lalior. 'Ihe maslers, being nnalile to lesisl, were eomiielhd to yield; and thiis.ut Ant- werp the inasons, shipwrights, tailors, and others have been engaged m disputing the inereasiiig demands of their nieii. 'J'he masters in these various trades, not liaving murh cniiital at their t(niiniand, and linal)le, IVom the nature of their hu^iuess, to elos'e their esfahlishmeiits, have heen pic- tiiided li iini resisting t he si i iUe liy a snsiiensi(jii of woi k. Alt he same t ime t he so eallrd '■ iiati(Uis,'' Ol assoeiations ot woiUnii'ii wliosiip|dy hands for Ihe loailmg and iinload- inyof .->hiiis,a.! I'lanes, (Sl.) which are deducted from Ihe wages of the workiiiaii. These appleliliees, termed '• ponpetiers,"' are children of from ten to fouiteeii ,\eais of iii;e. whose husiness it is to make the inner roll, tln^ workman's task being the nioii) (irHiciilt aod complicated one of completing the cigar iiy means of the exterior leaves. The iirepaiatory labor thus perlormed by these "ponpetiers" tends very coiisideraMy to diminish ami simplify the work ihme by the men, and leads of course to a propoi- tioaate increase in the proiluctive power of the factory; and hence it Ibllows Ihat tlui manufaclurers attach great importance to having this preliiuinary work i>erforiiied liy children or apprentices, who by this means akso aciiiiue a knowledge of the trade, ami become iillinialelv available workmen. The rate of wages being very high in proportion, and the competition extremely active, esiiecially in respect to "low-priced cigars, it is a matter of cousideralile inipor- tanct! that the factory should be made to yield as nmch as possible, as it is only throiigli lari'n sales that a pi'olit can be realized. During the summer ot l^^ri the operatives of all the cigar-factories struck siuiiil- taneoiisly. Tliey had formed a coiisiderablo reserved fund, and it is also undeislood flat they receiv'tid iiecuniaiy assistanct^ from England and Geiinaiiy. They r (iiiiieil, iii()epi-n(ietitlv of a rediictioiMd' the hours of lalior, that Ihe wages of the " ponpetiers'' Khoiild be paiil by the maiiiifacturers, withimt deduction fiom their own wages, and that the ■' pouinMiers" should in fact be employed by the manufacturers; whereas, according to the system hitherto pvevailing, every workman brought, his own '•imiii- Iietier," Ibr whose work he was responsible. The elfi'ct id' the change demanded would Lave be(Mi not only to increase the wages of the men considerably, but to relieve them of a large share ot" their responsibility as to the performance of the work, as it wmilil liav(^ bi^Mi in tin; power of the workman to attribute any iiiii»erfe.ctioii in the ai'licio produced to file " poiipetier" appointed and paid by the manufacturer himself. They at last went furllier, and tUeir demands oinbraoed the evi'utual dismissal of the " poii- pcliers." This pretension was entirely new, and rcveah'd a »l^^^!ed piu-jiose of diniin- ishing the unniber of operatives, and preventing the instrnctioii ami training of appren- tices. Their power was no longisr to resiile in their niiinbors, but precisely the coiitraiy; for, according to their calculation, the le.ss abuadaut the supply of workinou the more iudisiieusa de do their services bccuuio, . » • • LABOR IN BELGIUM. f tlio stiiUos in En- [cs of tliLi worUiiu'ii in Antwi'i'i), is prc- L'onsni in Antuoip. ii j^i'iitU'niiin wliosi! liiin Inr such an in- [), but alter consul- , it wiis tloeuied un- vnicd to couciliiito tlio •icH of tilt" tiim.s, ami it I use in \Vi|i;t\s ot iilidiit fill}; (•iitislicd, and tliiir Liivc takfii piiice in tin; iiiicn of viii'ions trades, a icdnctioii of lioins of \ iild ; and tlins, at Ant- iii;a<;fd in disiintinj; tlio 1 at tluir coniniand,and ^llnl(■nt^<, liavi! Ini'ii ]nv- !■ tiaiiii" linit' till' M) callitl llic loadinj; and nnload- f Antwt'ip, iiili imi'd tlio liylit or on Snnda.vF, al- ■ncral iiilc took [ihiiT in usstils iiud Glicul auionj; ;i!P. fly dcvofod to tlio niun- inn!ii and apprcnlicjos. to f") a wcuU ; tliosi' of wagfM of the worUinaii. ten to foiirtfcn .\fais of n',s task ln-in;;' the morn s of llie exterior leavis. tcnils very eonsidcraMy ,s of eonrse to a |iro()oi- leiioe It follows liiat tlie nary work jierlbrmed liy kvleiljje of llio trade, and coMnietitioii extremely r id' eoiisi(leral)le iiiipor- t)le, as it is only tludii;;li i-factorie8 strnck sitiiiil- 1(1 it is also nndeisruod ■rmaiiy. Tliey r (iniicd, i^-e.-i of the '• poiipelicrs'' n tlieir own wuf;f,s, and lanufaeturers; w liereas, liroii^lit his own '■ |)iiii- diaii;{e (lt!Uianp,;,:!;^;;V:;/";,^^|;;;:;;-;;>';;r - .l;Yapa,.i,y .,^ appren.iees, in co„- tlHOi not possessing; ,1„. nee.ssarv (nmi, ',"""'> 'V' "■"''^""". i«»» the (a.i of ciKarn.ann(ae,nr.rs,and il^y l,,,Tk ,, i .Ii. ,. '' '■''■'"'■' '■'•><';;n,/.e.l Uy ilie Antw .'rn was lorined am.,,,.. llHM.,npiov(.rs a • :. ''''■'''^'r '''.''"'^' ' '^'^ ''""Nnid. A . 'uL cease work uiol leave ,.„v l,,,/. ,„, ." 11",^ '^ !"'' """,'," ''^'-o ' l'<' op, ,..„ ,v,.,s , 1 ,7.|j till ii-;i \ /ii'i'< r t.. ..... 1 • . iiald '! " i,.|ii-.|, t„ t|„.|,.oun eoniiirv; eolli -asnres, hnt the ^-.^<• oi^ n;;;,^;:^;^:;;;-,-'' i::::;:;;,;:^.'''^;'-!'^''^-:-'' - ..^-eive tiiepnip(,seoieo,;,;::ni;::';^:;7;,,;'j;;;;:;;';-j;;-^H..i^t,,^ wliKh in for 11(1 " ■ """""■"= ";;:;;;;:;;i ; S^I'^^^T'-'^fsri;,;- '-.^t-H.e oh,aiM(.d (Voni ah. ,"';t ;;;;:;:';:' ",'"'•"" r"^' r piijics, shows flic cxtoiit of tlio various bninclii'N ot the iron industry in tlmt part of B(*I},ninn. One of tiic. lirst ohjccts wliioli attiaclcMi tlic attention of tlic nntlior on his lirst visit to JJiiisscis was a statue of John Coekeiill, an Enjilish eiifiineer, tlie lonndeiof tlie works at Seiaiufr, wiio reeeiveii postlinnions honors, althouj^li in iiis lifetime he obtained hut a small poition of the nialei till reward to whieh his eminent abilities and enterprise entitled linn. Tiie works were established in 181(», and oeeupy the former palaee of the I'rinee I'ishop of Liei;e, with the enormous eonstrnetions since added to tit it for its present puri)ose. The vast pile of buildings ibrms a little town of itself. Iron and coal are extracted from mines within its walls, whi<'h also inclose a canal and railroad leadinj; down to the river. IJlastturnaces, iiud note book of the autiior, extracted from the Loudon Engineering, is here jiresented : ■rniC COCKi;!!!!.!, icon and STl:Kt, WOIiKS, .sr.KAlNG. Since 11k> (loatli of Jciliii Cdckciill flic WDiks at Si'vaiiij^ have liem fiirflier Piilarired. anil at llie jHesent time lliey oeeiiiiy a |iositii)i) pevlmps Keeoiid mil.v ri> tliosi' nf Kni|i|) at hs.se'i. Till! cdllieiies are tour in iiiinilier, and ;iie wo- lied at depths of aluint TiHO yards liy the aid of f went.v-lenr en^jines, f;iviMf,' a total of (>\vei-. 'I'liey {rive einidoyiiient to 'J,-l()() worknien, and their annual prodnelion is li.'.O.ddU tons. The eoiii- jiany ahvaus keep iVoni lllteen hundved to two llionsand tons oleoal on iiand in ca^o ota .•*! like or ol any other einei-;:ency. " • * Tin' eoke-tiirnaees e.oiij-ist ,Ooi) tons. * * " llie ioiiiider.es are, larjre and eoniinodioiis, and aiv well litted with cranes and other appliances suited lorlhehiavy woik t iinied out there. The castirn's in and alioiil tlie fonnderics were decidedly jfood and <-lean. Ill the wron^ht-iron ' tiivs for raiUvay whe<'ls,and a uoticeahle I'.'atiire herewas the care taken to insure the idcntiliealioii ;it any tiiiio ul every tire rolled in this mill hy impressinjr it with no less than foiiitceii Blainiis. * » • »»» , In the steel-works are ten liessinier converters of from 5 to 7 tons, (six of which are ni course ol erection,) KJ heat inn-furnaces, 7 steaiii-hauimers, 4 ridliin'-iiiills.aiid 4(i engines ol various kinds, of ;!,o;st se-power collectively. This deparrment eiiiplovs fiOU wiukiui'ii, and turns out 17,000 tons (d' SI e(d a miiially. In the torses are !-.> !iea!iny;-f iiniiices, 7 steiini-haiiiiacis". 70 siiiitii o f 2r'H liorse-powc^r, the nuuiher of workmen h siiiitiis tin i-iifiiii 1,500 tons of large and small work. eiiig "^00, aud iho annual nrudiictii a M. ^ *■ „ LABOR IX BKLGIUM. iprro, ipxtnictf! from lout of tlio vuiidiis til. Mitiiise I'lititU'tl |),V tlic foiincr paliice construct ions since .' of luiildinys forms 1 from mines within lc;i(liii}j; tlouii to the lis, ami foifjcs occn- s of all sorts, fioin 1110 of tluMii of tucn- ■1(1 of Waterloo was in ijartiicrship with cl^inni in l.SliO, pnr- works arc now car- lin (.'ockcrill." ))assinj^ notice, the lat contained in the linyincering, is here U.UNO. : liceii fiirtlior ('iil:iri;i'(l, (inly to tliDsi^ (if Kriiiip at ili'ptlis of iilxiiit ."HO lorsi'-powci'. 'i'licv K'^'*-' ;!,".(),(l()(» tons. TIk'' coni- 1)1' coal (III liiiml ill ciiNO '.s c.i)iif.ist of t'oiii'i;i(iii|is, 'JKi Apiiolt liiliis. Ciiii- lil-i'imiin-s of l(iS lioisc- iiiiiil iirodiR'.liou oi'colie g tlie liliist aiul tappiiii;- iKiiit'S of -180 C(ill(^ctive I tuns. * • » xiicre up |ii'0(lnciiijtj Ht(!i'l )iii;<. n' •^-'(1 worliiiicii.iiiiil six >,OUOlons. • * » I \\ itii cranes and otlicr istin^s ill and alioiit llic I's, 7 htcaiii-liiiiiiiiici's, ]2 tlic wdiknicii iiiiiiilicr II laiLs, gilders, liar and Hiiiji; tiii'H for railway lire tile iilcniilicatiiin ;i't li no less (liaii foiirtci'M tons, (six of which are 4 rolliiif^-inills, and 4li lis departiiHUit ciniikiys ii'h.s' fires, and ."leiifiines lUu umiiial pruductiuu G65 Nleani-eiin'nes re ,res, i t 1 . , '""■•'''''■. Nxed.and ..v,.i|ie,id. ..','•,. , '"" '"" Sr:f P;\:::&;!i::T "'■" '"'" -'"'i "'. ■ Kl;;;!"."^', f ■""""«■ '■•■ ■^. iron lor one linndred years;,, ,■,. „„/ iiniNaninrdisi nets, as well as in I and t lose ill l!..i,,; '" '' iixeinlionri and ,«! ')iain. '1., ' ' I 'le l,lei.o ,'<■>■ "'-i' ;i(' in ,„inili.T, ""III .Iii«™ li,,, ;■,,,, ,,, „ , ' ""> ™i"in« ssl1,:™::■;;:,^;s;;; ;;-'-i:'i;"i:l:"sS':K . It niay readily i,„ snpp ,. . 1 , , f ' '■'; I^ !"'ty :=;;™;t™t;;:;:?,;:;;:: :■ V--"-;'::x,,,S:™;is ;;.^ •xcs are novy hHn.r l.roM..I,f :'"' ■"/"'."k- Ikis- ■ ""'""""■""« tons still. r,,/' „,,,,„ ;,;, ■-- '""V"^" '"'d itll "■'1> ■'>< "Incl, .1.^ cliildrcn of lio Psi xe . ': , T'-'" "''''• ='" '"'I'lia SH™r?:s.ys"-^^i'HfHS,jSs^^^ .•,"„■., """"IK a visitation of elioleri 'O^ .. ■ " " '"KHf 'ip. most „ i^S;:^ 7z;!:.;^i:;':zn:r "- - "» S™-v,.E";:s,i:i s i >■ ""■n (niMls.ei'ior., re '■'''''■' I ^'"'""■'•' '" ■'•"Hv ..seviii.;.. "'"'■"""'■" '■^ "">■'■'■'' contained i.tid Kelf-s„„„v I "^•'*'7-''iiii;fiioiiiioiis resources ■>,,] \ ■ "" ■'*"<'"'t,V. '■"PPcrand tinX, r T ' *'' '"''' "''''''''■''''''"^ ''''c^xlcrn.a , ,? . '"■"'.^'I'Ntirely self- msmmmmsmm ^^ . uwiug IS selected in legard to— iK i I ill:; ill GG6 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ^V,lf|es. — Tlio inon work oliiofl.v by the piocp, find tlioir onriiinjra, con- scqiicii.tly, (Icpciid ii]K)I1 tlicir industry. Tlio inico of piiddliii^' was slated to bi^ 1 Iriiiu; M coiitiincs for .'JfjO kilofiriiins, holua !tO.] cents for a ton of L'.L'K) (loiinds, and M7 (;i'nt.s for L',i()t) pounds, wliicli latter usn- idly constitutes a ton in Knjilish iron-mills. At this rate the men were said to averajz'e 7.1 I'rancs (8l-'J0) per day. The i)rice seemed icmark- ably low, but the'ticntlemau who {-ave the iulorniation asserted that it was entirely accurate. In the ro'lliiii'-nnlls men earn from 5 to fi francs (81 to $1.20) pordiiy. In machineshops, the foremen earn from (i to 7 francs, (81. lit* to 81.-1(1,) the skilled workmen averajje .'V| francs, (Go cents,) and common labor- ers from L* to M Irancs (4b to (1(» cents) i)er day. In the coal-mines men average about o Irancs (81) l>er day. Jlours of labor: from to 8, 1) to 12, 1 to 4, and 4.10 to (i o'clock, beins nearly 10 hours i)er day. Only about one tiftb of the workmen are residents of 8erainj)f; the prir.cipal part of the renminder live in the villaj^es of Engis and Amay, from whi:h they come daily in the cars. Kents inaerain^': Two or three rooms, 20 francs (84) per niontii. Price of coal : 2(i francs (8").20) per ton of 1,(100 kilograms. The ore used in the works is chiefly brought from the vicinity of Namnr. Einiinccriii^/ihopti at Antircrp. — For tlic purpose of building marine- engines and ollitr machinery, the Societe John t'ockerill has shoi)s at Antwerp, li all the engines built there are equal to the poweifnl one "which proi)elleil a steamboat from Ostend to Dover, in a terrible sea, alter tiie ecpiinoctial storm in September, 1>S72, the author can (lommcnd them — the only thing connected with the boat or passage indicated which deserves comuicudation. Lii:GE. Liege is finely situated at the junction of the Onrtlie with tlie Mouse, in a lertile valh'y. The clouds of sufoke usually .seen from a distance hanging over it proclaim the inanufa<'turing city, the Birndngliam of Belgium; and the dirty houses, muiky atmosphere, and coal-stained Streets are the natural consetpience of the branch of industry in which its inhabitants are engaged. The staple manufacture i- that of lireaniis, employing at least 20,000 ))ers,tns in and about the town. Liege is, in fact, one great armory, and has produced nearly a miiliou tire-anus annually for some time past.* The saddlery is also very good liere, and a coar.se cloth is manufac- tured in large cpnuitities. There is a royal cannon-factory and a small-arm factory iu the suburb of St. Leonhard. The cause of this commercial prosperity is the presence of coal in great abundance close at hand. The mines are worked ui)on very scientific principles. Soni« of them are situated .so near to the town that their galleries are carried under the streets, .so that many of the hou.ses, atul even the bed of the river, are in some places undermined. Here, as well as at other jilaces on the Meuse, at the mines in the district of Charleroi, as we'd as in many parts of Germany, women are employed in various occupations, which appear, to Americans at least, *TIk! luiiMhtT ot tin'-iii'ins iumiIh sit. IjIiijjh in 1.S72 \v:is as followH : Siiijjjli'-l)!irivlt'J fo\vliii).t p'''<«''^i l''J-^"^; (l()nl)I,471; muskets, '4'J,>iU. Total, LXliOR IN BELGIUM. 667 Ofitirely inisuited to tiieir sev 'n.-. .. K^yeptfroui tin. stre..ts an.l 't .c\n. r .t'r' !'''" """"'•' "'"^ "'"""'" "'as 3 >.'<-"tspcr ,hiy. In the nnn'^.'^ "':;":;": "'"' "="■'"'• ^^nvUy shoveling coal, others carrying c^, f . : ^'''^""," "'""^' "•''■•• ^•■^'» the purpose. Their wori< is, in, v , ^ , '.' ■ f V" '"'-'''''■^ """'^' '"r t^oy Uo uot,as was tormer^'the -e'i.rU.^-K;; «';;-'■;£<- -i WAGES IN JIAUBKUGK. thflCldr:'^./:;?^?!^;^'" ^--;/'- rai,.mi„s at Manbenge, on tained. l.ud.lh.rs worlc V ,o ..'.;'/;; ^''^' '"^^'^ <"■ i^"'«>. ascc'" tr^''' "'« ■stliat the patterns are w,,rkc s ^ ! eU- wi I ''\1 '''"' ''' ''' ""•'"•■■^-^. '''t";'tH.ess aiHl are afterward scMveVl on '^ "' ""^"^ "iioroscoi.ij ft,cleisvvorthitsweightiio;,|d T \';''''^'f-\"' tl'« "'a,n,rart„,,.,l limssels la,.e, and also lb • tl ivj' '"',"" "'''!' ^'"" f'^" ., ari o"lvi.artiailybyasm h ;, '^^^^^ 1 S„'''^r''''^"'' "«''^ *-^ ''<''"*"■'? most constant and .ninntV t Vti: to thei. S '" ""•^- "'« eye, and attain the faculty of spina i^g e i t' '7/';^^"^'"*^ t»^« ^1 ml constitutes the excellenie (.f these fa H,s *"^ ''*'^-^"^''' ^^»'^"««8 Kid-gloves, which are also made a t lis o^:r.. , , fiicaper here than elsewhere ^ '''-^' "''^•^' ^« purchased 6G8 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. sofiiitMitly increased in price, and tliere was also an increase in tlie ex- penses «,t ,yln^^ and tl.ese rates are still contiiined. 15rnssels derives snt)s anIiMl lienelit lioni the I>eriiiaiient and teniporarv residence of lar-e iMin.bersof lOn-lisli-speakin- people, wli.) |.nrcliase lar-elv of the hn-vs gloves, and other pnx'ncts lor which this "iV/(Vc /Vr/.s"'is celebrated 1'.) stalisiiciiinsainl scientists it is known as the home of that endnent jiiiin, A.h)lplie t^)nctclet*, recently deceased, and the city where the lust mternational statistical congress was held, (in 1853.) GHKNT. Tliis was formerly one of thelarfjest inannfactiirinft- towns in I'.eluinm, and IS still a place ot eonsideiahle nianulactnring iiidustrv, the priii- cipjd product Wiui; cotton {ioods. It is chietlv known in this coiintry as lu-in- the place where the treaty of i)eace was sijined in LSir> between the L lilted .States and Great liritain. In 1801, while united to France, It was lilted as the third .nannfuctMring town after Lvons and Uoueii JJuiiii^M he discontents which broke out in Bel{>;iuni in the fourteenth centuiy, Ldward 111 invited to Kuf-laml niaiiv J'leininf-s, who brouaiiens, a Flenunji, brought Fnjilish woikinen and spinnino-jcuHos from lUanch.ster to (Jlient, and their work became so popular that in a few years, 10,(1(10 workmen and .SO steam-eiijjincs were empioved. In IK.O the city ot (Ihentis said to have had SO.OOO men capable of beariii'' iunis. ihe uumber of weaversat that time amounted to 10,0(10. (ijicn't IS especially noted for its celebrated prison, Jm Maiwn tie Fnintr. This prison was visited and approved by Howard, and has been the model lor most ot the imi)roved iieiiitentiaries of Europe. Ciipitiil imnisliniont is aliolislird, au.l as tli.,ro are no coloni-.s to wliicli convicts cim I).; transiM.it.Ml, oih-ndtTs arc condctmird to im|.risoiuM(.,;t in i.roportion to tli.^ aln.cirv ot hnr .rinics. As tl.o rations of food aro s<, calnilafd as to In^ l.andv .sidiici.-nt to snsta.n lit,. ||„. i.r.soncis iu'o tlni.s (tonip,dl..d to fontril.iit.' to tlifir own Mipporf. Ac- ;:'■;•'"-;." "V ";',""■<•"* ";■'■• ""-■"•'^'■S tlu. pr.,proeiin,M,.,i,e cmidoyn.ent, and fheivl.y gnardinV a-ainst the relai.s.- into'eri'me, of liherat,',! eon- n 'T!; ,. /"' ! i""" '•""• .^-''''''''''^ h-MO convicts, clueliy employed in the muindaitaro ot linen tor ilie nse ot the army. One of the latest novMties in Ghent is the introduction of i.eiinv- Banks for the children in the schools— an innovation which is airciuiy domo' much to give the workmen of the future provident habits, and is Oeiiio- introduced into Eugland with good results. BRUGES. Early in the thirteenth century Bruges, among the cities of ilie naiise- atic League was the princi|»al mart ot the En-lish wool tradcnnd be- came the cliiet resort of the Lombard and W'lieliaii trath-rs, who bioimlit tluther the manufactures of India and the produce of Italy to exehat'i-e -- ,^1 ""'''^''^'" "^"'* ^ "^' ^^'i''""^"y and the Baltic. Ships from Venice, •M. Quctelct, director of the Royal Obscryutol^dhST^Ui^il^s^ Fcl^ay 17, ld74. [CA. Ill iiKTonsc in tlio px- 'd. ISnisscls (Iciivi's try I'csidciict' of liir<;(! ' Iiii};oly of I he luces, Paris" is (•clchrntcd. loiiic of tiiiit cniiiiciit t' city where iLe liist )S'tf>^"i)s in r>cl!:inn), S industry, tiic prin- own in tiiis conntiy incd in IMJa lictwccn lie united to Fnincc, T Lyons and l.'oucn. mi in tlie fourtceutli ■niinys, wiio biouj^lit • woolfu <;iotlis, pie- iS'ii^li luiinnlnclufcs ncc. Ju ISOl Licvcn liinninfijcniucs from iopuiiir tiiiit in a i\'\v employed. In 1J(,(>, capalili^ of bearing' M to4(t,()l)0. (iliciic 'son (le Ffdiici: This Las been iLc model s to wliicli convicts oiin ropoitioii to tliiNitidcity (> l)(! liMicly siiliicjiMit to tlii'ir own sciiiiKiit. Ac- iii,',s lliuy receive is nioro aii^ itllowctl to |micli;i.so iitlioiized ti) .supply iit ;s-baiik, iti onler lo ao- *7-.' lias jjlvcn the most 1, piosjieiity which set in after tl Some trades, liiwe\(.r, siili'ered pmt l>eaee of l~71 I iintjcsiilts ill most hiaiiches .. *.v ......1. .. I ■ " id of coal lose to such exoi I isappointment. The iron trade. T iiiaiit rates liiis the year which be<', ill l>^7:i, so that this trad ion. y\ on, and cannot reduce tl masters now tind that tl lU ley cannot cis f^all., year will Iciive no prolits to the i my works have been closed iii^ into 11 statf! of lirices on jiccomit id' tho fiirmi Scl lies of their own ; as, for roll-masters general stayiiati. CCS blown out Tl ciiii, A-c, instance, the in on Keiiera!, save to such as poss. 10 itreseiit isler establishments of .Se Tl le zin <• and l.>ad w-orks are pa.ssiiijT thron^ri, a real raiiifr, Coiiillet, lone;; a specialty of BcIkhui 1 and a staple eh iiiiiiien.se eai.ital ami workinj.- iiopnlation. it is 1 iiient of cxiiaiisl M ion of the ziiic-niiiies of tl cijsis. Tho former industry ''■■'■'iaii tiadi', einployr for iorcsiiet. Th ).'C011llll^r,|||it,,j.^j,|,|j,,, [,ythe}ri'a(lnal zinc-works thus le comitiy, espeeial y of tl Kii-li.sh Works supplies of ore to ,S| osiiiH Iheir main soni <; once rich deposits ot zinc-trai.e which has iiiii, Italy, and Swed ■ce of profits are oblii;e,l to j ciliiistaliccd f now seventeen in number, prod >mii'; np within th icii, and have to strin'"| piocmiii! th about hist few years, 'i'lie 1: lictilion has run np the price of ;e oil' at <'lieap rates 1 ■,11011 tons of aj;aiiisl the naiisli zinc- metal, are belt) and lab( of ! risen by 00 per cent., wit ores, while at lli< loni distant countries. 'I'lii o same tinii iill s com- other raw inalerials Th The f.lass-trade Iicfran the year lS7-> fi le demand was abiindaiit ;' the i liout a correspouding progression in the prico ivorablv, and coiit l|erea^'aiii the prices of coal and lal )rices were improving; as widl imied to prosper till Octobo: Hiuldeiil in November, tl came eiiciiinbered with st le orders in ilior oiitsIri]iped th as reimuierativi had to I e I owered l>u licks; the maiirf nil abioai ISO of the maniifaclmed art But eeii.sed entirely; the warelioii.M's b yers contimied to lold I re had to be partially siisiiendcd; pi a crisis (iwiiij;, in addition to other causes, t Kl:iss-blower • ■ ■ o the iiic ind iistry. s 111 the London market, aided by th ,,,. ' .■ I" •••'• ■• > prices llie trade is si ill pa.ssiiiir thron.'h reasiiii,'comp(,tili if th.^ French Ue superiority of their coals lor this The year 187-2 iiiiiiatnr; "as, on the whole, di.sastrons for th piospcritv had n.arkcd prices of wool and of all Its proiluct the whole ni' 1,-^71 and the be;.! woolen-trade. An oxtiemo and Illative man Th s Were run up hey 1111111; of H;-J, Till e reaction .set in at the c ond all leasiMiablelimils bv ears duration, which caused li i>f March, f bllowed by an iiitei aspec- ise crisis Ki'adiiallv in tl e spring' of the present vear. Ttie t cavy los.ses to t he t lade of Vei vicrs. 1 1' subsided ctoi ^^;n^\d'it ';±t;:;;^i;!^j;Js"- ^T' J'^- ^— opof -i^^ finiii :u to 4i feet T .,.+■/ f ''"^*' «'<•'"■ t'> the iinnsiial heiirht of 1,^00 franc.sl 1.800 Vni't'L t".re''''T^^^^^ '"""V'.f '''""' '"■''■•'•^' vi.-.viii« from greater development eeiv Mr Tl ■■'"•■piny ot llax m the river Fys tak.'s a veiopment cxtii jeai. The year was a good one lor all the trades connected 670 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. COAL TRADE. AY«,c„..„/ «fto,,H,,, tkemo,-ement of ike IU1,jlan eoal,,-a,e a,n-,„o thcf„Uo,n,uj years.* jyuantmoshu.,,,, ,„• , 000 kilo«ram» = a, aoj „o,„uU EnKHHh,) rorn- fOll- * In lliis wriylil in It, will consiiiiiK laU'd Drii'iiial till' lioiiie ■fit.' — ToilK. ll,til(i, KU) In (li.i iMovinct' of H;iinnnH.. In tlif. |)i(iviiicc (if Lii~.Mr„ ... Ill the inoviiicbof jViiimir.! !.'!'..".""'". I Total tons a,Ml 2.-,!»,()07 U>uh iv.si.e'JuHy '""' '•'"' '-■"'^" '^^^tx-t-.teU tho«e of J871 by Wli^iU of^oart::i!;S:^^£r^r:;a:;,ris^ '"^ •'^''" "'- ^'^'^'--^ -^ --y cargo. PRICES OP PROVISIO.VS, GROCERIES, ETC. tion by tilt nnliill^ n^,:' ;^,;^r ^^)^;;;:;;''f-'-of onlinarycoMsunip. paml r„r tlie United States a. nipref J **'"" ^^'"^'''^''''''''.v l"-e- are not iu all respects sSeVuj^lgl^^.'r "''"^'' ""*^ classiUcatious Articlcg. Flour : Wheat, siperflno . I'ROVISIONS. Wheat, ortra family , Rye perbbl. do.. Antwerp. ChHrlornl and vicinity. 187i. 1874. do... do... Corn-meal Beef: Fresh, ro.i9ting-,)iece8 , ,, Fresh, soup.piM'i.s *perlb.. Freah, rump-steaks ','•*■•• Goruc.i! .. do... do. «6 00 9 00 .') 00 C .') 01 < to ( 7 0( ( ,'> 01 ) '" ( 7 0( $7 CO !l 00 t pVr'p';t3!"« '"'" '^ '•^'"•'d othe;Vables"iho"p„und" i. ] to J..., \ 1872. $8 20 40 S" 1874. I * c «8 20 8 80 18 14 16 16 17i 4 00 t2 4 09 4 10 to to 4 28 4 ao 17i 18 18 18 $7 50 8 87 4 78 17J 15 really ) kilogram, equal to 1.1 ponnd*. :cA. nv mafoHiil. Snmn com- It lllis IMIIllllct JH loH^lii, wiiig-iuuehiucs, uml toii- '0 Ihv following years.* EiiKllHli.J 1 ■ts. Kx ports. llnmo con- "uiiil'tioii. .1, 4:iO. :i(in oU 4, 440, 4.-S 7, onu. oco 1.1/ 4, f,-|3, -.Ifl «, lU!), (WO 110 4, 4(111. .'Ili4 H, »iti, .^m IM 4, fijll, UUO 7, f.^7. :i:(.-i Jdvi 4, CUli, \W, *, .'JT.'i, yii 1 J!)U :), 1)114. r4l !'. (MiT ."]-.'4 iH.I 4, I.W, .',!«) bllO 5,UJU, lil7 10,(J7:>;dj4 ced 'ku. to itstHtiiiiutcd ()rij;iiml •' export, 1111(1 th." home Hit's rai.sftl WiMt; — 7V)H«. n.c.idjfii) ;!,(;.■):!, (1114 :W;t, (jHi 1."), (;,•).■<, 04.-) WMjvorlWl of I,9'>o,77i> hose of Jti71 by 81)1,^00 inient of many caryofs ETC. iin.'ite accuracy the ordinary C(Jiisiiiiii). WiisorigiDiilly pre- aiid cIa.ssiticatious ytion, also of home-rent •oi. CliHrlcrni and > vicinity. i% 1872. 1874. ?^ c $.'*20 $8 20 «7 ,10 >8 40 8 80 8 87 4 00 t2 (4 09 A 10 ) I to to 1 > 4 78 U 28 4 20 1 s m 18 17* 18 15| 18 17 i7i 15 Prices ofprorMom, ,f-c., ;„ ,/,c LABOR IN IJELOIl'M. G71 -J-^;f;-^^r^ of .uan-erp an, aarleroi-Co.H.un;. Articles. V.>al : j'uri'finnrtcrH <.'iil!i'(,i ... Miil((]ri I J'oKMluartiTS I'J'K (-'ll(IU8 Pork: Ficuli Coiiji-d in- .siilicd".'. lUvim Jliiini, .>.iiioki'(i iSllollllli !■« [ Sail«ii;;i'(t Lard . l' LABOR IN EUROPK AND AMERICA. PIMCES OF I.'AUM rKODrC'JVS AND MKAT IN lUJUSSKLS. J/rciH piive o/ the priiuyial uyriviiltural imxhirtx ,i,ij mtul durhuj fur ytarx, lirmiiiati uilli 1m7». [1 kllo){r«ni - S.aow Uultoil Stuton pouuils.] ";; ArticlcH. iti do •"I" ""'d ,|o I 'liiliHii do ?,"'i" do ■i.v ,i„ II'MW do -. lliillcr do BIciie, (ill lllll^^^l'IMllllll■k^t ;) Ox lied' I ' '," '"',''' ■■••,•• P*"" l«U"Krani . ( MimicIiIitimI do ( .'^laimliliTcil do «',,« ImmC 5 '•'"'",", •■•: '\o ) Miiu^IiUtimI do v.wii !''"'■'",", ■,■ '!" ( MiiiiL'liii'ica do Million !!,*"'■'",".••■ I '!" ( MiiiiHliti'ieU (Ill I'liiU l'V""V' ■■; '!" ( Milli;;liloi('d do IgliT. t'rnncs. •A\. 1 1 Ij. Ml In. 14 n. 11 If. ;m 17,77 IH. -J.-i iii. : [if. r-.'i 311. 110 0. llU 5.711 f). lilt II'.'. 00 a. 03 .80 1.41 . 1)0 1. 17 .00 1. -.'(I .07 1. .'.;i .71 1.3(i 1.15 l.CJ 1H70. FrancH •J!P. ;I4 ai. 10 a4. wi ao. 70 a4. 40 ai. a4 aa. 40 a I. uw •i\. 70 30. Ill 4;i. 04 8.47 li. :i7 10. 30 tK. 00 a, 97 .81 I. .Ml .()M i.a» \. 33 1.01 1.1)1 .73 1.33 1. II 1. 57 In V. .1. curretini. liiWt |ii'i' 1110 Ib'a. Ml! piT 100 Ilia a.oi p.r 100 lliK. l.p'i |ii'i- 100 iIm. aaa iii-r mi iOm. I.l'.'t pel- 1(10 lliH. a 114 pi I' IIJO llm. aai pi !■ mil \\,t. a a.. piT K.o llw. 3 a'. pi'i 100 iiiH. 4 O'.l pi'l' 100 lIlN, 77 per 100 Ilia :<" piT lO.i llm. 04 pi'C lOOlliH. f.1,0 piT 100 lb«. a? pur II). 07.30 per lli. 13.1)1 pir !li. OD.IH per lb. 11.1)4 piM' lb. 00 4.1 jii'i' lb. la. Oil pi r III. OO.IHpcrlli. 1 I 1)1 pi'i' lb. (111. (.4 IIIT II). la ii!i piT 111. 10 on per lb. 14 a7 per lb. lOXPKNDITURESS BY WORKMEN'S FAMILIES. The (liiriciilty of obtaining from \voikiiini„en tlio anioiiiit e\i)on. ;n ii'U;T\» r 100 llj». Ul. Id Mi;i" r 1(10 llin. ■H. .-<■! ■j.di |i. r 100 Hi.H. •Jil. Iii \.e:i |)i ( 100 llw. '.M, 10 •J •,'■,' pi 1- Ii (( lll.H. •Jl. -Jt l.l':i |M (' 1(10 Ihx. M. W •J (II |ii r 1(10 lli.s. •Jl. r.n V! -J 1 1 ti (■ KKI lliH. y4. •!) ■J v., {II 1- 1(0 lIlH. aii. (II ;i -r, III (' 1(10 lllM. •»;.. (J 1 ■1 (i:i I'l r 1(10 lliH, f.4', r, pi 1' l(»J llw. ti. :i7 fiy pi (■ lO.llllH. 10, :i<) ni pi 1 100 llm. (■H. 110 f .1.0 pi 1 1(10 Iba. a. 97 •SI pur lb. .fii 07.:i(i per 111. 1. M lil.iil pir 11). .t)H OlI.lH pi'( III. l.'J« 11. (M pi'i- 11). . 71 0(i 4.1 per III. 1. :i;i l-J.CII Iiif 111. 1.01 W'.iri piT ill. Mil 1 1 (; 1 pit' III. .TA llll.Cl pi'C Hi. l.;i;i i-,'.(;!i |IIT 111. 1. II 10(111 pil- 111. i..')- u.-i- per lb. LIES. iuiionnt o.Kiiondcd ; in JJi'Ifiiiiiu ns in 10 laboring' classi'.s iiidiciitcs ii liiif^cr it must liii\i' coiiie •iiiiij,'s iiiiiomit t(i ii I'Sisuf tlic oniiiijuy L'd tbat tho weekly s and four rJuhlmi in Coat. ntcr) 1, (it illl.V) a, ami bcuovoleiit laea $0 80 •10 2 00 05 10 05 40 00 6 iiO LAIIOU IN ItEr.r.IUM. 673 """ ' •--":!^:!"a!:::'i;;:;:;!'ui;: "••'•-^■•SrK'r^i;,',!^;. <;oNDrn(w ov tiik avokkung r, Assrs (..- „,-, I" ad.Ii(i,.n fotiio f,<.,s .,u. i "'-i-'w. m. i;;<.t-„n.,s ii..,„ ,,,,,,•„,;'; ;; ' i':^/;;;-;;;'-!; •'•<; luiN.wi,,. ....,.„,„„ '^'i0. I^Moianc, ,nj.„ue., «op,.i...,«, „,„,,„,, ;^;;^; 1 Articles. v"!!"ia'ill!.. '"''•''''■•^■' ('-'•voraKo;.. "'..'.•'.^;-';';^"_'';»' .;: lijmi'ruMniii;,;,^;;;;- ■■-'■■■'^^■'■'"'.'.["' UlllllDlg.. '■' \V'a«lii„g,8oap-&c;; '.'..'.'.'.'..v. lii'iit 4 (W ■«...i^^.i. ..zoi^ss^l ?:";i;;:™!i ,jss, •'- '--^i*^ lS;"is, C74 LAFJou IN r.ruoi'i: and amkkica. AliHi''.N<;i': or imk i>i;n(i;, idiii'.Hitiiii', and kcdndmy. V.) f'c'incmii'iil triitli in iiicni' cvlil. \it nr iiinii' mii|il,v inovcil liy t'X)»'viiiii'<. tli:iti tliiit FckKIchs mill llll|iliiviilrnt liilliilN illilillui'il in li\ llic wnlkJIIj^-rliiMNi'H Ilirvitillil.V li'llil til n'i:'('l'> II III I I II ill. Nil III I isilll tnli I'lirl IkIi IIii' llii|ii'iir rillNili;: IlitiiMi'H' in tlir Nuriiil ni'illr, eitlici ill II iiiiii'iil si('iii |iiiiiil 111' view, wliii \n iiiiiilili'. w lini rirrliiimliiiH'i'i iiii< iiro|iil inns. Ill put liy noiiii' of liis iMrniiiuH ; iiiiil tlnii' i< |iriili;ilil,v mil owe iiiiiii. linwrviT iiiiiill> ill. lit uilli liv I'lirlniii', wliii Iiiik nut at sunn' liini'iir ntliri'nf liis lili' Iniil siirli an ii|i|H>i innit V. A "niall lii'^innin;^ mimiIc at an laily |irriiiil in lit'i' niay lirar niarvi'l- (iiiH tiiiit in ilii' ('iini'w III' linii', anil tln'ir iiic winUnn n in llrl;{inni wlm ran raxily cai ii !t, 1,111 ."> I'lam.'^ a ilay. Ilnw many aii' tliiriMil' IIiuni' ' lin artiially iln lay liy inunry ' It iNr>tiinatril that aliiint L'lili.llillt wurUnirli in this luniitiy am ci'italnly In Iriiipr (if llic liiwrht (if till' aliovi'-niriitiiincd rati' of \va;;rs, anil yrt innlialily not niir-llltli of tlniii ail' In till' lialilt of ^a^lnK nmni'y. 1 1 in nI a In I that only a In ml .lH.lilKl wmKincii in thi' wliiilr I iiiintry havii arinniit.s in tlm viitiiin.s |inlilic ni' iirlvatti Navill^^-llallUs, m )iiilil jinlilli' M'riiiitii'N. A nil at I aiiM- iif nilNi'iy I" the W(irkin|iiinin Is thi' Inssnf oni' KN(Y to ii.wi; itKtoiuisi; to .stimIvK.s. Acrnrdint; ti n vory pii'valont opinion, tin- almost invnrialili^ rrsiilf of ro.'illMon.s ami utrikrs on ihc part of Iho \voiUini4-rla--scN has lii'i'ii to a;;nravati' tlnir iiiisny ami dis- tirss. U'oi Uin;;iiirn. liowi'V rr, do iint, as has liccn srrii, admit tlii'si> aifiiinii'iits : anil, folhiwinn the lead of llii' l''.u<;li!-li tiadrs iinions, stiikr.s and riiliiliiiiatloii» liavi' iiripiiinl of lati' a n iili-spirad and (■ii.siiiii|iiilit;iii charartur. It was said, it is tiiir, that at llir • workin^'iiirii's conciii'ss Inld at lliiisNl Illy lint Olll' IIKlll, llnWcViT iiliicr lit" IiIm lilc liiiil siirli III llll- limy liriir iiiarvil- l;;liiiii vvlin iiiii cii^lly I'iii II •iii;illy llll l.iy liy nioncv • y Mio cfi'tiiiiily III irci'lpt |iiiilmlily iiiir iiiii'-lirtli (if aliiiiil lii.iHio winUiiiiii ill inivalt) sllvillj^H-hillliit, HI 111 (lay'n work in tin' wcrk, iiiiii. May iiiif iIh' Ihms uC .savin;;, ur rvcii in soiiii' udillicnltifs.' IKIvS. Ir ri'HiiU ofdialifidns and vatr tilth' iiiisny ami ili^<- it thrNi« ai';;iniii'iitM : ami, lilliilllltiiili» liaV(> ari|liii'nl liil, it is trill', that at ilir 111 ii|iiiiiiiii niiiavoialili' tii I) Cai'l ; till' liiiliiwiii;; (li'c. iiiiiiiDii.sly ailiiiitril liy tliu 1(( iiKiild of I'ciiH'ilvin;; tlin >M, in tlio iifuacnliiiliialiiiii rn THE KMPi.oYEr>. 1-lirili^ of tli(^ iiiiliistriiil ('(iiiliilciii'i" lii'twi'i'ii tliciii yicat iiidiisirial cciitiTH, iiicM, wlirl'f tlic tics rXisN t'lidfrcst (lrs,('ii|ilioii, .So IllOlllCllt's IKltici'. Wlll'Il Wliat liiM'oiiics of tlii'iii ? Ntaiu'o all' cmicocliil, dis- ly iim Ii'.il lii:-,ti)ry (if llie OilM, ami Si'i-.ilii^f. Iiidi'- tn t:li!ii iiii^'lit CDokci'y liavi! fiiriiii'd tlii' ('(liieiitly pnintt'd our ami s(!s, to wlioiii an t't'iiiiiMiii- aiil a coiinidciatDil. Tlint lonsidcrable cxtiMit, iipuii t is not a little siirprisiug i^Anon i\ HKLffrfM. l'"l^i'":^ inav h, V . ,' '•"•"'•'";'■"' <'iifM',„is,.s. I, L . '"f ' . '""• """i..,t i,p„„ ,|,„ .i^pi.-,, i„ this ..oi:;.;;: '•""""■• ^i' ■-:"• «i.h, i::i;:^:;'^::'::;7:;':,:;;rr;iM *; » 'L ^ Among (ho f-aiiHi's wliirl, "Aims ,„■ IMKMITIIAVCK. , ""K '"" railHCS Will (.,!,, I . I"!;-'---., niay bo p,;;:,v;;;^ ; "^^^^^^^^^ lif, ».llil,,|,rti«t,.v,.ri,,l, ,„,. ,-„, Irti? , 1 isi;?. IflW.. iH(iu. ..;;;;; Is7i) ""■" >'^'^MH^r:;'i;^^!:;rn'r^^:';''''-"''^^■•';•-^ !).-., 7.Vt !'i', .'I » . , - loo,7(i:t "'''"!!!l''?.'!:..'!"''""f«''i"l>-'''.r.l ■.s "m^l^imm^ 676 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. LABOR IN SWEDEN AND NORWAY, The f'ollowiiifi; iiifonnation in regard to cost and condition of labor in Sweden antl Norway is condensed from a report made to the Depart- ment of iStatc by lion. C C. Andrews, minister resident of the United States at Stockholm, under date of September 1*4, 1873: III my report of May 10, 1872, 1 bad the honor to report that there had reoently heeii in Sweden ati ahnost j^eneral increase of the waj^es ol' nieehanicH 'Jo per cent. Since then a tsiniilar rise ot wages has extended to aliont all other indnstries. In some, in tiie iniinediate neif-hborhood of the hiniber-.shippint,' ports, it lias ainonnteil to npward of 100 j)er cent. Substantially the tsanie may be suid as to Norway. Tlie piiiieipal causes of this increase of wages have been the excellent agricnllura! crops lor four successive years ; the remarkable lise in the prices of iron and lumliei, and conse(iuent increased activity in thost! industries; the emigration, which fidni both these countries to the Uniied'States has reached in the aggregate about IfiO.OUd jiersons; the demand for labor in constructing new aiul extensive lines of railway, and the inllucnee of woikingmen's organizations. As the imi)')rtanee of the labor (luestiou neenied to rinder it proper that 1 should take more than ordinary pains to collect relia- ble data on the subject, I began, personally, the collection of tacts beariiiil (Ui the mut- ter as eai ly as .January last, since when I have visited a large number of leading indus- trial establishments, as well as dwellings of working-people in various parts < 1 Sweilcn and Norway. Although both of these countries annually publish very thorougli statis- tics—Sweden having annually collected ami published population statistics for a ei u- tuiy and a (luarter i)ast — there are none in either country as to wages of labor, except in Sweden as to the single iudnstiy of agriculture, which fact has made it neeessaiy to resort to sjiecial and personal investigation. I now have the honor, therefore, to transmit herewith — 1. A table showing the wages of labor in Sweden in Swedish money, and also in money of the Unite(l States. •2. A table showing the prices of the neccs.sarics of living, which, in tho main, will answer e(|ualiy well in respect to Norway ; also to suhinit some facts and rcMiuuks on the condiiiou of the industrial classes of Sweden and Norway, separately as to each country, WAGES IN SWEDEN. TaHc showi)i{i the rates of ivaf/ea in Sweden {in Sweditih and in United Staled money) in 187o. [XoTE.— :i.7(i lix-doUars (3 rix-diiUara .iiul "C iire) .are cMiiiivnloiit t(> SI, Uiiitort States soUl. Onlil ilol- lairt ( f llie Uii.twl States .sell in Stockliolni at 3.';ri rix-iUnlais caili ; but in bnyin); lliijii at a b.iiik in .Stiickiidlni (Mjc nnist jiay :t.r:) rix-diillars. Exchange im New Ymk, p^iyalile in nelil, is at llie same liiti', uamrly,;) i ixiliil'ais ami H3 iire I'm' SI. Wliiin^ Swedish ninney iarcduicd tii inmic.v ot i lie Unitid Slahs in mis and tlie t'ulluwiug tables, as well as in tho toxt,l liuvu UHtiUiued 3.7tj tix-dulluiH to be eiinivalml to$l 111 ^old.] __ a c o CO Waf;e.s piT da.y. o t. ,• Ul Occupation. II v.— ' 00 a; Komarks. Srt « S , 2 "x"^ -3 .2 u -3 rs C O 3 tS Ajiiieultaro: Host aiale hands {jy.i'^J,';^:;, 7 to 10 I'J tu 13 1.75 2.50 £0 40 BaluTS; Ur.st 12 2.00 53 Free board and lodKiuKfl. Avirifjo 18 1.50 40 Free board. BaaUet luiikurs: li,.st 10 10 3.00 1.25 80 33 Avernf^e • BeetHiij;ar operatives : l!t>,st 12 12 1. 75 1.01) 46 20 Technical iliroctor, $975 a year. Women Eiifjinoer, $530 a year. BliicltsniilliH 11 11 I!. DO 1. .10 to 2. M HO $0 40 to (ill liimiMiieall'actory hands Free rcut and fuol. JUook-bindilHl Aver.i;i() -. n 11 3.0O 1,40 80 37 Voineii, liesl Book-keepei.a, average $."i25 to ??nO a vcir ; cusblom, 11,000 toil, too a year. ICA. iWAY. 11(1 condition of labor t niiule to the Depart- ?si(k'nt of the United ; that tlicre hart recently ol' int-'chaiiics 'J.') jicr cent, t all other iiidustiies. In \uii ports, it has nniouuted Huid as to Norway, the, exeeilent aj;i iculhiral prices ol iron and Inniliei, e eniif;iation, wjiieli IVoni e aK}.;re{;ate abuiit ir.O.Olili ^usivc lines of railway, and tance of the labor (luestiou nary pains to eolUet relia- ' laets l)carini; on the mat- e niunber of leadiii^i indns- in varions parts < I Sweden lili^li very thoronf;li slatis- ilalion statistics for a cen- s to wages of labor, except fact has made it necessary ve the honor, therefore, to •cdish money, and also in ;, which, in tlio main, will oine facts and renuiiksoii way, seyarately as lo each 'iiitcd Stateo moncij) in li^/li. Uiiitod States gold. (Ji.lili!"!- >iit ill liuyi[ij4 tlitni at a 1)jiiI\ in iilili' in t;(ilil, i.- , Ai.iircnliccs Candle (stealing) m.il;cr.s C.-imllc (sicaiim-) womon. CarjicntiTs, lionsii t';ir\LM.s in wood .'." Curiiaf;c.makers: I'""rcKiaii Avi'i'niio Cipiiiniikin I'lnisliciH Avci'ago li(iy« Women Generally by piece. licmarkg. Cbimney-sweeps, luru Clotli (woolen) factory weav ei-.s : Women 20 per cent, of thosa working on Klioeaan! women. '^ U.i|d nuMilhlv; fm, mom, fori, «<^Oay,.ar;ln;,..„„mandwa.sl,inK. ) Oonerally work l>yl,onr; ..evrral (Neaily all C,,.,. ,ont ; tl,o work. I !',.ma,;« '"*'■'''"''>'■■'''■ «"^P"^ Goueraily i,y hour. ^\Z:V""'^^"'''"'''">f '^^S'^"* Cl)iin-waro i'.icloiy : tienl men Avcrajjo lieys Women Cenliriioners; liest Averat;o t.'mi|iprfi: Heat Averajio .. CopiierNmilhs livKt AveraL'o Cmtdi CoHciM-weavci I-'emale.4 Omt- Ih, aveiaso • oila imder 18 ... {"iiraiidHasIi makers.. '■'oT'einan ■'oiin.eynK'ii. nverau'e ^"^•iiii'ers on sea Hieamci-s '■iieinorion sea-stoamers ; "»■; r (ariiiielal) makers... 1' un hth : Men eijta a year, Imard and lod-Mnes- ;T.;".v-''.flayear.l,oanl,;^i,l .' ,-, -■\' '"',V'' ander II, only , ilotli,.,s, lioaid, and lo,|ei||,r„ '' I ^•'^^;,'^;a», e<=00 a y.ar; ovt^^eers, '^'doHoT'"' '"""""'-"■''' '■'■'=« r-^"! and Koi,strdnd factory. I Free board aud lo;.iuill3 Smiths LalmiiM's, ciiniiiioii Liiinp.iii;ht.'i,s, ((10 lamps oacl'i) I,itlii'i.'i'a]ilirr,s : IV.st A venule StevedDirs Luiiilieinien : (Jutting trees in winter . In saw. mills, averat;o ... MacliiiiiKis; l-'ii.st.('lass .Si'eiindilass ., Apprentices Maniins: C Best BrieklayeiH < .\vera;;n . . ( Ti'nilers to Women tenders I'lasiercMs lfas:eis of steam. ves.sels : I'irst. li la 10 111 10 1(1 11 12 IJ ill tolii 11 to 1-J 11 to IJ 11 11 11 II 11 10 10 10 la la la ■Wnyes per day. ^•3 i m 2.50 5.00 aoi l.UO a. 00 to p. 00 4. 00 to a. 00 a. to 3.00 a. 00 la la 10 10 10 13 la la la la 3.75 f). CO 4. 7.-1 3. aa 5.00 a. 00 2.00 2.411 a ;t7 . 25 to a no 2.00 5.00 2.(10 4.44 Q no 3.00 3. ar> a. 75 1. ari 4. a.-i 3. (!0 a. 50 1.50 Seeond ,. . , . Third a 00 a .'lO a. 50 to 3. 00 1.75 2. 00 to a (10 3.25 a 00 to 5. (!0 1.(10 2. 50 1.25 to 2.00 1. 50 3.35 2. 50 3.35 1. (11) $1 59 CO 60 to 80 4fi 53 to 71 66 Kemarks. Free doctor and medicine. Free doctor and 13 cents a dav wlieu sick. 53 to 33 to 60 53 40 90 fiO 90 43 66 1 32 80 41 53 to 2 12 1 06 to 1 32 53 80 53 72 1 75 1 2(i fc« 1 3a 53 53 ' 2(1 I I '^'■™ '■''"*■ •'"'■'i """1 'i«lit8. '■" Jloatly by piece. Frci; rent and 6 per cent, of prefitg i aid by nionih ; lieo board auil lodginys. Free rent. 33 to 63 62 53 53 1 3a 53 1 Id 53 80 86 73 33 1 la 05 C(i 40 Free lodging. Lodgings and fuel free. Arc paid 37 ore (10 cents) per hour. Free rent and doctor. By hour. 4 to 7 cents per square foot. $13.25 to 810 per month and 5 |)i'r cent, of L'loss eariiiiifTH. 8.'i3 to 6,-11 per month iinil H-10 piT cent. ot_^ net eariiiiii;s. 4aii.50 to $10 per month and no pot centatfe of earuiuga; goia;i'ally limall vessels. RICA. . — (Jontinned. licmorks. po doctor anil mcilicino. VI' ilcjctor aud 13 couts a diiv ivliou sick. roo rent, fiiol, and liglits. )atly by piece. no rnnt and 6 ppr cpnt. of pn.flts id liy nionlli ; IVeo bouid ;iu(i iidsingb. rent. le lodging. dginga and fuel free. p.iid 37 (ire (10 cents) per hour. ■ rent aud doctor. 7 cents per square foot. ^'i to 8l(j per nionlti and 5 piT lit. of moHs eainiiif^H- ." S.-II per nionlli iind H-IU piT lit. or Mit carnini.'H. OtoJtO per niontli and nn pel ilii(.'e of earuinga ; geimially oil vesBcls. Mnsi.-iMiicton . Sliilled liaiiils . Avi-iiig,. |,;„„|3 Paii.teisi III Ircscci (.'"'iiiiioii, tiv.st-ilaBs'"" A\(v.ig{. .■\plin nliccH ... Plioliiiiiaplicis PMIIO-llllllil'IM.. ''nuidnii:"" '-'■""'?" ^'th Pi iiiti Ta : Coiijpi)sitoi'.s f l''**' ■ I .Aver, I On ni,icliineJ ',''"*'' ,, , * A vera, B.'st AviiK'.'e .".'.".".'" U'lys iiiidor 18. .. S.iildlc.iiiakeis Seanifii : t'li stc'tnicrs Oil S,|ili||ir.v,.^,s|.]g I'ldiiiiirv ... Sbiit-niakeia: I IJi'st, Willi uia- cliine. Aveniire, Willi iiiacliiiie. Onc.illaiM, aver- £,, . t aue. hllllt SI Wlhjt, liv ||,|,|,| . Oi-erlli yi.ars ['''•"'■ tiiils under I.) yeaiti IliJlifis : ' l!c»t AVl-IM^r,, ,__['" Serv;iiit.s Hide. FeniMle Sliipliiulil.Ts, i,;,,',': M"^t skill,.,! I-c.'^.s skill,.,! SeeoliiI.elaMH 2 Mi-xi Js, best ■■■■ Silk._f.i,.t„vy : \\'"ikiii,i,s|,.r ^Vl■ilvl■^s. women .< Rest,.. Sloneoitlers: < Average l-ilteici-.s on moniinieuta I'l-l i;iiilers. . J Average ou granite ..'.'!..".' s:'!^.:^^"""'''^"''""''"""'"^'- AViMiien 10 2. 20 10 1.00 111 ■ 50 to .fll 10 a. on 10 1 I.SiJ jjj'l AlsoJIOayearclotliing. I ••■•i s^- ilaiid.|„oiij.s,l,ypioc„; freodootM.. I i '•'"'"ili''''"^il««"-^™%''ip--. iiil 680 LADOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Table showing the rates of wages in Sweden, .f-c. — Continncd. ? OcciipnIioD. J^ ■Want's pir (lay. Stoii('-lil:ist('Ts , StoVf-maUc'is, partlirn : Avofa;;!' wdrknicn I ^•--l^'r;':;;:;:- Stniw-lmt inakL-iH: I'Dirniini , Aveia^^c n);ilo linmirt Tailors : IScHtcntlors ^lalc H"'Wcr.s Wiiriiiii, with uiacbino . , TaiiiiiTy: Tiiniicrs CinumiMi laborers Tin-|)lalurs: Bi'st Seooiul-class linvs. Women TriinU-iiiiikiTH TTplinlstcrcis | WaMliuig ami irouiiig |. Wiiiofaetorv : Worli-mii'Mi-r Avcranc urmi Women ir. 3.75 in. 00 4 ID 3.1 1. (,:0 .to :i. 00 4. 00 :i. (10 i.G« to y. 00 3.00 1. ■£> 3.00 y. 00 Xy 00 3.00 I. -J.-) 1.00 2, :i3 2.00 to 4.00 2.00 1.25 44 $1 00 2 01 1 00 fO 20 21 1 .12 1 00 t-O to 53 53 ti) FO 33 80 53 1 32 eo 33 20 01 1 00 Scmnrks. SIOO A year. Finc'il shirts, per dozen, 3. On ii.\. dollars, or '.Hi cents i ordiii.crv shirts, per dozen, 3 lis ih. liars, (jr HO eeins; niiseellaiieoiis, per 'JO ponmls, 3 rix-dolhirs, or tO eents. $4.25 a year. Slalemait of the ulundanl retail priccn, in Viiilcd SIcitra coin, of nubaintciu-e and other nensKi- riex, at lilouhliolin,Jor the year ISl'.i. Articles. rionr, best per bbl Whoiil-nieal per 20 lbs Kyo Hour do . Uycineal do.. Oats tiriis: Swedish per lb Kn;;lisli do ., Barle do Kice, Carolina do Tutaioes per bnsb Pease per iit , Fresti beef, mutton, veal, and pork. per lb Salt porli, .\inerie.in do. .. Ham. smoked do. .. Lard do... Baltic^ herTin^, i'resb per >'» S.dt lierrini,' per U) Salt <'iidtisli ,hi. .. Poultry", uudreased do. Itiilter Che .Milk do .. do... .I>er(it Sua doz I.Miop per lb Uiiiwn do. .. Srolia.ses per i|t. Oiiiu'er per lb CciU'ee, best .Java do. . . Value. $11 00 I 70 53 40 4 6 31 H CO (i 14 14 20 10 40 4 35 2r^ 20 SO 14 10 12 37 27 Articles. Tea per lb •Soap ; do . .Staieh do. . Siearine eandles do .. Kerosene oil per gall Wood : Bireh, in enminon nso per cord I'ine and spruce do. .. Shirtinj;: Ule.iehi'd per .yd TJnhleaehed do .. Calico do .. I.iuen do .. Mixed ball' wool and eittton checUeitd eloth, io common nso for work i n;;-wo- nieii's dresses per yd Ijhick woolen cloth, ihnible width, suita- ble tor tiowsers ami coats pir ytl Shoes : I'lain.hnt durable, for women per pair For ladies do. .. Boots : Plain, hut durable, f(tr workiner ilo .. For ;;entletni'n do .. White woolen undershirts each While woii!..|i drawees , per iiiiir Woolen stockings do . UoMso-reiii, two rooms, for workinj; peo- ple , per month Value. tl 10 11 12 20 i' (Id 5 .'.0 II M 4,"i 1)5 2 (o 1 7.5 4 OO 3 7ri 5 .'•iD 2 .TO 2 .'ill 4 00 CA. Continued. Remarks, I yoar. t sliiits, per (lozon, S.Oi' rix. ars. dc IMJ cfiitH: nnlirMW 'Is. [nT (htzt'ii. 'A !i\-ii(. Dills, iir I'clils: iiiisfcllaiu-mis. pel- VO nils, ;i rix-ikillar.i, or tu ct'iils. .1 jLiir. Minlciuv ami otiur iifcinKa- 1!3. Value. per lb |1 10 •- do .. 11 (to. .. Vi do . 20 piTgilll (;ti ISO pisr cord t' (Id do... 5 rio per yd an do... 11 do .. II do .. 4,"i cotton clu'ckcrrd so lor \vorl\iii;;-\VM- |)i r vd :i:> onl)Io widlli, Miila- 1 coats pir ,vd 2 !•:> forwonipii per pair 1 v< do .. 4 00 for wiirkmcr do .. 3 ',r, do .. 5 r.0 liirts cacli a 50 a per iMiir •J .'.0 do . r.:) H, for worliinf; pco- per uioijth 4 00 LABOR IN SWEDEN AND NORWAY. WAGES ANI, TIIK I'UIlcnASE-roWEU OF MO.NKY. 681 mi.l family, ..,,,11,1,. l,ii„ l„ e.lu.iif. li. J //ll' '/T'T"'''-^' "''""'■'"" ^^nnZ'U s.,H,,„t^ wl„.„ l,i« lalioriMK imw.r.s ll!.v,. l!ik!,l ' "''" *" '"^^ ^>' ""'"«'' '"'' '"« 'I'^ceut AGIIICULTUKAL LABOl!. As to (iKiioiiltnral lulmv, it niim liy the (hiy j,, (,„ 1« lire; 1111,1 ,,f licst, tmiiilc IkiikIs in ^,uu„„„- ur-"" ' "","■'" """•■'^ 'IX( iiiL' that tli,.v l.ov,. ,1. ".._"■'"'.'* ''''''• '"^''i <"' iiii iiven renml.. iMtiMlsh, :;I;;::.,;!"'l.,f';."."^'. ="!•'. '" ".""<•■■ l nx ,l„lh„. a,id During '' i"" n.\-,l,.Uiu t he .-) vi't-iii-j, i....,r.... ..c . . . . •'*. a .\far, liidi'uu wi^':-';^:;: ';;ar;;^'^a;;^i:;:^i!:;;;;^:i?;^i^^ '^-y- ea„a. to $4.38 per CO.ST OF LIVING. To briiifr it lip to wliat is ivasoiutbh u ,.is il 1 ,. ' J f ^'W'f ''""'"'■'' '"^ " ■^'^'"•'"■•l. cent, on a. cot.nt of iiuTeaH..,! pn.es i vi i wl ich^ ^^^^^ "l" '"' = ''' '" '' ^^ l'<^r 75 ore. Ti„.,e sl,.,„ld tli..„ I.n.luil.lv .ra 1 e.l t e ,■ ,' ! ."'""".■ V'''^ >i>^-e all such losses compel hhopkeepeis to charge lnj;licr prices, and the dibhonesL purchaser, ill tlie loiifi run. eaiiis uotliinn liy his tricks. As to lilt) le;^al eolh'cliiui of debts, if one desired, for instance, to collect a demand of 20 rixdollais, he would, in the country, .sue befor.- tlie " hiirads-riitt," ordistiict court, or beloie the provincial executive court, and In a city, belore, the city exeeulive, court. It is not rei|uisite I hat an attiu'iiey bo employed, thouj^th it is more convenient to have one. His cliar;;es in a city would be about 10 rix-ihdiars, (ij'J (ij). In the ciry a delend.int must answer in <'ieht days ; in the country, lilteen days, or three weeks if out ol the distiiet. Ajipea' to a hifiher c(Uirt may be bad in the HUiallest matter. Fees of witnesses depend on their oceiipatiou, and vary Iroiii 1 to 10 rix-dollars a d.iy. Evciythinji, except actual or necessary clothinjf. bed.*, and necessary tools, can !■,' taken on execniioii. Hall the salary of an ollicial may be attached in the hands of the gov- ernments. Imprisonment for debt is allowable, but not often resorted to. A pour debtor cuu sw ear out. CLOTIIIXG. As to clotliinj;, it may be said, in brief, that the Swede.s tako a prido in beiii}; tidily dressed, and ihat tlii) elothin;f they wear is f;enerally serviceable. In the provincH liopularly known as Dalecarlia the ]>easantry of each parish have a ditleii'iit and I'aii- ciful st.\le of dress. A sort of blouse worn by women, and coats worn by men are trimmed with Khee|i-skiii with the wool on. The men there still adhens to I lie fashion of ti;;ht breeches. Wooden shoes aro worn a <;o()d deal by workinj;-people, in tlio country for every day, also leather .shoes soled with wood. A common aitiele for dresses amoiifj; workinii-women is a home-woven cloth of half wool and cotton. Thero is a larije shoddy manufactory at Stockholm, Opeialixcs at mc -^ of the larf^er establishments have either a voluntary siek-fuiid nf their own, or else i, mill anioiint o!' their monthly wages is retained by their cmplciy- ers fora fuml tor the paymenr of a doctor for medicine, and if need l)e'the expenses iif burial. At the Stockh(>lui jji's-"'<>rks the men havo their own fund, to which they coutiiliute 1 rix-dollar a month. In easi; of sickness, a man receives ti rix-dollars a wi'ck diiiin^jsix Weeks, ami alter that time 4 rix-dollars :i week, if he is sick so loiif,', and in ease of death, loi* rix-dollai's for funeral ex|ienses. The book-ldndeis ol' Stockhulm Lav,' an old fund, so that by contributing.") rix-dollars ))er year, a lueinber can iiciive5 rix-dollars a week when sick, and 50 rix-dollar.s for burial. It doos not, ainicar tu lio Usual to incur extravagant expense for funerals. There is still a great supply of labor of certain kinds, and especially of hniisii-scrv- (tnts. I'eo|de in rath.er hninble, life employ one or more servants; and ))robably llio average of famili<'s do not pay for a hoiise-maid ever 75 rix-didhirs (sjo) a year and board. The ■J4th of October is the usual time, of changing help held by the ye.ir. In the summer the niimhcr of hours for actual work otten exceeds twelvi! per day. For the whole year eleven hours per day i,s prtdiably the average of actual work. Thero is a desire among workmen to have tln> time reduced. The tendency to work by the |iiece or by tht; hour i.s rajiidly increasing. Some employei's have, with advan- taj^e, introduced the practice of allowing tlieir workmen a percentage, of the wliolo earnings; tbv example, as extra compensation, to ilivido 10 per cent, of the gross earn- ings among their hands. The leading printer in Stockholm pays compositors 'Move per 1,1100 eujs, and every three mouths adds 5 per cent, additional ou what has been earned. The Swedish " Patriotic Society" makes numerous awards of medals (!very year to per.-ons in humble life who h;ive jierformed many ycav^ -if exniipbiry .sevvire. As the most of the railways in Sweden lielong .o the slate, there are many men thereby employed by the government iu their uuustructiou. rlinps TOO rix-dolliirs, for jiricis 1111(1 till' imUiiowI- sciiiiiior 1)1' I'liiisiilcrcil as liowcvcr, Ciiii iiiiiUi- i^oiiil ivlji'ii lie liccoiMis uiiiililu UHiiiilly tli'ur fioin 10 to iii-inontlily. Not ttiifro- llilVl' tile IIIOIK y I'll' Siit- ilissiimlfd iiway l)y llii' ins. In tin' liii';;rr towns pay 'Msli iit A simp till slni|) to triitlc. Ol'conisi! tho (lisliontsl pnicliuscr, >, to collect a (ItMnanil of s-riitt," ordistiict ronrt, lit' city cxii iiliv(' com t. , is mole convenient to !i,(.S- t).')). In the city a i twclv(! per day. verage of actual work. The tendency to work lycrs have, with inlvari- crucnta^re of lh<^ whole c(Mit. of the i{ross carn- lyH couipositor.i 'M (iro uiial on what Las been f medals every year to iphiry service. i, there arc many men LADOR IN SWEDEN AND NORWAY. SAVINGS. d.'p(.si,) of ,v..n, 1 to ^iN..l, 11^ . ' .' ; r',r''r ("r.i^''"'" ^'"-'"•" ""• ' >■'><- ars in deposits of lV(;,. -"■'"", V,' '""•'*' ''i'lcrent deposKns- 1.1HM7!. rix doll, rs in d" „"'..'>. T,^ l'^:''"l^"-. belon.inj; to Au Ziu l.ll'.'.ITU rix dollars in (h'lMKsitsol V, „'-A I^V, •^''''',' ;'''""«'"« f" :W,ll()de| tors : '.MU;;!,,-;.! rix-dollar.s in de , s u .'7 - '•'^;''"l''"^'. I'don^rioM- ,„ ;•„ .J t -n b...n. in deposits of ui'X'-rl •;;:;i; .:;V'";,7-"""--^ -^-^ '-^''^i oi the pre^ent year the annn.nt on .l^posit'tlll t"o,oio;ot;Hxi;i:ls:"'^' "' G83 most of on tho al (Inly, of uncli niber of I'ar wa.s 1 of that lix-dol- Iniil oil t).ii,(i'J4 )slf(ns ; (leposi- piopor- hu cud MEANS TO ICNCOfltAGI.: SAVINGS. of Ther •c is nn asfooiation in Stocklndi encoiiraj,'in}; saviiies. J)i toiisly circniaied al vaiiliiMfs ,,f ,.v<.|i permanent sa\ inys, snci !>ont tweiitv lh( iiiniK- the few \ iillcd tho Fosterlands i: savings. Jt al i^and jjamphl cars it has bi ets aiK nin •en III operation it | II, for the purpose Im, which has In 1 as investment ards pieii i'X]>lai lias eialiil- I'iiiK the ad- ain|p!e, if -^ 1if( ) rix-(l >dl anches ill v ■t 111 theaniiiiitvand ""iii.s in money for exemi.l anniiiiy when I II rs 1 le de aiioiis parts oi' iii lon^r as hi' shall l,fC.() ,1'' arrives at the a. live l(l() sited at the t e country. iiiK^ of a iier,. ■apilal In tl iiisMlnlion of .'^iDek lis iiibiitiitioii, i;,,. ;(' of lifty-live, it u biitl tl preminiiis, ainonnti I'iN-dollars a year.' J,, {f^yo t| ill yield I I to procure him n lis iiniiiiily insiiln of W( has I :-|ieople, ii'ii; that is tl to •J.H^l , Tl lie lindie,. ■■^ay.for tlu! ix-dollars. (■( n^ Fosterland 1 iim t'roiri that a' asbe.-n ;.iveii for depo>it,s tcr none will bo given for d Saviiijjrs-lmiiks can ] pi'eininin awarded most re-nlarand r exemphiiv iii'iii awarded invest ineiits imonntiiig in any \ was 75 rix in-aiseworthvd cposits anioiuit ear to over ."ilMi ■dollars. in leposits mjr toover-.iOU rix-d rix- ollars in ^i> premiiini ars; and hereaf- rge, are habitually called] m establkshed in Ii year. (isiKns or sliarchidders 1 iidvinces ■} by tl iiiiy l>roviiice (the Swedisl nil) no oihei- (Tiiaranti ave right to d ic consent of the 1 ronnties, l)ei spector of tl of din cl ion are cl. , The lollowiujjf ail ■cs of seeiiritv. 'J'h loose tiled governor of that Iff 10 annuity institniion ,',f Stockl government appoint ireclorsot ili,,l,aiiU province, .nid there cil by thei investors, There a m, but the oti « mie director or in- a few of the iustan Id no other gii icr ineinlier.s nf H,,. I, CCS of Baviiigs th Til wliiel lit h iirantees of s. laid e o|ierativ.\s at tlio Gnstatsl I each operative is reiiiiired live come umU en lit v. not to exceed 100 rix-didl to lOO.MOU rix-dollar.s, witl icrg chiiia-factorv Iiav to cinitrii)iit(' one' rix-( my itrs. The sail! of ,"'; "'lion .store, totheCnndof ■nonili, his wholesi saviiiiisbank connected with tl 11 prolit of 2i'> > out of the store hist las d Tl f th. I'pOSIlS o e hands of tl K- factory, per cent, on each om npcratives timom coiii|).iiiv under their her. Tl le goveriiinent n iling t( ell has 1 stock laid year ainoiinteil 'ccii 111 operation less th n^ inimey is loaned louses of their own, and tl own control, the t iiachine-sli,rp at Sti d! A pi I'll u year, ivato reasurer heiiiL' - Im I lave a private savincs- At Ksl niinibei iil>liiiia. where tl ing earns 700 rix-dollars H s a year; taxes. ( '(' cords of wood. His ex 11, \\w eldest a boy ut t a sitting-room l.'i'by I,", I'll i rix dollars (i,! '•lays ii|i annnally IVoni HO to 50 rix-d and total ex peiises tor siilwisieiu :i70 A workman in afoiinderyut .Stockhol 'ars a year in the sav lenses alioiit O.OO rix-(lollar> a lioy thirteen years old at sch child' dollar ves ill a sccond-slorv i (lid. ni, who has a famiiyof ings-b,uil a girl .sev and tl wile and 1 1 .'child fall ■oom up a steep pair of stairs, Vd SI I It' l< ■ ..K : . 1.11 ... . . ' *• 11' yoiiiigt'st a Iiov thn en several times,) wliiel, is id by 10, a'm'l ■s 11 diiy, has \voiked at the same id place ten year,s, and since th 'wn whieh tl f''('t high. 11, reu — ■o years le yoilllgeat earns "J rix- c eighth year has had 'liifi 6S4 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. fri>c, rent. Tliry liavc f'rculi uu^nt tlirop tiinos a week. Ho lias money in tlic Hiivinf;N- buiik, mill Kiivcs aiimiiiUy uIkhiI Kill lix-dolliitH. A IpcMik-hiiidcr ill Stdcidioliii, who canm l,(MiO rix-dollnrs a yi-nr. liaH a wilt) niidthrro cliildii'ii, |)nyn 'JdO rix-dollaisa year for a tiiii-stzcd llviin;-r hour, lUltl workmen have invested "o.lMKI lixihdlais in a saviiif^s- baiik, with interest at 5 per cent. A leading workman ha.< l(l,(MI() rixdolhus in liank. Ahoiit l.'tl workmen own the dwidliiiys wlii(di they occupy and .i piece of land. A few own Hiiiall farms. The woikinen have a nnion, with a hnildin;;, which cost 10,(1(10 rix-dollars, paid for hy a loan, one-third of which has heen redeemed. When I was at Siindswall last sniiimer, and was payin'i a porter for hiin^inij my l)a;;i;a;ast year or two (it tliisli times it has seemed as if the co])ioiis use of H|iirits wa.s again increasing, ami yi't there are evidences of a steady abatement of intemperance. In 1 8',i',l, w hen the po|iiilation was a million less than it is now, the annual ])rodnetion of whiskv was 3-.i,OUO.(l()0 gallons, whill>. now it is 1(1,^)00,0(10 gallons. The actual production in Ifl'-i was 10 (iT-'.odI kannor, or, in round numbers, 10,.'>dd,000 gallons. It was distilled from potalocs,an(l contained ,''.0|ier cent, of alcohol. About tlm sameqnantify was jiroduccd ill each (d' the immcdiately-])receding yi-ars. Very little iscx|)orted. The most, (U' say 2i gallons in proportion to every inhaliitaiit, is consnmed as drink. By the license-act any one can sell quantities of ^;* gallons and upward wilhout a license. Two cla>ses of licenses are issued: one for sellingcpuintities not h^ss than three-tenths id a gallon, another fiU' selling by the glass; and both (dasses are disposed of to the highest bidder. The local authorities can grant all the licenses to a single company, or may even jirnliihit the sale entirely. It is illegal to sell to uiinors under liftecn years of agi^ or to persons who are intoxicated. The nninlicr ot shops licensed to sell whisky by the glass in Stockholm for the year 187i! was :Wv;, which was ■") less than for the year It'tiil, and l.'O less than for the year 1845. lieside these licensed sin ps there are places which have old and permanent privileges to sell by the glass. The licensed sliojisare also a cheap sort of restaurants. The applicant for license in.Stixdvholm must pay to the city 40 (ire on every kannor {'-ii quarts) he asks the privilege of sidliii;,. The income to the city from licenses was 3j(i,4d7 rix-d '.lars. The piililic cxjienses for its poor in 1870 were(ii!.",:!74 rix-didlars. The ordinary Swedish whi>ky-glass holds a lifth part as miudi as a comnicMi tunihlcr, and asmncli whisky as it will contain is sold at (i lire, (14 cents.) Five such iliir'is in the cotiuse of a day by a workman, or :iO (ires' worth, is not considered an inimoderato quantity. The expen.sti of so much whisky iu a year, at that rate of use per day, would be lO'J rix-dohaiH at 50 iiio. s money in 'Ik.' Hiivings- ar. lias a wifo niiil tbroo , astiialliTi'diiiii witliijiit uses Mill f^TCi i ix-dollait*. L< m :i:tl I'ix-ildlliirN. 'CH, anil llii'y .slmw tliat IS iiiist'iiitiiin', tln\v fail lias ii'iiiaiUi'il Id me, ant it iti, by I'lliiratioii nplnyi'd I'li'VtMi liniirs a ix-doUais in a saviii^ts- IMIU riX'ilolliU's in liaiik. Ill .1 piri'i' III' laiiil, A lllill^J, Wllifll CDNl 10,000 •I'liii'il. (loilrr for 1)1 iiinini; my ■iiiai kill, " 'I'liat yoiiii;; ronliiU'iirr in liiiii, anil • lit' tin- Dirt li\ iiiji; at ^-dollars a day, iiiiil, in 1 adult persons in slceii- 10 tiet liit;li, lieiiiK tli« in siirli nialters taken iiiiii^ a jndiiiiiuiit as to jli tlie day sewing in a another kind at Sleek- ier, ill lieils only li feet ir alioiit "^ to Inline in a Jilt poorly paid, tlKiiij;li a fi'w years piveediiip; V was partly owinif.to Diirinj; the past year or i was again iiiereasiiii;, eranee. In 18'2!l, when idiR'tion of whisky was tnal pi'oiliietioii in lr*7il It was distilled fioin qiiaiitity was prndneeil rted. The most, or sav Ilk. and upward wilhoiit a lantities not less tliiiu itli elasses are disjioseil lie licenses to a siii;;U) to sell to ininors under Stockholm for the year le8s than for the year VI! old and |ieiniaiieiit eap sort of restanraiits. in^ on every kaiinnr ('^1 city from licenses was red:!',;!*-! rix-dnllars. I asa cominon tiiinliler, .) Five siieh ill iii';s in sidercd an iiiiiiioderato t rate of use per day, LABOR IN SVVi:nEN AND NORWAY. 085 itn tn 1 ,f, "-;'"'"'- ■"'"'"' "'''"•"'■'^ ♦" ''"^■•' "'"■"'•"1 r^ivoralily, and Is o I i ■ fl, i ""';"'""• V '' ',">■ 1""'^ ""■ '"'■^'' '■^'' """""• liands of a nniipaiiv ri I T .r,?: n ^vinell has it sold in oideily reslaiiianis willunif a view of II. lletheoi,\ that the use ot hnr has cendnced to teinpeianee is liaidly sils- aineil l.y eNpenence ,i, ,Su..dei,. A ^leat dial of heer has 1 een coMsninnl i" V... ' "^"' "" ■'iniua,\s, anil on .Mmiilavs, is coiiimoii. 1 he phrase ■• Fiee Monday" comes I'inm' the cnstinn ol n emra.r,.d in scdeiitarv and 'nannal l lades spend,,,,; Mnnilay as well as San.lay in il,ii,kin^."„ul ','! i, I ,V' '1 o are slM.p.ymplo.N ,,,y- |,,,n, sixly 1,, o,,e hill, died hands « I, ieh on iloiiih.V « ill only hivo atnidolthat ninnni, Theie aiv also shops which have, heir pn . • • , ^ 1 " 1 1 , . , , wi !>.-. ,r> a r»irrui > (M 111 f 1 If II (lis Will K IMl-ll I.c.U;vd ,oal,>tain Hon, whisky. At no work-shop einplo^ in. wo kincn is sly allovNcil 111 111- liriint;hl upon ihe pr,M,iiscs ■ ^ r. o is i.ukskj la^m'ir^n!!;i.r'rs'''''^.'?i''^"''V'''^''''l^V''i'« -'•'■' nnimayhementi 1 tlio lasl ion ,111, .11^ all c.is.v, s id (he male popnl;ition to parlake of a -lass of whi>kv iiii- Ijiu with meals; the common Use id tohacco anion- males, in sniokii," and sniitli,,." and aiiio,,;; ihe pooivr classes of men of cliewi,,. snnlf: the l.-nU of s, „7, ' i . I . "' in^' snnll'; the lack of sonic, s of iverea- ■nO.mnKliisnrchiniis; ,,nil lasll.v.ai.il peihapsthe mos, in,p„Mant of all, tliH iu- Ihcient diet ol the workiiiymaii, his lack of eltvalion, and of home attract urns. i>wi:i.i.im;,s. n the larucv cities he houses are of impressed laickB ; the walls over a foot tliiek, 1 s ei-ed, and w..,.s:,e,! in a son ol cream color. The roofs of ihe lai-cn.ncs ale eov er.^I . ;■" l'" 1 "T' "' '"■ ••'""""■'.-''i'^'"' <^v.'llin>.s m cit.v and naintrv are cove e ;mIIi Mcs. In the lai-cr hon.scs each story is linishcd as apartments lor a family ihere is a siiacioiis tiie-prool slaii way eon,n,oii to the « hole hoii.se. Neil In r l)alc,mi^^ nor outer Ininds are m use The windows are in two parts from top to hottoin, and open .;i,tw-a,d on liinnes In the winter donlde windows are iinivers'illy iiseil, w oil of whir,, cotton laid hetween at the holtom. openin^rs of at least onelar,;e pane on inpes hemg piovnleil lor in each room in the helter houses. In the connnyiimon- *'"■ »"'ki;;,U-i'l:i'*'*. 't IS c 1111,11 for the donhle windows to be put in so as not to ho opened. he inanncrol wa.minK "s by an ea, then , stove in each iooni,;:eneiallv reach- matron, the llnor to the cclmo-, :.nd iiMially stanilii,;,^ in a corner. Thev hi'loi,.' to and aiehxtniesot the house. Near the Xorwi-ian fionticriron Appear as merely a iiart of the wall ot the room. Wood is used lor liiel, l.eiii- Cut, in picce.s abont a loot lol,,^r All that can be convenicnily put in at once, sav as niiieh as would oKlinanly be taken in one's arms, is laid in at one heating, and' alter it has Imriied to coals, and the gaa has all cscipe.l, the stove-door is shut and adampcr drawn at the top to prevent the heat cs-aping. In an ordinary-sized room, and if the weather is not excessively cold, snch a hciling will answer for twcnty-fonr liinirs Nunc ot this sort of stoves, from the Stockholm factory, have been imporleil to Iho tinted htates. It is probable they are more comfoilahle and condneive to health than lion stoves. Among most of the pea.santry in ihe country, and among many workini:- pcople who only occupy a kitchen, the rooms are warmed .solely by the kitchen lire- place, the, hearth ot which varies in elcvatimi from one to twof et above the lloor. Its liciiri li IS olteii of iron. There is a damper in the chimney to prevent the heat from It IS rare to see .'(pialor in the homes of the working poor. Generally, even in the poorest cottage, there is an iudicatioa of pride, tidiness, and tasto. AVERAGE l>WliLLIXG OF WOltKING.M.VN. Tho average apartments of a Swedish workman, having a family of wife and three or lour chiMren, consist of a living-room and a kitchen, withdiiueusious and furniture CHG LAIIOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. If !! iiliiMit lis fi.llouH; Till' kitrlicii is fn-t lii<,'li. Til it stiiiid a Hiiiiill rnplionnl and a hnx I'lir vvniiil. On till' nii^ril ln'iirili of llir <>|mii annul. ir rni-|ilari' mi' wiiiir ((iciMii^^-iilrii- mIs, .•iiiiciii'i tlii'iii a rippiHT (•(itli'i'-liiiilcr. On n imli' liiinuniu' iiimI't tin' cciliiii; iiro Hliiiii^ siiim> lliiii culci's III' ryi' liiiiil liicad. iilMint a loot in diaiiirdT. 'I'lic II'mh is iiii- |iainl(il,iiiMl wliili' mil ailna'll.v dii iv, is mil wliit.'. 'I'lic iivin^j-Kiiini is KilVrt li.v I Land tlic s : Ik i«lil as llic Uilclii'ii. 'i'lic IliMii- is (f H|iiiici' or iiinr, tlic liciards iliiscly liialrlird, and miiiIiIkiI clean. A Cdiiiili' (if slripsnl hm wiivi^ii cniiif nic laid acniss it. 'I'll, re air twn winddws, willi clniili, yrt ctfiin and lastcl'iil. lacr curtains iinn^' (in cacli side. On one sidi' id' llic roiiiii is a plain .siila-lMMl. wlucli can lit" iliauii mil mi an III liialu' a dniddc liid t'niir tcct wide, siinictliinn' over a lout iii;.;lier llianllie lliior. ('iiiiinioiil.v in Sweden lieds aie sliiit iipdiiiinfi the day tii lialf their leiiHlh. 'I lie hed- diiiK is 'aid to^rlher on I lie siiij;le lireadlli nl the sola, reseiidiliiii; a liii,di sinjile hiiid;,^ (iver which islaid a white colliin Kpnad. On t lie o|i|iiisite side is a wooden sola of Hiaiiied hiicli. tlie liiittoin of which call also he drawn out so as to form a donnle lied ; II lid I here lire lhlei> or lour wooden (diaiis. At one corner of I he room is a plain plained liiireaii. A while coltoii crochet is sjiread over the lop. and on that arc son.' littlo III I ides III (hiiia— a cap and saucer, or a vase, anil a couple of plated eanille>^i elis. Ite- tueenihr windows stands a talde with a red woolen cover, and iiliove ii is a trill- framed minor. On the walls arc two or three Iranicd pictures, moiiK! lillle Hlnlves for liooUs siispiiidid with a cord, and a cheap clock. In another corner of the r is iv hiiiall eiiplioard or dresser. In still anol her corner sl.imls the earthen stove, and on the llooi aKiiinsl it is placed a spit-liox. the liottoni ol which is covered with spriico Iwiys. Oiithe window-seatsarehcveralpotttofllower.s— theoluauUur, tbeyeririiinnijifcc. INFLUFA'CK OK A WOHKM.IN'S HOME, to elect mi „.,, aiinnal pavineiits, hcconie the owners of tliein. .Some oft he hest imiilel d widlin^s that [have seen are at tliecliina-warc factory at (Jiis. Ahoiit a dozen liaveal- -« *- " ■■'^ • i" ' , ■• r^- from the ends two feet, from the walls, with sii There is a hriidi chimney lor each family near each end of the house. Kacli family lia.s two eiiliaiices, at their own end of the house, from a veranda Irt feet hy ,5, two steps Irom Ihc ;;ioiiiid. and ali>n;f which runs a neat haliistrade. Olio door o[ieiis iii'o tlio liilchcii, the oilier into Ili<; sitiiiii; room. I'liero are three rooms to a family, namidy, liilciicii, hcd-ioom, and sitting-room. The kilcheii is l;i by i:i feet, I' feet liieh; licil- LAnOR IX HWF.hV.S AND NORWAY. 687 II niplionrd mid n box II' Miiiii' (■iHil• r- ■ >■••*• "• -'-^ n.re ■. -'liowsanalh.wa.iceor.,;;:,:^ ■' *,,^^;;;'-;'';|0^^ Tlie import; fiS nmon;;a eo.„, „,„„.,. of the con,,,,,, , ! ' .s, , ; ; | ' .f ^■'"' i "'"' "' "'" i-^*' s.sivo al^i.vswel an,lstron,,|v mad,'. J, ,.,'„,,,'\. """'7''"' """"■"■ " i'^ "I'oost '■""■'MiK. liieakfast, am,m.r ,1,,. in, 1,^,' ' '■''^" ''""'-'^ '"'"" ^"'er ,is,„j,- i„ ,i,„ ;'''"k IS „s„,llv ,„.,,.. j.,v,„.i,, ,,,'. ' , .ah.,',,,, "1' " '■'",'■■" ■•" ' ''• '"■■ "i"-" "'0 I '■■'";,''-, I'S mneh lik,'d. an,l .s,.lls I v 1, ,,,'., '"S •,""'' I',' •^"" '^l'"'-" i" lnW I'-. Jlicre ,s. however, a cheaper ,,„,... i .e^ "•,i'"V' "-' '"'"■^ I"''' I'''!' ''"t- S'lnely l„.,'w,',l, rcas,,,,,,hlv p,|a,,h|,, ,1,: . ,,'?'' '•='"'•'' ' ■^^"iidriek,','." whole- ;.kei, at (i o'clock, wl,.'„ oat .,;! uJlytT'ul^ir {^f^;- T,''!' -'PPi-r w,ll l,„ hitle siiji-ar ,>r hntter. In ,l„. I,, „,,.,„. "" ' '""""Khly hoileil, will,,. ,'a,,',| with., Si!"" '""' '" '""•■'■ "'■* ■'■"- .>■«!-■ "no;.;«.=;n,i'K,;M;;:^;::™- ™» LAnOR IN KUROPi: AND AMERICA. wlicii Unit- inraiiM will iillmv. At cllnncr-pnrtlfii, nmnnR tlio ninro RciitiTl, inHfcncI of till- liililc liiiii^' .set, II imit of its rdiiiciiiH ill iiiniti (li lifiili- loriii, nA, iiicludiinf the spirit, uiu [luanitl iiiiiiiiid on wiiiti r« l»loni tlii' hhciIm ^o in to diniitr. KATION OI' (lAIIKIMOX MOI.nlKII. ThoriitiiiiiH for one liiiiidnd coldicrs in tlii< SwcdlNli giirriRonn for (nii' day, for cx- ninidr Siiiidiiv, iirr UN IoIIowh: Soil ryc-liicnd, 'Jlill iiomidn ; iioliitois, v! Im; IhIm ; Itnt- tir, 111 iMiiiiidH; suit lii'iriiiH. l-i |Miiiiids; lirsli iiicat, 7.'. iuiiimU ; iMii»r, dry. 10 (|iiiirts;' l.iillfd wliiiil, 10 jioundu; liiirlty-«ritN, iij |ioundtt; Hour, U iioiimU; uliltlii 1I(1P||| 1- lllld hilll. , ... 'I'lif Milioii Villi's in Idnd duriiiR the week, Imt itals is 'MS) oro each pel (lav, cents, As a eeiH-iiil rule, woi kinfj-pcoph' do not consume fresh meat ofteiier tbnn once, or twice a^week. and it may I'aiily be assm 1 that Mibsisti'uce, amonntiiif; to double the fiuaiitity (d' the ration 'of a (Vnriison-soldier, as abovo specilied, s(Mnewhar, exceed.') vliat an avera'.ie industrial Ijiinily, of husband, wile, and three cliildreii, are able to procure. A V('ry conitiKui, untriti'ons, ])alatable, and at the same time cheap aiticlc of food consists nf boiled oat-grits, eaten with milk; also, oat-meal porridge, made with uiiik and slij^btly sweeteued. CITIES. Rtockhelni, lli(> capital, lias n population of hSO.noO, with a pictnrpsqun situation on the oiitlei (d' the Miilar Lake, and twenty miles IVoin the lialtic, with several aiiipk) and charmiii<; ))arks in its environs; the deer-i.ark, for example, beiii^r pnniouuced by competent judKcs as naturally tho liiiest in Knropi^ With numerous b.uevoleiil and learned ins'titntioiis and rich c(dlecti(Uis (d' art, with a line opera in the .Swedish laii- {{uajje, with a lair commerco and ■jrowinn mannlactnres— a city founded on Krainic amrbuilt of bricks and of Ktoiio— it is the caiiital of the North, of which every Swede is proud, and may ^^''l' ^" supposed an aj^reeablo w inter Lome for uiauy of the country I'entrv- , , , Gorhenburfj, on the wpstcrn coast, has On 000 inhabitants, a good harbor, and coiii- niunicatiou with the interior by a canal, and two lines of railway, and without exa^'- Kcraticni niav be pronounced a iuii(bd city. . . Malmii anil N(urkopin;; have ii iiopulation of .-ibont 30,000 each. Ten other cities have a population each of 10,0(10 and upward, while there are twenty others that have from tour to ten thousand each. About 13 per cent, of thu wholo popnlatiuu live lu towus. POPULATION AND nESOUUCES. Accordin'T to the census of 1871, the whole population of Sweden was then 4,204,171. It has trebled in tho last one bundled years. The coinniorcial marine ot .Sweden in tho Bumo year consisted of 3,41)5 vessels, with au agj^regate tonuajjo of 307,(J14. Ihe f i nnpn ffcMti'i'l, limtond of iiriij, jta iiicludiiig the inner. ii« fur (>i)(< (Ijiy, fur I'x- ilaliirt, > lin: III In ; lilll- iiiindM; |irnHi', dry, IU uur, 1^ itouhiN; u liltlij n JHsnrd iivt'iiinin;; with I til larli mini iliiily, lllr I'lir llir liii Mkl;iKl, tliiTu nil hiiM liri'ii ili.v-ciiicd, HIT linirs. I'lir dinner, meat onre, Ih'nIi |iiMk I'ut threi) tinii'H, with u uriiN, will) liiiller iind lii'lenlly anipli' In ailniil \ e^nlatlons |iri'iiiil, and irninj^ lielure liiiMkl'ast. cost per iliiN , Hiii^^ly, at iriees, and in llie (|iiuiil i- rM pereeiil. uddiuonul, lio jinMic wnrklunisp of lie HtleelM, is a-* lolliiWN : liiiund piekli'il lierriiif{, ivweinlits lliinr. H pintu i)iMner : i punnd IreHli I- : 1 pint 1^0 or biirloy le week. lekholni Institution for -meal ponld^e, | oiinco hone, J pound |>olat()CH. id diinny the week. •lie Lu.spitaLs is 'J.iS> ore ■at nftener than nnen or iiiimiil in<;' to donlile the lied, Miinewhat, exeeeils ri'H ehililreii, are able to Name lime clieap article lut-iueal porndyo, made pictnrosqno situation on Itic, will! .several ample le, liein;^ liroiioniiced liy mneroUH h.iievoleni and uera in the Swedish laii- city founded on jrianile of which every Swede Ih lor many of the country » e;nod h.'irlior, and coni- Iway, anil witlmut exiij;- each. Ten other riticn twenty Dther.H I hat have svholo population live iu •cdon waa then 4,204,171. lal nnirinc of Sweden in tonuajjo of 3l)7,(Ul. Ttio LATiOR IN sWKDnV AM) NOKWAV, (58!) ^;..^.|....i.ohe.U.er.n.der.^ If' ■', •....!".'" iniporiiil biwhels. ns't ors ''■"■'•■y - ,1,, ....,,.'7 I'lrley ... <• it« j .Mixed Ki-iiiii ... e.ise 11 •■'••"••••-..•, ne.inM MiKkwheiit ..." I''>t.iliies I" ' "lller loot-crops Velehes, (odder of pVirnpec'ics ''•'"'l' liay SdCHI, hT.»TI.mics. ....do I7,!i.';i, HO llo U, li:!,;tu ....do ;iT,it,i:i, (k;^ .. . .do 4.^1 ■<,•;().-. ... .do l,t;.!!i,;!si ... .do -'jr,.vji do i.\-:7 do 11. i.'-,iiit-> do ....do •1, !ii:i,i>r,' (-.M, VJd .tons. \.7-M ..do. ',<''■', ••"JU «»j"T'Ml":,:::;.'7i '''';;'■ " ' '» > .v.-«i-..r „,.,. ,,,„ ,„. ,„ ,,,.,,, 1 diiml) "eeoml.and'wo'lo'iiicih.'rii; T|, , ■ '.' i"""ie eiiar^fe. "■■■■ -■i^' lo rn,. iilird, l;;..:;;;";;;ii;:!,i;;:;:,;;,r;^>;c';=i;:::s;ri;f:;';i'' -;"«-..■.' , "'all the p.i.,oim in l,7o wa.s r.,l»,-;i. ' '"'"' ^'"-' ''^'''-'S'^ """"her of convicts ,, , Knrc.vTiDN, 1 rovmti.s to \fii-i tliere u<.v., ..„ . «lmation ^vas estJbni MM nHw';^;r i;.w"'''''t';^'''' •'"•"•' '^^ Compulsory .w^,of whon, 5•.'^;l.r;.,,^^:^^;. /•;,'■;'-;]-■■ <'f ..-le t-.ehers o,^ su^h ^;, ;; ^ ;;^^ 'n.ent. tor loiljui^s^alii,' '),!!.■ I'l:."''.''''''""!' '"'J' '.!' ■'"^' iix.lollars m"':''\^ I'"^'' »■'"' ^'i^^ Kan • .s Vu. ,'|, " ",'"""""" pay. The nnmlier of h , ,i' 'Pport o these sch.iols wasS %8 i'^ ■ iv I u ' """""',' '•^•p<'"■ ni es IM'onle have a si.nili.'ation of caste. The nobles B..nerally have names ho r- r ve on, a'nin als, as " l.t.mhea.l," or from some heroic. levice such as a sh.el.l wlnle M nesotthennnobleareinoreltenuetHlytaken r.mM.l,,ectsotiK.tnre sn..lK^ o«Rrie-nn""l!ockstream,"an(lthehUe. Onlhe other hand, the peasants N.iyK-neiall.v ve 1 e ;..n •• s i."atta he.! to their names. ItwonM he smnnluf, peih.ips, .1 a ,,crson Bl ml nse the rank of prime tninister ^vith an niuioble name. 11 ^ve .o among the T ca" 1 I rv w - sail lind that even they are a sort of aristocracy as c..mi:ared ui h a ch.ss K h m U lat is tcch.mally the peasant is in S^vcaisll '• b..m e,' and ,mp hes one .d' e c ass of conntrvmei. ^vho own and cilt ivate mode.ate- .zed ta. ms. l.elow Ci n so ial rank is the '•torpar," or cottager, a tnau with tatntly, vvho hnes a hon«e and small Dat.h of haul, which he pays for by so many days' work eveiy «eek. I 1 n e a -servant is calle.l a " betjent," an,! an outdocr h.r.Ml man a '• dranf-. • A se v/.n - '' 1 of lowest rank, who does some outdoor work, is a " inj^a,' tin. or.hna.y ho ,s.- n i.Ta'MnnKfru," and a mai.l intnisted with son.o '■•■■M;-'"H.bdny ami Ny,rku,B ^iVth a seamstress a '• manmel." A yoniig unn.arrted lady is ad.lressed as l.uken, the wife of a workman i,s " madam," and of a, Kcutleman as -iru. ti,.. L.tter if Fiishion seems more favorable to yonn- men than to young wot cm 1 he lat er. if emtio e as kitchen or house servants, generally wear black silk kerclnels close y I," , V 1 t Ic r heads, but not hats or bonnets, notwithstanding t hat t he law prescnl,. e .'ir . re was several years ago repealed. Young men in t u- humblest oc.-npalmu c.n\ p.. w KM wcaringtleir best cl..the.s,inthedressofagente.nan. In the country tC 'ul. Uing.n' u' , of whatever trade, wears a leather apron, which extends Irom over ^'Ther:[.,Vi.n:s'V";w';i.S"rhigher classes and those in huniblo lite, and het^ween ein- t,lov Va d cmnl,,v.(l, aro decidedly kind. Indeed, it is almo.st universal to address Servants r those of whom any act of service, is desired, as " sniill," m...n.ng very capa- blcV. set V cable, and in rath.T a lieseeching t.me. In the wmfr, (anuly-servant8 aino tl e V a hv aroalh.wed lires in their rooms, two .servants generally occnpyn.g a room I'lgc.thev. 'The whipping of persons in service was abolished by law lu lro,>, and the whipping of soldiers in IdOrt. SAL.iRIES. The highest salaries are paid to foreign ministers. The annual salary of the minister to L n M s sl7 t 1, and t\ie same for the minister at Pans ; the m n.ster to St. Pe.er,.- ;hup e e C S^i.i .7; to Berlin, .*10,tlUU; to Copenhagen .slO,UUl. The nnn,stcr„f f 'eT.rn Vfl lis r;ceiv...s a salarv ol *(i,:W and a furnislud house. The other members ! le c ct who aro chiefs of the d..partuu.iits receive S4,OtlO aycar; those not ch.eft of ..• ci ts S;i,.^.llO. The pay of lirst under-sccretaries is ^l,4b-.i a year; the Kii.gs a t r e ■ en 'n llSl.b;}.'-.; jmlgeJof the supreme court, §-2,127 eac 1. ; the dircctors-geu- ; r. ot mTs s osts tel .graphs, ami the presi.lent of the board oi lu.ilth ^2,12/ each ; ■ he, '•.•■'g.'n.^na of i^ilwayL, auditors-general an- ^hectors-genera of ens om>. g" ;!<);! each ; tlio ehi.'f engineer of railways, ;$-2,6.VJ ; ..^ .,rveyor-gene al ^l,./Jo , tl o ■dir.^ct;, 'l'>^'>^. 't l-ing the pr , i^ akeai.lUieici nse and beat th^ii.U', ,':'., ^"^^^^ on their knees ,|.,wi, by the water's ed. ,',,,' "'•:"■'"''• ""■'■'•n mav besw.i pose, II, ,h,s occupation. I„ mos ol k^V , 1 '', ''•\'^''.' '■'^' '>' '''-i«'"^';;:^:j':::T:-;:::^^^^^^^^^ MINING AND MANUPACTrniNG I^DISTRIES IN 1871. The followino- stiitpitipnt of tlip Drrdnpt^ nf .b,. . • • stone.) Thi« is the larges,',::;, ,'v;r^;,';-; ;-;'■;, ''^^on^ '»■ argillucco,.s'/;r Ihe products of the not, uianniactnro we.e as loilows • ""' ""'''•''^'- Pig-iron liar-iron (.'usi ll'OU .... Steel "V.''..'..V^. Slleet-irou Kiiiis 'y."y.[.[ Oilier manufactures of iroj Tons. ao.f. i)-s.,s5 l.':^-l,ti'.i(i.48 l^,u:;tj.4f> f,:{M».U5 b, ■l.Ki.liS (i, t>.i(l.r^3 14,t)7y.72 Jfg.,..., silver, copper, nickel, a.id lead, the ...lowing ,„.n,Hes were produced : ^•'•■"'^ P'"iii'lsavoii(ln|)oi,s. -i, I4/.78 l>oiiiidsavoiidii|„is. '",'' •'''"' >^^> l>"ii "Ids avoirdupois. 1,;W.18 tons. b7.G7 Ions. in operation during the same year wa.s a,:;o.'-. emnlov awiMiniL.,! togrilUlWlKio'oTwbi:!, ,1,,',^ ,''"' .' . """"H'lflnred prodnct.s'ol |,ese i« exhibited as loUows: ' """ 1»-'"^^'"'"M'^ ""•" -'^'ch of tbo principal branches Sdvcr.. Nickel... tiijiper.. Lead.... . The total number of factories "ig WA:U hands, and tho a.' Cotlon-factories ^^"gai-iclineries ..... "'tmlcii-inills Iroii-Hdiks '. .'." Toliacco-iiictories..'.' "" I"'atlie, -factories....." P'l|lel-llli|ls Jhitcli-iiictoncy .'.".'."." All other hrjiuchea !.'!'" Per cent. .. :;.';). .. lli.ii .. 10.8 .. 10.3 . - (). 7 . - 5. f), I) .. ao.5 100 i t392 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. CONDITION OF THE WOUKINGOLASSES IN SWEDEN. AltliOHfili i^Ii'- AiidrewH liiia iiulictitod in the foreftoiiis report the con- dition ol the hiboriiif,' dasses in Sweden, yet tlie toUowinj? c.itejicu'ieal rt>i)iies to the qnesticns snbmitted by the author all'ord, in acouci.se luim, inlorniation of value : J irport on the eoiuUtion of the xfovhinq-prople. of Stmkn in n^ly to questions from the Chiif of tlw JJunati of Utalisltcs. I. They arc. iiiilustrions. J I. I'n'ilialilv -HI per icnt. of the iniilcH avo inti'iiipiTat.e. III. Tlicv lost' iilioiit twodii.VH a wccli in C()iisf(i\iciuo. ,, , , IV. Thc'ciiiiildits (if their lainilii'.s are Hfvimi.^^ly al)ii,v tlio lo.ss of Uiw aiid i.u.iu'.v (KTawioiu-d l.v (lnnk,y,.t nioial.ly, by that iiionil (lej,n-ailiitioa unci wretcli- ednes's octaNioiKMl \\ hero lhi> liead of the family is a diiuilvard. V. Tlic condilioii of the room.'* of tlie, woikinj^-pi'oplo is ii\ general tidy. VI. It, i.s eoninion for one family to occupy oni! room bennies a nniall kite U'U. Vil. The advances in wa^ns which have occnrred in the, past, two years have on tho whide resnlted to the advanlaf^e of the families of tho workmen. S'looiiHULM, JJicimbcr li), lc74. NORWAY. • The manufactures of Norway are uniinportr.nt. Wood and fish are the chief i>roducts of tlie country; and these lin 1 -lO 1 4.-1 1 48 2 la 4 au DressiiifT department— Cont'd. l)rau(.isaiid lMisii.|.H Dressi'r.s ami twisters... Weavin^rii,.,,:,,.|„n,„f . Ov).|.,Mt.erH Weavers .".'.".'"" l)ra\\e|.s in liand ....'......' Eep.iii.i.n^ine room : iroiewoikeis Knuiiieer h cberi'rs .".'.' Clotliroom : Overseer Second. band Mini, niniii. ?3 ia 3 au 5 32 2 I a 2 1: 4 an Maxi- mum. S3 ao- 4 as (i 40. 3 ao 3 ao 4 ae li 40 3 ao 6 40 3 -M It is to be observed that cotton and woolen goods in this countrv •iro mle qmli^r '' ''"'^ '""'" ''""'''' """ '^"'"^ """".laitirJd of a ii;^' Weekly irafien in pniHr-milln. Employmont. Ibiehine-teiiders As.sistant tenders " Ua.i.ciitteri: E -Me We iifTiiienieu. Assistanta . Mini- mum. f3 87 a 58 1 as 3 a) a M 1 Maxi- mum. 3 87 3 aa i Eni| loynient. iliiii. Ilium. M,i.xi. mum. Hleaeher.s Sizers r.irpenlers .. Iil:li-I;,suiilll3. mas 2 .".8 3 .-7 3 ...7 Carti IS a .")8 li.iys 1 lil 694 LAROR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Wr.elch/ war/cs in sail-eloth mavu/actoncH. Euiployincut. inum. Maxi- Ilium. Euipliiyintut. Mini- IIIUIII, Maxi- mum. Haolili'i's $3 87 $1 r)3 70 Wi'iiviufT, by tlio jiiiHo, 30 Viti'd.s .... $0 10 19 WniiH'ii, Mpiijiici'8, twinerH, and to 21 21 inc'liiirois Cbililren Uiiwliiiii; (ir ciasliiii;;, by tbo Tlic siiil-clotli iiiaiiiiiiictory in Clnisrijiiiiii ciiiiiloy.s about aOO people, and iii)penrs based on tlie IJimdee system; oarniii<;s uincli the same ifs in ^Scotland, Uut skilled labor jiropoitioiiately not so good. Two English toiemen receive, respectively, JCliUO and JEoOO. Weekly wages in iron-foiintlerien and machine-shops. Employment. F.lullod (Iraugbtsmon AltichaiiiCB: Bi.it Si^cmid OrdiiiMi'V BlacIiRinilb.s I 2 i Joiiiiia .Iiiiiiris' ansiKtantH Laliori'is, callers. Sec Apincnticesaiid iwys IJiMss-l Guilders '. 13n's.s-i HI iiei 8 Mill\vrii:bl8 Mill\viij;bts' as-slitants Kugiueci'8 Mini- mum. 16 Maxi- lUUIII. «5 07 5 1 17 5 l(> 2 !I0 2 ',11) 2 W 4 i9 4 -,'9 5 :)ii 3 -.'i 12 'JO Weekly vaijes in the huilding-lrade and its branches. [Workinir.lKinr.a per day. 10. Wlan on ci'iiliaet, in the summer, men frequently work from 14 to lii hours per day and reeeivu wa^es in pioporLion.] Eiiiiiloyuient. Hoiiso-e.arpenters, (accordinf; to pri)lieieiu'>) Sawyeis and tinil)er-Iiii;:i;ei'8, (ac- cording; to pi'idieienev) Joiii"i». (acecndin;; to iiiofleiency) CouiiiKiii .jninei.s Stone cm ters Quairyirien, (I'urnislied witb tool.s) liiicli layers Masons Tile-layers Mini- Maxi- 1 mum. iiiuni. ! $3 87 «6 45 : 2 50 5 14 3 87 5 14 3 05 4 49 1 3 87 6 45 2 50 3 87 ' 3 87 45 2 80 3 2.! ' 3 87 6 45 Employment. Smiths liiiikmakera liiiek-maki r.-i' foremen C oiimon laliorris ISiiilders' foi eaien Joiiriie.vnieu cabinet-makers I'lastereis (Joriiiee-iiiakCTS, &o Sbipnri;iht8 I'ainteis riumbers Mini- mum. S3 8: 3 2-J 4 1 G 4 :! Miixi- niiiiii, i', 36 3 ^r -iri 2 "ti Hi 7 74 3 >7 8 mi 6 ■)■. 3 ri 4 'a Monthly rate of wages c / railway-officials, lc;TO. Employment. Mini, mum. Maxi- mum. Employment. Mini- mum. Miixi- mum. Trafiio department : . Staiioii-iiia.slcrM, (some witli percenta;;i'S) Good clerks at principal stn- $10 13 14 03' 8 47 4 90 $43 02 2B 80 23 72 8 47 13 07 17 18 14 03 28 80 17 18 45 25 1 Locomotive-department— Cont'd. Kiremell Meeli nic.s, suiitbs, carpen- ters (19 30 15 00 10 05 20 80 15 01 12 83 10 89 26 86 $-32 .'iO "1 7'^ Cliief lelegraiih and bookin;; I-'oienien 37 jl clerks Teli"_'rapbclerks at inlennc- Permiinent wav : F(.remen plate-1 ers Platen layi is Tjahorers 21 tii 14 ii;t 1-' eJ Porteis Foreni'-n of jjoods stations Horse dii\eis 12 83 Steamhoat-servico: tjaptains 44 77 Head uu.irdii, (wiili mileago 15 00 12 83 37 51 Mates 21 .'d and extra ii;r Huiiclavs) .... 32 18 14 03 12 83 12 Si 37 7.') Under. iiiiai'ds, (vvilli miIea;;o Ill '21 and exira for Sundays) Sairors 14 03 Ix>cotiioii\-e depart oieiit: Engiiie-diiviMS Clerks in chief office and work- slions 43 oa rcA. ■Dt. Mini. Muxi- IlJUIIl, mum. piece, 30 $0 lU 10 21 "S. IJ.V tliu 19 21 ^s uincli tlii^ siiiiic its ) good. Two Eiiglisli -shops. nt Mini, mum. Mnsi. miiJM, (5 IG 3 Mi 3 87 2 5li 2 .'i(i 1 a!) 3 -J'i 3 'JJ 4 ■■:•.) •i 06 fi i; $5 07 :< Ii7 5 16 2 110 2 M 2 IS 4 ■><) 4 -.'9 5:jli 3 Ji 12 SO s Its inches. requeutly work fnim 14 to lii nt. Mini- mum. Miixi. mniii, eii $3 8: 3 22 4 2!( 1 04 6 4-1 4 49 3 22 r> 3(i .5 14 a 51! 3 22 85 38 3 r; e ^.l 2.-|i !ii;s 7 74 3 ^7 a III! 6 4'i makers 4 2J &70. it. ent — Cont'd, lis, carpen- and work- Mini. Miixi. mum. mum. $10 3G ♦22 50 15 00 10 05 2(i il) 23 72 i:. 00 37 51 15 0) 12 f?3 10 89 21 54 12 e3 20 8G 'lia'ia' H 03 12 S3 44 77 21 fi4 37 ::. Hi 21 14 03 12 S3 43 08 LABOR IN SWKDEN AND NORWAY. JfVrf;(jH<«^i/-_W^,„,,,V;/,,.. ,.oj>e.,.a,urs, and sail.,nulars. 696 Employ iiicnt. ForpTnen Ashinlanl Innincu. Sliil)Hiij,bt,s Miii- mum. Mflxi. nmm. Emiilo.vmcnt to 40 !8I2U0 \ Calli.rs ... .'' -1; ! ii(.v«.... 3 23 I a 87 I _^hl,jraU:j^^,ams ofZ^^^^^^^^^^^^^:;;^^ Kni|ilo.Muiiii. Miners M inei » on I u t woi k '.,V coniVa'ct C.il)l.n,(:.n.i ^...IIcimik,- bairol) ConiUHJu lubcinrs Miri- niuni. 4 -■ 4j .Sm.lliirt f .lil •> i-i\ 5 30 1 fii,..mi,;ai.u;,;.L,:.." " \ '• i-- nj^eklyjcaycs^gas ,ror/ar« avdfthrs. Eniployniont. Mini- liuini. Kiienifn Piwiliiis .'.' Knyiiu'ers , <.'ai)ienlcrs [ Biiclila.wiH liliU'kMriiJths .'_'. riiMvla.vuis ^ Employmi.'ut. Hat makers JMiiislicrH. l)laelierH,'&c Kiiyiiieer-workun-u $3 22 2 :.u 3 H7 2 !I0 2 90 Maxi. mum. If3 7 Enjplinnient. ^lini- niuiii. Gaa-litterH ... 449! '^';:;;v:';":"^';^»'''^"" I. (with boariiaml liv- :;j ::,,''''.V peraunun-.., 34 I Liiai liinen, (with Imanl ami liv- si ' «r'''-^' ■"■•, per annum.. 04 I Women-ennks ,1,, 24 1 Ma!.l-.ser^allts ..■.■;::;;;; ii,, •■ 21 |] Uartman and liorso ....per day!.' Mini- j niuni. ; Maxi- mum. $0 10 ' .'i 42 ; 5 42| Si 20 53 52 20 04 3 1.^0 : i 4 36 ■^ 15 ! a 42 i 93 i 90 4 ,iS 3 59 2 m 1 3L' [i| ^^^hM^fA^y^ '-^^miiitd^^ i»Mi "*»*-»~*"-"''— ■ G9fi LAI50R IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. CONDITION or TIIE INDUSTRIAL CLASSES IN NORWAY. The Ibllowiiijj- is ('oiuloiisod from the report of Hon. (!. 0. Aiidrows, TJiiitcd Stiitcvs iiiiuistcr resident at Stoekhuliu, under date of aei)teuiber 24, l»7o: Tlic tint Hint Ndi-wny is iiiiitcd "itti Sweden under tlie siiiiie crown .ti'eiDH to liavt' led iMiili.s lieople iiilo 11 ni'isuppielieiisiou lis lollie tllie (lolitieill sit mil ion of I lie lulliier, Nor\'vii\ iw 11 iieileelly mileipcndeiil hliite, liiivm^- luTown ^epiuiile wiilteii eoiisi it lU ion, liei' own seimriile le^i^liilnic. euliiiiet, iidniintstriitinii, sy.steni of veveiine, iinn.v, niivy, and Uu^'. Kveii it' Sweden «i oiild lie en;^a,:j;e. (!:.';> ; oflieials and pensioned oflieiiils, :.','JI'io ; persons in piihlie seiviee, •,Mi.l.). of whom ^7; were in church and school .service, -JKi in the niilitar\, and l,.".?'^ in oilier bcrv ice. Next to a<^rienlHire the iirineiiial industries are navifiiition, the lishencs, lnmlieiiii|j;, tniniii;;. and ihe eoninion hiiiid-liades. The slate induslii.,1 exhihUioii lu. Drumiueii, ■whiciri visited, blioweU a crcdilahle development of mechanical iiidnslry. AGlJICULTUIiE. The eoniinoij farin-owner.s in Norway till the .soil the in stives, with the assistance of their leiiant.s, a class of people called '■'imsnieii." The ■ nmber of hiisiiKMi in IMi.'i was Wl.:i'.'.ll. lit wi.om many since then have emiKialcd to tli iiited Slates. They hire from the 'tiaitlnian," or fa'rm-owner. a patch of land that will keep oiie are sheep and cattle pastured wher- ever there is ii green patch on the aceliv ities of the niouutaiiis, but even grass is cut aud liav made and lowered on ropes or wires. The condition of tlie agrieiiliuial laborer, as well as his wages, varies, of course, ac- cording to whethi'r he is located In ;; seclndi d. a poor, a fertile, or a weal I liy region. About'lhe Jliiiseii Lake the soil issoriehas not to rctpiiro maniii iiig. llndoiilitcdly there are several districts where tlit^ condition of the agiieiill iiral hiliorers is belter than th;.t of tlie hiisnicn above described. Hut generally their homesare very scantily provided. In .some localities, such as Selursdal, in the south central iiart of the coun- try, people are said to live in th<^ same luaniier they did tliree ceiiluries ago. A good deal of agricultural work all over the country is done liy women. As in Sweden, women have not by law control of their earnings ; iind here it may be said that tin) piaclico of .sv) much lield-woik by women causes tho house to look less tidy. Tlit practice of scrubbing lloors ;s not so cominoii as in Sweden. In Nurwav, too, the roofs of the dwellings of the poorer conntry-pcoplo arc covered wiili turf, on whichtlie grass springs uii. At \'(issevaiigeu, during the )iresent liarvest season, good agriciittiiral workmen earn at day work i'Mhe ricld ;U eents a d;iy mid board ; whhoui board, Iriuii 4J to :>.". cents a (hiy. At (iudviingen, in the same section of cauntry, llio wages of a ca|ialile, lad of iiiiieteeii years at inisccUaiieous wink were ]2 siiectes and board lor six months, iiiclnd- iug the sumuicr. In Laurdal, the wages of good t'arui-workmeu arc scvuu species a I KOUWAY. on. 0. C. Andrews, date of >St'i)teu»ber rowii AcrniH to liiiv(^ li-d lliiulidii (if ttic riii'iiii'i'. (■ writ tell foiisi iiiiiion, (' ii'vciiMi', iiiiiiy, navy, iir, Norway would not iliir to tlif Diinisb, dif- ;i iiicvaiiiiciiiiiilnuly IT of limdcd cwtiitcs in ly owiiiTs was l;>l,7M>, Kiudiii'aii .sta(( M. Tilt' as in coiu'iliy dintricl^ lie coMiitiy ilistiirts the lie iieiiod', l.-^ti:i-'(;(), tli<- ts. in 18(!8 is as foHows : ill and factory owners, ■rs, C>.r.(li» ; clriks, -i.iW : fi6 ; wa;{onrrs, 1(11 ; la- n i/iil)lic MTviif, v.'.ti.i.i. tary, and l,.'i7'^ in otlici- lie lislicrii:!', liinibci iiij,', \liiliil io;i ai> Dnaiiiu^'ii, il industry. i, with the assistanct' of of husnwn in l-Cio was Slates. 'I'liey hii(; fi'oai 1 one. or two cows and li y liave to liay a eertair. ■e made at their barns f the owners that they money. At lioine they most, of their 'louses a mix tlleil harley-nieal. 1 their dii'ti is extremely hem, hut siuci! its rise hiismen will soinetiiiies noaiitain side, w hero it 1 cattle pastured wliei- , but even j^rass is cut 's, varies, of course, ar- le, or a wealthy rei;iiiii. anui inj^. rndouhtedly Inral laborers is better homes are very scantily ■eiitral jiart of the couii- eeiitniies a;;'o. A ^oeil v(mieii. As in Sweden, it, may be said that tlio to look h'ss tidy. The I. Ill Norway, too, tliw Willi turf, on which the icnlliiral workmen earn laid, Iroin -!J to f).'! cent.". ;jes of a capable lad "f I lor six months, inehul- uieu are seven species a LAIiOR IN SWEDEN AND NORWAY. G97 niotitli Hinl board dn, In- the sninmer n,„l - winter, whi..|, would he at the ,a o| V^ ,;;;'^^^ a. month n.id board dnrlnR tlio in wniter, w th board. I,, the vici, iu ol tl L h' r 'rY '" """"""' '""' •-'I '""tsp.M.luy 75 per cent, higher. '""-' '" ""^ '"'K't towns wa-es would be Ihm. 50 to I'lsiiKiias. ^^p^"^:M:^uS:::nuZ^^^^^^^ T'-'a,tnr,carriedo„alon.tl,o <•' t''-'i';''nes..nH.esol, he conitr.*^^'i ,■':,, ;;"^^ jiry ..niploys .O.tiiK. persons ibr ai,ont o ,,1 ' .',',"" "■^'"?>' '".umni..,^ in .lanu- ''"■'•c l.s. Ilieantnn,ul,errin-fi...li,.rv i^ less i„ 'f ''' ",l""'""' iisually of miMIO ..nly l(;(l..|(IIM,arn.|s; that of \Z^l;>^um\ru^vT^ ' H' s,„ i„j,.,„„,,M,f l^70 v .8 """"!• ;;'''','l^" f the ..xpenses , • t'llisi; .•';''';■'' "' ~^' '^'"■"■'^ " ''^"''■l- A norol the South l!er«en Diet shows th ' .1. " '""^ """.«' •'•-">i'. niinle bv the .wet- :t, XKM (1(1 lis!,. The t„o m.i.t s ai w tl!' ■''''''•'•^^ 1-T<»ve lied le tbrmer be,i„. .,,„„t .^ mi,h i dj, m .'■:,d'H ' 'V!;'h'''"''' f'?' ""' '''--' aveia^r,. ,H,M,l,er of ,„.,,,s„ii.s ,.,,11, loved in :^M. ,,'''' ""' ""'''"'' "t'Apiil. Tho -i'.c ui,,,Mi.u,„ ,;.h bei„. ,he iL^:", c d . . 'ir ' ..r^"''!;'; ''T ' "'" --'S '""""""^"'^'"■•i'inish,; n, the'L U^';;'%,^:;:.,^;!''''^"'^'i^i'c.y 1:;- ...1....I. .. .. I 01 .way. i be cat! h amounts to ii„ni fi';i;in",'io,'. ;" :!.","'l'""K'"^KS or MKCHAMCS, TlnciH „OM.S, KXPKNSKS OP r.,V,^„ KTC. InChristiaiiiasliiii-buildei.searn ;5n..irl-s cm . t \ i., , • ays M, the week ; best brieklasers, hv i ev 1 , /,- s^rs/ ""'"'".^ '"', *'">' ^^"''^'"^- "v" ^ a;. . ^^ one or two tish,u,.s,ations in thc'soulh l-aH ^ll^.^ll-aM!' ^,ra,';;.^|[:::;^i!:;i^ III the lars'e cotton and woolen faetorv of Afi- TT c i lalter eain ■s, of tn 4 species a week, ov a ^ tv^n' ■ ^ ti'"^'' '''-'K' "'« ''"■-'"'■ <.-.n V s,; h.^ t.vcs are Swedes, atid are Zv^ :^J,T^1'\J'^'- <""-'l""l of the ilper ' 10 per cent, .d-fhe operatives make le ts in tl, ■ ^^■■;"' ■«'""«• ^<>t more than •;«" ""^ .iwellinj;,- whieh thev o c I, T ,: ' '^"'i''''''^''^' ,^''''M'^ two dozen liir.s as the basis of a fii.,,1 1,,,. . ' " .' l>(>piietor donate. 10,0110 .s, ,e ..on.li.i,,,, .i.. . .. f """' '•," ""■ '"■'•■'■I'f of ailed ai „„.,.i.i.„i ,,,„!^^',„|,.,,,, lol- vZ z '^^^zJ;i:"^:::::!u:z:t^^ ;i'- ^-" tuc hi«hes, .a,e« lin^^sa week ai'eietained Iron, e .?,,'., • "?■ '" ,""'"'' '"■'"« ""itnal. ea«Md-sieknessawo,k,nanpr; ' . le d 1 iw l^r '"'' ^i^-^ «i'!<-"""' : atnl i„ siii.i,.^ I..,. 1,....:./" ,.., ' l'".'i- inillai a Week loi- .SIX week lilies (11 cents) a d;iv nisiir l''|ifilivrly si.xtii'ii and ri};liti'cn years of a;;!', I'alii Ihrir l)oarii linl not thiir clotliiny;; all livi' and liid;,'i; at lionw. Tlio apanmciit.s aro rcaclu'd liy «inno rathiT Bti'ip Mlair.s onl.-i(l(^ of tlii' Iiouko liom tin- yard. There i.s a small entry, a kileheri u.Hid l>y t,\vo familieH, and a livin;j-ri)om H iVet wid < by K. feet Ion;; and leel lii^^li. Tliere are two windows, with nhort laco cnrtains ai'ioss too ti)i>; a elean wnililied floor; a bed made n|i a.s a sinjili^ one; a woilen sofa or .settee that 'oiilil lie nsed for a bedstead ; a table, enpboaiil, elnek, pietnres, llowcrs, 'i'hert,' i.s a cellar to the pieini>es. The rent is IHspeeie.s a year, whieh i.s cheap, and the Kame family have occnpied tin- apartmiails ten year.s. It reipiiics all he can earn, the workman Htates, to Hnpport his family, y. 'I'he i|narteis of another family inclnde the same, kitchen as the last, a livin;;-r()om 9 feet wide by 1(1 feet liinj; and ll feet liiyb, with close, siilfocaliiiK air. The workman's lainily con.sists (>f a wife and two small children. IIi^ earns lU .species a week, but lays up nolhinj!;. lie jiays 14 species a year for rent. The floor is clean Ki^rnlibed ; there are short hici^ ciirtaius at the window ; a w liite knit cotton cover over a small linreaii; also lloweis and plants, as in the last family; tbo housewife had a tidy appear- ance. ;i The third quarters visited were in a wooden hoii.se, owned liy the workm.an, occu- pant. The house is oni^ anil one-half stories hij;h,hiis a cellar, yard with tidy graveled Viilks, and ont-bnililiiiK- or shed. There is a lair-sized kitchen and conil'oitable livin;;- room, with jiainied floor, hair-chtli sola and chairs, remarkably neat white bedspie:id and calico curtains, many jiicturcs and photo^'iajihs on the walls, jihinls in pots, ihne •windows witli lace cm tains, a very brifjbt, iiice-loiikinji wife, and I'onr handsome, cliil- drcii. The man |iays 10 species a year j^roiind-reiit and :{ siiecies for taxes, lie lets another of h s lo. ms to a tidy mechanic for liulHinn. His house cost :i:!U sjiecies ; hi> owe* about 100 species on it, and pays 'jO species a year. Fuel costs 'it) species a year. In his house, as in all others, lii};h, narrow iron stoves aro nsed. 4. Thi^ fourth home visited was at a bouse cwned by its occupant, a workman, who earns (i species a week. There are six rooms, two kitchens, a cellar, onl-hon.ses, and yaid. The sittini^-rooni 10 feet wide 18 feet Ion;,' and (i^ feet hi^h, I'aintcd lloiir, stiijis of carpet over it, neut table and cloth cover, niaho;;any secretary and drawers, lilack- ■walnut-venccriMl bureau, black hair-cloth chiiirs and sofa, jiicturcs, lace ciiviains at the ■windows, neat and tasteful in all respects ; liis family, a wife and two ibildren. At the iron machine and ship-building works at Iter^eii, which were visited in Au;,'iist, 500 men aro employed i (even bonrs a day in actual labor. The foreman receives :!() sjiccies (.$.il.bO)a inoiilh. About 20 of the more skillful bands receive Iroin I niarks(,''t; cents) to 1 specie (.fil.OO) a day. The avera^je jiay of workmen is 3 marks IJ skilliiii;s, (70 cents,) to 15 mai.ks Iri skillings, (81 cents,) whi'cti is probably as hi;;li an avera;;!) for mechanical labor as is jiaid in any part of the country. For overtime 12 skillin^^s an hour are paid. Three day.s' wages arc retained by tho employers at each weekly jiay- day. Twenty skillings (Irt cents) aro retained for tho sick-ftind, and in ca^.i of sick- ness a workman receives G marks (§I.'.ii)) a week wbeu sick, and iu ca.so of death 10 Bliecies for burial. A coupli! of skilled workmen concurred in tbo statement that fresh meat is used liy tbe families of workmen two or three times a week, and costs I'J skillings (11 cents) a pound; that coU'ee is u.sed tbero three times ii day; that tobacco for chewing' (I'ar nearly all Norwegian workmen clicw tobacco) costs twenty skillings (IKcents)a week; that workmen, on an average, spend 3 marks (05 cents) a week for spirits or beer, tliu greater pari of the sum being for beer ; that some workmen spend "^ species (.S'i.l'.i) a ■week f(i4' drink; that including .Sundays, holidays, and tho timo the sliops are closeel for repairs, usually at tho tiiiio of tho mid-sumnier or Christmas bolida.vs, lliero are eiyhty uon-uorl^iiuj ihii/n in the year, which tho workman loses ; that a majority of work- men do not attend any church ; and lliat only a few save money. The homes of a foreman aiid a workman wt'ie bero visited. The first was iu a hou.se owned by tho foreman himself, whose family consisted of six members. Their apart- ments were tliii'e rooms, the larger one u.sed for a sitting-room, being 14^ by l"i, and 8 fei't high ; »be floor was painted; bero wcio nice-looking lace curtains to the winilows, a neat sofa, table, &c., and were better aparluiuuts than worliiug-poople usually have. Other rooms in tho bouse were rented out. The other apartments were occupied by tho family of a workman, whooarnsasiieeie- dollar a day, and wero in a cheerless frame building, having no fence about it, nor trace of cultivation, even to n .shruii. Tiio apartmiinrs wuro iu the second story, aiiil reached b,y a steep pair of stairs from the, rear. First was a fair-sized entry, used by dill'erett families; next was tbo kitchen, 4 by I), and 6 loot high, in which was a Hiuall [CA. in 1)0 frniii 2 to ?i H))('ci('s a >kiii^-> :>i)iii iiijil nut lur^n f these workini'ii \vlii<>li I ; T) Nprcic'H a week, having; II and ar liiiiiic, rln^ otiicr icir liiiarii Iml nut llicir rcaclicil li.v MiiiHn ratliiM- nail entry. a kiiclii-n iihciI ;; ami IVfl liif;li. Then,' I'lfaii wi'i nliln'il lloor ; ;i (I lilt iiMt'il lot' a bi'ilstrad ; till' picniixs. Tlnr 1(111 ()ccii|iii'il tile aiiartincnt.s I) Hii|i|iiii't. Iii.s I'ainily, as tlic. la^il.a liviny;.ro()iii (in;; air. 'I'ln; woikiiian's 1 ;U Hpi'cics 11 week, lint ii' lliMir in (lean MMiililicd ; cdttoii cvivcr civiT 11 .small isewifo had a tidy apjiiar- '1 hy tho wiiikman, oi^cii- ', yard with tidy ;;nivrlt'd n and conil'urtalili' liviii;,'. Illy neat wliitu licds|iriMd alls, ]ilaMl.s in pills, tliicc ', and 1(1111' liamlsdimi clill- ccics fur taxes. 1I(! lets Kilise Cdst ii:iO s|ii'eie.s ; lie L'l costs 'iO hpeeit's a jeiir. •d. leiipant, a Wdrkiiiiin, wlm a (■(dlar, diil-lidiises, aud lii^fh, I'iiiiited llddi, fitri|is etary and diawers, lilueU- tnres, lace cniiains at the and two children. i;h weid visited in AilKiist, Till! iori'niaii receives liO ) receivt! Iidiii 1 marks (r(i II is \i marks IJ sUilliii;;s, ily as liieli an avera^r,. for overtime I'-l skilliii;{s au yers iit each weekly piiy- iid, and in ca-.^ nl' sick- iiud iu ca.so ot' death 10 at fffish meat \h n,sc(l by i Vi Hkillin;j;s { II cents) a tobacco fdr chewing; (I'lir iilliii^^.s (18 cents') a week; _'k tor Kpiiits or licer, tlio 1 spend 2 .species (•jj'i.l'.i) a tinio the shops aro dosed tnias hdlida.xs, there aro that a luajdrily ofwork- Jcy. Tho first was in a house luemhers. Their apiirt- in, beiii^f 14^ by Vi, luid 8 curtains td the windows, iiug-poople usually have. kmaii, wild earns a specie- ]y; no leiice iiliont it, iiiir 3 in tho secuiid story, am! t'air-sizinl entry, used by igh, iu which was a siiiall LABOR IX SWEDILX ^^'D NORWAY. at chri.tiania lo;:;:!!^ ^-' T^Lx:!:!^^::^^::'^ :'^ '"- -^'-' '^"- => «-.-u ..dier SINDAY. ..^"':^.:r';S';S-1-;™;j;ii»;;:Vt3^--S-'"" ry iiiorniDg. 'S« I C"""'} '"'■'■■''' "'Pat, tvt 1^> skillinj:,v 8 pound p'.t;itoes '"loL. -// poiiiHl hull,.,! harloy' "" T/» ]i'-niid coli;.,, if. poimd butter A'ej,'etaliles .".'.'.'.' V,r «ill cream IJ pints milk... Litad i'.!!!.";;"' MONDAY. «uSS':;'-:S:;;'SI:,,-i^;!'54;-tb. supper: Boilcd banoy-gnts IKSS.^*^!:'''""^^ Ti-V jioniid barley -grits.... H lioiiiids milk \h iioiiiid colleo "\\ , 'li iioiind butter....' i^y pound barley-gri'ts'.'.".! Biuad t'tr gill creaui .'.'.'..".' TUESDAY. Dinner : Salt moat, (pork,) and porridge, with pease. i Po'uid salt meat, at 10 skiUin-s |P-iinlpdrk,atlGskillings " fi pound potatoes 37 pound of barley.' -A pound hulled baiiey i liound pease rh pound colfoo.'.'.ii #/ pound butter. i pint milk i>.' k'i 1 1 cre.'iin ..'..'. Bread 17.00 and milk; . lud tho United Stat '.s cciita. 3. 00 .C)7 .44 1. M .S7 3. ;iO .ft? 3. <)4 .44 14. :ij • 4. W - 3. .')0 ■ .87 ■ .87 .67 .t)7 l.r,:j .(.7 .44 3.U4 la. 15 700 LAllOR IN EUKOPE AND AMERICA. WKl)Si:si)AY. PiiDicr : TTimh and porridgo. i iioiiiiil Niilt iiu'iit, ,it 10 HkilliiiKS 2.55 i |iiiiiiiil Nil II pDi k, at 1<) Hkilliiig8 1.7^ i|') I II III 1 1(1 |iiitiitoi;H l.TiO 'I/'; I II II Mil I lllllll'V-^rifH.. t^^ ^t |iiiiMiil liiillcil itai'luy 41 f^ii|iiiiiiiili'iilli'o ^^7 ^/ poll ml liiittiT I"'^''' ;f'/ I Kill ml NJi'iip '>7 T|'/ pi III III I ilrlcd pliiniH •!• ^I'n pollllll IlllillllS 11 7,\i, |iiiiiiiil pepper •"• V'i 1 Mil I ml jiiici) *"7 i pint iii.l'U •''' I'.i ulll I'R'iim 44 liivm\ 3.U4 15.80 TIUII18DAY. Diiiiior : Beef and porridge. { piiniiil IVi'nIi inent, at 13 BkillingH 7.P7 1)'^ pi Ml ml piiliiliH's ^7 ^'V pi III ml liiilli'il liiirlcy 44 -^f piiiiml liiii'ley-gritH ''7 lid pill 1 11(1 I'oilce f*7 if'4 pun ml liiilter l.^'i-t V(K<'l"'>li's -' 1 Hill milk titi t'ii Hill (iriMiii 44 Uioml 3. .14 17.71 Friday, the siiino as Tuesday. SATURDAY. iJimicr : Soup made of beer and pickled Lorriiig. t United Stntes cents. jl pound lierriiig l.'H li piiilN licer 1.09 'ij'iT pi III III I wheat meal 'i'l ^\; pun III I si I'll |> 41 »,'V pound liui ley-grits "'" li^ (ii III III I eolleu -7 ■>^., pollllll liiitter l.'>'! i['j poll ml potatoes ''7 \l piiilH milk li' V,i Kill cream 44 Lmid :i.i'4 la. 36 The nveriijio valne of the ration is IS to 19 skillings, or say 10 cents ; but at retail ptiees it: would he about ^5 per cent, hii^her, which would iiiaki) it cost tlio woiUiiij;- niiiii iiO ecniH. .Such a latioii is, however, a consiUerably larger aud better supply of food than workiiien generally liave. Al the penitentiary at Throudlijeui the faro for each convict on Sunday is : For breaUliiHi, li pints beer, f poiiiul rye-biciid ; tor dii'uer, IJ pints peu-soii)), ^ poiiml polk, J pound lyi-lueail, J pint potatoes; lor supper, 1^ iiints liarley-inedl uhUjIi, IJ liiiits lieer, J pound liread. The same (piantity of bread, 2i |">'aids, is allowed ('Vcry day. or in liiu theroof oni--hiilt of tlie qiiniitity in Imlted rye tbiur l)re:i!l. The meat or flsji nllovviuice is, on .Monday. 2 oum es ol lieriing; Tiiesi'.iy, ;i ounces o'' meat; Weilins- diiy, ;t ounces of hen iiig ; Friday, !i ounces of lieniiig ; and Saturday, o ounces of liel- riiig, which are generally made into boup. The supper for every day, except Mou- 2.55 1.75 l..')0 .t-7 .41 1. r.;; .f'llinMi|„.|i„,,,,„|,.,|^ ,1 Klay. At 'riiroii.ljij, II' lilt ion, ]»■,■ (liiy, |i,|- ,.,„.| :aiiy nll„Y„tic,. of 1 ,- is ;,I,on( ll,f smim as f, KiitH, I'lli'tiih Ji'iii IN a piilili lilO'll, nmk lui net ion Iinm than | imiiimiI of | :t'H ono N ••ini lie ((lit; 111. i»t iit ictiiil idiccM it \v(,ii|(l linK-l(oUM' f(ir iMHii ti niiiii i.s I'J Nliillii(>i.s: iiimI '(If lorwcfiian potter, „r I'j ,,i,„H . ,„„ iiii'il -Kiits, iili.r j.cinjr Vooki ■[{"{! y'l't very cliciip, A port ion whid I V.MHl^illi:,H.sC.'| ,.,.,i|s) p< o|ilc, wiicic iirco l.iirlcv- 1 " lien dry i.s" IV yiv inciiwiiio. Tor miicI Hlulliii>;,H' worth of 1: 1 II "iiimitity Olio imy; it I.s tlu> plJlclico to lll'lll I'liiii tliico lioms. 4 (-■I'lits u piijiitiililo 1,11(1 wii iii'i; or hini], ,..|ii l,(, ii|„i i Nkili "if;«. If ciiti out even It n at llin Iiound a id to tl lolrMiiiic iiiciil ,.;i,| l,„ „|,, a- istal)lisliii,(nt for l.oil.d mji ' I'ilt With II ; s. that for little h.Hs ,1 a«ti workniaii'M fainily of i of II Kaiiison Holdier.'hiH Miihsist I iMistiaiiia IM at th.^ rate of ISO s. Ve nienilier.i Rlitu to eat at hon, If eiM f will cdst (or • •iiisiiiiif twice eopl.^are aeciiHtoined (o W(i aMsmiie iii.if .j„ ,n.,,r. le (|iiaiitity of ili(, ration in use li.\ another ( (piarleiN in the li iiinily ; and that hjieeies a y, ar for oik .Viarijl Id. JJeiii o'l •Iweliinirs ill jiiid for wliol itliiii;; i(,"'"' towim iiH n Mini is none ton hir^e jin all iviii;;-i(,oni and a small kit"h i, and Sir. i "oiliiiiKinairHfaniilv need owanee to proeiiK; sneli annual expenses for s ot iniseellaiieous, we h tatinol he |)iit liijrher than (iu iieh a fainilv. Tl live ill all tl All "' Mini ol'.j-,':!!; t yiiiK *1.') for fuel, toSlHO; which i.s$ leiits a day, whidi, for le avera^^' warren, ,fi,„.,.||,, o cover III ni( ■)() IcsN than what |j therefore ohvioiis that the est tho item of snhsistei'"" n Just, 1 ■>m workin;r.,hiys, would s. pi-ohahly, thi niato for expenses i leen istiinatcd lor 1 n the iiv( necessaries iiiiist he still further d ia<;e nieehani scoiisiileiahlv hie! ainonnt lis expenses. Jf |,s fortohacco, and S;i;t.(iD for s| iniinished if we take int <■ iictnally inciiis. Tl iKlier, especially ii mate, aro the hiiiiin spent in that I articles. The den, fhoMj;li it _ .. the meal. Th., X, r ;>iiitsand heer, which, takiiK' t localit y each year hy | ii; same inc^entives to (Irink prevailai lot tl K' piacticci in Norway ti iionn; workineii'iii Nor Mlpply of lis Id ii'J.m iKcn worlcnian's esti- host) account the iu lie 1!( >y Ihi^ average workniiin for t Undonlit vve;;iaii whisky is a third iiso wliisky ill the Ik "ay as in Svve. fixed haliit of not '^tail vo it cost the workiiij;- r and bettor snpply of 'let on Sunday is ; For ints pea-soii)), ^ iioiind liarley-meal lll^^Jll, 1^ I'iiidH, is allowed every ir '.irt^ail. The meat "l' nceso'' nu^at ; Wediics- iirday. 5 oniices of licT- vcry day, except Mou- ^(■i^iw ■ukc, wa-»t*«.t,«E,j^ llil'#j 702 LABOR IN KUROPK ANO AMERICA. LAIIOU IX DENMARK. Altli(nii,'1i Dciiiiiiirk is not cxfciisivHy ciiKiiHtMl in niiuniriictnriiiy:, yet tlif inroriiuiiitiii ill icHiinl toliiliur whicli iipiiciirs in llic Itilluwiiiy |iitKt's,_ iiiKJ wiiicii Wiis liiniislu'd liy llic miiiislfi l(•^i(ll•nl and tiu' coiiMii.s of the riiilcd Stiiti's, will provt' intt'icstint,'- Tiic lollop in;-' inriirmiilioii w.is prcitnifd lor tliis rt>iiorM>y Mr. Vice- (..'oiiMil lliiii>fn, uiitU'r dati", ol 8c'i>ti'inlH'r liO, 1«7-' : coi'KSiiAor.N. ri>ti(.tilin>'<'n, wliicli \h llw nipitiil of ncniiiiirk, mid ,i ronsidcridil.' ji'mcp of rnniincrce in Scini.liiMviii, had, iUroidiii^Mo tin- hist .tiimis «.f l>7(l. iHl.'-ltl iidmhiliinls, (H|,lWO (it III.' iiiiih', mid Uii'.Mi,-).!! the- Iciiiiih' ^*l■^ ;) «if th.w, H,(i;iil arc dfp.'ndciit whiUcih, hc- HidcHli.'.il.Mhi.v liiliHiris, mid Kt'.l wrvmiU wiilMiiil 'ix.d wivif*!. Of tbo lri,0;!l», U.tWO uiv iiicchiiiiiis, mid till' irsi, il,;!');!, (inido.vcd in .oiiiiiinco. ..„/.• . Tl rdiiimy liiMc nf liiliur \h twelve hiinis, lioinCi nVioik in the monilliR till (j in tlio fvcninu, with ii hisini' tiim- of t\vi> Iioihk for tlii' iiifiiN, The w.iKCN lor iiic' school. Iiiit were tanuht either al I heir homes or did not I'eceive any insiiiiction at all, for which reason 1,;U)1 out (it it.'-o-i had to lie (liieetcd to the \iiililie' schools for a thai, if it was necessary to direct tlieinlo coiiifi- to school. It WIIS proved that the r.iiiainiiii; l.f'Tl received a proper instruction at tlh'ir homes; '.>,1'.!0 children were tanuhl at the lire and )iayinciit schools of tlio commniiity ; 1,211 at the charily scho(ds; the rest ut t;raniuiai and other schools snli- Olcliiialeil todillereiit anthorilies. At the Koyal Orphan Asylnni, 240 orphans, orat least fatherless children, aro lu- strncted without paviiient ; imd of these "-i are cdneatcd tili the liftceiith, sl.Me.inh, or Revcnteeiilh year of the ir a^e, after whirli tinui the hoys are hound apprentices tosliop- kcepeis or I'lnchanics by tho association, and the yirls jiluced iu good familii.sas eervants. . 'Jlie metropolis has several (evening and Sunday sch nds for adults, where m. ilianica and lahoiers ree» ivo various instructious, partly w ilioul payment and paiiiy fora verv small coiiliilnition. With iij,Miil to the comfort of th(( laborers, their state of health, &c., 't must ho re- niarkid tli^it the Danish laborer generally lives uiiy and cleanly, for which reason many have taken up their ,■lllOlh^ in the sul ulis, where many dwellin;,'s for laborers ha o been elected, the lent of which is from |-.V,ili} lo .*■,' O','.} a month lor t wo rooms and a kililieii. The stale of health is ;;cih rally ^(Hid. and tho distrii t iihysicians, who nvc. paid by the cominiinity, alhud medical assistance to the laborers who aro not members of tlw 8ick-asso(lati(ins. which they can becomo by paying a small eonliugcnt, whereas ilio hospitals also all'ord frt^e cure and attendance to poor jicople. 'I'he ediic,;tioiial roercioii creales a fjeiierally !.;ood moral education. Drunkenness is unlre(|ucni ainoiiK the Danish laboriiifi ('lasses. With resp.et to the present jiiiies of the necessaries of life, as well as the weekly cxpeises 1(11 a faiiiilv, the tw.. lilled-np blaiiUs heri^to annexed are referred to. The e\pen c- of a'fainily of llie laboi i!i'.;-elass vary much according; to the earuinjjg, as the s.iviHu ol anything but small amninits is seldom lliouf;ht of. The (li\(TMoiis are eheai) and useful, and very much freipiented. The estalilisliment employing the greatest nniiiber of workmen in this country is the shi|>-biiil(liii'; and engineering company of I'.iirmeister & Wain, where from ',H)0 to I.IKKl worKiiieii lind continual eni| loyinent. 1 ive iron steamships, of about 1 ,',;(I0 tons, with engines ol 120 horse-power, and two smaiier ones of '.WO ions, willi I'ligiiies ol 7U horsc-po or, will, in the course of this year, have h(-en delivered from this ('stabli-,!]- mcut, lb iaiion of which have louudud various useful iuslitutions ; for iuslaucc, a i I.AHOR IN DENMARK. 703 ri'liort l)y Mr. V'^ico- lii> nioniiiiR till ill the btillillnc-fiiti.l, ,1 Hi,k.f,„„| A,. . ,,,,,1 ,,, I, , , ai.m.x !«.. „n.,M„>l,s, « ill. ii.mis'i, ;,"..' '■'''''I'l"' "'",v ';.• .-f n,,,,,,, inlrrrnt, I hnvhy IVlMim.ls,,.linTt numiHir,, „ir|, tl,.. r.M. i w. . • 111' I , hiilfiT, „imI liiw i.ruili *• ""M'lii, 1|,„ ,.|,„.| rxiM.K innsi^.i <>l >.iiijii .vn,:;:;:;!::r,:z,;:;;:^i;:i;:;:;;:;j'V;^:i;;;i,>^'a,,H n.„.^ ,„ ,., ,,,, ,„^ „^: ''" " ' "'■' '^ '"-'>• '" '»' '•■' -m;u\:, u:-:;;;;;-;J^;;/,l;;!;';::;;;. '• - ^.•.; au.i _ "I.AF IIANSKN, t<>i'r:Mi.\aily .aoes of t,. foUou^ng Morers at EUinorc, ne,mar,, U, ,ke y.r- W2. Blacksmiths Slii|p-i'ar|icijt.r8 I'diini^ paiiilcrs ." Jlimsf-caiiiciitei's JlawiiiM SlKKMiiiikurs . .]' Tailors go 8.5 85 85 (J5 (i5 70 75 I)nck-lnl)or..rs, from f,i.20 to $1.00, Houi-s ot labor, 10 p,.,' day. ""'ICI-^.Vtla.r,.. nf. I.:,i ...:., ,''•,■' "!'•"• "'<• lUmilllT Ol V !i>; atiiMiilrtl with di.sijiar" W'li liincM wluMi thcs,. lab iiiid ri'loadinirol'tl riilcriiit; aru suvfial ibi^-s wL liri> U'lt iiLi.r 1 ^ * ' " icir carffiic.' ■J |)"rt lire havo til they are wilbout tiiiployujeut, V, IJiit a"uiu tbi! fTfmma^tf^. 704 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Eate of wmjcn puiil far farm and nurhnnirnl laVor in Eh'ninrr, Di'nmarh\ in the near 1873. Occupaliou. FAKM-LAUOIIKKS. Esperirnccil liniids ill minimor Kx|iiiii'iici'il liiiiidrt ill winter Onl'iiiiTV liiiiKlH in siininii'V ()f(liniii;\ li Minis ill wiutiT ('(ininnin liiliurcis iit (ithiT tliiiu I'iii'm-woik. I'miali' st'l vnnts, (cnnuH) i'l'Uialo servants, (liimsu-inaiils) SUILLKU WOliKMKN. Bliiekflinillis IjiicUlaVfis or ina CariH'iiIcis Cnopt'is IMllM'lM JIacliinists I'aintciH ]'laslirc:a ShiicmaUcis . .. Slnnc-ciittcrs .. 'i'ailofrt Tannc'iM TliiKinillia Wlji-'iiwiii^lits. Daily wages. M'itb board. $0 M 41) Jf nnu . WitllCMlt boHid. $0 ?() m i;o None . 1 tl UO to 1 tl 00 to 1 Monthly wajji'H. Willi lioard. jr. .TO 4 00 Nonii. . .. ;i (10 ii 00 * By tlu> day only. Price of board for vrorliuieu per weuk, October, 18"^, $2.50. EI.B1N0UE, Xovembcr 1, 1873. t I'it'ce-ivoi k. IlENliT CIIAKl.ES CAREY, Vice-CoiuiU and Actiitj t'oiwul. Priccit of prorixionH, procfricn, and other hading articles of consumption, ahn of hnnsi'-rent and liixird, in the toicni^ of Copenhaijcn and Eluinorc, Denmark, Jurnmhed hij Mr. (Jlaf Jlannen, L'nittd States riee-eonsnl. Ectail prices iu IST-J Articles. PROVISIONS. Elonr, wlieat, snporflne per barrel*. EIniir, wheat, extra luiuily do Flonr, ryo do.... CoriMncal do Iji'cf. Iresli. roasti r'ff-piecea per poiuidt Hecf, Irisli, HOiip-iiic'ies do... Beet', Iresli, ruiup-steaka do Beef, ciirni d do Veal, lull' quMrrers do Veal, hiriil (juarteis do Veal-cm lets do Slut ton, I'liie quarters do Slut Ion, le;; i.do Mm ton-eliops do I'ork, fresh do P(uk, mined or salted... do Pork, hiieon do Pork, hiinis, smoked do Pork, shoiiMers do Pork. 8ausaf;e8 do Lard do Co(l-(lsli, d ry do Maeki.i el, pi'.;Uled do Butter do Cheese do * Per 100 Danish pounds. t Dauish weight, imarh; in the .i/cnr l«7:i. Daily wages. Moiithiy Ii AVitlinut With tl. bouiU. bomd. 54 to ?0 »5 r.o 40 CO JO (iO 4 00 0. . (iO Noiio. . . . ;i 00 •2 00 8r. SO es en 8:) Xoiio 1 0!) 80 til tl 00 to 1 40 (-.) tl 00 to 1 :>o hO Ml 85 k. CIIAIILES f'AREV, ConsuianU Actiuj Consul, tiplSon, ahn of hinise-rent ;, Jundnliid by Mr. Olnf Itctail pricos in IPT; Copenhagon. Elsiiiovp. $4 721 t8 m 4 UO 9 50 3 tii 7 W m lOj fi 10 m Id Hi I'i 10 n 11 11 ii{ 10 1-J 13l 09 11 n li 14 ]5i Id 09 14 16 14 IC 05J Oti 20 27 9 to 14 13 light. LABOR IN DEXMAUK. j^w^.,,.. ,,.„,,,„,,,,,,,,,„,,,,,. ,,^ ^,^,^.^,^^_^ ^^^_^^_^^^ 705 Aiticlcs. rotatopo . . . l!ic<. Ill'llllS .Milk j'Kiis : riiovis.ox.s-C»„liu„e,| 'IVa, Oolniijr, or ntlior fr„o ■••■I'lT-allon.. , do,. ! do., r ■•■l"'i' Iioiiiidj. do .... ]"■'■ Ion.. ■l"'i' lallicihiS do. -- I" ■!■ gallon.. SO 40 Oii IH 03 l(i C3 S3 'M 11 12 m Turns, M,.!-,-iii.,,,|j| ■' MonHuliiio (!,■ i,(iM,.,s ^^dini'ts, no'diiim oiiaiiVv Jiouts, lucu's boavy i'.v . i;iliiv. ''y '■- Idlitv Fnnf.ronnicd (pnrinont.s Nx-roOMi. il liMi(.Ti],.nf.s.."'" J «o.iooniud tcneiiionts nOL'SE-HE.NT. IIOAIU). t Darii.sli «-i'i.'ht. *lu Anfiii.st. coil OH 8 40 (i :io 5J Oti l.J 7,';o 8 00 7 00 lljlon li! to It 18 -'I'J lo-,'IJ 1.: to ii" -'I tolKI -1 to ,10 22 ^0 io":')6" "4 to :i.i ■' -u 5 00 J .W to 10 M 4 r^ Ki 00 to -ji; ;,,, ^ ;■" - M lo a 00 . " 10 to ;t no o r,n 1 CO to 1 50 ^ •'" ■ ifx-tniiii^i'i^r^^r^yo'-u^^ct; ^^^^^'t^^^^S^^^llj^^ in C'opo..,..,., one tlielieadonvl,iehi.H«C;;l:;;;::«;>^ '^vo adults and thn,e dtild;:..^ TWO AI.ITLTS A.ND TWO CIIU.DnE.V. Flour and brrad Chfipso ^iiKar....' Milk ;; - Cotfeo Cost or valno. .?0 41 44 (>7i m iii Sir, ssmrniss^smi 45 L, 1 m m m m ^^ HB; Bh' ^■' W|j In' 1 1 706 LACOU IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. T.a e0 07 l-'i-h, firsli mill siilh 17 Soiip, ^tiucli, salt, pcpiKjr, viut'gar, &c 12 ifes : ^ PotatiH's 1111,! other ve^etiiblos 1'' I'liil ■ 48 Oil Fre.sli, i-nrned, itc, incuts li'i Biiltir 71 Chdse , IH Siiiiar IIU Milk X> Celbe iidj Fisli Ill Snap, salt, ]ieiiper, vinef^ar, &c -Iil I'olatiHS ami olljer vc'{;ctilbles l"i Fuel HA Oil or o:lier lij;lit T) O lier ai'lieks 7 .Spiiils. Iieer, and tobacco IVi II OHM' lent ti") For cilncalioual objects, (ono child at seliool) lo Total weelcly csiien.scs 4 11^ .Clotliln,^' per year.' SiU 00 ECON():^II0 CO>'DITION OF TIIF. AVOUKINGilEN OF DENMARK. Bhpatch of lion. M. J. Cramer to the Department of Slate. Legation of the United Statics, Copenhagen, November t), 1S71. Sir: ITiider the title of " iiifoniiiitioii coiicci'iiiiio' llio ('(toiioiiiic, con- dition of tlio wuikiii^iiH'ii of tli(^ iviii<;(loii; of I3i'imiiiric,"' llie Diiiiisli iiiiiiisti r of the interior litis j'tiltli.siicd tlie result of iii(|iiiries iiindo in tlirei- eliisses of circnlirs issued by him tinder date of Oclolier 1 1, 187L*. The lirst cliiss of tiiese eirctihirs was piepared with special rcfciciic^ to proem ill"' iiiforuiiitioii eoiiceriiiiij,"' the eeouotiiie condition of aitisaiis, meehtiiiics, tind factory-hands, and was intended to be tilled up by tlie einplo,\es; the second wtis desio;iied to procure inforinatioii concerning the econoniie, condition of the laborers in the country, and was inteiuk'tl to be tilled i\\) by the jinrish and town councils. The intention of the third class was to procure inlbrination : 1. ConcerniniL'; the tiiiioinit uecessaiily required iinnuiiUy for the support o' ii worlvinoiiiiin with a family, ' 17* .") 4 Hi tiU (10 OF BEN3IAPvK. 'mcnt of State. iTEi) Statics, , Xorcnilicr !), 1S71. ;■ llio ccoiioiiii*! con- utiiiirk,"' liu! Diiiiisli of iiKiuirii'.s iiuidc m of OctolKT 11, 1872. ,'itli special icf ri'iic" 'oiiditioii of aitisiiiis, ) be tilled up bv tlie Di'iiiatioii coiiceniiiif,' ry, and was intt'iKkul riio inlciition of the ci'itiinp; the aiiioiitit I \vorkiii<;niaii with a taxes, &c. li. Cou- lereof. nil and complete as ibic iiisiabt into the ISit-Z^p C;;"^;',^,™;;;™-;.:;-'«»-- of „.„ „,„,„„„„„„, 1 liave Ui," honor to be, .vt" ^ ' bi-rcuuii inclosed. * Hon rjAJiiLTON Fksix, ^^- J. CllAMEll. ^ccrcluri/ <>f State, Washington, D. C. THE ECONOMIC co.M.iTiov oi- rnr , ,-.,„ , From n,„ ,,,„„.„^^ n.M.lo ■„„..„ „... . ."' .'-^■■"'''•^o ci.as.se.s ix nENM.n.c. From n„.n,f,„.n. „,.,,o n,,,,.,^ ,„„ fi,„ "' T^ "■'''''' '^ ^'^«''^n,c. lx->^|.-;X-r r " '" '^"■«" 'ii'-t"ii(s in Cnn„„i,o iuydom of Dcuuiark. rlx->^|.-;X-r r " '" '^"■«" 'ii'-t"ii(s in Cnn„„i,o ai](l ■ and twWvo I„ tl,iif,.p„, iM.ludi./,,'^'"- '"""•■' '"'• '">l'' Hill l,v ,.,•,:'• •'•'■^■'- lioiw (ill i.\ doll '.,'. ,'/'.'r,''r !'■'"''> '""-'I'dlv, to'ili,. Jn ••nil 1 1 of .luMuin,;. ' • i;;^'"','^''''' r-'« tin. ,;;:,, K;/;;;;;?:'^^ a>'.s(.S.-^.4(0.(H.O;.,... Aid ,, ""■"''^' '' "'■" '1'^" ^l| I U Mv'r "■""'■V""-''"lf waj;e,s pi„d i,, IS-' wl, '" '"""•'" 'nii„i„||y as u-,,..,^s'i| , 1 ''^ "-V.^''" "■'■Ii'm.s ,ix- Asn;..xr,.a.a,'d;,r.!\' ;'';:;/;;7;;;'K,ri,,,iiP,.7,,j,;';i;:, '-'«■' «<"ih..atoof etaiicpHKncliPxtia u"„„.s ,v "^uZ ] ,"""''"•" '"" hii.s 1^.™ ,,r,.iv.,i v, t • caws, Parns so,iiutlii„.r,v|, 'V ,"'" "'"'■ ""' "<'>■i'•',«^•■>';';'-:'l::•'f '-J^^li^J^t in- llw sick ami the a-ed ? has heen Generally answered iii the alhi mat \e , I ut the m.' on \V .a tiropoTtioi. ..f the laborers become ,sr//-,s»/.„«W,.r, or independ..n of assist a!!;:. M.us been aiiM.uderstood, and heuco no reliable data have been lunushed in re-^ard to it. KXPKNniTURKS. The h^ ormation souRht under the third class of circulars relates to //le Hcccmri/ w- For those ill Coi.enlia"ei! the minimum may l,e placed at2,.4 nx-dollars (ijl.U.!...) tha is torr."t. .Ui" rix-dollars, (81H.U0;) rbr food 10^ ux-doHars (^100.., j) or clmh- in.r 15 rix-dolhirs, (s7.^7 ;) for tobacco and whisky, 11 nx-dollars, (>^...// ,) . m e' tliaximum at GlV rix-foUars. (8;i2^.87 ;) tlna >s, tbr rent, f' •-■: " ';'!'^' *'; ; for foo.!, :Uir. rix-dollars, (-:d(s2l2.liv!.) lix-dolhirs per annum. To th.- .picstmu : In what prnpur- tioii are the earniii>is of a laborin- family .snni.m'ut to alford th.MU a support ade-piato t.. th.'ircon.liti.m-; the answrs reciv.'d from both the .■n.ph.y.Ms an.l .mployes vary creatlv. The former believ.- these earuin-s to be generally snlli.'U'iif, while the lall.'i cont.n.l that they are not. This .lilference of ..pinh.n isacc.mnl.;. lor l'^';''>- /'■';''' ''« fact that live anionj; the einploy.ir.s sh..w sp.'cial care lor the w.'ll-bciiif,' ot tlwu . m- ph.vc^s, (the latter of whom earn euou-h f..r a decent support,) an. part y Irc.m .,• aci mat some of tli.^ latter s.md their cliil.heu to paid-scho..ls, an. paill.N do •' fact that a part of their earnings is applied to pay interest on debts incuued m tli« ""'Th.'' .I'lL-'slion : To what .'xtent do the laboriiiR-classes participate in public amuse- ments / has b,.en vari..u>ly answere.!. It apli-ars that in one .listrict th.-y .■n-a^nM,, th 'in very spariiifily ; while in nine oth.'r districts the young people are aaiil to engage in them to a. verv considerable ext.Mit. .<.,ni.' of the p.'..ph', in th.Mns..lv..s filling up th.'se ..ireulars, put down their expenses for pnliie amuseimmts from 4 (.^2.10) to ti (*:i.l.-.) rix-.lolh.rs p.T auniitn. 1 '"'I'l';';'; " iiigacconnt of the expenses ..f hlboring-fa.mli.^s refers only to those m the city ol Lop, ii- ^'Theannnal expenses of laboriug-fainili.s in proviticial towns a"«\^,'*';:f,;:'V;,f '['T' 210 (sllO.-r.) to ;{li.-) (sH)l.(i2) rix-dollars; that is, hu- rent, tr.uu 20 (^10.,,t ) to 40 (S-Jl) rix-d.dlars; for Ib.i.l, from l.-,0 (87.-'.75) t.. 2,-,0 (yl;n.2r.) r.x-.hdlars; ';>-;'l!> !"f; fmm :!0 (sir,.7.-.) to 50 (.^•Jli.25) rix .lobars; Ibr tobacco ami whisky iroiu 10 (>..-..>) to 25 (si:i m rix-dollars. Ihe .,uestion: IIow far ai.' Ih.'eariiings.il th.^ laboring-class, in tiiese cities and towns sntlici.-nt for tlu^ir su|.!...rf/ has be..ii answer.'.l that in iiios cases such earnings are sullieicnt ; th.nigh the answ.'is received troiu several '' t '"s ■ towns show that f.a.y are insuhici.mt. With regar. t.. the .pu's urn ^^ |';t '^ laborim-chiss.'s are in d.'bt ! the answers ar.^ very uiihi vorable ; and only veiy lew lucm aiiv expenses whatever for the e.lucation of tli.'ir children. „„„„trv tl.,. With reganl to the am.mut of expens.'s for the laboring-l.'iniili.-s in the ";'." ^O; * ', infonmiti.m obtain.'.l slmws that it ranges unnually lor rent, Irom 1 I ;>'•-■;)'' (S^.40)rix-.lollars; lor food, fn.m 150 (87 ■'.To) to 180(04...)) rix-d..llars ; ';; ;.!;'' l''A from -20 (filO.oO) to 50 (820.25) rix-dollars; for tobacco aiul whisky, trom 10 (^l.-.|) to 15 (.87.«7) rix-.U.Uars. The .[m-stion. Whether the earnings are paying He expenses. isgiMierallv auHwere.l in the allirmative; though in a niimber ot '■''^'■^,,,'^' =''':;;"',,■ " scared v'sulliei..|it." As t.> whether the labor.ng-.las,-es in the c..untr> "^1'"', ;■', in debt, ihe information receiv.d .slmws a larg.) number ot then, o b.- ,i. "■;*•''> upend nothing extra for the cducatiou of their cinhlreu, nor do they ottcu tnga^t, ^' a" t.f I he^^ge'a[ which laborers marry, it n.ayb., said that t''" '"'Mority of both sexe- marry b.-tween the twenty-tilth aii.l thirl ietli yar ; smne even below t h.' ag.' «'* " .^, llv.. : ami in most cas.-s b.tore they had " laid up " auything. liei.ce, many comuituu their married life with debt. CA. inniim. liikowiso, mnny iviiiK, knitting, HpiniiiTiK, To llu! (iiU!Htii>ii : llinv Ic tilt; lidiisn ? tln'Uiiswcr afot's and of tuvl-cutliiij^, ; tlio cliiklrcn hired out ? nth to the tiMith yt'iir of total iiiiiiiIm;!' of diihlri'ii ilso ciiipkiycd 111 iiotato- loyiiiiMit thi; whok) year c, au^sonuMlistiii-'ls, how- aiid where, eoiiKU(iHeiitly, h<' year. i(h)\vnieiit funds for assist- the alhriiiative ; hut tho Hiiiiii'l or iiidejieiideut of lata iiavc been furiii«hed relates to the necessary ex- >r>4 rix-doUars, (fti;i;i.:!.'>;) Ihirs, (sinii.i-0;) lor elotli- ri.\-(hiilars, (s.'i.77 ;) and ■lit, l-i(i ri\-(h)llarn, {ff'>.)\) irs, (>j40.'.).'>;) for tol)aec() 10 exiieiises vary from li.MJ iicstioM : III wliat iiropiir- theiu a support ade(piati« doyers and employes vary siifiieieiit, while, tlie latler Hilled for partly from the 10 well-heiiiK o\' their eiu- ort,) and partly from ll.c ools, and jiarlly from thr ,t on debts incurred in the rticipate in pnhlie, aniuse- 110 distriet they eii^'aj;',' in ^ people are said to engage ,, put down their expenses per aniiiiin. The jireecd- thoso in the city of Copeii- )\vn8 and cities ran^e hem it, from 20 (ijlO.oU) to in ) rix-doUars; for elotliin!,', whisky, from 10 (^o.-J.")) to iij^sof the laborinn-elasses ecu answcjreil thai in iiie.st .'od from several cities anil 1) ([iiestion. Whether tUesi' le ; and only very tow iiieiif unilies in tho country, tlio rent, from !•• (J?'>-'i'>) te hi ) rix-dollars; for elotliiiif,', whisky, from Itl ()s.V.':i) to » are jiayin^t the, expenses? her of eases the answer is, ill tho country districts aro them to be in del>t. Tlii'V or do they often engage in ; tho majority of both sext- Ml below- the age of tweufys r, Ueuco, many comiueiito LABOR IN THE NETHERLANDS. LAIJOli IN Tin.] NETflKRLANfX Tlie Ncthoiliiiids, or Low (' t t's, so ciiUcd Cioiii tli< 709 ii' iiiitiirul la) ion of ;5;il. ■),.■;{»(). Tl as roriiicily, is still (|iiire cxtoi toiu'sat Aiiistcitiiiiii, H K- n)iinii(.ic(' of the coiimiv, |i,o„..i •Hand, have a jiopti- isivt', Tlifi I not a> fai'tiu't'd at TilU)iiio-; l iii»ii(Mii,aii(l r.ivda. Wool 110 iiiipoitant silU n Meat laiiiitac- lllOL'S. Til o eai'tlu'iiwnit^ \v( ; liiH'ii and cotton in " isiiiiiK-ipidiy inanii- )ilcs at iH'lir ill Sdiiodain is noted for its intidiu-tion of am. JJlittcr and !' no iiiineial wooden ships, were justly rei c. The Dutch I the public y<)od,"as't K'wned. Socict sonndiistry pursued ship build ■ 1st Indiaiiien, in the time of OS " for the iiromot for the establish II y are styletl, ahoiiud llirouoiiout tl public utilit> eutof schools, hospitals, asyl tims and ot are abnmlant, tlionul nstitutioiis lor the relief of the destitute io:i of f"« piovinces, ler Won of churches to which they I lu^r poor hiborers. In iJolhiiid the 1 th !i 111 general the poor are tal and siillcriii: leloii; Tl lerei, re forty institutions I Ivcii care of by the liducation is [irovided for by th iws of nature seem to be ri or ( H'overnuieiit. ■ini)l.)y. Ill in the land. The greater portion of tl versed; the sea is hij>hei giy rescued from the water by tl ic country has been persev man. The dikes and hvd 10 continued ell'orts md Sclielde iire estimated to have cost .$!,.■)( ntgiaphical works between I) Netherlands, though placed '(>,()00,t)00. cr- ingeiiiiity of iilhirt and 'the uiifavorabh' for the accumulation of weak pparently under circuinst; aiiothi the center of European 1' with matchless iierseveranci pei;ple of tin mces the most , overcame one dililculty alter until they rendered tl commerce, and diffused the appliances ol fort and the meaus of enjoyment iim'ong the low KATES OF WAGEd. As the author was in-eveuted by want of time fi esting country, he is indebted toothers I leir country est orders ol the com- peopie. om visiting this inter 111 regard to labor which appears in the loll or even the meager iui owing pages. ormatiou Waijcs in Xorlh IJolhiiid. I'laco, occapatlon, &c. llELViiltblN. Stoa :am Rpiiminit-fiictory : V.'l'aVCIH SpluinTs liipys iin.ler 16 vears. oiiiHn GiiKs iiuilor Hi ycii ■iriK't iiiuiiuiiiitiirji..-^ Men' Ilii.Vi erMjri'Miihiiy, Alniiiil' » avt'rni;,! s;iliii-v icliirv 111' iiiDltoiis: Avt'iayo r ■yo rate ol' wajjus. W'a^ics per week. i'.i 20 to $1 00 •1 -lO l() a (Jll (iO Hours of labor. I 00 to ;i liU to 1 .oif tiU i) u vediiysnf I2!ir cue il, ly of tij Uuuit,. Mrs and 1 :m j '^ f" "* hours per Any. 5 00 I if 'Hi'' 710 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Wagciin Xorlli lInlhind—CimtiunoA. riuco, OCCliputidU, &0. LAIIEN. Hair fldor-clolh manufactory : \Vi iivcta SlilllllLTS NAAIiliEN. Hall -EOdds Caclcirv: Mill ■ liu\rt auil j4iilH ■ ZAAMiAM. SpiiiiiinsCai'tury: I'lLCt'- Wl,lU .' KliOMMl-ME. Mftfl'inc-vani .spinning facloiy: WlMVl'IH Till wiiiviTM who wurk at liiiuic Imm liiiir ti> sovrn tla^H leccivo liuiu IIAAULKM. Guu7i'-f'iiclm-y : WravciH Kiialvi'iH Eil)ljiiM-« caving factory: WiiavciH... Wajji't piir wi'oli. |-i (10 3 CO ic, PO to a OU to 00 3 OU CclB. fur kilo- ilimrs of labor. 1 florin 10 c. ii UU to $3 20 2 40 t ) 2 r>-2 at to 54 1 CI) to 4 i-0 I I3i boura pordny. I IS to 15 hours per day. 12 hmir.-i per day. 11 hours per day. Ratitrii rvspecUng the npiniilig and wctudng faviories in Soitlh Holland. Conimuuc. Kind of factory. Iloura of labor. Albla'iscrdiun. Gricssendem... Gvuda Do Krinipcuonthr Lck. Lt:ydcn Do Do Do Do Ni^iiwcrkorkon ^■,n Y.ssd. SotturdaHi. . 1 fitciim spinning; 12 hours ii day and weaving; 1 liiuitry. a hand weaving Winters a.m. fac.loriis. iirin- to H p. in. ; ci|)ally tor^ail- Runiiner 5a. idiiih.' in. to 8 p. 111. I strain cotton- I 12 huur.s aday siiiniiiug lac- | toiv i ;(0 ciilton ■ faeto- Snninier, 111 to 14 hoiirn; winter, ID to 11 houm. licH w licrt; the vara i.s si>un l)y hand. From siniriso to sunset. 11 honr.s a day a tow - spinning factories. I layct laclory.. 1 laytt tactoiy . - lU liour.s a day 1 erain seed and lOjhnnr.saday dainasli fac- dcdiietiiiit 2J torv. hours rest. 1 tl.iy; duck fac- 10 to 12 hours toiy a day. 1 blanket factory 12 hours a day Wonlon.elothand U hours a day blaukullaclory. 3 flne-cnttonspin- ■ U hours a day niii;i.f.ictiirics. i 1 H,)il-r1i>t1i wi-av- 10 bouTsaday ini; faetoiv. I 2 h liicloili' and ; 10 hours a day Jute ■ weaving i fa3torieH. I Hate of wages. Produce. Averairo fnll.:.'rown men, 44 eciiis per day : for cliildren and sp iisleis, ti tu 24 cents pel' d.iy. Wiiit'-r. riOeent.spur day i ^«r (lay. 12 hour.-* per (lay. 11 linurs per day. I South Holland. 'fl. Proiluco. Tlll'll, ■H In ti.elnst few years (Miildrcii ratlierdeereiiNiiig Mi ti;lit.i thai) iaereaHiu;;. (lavi ^'uni- AHtlieTiiRnul'netnre ">■'• is I'll II HIUllII NC.titl iioji irtieularsrufl bt'^ivi'ii. to if, ppv Inerea.'ieil at tin- IVomSl.'JU I'alo of 15 per cent Ul 1811. istloiP'bv I)eei'ea.siiif;. lr(iiii$J 'lU iS 1.1.0. [ifr il uliililn-n CUlltH p(!r Tolerably regular. InereiKsiiis. per wick.. i;r week.. Kairlv "U the iu- crease. ■raac rate Increasing. ■ week. >er week . . Kegulur. () to ei.io Iiicroasing. cdiili' paiil per week: il 1 1?( fO. l)iT' week ; Iiicreaseil bv 20 piT (i, 61. -^U ti) cent, ill llio loot xiiell.fl.ai) iive years. ^ivIm lldlll 8l.i!0 per rday Moderate. 11 averane lucreaslng. tlin wages lucroaiiiug. pel week. LAI30R IX THE NETnERLANDS. ^yg/aclorie8. 711 Aalst iih''i "i' '"'""''■" '"'"'"'t ten) !;.■.■.■;;:::: 'f Hostel .....'. ' liiiiia, (carpef-wcuvi',;;,;;;; 'j (lenicri Ileczi', >e(l;;in;,s) ....' Jlelinonil llei to;;enl.(,seli; ' '(h ' lii.i.oM," "4 ' j,;,;^, lainp-eottoii, 1 cir Oir.-^cliol Oiisteilioiil. .. '_[[ .Siraliiin, (u-iioUn]" Stryp, (linen) Tiltjnr„".. . Tongi'lio Uilen vcKiR.i ;:; w.iaize :.:;•; Wocnsel ' Zecist Sl>in>iiiig-ftK'turie.'< Brcila . . DonKen Einil, nvi « 24 (> * ^" "'"*'' ''""'•^"^^"^^^^i^'n;^^,^;^;^ c 3(1 I 13 177 4 54 32 38 50 4li 34 25 38 40 20 20 20 lii lU 28 ii; 16 30 |.| 12 20 22 20 SO work at home. KATES or WAGES m AMSIKKDAJI. Statanent showing ihe rate of uv.cs o,ul ll,r l,o„r. of Mor of some of //, . • ■ , • Occupation. Blacksiiiiihs: Uidin.iiy workmen .. C. inprieut workmen. Iiroai|.(..ciori,.s: lial.ers' IdieineQ iViiikmeu Millers: I'Virenien Woiknien .... "!.■'■" Builileis Hours of labor. Paid per- l(i.J Iloiir. lOi . . do . Breweries : I'oreiiii.n, (Germans) . iirewers, (Ucrmaus).. Unliniit'd 12 tu 15 Engineers, (Dntchmeu) . •-iiicis, (l)iitclinien) .. J^aljorcis, (l.'indinien) ^^arpeuleis, (Uutcbuieu) . Ji'ieklaying: jiiicklavers iloilincu _■ Asaisiauts U'eek . ..do.. -.do .. ■ do .. ..do.. Month ..do... Average ani't of Wages per week. f^! Ifi to .?■) 78 ■1 40 tu 5 08 I Iloniark.s. 13 Week . 13 to M .. ,1,,.. 12 |...do.. 11 . .do .. 5 04 4 20 8 01 3 CU ii in Hour. . . . ilo ... . do ... 3 40 to C 81 to 3 40 to 7 83 to 13 0, , i liJ to C 52 ! 6 0! ^ 84 1(1 6 (14 3 (lU to 4 84 4 40 riliese men work 7 davs per ■ weeli,,SiiiMl.,x.siiicliii|,;,|. la onepar;i(ula'esial,l,.s|i„|,.„t hey l,;,v,. a ,si„,,ii .,;„,,„ j„ 1 "^ prohis. aaMHiiiiiii^r tu aoont Xt 111 r aiiniiin i„r or- dinary wiakiiicn. i'liese nien are provided with odL'Mig.s . 111,1 liave their vic- tuals (which are hi„iif;ht by llK;mselv,.s)cdnk,.,|(|.,|„,,/ ludepeudeul ol tin ir w.igog. !.Thes(i niou have only their Wages. f These m,n, .hiiinc the sum- 4 32 to 5 08 I ''"''• 'nonih,'. ollen work 15 3 on .; po'"-* Pir dav; Init in win. 2 88 to 3 21 '"■■ '" '""■'' *>".'r waHL'S I'fi" wcrk. a 40 tu nv lU Wci k raiiilcis ami (jlaziors . Plinlihcis riiiitiiic; Coinpositora Pressiucu la 8 to Hour. . do . 3 60 to 4 n-2 4 fl 4 UO Kariitii; piece Week Day Kail ways: Wall hmen Pouitsmeu Glial il.s Eii^'inocliivers Env'iiicliUul'8 Laboieia Segarmakers ShocmaVers ; Onlinary worliinou.. Sitpr! inl' wui-kmeu . . Stoiie-iiiasoiis Sii^iai-i'eUiioi'H Taiieia TaiiucTs I CiiUolsluiers 10 Unlimit'il ...do .. II 11 Uulirail'd II: 10 Week . .lo . do . do . do . do . do .. lU) ...do ..do . . do ..do .. do . . do ..do ..do ..do ...do . do Day Pieeo Dav ...do ...do Hour .... Hour ami dnv 3 fi4 to 1 no 2 Ii4 tu U 04 10 OA to :W 24 2 40 to 4 ^4 4 (•4 lo 7 24 4 fl to 7 24 4 411 to .'•i o.s 2 110 to n 114 ■A to to 4 04 3 14 3 20 to 3 72 3 20 1 pn to 2 114 2 111 to 4 el 1 112 lo 2 40 3 12 lo 3 84 2 40 2 fi8 to 3 30 2 fM 2 40 to 4 24 3 00 to 3 30 2 00 to 4 08 3 12 to 3 311 2 UO to 3 ro 3 no to 4 fi 4 00 to 4 I'i 72 to 4 f4 4 C4 4 ^1 to (i 01 1 21) 2 40 to . iO ( Hour, week, ( 3 20 to 4 00 5 or piece. ) 3 GO to 10 03 Pnv . cio . Week Day . . Hour. Day.. 1,000. 2 m to 3 HO to 3 78 to 5 44 to 2 80 to 3 02 3 0« '") r* 7 04 C 20 2 08 3 CO to 7 24 I'ioeo . do H"ur Week .... Hour & pioco Week Uuuronddayl 2 40 to 3 00 to 5 00 to 4 84 to 2 40 to 3 20 4 84 4 84 .') 21 ,5 (14 :< 40 3 CO Iteumrks. Tlio men oirployed in tli« i:overiiment-,\aid are, lor llio miiHt part. en;;aL:ed peiriia- ueiitlv, aad llie itiairied men liave to pay II) ela. per week to thu w/ilow»' luuu. [TliMP men aro often ont of t work. The.io men work 7 days per week, Sundays iuclmlod. I From 72 centa to «fi 16 when I working e.\lra hours. These men work 7 davf? per week. Sumla\^ iiii'lmieil.— Tlie eiijiinediiveia are em- ploy edtwo-tlii nls of i he wi'els in 'diiving eii;;iiies and am keiit in reserve the other tliiid. Every tliird week tlie Olivines are exaiiiiacd, ai.d during: tliat time Ilia ap men aro ofton out of vuik. ii'so irn^n work 7 dnvs per nwk, SuuJiiya iucludwl. ■nni 7-2 cents to tfi 16 when workiug extra bimra. loae men woi'k 7 dnvs pfr iM'i'k, Siiiiihiyx im-iiuli'il — I'll" eiifiinedrivi'ia me em- ilii_ve(ltwii-thirils(iriliewicU 111 driviug en;;inrH lunl iim kept ill reserve the olliir [liird. Every tlilril werk liie eiiijiiies are eNaiiiiiii'd, Hid diiiiiif; lliat lime llie liriveis are paid as if act- ivelv employed. I' oriliiiai V kinds, a nmn eaa make from MO to 'MU, and ef the lietter Hort.s IVmn iOO to 3i.O per day. lie isassisled bv a liov. Ill whom he hii.sto p'av I'riim 40 ci'iits to *l.--0 per week out of his wajjea. LABOR IN THE NETHERLANDS. SMcmct showimj Ihn rale of nages a„d 713 Oreiipation. Workmen employ, ,1 on the AmshidarnCuiialundHar. Uor Works; Divers Sfasons I'lale layers 'I'riiniia'iH Hlail,.sMiiths ....' .SiriUfis .■.■■■■ Slolii rq "■■■ (-'aipenieiu Sailors _'' Sawyers .".'!!!.'. Labore-rs '.'.'.'.' lloi'se-keeper.4 ..['. Jloi'se-drivi'rs , Uorsi-drivuis, (Knijl'isii'- nieii.) Walehnien, (Kn^jlislimnn) iioy.s, (lOn^'liHli) .. I Piie.diivers,(i;uHliBhmdii) '/ie/m„r,o//«ftor,.fc.-Co.it,inii,.,l. I'uid per- In ooii.HeqiKMuo of flio <■< 11 Day 11 • do ... 11 • do.... ■ 11 .- llo .. 11 ■ • do?.. ■■ 11 •■ 'lo.... ■■' 11 .. do 11 ■ •do " 11 ■ do.... 11 .. do "■ 11 .. do " 11 •do.... 11 • . do . . , a ...do ;: 11 ■ do .... 11 • do ■ '"nr.ni 1»,M19. ..'.'."' IIonr.s of labor la 10 12 to I;-, 10 to 1-J lu u IJ 11 10 10 10 lU 1(1 10 I Unb'niird] 1 I'ciid per- Avera«o ain't of wayes per week. Week Jloiir Month Hoar Week Uoiir .. do Week Day Hour Week ...do ..do Dav ...do Pii-eo iloiir $3 fiO ?'3 88 to 4 M ' -'4 to 7 1^4 3 Uli 4 40 4 :i-2 to ri (-0 ■I .VJ to 4 3-i '-i 40 to 4 00 3 01) to 4 ft .) (;o ■i 20 to ;i (;o .'1 'JO lo 4 p4 y PO III 5 li! 2 40 to a t'8 2 40 to a CO Ill !jiHiiii^^! 714 LABOR IN KUUOPK AND AMERICA. DUTCH AIITIMNXH— i>iAM()X'>-curn.sa. [From thoBllUali Allimn.ic, IbTI) ,.,,::t\:^l!;SS:,rs-:;;;:r=»r';;;-rr~:Sr:;;;;;:lx^;V;,^':;: lied III lliillmiil iliii'-' liiit u I) liir :i«'l.'i«. ill tliis'.iiiiilry. VUv D.adj woik Imi'Uh lliilbli iiiul EXPENDITURES OV WORKMEN'S EAMILIES. min„„c of the ...1ack.„ntU, ,n//. InxfamUj of a u>fe a.ul one child. ArticlfB, [Vtoxa BilUHli coiisuliir icportn.] Bvi'-liic.iil Wlii'iiicii l:reiiil Uiit;(M' Milk Kii;:iii' Cdll'.'O Tim rimr I'lilaKicH (Irci'iiH Mi'iil liirf Miillou I'l.iU llji' 11 I.iinl 8,ilt {0 40 111 Sill lU ill 1(1 111 41) SU W Artick'S. Vinogiir, pi'pppr Oil nil r mill wdou Ocikd ur i;oiil t* ''I', Sl.ilrh • \Vii»liiii« ami miUiKliiiSI Tlii.iiil Walir . •• 111 Ms.'-riiit SiuUliiiiil Uuiiiil-liiml i;iiiil»'« SiiiiitmirliciT Tubaeio U. S. gold. to 04 8 14 14 H 4 4 10 4 ^0 10 3 40 :i 8i iiciiiiv liiillas iiHicli a^iiiu as Mio smitli : Ai'ticU'8. lldiiwri'iit I'lillltuCH I'Miiiiy lt\,.l,ivu.l .. CnlViiU Oil line.' 11 r.uiiiT Siifl iiiliuM. Milk biiup a. s. (juiii- to 4H 511 :iO ■M Til 84 5v! 18 II « AiticU'H. iU.S.KuU- K.iH ■ ViLictublcs Will i> liit;ail 'rcill:l(l'tl l)(ii liir's fiiiul SicU aii'l liiiiyiiis liiiiil. i;i]r,iicsi-iui cxiifu.tia .. SclHicilin^ Clutliiiig Total . $0 06 IC lii 6 10 12 10 50 5 03 * irt nuiilrl, Ml lliiH, ill irtciiiiiiiiy. Till' I). 'tell \vi>il< liicUH liiiibli mill iiff iMuiiry. li ii* UM Ik inillUl I'Mlllcl.t MlllllIH iaii-ly Ivinli^li w'iiiiic'ii. IliillaiHl. li i:< ciiincil ■iini fiuMi JJil to £7 I'cr coiKliliiiii v[ llu) Uulcb tliit^ii. Lirs. fa ui/e and oncvhild. 8. V. S. gold. IDO'I 8 14 H M 4 ^^ 4 *■ 10 4 lO 10 3 40 C :i dl iitli a wiCo iiiiil two iliil- uiicll biicoii, iiiul spi:ii(li( lU.S.Kolil. i.d ... $0 10 Ml LAIiOR IN WIE NKTIIKRLANDS. 715 ieldiijcr, liiii iho AriLlus. Uv("lii(.,iil Whi'iitiii brnid. liiiller Milli (,'iur-|. Sll-,11- c.iir.o T(M Ticiiilo H.mi' I'iilllt<»''H \'i :;ctalilcH Jlisil I'mk l'..ii'iiii Lard •O 40 4 SU 6 *i ' 4 lU U u 8 40 H 14 If 11 lU Sail oud pi'ppir I'm f and umal. ....' • '"lie (ir (Miul fSiiap Slaicli and wiiHlihiL'! Thmid Watir '■ IJnii !• iiMif, ..'..',,'" I'lll'i.ll-luiril .. nntiiinj; ;;; ^liiii H nr Ixier... .1! I'libacio Mincijlttnfoim ... Total to ro lU li Id H 4il» 5 4U c ■J uo Lii.sdy, wti hiivo flid iiiodcNf rHfiniiitu i.f .. I,,.;. I 1 . ii uihns, i„tl,.,,l,.,.toraiMl ilm iimlntaLm L,, ]'' '•.'>•- ^'''''^''''i.r.H, ,iii., ll,o tli;.n lie i.s Mipim.,..! to euni. "'"""'"^"^' -""^ "'"■■'Ij^''' I'.V "I'oiuJiutj cou.Mduably luoio Articles. r.s.g(,id.i Uivail llii'c or piilH. I.aid ........ KmcI Hntlnr (-'"Il'i-H Oil Salt rutatdos $0 cs 4 :-;i i^ Article!*. Mdk Total por day,... Tiital per week IIIIO.'*!' 11 III Hitk and Ijniial Inad... Total n-ceUlypxpcuscH V. S «o!d. «0 l| 43 » (II 41) 8 i 49 'I'liiTi' iini two points H|)0(iiilly to bt! olwrvcd in tliosn P«f !.„„*„= m • . .■v'r titst,.,!, ,MMl b„t littlo of,|,:,t. W, on, .V Li,.^ ' \"" .""•■" '"" '"""" '^ iliinl.iII('<1. and 4 Ibu ns MO 5 "' I r-i„.|-, wl.id. |M,1 t,. bo .,ioviJ.d or • , I'n '„■■ I i ' ^^ ••'^"'MiM.s {7s.) ,„ Ibo I'XciikI tllO <• (•oiiiniittiM), CONDITION OK nil.: LAm,l,IN,J.ci.A.S.SES IN HOLLAND. [From Uritisli con.sular repoitfi ] Ilf 716 LABOR IN KUIiOPE AND AMERICA. Inipetiinim tpmncrnnietit; wonUl fxpiMid in iioliMcul cxcitriiii'iitibfiOoiiHPcrntcH to tho ini- provi-liit'iit of iimowii indiviiliiiil lot; tln> iiiii'ulioii of tlui huiir, tim iiinvt of tin' iliiy, jioKHcHH littlii interest Ic biiii; ho pieleiH Ills Itilili' to liix iie\vM|(ii|pfi-, iiml lim liiiiiily lircNlilo to the |)nl>lie, tli<' r< :iilill^-liiolii, or the |iolliji'iil iiieellliK. Jeiiloim to u ile){ii o «n er the lllieit.v he illleiidy [lOMseHMeH, he does not «lyh tor more, anil inct'eix enjoyiiii^ In |ii:nti the a*ilviint;i;;e>i "alreaily Neiiired to liini, to iinlliitinu for otlierw wlneli liM lathers did without. Tin Dntcli arliMiin ran live eonifoltalily and contentedly on what Would lll-Miilliee In sali:»fy the wantMot an ICii^jIIhIi lalmrer. lie ^etx lower wa^^es, he lives in a (Miuntry where proteciion is still iirofessed and dutii'S are still hi^;li, where the. necessaries id' life are ahout, as ilear as in i;nj;land, ami the luxuries dearer, and yet his home is happier and his Iannis healthier than nuiny which could hi' found elsewliero. Spt ndin^ less on himself he has more left lor his children, anil what he Buves in licer he spends in hread. The usual Wildes of a skilled artisan, such as a car- Jienter, joiner, pluinlier, or smith, may he rcidvoned, in the lai>,'er losviisof Hollund, af, iihoiit iga.H) a week ; his wife, perhaps, adds 7--! uv Dll cents liy t ikiiij; in washing, and tho man himself, liy working out ol hours, on odd Johs, (dieii adds another sliilliiiji; or two. I imagine a steady family would thus lind the united eaniingH not fall short of Ji.'j.'JH a week. Aleii whose trades or occupations reipiire less sk !l ur«i wmse paid, un- less, iiidecil, the aliscnce of skill is compciisaled for by the add i lolial seventy of the labor. The lireineii or stokers in the jjas-works at tlu' llaKiie nceivo 17»i. ii./ a week; but lor this lliey have to work in relays of twelve lioins at a time, day or ni;;li', as the case may be, and seven days in the wi'ck, with an additional six hoins uveiy Satiird.iy to secure the weekly rotation i>f iece-wi^rk. ' 'I'his plan is adopted even lUi the premises id' the employer. Thus a iiiasler calunetinaker w ill furnish all the materials for makiiif; a table; the tablu will be made in his own workshop, under his eye ; but. whether his w ink mil n is iiidust li- ons or idle will make no ditlereiKM^ to him, lor he will pay him tho Name hum on its complelioii. Anoiher very general mode of piiymcnt is by the hour instead of by tliii week. Ill this case the artisan nal iiially earns more in tlieHiimmcr, when the days arc, loufi, than he can do in llio winter. The pay varies aciordinn to the iialiireol the labor, skilleil or otherwise, The rates of I nun 1 to Scents per hour eiiibrace the princi- pal variations. K.i.ch skilled workman is rci|uiied to lind his own tools, with thi^ ex- ception of those of an iiiimovable nature, such as lathes, presscH, and machinery cd'all kinds. The hours of laboi' in the Humiiiru' are f^eiicrally twelve, iiicltidinj; intervals lor two or three meals. These consist of breakfast, at about 8 ; dinner, about mid-day; and occasionally tea toward oveniii;^. Half an hour is ciujsidered eiioii;^h lor the liist unil last, but dinner is a more imiiortant matter and occupies, with its Bubseiiuuut ru- pusu uiid pipe, au hour ur uu hour uud a half. A. ti« ooiiHocrntPH to tlit« iiti- ir, llir 1IKW1 of till' liny, .Hiiiipir, itiiil liiM liiiniiy \fi, Jl'lllollH to li lIl'gK II ■»>, iiml |iii'l'i'i'M <'iiJo.\iii>; li for oilii'iH whic'li liii ily mill <'oiir<'iitrilly on r. Ilr ni'l.s loai'i \viiy;<'Jt with its subseniiuut lo- LAfJOR IN nUSSIA. liABOU IN IIL'SSFA. 717 <'H(ll|o scctiol. (,ftl.(. l;,.ssi , „ ' . I "•'■' '■' "'"' ^■"•^' ""•' ''If''''- i^.lls l,„, liiil.. short h^S , , S? '• 'I'' ' """<•"'• "''i'-l' r;l:;;:[^:;:;:;;;;:;::!;;:r.^:, -;''!" £;:if:.;':r-?t:l;:;;;;:;::r^^ EXPORTS rUOM IIUSSIA TO THE UNITKD .SIATICS. ,.„, . . „ ' ''''I'"''''''''' <>f Ihe immi,,u I European connMm. ijiissia in lMiroi>i-,\vilh Finland '■I'liiiaiiy I'lancc, without Aljjiore..." United Kinjjdoiu ' 71,171,108 4l,li-(i, Ml) ;iii, 10:.', ;••.'! m 718 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Statement of imports into the United States from liimia durivg the year ended June 30, 1874. year ended Juno 30, 1874. . . ]ii)mida. do . FllBB OF DUTY. Chemicals • Ilairiif ■ n liiiuU, iiniiiaiiul.ictiirc(l ... l^.])!!- l:llllvM i.il.s AUiitlicr ur.ii'Ica Total IVc'Jol' duty DUTIAIiLE. Ensti.'B pounda. Cnriliv.c, riipi'. iiiid twiuo '»' - Cotldii-nKinul.ioUuift Fiinc.v jioiida yU\. IMW ; iiiMiiur.icturenol' luipiirtH direct fiom KlLSniil. Quaiitilir.s. rO, -Jf-'ll 31S,UK) VuUu'H. fl-J, Till II.UIl J I, ','0.1 ..tons. nenii), I jw II nmiracUiiTH of. tOIIH. pounds. do. .. \iouud3. Iron, li i-uoii Kliie'-iiiin Jute, ni.iiiiil.ii-tiiii'n of ... Leatiiii 1 f 111! UiiiiU niiiiiiil etiire.sof ■••• -■ Seeds, fl.ixsi cd oi- liiifcud »"■ '"'a ■ ■ Tobiicr.., cii;;ii-.s pounds.. W iiie, in liol ties lUizeu . . AVo.l.i-.ivv pounds.. Allolli.iiiilieles Total diitialilo Total lifool' duty Total Imports $un, '.:•:« ■)c9 'j'o 1!, (i(m, (j.-j Sli i;.() n, iis,'.';iu (i."i, 4-^.") ti:W :wj 1 III, |i.-|!l l-.'.',.'.c.l OI,i..V) Hit 4, .'>r:t y, 4;:n i,(.j.-. 107 ll)J ■.i,-'.l 545, U^S l.ll Imports indirect from IUl^iSla. Qnantilii': V id lies. $I0.3;!5 "';"),'!i:ii 2i4,ra,i :;7, 0^:1 lit i:4J. 0H7 4,', 37 H 14,i:i,6 $C5fi, 1!'0 ;i, .,!ii 33. 7.-,fi 7, 1 1:( 31 '"'7,"i:)(t 2IU, 711 3'-'. .-..-O l,-J,-3 I'J.-i 847, 4U., , l'.;l,;i."i i,."p. 4;.') I! 3 7II-J 137,718 t',ll,(.7,S )4.-,Gli 71),), i;H Tlio indircel imports eanio tliroiigli llio piirts of- Fraiiee Geniiany ... Kutiland Total . $5r3 34'J, i.D 3,",li, IrlllJ 70.,, 'J44 MINERAL iniODUCTS AND RESOURCES. Tlie futniP capabilities of lu.iiiuractnriiipriiulnstr.v in llussia may bo os- tiiiiaUd ill imit 1>V tlicaliuiitiaiicu of law uial.iiai,(siK'fiall.v ot niimrals. Fioai ji work pivpaml u > Uk' Vienna ICxIhImuou by Air. toUabjkowsUy, ei.ntlfd ••Tal)k'aii\tl« riudiisiiic lies MiiRvs de Uiissie Oii l^ii, Uio following' iiuoruiatiou in regard to Ku-ssuui luuuiig uidii.stiy is e.v tracted : 111 l^iTl t' ntinibor of initios owned by Russia and jnodncins gol'l was 979; ).l.lt.inm,li; sily.'i-U-ad, :il ; roi.|,..f, 7u; iron, l,l;4; /nie ti; -^'•''■i"- I; J '"' ' ' '^;;' ' V'i- nvim's ]• fliioim-, 0; r <^k-i-ali, -1 ; Iicsk'cm »>'•>' nMidiilni inis. liuu yuiil was fiTin ,(Hia;.;ilO ton.s ol' ^oll-san.l, r,i,.i(.U ,>o,.nd,s o.' K„l,l, Moin l;'.KK' to,,. .1 pUununu- Bu, ■) .U4 . unUot |,Cnniun;,;i..,l-JOton.s of ,silv...-l a,l oic, Ul 0,.i m tons o eoiiper- -;■ '^.o,,;,K ,. or ,^on-or.vw,.H.o .„n. of ..n.-o.., loi -^ ,j';^;;^ -•;;;;;;;: ■;-;;f niuu. car ended June "0, 1874. liiiporlH iniliicct from Qiinnlilii'H. Viilues, 214, cnn $10. x\:> ;),!i:il i4,2i;6 •i, ;i;i. II'O ■:,6 I 'III :ii 72 ""242.'0b7 2, 244, U=o 7/J:i() 2IU, 7 a f3 42,;nB 142 32, ,7^G 1,2^3 (17 127 847, 4U., ilD 7li2 i;r,7i8 .•.;!n 4.7 (.'.M.(,7a 14. -.(JG -.0 70.1, 1M1 34:). 2,.9 37li, I'M 'M.I, 1)44 3ES. ill llussia may bo o.s- [ii-fially of iniiitiiils. y- Air. tolvulijkow.sUy, ,ussio CM liS71," tlio iig industry IkS vx- ndiiciiis g<>l Kill w:is lo.i-.UO toiiM of [iliiliiiuiii- 100,. Ki.") tons til (;(i|i|icr- ciiUull-ori-', e,t(;'l liiiis 'it' 1,0 I. .us '■ '" I'-^-'fi, at llio Ru.s,an„t,lalf,.r 1s:;o,mm.1 .l).n lor . ' ^ J .^J ^ '"'■' "l" ^^ ""•'"■.. ia wa. hot, a.tcnpt.Ml Molii .v„mo ti,„o l.Ucr «<-'^ t-l'll'loicd. t,i„m„i,o- .ooOnd-wool ie.o'u!i: • n:;::l./::ur ;":.;al:x;:::i;^:;£:;:7' "^ "- -'i-^^^'-- <-'• yam. ii.io.e From 18.'i0 to 18:ia I'Voiii In.i'J to 18J.J..''.' From l^.d to l.s"):( From lf,V.) to l-^Ol From IH JM(,oou a.oKi.ooo ,- :i, -ZM, 000 7,.m;(i, uoo A notable incroa.so i.s ob.scrvcd in IW.'IO lw-i . ... i , ^Inctioo ol' wooUm, lal.ri.s Ibr I sp^^i! 1 " n .^j. ! 'IVo;'"'', "/■'■'"■"'^'■"' ''"'^ '- i oi^loli lor thoco,nl,i„;;-w,Md ,spu . i . t'l/o looi^ I I I ''' '"' "'"'•"^'■'1 about om;- o«n,w. It may bo a.^kd I bat' ■ ' va r l^v': ' ', 'n'''''''- ''''^^' '" "'■••'^'""-' '" ai)o slicaring and wa^hln.r „t woo o ,,,,,; ' V , ' '""'"' '■'"''"- "'' •■^l"'!'. imd to "la,Mnr..,s in spinniu- and wravin- wo, T ' '• '" ""' ■"'^'■■-■'< "l' man- 8m;l. tliat many woob,., labric-.s . w i tl , „ fl .'.m "'"'i" '""".V .N""., ba« b.cn Tbc, l.ilbuvin.r tabloe\liih,is I,,, . V , '"""' "<"" i'biuad. penod«lrom la^i^ to l67i: '" ''^^ 1"<'K'>^«« "t Hie wool-maiuiUutun.. i„r thr...e-yoar f^'oolcii indiinlri/ of Russia. Tears. Wouhn ynrns. IP62-'G4 . . leu.v,,? . . lti.*-'70 . . lr;71 £ V 'P,'" ■a'' 22 2, 1!'0 27 2, fc;ii) 2;) 3, 1,20 40 3,700 {'l(llll.S •61, i.7L',(;i!0 ',i.»7, ..lU i,i..".o, i;,o 2, 320, 07j I iho iiOD.i coiupulud at 30 iiuuiiUa. t— V, " ci °^ w ;:: ta ~ -^ ■P-." 1- 74, 1:20 i-M, 47(1, 0,10 7.1, .,20 2.', 0!) 1,4:5 ,3, 140 2.-5, GUM, g;5 7j, UOO 32, G2 J, 000 no, pM'pji , ""!' . '-' "'!WXKf^'^'!ff»*mti^lf<%:f.^~.?^^ ■ 720 LADOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA., Woohn imhtstries of ifii'ism— Continuod. ■ -7- Fabrics of combed wool. Total. Tears. 1^ °2 lFG2-'fi4 1«).V(;7 ](-t;8-'70 1871 i-:n ii;o 14, nso 17, 4(10 1;' 4110 ;io, vuo ?.5, ?o:t, ('no H, 44i;. li.'iO 0, 417, 1)7") 14,700,1)00 (i7-J 708 !ii, :ino 9;i, .'■..■o !]!i, Olill no, -juo ?-j7, 402, nnn ;!.■), 22.% 47.) 30, 100, , OHO 411, aso, 07 J s^srs.;;:^>ii";l;;'tst;n;;,;^Sr"Vi;r;;S:r^i=S;;^ li,.V,i" , V ,l.,mi.|ii,r,iiii,mi(l,.fim-rd»ii.li..:. The. nnn.L.r .ifn.t.in.saii, «..iK. u and of riuhiiicC .'^iH'inilt'''y "'"' '" '^''^ "J^ 'I'o- It;' : Coimtrios. In (lio eiiiiiini Kiii^;iliini nf I'.iImiicI Griiud Uucbv nt Finland Total. .S3 3i2 7nH 10 1, 3M 110, 10, 20 1 ' 840, 0.'iO, 000 I 720 j 7, 702, -liO ' l.-iO t<0. ■ 121, 070 07, 7(i;), :illO Tho pr<.au.'ts of tlic. BOVL-ral provinces of tbo onniii'o, wliich exceed a uiilliou dollars in valiK', iuo tlie rollowing: Moscow ^■'"■^^l^"^ PionkolV ^'^^'^'^ Gi-odMo •'■''*••.'?, Simbir.'ik '2,o(i:\,.m T.sclicrni-off ei,0.-(., /;.0 St . Pftor^-biirg 1 . ''-l"-'. 'f.^\ Livonia...... l,H,(i,7.|0 Kali«z h-M^'^^^ Tl,.' principal ravv ni.itcrial used is native xvo,d. F"'•«;iKn.^""l^f «• J^l^^'l-'ll""^^^ finiall .pmntilics. (lOO.LiOU pouud.s in 1671,) and arc used principally 111 Poland and tlio ""'^^ i;o;:ii'n:;:\ an., first, tl,o,„orino ^vools. of ^vliid. Rn.sia P-I-YI'I-VIJE!^ poinds annnaliv, l.nt a part is cxporte.l ; Kccond, the 1 "^.«'''''. ^^•''''' '''/'''' 'V 1 Z> 1)'m, and 1!.,^ i.-nntri.^ beyond tl.e Vol^a; tbird tbe Ts.Hj^a.s woo tb.' ..d .d b bor.b's (Ural, Kniba, and Adaew ;) fonrtli, eanul s bair, ot wUich^/OO.OUO^pouuas are collected annually. A part of tbo Russian wool is exported. -mis CLOTH INDUSTllY. Ill 1871 tUm-0 wore in Russia 510 cloth-factoricB.cmployins 70,000 workinon, am ducin« an annual value of 8-!,W'U,O0U; in tbe kinguom ot Poland, -Job clotb-bittoucs, Total. *s t-.i i~ " «2 -^ .^i C-3 ^ - « = 'a" y-^ '' >"-" 532 ill, 3il() ?-j7, 'ina, 300 ntu 9;i, r.."0 ;ij, i-j.'i, 47.1 ti7-J !)li, ouo 3'.i, niii,.''>no 71)8 110, -JUO 40, 1)50, C7 J 1, wliicli is about its eqiiiva- r lii.'Ut. H lias IxM'ii iii:i(l(' in tlio il(> tlii-iiiUMln-ioffstiib- lulicf ol' workiiu'ii lias ^'lll ii'iist lie atlrilmtcil oil incMliH'c'd llio coai.si' |ir()|)iicioi« 11). (Ill their sively Uiat iif llii'- t^i'iis, juiauciiiatiuii tiiicm tlio (1 woikiiicii and pvodiic- [' faotiirii'.Kaiiil wuikiiicii iiiiimui iHiiiiliiT of !!(!.') I'ts rcniaiiit'il tlu^ .saiiu". Till) necessity of ceiui- matbiiics which do the try of Russia, of Toland, ^ th- = C.S ^ s •- S 2 ^iA = M S ' ^ 9i^ > 708 110,20 1 $4!l, O.'iO. 000 531 HI, 7-^0 7,7iiA.l!0' 10 l.'iO 50, 700 1, 331) lai, 070 57, 703, -M exceed a million dollars $1,9.-ri,750 i,iM',',r)Uii " i,H;i;,7r)U i,;itw,uuu )ol.s aro imported only in ipally ill Poland and the pvodnocH aliout 1,800,000 an wool of the hordcrs (if rais wool, the wool of the 'uicli 700,0(jO pounds lire 70,000 woikinon, and pro- )laud, '^oli cluth-fiictoVKJS, LACOE IX KUSSIA. 721 ■with ■'JjOnO woikini^n and a prodnef of ^9 '-i.t -m. ^ ■ ^i ^ f. la(,'toric.s, cinplovinK •.:(• l( I le,, n„;'i }f ' .""'^ '" *'"^ '^'■'''•'l T^iK'l'y of Finland Ihcprodncfs may ho divided info fiimn ri.,.. .i sMA^* i„ .!,« ^c™ !«-■;„ H „„„„„,„ ;„ .Loii;;;!!- ii", *y,';-J3t'S,i' Tlio .ViOi^.tion of ?irt.sc7(t;ft for i!s;e in ' '^^-^-."iiiS hr ^os^o^vS'^-^^tSrfr-'^'^'"^- ^" ^'vo.^::s^t^ b^rtr^^;^''4i^n^^;:: ^vool, Ac, many niannlln^tnr,^- wh Sr^ ^^Jo^f .e"?"""'?''' '"^l«<"^^^''^. «^ains of mauulactnnn.; th,.. i..„.k.rn tissues with snciL ^ ^ °""^' '■•-^^'l^'-'^'vjy aro now Wdor.-.siTxxixr, factoiuks. TISSL-E.S OF CO.Ml;i.N,i-W.I()L .VNI, IIAM'-WO, ir.. viu(^i 'at' si^Sm ' '^T';::isssr:;f';f' t''^"'^"- -"^ -> ---" i-dnc^ (worsted with cotton, ^varps) is ' " i a 'v c' ,ri, d '^^n ^T' °'' ^""" '""' '"'"-"•"' whem H,„ nn.ni ,a- ..!.,/..>._ ' 'i(-ip.iii.\ c.iiiKii on 111 tho Kovernnicnt of iloscow i- of eslahlishnKMits r,.ach<"^ ' .'V,: ,, , , ,'- ^"^■'^'•"""•i ■odnction valued at .Sl:!;Sour' ' '""""' '-''' i;»,000 «-oi- lujien. where tho number and an annual pr Shawls, .scarfs, v*L;c., aro nianiifa.ctured'diirto e'vtn-iciiv-,.',- t i-- . ., M;.c.w setit to niart^ct mo, e than three ^J^l::^!::;^^!/;;::, ^.r^oPHIl^^i;:^ c.vi!r::T.s axd Fr;r.T.s. v:d;LK/tSl5;r"l^iet;;S;.TS2llf"' ^^'-J^-'-^ -'«- - ammal product (l=>IH^stry.) The printing is n ti ,es ch,, t Z'1' %"'" '";"'" '"' l"'"'f'''l "'nS war|isar(! ordenVl from abrtr d \ u- ,. / i'^'torwH, but oftener tho prin/ccl Persian and Turkis ca rp,' s mailo in < V ' "''" """^' "■" *''" '^^'^'l"'"''! I'x.m'. Tho excellence, They .^re nm!;; ^ i2l atid'a^v'^e^Ssl l.^" ^'"^ '"''' '^^^^^ '^^ carpets and gloves of t.,ted wool,andi;; ^;;!;:;rkibifinei^Jo^^^^^ P,il=r/"'n'''"*'"" "^ ^'"■■''" I'ro -r'- 7 ' t''"". ^vero delivered at tho fair of BMM 722 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. that tiiuc. It^vas valn.., n,c eased ^t a o ,-«.,vQ r,. irtlT thii iuiDorta ol -woolen goods amounted to !;l,MHi,( J-i, anu in ic/i u) l^'^^O^^n^^Pi^^ woolen goods ^vc^•c in ieG7 about §-,050,000, and in 1.71 ^aboutk034,000. _^__^^ ^^^,^^^^ ^^.^^.^.^,,^^_ Tlio rotton industry gives a product of 102,000,000 roubles.* in tiria™ S ^ ot tlie eigb eenlh century, Russia contained, acco.dmg t; ofOcial doeun en foulv 'JO establisb"nent« for ^veaving cotton (spi.nnng not !;;^yy;a * ^^ '^';'; ' i vtroduced ) At tbo coninicnceu.ent of tbo niueteentli century weaving '^K^^^^ ^" f;' " rive. loi ittl f, and in ls20 tbero Avero 410 establisbincnts employing 30,000 ^voik- lueu and siipplvinK commerco with 35,000,000 arcbmes ot cottonades.t The nrotress of industry of weaving cotton was still nioro rapid after tho pro- l,ibith-n"r If of 182a, which absolutely interdicted the entry of printed cot ons, and ^HppI " vtrvwk duty upon the importation of other cotton tissues as wel as upon cotto varns^ Under tbo very marked inlluenc.3 of this tarill tbo national fabrication cotton S;""'^- ^'"X-^Y i„^ ,..>„r3. In 1830 wo possessed 538 establishments for wcavC pioduc1n?w\r7f:ooTX^m of cottonades But it i^ ibovt dl bv contributiDg.to power-yji/iniH;/ that the tariff of 1822 placed upon a so^fdrasisoui cotton industry, kachinc-spinuing bad been carried on at the imper.a iinnufte'orvof S^^^^ 1805; but this was only a commencement, and tH est^iW?shmeXbelonging to the state, was placed in exceptional conditions which coukln" It^-as only at the epoch which followed the publication TthotL^ff of 1822 that the introduction of power-spinning was properly made lu ^^ The "two first private spinning establishments were founded, in 1824, at St. Reters- burfand > oscow and i^u ten years after, that is 1835, there were 2.5 establishments. "I-feo progress oT' this industr^y became. p'articnlarly "^''^»i^«'^ l--".'" ]t« P«^°:^„f ^^« year 1842, when the exportation of spinning-machines was antb ' ''.'^^ m England^^ must also' attribute this progress, in a certain measure to the in.-. .^- « of the dut> upon cotton yarns from $3.(50 to $4.08 per pood.t eliectcd m 1841, m c. ■ e luenco ot the cii.u ''^In'l84Ttho number of spinning establishments rose to 45, and the value of their products represented no less than !tf'^,280,000. • i „„i;„„ „f rnHcio wbioli ^ An important change took ^lace, in 1850, in the commerc.a policy of f^"^^' 'i- J^ passed from the prohibitive '■^5»"« to the protective systeni. 11 ot.a^^^^^^^ 1 l^-'0[c^ l^^ thn flntics on cotton yarns from §4.32, tbo old rate, to $..?.9C per pooil. ilie tarm oi *1857 lowered the dutyVo $2.52. The duty was also lowered upon ofher articles of co^ ton. The national industry bad then become so solidly cft'^^l'^ f ^, .^'^.'^f ' % {IZ prejudicing it, the reductions of duty gave 't a new impulse and s in M^^^ develop aifd perfect its processes. In the revenue-reform oi 18{,8, the dutn.s esta i lisbed in 1857 underwent but slight modilicatious, and the protection accorded to tk> Russian fabrication of cotton remains nearly the same. TaJ)k s7iO!n"»r/ the condition of the cotton industry in the Eusnian empire ■c in 1871. Iu(la3tnc.'.s. b. a 'a p S a 'A c r; k 8i)inniii2 AVciiviu^ D.yoiiii; iiuJ priutiug . . Total in Eussia. Kinfrilom of PoLinil Uranil Uacliy of l-'iulautl . Total. 51 7;t8 511 1, 300 1, 0=0 2,301 44, .JOC "«, 7on 3-1, 700 1 j7, 700 ."■,.">, 07(1. m 4^, 200, 001) 4r<, 20d, 000 13,410 4, 000 151,C58,000 8, C13, 100 S,Oi7,000 175, 110 lGi,203,10l) ~^' rouble of 100 kopecks is oqual to about CO cents gold, or 75 cents in paper currency of tho fniKd \ One hundroil arcbinrs aro equal to 77.77 yards. { A pooil is c |ual to 30.4 pounds. it was only §1,177,500, :li n« 81'>.000,U00. ir and tho increase of I lias incroased if lato P()(>,7U4, and in lf<71 to l^-.i,05U,tJ(Jti, and in lc71 LA130E IX RUSSIxi. 723 Tlio cotton industry of RiiskI'i iufiffni * *i In the great n.arkoto^- Nij -Not^.S^L 1 r s,'n!l''f .f '?• ''"^ *''"*"'" "^ ^''" ^"""try. very considerably tho iU'iUndrofCii.n^Z^^^ "' *'"^,'^",«'"n "'P-cLandise, reduces In tl,n +,i,..,..i^.i ^,..,:.., -.■,'l'l.'^'rV'«''tottons to snpiily the niarkets of the. interior! d, nccniding t> official g not having then been weaving began to rap- iuiploying '.iOjOUO worli- iiades.t )ro rapid after tlio pro- of printed cottons, and . tissues aa well as upon ;ho national fabrication [ 538 establishments for I of cottonadcs. But it ■ of 1822 placed upon a Tried on at tho imperial a commencement, and :ional conditions, which Dllowed tho publication ig was properly made iu I, in 1824, at St. Peters- were S25 establishments, from tho period of tliu 1 -ized iu England. Wo K 9 -e of tho duty upon M . ■ e. lueuce of tho crisis , and the value of their policy of Russia, which 'ho taritf c 1 IH.'jO rcdnci'd per pood. The tarilf of wn other articles of cot- ablished that, far from e, and stimulated it to • 1808, tbo duties estab- otoction accorded to thu aiaii empire in 1871. is ^ o u :i >■- t> 44, JOC ■ 78, 700 34, 700 M, 070. OOO 4t*,2i)0,0i)il 4f , aOd, OOD 'Jl 157,700 i 151,058,001) 13,410 4, 000 175, 110 e, on, 100 2, 027, OOO ~U2, iSS, 100 paper currency of tUo Unilcii |^?Jhf?^!nt ■±!i^l1^i;;;;a^:*-:''-^ into Russia, has no loss rapidly the industries of prime neei.ssity. ' " ^^ '" *" ""''' ^^''^^"P-^ ^^^' 'ir^t rank among ■inn .^lIJv INDISIUY. productu.n of Transcaucasia, which snu, It 1,^ " "f- "' ■^7,41t!,(i00, including tho . acter Tho importation of ibn L^ H ' " "lU^ 'l'™' --^ i^^ "'an mannfactnring "char- Then,..ut.ctureoUrocatel,--l^[-;l:;C'-^/l;!™;;-^;.n^ iSo^^Su^Z^^r' '"" ^'""""^■- — ' «'--the mineral produc ^fi^^^^^TS^S^^t^Si:^^ "f '^--0- 557,000 of iron, and weight of ammunition; ^,000 fis wei .,? '^ -'"^-OW Poods iron cannon, 15,000 poods of 1,' and" (ion n ■ , """' ''*'"\ ^^•"'"' ^'^'K'^t "f weight of iron articled ; 10,000 jwos we 'Kf si o,.t',^7"'^'"^ 7,800 "poods iron for use iu ship-buihli, g Te.o dso nnt ^ sb/^, I^>n,V' '",''°"'^"'^^' ^'"rtli blades, and C,7S5 gun-barrols. " The aniom t ?t n^•^ '-^0,000 lactor.08 can only be approxiniately com, t ^s the' '^..'r^- *'"'"','«'' l'"^''^*" May 1 to April :J0. The following return bowpv.r '^^'"^ '? reckoned from correct. Tho productions of t ho Lelt n - ,2^T\' " "^""'"^ed to bo tolerably mated at 13,t>00,000 poods of br n/e 1 on^ino f "^'"?"/'n°^ "'« ^'i'''! '""e esti- of copper. _Those aroLd Mosc,'v ro\s 1 'n^f i'^^^,;!!?.''' ^^^^ "Z ?.f":'- a-'-l 100,000 return from tho Caucasus. Gold, to the "■.mount" of'T'pnr' ,^"iT''V'' '-'?"'P"''-'i ^'^ the during 1874, without reeko,,ing\ho fst ic" of AItK„?°vl'' ?"' ,'^'-'«», T^^'-'^^^ted an annual average of 165 poods. Tho p • d'Lt on oVrn i •''^'"^^ ^'^''"^ >''<^''l amount, including anthracite, raised in 187 i,'"" ^J-^om , n i ''"-'V'''^ ' *''" t"*-'*! mineral oils in tho Caucasus sho V'l 'r.-.V i, 1 . " '^'■"■fiW poods. Tho extraction of covered in Roland. " ''^ iiiciea.se, and oil-wells have lately been dis- fi'om the iglith se.s- year, bi.s THE I^DtrSTRIAL CLASSES OF RUSSIA. „^)'^^^" t'JC author vi.^ited Russia in i,S72, as a (lelo-i;-. United States to the International Statistica Cougress ti; , >siouol which was liekliu St. Petersbm- in Aiigust of tha voir l.i. .me was so fully engrossed in the work" of threoigresstlif he wn, unable to make a personal investigation in rooard to tho ^n.t o. i clition of the mechanical and facto?ylabo oi th com rV k av'af" Moscow the center of the manufacturing industry o7 1 ui;ia as wS as at ^ .jni..^ovgorod, where he attended the great tair, and sK?o uentlv at^Varsaw was so brief (hat but limited iiifonuation was obt n o n antry-the larm-hiborers who were recently emancipated from se^J nv::r ' ^^^f'-^^^-T.^r"^ ^^ero more extensive than 1 n miS- for' traveling as he did about 4,000 versts (over 2,G00 m k's thron^i, tbn ^entei^Uha^oun^ was able to observe the 1 j g^t' tgonl^ * Fooi =-. 3C.4 pnuiuls .ivoirjiipois, " AMERICA. to view llicir dwclliiigs, j 'id thus iiilbmi liiniself of tin::' io:uution, altlioiigli unable to <.'oiiver:;i' with tboiu. In regard to laotory and i:ieclianical lab.n-, liowcvci, ' ; 'ia , f}:a;hcrO'; from other sources, a'nd pre.fnts in t!io foUowin;^ I'ligos, intonnatiou of luueh vuhie. tho I'iirurc and extent of tlie chief 1 bv :Mv. Jiichell, then Uritiyh consul at H ail no ■171 :<'X> y-.o 'ill 3-;7 60,347 1 •^■■i, •Jj!( !)■-' 3-J'J 7, i'33 1! lun 11! 'm:> 13 'm:< 1(1, 5(10 1 1 0S3 ■1 17rt M 711 •i t 37!) 1' 130 71,725, •ID'.l ll,-10,i,i:5>; 2'J, 50,-), 51.-i 4,43(?,401 4, l'J6, eu3 5,275, t-li> It-, 1G4,C'.I7 as, 5.J3, 255 2,722,r,2l 1,321, (lis 4, 402, 774 2f, lit- 124 23, 1'.KI, r-17 302.314 i *220, 054, U72 - liinuil lo iiboiit iIC5,500,(J0iJ ill riiituil States curruncy. Spirits distilled, about 73,000,000 gallons ; beer and mead brewed, about l.'l,000,000 gallons; beet-root sugar produced, 3,300,000 poods; tobacco inauufactured, D9i,0CO poods; irou raised, 15,781,000 poods. I'ACTOKY L.\l;OU IX 1^11. The fjJlnciii'j ilalcmeiit slioivs the war/cs, per moiith, <>/ u-orl-^Koplc in a cofton-mUl in S!. I'itenbnr'j, in Ihc i/eur 1^'U. Oco;i;i.T>Ion3. lien in the lilowinj or mixing rooms lioya in tlio lilowinVt-fnom lien at cai'Jiug-eiisiucs lioya at tlio tiacli ol' ciirils lioya at tile I'loul of cavda (iiila at tho ealeuilers AVomen or girl.a at (U'liwiug- r, ,. I's . . "Woiueu or girls at bacli ot '■■ i a ... Girls at baeli of tiilie-macli': • iirla at liout of tube-ma'-U; Spinuera I'ir.st or largo piecer SecoiKl or buck tiiccer Largest boy at back of the iiiulos ... Small'Ht boy at back of the mii'es . . Iteekr.'* I'iler, llrst clasa Smiths, macUiuiata, ic ■\Vatchman $8 40 S3 m 00 i 00 8 40 •1 rv, 00 1 / 4 i-O 3 00 ;.: n. (! 00 . 00 . ij,> ■ 01) 04 .. CO ■1 32 3 36 2 83 2 ^8 52 B 1 20/ a ti 1 2i) iiti 24 1 ^12 31 1 in io 5 01 3 12 3 12 6 Ifi 10 5S 2 10 f tlu'.r < onditioHv 'j;cs, iDioruMtiou ol' :tont of llie diiuf HI Uritisili cousul at fc. 1 s w t>4 ^ 1« • .= ; ^ "* 'A >■ '' 60, 347 71,72.'-.,45'.» > 22, 2:i!» ll,40.i,t;eii i fl2, ,'122 22, Sd.l, Dl.i 7, ii3;i 4,4:ie,421 ;t,■ 111, 0(iO 22, .'J.^):t, 2."..-) ', 1, o^:i 2, 722, (;2 1 ) .l,17!j 1, 321, 078 ) :!i,74t 4, 402, 774 i -i ., :nit 2^, Osji, 124 >■ loC 23, 1'.«,i-1T 2 302, :jU *220, Coi, il'.i c} U 1(1 me a 1 brewed, 1 3,300,0 DO pood.s ; ,781,000 pooils. ill a cotloit-mlll in t'c c -^ x >.'i o H> — c o ct« f=bc =-.': T.Z c tc C ^ « :/. — ' :fi I- 3 O u O «:■ 63 fin ei 02 •*2 f-* 3 t-) 1 20 1 2iy ; '■. 1 !I2 2 M^ , , 1 20 1 2.1 9G !iii .: !'i 9(> 24 :; m 1 20 1 112 ' 01) I 20 72 04 1 20 3ii .. 00 1 20 TC 4 32 1 02 in 10 3 30 1 20 D Cl 3 6S 1 20 3 12 2 -B 1 20 *- 2 ^^ 72 i iit-i 1 20 3 12 1 ■■■: 1 U2 c IC. .1 "^o 1 92 10 ."iii .i '^ 1 1 44 2 lli Ui LABOR L\ RUSSIA. 70r RATES OF WAGES IN ]SC9. [Frum the Kritish cousular roports.J •sr. rniEnsBURG, 1-70. WAGES IX MOSCOW. The follnwinc tables "ivn fim ». * ;■ .«.. or H.„s, .„ ,u. ?.,, ,,,, siTifsris ctiSss.'!;? "ir^i n'((i/('.s in cotton-tniUs. MixiiiK-room— cotton-pickers, worucn '"'"ses per month. ;ScutcLiiig-overlookeis,meu..... S3 58 lenters, ineu *g 3g Card-room— overlookers, iiieu 4 84 •Strippers, mou H 03 Grinders, men (3 JJg Drawing-tenters, wonie'n"." 6 14 Speed-teuters, women. ;j cO Speed-piocers, girls ".]."■■.;":; 4.54* Overlookers, men 2 08 Male spinners, men !•> 20 Male spinners, first piecers,"boys". ".' 9 10 Male spinners, second piecers, boys. 5 32 Male spinners, scavengers, bo vs . . . 4 16 lurostle-pieccrs, girls... ' <> HA Iveelers, women 2 30 Overlookers, men .'.'.'.'.'.. 4 541 Winders, women ,', 11 cO Warpers, women ".". ;i 04 Sizers.mon 7 415 Heald-knitters, girls.. 10 ("t Weavers, men and women ."'."." .'.'." 3 l4 i-ngmemen 7 gg Stokers,mcu H 7,; Oilers, men C g5 Mechanics (i 41 iilacksmiths 11(30 Boiler-makers • 13 00 -yowers ;;;;;; lo 30 .Joiners 12 g^ I'atteru-makers ".".".'.''" 10 9(5 ^^j^ers :::::::::::: 1352 Moremeu 9 38 ^;?™fn ;::; 5 so tVatchmen 6 44 ay-laborers y 3 87 Carters • -■ 5 03 Clerks, in lScb',Vrom".!".'. C 44 ■" $0 41 to 19 3G Enffers, men nax-miE,. Sorters, men and boys". 9 03 Machine-hacklers, meuaudboyV 11 ^0 ^llt I . } 726 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ■Wnges Iter monlJi Sprc.idors, wotncu $4 10 C'anter-sprcailcrH, womou 3 S\ DrawiTu, woineii '. 'i t)'i TJoveis, women 3 8t Spinners, woiueu ami children 3 84 Dollers 2 5'j liobbiii-ciirricrs, 1loy^< 4 4S Twisters, boys and girls 4 4'i Band-tiers, boys 4 48 Keelers, women 1 28 Dryers, men 4 84 Bleachers, men 5 10 AVinders, women and girls 3 W Piecers, girls 2 50 Warpers, women C 44 Dressers, men D 08 Weavers, bovs and women 4 48 Cloth-pickers, boys 4 ii'i C'alondorers, men 8 30 Reel-makers, boys 44 lleald-kiiitters, boys and girls 2 Clii Backers, men 44 Enginemen 9 68 Stokers, men 7 72 Shaft-oilers, men 5 l(i Blechanics, men 5 10 Blacksmiths, men 13 84 Model-makers, men 15 48 Joiners, men 11 CO Brass-founders, men 12 88 Gasmen 44 W^atchuicn 5 10 Day-laborers 5 10 Carters 44 Sweepers, boys and men 4 48 Clerks ^ 19 30 O verlookei s, from $5 **0 to 10 12 r>}Mcldn(j,(lijdn(j, and pviiit tcorls. Laborers in laboratory and abont printing-machines, men G 44 Work-peoplo about agency-room, dye-house, aud calenderors, men and women 5 80 Overlookers about agency-room, dye-house, aud calenders, men.... 9 68 Packers, men 9 68 Overlookers, men 10 90 Wool-washers, men 12 Card-cleaners, men 44 Card-feeders, women 3 20 Comb- tenters, woaien 8 84 Drawing-tenters, women 3 52 Iloving-tenters, women 3 20 Twisters, women 3 20 Keclers, women 5 10 Woohii mauiij'iivliirc. Overlookers, men 13 83 Card-cleaners, men 5 80 Card-tenters, women 3 03 Shearing, women « 3 03 Weavers, women • 44 Cloth-cleaners, women 4 48 Wool-washers, men 5 48 Cloth-dryers, men 5 48 Cloth-piessera, lueu 5 80 Spinners, boys 2 88 Spinners, men 10 32 ■Wngea per montlu §4 IC ;i 84 :j ij-i :5 84 3 84 2 5'j 4 4-i 4 4^!) 4 48 1 as 4 84 f) It; 3 M a r.t> fi 44 1» G-i 4 48 4 ij"2 8 3t) 44 2 02 G 44 9 C8 7 72 r. k; 5 10 13 84 15 48 11 CO 12 88 44 f) IC 5 10 G 44 4 48 19 30 $5 80 to IG 1:> G 44 5 80 9 08 9 G3 10 90 G Vi G 44 3 20 3 84 3 C-i 3 ao 3 )>() 5 10 13 88 5 60 3 03 3 03 G44 4 48 5 48 5 48 80 2 83 10 32 Glnss-blowcrs Kon<,'h-iioliijlnr8 Cutlcru JJesii'iiors uiidors ;;;;;; AssiMtiints to blowiTa.'boy's"" Mixers of iiiatoriuls at furuaa Jl.'inluiKTs, boys StorcT.s iiii.l iiuckci's'wJu".!!; ." LABOR IN RUSSIA. Glass-tvorka. 727 ■WnLTM prr mnnlli 5-^ 3(! to ijl4 Hi G 44 to 11 00 .8 30 to 1(1 12 7 a8 to 10 !)G 3 3G 2 72 10 12 r, It! G 44 I'ajKr-miUti. 08 (0 5 10 to 3 20 to Ovorlookors ■VVoikiiiuii \\ork\voracu *"" .., Aveniso cost of food per month for- Ouo iiiiiii Oimwom,.,,...: Oiiecliild T'l , , , rnicEs OF rnovisioxs. I' lour, black, per cwt *''iu/.s. white, best, pur cwV .".'".'.'.''' white, seeoiid.por ewt ^vliite,tliii(l,p,.i'cwt .."." J.aek wheat, jier measure.... •• Wheat, iier measure.. Jhilt,perewt •Salt, per ewt ..'.'.'..'. J'ease, i)er iiu'nsiir(^.. > afer, per cart 9 G8 I'er pail .... ! • = " • GO liong, biacki .1 per 'piiu!!!.'!! 02 Cabbages, jicr 100. 01 C'-'inots, purlO ■• 2 43 •• 08 J ..f 728 L.,; .(;PE AND AMERICA. OiiioiiH, IK r CiO rui'KU'.VilHT bunch I'lilulois, ijorpoiinil Hdliiiiuiii.iicr lUii Tttllow (liiiH, per poiiud iiiol.lN.i'ir pouiiil ('iiin|)(iHitioii cuiuUrs.iH'i' |i()Uiiil rolrolt'iini, inTfUiait I'loui', hcst, per pound Hi'conds, per pound CofTcM', per pound Milk, pur (|Uiirt Jliicdii, Inrd, ham, per pound Fowlrt, per pair OotiHo, i^uch. §0 24 to TuiKcyH, I'acli Hoiip, \h:t pound fWarch, per jMiund ^'n<'aroni,pi'r uouud ilfinn, per pound £aK-*,l>0T 1(10 J''inIi, avoni^'o, per pound... C'ra\vliHli,i)iT 100 Wino, ('oninicim',st, liad, per pasHablr, iiur bottle Vodki or brandy, per bottlo Mainirp, dried and enk.'d for fuel > tliis year at i?7.i>() p ""^"^ Wool- Total employed in woolen-mar „r, 30,000 riax— .Spinning-mills iT.'nlin Weaving-mills .1^."^ Dresser,s,&c ■^"'""" Total employed in flas-manufucturo _^0' ^^^ Ilomp— Yam-spinning ^' Jj„ Ropo aud cordage J' ,, Dressers __'_. Total employed in homp-manufacturo '''^^< '^"" Cloth— Weaving, dressing, &c. Carpet-manufacture — 70, UUIJ 2,000 \. 00 Of. ..., UO) 03 60 13 14 84 S4 ■ • ■ • 04 • ' • • 03 .... so 24 to •M .... 10 14 f,0 to 7-i (il) to 7-i 7 "J to 1 (J'J 10 08 06 08 84 20 05 13 .... as .... 36 cubic ffi't. P";eJs aud cs. L'RO, January 12, 1870, the mmilior of Ruswians poi)ulatioii, bears to tlio r a very nnn(i>ruHri oJuhs nal navigation, c.upon- sans aro in tho liabit of to tboir villagca iu tLu u various manufactures LADOG IX RUSSIA. Silk- •Ribbons, Ac. NiiltH, Ac Oauzu Total omploycil in silk-niaaufoct lion Lfathrr. u.'»i.i,Ao ....::::::;::::: Oii,i— bcuip, linseoa, HUnil(i\ver" Ac" f'lair .' urc . 729 UiiikI-i. l,WiO 7, coo 1 , .'jOU ](».t)UO Total n„u.bor of bands employed in the io.ogoin, Z^^iactZ in J';!;;r,:;K^.:;:;;^;./?:;j:L';xK"'^ ;■•«;->-. !-^'-t, .,„..,„ .„,. uumbcr.s hoinj; obtaiuublo. '*-""'J''- ''• '"cs to arrive ev,(/ i.ppn,xi,„atc. .. 1. VI, 000 • ;ii',iJoo . yo.ooo . l.'i.odo • OU, DUO . 7;!.'), UUO a«e-mak- y at ihftr pieces, a«d tloactnn/, in "•■'■'''' ''■ """"^^'''''l l-y n cornor .,r a room a lnrf;e brck /tov^^in*; 1 H^^^^ ' "1^'^","t "/ y"odeu tiles: i„ one walk of Lis Lui. ' *-^''" '"*'" l".>'^ter and papur-Iiaugiugs for tljo CO.NDITIOX or lACK.IiY LAliOliEKS. opI> ill larj;o towns or tbc I but in no case ai., comfort and 'lean liia's^ t ,1a', f^fn ''''r '!'• ^"'^ "'' '''^^■" ^'"ries. general y small, low, ba.lly ventilated a, ,1 .'^^^ 1, '^.'', ''""''"'"'"'"• ''''"' '''"'"^ are mS and eating; shelves nr b.m'hes serv ■. ,^ r '"" '■"""" ''"""' ''*' " 'o-- «Wp. known to each other from world g at the same mil • ^v";.?. "f"'"' "V' T ^''"'^'^■'"'y ^'"^^ the same fam y, and childr, n rvm, ivi.l . ^7"'-, '"'J' •. ^^^ry few, indeed, aro me- hem ,-.V parents, seldom 1, v., wi h. m Sen^i ir/' '•""''''•y'-"' '" ^^^ «an'e neighboilioo,! ...Their «avo in the ease .; ,he super or woSuwho^ men have often neat, tidy b-dgiL ' Zl ] vo ' ' k ,m^^^^^^^^^ "'^-^o general practice amon^ mill-Fiamls t for. 1 t emsWv^t T"^/V ''^^'^F^nccs. It is a smting. according to tlu"size of the ?oou "five t m^ >f ?i t'^" "I'''''' !' '^""' "^' <;l"''.co.,- -mber of me,...rs. Each ar„l ^^l^^^ll:!;^:'^^-:;^^-^ " ^^'^'^^^ 4 """."'^"scow; other wise it is v il i 1^ 730 LABOR IN EUROPE AND A.Mr.UICA. tm nt iinrt of tbr limi-c. Tlic HHiu'rviiHion of i\w lo«1«ln«« U intrnstct) to comprtcnt persons, iind 111! extent of tleaiilin.sH unil ediiifoi t ii utiiiiiinl which woiiM Iki (|uito iiiiiiOhniblo to arrive lit ill niiy otliei uiy, Tlic iiniuites juiy i reiitN to SI, II a iiKMith; luariied men fioiii if\A\ to ifri.ltl. Attarl.ed to tliise houHci there in p'lierallv a Htore, where tho luoiihi tan imnliam) the iieeessarieH of lite, el >,'ood (iiiality aiid'at reasoiuiltje prices; tin* store in under the eoiitnd ofthe niill-ownci or inaiui"er". • • * Homo of tlie more wealthy mill-owiiern liave already est ahliMlied hoHpitals'iu direct roiiiiectioii with their works; o Ki""'ill. The bands work on an averaf;fi thirteen hours per day, coniniencinL,' at ."a. ni. in th.' Rumnier and nt :>:M n. m. iu the w inter, and stoppin<; work at n p, ni, An honr in the ndddle of tlie dav, K'Uierallv from I'J to 1, is allowed for dinner, and the operatives usually have a short time allow ed for breakfast at S a. m., and u^'ain, for a Inneheon, at .) p. m. Adults lind children keep the sauie hours, but only very incoii-alerable numbers of tlio latter arc employed in mills. EDUCATION IN KUi^SIA. Ill llus.sia, in ISTli, there wore 1,081 iircparatory and lii.i^hor .'^diools, attentlea by ,'57,loO pupils, of whom 10, 101 wore boys ami l.'l,78D ffirls. There were lliO gymnasia, in which Latin, French, CIreek, and science generally, were tauglit ; and ;J2 ino^^ymnasia, attended by 12,751 pupils. Of preparatory and liighor schools for girls only, tlicre were 180, attended by i.'o,lU 1 pupils. The universities, of which there are now eight, have been orgiinized on the Geriiiiin model. They cmph)y 012 professors, and have C,71)!> pupils, nearly all tho latter being from the middle and poorer classes. In referenco to the condition of tho working classes of Ilussia, tho British Ahuauac says : In Russia tho working classes may Tip regarded as being in a kind of transition state, In couscqno:u'o of the recent abolition of serlUom throughout tho empire ; many work- men who have been serfs enjoying from their owuera permiHsion to live and work in tho large towns. Again, thero'seenis to be a tendency on tho part of tho nowly-cmanci- patotl population to drift toward tho large cities aud towns:, agricultural labor being inisenibly remunerated in Russia. On tho other hand, tho Russian mechanic appears disposed to emigrato to tho Uniti d States, but for tho political obstacles in tho way of his so doing. In every respe. '-, tho social condition of tho Russian artisan is inferior to that of Ills hrethren in Western Europe, and years must elapse before he can hupo to become on terms ol industrial equality with them. EERDIA^•SK. The British consul at Berdiansk, under date of :,Iarcli 22, 1872, writes as follows : Tho keen demand for grain has brought largo tracts of laud under cultivation, and a severe strain on tho labor market has resulted, which has within the last four years brought up wages to very high rates. The Ku.ssian workman has not yet learned tho value of time, and ho does not appreciate home comforts or wholesome food. Earning from $:> to 810 in a week, ho will waste tho next, and spend his money in drink. Ho knows very well that he has never to wait for work, but that work is always waitnig for him. His wants aro few aud easily satisfied. He ' ves in a wretched, unfiirnishetl hovel, possessing but ouo recommendation, warmth ihu winter. His bed is but a piece of felt and a straw pillow; ho has no sheet or other covering. Ho .sleeps in hH clothes, and his sheep-skin coat serves him for a quilt. His dress is of common print, and he generally wears it until it drops otT from age. A thick sheep-skin coat is luii dreas iu winter, and this is seid(jia taken oil" during tho i .,ld montii-s. ilia food consists principally of black liread, made from ryo, s'llted, sun-dried fish, cheese of very poor quality, eggs, aud occasionally pork; the better class of workmen generally have .i 1 to romprtcnt ppr»on«, llM Ihi <|llltO illllKIHHiltll) lniii)i>t ii«,foi(lin;^ to tlio till' Jc at buinj,' iltiliicti'(l iiiiiii \\'\\l jmy I'loiii 7'J ttailu'd to tlicBi! Iiouscs i> noecHsnrit'M griculturiil labor beini^ issiuu ineclianio appears I obstacU's ill tho way of ssian artisan is Inferior apse buforo Iiu can ]ui[w or March 22, 1872, under cultivation, and a itliiu tlio last four years I lias not yet learned tlio liolesoiiio food. Earniii;; Lis money in drink, llo , work is always waitiu^' a wretclicd, unfiiniishe^i inter. His bed is but a vering. Ho .sleeps in his Iress is of common print, k sliccp-skin coat is his lontha. liia fund enti2i=ts isli, cbceso of very poor rknieu yeuerally havo .i LAIiOU LV nU.S.SIA. 731 I'oMso \U. r;^V\ d" ^aC^'si^-"""'""'^ ^-""''"'' il ^ in:;e:^'"^V!' ^T'"' t economy. tli'■> 'M U, $1 li-i '"7 to J 3-i Wto 1 18 ■"0 to CiG '■il to 1 0.3 40 to 1 ;!!> IC uO to 40 00 J"ited btate>i at Odessa, October, 1873: m 732 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. ruUc of ivagvs paid for farm and mechanical labor in Odissa, Hussia, in the year 1673. Occupation. F.MlM-LAI)0i;i:U3. Exporioncnd lianila in aiinimpr* JixpiTii'iiecil hands in winter* Oniinary liands in anmnitT* Ordinary bands in winter Coniniiin laborers ut other than farm-work I'umalo sorvauta SKILLED WOBKJIE.N.t Blacksmiths Bricklayers or masons. Cabinetmakers Carpenters Coopers Stachinista I'ftintcrs Plasterers Shoemakers Stone-cutters Tailors Tanners Tinsm iths Wheelwrights Daily wages. ! *^,f ^^ With board. SI 00 M 07 .W 75 00 1 50 1 50 1 25 1 50 1 25 1 75 1 50 1 50 1 SO 1 25 1 00 1 00 1 00 Without ' board. I $0 75 ; 1 GO 1 00 1 30 1 00 j 1 ;io I 2 00 i 1 00 1 60 1 00 1 25 1 50 1 12 1 12 1 12 With board. $20 on 12 00 10 00 8 00 10 00 7 00 * Women one-third price. t By the day only. Price of board for workmpn, per week, October, 1973, $5 ; for workwomen, per week, October, 1S73, J3. A.. ssin, in the year 1673. Daily wasos. I ^^^^''y •' " wages. With board. $1 00 50 67 50 75 50 1 50 1 50 1 25 1 50 1 25 1 75 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 25 1 00 ] 00 1 00 Without With board. board. ?0 73 $20 00 J2 00 10 00 8 00 10 00 7 00 1 CO I 1 tiO 1 30 1 00 1 ;io 2 00 1 00 1 60 1 60 1 25 1 50 1 12 1 12 1 12 I y only. er week, October, 1873, J3. LABOR IN KUSSIA. r33 PKicEs OF ^KOYISIo^^s, catocERiE.s, etc. 3^s;;S:"ir:?aj:-s:,,Svs.:c^^'£S£,^,f7S Av::i:Uii. I It'.'tail )ii'ic(.',s I ill lf72. Artie >'lail])rlccs ill li?2. iio.. do.. do.. i'i:ovi;::o.\.s. rionr : NVhcit, siipiTfino . . . .j.it ii.inol H lii-at, extra fiiEuilv, ];yi> _ C'orn-uiual Leefi |>o.sli,ro,i.stinci)ifr(.-;..]HriioMi;d rrcsli. soup ]iii'ci's ,]„ T'rosli, runii)..>teaU» "do " (-'oruid .1,," V'l'iit: '''■•■ i'or»q,-,'irffTM ,],, llind-iniai-icrs ",|,,' " CutlL'ta ■■• iluttoii; ' •■ i'oro-qnartcr.? ,1,., /rr- '■'■'.'\".'.' Luo|)a ,1,, /''•'"■''''•, ,■ do.. tonicd or .talti'd ,\^, ilaiM.s, sniolicd ! ! ] " do ' SboiildiTS do ' (-Vullisli, drv ilo '" Jl.ickerol, I'lickled '.'.'.'.'.'. ,i,,' " " j;''"'^'' :;::;do;:: tliecso |]^ ^If''"'^''-- liorYushri' ,, " inr iioniiil Mir::::;;::;:;;;:;:;::::^-;':;-^. '^'•'■■^'^ lior (iozcu. ' OUOL-EUIICS, i;tc. Toi, Oolonrj or otlicr .,1'3'k nol l!io, groon {\ liio, roasted ,i, Sugar : Good brown SiiEnr ■i'lr pound. li CoilW'T, ... ;-> .50 I Snap, C(!iniMou...'. ,,,. .'. 01 ; Farl: ""•■• ■I 00 1 (\„;I llc-if , . ^vood^-^iu^i.-Kuui.ir'^;:-, v"^-'",''-''"'-. IMTCord. ^ ■■■•■' .Pino, (outtiun ill- • -porcord. 10 7 I 10 , AVood, Oil 8 U I-..' tUiilLd) i'l';"'''"'" I-r,ra!l„n. ■'"•"'1' do... 1 o;.!i:-:]ic M^v-cooi.s, i:rc. 7 .Siiirliiiir.s; iS ' ■''u'v"' '■'■ "'•""'•"■'! T'.il- ii Bi,.acho;i;-i:4,-yaii;dai:d'.i,;al! HI Shootin^^s^ Kryard. H ■ •'■'i"v'' °-^' '''•'"'•'"■'^ qiial- •f2 • I'lni^"b:^,-iu„Hiar!r''S!-, -' I -1 11 luiigi, Uuoii ,1,, ■10 I, l'riut.s?.! " UO |; J["iissi'liiio(li,'i'ai'iu'.s." do... ....do... f.'ood pouud. do... 1 00 Satiiiit.s, luo.liiim ijiialitv;!;',!,,' iioot.^, ,:u.us heavy ...... per p.-ii pair.; SO ip 7' 9 12 00 12 to 8 00 1 34 20 20 00 05 55 30 ■■ ruits, green and dried ■ ei 75 1 GO 3.-) •10 00 50 50 20 3.-. 20 M 50 Fuel Oil or other liulit . .".'.'.' Spirits, beer, ami tobacco, (ifaViv) Ilou.se-reiit - For educational, rcligimis; aud"bouevo-' lent ob.ects Jicad of Otkusa, Value. $1 10 30 25 2 20 1 50 Total weekly expenses | ij go nothing per year Ti.xes per year '....'...'... 75 00 S 00 734 LABOR IN ELxlOPE AND AMERICA. DEVEL0r3IE>-T OF RUSSIAN :MA.NUFAC1'UKES. Wliilo tlie luauufactnres of Hussia are as yot very limitctl,* lier agri- cuKf i^^^^raU such as to make her a ^^^^^ ^"^t United States in the European ^^rain market. ^, f J^^; f ^ !';\4 in his cut, gives us a deeidea advanta-e over her is the ^'^^e ^^ e use m country of improved agricultural maclunery ^^'^'l^l^ ^.^'^^ JJ^^J. .^afea^ l.'n_M^«, j'^ oua.iars snnilar to tho.e xi,k elsewhere OF AVAGK^S. RAJKS OF AVAGK^S. SidUnuut snowiDji the niU.i of mcchairual itwl fa ill- Occiiiifiticn. Skilloil workmen, (by the clay ouly:) lilacksmitliH liricklayorH or iiias(ju.s ..." ('abinet-makLia Cariienters \\ ( 'impcra ."_''_' ifacliiuistn ..'] T'aintcrs ..'...'...'.' riastcrirs ".'..!!'." Slioemakcrs .'.'.'.'.'.'.'' St.i luo-cutters ' . " ' Tailors 'lamiers Tinsmiths WLeelwrifjlits .".' Favni -laborers : Experionccil hands in snranior , „ ,. , , ill wiiitiT \ Ordinary hanils in anminiT „ , , in winter '.'.'.'.'.'.. Coniniou hiliorcrs at other than larm-work Female servants Tunis. Tripoli. is 2 u s t a I*.-- rO (;n . no ;. T.l ; , CO '. CO |. 7j . no :n CO CO CO Co 30 CO yo CO yij 40 liO 40 uo 40 10 SO tO 00 !l 00 7 30 7 .-,0 7 fiO 5 00 SO 21 16 ■jo no 52 60 18 $3 69 3 40 1 b'4 EXPENDITURES OF WOEIOIEN'tJ FA^IILIES. Slatmeni .honing thv avcrngcu'cehly cxpn,dU,urs of iuo famihs, .Jin T„„i, ard Jiipoli, AJfini, il) the near IfTli. one in Artick'S. riour and bread Fresh, ecrniMl, saltt-d, andemo'keil meats L.ird, oliveoil... liiitter ; Clieoso .'.'_'_'.' Sn"ar and inolassi's ...'.'.".'.'.'"." Jlol.isses and saiip llilk Cofl'eo Toa ;■■; Fish, ftwiili and' salt . .' .' Soap, starch, salt, puppnr.vinV""' I EsM i Potatoes and other vr"ctablcs'" I Fruits, i'lccn and dried, ... i i'lud. j Oil or other li;;lit ....'.'.' [ Ot Iicr an iilos ] Spirits and tobacco (if a'nv).'---' i llonse-ri'Ht " ; For educational, religio'us, limY lienevolon'. objects ;'ar, 40 £0 DC Total weekly expenses Clot hinu' per ye.ir Taxes per year to Uritisli'consni Weekly earuin, .i lurj, $15 per week. $0 30 '. 1 GO j :I7 I Ci| 30 ; 50 I 37 I. 1 00 I I 3 ;o L il ?0 00 03 24 10 CI 13 CO CO 00 5 00 a C7 2b do 1 21 Mgarffi m 736 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. TRICES OP PROVISIONS, GROCERIES, ETC. Siatemcnl shou-huj ihe prices of provhioiif. yroccy'uK. and ofhcr hculiiitj niiklcs of coukumittion, also of lioiiec-ixnt uiid hoard, in Iiiiii:j (wd Tripoli, Africa, in the year l«a. Articles. ! Tunis. Tripoli. 1 i;ovi,-i'jSs. rionr : Wheat, snpcrfini' jki- liM . Wheat, e.^tra lauiily do... Ecof : lrcsIi.rn.nslinfc-]iioccs..jicr llj. I-'lTSll, .ll.lllipiiH'l'S llll. .■ Fifbli, i-uuip-svualis i!u. . . Veal : I'orc finnrtora do. .. Hinil unaitt-'is !■). -. (Jutloti ill'.- ilutton ; Fore quartcT.s iV) , . . L(-... a..... C Uopa il" - • ■ Pork : lYcsh <1o... 8ansa2i-'s ilo . .,. Cnilri-sb, ilrv ilo .. iMackercl, pickled . . . (Jlioesf- ilo . . , .I'otatoes per 1 lU.sh Kico peril) J'eaiis per lit Milk ilo . Eggs per iloz p,^ fin M 14 11 CO 10 Articles. Tunis. Tripoli. GUOCElilES, ETC, Tea. Oolong, or other cood lilack, \){'V iKHiml Cull'ee, l;io : (ireei) per lb Ito.isteil do... Supu- : (idoil lirovn ilo. .. Yellow (; ilo... Coli'i-el! do... .i^oap. cumiooii do- ■ - Staieli <■'>■■■ Fuel, coal per ton. Uil perjar. SO 20 SI 33 I 22 30 •10 10 10 10 10 12 no 02 Pr.Y-GOOD.S, ETC. flrav T-cloth, 32 iucUes. . .per yd. Sl:ii'l iii;:s, bleaclied il). . . 'liikiii^.-!, ;,'ood quality ilo ... I I'riots.... il '■■• IIOL'SE-UENT. Foiirroomed teiieiuents. .per mo. , 10 Sis-roomed teuemeuts do. ..' 12 llO-VKI). ; For men, (mecliaiilc.^ or otlier ; woikiiieii) per week., 3 00 I CG U 10 i; ■i 31 o: in i.i 3 31 ' The j :ir weii'liH 23 pounds. lu trausmitting the foregoing statement, Mr. Consul Vidal remarlcs : The chief expoi..so m Tripoli for tlio lower classes, Chri.slinns, Jews, or Mn.ssulm.T.is, Is for bill-lev, c.Wo, olive-oil, charcoal, anil hou..c-reuts. FiU'! i.s M.arce, and tacnloro pretty hii'lr liarlev is the princijial article of coiisniiiptioii ler jueu ami horsrs llio fovmer wUl make a'heartv meal with one or two paiicaiies ol' liarley-l our ami dipped iu'oil. Sometimes hiirley is eaten in its natural .state. A peiM.n who keeps horses ami Arab servants lias to see that the latter do not eat the barley pUiccd in the uiaDgur ol the former, and do not drink the oil of his lamps. . , , , Many of the articles ennnierated in the above lists ai- luxuries here, and can scarcely be eou'sidered as formin^:^- par: of the expenditures of a mechanics tamily. lExtr.act from a l.tter from G. II. Heap, e.'i'i., United States consul at Tmiis, Africa.] Tlio Arab farm-laborer, who is paid sixty emits a day without biLird, lives upoit l>lack bread, a few olives, and some olive-oil, the whole not co.-,tiiiK over lilteen cents._ In cou- sequcnce of the construction of a railroad by an En-lish company, the price o. common labor has increased over r,0 per cMit. The manufactories in this consular district are earned on m a mannrr and on a si-file as primitive and as small as in the Middle A;,a's. There are several oiulds the members of whicli employ a few hands each. The principal corporations are the makers ol red caps worn everywhere in the East, the linest and most costly beini; made here; aiul the tfoat-skin tanners and dvers, the Tunisian skins bein^' equal to those made in Mo- rocco. In the .south there Itre luanufactories of woolen goods of various descriptions, some of which are ■ne and costly, and but little known out of this country, luo /ii- nisian bcrnoose, however, is well known in Europe, and much prized. L'eyond ttoe there are few manufacture's of any value and importance, and none ou a larfic scale. Nothing whatever is done here for the health, comfort, education, or luoruls ol uio- chunics, and 1 ca;i, ther.dbre, |.;ive. uo facts in regard to these subjects/ KTC. iij wiklcs of coiinumption, in the yiar It^t'i, Tunis. Tripoli. re. ;ooil black, SO 20 30 ei 33 , per lb ... ....lo... •10 ...do... ...(l.>... 10 10 ...do... 10 ...do... 10 1 ...no. .. 12 11 jii r ton. 22 no 10 i. l.urjar. (jj •2 31 s. . .j-(r yd. ...do. .. ...d.o .. . . . . in ...do... ts. .periao. 10 PO n-21 i... ....id... laoo 4 lU i fir otliiT -■1' r woi'li. 3 CO sul Yidal remark.s : IS, Jews, or Mnssnluinr.s, i.s Siciu'ce, and therelbfo ir iiicu and liorsi^s. Tlio li;irU'y-ll(jur and dipiicd (-11 who kt'i'ps liorsrs uiid placed in tbu niaugxT oi' o.s lioi'o, and caii .scarcely uic's family. Ill at Tmiis, Africa.] t lionid, lives upon l-lack •(■r (iftL'Cii cent.s. In coii- iiny, tlio price of comuiun a inannor ami on a .srale ,-eral guilds tlu^ inendjcis ns are tho makers of red ly being made Iiere; and 111 to those made in Mo- ^ of various descriiitii)ii'<, ;' this country. Tho Tii- h prized. IJeyond tho,s' none ou a larfjie scale. iieation,or uioruls of iiie- .nbjects* LABOR IX AMl.;ri[CA .hJt,S:;;iv;!;^Ji:;,i:''f,,rT;,;':;'7.-p'"Vrr>'-^ ill a tub.ilnr li,n„, tho lutU v. " s -V , ' •'' .'"■'^■^•"y f" V^'^^'^l, tIuM«.viH..Mlitnmsof fn I ',!; n Vo ' , , ' ' "'**/;""' "* «"l'-'^i.st.-nco m,d Stat<..s(,f ,!h- ^nic>,^ An pn i^. ';:'''''*' '»/l.^'; -si-vcal ..rtion.s m.hI oflhi.s inirt orti... w.,rk if ,,/../ "'*' •■■''"""■'■ tiu' value ^PAKIIS AND PAUM T.Vn(.KEU« IN THE TN.TED STATED. ia^f hS;;"'!?,:!^;^;;:';;';;;.?;::;::,? ;^: T'^^^ «*■ "r!--..i a,,, n. ,»ta. I'uited Sluu-.s in tlu y ",, "s7o"^ ^''''"'''' '^'"-"="'^' '" "y"<.'»lf uo, ... the [Conjpilcd f",„„ tlicriiil.'dSlMti., CcnsiiH.] States and Tirritorioa. .Vnnibpr(d'porso!isp». gii;;ed in a],nicu)tiiro. Alal>ania .. Ari/.uua. . . . AikansiiK .. t'.ilit'oriiiii . t'lilorado CiJiiui client Kakota:... Delaware , . District ut e Florida (icorgia... . Idaho lllluojs Imliaua IiiWa KanaaH Kcntackv I.oai.siaiia ^Maitin -M^irylaad iii'-'i.sacliiiscll.s . J'icliiL'ari Mimii.wna iMIfi.sitsjsiiijd .... JliMonri Mor.taii/i J>clirasKa Kt3Vud.a ^;cw Ilamp.-liiro ^'w.Ii'rscv. .. . ^••vr .Mixii-o.... Xmv Voilv >;"Hli(Jai-oliiia . Oldo < li i.'j.'nii // iVuii.-iyi Males. I cmales. 220, tm 1,2.-4 100, (;i;:i -17, :>0 M, i-iii) 1 8,IM1 2-.) iliimbia \['m r-o n (on I !'i LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Farms and f,041 12, 1!>. 1». 4, Itf, Niiinliernf liersoiwiii. liiiued in aKriciilliiro Improveil. 2f=n o;to 3, 0!0, 5:;!) C, H4;t, ^78 2, illU, Hill) 1 IC, 7.Vi 3, 07H, '357 8, io:>. i'4u I'.rj, lIKi 2, .^''0, ^1.14 5, eU!i, :i4:! 338 188,1121,099 Miilej. Femnles. 11.7ii7 147, 7l)8 'J47, !>.-.3 i.-,j, 7-.;2 111, 117 iu, f.-l) tiv:,-', 0'-.i 3. 7.-i;i 73, 7-;.'i iri?, 30(1 1.114 5-J,'), r.03 13 ,18, 1140 19, (107 i4,o;ii 11 04 IG, 4(iH I'J o 1 -, l.iif'- 390, 008 Tabic showing the values of farms and of farm implements and machir.cry in the United Stales in the year 1870. [Compiled from the mitcd States Ceumia.] A. QtillUl'll. Nimibi'i (if iKTsonacii. H;i^;r(l ill iiHiicukurii, Vlill. MalcJ. Females. 1 n;in 11.707 i;i 5, 5;i!l 117, 7118 ."■.e, iMii t -278 y47, iWil 1(1, (ii;7 4 h;w i.vj, 7-.;-j i4,u;ii -, 7.'i."i 111, 117 11 1 ■.•r>7 :,-,, ,-,-!! 114 5. nlU U•J^', fl-'J IC, Mki 2, lllli :i, 7:.'.t I'J 1 -jr.! 7J, 7 j:. 21.7 1 :ii:i ifi?, ;«ni i,:if7 ■JM iHl 1 1,00!) 5, 5';.'i. ,■.();) aoo, iiii^ hivcryiit the United Staks Of farms. flff.iriTiiiiciin. pl('lll(-lll^:lli {i:!l, till, Irtl y!i2, lil)2, 441 i.lll, :i27, (140 :ui,2;i>', iUG (H.2I.'i, 121 loj, '.ii;i, 0.71 r.o.'.to'i, '):^4 nil. 4:)2, 7-1 3!!^, 210, fnH - 07, t'47, 412 Hl,7Ui, .''1711 302, 00 ■',1147 720, 103 ;iO, 242, If'li 1. 4' .'i, .70.7 f0,.7t<0, :ti:) 257, .72;(, ;nii 2, 2(;o, lio 1,272. 1- .77, 7i;ri 7H. 211. Off 1,0.M. 1<;7. 221. 22, ;!.'.2, OHO i,04;t',4^i,ri>2 21.574, Oljfi 44, HUH. 7li:S 2lH,74:l, V47 (10. 14'.i.0."0 2. 207. 022 no. ;)ii7[o7.7 21:1,020, f4.7 3, 07H, 041 101,(i04, ;.fn,i'2t 211. II'. 2,2;;7.4ii'.i 5, Olil.UM.i 2:2, i;ii 3, 211:, .'.I I 142, i;i.! 1,2111. i;ii 30, I'll .70,7.1.: I 4, fill. 71.1 34, .770, .".-; 17, ii:ii,,".:'i 20, 7110, .'.-J 4,o,');i,:ii-.; h. .772. ,-:«■. 7, 1.70. ;«! 4, -'il'.i. Ill Ti, 21I-. li'^ii .7, (1(10. -7:1 13, 711,:l'.ll (i.721. I'J'I 4, 4,"iO. il.i:i 1,7, ,7!li;, 4Jli 14.7,1::- 1,, 740, 711: 1C.:!,7I^ 3,4rio,'.n.i 7,H?;.'.".ii 121,111 4.7 007 'Ai 4,11-2.111 27, 11:12. 1"' I 2:13.71' 3.7.i;.'.>. I':' H, I'M. 1-. 3, 3'lii. 71' 1 201. :i"" .7.27.1.27' 4 021.11:'' •JH....7',1 2. 112 1.7 11,-...', ■'■■ LABOR IX THE UNITED STATES. I.-FAKM-LABOR. 7;;*) "" ■*"""" '" ""S"^^!:iiS5rs,;'SS;j?:"™' -'" "" - States. Daih/ wagta. XKW K.stii.ANii sr.iriiH. Al;lill0 Ni w Hiinijisluro Vrl lilulll *' iliin.siK'lin.M(;tla '/'_ 3Ihii(lo Ishiml "' t'limii'ctinit, . JIIIII.I.1-: .sT.tTM. Xcn- Yiirk ^l■w Jersry " I'lOiiNvlviijiiii ■ lii'lawiiic .M:li.vl.lllll ■' \\\-^t \ iifjiniii . WKSTKILV STATES. Oliici liiiiiiiiiH ' IllillciW '_' .Mirhii;;in ' AVis('(iii.*^iii ^liiillcsotjl .'..nra ■.■.'.:;; KllIIMlH Nilira.ska "" .Miw.^iiiiri Ki. mucky '•'!iii'ri..uml hnu.lH in fliniinior. Experii'iiooil Uiiiids in winter. Wi...Wa. AVit,i„„tbo„n,. With .„„.,. Wil u.„r... 9,202,eUO, 8(11 | 33(i, i^:!*, l-i' .vjl TUKKX BT.nKs Virfiiiin Niirtli ('iirnlin.T, .'' ■^•'111 li Cai-olinii, (il ..i{.'i;i Fl.iriilii Aljibunia- .MissLssiiipl ^...ui^illlla 'I'lXilH -\ili;ius:)e , '4'.-iim-srteo [ rAClFIC .STATUS. (;ilif ..... AVBItAilK.I. WKntrlrinflStatos.. .Miilille .Si.Uca M"e,.'! J :':' 1 *'. 1 •'•■'; 1 "(i' 1 6i.i 1 03 1 34i 1 15. 1 371 1 Hi: 15 f(i! Sl| 01) 1 20i 1 0: 70 .7:! 1 00 1 03' on 1 55 1 53 !•-! «': 81 1 3ii I 2(i »'l «;' 1 1; 1 40' 1 i;5 bOl lai 77, ygl ,,, a 23 2 ;(5| 1 55 a 03 a oo: u m 1 7,; 1 5.-, , ;,;j m 740 Table LABOR IN ErUOPE AKD AMERICA. >,kowi„g the uvu-ayr wages paid M farm and otiur lahor, .Jr-Continucd. Ituiilldy wanes. NEW KNUI.AXH BTAIKS, Miiino NfW lliiiniialiiic Vi'i-iiioiit Mi:»«iilinHi-tta Hlldlli' IxliUlll CoIllK'Cliullt Mllinl.H MTATES. Nf w Yiiik Ni'W .Icrsry I'ciHiHvlviiuia ■ l)i-lii\v'iirn Jhii vliiiiil WcHl \ ir;;ii:ia WI>TK11X STATES. nllici IiKliaiiii llliiKiis Mitliijiiiii Wiaciiiisin Miiiut'Hotii lowii KlUlKUS Ji'iliniHka MiHsomi K(iiliii;k,V SOL'ITIF.IIN KTATKli. Virginia Koitli Caniliiia Smith L'liniliiia. (ii'ur^lia ■ Florida AlalMima Mi:-H;H^*i|'l>i l.uiiisiana Ul'XilH ArUiiiisiiH Tv'UUt'HHt'e I'ACII'U' .STATFS. C'alifiiviiia Ni'Viiilii Uiegou TKIiUlTOUIES. WaMliiiigtiiu Ciiloiiuli) Dakota Llalii AnZDiia Mniitaii.i jNi:w Mixiio AVRUAliES. Now Euclaml Stau-a . . Miilillc Slalfti Wi'MiiTii Slaies SouUicin Status. General avcra;;o . . I'aolllc States T')ii Hoik a Average Hi !.V -Xi M -U 'Si ii4 "111 III) -jii uii -J."! f-:)! •411 :»)' -n .a M 311: ■>■> m I aJ 110 an ;t;i ao oo; an (i.'i I'l IIU, Hi l"l, .1 ir. -11 .: II «u .' i.'i -J?' Jll (111 .! II U'J .'< i;i lir •44 r*- 'Si « 'ii '.II'. ■41 (17; •4(1 .".0 '4-4 IIU . •4.-. -lU '4-4 :i-4 •41 (j;i' . • (I nil' 15 nil |. 14 -l;); i H (inj, •41 r.:t, ai V> 111 50 03; 2-2 «<: •4;t :« •41 .^il •4;) 'i'.i; '4.'> 114 •411 11 -44 f-f- •4;i ;i;i ■4."i uu, •4:1 4u 14 n, -M ai 1 Iti 74! Ill 114 l."i nn I'.i 87 n :>.') i(i nn. 17 till l:i no 14 '41 fill •41 111! •4-4 .'lU: •44 no •4.'i nn •40 no •40 00 •-0 . (i.'i . •411' . ii;l . (ip . (|■^ . fill . no . lio . 34 . .«r, "•'.S'j^-i mi\r< r^f-n t< 'i^j .-pui If -45 --i-i ."ill; !s 33 1:1 fl. '41 4.-.. ^40 00 ^41 ."lOj lU •4-4| M <0 'JO (10 -47 (111! 10 CO li- on'; I -M 10 Ifi 75' IS 41 10 (17: 15 UU 111 r.l! 17 30 7 00.... 00 15 50 lU 77 10 00 11 53 n 00 19 I'J H 34 1;, Kl 10 13 17 7.-. 10 00 1-4 UO 4 on u on 10 Or 10 a J 11 4'4 II 00: U'"*', 11 43 ih'ii 13 00; U (10; lit nn 15 on' 14 10 40 5fi 7H 33 45 t<3 13 211: 10 40 1-4 fll' 1-4 on 11 (.7, I '4 nn 14 ."lO, 1^4 00 14 no 1 Hi UO, 13 .511 in M\ 14 nu, •40 110] I'J 00 l.-l .511 111 (1(1 15 t^S I 18 34, i :-.0i . l.j. .50' . no! . 33I. 33,. i;o,. 00 14 14 13 0:1' 11 >•'• 15 4.-' 11 31 13 11! 11 7.51 15 00, U 17: u 1^4: 17 3-; 10 411 1.,- 51 14 (14 18 141 17 on 7: 18 7; 17 08 •40 11 IS 30 •-0 83 •40 00 18 !1U 10 33 •00 03'. 4?. on 53 33! 101 •■!■>•. ;i5 75, 40 00; 70 00,. 50 on: 07 .501 • I ,5-4 50 . 07 50 40 00' 30 0,1 311 75' •45 001 40 no, .... I 70 no 40 OOj 1)0 Oil tl I 00: .... 1 70 Onl ,50 Ofll !. 15 00 30 OOl 40 OOi 30 00 :0 110; 35 OOj . 150 61V. 9 04 8 00 8 57 9 30 ii'oo 11 110 11 00 10 00 1^4 33 10 50 19 CO'. 19 3,5'. 18 .Ml'. •40 00,. •44^48. •4-4 14 . Oil 18 UU, 14 UO •40 00 '40 301 . '45 00 . •40 on 14 ,50 17 5-J 9 9 80 10 30 11 44 14 00 14 .50 14 .50 10 91 ir> 40 1(1 -40 14 •40 8 81 Ij 13 01 11 3.1 5 onl 11 71 1-4 00 11 13 50 19 00 13 00 ;il 07' 33 80 25 on 70 00, 40 on a5 7li 30 75 30 00 45 00; 21 50 20 OU 17 ]0' 2f> 40 '47 OOj liO nOi. i;t 0(l! 21 77! ^40 CO' 19 17 . ^•40' -44 07; -42 121 '43 99. 11 971 10 Hi 13 45! 17 52. T7b0| -22 lOJ '20 Hl\ 2M89| ^^----- ,5Tln!"43 94 34 .50; 75 O:!',. 45 .50, 50 82 40 UOi 73 00 . 50 21! 47 371 30 •45i 74 32 . . . 30 00 15 40 20 00 17 33 19 3:1 17 iO 15 33 4^ 3:1 100 00 50 07 liO 110 30 00 •48 •47 .50 43 33 33 3:1 35 0(1 >20 on ^40 00 12 97; 19 85 9 (III 15 32 12 >• 18 (13 10 21I 13 3, 11 191 10 79 15 00 30 00 35 00 70 00 41 00 •25 UO 1« 00 2^2 32 13 3.5 14 701 17 80 -40 07' U 8r 45 7'.ll 34 cr ...| '28 r3| 31 10 ~.\ 37 31; 32 9'. 15 i: 27 .50 '2(1 00 20 7. 18 10 OS 33 45 00 50 0' V. 00*15 nn?-M ' •i, -a M. !H 'xil ■4;>. -M (Id "Ji M rt), au (iU; -JT ou| iiii'.....,; -M no 00 15 00 I lii ! 00 I 0(1 10 75] 10 07; 10 r-.i; 7 UO;. 18 41 15 00 ... 17 ;io . . . 15 50 00' Hi 77 , H IJI 7 (W II » ail .0 r'l 1(5 4ir, 10 1:0'. 14 (i-j, 10 ;)5l. 17 Oil; IH 50]. 25 Oil' "-.'O 00 If OO'i -^4 14 00 U-J 14 •M 00 'JO DO 1 ii5 00 00 H HOl.... .0 llli .... n 541 s !-0 ... 10 ;)o 5 00 1 1 44 IJ 00 14 (10 14 .501 14 .50 10 '.M ir. 4(1 IC, -JO 14 v!(i l;i 50 10 00 i:i 00 •.;0 00 14 .50 17 5J i;! 01 11 ;i.i 11 71 11 7 is' 40 CO CO 17 ;« 10 ;i:! 17 00 15 'M 33 30 25 00 49 3:i 40 (Id! 1100 00 M uui 50 07 ;!0 7,1 30 00 iiH ;m 'Si 50 4;i ;t;i :);! 3:< ;i5 11(1 ai Oil 30 00 "0 00 4 I 00 15 OOJ -25 00 30 00 35 00 •JO 00 19 85 15 :w IH 03 13 3.- (iO I* la 00 22 32 .... 13 3.51 14 70| .... 17 801 20 07 U K- 10 79 31 10 32 91 15 42 27 jO 20 00 20 7: 15 30 IH 10 i-.u 33 45 1)0 5() 07 LAnOK I\ T •( UNITED STATES. -ii States. Vaily wai/fn, M:W ENOLA.Nl) STATES. ;\Iiiiim Ni w ll.'iiiip»|iii'c Vclllliillt MiiMr-iiiliPKclta. .'. l;i»i(ie Isliiml ' I'diJiicciinit ". MlIini.K STATE-S. Niw V(irk N( W Jilrtcy "]■ ]'i-iiiiMjlviiiiiii _"_■_■ ll>'l;i M:ir,viMji.i ;; W'isi Yirniuiii Wr,hTlilt.\ BTAli;s. Ohio iiiiiiMiia ■.;;;;; JilillniH Mic•lli^;ml \[ WiMiiiisiii ' Mii)i(f8(il;i lnwa ' K;tn.Sj)8 X-luasiia '.'..'.'.'.,'. .Mitsumi ' Kiiitiuky KOnilKlLN STATIiS. Virj;ii]iii \"itii ('.iriiiinii ..., Sciiiili I'.iKiliiia li.'U),;!^! Flnii^ia '.'.'.'.'.'..' AlahiiMia Mississippi '' l.'iiiisi^ina Trxiis '_ Arkansas T:-imi's.sL'« [ PACIFIC STATKS. riilif'triiiii... X-va.la Onf;oii '..'.'.'.'..'. TKIlUnoUlKS. \V:lslii|if;|(iii ('i'!iiiailii llakdla Mall,, ;:;.■.■"■■ ■Viizi.iia Molilalia .".""■ •Nosv .Mo.'iiiio [', AVKUA0E8. X>w Kiiul„„,i st,„pg Miililli'SiatCM ^Visteni Stiitiw f^'iUtlicni Stales '.'. (ii-iH'ial average Oriliiiary liamlo iu siiniuici'. WUli biiard. ! I IfcOO. I 1H70. I le74. ocilic Stall's. Tcrritii Avir.i<;f, . WltliiMil laiaid. 1800. 1870. 187.1 40 "I *1 If il 10 41 .54 f- 1 :il SI 25- 1 .J.-, 1 75j fi",;,, OrdiiDiiy lianil.s in winUr. Willi liuard. IftO. Witliuiit board. IMO. 1b74. If^iiO, ! 1870. ' 187.1, *o 03; to 94 • io Kii' #1 ,y the arrragr u-dffts ^mU} for farm and other labor, T.tiimer1. SlnlDS. Oriliiuiry bunilR In »niiimer, Onllnury hamlii in winter. Mnalhlii ivayi'u. MKW ENIll.AMl BTATKH. Miilhc Ni'W lliiiiiii»liii(i Virii I MilKSIIC'llllWlU Kllnlli' Ixiil' il C'uiiui'dliciit MMUH.K STATEJ. Ni'W Vnik New .Il iHi'V rrll'IH>'tvilllill Diliiwiiro Mlll'.vl:lll(l Went \'ii^;iiiii» WKhllillN »■» >.Tf.'', nl,|„ ,., Iiiilliiriii , ... Illlrl"i.^ :.. Mi<'liili:iii .. .... Wlsl'iPllsiU MiiiniHuta Inttd KlIIIHMH N.'l)inHl<.. MiKHduil KimliU'U.v HoiMiir.KX sT.vria. Vlidnlii Ninlh ('I'li.lina SiiMtli f'auiliiiik Cecil-!;!!! Kl(pri(lii •Miiliiiiiia MlHHiMHi|l|>i I.iiiilniana 'I'cxim At kiiiiHaH "i'ciini'HHio I'ACII If STATES. (•.■il.f.r.iiii >.i vaiii Orf;;iin TEUiirroiiiEs. \>'iisliin;:l(Hi <'.i|iirjicli> Diikiili Tilih.. .\ii .iiria .Mriiitaii 1 Niiw Mexico AVl-.liAOES. Ki'iv Kiiulanil Statos. .. Mi.iille Stales \Ve..teni Stalls Kiitilliefii Slah'S (h'I eial iiveia^e . P.iellii^ SlatCH. Teirili'i'ies Averatro . Willi b( .Kill. IseO. 18T0. 1874. WlUi'iiit lioatil. tPfiO. ,^11 ■ii?ii) Cm ?-.'0 on i:i :ii i:i Wi ill mil If" l.'i v!:l 111), H (Ml n -if v!l 111 'ii Ml 1-,' O'l 13 Ull I- llll lu a.i! 15 on II ."HI in X8 24 02 II 1810. I lt*14. *j2 ;n . ■M on!- S-' tul. ai oo!. Ill (I I .'•> lur 10 (11 111 M 111 U ir .-.7 n M \-, llll 10 oo| II 'I ...- lij oo; 10 0" 18 S-* 17 17 ■M 00 P (HI 1.-. 41 17 Hill 10 2M IH Ul IH 4- iti (i:l IH .-lO 10 70 •~'ll .'l."li 111 07' •it) -J.')' IT llll in mi' 10 10 (m 11 r-n; 10 (lOi 11 041 1 1 (Hi 1.-, y.)j 14 on 14 Ml' 13 ilH' 10 4i; in ii-J 10 4:i| m f7 ... I to .Ml, •.il o.">' •JJ 71! m :i:i| •J4 on •.'0 0(»i 1.7 i.7 Hi II eo 0(1 10 ool 17 01.' n -J." 1-.! 01 m no 10 o: ii'oo in on 15 CO ij 00 io'oo I no 4' .1 ',11 01 . i :j7 00 .70 no no 00 an 0(1 :in ■III Olli •J8 -ri: 40 00 :i7 .70 X\ (III :<.i on .7.7 O'l 41 Oi 57 5" 'J.7 0(1 13 70 an 0? n 71 Hi l;i l-J; IH :i:i 9 si; la 4, 40 00 ;i-,> 50 40 00 30 00 18 fir Hi fl;i 17 U I -J ;t, 10 III' 11 17 l:l :i:i iV-jn 10 on 14 on 17 17 HO l:l 4;! :ti inn 00 51 on ti-2 .70 5.7 0(1 ;)e- on u 4ii| 17 o: 45 m :v! 1 3:t :i;i ;i!i o.'i :in 5H 3(i 44 23 1-. 17 7- I'l n' 14 1. U) 1( 40 on 35 «■-' 37 ?1 13 •,' 01 AVilh liimril. Wlthont Ixmril ISflO. irno. I 1671. 1860. 1870. |h:i . 13 h4 14 03 (10 13 mi 15 00; 13 45 15 00 10 -JO n f'.i 7 n-i .70 5 h:i 7 40 "r'40 1 10 00 1 10 3:1 i (1 3;i 13 (II Vi .70 17 fi'l 15 III 17 1 13 V, 14 i:o 1.7 Ml 14 01 11 H3 10 00 14 47 12 .7!^ I.I 44 14 ;in ilViill in nil 17 Ull 10 4 17 Tlli 17 O;, ■J I (13 'Jll 1 1 111 no! •JO 00 90 00 13 .70 13 VA 7 81! 7 00' ;i 07^ 8 77 10 00' n 21: 10 H3 1-J .711 13 00 11 on 10 ()5 an 00 10 on 11 oil; c: 20 or.... 0,1 30 00 . . on 23 ■>:< 60 on 12 11 7 01 il 50 11 31 ii'fio an III 15 0(1 10 (111 13 4(1 12 30, 3H 00 . ,■^7 50!. 45 on ■ 25 on 23 50 aa 75 . . . 27 00 . . 35 0(1 30 00 . 25 00 .. 27 on 30 00 20 00 in 00 27 50' . 22 50: . n on 10 3-' 14 4' 7 3H la 4-. 1-.! 20 1101 14 4H 13 3 8 10 10 04 la 71 ft 07 13 34 13 I' IS 301. 12 71'. 17 OOi la Hll . 15 301. 311 r,a 2(i 02 15 on 25 311 on 00 23 1-. .70 t 25 11 27 31 20 00 41 .7i' 40 92. r, ij'O. — CoTitiiiiicfl. iHury hanilH In winter. Miiird. Wlthiint iMmnl 0, I 187'l. I8U0. MO. (It; Ml (i7 II •'"I -•■• tin Hi M li 0111 lio i-j 50 ai r/ij W CO ■ifi in rn i.'i :u Ml III no 11 H fu' i;i 'M 14 n;i 00, I-- •>|1 . on 10 13 00 13 * I'J ,VI It 41 14 : >ii i 01 I Kl i 110 I 4.V ? M 9 2"> ! liO' I 117' 20 (10 l."i t\:> III i."i 7ii; 1- (!■;: •J I ii;il 'JO ii! J',1 on ■.'0 on so on l:t .711 13 Kl I nil I 'Ji ;i y;i J .711 I on 1 on I) U.7 lU (Klj ii'oil; ir/nn IJ uu 1-2 11 7 (il !• .711 11 ;t. fi til,.... n nn ... It -1.7 60 on 7 nn 23 .70 ;7 nn 1.7 nn ■ri nn 17 nn 10 on II (in 211 III 1.7 III II'. Ill 11 41 12 •.111, :»H on . i^T .7111. 4:. 00 . 2" .70! , 22 .711. . :m no . ;tn on:. 10 on Ifi .1^1 14 4 IJ 47 1-j 2n 14 4-' i:t ;i7 10 04 12 71 i:t 111 111 I' 2li (12 (in nil 2,7 lill 21) 1 2(1 on 41 .71* 1x74 18 III!!. 12 71^ 17 (lllj 12 ^;i . t _ 1.7 llfll . .711 e:\ . 2.7 no . LAHOU IN' TJIC INirEli STAU..S. TM,: Hhmluy Ihu ufmuje mujex imUl J)„ farm „ml otlw labui; .)v.-CoiitiiiiicU. 4;; St'ltl'H. Dai! I leagca. NKW KM.L.XXIl hlATI Milinr , ^■|■^v lliiui[i»lili-y SOUTMIUIX lST,\iKS, Virjiiiiiii Niirtli (liiri>liiui... SuiKli (.'ardliiia ... (TO(ir;,'ia Fliiriila -Mabaina ilisf^iNsippi l.iMii^iaiia 'I'cxiM Aikaiisas IVnutHHoii I'ACIKIC California Xi'vaila Oroj'ou TKIIUITOUlm. WasliiiiijUm CllldlMilo D.'ilKna ■.'.; I(lalii) Aiizmia Mnniaiia Kew ilt\ico AVKHAI.IBS. Kcw Knt'laiiil SfatfH .. Jliilclii. Shiirs "W'cstcni .Sialis Siiuthoni Status Goueralaven^o. .. raciflc State Tenituiics , in 92 . Avt C'oimniiu liiborir« at mlar than I mu-woik. ri'luiildHclvaiits. 'NVitli linui'il. e> «> V^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ // y. &; ^ ^ 1.0 I.I ■- illtt 1^ lis IIIIIM M 2.2 L25 i 1.4 6" 1.6 <^ % /a °^^ "^« ^^ 1 Jr^/'^'lv^rf-W^'-M-m-W^l^-*.*'^ riiuiugicipinu Sciences Corporation \ •i>' v> '^ V 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 *1 i C < is*- » <3 ;1 ,;l i; HI 711 LADOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tabic .s/ioM'iiiiy the average waijvn iniUl furjarm and oilitr lahor, .Jr.— CoiiUinit'd. Ciiij iiion laliDiciH at {itlit;r tliiin fai'ni-\\i,'ilv. Fi'ini lu ,sorvaiit». Stules. ^\ ilh boanl. ■Witliout liimnl. ■\Villi biinrd 18W. 1800. 1870. 1874. ItOO. 1870. lf74. 1800. e? 50 7 33 CO .511 00 00 5 nil 4 (14 4 ,-2 4 (,0 2 00 4 50 5 an 12 11 (ill (Hi ti 17 5 117 5 70 7 (10 13 00 4 07 10 4 (>4 3 CO 5 28 5 50 1.^70. iluntldy wuijcs. M!W ENCIl.AMI MATIIS. MU'IKI Ki'W lliiniiisliiia ?i5 ca 10 00 1 1 40 111 li 12 I'll 10 ou 15 24 12 00 1,1 eO 5 (iO 4 10 14 31 14 1.2 12 11(1 13 1-2 10 40 13 41 14 05 21 50 'JO 00 10 HO 12 43 10 15 8 a I III aa 13 33 ft!) 11 17 00 22 50 'JO ,50 20 on 'ja 33 20 in 18 .-O 20 07 Hi 00 11 50 20 07 18 00 21 38 •J2 45 20 28 'JO 42 '22 811 21 10 23 -JO 'Jl 50 21 rO lil '27 11 08 11 7(1 12 (10 14 14 Hi 00 Hi 85 17 00 111 70 Id -JU 17 70 15 -20 34 81 411 00 aO 00 35 on aii 43 40 00 73 33 00 00 70 00 25 00 21 41 17 hii 21 12 15 32 '?J5 00 \Q 00 '15(10 25 aa II 00 III 28 10 00 "ii'oo' 18 bO 17 (10 24 25 10 80 ""8'66' f 20 02 HI 00 21 00 20 57 24 00 435 60 $10 811 11 12 10 5(1 *11 (Hi 12 ( 10 25 ^l;lss;nllllsi.tl.s 10 'JH la .Ml 12 00 10 50 n 55 8 h3 7 c." 8 00 7 83 C 30 8 52 11 45 '1 91 8 85 8 98 9 31 9 no 14 ,50 7 ,55 B 07 5 48 5 00 7 40 95 7 00 « 31 in 43 10 05 8 50 11 Mi (12 27 89 aa aa 22 75 22 no 25 (15 •i^^ 00 111 00 40 on 50 (HI io 00 8 on MIUDl.E &l'ATi:S, Kow Turk Is'cw Jersey i'eniisylvaiiia Helaw'iire ilaiylatui 21 78 in CO 111 50 20 51 ■ 10 4il f 10 4 CO 7 00 20 54 7 (.0 >VKsri;UN i^TATK-S. 18 80 20 17 £1 37 22 25 24 50 22 07 21 '25 31 (17 25 00 18 00 10 00 15 32 12 00 14 17 10 33 7 iia 8 55 llliiiiiis 10 Ir JIiilii;:aii WisiMiiiKin iliiiiics>"a liiwa Kf^'isas. XcOiiiska 12 (pII 9 00 8 CO hOlTllKIiN MATKr?. 4 Ml 7 iin 8 110 7 OU ; : Miiliiiiiiii 14 17 la 00 14 ,50 10 O'l 12 07 10 00 42 80 7,1 aa 30 33 9 00 10 oil 22 50 :'.:'.;;'.: 18 07 10 00 22 25 7 00 8 00 7 00 8 (id 8 00 4 80 27 08 52 50 30 00 an 00 32 14 18 00 7 50 5 III) (^onisiaiKi I',,;,,,, 14 l|il 17 no 18 40 15 13 47 ,50 100 00 00 00 14 HO Aikaiisus Tiiuu'S*.'' TAtll'lC STATKS. ........ 00 60 9 00 30 (III )rogon TKumruuiE:?. 30 HO 34 00 "27" 50 51 00 35 00 O'lknt'l 2,' 00 III (.11 IlllllO ail Hii ' 50 00 10 00 111 nil KbW Alixico 12 00 14 52 10 01 15 41 U 05 12 00 50'^V '23 07 37 ao 18 00 8 00 73 4 17 08 12 mi AVEliAllKH. N'dw Eii'jlanil States lliiliU, Slati'.s WcMti'iii StatcM Suiitlii'ru Slati-3 20 00 15 112 20 02 12 00 22 24 17 88 22 31 17 13 10 87 8 On 9 43 7 79 10 -n h ii-' 9 -J-i 8 !■< Gciiernl iivcra^;!^ 18 02 34 01 48 54 4' 1 17 00 10 !10 1 ! 5 93 9 04 n 1(1 ao ml rui'llicSfi'tca I'niUiMiln 00 Hi j 1 i 30 ,53 '^•it'w at iii 31 10 34 07 [ I '22 04 '29 .5,' I 21 ."K) Avera;;ii 51 92 2!) SO 28 78 25 '5 1 KICA. hihor, .yr.— Cnntiiiued. ■U(Mk. imiril. lf:4. ;;(:> 00 CO 00 Fi'iiwli ncniuitH Will) hirard. IfcOO. Ifl^O. 1 Ic". es ro t) CO V, no (i no (i 00 5 Of 4 01 «1 ^•J 4 1.0 2 on 4 JO 5 ;!n t; ij (i on li 00 (i 17 f) !I7 5 711 7 00 i;i 00 4 07 (J 10 4 M ■J CO :. 'J.-! n jo '7 00 H 00 7 00 « (10 y 00 4 t-o 27 n.-j ■ij ."ill yo 00 Sio rti ¥ll Oil 11 i-j 12 Id 10 :.(> 10 2". 10 20 l.t .Ml ij 00 10 50 tf 00 9 5-1 in 01) d t:) 10 411 7 ef ^ 111 8 00 4 (M 7 8:t 8 ?2 11 4r> I) 01 8 b5 8 OS ;u no M no I 7 .15 i b 07 i 5 48 ri 00 7 40 ij.'i 7 00 w 111 111 411 10 O.J ,•< T)!) Mi 02 7 ii:( 8 ri."i 111 I- 12 00 y 00 8 00 4 M) 7 no 8 00 7 00 '■/'riO ."1 00 14 lli| 14 UO 00 27 RU ;t.) :i:t :iii (lo • " ao (10 no on 22 00 :i2 14 2.". O". IS on 20 00 111 0(1 111 00 ;)o 00 40 00 .... 50 (1(1 1 4" no 8 00 iO 00 1 00 n 73 1 10 87 ! 10 .-n 4 17 8 08 ! h 118 08 P 4:1 1 !• 2^^ 12 7 70 1 8 4^ 5 !i;i 04 1 !) IB — - T^^ZZZZZ^-^ ;!« Ki 27 09 ' ;iO (10 22 I'l 20 5,' I 21 .'0 21) 20 23 78 2.') *D LAI'.OR IN THE UNITED STATES. IJ— MECHANICAL LABOR StllU'8. UliiclisuiitliH. I ^''il^'ii.M'r.s or | ^1 niMHoDs. i^-iiiiiiiet-iimla'rHl Cociiifi-.s. ISCO. 1870. 1874. 18CO.,.,-;o.K-.74 l^,x'l-n ,-■ 7~>' ' C'lirpeutors. ?00. 1870. .MiWliNOI.A.\OCTvi,.;s, Plaint* 51 n*V-i * U. ...'. 'ill , J Miissa.i„isHi« : r :; , :, ^" : "^ ^ «■: a 50 2 ^n 2 a. ■, : ^? ^ ;:; : ':' ^ '-i 1 -i-; 2 «:i Vl'IlIKIlIt Mii»sail.ii.scil« "' J:inirii' l.^shiiid ..." toUDCClicllt , Minill.K HIAT|..,S. Ni'W Yolk Ni-w Jeiwy ." JViiD.'.yhiiiiiii Di'liiwarr .' M:u;vl:il)(l '_' Vi'isl Vir;;iiiia Wl.>ii:iix isiATi:.-;, OI)iii Iiuliiiii.H '"' Tliinuis ] " ili(-Oij;;ui .'. "W'iscon.siii ' [ iliuurstila ,.,[ low.'i .'.'""* KiUKSlls... Xi'liraska. ....".'.'.".'.■' Jliisrtdiiri "* " Kii)tiM.'li3' ...... fOUTIIKliX .ST.\li:.s. Viigiiiia ^lrll) Caiiiliiin...'." Niiiili <,'ariiliiia '. lii "i>:iii llnnila 1874. 2 21 1 01' 2 0.-. I 1 50 2 50 1 07 2 02 2 >.-' 2 lil ■) -r ' ■- ' "■' - •"' •' Oil 01' 62 4:1 82 75 • ■ I I 75 :j ( ■••I ' '10 a 5^ '•' J 1. 2 ,;i| 2 05 •> m7 1 ! nil :i 2 cf : ^■' :< 10 2 :. I 50 2 511 •■i ub, ;i (jO . 1 OS :i .I,, • io' 2 50 1 07 1) Ob 2 04 ■J 00 3 02 I ■\»»i3 18.... I 2 88 ■1 •iiij a 75 2 01 ;i -n... :i 02 . . . . 2 01 2 01 2 75 ;i 1(1 ■"jO ;) 8,- ^^ii'i'ii"'" .'.'.' M '2 '.'io: 2 m'.'. I.iiniHiiuia 'IVxaa Missi-s-iipj)! -\ikaii.sa,s ^ Tl UIK S.SfC ' . PACIFIC blATICS. t'^ilii mid ^^|'Valla . .. "■■'■yi'ii :.".■ TKlililTOIilE.-i. V'". :!P '.•> i'i-.f.i- .. -, ' 'il' ! ;t 501 4 25' 1 ■10; s ooi 2 20' 1 75! a GO 2 no' i o- - , .L J , . J i 8:){ 2 CO."" o"^„l .■;-';••-• lM--;i 2 ,-,0 2 2.5] a Oil,.. !;■(": 2 .0 ,i :)ii; 4 on' 2 00' :( 52' n 50 « i' ^ ^'; :; H„; 3 lO; ;. S: :l ^0' ; 75 ' J^ ^ ?;. 3 no a 50! a oo 3 on; 2 ;« ! ? :.:\^ : « -.'O a ii! 3 (III o ,,., .j ,„; ; ;ii .-^ I a .,0 a 37: a 00 2 2.- , i -' -•,, 2 58 3 00 .3 00 3 20 1 70 2 75 2 50 I ?n ' 'II' ;! "" ^ "'" ■< •" ^ ™ 3 75' 3 g; i I' Ml J 5ii, iiu (i Ml, r, 87! II , (i i, - :; 4 511 :< K,. r. nil' r. ... , ,. > " " " 8"; ■' 8, ■i 50! 3 B.^i 5 00' 5 42 SSr".;;-::::: h^iIJ^^n'-S?' I'liliiiaili) ... I'lik.Ka... iii.ibii , ;; Aiiznna ' Jldiiiaiiii Xewilixifi, ...'].'.' AVKIJAliKs. 5 Oilj 5 OJ 4 41 3 8, m K"y'""g'""ii.' '■<>•, 5 05 . . 3 25| 3 75 2 50 I 00 4 Ool 4 00; 2 50; 4 ooj 2 7 siiiiiii;:s;;;y;:;?:':::-| ; i;iii ;; j,;l 3 ;;?1 2 27I 3 50' 3 45' 1 mj a r,! „ .„ 2 i|!l •> .11' ■! ni.' 1 .„, .7 . - ''.'i - •" ■■ ' .m 1 11 .Tiaii'H. . Buutbciii Stalls. Gciiin'al avci'.mo | l ot' r.ii'ilii' Slater (i;„M) 1"^. li'iTiiurieH (ijiiM) . . . . I 4 (jn 3 00 li 50 7 50 4 on 5 00 4 25 1 Of 2 72' 3 70. a 30 3 .i(T' •. ■n'TZT—Z-—-- ' '— - 1 TO, 2 02 2 4-^' 1 8:t 2 7.1 o m 40, 2 ■<" 2 4:1; I (ill o 50 •' V) ■1 40 4 07| 5 73 5 20: 3 60, 5 10 ^i^Ii^;i5:;,i!l1iTii'l11«T1iTnnii ' "1131:^.1313131^^!^ ^ ^^'^ 2 05J a 5; ~ 82! 2 0!) 'itcework. 7.1G LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tublc shuwiiig the avvrrge daUy tftigta paid, .'i'W Uaiiipsliiio Vtrimnit Jl^fSiU llllSCtiM lilidiii' 1-laiiil Cuiiiiccticiit Aw Piiiuters. ISIiO. 1670. 1874. I'liiatiTcrs. law. 81 02 .^J Cn ?2 50 a 27 ! 1 7:. I ;i 110 1 2 75 2 00 I $3 as '$3 r.0 . 2 01 j 3 00 .1 I !l| ! 2 H4 . ' I 50 I 2 75 1 07 I 2 02 JlIIlIll.K SI'ATES. Xiw Y(.rl; New .IciM'V I'ciihsylviiiiia J)t'lii\v';irr Muryliiiil Wust Viit''"''' WEblKUN STATUS. Ollili InilijiKi llIiiioiH Miclii'^iiii AVisc'imsiii lliv.iicsota Iowa Kmiih.-ih >'ilir;iskiv Jliw.'Jtiini Kuuuuky SOl'TTlKliN SIATKS. Virginia Xiiitli C::v lina Smith Carolina lii'(ir;;ia riiiviihi Alabama Loui.siniia Tf\as Jlls.^issi'i'pi ..- Arkansiis Ti'UiU's.si o I'AIMl-li; STATICS. Califmni.i ^I'vaila (.'legoii TKlllilTOUIKS. AVasliinptou Ci.l.ir.ido Daliina J,lalh> Aiizdiia Aliijitaiia Kuw ilrxiwi 3 01 1 ?:> 1 ."0 1 50 1 64 a 02 b3 2 63 2 02 2 52 2 42 2 50 I 3 OU 2 50 i 3 00 2 70 ' 2 40 I ni 1 00 2 02 1 !'0 2 0,S 2 71 2 7« 1 .' 1 •I- 00 I i 03 ! -J .50 4(1 17 2 I.S Hi 3 21 4 00 3 03 2 00 1 80 1 .50 1 1 fc5 i 2 13 , n 50 ' 1 I) .50 1 2 50 i - 00 .J 42 : -J 30 1 4 1 00 2 2!> 2 37 2 50 3 00 2 50 3 00 2 00 1 C3 3 00 2 50 3 75 2 05 2 42 1 75 1 02 a II 1 rl 1 70 2 UO 2 00 2 Ob a OS 2 33 2 40 2 30 2 40 2 33 2 47 2 Oil 4 00 2 71 2 37 I 71 1 07 1 OO 1 04 3 00 2 e3 4 07 I 4 on 7 fO ■■ 5 t^O 5 00 4 34 ' 4 10 4 50 i 00 ' 5 50 4 37 , 5 15 ■i 50 ' 1 50 I 00 (i 75 00 7 50 4 00 AVF.ItAClCS. Now KiiL'taiid Statt'8 .. lliiMlu Slal.H ■\Vi'»ti'iM Stato.'t SouUrtu Slates Gciu'ial average... racific States (liold) Ten itui us igidil) 1 f^n 1 70 2 13 2 10 1 05 5 40 1 3 07 t ! 4 00 2 87 2 05 2 00 2 cl 2 t^a 5 00 3 00 5 00 4 flii 3 50 2 07 2 73 2 07 2 .'lO 2 07 2 50 2 87 3 50 2 07 2 32 4 75 7 80 5 CO 00 5 s7 3 00 1870. 1674. Shocniakers. Stonecutters. 1800. 4 00 2 17 1 07 : 00 4 CO 4 50 U Of I 4 00 3 25 3 03 3 84 3 00 3 42 3 72 2 00 3 15 2 50 3 58 3 15 3 m 3 00 3 33 2 82 2 40 2 70 3 00 2 OC 3 42 3 77 3 18 4 11 3 32 3 32 3 07 3 17 2 74 3 75 3 25 2 58 2 04 3 00 3 38 '4' 00 3 00 3 50 3 10 a 00 3 00 2 .50 2 50 ii 70 1 84 1 44 1 72 i"37 1 52 1 83 1 35 (-1 a 00 1 57 1 .50 1 04 1 08 1 54 2 13 1 80 1 85 a 12 3 00 2 00 1 00 1 41 1 00 1 88 1 75 3 00 3 50 3 00 3 00 3 10 fi 00 fi 43 7 50 11 on 8 .50 00 4 CO 2 00 1 00 2 33 1 50 2 08 2 20 1 72 ' 5 00 3 88 83 (i 00 5 8.5 5 00 a CO 3 95 00 3 ,50 01 5 00 3 00 o 37 •^ 21 4 05" 72 3 40 3 17 3 55 3 11 3 38 3 00 3 23 2 85 1870. ■i 40 2 58 2 31 2 00 '> "5 a 30 2 30 2 04 (*» 2 20 2 25 2 34 2 43 2 20 2 00 2 40 2 08 3 43 a 01 a 50 1 80 1 (iO 2 00 2 30 2 00 2 05 2 8l 2 07 3 00 2 07 1874. 1800. 1870. t .50 f2 32 ?3 41 2 50 I 2 12 ; 2 50 I a ~5 I 3 2 30 1 00 1 78 2 00 50 a 00 2 13 u 31 4 05 3 .50 3 u:i 2 17 1 ii2 a 01 1 50 .0 ! a (:o 02 I a 18 I 08 ! 25 I 31 I 50 50 1 58 3 00 2 50 a 50 2 28 1874. $3 50 3 "5 3 00 3 1 V) 40 2 ur> 2 41 30 4 00 02 2 05 .1 no 1 58 2 07 2 18 a 00 2 33 3 82 : 4 (15 4 75 1 4 00 7 00 3 50 I 3 50 5 4.1 3 50 3 50 3 1 1 5. 2 4 2 53 3 87 3 00 3 24 4 50 2 7.'-- 3 11 3 25 3 17 3 51 3 13 3 19 3 72 3 53 4 08 3 03 3 72 3 52 9 04 a 07 2 75 3 50 1 2 00 4 00 5 00 I 4 00 ; 3 50 1 01 1 05 1 97 1 81 3 31 I 3 14 I 1 70 5 52 I 5 33 4 57 7 49 ! 4 50 i 4 17 5 30 ! 4 5 30 I 51 I 4 91 4 37 4 00 4 83 3 25 I 00 5 07 7 00 4 00 3 00 4 25 fi 00 5 87 2 42 a 34 a 44 4 OS 04 5 CO 6 00 : ai ' 4 00 11 00 ; 8 50 9 00 ! 4 no 3 15 3 00 2 I'o 3 50 3 23 3 (8 3 TiO "4 00 3 00 3 10 3 3- 2 50 3 5J 2 (.0 3 75 5 110 3 42 5 00 liO 5 UO 5 00 4 00 9 00 8 (10 2 50 4 00 4 00 3 00 a 44 2 22 3 51 3 53 '.' 20 1 00 3 41 2 8« 2 11 2 09 3 50 3 'J.! 2 27 2 51 3 29 3 :iii 4 ■■> 4 00 4 49 2 25 3 75" 3 44 a 35 i 3 43 5 78 5 24 5 29 i « 90 '» '.a n M 11 in 3 20 5 ;u 5 2.") ■ I'ieOLWork. RICA. — Coiitinuod. lucinnkt'ia. Stonecutters. Si -in *i nn f-i nj $3 41 Si i-j : :i It ,5 I i M 1870. 1874. li^eo. 1870. 18 ■J 0,- ' M 5U S; ;il i •.; Ml i! (ill U lij 2 an 'J :iu a (i4 (') 2 211 ■i ■,'.") :t ?2 4 75 3 50 3 ;»• 1 !lli 1 78 2 (10 2 50 2 t;2 08 1 25 2 M 2 00 2 13 a 17 1 02 2 01 1 ."iO 2 (iO 2 18 4 05 3 50 3 U) 1 31 1 59 3 00 2 50 2 50 a 00 2 00 2 33 2 40 3 25 2 75 2 43 2 3() 3 25 4 00 2 02 2 li5 2 no 1 58 2 07 2 18 '350' 3 50 3 I 3 87 3 00 3 24 4 50 ^f^ 3 11 3 25 3 17 3 51 3 19 3 72 3 53 4 08 3 03 3 72 3 82 ■? 04 ?3 50 3 75 3 (Ml 3 01 3 15 3 00 2 I'o 3 50 3 2.; 2 fO 3 18 3 50 '4'(!0 3 110 3 10 3 r,-\ 3 10 -, ! 1 4 53 : 4 00 4 83 3 i!5 ' 00 5 (i7 7 00 1 00 1 2 42 ■) 2 34 7 2 5"' 1 2 41 4 05 4 00 7 00 3 50 5 40 2 44 4 ■■■I 4 00 4 i'.l 3 OU 4 25 i'oo fi 00 5 87 2 07 a 7, 3 50 2 00 4 00 4 08 ti 04 5 CO C 00 21 4 00 11 00 8 50 I 00 .50 I 4 00 ! 4 00 2 5i) 3 50 2 CO 3 75 5 00 3 4J 5 00 on 5 00 8 00 3 00 ". 44 net 3 51 3 55 P JO 1 00 3 41 2 86 2 11 2 lilt 3 50 3 -Jil 2 27 2 51 3 20 3 M 2 25 3 43 I 3 26 3 75 1 5 78 5 24 3 44 e 00 5 :u 5 2.'i 3 .50 j 5 51 10 5 -JU LABOR IX TIIK UXITED STATES. 747 ' r Statrn. NEWE.NULA.su STATES. Maino ^'tnv lliitniisliiro ....." *i'nuciiit " il:is.s:i(liiisciti Itlldlln r:.l;ilul. ...'.'!!'"■ ClIIlHoctilllt MIDDLE ST.VTES. New Turk Jl'l'WjiTKi-v ,[ I'l'iiiisylviiui.a .... Ui'lMw.tri' ^uMr.vliiml .'.".'.'.■".'.■.■ M'tst Vii;;hii:t WliSTEIlN- ST.VTE8. O'li Iiiiliiijia IlliiKiis ilicliiiiini ..'........, AViaciiiiHiii .".'.'..'" Miuiieaipla Iiiwa Kan.ias ^viini.siia.. .■'.■.".■.","_;;■ Jlissoiiii Kolitutlvy ......! Tailora. 1800. 1870. 1874. Tiimiur.s. 'J'iiJsmiil,.,. ; Wlic'hvri '■-«0.|1870, l,74.j>U0.jl8Ta 1.74 1.00.11.70. SOLTIIEILVBTATES, Virgini.i ^''lrlllCa^(llin:l .'. Siiiilli Carolina... (ii'oriiia. FloiMa .". Alabiiua "'.'.' Lijui.siaua Ti'.\a,s .,[[ Jlis.si.s.sippi ...'.'."."."."" Arkau.sas Toiiuessoo PACIFIC STATE,4. Calif(,riii Nevada Ori'gon TEllIlITOItlES. ■^'■■>*''iin«(iiii t'lilMradi) Dakota lilulio Arizona I'untaua Kow ilexico. !!!!.";;■;; AVEIiAIJE.S. NowKn..Man.l Stales... JIiililli. Sialics. . MVsIcni Stili'.s".'.' houtlieru States .[, Genonil o.verago Pueillc States (irolili , iernturiea (goiiij ...;;;; Averago 71 I a (iO : 3 03 1 ."'O 2 31,2 27 2 00 2 CO ^22.' 1 84 2 4,t a 75 1 82 2 40 T57 1 84 72 ' 1 75 a 7 05 'Mil 2 4 25 , 2 0.' 2) ; 20; 2 li 3> 1 87 3 0; 00 , 4 7(i 4 31 00 i 5 25 3 5U .50 ."i rja 1 5 00 3 00 2 73 a 49 2 70 2 42 4 -4 I 4 07 , 3 3. 3 7. j 4 82 , 3 50 , 3 00 | TliT, Tliri 7171 1^ "II^ * Piecework. LAI50R IN' EUROPE AND AMERICA. 111.— FACTOIIY LABOK. C(JTT()N mm.t.s. TjoIoio ffiviii tlio rates of wa^jfi's paid in (lie cottoninillsof tlio.Uiiitod Stales it may l»e well ti> present a statement sliewinj,' the number and eapaeity ot eotloniiiilis in llu- eoiinliy and tlie eonsumption of eottoii in I lie year eiideil .Inly 1, Ls74, wliieli is condensed from an article iij tho Commercial and Financial (Jlaronicle of November 21, 187-1. "M ^ ■^ , i«- t- '*^ . '■~* . c c .i^ - ' — — :^ C"S ci ^ _ £^ ^ T. t. T ,. -S :: states, -'H ■^ 5 v. 3 :; 3 E 3" r ?"- >^It § = 2 = 'A y. 'A -fl <; ^T. ,-/,'.«. I'oinnU. Voiinih. rH!l:i. liiiri •Jll, 42i COO, .'!)8 K"i."i, 1-0 2.7. 2:i •j;!. 4.) 50. 7 1 51, 40 5lt. (17 00, t^O ;iii, 47.1,51" 50, 7.70, ((iS 78, 007 New Hitiupsliii'o 12H. 7112 i,y74 71,-JMJ .5s, 04m ;), 7(iO, llOJ •i'X 7,7 •J.s. 5.7 4(i, ;!4 4:>.Mi 40, ;ii 5:1. 0:1 2.7;M, 107 20:1, :)25, 20:t 5, ^'.|^ M.issi\('hnsi'tt>i 4:),s,2iU i;!i(i.li' IsImii.1 iir. •Jl, -llli i,;i;!ii, rtii :t.7, 20 48. 10 4:1.51 58, 110,0,-5 12.7, :ii7 LoiiiKM liiiit ill) ' IH, 171) OOM. 'Jdi ;ii. 40 48. 45 50. 4 J 4,s, 511, (ii:i 104, ,-.57 Now Voik .1.1 1-J, 47li 0,-:0,!PI7 :i2. 47.70 42. 22 21, ,7:10, 210 52, ,—0 XcwJi^MOV 17 •J. (17() l."iO, IKi.s 211. :io 51, ,5:i. 50 8, 07,-', 017 17,411 I'.'iiiisvlvaiiia (id !), 77J 4.1J, Olil 17.51 42. 80 HI, 07, OsO, 720 61, -rj Di'linmrc r* 7!l(i 17, 070 22.21 40. 00 00. 11 :). 174, 174 0,-11 Jl;nvlaii;l '.it y, :".» 110,^00 ii.,-.o 47. 115 174. 01 10,222,70:1 41, -1:^ OI:io :> a:iO iio, no 11. Kl ;)(i. 80 bO 40 i,sjo, ;toi :t,o.o iiMlitin.i •1 tii- ii'J, Oss 14. 50 47. 44 1,70. 3,071,227 7, ii;2 Miuiii-.siit;l 1 i 11, 400 ;i. 52. tl0.41 ;):),s, 000 7 ".8 Total Xiiitlicrii tJtiO 170, 4fO f. 0-J7, 7,71 aA 5U 40. -ii 50,80 507, 700, 000 1,001, :i 7 Sfil'TlIKltX SI'.\Ti;s. Alalinina l(i 1, :i(i() 57, 501 10. 50 48. ;i7 112,8:1 C, 400, 070 i:i. 7:2 AikaiiHas .» ■M l,y.70 12, 51. 121. fill I;i0,ooo 2' 1 Ofi>i-ia •1-J 2, !i:i4 i:)7, OijO 12.71 47.77 i;i:l. 57 18, ,722, MIO 30, ! 20 Ki'iiliuliv 4 ■lii 10. .■,00 (i, 2lj 40. 24 178.-0 1,878,020 4,017 l.uui.slaua. 1! 3(111 1.",, 000 12. 47. 02 cO.:il 1,201,500 2, 7;'i) Mississippi 11 HH l."i, IJO 11. ;i;) 3:i. 20 7,7. 17 1, l:!,-, ?o4 2. .7 15 Alissituri ■1 ;is-j US, iCio 10. 75 40. (iO 18;). 25 3, 4-!,. 57:1 7 2 '^ >'()rtli Caroliaa ;)(! 1, (1 i,') 0,7. VJ^ 12. O.s 40. ,72 121.10 0. 8 12, 07:l 11.7.ii Suith Carolina !•< l.StH tJ-J. Kl-i i:i. :i(i HO. 07 11:1. 25 7,1:11,558 1,7. ,;;!i 'I'l'IMlCSSCO ■u 1,014 47,0,"iM 12.32 51. 10 i:i;). :t8 0, 272, 458 1:1. .-.'S Tisas 4 iim lo.ii-j:, 12. 47.02 127.8.1 1,278,125 2. 7 "5 Vii'^inia 11 1, ru 1 5(1, 4!I0 10. 47.57 0,7. 21 5, 3;M, 025 11, Iv; Total Soutlicru mi 10, 4!i:. 4ti7, (M!) 12. 5 47. 02 122. 5:i 50, 70:l, 774 12,-, 52.1 liliCAl'rlfl.ATION. Total Xortlicrn (jiin 17fi, 4?0 8,037,7,71 28. 50 40. :i:i 50. 80 507, TOO, 000 l,fl;il,:'-T Total Soiilliiiu 1,-7 10, 4;i.-) ■|s7, (i.-.O 1 J. 5 47.02 122. ,':t ,70, 70;l, 774 12,-, :,■;.; Gmiid total ..... .47 IbU, 07.') 0, 4i,>,3s;i 27... 4.S 20 00. 20 507, 58:t, 873 l,222,',-i,i liRlCA. U. )tt()iiniillsof Mio.Uiiitotl icwiii^' tlio iiumbiT aiul t'onsiiiiiptioii of cottdii iloiist'd lioin ill! article Noveiiiber I'l, 1871, nil. Ii7 i :)i;. -i;:!. 517 (i!t. I-',I I ;'•!•, ■;."i!l,l(i-f 4(i.;)i ! 4 7:11, ii;; 5:1. !i:i e(i:i, :i--'.>, 'jn:! 4:). 51 1 5-', Mil. '.1-5 5:1. 4J 4^-, 51 t, (ii:! 4-,|. -j'i !;4. 5;iii, -Jill 5:i. 5(1 HI. lili. 14 174.:)! Kl 41) 15!P. !i!>.41 r*, (17,-', ('.17 37, !l--;i, 7-Jii ■A 174,174 111, -JJ-J, 70.1 l,^.:u, :iiii 3, ()71,-JJ7 'M^, (Wll &'■' Hal'.,: '•:', i:ii7 I-JH. 7:ii n, r:i5 4:i,-, --lU 1-J5, :ii7 1114, .",:.7 5J, .--IP 17,411 BI,-VJ (i, ^11 4i,4:i- 51). M '507, 7110, «i;i l,li;i4, .1 7 112. IJl. l:i:i. 171*. Mi. 7.'>. l-i^ 1^1. ii:i. l;t;i. 1J7. 11.5, I 11.'-'. .5:1 nn, (-1) IJU. 5:) w. -M fi, 4i'n,n7!> i;iii. mill 18, 5J:j ^:ll) 1, '^7ri. (IJO 1, ■Jill 5lill 1, lUr', ?U4 ;i, 4-1 .57:) •>, Hi.' (i7;i 7, l:ll M^ (i, x>7-.', 45.S 1, 1^78. l-,'5 5, U,i4, 0J5 5!l, 71 111, 774 5117, 711(1, onii .511, 711:1, 774 '>(i7, .5*1, C173 :i!M ■ 4.I1 7,-- 14.7, 15. .1; 111. 5: 11! i 1,0114, ."-7 1,U-J-J,1'1.I LAliOR IN THE UNITED STATES -{9 ^"'""'"°"»™'»""«Ai^'i'.aSc;^:is:^;;,:'S;Si:;^,l;!i;;:.»? IfJTI. ^■""iiis, .-iiiiidle,,. I S Xoith.. South.;.::::::::::;;;::::;;:;;;;;;;;;;-....... | mu^o ,,,^,-:,., Total, 1871 f!!J!Ii ■'j^<'~-> J=i"!l' J^_■lT^.T;a Xoidi .simtii :::;;;::;; Tot.il,lg70 18UD. Noifh .Soul h 2^. .Mi ,W.t.'fl I-.."' l-,'-'.5;i ■J7, 7:t Total, Igfio , fi, .53^. I 1| i -m i;n. .1;) 1J4. -JJ (in. 70 lya I a peJc:,?r;i;:s,,!;,-^,;Sj-~;--ii.»i^^o:^^ COTTON .^rANUFACTUI^r.,? IN 1870 i^ i';";::75L;:;;^:;^t;;;:;;:: ---^ -^ n. ...:...,.,. ., ,,,,,^ ;>;;'<, «;>!^on,l;!2;v;llMo or uuuerr it, ■'^'S'r^ products were ii.s follows: "'=' "'^^'i, ^.i-ii.ojOji'uO. liic piincipai ShootinK.. ,.l,irti„Ks, and twillcl -r„n,ls I'lint cludis AViirps .'_'"_' /'iaiiiicl '_'_" (■iii;;h;iMi.saM(l clicc'k.s El;!:;;:';' b;^::';!^^ -id-;;.;-,;;;,- •-;.-;; - ;;;;::;;;:;:; ^•■ll'M, IKit Wll veil j'iits, M-ickiiijr, ;i,i,i w,.;;i;fi;,;; <')ii1m-i', linrsiiiul twinr.s " • iiuVMl <;.iiioii wiKsfo .-.-.-.- Tape iiiid \vcl>l)iii^r'.| ■■^I'aiiilcs.s 1):i,l;s ..."..'" (Itiin- imxliiet.s ...' ..l./.'y, Total auaatity of all vroaZ::^,^,-,^,:::';;;;^^^^^^ — yni'ds. do.. <[o.. di).. do.. do.. do.. ■ -.d(i/cii. .iiiiiiilii'i.. ....di.... ■ Iioiiiid.s. ...do... --.do... ...do... -.-do... ...do... -.-do... do 'irn •J.")(i, ().-,:{ !, OH, (II,-, ,:!'J(i,()."iO '. -.'7.5, -J.] t . !M0, Hil.-, ,,■",( 10, -Jll ■id:!, ,-l|.J 7li7,(i<;o .•!0J,()-7 ll>, 1-J7 . fl,-,7,.l.-).l !'(!(;,()(« !lv!I,-l]!) ■If- 1, 400 40.-., i'l,';.-, «ii,OL'a r.jO So IS a Q O -^ "> o :: Q & f? 'A J'. LAliOU IN EUROPC AND AMKRICA. • irt i-s . Tu o> -=. 5v 71 i.-i o o I* o Ci. — i io o o ii t» -r To^io oi X I- o irt i.-^ i.T •»" 01 Ti o o o W T ■?! S •»< -»■ M (- -J O O '-5 O 3 t- 71 'T g5§ irj (- T ■V 1.1 ' ./J -^ O 3 C O o — ..-, .^ i.-s =; rs ro S :i:1 '0 7l : (- 3 w =. : 71 5> Xi o :SSSg ' O 7» Xj7I T •* 'a f 1.1 'v n w tr 71 r: -^ -J* - Ml f O -> 3 I J^ -. 1-? 3 irt r- 7» — I- 3 ^5- 3 — O X 3 3 Ct -r O -w 3 ij ti -*" T -^ 'J -H r- 3 — r> 00 •-• r^ 3 71 3 3 — t.l (- i- 3 7» yi 5 O ; -N o r. 7l "3 'CO CO *- I- 17 3 3 1.7 3 i.O t- 3 3 1- 3 71 e7 Ci i;^ 1.7 l7 -^ : 3 3 ?7 3 ; — 3no > r: XI o Li Oi- 3 1-7 — 3 7> 3 1^ 5 — 3 17 Q : 1.7 3 4- o : 3 3 7i 3 3 1.7 X -f 3 3 3 3 ■n- 7» 7( T« lO ij », 1- M 73 ^ •?■ 3 O ^. I- CI 1^ p-« M 1-4 Ct -T" r7 — 3 1.7 1.7 -r c 'o 1.7 -r 3 3 n r- OL 3 7» 71 iT3 i"- -T"l< 1.7 -It i; (^ 3 r 3 3 7» 3 jj; 17 5» 3 -1" --"(-. 3 3 3 1.7 i- 3 -' C» 3 7117 dt -H It ••- SS3 — (- 3 -r l7 ,-7 3 1- I I fii ! i^ bl ; :-= : X ' ^ ; a i ■ r ' X i> 3 z ".- r ■^ 3.'; 3 i. T J. — T « ." iJ 5* t^ "".« ^ u ^ a c rJ'; ." j^ i; r ^ = 3 ^' 3 7I--1 r? T?7 • 3 3 '3C7 ■ CO (- — -J- T T; n c - ^ !:*, /I M f; ? 5 5 3 i CrtAia-£i,'j2 C-f.-r-P-^^ 0?S fi,?«Wi-!0 .MKRICA. ii-:-3 • Li ,'i . ru Oi ? '-"l ? 2 S '■ 2 O O 3 5 O O r TO lO Oi cc !• '"^ m it i.o i* a» ci ** ♦ ^^ * •■♦• i-( -* ^ ^ rH Ifi 00 10 00 ss ; rc CI j» X- o 15 00 8 igSSS xn j o -ri u CI ^ TO CI -o ■^ f -i Sf3 r/, f- c> — f'- 3 T) O 3 1.-! TO a O i.-J t- 3 -a O C 71 1 • O J 3 1" -o — r> CO f-i CL' (^- 1' C. /. 7, -. -1 CI __ I". ?? — re X) CI i3i^1 H§5 00 xir» §SSi3§ cc- i-ci rc X CJ rt ;* 5 =; ■= *' 5 p o — o o Q *• o ' i L-: ^ o I- o ,-: o (* J^ '^'PT: 4* *• '"" cc -J ■ - ri i; --o dl — 1 o o •C •- T C i- t- (71 t: o 1- o lo if^ tt JL ci r: (- I- re O 1" i- (- o -- *- -o O * C. CI CI o ».- 1-1 -J w « o gj ?e re r- ci -^ ^ 3-5 £S2SS5 10 tri CI ?c oi -^ M i-> -4 •-) ,H % ■A C c»r- — 1 — "O '-,■-3 O tC O I.-5 tC -- gSi PC -r rc • 00 (- I I - ^ , • .^ ^ O T* - !i.' - —I ?:=,:5 6:^3 ft-s^ynJo i^Anou IX ..fiK rMTi:i, stater. •Bojnis I'JIIUU iix lUOllllKpy iij ■S''t"tS' 'Ml'lMlM 111 2; - "^ '"« f I" -o X A-. ^ ^ j^- ^ J. 1^ £\ ■- ?; rj •» - I, ,, ^ - rt I- W c- !• .J 751 CI IL i • 3 a. ?; CI ce ; o T m Cl o C; f- I.-) •^ — •r ..-, I- _ ^ t^ 'T ir. T jj ca-)> «. cl 1- 13 13 g 9 3 '-•. = => cT^ Z ., •«nniiy|>iii,| I Ti ^■. ■3ii:.i.»..xiii I i ■5^ ■omo i: T '- rr 'C * r; — T £; I- •■-: - - t- - „ S"'"'^ « - '■: r: /. S ;« -IiWiSBrsRire ! £ ^ I •OKI J miios ,=3 •1MII[ ■"•"'OlilKINC Si :S ■.g?,E : "' o = ::: 7i s 3 g .'^ 1 s~<'' ■■o : si.^S S' » rr o 1' • i.c o =. . ^5 1^ ~ f !2 —1 000 =5 ^ T Ci -^ Si a < ' ■ 'A *- '-I " -I V. r-i ;; 7; (..--—» ^~ T ■/■ -r. ti 2;;-?r5 ?? Cvi ,";;-,:; -1 (-IK-H,.ijri'0 75S LAHOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. WOOLEN-MILLS. Till' rolldwiiijj Mtatcint'iif, coiidi'iiscd from tlic (■cnsii.s ri'tmiis, slmws tlic uiatiiiitudo of the wouloii iiidustiy in the Uiiitt'd Stati-s in 1S7(>. Slates niid T<'r- lltlllll!). Aliilmnifv AiKiiiis.iH ('nliliiiiiiii ('li|lll('Clic\lt . .. IIi'Imwiuii l'li>ii(l:i ' (loninia Illillliis Iniliaiiii 1.IVVI1 K.iiisiis Krriliii'liy i."iiisiiiiiii Jlalnn Miiiyliiiiil Mas^nchiisulls. Mirlli;';iri Miiiiii Niit:i , ilihsjssipili MissiiiiM , >>'i'U llaiiiii^liiic Xiw .IciMi'v >'i«- .Mcxii'o .. . >fw Vrli< Kim 111 Caidliiiii lliiid Oiviii'ii I'lniiKvlvaiiiu... lilliillr Nlaiiil ... S Mull Cainliim. . 'I'l'MllCKSri' 'J'cxaH rtali ViMllKIIlt Viriiiiihi Wi-.si Vii'niui.i. . AVi.scoii.siii Total II l:i II 1 Hi iii'i IT.-) fa !l 107 .'il Ir-.-i al III II I,") M,S SiO 13 «:. 71 Ii4 ■J4 17 4li (;i;ii ;;ii I •-'.■i(i 'Ji •JIH iiii i,:iii7 no 111 17 2.-* ;i:ii fi 1 PI.-. 7H 3;ii •J I i,;ii7 471 u.-» 177 2(» li) 175 111! i:i-J 1:14 .Vu. li;:l 1, mil ri;i i; •Jill ■Si-> i;i;i II ;)i -.0 nii^j 5i 4, Hill 74 " 17 !iil:i 1-3 I l,:ti4 11 :ii;o ti.j 2, -j-jli tjaj • > 20 14 U 3711 lil .■ill 112 Xn. l,7ii:t 171 ' il-;') 4j:i !P|-^ ■J 1 1 •jii 2r^'* ^0 1:1:1 III 3, ;i7 1 la,s O.J iio ll.i ii;i:i 4J1 1 1, I-J7 Ml fi. 11114 1,710 7 f.O Hi 20 2:11 70 Ilniiilx riiijilo.vi'd. ■a a .Vo. ,7:10 '"■j'.^i'n IH 4711 f, 7.'i(i '"ii.'kV iiii. I-" :.l. Il-:l 3l.4i:j l.lilli III, .'iii;i 4, liOll i;,i, 21:1 i-.',;i4s 4711, >.■! I.'i, li.".ll 2, nil :il4 10, ;ni I17,ll.'.7 •J. I, 4.77 210 Hi-:. .".Ill 2, Hlli fi J, 7. SI 4, ;i2o 31ii. S77 1,77, o>n :i.-.0 3. lil I 1,0"0 1,410 47,7111 11, 'SM li. :i-7 10,44.7 38 "M 4, ','.77 l.Hi I 2.71 1,1110 l,4.-.0 li-.'> .'■0 4.7 I 2-i ^.l-J 217 10,701 4IH 77 31 ,'i4S l,.-:i2 3J4 20 4. 4:1.1 '.71 1,340 l-2;i ,7, t'J.7 3,3.71 :)2 342 (•0 ,7^ 9:10 1:10 207 .700 i 14, o;i:i -20, Ml i,p4.7, i:)ii 12, 7:.,-) 31 2, 3HI 110 "ioi 401 711 •2:1.1 21 137 3 1,9.70 Ii7 7, 4;;i 20-* liO 31 f.7 I,, 7 III 402 i i I ii,7:i 103 iliid IIII II 02 I 210 II 2, :ijo .71 ■71 ^.7 3ii:i llipf 2, ii;i:i i,:ii.7 fi 17 coo 231 H 42 ,7, Olio I,,a7:l •J, i:i.-< til 13 h (il 2a 10 4 ill) il •71 i.~:i .70 32 70 ;i 1 20a 04 l>i:ll,lni. Dollnrx. 4. sJl Ml. O'l" 0, h;ii T-.li'.'il a:io, 200 1,1IV2,7..| 8, Will, 370 l7,:i7i,oi- 11.7, 1,17 S7o,iih: ,"0 1 I'J-J, 1 3-1 471 ,72 1 .73,7, iHa 2, r- m, ■; : 1 720,113 4, itjii, ; 1 1 20:1, 4:12 i,in:,t,iiii .111, Oi-J l,VI, i,-,i l.'.o, :)7:t 1,312,4.7- f, lUlO ,10, :a, 1,017,171 0,:i:i.-. h-i fj, oi;i ■\r,...M: 7, •JI'H. 302 ill), .'0 J, 71.1 •20.', "l:i 1,-2.M -i' 4,7, .7:12 21:1,-1; ■■iX. fOO 14-., :l; 1:17, 4il.'< I, 'J. .0.21: 1,.1.M, 117 H,7iiH. IM :i:il,oi2 l,:>a.i, .-:', •J, Olio 21.11111 2, f.W, 320 |.|,:i:i 1,7-1. :i:i, 101 2:b t.,,- .7.711,414 3, 2-r,i,: i 112,21:1 .7117, -.•,: 4, 3;.i, ii2-< 27. .7-11 .,-: •J, 228, 402 12,.77-i. 11; .•!,>• 1.7 ill. ,:i 02, 7.-'0 fi;Mi,,«ii 20, 21.1 1,72, :ii- 4,-^, 010 lOO, lil'il 1 1, ,724 3, 0:1, I..1 .7." 7i:,7 4-.-,:i.vj r.\i,h:H 477. '.'i 220, illMl 1, ■2711. II,; •27, 0d2 :i, Oil :JI1, .-•,7, .7-ia lj.7, 10.7., I The principiil products of woolen mills in 1870 were as follows: nciivcrs, ^fiL','0^ yiiids; clotli, caKsiiiiciv«, niid dooskin,'), Cili.tllO.dl'J vanls ; rlntli. fcltcil, LlMI.'^iM jiiiil.><; tliitli, iic,2;ni. l.'.i:','.>,;!-J yanls; (•(iltoiiiiilc, /.■),nuo' v.-iiil.s; l!;ui- iK'ls, r,-J,i,ir,.-,,-J,-(i .viiitl.s; jriiiis, -J 1,1.-',),;),-.-. .vmkIs'; kiT.si'.vs, ,^),,",(l(!,'.)ll:| ,\,ii('l,s; liii.scvs, ll,l:ilV-'~-l ,Viii 701 ; blankets, •J,U-J'J,71,J nair.s; vaiii, HJ,W0,2\i7 pouiuls. > > > L > . lERICA. It' cnisus returns, sIiouh 'iiilcd Stiiti's ill IS7(>. 1 """" i.v T,„.: rsnn. statfs (Mil] lo n.l. ui >- s cl 3 3 (H >< 1 111) "ii'ii ■flH 711 •,'!M •i\ \:a :< l,2r)0 Ii7 7, 4ill iillM llil ;ii 1, fi III a, mill cl (Jdl) H .-., oi;ii «, iiiM 1.1 (ji n; :i',i 7:. I M 711 20,-) IMlnm. /)o/;rtf,v. *» 4,^-11 HI, 'I'lH o ti, fi^ll 7-, I.'II •ll Kill, yiio 1,102, 7 1 li.'lll 9, Cllll, TiO 17,:i7l,li|- lo;t 11,-., 1)7 i7lUili' ,',n 1 i.ii "iJj.i.'H 471 ,-.-1 iij^ r.:i.-., iH,-, 2, p t'x ■: : 1 iln.'i •i^ti, ii:t 4, .li'l. Ill nil II v;ii:i. i:w oil, li<-\i i,r.i;,i....; i.vi. 1.-, 'M l,.:i,;r,.l l,:ii-.', 1.-,- 1 s, Mill .(II, : F '-^i 211) 1,017, l,-,l n.:i''-. - 1 t i 11 fJ, 01:1 ■i;: 1 - ;!, :tjil M 7, 2;',-, ;ioi kio;, -i;i ;i!i, ."iij, ."il; l,2iM -i • p, il ■l,"',.-i;ij •-'III, -1; 'k r.i •J;<, MMi ir,.:i.; 'A ^.■l l:ir, liiH 5 :ii;'.i i,,;.v., 117 8[7iliUi'l' Iti.S ;i;u.iii-j 1,IMI,1, ■-.. ^-^ •J, iiiii) 2l,llrii ? i.'i'ii.V ■J, .-:ll,,Wi: 11, IM, T-n 17 :<:>, ml 2:1^ I' .^ >^ 2:11 .V.!i,414 :), 2->r, li A-l 11-.', -J 1:1 .Mi.y-.-.i 1 r. l,P7:i 4, :i7:i, li-.'s 27. .-.-II .-,- ; 1 ^ til •-', -^if, 411J 12,,V.MII 1 •J ^ :i, ^l.: ■ ■-•* 05 (i-i, 7-11 I):m.. Ml ■ r' "4 !l ~ii, -J',^ 4.~, mil l:;iv::;: 1 1,-'.) c 1 1, ,-. .■ 1 :M''ui ■ ;ij ."i--, 7i:,i •1", ■ :t 1 r.!i, f.-jM 4;.-.. 7'. B IM 'J,':i, :iiiii 1,2.711, i^: ■ •, (idJ 11,01) I I lj,-|, lO.".,.!.-.' D wore as follows: in.s, (;:!,;M(I.(;i-J yanls; riotli, Ditoiiiicli', 7.-),llU0 v.-iiils ; l!;iii- t-.s, ,''),r.O(i,',l|IJ .VMiiYs; liii.scys, .■l,07v!,5r)',( yiiril,'*; twcciis iim! iiikuts, »',0j;),71.j pairs; yam. (f^jl *« m[' '.'4 LAiiou IN i:ciJor'i; and amkrica. IKON AND sTKr.r, iNDr.sriMi'.s oi' Tin: rNiii;i) srATr.s. 'I'lio r<»llt)\viiii( iiiti'icstiiti'' iiilicic, prc|iiii'("cl Iiy .Fjniics M. HwiinU, Dmi, Ncci'ftaiy of tlui Anicriciiii Iron iiiul Sltcl Assinintion, fxliiliit.s tin- oi'i;|iii and iii.iiiiM\i!ri'.>», 'I'lic (list null in.iilr In Amrricn \v:im fiir;:;c'(l iit ii lilonin.iry nf tin' ViiLtiniii roiniiany, ill lli'.'l.ipii ilii' .hums liiviT, twilM^ iiiilt'.s lulnw ilic (iri'M'iil mHi' iil' linliiionil. I'I'h- liiilians (li'stni.vi'il ilic Ini';^'!' in lit'.'vi. In Itilll tlir |ii'ii|ili' nl' MiiHsiicliiisi'tl^ llii,v liiiilt iiii liiHi-inill ill J. villi; in hill, ii lilii.ti-fiiiniici' iil lliiiiiiiii'isniiili ; in Ki.VJ, ii Imuiu'c anil rcHjjc at liiiMiliaiii, ('I'uniilon ;) imd ullii'r hoii-vvniks lullowcil In kiiii rnllii)^ yi'iiis, until in ITI.'i tliiii' Wire iikiiiv I'lirnai'i's anil I'or^^cs in Miiiylaml. A'li^iitiiM, iiiiil Ma-Mii- rliiiHcll.s. At Miinc (It' tlii's.' rm-^i's 1 lir cue u as nmvci tnl iiitii l>ai -lion liy lianinn-i in;;, ,inil all units nl nifrcliantalilc sliapcs wnr niailc, wlillo at ntlnis tiii> liar «iis liiini nii'ii'il iVdin till' pij;. Mai>lanil lianiircril liai' iniii was lAiKvitcd ici |;ni;l,iiiil liiiiii 17"'',! to Ihr lu'Viiliiliiin, alllaiii;;li in li.'.n l.ii^^laiiil rnili aviui'il tn |ii'(iliiMl the lamliirl lini ul liar iron, as a I'linniioii niiisancc, in Anniira. 'I'lir Iv'i'vnlnf inn stiinnlatril ilir prniliir- tidli nl' liainnii'l'cd imli, anil tnr^i's s|ii'iin)r into rNistciiri' in inaliy |iail.~ nl llii' ciiUinirs, linl I ir I III' I pally in I'l'inis.s Ivania, Mi'tiii^^-inills, Inr slit tin;; lianiiiirnil jiliili' in to nail- iiiils, lircaiiii' i|nilr nnnn'nins. After Ihi' li'r\ nlnlinn ;;icii|, rlainj;rs tunk plarc. Tho I'liiUllinn-rnrnaci' was invi'iitcil by Cnit, a native nf Jai^^hiiiil, in 1 1">;! ami l"-!, anil lie also inl iiiilnci'il the use of rolls, |-'roin 171M1 lo b-ln roll in^-m ills were (;raiiiially ercrli il in tills riiuntiy to lake the jilaee of tlie forties, anil at the ineseiit lime only a very few Im^^es in Virginia, Noi'tli ('arolina. ami 'reiinessee make liainnnreil li.ir-iinll in nlliall i|iiant il ies, wliile till' 1,'w loii>'>Naml liloiimailes makin;; lilooins Irnm oii' ure found in New York ami Noilli (.'arolina, iisini^ llie {'alalaii liii';;e. Many I'orecs, niiikm^ liloeais lor lii)iler-]ilnte fioiii eliiireoal iii;;-iron, Htill exist, in I'eiiiisylvania. The tollowiri;; tablo shows the proiliiclioii of hlooins jVoi/i orv diiriny lute years : li-tl,-.. !H-.(i. lHi7. icia. l«li>. Years, Net tons. Veiirs. r.;t, in* r.t. ,Vi."i 7:1, (n:i 7,"i, -.'Oil on, .'ido I 1H70 1 IS7I |s7-: Is7:t Ifll, (HllOlll) • Xi t timn. i;.i '.'.■'1 mill III! III 'II r.iM jii imu I rir,-ii(oN". The fiiNf fiiinare in Ihe I'niled Slates, of whieh we have any kni)\vli'il;;e. is Ihiil liii;lt I1V a London eonipany, represiMited liy .loliii Winl limp, Jr., at 1 laiiinieisiiiil li. .Mass.. in 1(141.* Ill I'lyimmlli t'oinity, Massaelinsetts, J.Mniliert Jlespard fiiill a fiiriiare in ITu;' at tlie oiillet of Maltakeeset rond. In 171.') there were iiiaiiy fiirnaees in the eolmiii's. illl of which used eliiireoal for fuel. In 1717 pi^-iron was exported lo I'.iiLiland. Must of these fiirnaees made easliiii;s. sneh as iron potH, direct from the fnriiaee, as they slill do ill some parts of Norlli Carolina and 'IVnimssee. Coke was fiisf used in the hl.i.st- furnace hy !•'. 11. Clipliaiit, of I'ayelto ('oiiuty, I'eiinsylvaiiia. in l-:;d, and aniliraiili' coal al .Maiicli (Jhiiiik, Carhoii County, reimsylvania. hy l!aiii;hman, (iile;iii iV Cn.. in • Inly. l-^:i'.», tlieii;.',li .\lr. Lyman, at I'ollsville, lii.>t sueeeeded in kcepiip^ a fiiriiai'e in liliist liirlhii'e moiilhs on anthracite, riiniiiii^ from Ortiilier, l^iiK, lo .l.iniiary, 1-10. 'lin' M.iiii'h Clnink I'liriiaee was small, lieiiiff •■>l\ feet liij;li and ."li li'ct ai'ioss the hush, wliili' llie I'.'ltsvilh^ fiirnaee was 'X> feet hy f'it feet. In Aii;;iist, l>lli, the raw liilnmiiions coal was fust used in Hmellini;; iron at LowellviUe, .Mahcmiiif; ('oiiiity, Ohio, in a far- iiace specially built for raw co.il. though, in 1-1.'), a eharcoal-furnaee' in Mercer (.'niiiity, reiiiisylvania, (Clav Furnace,) hail, diirinii a scarcity of fuel, run a short time on r;in coal alone. In bSlO tliero were 1.');! furnaces, , 'ill charcoul, which made in that yiai 51,(10(1 net tons of piij-iron. In HTl there were 7(-M fiiriiacs, inelmlinn charcoal. cel;i'. law coal, ar.d anlhraeite, and IC) more were in eoiiise ol' lonslrilel ion. These lieiiii'S do not include the lar^e luimber of eh.ircoal and oilier fiirnaees that have been ulmii- doiie.d. The ibllowiiijr are statistics of iirodiiction of pi;;-iroii in not tons : " I'or II iiKire il'tni'ed nccnimts of iho Ciiloniiil iiiiUistry in mitiils " .see llishiip'x II i!,l(i}\i 0/ American Maiiii/iictKni, vol. 1, (laycs ICO-tiJl III'JMCA, ; INITi;!) SIATTS. y .FiiiiicH M. SwMiiK", Ks((., \s.s(Miiili«)ii, •■xliiliits tlu' iiuliistiics ill the IJiiitctl liiiy iif ilii' \'ii'iii'i;i ('(im|i;my, tm'IiI siti' (if KichMiiliil. rill' ril' MllNSilcllllMCll^ ilil.V liuilt III! ^iiiilli ; ill lli.'i'.', II liiriKU'i' iiiiii iilliiwcd ill MIK'iTrillM;^ .V'lll^, iiiyhiiiil. A'ii'j,'ini.'i, mill M;i»sii- I iiilo Imi-Ikiii liy IkhiiiiU'I ili;;, L< at iilliri s tiio lini' VMIM luiiii' •\|i(>i(ril III I'.iiyl;iiic! Iriiiii ['i.'-i I III |irii!ii';i mill K'-l, imil lin ;;-liiills Wi'li' Hiiiiiiiiill.V I'lTilnj .; |iifsi'iil linii'iiiily ii \ riy lr\v < Inunnii'ii'tl li.ii'-iiuii in nuuill liliinins liniii oii' iilr I'ulinil lii M.iiiy I'lir^i's, ninl.in;^ Mimitik i't'iiiisylvMiiiii. 'I'lii- liilliiwiii;; te yctiis : I-AMOR,, iUK V.VVEO ,,,,^^^ Yoar«. Ni't tiin«. oo.-r.'" ,Vji(ii 51 », III III f llliy lilliiwlnl;;-!'. is llmt l>llilt 1'., Ill IliiiiiiMcr^iiiilli. .M:iss., Hi l'.s|llM'll I'lllll M llll'IKlrl' ill lill'.' iinny I'lirniirrs in tlii> rii|niiii'<, ^ i'A|ioilril III l',!ii.'liinil. Must I'niin till' ruriiiicc, jih tlii'v sliil ii' wiiM liisf n:,(il ill iln' l)l;ist- .•iiiia, in l>;'.li, ;iiiil iiiilhiaiiti' ■ li;iii,L;liniiin, (iiirMii iV Cu.. in il ill kii'piii;; a rnriiaci' in lil;i>i l-;i'.>, 1(1 .liinnary, 1-10. Tiic 5.} ItM't !liT(l>S till' lllisll, wlllll' list, 1-lt'i, Illc lilW hillllllilllilli iiiiiii,i; ('(iiiiity, Ohio, in a I'lii- lal-riirnai'i-' in Mi'irri' (.,'oiiiily, Inel, Mill a sjiorl tiiiif on I'.iw lal, uliirli iiiaili' in lliat yiur iri'S, iiiclilililii; cliaii-oal, i.m1;i'. :' roust nirlioii. 'riirNi- liyilli'ii ii'inii'(.'s lliiit liavc brcn uli.iii- ■ii'on ill net tons : I " SOI' lli.ro.. l:iO, 11(10 I I,.;, •'Il.'i, (MM) I l^y.j'' l>.IO I. •■.'-', nif) l.l'IV.OlW v,>"i,r..> 'J, *i)>', V7a -', •;-;>, I/. •! <'••"., 7:);» I wV(uiioiiV)';;;;;;;;;; :;'(i,(i;7 J'<"M mill to i>-i(),,„iii„ 'v, " ''"• „ • ■ "'" '"'■' -i.itihK- ".•ii';i:i(iroi^r,.H,,,„i mP "■'"■'' V-'i'ii'^ilviiuiii,. (i„.i, ,,,„ "" ''i'.''^' "k'.v ina.li. i.Im ,f , ,, ' '"-"""■'^ "n.l.;ii,;,r ,, ,|s ,;' ' ";'"".u't "as In., It * 11 loG I.ADOn* IX EUllOr-E AND A^tERICA, 1-^00.... 1-/0.... 1j71.... SlKi.r., oiin-.li THAN I'.i.ssK-MKi!.— Vioiii tlic lii'sl iii(onn:il iiMi \V(! linvo, w<> hi'liivii (•M-l-.-^tcTl \v;!s first iiKiclf ill tliirt country diiiiii;;' tlic dcciul.' lri;jii-lu. ijlistiT-sH'i'l \yii.s ipailc vi'iy iiiifh citilicf, .hiliii!;- liif liiifk into coloiiiiil tiiiii'S. In lf'r>0 tlicli) wi-ir livo (M-t-stfcrcstalilisliincuts; in 1 -iid, thiiirfii ; in 1.-70, twenty-seven ;'iin(l m I^T-IuImiiH I'oily. Tliet'oilowin-aie sliiti.slies ol proiliietioii, inelnditit; casl-slefl, open-lieaitli, ani\ lilis'ter-Hleel, in net tonis: \^V2 :is,oim l.-7.i •">"- » 1.-71, (al.nlll) rjO,()MU iMroliT.vriiiNS— Until vefv feeenlly. ilie I'nilcil !-lal(s has l>er'n a bif;.;(> i>iireli!iser . I forei.Mi lion ami steel. N) n'ianv new' iron ami steel inakiiiLC estai)li.-liinen1s W'V, lin;it. in tlie iieiidil einbiaeecl in the .veals IX'.O to 1.-7 I, that we aie now, for the liist tune ii; the, histoiy of the, eonntiv.in jiossession of coiiijileli' facilities and lull capacity 1o iiian- nl.icMirea'll Iheeonnliv nei'ds of these aitieles. alllion.nh it is inoliahl.! thai some .s|ii - ciai lirandsot ifijii aial'steel iiiav continue to lie iaiiioilcd lor some i inie. 'J lu) lollowin;; raolo shows tlu' (iiianlitvof leailin;;- iioii and sti'id mainilael nivs imiiortc'd dtinn.i;' a sericH of liscal yeai.s in 'net tons, e.seept biccl ingots, i^v., for which values only an; "iveii: 11,. ■^■.i- ■.'„■>, ||(I0 ;i7,i!oii FiniMl J c;\i s. Irmi rails. ' l'i;,'irc'D. I I IRSt Is;!!l. IstO. Eu.leil Sciitcailicr liO- TvllH. EnvlcilJiuiolill— lA-.O ... Is.-.l isrri w::.i It-M \r-X> i-r.6 Ir-57 185^ Isriil l.Till leUl l^li-,> Ir-U.) i-XA :.-{iri i-«i lrit>7 l^lCfi im;9 ISTI !.. ir7:r!;"!"!!. !!!"'!.. Ii71 !■,•:,. Mil I ir..,, I I'll I l',;i, :».■) I {■.''.\. I'l;:) i Iv!-;, 171 vt, iiu s, eii 17, li.-S 11.-. 71 I 77, .MS 7.;,, -.1(1 iii;. -r.-j 1,71. 11117 'jiiii, -j-j..* :tt:i, :i:i,s l.7l:i,(ii;:t jvj. ;i(iii 'Jill, .'rll."l ais l,l.-.:i 1-,', .".ll- :^ .MO 71.-71 1.7, ■.; til !>l.s". I 1 11, ■:■:-; Ml. *.-:' !>:•. !l-'l all. I)l-i .■■il.^'.M •ll.!i-.7 7-'. .■.l.- 7l,•l'l.- 7^,^lJli '.!-J, •.'17 :)1.IKI7 111-.', -J'j:* ,'■.0, i;.".,7 1(11, -Jl.t ll-J, dlJ ll-j, i:i:! t,-.:l,-llJ i;i,(;77 l;i!i, .71,% 1277, -JiW '-'ii.;i,i.7 lu;i. Orii Sti'i'l rails. r»(i« .steel iiiL'"t.s, : l)io-.s..'li.cls, anil wire, | liiir, bhilir liiiiiil, li ...p «li.-cl, TOIIK $t;o.a:>i i :i,-.i,ti-i i ^•J(^ 1 7 I .■tt, (,'. 1 i |i', :i:;'i •IJ I-;. (Ill, ,.,'. ii;i, 1^1 )■-'■;, n,".ii Kill, (i-ll Mi;, til l,.tt4,()'J-2 yii. 1,7'j l.i.au, .'i.Ci y 7, ■. !■ 1,.-Ut, IM) a*', '-'.' ;i, tii,i-Ji :n.!i:7 y, (ii.!i, !ii.) yii -j;. 'J, ,7!l!l, Ii7,") ti;. i.i; y. ,7i;i, -ji.") 14(1, li> i-ji,,-i- 1, l,74.(.7:t ii;i, li.'T 'i, llii-.', ii-^U i-j.-.:i;.. y, 7:i.i. sifi a, ri.7;i, -W) i-j-,,iiii i,-i(;ii,;r.4 11, -Mi •.', l!i."i, 4 la S.7 Ml «,.;i:)s, i,'.(j I'Ji, -.;ii ],(!,7-.', !,-',! Cli. ,i 1 1,!1',U,.7(W SI,-,I'J y. t.iii. -Jio 111,7, 7 a, 'J,'.-', :ti« «;tO, E-J- :!,y(ii,()i(i 107, (1: J 2,:ii-j,.i()S ii>(i,.7:' ;i, 7.70, 'i&i l'J(i.-j:( 4, o:):!, .7(W 11,7 f:i 4. l,7.7.v;;i4 1(17, ■.':a ii, !l(jll, U,7,7 4.1,l.-.l f Iiicliiiliii;; si.iiin steel r;iil». *Qu(Uitityof biu-iriiii uot sivcii ; valuu waH^'i, 7;ij, 074, E.vroins.— Till" exports nf r.aw iron and .steel have always lieeti insinnilicaiit. In rolonial times iii.'-iioii anil liar-iron weie for many years, IVom 1717 to the Kevnhitioii, eNiiiirleil to Eiij;laiid. In 17-J--"-i!), l.l'iT uro.ss tons of \,\>x were thus exported; m l7;;->-':;;t 'J.-Jlll tons of y.]" anl II of har were exported ; in 171.'). '.-'.•J71 tons ol pii; aim V,i(i of har: in 1771, .">.::o;! tons of iny; and -J.-J'J'J of har, and 177(). ;5U) tons ot in;; ami •2,Sof bar. Since the Kevoliilioii no iron has heen ex\nirtcd nnlii very recently ; lna inin and .steel in various iiiannfactnreil forms, such as a^;rienltitfal and ini'chanical iiii- l>lement,s and ed;,'e-lools liavi^ for a Ioiil; time heen laii'vly exiiorted. Tii(MinTeii,',v- values .1 net toii.s: in 1.-71!, .--'0 net Ions; tii J-. t-l net tons; in lf^7;!, '~*l5 uot tons; in 1.-. 1 IMIi net Tons. The veins unveii ace all calendar years. ««wHt ERICA. miiliiMi wo liavo, ■\v(> liclicvo li' li^;j(i-Ui. lilisU'i-sU'i'l Wii.s lies. Ill IfT)!) tlu'iii wcR" livii ■nly-sivcii ;'iiii(l in l*-?-! abciul j{(.';isl-slft.'l,<>lKMi-li(Niilli, Mini :w, tioo ] r)(i,iMi(i I " rii),uiiu Ikis IxMii !i liiriji! i)iirclins(T of iiiLV cstiiUli.'-hr.ii'Mls w'-r*' linitt, : iiic iiiiw, t'cir tlif livsl tiiiu' ii; ties ililii lull <':i|i:irily ti> liiiin- il is luoliiilili: I lull Millie .-111 lor wiliu; 1 iiiii'. 'Mill liiliowiii.; iiirni'l iirt's iiiiiiiiitiil (liirinn- ;■ :,f.., lor wliicli viiliUT) only iiir t nr.iV i;(i.04i 1 w 111 Si:n,a;ii ii.ii, ii-j ^■JI^ -l-T .VI 1, 1,71 1,-ll4,(W-:2 i,i;iui, .'i;i."i l.^Oi, li-l) H. I ll.l-JI •J. (ii.'.i. 111.') 'J. ."!l!l. 117:) y. r.i;), -ji.') •J, liii;', 7.-J 1,1,") 1.1.7.) '.', (lll-j. Il-J.) ■J, 7X1. plH •J, r..',;!. •£<[> ),.|i;;i.;iM •.', ill.-), 4 IT) i!,.:i:j.-', i.'iij 1 . li.V,'. ! ri) i.'.i'.ij, .iiy •J. t'.li). -J 10 y. 'J.vj, :i!i;t H, -JIlLOlli y, :i I-,'. 41)8 H, 7.70, 70'.! 4, o:);), ,MW 4, i.").-.';)4 Si, !l(iO, Um Tent''- 111, :i:,'i 4-J. I-: no. ;■.•' 20, l.v. :I7. :!'.•: 141, I'l. 111!, li- l■-■^.■l• ii:^. ii.iT 17.-, ."ii^.i iv;',,iiii 11, -^-ii l-j:l, - ill i:ii.:i i Kl.7l'J 111,7. Ml *:ui. :■■:- 107. II, J 10(1, ,7:' I'jii.'ji) 11.7. ^. 'I 107, •.':;! 41,!i-.l IIiH'liuliii;; Riiiiin f'twl liiils. iiUviiys lici'ti iiisiirniruMiil". In ■J, tVo'lii ITl? to till! lii'VoliititiM, ' jiit; wcic lliiis ('X|iort('(l ; in ill 171'), ii.'^Tl Ions of iii;^ iiml , iiiul 177(). :51C tons oi' iii^Miml iitril nnlii very iccriitly ; Inn iriciiltiiriil iind nii'rliuiiiciil ini- i.';cly i'X|iiii trd. The iiineiiiy- lieivof, ill 1->7'J iuhI lf^7:), will' (if iii;;-ir(Mi exiiorte "I t^'ii..-,.i7 I |,.,,;] I ••'"'■ i-i ; i-ii. .;:'■; y: 0,-71 im;,. ..;;;! -'■-i ',.,.-.- 1 l,-.l,j _ I !.'i;i, lio.i ' I,., 17 ■■■; '-'■10, , 777 IH.T !""i 1.0l7.^-,7 I, no, sr.,i; ■"':i-.', (!o:) ■! (■.jj 7li;, :):!•,) |,..,,j '■ IOI,'.'i>i 1,-1 il '•I^".o-;t i.,„i 4, .7«3, y(li ' I'lii' "rii'.iiial .si;ii(.i„|,||, „:,. , ." ~ ' ' ""•'•"■"' '^ u-.i.oi;!),ri:'""^ " '-■u„...sex„,„.,„.,,„c o.,,niev.i.u,„r.,...!;r J'loMi and aflcr tlio iis<,d v,.;,,- ,.;•., „ ,> '"'• voiy Mn|KM-),.,.t. H-Hl«-accoiuit,^ l.icviou.s (o tliat v,' u "'•' t"li()uin.e' ,siar,'ni(Mit shows u-iti, .„ • |.:;-,;;.-.;.,;i,,,.,,,...,,,,,..;,V-;^--";,-;^ Veins. « Year.s, Tti^m. :).7o j'O, .Ills •J:i,.70o .')i;o :i, yo-j ,\ 000 l',:l:l 70:) w:) a, 14 1 IJ, JOO y, .700 10, y.'.o V,7, (KK) l.-iii) 1^)1.... t^CI 1 4.,.l IDO, IIHI i i:04 1 y-', 'jo; . 1 ■'i.7, ,701 * '1 iHii ■/. u -__^ '•- 4.74 371) Yiiiis. y. 110,750 6 ?3^.'-'(!l •? 17:1,074 10, ,',7:1 'J7I ,77-. J 1.174 : :)7-.'.yi>i "', 7:i.-< j :i(iii, .III, ai, nil, I :ii7 ,t.,-, •''. '-'i-l j '.'I, -JOl 0.1 tW 40, M7 Ve.ir.s. Ml. I U'. ^^\ »a7| y7s.(i^i jon,Ki 's,o,;,no" isf, S.'ls,KI.-, 47,011 I oi|':,,i i ., ■™.:«| ■v,,,Tii ii;.j:,;, ! j,.[i-- ^. I'M .7. M'l ;' Isli; . .1, .7!i.7 nil, nil : |j|- 0.410 I :i!i, -jii.-i ; isih" :)0, a:) a7y 7y:) .')77,' .)7:i (13 347, ';;^^-HV|^;^Si,7];; ?'^ci y.o-:n^!^i!rl';SilM.!';«U«« I'-!' ?ii,i:.-o 10,' (iM as' i Sa, s:l.7 \ki,i .-joi) i>o:j ti , 4,S4 4UT .';6,ti;,7 ei iriiii (..v|„ir-i,(i , l« M'tlini.s ill, liDt Ml V ^' llillllMM|lyi,|-|li «ipiirate.l<)ieisiiiiii,l,I,)inestic 1)1 (■ iir.ieli iirlieli cs exii.iitoil, but I '11)0 \'i laoielre, it il|)l),.:„s ||,,i| ,| I, lei'.-i 1)1 pi- yi.lli;! I, Ills ,1 01,flj.^.lu,ltl-l(l. ie.,^lifi:liv'. ere were espnrted in (|,o year 17 ■ir, atoiisoi ••■antiofji, ami g (ous 758 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. = I -3 P.. , . I- f -J ' -T^ C. -^ "O -H x' >'^'^.^^?.7Sr'.-2r^?,E-i?^--,'^^:^~?.r.:^v.~.^'-;\\3 rij -z) . . -, 21 ■ o ■ T-^ C* : C-, ; — cs ; .- ^ ; ; ; f^j ; ; « ^ -j ; • ■ • ; • • i2 3 t' X fi o : X S i:^ : : 5) -i .^ 2; - r-" =; .?. 7i tj ^* .H' i-- ^ '^ -^ -— — f- X ■ J I ' : o Tjci o h p cr: v^ a c-.-r >5 >— t ^ 9 = =1 r^ c '^. >> _^ ^ I c. — ^ 2 :? c- c 5 ■:■: ?i ^ ^ ~. ' S 5 i. o ^ 1-5 f 7 S ?j i 1 3 ?t ci (- .-: . X Cl ■ CP Tl %= -- - -^ r: :■: 1-1 >-t . . ^ « — -^ ,, ■:» I-: 1": i- x -r "^•='2 "'='='"=' = 12 '-i ' ■ o '■; :d n -J3 c: o -=> I* I-; . i* « ci) o . ■ -^ — ■ 71 ^; C-. — C3 c; :ii 1* • ^ i. o = c; o 3 o 3 lo o ; -o "S" 71 O • O O '- -1 — O ' . X C: O "J *t c ;i ;i M 3 t- - 'I c; r; ^ /. . fc. t- •- .-? . i , , !. MERICA. : : I 2 — -r ll-H — 1- |i o r ~>r: -• i" X • : I o -?• r: X o •• :i '-. 'I t^ ii T ill: : 'I 1 r '^ -- *: LABOR IN Tin.: rXlTED STATES TES. E'^i 5 ^ ■S~ I'JS^'O^--; IS W . &1 o •" o X ft, :;=3 £ = ; I : '-1 7: '^'* ■S2 •' -o "s. 3V5 :;nS£5 ; ~ 5 -^ -"; t7 3 '' i^ ■-•-'— .i ai 1.-5 ; in .' ? '-= ■•5 i ■■'■-=' ? ^ (^■^v::;;s,^;£;?;ii y:xH„i:^;;; ..>..) m^ 7C0 o r/} ^ 1— * 1-9 HH '^ ^ ^< C3 S'/j '^, O S "^ LABOR IN ET'nOPK AND AMEKICA. I i u 111 : : I ii— o |0 ' I ; '■• s ■■- •■. — 3 — *• =1 o -^ r. o Hf I' ci •2 '- ■■; /- 1' -- r^ CI tf ■ :5 . . o ■ -f ; 2^ 1- n T' Ti r;: o r^ X ?» t jo n r^ X JL I- - 1' a n ^ I • w^nn ■ T* -H ji 7( ' ■ ■/; ■■-' r-. .-. ■/. ■/. -i r* -^ ^ ;-. A -A :- ii, -A ^ ;:, ;; p; ;i, <-. Pi; C ::; ^ H <5 ?4 I MEIJICA. : : : : I i' = -S !r -• i| --a ; ; II o = r^ 1-: r> 1-; -« ' =1 o -^ r; o :i I ■ n o il : 7 X ?? T JO -1 -.^ JL i.T - t* (T. P? II to i c V --"re-. -jigs ~?^- I- _. .= •/; " » "• " ^ - ^ "■- = j; ;::£--•-(- :.^-.^ I, '^ u ~ ~ " ~' " '' — s i = ' * = — -T ■- ~ - ~ ''~ ' ® ; ^ I ' "' "" """""' --5ci2i z.' ~ '-.'■;;• I •' o ? '1:1: :^'~ii ■'£ '.-■- \ ', \ \ °~=-?>~=.^^,Z';:i~^Z : -1 ? ■' 2 S :='|.L'^l''":'"7'-^-';'«iJS5;>5i; 5 ■' ■■= := ,; . I ;^C:^-;!-i -r r. — r. -r ^. ?^ r^ ^ 3 r. f •-£ X r: f r* ■'« ts 1- — -^l-ff-l 1-1 tl «-( 1-t ;Jr^,-,r^ p^ ^rif-i « •w cu w ?^^ " i jiX s c; -f i-. -r r: (- »- S 2 to o -r Ct X !^ -J — . — 7. 3 S 5 I- -s c> ..* *? ■^ L-t := ;s iS i:^ J i5 -v i.-t X "I — c; -»■ -^ t:^ CI 5 -ri 3 1 s i;^ -J ^i — t-s ^ ri r;: r. . - r. 1- ^. — — 3 X c -r ■— X r^. i?^ r? i, u '/J 1 l* tf^'"""'^""" "" r-"-"^ ) i; b cj ,5t§ :S :gSg :i5 <* H'^S '.>'. . - -^ 1.-: i T. ■^ 11 T ■/>*'"' 1] ii svisgisr^.Hisr-si^sissi^ssr-sgs fs ni -T| ;= -r — X 1-: X -p r- *• X -r t^ j^T ■:» -f X i' T "Tl- -r -p -T- 7. -- — ^^ „ r^ „ ^ ^—^ ,-, r---p-i r 'i 'i ;| gSSiJi^ffJgagiiSSiUiSqSiggi I* .- r: = X t-. X -^ r. 7, c; i-: x ^ry — .- -i; x -r ■-. z. i- -^ r! 'Vj i 1 — — i — -^ -:» o X o 7: o " Tj -r 1- — r. 7. r. i-, -M i-^ x i- — !' -. < _; c -r (' -T = - JL .-. / o r7 .-t X c; :■: ■- " .r. r: - :^ ;i ..-. x ■ i o ri T I* Ti'O c w X 1."; c; (- 3 i" x -.• — —— n l": i x rr -r ? i X ,— ^ ^ P-l ^ — ^ Cl-i — f- T-" t-1— — ^ tf^ 1 1 r 1- = 1- — . r. o cj r o C i| Tl ~ 1.-. X — =. O w 3 r '.J 1- -c -f — <= n — re rj •r rj — It -T r. i*. -T -r .1 [1 "■/:' ^_ „ « ^ Ij 3 : ; - : o " - ■ . a5 ' ,; "^"^ 1- .' . Tl ' ■ 1 ij !l j «^ II Ii ^ \~ J _. -J •- 7 — .- 1- 1- X n 3 -J ■ 1": 1-: Ii ;S ^• 4- — 1, — =• T X i- X' r. t- 3 := J • L- -* ll ;^ •- C. T ?^ 7j 1 O i.-S X ii (W i! 1' Kg:?i'5i2g = gg;;s';i';sgt- i.r ,2 -Tf - .- '■■: ~. '- r; i-. cr. i-; r. 2! "'"•"' x o 1 •^ X „„„_H ^ f-i — « (ji — — -, 1 •^ i ^ ^ c .- 3 c» ^ - (- •- 1- 7> r 7f 7- = - ■-: = r- = = o o C"! 1 1^1 CJ 1 --t. c* 1 m 1! \ ; I t; I ; 1 ; =^ \ ; ■ '£,•'•! ^ ..J c i \ 1 ^' r x" I .' rt I -fi ; 1 ■ ■ T ■ r ' ■ ' ■ ■ - - .= ^ 7 I ! - ■ ; "r" T ;i : ] T ?i tl T _. ^ — ^-- - • • 9 T. • T. 7 i f '• '••^'i'r X r-i '^ ■~. • U Cm 'J o c ' r' ? <' ■^ h-1 :^ '- 7. - IH'^'Ih:^ ■/ 7 -/ ^ h i I 1 LAnOR K 5 -2» *$> ''• »"■• H 7f B S - 5 "1 * s = O "- x> « -V — '-^ • — 1 S i B !; « => " " o :o c: o " — " — " — -.-,-'- i-,''- '-.C ■»_ , 70.;] ^ S. £ £ i, ''h 2 ■ t ; • =^ ■ ^ I ' ;' ; ', \ X ' b < ' '. • ; * ■ V r. 2-4 .' : 3 = " ,-.y~T ' - - n ^ .- '^P^P^ii;;:^ S S i; •-■'^-^ "^5^ ^2= ? -, ^„^ „-^^, :;.^ j_. iSmPF^^-ff^':. .:c^-. 'h\ •m\ • 70! I.AIJOU IN KCli'Jl'I': AM) AMEUICA. i m in. I f re (- I- s i- s - r. f- Ti ■■•^ — 1^ !•! o 'J Tc r.i t' x — Ti Y' h o ■B.iims ; =^ -•■■:••- I- ~- *■ •« <± •e •lIpUA.lX z B a 5 7» » "* '•; ''^ '© 3 o ^ t « ^ ij « I.*: •f ^1 5 s r If rt is ?? 2 -« •.; I" :I tV 1^5 5 K 3 X « u t- •»• I* f £; £ .* - (^ M ; 3 :: r; T* — — ;i -• ^1 — jl p4 ?& — *r ^1 r? ?J — A. « « M :•! rt - -^ I CI •- •!• Ti rf ' — • n ' • ' • j 15 iiSSSi : :gS2Si53ii ;i3S"3 ' r. iv ■ X ?; "T \ "f ■ ^ (* 'J I* 71 .^ X 7» ■:» • ^i r. ?; •UiiSa,i() : :g\3 ' SI to r/i o O ■^ ■j: y-. * ^ 5 ■''!lll".)!i"0 ! ^ - V. '-: i '- '■:. '- ~ Z7~.'~.'t V- T. '^i -i ;'r ',1 Z -. Z '-'. Z I' " ^^> 71 71 - -. -I - Jl - 11 — Jl - M - •:! — - r7 - 71 71 71 . r. I. n = -!■ 71 -.7 (- •K.ilt'lS IM.Itll»l>S X 71 - = r7 -I- .-. - 111 i)j1l'.io.vv ' !;£ ^:; "- ii ■' i rr '^ ~ :; :,', •'■ r 2 'fi l' t- ~ = '- « 3 ■«•■ — S ^. T 71 t " 77 71 O S- T' T" Fw ^ 3 ; . 1,^ : ; i!. ' ':'i :■'. ."= 2 i '.': : 5 S 5 5 2 17 ? 5 =? :;; = = := : ; 'i s ■ki:kiu.'>i,iv I _-7. 7i: , 71 71 ~ - . ;Sii5.^3SS ; ; ■iMiiisind-i j ,; 7 " r, r ',; .;: 7 .^ 7 ;, L; ;; ,7 r, ,.; - j .1 7 ~ t' ., 'Buni(iu[v 1» O 'l S 77 =) I* . ■ i ■ I* 17 s = I- o 7: C 11 ' O '7- .s 7I 5 -i = 7i • I . . »f 7l S s I- 5 fl S 1-: . S 17 77 71 C 'J t- -r - -c T -r 17 71 i.e ((7 '/) ■ C! — — — — — : • ' ' — 01 71 rt ' — ----^ 71 - - .H n*-. •111111(1.1113 ti),iox K, "^ ; ; 5 ? ; ; o • c = •o.issoiiiiox — Jj 71 £ i- A n .7 i, ^ i- — i- ,- :7 7, X I- M o s 77 r ID 7.-,-,- « _ J, „ -,_,_ f7 7171-~ •A^l.nHn.ijf '70=51^2 'S=>-3 — i'!:=-47r:»:roo • i ■oo''75 7i = r=-= '00 = = 7i = --:77L7 = o5 • • ■ i^ S i S •ii!iii„i!.v jso.w f7<.-o/:o :„ = ^ " 3 --li^s 5 ^■■■' i i i^iz; ■iiSiii~.i!,\^ o O ;2 ; ; ; i-l r^ "^ <, r7 S " "-1 7^*-. k! 1^ S 11 — — • ■ -» — ' — ,-; T. f T 'i ~ ~ ^ ~ i ^ -^ ii n .^ O — * i 1 ■ -tj ' ^ . ^ (« . T. T- ^ I-ADOK IK TMi: UXITKD STATER M.SOELLANKOUS IRON AND STrrr .,.. ili::!i'i^'j!"!i:i^)ai".r,M.,Mv,...K-,";,.. ^\•.SOs 1 IllO.N-Wulilv.s. ^|iiiM.iii-.ficriv !;.':;■■■■ - I -^lill-ilcik.... 1 1 j;"i-;;'--iiki\H-u])". a| j'n>^;i.'.M.,;ut.::: - I Wci^'llCl.H ... a I Slii'iil-riii'il... 1 I liar-n.ll,.]- ~ I Ji''i-",'iiiriio;,t,.r;:;;; 1 I JiouiilK r 1 I CaloliiT...' 1 1 Jf'iiHT....;:;: I ■ IIckiIm'I'.iit, I I siiieii,.,. .; 1 I J>iMui;,.i.(l,nvn.;; y l'iillii>;.ii|i .... a ■'^tiai^htnicii) .. \V(i,niii.i- ;;;;; Ctuidc-niiil i(ill,T.s Ocinipiitiuu. " I i.;"ii^iiM'.^-iip!;; 4 I J'lMl'^lllcncl'.l •- I •NliMllll'U .... - i l!:n„l|..M.. - I^i'"-kr,s ...::: "r.i;;.i;iT.s.(|(,n-u ,,//'" a llnMli,.,,, :'! 2;''''i'-'*ii'"i'-cf.s'.".';;; - 1 Miv'i-i,„.i,,.|.s •■■• ; I I'l iiMT.i J if.is |]Miilii(.,,r,. "^n,i..,„.,,,„, ;;;;•-•- I \\ i-mlhT I'|"7,-'".--'i.iiiiiiu"rVu',.M;.".'" ~ I ll'l WIS .. '- 1 ".■at.'is....;: 1 I Kii;;iiiicr ... 7 1 ';i»iM'c'tni'.s...;; 1 j -.liiim;;c;r " 2: ir,v,i,.,-s...: ■2 I ltcl|„T.s... 2 i!"li,r.s . 2 ! ir.l|„.r.s 2 :' r.iirhcvu.'.'i 2 ; ll.l|„.|-.s... (>, If, ' -• ; H<'avcv,.j.nn... ' 4 .Mi.iiuhtc.ii,.|-.s I j •''lii'.ii-iii.iii in PUti. Vyngog. ?M 70 ir, III) 4 Hi 111 (II) 10 JO a:i ID !i ;w 10 00 !l (Jl) !l IIU 7 M li.t (irj 1.;. -.3 III im 10 dl) DO III) l-J 00 i."i III) I) 01) 42 III) l.'i 00 12 III) •M III) Table skou-i., n.c avcraoo «W,V, „,,„,, ,,^,,,,,,„„, ..iZ^^^TT^— ^ in ll'c year l^T^ '' '" «'«'^-«''"*« in Pittshuryh, Pa., jnonrs nflalmr per vo.-k, no.] Sflcl-llli'ltlTS.. Uilp;|.< -"^rih'iiiiiist, iii'..;,t ^I'lcliiMi.sts, oniin Marliiiu.st, iiifciii 1 iiiWuis I'niMif r.s' hi.lpc'i-s l.ol.i'i-a Ili'alirs ... ,]'/_' JtDl.OM'llcIpPl'.S ' Ifniiiii-iT.ii'cii '. llaiDiiiiT.iueir.s'"' ary . f 17 m 1 17 -,.-, 4 iH no 1 I.'i Oil 1 111 7,-. ;t :!i .•i.t i l.'iH UJ llil 4;) 7,-. .'i;j nil 4 •J7 r>() 4 M to 1 1 KiiiriniM.r J'ii,'_iiii'ir ''illlvctf,.! I'alliiii-iiiakiTamVc, As.,staii(.s I Iii'Ijicra Lain 'Ills. I'ai'tcr.s. &e A|ilirinli 00 !.■) on r,' no li (}0 V>4 00 li no liO 10 00 '^*> LAIIOU IN KUlJOl'i: AND AJIICIUC'A. 'lubh' Hhnwiiii) the anrayo. inrhli/ wmicK of pcniiwH cmiihijul hi iliv .Vi -///,// I'uiiuihr'i (forne anil JkmviMr pig-iron) in JIairisliiiryli, I'a, OccniKitiiin. n,rk , I'lmiii;!!! (ir foiimii'r . Kll^iill'iT Kiiuini'i'r'H 'isaUtiiiit . lil:!!'!!.'*!!!!!!! ''.irpi'iiliT Kll'Ili'M WllRl'S. euon ys 11(1 17 M 11 117 1-J IS U IH 11 117 ' Ui'L'iiiKilliin, WllgCH. KfTj.f.'rM' lu'IpiT?* I''llli'r.s iiiiil I'liiilrr-nic'ii. .. Illill-W<'if;ll(f Caili'iM J.illllill TS Ciiuiluctiir.'i uu oru-trnliiH. SIO 09 « Vt 10 13 7 m 1 Wi u ;j X.;in.-All llii\Nl)f)V(« wiu'i'H, (.vTOphrl(M-li'>« |,.,-i' woiU. Ttibh: .ihowiiiij the armv/i: ttrdji/ inujci of /hrmiH nnphycd h,/ the CornKj.dul Iron Comimny of Cllirili/ii, III. [Hours of liliiir per wi>cU, 00.] 0<'i'iipation. Iron-all litter nialtcrs J^aLjilHM I\S J.al)jri'rM or uiialiillcd worldiioii \V'asi'N- 'I Oi'iMipiition. WnjiPH. 618 on ^ Apprc'iiticosor lioys IH (1(1 i' 1m)1i'IIH'11 or OVLISl'US) I) OU '! ?."> (10 Tahlf xhowiiuj the turniijn w,vlhj irai/cH of perm n» rmplnyid in mulUahk irun-fUlimjH wodn ill Jliaiifonl, Conn, [IIourHof luljor per week, CO.) ' Occupation. Ironnioliler.s. inclinlinj; nppronticea Mailiiiiisl.i. Iie.st, M.icliim -its, urilinary .Mailiiiiist.H, iuliTioi', atliiulinj; tiippiii]^- macliiiK« li.ys VTagca.; fill 00 1 15 OU 11 00 ■1 50 Occupation. Forciiicn Ivii^jiiiei r.s .■.■; I'allrniiiiakirs ami earpent'-rs , .\s.-istauts hatiori'iH, carhrM, A-o iJoyH anil giiln, loiikin;; core.-i... ^\'.^pl- $19 (10 l;t .-.I) If no lit III) (ill 5 uo . HAIJDWARE MANrFAOTOniES. Tulilc >>hon-iiig the areya;/c ireekli/ wiii/r-'f 7-J diid IriTl. Occupation. AVajje.s iii- 1872. 1874. MoMci'M, iron AppiTKliCi'S 'lolilers, lirii«s '''ipo!a-ti'iii|;'f8 , .\iiiiealiiij;-i'iirnaco temlcis . 1 lUrs .7a]iaiinei-» I"r;',ei3 Iicliiers (iriiidor.s rolislicrs 't'uruer.s Jliicliiiiist.s, (licit) Mai'Iiinist.'*, (iTilinary) riiS'ineirs ', l''iiiiiaci-iiien T..i'.)orer;i ami oarters !' ck'Ts DU'-iaakcra Si:i 75 U OU ITi 00 15 75 10 on i;j 73 Ocoiijiation. 515 00 || Pressworkni.'ii I lioll.TS 18 00 I Wilders , l-J 00 I, .Toinlcr.s. l-i on !! Hlainpei'.s !) 75 jl (JrailiiatorH 1:1 5U ll l''iiii.slier.< 18 on ll I'.illerii-iiiakiTM 11 00 11 t;atii.iit,TM II on ij 'rri|i-liaiiniii'r iiicii l:l .'lO i Fit Ills. up 1-J 00 !| Si'i-.w-ciiilei-s 18 ti(i ;i IJlacksiailliH n Ilrlpers i:i 0(1 i iM.rniiiMi 1:1 rui 'I Appri'iiliocM (ir liovs.. !l 00 :j C.iiisa.Ml uom,-n .'.... i:i 50 i lliass roiinilcM IS 00 ; Tiirn('i-.i. AVages in— 1873. 1&71, Sill on •M o:) 17 25 IJ (1!) *1S (II) 5 78 5 ^7 15 lit 11 10 $10 no 1 1. :,o 15 CO l:; .-.(I 1 1 r. 15 110 li no ill 10 15 (III 18 CO l:i i;o 15 no '"> 1 10 ^ :5 10 CO Ij (M I Ami upward. {ICA. lie Xi'iitivl Viiuiuhrij (.fortje Pa. i|ialii>ii. WllL'CH. traliiH. $10 US U 4.'- 10 15 7 .1(1 7 ;i-J u -.i mill t'"ii(liictnrs', urn ciiU'iiliitiil jciili'iiliili'il at U ihijH |njr wiM'k. V Coi'niijiilnl Iron Company ipntlon. \\'ll|Xf». 8 in.. !?ri (11) la (JO nalhablv iron-jiilimjD ii'oc/s ;iation. Wngiv. $19 00 oaipi'iit'Ts l:) iiu !l Wl 5 no iiif! cmvs hiinhnirc-mnniifd florin in ■\\'agi'S iii- 1873. 1&74, Si;i fi!) •.JO i);i 17 ;•.-) IJ (10 ♦IS 00 r, 78 I 5 ^7 1.-) K) II 10 eij 00 it, r.o V, CO i;i .-iO II J.-. 1."! (10 1-i 00 21 (II l,". (10 K- en l-J CO i.-i m '■| iiii ,1 7,'i 10 10 (i (M 4 r.u TfO''ci,hon-:iq ih, ovirmw i,;,l> , hanhciire Oi'ciip.iMim. JlilcllllllNtS I'iii|i.niiii I'Irsf.iMcil .'• l'ci'.^-i-;;lllH ■•^ 'Mi'liTM, (;;irN) ■• l'Miiiiiii;vwi,ik hIHh.. Occiipntlnii. WaKon. ■\inm Ki,«l,.,.,M'ni„lh,.||,„r7 ; .M,,.it,.,..,.Msi,.,s .' '"'10: .Mi'iili, ,„llii,.j.,„||l I 'JO 00 I I-J 00 10 on u:j uo . -I'l'ii ■ 7 .III l''..i-|.|iii hill r..iii ■ f.'l7 .W 'JO ( 7 ."lO S(i|i(riii'!i.j|',l',.'||i""' 'J'l ,, (ir.miH,.(lal,„r,„.,.,vi...k,CO.J Oi'onpiulnii, Oi'i'iipatiiiii. I-'larK-sniitlm •'.liiiiii't-iiialiciH ...".'.' ' Clipi'llll TH " riii:.-lii'i.i, liiaHs .... , .M.irliiiiistn .'.'.'.'.' Ma.'H'.i.s \\ M"l'lrr.s, urnviriin :i"iii.'i-.s iiiaii,.ai,i,..i,„,",:;;::: ililhvii.'lils WajjOH.! «!« 51 } I'aiiit.TM 17 (H 1(1 71 II i; ''lI'l'l-IMIIlllicra Sli.|hMlt||.r,H. ^V'llKi'O. SH 7ft 10 .-,0 '■"' 1 . '/ ' ;\i>pi''iitid.s ...;; 10 II •• ir 1- h i'lili'llli'U .'.10 ■■• '-1 'S '.'.-, rU "'"'" "'"™^'""^'"^K:~r?s-" ""*""■ frame OcciipalioM. MirliiniHts Siii'tchei'-liaiiiU..." .^Md.TM ; i;iiii:irT.i ami iiniclio'r.s <'.'!ian(liVmili^iimki'r.s iilOllMkcCM I'liiirhiTs and lippi.'rs I'lI'il-lll'M ll'llllllTl'lfl ' Spriii..'iTM and (t'.s'tl.Vs Lippi^is Unlli'is ". [irmira of Ubor piT wook, W.] Kvnsi-sJ! !?-'l 00 ;{ Cnnd.T, .•;n»:| l''c.imi.-niakr,-s: -0 00 r .laiiiiMiii.r.s ?<"' I'alkiT.s '•'«0 I; I.ahi'lcrs ■■"" Jl"l ,| i:n;:iii,.,.,..s ■ •'•00:|l,a .,.,H <; w| I ;V'ii'>nii<.,.;:::; (' (III .: I'lilvni,.,,., 7 oil ■ Jy ':'•','""■''' '"'odMrmen:;:.:: ' 00 I linDk-kiifpor ■ maiiiifoe- WngoB. g.' no 1-J (10 00 10 00 ■) 00 0,1 00 11 0(1 7 00 .^■. 00 1.-. 00 'J.'. 00 Tdl)!,' sho llaviii. Com'. I corscl-stcc! wort^ in j\>„, OrorsivT -\.'<.sistaiit ....'!'.".!!^'.".'."" .Sti'cl-ii.aipi.n.is !'.!.!" Sil'll-trMIIIMilVfNa.-'si.Stai'lt' I^t|i()|.(.ll||li|.,s I Uril;i( U-ai'c.- S:io on 00 l."i 00 10 00 Occnpation. .Tapaii-miTior. . ■fapan-ilippors. I'll '.-^-liaiui.s ... I'ai'kiTs W,n;jpa *I-3 (i(, 4 -I) 'i (V i'^S8 I.AIIOII l.N F.lROl'K A>1) aMKRICA. T'l^gl,,/ •'»{/ Ihr (iviriii/f thiili/ !■ 'i'ir!< nf pri-soiix imiiliijicd in a hiiiil-liik JcdoiiJ \i\ §>».»• J'l'iJ, t'uiiii., ill till ijKir lH7'j. M^xup^rtliin, (nntirii nf lulHir pi'f "ffk, (!0,1 JIllllllnllltM, lH';tt, ilurliliil^N, iipllii.'iry MiirliliilMtrt, liili'ilcii' M.'ii'lilnists lii'liMin Ill;irlv»inlllii« Jll.li'linliiilllH' Ill'lprlK Wiiiti'fl, Oi'ciip.iil'ifi. i\ till to ?l (111 Kiit'lr V* ■J •.'.■! I'l :l (HI I I'lilii'iiiiniiki'cs mill ciii'iu'iiiirs , 1 Till to M \i'\ ' l.ll iilrl (, rllti'lH, iVf 1 (ID to 1 fill I AllVli'Mliii'K .. :l fill I lll'lli:*'!''!!!!!!!!' 1 73 W'na $1 .W til -i . .1 1 .Ml III 'J nil ■"ill til I ; -I U ';> tn 4 nil ' Aiipri'Ml i iicrlvn ',(] oi'nt^ iiiT iliiy fur tlm llr«t yciir, «0 ^.'ontH J'or tliu hi'I'iiuiI, SI.13 t'ur tliu tlilnl, llllil;l.,MI llll'tllll llMlllll. TahU fho'niifi Ihv ofiriuic irrckhi wnr/rK nf pirfii-iii.i rmphviiii in Iroii-KiiCv iiK'iiiifdrtoyiin In t'iiuiiuiiili, tJliiit, ill llic iiiiii- I""*'.', mill ill I'liiiiiijii, 111. I in llic ijnir 1^71. [tliiiii'.-i iil'lilmr piT wiM'l;, lio,] M'iit;i'M 111— Ofrii]t;itiij|i, ■\Viim'n In— ()i'cii|mlimi. (Jlmlnnntl in lc7?. (llilriiiio In Irt'l. C'liu'hiiiiiti In Cliiniti.) ill Ini't. M.lllllllHts, l.i-.t .?'jn OiHiiiSiori nn Kii;:liii'i'r-t I'litirrii-iimki'fM iitiil (-ai'lH'iitiTH AsMUt;Mil'< , m 110 $-jo on (0 an no u Ull 10 1.1 (lu 8i:> M Sliii'liiriist.H, iiiilin;iry ..| 1,'illliti) ','11111 MillllillisIH, illll'l i"!'' . . . . I*i lit) tn l.'i (III Sl.'i III) , Miir)iilii>ls' )irl{M'l'H III II Itil Iv! III! •JaiiiMii -'.'i I'll Iv! UUli) l."i Ull 'St (Ju to :iu wt ]il;irl.sTiiitll.s i',' (10 I.mIhiii r i,nu'trr», &c .. ;i II ) Dilll-Lslllitlis' Ijl.-lpiTH .. . I'Diimiii A|ili|-ciitU'i'H TuiiiflH :i (luiii H (III ij uoti) ai) uo i 1 .1 :i.i r.o TuMe uliowinj Ihr uvcrwjc nrvlbj inviix nf yircsoHs (mphitivil in svdli-miilinij anil uli'din-hinl- iiiij ir'irl.i ill Cliicitini, J II, (IlnlMH lll'lalllir piT Wt'l'k, (io.l HfALI'-MAKKlfs' W(j1:K,-i. BTr.AMIIKATlXO WullKS, Or IM P itiiin. \Vii;;cH. .?|.-i on ■JO 00 I.-, oil l."i no ! Ill I ■1 (K) 1 110 00 !, 1' Orciiimliim. Wll;,.:^. Scalt'-ninUciH JSt';im-iii:ik7-1. Wujjti'H In — Cinrliiniitl in (.'Iilnm.i Ici'J. III IrVI. *1(1 (10 $15 no null i-it) on to 'Xi m li Willi 1.1 w !•' n Siv .. |l ii'l ;i 110 III H (III 5 ml li uotii -M m ... mitU-malciiKj and uleiun-hial- MIlK.VTlNfl WuliK.S. uimlliin. I \;avi. $^0 1^ i.s. 1 , Ill 1:J llll hccl-ii'im irorli in (!i, npntion. I VVai-'cs. eis 1)0 1.-. (.'I u (0 i^non iv ruK vmrm states Table ,ho,r{n,, the „,.,r„ge «,^,.,,, „„„ . , (nour.„fi„borp,.rwe..k,flo) »"V/ /« Pilh Nlllll'M I'll iliin __ "■' ■■ lii.iiriH ;; I'llHl III IjiiTH " •Sirilliil ll,.||,„r<' lllMtllM' hoilliT, Hlll'lll- IIK'U UlllltTK ... •-'airli.m. ..,."■■■ W'rtfiOll. in">'riofbbiir,i„,,v,...Lr,„ Sllipi';irpi.|ltt>ril.... < ilkrrn iioiii'iS ■;."■■ Ill iiliNiiilihs ...v." ' .liilniTH "* illlllminlN!!''.' «"«, I mi. '■■■•"" "" ""■ •''"'■'■"<■ /i''/'7i,«y, ,]in,ii. \VnBeii. Iln mi IH no n 111) 4 IIU 8-.t .'Kl Oi':ii|iat|nn. *iS n,1 |i T:"'",""'"^" , j^> n» : I„iliMi,.,M ......I wo)}!!''""-'-'^"' ::::• T<'f>'o'''>(,wi„ff (he average weekly toagea of ],trnn"H emulnii,.,i ;. a -j cayo, i,,.""!""!^"' '" '"■'dye and car ,eorh in Chi. [Honriiorinborperweok.CO.J Sr.nnliinints I DlilllTH .. Ullltl'llttlTS '■ir.Ht.ci,,^,i,i,ick"„mi,'i;3:; ':|iic'k.MinilliH'lii..,„.,., ."■"■ v"r''"'i'-nti'r8';;::y- l'ii,!t-.;li,i.«|„.l|„!,.s."™ •Wmiil-claNs Lrlpers liittiTii-niakurs tllSilll'IM'.... ■' Apnl'irH "f "'"','''iil''dwa"rkmea: I ■;i'P''"'i<<'»iii- iiiivs I l-ori'mi-u orovLTsuWs.'.".";.;.";."" 49 L ♦I.'- .10 to tw no I » liO to I'J III) 8 •lO (o 15 00 U, *4 770 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. iRox-sinr uuiLDiNa. Arcrage rate of waqes (per w vk of 00 houiv) paid to prrmns emplm/cd in the shiphdldivg mid 'iiid troii-icurku of Messrs. W. Cramp i^ Sons, J'liiladelptiia, at tlwdo.wof 1874. KXlilNKKlilXG AND HDll.Ell WOUKS. > 3 •I) a m 17 at ;)'! li 47 SL (i7 115 68 125 '4 <) Oocupntion. WaRes. BlMl'-lU;il,l)INO YAIU). 885 lU-'t OrtJiniiry Iiili'i'iiir ll'lni rs I'.iiiiiii.iiiMkiTs and joiiuTs... Knuiiii'-liiicis lliitrksniitlM AppniiiiCL'H L:ilnMi'i\s i;i.'!r,lM liciilri- iiiaUci'if liivotiTH and cilkcra IIoIlliTM-nn I'"l.in;;rrs Uivi't-hoyH l.alMirrrH .'Mill iiclpor^ Kiiiciiicn, (I'liijiiiccr, &c.) Fmiuiuu, (sundry) , $18 15 Id Ki l(i Ki 4 !l 10 l:i 1 3 la 10 "4 y an 0(1 (K) (lU 50 51) 0(1 50 00 00 50 50 50 (0 I 5(1 00 (10 00 00 00 as 2J <) a Ki 7 5 I'J II 115 (iH lA"i as 11 47 :( 11 57 70 ao 21 9ao '() 1:1 Occupation. Fitters lli'lpcrs Anuio-iron sniitlia lii'lpcrs Slii])-sriiitli.s Ui'lpcro Riv.'tcrs lloldcrson Kivcl-lHiya (,'allt('i8 Dnll.-rs .loiIHTH Appronticr's I'attrrnniakors ... Marliinis(.s CarponlcrH I'aiirti-rs ltiK«'T.s Laliiiri'r.s (barters Kurnaocnien l''orcim;n Arerane ya ■Average 14 Oci 903 Average •anc rale of \caciis (per vcck of (10 hours) paid to persons empln\ial in 74. i;X(!IXEKUIXU AND nolI.ER W<)liK8. Occupation. Maeliiuists: ]i.>t (Iiilinary liitVi iiu' Jlci|]CIH Patt yoars— 1st year, H per week 1 2(1 year, «:i : :M year, $4 : 41 li year, J5 : 5tli year |C. tIlOO liud tlio per muulli. j $iuu per moutli. ERICA. tK I'mplnijvd in tht ihiphuiWivg Mjikta, at tin; clow of 1874. im'-iu;iT,i)iNfi YAKi). Occii]i.iti()ii. ■Wages. II Hiiiillia lis'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! n a CPU Ktkort) .H ■a aen !.. «n 00 !l 00 IS 00 10 00 IH 00 10 00 ( i:i M i la 00 10 :)0 4 00 11 00 10 r>o 10 00 4 on 10 50 JC 00 in 00 15 (10 10 r,o 9 00 10 00 1(1 ,-,0 2.-| 00 rago 1-J 42 < emplotird in the .•he ma ^rri ■ — — ___ ^^<^""'mivnh Lompa,,;,, HU ' Miicliini>f8 JiiNt (Jiillii:irv Iiil'ciinr'... I „ ., "lipi'M .!!! I , "cIlM.pH . . I linci|.i-,s \" ll<'Iiliis-ou !!!" Hjint'cia.... , ''«iiiilli8'."" I'oii-liiill.bdiMrra' ( ilo I F'lri'iiH'ii ..! KiitfincLT.'i I Appicnticea. . 1 aiiiicis Jjiipriiipen'tljra"; illllWlijrIjt.s . ANsiaUiits '^''""•^""'•""^••"•ticloap.odneed. s'lipjiiiui'ia! frnn slcainsitiip,,. '■""■HI. Ml. ,;,„ ,';;,','.-''ii'"«-vc..,s;.i,. ( r.Iltlllicn. { liiMlcr.H. I 'IViiik.s. ^^'''''I'imMv.M-k t'onor,-,Ilv jl^.'-.olovci>y,leaul„u|-n. IRONPOUNDERY AND MACIII^a^^II ^" Average rate of rea.es >,„ia ,. ' '"^ ^ALIFoknu. J "ogcspanl lo,,ermn.s emphwl ;„ „,, ,. . , Iron-iiioldcr.i f '''■St !!!!!!!!!!;■■ ) Iiili'iior ■■ Enilcr.maliois . ' , ilcl|i,ia Kivc'ti la \ lliildci R.oa. !."!.'! I'l;iu;;ci8 Ili'l|i(T.s. . . . ! ! JJIaikainitlis ill'Ipil 8 Fort'iiirii P('U<'iiiniakeraa,;jVa"rpei)Ver«"" LahiitcrH, 4c apprentices !.'.'." '' "0 to -I 00 ■:* 00 10 .,., „u ■' "I'to IH (II) "III to i:tM ■* ll'l I" 31 0(1 I I.I ,50 ; (III t" 31 00 ' I'll 'o l:( 50 •ID to 37 no 110 I o M ,-,0 I'll to 31 00 III! lo I.I 50 I'O u, ;i,i 00 00 I,: .J I 00 III! to l;i r,o flOto 13 TiO 00 tu 10 00 milir •''"•"■'^'I'i'l^. Hiw. viMir, $4; 4lli jfur, $5; StIijcar.JC. pur uiuutb. 772 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA fp. CLOTHING. Tabic showing the average werkhi farnings of persona employed in the manufacture ofclolhing in the following States, in the year 1874. Occapatiou. Hoail cuttciH for custom cIotliiiiE (^mii'is lor I'wul.v-iuuile clutliiiit; .. liushclrin'li Miu'liiiu'-oporators ]''iiii>lirrs 1,11 111 ii'i'iM i 1 $34 37 iV's: 21 87 28 12 18 75 10 00 a s>. •S'S r, V u > J, a o IIcjidcMittpraforcnstom-clotliin^i (Jul tiMH f 00 u 7 I'fl 3 e 00] 0; 7 r.o H i: no fl 7.') -) S (iOi J (i 7."i' 4 00 24 00 1 •JO 00 'JO (10 K 00 o! ir> 00,. Iti 30 i u O 10 'J.'i 00 'j.'i 00 as 00 15 00 10 8;io 00 no on J34 ;t7 $-25 oo $■:.? ;i4 , 1.") 08 ■Jl 87 IJ .-1- •Jl 87 9 ;6 28 1 -J 11 'J-J 18 7,') 10 tie 10 00 4 75 10 ;» II :i;i 10 00 SI 3.) 8 O-J 4 II 4 t':i ;! .TO 3 00 21 00 21 00 18 00 18 00' 18 00 18 oo; I 23 '25 ■JO M •HI CJ 18 « 1-J 61 13 60 LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES Table showing the rates paid to operatives in elothi. 773 »g cstuhlixhments, for piecework, in 1874. Articlos. Koady.mnile clotliing; Sack overcdats J K\"^ J?r(),i(lrl(itli fiockcoati) " Oa«8iiiH!io iMisiiicNH.eoats' ' CaHsiiiicrc, sack-coats Vi'stH. woolim I'aiitaloniiH, woolen Shirts.. J JJ^/'s''" ( >Voi lulfa Cnstom-made clotliing: Sack ovcrcoatrt . . Uroadcliitli (IrcHscoats '' Ca.s»iiii(.rel)[i,siii(.ns.co,H8' Cassimeiesack-coatH Vesta I'l ntalooris . . ......" " " ' ?i'i''tr!, muslin Articles. each . each. each . I'ach. each. each. ■■per pail-. ■. Iicr diizcii ..purdozcu. encli. each.. each. cac h.. each.. per pair.. • per dozen.. $,-. no' *1 00 :t 00 2 01 4 so 4 (III 2 110 2 (1(1 a oo' 1 ,V^ 87' -.I 04; 7,-) Ready-raado clothing: Sack overco.'\t8 ij'""^ each.. Broadcloth frock'in :::po'rd,!ze,',:; B . a :j d 3 a w f Louisia <3 rid! . 3 (.0|. Sol! 7.T . 2 001 . 00 .J 1 2 no (» 0(1,* II no 12 00 !-< (10 7 (II) .1 00 ■i 00 10 00 l:i 10 8 .Ml 10 no ^ 00 8 (HI 1 ,'.0 2 ".n 2 00 2 7 .V 4 U^ I ill ■5C) 00.... 4 l:|| (i DO . . "i Oil ... 4 00 ... . 201 1 M . (i 00 . . . 4 on .... 1 17 00.JI0 on Hi "0 14 (III 8 ,-|0 l< CO: ;) r>n' ■■I 751 ?4 (l« 2 :I4 4 nn 2 ;,i 1 >-2 74 70 2 .-,!) 2 OS !) (i2 10 88 7 09 07 2 U 2 :)8 !l 83 LEATHER. Occupation, SoleUalher. T.anners Uiani-hands...." Vard a a H o 'A ];h11 l!.irli "IS A: spongers ,'rindci-s Comniou laborer .-$10 on 8 .'it 10 on 7 :.(i 10 00 «i'.'oo iia.w in oo;,Ji2oo{ I J 5o,*io oo! M 00 00 9 00 .iO: 12 0, 12 00 00 y 00 9 00 8 Ojl 9 50i - -^I'J snji.'i (}n,«ii oo'si.T on'?|-, on.«i3 "h no' , 8 ooL 10 on 17 ."/o; i."i 00 B fii f f on 9 00 fi 0,1 I < .'io in .-lu: 14 o,i' fl-i "li m 1,- Oil, i,-) 10 .1 9 50i 9 00 00 10 n .">n, i:t on 9 00 50 12 001 9 15 "'"' • [J,jJ,„gl^mt!mmsB: III 774 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Average tveekly wages paid to pirnoua vmpJoyvd in manit/acture of leather, .Jc— Continued. Occapution, Upper leather and ca^'-skin. Tamiors (^inricirt Splitters SilMVCIS Talilc-liaiuls, scour CIS I!l:i.-keis Finishers Morocco, patcnfanil tnaiiifU'i leather. TillllMMS Ki'iiin-li.iiuls Sliavcis iSi'wiiii;. sills I'illlslll-ls Coloivi-s $12 00 is 00 15 00 Slieepakin*, tkivem.l <£c. Kiiirincci-s j Laljiiicrs (ir iin- ( skilliMl worknicii. Aiiinciuiitcsuriiiiys , I'on'iiifii *n* over- | seers . «8 00 9 00 13 00 S12 00 .... fio no 15 00SI2 Oil 13 50*13 50 15 00 12 00 12 00 Id 00 15 00 12 I 01 10 00 12 00 15 00 10 00 12 00 13 OU 12 00 11 25 II oo| .... «ll 00412 00 a .0 13 00 10 00; 10 00 12 00 12 00 14 50 10 OU 12 00 7 50 4 50 20 00 12 00 15 00 10 00 U 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 10 00 14 00 \# 00 4 00 20 Id 00 IG 00 5 00 J12 50?I5 00.?17 00?I3 00 20 00- lU 501 10 50 22 00 15 40 Id 00' 10 50 lii 50, 24 00 14 TO 25 00^ 20 00 10 50j 2;t ool 17 63 9 Co' 12 01) Ifi 50 15 00 11 50 9 00 12 00| 10 50, 15 00 12 IH 20 00 15 00 10 00 17 00 15 00 15 00 9 00 20 50 20 00 . 15 on 15 00 II) 50i 9 00 10 50 10 50 13 50 10 50 18 00 12 00 12 50 14 .-.0 17 25 « 50 IH 25 17 '.J 12 27 9 46 4 75 in 85 BOOT AND SHOE FACTORIES. labh showing the ai-erago wcrkln wages of ixmniH employed in boot and shoe factories in the following !itales in tlic year 1874. Occnpation. a; 3 « 3 1-1 California. & 2 9 2 a Cutters Stoek-liltera Sole-sc-wi n;.'-iiiiu'liiiie (vperitors 424 00 19 00 24 00 9 50 24 00 24 00 21 00 25 50 24 00 2j 3D "ioflo Id 50 00 35 00 810 00 15 00 15 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 ?18 00 12 00 10 00 «20 00 to $35 on 15 00 to 20 00 20 06 to' '25'66' 20 00 to 25 00 «21 37 n; 02 Other sewiiijj-mauliinii operators 111 :I3 I/.isters S»coLil lastors lleelei w '.'.".'.'" 14 00 IM rf 17 00 20 00 to 25 00 20 00 to 25 00 20 00 to 25 00 20 00 to 25 00 25 00 to 30 00 22 liO to 27 00 20 00 to 24 00 Trini;iiers Hiirnisbeis ..".'.'.'.'...'.'.'.'" Vinislieis .1 !!'..!!.!]! llaiiilsewers !.'..!.".!!."!!.!..'. Slioe-eleaiiers I'ackers ...'^..'""/.['.'/.'.'.'^ 10 00 10 00 10 00 "12 06' "'io 00 19 :i3 IH 83 111 50 27 50 H 25 Hi 110 1.1 50 7 no 27 50 Laborers or Miiskilleil workinon A|)p:enliees or boys ^^>relue^ or ovtiiaeera Criiupers Treers 5 00 20 00 '20 60 20 00 15 00 5 00 to 15 00 25 00 to 35 00 Bottoiuers 3RICA. « of leather, ijc— Continued. 1(1 O'S-JO OOr Ki 50 Iri 00 ' 11) .'lU •Jj OU; WU 0(1 I 9 oo' 12 on ii (10 ij 00 ■M UO Ij 00 o .. «ia no $15 00.517 0D?i3 oo 15 00 9 00 20 oo; l(i M •^■> Oil, 15 40 Hi 50, a4 00, 14 7(1 lU 50 at OOJ 17 t)3 10 50; 15 00 II 50 10 50| 15 00 1-J IH 10 50 17 00 15 00 ITi 00 ... 15 00... Ki 50 ... !l 00 .. 10 50 ... 10 50 ... 13 50 10 50 18 00 li 00 I J 50 H .-,0 17 25 ,'iD IH 25 17 i.j la 27 9 46 4 75 10 85 boot and shoe factories in the to a (i « e« rt GO* Q '3 o a V a 0) M o O ?l,-< 00 12 00 10 00 20 00 20 no 20 00 15 00 «20 00 to $35 on 15 00 to 20 00 20 00 to 25 00 20 00 to 25 OU 20 no to 25 00 20 00 to 25 00 20 00 to 25 00 20 00 to 25 on 25 OU to 30 00 22 i:0 to 27 00 20 00 to 24 00 5 00 to 15 00 25 00 to 35 00 «21 37 1(1 02 Ki :I3 14 00 is r^3 17 on 23 2,1 10 33 If 83 l!l 50 27 50 H 25 KI no In 50 7 no 27 50 LABOR IN THE UNITED TOBACOO. STATES, 775 Tabic showing the nrerayc. cm;,;,,,,, of „ ,. Occupation "•■Vi'-^ini".' ()l,i„. I i,„,i„„„; FINi.,.(;L'T TOUACCO Sdippin;; (.'ilHlll^f .".'.'" Culling I)r('.^ailllr '_"_" tii'inili[i'ir I'M-kmii ..".". Sprciirliris . ...! rickiny Ciittin;; Gnilllll;lliii;r _ Laborers '■'■ I M. V. i M. ■•1*3 50 *) 00 V. ■ fo on ; ' M. Occupation. FLNK.CUT TO- IIACCO. Stripping C;isin!; (.'iitiiiis I'rcssin:; »» i....lOOO F. M. *'. 5 00 ••|*^>C(),.}5 00 .S3,-^4 t3 00 ••'"OU Ill w !' 00 ;.... 10 00 '■> ■'» I 33 1 ... !)00 ■■"■ 7--,V !'•' '•■^i 8 00 iin'n,V i ' "" i ■? "'0 " "" I I 8 87 I 4 37 $4 50 12 no ! ';™ !-... i6'()6" 7 50 L... 10 00 37 --.10 00 .. t i 776 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. CIGARS. Talle showing the average earnings of pemnm nnplojied in the mamfacture of cigar, in the uiichrmfiilioiieU Htutea in the year 1074. '' State* Occuputiou. Now Hniupshirt Veriuont < IVr 1,000 • ( Wcclilv earnings. I I'fi- l,00<) } Wii'Uly ciirnings. Now York jIVrl.OUO I Weekly caiuiDES. New Jersey Dolswnro. Marjlfind . I'.T I 0(10 Weekly earnings. I'cr 1(J00 WeekhenrDiugs. I'ci-l.OUO Weeklv earnings. Ohio jl'erl.OUO Weekly earnings. { $14 00 10 00 9 00 1-^ 00 1-J 00 17 r.o H 40 10 :t,-, 5 10 6 55 S 00 Indisua J '"'r 1,000 I Weekly earnings. Illinois Wiscnnsin. ^ Per I 01)0.... ■ I Weeklv earn C I'lT ■ i Wee ings. 1.000 UK earnings. Minnesota < I'er 1,000 ) Weeklveariiings. Iowa jPerl.l-'oO ( Weeklvoariiings. Arkansas 5 Per 1 (KIO I Weeklv earnings., Kertueky | Per I 000 t Weeklv earnings. Virginia i P«r 1.000 ) Weeklv earnings. West Virginia 5 Per 1,000 I Weeklv earnings.. NorthCarolina • 5 Per 1,000 I Weeklv earnings.. Georgia 5 Per 1,000 I Weelily earnings Tennes.see ( Pit 1,0011 i Wcu'kly <'arnings. Lonisiana ( P .'er 1000 i Weekly earnings. 5 46 !» 50 9 50 10 00 8 Oil 10 -5 11 .",0 13 75 I'J 00 1> ,50 10 25 11 U.) 15 00 Id 00 9 5;i IS n 10 'J5 13 00 ' 650' lit 00 10 00 11 .50 15 00 11 75 14 00 10 00 17 00 "ihi)' 10 57 18 15 $5 00 ' 2 50 "i'io "'a'75 2 a.V i? u 17 OO ; 00 a 58 '3 00 'a'io 3 25 '3 06 3 00 63 3 00 20 2 00 2 (7 00 ti 00 1606 23 50 1 28 15 01) 75 14 00 17 00 7 a) 5 66 7 50 3 00 3 .50 2 50 8 50 's'oo 41 3 54 15 00 10 00 9 2.-) 13 50 1 00 15 00 1 00 12 07 1 50 20 00 12 00 $6 50 10 00 20 00 1 00 13 88 1 17 00 10 00 50 I 00 20 00 22 50 10 66 1 Hi 15 05 6 00 « 00 3 00 7 25 FURNITURE. Tabic showing the average xceeUu wages of im-som employed in fm-niture-manufactories in the Jollowiiig btatea \n the year 1874. Occapation. 1 a 1 1 1 '0 a 6 a a a £ < ce 1 2 s Cabinetni.".ker8 Chair inakere ?1« 00 |15 00 ♦ 15 75 $19 00 $10 00 ■*io ont.o$i2 (1(1 10 00 10 12 0(1 15 O'l 10 00 to 12 ou 12 00to'i5 00 12 (Ot.i 15 dO !0 OMo 12 00 6 00 to 9 (,0 3 00 $15 4.-. Carvers IH 00 16 00 "in 60 12 00 15 .'•.n 7 25 i 50 IG M Turners 12 00 10 00 15 00 "1506 Piii n ters Upholsterers io'oo 15 00 25 '60 10 dO Vavuishers Scroll-,sawy ers 17 -.0 13 .50 12 l(i 11 95 l(i 00 25 00 10 no 10 00 1 X,al)uiejsio ""3'6o 5 00 3 54 "6 'iV 10 00 1 Hi 15 05 """7 'is rniiure-manufactories in Ihe 16 00 ^in noto{iia no 10 00 lu la oil 15 O'l 10 00 to la 00 3 00 5 06 6 00 la 00 to la (Oto 10 O.)lo U 110 10 15 00 15 (lO I a CO 1 (0 3 00 45 no 50 .iO 00 :.o 50 Iti llj 00 00 777 Tabic slutwing the amagc irc,/.!,, „ LABOR IX THE UNITED STATES. AOUICULTUKAL-IMPLEHKNTFACTOUIE.. Occupation. Molilcra llatlijnista . .......' Blackatunlis JiliiclisiiiiiljM liclpc'rV OlilllloiM ■\V(iO(|.wo)kci 8 .'. I'low-tii.'ilicr.s ... I'iit tci nniakim .".'.".'.' CaipciitciH I'iiiiiliiM ' EnKiiii'fiH 'W'HicliriK II .1] TcaiDNi CI s " I.;il).iivrH Of iiiiH'k'ili,'.(i'wo'i'kmoa' Jjoiomeu or ov( rsefrti. K M b d 3 !c a hi w $IS 00 ;••••- \H m *'•> 00 15 00 » 00 7 (JO la 00 15 06 la 00 :a 00 15 00 la (10 Ifl 00 7 (10 •J 00 15 00 00 5 00 1 7 (16 5 to 5 00 1 15 oo 1 1 20 00 GLASS-WORKS. Table vlmwing the areranp inoih, ., ^ [Hours oflabor per ,vc,.k.CO.J '/ Gla«s.liI„wiT8, window.. Vial-l]|(i\vcr,s Ba?;i::;;:;^.,;:;"'!'--«'-^'i'oweV8^. Maalcr ti-azcrH .As.sislaiit icazora i'lit-iiiiikciH ... Assistam iiot-make'rV «:I0 00 a5 00 ao 00 10 .-,0 a5 o;i la (,o y5 00 10 50 I'afkfrs j 'ilack.sniitim' ! .' .' I <'arpfiitci.s I i'''.i;ju;'iiii-cr.v<.rer;:;:: i ^killiMl liora I ^VPIl'lltlccs oi- 1,1,,.^ '' "'■'■"leiJ or ovorH,'or.s.' .'.".'.■;■"■■ $10 ."SO as 00 la 00 la 00 « (10 10 :,o 10 00 33 33 lalle sl^omug ,ke average .^ekly .ages ,rn, ,0 ..rson. e,n,„ojj»l in „1 , , ■ Mo^melLetls. "^""'"'^ '" O^m works in IkrkMre, ■•'latlcurrs Ciiitur,< Masicr teazcrs . f^ubieazcrs Eujjineers Labuivrs or uim'k'ijlp.iwor'k'men'"' ioiuiuou orovtrseiTs'" $10 00 la 00 9 00 8 00 25 00 tl^HU 70 per ceut. H8 much jllUict a8 tl^i^^ ^™"'"'^" ""■ ""'^ '' - i^P-lie 1^^'^ ;„ "ll^Z"^ ;"«5-<»«a- •m 778 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tuhlo Hhowiiig the average vionthly wages of bed toindow-gJaaa blowers in PUIsbunjh, Pa. Occupatiou. Wages. Ocuiipation, Wages. Lar;:o doublo jiIuhh, Hity Suoond c'lWH, *n', lailior. ainglo stii-ii^lli: t'JJO to t:iOO l.'O to 175 l-j:> to ITid lUU to 140 r.i'Ht ciitlioicrs tlW tu (HO IdO 173 to SOO MiiHirr ttjuzor iriO no GiiWi.i-cutiorrt. ...•••...■■• 150 to 200 Six blowers will iiveia^o iu oue calemlur muiilb lOs.OOU squaro t'uet. CARRIAGES. Table showing the arcrnge werldij wagis of pcrnoim cinploned in carviagi-ninlinn and cor- buiUUiig in I lie following Sui.ten in tiic years 187^ and l6T,i, resiwcinty. Occupation. i 1 a % s p 1 O 'A i "a IS a g 1 ei 3 i>l Diiily-niiikois Ciini;ij;r-p;ui niakt'rs "Wlu't'iwrijilna %\9 on l.l (10 l.l (10 17 00 5 5 1 !l 50 15 ,50 i!5 110 1.. .-.0 Hi .'.0 U ,50 ;i(j 00 11 00 5 00 J5 00 $15 00 $12 42 $iH no 18 00 18 on 18 (10 7 (10 12 00 15 00 15 (10 15 00 12 liO 10 00 8 no 5 00 20 00 15 38 S13 .50 13 50 "i.Von' 5 00 13 50 "i4'l':6 14 0) $17 (10 13 ,'0 12 00 i:) 00 9 40 15 no 15 75 H(lpi''« Fiiuslicrs Ornaiiii'iilurs 8 00 15 00 18 00 14 OH IJOO 15 50 Triimiicirt Slilcln IS 18 (10 15 UU LalMii(i»(iiuiinkilltMlwork- llH'll Appri'iilii'ts iniihs 13 00 7 75 14 37 60 HouiH ol" liibrn- per wcik .. GO 50 59J 60 60 Occupation. o H4 i c "5 ci rH ca a a i 1 S 1 % to '3 > 'a ■3 s a M 819 00 ll 00 "inoo ;i 00 10 00 "i.Voo 15 00 ei;t 50 15 00 #io on 15 ,50 "'jVoiJ' ei5 00 \i. 00 15 00 k: 00 5 50 $1G 00 "io '66 $15 75 13 50 13 5) 17 no 6 75 6 00 16 no 15 00 15 00 .f!l 00 15 50 17 .0 25 (I'l 8 .-O 15 on 10 00 l(i ,50 17 00 !i (10 9 00 7 no 5 10 21 50 15 00 18 no 9 no 18 (0 GO $10 00 CiiiTi;mf-i)arI, iniikei a AV1hm'Iwiil:IiIh Citacli-Miiiiihrf jiioci' U 50 13 (iO 14 (10 15 ,50 XIclpcn 6 75 50 OrnanicnttTa 'iaoo' "io'so 'i.V,5o' 19 00 24 00 15 00 16 50 20 00 15 00 16 UO 12 00 12 00 11 00 7 00 23 00 25 00 LaliureisoiuiiMliillcdwork- "'s'oo' 6 37 3- (in 18 00 12 CO 14 00 (i (10 15 no 60 9 00 Annreiiticca or bova 10 00 4 00 15 on 3 75 Forenn'ii CAU-BUILDEUS. 20 00 16 .'■lO i:i 50 9 00 14 00 60 '"'66" 16 50 Hilpeid 10 r,o 12 00 Hours of labor per week. . . CO 60 59 57 57 RICA. a blowcm in PUIahuiyh, Pa. (ttiun. Wages. $ia0 to tl40 100 175 to aio l.'iO 130 mo to 200 in carnai)i-mnl'nin and cor- I W7;l, rcniiiD.lftly. 'S (/."^ a a 1 i a o- O ei2 43 iaoo 13 on 9 40 ""ii'o'i IJOO "Vob $18 00 18 (111 18 0(1 18 (10 7 00 1-J 00 in on 15 DO 15 no la (10 10 uo 8 no .^ CO ao 00 15 38 13 00 7 75 14 37 00 *i3 no 1.1 no "in 00 n 00 13 no 'i4'l':(i 14 Oi $17 no 13 no 15 no 15 75 8 00 '"'iH'('o 15 50 la llU "in 00 c no 4 ,'.0 10 00 CO 00 & 'u a 3 [a > We.st Virginia. 187-2. CI !.• QD 3 $10 00 "i(i bo $15 75 13 50 13 r-l 17 11(1 75 t; no 1(1 (10 15 (iO 15 00 $!1 no 15 no 17 .0 an 00 8 .-0 15 0(1 i!i 00 Id ,50 17 on !i (10 9 00 7 no 5 (0 ai no 15 00 18 no 9 00 18 1 00 $10 00 1:1 (10 14 (III 15 ,'0 (i 7J ^0 20 (10 15 00 IG liO IJOO 23 UO "3'bb' ■■ cb" 37 3' no 18 00 1-3 CO 14 00 11 00 m no 00 000 3 73 20 00 10 .'■ifl 10 M 10 .^0 1-J 00 57 Tabic showing the am; LABOR IX THE UNITED STATES. ■«r/« m,l-mking, ,fv,~i2mi\\. I 00 10 50 9 07 5 14 aa no 8 no .| 30 an no 15 20 Id no 9 53 4 05 »'"—""a;-!?,Jsi:=.?Si?;s •iO 59 (j.iolnoo-io i-iafJi:-iiMkii,g and car- Occnpalion. Bni]y-makor.s Ciirii;iLr,..,ini.t makers'.' >>liii'l\vriM|itn Cciacli..siiiiUis .".'.'] "' lli'lpcis '// I'inislici'S Ornauiciiters .." I|aiiit(rH Triinini'rs SlitcliciH Kugini-crs .'!!!.'. Laiwrci-H .'..'.." Apprentices i'oreiiie.n CAI!-nUlI,UEU8. Wood. workers IMacksniitli.s .".'.'.'." Helpers raiiiters.' Hours ol' labor per wtick Ki^*#'?!''***'*W*»**. ^'--^t Mf 780 m\ LADOK IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS. The/oVuitihj ii (Ori-ami) mills : T., „^i| lii»t-cliiNS iPtT wk *'"«"""'^"Js«coi,d.cl.i»H....lo.. FiiU'Iiicu — «1(>.. Smwvl'IH do.. I'lhiH .In.. KilijciN mid screw.luiniTa. di). . Ti'iiiUHti IM do. C'll. BlaiUsiiiilUs do . Jldleis do. Uiie l< mi'lders do. liricklavei'S do. Laljoieis
  • .. Uiiya .. do. 'iV'amsters do. Clerks do. do do., do., do., do.. do., do., do., .do.. »J4 •M 'ir, 2(1 If 10 iri u i« an ii 7 3 .10 fi 00 a 00 5 01 •J8 2 00 7.> 3 U(l 2 00 2U 1.5 (10 1.-) 00 If Ull il 0(1 18 00 v, 0(1 1.") 00 7 ;.o 7 M 9 00 1-J (.0 15 OU Iri 00 10 UO 10 00 1,5 0.) M 00 10 00 'ui emeu do . . FLANING-MILLS. Wheelinj:, W.Va.: Cat piiitei a per week Otber iiieebauies do. Ttiiiiera '' . Box-makera Teaiiiateis do., Watebineu do. Eiinlneera do., l,aboiei'a do.. Appieuliees do., l'"iinnii'U do. B ilesmeu do. IIUl) AM) KPOKE FA(3T0nr. Motropolia, III.: Tiirnera per week Kn^itiecTa do. Maebine turuers do. JIaeliini.sta do. S.iwyera ilo. I'lirt'eta do. Waloliiiieii do. Day. la borers do. Laixireis do. liiiys, do. iVienieu do. Wildes. |15 00 10 .M) 2J (!0 111 .50 It; 50 15 00 If ( P 00 :i no 21 00 IS 00 21 (10 IJ 00 12 00 8 54 10 .55 8 35 3 45 17 50 12 00 7 50 3 50 21 00 10 (1(1 21 00 10 0(; 10 UO If 00 11 75 7 50 30 00 i n a m 00 10 (ill (iO 00 00 00 00 GO (iO 00 00 (iO 00 to (ill (iO (10 (0 00 (.0 6' I 00 CI CO 00 (10 (10 (10 (10 13 fiO 50 13 00 59 10 50 59 7 00 59 7 nil .59 7 00 ,59 15 00 59 9 1) 1 ,"9 3 00 59 If on .59 12 50 59 18 00 60 15 00 (iO 15 Oil 00 12 0,1 (iO 10 (HI (10 10 no (10 in no (111 9 00 00 7 5(1 (ill 2 no (10 45 UO OU Kuiii.— The riito of wagos for tho SUto of Oregon ig computed in tJuitud Sttites gold. I emptoi/ed ill rariuiiH occu- 1.. ^^ ipntiun. WiiK.'s. a FUlt.NITUltU. xwr wrck tir> no (30 lU .Ml lid M) III jii IL' M) i;ii . 00 l.'l (III is (0 i;o (10 !l (10 (iO :i (III liO £4 UU cu NU KACIOIIT. jpcr HiM'k IS no CiO . ilo.. '.'I (Id (iU IJ (10 (10 I'J (lO (ill leci'wotk SM (M 10 ,V) (0 du.. 3 45 00 (iO perwei'k 17 50 CO .do.. n (lu cu lU,.. 7 M (pO .do.. a M (.0 per week 21 on 6'l di... lU nil (10 .d(i.. •Jl 00 C't .do.. • do., .di... Ui (III HI 00 18 00 m (!(l 00 .do.. 11 7.1 00 do.. 7 :>» (>0 .do.. 3U OU 00 per wepk do . . .1 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. FACTOlir. .per wpck. do.. do.. do.. do,. do.. do do do.. do.. do. in Uuilud Stiitcs guid. 13 no l:t 00 Hi Till 7 (iO 7 00 7 on 15 00 il 0.1 ;t 00 ]>< on IX' 50 18 on 15 OU 15 00 IJ 0.1 10 on 10 on 10 00 !• on 7 ."ill 2 00 45 OU 50 59 5!) 59 59 59 59 r9 59 59 59 60 00 CO (iO GO (iO (10 (iO on i;o (lU LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. ygj Tahle nhou^ing tU average u-a.j,, or ,arniny. of j,er,on, employed, .fc.-C.,Mtinn...d. i'liKO luid uccupatlou. HLII AM) HPdKE PACroilT-CoUt'd. PorlHiniinlli.oldoi KhaiiMMi.s. per week « III I'l miikiTS ill, lluli-liinii I'M ' ',ii,' ■ HpiiUi iiinicm !!!do'. J''i Hill ImimIcih (1(1. UlllilMiilliwlB ' do" ■;*''V'''i« Ho'.. i;'''""''i« do.. liOiH do. Wauci). tm r 115 00 i no I'laoo mid 0( ciipation. 15 00 til) (ill 15 00 (;ii lit (iO CO 14 (10 cu l'.j 00 (lO 10 00 Oil 00 CO U 00 (iU I'AI.MINU A.Mi lIlLlil.NO, San Kiamisi'i), ('ill. ; 'i'''''"' por wock 1 .null IN ,|„ I:''"""" '.'■'.'.'^'.'.\'.d„[ J,'"l'«iiiiin (|„. Ci.iii|nisiiiiiii and oiiiaiiiciit- ""'Jt .'.... Uo. NoiK.— Hours of lalior j„.r „,,„|, Wii({e«. «'U 00 •■H 00 '.:j (10 U4 OU .... :m (0 « 5U • ■ ■■ V"iaii do!' liHiliiiakcr (lo Ji"«iii''"'i' do.' i aiiuaii du USruilRLLA-PACTOUY. NcwTnrli City, X. Y.: Si'w i ni; p.iriiMola female f'"''"nu uillln Jjii y« Appri'iilicea '. Cuttur 0ILMI[,r.8 AM) FEKTILIZER COM- I'ANV. Selinn, .\\n.; I'l'rH.sinin Fii'i'iiian '.!!."!.' ymi'iiian and (engineer As.sifitaiu cooper (iliiiii'r.s '. Laborei'8 .!.!!!! ri!INTI.N(!.l"l!E.Sal'..S AND PKI.NTEIIS' Fl'U.MTL'HE, lIAMJfACTiiliY OF. Cllic,)).'!), 111. ; Skilled worknion $.v) no l-J 00 I'J 00 4 50 3 no 00 « on :i 00 5 00 I'J 00 7 00 4 00 3 no 00 I a 00 a UU I',' I to 00 94 00 irt no l:i 00 10 00 15 on 8 on 3 nn Iri 00 10 50 00 7. J ii2 no 7v 3 no 7*2 C 00 7'J 6 00 72 15 00 iiid oeeiipation. WJIOLE.«AI.E l'Al'l;il.WAlil;irol»E. Chlcnyo, 111. ; .Viiounlants Sale.inirii '.'.'.'..... I'orli TH and iivikers ...!!'.'." li'iiiiisti'ia raper-rulii B ...'.'.'.'.... TRUXK-FACTOHY. Milwaukee, Win.: Trunk niakeia do do do :; \VaSe».|£ J riiixrixc.oFFicE and iiinheiiy. Jiihprinliihj ojlcij, Cliiengo, III. : I'liiiinan printer Ciiiii|,o,iitiiis, lUniiin) j\|i|inMili(i', Heciiiid year Head prensiiLin ' Seeond iiressinan Boys $20 00 UU on Iv! 00 15 (III 10 00 l|* t!0 00 CO (iO 00 10 00 00 5 no 00 3 (,0 (lO 1 50 tiO JUaiik-book mamifactonj. Foreman bindery, (l)lank- lidnk.s iiiilv) '. Ile.id liiiisli'iT Si'ciiimI linislier ' IJiilei.s " -Fill WMiilers .'." '.'.'.'.'. Eiijiineer, (|iriiitiuH-oHien and liiiiilery) l!!aiik-liiiiik sewers, (;;irlsl . . Jli.seillaueoiis work, (.small «irl«) 24 on 21 (10 ID 00 21 no ,15 00 4 00 7 00 < l.st year. . Boys, apprentieen<2il year . (3d year.. PUHLISHI.SG COMl'A.VY. Portland, Oreff.; Eililiir SlaiKifier , Kepnitera I'rea.sniau En;>>l>'"!l<'l '•' the /oUowhirj occupation, In till' iiiuiH iiiiiiiia. [Iliiurn of lalHir piT wwk, Mil.) IMiiCH mill (locuiiittloii. lUllhWAllK MANIII'AtTollV. Berlin. Comi.— 1H74: Mi'lllcMH, II nil Jti.llllTH, lilllwH ('ll|l.lll li IlilrlH y, iiliii;; liiniaei) tcuilors Fili'iK 1|»'IH llninli'ii* l'(.li»llllH TiirmrH lljlllllllMlH Kiiuim'i'i'i FuriiiiriMiU'U Laliiirrrn Taiki IH l'nn!Vatii limy. (;omi.- 1''74 ! Aiiiiiiilint! fi"''""''' tunilerg Filiix ForaerH. ILlpim llarliiiiislJ Kii(:iiu'i'iH Fai iiaii'iiipn LaliiiK-ia I'MlklTH Dii-iiiakira l'H'.>*.s*\v(ji'kiiu!ii KllllllH JiiillllTH Siainpi'i't (.'MiprlltiTH ItliicltHiiiillia 11(1)11 IH Fiiriiiii'ii Appieiitii'i'sor buys Ar.iatL-|.rLUAl.-IMl'LEMENT FACTOUY. Phillipsliiii>.'li, N. J.— IHTJ: AlnWl'lM Miiiliiiiij»lH lilai kwiiiiiliH liliicksiiiilliliclpiTH (ilillllllH Wnciil-wiiikiirs I'liiw-tiKikois '•-■■ I'.itti'iii makers CariHiitfis raiiili-KH ■ Knuini'irs AVatclmicu TtaiiiHtriH I^;,l,..r. T- r.r utisliillHil workmen .. Appirnticcrt or bii.vs Fori'iiii'U or ovcisei:r8 WiKen. I'liu'o ami oempiitlou. \Vii|{i'i, Allllltri.TIIUAI. I>I1'I,K.MKXT l-Acr'V— Colllll IHTJi li.f on IH nil \i m id (III II) all l.'i III IH (Ml ID .'ill I'J nil l.'i oil Ivi no IH 00 I'.i on II 00 tl 00 t'i 00 Vi 00 i.'i nil 1.") 00 Iv! 00 I'J 00 I,') (Id \-i ou 'M 00 I IH 00 IH IK) I \-i 00 i.-i no i.'i lU ■I (10 IH ou 7 50 4 DO 13 no tl 00 18 no 10 00 18 no 17 00 18 00 on i."i on IH 00 13 on 18 no l.l 00 10 .'iO 13 00 IH no 10 M 30 ou 4 50 NfW Miiilriil. Mn.- lllarkfiiiltlin II aikslllllll lii'lP'TH... l'lo\v-liiakrM (Nrpi iiiir.H I'alhtiTH 'rralllHtrl'H Apprciitiii'H or lioyii . . I.'i 00 1.-. no 15 OU U 00 <) (III 15 no 15 ou lli 50 1« 50 13 OU 13 UO 8 .5(1 10 50 9 00 5 (JO 18 00 ■rollACIO AMI CIllAll MANll'AlTOllV. LoiiiMlaiia— IH7I (•iuat-iiiaki'ii SiiippirH ... COTION-UINMNO. I.oiilniaiia— 1874: (liiiMirHaiiil bnlum. Kiiuliii'orH l/iliiaii.. FollMIIIIII COllNICEMANUPACTOIlir. Olilo— l«7;i: (■iiMiiri'ininufacturer* TilllirlH S.aii-iiiiiliTit . Laliori'iH Appii'iil!''''8 Foi eiiiou PAl'Kll-MAKIXQ MACIIISKKr. Vcrmiiiit— Ih74; liou-iiioliliT-'* MaiiliiiiiitM S I)('»t i (Jnliiiary llulpe BCAl.EMANUFACrrOKV.* Vt>rinoiit— 1874: linn iniililirs Mt'diaiiiCii .Inilli'IM ■ I'aiiidrM Kii^iiii'irs Lalinii'is ■ Foriiueu IIAUNESSMAKINO. Vi-rniont— 1874 : llariii'KHiiiaki'rs Hariicss-litti'IH llariii'HHwl ilclHTs Appi uiiliciD COOI'EIIAOB. Inilian.i— 1874: (.'nnpiTH Macliini'-liaiitln . llaeliiiK-lx'.va. •■ Diaviiii'ii Eiif;im- Uours of labor per woek, 59. foUnwing oiTHj/(iu 11 fiS I'j no fi no in no i;i r.o ;i no Si! uo UFACTORT. 1 tolls p« M) 18 00 H ."0 20 no ao 00 LAHOII IN THE UNITKD STATES, WAOES IN fALIFoUXiA ,n l.s(j;) and 1S71, 783 a^enn^niH^Uh^tmaJ^^ H.l" ..'pntt by Mr. W. II. Marti,,, «, ,„,r„| Occu|mtl()U. A|mlhri!irU'H. „„. jl.lkn'H'''"'' '"'"■""' ■"""' '"•'""n'n't'ii''"'..'^ ""'' "'"' '"'""'• Itiiil'i'rM'.V.V.V.V '".V '""■ "'"""'. with Imnrd . lliirlrnil.rH ....".'.'.".'.'.".' ; ,•■ I" r iiiniilli. ilii|.riiiili..|H I'm iniiiiili, wltUliiiniil. lic'llliaMun* Ili'll iiml. , ■ .■"/_'_ Ill irk Mill 1 1 1|4 .'....' lll.ickHiiinli.,' lii'liHsrij...'!'! il illlpilllllrlH ..'.... _■_■■ I'i'ilrr III ikiiH ."...'... IVilir iiiakiix, llaiine-liiriu'i's '..!.'!." Jlmik llllliIrM li(.i)l.i.iiMli.r.Hli,.||»,r^, imyii'^n,Vi;i|u lliink-kri'iM'rH " liipiik kr(.|MMM III liaiikH iiii,li,V„'|„'.rv oilicVs' iiiikiii;;, (new Sliui'iiiakcid.) (lu. lilHll Mill Nil |!llllMl|Mlkp< liiMiid-H .\. '.'.'.. '.v"^. H"Xiiiak(iH llrii klaniH ..'.'.'..' JInck layiiH, foiviiioil . .' Jtiil'ili.iH ■■ ISri'v.i iH '■'.'.','. lii'ioin-iii.'iki'rK !...'.." Until I III ()|I1IH '/" CoiiticlidiiciH ....'.'.'...'. Ciiiipi'i.siiiiilis .' !.".'.'" Odtlliiiiiaki'i'i .'..'.'.' ClirkH CkrkH "i'.^."!".'.'.'.'.' CharMiaMiiiriior^ ....'.'.'.. (Jhci'sc-iiKikrrH '.'.'..'.'.', Coachiiirn ,'.*.'.'."" Clink H *'* y* C'lMiku ill jirivalo (liiiiilii's"!.'.'.'.' (j'i>iik« ill Iiii'i'Ih, i;iKariiiak(.|n (;»ii(lii(i(iiH. Iiiiisi'cars. '.'.'.. '."...". OdiiilmliirH, Mil Min-iMiM Ch,inili|.|iii,iiii.-i ill l.iiiiilii'8. '..'.".'.' CliiiiiliciiiiaiiiH ill IhiicIh "_ DrcNs-iiialiois ill Ntiirr.M . I)rf88iiiak(;rM in iHiuilir.s. i!!'/."" Uair.vmi'ii UrivfiH, JKiiHc-cars . '.'. Drivern, ilnvs ami triickB .'.'.".'. Urivt'iH. <'.\pii.H.>i DiiVfiH, haiku .......'.' IJdiir anil Haoii iimkiM'ii '.'.*. .' I'liiUKi.-tlH .. llo... ••■ pil iliiy. llo. .. llo... llo... llo... llo... llo... llo... . piT «i.|(k . , pi I- liHdilli llo VV,i)(i>n ill itno. Wii)ii« ill 1874. ♦ 10 00 to *.-,0 00 30 00 to .10 on I'll On •10 no to 4.1 no (10 00 to ion no no 00 to fu uo ti.'i nu a ,'iu 8 .'.0 u uu 4 nu llo, llo pf r iluy llo... , llo... ...pi'rniiiiitli, Willi lio'iril •'<' llo... pi'f iliiy. ... pir iiioiitli ami loimii ilu llo... per iiioiitli. liiTiliy.. llo . llo... llo .. llo... llo... llo.... llo... 'lo... llo.... ''^"''.y.iu,'.'.]. ito .. llo... llo... llo... llo... . ptT iiiiinili, with lioiinl. piiil.iy. do .. ..pcnimntli, wiili bo.ird 'lo llo... Ill llo... 'lo do... per day.. do.... do.... ..ptrimiulli, with board. do do... per wiik.. ... piT day, with board. lirr iiioiiih, Willi hoard.. l"'rday !i!!!!'l!do!; do.. do. Ih. 35 00 to 100 66 IV.. 4.-. on Xt no to 40 (11) ■J .'ill III y .'i'l lo :> on lo '■I nil to :i Ml Id ;i •,-( lo 4 I'll lo ;( nn Id 4 nil lo ^•ll III! I :i .'lO .'1 .'.0 4 no .' ,"iO ;i .'.(» 4 uo 4 W .'■ no l.'i no ','nii I -on nn to ii.vi uo :io no lo 4,1 uo 4 SO to no ;m w to (10 no .10 00 :io nn to ;i,i on to 10 nn lo •i OU Ml 4.1 1 00 (HI 411 nn 4 00 3 uo to '.i'66 3 00 to 3 ,MI lo 3 (III lo 3 (III to 3 00 to 4 on 4 (ill 4 (M 4 ."ill 4 nn '.Vlio'to' 8 00 to '4'oV 3 -Jj '306 to' a ju to "4 ■<'() 4 ,10 40 Oo'tii'il'oo :io 00 to 7,1 00 35 m to it'o ou 'J .in Id 4 on III li on III 411 on lo .10 nn lo Vi .111 to 411 (III 111 4(1 uo III •M nn lo 3 ,10 Id 4 .1(1 Id 4 nn lo .1 On Id 3 nn to 3 no III 3 (III (o 3 .'O to U .'lO lo 4 nn to 4 no to 4 on to 'J .111 to 3 nn 10 3 .111 Id 3 nn lo 2 00 lo .'I no .1 no h 00 7,1 00 7.1 UO 3 ,10 SO UO 00 no 40 no 4 ,10 1; 00 5 00 7 ,10 4 00 4 no ;i .10 4 .10 4 no 4 .10 7 00 .1 no 4 uo 4 00 .1 no 4 ,10 3 W l}y,.n ' P'Tiiidiith, with board. 1)1 ck liaid'ix '.'" 'I". 'lo do piT month.. .._, ,^_^ pcrdiiy.. Knjjineeis,' 1 ailru.iiiH ■^■■^[..l\. '...][[[[]'.[.[ d"' ' ' ' KiliiiiiM, lir.st-cian.s KilitdiH N|.odii({.(:bi..,3 Kiijiravci-H KiiKiiicirs, mills 30 00 to 4,1 UO 2 ,10 to 4 00 I (ill nn I 40 00 to ,10 (III I 411 no i 4 00 to 5 00 2 no to •J no to .'M (II) to 3,1 U . td 30 no to 411 nil to 1 JO to 3 no to 1.1 nn lo Vill I u to 10 I'D to 1 in to 35 00 to 2 50 to 2 nn to 2 On to :i III td i:n (in td 45 nn td 4n nn td •400 no td 75 0(1 td 4 50 Id 3 no to 3 00 to 3 ,10 3 00 ,10 00 KiO no 35 UO 1(10 UU 3 00 2 50 5 no 20 UO 25 UO 12 00 3 00 40 UO 2 ,10 :t no 3 00 3 ,10 4 ,',0 Il no on 00 50 (10 !50 no 00 no no 5 uo 4 ou 734 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. SMcmeiit sliowintj the wages piiid in San Frniiciseo and ricinity, .)'r.— ContiiHiiMl. Occupation. EiiBincors, stonmi'liipa, &c ,■■•■•!"',' ''''V (Winter per nioiitli, witli buMiil. Farm luliurei s J [^m„u,yr do ilo . . yidiistH '1" ''" •• Fcpmidcrvini'ii per ii;i.\ . J'"(iiiniler V men, iniiUlers lU) . . yoiinilervinen, >.ti)\ i •niDUntera ( o . . . FiiunderV men, IjnihS .,' " ' " • . , "i ". T Giirdenei s Pf f un'I'tl'i w' '' t»"i' <• Giirdenera, uliort jol)8 1"'' .''">' ■ (iis-fitti IS "" •• Giinsinilli)! (iililers Ci liiirnesa-inaliers Ilatterfl .(to. do. do. do do ]l„.stle.s V.V.V.' permenlli, witli l«i:ird Jewelers per ihiv Laundrymcn per niontli, wall hnanl Laiiudrvwnnien do do ... LoekHnlitlis pe.jlay.. Litl>iij,'rapliers, dr.iuKlitsiiieii, and enKineeia '" •■ l.itliOi^rapliera, printers .••■■.i' i , i" L,inil)eraien per moulb, Willi loud Jlaehini.sts per day Masoiix llawinH. fdii'inon Jlddel or pattern makers ' •'•■ Jlillers '" -■ Millwrights JJJJ-- ;■■;;;.!!!!!!!!!!!!!! do !! ■■ do... Wa^es ill 1860. Wnifia ill MA. W 00 to M 00 I y 00 to 'J r.i) :i 00 to 4 ou 31) 00 to 40 00 ;) M to 4 ."id 3 00 to 5 00 00 . do. .do. do Miners . Milliners , Kurses I'ainter.'", house . Painters, .ship. .. rape .do. .do. do. I'la.stereis'. ']"' ■ Phimbers :< ■■:;'{ \ I'orters per mouth, with hoard I'iauo. mil Iters per day .do.. .do . PriuteiH, Job. Printers, torcinen ., Policemen per month. dit" 30 00 to 4.1 "i 00 to 4 00 3."i 00 to 70 o;> 3 M to 4 ."lO 4 00 to 5 00 4 00 to 4 50 3 no to 4 00 3 00 to 5 00 a 00 to 3 50 Q 50 to 4 on 2 50 to 3 50 4 00 to fi 110 3 50 30 00 to 55 00 KiR do. .do •age'!! per month. . ^It'fs Saddlers Sailniiikcrs Sailors, lonjX-voyage per moni 6a i lor.s, toasters '".' Sale.sm.Mi per day. Sliipsmiths "",,• • ServiMit.s, general housework permouiu. Sa w vers do . . . Shoeni.akeis ...per Hay. Shepherds l"^' mouth, with hoard. Soapmaker'a'!!!.' "l" '•''•■ Stonecut tei s per day . Strnw.norkers "" ,• Tailors, pants ''j"^"- Tailors, vests (lo . . . Tailors, coats "" ■ Turners per_day. do. do. .do. Trunk makers Tinsinith.4 TeaniaterHowniiif! teams ^, Teamsters V^^ month. Teachers (fuli siippiy male and female from our own schools) do . . . Upholsterers I," ■■.,'";'' ''"V Vineynrdiueii por month, with lioard. WaKimuiakers per day. Watchmen per month. W'ood^ihoppers :;'"■:,',',' ■Waiters PT month, with lioard. •Wiitdimiikers'!! per day. ■Whip inakers ■{"■-■ ■Wliitewashors "•*■•■ 4 00 iooo'to'ioo'oo 25 00 to 35 00 35 00 to 40 00 4 00 to 5 00 3 50 to 4 00 2 50 to 3 00 3 00 to 4 00 3 00 to 4 no 30 00 to 40 00 3 00 to 4 00 no 00 to 75 00 40 00 to 70 00 20 00 to 40 00 3 no 3 ou $:i i:0 to ■::< Or Id ■111 (III to ;i.". Oil to :) no to 4 .'^lO to 3 00 Id 3 (III to 4.-1 (1(1 to •J .".I I lo 3 Oil to 3 (III Id 3 5 I to •J (III to 2 .■.(! Id 3 0(1 Id 311 en Id 3 'lO to 3(1 00 to 30 1 to 3 0(1 to 4 (III lo 1 Oil to 30 (1(1 to 3 no to 4 00 to C CO to 4 00 to 3 00 to 3 0(1 to 3 00 to 1 50 to 1 00 to 3 50 to ■'3 01 lo 2 .50 to 4 00 to 4 (10 to 30 00 to 4 0(1 to 3 .'^lO to 4 .50 to 4 00 to 3 00 to 3 00 to 30 0,1 to 40 0(1 to 2 .'■.0 to 3 (!0 to 15 00 to 40 00 to 2 00 to 25 00 to 35 (10 to 4 00 to 1 ,50 to 3 (III »d 2 00 to C 01) to 3 50 lo 2 50 to 2 .50 lo 2 50 to ..I . ■ to 1. o to .i to II JO to 3 Oil to 50 00 to 40 01) to 20 00 lo 3 10 to td 00 :i(i 00 50 00 .-.0 00 ■I .■,0 5 (10 3 50 1 (10 00 00 3 (10 4 50 5 (10 5 I 3 50 5 (.0 4 (1(1 40 00 4 I'd 4(1 Oil 40 00 4 Oil 5 00 4 .Ml 50 (11 5 00 5 00 7 50 5 00 4 00 5 00 4 00 3 50 2 00 4 00 4 00 3 ,50 5 00 5 00 50 DO 4 50 4 00 5 00 125 (10 5 00 5 00 4 00 35 00 45 (10 4 50 4 00 20 no 70 (10 4 00 35 00 45 00 5 no 3 00 5 00 3 50 10 no 4 00 4 no 3 50 4 110 50 00 2110 00 5 50 40 no 4 (10 7."i 00 .50 (lO 40 no 4 50 Youii!,' iiHMi (if oiierKV, not afraid of work, cau almost aUvay.s got ciiiiiloyuioiit lu tlio country at tioiii ^'.^5 to #30 per im)iit!< Tli()'foi(>ir„iiiyr pricfsaro in Roldccn. , . , , *!,„„ Ri-MM!K.H —It is much easier to get oniploymf^nt in rough or mechanical work tnan in clerking, keeping Ijooks.or iu school- teaching; and persons who have no money ana I, ij'f. — ClItltilUKMl. Wngis ill lf74. H fill 4 (ID 41) Oil :::;:. ...1 70 0;) <> 4 "lO 5 UO 4 50 1) 4 00 <) 5 00 3 50 to' "4 6o o' 3 50 ,0 B 110 3 50 to 55 00 ... "ibo to 100 00 in' 35 00 to 40 00 to 5 00 to' "i'oo' to 3 (10 to 4 00 4 00 4(1 00 4 01) 75 00 70 00 40 00 3 no 3 00 gut oiiiployuioiit ill tlio ■ tnoclinTiiciil work thnn who Lavo 110 mouoy mid LABOK IN THE UXITED STATES. $:< CO to f5 00 •j;. 1 to III (10 411 (III to "lO 00 ;),'. (Ill to 'ill UO :t oil to 4 50 4 ."ill 111 5 01) ;i nil III 3 50 3 lill to I no 45 III) to 00 00 •J ,".ll III 3 no 3 llil til 4 50 3 nil III 5 no 3 5 1 to 5 1 ■J nil to 3 50 'J Ml III 5 UO 3 on to 4 uii 3>i I'll III 40 00 3 Ml tl) 4 lO 311 00 to 41) Oil 311 (II to 40 no 3 00 to 4 UO 4 on to 5 UO 4 on to 4 50 311 (10 to 50 (li 3 no to 5 00 4 00 to 5 00 G no to 7 50 4 no to 5 00 3 UO to 4 00 3 On to 5 00 3 (10 to 4 00 1 50 to 3 50 1 00 to a 00 3 50 to 4 00 ""'3 1 to 4 00 2 50 to 3 50 4 UO tu 5 (10 4 no to 5 00 30 no to 50 00 4 no to 4 50 3 50 to 4 00 4 50 to 5 00 125 UO 4 00 to 5 00 3 00 to 5 UO 3 no to 4 00 30 Oi) to 35 00 40 00 to 45 no 2 50 to 4 50 3 no to 4 UO 15 nil to 20 UO 40 no to 70 110 a (III to 4 00 25 no to 35 00 35 (10 to 45 00 4 0(1 to 5 00 1 50 to 3 no 3 00 '.II 5 00 a 00 to 3 50 C UO tl) 10 00 3 50 to 4 UO a 50 to 4 (10 a 50 to 3 50 a 50 to 4 no ..) ,■ ■ t« 50 00 ^: » to aiio 00 '. i to 5 50 (I JO to 40 UII 3 00 to 4 00 50 00 to 75 00 40 no to 50 no 20 00 lo 40 (10 3 UO to 4 50 nofrioiids ill Cdliforiii'i iiii fn • * *i ^"^ W. II. M. AVAGES PAIB „V KAILUOAB COMPANIES. iitatcnunt xhouimi ihc avcrrm,- ,i;..m., Occiipntiiiii. Machiiiistt) IJoilcr.iiiiilit.i-s .. Blncksiiiiths (.'.'(r-liiiildviy I'aiiiti r-4 Kii^iiU'ers '. rircmcu I'atti'rii.iiialters.!.! Lalim-iTH Apiii'ciiticcs ..!...' Coniluctur.s ' liiiKKafi'-iiiastfra!.' Jiruki'iiii'M llmirs of ialior per nook Occnpation. ifHohinists liiiiliT-makcrs. llliicksmitlis .. Car-buildeiii ... I'aiutors Kniiimi'ia I'iieiuou $18 00 18 00 17 00 u 00 14 70 21 54 la 30 S18 00 18 Oil IS 00 19 50 j r'atteni-niakiTS . j I.ahiin'i',^ j ApjiiTiifices W I t'l'lMlllrtiil!) J'a^'i;aj;r.intii ... liiakenii'ii ?17 no 111 nu 7 50 21 00 12 511 12 00 $9 0(1 $9 00 statement showinn the areranc >i;ri-7„ „..,„„ /• Jiailioad (Jomimnifa ruUhuj- [iroiirs of livbor ppf week, (10. 1 Occupation. I'nilillors I'llililliT;)' liolpor's Iliatcra Hfatir.i' lielpo'rs I'lllioffl Wagos, tX> 00 11 50 22 00 11 Occupation. l>ii.i:ji.viiii'ii Ili'ai^i'iiit.s ' Cliaiwi,samlpii'li'ot"ita' 1 iiiiolii'rs . Was «10 00 11 50 11 50 mm r- 0,-1 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tahh- xhomiig 'Iw avcraijc unh-ly n-(Uics of persons cmjiloijal hi milvoml comimnics in tliefol- loiviiKj ^taica hi the i/ckm 1^74 ami 1^75. [Hours of labor per wloU, CO.] Department and oicupatioii. Wattpa paid liy railriiail eonipa- nil's i:i I'l'iin'sylviinia, 'rumii's- M-.', Iowa, anil On'uoii in tlio yi'iirs \^1\ iwvX l.-^"..'). l.OCOMOTIVK DICl'AUT.MKNT. jracliinistff l-'lllr-si'ttl-rs Taiilvs AivlnaUes Wipcis ■\V:itir-liotiso Stationary (■Uf;in(H'r8 ^Vall•lMnLMl Oili'is Laliorovs liiaclisinitlia Hliii'lisniitlis' lii'lpers Foru<-rs lloiUci I'.oiii'i-inalicra... Starl;-inalcors... Coppoisiuitlis... Carp<'MtiT.s I'utleni-ijiala'1'9. li \-i li li xCoi II 111 14 If IS !•-> \:l 11 II l-i ftQ3 00 Wa.iioa paiil in r.iilroail, iooomo- tivr, and car shops in Kansas in tlio year 1871. o 5 y' 5 .1. Jlo Hi) H 7.-) aO 15 00 10 00 "ia'm i:i 30 24 00 15 on 1:1 75 24 00 CAl: IiDt'AIiTMENT. Carpoiitcrs I H It.'IKairors 1" Laliofi'i's and car-clean«r8 1 C.iliinot-niaUfi-a 1- Oilers 1 10 Maoliinists lioelvsmitlis Tinners rattern-maUevs lilaeliHinitlis lUaclisniitlis' helpers. I'ainters tlililers Upholsterers Apj)renticu« or boys.. TltAfK IlKl'ART.MEXT. Yard-laborers yiinl-seetioii laborers Const rnition-train Extra yaug i) 00 10 00 Vi 00 U 00 "n'66 15 ;io u 10 flO DO ♦14 00 •10 00 15 00 *17 50 "io'r.o 21 00 13 50 10 50 15 00 15 00 It< Oil 14 04 10 eo DIIIDGE m:i'AItTSIEXT. 00 « 00 fi ro C 00 J!rl(lKe-carpentera Engiuecr piledrivors STATIONS. station-laborers Stevedore Sealenien Jjaborers at small stations Aiiiv.'enf iees or lioya I'oi enien or overseers 9 00 Non(\ !None. e 00 Hi 50 1 14 PS 10 50 I U 40 li 00 00 ■^ i = .a ♦-* <1 ?10 n? 10 50 •10 50 •14 77 "'.'160 17 70 10 80 13 DO 11 40 !« 00 'io'.so' 24 00 Irt 00 11 40 lb 00 18 00 fi 00 4 ytt 3 sio 13 50 00 10 .50 11 00 13 14 21 00 15 40 k- 00 13 80 10 .50 I 00 24 00 12 00 10 50 7 50 7 .5(1 !l 00 9 00 15 00 21 00 21 00 13 .50 24 00 15 Ifi 10 .50 « 00 MO 20 10 20 1810 .50 8 40 '12 00 e 10 12 00 ; 6 00 ' 13 50 1 10 to ! 12 00 10 00 10 20 7 50 10 80 10 50 "io'26'!' 'is'oo' None. 17 40 10 20 15 00 12 75 20 00 None. 14 08 18 00 8 15 8 13 30 9 30 18 00 X4 65 18 00 12 00 5 40 !. 7 02 1 . 24 00 1. 18 00 None. 10 an 18 00 10 20 11 in 7 DO ■; s :.- a -fC h3 10 20 III 50 'i.5'60' 18 110 Hi 80 10 50 14 40 00 30 00 « 00 13 !J0 9 00 9 00 19 ,50 5 70 fi CO 15 30 8 40 I . 10 00 45 00 ' Seven days f One lorumau. ?10 95 8 10 11 70 10 00 " 7 .50 19 20 10 50 15 .10 15 37 "i'-Ai "3' 50 15 37 HO (! 00 15 30 nil '■Odd coiiipnuics iu fhefoh lies paiil in railinail, ioonmiv vc, iinil cur sliops in ICan»iiM 1 Uio yuiir le71. 1 1 . 9 \"r, ■ i :z i p -1 .- 'Ji j III g 3 I a - - m 1)9 50 .Jin an Ki yo I'm 50 $10 05 50 8 40 8 10 8 10 'if 1 00 70 ) go 12 66 12 00 10 00 1-i 00 10 20 (i i;o 7 50 i;) no 1 ]() 80 10 tU 10 5U 11 70 10 00 7 5l'l 1!) -JO 10 50 1 00 io 20 "'in'66' 17 40 "iiVio' 18 00 ir. 20 11 10 7 50 15 ,10 -) 40 t m J 00 Nono. 10 20 13 00 15 37 ""■r'w J 00 io 20 HI 50 "iri'66' 18 110 in 80 10 50 14 40 3 50 00 Noui'. 4 OH 18 00 15 37 8 00 Nono. 19 50 5 70 "o'co :i HO 8 1") d 1,-1 fi on fi HO C (10 6 00 13 no G 00 (i m 9 30 4 on 15 30 15 :!0 (10 00 8 40 1 9 00 45 00 LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 787 ^"'''^SS^''^^':i::%^^^^ Occvipation. t^iipcrintcndents t'li'i'kH ■ MusItT mechanics .'.' OiiiMlni^tias Kn;;] nocrs ' ." ' ] 1 lialciMni'u I'liit-'incn, sn-i tcli-tcndorsVciite ITS, and Nvatclimcn... fclai.iciii-aj.'cnts ."■■ Sci't i(in-nien '.'.'. Laborcra ]] ' Oilier eiD Dlojes Ocwip.ation. Oairo and Saint ! Cairo and Vin- LoiMH i;ail,,,ad u,.nn,-sl;al,,a,;! Coiupuny. Cu»Ji«nv i Carlmiidalo and ,„ , Sliawiic'i'tdwn i*^'i"'iif.'n and Al. Iiailmad (.'um- *"" l',iiiiiM(l pany. Coniiiauy. liCC'II 4 1 14 22 4 14 85 51 47 $71-0 1, 2110 8(:o 8!)H 042 474 037 002 020 038 4 2h 25 102 GO ■Wages, Xo, jli-io'ns' 1,,")00 00 1, 0,-0 (10 ilMO uo 525 00 645 00 M7 00 tl 25 Wag es, Xo, <;iiica"* aiiil.MisM.s.sii,in JkUilniait Ciirii- Kailiniid Com- puny. Xo. Piiporintcnrieuts (.'Inks M:isti'i' uiechuuica (liimUictora Kiif:iii'-'i"'3 • •• liiakonii^n riasiiu'ii. Hwi ' . li-tcndcTS, gato-koop oi's, auil wateliineii Stat iiin-agi'ii ts ■ !ieo t iim-iuou Lr.boterH Othui- oniployd'8 Waycs. Ti'i f-'lO 81 S'.ill :A-1 71! 41) Hiin as :ii 1, 17:t 7-J lt7 a7J 21 pr. 4ni 01 4ii (i?l »(i ;n,H ;ti-j yi ;!H tili-l 71) 17!! 5-13 •lO paiiy. No. Wages. ;isj4 U(i "(ii-j'iu' "aiii 76 "(ins"!?' "'iw.\ oil •i.j.i 00 T.aki' Sliiiro ami Miclii^'aii Sciiilli- fi'iiltailroad Company. No. 9 404 ti 3114 407 500 5'il iiOO 4, -^43 V'z'i'i ■Wages. a,2,74 00 71-J 00 1, HilO Oil 01.5 00 1,0-Jl 00 540 OU 400 00 'iS 00 44;i 00 '"Bii'oo PnrKs ami l>iin- villi' Kaili'iMil C'oniiiany. No. Wages. fPilo mi l.-ji'.o on 540 00 41 IH> 420 00 GOO 00 Occupation. Siir eritilendeuts Clti'k.s ;5Iastor niecUauicij ' :.m(hirtoi'8 Uu jliiieei s UraUeuicu l''laKni"n, swUcli-tenilera, gate-keep- er i, \mi watcbmeu SI at ioii-atii'nta S« utionmeu Lsboi'i IS Oilier emiiloy6s Paris ami De- catur liailriiail Couipiiiiy. Peoria anil Qniney, Alton KocU I.slaml .^cS:liIlt I.cniis| Kaiiiciail Com- Uailioad Com- pany. P'lny, 11) 110 10 30 Wages. No. »l,200 00 720 00 1, 000 00 840 00 1,200 00 000 00 480 00 Olio 00 510 UO 540 00 750 00 Wages. No. Wages. «l, 200 00 luO 00 00.-) 40 072 00 , UK) 00 000 00 300 no 7:iO 00 404 4.") 31;t 33 500 00 Rookforil, Km-k Islaml ami Saint Louis liailioail Company. No. 35 $900 00 750 00 1, (UIO 00 1,000 00 550 00 500 00 (ioo 00 405 00 540 00 Wages. 92, 500 $400 to l,.-Oii 1,200 to l.Hlii 000 to 1,0-0 1,000 to l,.-|'li Ol:0 ,500 to Ciilil 500 to (loo $1. 25 per day. Oconpation. Saint Lonis, Al- ton ami Terro Uaiite Knilioad Company. Snperiuleudenta ■ Clerks Jlaater mechanics ^ ConiUictors Engineers ■ lira kernel! rirgmen, switcli-tenders, gate-keep- ers, anil watchmen St atiou-ageuts Section men I.alioroi'S yther employes No. Wages. 2 3 43 7 11 18 20 109 23 20 Jl,,500 CO OJO 00 01)8 00 1, 148 00 1, 030 00 013 00 7fiO 00 .570 00 330 00 470 00 534 00 Sycamore niul Ciirtlanil Kail- road Company. No. Wages. JGOG 00 GOO 00 COO 00 COO 00 COO 00 000 00 COO 00 Western Fnion liailrciad Coin- General avera^ pany. No. 1 41 3 3« 31 CO 17 43 215 08 108 Wages. 11, 380 00 (iOl 70 1, 500 00 8118 00 1, 0118 88 505 00 534 06 C^0 05 410 85 400 17 702 CO No. Wages. , 808 2.1 735 7- , l;iO 3:i noli 04 ,0-1 ■.;- 531! ,~v' 548 24 5^3 25 404 ,53 482 35 554 3'! :a. >f wages, if'C.— ContiiincHl. oSliino and li^XiiiiSimtli- 11 Kailrwiul joinitany. Parfs ami l>an- villc Uaihoail Company. ■Wages. No. ■\VnK.-». 9 W,254 00 •1-J 00 1, SOO on 015 00 1,0-,' I 00 540 00 400 00 -■■IB 00 44a 00 '"s'lj'oo" 1 I 7 (i 1 5 3 ....„ 3 4 ""g 20 (i '"jiii'io'no 1,-jf.o on 540 00 4i'(V) 420 00 ""'soii'ob V, Alton Enckfoid, Unck nt Iit)iii.s Tslanil and Saint jatl Com- Lonis Kailioail ■my. Company. Waf;cn. Xo. Wages. 1 82, ,500 6900 00 7 S400 to 1, pOI) 750 00 4 i.aoo to i.f^oi) 1, 001) 00 000 to l.OjO 1, 000 00 1,000 to 1, .5011 550 00 .... CdO 500 00 500 to (iOO 000 00 ,500 to OOO 405 00 .... ?1. 35 per day. 540 00 ostprii Fnion liliiiail Com- General avoraf:i\ IKiiiy. 0. "W:\ge9. No, W.iges. 1 Jl, S>'0 00 ?i, 80? •::! 41 t;oi 70 735 7^ ;i 1, 500 00 1, i;io x\ ao 808 00 OOli 04 ;ii 1, 008 e8 1,0.-1 -.i- 60 505 00 530 5J 17 534 (ifi 549 24 4;t G^B 05 5^3 25 >15 410 85 404 .■.:! OH 40!) 17 482 3j LG8 70i CO 554 3'.' LAROR IN TKE UNITED STATES. ^.Mic^u MAXES. -(^(i T((hJc nhoivhia the nnt-nnc ,. 1 1 I.i'tnini.fivcili'pnrtment; .ilai'hinisl.s I'lMi>..si.t((.]',s .■ Jli^n at (,ink,s.. -M.;n at ah'-biakcs '.'.".". u Jpci'.s Mill at ivater-Iicmso'.'." Matioiiaryeiiginoers. " alclimeii.. Oilrr.s '.'.'.'.'." I.aljiiicr.s .'.'.'.'.'"!i lilack.'iiiiijis _'"" Hi'lliei.s ] F"i;;i.TS \\ Jli'iucr.'i liiiili T-iiiakcrs.' .Stark. inaki'i-.s ... Coppci'.sinitli.^ ... t'aipi'iitur.s ... I'aUeni-inakds BraH.s-moldera .".' Car department: ''ariicnirr.s I!('paii'crs Laborers Caljinct-niakoVn' Oilers SI3 00 7 50 io 20 12 00 13 50 "io'so' 1 10 50 1 $13 35 14 70 14 25 8 40 7 50 10 50 11 85 8 25 00 7 .50 10 50 45 24 00 18 00 14 70 12 37 13 20 13 .50 11 40 15 30 12 no 12 45 8 40 i 14 25 i 11 40 1, Car(lep,irtinent— C.J ^lacltini.st.s I'lK'li.'^tnilli.s .'..'.'. 'riiiner.-* J'.'illern.ni.ikerV! Jilael;sliiil|i,s Helper.-) Paiiiter.s I (iililer.s ,\[\ L'plioJHterers. .".'.'.' ,\\ Tr.-iok department: laril-labnr.-r-j ,>'■■"■'' ■"••'■li»n.|almr;."rs'::" Loii.striietioii.train t.\li;t{raj,j; .".'.'.'.'.'. Bridge depnrtnieiif : J;rid;;e-e,irpi-nii-i.s . -tuyuieer pile-drivers!;'.;;; Stalinn.s: Statioii-Iaborrrs Stevedere.s \'' .Scalemeii, .. _ I.almrer.sat.smaif;[;ii,"oM; otatiou-ageutM ■512 00 i §13 M 10 :ij l"! 00 14 ,-5 15 00 8 55 13 80 18 30 10 04 13 50 I 10 50 7 ,M) 7 50 13 50 9 00 7 .50 10 00 7 50 7 .-.0 8 25 e 25 12 CO 15 00 9 fl'i 10 50 10 50 8 -25 IRUN-POUNDKRY AND MACHINE-SIIOP. """"- *53;;3irsK;rg^Enf,s:ei.s«" ""■'' '- rs per week.) Irun-iijolders Slacliiuists. Bl:ick.siiiitli.'i lleljier.s.. , I'lirenien. C Iie,.!t ^Oniiiiary .. ( Inlcriiir r.itlern-makorsari.'rjarpoiiVers'" apprentices ■J18 00, §21 00 to 824 00 21 00 18 00 15 00 31 00 12 00 15 00, 18 00 to 'i\ (III '■i 00 to 1;; UO Oo leral niac-binery,- 8„„.l,i„..f,„.. n.^ieo ea.-tMii;a; iron.u-„>k l r >"i'ies| any ma.-bine-mirk (1 ■ r Iij.rties arc willi,,^. ,„ pavf. r ■ b c^^t^.^^lreigui:^-""-^-'^- FURNITUBE-JIANTJFACXURE. Talk allowing the arrraqc vwfld,, wn'jro or ,;„•»; ,„. .f •- I'linef-makers ''liair-Miaker.s Carvers 'J'liniers I'aiiiters rpliolsterera 'S'?**'*^rw'!»«»*,^>..^ 700 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. PAPEU-3IANUFA0TUUINO. Table showing the average ivcekhj wnrirs of prr-'onx cmjthiurd in ptipcr-miUs in ihe foUotcimj tuwn.i in lliv year ifi1'.\. t so tc u 2 s .:; .s •" "^ A .^ x ^^ ■f^ s ^ -^' ^-^ is > tc Occupntion. J"? .2 o _2 C ^1. [^ r^ r* — <'• z ;.,, a w '^ £ t=?' "rt 3 £ 'f 'C .2S t> J K '/^ ;^ ^^ o p < ^lii'-hint'- 1 )'iuUt3 $lti 00 la 00 18 00 l-J 00 $18 00 Jli 00 eu 00 f 13 00 1-J 00 Iii ( "i,V(i(i 13 00 "\-iwi i?15 0:i 12 00 15 00 15 00 15 00 "25"66' 13 yo It- ;« ,, . 10 ;'iO 10 rio 10 00 10 00 10 00 la 00 10 S5 10 -^5 11 DO !» 00 7 00 10 50 G 00 !l 00 00 10 00 5 00 12 00 5 00 9 -i-l Jioyr- Kiig-aoi'ters, (wouieu and yirls) 5 00 3 r-o 4 -.-) 5 00 5 00 5 00 4 111 i:i riANO-FORTE ]MA^'ljPACTURE. TaVlc showing the average weekly wagns or earningx of persons cmitlmjtd in piano-forio moh ufaclorius in Boston, Mass., and A7. Louis, Mo, [Hours of labor perwouk, 00.] Occupation. Cii-scniakera Action. inakurs ... K(\v-iiKil;i'i.i TuiiiTS of reeds.. Flyliitislicrs Viirniriliers lined. iiiakeis IJi'ed.linard inakcri (.'arver.-^ 'rriiuuiiiiii-inakers lilacksiniilis 6-JO Pi r. S $'ir, 00 ai 00 30 00 31 (!0 'M 00 l.-J 00 Occupation. a5 oil aa 00 30 00 20 00 19 00 Gilders , l!ei\dators .., I'aekeis (liu'.sawvers. . Engineers.... Lali.irers Aiiprentices. Koveiiien Teanisturs... Clerks llook-kc^epers f 19 00 24 00 la 00 18 00 18 00 10 00 0!l <10 00 13 00 H 00 14 00 hJ K $20 TO 30 00 n 00 20 00 20 00 la 00 5 (III 40 00 15 no 1- eo 1- CO ■»B . CA. ipcr-milh ill tin- foUoici»(j I •x : -^ 'U s y :if : u .^ •— ^^ A. o ■ ;* K b r - 3 ":^ :.3 a jt-- u *— o - 3 "rt B s .'■3 ks '-"i 3 « o <• fU 00 f 15 00 Hi ^0 1-J 01) 5 00 111 10 a 00 15 (Id la 'JO r. 00 15 00 25 00 it^ n:t 00 10 25 00 11) 25 ii 00 11 01) !l 00 10 00 12 00 9 42 00 5 00 5 00 5 '.5 no 5 00 5 00 5 00 4 '11 lilmjed in inano-forte man- Mo. n A R m a tT on. fl" = 2 ij fs tr. J 19 00 24 00 12 110 18 00 Irt 00 10 no li Oil $20 on Mil lili 14 On 20 0" 20 III) 12 (111 5 lilt 41) 00 40 (III i;) 00 l.-i no 14 00 1- |:0 14 00 1^ UO LAIJOR IN THE UMYKL; .STATi:-S. ■•'1 THE SILK IXDU8TIJY IX A^IEinCA. As tlic ifipid growth and tolvriuhv ill;;; sri;c:;;;!,,r';;;!\;;;!;,;;'[;-- «^!' ti.o .ill. i,Hi„strv soom lieU.nU-a states, ,1,. li.lh.wi l- a, t . . n '"'VV''^ «"ov..lnpnu.nt i, ^^1-., «eci.eta., of f. Si,. A^soiiiSi/^'s:!.^;^ ii'i:;S;;t.:i'/™' "",2;iii ; niid | is .if Cliiiics, '.I'"' im liy iii,iM. T ,. . -Dilii KM- J-an Hi ^v yv:">^,iMvvi„iw toti,„'ci;i;Mi;,;;';,',,;;^ 'iCjo''"' '"'^"""""' "^ t-'iiinldvi'.l sill.- ii. .), ..."^^"'^"> '" 'li'' f. oiiiiildycd sillv ill (h, iiiaiiiiCMcliir .silk fisMifs -id.-o yciii-s I! . !ll)lllll.^,,f 111,, ,;„.. . I" I.'* .-Old Ii.Imv.- flr.st n« own iiivciiiiiiii ;i.lOO head of Loi'K IMond, and J'l,il,„IH„M:,. \, ,,!;!".'' .I''V 'i'i^.'"^."' «ilk-wonns i„ Xru-'Hav;',!; "' ol'aMd.innnmt ,d' Hiiii-cnii,,,-,., , , iW, h,! m . r'.'" ";"^''"?'"f "nsr,„iMn,.,s l.d t -;^i;in.'..Ja ^!;;v:;sii!;-U';;;;:;;::;,^:;;-v;> ;--;. ^ It .•,; ;::::nn ;;---- t.old (01- ,.asl, nl.s(,^•ul<,nH.ino^x,d,■UMd• 1 ''"'•''','''''''''' '^'■■•'P''l'l''iif li.'i',- "'"dniuTy was pnt in .nolion, (^W [^ Lr:;'- 'l' "i'l;?':';!': -"I'l^'-io.L. W|,.„ nl^ jc scnoiis diiiiiiihifsof niiiniil'acnut sisJttwt, 7; '2 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. mi .■-. i 'i."' 1 ,' L ijHHHHHHH l.,.(aim' mauilVst. Tl.^ inacliin.ry was very cnute, ami a Yaul tliiowstrr of scvon- Iffii to-ilav would scarcilv n'.'(.j;iii/.i! it as bcaiiii;,' any irlati..'i to the work. It, was .■iipal,],! of (loiii),' all that I'la.l l.c'ii claiiiiiMl foe it, but it i.i'ovo'l madiMiuati! loi- lli.' maii- iilactiui) of Aiiifiiciui silk, as tliat was thru reeled. , , • ., Aliioii"- tliose wlu) clostOv observed l!ie iiriucipl.^s of liio iiiaehiiien- eiiip oyed iii t.:e sill<-iuill was Nalban l.'ixVord. lie halete, when this vi'aiiin man iimjecteil eonsiderable imniovi'inents upon it, and be;,'an eoiislniel ion iii'.ca'din.'Iv. Doub'lin^' and windin;; frames and a siunner made upon Ms plans were a liolabl.' ail'vimce on llie l'.;i-lisli maeliinery of (Joldin^;, and many ni, ■ ked leatures t lien iniroduced bv Mr. l.'iNfovd ar.' retained anion;? the improvements ot the silk niannlae- tniv of to-daV. His Mieeess attracted attention, lie soon be^janto reeeivo orders Irom (lui.'ieiit part's ot theeountrv, and for several years was tho luineipal builder ol silk iiiaeliinerv. rmminent amlin^' (lie earlier silk eultnrists and mamilaetuiers m the \ew Ku'dand Slates were .Jonatbau II. Cobb, of D.^dhaui, Mass. ; the Nanlneket Silk Comiianv, of Nantucket, Mass.; Samuel ^VIlitlnarsh, of Northampton, Mass.; ami Cbenev "lirolhers, of Manchester, Conn. Mr. Whitmarsh ami others introduced new varieties of mulberrv-trees, pnuninent amou^' which was the nincli-vaunted Miillii',iiili.'<, and of less celebiitv, tlioni;h r.ior.' value, the Alpine and tlie I'.russia, the two latter beiii-' reallv worthy' of cultivation in this country, while the lormer. by its utter ami wid(-siiread failure, after beiiiii absurdly overrated, brought los.s and disyraco on tho entire silk indnstrv of the I'nited States. i- i , This indnstrv in America beu'an, as v.c have seen, with homo f;rowtli ami a lioiiie iiuii'.ulacUire; 'the latter ori;;inally depended upon the native product, but yaiiied bulh- cieiit footladd to survive the extinction of American silk culture. ,„in nr.n i The yearly value of silk floods now made in this country is over i52(t,0t U.PUti, and there is a constant imiuovenieiit in style, cpiality, and mode of liiiisli. I'roininent aimui" tlu^ leading inaiuil'aeturers may be mentioned Jlessr.s. Cheney IJrother.s, at SoutirManchester.Coiin., who, thoueli destruction overtocdi. their earlier ehorls in raw- silk enltiire, lure been eminently siicceti.sful in spinning, weaving, dyeing, and all the branches of the manufacture. , ,, ■,■,•■,,■ ir Th.'silk mannlacture was early undertaken in other States; by Mr. ^\ illiam l. li(ustnianii, at I'hiladclphia, in l-l."); by Mr. H. 11. Tilt, at Boston, in li^.Uj by the Nonotiick Silk Companv, at Florence, in lf^;l-; by Messrs. Murray & Ivvle, 1 atcison, N. .J., ill 1-ltJ; bv Ml. llirsch lleinemanii. at New Y(uk, in I'-Vi; by Jlr. 1.. ]>e J.ois. sieu, at AVilliainsbiiruh, Kans., in IsCll. ami in San Francisco, by the talilornia Si k Maiuifacturiii"- (.'omiiaiiv, in l.-?it. for the manufacture of tram, organzine, lringe-.silk, bewin-'silk, and twist; 'and in F-71. bv the I'liimi I'acilic Silk Manulacturing Coin- pan v,"vho have undertaken to establish -ilk-weaving on the Pacilic coast. •\'n iiilerestiii"' fiMtureof the laller cnteriirise is the proposed employuient ol Llii- iHse help, for t'lie supply led in :dl ihe states where the inaiiufactiire is carried on. \Vliile a few persons may hi', starlled liy tin; lu- l.oduction of Cliinese cheaii lal)or in tlie silk industry as an element f(lll(l-«ilh ICCtirilKJ.- iiameiv ; ,,,.-,/-. -Chenov Brothers, Smith Manchester and Itartlord, C(Hin \V. A, Maidile, W.'st lloboken, N. .1. ; 1'. (i. Civeniaud A: Sons, We.^t 1 lobokeii. N. .1. ; lleriiiau Simon, Union, N.,1.; the I'lKciiix Silk Maiuifaetu; iiig Company, B. I.. 1 ilt, pr snleiit, I'aterson, N. .J.; llamil & Booth, I'aters.n, N. .1.; J(din K'yle *.Nc Sons, aterson .N. .\r. Fredeiick Baare, Paler^on, N. .).; 0. Challbiijon, Hudson City, N. J., and .lolm -N. Stearns & Co., Fast Fiu'ty-second street. New York. i f t r,. p.,f lUhlHWH, .Sc-WiWhua Strange A: Co, I'aterson, N. ,T.; Dexter, Lauibeit & Co.. P. t-- eisoii, N.J.; A. Sohdiac .t Sons, Faterson, N. ,J.; IVIgraiii & Meyer, Patcrson, N. ... \\-erner Itscliner A-. Co., Philadelphia; Silbeiniann, ll.ineniann A^ Co.. New \ovk. Coiicge Point Siik Mills, Long Island; Ib.bley Brothers, W lUiamsburgh, 1„ I., and tlie NorwTch Loom Company, Norwiidi, Conn. t,„„. nroirii-HllLs, (silk thiead.s.)-Besides many of the above iirms who.aro throw,-.teis .e, well as broad-silk weavers, the following named make a siiecnuty <.l the niaiinlacimc of tram and organziue: George B. .skmuer He, Co., i'oukera on tho Hudson, .>. i., ce " tliiowHti'i" of soven- D'l ti) I In- work. It was iiiadcuiiiiti: for lln' iiiaii- [■hiiu'ry cinp'oyrd in tV.o isi'lC as !i Imildrr of iiia- lli;' tiiill I'oiMiili'ti', when ami lM';;aii (■on^^nu■t ion di' upon Lis plans wcic a ny Ml ! ki'd fralnrcs I lien 'iits of tlio silk niannfac- an to rcccivo oitlcrs from luincipal liuildcr of silk id iiiannfaftiiii'i's in tlic ass. ; till' Xanlui-kct .'silk ortluuiiptoii, Mass. ; and olliL'rs introdiu'cd new iiu'li-v aunt I'd Mitirt(((iili«, : I'lriissia, the two latter former, by its iitler and loss and disgrace on the nme f^rowtli and a lioiiie product, liut gained sulli- iro. is over 830,01)0,000, and ilo of tinisli. rroniinent isrs. Cheney IJrotliers, at heir earlier eli'orts in raw- ving, dyeing, and all the it(!8; by Mr. William H. Boston, in l^iU ; liy the nrrav & I'vle, Taterson, ISl-J;" by Mr. K. He liois- ), by tlio California .Silk ill, organ/.ine, I'ringe-silk, •ilk Mannfaeturiiig Coni- I'acilie eoast. used employment of Clii- advantageoiis eon tracts, siieh labor, as one of its leriean silk manufacture their labiji' proves to be it already many aro able white, employes, em of atViirding lienlthy, iitlesled ill all I he .^t:ites lay be si all led by the in- clement of liiiaiieiai ciie- 111 in tbo mannfaetine of dl'ss. It is not iinreasiiii- icasiaii will atleet rather t the exic:iiiieut is iiiter- s in this country are clas- id Hartford, Conn.: W. A. ; llobokeii. \. ,1.; Ileriiiau la^y, B. 1>. Tilt, pr. sideiit, ■ it Sons, raterson, X. .1.; City, X. J., and Joiiii X. cter, Lambert & Co., Pat^ fc Meyer, I'aterson, X. .1.: iiaiiii\V Co., Xew York; .liaiusbnrg:b, 1,. I., anil tlie rins who are throw.-ter.s as eialty ol" the mannfaetine ■d on the Hudson, X. Y. : LAnt)r{ IX THE UNITED ,STATf:S. JViii. >raerarlaiic, and W'm. Tf. ( Jiai ;ilk C 1'. A .;. J 'amiagan, and 'Hipany, Seraiilon, J Jiear I'liea, X." Y., and I'l/il Stiriiiii-.vth:', and mmli . the S:i ideiphja, J', ''«1^,.^;V;\r'?^?-.^'''' '[•>.'-, X.. iiootll iV Co., ] "H'oit Silk Munuliicturin.' C iiter,son, X'. ,). ; tin, ,s 7t)J I). A. eraiitoi) Jioi-iV Eathrop, Xoitl ■"'■'•■'■— The Xoiiotnek ter iV Bowman, C Son, Maiislield, C i;ill:,itoii, JIass. ; \\ iiliton, Ma 'onii. Heidi ;Vi''^C.,n,pany,Mess;s:r!S''V'^"'; ('mil, • I II II.... . ... -»• -"i' IV 11. !■,.(_, illiam Brotht ■]^ilk Coni|).iiiy, l"i ompany, .s,ii„,noit, (-'•iiin. ; .1. H.llavd lels, Jlanslirld ( iier, ]|ii|y„l ioekvillc', Coi oreiice , A(ass. 111. : (». Ma Se;a U iir- ey, the Jl eniinway Silk ( ■II, Wind.sor I. '"111. ; tlie Hull, , C: ;--t.m,dc.E.E;;;;nnr^Z:;'^; Challei iiid .Maniii ii'i.v, Wiilciiown, ( 1- ; I', w. 'J pf"iy,i'at,'rsoi,x.j;;;};;,;;;'^;,:,;i;'- inerA Co.,Ti V I II ; "• ' ""111. 1 i>. J. ; John Eovalt's Sons, J llie Exceb H X. .) |i. i'iiteison, X. ,1.; lO.j. -vv ior Mannl iierville, {. let- iniiii;in(ic. ollll. u-tnriii'r t'i,|,| the Oneida Coi ,"i,viown, X. Y.: Ill,, s eiibiirgcSi: Co.,1!. Ho„l,.v A- faetnringComi iii.V, San Franc iiiiiiiiiii V, C ■" 1'' ili«er Mannl iitsiin iV. Co., I'ati 'r.sdii. onileeticiit ,i,,,| ^>^- letiiiiiig Compan iseo, Cal /,,..," -■■'.•"'"" ' lanciseo, ^ ^oy^V^\ caving and Brai.lin.r Conn 'L''l'lii:i, I'a., and the Cal ^v York ; M pi . ssrs. Anil. iiforiiia.siikManu J'dtciil J- ports of Hie United States wi The lotal import i pounds; June 'M, ld7y, Lluit.J ill the n.scal foreign silk ^0 pounds; June 30 cign gold-cost, ;s,T!,tt(i-),8',)0 • j lorcign gold-cost, .st>4,;i-'0,;)l(3, the American maiiiifaetui maker.s, kee].ing f i,,.,,- own d s were, in the flsc.ll ye.ir ending Ju line ;iO, 1873, foreign gold-cost, &•> inding Juno 30, l,-'no, f,,,'. :i0,t90,035; June 30, 1S7.-,. ■ilii.iiil I rs have declared their utter independ If es iin< <.iiff,,„ ♦!.„:.. , .1 ' ' esigners and cutting til Hiipersediiig hand labor in tl [iroeess was invented \ear ■s iiJio, Ig their own cards fur Ja< Wiindeis on both sides ottl manufacture of ligui'cd by Joseph Jlarie J, cnce of for qiiard patten'is. •eign ulactiirers. The dvi le .\tl,iiitic, beiiijr n Liood 8, is now do ilci|iiaril, and, afte with tl iHi tl ing of silk is a ] ow in extensive use a ■iiig its works and !ie past few \cai eoretic and practical si iroce.^s rei|uiring tl T lisl ,veiiigsilk,in iiddition to tl le f,i!|,,v, jj;^ ||,.„. Great progress 1 Ig till" greatest care, i iiiongourown n laii- ', in connection .iiid i iidu iiiiial eisiMi, incuts : C. On ppo, Jacob \V chemi.st.s and dyers attai'hed to tl las been made in this art niake a special business of m ^^••1.; Kiidolph Kkuuler, and Win. D man, Jbirlot it Sfet lieimer, and S e principal ■-ilk estab- rcick, Xuw York e it SI lean, Pat- rbyshire, Pbiladclphia, Pa.; Jas. Hcidiill: *«*"WWKaaMBs4a»MBB»^- 704 LAIIOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. AKrciit(lifllciilt,vlmHli)iij{l)fencxpoii(.'iiccilliyiiiiportorHuiul iiiivnufiiotnrors liyroaaon of tlif (lil( rioratioii iii llu' (luiility iiiul irnnulurity in the nI/c of tlii> niw miitniul \<\i)- iliiL'iMl III (Jliiiiii 1111(1 iillicr iDiiiilr'ii'N. 'I'liisc^vil Ikis It'll the Silk AHsuciiiliuii (iC Aniciiiii ti) foilhidfl' tlin ox|ic(iiciicy of rslMlplisliiiif,', Hi New Vorli, ii silU-conclil ioiniin- Jioiisi', liflcr tlu^ iiiiiiiiici' of lliosi' iioxv iMniuici'Msfiil oiici:ilioli ill Lyons ii ml SI. Kl ii'iiiic, riaiiff. i>USi:iiileis Wiluli IS Dmibleis .... (,'li'IIIU-IS Ilcflels Soft silk ; Wiiidcr.s* Ddubleis Cleilliers QiiilMillors.. Spoolers AVtvivers TusMcI-iiiaki*r4 . . MAl.M. Hard silk: Jlill men anil lioys CU'iiners AVeavc'iu* li.veis Ktiiiifrers Laboii'is Laco • inacliiiio r> .'■.nmST .'■lO .■) no ti) 7 (10 r^ 0(1 to 7 IIU :i no til 't 00 4 00 to u ou 7 00 to to CO (i on to f on :i 01. to '1 ou 4 0(1 to .1 no 7 nolo H on ,■ 50 to in 00 7 50 7 00 to n no ;i onto 4 00 v> onto Hi 00 15 unto iH un i-j 00 to 15 no 10 00 to 1-4 00 12 00 to 30 00 f 5 on to f- on 4 50 111 (1 no 4 50 to ti UO ■J unto y 00 5 onto 7 Otf 11 .■lO to w -") 5 onto 7 '10 •i 00 to :t 00 3 onto 5 10 7 no to f- no f no to 12 ou 65 50 to SC) .50 5 onto li nu 5 50 to li .'lO i 50 to 3 50 4 SUfo 5 50 (i onto rm 5 50 lo 50 S! ,"iU 10 3 .5U 3 .5nto 5 1 (i 5U to 7 50 7 00 to B 00 m .''lO St) onto 7 no t) on to 7 00 3 00 to 5 00 (i 00 to 7 00 6 00 to 7 00 ♦•, 00 (i .50 li .50 5 00 (J 50 $G 50 to 7 00 r. Ml $0 nn 4 ^n 5 411 1 su 40 fi no 3 no to 5 00 5 00 5 00 4 00 to 5 no G 50 i 7 00 1 so 5 41) 8 00 7 30 to 8 50 5 75 to 8 00 a nn to ;i ou \> onto 15 on la nnto I5 no 1:1 no to Iti 00 u 00 to 10 no fi DO to 7 50 •2 50 10 3 .50 13 nnto 15 on 1-2 onto 15 00 \i 00 to 15 nn 6 UU to 10 00 1) 1 to li no 3 10 to 5 00 \-i 00 to IS 00 I-J 00 to IS no i-i no to 15 00 il 00 lo 10 00 10 00 toll 00 5 OU « f.o 1 fO ifl '66Vo'i5 oil' 15 00 24 CO Jia 00 to 18 to XOTK Iiv Till-; SKciiKTAKY.— The rites of wa;;i'8 nliovo };iveii are the .iveiajre of letunis receivctl from a nuinlier of silk niaiiiifaeliinrs in the seveiiil .Stules. The reliiriis were iieeiveil in the ajiiiiiH of the \ear 1hT4, .mil related to lh< vear 1-7.1, iliiiinn tln< last four nioiiths of which the avei.i';e rewanls ef lahor W(M-e linvereil liv the eoii'seiiiu'uees of the eoiiiiiieiei;il piinie c nieiieiiiK in Septeiiiher of that year. The rates uiven niav, therefore, he eoiisidereil the ,-tandaid of want's earned hy the silk operatives ia Aiiieriea, so far as they can he e\|jie.ssi'il in a lahle ol' this ch.'.raeter, * lu iiianv iiistaiiees 'operatives will e,irii much iner' than the ahnve ratp.s ; especially is this the c.isa with snftsilk winders, wai|.ers, ami weavers «liii work bv the piece or by the pound. The vv.i^es ler these will vary .iccordiiie to the skill of the operative and the (pnility of silk employed, Ireiiuemly I'uuuiag as high as #ia per wei;k lor soft-silk wiudors, and fyM for lualu wouvt;rd. iiaiMifaoturors liy roftson it' till) niw iiiiiti'tiiil I'lo- AMsiiciiitiiiii 111' AiiH/iicii iill\-('ii]iilit iiiiiiii;; Ikiusi', iiliil .SI. I'A iciiiit', I'miirc, iin:i, iiiiil slillii'ii^llt ('ill'i> iiiti iilliH'ili'il liy II i:i)i](li- ■11 tiitilidii^ty inrioiihcil f.siivdirs of wiitur iiuav iiicii of wliiit in ti'l'liinl lied Ity r< Icli'lii'o to tiili- pcrioil covriiiii^ several ii'Mie. I'.y I licse iciioits, V, when inopei'ly tehlcd, 1(1 tliiit the wor.it Miiliildo tliaii the liest, le; that, we shoiihl talvn ' art and design, like thi> of liia..iitiii'tiired j;oods it and tlie ()e( ideiit, and (! 'iiiipes and aims oL the istry thuiild bo the tliio opcrntivcs cmployvd in the MaitwiiMiii- Butts. llaliluriiiu. »•, on li ,'») ti Ml 5 00 U 50 $6 SO to 7 00 G .50 .I on i 00 to D (10 7 00 7 50 to S 50 10 00 to 11 00 5 00 t!) 00 4 H) 5 40 1 SO S 40 (10 .-0 i 40 6 CO 1 to 10 00 to 2.') 00 ' 24 ro 1,'. 00 *12 00 toll? (0 10 00 I ■aae (if roturiiN received fimu receiveil in tlie siiiiiij; ef tlie wliieli llie iiverijie lewiinls et' ins; ill .Si'iitenilierol'tliiit year, iiieil liy llie silli operutiveH in ?n ; I siii'eially is lliirt tlic o;iw( ly tile liiillllcl. 'I'lie v,,iye.x I'er li ailk uiiipliiyeil, Ireciuoiitly iuvcra. LAUOR LV THE UNITED STATES. I'Jo riMNTINO-OFFlCES. Talk shouhig the rain of uclJi) !:'i:&:i:Si::i:z^:j'::, ;;;;;; s;.;c rE-' '■• "■" - Cltloa. Dollan li 15 IH IS to 20 Per 1,000 nnio— Alluiiiy, >'. y Allllil|Milis, .M(l ]!,illi,ii(iic, .M<1 Iliwtciii, .MllBS I'.iill'.il.i, \. V ('iiiiiliiicl),'e, Mass (.'liarli'Bldii, ,S. Cliiea-ii, III Caieiiiiiiili, Ohii) t^leviLiiiil, (lliii, (.'ciliiinliia, S.(.' \ (.'iiliiiiiliiis, Ohio ...'.'.' Diivli.ii. Oliiii 'Ileiiver, t.'ulci J)en MniiM.H, Iinvtt ... Detidil, Mieli lIaiTislllllj;h, I'll Hiirttciiil, Ciiiiii \\\ 13 to 20 IiiihiiiiaiinliH, Lnd Jaclfsiiii, Wxfn JiMHcy t'itv, .\. J '.' KaiiHa.HlJit'v, Md Little Kocli, Ark I.iiiiisvilli., Ky Meniiiliis, Toiin Otiita. .■iO 50 4,-. 40 d\:> 50 50 'f40' as a - O Cents. («) 35 40 "ih' 2J GO SO 4."i ",'.iV 47 45 4u .50 40 40 55 35 40 ;ir 4,. 45 C5 45 45 GO 50 GO Centit. ti) 50 40 35 ",'iiV 42 42 "^ 37.i 40 50 35 35 35 40 40 : (15 45 ' 41) . 55 50 GO Cities. Jllhvnuliee, \V|s .Molille, Ala ... Miiiiliioiieiy, Aiii'.';; .NuMlivilli., Tc'iiii •N'lwark, V..; .New (Irl,. alls. l.a.. Xew Vnili, \. V....; I'lulailelphia, I'a I'itt.shiiix'li.ra I I'eillaiMi, .Ml. I'riiviiliiii'e, U. I. iJaieigii, \. (■ ;;■ itii'liiiiiiiiil, Va .. liiiclie.ster, N. V . Salt I,ake(.'ilv, Uta'li! •■"■an Kraiieiscii, Cal.. Siivaiiiiali, (ra Seraiiliiii, I'a "' ■S.'iiiit 1 is, .Mo ..."" Mvraeiise, N. V Topeka, Kaiis .'. Tidv, N. V rtiea, N. Y .' W'asliiiistoii, 1). C ..;■ AViliiilnutiin, Del ti. I'er 1,1(110 ems- it J tc I St •= «! I .a J 2 3 ! t ~ IMhrr,:\Centii. 1j lo If 24 22 1 1 J". 211 J,s 20 20 Irt 15 Mtol- 14 H 20 14tolH 24 30 "{:,' 20 15 10 \« 14 21 12 to 18 /50 CI.-.0 .13 .50 50 .51)" GO 45 CenU. 40 till 40 50 45 50 511 50 45 35 44 50 50 35 55 tiO 50 35 45 35 40 45 40 GO 35 Ccntn. 35 GO 40 40 .50 45 4M 4.1 30 3ri .50 50 35 50 hO 50 3:iJ 45 32 40 40 3G (10 35 ^iiiS'^^'"-'"'- /-^^-^-PHat. S:i^e;;i;:i-I-'- ^« cents l.rre,ri.t. ■OG LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. it' IV.— KXriCNSKS COST OF PROVISIONS, OROCERIHS, Tible nhoiviiig 'he average retail iiricin of provisioiia, groarhu, ami other had'nuj nrlitUa »/ (Slaivn, ill Ihe rexjicetiee i/euiH Sluiuo. Ni!W lliunpshire, Vermont. Articles. 1 1H17. Ii^UO. lg«7. I Him. 11-74. 1807. IHOU. lr-74. I'UOViaioNi*. Fliiur, wlif'nf, hiiihtIIho por 1)1>1 eia 3.'i JO Ml ei3 10 $0 ,32 «7 17 eia "." tin 13 «(i or, Fl(tu)', wticat, i-xtiii iaiuily ■ ■■ 7 (10 II 33 y ,'ill 7 30 i> 77 7 110 5 1-7 I'l.rii-rnnil ili) .. 3 1)4 3 M 3 52 2 111 3 02 6 51) 5 20 3 25 J'.i'i'f, triHli, ronsiiiiij.iilnreH per lli. l.^ 14 20 20 10 20 iK 14* 07° IJ.ct', Ircsh, s(m|i piciTH ilo. .. U(i Oil 07 O.i 07 II 13 1;< I'i', t'i'i'sli. riiiiip'Htt'iilvH (111. .. Ul 23 8ii 24 20 20 20 H^l lli'd', (•(Uiii'd ili>. .. iri 13 15 15 loj 13 11 H); X'i'lll, t'nli- (lUJlI'trrH do .. 11 10 13 13 11 13 10 10 Vial, liinil i|iiarl(>r8 ilii. .. i-j 11 1« 17 15 HI 12 12 Vcal.iMilli'lx 'lo... i.'i !,■> 22 22 2111 III 17 20 20 Kii MS AX II 1 1 nil, I'ort' (luui'tcra do. . . n I',' Oil 11 12 IH 13 IH 15 Hi 12 15 Muitoii, li'KH do. .. Jliilloii.rliiips do. .. i:i 12 10 10 '"! 20 Hi III I'nrk tVi'sli do... Hi 11) lli 22 17 10 Ih 21 14J 11} 20 22 Hi 23 1.3 I'oik.nniicil and Baltud do. .. I'ork, bacon '. do .. yu 22 20 22 Ml 17 Hi I'oik, luiiiiK, Riiioki'd do .- 'jii 21 21 23 10 23 23 Hi INnk, shouldorH (U>. . . iti •ji IH HI 17 13 17 21 13 l(i 18 2.5 17 25 13 I'oik.Haimani'i* ''"■ •■ 101 L'tril ;.d(t. .. I'.i tn 24 IW 21 do 25 00 li.i 07 (iii 25 0!) It< (.'iid-tlsli, dl'V il" •• ll.uki'itl, picklod ilo .. 0- i;i 13 13 14 Hi 15 10 l(i| HlKtlT do. .. 37 1» 43 21 3« IS 41 20 374 4fi 10 42 18 32 ( •ll.MSIl do . . 17 Pntatoi'U por bii.'*!i 7."» K) 14 r,4 13 12 t'4 14 15 (i7 13 14 11 02 15 11 .55 13 13 .5!) Kiif p 11 lifrtiis pi'i' M' 1(1 T\U\k do .. 07 a7 07 S8 07 30 07 31 (iiij 314 07 25 07 27 1)1 » KyyH pir 4 15 00 15 11 75 12 yui'l, coftl per Ion 6 77 ]''ni'l, wood, liard pi'r cord 5 .'i.') 11 (10 li 00 7 35 (J 22 5 lid 5 50 fi (if Fuel, pine, wood....... do . . 3 1.-. 3 15 4 44 4 SI 3 hll 4 00 M:' Oil,cu:'l piTgall t;o 4U Ul 411 23 GO 48 1^, DOME.STIC imr-OOOllU, ETC. Sliirtinjjrt, brown, 4-1, .standard qmb itv... per jd 17 17 IP Iti IJ 17 18 10; SliiitinKR, bleached, 4-4, standard (pialit.v - peiy'l SlieitiiigH, browu. 0-i, utnndard (lual- itv Pe'' y' 17 17 20 20 14 10 18 1-3 l(i lli 10 10 13 12 17 1^'. Slu-elinKS, blo'\clicd, 9.8, standard nualitv per yd. 20 21 22 21 15i O.I 25 ir, rotton, llaiuiel tlo. .. ' 83 Oil It 40 80 70 14 07 37 1 25 30 41 15 15 10 1 15 1 85 t:i 15 11 00 8 78 78 47 17 Ifl 19 22 afi 3(! 15 83 (kS 88 n 70 13 08 4 70 1874. (8 G4 47 « 30 3 08 I8i 17.J 81 i 13 18 101 1^1 8(l.i }? 13 30 80 tl' ].i 0(1} 34i 64 28 3>J OIIJ 10 1(1} 83 705 0311 01) 13 17 7 78 (i 85 80J Hi Mi MJ llli 24? 10 24} 58 4 03 5 10 6 U5 4 18 3 10 llliiiili. Island, •807. I IfOO, I it^ CoDijictliiiU lia 87 13 18 (1(1 3 H) 80 Oil 24 15 III 81 83 15 88 81 10 10 80 17 81 88 08 18 40 1 20 37 45 15 ii; 111 1 (15 Ml 1 II II 14 8 50 7 85 (Hi 0; 18 22 25 30 35 40 1« 84 87 50 3 39 3 01 3 70 3 00 ?0 70 10 4(1 5 5(1 3 0(1 81 on 83 15 10 81 81 15 *).» 21 10 ao 80 ai 17 83 88 Of* 13 47 81 73 18 13 07 39 1 II 38 40 18 15 l(i 1 03 is 1 u 11 14 10 ,50 7 81 G 71 49 3 28 3 98 3 95 3 25 »8 91 10 4 85 3 93 1> ^9l "1 181 1'' In ai» 14 II liij 14) 13} 15 17i 07 lOi Jti IHj 911 10 I Of OliJ 33 74 ■M\ 371 091 in* II 80 73J 081 0» !,'i» '• 48 5 08 83i m 15i m 181 251 10 85 C7J 79 4 45 5 70 4 04 2 H7 l:'fi7. «14 00 K) 84 4 80 >ti 18 23 1(1 III 111 23 15 81 88 80 80 81 81 111 81 19 09 14 40 88 08 15 15 07 34 ^li lii Is 1 IM 90 1 21 13 15 10 55 7 00 5 .50 50 18 ao 23 .30 34 15 25 . 80 4 00 4 85 G 85 4 72 3 71 A\'irnKii III \|,w Ei,u. I^fi". I 1874. I 1^67. 1^00. «9 01 10 08 7 75 3 75 81 II 83 1(1 10 19 83 1.1 81 23 81 88 81 85 80 83 84 10 10 48 94 GO M l:i 1 ■JO 18 30 15 10 18 1 00 90 1 81 13 15 10 .55 7 00 j ,5ft 50 18 21 20 23 30 34 15 25 80 00 18 18 18 75 4 18 80 09 171 18 M 17 21 14 U 81 15 17 17 19 15 17 17 41 80 02 30 101 mi 11 89 70 10 09 14 r3 33 00 85 5 12 7 00 4 72 3 71 10 13 14 IG 20 25 10 81 ,50 3 5U 3 28 4 75 3 81 a G2 »I8 ,55 15 111 10 18 4 ,l'i 80 09 84 15 14 17 88 II IG 10 18 91 20 81 80 U9 13 48 80 84 14 M 117 31 1 23 ;i8 40 11 15 17 98 81 1 18 13 15 10 .59 81 I 4 99 01) 18 20 10 24 88 3(1 15 83 74 84 4 00 e 84 4 34 3 14 ID 53 10 18 78 3 58 80 on 83 II 13 III 88 13 III 19 18 88 81 8.1 1/- 28 81 09 14 45 81 00 13 1.1 (17 33 1 17 31 38 14 15 17 1 03 87 1 15 18 10 11 00 C OG 5 3h 4.- ■ 18 in 19 83 27 35 15 23 GO 60 5 47 7 08 4 23 3 08 lc74. 17 Si) 8 Ml 5 78 3 Kl 18 II 18 15 81 1.1 17J 81) 15 17 IGJ Ml 1(1 17 071 II 371 19 77 II II (i7 33 93 98 35 10 M.i II 87 ••■J 93 09 8 95 C 95 4 nii 81i II 13 13} IG 181 24 10 28i 08 87 5 85 7 43 4 00 2 97 ■\)S LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Talk shouing the average retail prices of provinions, groceries, and other Icadinf) articles of in the respective years Articles. PU0VIS10N3. Flonr, Tivlioat, superfine porbbl. Flour, wlieiit, extra I'auiily do. .. Floiir, ryo do... Cnrii-im'al do .. ISeef, froHli, roastins-piecea perjlh. lit'C'l', I'rcHh, aoiiji-pieccs do... lieiC, tVe.sli, rump steaks do. . . Beef, corned do. . . Veal, fore quarters do... Veal, bind quarters do... Vealcutiets do. . . Jfutten, tore quarters do... Mutton, leg do... iJIutton-eliops do .. I'ork, fresh do... Fork, corned or salted do. .. I'ork, baeou do... Fork, Imnis, smoked do... J 'ork. slioidders do . . . Polk, sausages do. . . Lard do. . . ( ;od fisb, dry do . . . Jlackerel, pickled do . . liutter do... t'beeso do... Fot-itoes per bus Rice per lb lieans pi'r qt Jlilk do .. Eggs per doz GROCERIES, ETC. Tea.Oolonj; or otlicr good bliok per lb Cotfee, Itiii, green do.. CoHVe, liio, roi'Sted do . . . Sugar, good brown do. . Sugar, yellow C do. .. Sugar, ((ift'ee IJ do.- Molnsses, JJew Orleans per gall lIolaKses, I'orto liioo do . . Sirup do . . So!i)i, common per lb Stareli do. . Fuel, coal Jier Ion Fuel, wood, bard per eurd Kuel, wood, pino do . . I)il, coal _. per gall POMF..STIC DRY-GOOPS, ETC. Sbirtings, brown, 4-4, standard qual- ity per yard Sbirtings, bleached, 'M, standard qual- ity pel' yai d Sheetings, brown, 9.?, standard (pial- ity per yard Sliectingfl, bleached, 9.8, standard q ualil V per y.-ird Colton-llanuel.mediinn quality .. 14 15 Ifi 1 09 1 ()0 1 20 12 13 7 8.-) C 20 4 00 03 18 24 20 28 311 35 15 24 77 I 02 §7 85 7 80 58 3 05 19 09 20 14 13 16 20 12 16 17 18 19 22 24 19 2;t 24 09 15 42 20 CO 13 12 08 31 1 12 29 33 15 10 17 1 02 88 1 13 12 13 8 III j 30 4 l--i 46 18 20 21 28 23 34 11 23 07 i 40 $7 50 9 12 25 4 21 1.53 08 iril 11 11 131 18 lOJ 141 10 14} 14i 113 ItPJ 1 I'i 08j 12 35 18i 77 11 09 07 24 4 75 3 75 4 50 3 50 P 50 8 40 70 11 20 U 20 10 58 99 29 34i 09i lOi 11 80 77i 97 Oi-J 12 88 27 18 18i 123 15 l8i 203 21 S 2liJ 11 22J 80* 4 22 $14 12 13 50 9 40 5 50 23 14 23 10 17 22 20 14 18 2! 19 18 18 23 20 22 20 11 14 47 20 1 32 14 13 09 36 4 29 3 21 ?9 60 9 00 7 25 5 50 23 14 22 10 17 22 27 13 18 20 20 19 19 23 21 22 24 11 15 52 20 1 23 12 12 10 39 1 53 31 38 14 15 16 1 04 89 1 18 11 14 8 84 5 40 50 55 17 20 21 28 25 37 15 23 05 5 07 $8 00 10 17 4 25 3 Pennsylvania. 1807. 1869. 1874. 20i 08* 20 13J 154 19 231 11 18 21 15 14 17 17 13J 10 17 Off 12 453 19 1 no 10 I'S 09 30j 90 25 331 09.J lOii n 9o;i 73j 1 00 07 13' 92 9 00 9 till 23 1 lOi 15 10 18 20J IIH lil' 05 50 7 70 ;i0 46 10 00 11 80 14 95 '20 00 4 74 4 12 4 72 3 93 00 ?12 03 12 44 8 05 5 18 10 17 13 11 13 19 12 13 15 15 18 17 23 18 20 18 10 13 36 22 1 00 14 11 09 26 1 50 31 33 10 17 18 1 12 81 1 20 f'd 13 4 25 4 50 2 75 55 21 24 32 35 20 42 10 24 91 5 64 J7 53 7 75 6 -5 4 32 17 12 18 14 11 13 21 11 13 10 17 19 18 24 18 29 10 11 40 21 69 13 12 09 1 35 28 31 16 17 17 1 12 77 1 10 08 13 4 41 4 no 10 9 74 T) r.; 3 10 50 20 34 23 2.-' 15 23 82 5 12 4 40 3 00 $7 on 7 88 5 25 4 52 17 12 17 14 li'i l-li 18 13* 10 ICJ 14 13* Hi i«4 13 lOi let 08i 123 35} 19 97 12 lOJ 0^5 30 91 20* 32* 09| 11 11 97 78 811 0.- II 5 Cll 5 111 4 31 13 17 li'J 19 4 -III 4 40 9 37 9 30 il2 71) 4 7,1 3 5;i iiid other Icadbin arliclrs of ill ihu respedice uvara Pennsylvania. ltC7. 18C9. IbTI ?12 f.3 ?7 12 44 8 Of) 5 18 10 ■•n 17 13 11 13 19 12 13 15 15 18 17 23 18 20 18 10 13 3G 22 1 00 14 11 00 26 1 50 31 33 IC 17 18 1 12 81 1 2IJ (.3 on 21 24 32 35 2f) 42 1(1 24 01 5 04 C 1(1 U 74 D I 'J 3 10 53 $7 (in 7 t^^'J 5 25 4 52 17 1 35 28 31 IB 17 17 1 12 77 1 Ifi 08 13 4 41 4 (10 50 34 23 2H 15 23 82 5 12 4 40 3 00 12 17 14 I'.'i 14J 18 13J 10 lOi 14 13'. 14i KIJ 13 lOi Itil 08i i2i 3nj 19 97 12 101 Oi-^ 30 91 2C* 32* 09i 11 11 97 78 HI 08 11 5 CO 5 411 4 31 13 17 19J 19 2(1 II 21 5.^ 4 ill 9 3: 12 71) I-AI30R IN THE UNITED STATES. 799 "^^S^aSdr '^ ^'"'^^-'" -"' ^-'•''- '« ''- fo.r,. of ,1. sa-a;,I ./;... ...,., Delaware. 814 00 $1 00 15 00 8 00 5 00 4 no 5 00 4 00 19 18 15 15 18 18 12 12 14 14 1(1 10 18 18 15 15 17 17 18 13 20 20 25 25 25 25 21 25 25 08 10 50 22 1 00 12 10 05 35 1 25 2H 30 18 Hi M 1 00 1 00 1 30 10 08 8 00 5 00 4 00 CO 35 32 35 35 30 50 31 I 37 1 25 « 75 4 00 5 00 5 00 3 00 1674. 08 10 50 "5 Si 10 08 05 40 1 no 30 35 17 111 13 no on 1 20 n,H ns 9 00 5 on 4 (ill 50 30 30 25 4(1 18 20 90 6 un 4 no 5 00 5 on 4 00 Miiryliinil. 18(17. 60 in ei2 00 7 09 t 14 00 4 43 19 13* v.n, IT' 19A Ilj; 1 13J 45 21 1 0:1 12 in 09 34 73 29* 34} 091 10' 1 92s 5 00 20 20 17 20 20 20 18 20 20 20 15 15 40 25 75 15 10 10 28 1 ;iO 3(1 35 I« 17 19 75 831 0(1 10 (i 10 6 50 5 25 12i 131, 1::}; 2li| 3:11 lli' 2l|: 49 3 25 8 50 11 12 4 (!3 3 50 1 25 08 12 8 50 4 00 3 50 40 33 CO C 00 fi 00 10 CO 4 00 3 50 1809. *7 on 8 00 5 01) 15 18 111 18 18 18 1(1 18 18 18 1 00 13 10 10 1 on 01! 12 8 50 4 on 3 50 00 28 50 18 25 50 5 25 fi 00 10 00 4 no 3 50 1874. f(l 41 8 08 5 S8 4 37 12 10 13 lU 10 131 17' U 15 15,1 U| 13 12 18 I Ki (i9 20 27 23 70 i lU 09 074 1 10 27.( 31} 12 11! Hi 1 05 83 01) 08} 2 18''' 1 .-3' 3 50 13 18 32J 35 ICi ■m 1051 23,J 90 4 30 9 00 13 25 3 g7,« Vv'cat Virginia. 18C7. $11 47 14 25 8 08 4 09 12 n,- 14 II 11 11 15 n8 11 14 11 14 l" >)•) 10 1(1 18 C9 12 29 23 91 15 II no 17 1 C9 31 35 17 18 19 1 12 88 1 35 in 17 3 41 3 05 C6 28 30 29 49 19 27 1 02 (i 19 7 10 10 32 1809. in 58 8 14 5 32 3 27 11 (18 12 13 09 11 14 07 09 12 11 15 18 22 lii ic 19 09 1 40 28 33 Ifi 17 19 1 02 ■ 8li 1 21 09 15 3 28 2 87 18-, I. 51 18 23 24 2fi 24 39 15 25 81 5 44 fi 90 10 27 4 Ifi 3 83 *l: II 7 29 5 25 3 33 lU n' ]2il 10,i ('9i l-'i 13 091 1-J 12J Hi lli 14| KIJ 11" 13 l:';l 09 10 29 24 97 llj 091 no 18 1 01 28 32 12 12,1 9(1? 73 92 09 10 3 89 4 10 3 10 27 IH 131 20.1, 73 33 Avcragp of (hu Middle Stilll'H. 1807. 1809. ?I2 80 13 42 7 80 4 99 18 13 18 15 Mi 10' 19 14 10 I i7j: lev 19.\i 21"! 2'* 19!' 20 I lOJI 13i 39.J 23 no 14 12 08* 28 11 70 19 10 4 33 3 29 1 41 32 30 Ifi 10 17 1 02 p7 1 20 in 13 C5 4 89 4 25 03 235 2Rif 983 31 29 ■1-J 193 2(1 09 $7 fin H II 5 98 4 29 17 13 18 l^t l«' 19,i 125' 2("Jj 22.1 1 19 22 93 11 14 42 i 2:ij; 79 I 12i| lOi' OS.V 2U' 1 28 29 34 1,5 J ifi.v, 95 ! 1 :ii 09 13 7 02 ! 4 CO I 4 IT fi 59 9 0« 4 fiO 3 59 21i 23} 301 25,1 38' 5 21 B 70 10 12 4 40 3 03 1874. f 6 87 8 35 5 38 4 07 14 10 16 12 13 13 18 13i 15* 17 15 13 17 12» 16 10} 09i 13i 30 20§ 93 II 10 08* 28 94 28 33 ]?* II* 95* 92 03 llj > 43 . 09 90 24 121 15 18J 21* 1-i 2(i 11 21| G9 20 10 22 14 52 4 4,-> 3 43 800 LxVBOR IN KUROPE AND AMERICA. Table sliowing the average retail jjiiot's of xirov'tnioHs, rjroccrks, and other leading artichu of States, in 'he respective yenrs Articles. ruovisioNS. rinnr, wlinat. supoifino per libl ridur.wliiat, extra I'ainily do. .. I''l(iiir, rvc ." 10 K) m 10 3f 2'J 1 17 K'!! 1.0 15 1 on 205 40 V2h Ufl eu Gl> 07{ 11 8 00 3 50 ■lU 13 ini 10: i'i{ 2.-i ^ tiO 4 00 1(^67. 1800 1874, m 25 15 50 i;t 00 7 08 12 08 12 14 12 i;t 17 12 12 15 16 20 20 SO 21 17 17 32 2b 1 05 13 08 14 23 2 10 30 35 21 21 21 1 30 1 12 1 35 14 21 1*0 02 10 75 I 83 18 00 on 11 12 00 10 12 10 10 l:; 15 20 23 25 10 21 25 ?7 15 2'.1 '*5 20 12 08 11 2:1 1 77 5 33 3 33 1 04 23 20 33 38 33 47 21 34 7!) C 50 12 33 10 00 41 0(i 17 i 18 i 10 1 1 22 84 ! 1 03 i M I 1' ! 3 25 00 519 00 11 00 'g'oo' 15 12 12 20 12 12 12 12 12 12 15 15 18 20 15 20 20 on I 10 I 35 I 20 I ""7ti 15 i 1 25 liO 35 08 10 10 1 25 I on 1 25 0- IJ 1 ."ll on (M) 20 12 10 I. 33 31 10 !. 38 i. 10 50 ;io rn H5 6m 25 un 4 87 4 50 Cu LABOR IN- THE UNITED STATES. 801 folJowhig Soiillicni 1:^07. Geot'sin. 800. :12 03 M 00 1 '5'i'p 14 10 10 !.■< 13 15 17 It 14 15 10 li 24 13 15 30 .-0 13 H Ir^ 80 51 10 3; 8 00 5 10 11 Oil 13 15 12 13 15 10 13 13 15 17 21 24 17 24 21 12 15 40 1 oil 11 15 M M t. ffi 75 8 r.o ' I'lmiila. 1 i-"0 I 71 30 30 33 18 IT 20 ''0 18 04 oi' 70 ■i4 1 15 1 12 111 18 15 12 Nl 12 ^0 4 44 i 3 !I3 3 0:t 1 3 2-' 04 1 (•7 10 24 10 31 88 5 51 18 72 4 80 'S 50 I ],-, 0-> 20 5u I 22 50 4 47 Hi 15' 15 l:r; IO-; , 15 15 I. 13V. 15'i . 13 '. 12 I. 12.V 15 '. 10 :. 20 : 3^:: 20j . 80 10', .. 12i.. 20 21 1 ■ i: 12-|. 6711. 5 28 i I 72 l-^iT. : isi,-!). 13 8 25 3 ,50 4 00 35 i' i I'i M.J ICl 15 22J 32.! 11 ■111 H 4 58 25 no 35 00 1 4 00 a 15 i 1 1874. eo 12 50 •' 00 25 12.1 00' 00 171 15 20 00 10 35 1-J 50 10 1 00 i.'.") 47.! 10 11 12.i 021 50 j 07 I 08 10 '^lab.iiiKi. 180.. ! ura. ! i,-j_ Mi.ssi.joijipi. 1807. I m:?. I i,-:7<. :U 11 14 00 8 75 5 III 12 10 ' 13 i 15 14 }^' 11 ■ 13 ! 15 i 11; 1- 23 h 14 41 »20 31 "■8 38 10 111 10 on 4 54 11 ii-i 12 12 12 : il : H , 10 ; 12 ' 12 ' 1 J 17 23 : 21 ! ID 23 i 25 12 10 30 25 1 14 I W: 13 i 3 ,37 30 CO 10 15 15 12J 18 I 0!l 18 10 10 18 I 1 15 I 1 00 I 1 42 10 21 8 00 3 30 2 75 05 20 Ifi 18 10 08 75 32 10 18 *fi 08 8 is 8 00 3 !J0 00 05,'. 10' 12 II.'. I2i1 12 I 0!i' II i Ilii III I 13 j 14 10 I 10.'.' 14i 10 2u' 1 30 I 10; 11 10:'i 20" ■>l L 5 ,50' 50 27 50 .53 .33 43 17 33 bl 5 00 24 43 .32 4.1 10 21 33 39 41 10 3', 09 4 55 20 fiO 20 00 1 24 20 35 10.! 12" 121 02 TO 07 00 12 8 40 4 20 4 30 44 105 Si 1 23i( 31 lOj 20 S:!3 20 13 40 HI ', 15 I 09 I 13 20 . 12 12 i 12 i 14 I 17 I 11! 20 ! 24 I 27 ' 21 : 30 ; 25 i 17 ' 17 ! 44 ; 28 ,' 1 .-.(i ! 14 ; 20 I 17 30 1 00 29 •93! 10 ■ 4 42 10 ' 21 I 20 14 22 1 2,5 1 0.) 1 44 15 18 10 00 i 4 00 3 25 1 30 32 42! 20 54 ! 2'* I 3.5 i 70 i « 40 I 1 07 12 (W 12 14 10 12 10 I 11 13 ; 15 [ 13 ' 18 I 20 l.'i u ■ 27 I 1 28 I 1. : 1 87 27 31 17 20 21 I 1 00 I 00 ' 1 25 I 12 15 2 07 ! . I 00 I 3 34 I 70 I 43 17 .30 02 5 05 67 75 8 25 •i'fti' m «!' II in 10" 10 002 m lU i;>l Ui 10 lOJ 20 IM 11 12.< 33 2.)i 25 OOJ l-,j III 1 12 2.t» 30" 11 121 13i 81 00 ;io 10 12J 1 1 37 I on 45 21 00 28 00 13 02 24 03 11.! 15j 17} 3 40 25 9 00 5 00 (1 802 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Tabic kIiou'Iiij,' the annnjc re I ail prices of providions, groceries, ami other hailing Articles). Liiuiaiii.ia. ritovisiONS. I'l.iur, wlii-at, siipcrllno I'loiii', wlii'al, extra t'aiuily. Fldui', r.vi' (^oni "ii'al lied', Iri'.sli, rojistiu;;-iil('ce.s. Uct'I', (resh, sinip [)iixi's Jiei'l', Uv^'.\, niiiip-atralis ]!l'l'l', CIlllKll Veal, I'cire (;iiai'ti'i'» Voal, liiiul nuarU'r.s Vcal-iaillcls Milt fun, lore (jiiurti. •.■.■) , Mi.iloii, \i"j: Miittoii-cliiiiJ.i Toi-k, IVi'sli clo.. IVi'k, curneil fH' aalted .(to.. Poll-:, liacdii do. IN.'i'k, 'iiain.'*, smoked do.. l*ni'];, Mlu)uldei'.s do. . I'ovk, sausa^^ea do. . J.aril do. . Cr good blai'k iht 11). (Joll'ee, l!io, ureeii do... t'oll'e'l',, Hie, I'O.'l.^tl'd '..O. .- Sii;iar, i^ood brown vlo. .. Sti;4a)', yellow do. .. Siiu'ar. eoliee ]J do. .. Molasse.s, .\i'W Orloaim per jjal- iJlolas.seH, I'oito liico do. .. Simp do. .. So.']>. I'oDiinoii per 11) Standi do. .. l-'uel, eoal pir Iidi. i'liel, "Wood, hard per etnil. Fuel, wood, pine ilo. .. Oil, coal per j;al. IIOMI'.STIC MIY CiOOllS, KTC. Shirtings, hrown, 4-1, standard (iii;'l. ity p.r.vd. Shi rtiniis, bleached, l- 1,. staiidai'il qual- ity ..'. per yd. Sheetings, brown, 9-8, standard (|ird- ity pel' yd. Slii'etiii^s, bleached, OS, standard (lu::Uty per yd. Colloii-daii'iel, inedinuKpialil.v ..do. .. Tiekiii;.;ri. uood niiality do. .. I'riiit..;, Meriiiiiac do. . . IMon.-j.seliiie de laim s do. .. Satinei..s nieiliimi ipiality do. .. 14iK)l.s, jueus lieiivy per pair. IIOUhE-ia'XT. Four-roomed tenements per niontii. Six-roomed lene'iiieuti? do... For iiirn, fitirchaiiics, A:c).. .per wee;; For women in t'actories do... 1807. 18G9. 1874, f 12 n:i '*7 fil 13 53 10 03 (j o:i 11 U!l Jl II 14 13 13 14 II) l:i III 21 ao 27 l!l 2J an 14 17 r.j ;ii 1 4i; i:i 17 Hi 33 2 20 21 20 111 1 13 l):t 1 5;i l:! 1,-1 7 3il I! (id 3 23 82 20 4C 4-1 ;ill 40 1!1 :i7 •Id 5 eU 3 22 12 cw 10 l:i l:j 15 Hi 13 17 18 18 19 18 24 18 21) 21 12 li) 40 2,-i 1 2;i 11 17 lit 33 1 !I2 2-1 iJ4 13 17 17 !I0 H2 1 27 10 14 (i 00 5 UO 3 C 00 ?!) 00 10 ().-) no 2 02 OH 07 08 00 (10 07 o: 12 i;t 15 11 21 21 22 17 20 2 17 29 19 IH 20 !)8 1 00 1 ;J8 10 17 5 00 A :ji i 70 78 ):> 00 ,')U AM 12 OS 12 12} 12^ 15 15 12A 15' 15 1-1} 12 i 1- 0^{ 12 15 OS 75 10 10 Vi\ v.: 12i 11 1 (111 1 (10 20 00 10 to i;)o (10 37 00 20 28 ,10 110 7 0.) 5 Oil 4 71 5 50 LABOR IX THE UXITEO STATES. Ki'iitiicky. 803 u 804 LABOK IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. Table allowing the average retail prices of p, ■ovisions, groceries, and other leading articles of in the respeetice years Ohio. Articles. Iii(1ian.i, perbbl. ..., I'nuiil y i' lour, I'j- Corn. meal I."!!! ISoef, Crcsh, roa3tiii};.pi(':coH i>i'('l, tirah, soup-pifccs IjiM'i; IVcsli, riinip-steaks... Jiecl, corned y,:«j, loro ,|Mart(.r.i ...■.".■.■."; do... ^ ea , lund (imirtiuy ,lo... \ I'aleutlet.i ^\^J Ihittou, I'orc iU ',_"] ,]y ■ " ■ Pork, <-oriic(l or Halted ...'.'.'..'. .' .' do ' I'ork, baeoii ,|o J'ork, liauis, smoked .' do i'ork. Hboiilder.s " ,i„ ' ' i'ork, miu,saf;es !!.'.'. do'.' J-^ml ,]„ C'od-tisli, dry ,ii," -Maek.-.el, pickled .'.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.do;:: Hotter ,|„ ('Uceso do .do. ^,'9t'''t"'-'a .".■.■.■.■.'.".■.■. . per bush ■f.""^" per lb JicauM nerot Milk • •■• J";,V*' .pc do ;. boap, common wv lb «"»',''i-- .'..'.'..do... f,i'<|f™l, prrton J'uel, wood, hard per eia'd I'"nel, wood, piue do Oil, eoal per gall! DOMESTIC DUV-GOODS, ETC. Sliirling.s, brown, 4-4. standard qn.al- 't.^' ]te!' yard Sliiri ing.s, bleached, 4-4, atandanl c'lual- (,,'' -^^ : ,■ I't r .van 1 hhei lings, brown, 9-8, standard qual- „," > ; ,• ■ - - per van! . Slic. tings, bleached, D-S, litaudard „ qoalit.v per v.ard Coltou-llannel, medium quality.. 'do Tickings, good quality do .do do . d.i.. .per pair 1-1 iiil s. Jierrimac "Mouss.'line do lainea Salinels, medium ipiality . Boot.-i, men's he avy IKJUSE-KEXT. Four-roomnd tenements. . Si.xrooniod tenements llOAltl). For men, (meehanica, Jcc.)..per week For women in t'aelorie') ,i„ .per mo — do. . Kunaas. Nebraska. 1S07. 1809. 18T4. 18C7. 89 ;i(i lU Ul "a to' (M 1() la ri 1,-. 1)9 It n ij 17 21 22 17 Hi 19 14 17 32 2.T J.JU 13 11 09 26 ^n 39 $G 2J I 7 (W .'. tlO ■J l.-> 12 o,s 12 09 12 lit 14 09 11 10 14 10 ^0 23 17 17 21 U 1.5 30 22 lis 14 11 00 28 3 no 05 0,T (W 04 03 07 07 12 10 10 1.5 14 10 10 22.V 12 10 07J 20' II !i 1 50 1 12 28 21 33 .■!3\ 1(1 10 17 111 19 12i 88 5,-> 80 00 1 20 1 00 10 10 12 20 30 43 51 39 18 29 11 no 44 ; 00 71 8 00 .5 54 3 00 59 20 42 27 37 13 23 70 83 4 50 4 25 15 20 17 2;ij 20 25 113 15 75 02 04 3 619 00 11 00 "c'66 20 12 20 12 15 20 20 15 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 10 15 50 30 1 .50 20 20 10 50 1800. 1874. 1 75 35 40 20' 21 *0 75 4 50 13 05 15 Oil 11 13 17 11 13 15 12 17 •23 "5 lii 17 20 11 10 ■*? 27 32 14 07 07 35 1 50 15 20 IS CO 14 00 30 30 90 C 50 49 00 75 00 7 00 7 00 1 50 29 34 15 10 18 ;io 44 1 37 12 17 14 (10 8 50 "oo' 18 35 33 15 25 1 (Tl 5 50 50 10 00 Average for 'West, ern .States. 1807. §10 14 10 02 ( 23 4 40 14 09 14 lO.J 10 13 14, 14.\ 13i 13 13 10! 19 oi n lo! 171" lOi iU. 15 21! 89 15 13: 01': 21| I8C9. 1-74. 1 GG 33 37.', 17' 18 19 1 17 1 03 1 47 II 15 9 50 5 4,- 3 70 70 28 31 37 34 J 4.5 17 27.- 1 oo' 5 70 ...-. 83 43 5 21 3 89 l-'J 08 131 10 09i I'l' 083 11 lis 133 17 m 14.11 KHj 17 21 11 in 3 1. J 2"' ' 51 09 07 24 .}5 11,, (i 91 5 42 3 58 ll.J 08 m OgJ, 12" 09 llj 12 in 11} VIS m: 13.'.! 1311 15.U OOJ K- 24j 17 78 11 09 00.' ' 19 13 97 21 40 4 81 52 28 33 15. m 18" 95 65.\ 28" 10.\ 14" 8 30 4 74 3 21 1S.1 30.? 29 37i 14 24 84 20 1 15 o*i 33 10 09j U'l 89 71 95 OS 3(1 4 50 3 04 20 12.1 15 19J 20', I.-' 1 2i;* 10.!, v ■ 5 411 i 12 1 1 9U 4 .50 4 14 3 97 j 3 2.-. wits, and olhcr Imding LAUOIi IN THE UNITED STATES. Avcrnsc fur Wrsl- nil States. leu7. 1889. \kU m u 10 !IJ ( -Jl) '1 K U OB \n lO.J lOJ i:i 11! Hi v.v, i;i ]:i ics ]» 211 l(i nj lU 1,1 mj 1,-1 i;i: 07' 24i 1 cn 1?" IS 1!) 1 17 1 o;i 1 47 If; no n .|- 3 7i» 70 in n m 10 OOi I'l^ Oi-S n 11! i;i 17 m iii.i 17J ai" 11 ui ail Hr Vi\ O'X 07 •jr. !!,< li 01 ,-) i-j a SH iij OH li ij" 00 11.1 I'.' in Hi; i;h 15.5 la.'J i:m| lOAl ODi' ii;-' n 7s 11 I Oft', ODV l!l' 1 no as 3:ii 15J lOS 18 ori 1 aa' lOJ 14 8 ao 4 74 a 2) 1 15 O' 1 '"' I aa 10 0!lj ii» b!) 71 Ki 08 ao 4 so a 04 20 28 oo 31 25 37 30? aij 21) 4,-> 37J 17 M 1 00 81 5 70 5 20 13 07 12 IJ 31 40 17 10 1 4 PI 4 50 4 3j a oj 121 15 lOJ 21) .■ u\ 1(1.^ 1" ■ 5 40 i 12 n no 4 M ;t 2.'> TACll'IC STATICS. 807 808 LADOR-IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. TahJe showing the amagc retail prices of provisions, groeerics, and olhn- le,c,ll„f, articks „/ ill tlw rvuptclire ytats Article!. ruovisioNs. I'loiir, whoat, siiporflno i'lciiir, wliDiit, ixtiiv liimily . Floiir, rjd (.'i>rii-meiil .'...'. lli'ci; rrcsl), ronstitiR-puitva'. Uepf, I'resli, Houp-pioct'H .... Ufct, lii'Hli, rump-Bteaks Boef, coiiuMl Veul, Coro tpuirtors .'.'.". Voal, liind iMiarttTs ^ ral-iutli'tH ', ■Mutton, iiiro (iimrtcrs. ...'"' -Miiltcin, !(■(,'. .: JIiiltdM-cliops '.'.'." Toik, IreHli .".'.'.!" I'lHk, oonicil or anUcti ...'.'.'. Pork, bacon I'lirk, liariia. sniokcU. !.!!!."." Pork, Hlionldora Pork, Hauaagea .'.■.■ liaid Cod-tish, dry .".'.'.'.".'.".' ilackercl, pickled '. Iliiticr ] Chccrto !"!!i!',' I'otatoes Pvico .'.'.V.V.V Hiarin . Milk ^eii» '.'.'.'..'. GUOCF.niES, ETC. Tea Oolnrff or other good black por lb. I'O'^'i'. 1J<". Uririi do..., l/OUce, l{io, roa.ste do! wiaj), toiuuion ju.,. ]|, Starch do Fuel, coal '."V.'.'i'.'.^r tilni: iMie , -nood, hard per cord. . i'iicl,-n«od,pino do... O'l. <="'»! pcrjtall.. DOMESTIC DKT-GOODS, ETC. Sliirtinga, brown, 4-1, standard qual- „,'.'y ,■;■-■.• !)er y.ird. bliirtinga, bleached, 4-'l, standard qual- c J'-^' : ,• per yard . bhcetinga, brown, 9-8, standard qnal- ity ............... ..pel' yard Sheet jngfl, bleached, na, standard" (inality . ... p^i. yard. Cotton-tlannel, medium qnality do i-ickings, good quality '..do I'nnts, Alerriuiac do Moiisaelino do lainea " ' do ' ' Satinets, medium quality do ' " Loots, men's heavy per pair. HOUSE KENT. Fonr-roomod tenements pernio Six-roomcd tenements do. . ! ! BOAUD. For men, (nieehanics, &c.)..pcn\-eek ior women in i>ctorie8 do. other h'Mliiif) arlidtn o/ in the rvuptclifv ytdys 1874. Moiitunn, 1607. ISCO. IS74. i 00 r 00 r 50 I'ji oil nil 111 i-'i lo" i-ji inj i."i 17'. 17' liTl ^It . S5' CO ■m: so 17. J 10 l--'{ •i;ii *« 00 eao 00 Aid no 18 00 111 00 17 00 aj 00 18 11 IS 14 21 J I ■-■1 SI SI 21 ,'10 ■.tr> :C) 4,". a:> no 40 1 00 :to S 40 S.T 1 us 2 no r,ii 1 00 40 40 40 4 00 4 00 5 00 no 7 .TO 2 S.-I 30 43 05 G.-) S5 CD 22 40 1 00 00 20 00 20 12 SO 10 20 22 22 20 4 J 3."i 42 42 30 l-d ■i:> 2 02 40 27 2.'< 1 12 1 no 4,7 73 2,7 27 ,')0 2 75 3 00 3 37 30 45 (W 10 10 10 ^ 12 1,') 15 15 15 SO ,70 35 HO SO IS.', 10" 00 7 00 1 25 1 25 ,■(5 40 If SO 20 2 00 1 M 2 00 20 12 00 7 (III CO 20 I--. 30 IT 35 40 35 .''(H 40 SO Ik*) 30 1S.\ 31 2S.'. 1 00 t'7.', 75 8 00" .'iO 00 18 00 05 00 25 00 20 00 I 10 00 20 00 ! g 00 ! 00 I -•^7 ^ADOR LV THE U;.ITED STATKS ">"^l'oard.iu,;,e,,>,tn„„f HOD ""^ following Tcnilon,,, •mttit 810 [; i. i ^^■"'feii ^^^^IH 1 LADOn IN EUROPE AND AMKRICA, Tinii|. .1101- quart. , do... .pcir dozen. GUUCIUIlKa, KTC. Ti>i», Oiilorji or ollur .^oort black. <'iifli)i', l;i(i, yiccii ('"Ili'c. liiii. iiiasli'd Hiijiiir. uoijil liKnvii '" Sii;:ai', .vclliiwU .Siicar, o.illW) 11. per piiiiiid. do. .. do... do... do... ..do .. MoliHNcH, New Oi Icaii.s '.'.[.'. ,„„, ,,„,i,„, Sirup Soap, (■niniiiiin , . . Stanh ]'ii(l,c..al J'acl, M.inil, lianl . Viii'l, w I, piiiii .do. .do • in'r pound. do. .. — pi'r ton. JUT cord. I I. w I, piiui ■ ,, . Oil, coal..... ' ' ' perualli Un.MKSTlC I)UV-(iOOn.S, ktc. Slilrtini'fi, lirown. 4-I, .standard i|nalilv.... Sliirtin:;,<, lili-adicd, .J. I, .staiidar.l (|iiality . Slice(in:;.t, liroun. ^■.■•', standard (|iia!ilv '... Slic('tiiiu':4, IdiMi'lii'd, U.^. Mtandard iiiialilv (JotliiM-lluiinrl, mi'(iiiiiii(|nality '. . Tickinii.s. ;;c.(i(l (jiiaiilv ' I'riiil.-*. Mcirinnu; ". JIijiiS'liiM' ill- laiiic.s '.'"''" per million.. per yard. do .. do... do... do... do .. do... IKOT. i:i liii II :i:i H 07 If! It 17 II It III 1".! i:i| 15 ii;s 17 SiOJ •SI iiliS 'JIJ Uli v\\ w. at 1 (iJi 175 llli I 'J :ii) 4:1 'Mi i'.t i);i I) 5li 8 11:1 ,Vi iri.\ iiii III i;i IS^ \^ III m Ull a.'i I III i i7ii I m mi 1:1 It ■mi 1 4:1 at Siiliiii'l.'i. nirdiiiin iiiialilv. lloota, incu',s heavy .". . do... .pur pair. iioi'.«k.i:ent. Fonr-rooinod tnnenipnt.i n.i^n,/>„(i. Six-rooiu.d teiienomt^ -^..--.......V.V.V."".:'.::"."."^;^.. IX For mow, (inechanira, itc). For wonioii in factories ... per week.. do.... 10 K) ;)4 I 405 1 M\ m IH.J 10 i);i r, 44 1 M uo so 2:1 4.M !lli; i no.i ' 17 ' 27 7fl'i 2'J 5 01) 14 n-2 13 r>2 21 80 ti (iii 5 «,-. 5 01) III h;i 7 ii;i fl 24 5 24 m llr^ II I.-.} IIS II I.. 14 i<;.i 22i 30 9;i :m iii 1:1,1 t!i on iOF.t l:i ( 'i I) .Ml 7 11:1 11 ;i 1 8 ():i fi a I n ( 7 u n:> 5 ai li; 1 •i 1.-. \ m 1 I 10 1 7 10 1 1 i:i 10) 1 t la >i! 1 1 l.'i l:i( 1 r'l 17 I.'J 1 II la HI 1 '> n H 1 :i HI 15 .. 1 10. 1« ,, •J ij ai 1 aa l-li a l">i s iji SI I7J a ^ ao' 14 iil ij a:)J Hit 1- i a.-, 171 ; 10 11 i;r S 17;; l;il » -till ;r,; -1, 'J! a7 • i yji .. 1 (1, } 1 (i;'l ii!»i 1.. I* >: loji lit t.. K -J i:i 104 11 !if 1-, ■i: •10.1 ;io .. 1 (!0 1 4:1 90 :ii J ;)i S.'^J 'i:i ;i-1 ;)|:t yo S 17; lU au i \xs ivj" a 'J 1 57 m in I 111 VH 1 -i:) 1 aa m 1 80 1 1 m 1 OMj 1:1 1 0!). IHJ i:tf Hi ijo 10 Kl 10 0:i 11 S 7! 5 41 5 :«) r. . 1 iui 5 42 1 ', \)0 3fl a.T 20 laj y.j ' ail m ;m 1 a-; I 20 41) :i:i.li sai :i.-,.i : ;io.i! i!i! 4.-.,! i ;ii'; a7t 1H,S ' 17 lOJ ;ii* ■ a7 a;H (111-; fi aa' 7!IJ 5 51) 7:1.1 5 OJ u na 13 52 II flii aa 09 21 60 10 a7 r, 79 5 «,-. 5 01 u oii D 00 3 5;) LAIiOR rx T„,. ,.,,.^,.„ ^.^, VTi:. j ff'"5ft2,'.'SS,S'^t:;.j)"T^,, ; J ! I - I'lii) Hiiiiiiii p Z ,. ii";!;!^ '2 lies |j z 1 g M* I C-' III' ill !..«'^^;:joJP^N^^^^--^b r- "^ .2 ?• ' W i: = C ■>.C — |fl a 3 iS '.a I 3 'J 1 1 -0 ...PHii) r; f " ~ ^^ ''^ ^ '^ 5 2 S 2 S S !? S ^ S = ^rj ": i -, ,, , .i I •«il"|.nr; s •'■'•'— f^'' ;^^^;:25§i;:=:? l| "c^ ,'""i'iMP|. I -i;'^"'"''"2-~f5ff jiS'l^sSs : = '■> rS ■- I ^ '*- ^: ■I :| ^ I .' '* •T'.r ■r^'-a =:^ "^^ ; X tx ; -5 t cd « ''-'''---^^•■^^-^^55-r;^';? 812 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. o c c S •S^ •^ ■s- a f" ." Xi •^ c *c t. : X — 1- tj t- -.rt» m:) I- r> i.*^ ^ ^ T P! tr 1* f'. o t ^ ro T- - ;i -i ;;* ^ ^ « :,[ r; -) CTi r? n ■*- '-' -1- 3< — I It ! ^. i Tt i* ^ - 7i '" ■"' • ^- »." '" <= •"■ '" 1* --s o o o o 1 o li o = ! ,^ 1!=: = t: ■n-i,ili;ni.i tf j ^. i- I.-; I- :; t- -J. .^ JiC*;': 'r ;i J i ^»^l-f ■• rs i| -;:; w . ■3 !l£5 ^ e till — ! '"' "^ 1 ^ * i ii *" ^ __0 1 1 1 1! X 1 •1" .X to li o o 9 ii !1 i-w 1; ou '^o 5 p^-c •iMipi!i|.ii; 1 oo 1 rr o p e r- u- ■:? ^'i ; S = '.•; ; 2 = ; 2 S' ^' 1 1 -1" O O •f II o = •-^ \~-~ Z o'> ' I'^ I '^ *- ii:3 = =* 13 ' i-i -Jj ■^ 1, * o 1 (-- « . r ■1 j d •iMipiHio p Iiui;b)I"1'" o -. 1 n CI 1- h^ ' !|-- 1' *" GTJ . ^ E?. ;1^ : :?. ; • '?,nr- '-'-i 'rii^ ,. ■■ - _ _ o l = = I: rr to '2^ •an,i[)[ii|.i f, — ''■« 't^ ■ '.* ' ' • .1 ,1 i— < t^ 11 ■7'!-" o> • • ■ • . . . : ■'- 1 S 9 "' i ''" 7( 1' 1== = •*-' w •noipiMp J 3 o ci X) * t -i i- :i o o r5 ^ :■; 'rf § ?( S -Ti E S ili! Igo 3? jj il X> r-1 1 ^ ^ 1 1 'J. .— 1-1 n •n.Ttpijii.) ,-. imUBiiiipiis f?^?^i::is5?SHij^?;S:q:; i;;?;; r-. il -/: - o T ,1 TOO 00 L-.8 < a .7^"' " _ : c, •r lipor:, 1- rt S I^ a 1 •n.i.nijiip p !3§Sx5.= 5!fiSSi::S5i^i:s ;Si:g s ' sss s l2g 1 ^O 3 ■/> ' . r-l ,- - , i^?" 1^ 1-1 IJ ^ il a ■no,niii'I'> C l)iius([iipi! r, C. fO O 1 'T * •V ■^ c3 c 1 •iio-ipiiip f, ;-auB)(iipuu F.aSSSfiS :2 ;r, :g ;g = g^ ;g|3 gijsss o ■ ! 1 i i 1 ; 1 i i ■ . . a . . > t . ;^ ' ! *.H • t 1 . . . o 1 . i W ', > . . a . ■*-■ rt ; c, ; 1 ,' 1 I I ' u ! I 1 ;;:::;■<*;:; ■ • ■ i; ; ; 1 5 ; : ! 1 I I 1 1-" ! ; 1 ; ; i t fi^ • 1 ' ■' 1 ! if) I ! ! . c c 1 a; • ...... 3 ,^ , ■ ■-. -a DO • ', '. 'c ! X ' : I 1 1 1 I'P ;2 ; ..-^ . rt ss ; ; ; I "^ •■H • P ! ::;:;;,.-: 2 : :S Li ; 3 ; tr § i - ;^ <5 ; ^ : 1 : ; : ; : g : fi 1 I ■"' ' Hj; '£> ' :| ; ; :^* ; i-5 •3 :f I It 1 •e i r-'« • « - ' :l ; ; ill :% « 5 t! n : 3 1 'jJS^ ej u :^, ;f a ; ; £ ; ;== -- i-Hg '•-iit'^-B ■3 f i >i ._ C s lljs :| : : ill :^te = ~ § = rt 25 »^ (-. « s w ■ 5 J ^ICA. — 1-" ffilSS!: II 2S Tl 1, li II rf: t- il 1- « sjjSg 3 tigs ■! -T "* S':i = ?5 I! !i TJ H Ci ! 1 3L & c; ^ j?^§ •r i; 1^ — ^ 1' ''2 1 ss :;I^SS ?: !g§ "T" ?• G3 £•; S;!=:SS :: 'iss ; i 1 '"*'^ ! SS -'^S8 CI 00 CO ^jil^' p. : '* >?>S2 i!'' 1 £3 GJisss lliSi « ft ^ gr- = 1 li ^^ -" sr- s'l^ss «i S( il s -3 ^:s sijsss g OS SO 1! i- i.-so a?? 2!|£g:J s!ss '■\nr r}4 •5 ss sllggg §g •^ fH 1 g i- C r' 00 . ^ '- t, u t** C = H J; 3,S HyH 1=;^ ^ I-AUOR IX THE UMTED STATES, SI 3 ■>iAi|)[ti[a c I '-'-SiVisS :? = « = = -Tr-r-— l"'l'N)llU)li~ SI' ' : ■' »' Ti ,-r - — -—^— —____' ' • • "" ■ "^ I " ') s = l'a««4i»i,«G: S' " ^Z"" :"i'^ =l!?gil = l'^^ I ,.S»J |W'2^^^^*s^tV7^,,, j^ 1'^ :a i to J ,' .■•5 1' ^ •J5 1' t'cTS 3^ C..iJ . o 5, ; t.'= ;9 ,"3 >» ^ « - .5 •..--x5" 's-^i-S '^ CIS- L^ >, '■?S-9'-:~ 5 -t'l = ---.3 = ■- HS; su LABOR IN EUROrE AND AJrEUICA. ni ^ ^ ^ '-*. 'r '- •'■ 1? * — f' — ^ = e :■; •?• 1-; -.r i 11 n c ti ci 1 c» t\ 1* a ^ -■ .f C-. n ,; TT .r- r-. .; -p 1- -.^ .-I. ^ vt ^r t* s -5 . c= '[ ^5 il zr. i-' r; ? ^ '33>I!1S ■i|l>li!IC,Jii .*"i,M,).vy i »' "^ 's* rS ^ 1 n fo I T'li'i > I I -■= 5 1 Imi;!i)iii|nj5 | *• I •IIO-lpipi,! c ; _ ^ ., ^ iHiiiij'4[iniur, ''•■ - li .';-<:< •ll-i;ip|ii|.i (J pilUMu'llnu c ■ ••. = Ti 11 •:! .: ■- T- ,;-. 5 5 3 2 3 1-: ^ . i- i- J g •ll.upi|l|:) f. a l»i« K4[Lipur. ^ ? C" -r '" '- ~ "' '.* =:(- — — '"i 1= c: ^ = ^ ; - 3 W.3 ■n.).ip|ii|.i (■ I - ;, piiu o')[iiput. ''^ ; -I - . rH t . T ,^ 2 ',: ; ,^ ;§ 55 q • o = 9 ._■: 5 5 : : o "r.s I -ii.upiiii.i [. IL; " :'•"'■ ■' :■'■•'■■-■'' ^^ : :•= y 1 - '." ij •ir.>,t[>i!n.> j^ o 3» Tl M • r;7i -v « J* 7( r; ;i *' ,, .7. 'J -^ 1. VI C- ^ IU.= ; ir I ; -»* o o — ;[ ti = S VJ i|' r: O 3 £ , I- = Tl i.T s '.i I* *» -f .li s I*: c -^ CM.*: o o r I- =5 — ■* »-• :i -n >o 3i o Ti T CI r: M *r =^ rt c; -t ':i in r: ;: .a ■iii.ipdtpi: ^_ pill! H^pipu;: ■y-' •[n,IlHTi|.t f; pin; ^J^Illpu t- \ '''•' ■1 -'5 r, i! 1 s T ,, - =1 -f I: =:: 72 ' o =: Tf s o in »■: o .so :-3 • .'I ,n n ,.: x i' ;» ;=. - 1?; S •5 : •'■■"I'mor, =- - ^ Z _ : ; ; fg [ pin;K|(iipiir. <^ : : ; • ';' i 1 1 i • Ti • ' • • 1 ■■« ! i I I ■•^ ■ ■ * ■ I X ! .' ! ! i 1 rt I ; ! 1 1 Jliiii = z I ; : 3 ?j^' : I :'H w- t. ; ' "c = 3 I ■ • = ;:.=■_£?=■ E::;J^f^: 13 ji i 3 — 1153 ■?= M'.iSO , U 5 ^ L i i « j: ■; »! '^ "zj^ hSh (Sh :PvICA. n \l IV^-r I -J ll X .- •" il - =^ '- r.t I.e.'-.; n !| s rs :3 =: I' O o o V S l|5;a T- II - 3 O X , I- =; 71 j) f-4 s ; =o /-' !i "•> '~ o M ,- ,, : ^ rs ■ i '^^ •?» .". -. '■i ' i- 7j i- -" ,- 1" «. .- — 11 1 ^. O ■ r. ;; — 5» X 1 i- 7j • 1^ — -: 1 ' ; .-. w CI Is o M _ -. t k. ■"• i* c: o -:» r-> t-1 1*2 1- x- - X 1 -JZ - O ._ ii ^ _ L, L" >— n o ■ if; — : -. — '■ 1- I'i 'j i- I LABOR IV TTTP TTX'T^r, ^ iJii- UMTED STATE ATES. Si: OlO II ■■ ^ - 1""^ s.l./i./c -5. - " •'" " ~ -■ = ; - = I S !! J' i i 2 If g § 5 ^ o ;i -- -5 i!£ = -< i - ! i '-c ■ST 2 J" ' 5 •- i i3S:j2''so, £"• 3 l-y ;o -. ''= = "s^ S" *> ■ , ' - I *" I, T 2 ; ; ; --" i^:i-s — i j__ ^_ : ; • I ''-r:r^:;~^ :f.l I •'"■'Pins p I i^'""-"^s^v;«:3=^;^":;7'7r7-i— ;--- ^ ^^i — s;isg !3 •lt.).I] II Hi; — - ■ ^ • ^i^ssvi j?^= :^o^ isi:!?!!! .«. ;.,(- ; ^ ' ^ ^ -t E ,= i ^ HwH fSH : ; i ■' 7- ;' :' i : ~ •— ^"- -'^^:-F^a;ti^u,:i.55 ■'?'~: iS LABOR IN EUUOrE AXD AMERICA. I •sojujg n.iajsoiv J« aSu.iaAV or- Tj r^ o o '- t- -' i'5 •; x f- •?i (^ -r r; r- -I TO xj I*. •:i — T-n- ?5 r: (71 51 ri ci o ?t ri 7» L-i T :» -j O "^ ■S" O: •il.uptii];) r [I1I«H(111['I o o =5 ■-; o if5 1.-: 3 .i-soi-oi.t : 71 r? — Cl I.-5 7^ -^ lO < ttl5U-*I.Si- r •ii.).i|i|t!|.) t; ■iM-rpiiip f l)UUB)[in)l(,-, as^ o o o s ^' i": o iQ IT o i-> o o * o - » o I : ~ = I.-: I.-: o rs r-M- c-j c> ci f-* «< c* -^ « 13 -« -i F-1 o Tt i- a 7l .- o ?s nil s to •ii.Mp[i;ia R lUIliUJllipilC I o s s o o s o I* I": !• 1*: o o o i^T n o 3 ;•: Si 1) O « (j^ CI 7i ;( ;f ..-, -. (- o •n.i.nii!!|t> Q iniu liiiupK E •lI.UpiTtp ^ piiKS4iiil)UE IT o s 5 o o O ».^ 1.'^ o o s o c: o o CI o 5; Ci SI o ^ r: si t^ CI c^ lO i-T ^ o O rt -H :C O r: SI SI rH r^ CI C( - S : 'Z f 13 rr I- r- o o ::? : sij?!'--' ■^ loo - I^ = SsiS c. i • .- II - J = I is /JO ?:iiSB 1 •** ^ r- =1 ?» o ■ o TJ 'o 1"^ o o Q 'It Tc o o '.': o ■ < I ci — Ti cj • I- 'J' r: 3i (7t T S o r- L-i r-t ^ ri > ■ •^ ^ Mia.iii(!i(a f. I _., imuKijiipBo j ** I •a.Tipiitp n liuBsniiiiu 5 oowrsc^nr^Mi-trt-VTWf-iwrjxoi-o §3'- Ti i.-i .-.■ I- a n --I ^ o r* ^3o ' i- r-l C3 O :^ u © '" -1 t: Ut — i' Ol ' T3 -1 - r ni: SP?-4P^0xS5h :.? '-S -•-> Ph t-"^ SiT '^ 5 11 C5 5 iJ ■7Si «fi tn tt -n -'?? ; c- ; 3 g ^ 4; .,- . . ^ ■j-a '£ !- 3 73 I .-^ ft c: 3-? ■ =,-,'• = ,''.= 5=;'-^,^ I ERICA. l^ABOR ij, ,,„j, ^^^^^^ ^^^ STATES. ' SS-c.-i- -^17 f~j --J i I ; " I * jj?5| ; 1^ = S ■"■).i|i|!i|.i ^ 3" I'mit-umu,- _ ■ ■•'•"■■=■•5 . ..-;.- 5 .'grnsss : jTTi! — I .' ' •' ■* ^t ^ n ^l;"S s 2 = = = = I 5 ~- l""'«l|iil»!B , «. i§ j ,:,T"i'i!'i'' c , c 3 - I pun sjinpu 5 S • -' I = = = S ' ' ,75 a I = !l o - 12 11:..= ::ii"! ;-3 -■^ . : ;a 5 7«'Hif ??'«^ , = CO . c 5 ■ c« ; a ■-2 ^ ;-r„ >* p : 1) -S tr ■-." i* ' I'.Si ^ "S ^ — c; r^ n — .■•i.-s 's; 52 L ea T? ;• '/■ -« .2 ■ t. t<^ i 3 ^MOkI^CSh i2^-3-5 ^■■^»/^i^-^'55^si^ Hort 818 LABOR I\ EUROPE AND AMERICA. I ^ 00 s 61 •H.IIKIS II.M11|11"S' J'l'l'l'M-VV -<.2 •|I.U111II|.) ( - -,„ [miiKtiiiimr, ■I''-' •ii.i.iniii|.i (7 __ § , -(M.ipnii:) K - S 'ri ? ? tI !3 R i'^ '3 ?j -Ti It c c i*; o 11 o ' It "S" < s ^ c i .■: »'; t : ^ 1^ to a c. c o = o c o o o o C - i^ ■« •; .'- rt o 3} o t-. .^ c; — ir. ■:-, o c w I.-. •n.1.ipnip r- -r: „„«„_„ imiisiimiBf. I "' ro I' c; X 11 ~r i: .-; 7 -r ■ii^.ipiTii;) f- s, 1 'iia-ipiiii.) r. f: 1 [iiiu K^'miii n :: it I 'iLupiiiii ft J 5 i i)inpi>)|iiiiii X r" S 51 ■H 90 . _ 1.0 n o irt i- 1- 5* « .., nH% ?'ii< Si's:^ 3 '=00 _li t"-' i si _!i ?i 3 = T j (a I ii o e o •3 c. ■ ?'? '-="2 ' T « : o '/T ■3 t; c - I ~ li l4 ,? •• I I k I ESf4wU:cSi3BfHa5W^fciSo5irS;il h'^'rf 1 U \ r-r-i ^T.»r-- UICA. i;^ (^ 5 TD I' c; 7^ o I Cr I' 'sw I '"•'! '"11 1.1,1 T ii„„ i s s i;s 3; f f ■*-"?- ^~rz — ■ — — — --'—l' 1 ^ "' *-" (?j *i ' ... i' _ •'M.||i|i,|., ,; I ;; = .' .^ = ^ V- ■ ' - '.-5 I 5 J ■n,,r|.ri,|;, . I '^•^':';s':"i.75 2=^-i5= = ,, -,.,— rr — I — — Lljf -■ I ■ 3 i^ .S 5 ,? 5 • s =Tr^| :■?'"' I - -■■■•■1 ;i.-. s,^ I |-J j = Is !l 3 3 I ■.•li : : — .' -i-p •'•- if S .' . « ~ a, 'T — ? . ; ":-^ ■-= :t; :_ ■_£.'■ ~ ci - • >. '•■j ^ "5 _i -» , - t_ 2 _— .__ -■ -( *; r- r ,_ ^ ,~ - : '^'«'^~;-^SC r- A ■/: j; ,:, ,. ---'.=;« t";- H >■: ^'^ 820 LAUOU IN HIIUOPK AND AMERICA. AltllOIl;^rl!tIl('^t)^(>,ro|)t'riilii)Wiinct'. should he niiule. If mnst be horiii' in ninitl tliat the, nnnihcr of hihorcrs, infclianics, or fiurloiy iiiunls wiio ivccp an accmatci a(!connt of the anionnt t xpcndcd for articles of sul)si,stt'Mc.> is vi'iy limited ; hence the diflieiilty in obtaiii- iii};' the desired information. It will be notieeil that those statements have been conijiih'd bv States and sections, irrespeetive of the size of the families. Tlie income of the several workmen affords a fair index ol' the ontj^o, and a elassiil- cation on that basis would have famished data belter snited for jinr- j>oses of comparison; bnt, unfortnnately, the weekly earniii.ijs were not, ill all eases, stated in the returns. jM)r evamide, the family in .Mays- yijle,^<:eiitncky, consistinear, amounted to only ig.")?'-'; while another fa mil v of the same size in the same State was able to expend 81,ti'.».'>.7(>, because the yearly income, at -Sot per week, reached .'?l,7(iS. It was the author's intentioii, however, only to include tiie expenditures of the families of workmen, skilled or nnskilled, and not of foremen or superintendents, receiviii" from $25 to $;J8 per week. VI. Condition of the Working Classes in the United States. Tlicffreatadvantasea enjoyed by the workin^inen in the United States, Hse(>mi)ared with those of the same class in the Old World, are siilli- oiently attested by the deep and steady current of i'ini-;rat ion which sets toward our shores. One of the most conspicuous ot these advaii- tajjes consists in the equality of political rights with wliicii the work- inj>inan is here invested, and the comparatively hies connected with abundant employment, jjood wajjes, and the sub- stantial comforts of life. It is true that, in common with other countries where the system of credit has bren lar<;ely developed, our country has had its occasional liiiancial crises, accompanied with serious interrup- tions to the ordinary course of commerce and indiistrv; but such effects have been com[)aratively transient in their duration, and the normal con- dition of the coiiiitry has been marked by a ilej^ree of prosperity rarely if ii\rv enjoyed elsewhere ; and rarely, if ever, in the history of tlie world has national prosperity been so largely shared by those usually denomi- nated the workinj;- classes. In some of the larf;er cities of our eastern coast, where the laborsup- ])Iy is receiviiif,' constant additions I'njin the ranks of emigrants who lack the means of advancing farther into the country, there is at times consid- erable complaint of the want of adequate eiiii)loyment ; and in such places there is occasionally some i)rivatioii and 'suffering among the l)oor. In the city of New York, owing to its great extent and the lack of adequate coinniunication between its commercial center and its suburbs, large numbers of working people, in order to be conveniently near to their places of employment, are compelled to live in crowded t'eiiemeiit- houses, under coiiditions which are favorable neither to health, comfort, nor decency. '' In some of the manufacturing towns and villages of New England, particularly the seats of the textile industries, the dwellings of the poor are represented to be iu a sanitary condition that is far from satisfac- tory. Such couditioufi arc, however, quite exceptioual, and the masses ICA. ipprox i 111 ii to aoniracy, lies, ill tlic n'S|»cctivo riiuccslioiild Ih' iiiiidc. ilioicrs, iiicc'liaiiics, or lie MiiiDiiiit ( \|»cihI('(1 Lo ditUculty in obtaiii- "(' Itocii coiiipilcd hy riiiiiilics. Tlif iiicoiii'ii (iiitf^o, iiiid II (•las.--ili- cttt'i' siiilt'd lur ])nr- ly oiuniiins wcio not, tlic liiinily ill Mays- dcd in tlio year but i, at !>!l 1 pcr'wi'i'lv Ibr icrlainily orilR- same l>, Itt'caiisc tiio yearly lit.' ant iior's intent ion, t'aniilics of worlvinen, intendcnts, icwiviii;; HE United States. in tile United States, Old World, are siiUi- of enii<;i'ation wliicli nous ol thesis advaii- .vitli wiiicli the woik- li re.s])ect and dii,niity 'cided are tl.>e advaii- 1 wajies, and tlie snb- 1 with other eonntries iped, onr eonntry has lith iserions interrnp- try ; but sneh elt'ects , and the iiorinal con- ' of prosperity rarely J history of tlie world hose usually denouii- where the labor-snp- f emigrants who lack .'re is at times consid- nueiit; and in such siilfeiiiig ainoii*'' the ■xtent and the lack of liter and its suburbs, conveniently near to n (trowded teiieiiieiit- iv to health, comfort, fos of New England, iwellings of the poor is far from satisfac- jual, and tiic uuissfs ""'"' ">■ ™^ ™>rED STATES. find New iJrifiM, In ' "'""""d, New II.,v ,!>' -.^ "'''"•''' 'i""'■';' '" ^'*'»' Jc'vsev wiH? I- '"'"' ""*' '''H^hest.-r in '"'''•fi<'mM NiVi '''o^''''"'' to the ,; ;, , ' ' V,'"""'- •-"Killer towns l^'Hig «n/neiimll . ,',V V""""""^'"^' ''''^in- o o 1 .,i^ '"^- /""•'«''^ of ^''"•"•« to enter into ■ , '?' P"^'''" observ^,, , 'f ';","' ^'' """"'<"'', "io«le of Jife. W ,;\ t''''r'' •'•'■^•"■iptive ace , ' ',■ , ''' ''''•'""'<' «"l'er. *'-^';<'J>fi(.nal (,c. li T'"'*'^ t" f'"^ m and <''^'t"ringcorp,,,,,( , s /,• '*'' '^' '' ''^'i^'Ve.l t be 7"''/ ''*'''' ■-'•'''■ ^yl'ilc^ loJ, - '""•' "■^''■^'' ^vo'thy of .1,7'^ "' '^^ ^'^^"t"- li'e aniina.i V,- ;io, '; :/ ''^'^- «-'''"t., ranged f, , , ' ' 'S J' r*' '' " ^•'""'" <"H' 'H.n,lr,.d tweoM r '"'■^^ '"'''^^ •-''•"^'^ t k v u r''"''',"- ""-'"« <'^li, niilk w. ■ i, . ^'^ '^'" l""'ilies lb.' ,, nt ,V i "^ ^'vpenditiMes of other societies i' l'"''''''"' '""^ ^^"'^ ..wrCt.onl "'!'."' ''^IH-ndi- «'^''"I'ie assist the father i 'laiMtioii ill 1 le earnings of child •egard to eighfv. i-vi.£,r;-'S'CSS'"""'""--^:" .'<22 LAllOR IN EUROPV; A.\0 AMi;UIC'A. 'i •5. ■s> or -^ £ 2 ' ) ii.iitii|,) iiii.iiiu I f f ' f- '^^^ i ' '■■^. {-i \ \ ' '. 'f '. '. ' f-f : JSA ' '• : : itf '■ \ '4 \(ii.ii.i .11)1 K,.,.ii! >;->>,>^;;;^ ; y;,-^'^ I I j ; ;(S j ! :>;i ;!i;5 ; ; ; ■■^i ; ■ '■•^ I .iii(M'»'i'-ni"l«'»< I ^ f' f f S i '. i \ I I '.t^ \ I ■ f ' '• f V ' r T i • ''f '• f f f> '• '• i a 3 : : : 3 a 41 \ \ \n. ; \i : : :3 ; ' '[IPIkIiII.) 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Hiuoo^^ in ii.M|i|ii| > .1" 'I'M •\||itllt.l .Ml) III «I|I)«J,1(I |.^l>,'5 " ■p.iia ■n.<.K>iiuiiHi,i |i>'ii)f LAHOR IN' KI'UOPi; AND AMKRICA. : ]ii : \ lit iiiii'.iiliiitii'.lii \ ; J ; £ i f $ tttt^ti . is i s £ i 5 i i r B i J t * • 1 1 » i t ( 1 1 ( MtlF^SfQr— -**«MM94 '•--« 4 *« «. f-< m T« ■ ^1 fli :M ; i^ ■5 ■IH'-i : 9 5 ;£3 5 I 'r^ •s- (■A|lli> I,ll(|ll( ,]<» mjTU|ii.iii,) puiix i.')n«wn'vnn*wnwiinvi«i.i«ownfici>nin>«>w 'Kill •All ;i) 4«oa lujDX 'H.I|.llllll)S T .? 6 r: -. .^ i^ ,i i .-.: .'i !i r: . . i f: ;: ,* - u- fU 5 ,'- ?i t' ."^ 3 s g 3 'i P I f 2 1 ;-; ,* •H.IH •ai.tMW |)iiii 'H>iillll| 'Hi. Ill I -IM ■ihi!.1||.i;[ 3 ;SSiSiS255S2SSS31'-:i?f?S:!S2rE22§5g,qig iggs •Hlim>!J-.OfI ■H.>fMlw :v H)(»0(l •SuiiDiii,) SSii3SSiS2ii3SSi;233?SS5i2Ei = i;;Vs';i?5?S53,?S /* ?5 ■* ^' — ^ '" " ^ ^' '^ '- '^ *' *' = — "J — -* c n I- o — - * -I - — — .- « - .- •- I- « -J ^i >^ *-■•■'- "i '- "' /- 1- Z L-. 1- 1- 1- - n ;, - -J <- - .-. r. I- -J 1. I- V. .?: -J if ."- :1 X Vj r. i- ro I I •'lUlS ■|[s|| IMUl |Ui>IV 'r,zis?.s'M7,z^zf,f.'^?. O r: — :*: *j u" i- — -^^ /j o ?i o :•■ — n c* to 'I 't - -*• r; r. — t- X 7j r; r. = i, x- r> n o x r. x xi 7^ /^ — *. a> x x n ^ -c n C-. rj 7* - i- 3 =i Si X r. i- :»-> i^ X X A, V.tI.Mr»n.ir) •l'»'M ^-*Hi^:iE^Xr;S^ix,i:S3?;^.^§?Vlii*r-5:^S7;?;-i^.Srj2 52?;^ = ;jg ^ t? ^ ^ tr ^ - -r 3 t- - I- 5 o = o o 3 >?: 1^ (- o i- 5 o ;:^ ?. -^ 5 n S '-' £: ■■ * * ^' ^ ^ £• i "• "'' '" ^ *i s s "f ^ ^ 3 ■— ^ — — fj n -J — — r; c Ti •*"VI 1 i- ^ "^ 7J -C *r - '*• — .-. - TJ — o -f -r -" ■-»• -o O O f TI Tl =) r^ TJ •?• :^ — O I Tt O ;S O O ' ^ " ' . - — - - t M p -J -: -r : ( -, J rs -.^ — ■ - ■ - ^ e5 :i; : : ; •JLJtllUllX 5* « 'J* o c r. :» ** ;^ I." i» X C. w — jt rt T 11 ■.£ w O ra t* o X c^ ^ "-I *^ -r 1- 3 : :j;S3 1" V ^ L'S O u tICA. t iitt 4^ ! .pi I J ,pt i'i itliiti : i i I « ■■ : : 9 I I I ! a ■• ! ! 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Ij: L: ^ ij: ) ■^ ". - o -_• 5 ;i -.r i - l; ■s> t r^ ^i ?s ~i 71 fi 7» 7> r5 7i Ti r: 7» 'it tJ 5 := Q O O 1^ t^ (■- O I- O O o *S — 3 r 2 n 3 !- -5 o 3 Tj ri (5 — — r5 — ■:» »533333C;533;33SO • ■I 7t i) r^ 7J -r 3 3 --D J Tt 3 — '* 3 ' t r7 3 "c r: T- ~ ' 7 f r. — " 1,"; J- t - Aj ■ DCOCCSOr ^ t. ri t '-5 if ~ ^ "^ 'T •'•'*<■■■'- Ci -* 7* "T CO ••'■'■ .i : I . , .' ft; ^ b ■';;;-■' 9 '!;'■• I I ;,''> I ,';,';•' t ;;,*■. — — ;-- ' ^ '•■ ■■'.'!; ^w^^ H y=iil ii y n yj li inn -I ^i^ii Ui \u nj I j I u p ■■ TTr^~ -—,.._ - ~ *' -"^ ^ V ^^ .« 3 i' 1 ;: - Ti - ., :^ ; 1- ;: - - " « " = = :i -'j*-,^„„ -^^«o ;r-'.i7i 'f-.--l ^"'•- £f»f 3^SSo = a©Q . . " I** .* ' CI *-t ^J , U ' - Ji ffi 1* TT, •- »i * ■^ — -^ = T S * i 5 '• ® (• I- » — . _ 5;.'i2"---T..-,t.,="''°^^^i-?.'^«.'5SS ?■■' = = ■'■'■'■'■'-'•'ziiSj^.s . ■ = f- 1. 3 , ; c - :, :5 ^7.7j/.-f. ;; ; r' P s ft ■ i- i'. an V, ; '.^ r- x> c-. -^ - : 1^ !• "^ •': ^ ' ^m^'. 82G LABOR IN EUROPi: A\D AMERICA. Ji(.rinci.i \vn\\:i ; i)ii!i|oi!ni.!(iir.i\.>s 11 A'|!;ui:[ .ii|i'si!|i ?' ; • ' ?• ' • '/' ■ f- r ■ T r / ■/ T n ; ; ;>< ,,-H . ^^ ; ^;,M>i. • ■ X v. r. T. • 'i. r. ■ tJ . • -r. -ft V J '.illtu : 5 1 ; ? J :^ / ? ? 5 • \ r t- -f !■ r- r- • r » ■ >; S|.I111I.11K1II[IM1B|1]^ •piU'i't.iu.i sii[o(i;[ |"Nl|.)S l»_ll.),l|i|li|.i ,|c)'c)\; V|!iin;| .1111 .0 ; : I ; s . £- » ■ ^ U ;. . •^ • ' p^ i^ < < ci^ • ■ '-"••a I' ^ rt 'f n « 'f. « - (■AMIcl ,MI||ir[ .[II) tf.-iuiriiM ii!|ox S 4 X' ^ |: S s ?i n: f! .5 i 5 3 a T - 'r ■■i s -', ? 5 = ¥ -' = '-• = - 1- '-. -> -^ ■ M! .1" i«^' i"iii,L I T ?i 3 '-1I: s £ ?, z = ~, r : ,-: ,i s :: v i - - = i^, '- -^ ^ -i ^ -'', = :: T. -. 'j/^'-- "- "- ^1"^- - ■;^ '2 '^ j: "^ '- '- '• '^ '~ '- '- '■- '- -^ '"- i 'Z 1' X I' 'J ;; ; i '3 5 *-* !;2 iT; C: 12 == ■'^ 3 — "= '"^ - r? '* ?^ = * X •?» =5 = — t= -^ — -• ■ = .I :i ..-. -I- 71 ?r = = ,.-: = -^ o 71 = - ■»; M = = 5 i' i ? 3 ? =5 ft- .3 I •s-iijimtis _^ ^-i ?; ?i fi = ?? t3 r-. -r -r 1.-3 o t- -J r: ^1 r -r c -n - ^ — — — — — -. v^ • «, ^ '-' '' '■* — '-" X ^: r^ r: -r Ti -^ ■^ ,- r^ — o ,75 ^ ^J « i; x r: ■Ji'Ll""!' ll'H I : - - H Ti T'l 71 - ?i ?i 7'i fi S 2 '7I ~ ^ •Ki)cio,-;-.?jfx ! ■■ T» O 3 = = I- ~ : ^ Z - "' ,'-•*■ J i.''. ■■• * ^ i-^''pi»'M.)-;|i;^i:K£S^';g^53^;jgpg^JBi3uipa|iiiP ^ -'-"^ mm ■i|.ii . 7i 71 -i ^ rf ^ U -i- ,"7 :.-: 5 Ti S § i' = '7'i 5 ?i S =i ^ T '-', ~s7,- pin: iii.in; , ? = i li-!?. g SSyf "•-'- -. cr. ay X X — o ■S.M.M,)(1.I>) S X 3 ?1 1; S U '," -; a ?.' ?;• T f |2 r s s ;; s; g s 4' £ H 3.' S 3 s r, i' = :■ ' p: S; ?i ^f :;■ t; = T S 3 £• Ti 1 ?. 3 fS - ^J :r 5 - X 71 r. ,- 3 ,. ,. 7m- i I rt V .7 7^ 71 71 71 r: ^: 71 71 71 7M1 - 7) ?• 7i -1 ?; r: ~ 7'i 71 ^:' S ^7 S 7i i= S ;i ■•; .-7 7-1 77 1 7I . ;3 ,3 2 ,■; 3 = = £ 9 o o s 5 o 9 17 1.-! = 17 s .7 o = = 1 — = ^ ,r- ■|'lll ■! j _ _' I , ' 7 - '-'•-'"'■•'•'-'"•'-- I- = - = '7 = .7 .7 = 3 -2 .7 1- I A ^ '% I i 1 I a a A a ^ 5 * * '. miimx I »H »-• I" ;,= 5 ; ' "f. Z -^ '' /• " ■. I- 7 X i.-; ,7. . r r -5 5 i-li I : ^^ T .' _ J. . <; — ~ 3 "^ 5 / ^ 3 ''• J '1' r - r 71 7 3 E ,: = >'.>'. .":r ' s< I1 11 Jl .-J r; n ; IKi^r '- /- '- ' /. %■■« ICA. •I. r. r. ■ X I i It iTI t-i -; jj *i ,1 ^ -r r ■^ -J -^ 1,1 1- O -v T ■5 1.-: LT - - 71 'i 'i "t ~i '^ 7t r: : ~, ill I = 5 ::-3 — H-r 3 '- CI ■'r -3" '?! T/ O =- :S -7" -i *f ! •* "' I- « T r: -1 *: ir, I :i SsiwJissS?; > T, -TM' 3 - ^> r. I- — Q *' l" C-, T T L- IT. c f "J- rt =T.- X Tl -r TI ■ -^ -•J'. /', ' 3 y-=B y. -ii 5i'-' .^;^ h ::. - >^— ii 3 = -/ H i^ - /• :; "t : ? r S *.' .• ■T . :■ = /^/Tr / '^^ ' - Z^ ^ ^ ^ :::";>'. w "■ C "*• i^r;; i ::y LAnOR IX CANADA. 827 i-U]oi; IX THE i)RiTi«a xopTrr .^„. ;-;^'^-."i; s^i;^3"F-'^^^^ ' .fe'''::r'!,n;!';r'"'^ JiliicKniiiillnii.r J;'"'t.'< 1111,1 .s|,„7.a.' lii'iWfrics //"■•Illi;^ 1111,1 ,„lli„.,r L.UIl.l;.'.-.|liakii|,, ' "iiI1c1M;{,> ]>i.siilliii|.,^ i'i:;r,;;::;';'''^r'''"'i'i'''''>T::: H.ni,;n„i;;,i.s, „„|,, "" I:"m,.is,„„|lKat,T.s, ic" (■lll.ss.Wnili.s ' ]iMiii.-n,hi,,,.n,;.;;,,.i,:s': Ii"ii-i(,lli,n;- iniil.s ^ oh'::;!;;:;-:!;!^''^'':'-'-::::.;:. ■:;:::; 1 •ipii-iiuuiiif.ioturifs lniiliii--,illi,v.H i|.lllvv;iy.iiu' l.lC'lliricH ]."jKM,„:||wim.,„,-,ki„;; N "!,' iimi ;,M,, 1;,,.,,,,..,-:^ ;j>ll»ISll!i,lcl„t|,iiM.8 1; iiiii'ri,..s ... J"lw,.n,.u-.,i!iin:{ "^'"" >>"iili.l', --.IKi. li.l.t ■•', ('-"ill, r,,-, T^j.!i,;. J,l-.ifl. (.00 •<.">ll, .11) T-l/', :,'llll .111), f(l,^ )(;,oi,T J, l."il', O.iS l:iii. )jo ■).",), coo 3, 7i;(i, .-,n. "0:1, 1100 ■Do. 00(1 ^'.'i. 0(HI •)!!', :!:.',-. :i>:J. ii.-,o C.). !l|.| (ilO, .)110 2, )■">■<. IICO ) Or', 000 -'10, i;i,o <«/.Ni(, i'lir, j:i.) Hi, Olll, ,5«r) :ii(i, .1 1,(M. ■);'.-, 1-0, ,',10 -co, 70) ■Jii',, 1 110 1, ":^l,!l|l.l ii, (i."i, 1(10 •".M, II,-) 2,:rii,M.i 7i',«(i),0jb •"7,.«7.),0lf) Si-, "VI,M;•. ■'''.:lTO, ITii 7t in * 9 !il 5 =• '"s o o I O T* C. c; TI o ^ !i3 S a s 9 ffi 3 — I o i ^ »-< — ;» *-■ r«l iH « ^ I t.T X B OL /J X> XJ )^ c; ;^, ^ sTT, ? . I S LABOR IX CAXADA. ; s s o i.i ■00 = -,^ . 8120 ' i-< CI ^ :-4 s g ,? •; ; :■ 2 = g J,- g g o = = ^^j^^--— -^^---_ 51 01 - ^ n = o :!:1§ : a ■" 3 •'»-.««-_ ' , ■"•=■01- «.;;g -3 §:■' ' = ^0= - J-3 .•■-' -.^ X^ ■=> r. :S3!2 igi^gg ■■ ■ ' t • , , ; ' ' ' ■ , : "^ •-( • ■ . . ' I . - — '-— L, ■ • ■ ' . ' ' • I ' ■ 111' ' '^ ■ • '. • "•' •* t^ "^ 1 (^( ,_, ' •»" tT O ; ■ ___;_ ; .-^-^ --< ffl „ u, S^ ; ; ;- ■ - ; : ;„ • ■ : •' =-^ :■' . : : .is • • -^ ' O ^ i- J, '.-, -r 2 ' - O > ■ -5 ~, ffl Tl fO 51 H .9 LI o s ,n _ ' 12 .9 9 51 =0 i ; -- ,-5. . — , ,„^--' : : = '• ..Si2 Sg « 9 3 :!3::3 i^^ — :S : ■? ;^M__ssysnlHi§iii§^il §§!§ m gTri^ : « ■ : * • = s I a ; 2.3 2 »! ■' ■r - 2 " I ? ~ ;; -* • a fc- -.5, ,•- — ^ "-" — t-l •* Ti — - Tl 8 h^;^-3a;ai V;:«.= ^O.J^g5;S^~^^;^^ g^rrx 2;d O- « A, 1^ "-'"'""• 830 LABOR IN EUROPE AXD AMERICA. IT.— fa(;toizy labor. S'aUniait shoivhi;/ IJir onnif/c nifc of mvklii wti'irs imid to jin-mm vmploiird hi i;irw,is inditnlnci III hiiif/Ktoii, Cornwall, ami Goderwh, in lliv prui-inccof Untariu, in iliv i/ciir 1,-174. Oi'oiiiwtinn. Iion-niiilili'is (li.'sl.... Jliicliiiii.sts < Oi'.iiiiMrv ( llllrricil'. irdpcis Biiilrr-iiiukcra llclpc.s IJh-it. IS IlDliilTH-mi F!jni^<*t.s llrli.ns ri:li-Kslnitlis lIclprlM I'lii-i'iiicn Kiijiiiiic r.s J*:iiU'i'n-iiMki't'H Assi^iaiits LlllKHrrs. r;lI-ti-IH. *^-(' . jXppiciiIici-a CiiV|n'iiti IS llill\vri;;lils A«sisl;iiiis , Brjiss-tuiimU'i's Filll'TM •. Tiiiiii'is , Kin;;tstnn, ('(iiiuvall. n Wiiaos. ,")!! Till 51 .■)!! .1!! :>!) f.9 5!) r>ii :>!) r,',) ri9 fiii 'm' II (in 8 Ull 7 on (; (lO 10 JO (i CO ii i;o 7 -'0 in Ml G («l 10 ."lO (i 00 l.'l 110 !l 00 l-J on U Ui, 46 .'lO to 1 a'l 00 ii Wanvs. illlliTirll. ■WllgCH. 0(1 10 50 10 00 00 $i-' on 5IS 1 i'J 00 1(1 ilA 50 00 i-J 00 5H l-J 00 (;o 10 50 5,s tl (10 00 7 5U \ 58 7 50 00 G (10 1 58 G 01) III 7 50 00 15 00 58 l-J 00 1,0 7 50 ! 58 7 50 (,0 15 00 58 00 til l-J 0(1 GO 7 50 58 7 50 i;o 18 00 58 1-.' 00 ti) H no GO 7 50 58 7 .0 GO l-J 00 ' 58 10 :,[_) (ill 7 50 1 58 7 50 GO If 00 58 10 '10 (!ll 10 00 1 Gil 15 0(1 i 58 J J no 1:0 10 50 : 1.8 7 50 GO G 00 ' 4 00 1 ... i GO GO 24 (10 { 58 l-J on GU lU 50 ! 58 7 50 10 50 J.'ori:— Till', -11-1 ioli-siif and Godei-icli, not atiitud, inaiuir.Kjturi- ill Kiiif;sli,ii aic loiiJinotivi-.s; Cnnwall, Ht'iicii-al 1 n-.tlliilaclui'i' SloUmriit uliowivfi the arrrnfie rule of irrrlh; inv/rs paid to prrxwm rmpliDiiil in ii'irica'hirnl- mqilcinait JavlorivH in Kiiii/xloii and iriiiii,,j, in the proriiicv of Onlui io, in Ikt- ijcur 1,-r 1. [IldiirH ol' labor per wi'i'k, ill Iviii;.'stnn, GO; in Wliitbv .W.] Occupation. Jrolilcrs Macliiiii-Jts Jjlaclisuiillis IK-lpt'is GiiiiiliTs ■Wonil-WorlilTS Plow-Ill ki'is I^attci it-ni (lvi-r>j C'arpriilr-is KiiiL'ston. I Wliitli.v. Occupation. §;i 00 00 fi 00 G o;i 7 50 7 50 '.) (10 l-J 00 00 *l(l no !■ I'.ainlcrs ... 10 00 1; Kii,jin,.,.r.s . 00 ;i U'alciiiiicM. 7 50 '1 'ft'iinsli'i-.s 7 .1(1 n 00 00 15 00 9 00 i LaliMi-ci-.s or uiiskillcil I workmen .Vpprcnticc-i or hoys. . ... l'"ori'iiicn or ovcr,si3i.-rs . . . Kinfiston. M'! illiy. $0 (lO 10 .".(I 7 .",0 C 00 ^10 00 l-J nil l-J (10 7 .^0 fi no *lPOto.-t 00 18 0,1 7 no 'J ."0 IG M Slatvmnil xlion-iiig the arrraqc ivivkhi ira'ii't and dailii eriritiiiqx of pcntimn vmplotivd in liuthr- miiniifaclurivH in Jkllerillc and dodcrirli. itrorimr of Ontario, in llic i/iar l8i74. I Iloiir.s ol' labor per week, .5;i.] Orinpalioii. i. . ' aflicr: Taiiiiors Ill- 'in-Iiaii'ls Yai iMi.iiats It',llfi.s ami sptni;;er8 li.ii k-;;riiicl('is rniiinion !.■ borers TJlijici- ieadier ami call'-skiu.s: runiiei-.s Ciiri ier.s Splitiei'-i Weekly I Daily %v.i;ii.i. .e.'iriiiiij^s. jl Oecnpallon. SI 25 ! 1 00 ] *1 to 1 25 j 1 00 ai'i $7 00 ;8toiooo 10 00 ITjipei leatlicr, &c.— Contin'il. Sli.ivers 'I'al le-baii(i.s, (Kcourei-:4) .. Jila.-ker.s l-'illlsllel.s. J','iif!im-cr« J.al.oiiTs or mi.'fkilled KOI kinen Appreniii'i'.s or boys i-'ulcjoeii or ovel-.-jOiTH ... w ■ekly Dail eariiii f7 00 7 00 10 III) 7 111) ••=8f( SI ilj .... fi 00 I'jbbl 5-1 (ill GOe. 1.1 111 '885 toJlOOlwriuoutli. ^rs CA. ivioiis ('miili>i/i(i ill i-iiyiona Ontario, in the i/cur lrt74. :tll. :lj 49 00 t(i SI!) 50 j-j no r.8 1-J 00 1(1 :,o ns !l 00 ? M 58 7 50 i; m ns 00 1,. 7 50 i:> 00 OS l-J 00 7 M 5t< 7 50 l.-i no r>,s 9 00 Id li (Ml 7 M 58 7 50 1,-J 00 TiH 1-.' 00 to Ir! (10 7 M r.8 7 .-,0 U 00 ns 10 50 7 ,>0 r.8 7 50 l," 00 5S 10 '10 10 00 15 00 r)8 U 00 10 .'lO ;>(< 7 50 00 4 m HI 00 r)-< l-J 00 10 :.o 58 7 -M ■■i8-; io'.-.o (Wall, HMU'i-al iicimiliitiiii'e.s; I I'mphi'jcrl ill iif/iiciiliiiral- hilaiio, ill llu jjvai- 1,-t J. by, 50.] Kid-r.^ton. W!i ilUy. So 00 .-1(1 CO 10 50 l-i (10 7 50 \-i (■!( . .. 00 7 50 Inil fi on 7 no ?ioot();i 00 •J 50 Id 0,1 lU M "rmnn viiijilofic:! in liulln-r- io, in llic yiitr 1^74. W.Mkly U'lilv \V:f^i:-i. f;(C('([i;:s. intiu'd. $7 00 •<'!•:») . . I'l 00 7 00 .*3tol0 00 7 00 $1 'i Mkillwl 00 f 1 to 1 0) s 0(1''. I.I 7.j ITS IJOO (*> I-Anoi; jx CAXAPA. 831 Stafi'iiirnt nJioirinn n,r «..„,. "3! Ocoiipatidii. C'iirn,1,;;(..|, nil, ],.,.,,. Jj'iily-(iiiil;i,|,s ^'v' '■' 'ii'-iiapi Miai;;.;^";::: >> Ill'lll'lM •'"ailisdiiihs .'...'.'. f''l|IIIH I'liiislnr.s I'ld.-.iiicnli'Ts I'aiiiliTs " 'J': iiiKiiriH '.' ,, I'"ll'(i(IMl • Lai- liiiilij. Is: '•'■"■KsiiiilliH ^/':'i""< ;:;: i aimiT.s ^^;~;_j Cornwa].. T'odddnd,,. ■i wiii)alidii. ,[,,. (inlcildi' I I' 00 ^ Kii-iM(.,.r,s ]!i;.ii;';;4d,.H:::: ■•-■■::::::.{ I oil i ^'as:!^':;;;!:''''^'''''^^^'''-''''^^^:: m!:l::T '■■''■■'■■'■::::::::.:::: ^;;i; ;i ^^.w.';.,^;;;:^-::;;; n.r.. . i .'.""; .\-isi.-;miiIk iiiliii Blacl k-iiiiiili,.j (10 n,. ' 00 • I IV 00 i««-l'.iittnld I''ilti'I-.s .... TdlliiTB . . ?^ 00 18 (10 15 (lU 15 (lij 8 00 7 00 3 00 15 00 0,1 10 00 fi no 8 00 I 832 LABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Statement showing the avcruijc ivcrkhi ii-oijeft of iwrmwn cmjitnycd hi/ the (Irond Trunk llailway t'onqittnii, ivith niiiiihir t^niploiidl, hi thi: yeiir ld74, (Iloms (if labor jht wiek, aliout (iO, wbcu on full tiuie.] No. Oii'iipation. LocoiiKiti'-i' th'partun.'iit : iMi'i-liiiiisIs i;ii.t;ini'iii('u I'iii'iiifii Wi|ii'rsiii' rli'aiu'rs Walcilidiisi'iin 11. (iminpini'ii). SlaliipiMi V c'li^iiiiiiii Wi>tcliini'n ..: La Ihii I'l'.s Wack.siuitln I!:1|M-M TUiiliTiiiiikiTs Ci.jiiicrsiiiilli '.' ill"'lllr.'.-l Car iliiwiliiHiit. : t'ai|ii'ii!i'r.f lie 'pairci.s Lattoifis OJI.MS 5i;iciiiiiistM Till III' r.s \Vai;p8. $1.^ 00 ' lb 00 I 10 00 10 11(1 il 01 ' 10 00 . 11 .10 ! 10 00 I l,-> 01) t 10 (10 : Iri (lO 1 iiO 1 Ij 00 1 M 00 Id 50 , H aO 10 00 10 00 10 75 No, Occiip.ition. Car depart iiK'iit—ContiiiiUMl. I'attfrn. makers lilack.HiiiilliH UclpLis I'aiiitcii) InspccIoiH CIcaiMTH Tiaik (Icparlinciit ; \'anl-laliort'rs Si'itinii-lal.ori'ra ('uii.stiiiclieii-lrain, (o.\triv ^^an} liriili^e ileiiailnu'iil : lii iil'.;i ■ciiiii'iiliia ]';ii<;iii(icr pile-(lriv(^rs Stalioii.s: .•ilalion-Iahori.'rH Wlcvi'dorc.i Scali'iiicn I.aliiirci.s at wuiill statimi.i .AfipriMiticcs ('I' lioyrt Ij'iu ciiuai or ovuiHut'i'i-) :). Wages. $11 50 Hi M 10 00 PJ (111 1-J 00 9 00 (i ;)7 5 70 C :)7 11 25 (*) 8 as 7 50 Vi 75 75 5 00 K) 50 * Coutrnct-work. AVERAGE EARNINGS OE AVORK-PEOPLE. Tlit^ iiiiiiiber of hunds einployod in flio viiiioiis indu.stiit's of Caiiadii in (lie ('('ii.siis year JSTCI-Tl are iiidicatod on a previous page, but tlio amount of wayes paid annuaily was not .siait'd. TIh' fdllowinj;- tabk' shows tlii! uunibt'r of bands onii)loycd, tbc aggnj- gatc aiiKiunt of yearly wages, and the average earnings of each em- ploye in the several provinces and in the Dominion : ProviiiciS. Tiital niiiiilier of liainKs ('111- ployed. Ontario l^uehiu; , Xi'W nruiiswick Nova Siiutia Total of th« four i)roviucP8 87, '2fl (ill, 714 Itf, :i."i-J 1,5, .'-.OS 187, '.Hi ApgiOL'ato .yearly waj;ca jil, 41.5, 710 I-.', :MI, (mII a, Mill, ;!i;o ;i, 170, -.iiiij 40,1-51,001) Average yeaily (ainiiufts. If:, 71 liJO 1-4 SiO.i 1,7 iJ17 aii While the average yearly earnings of work-iicople in the Dominion are undoubtedly small, it must be borne in miiul that the a,ggr(>gate in- cludes some women and a large number of youtlis under siiteen years of CA. the, (Irond Trunk liailivan ld7l. I tiiiio.] ipation. NVnges. -('ontimuiil. rs il: $11 50 Hi .'lO HI (III Iv! nil 1-J (111 00 (1 ;tv rs ruin, (oxtni ;iaiif;) . . ill 1 tiis drivers 5 70 6 1)7 U 25 n ? *J5 7 50 nail statiims clMiys VLTHt'tTM la 7.') li 7j 5 00 la 50 PLE. idustries of Ciuiadii vious page, but tlio iiil)loyc(l, tlio nggrc- iiiiiiiiis of eii(;li em- ibui •111- 14 )5 Afr.meu'atf yi-aily -wa^cs. Average .yaily oarniiifja. S'il,.|15,7IO K', :wi, (17:1 :), h(i!), AM ;i. 170, -jiiij li-j 71 •JJO 1:4 'JO.i 1,7 42 40, !-51, 0U!l yi7 M lie in the Doiiiinioii at tlie n.',5jiregato iti- uiiiler .sixteen years ^f'''f''ning, the mrra^e wane avti LABOR m CANAIJA. ni—PAKM LAliou. i I 833 ^'''^'-^''^^^m!^B?^^^^ ' I-fporicuceil li, Summer. Province and town. \~ \~:S~ "_>^\ Onli„aryb,,„,.si„_ Summer. I Winter. . »Air.v i\' Outann: lifllcville... L'arlctcn .. I'liiiilas... J;'Ki» .'.■ J'urlinm J''i'i)i)ti.'iia(!. •Jronvillo Haslings ....; Ji"iiiit Jdiiu..'. Prim;i'E,hv„r.rNi,;i,i (Jiail.,tf,.t„u-„.__ Saint ,I„lin's.. Jvin;;.stiiii Ontario: Ilcllcvillo .. CarU'tmi , DunJ.'i.s.. I'urliam.. Kisin ;;;;■ J''iont('nac ('■■(•nville... lliimilton .'■ Ila.sliiij^a ... lIllKlu Ki'ut ....'] ^-''''Is ....... -Ni'riluinihJrl'aml' Jnnc()i;,hv,-,r,l . 'Monnont QnoS^"»Catl,a,:i,K,V Qiii'licc 8tant,teafl ->uv.i. Hciitiv : Jfalifax.. I'ictmi ,, WiniLsor -^oii- JSniii.snirlc'- ^;iintj,,),n.' „ . ^<"k ■ ln.,OflK,lw..,r.r..i;!a,-H tnarlotutown :*GES, 834 LABOR IN J:UR0PE AND AMERICA. IV.— rnicES OP vuovisions, etc. SlntciHci'l Hhoinmj 'he rchiil prices of prorinioiiH, finwiricH, and other Icad'ivg arlicki of coti- .ii'iiiiilioii. mid of Iioimv-rciit mid board, in the JoUoiriiuj (own« in the iirovinee, of Ontario, Dominion of Canada. Articles. riiOVIBIONS. l''li>nr, wlii'iit, Hiiiierlliic JXT barnl. FIii\ir. wln'iit, ('Xlia family ilo Fiiiur. v\i' do t'urn mini do Dim I, IVc.tli, rii.'islins-pii'cca por pnuiul. lii'i'T, I'li'sli, soup pic'fi'S do lifcl', fresh, niiiip-sti-*;ikH do lifi'f, luiiiu'd do Veal, I'nic (|ii;iitcrn do Vc;ii, liiiiil ipiurU'i'H do V<':il iiuli'ts do Mill lull, loll! iimiiUTS do Mm I oil, li'fi do Mm lull L'liiijis do I'orli, fii'sli do I'liik, riirniHl or H.iltcd do I'oi'k, liiU'iiM do I'oili, liaiUH, siiiol (IT i;i p (II) 4 (111 •w 13 n •10 .111 ill j(i ij 1.1 5 CO ■ion CA. 'her Icad'nig arliclen of coii- II tliv pruviiKJv ()/ Ontario, lam. Cobouig. Cliatliam. o^ 1873. 1874. 7 no ec 50 $5 50 7 UO 7 25 7 00 1 25 5 00 ■y'w 3 5(1 5 00 OH 10 10 0(i 0(i 07 10 11 12 or. 07 10 o:i 05 00 OS 07 07 08 10 10 O.'i 00 OH OS 01> 10 OH 10 10 OH 07 10 10 01) 12* l-'J 10 15 15 12* 17 10 n" 15 13 124 15 12 124 18 00 07 07 10 07 OH Ifl IS 25 13 15 17 05 35 •10 (II! 05 00 05 05 05 05 05 0,. 20 12 20 75 .10 80 30 25 30 30 30 3:1 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 1-J.» no .50 Oil 50 .50 CI! 75 70 7;, OS 07 (IT 12 10 13 9 00 7 50 n on ;t 50 5 00 4 (10 2 75 2 ."ill "46' 40 4(1 11 12i I.i 12i 13 17 12J 33 40 lai 50 .ill 20 20 ■Jl 37} $0 25 to 35 30 m 17 1:. 10 2.'. 1,1 50 75 7', 2 75 2 75 2 0(1 fi 00 00 3 00 00 to 8 00 H 00 to 10 00 2 25 to 3 00 1 75 to 2 00 5 t;o e'Oi) 4 0(1 2 .iO LABOR IN CANADA. Statement shoidng the retail priees of „.■ ■■ ''''^ 835 ^iiticlea. l]"nv, wheat, .Hii,„.,.(|no Corn meal . v"| ,''.''■'■ 'i''«'tL-i-.s;;;:; v::;;l'J;;;i;',r'^"'-'' '■'■::: InmoII'lr'"'"^'^":::::: MiiHoii chops";; I'll'l;, Ircsh. roik-,c..ni,.,iorfl.iit"t:j;: i'orii, harijii .. i'"ik.8hoii|i|,.ra J'o'lv saiLsa^cs.. i.iiiil _ Cod f]j)ii, liry ,V'','-:'"''-«i. liickiiii' ;:;; Jlultcr C)ieeao ....'.' J'ot.itoes ..." liico ; iit'nns.. Milk ... %^« ••■■■v;.".';;;.".".";.-.v""" filiOCElilE.s, ETC tmlc.., K,„, ruanu-il ' jonar, Kooil hnnvi) "" Jii^iiir, ydhnv C Jiifjar, eoilwli . •:;'i.''P. eonimon ^t:in'h i''iii'l, coal..; i';iiii, w,i„ii, ii.irii /;. "I'l, wruKl, jiiiio. Oil. coal.... nOJIE-STICniir GOODS, ETC |'n?^:te-t^.f^;tZ^"al.v..p.rvara |teSr"'^- •■•- -•-::::::::::t;; ^'"!iss,.lim.,,Iok,inc.s do... ■"""ts, men's lieavy .-^ do, perpair roar-ronni,;,! t(■ncn^(^nt8 ^'■^-room.d tenements. IIOUSE-KE.VT. DOAKU. R'n.io„,fmooha.,io3,>tc) °'"""'""'-"H"y-lmiaotoi.ies •-• -perponud do. . do.. do... do... do . •--.per gallon do.. do,.. •-•■pirpDund do... per ton per cold do... ■per gallon • per month. U 00 to ,S 00 ■""•■-■( 7 00 to 12 00 ,' 8 00 10 00 1 •per week ' .| nn ,„ g „„ ''"■-■■i 3 50to 3 00 3r,0to 4 50 3 CO 836 LAUOR fN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Statement iihowiny thv retail prices of prooMom, yroeeriea, ij-c. — Contiuutd Uttawii. rictoii. Anklea. l-KOVIHIONS, Klour. wliwit. Hiipiilliio ])i'r lil)l l''liMii', wliiiiil, extra I'iiuilly ilo. . Hour, rvii yr> ■10 00 08 13 8 00 3 50 ii 50 45 20 13 SO •20 13 (10 3 50 7 00 8 00 1b73. (li 50 7 IKI 5 00 3 50 10 OU 13 10 10 u 15 00 OS 12 li 10 15 17 Vi ]o 15 Oli 07 33 00 Ofi 20 fiO S20 30 10 II 12 50 40 liO OH 1-2 9 00 5 50 2 50 00 M M IH 18 ao 30 15 20 75 3 50 8 00 U 00 1873. $1) no 7 00 3 .50 3 00 08 04 10 05 01 05 05 05 07 08 08 10 10 10 (i!) 10 10 00 08 17 13 35 05 05 03 13 50 40 40 0!) 10 12 50 CO 0!) 15 .50 1 ,50 ; 50 40 4 00 2 50 20 20 13 15 40 17 13 20 80 2 50 4 50 7 50 3 00 2 50 eo 30 to I'ort IIopo, 1872. Not «5 75 (i 50 used . . 4 00 IJi 0( 121 08 05 OU 118 07 09 10 10 00 IJJ 10 12J 12, 14 07 80 to 2 00 to 75 25 35 II 10 10 50 40 1 00 07 13 7 01) 5 00 3 25 45 V 12i 30 37 20 35 14 12 40 3 00 3 00 to fi 00 4 00 to 7 00 2 ,50 to 3 50 1 50 to 2 50 Port Stanley. Ib72, «3 25 3 75 2 00 3 Oil 10 OU 08 07 04 05 08 07 08 08 08 08 10 13 U 12 10 00 0.8 14 12i 50 Oti 03 05 121 31) 35 111 12 II C.ll 08 to 00 to N 1 Oil III 14 8 no 4 00 one. 40 3i 55 at ;t7} H 30 1 Oil 3 m 3 00 5 00 2 :o 1 ,-.0 CA. I, tf'o. — Contiuutd. I'ort IIopo. PortSlnnli-y. 187 i. 1872. 15 73 13 23 &U 3 73 NotUBCll 2 00 4 00 3 00 1-J^ 10 07 OU 121 OH 08 07 05 04 OU 05 l)H OH 07 07 Oil 03 10 08 10 Ott Oil 08 IJ^ 111 10 12 1^! 11 12 14 10 07 UU 08 16 14 M isi 80 30 to TiO 50 (jU OU 04 05 o:i 05 13 121 75 75 2.1 30 35 3,j 11 10 10 12 10 11 no CO 40 75 80 to 1 0(1 1 00 07 08 to 111 i:t 14 7 00 00 to 8 00 5 00 4 no 3 25 Koiif. 45 40 12 12.\ !-'i 30 ■M 37 Ofj 20 ai 35 ;i7j 14 u 12 ;» 40 1 on 2 00 to 3 00 3 00 3 00 to G 00 300 4 00 to 7 00 5 0(1 2 M to 3 50 2.'0 1 50 to M 50 1 :,o LAIiOK IN CANADA. _ '"""""" ""'"""' "'" -"'"i'-vW o/,ro.Uio,., 837 .iVilit'li's. I'ri'sontt. Uroccrioi, J-c.-~(Jonthm,a. _^ ( t.lHii, ill-. ofOn- le7l. I'HOVISIONS. Fl.Mir, wlu..,t, M.iH.,mi.. Jl ;, whi.at, .•xtni /ai, Fl. , r.yr iiilly... <.'iini.iin.a|.. • ••piT libl <1... ilo. llo il"l- '"'»li, luiui.-at.akH '.'"■ Jit'i'f, (■(Jini'il ..... , N(lll»a;,'C8 I.iinl , t^i'd-liMh, div! >io MiickiToi, pickio .» hiiap, ••(iminoii Stiiruli I'liol. ocial .'.".'.'." J'lii'J, wiKHJ, hard .■; i'llul, M(l„il |,i„„ Oil, coal ...... d do. do. do. • per bii.sli .- IHT III -.,liir(|t do., ■ IH'rdo;; in 50 7 50 3 55 'U !?0 08 to 00 I 10 07 I 03 08 I 10 08 10 10 10 Oil lit 17 Oil 13 13 00 05 22 13 30 05 05 05 17 04 to 03 to 12 to 80 to 18 to 67 00 7 50 'i'56 in 00 08 08 05 00 10 05 00 10 08 10 12 14 10 10 12 00 Oil 25 1(1 50 08 00 OU 20 «G 35 5 f4 3 50 3 21 0114 oo; Oil, 07 OIJ 055 0,«i 07 Of} ooi 00 07 lU 14 11 in (Kij 08 lil II 4U{ Oil' 05 (i5 15jl «o «5 aa V 2 OU 4 02 1 4 ;.(, a «l 4 25 1 2,, 1(1 5J nr '"il l-'i o,,j ' 00 'J 07 I ' 1 10 i 074 ^J\ vf 0! i 10 12' 13 0! lU 19 ft. ]? ]n 13 12 1 17 o;ord Fnel, wood, pino do. .. Oil, coal per gall . DOMESTIC DRY GOODS, ETC. Shirtings, brown, 4-4, standard qualitv per ,yd Siiirtings, bleached, 4-4, standard qual.ty do... Sheetings, brown, 11-8, standard quality do. .. Sheetinu's, Ideaehed, 9-8, standard qviaiity do... (,'otton-llannel, medium quality .' do... Tieliings, good ouality '. do. . . Prints, Morrirnac do. .. Jlonsseline ile laines do. .. Satinets, medinin quality do. .. liiiot.s, men's lieavy 1 per pair. IIOL'SE-HENT. Fcmr-rooined tenetnents per month . Six-roomed teueiiionts do. . . For men, (nieebanics, &c.) For wonu'ii employed in iVctorica .. per week. do... I Ili'ining. ford. 1873. Quebec. 87 01) 7 2.') 5 no 12 05 0,-1 08 12 12 04 0!) 09 10 07 10 12 14 10 12i 10 07 10 22 10 40 0,") 07 07 20 30 31) 11 10 12 45 40 70 08 12V 8 Oil 2 00 1 CI) 00 23 15 IG 18 30 37i 15 40 3 00 3 00 5 00 2 50 S 50 187! Stanstead $7 25 7 50 4 00 4 80 10 0!) 03 00 10 10 10 08 10 10 10 11 15 15 12 15 15 05 05 23 13 35 05 00 05 20 50 08 15 5 25 4 80 J 20 45 1,5 25 35 25 30 20 20 25 3 50 4 50 00 3 00 1 50 1872. $8 00 U 50 3 00 12 00 13 03 05 03 12S 10 12a 12J 11 12.J Three Kivers. 12i 90 25 30 10 12J 4 00 50 20 30 12J 3 00 4 00 7 00 3 00 2 50 1873. $7 50 b 50 5 00 10 10 10 07 12 10 10 10 15 9 12J 15 12 10 15 15 05 05 20 17 50 05 05 05 20 10 12J 12J 35 05 30 35 13 15 3 50 5 00 9 00 2 50 2 00 a 3 <-3 $7 44 8 19 4 .50 4 27 11 OGJ 10 03} 08i lO.V 09" 09i lOi 11,^ 09i Hi 14 13i lOjf 141 13i 00 07 22i l.li 40 05J oi;} 05i m 75 20 10 lo; ' 11 31} 3ii I'H m 7 33 4 10 3 17 4=1 lOi I'M 2:ii 3Di 2111 ■Mk 15i 25 25 3 25 4 n 6 75 2 7.1 2 12 other leading articles of con- ns of the proving of (^>ncbec, Stanaten , Tlireo ' liivois. > 6 II IO- tti- « s 1873. 1873. ll ■ <•■« ffl 00 J7 50 $7 44 9 50 « 50 3 19 4 50 a'66 500 4 27 i-j 10 11 Oti 0G| 10 i;t io' 03 :o 03} 0.-) 07 C3.i 03 12 104 1-X 10 0!) 10 10 OOi 12: 10 lOi I'J; 15 llj 11 9 09J laj 12J 114 15 14 i-Ji 12 13i 10 lOit is' 15 14» 13 15 13} 07 05 00 03 05 07 25 20 22J 15 17 l"'i 35 50 40 07 05 05 J 03 05 oi;i 05 05 05i 17 20 19i 00 75 75 25 3> 2G 30 2?.i iO 10 V io' 12.i 10! ' 11 25 31 - 35 3ii 75' 50 >>" the year 1673 '^'"•J'"",dUnHt, and i 839 ler leading arlichs of ion- . of the provir.ers of .NVw '" ""' 'oicn. of Kingston, Com nic.ll "'"■ ■■ Ji,. •' • V "• """I- !>i<'ce3 V' io ij, .■''''''• .'■'"''I'Hta.-.ka ,^-- JH'i't, I'ciiiitd .. ""■ ■• Veal foroquar'tc'i's'.'.' ,"•■ ;» •■•■I , liMid .iuarters ■"■ ^••alontlrls.. ','" • -UiKtoii, Ibro qiiartors ,"■ ' -MllttlMl, ll'fT .' " i"aek.i,.xib C'oHVm', Jiiii, ro.a.sti'd " ^I'^'ar, ;,',),ul hnmu '. •:a«ar, ,v..||„w C .. f>"Kar, ciiiiVc li ... -Uol.i,s.so,s, l-,„.(o j-^o '^iriip ••■ ■ '^"■ip. conimou.. .St.srrh J''iifl, (Mial J'jiel, wcioil. liilriT.' i'"i'i, w.md, piiii,.. ;• O'l, coal..... _ DOMESTIC DUV GOODS, EtV ■''ll'.H.ies, brown, 4-4, «taml...nl qnal. swrtins«,-m,:a;:Lo;a-4:;i.i,dar^:i^;! si|;vti,ig«;-b;.i;vn;-!;.3;'8t,i„danr:^;,^!' «|;;vH|;.s;-Licacii;.;c'i^3:'s^S:;{ l'fi»t«,.M,.,..-i,„,„. * ■■■ i'"!"<«'li"i lain™;.'"'"" •■"aliiicts. nifdiinn .nialitv" lii'ots, niuns licavy . :\-. tSlMil!.Vr. Foiir-rnnnKMltrn.Mijents.. hi-vioonioil U'lk'nienta For men, (moclianics \-p ) ,„.-.„., i *o^^vomc„,.nl,„„;:::i^i^5^^tol"e.d:;:': 840 liABOR IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. •g I ,5 I .2 c • iCJ O "-^ l-l )-H P3 ^ <] ^ P^ ^ T/i ^ '^ w F-i o X ^ ■r O -I a § w **^-? P C "^ H ^ ^ l-H S il « s ^• w *t^^ &I (^ ?s ^ H ^ -^ •2, w ^ w ^ w "s. !^ is n-« H«-^ ooniAoid ui oSaasAy *' r- t^ •iio.ipiiqD 3 ■Iio.ipjiqj J. pin)b')[ini«5 'iiajpiciia (■ pu«B)[iipu5 •ii,-up[ii|o puub)[iii>i) 5 c u o •Si gS 9? 2 2? ?,* S "^ 5 "^ o "* => => o '■'' o ift n o S-' c: O .-« C( ■uo.ipijqafi t-^ 1^ © O 1-1 — O i.T I' ] TJO-J ii;^ w> ' CO r5 o <.^ o tr c ■no.ip[r([o (. l)u«K)[iipu 5 •n.ijpitrio K ptIU KIlIlpU 5 o .^ ^ -r -T 1.-; -r c* -1 c* ^7 CI 1.-3 si c c* 5 — 1 71 r-t 1-H « M O O rt ir ir- I* I- -^ rf " u 2 I '00 1 1 (- o I o oo pilUKHn[)U5 - J3 ^C3 ; ^ c - 5 . :r o ?i * CS — ^ —■ i=Srt J3 -" ' o , ill S SJ . J, -^ Z. V^" ■~ ■^ '2,~- ■ f i; >» *-M c = C-t- -r. = o :Slj[Sri-^ (=H3KlP;uco?5yHSccWfHhSoC(JrRW — HoH H ■£:: Pi^ DA, -*> •J" *- 11" i7» •3 S§t3 1=' O Sg o gg n -* ' 1 -71 4^5 -J 1 -1 ?, I- 1 5 nr: -: -f P2'' !o 1' oo i 5| $g§ ? sg 'J 5 S3'-' n'> gg 1 o o gg- "1 e M O ~ ^ 12. n 16: - C: Huh ps;^ I! I-ABOR IN CANADA. fi^53g :s :gg :i2e no^gj^g .g;,,^,,,,^^ 841 o o o o oT^^ ; — , ,_ ■"' [ }' — -H M _ ' *-*'•'" ol-5 ^o.^ ^ X- ;' ^ o o !!"''"° ;---ss?^iiiii^; O-S^OCJ'TJ '• rj: --^ r-, ^ ^ ' ~ ' -' ggSi2SSj5353 = = 2go^g^gg^ g ijsii !^^^^~p^1^s2i^iii1t^ !s ; ;fi : ■ a 7 ''^^■^^-•^■j^^<,6bii^i-MA-^-5o'M^ I , ' il -- O O , , • "^ "-^ : I - o a ■ ^ a . fc. -3 *(_ « A 1 . '■11 ; 1 IK^DEX. A. Africa cxpcn.litiiros of .vorkn.en'.s faniiliivs in ^ftse. pncesot provisions, f;n,cenos,^e:^"^ s ^i5 Agricuituwi condition oVij;.M-;,; -.".'."I"::::'"'" rn Jiupieuiunts '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ".'." CM factories, wa75 I'lanco 3(^9 Germany.. '/.." 413 Norway... r.ia Scotland (iUG Sweden 3f,tj National Union (Wl vages in iiarnien .'.[ 39r>,:i96 Uiiiniark '' 515 Jiiiyland .']].* 707,708 and Wales!]. "I l-lci Aix-la-Cbapelie, Prussia, export?!^::;;:; to-t-,;.; unu.;j-sui;r'---" Alabauu, expenditures of :S/e:^:!tS-:^^ luiees of provisions, &c., iu . m8 AJoxa..;^^iL:;;erorot^K^;.;;:V---------- ^■:^:^^at:^;f''^ ^--^^^'- o^^-ica::::::::::::::::;- ^^M;;!i AnS^aS^^^^^^ •• ^^ AuKsterdani, wafjcs in....."." .■'■"■■ 737Jn «Iiops tor building wacbinery at'. (J(iO waives lu. .. ' X.X Arch, Josepir. ^ I? Arple, Duke of, ("Reign of Law") '■'.'.".'. -m Arkansas, prices of provisions, &c., in 179 Armstrong, Sir wiiii^n :;::::;:::::: "-■--■■w9:f48,75-,7(S ArtificialJIowcrs , "3-> 'Uc ^•jo Asliley,Lord ~3.,,Mo,45d Assyria and Cbaldea, labor' in." "'.'."'.'. m Austria, exports to tboUnited^?^£^?°-^---'--^ ""£ Jiborm " r,,j3 ^^'"Sesiu '.'.'.'.".".■;■.'.'.; 593-fi05 G95-U05 B. I ^st^sV£s:S;:!^xzssss^^:''-' » fnetorv-laUor in.., 511 niecbanieal and farm'labo'r'in 513,514 ^vages m uiauufacturing cstabYisLm Juts "of n, ?}.^ 84 J" "'^^ 844 INDEX. Pngo, Uniitzon, Saxony, pnpcr-iiiill ;,10 liiivuiiii .".'... 51^,511) Uulfast and iioi^liliorliood, wajfca in U()7, yCl,'J7r> iroii-shiii-buildiii}^ and fii<;iiiL't'rinj; works ;!(il liu'S'uui - Cll-iiifj agricultural condition of {i.|;j Ltrussi'lH (;(;7 ixiiortM to tiio United States from (il'J coal-trado of (;7() condition of tlii! working classes of (;7;j driiikinj; liabits of tbo workiiiynicu of OOl Ghent and Uruffes OtW j'jcniHtry of in lS7'i-T,i oc,;) iron-indnstry of • mi.i Lie{;e '.'.....!'.".'.'.'. illKi paiier-niakni,(i(;:( tlie Coekcrill Iron and Steel Works, Seraiiig (Iiit sngar-indnstry in (i(;7 waKcs in 041, (ilCi-OGIi, (!()l^-CUfi-(;73 Bell, I. Lowiliian 2',i0 Ueuefactious of I'ried. Krnpi) r'^-^ James Smieton A: Sons 4;w John, Josepli, and Sir Francis Crossley 430, lai Sir Josei)h Wliit worth \ .i;ji Sir Titus Salt 4'Ji^, '|;W Corlin, PrnsRia ;-,!<) bni 1(1 iuff- trades in f,oo exports from, to tlio United States 5>,>0 wages paid in 5!20,r)'21,G22,52;! Bcveragi', the national, of Great IJritain 40tl Birkenhead, England, forgo, rates of wages in ;ii7 wages at theCauarhi Works ;{18 Birmingliain 318-;{'J1 exports from, to the United States 320 letter of United States consul on the condition of the working l>'-opleof 409.410 wages in 320-322 Blank-book factory, wages in ^ 7-)l Blast-furnaces, wages in 291,2!)5 Bleaching, dyeing, and printing establishments, wages paid in .".'240, 249/250 Bohemia, ghiss-mainifacturing district of Northern 541 labor in 539-511 Boiler-makers and Iron-Ship-buihlers, United Society of i>17 wages paid to 312 Bolt, nut, and rivet making, wages at ar,(; Bookbinders' wages >;(i;j Book-trade of Leipsic 5;;-, Stuttgart r,j4 Boot and shoe makers' wages 251,275-774 trade of Leeds 335-;i;)7 Bonches-du-RMne, France, manufactories in ."..'. 4,«;} Box-making, wages at 2t;r> Bradford, exports from, to tlio United States .....'. 'S.VJ tlu^ working classes of 407 wages in worsted-mills ;j40 worsted-trade of jiUD Brnnscomb, C. II., United States consul atJIanelicstcr !.".'398, 404, 410 Brassey, Thomas, " Work and Wages" 230, 31f, ;!H2 Bread and biscuit manufactory of Glasgow, wages in '2(il Brcntano, L., United States cdnsul, Dresilcn 5;'>9,5>2 Brewer, F. P., United States consul, Fineus, Greece ]... t;:i7,(i:W Breweries at Hinton-on-Trcnt 40(1, idl wages ill 2it:i, 275 Brick-making, near Manchester ';!4:; wages at 2G0, :!!l'. Brindisi, condition of mechauics and workinguien of .'.... 'i;31 Vago, ■ nio OlH.ull) ao7,;tGi,'j7r> _ :i(ii Cll-(>75 (it:j (iti7 (il'2 .■>•■■........ iifO (i/l! (i()l >-••■■••,■.>>«■ i)(>0 GiVJ liCl Cidt; c<:>7-(;:,{t 070,(i71 in'ri aO'i, (i(i:t >■•■■••«■■•«•* \i\ i-j (1(17 41, (ilfl-(!0:{, (U!lh-G08-(;7:i 'i'.IO ri-fi 4;w 4TO,.j;u iiii 42f^,'i;w ;")!<» , 50.J .'.'.'.'...'.'. wo 5!>o,r)'2i,522,5a;{ -100 317 :n8 318-;!-Jl 35>0 f the woiking .I09..n0 320-;w-> 7.-'l 201, '»)5 21(),24t),2n0 Till 539-511 217 laidto 312 2(;3 535 544 251,275-774 335-337 4S3 2(lt» 331J 407 340 3;w 31)8,404,410 23C,31.'^,;!1I2 2(11 5:i!),5,-2 (137, (ills 40(1,401 202,275 ;m:! 200,34;! 034 INDKX. 845 Bristol, Hon D. II., Secretary of tlio TrcaHurv luttors fn „ ^"^''• Biiiisli (•oiiNiiliirrq.orts.. '"'isuiy, lottorn to 111,579 ]inij,rc.s, li(4Kiimi 454-4(11 Bni.sli-iiwikiiifr, \vn<,'08 at ()ll?',(i(;9 Uni.s.sol.s, BL'lj;iiiiii 2(i0 IiaiMing-tra.h.s in^Kii^^'r^^^^ S^ wii^fs in 522 l.ni..Mn-,T.AV.,ol^\nvcasn.son-iw 25^270,322,7.-0 liniiUK liico * ','90 Byers, S. II. M., UnilodStatVa wiVsnTat ZnriVh ''''"' 009 c. C!il.iii(.t-ninkinnr,an(l upholstcrv, wa^'os Cal.lorn.a, ..x,„,Mlitnr,.,s of wnlknien's faunli^sYn";:: 259 lin^. J of provisiouM, A;e., in ^'J wajjcs in 'J 807 Canada, Dominion of '.'.'.".'.'. ' •■■•'•'''-'''47, 752, 753, 700, 704, 771, 783 Car-liiilldiMjj, wajjis "."'.'."*"." 827-841 Cardill and S wanHcii co'ai-disVricts' '''"'• '' ' '^ Curi...nter,s and Joiners, AniaI«„„,,u,;Vsocic'tV of : ' :!i'?i"? A,s,sociah;d of Scotland V. r„«~^, „ wages -.07-210 Carpct-inakinf,', wa^os at '" ^"^^"^ ""."-'!!! .'i .' ,523, .524 Carri'!^r;!l'l^,T''''''^'^"'''l't'''»»fi^^^^ ^'''ifii^f «./ariia;fe-niaU(rs' wajrcs 033 Cartrid<,'i'.niakinf,', waifos 518,778,779 Clialdca and Assyria, jTibo'r in '-'GO Clifiiiical niannfactmvs, wn^os 23-20 Chemical works, \vaj,'(.s in " 274 Chemnitz, Saxony, condition of VhViabonV.KVlas.;;,; in ,. . 7^ esportsfrom, to the United States ^/6-o80 mechanical and factory-lalior, wajres'paid for r.,- ^i.a prices of lactory-labor in, i n 1^72 ^ -0;*";':? nnielnno-works n r.v) -... Cigar.nakers, oarni;:;^or;" f!!!:'"'''' "^^P^"'^^ ^="'''1''""- "^ •■---•■-- - Chiss distinctions in Sweden 770,7>^2 Clerks in baidv-s, insnranco conVpaniVs' "ic" saiaries'of .'''^" Clock-making, wages at , o.u.uu.s oi .^^.^ Clotli-dressiiig, wages at. . 259 Cloth-factories in Ai.\-la-Chapeilo." 240 Clothing of the Swedes '.'.'.'.""' ''}''^ French workmen .!.'." ^^^2 costof 447 Army cloth and".!'.."!!."! 382,384 makers' wages !'83 Clyde, ship-building on the"".!!". 252,772 works of Johu'Eidor'&ccJ!.'.'." ■"■.■.";.■.■;;;;;; ^^""i|:-';| Co.ich.bnilding, wa-es at wages at tho".".::;: [i:::;;::; 334 Coal-districts of Swansea ami Cardiff. ;::::: ;;: „„, 2;>9 lields of Dnrham ami Northumberland ....;..." o l!ri t ish 4 i;!-4ol, OOJ, (!0:i, 07:!, (174, 075, 7--J5-7'J-;, 7;!0 Co-operation |-'!l'i ~'*7 Co-operative associations .* W1-S87 Coopers, wages of 7t''J Coil] ler-m ills, wages in ~5i^ Corliss KnginoWorks, I'rovidenco, K. I H^W Corset-taetory, wagi.'s in 781 Cost of hoard, honse-rent, subsistence, &c 705 Cost of labor and snbsistenci^ in Lower Silesia in 1^08 400-107 Cost of groceries, provisions, &C 55,50, lOO-lO:!, 100-114, i:'.l, l:i4, l;!5, 554-557, 050-505, 0:!8, C30, O^d, 704 Cost of labor in Antwerp (iOli-OO;! llelginm (lUi-05-J Denmark 7li;;-708 England 80-90, KW, 141, 14s-K,<» Orecco '>^W Italy 0;W-0^5 Kome 5U Sweden 07fi-(_W0 Cost of living in Aix-la-Cliapellc 57(i Athens :!;!-;''5 Itarmen 500 ISerlin, Prussia 570 Cliarleroi,lJelginni (u'i Cliemnitz ^''"'i'^'''| Copenhagen 705, 7(W Dresden, Saxonv 554,570 Diisseldorf 570 England 1 17 Essen ■'><''9 Frank fort-on-the-Maiu 57i Germany 55v> Leipsic 554 Mnnich, llavaria 571 Pira'ua, Greece - • - C'W Prussia '>ti'> rural districts of Germany 5(i0-5(;0 Stuttgart 571 Sweden f'? I Switzerland C09-0i;> Cotton and wool<;n niaehiu''ry 144 Cotton manufacture, growth of 115 Cotton niannfactnre in Franco 419-4)1 wagis of operatives in - - '.' i;!-'.'_l,) Cotton-mills, wages in 3:!0,;!;U, loO ;iini 7-Ji>,7;t(i ITK (i;w-ti:!,'> (!',U! 7iri,7it) 4'Jl 4is-iyo (il-(i:i 4J;i-480 :ts9-.l'j:), 4-^.|-4v>(i (iU) , 4-^5 , 70fi,7(t7 I7I-47S 17^1,474 1, 7ii3, 7()1, 70ti, 7(17, 71W 71>7 7i»7 , mo, 41(1, 411, 414, 41,-), , r)K»,,'.s\,',.'-.f;t,r.H4,(i(;o, ■i,7;!i,7:!',',7:!:!,7;ir.,7:!() i.(ir4,(:.7r.,7A-.-7'j-',7:io 'J:!(),'j;i7 afi|-;iS7 "i&i ^T.H :v.\'2 7^1 7(>r. 4!)n-iw ,100-1 14, i:'.l,i;M,i;ir>, J-,')(J5,U;!ei,G3y,(Wl,-()4 (;<;iMi(U{ (iu;-(;,vj 7(i;!-7(H •'j-9;», i;w, 141, 1 is-i,^;) Cu^S (w^-n;;^ oU {)7r)-(wo 5711 ;i;i-;:5 :>m r)7o (;:•> r,r)4,r.7() 7ori,7(w - 551, 57l) TiTii 117 5i;ii 57i \["".\[y.]. 554 571 (llll .5Ci5 5r)0-5(i!» 571 O'l G09-(!i;i 144 115 419-451 '.'lii-.MJ 3;i(),li;!l,750 INDEX. • g^^ Dakota, pri, > nf provi.sions, &c., in wii; (ill >»vi,.,iii IvSwt;' '"''""'';•'''''■''''' ^^"''^ii'K class,'; ::" '>Z "<>n-Nin|)-l)iiil(liiiu; 111 y|.j i~<'^iMovisio,isi„::::;:::::;:::::;;;;; :;: 7.0,7.1 ''"I'll Ml » . , ^VilK(;soi•(arm-];liKm.M■inl ^''""f; 70;>-7(W LisiiKJiu •_; '-(,.j cost of piovi.sionV I'n 7oii L i'cn'sS"™ '" ''"■"I- "'"« I :;:: nt i^rustieu, baxoiiy ',':y hfor and biva'.isVn'fik imnortni ' '('xunTu:,} "n,' "i •'':i-^,'5:i9, 582-J585 exports Iroin, to tho United Statoi' ^^ «""«""'«>1 i" • - - 585 Dross-makins,wnj;,..sat..... •••■ ^i^^ tonk.n^ customs of Groat ISritahi:::; 253 -^ . , lialiit.s 111 liolL'iiiiii w- Dnnktral!i,n„G,..atl!,i ;; i:"" J^? KX-^t^^^re^!^?!:^- lactory-labor.wa^re.s.. 354-;!5(; iiicchatiRMl, lanii, and other Jabor'wiVr;; ,'* ' ;!■">•"' Uussddorf,rrns,ia.. ..':.. ..';•;.;■;; a95,'i5(ll]97;.^,',J Pnccsot factory i.nd other labor Vt ''^'' wi-cs m mills anl^ ol nieclianical labor in •''I'' Dtitch artisans .... ng''cnltnral labor in the" cousulaV dTsiricVof r]2 dwellings of Laborers inFr.a.Vc'o'.V. '. .■.■.■:::: 714 ot tho working classes in Germany '^''-K 4-0 in b weuoii ■' 57 .J C--5,05G Earnings. (Sco Wages.) ^' average in Denmark.. SileiSn'^SudJl^!'^"^-^'^^'^"^^"--"-" families ;j09 I'arni-laborers in England! 103-105 EartliPr,«-nr , Gennany.:: 89-99, 103-105 " EducS,in&,:;;:!^i::; - :-:.■:"•;:;;:::;;:::::: W ami crime in Marseilles.. 089 487 848 INDEX. Km'ypt, lulior in *'r'^ KHmiIVIiI, (idiiiiiiiy, (mw Huririi'ii mid Elljml'elil) ;'|_l Elder, J. iV Co., (JluHgow, works of ;Ju!l wants iPiiid liy •'•'• Kli/iil)('tli, from llii^ ri'inn of, to tlmt of UoorKo III 110-175 KmiKriition from I'miici' "Jj,'! KiiKiiictriiiu, boiler ami a^;ricnltiinil-imii'liiii(i iiiakinj,', wan<'H w* KliHiiH'crM, Aiiuil^'Mliiutcd Society of ."l^'!^'!'' linjjiaiid and Walen, aKrieiiltiinil wn^eH in i"'*'^"!!!.''^ wiioleHule jirieeM of j;rain in i'77, 1178 nKrienltnral hiboierH of IMI-IUir) average eii;iiin};H of oiierntives in Ulll-!i78 lielietiient liiaiiillUetiiierH of '1'J7-4:12 e(j-o|)er!ilive assoeiatiiiiiM in ;W4-H8l| (le;;ra(l((l eoiulition of tlic working elaftcts of 400 earnnifis of collierH in _^ , •'"■,* era of nnichinery in • ^*.''^'''!'} expetiseN and eaVninf,'s of families of at,'ri<'nltnral laliorerw in l(i;!-l(!5 exiiortis to the United States from 'JiH.'jri'J from the Utiited States to -^W farm and meelianieal lalior in !^''> fendal period in "l from tlie rei;^!! of Flizalieth to that of Oeor;;o III 130-1(5 lu.nies for tlit^ (loor of 4|J5 ineloMineH of th(( sixteenth cenmry in ll'J-lliO manners, honseliold expensi's, Ac, in tho 15tli eeiitiiry lO.VlM juior-lawM of, and their origin - lli)-ll'J prices of {,n'ain ami otiier commodities l(10-l(»;i cli)tliin<; in •''^•' Scotland, and Ireland, exports from tho United StatcH to iJlO imports into the United States from M'-M Btaudard wages of mill-hands in 1-'71 in : 271)-'J.-^l) in liar and an<;le mills in 'iSl-'JKl forces and mills in .South Stall'ordshire iif^H.-irJU plate-mills in t.'H(),iis7 piiddlin^-mills in '^■'(1,'Jr-I rail and heavy anjrle mills in -. !i8i,ti.S') strikes in ' / '^li-ZK thrift, among the working classes in the textile districts of 4'.'l wages and juices in, from ir.iXi to 17'J() 14'J-10:?, IC.VIT,') wages of agrumltural laliorers in HD-'.IK wages paid at iron- woiks in 21'1 , '^'.H in steel-workH in i:(;!l,v!7l,'.'l)r) coal-fields in lW5--J_'.iO tho West Yorkshire niiiicH in o08 of colliers in ;'"'• printers in j^ll paiil for mechanical and farm labor in 'M't Tcorknnm's town in 4'.i() (Sec also Great Britain and Uidtc^d Kingdom.) English mining in lo7^ > ''"J operatives ^'j poor-laws, origin of \\> Envelope-making 263, (i;i8 Erni, Ihinry, United States consul at Jiaslo WJ'' Europe, laiior in, nnder the feudal system 'j'j Expeuditurea of workmen's families 387-480 iu Africa 7.')5 Aix-la-Cliapelle 570,571 lielginm fil^-CW Lerlin 570,571 Brindisi 0;« Canada 810,sll Chemnitz 570,571 Copenhagen 705-7iii Dresden 570,571 . Diisscldorf 570,571 England l(i;i-l(!5 rrankl'ort-on-the-Main 671 (i-IH f.ll • ■•••• •■■■••■ »>»JlJ :irii no-i75 m '^,6 IDO.'iiM •.m-M7 :t77,:lT8 ;Mi-:!;ir> 'MW-'ilH ■ ■■ •■■■ ■■>■■■ l^f***!'!^ ;ief4-:teO 400 yui) , 170-11)5 (.'IB ill Kili-Ki.'t U:if*,'S.','J lilO , :iir. 71 130-175 4'.'5 119-i:!0 lO.VlM iir.-11'j lOO-KKi •,]!*\\ to'..'........'. a 10 fioiii '-Md __; 27'.)-'Jf'J '.'.v.".'.'..""...! 28'l-'J?a iro aHfi.-i-i'J iiM0,!>s7 aHi.'jf-i '-irt.l.'^K-. i>^i-!i;i(i i:ts()f 4-.'4 I4'j-iri;!, ic')-i7r> rti-lil) 2'.H,',".Ci 'j(;!t,v!7i,'.';i,') au5--J'.to oOii :!ii9 314 !U'i 4'J(! 310 41S lir, 2G3,(;r,fi , mi) ''>•! 3c!7-45G , 7:!5 570,r.71 ()4H-('7-J 570,r)71 , o:« P40,.-ll , 5:(i,r,7l Td.vrni 5:(>,r>*i r)ro,.")7i ,... lti;!-lii") ;;." sn INDKX. Al'liin ; Sliiiiicli J'!'""'i1iiihiV."."! A in) ^*-^;K;;;;,;;:;;-;;:,',;;;:;i;r;-;::::;;;; AllNlli,, Jfillllll'll .. /_\'_ lliliiiiii.,'lii,'„',V." J'llyiiiin Illllill lilMillniil'i.W^ • 'Ill lllllil/... ".'_'■ Collinii,. ._ J'lf.Mi.ll ."" J'ii.''.^r|ili,ll' J^llirrlild . Kii;;liiiii|.. (jlnN^uw _■ •ilCI'Ci) _■ <>iTiriiiriv ..'. Jl"i'lili-r.sli,.l,i iivliiiid.. !';">■ :::::::: ■'-ivci|,(,i,l • I.ohiliiii Nl'ttilin),;,',,", IfllSSJil '"^ii'iliiiid. ■ • Nliclliclil. ''^"il/i'll;!,!.!"' "'"''"''"■'"^'"«'i<>m'j;;;:;;;:; Facto,., an.l„,ecl.„niean:.„o,.in.C„„„„.i,f:s,,,,„„^, tuuui 111 Alti'iiliiil" ■'^IllClica ?....' ".iniiiMi jiiiiiii ; .■;■■" JJllIUlci! "_■ "" ("•■riMMiiv.. lif(. • 7-'."''""" "''-•■-"---'.''.'.' ■■'■'■'. lalmrrrs, «■;,-,■« of'.'.'.'.'.'. 15fi-l.W,5;i7-;-4i 849 4.10 iiii'j r.7i 711 4si; (1)11 r.7i 40/ U)r, 01»7 *.M(» r.i7 r.'.ci Ml ;(•,'(» 04',' :,]M • 4;i;!,4:;4 ti:!7 liri .'ilo :i4l :i','7 717.71- 5i:N,',':;!i ;fji Oik; ".9." r,i7 .-,ir,^.-,i7 •'!:!, :.14 7:!7 'i:!.- iVJd • -io^-^ ;!!)(; 47r. 114 •;,-.;•;•• l:!7 -10.), ;>, l,f-JI S;..^ 70.">,7(if<, 7/ l,7:!.->' -.9i,7:!i)-747,'s:« 70- Fnrtn JV'inlii ^'.'iKcs IS anil fiii-ni-i„ii,l IhI Pit I'i.slifiii's ot'Norwiiy (ji); FhiN 1 11 ill! II lac I me, K]iiiinin}j, wuaviiif^, &c -^-is l''iorida, wii^e.s in 7; 0-T 17 lirices of jiro visions in Mil )"(>nndei'ic.s, in in, and niiicliine sliojis, liniiiien ,';l:i J)iisseldoi't' ."iKi Fianee, eolleetiiij; rents in ,|7;) Condi lion of the worliiiij; elii-ses in 44:!— 17!1 h'lhiirei.s' dwellings in 47ii eiaii^iat ion from ,);j.| homes of, famine and in in in 4;;i hours of lalior in <)»i() imiiorts from 4;);; labor ill '. 4;!:!-4S7 industrial i>iodiietion in .js-j needh- women of 477 ]iriees of ]irovisions in 4;.5 ]irodiicfioii of iron and strel in 4s 1 silk industries of Lyons 4(')7-47:! wages in '. 41-^-445, I4ci-4t;i, 47(; and jirices in Pari 1 lGl-4(;7 weavers ami lu;;e-makeis of 47(; ■women workers in i'aris 47;; vorkiiii:;-woiiieii of 474-47- Fraiicis, Hon. ,)ohn M., on jiroihietion and exports of Greece (i:;; Fraukfort-on-the-.Main, ex ports to the I'liired states from Til'.' prii-es of provisions, &.O., in ,'157 rates of waj;es in Ti 1-J French artifieijil flowers 474 prisons, lahur in , 4-0 Free labia' , .-,.j Freibeij?, Siixony, wiij;es at fiinge and lace inakiiifj in .Ml Frill jie-makiiif;, Sclileltaii, S:ixoiiy ;",(i;i FiiriiMces, iron, I'iisseldorf ."iKi Fiiriiitnre-m;ikin-',7.")l,75'2, 7(M (ieruiany, cost of living in -,.Vj eliief man II lac 111 ling towns of 511 immigiMlion into the Fnited States from 4t«it imports tVom 4s.- hibor in 4^-' •wages in ., , 407-."ii] Glass-cntting 4 j making, wages at 2(10. ■;77 works (if Helgiiim (mI-ImT Glasgow, Scotland IM'J-li.'il exports to the riiited Sfiite.s from ;t.V,' habits of tile lalioriiig classes of 41;') Jionies of the lalioring cl;isses of 40:! money spent at tlie pnwn-shops of 41li shiii-lniilding on the Clyde and at ;!.'ii wages at :i,V.' (iliivp manufacture in France i;!t<-4l',' It love-makers of l'"iaiiee 47s wages in (ierniaiiy .M - inannfactme in Austria ,j;i| I'.'l}.',.. (i;; o:!-))! (>7 -i-jr. :WQ,iV^i> (i!)7 i:4s T:(I-TI7 Mil nil! nid .)T;t 44:!- IT'.t 47ii 4:it 4;it 4^(1 4:!;j 4n:Ms7 iHii 477 4>5 4S1 4(;7-47:( 41'^-44r>,44c!-4t;i,4:ii 41)1-4(17 47(; ^ 471! 474-47- (i:!7 M'J .'157 54v! 474 4-n rui 511 iu'j r.Ki 77(!,7mi y.".li,-'."il 27f ; (i:i4 i:!(i tm .7;!0-74H, 751, 752, 7(14 497 .-..'."!.'!.!.' 2(in, . (m4- IMU- 511 4«t .|S,- -51. 1 4..") I'l i (l.'iT :(,-|l X,-: 415 4ii:i 4111 iiriii :!.vj .... 4:i--4f,> ^'1 • 5'JI IXDEX. 851 f'love nvinutacUuv, I,i,„„rv of '■'""W, J. n r-Mi.-.,i c?""'^""''""<'"i"-.. 4'Ki !:-".Vi"Hof^i:^ ,^;i:^;-;';;-'nt^ :: t^ 'l'■''|'^i■^i-M.,^.to,Ms,^ ''''''''■•■'' ^^^^^ - '"'^ "••'tl<.M/,ll„.v,.,,,„,.ol' '"'■'' :!;;^.,;;::.::h';;- "'•■■■ "^--^^^ -vyoK::: 370-;!:^ «roeco, labor !i;":''^':^"'^""'f">- '»::::::;:::::;:::: •■■--•■::::::: ^ iiKHlciM .'i87-;M> cxpoifs iVdiii.. 26 /^"gt's in ...... ri:!7-(;40 Grocenes, provi.iou,, hoi,;;:;;,;; "&■ — ■■ :.' '»7 ■'■•""" °^ MS-:;/:--.-::;:;:; «.,-^S "SI;"' ::;:::■'•■■»»-'"• '°S ''4-5()r) Koiiin......"'. Oa^'^di!;! Sweden 55, 5ti """r.x, Nova Scotia, .,,..,« in "' ^"•'^«1J"'« W!i,n..,s in cariiet-iniliHYM '.'.'.'.'." ^4} .|"i.-. „. S£itr''r'=--'r^i''--'---- « ^H>.,,s,.,„,,,.,,,,^^ wa.r,,s",f- ■02 ^''" ;»iilrap ,„,,i,j, " _ ;■■•• '0<:,7C7,7W '"■'K1...S of K,,u„.o .'^ '■'■•-' iliiv.o consular .lisirict, wa.^","« ;.>".",: 'V: ~'5;i,2T7 >-' «.(!,( K 01 niccliaiucs ill 47.1 f"m,v„,la,f;H / r a ^i.^ ■ ^^^^^ --, .V.. fiH, 515, 57,i """'c«ofranuncamIrui„ "'^^^^^^^ .- '"''-''l '^''l;^l;<^lll^<'his;;;o{-GQ;^;-- ■'•:.v:;;;:;:;: S woiKin"- |((.()i)i,, '" ^'•' ;mci(anic«i].wi,;;j,;::::; :::;:::: ;!::;! . i<" tlicjioor '"'■i ''"".>e.S:::rr:':r-^ of n.a,i...„nio„ .^^.-lialnJnfa;-- •;••;:■•;; ':;'5 exports to the linitVri^^i.u,:; >••;• .'V .'"! S"SSKS;:::;sre'--"^^»----;;;.v;;.;;;::;;;:;;5'.,| <>t"H.chaMic.u,Mi,arn;.i:,i;;,;i;v; '';|;;;; ;i:iG 852 INDEX. I. iMlii Idaho, wa^ps in print's of jiro visions in cxpiiKUtuii'H of ^Yoi'knll^Il'.s f'iiniilit's in Illinois, ixptMiilitMios of woikuicu's l':iniilies in jiricos of jirovitiions in wiiHos in 7:?9-717, 75-J, 7.TO, 76;!, "(id Imiiiigratiou into the United .States fioni Anstria Gt.'i'inany tliu United KiuKdoni Immigriints, Irisli, in tlio United States Jinpoils into the United Suites from Aix-la-Cliiipellc Austria IJarnien and Elberfeld Jielijiuni lierlin l!iriinnf»liani Jiradford L'lienmit/, ('olo;i;ii(3 Dresden Dii'iseldorf Kiijiland, .Scotland, and Ireland Franeo l'"rankfort-on-tlie-Mani GerniHM y (ilasj^ow Greece Hndderslield Italy liivcrpodl Ijondon Nottinj;liain I>nssia Slieliield S\vit7,erlantl , Inclosnvps of tlto sixteontli century Income of \vorkinf;inen's families in various jiarts of Belf^iam, (see Wiiges) .. Incomes in 1()8H, (see Wajjes) Increase in the cost of elotliinj; living of wages in the United Kingdom India-rubber niannfactnro Indiana, expenditures of workmen's families in prices of provisions iu , wages in 739-7 'It*, 75-2, 75;?, Industrial classas, condition of, in Norway of Kussia lM-oi)0' :on of, to other classes establishments, celebratiMl l)roduction in France Industries, mining and iniinufacturing, in Sweden of America I'aris silk, of Lyons textile, of Kussia Industry, future manufacturing, in Kussia Insurance ctnn panics, hanks, &c.,salaiiesof clerks in Intemperance, habits of, in IJelgium England International statistical congress Iowa, expenditures of workmen's families in prices of pn)visions in wages in 7H1'- Ipswicli, wageh in agricultural-implement w irks Ireland Belfast iron-shiii-building and cngineeriiig works at. Dublin, condition of tlie working classes t f , T:iit-7'17 fill fu y.i 1 r>i7 mm 511 (il'J t>-J» ^•JO 5',>.'> 51-i 5;ii) 515 2'li, yHlt 4:(:i 5l-.> ;!5i (■.:;7 ;i:'„-i ()-,'5 :ni; nil ;i:.'7 717 ;«t (Kl'i 11 '.I ()i7-( ;.■■.' ]:!7 ;!-;•-> ;'.H'j lilO S(>5 815 R)4 750, 7(i:! (H)ii 723-70-< 4S:t 5sii :r.n,:ii;i ;i(ii) ;mi lilllll 7'! W,7r)lt,7();5,7(ii;,707,7(,;i r.'.n 4'-'.' '!^!!!!.!!*"! an 517 ri!i:f 511 (il-J ryjit ?,-J0 *!:!'.) 5^5 ni-t 5:i;> 515 5.1-.' ;{5,' (■i:;7 0-,'5 :ui; Hit .., (ilH ll'.l s(.i> Wiiycs) .. f)47-(i5-j ; Ki7 , :wv; , ;uo yi;5 815 8(11 i9-7J8, 75-2, 753, 759, 7i;:! ()iii; 72;!-7-?- A^:\ /5f^-j (i'.n 7ltl , 435-11:1 4i;r-iT:! Tid-i^: 7ls ;!(iT ir5 397-^05 !!!"!"'!!"! f^i; !"!"!!!!7;i9-717,7i;: ".".'..'.""."..'."'.'.!.' 3r,9,:;iii 3i:!l 3il -Ki INDEX. J-laiMl,n,,.,.I,.„i,.,, 1 ,iuM, 1;,I„.,- i„ IV,.. ir: -f "•:;-C;i ;;!';;;:■:: T;.;;,;.r ■■•■•■■ ■■■■■::":::::::::: ■:^:^-^^! '"';;iiif;-, u;i^r,.; in ~''M,-J7o ,„i,. ."inMiM;;!^;,;;:::: -■••--^:::::;::'- ''"'V;'! liJills, \vanf.>; 111. -'■' ♦--'.'-.■■:;^llr:;-- ■■■'::::::::: =''^-:<^.:3oi;f;;; {;■'' (^ima.iaijthii;.;;];,:,;,];;; --'---^;ii7,7(i5r77li I'al.V.li.l.orii, '"'" ■. 31S (h.'(;,(j;u :i-:t;: ^^;:::!i!.y;::;'!;rs;;;;::^,/^''''''- - -;:';Mi:;:;.*;:;:;;;:,.^i;''--''i^^'-^ i ■1'"^' "'='i"iiaHM,;;;;;;.-;v-_--;-_ ^■■:::;::::?::"''';:''^^-'''-'';^]^ ;ii-','^us ""■""■;s:sir;i-;:'™i" "•-' ' .,„ ... , , "■:i.^<'.s ill ..., ^'' l\i'l't ;:::;;.■." ";;.v;.v."::;: % ^•^'"i"i>t' ■; i.7,v{ umliT tLi> Ji'iiiUil synteiu " ,•'. Fraiu'o ,.,.■ ,'.'1 FiriHi, i,ris.,i,« ...:;.;;'■; ''"•^-f J;'''»""o- 4KS tticct'i) ,:. i^'^y -•■-: -■^■■":::;:::::::::::;:;::::::::::: o JLowcr Silesia j,,., JioiltTii (»ii'i:i'e .'.'.".*".".'."].' (■■'- Koiiu) ■,',', Swfdcii ami Noiwa v /•-,'■ Swit/C'llai](l 1 .".'.'.'.'.'.'."."'.'.'." I;,',,;' tho iiiaiiunicniiiiijr districts of Saxoiiy'anii'ijobVmia"].' Viil Nethri lands i., ,. \\ iirU'iiihci^ r 1 1 LalxirtTH, ai;ri<>iilliiiiil, in Fiiiiico „ '.'.W.. '.'.'.'.','..'. iivi waf^i'.s ul'lii.sli liinn ..-l^ Lal>orrrsM\v«'llin;rs, condition of, in Franco... .'. .'.".'.'.'.'."'.'.'"..'.'" 4;'^ Lalioriiif.- dassts ofGnat Britain, liabilx and eoudition of '.'. 'isO-l'''! Lace-uialicrs of I'ranco ,-!l Fii'ilicif;, Saxony ]_'_"_" r,'ij Leatbcr inniiiifactiiiv, \va14cN in '. o-j^ --., jjlovcs, inaiiiifactuic of ~ ' '.!,'^ Le Crenisot, wtcul-work.s of M. Scbncidcr at 4^1 Locd,s,boot and shoe trade in ".'..." 'iV! •?•!•"-•'•' liriccH of jirovi.sioiis, Kiocerics, &c., in '^ ' ' ''~x!> \vaj;es iu woolou-rnills in '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. yCt iiiannfacliircs in '_'_ 'jV. various trades in !',!!- Leipsic, Saxony "["][..".[[] r-'-' booJc-tradc of !.'.'...'.'.'.'.'.'.". n'!- factory la bor, wages '.'.'...'. '■'■{i fairs y.l: /■ , , , u.ll> lanii laixir, wiiycs r.-'^ iiiccliiiiiical labor, \vaj;cs ri'- Lfitli, Ppotland wages in '.-"".!"'.".! '.!!'. ..' Jj-iC I.etter-|)icss printing, wages .'.".'.'.'.'.*"." •>(;< •>']- l^ewis, H., I'nited .Slates eoiisnlar agent, Diisseldoif !'.".'.".'..".'."" Hlo-V"' Linen and Ibix nianiifaetiire, wages at ' ' ."),'•- foliar making, wages at ] ,,-'.', Liveriiool, exports to tlie l'nite exports to tlie United States from -.!....".....'.'.!..".'!" 3.14 prices of provisions, groceries, Ac, in -!"'-.."!." !^i! ii;;! society of comjiositors .)ii) .')..|'i wages in .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ~ ' ' •>]■' wlndesalo iiriees in 1>'7"J Z-' Lord l?osebery on im|proving the condition of (lie working classi's"."..'.!.. j-J-i Louisiana, expenditures of wdrkmeii's families in 1 ...."\. .\[\ 8f-i liriees of provisions in ...,'.'.'.'.'.".' S(l;i wages ill , '■^^hlA'tli "T.-) -iM ijiiciler-matuh uiakiug, wages ^^ yij^j Vage.- 7a7-)^ii r.iiij Mi b-;7 •S.i 7(12 (5 l-7(;:{ ():! 'laa-JHi 4-1) .lr<8 -Mi 025 -nio i;:;7 4A 717 t)7(i (i(M> riiii) 7()l» r>ii 41:! ;i.v.» r,v :!si>-lv;:! 47(> nil 277,77:} 4;!>? 4^^! :53;!, 33ii-:!:!7 3r-> -.m :i;M oi i,") t>:\:, 5;i5 5:;- 5;ii; 5:!-' r,;;- ^'ifi 2(>i,^.\:> 51u-5T.") -Mu a:.;{ ;!iii ........... ol7 !io liiboiiii!.;; 411-1!! ;UC-:iis 'S:'] i>::H 447 \U:i :m ;]U),i?vii -^-ci ;i;,; 4-M 8ld f{)i ...7:}0-748, 752, 7(11 X'lJO ho,-) Ki'iit Siu'i.ii:!':^:'.:'-- z!':t:: "' '"" ""'^'"^ ^''- i-^-^". S;-'^S'uu;';';r::r.^'''^-'^'--''- "-.- " "" 1'. Maclum-sLoii.s ol- IJiiiiMin, wm-.s'jm ;! 17(1 \ llflMlli I/. \Vil;.,.s i,| . . ; ; .r,):! i)uss(.i(i,,ir, u,io,,s ill CK,r);i;{ pi]((.s (■( l>iovi.sioii.s 111 f^ll \v;i^u.s ill -.., Mauche^tcr ;::;::;;;;;;;;• 7:!y-i48;fo6,7n;!,7ili' uiick-iiiakiDi,' iiciir.. o:.'.-'-:!'! { ' f'.M.iit i„i; oc' , i„, w„iui,"i^r';i'.,;;;.;' ;;,■• " ;Vi:! ;f«.v;;,.r;:!;--;is;;i:-r"'-™~«."::;::;:;:;:; S ".i„t'8 at ;!7v;-;!;(i wall's 111 . •oil,,,,. niiii.s ill •JA.i-'iW Ma.,ulactune.i,,,l,.,i,„,,,|,:X]i;:^';:.!r:^':':^ :: 105 Maua£i»cturoor'';':;ji;:.i-iu;„;:,;;\;.-;v^ •■■-■•■■•■"::::::::::;: 5in,g li'Utlici- gloves ... ^,-,,| "l;l«liini(leol' tliL"i.i„vo 4:i>s ., „ llfcdlc " ,11,) Man„focturese...Jo,i,car,,i,^;o>;;-;{i;-;- niH Mauufactunu^r .lisfict. ,.f X,,, , l,.,,, ij",:!;,:;,,,;, ;i;i:! '.sr.ibli.sluiu.,it,s„n!a,,iiri,, wa.r,..s i„ •':''■• towusot Gciiuauy, clii.r.... .....; 51-J ALK-la-C'liuiidU,'.".'.'.'""" 9^1 Alli'iiliiHj;- ■■ i*!* liariiieii aiid Elb.Vl'd.V.V.".'.." ^'V; l'li(4iini(z.. '>^'J l)iv.s,l,.|, '.".".'.". .„ •'■'■-'"' i)iif-.si'i(ii>i'r i-)o,-<-r)4i I'raulilon.oii.thc-Vlaii"! I'^l Lt'llisic i'4'-' Sluu-ait, WiiVloniborgV.V -•','"; Marseilles consular (listrlet.... Jiir,-:;.-,,; ^;l!''i!if ''''•' r^v''''''i''''^i^<>f'"niMiiih;;i,i^ ■••• 1** ^f .• „/l""'"""i iiiK'L'iiiiic, ill.. 4-i; Marfin,-\V..M.,Saii Kiaii.is,.,, ' 4--7 JMi.'ylaiul, .^xpuiHliiuivs of w<.ikiii..ii';iauiiliV."ii; ■ '-- piu'cs <,i i,n,vi.>ji„ii,s iu . M3 \ygL".s in 7;,., Masons ami ,ai|.,.nr..is' wa^es in iJciiVi 7;!ii-74.S "53, 7i,- A>ss(n-ia(i(iii of .Scoilaiid iV.'.; Massachusetts, cx|u.n.iiuin.soi';;od:;,;,:,;Vi;;„iilN:;i,; -'i'' in-Ktcs (It i)rovi.sion,s in . ^^'^ Mechanical and I'actoiy laboV hi" Aix-ia-ci'iaiM.'liJ '. ,'/, '[ 'IW-^i-^, 7.-,(i, 7,",:!, 75S, 7(i! „ , Clieiiiiiilz ' '"'''^ larin-labor . . '•!!'-"' i .' •"'"•^•'' ii.cl..ryaudotherskilledu;;4:in;A;,condiu Mechanics a ii.l Nkiiled' 'tradi.islii,"i"i ' '. '. ^•^''' •'"'*' ■"*'''• •'''-'• . iJ^*, T 1 -' fNpcnH,.s oflivmj, aii,iYionu'.si)l' '-' wajics (,i)7 ^ < ■-ppiia, fo,st and condition of b,bor"i",i Ul)'< iUlcliij;an, prices of i)i,)vi>ions ill «>:!» waycs in ."."... :-• '^^^ 7 oiJ-747, 7b3 856 INDEX. Miliin, cdst nn-1 cfnidition of Inlior in I'XiipiulidMcs of \V()ikiiiH;iin'irM fuiiiilios in. Minciiil inodncts iiiul rcsonrct's of UuHsia MiiR'is, >.'ortlmiiil)crliiii(l Miiliiiil (/oiiliilciit AsBooiiition P«ite. Minors with Mciciilific tiistcs MiiiiiL'sota, cxiKMidiliircH of worluncii's fiiiiiilios in. M juices ol inoviwions in. "'i't?''-; '", 739-748,70:: iningconl, in Knijilnnd Eiijilisli, in I'lT-J. Miners luid iioii-woiliiMs of Enuliind inaniiliutnrini;; indnsirii's in WwcMleu in 1871 Misccllanoons oxijcnditnrfs Mississijipi, inices of provisions in , 'Jl'.l 417 81(1 HO.-, , 7li!i 21),-) :nu 418 (H)I iG'j-nr. 8U1 . wii-.'H in. 739-748, 751, 7r.-J JMiBsoiiri, prices ot i)rov)Hious in H0:> ' wi.jrcs in .'.'."." -.'.".'7;!9-74"8,'75i, 75-2, 7():i JMontaua, c.\pcndi hires of workmen .s families in yij) prices of provisions in "| j-OS ^vaf,'es in ".'."..".".'.."."7;'!9-747 7(J4 Morris, Wiliiaiii, (of Swinton, ICiiwlund) 393-395 .Moss lirook BlackiiiH' AVorks, Maiicliester " ". jj'i Mnndolla, A. J., M.l' .'."■.."."■.".! 328,534 400 45S 459 8(15 739-717 518 477 709-7 1 1; 709-713 1-07 Xational lioveraKft of Great Britain Nantes coiisiilar district !!."!!!.' \vaj;es in Nebraska, prices of provisions in wages in Needlo-maniilacliirc, Aix-la-Cliajiclle '.'.'.".'.. women in I'lance Netherlands, lalior in I lie '..'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. wiijj,cs in tile Nevada, prices of provisions in wages in ...."..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".' .'.Y;;9-747, 704, 7(1.-, Aew Brniiswick, exiienditnres of workmen's families in e4i indiistri 73t)-748, 75'2, 70.! ;iio 'US (il)l 16U-17;1 801 739-748, 751, 7r.-J — m.i ..7;i9-74c*,7&l,75'2,7(j;} 8U> eo6 7;iO-747,7C4 34;{ 328,534 400 458 459 808 739-747 5H 477 709-7111 70J-7l:i H)7 71-9-747, 704, 7(15 ft4 1 8^7 839 828, 8',J9 841 270-27r^ 345-349 347 41i; 340,317 317 34o 347,318 37,; till) work i 11 j^ 315,410 345 340 orks 348 811 7% .739-748, 750, 753, 7(il XU •;[)< '-748, 7o'J, 753, 758, 70i> 8Uil 739-7 17, 7W 8J:i 7'.H , 750, 753, 758, 702. 707 459,480 INDEX. NouhCarolni,,, , ,,,, n.;s..^^ I'llllSdt llIOVlSKlll.siu V .1 , , wiih:i's in .NoUlimuborlandcoal-li, ■Ills.... ■.■/;_ .. . "liiii'is, \v,ii>-(s of Norway, ,-.n;n,„it,„,,ilal,on.r in ^■"ii.liiio,, of til,, in.lii.striaiVhV..".;Vn rates of \vaj,r(.H j,, , wages ill woolen-fart oriVs" Jn potton-niills in .. l>apei-iiiill.s in ." .^^ail-eloth iiianniaetoi'iVs'ii'i n-.m-lo,ii„le,ie.s ,.,ihI .Maelii,;o';i,or,ViV, R-as woikcKs ;iih1 lirieivs .loiinioynien lialti'is ''°""»'''°'S;-;;/|-£tl,SS^ii™;;:,;::::::::::;::;: l"'ees of iMoviMon.s, aroee ies &o ^n Nova Scotia, :ffir^n':.'rr:!':'^^^^^^^^ wages iu 857 Tagr. ^92 817 ■; 800 ■ '39-748, 75J, 7 (i4 295,297 299 090 • 090 093 097 092 093 093 (193 094 (194 094 094 095 095 095 095 095 097 095 '.m 328 372,370 328 827 828-8;>3 Of Oberndorf, J Odessa, Kiissia ..! Ohio, ex,MMHliiniv;;,Vwm^:,;,;.;v-,.,;^:,-i-v- prices ol provisions in '■'»'""■« m w-a^r,.s in , Oil-mills, wiif^es in ""'"'"•'■'"""" "'■l;csS'™?r™^'^-»i^ Jiricivs ol i)rovisious iu waj;es in .. '" 739- pi ices ol inovisioii:i ill . wages in Owen, iloit"!':.^:''^'^'^ ^'"'''^ ^""•^"1. Lyons :;;:; 544 723,731 ■ 815 V"v:;---- 894 •<48,(ol, 753,759,703 201,781 840,841 827 834-837 828-831,833 243-278 819 ■--•;;, 807 '39-747,753,704 1 472 ' 180 lonstjc, near Uund Painters' wages I'amiinre Works Cnm p.,., '; • ^'""""■■'ne, near jjnn Papur-iuakmg maeliinery, wi.cres Ill i>elginiu wages at .'.'.'." mills of Codin it Sons, at Hnv'ijVl P.irio 1 •'"^L'ullel, near Antwerp'.'., rans gloves ' iiidnstries of .'.'.'.'.'.' .'.'"IW" wages ill '.'.'..] and jiriees in .'." woiiion workers of leaN,uitrv in lion P. eo giiiin. I'eel, renii.sylvi 8ir Uobert.. 10, eouditiou of. . la, e.\peuditiires of worl: imeuai'iuuilies. 781 • 433 782 •• C57 .263, ()58, 059, 781, 790 (J57 059 438-442 435 435-437 401-407 473 61 181 614 858 INDEX. PoffB. 708 7:!l>-7-IS, 750, 753, 758, 70-,', 7f!5, 70<), 770 7(iJ Ponnsylvaiiia, prioos of provisioiiH , wajjcs ill IVttTdio Groat I'iaiio-lbrtt' t'lii'toricH, wajjos in 71J1) J'laiii 11^-111 11 1h, \vaj;i's in 7^0 i'dor-lawH, (iri;j;iii of (Iki Eiifjlisli H,-, I'll.-.!, I'liilip Sidiii^y, Liiltuil .States Consul Gciioral, \'iuiiiirt (In.') Praj^iic, Hujiiiiiiu ,7ji; I'rt'ciiniH HtoMcs, (.■iiltiM's (if 4; 1 riiMi'ivfd iiic.its, A: I-.. Wildes of jiaikcrs !>(1J i'luv, F. \\., i;iiit<'(l Mali's consul, MaiM'illcs 4-1; Prices of Aiiiiy clol li anil elulhiiij; :>,y.\ 111 rail. St nil -i in WUneuibeij; f,.',! •■lot hill),' ;>| i'actory and oilier labor Til.'i I'ariii and nieeliaiiieal labor 4.-1 1 grain ;!;7 meat and other |iid visions ',>,'•' lirovisious liirnislu'd the liiitish Army and Navy liT.I and liiei in vaiimiH jiaits lif Anstro-liiinj^ary 50;) other article.-, in various jnirts of Switzerland 010 groceries, house-rent, Jce f, H7(l-H7(i, -Hi:!, -Ift'i, 5.".l-,'riH, 593, (il^-, (j;!S, TM'i, f ;i-l-K!'J in Paris 45 1 J'ranco 4(;7 t he Berlin market 551)-5li I Printers' wages in Enj;land :!11 ."Scotland '.i57, ;i.i-i United States 71», 7eil, 7'J.'i Prisons, labor in Frenili 4S1) Production of iron and (.teel in l-^Tii 4-11 indiiHtrial, in Franco 4-^^ Prussia 517, 51-< I'nddling-niills o-O Purchase power of money 370, (1-1 Quebec, Proviuco of, prices of provisions in PHS wages in 828,829,?:':!:! Quotelet, Adolpho (ijr, death of Otjri le. Kail-mills, wages in ]\'ailidad coiiipatiieH, wages pai■. 7-.i7, 7^6, 73(!, »;i4-^:!'J 4.-1 407 rj59-,-jlll :ill ;i.-)7,:!.w 7'J,7c'1,7'J:> Af'l) 4-,! 517, r> I-' 370, CM ---- 8.(? .828, 820, ^■;i:! (iir. DOS 7e.-)-7>L) v;iH 94-lt7 -Xi 4Cl-4(;7 4tu 47L» 410 812 7!I7 7:!l)-748,750,753,7i;i 2lil in tlm r.ith iliico (luring ilO 01 ,'0 INDEX. Kotiirv puddling IJowloy, Wiilt.T, olLmU KusBiu, fon.litiiMi of lal.oi-"in ' e-\l)on(li(uR.s of a luniilV iiVo'drVsV iMiMiHnijii clu.ssci of labor in laiid-tfiinrf in iniiu.ial i.i„,l M."t; ami Knim^cH of iHo.scow, ,.xiM,.itiouut. -Nljlll-Nl.Vir,,,.,,,! Odessa, wafjcsin.. jnicfs of i)iovisions 'iiV ." ■ of. IVtuisbuii' ■ BCllit ..'.'.".'. . J'"iaiicii.ation V.f.V. textile indiLstiies of . ^"«^^=*i» ::"■ ''^'"'"S;:iiSi,l-''-''-"--ocon,ties,&.., Saltuiio, neapl!i;,(lf,„.,i sait,sirS;!'!'''"^'^-"'''''^i"-----"-::-"::^ Sanitary strikti Sie7vr'l''''''^''^'^^'^^^^v;.^ siivii "wedi:"!.":!-;:'!.'^:^:""^''^'"" -i- ti- iabo^i,:, Saxony, Cla^nnitz '"'""' *"""""^""'-''S^^^ Sdjool-fnniltiiie makers, wiiVeVof Scotland, a;.rieMl!,Man;;boHn jninters' \vaf,'es in Sean.en's ^H!,:'^ *^''^"""^'' ^Ia^''«. A««oekti:.n ^f: !^j;l';;'«',^^^^.*^'^pidiadeipi,ia:::;::": febattesbuiy , l-url of, letter from . . Sheffield ";''''?*' "'■ • - - - • - -■ -■ " " : exi|orts to the VMod 'iiiatcHfmm and neiirliborhood, wajjes in ' ^'."'■''■'! "'' i"'"vish)ns, A:c .....■■'.■." ; '.; .■;■."■■■■ sheppard iweH,sor;i;u;vVro;n;:;; Sbip buildiUH', iiim, wa^cs at „., . ^ ""tlJ" Clyde ....■!"." Sdesia, Lower, expen.ses„f a family in VII, • , ,. ■*^'ifJ*-'S!iiid costoflivin"-in Sdk ludnstnes of Lyons " L'nited States. mannlaetiire, wa-e.s in... Skdled trades in London, wa-ts in'i,<71 worlimen, condition of .".'."' 859 classes of lets of Shivery in ]>'o..,„.. Soap and eaiidle n'lal Society, Amal l^i";,s M,i,i,'c\s at .. ;amated lioiler-.M far ikers 1111(1 Ir .. 2lM,2:. El Iieniers and Joiner iii-Ship-Uiiilders Page. 2U'' :;iiu 721» --- ■ 7;i4 7.10 7:i:i 717 .. 72;i-7^."J .. 7 17-7; M 12',i 71S 7;ii .. 40 L 7-,':; -. 7;ii,7;i2 -. 7vi7,7.!:i .. 401, -■.',-) 122 7:m .. 7U)-72;i • . 72u-7;i2 •■••••--•••• *M')7 (iliO 340,;J4l ;i4i • :i41,428,4;i-.' 424 •- 7f:0 Oermaiiy.. 578,.57'J tiSJ (iffH 5^'5 511 50'J 5;!y 782 780 ;!58 207 :!W 314 ■ 215 ■ 278 33:> ■AK) 4-J(i 323, 4IIS 3-J4 270,3-.'5 '■•■- 373, 37(j ...257, 258, 32,-), 321) 407 25fi, ■J7-J 350 4115 4U3 4(i7 791-7;)4 211) 242 3;)d 50 2fi0,27^ 211 i;;iiicer.s. ive Operat M l.soiis .. 201,2(15 l;)it 212 860 INDEX. I Siuicty, Ainiil;{nnmtt!(l Taildrn .jH) Soi'ictiri, viivioMs !!"!.'!!!!"!*!"* •>•'() Si ill Hit, rul lull III, ill Sweden ! .!!J!!.! il^.s S( 111 III ('iiii)liiiu, pliees of iirdvisioiiN in f^nj, V ,1 „- , ^vMKeHii. '..'..".".."■.■.■■.■.■..'7;t'J-l:J8,7r.l-Tr,:! (■•until \\ MllH , ,,l);( ^|li^it■lli^lilliMH', Wii^'i'M lit ."..'.'!!.'!!.'."..'.'.'*..'.'."..'! >jil'' SpiliN iilut lieer, tise iil', in Sweileii '..'..!."!!!.'!!!...' Vir^] .Spiilie mill hull I'iiiMiirieH, wajjes in '..'."."..'.".'..".'".'..'! i.V(( .Sliiirnl'ilshlre eiilliery si like *..".*.'..'.'".!.*.".'..'.""."..'!'.'.."."" a 17 Niiilli 1111(1 .Siitilli !*.'".'.'!].".* 'Jf^rt-'JiJ'J iStanley-.TttiiieH, ,1. S.,iiii the cmulitiou ot tlio woikiiii; chiHwes of kiiiriai'nl ] I'J-JC', rtcKJ-Tlf ISleel, luiHliiclinii ol, in lf<7;i .jyi WoiUh til I.e CieiiMiit !.'..!!!!! .Ihl III' I'lii'il. Kiiipii, ill lessen, rriiKsiu r,,|j 'I". I'lithiV .SiiliH, .Shellielil .'.'."..'.'.".. ;!•,>,-, Steel-WdikH, wiijien in 7(1-, "•!* MeplieliMiii, deoine •ji.' SteiiheiiNdii, iidliert H '..'.'.'. 'j;'i;i 3.1,') 'Mi' i^lewiiii , A. '1'., iV. ( 'd., New \'dik .".'.'. .'.'.'.".'.".".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".".".'.'.'.".'.".'.'.'.".".% li ;!-is! mil St. lUleiis, ptiiieH df pid visions, ^rocerie.s, &,c., in ;i7;{ cdiulition of file WdikiUf^-ehiSHeg of Stono-inasdiis ' Stiuw-hiil liriiiilcrs of Frinieo .'"...!!!'."!!!! Strikes in IJelglmii '...'.'... tendency to, tuid result of Engliind rreston '.'.'..'. Ndttiii^'liiim the Stiitliirdsliire colliery pottery-trade ' Yovkshire Strike of enginecra on thcTyno StiittLCiirt, Wiirteniliera; '....'.'.'.'. Smiileiliind, prices of provisidiis, groceries, li-c Swiiiik, ■). M., Secretary iif Aniericiin Iriiii and Steel Association".". Swiiiisea and ('ardilf coal-di.stricis Sweden and Norway agrienltiiriil hilior in averajji; dwelling of Wdrkiii;iiiKin in class disliiictidii.s in clothing in Cdiiditidii of the wiirking classes in Cdst of .sulisistcuce and other necessaries in dwell iiii^s of ediicatidii in milling and iiiaiinfactnriiig in jidpnlatiiin and resdurces of salaries in __' savings in Sdcial statistics of " soldier's ration in 8])irits and lieer in, use of wages in Switzcrluiid, labor in 411 ;;i;; 471 ti7» aji a-,' I !i'J7 !.'.•!( I r.l:! Ol.i, ,t( ( 7")! Htm C7(j-7tU O'.iii ('.-.' Gt!."), tiMi (Ml (•ill (i-S Will (iK! fi>i'.) fWl C7t)-()'^0 COIJ-U-JI T. Tailors, Amalgamated Society of 'ranniiig and cnrrving, wages in Tavern hill, (llwf)') "._' Tea, cdusiiniplidn of, in (ireat Hritaiii and United States Teniperanco of lailroad eiii|ildyes enfdrced prinei[ih's, advance of Tennessee, expeiidimtcs of Wdrkiiien's families in prices of provisions in ^^'■'S'-'^'" •: 7:59-748,751,750 Te-'jas, expenditures dt workuieu s ikiiiilies in ,7(10, am a 15 iri 4(li •m 4-J:! ,>-'0;! 704 iJIO ■ ■■••■■■■••a 1^«U tiH8 Hid T.i'j-7-i^,i:>u::,:\ tJ!i:( •JC,' (Wl 'Xl '.','7 yf^8-','it'j iiKiiiii'i ..•J-J-.',:ic»J-.ii7 Ihl r)»ii :!•,'.". 7()."),7^7 :ii(; i.';w, air), :! ir, VJ,;w-i,r,(ii ;i7;i Ill ::i;! -171 GlW.dCa tl?) aji a:>i '^S, y-Jt^ , !>:!ii >. ...... .... **'ii yij-j . ... ...... .. r»-j'! 37;!,;!;r ............ «,ti lidtl C7(j-7(il ■ (M (j.""."! (liHl (•.-.' (IIU 08(1,(1.-7 OC).'), (iMi (1-il C'.U C-s (i'lK ■ .... ...... (!.■*;> ()s;t (iH _ (!-l 07(i-ti-i( UU(J-0,' I 210 2i\:> 171 -lOi lil 4-S.\ t^lrf SO;! 748,7r.l,75-i,7C0,7()4 hli T«'.,-.,,.k,.,..„,.v „,„,, 'Ko. «(i^.77:i,77( Ji'llllll" goo ijo;) Tii.iwl, n.. "i" I'liiii'il Killed,, In'.! .'n-Cii J>l'l-f(Mlll(|j„^r, «,|^„.s,,t ■■■■ I';-' iM'«>«iu,,i,i,„iA.suciuuo..,i'u;vh;d;,i ;:: ^la ','ii»,-ji Unil.n.llii-fi.ch)rv,w„i;,.sin ^' .^^lm^tH(o(lM.|■,m.,l,s■t:■;t;;v;•;m; ;!■« . '.''imili.rMitMlSfiil.si,, ..„, i-'m-n.d.m totiM, |J„it,.,i .flairs •""": o„ Aiislria to III, .. r>17 jiimiMi, ai„i Kii.'r.'ii.'i.i fo'ir,; •}•':* JxiKMiiii loth.. oil Jirilili ti) tli(. (il'J liiniiiii^rliain lo'iiju •"'■-'" iillKlloKl (i) th,, "•-'(I C'hcimiitz totli(i!."i '-^■'•0 t'olo^ri,,, („ t|,„ _■ J-.o-, Bii'sdcn t(» tlu> •• TilH I>ii.s«cl(!<)if to tiio' >>'->'J ?;'^:;rlo^i;;:':":';'' -■'' ^'^•-;'' to-.ho:::.-:::;:;: 2,8, Si l;iiiiikf,.i|-on-tlio-M'aii.to tlio ;'''\' (..lUS^rou- t,) till) r.lli GcriiKiiiy to tilt) ... •'">ii (irciciv to tilt) ., ' 4^.'i nii(l(liM\>.li|.l(l to tilt) •'•''' Italy to till! II ;(:H Liverpool to tilt) '''-•'' J.oikIoii to tlip -iUi ^'"Uili'iliaiii to il'io'".."! •'*■" Jiiis.sia to flio :f'J7 .Slii'C/ifld totht) .'.'. 717,718 Ti,o„ • ^"''iii'iiiiiKl to thij!.".'.'.' •'■-'' I'fni, «,„ .wagosin CO,; Ltah, wages m .;.;;;;; 7.-i7-7!).-. Vciiico, ootulilion of the woiI;i„. dassrs i^' jHdai Mi,.ii;.i:\:;,"^^^^ '■■-■^^^^^0^,^^ VugtuKt, esp,..„,lilnr,.,s of wotluiifn's familiVs'ln 7:io piiofsol piovLsioii.s ill 817 ^^'"si'siu ;; soo '•50-748,752,753,704 Wade, John ^^' Wiitts'stcam-eugiuo". *.'."■ ■■_"_■_" M3 18U !%«».*-.i^ Koa INDEX. '4 !l>. • I li'.n* M!>-I7r> ;i'.'f( aro K» 'i\> 7Xy,-!M f.'.t.VOd.-., 7r.-.', Tf)!! 04 1-tiir, •;:.•.', t;7:i t!(ii-i;(i;{ (iti7 ti.r. (Mil fi(!(i 7(i3-7Uct hi* -IM, [\yi, t-C, 4H7 4a:., .110, ii!), .ir.i, jr.:., .inc., .i.v.i, .kii, 107, m;^, w\ ., , ,„ ,, i(,..|n wi-.vja r.ii,r.i'i r.iii \VllK"')a ■' ' •'>,„. Iif nf \^' '•«'«. .. '>-(liu:(ii)lls ill llMIll l.i.n, I,, . 'Ill Iirimpcciivt) (U-. Ilim III j.inrlinsiiijf-IM.wcr 111' Ill llif lilui mil n.iitiiiy nitis lit; ill till! I'liltiil'Kiiimloiii ill AlVic'ii, Aii?«liiii .'.' Jlflj;illlll \ Aiifwi KlIINNI ,Jiiiii"t I-ii'Kt' iSciaiiij; Di'iiiiiiiili j;illl.llll lllllllT tilt) I'l'lUllll HJStCIII I'llllllH , Paris. OtTIIIIIIIV . Aix^l li.'iiiii Itiir n uiid Ell.oift'iil I'llloyilK DliHscl^ldir .'.'.' >'h Stct'l Works . riiiiik!(iit-i.ii-tli Wiirtciiibcrtj ... Oi'occn II. .Hand Aiiistcid'iiii IJ!) 7-^:, r.:!(i r.ai-,ja4 .";!!i r.a7 a.^,a-a5i 'jr.7-y7l, ;<-,.-,,;(.-,(; (.'•.7, a.-.H ^''■'■■'^'OW .,,51 •j-,.._..r,l L.itii .7-,.'.;-- : ■' Silesia, ((Jeniiaiiy) '.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'. S'.vcdeii... ' Switzerland '..'.'.'....'.'..'. Appenzelt '.'.'..'....'.'.'. HeriK" '_ Geneva St. Gall "^VJ."."^/"". "J^.^".V""""."^ Villa is Zlll el, ^.lim""[l'.[[[[[[[.[ ITidted I.; ;:(l(.iii ''?!', i'!),"ia'5,"l41,ii^,'l",-.lV'i4'J .... 4'.)i)-.i'.ir (i7(!-(l-<|,(i6:j .... (i(K-i-(!1.-> (il- (;i7 ... (iii-r.Ki ... cKi.tiir ... (;ii;»,(iii) ai(),aii,a()7 ^'"iir-^e,. :{ •--.'^iMiDiia^uiliij'iioit;:! r.ii'ii i'li;'- liradl'.?-! ... (;ai'dii; . .. ])eptr(>l!•.' 7:i:>,7:iii r.u.vtio:., 7.v.»,7ri:i (ili-tii7,(ir)-,',(i7.i ti(ii-'i(i;i , (ill? (in,-i ,ltil,.|(,7, .|(;h,.17:I 4'J7-:m 517, r.^, Wl-w:! r>u,r.iv' r.i!» r)ir),riifi,r,i7 rw r)4-i, .->!:( M:t-r>.w (l:l-j-();w 7(l!»,71() 711-7lt 7l;! o.w-o:!,-. :..! f>'») 7-^:, r):;(» r,:n--M :,:',[) ■ r.;i7 ;!,-.;?-:i5-, ...'jr)7-y7i, ;(."..'>,:).■« ;ir,7,:i.'M ','(il,:i.vj-:r.j 't\i)i'}, ii57, o.'!"* UMI-l'.C (>7C>-(;-i7 (ii i-oit; ciD.tiir (;(i;t,{iii( )'.t,a4-J,:'.i(),:ii.|,;!i;7 ii, 14l,n,y, l.v.i,:i.y :!is :m-:iu-i :!io ;i(M)-:{(ir :!ll -jiH aO(),'J!t7 :!l^ :i;(S M-i H34-:!:i7 :uc '^-\.i Witlivt ill Mm t'iiif..(l Kingdom— '*'*• K;:r.n:i;;:;:::;:::::::::::: jno.™ iN'irtl ilici'liiiiil ';„ NiiltiirKlium "■'-' Sliiiii,.|il "'] ;'';^ HV\;|I1HIII n.^.^ w..iv.,i,«„n„o,i :. ■::::::: ^'"^:;''^, Tr.liMMl ='-' \\„i„„ :t.v,> \ •,:, , n I si;,;;.; ''''•""• i:'^- •'«». »■•«. i'-'j. '^!':'. :«i.! pai.i i|nmtMi.vr,.,(ciH;*^;;;A:u.'if,{)()r:;:::: ivJl^l:^] fMli!;ilrMltMni|.iini,l,.,M..„tlUt.toiu.«.. ....... mT/' H T"'- MiiNt-lniiiMci's .iK',-IM,7..-,|-i iM'll.TllluUiii;,' 84«-y,jO 1 U-llillllili;; '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '■*'!!'' li'"'( mill nI iiiiiliiinr '...'."!.'.""! ** ,1-1 fj} I'liiiil mill lii.Miiit nmkiii|,f. ..'.'".*.."'"..'.'." f,''! llllWI'lilN '^'>' brick-iMiikiii.r .' if''J, ••.'75 liinsii-iiiiiUiiiK .".'.' awj-::i;t liilililiii>;li;i,|i.s .' •••, .,.- -}}\ CMliln.-riMMkii,;; !•.'•-', tr,0,-.'7(i •M.pi-t-Miiiis..r ;.;.■;."!!.■"■..■.■ ^^''''^ <'iiiri!i;,'i'iiiiilvinn ■> (V '-'i' fiiiliitlf;c-iiiiikiinr "■ ., .1 ••lii'lriiciil-woiku ,,, '■-''''' iM.r 'M,'r,\ ciiith-iln.Nsiii.r.. -'I* Clotll-fiictnlifs .'.■.■.■.■; '^"' (•ii)tiiiiif;-(iicii)iii.N 1!."!!.".".'".!'..'!.'" "'"'I,'-'.^, iiiiirh-liiilliliri;; "1. !!!"'. n-n 'i'' <'"i.i-i.i.s.^. ::;::::;;;;:;::::;;:::;:; au..,:juo,:!o7,:i(i!» riiiipiT- 111 ills HJ'.',J^ilir> ii'itiiii-iiiiiis .'ii'r.M- '.i.'m ".■•;■. ,.,-!:''■* niiiiii^iwmv' !';!!!!!!;]" ".;;;;;;;; ^ll»-J^l tMl;iilUC|illj; .'.'.'..'.*.".'.' ,,.- ,;'*'' «'ii\i>l(i|ii..Miiikiiijj ■■.........'.'...'... •■..i-«,:il7 oxiiif,s-(-(iiiii]imii(s '•''■' tilcloi V-lllhiil' ... '^'''l liiix-in'ilU ^, '•■'■' fmiiiiii.H ;.;;•;•• *''•'''''■'' uliWM-niiikiiiir '•*'> II':!. 1«i->,i'71 ^i"w..,ni.ki,;i :::::;:;:::::::::;::: «.)(., tirM-(^57 Jill rd Will (■ 2'!'! liidiii-riililicr ructoiii's .] "'.'1,' irfrtikinv ■-■•-":::"^'o:jo4,-^if:^2i:5;f,-7;;.,7oj;;i; iii.rcidaiii '!' '.'.'.[" [Wl" y->.>, i<;i:!, rai iniiiliiii' cliiili „.,. '{i-^ I>MIII|MH-(lllil(. .T, ,'." srilllii'li's ^''i ''}^ srvvaiits' .'.'.'.'.....'.'.'.'. ^'}r Hliip-liiiililiiiir .'.'..'. ?,■.'■'' silk-lii;nilll;iL'tUlv .'.'.'"..'.".'.".',' rn,\ n, , !.','i HtlMd-Wdlks V,:r'L.'l''.i'i''' niiilin'lla-iiiakinfr V.V.\^'.".[\ ^.^ ..•><., ,0;., mhI iipliolstiTy /j,"' Wiilili-iiiiikim; 1] „„. r., wirt'-woikiiij,' 00/, (.(I? ^;:;S"ml ns •.; -'"• -''• ^«-^ ^liv^i-, .f i, 5fo;595:5%:6n:m5, 752, r^ of MiickMunths :*,J9 biifk-layiTs ".!!.".!!.....". ii!"- caipt'iiters "•ii-j -oo >•">'- cooiiera '.".!!".'. .u.i, o^,?, ^,!.) 864 INDEX. 7;>5 r.iKr. Wages of dianiond-cntlcrs 71) tlicNs-iiiiikcrH '....'.'. i>:,'', faiia-laboifis 8t), 'J9, i;S8, 139, 140,' 103," 105," 'sM, :)«)", 'MAi, lun, }m, r.68, til)! i. 1)38,081,704,707,7:!.-) • Jaborei-s, (common) 7;if, niacliiiii.sls //\ ~J-^ iiiasoiiH aud brick-laj era '...'.'. 5^3 735 "';''^'^'"'iL'3 -".":ili,"338,"f)i9,"(;6!),038;7(M ""ui'is ^95,^99,300,307,301) pUintlTS 7;j-, plastcitiis ...' "".'!."."..'!".".!".]!!! 7:;r, slioeiiiakcrs '_ 70"- stoiio-cutttrs '.'...'..'.'.'.', 'i-ir, tailors '] taiURTH [ tiiiHiiiitlis " wliL't'lwrijflits '.....'.'.'.'.'.'. 7;;5 window-jrlass makers Ori-)-(l-7 WaU3r,J()ljn,M. P ."".!."!!".."!". \m Weaver, J. li.. United States coiisnl at Antwerp Offl-oil-i Webster, C. 15., United St.ates consul at .Slietlield 35iO 399 4(H Webster, W. P., United States eonsnl-seneral at Frankfort 'r>4-.V'>77 West Virginia, expenilitnres of worknieu's families in H17 prices of provisions in 71)9 w. •. *, c- "^'"^^'V" 739-747, 7:,'}, 753, 7iu Whitwortli, Sir Joseph xi-^ 431 43-J exhibitions 4,!i Wholesale prices of grain in England and Wales !!"..".".'.!! 377 Williams, Walter, letter from ;;oii ijci; statement of " ' !;>ii3 Wisconsin, expenditures of workmen's families in 815 prices of provisions in f-o.-, ,.. , , wages in ....739^"7"47",75-i, 7.53, 703 Wolverhampton 3>5, 443, 445, 404,407,473, 475, 479, 57'2 ."91. 005, 0-.iO, 0^1, G22, 0-23, 0^4, 073, 092, 70(), 707, 708 dwellings of 574, (i85 expenditures of 162-105, 387, 388, 444, 401 , 403, 4(;5, 407, 504, 500, (i47, 7 14,715, 735, 7:'>0 families of 048,049,050,051,052 homes of .jih^ (J-(J towns of 42(i, 575 Work performed, relative amount of 3{)8 Workwomen, condition of, in Germany 573 Worsted trade in England, annual value of 339 Wyondug, expenditures of workmen's families in t^]'.) prices of provisions in H09 Y. Yorksbirn wages paid in 291, 309, 325,, ^33, 342 Youtig, Arthur, on rents in England in tho 18th century 146 Pas'"- rii MM ,')'.), ;ui6,:i(;7, 50(1, 068, tio'.i, (iW.Cdl, 704, 7o;, -;!.-> 7:!r. ----. «... 7o.'» cm.-x, ui,3:?8,5l9,(;o!),();iH,7(): ....2t»5,:^91>,:i00,:jU7,:!(iii 7:i:. *;;.") 7:!.") - 7ori 7;i.'> 7:!.') • 71") 7)'") f),-r)-(i:,7 ;)!)■> r)r)0-(!r,-i 3^(),:S1)!).4(H :>i->,:u7 (-17 7illt ....7:J9-747,7.Vi,7r>;?,7(;4 :i:K,4;ii,4;w 4.!l H77 ;)09,:i(;(> , li!';! ^^\r, HI.-. ...7;!a^747,7W,7r,:!,7(i:! 'M-^. AS.i 47;{,474,r>7:! :i;;:! I^J i7,47;i,475,471.l,ri7->,r)'.>l. ^il,C7a,<)9-^, 7()(),71JT,7(I8 r)74, li.-ir) 14, 4CU,4li:!, 4(;r., 4(;7,r)(i4, lit), (147,714, 7 ir),7.i"),7:U) ...048, (J4, (■)-'(! 4'.i(),r.75 :i(i-f r.7:i :i;!;> f^li) 809 ...291,309,325,3.33,342 MG