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Showthrough/ ransparence Quality of print var:js/ Qualite inegale de I'impression □ Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue □ Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de Ten-tfite provient: □ Title page of issue/ Pac Page de litre de la livraison u% Caption of issue/ tre de depart de la livraison D Masthead/ Generique (periodiques) de la livrasson 10X 14 X lix 2?5f :§x jo s J 12X 16X 20X 24 X 28 X 32 X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: lu'il cet de vue le ition jes Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Library Dalhousie University The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. 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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 32 X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 TO P|U#AaC IN A SEASON 09 POLITICM. D^ilSfGER ; SUGGEJStED ]JV REFLECTIONS ON THE JfOhlCtA^D DESIGNS OK THE (ip\e\*mueittt ot the, ^nitt 4 States, TOVfAKk||| I Oiceat*Bicita\n aiiATifcT AmtvVcaiitjQloules . ALSO, t . , OF'SOME OF T H K PRINCIPAL" ADVANTAGES I'GSSES^;':!} BYTHE Piotince of Nova- Scotia. WITH AN INQUIRY IMTO THE CAUSES WHICH HAVE HITHERTO ** » ^\ ItETAiiDED ITS PROSPERITY ; OBOERVATfONS IIP(?N THE MEANS WHK H CAN MOST EFFEC- TUALLY BE EMPLOYED, FOR ITS AD- VAN(3EMEN l" TO A WEALTHY AND FLOURISHING CONDITION. x • ■■t; '.|t; \i /*, f . BY A NATIVE Ol I UE I'ROVINCE. Aut'! ^ ^•/,^, ^,'>y HALIFAX, N.S. I-UINTEDDY A. H, HOLLAND, lOR THE AUTHOU. 1819. ^. f (35 --f^.^J/fe^ ^y ^ i Ml i tia "*""*' '■*''- "ii>fl ji - • ; -I w..>j I.MKODUCTfON, prosper, of its f,,„,/'4'^^^^;'°"Jj and to the i.lipes ana honest a„d ,vell mea,,t cxa^iS' ^' 'r'"'-';;"''^ J"s'ify any that prospcri.y must chirPy ZS I '"'';'""'' "" ^'''icf ployed for in.pn.vu.; o s i^Th "^ '''« ""^-^n^ to be em! conclude, that it is altojte ,nr ' ' '""'^ ""^y ^^ ^eady to fHrther, either by way oTw .""'T- '"^ «° »«■" any thig should now be left r,Jictry Jo 'nnl' ^''"''^"'^"°n» but that wf t'on already before u ^ ^P'''^ '° P'"''«^"<^'^> the informal -«.-e.s of the'count ;r;' hT^i's l^h ^^ '"I!^^ ""^ '"''^"^e". <>'eof benefui.l an, las nV J.r ? ' u°^"^ will be produc Jhat llu-re are .till s.ve al i ^.^'^ 1' ""^^ '' "'i'» he' found, '""mutely connected, whi^h , on l) 1 , ''''i' ""•• w«I'"re i, ••''Iv.-...re it, have clos Hy o fj ^' • ''T '"'^" 'abouring t« «"<• principal causes wlXrhSiXTt'"''' = "1 *'"^* '"'"'' "^ |«dvance„,,nt of ,ho colony jl'n^ T"'"'^ '" '''''^'-d the l^rts of puMi, ,,„,,^,^_ There ar,/"' "'" """^' '^' ^"f" "houh powerfully incite u to di " "' T,"^ """'^^'' ^''i'^h -'-h >. ave not y.\ been P^-ll^d '^S::,^:!;^^: ""''-' il! % .1 f iv INTRODUCTION. ,o o-nliibitetl without any re- THOSE causes atid motiTOS are cxn .^ ^^^^ ^^ confessed that very ^'''^''JffXh arc introduced are d.scuss- cbser.ed, but all *^^^"^"^'; 1 ^pd plainness which it .s con- ed and examined with »/^«;^,^^ '"";„, J ,e„ders perfectly ju'ti- ceived their hif-h i»P«"»^"" ' j' " i ^t should be conc.Mved fiable but i^disP^""**' V '^"'J.-cularly those which respect the that some of the '^7'\^' j;;^^!^ "S arc harsh or sovere, prevailing h^^itsand mannc.s an^o' g , ^^^^.^^ ^^ let it be considered by l^jf/^^^^ ,,« fust. It is (lu.U- as tlon or displeasure,-«hether they ^ ^^^^^.^^^ , ,„i and unworthy of him who P-J';^^ ^^^ onccal any part of the impartial examinat.on, ova nsh ^^^ desires .mprove- truth which relates to .t, "J V; '^^J V.s faults, or to seek to d.s- ment, to be averse from »|^an ? °J J^^^^^^ , ,;„„u, and .s too guise them. Although, .ts too com ^^^ ^^^^^ .^ ^„ , frequently adhered ^^Jl'^lJ^e found, that importnnt St?irArm^ro\rct^;i^.nen, can be concealed w.h propriety or advantage. IT is matter of curious «''^«;;'''^;?;;' ^^^^ of their'errors» feelings, on dilierent occasions, men ^.^^^^^ ^.^^ ,,^^, , theirfoir.es, or vices. They, who ^^ ^j,^„, ,„ „ ^ est paticnc« and complacency, *«*'';. moralist, when treat- iefr apsravationsby the preacher ojem^ ^^ ^^^^ cd of with relation to 1^, f"'":^.7/i„,,e.t displeasure, or per- ciples of moral duty, will f^^^'J^S P .^^,,,i,,gupoa haps indignation, at l^^yr^VjjeTXav ours' for the improve- no itical affairs, or the.r views a" I euG j ^^^ j^tter case, £,t of their temporal -rcumst "<■ • i ^ ^^^^^ . ^^ ^^.^j,, E worldly wisdom is 'i^f^^'J^'^.My ,nost highly esteem. *they are mo't tenncious,and «" 8^"^;^ ^^f temporising, a'U It Jill, ho«"^'^ ^^ ^""." ' III and vices, is often no less ALTIIOUOn, in tUc t.Uo.i.g fH«, • """' "' "''" 1^ t a V L f( f ■i^'^^-tS**-^^ ■ )ut any rc- , it must be ; is therein ire (Viscu^s- rhitiscon- fectly ju't'- ; conroWeo, respect the ^ or Hovere, gs of trrita- t is quHo as ■ct a f"H and part of the ires improve- } seek lodis- k, and is too th is !'"* "'"^ hat important nceaied w't^ what diff'^T""* »f their t;rrors, 7ith the gftnl- f them in «lk ,st, when tr(.>at- :e, or the prm- pasure, or per- as bearing upon [or the improve- the latter case, tied; of which, jt highly esteem, emporising, «>"> is often no l<-'«s vantage, than m mdor, archigl- ed and observed. 1^ INTRODUCTION. ;■ .1.1 .ro„ „„r .(s™'.;l ' "i ,,e™;'' •!« •"■: bly,be re y^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^_ l"uf be condemned and rejected by «o^ ' f !,„/,,„eral minds, regardedbyoihers and by '^J*-^ ^« -l^^e approba- mavbe received with indulgeme anu la ^^^^ ^^^_ S of but one of the ^'\n^^' '"S 3" *^ -^"'" '''' ''''''' Hideratiou, will enable 1'"*. ^^ ^ „ p-J"'^'^'--'^- "'^ " T or the resentments of rt;i^^*cian or criticwouldprescr.be. but witfv rablc ob-- he (liffer- ; feelings, of Ihtiin »9 I number, i\ aiitl (lis- ral miiHls, approba- Bther con- tlie fUTils, He is sa- mcans de- nay at first at the time :, will trca-- 1(1 guidauct) INTUODl.CTION. VJl >vill be sulEaently obvious Z7nl "'1?^ "''"^ «' v^h cK •" cnJer to tiR. remark, cf ec^h i'^' '"""'^^'l " ""' '"''^e'sary, tnowu. Let i, sc/Iice to sa bV aff''' "*"'. '"'^ '''"'"'d ^e ;"'on of an „,,i,.io„, that tbcv'i.a*. I ^ «f 'estraiuiog the fonn- been brought u,, within tfi' ul ' "'f'"-''? T.' ''"''"'"d »»• he most indissoluble and po^v Zl [u ■' ''''^ '"*''')' "'" of .'"(.M-eMcd in i„ prosperity' ami !nli"P'°°' ^^''^ ^^ deeply •t,-an.i lastly, o„e wl o^il ' f,' h^m^ k'V''^"^ '» P^«»'«t« eguUabk.goveVnmont undJ M^. «' ^ched ,o the mild and tobei.Ucvd; and who H„uld L ' h"'"'' '''''" ^appines. --.butebisutmo...dr;its-;;:,s:^r" 1 at they bare the midst of tances, may or flefects in orm in whicli calculated to 1 ui'der that, ^vith all the uld prescribe. '4 ^■i 1,1 bo a? ^ain ifter any thing inner in which too decidedly iluy are deli'- ppct liny other, ■ truth and cot- ■ -***i*P!(*wtelM8(w;,> /'' H f \ '■■ ^ i. A PATRIOTIC CALL, &c. or Minded l.y Ins "asTion7 w^n h '^^ ^ ki.d of loss or\.ftnci:r H; pursSh.?^"'"?'"^'^'^ ''"^ proper course of conduct wmlZtT^ » vicious or im- it is the part ofa Irn y wiCmaS 1 3 ^o abandon it ; but rv in.por'ant ster; lie is atouHo' " '^^I'^^f^t^ "PO" eve- see dan^fer likely' ,o arise to stri *f ^' '^''^l-^v^r he can to secure his happiness and safelj!' '"'^ " '''"^"'^* «» ^;rh';:i=t^jL:;^'^;»^ corrupted,will lead t, e^to alter ''r'"*^^ ?'^ '"''""/ Instances may even be produced? 7 '^^"'■'" *^"''* P°''«=y- alteration of noli(icym« " ' "^ '^"""tries throLh an ver.o of ruin to the cre'teT'' '""'"'? '"'"'" *'>« ^er^ P.V when the ch;„,el.,Sp,Ld' X^'^TI ^' '^ '''^' however, who are truly enii °l,t?l^ n .^'"'''^ ^^^^te^ «eeand to jruard a.^aiiKSr^"^'^,' "'•'.' ''"^« *« ^^^-e- J.v be employed in . l.nr ' V'"'^ "''•* "•«••« frequent, vance their' p^'e^^'i"//"^ P^^J"?. plans, L ad- «nH safety, th'in ir&in. bT^cL ''''•" •"'''P"'^«"'=« -" "ges. ".«ung ureaches, or repairing mig. •arriages. '■■%« ^K^': .-a*-*^"** 0' nes8 of their members, it ^^ ;'^^^ t^warib the accompl«sh- Jo contribute M •" ^« ^P.^^J,, ^u.nity to which he he- raentof thisobiect, '"/"^.*'' n- jiuvticvtladv impobeil Est but the "bl.S^t.ou >■ .^orc^ V ._^._^^, ^^,,h,„, y, S those, who ««7;y^ ' rwellare ot their country aSd to whose «"'»••'''""" .^Uunon these to show by tho.r LconUded- lti« i<''r"l"'''^"/ "Ko.e.ituation., they are conduct, that i'^ «t''V"^ han the de.ire ot grat.ty.ug actuated by other n^«\'^«;' *'^J'; e fectiuir any arbUravy : weak an a V^'^\^r^^^iZ^.u^ ^r^^'T':^ or selfish de^igu. ^^'J t'""^' ity with relation to pull-c subsist amon- men oti.aegrny y,nuxu\^, are .lib Xirs whencontined «'*'"" P'jand .Would never be tru" generally P-^^A'^.e^fng arguard. u,,on each wholTy suppres>^e"d 1 ocPi- b'en esteemed a good The love of country ';;^^ ^J ,:,,, r.und associated and valuable P«i«cipli"- '^^.^ j , ^^^- ^,, . ,,„„„,„ Ju-art, ^,th the best feelings '^"Z '^^ ^^^f ;'^\„e, and is that «ia.U ti\^e dill^rent ^'^^^^ :^r ^laraclers in all ages and 1- .>;rvMur to humanity, the Of this feeling, ?» ^^;[:;,7,; ^.odern ti.neH been n,ust extensive FtrdThe hii«t clai-H to the pr-e ..„{f tiv those who naa mt "b neople w"o iia^t- '^p ,.'i.in« it, and in P- -' \^ , eMfleal. acqu-inted ;;jwn by their "^t-on., hat tM^^^^^j^^,^^^^, u.urpation- witUita genuine luflutnce. * i !♦! happi- . dividual, :oiiiplisli- :Uhe be- ^ imposeil i»Mlh<»rity, ir country ,w by tin ir P,they are gratityiug • aibitiary (ions which 1 to pubV.c ti, are it »8 Id never be iniun each lid the pro- eJom oHho done that is \i refors eve- ,e be t inter- itilulschinit'S ioii ol" VI chay- tv. c -iisij^ts in ,i •■•ulir.uV'": verity »<^»i>«»" tecaieJ a R«>(i(I iMul associated i>luim"n heart, 1 i^ Ihat iiu.iiiiy m uU ages aad , humanity, ll>e leni tir.u'8 been i,„H to the praise people who tuive 'loa^'t ni'qu->'»*^'" iles!iUrfurpalio»»« ^o;^tn^:Z':fT'^y '^-o-ml.that in them incHtnl p . ? «f.countrj, was nothing else than an n.^.ti. hie lu.t otdon.m.on and power, and ofenricliin" ^ oiltT^tlL'"" T" ""^" ^^'^'' ^'- plunder and'' Jf oration to V^^^^^^^^!::^^.:^^^^^ ners, a.id uill al.,'-., fro,„ tresspassing on tlieir rights. would pi'r^iHo;;;':''' ^? r^P^^^^'^ tl.attl,ispnnciple "•av Ih^ fou.,rl uno, iimnirv .^il V ' '''' contrary, it of human n ,t,i,L I. '. r^' f""^^ ""^ ^''^- 'nconsistencies vai in" n ; ;:' l' ^ ^'"' ^^'^ '"'"'^ forcible and pre. «ess u Kiperior !™ '"'H^ ''ous or eminent, n.u«t pos- "ptrior (!,.groo of inlrepidity, wisdom, and forli. a ..,.,,1 r..' 'l.e I" :-,7," ,,;„rt,<-.l i" Ihc V»»'>„.„f ,„„se Md. '"■•■,""■ "S,«« ,..,.nn-0(l liv " "f;',,j„,,, „„a .105- troy its bouJs. vidn.,1 i- <"«'"=;'t X ,»>.■ I." "■""'■"'■■LM .1, 1 «.h1 t he other lie mus*^ ill acol- (be coiin- r\ov qual- )r(ls a pri- , ciiori' lu-a tare, often hmentstlio adwr^^H to . all anxi«- ,a\ iiUoit'st. svh'uli those vajeriioss to r. nearlv au otuM.. "'n.G Itry schemes i,J with those ion ol'p'ihlic ,lu>in l'^'' P'^f ,„^it.n.-iHh- ni-t, oi' a com- itrv beiiiiiie to i-sion, luui thus, ,.,., Hoo.forthe ofsocii'tv, '^f*' calicn ana ih'«- •raUv in '^ V'^''\ tluMiiitorcaml ,vl.ich th.; in> ,ostelesuterl.n. -eldoni be lo«uu» t 0^ that .hev vvhoaSl ^'^ :;;"°' ^'^--P-N expansion or ,ni„d to;;;;.i; ' (^ICiH ^1'"^ "^'-^ love lr'^::;.';v::;7;;;:';:!i !-v^« -duced to .,.,,., , citizens, from cAn " '; Jho; s of I !' ^"l'*^ ^'""''■'' '''"""'V that tl,e..o„d.t r-eoMe Iv ,o (^ ^'-.^^ h^ sln^^vn to be c.n.is,e,. in tHr!^,,!;;:!-?).,; ;^' -;"" -ish ine under H use and Jiannv bvc»o ^^ i''ey«t)o are doubtless i.^^no'ed „ L^ 7' " r*"""'' '" ''"''".• vantages, anc' i„ <>,,!erl, ecn.•P?^'^ "'"'"'^^ "'l' •"a.V ni.h jjreat »r.ul..„ce\nd «.'^""*'""anre oftl.e.n, -orifices orten^u,..:;;'^i:4lS;?';,S;: '"^'^ ^^'"^ Under ti.nticL.itn on f, onl ' t! T '^.""^♦'tuti ,»; cal.i.^h.Hofindivi' ''"« ''^■^«- I'rotection. VVI.i « o. r' ' ''.'T ''"^'errntf rare and »>liiio our fellow subjects of I be United 1 \ '^.15 I "5W Kingdom, wereeiKUirinir the heaviest taxes and I'lirthens m support of a strug-le Cor their very existence as a free niitl independent people, this Province wa^ not called upon to make any sacrifice or contriliuiicn whatever for their assi^lance. The oilicers of provernnent here, were still paid and supported as thev had ever before been.our cuHst and commerce were Ciireriilly ijiiarded, and the ex- tensive establi-^hmen!^ kept up for our protection, instead of beinar at all burdensome, j. really contributed to our wealth and prosperity. To all our representations and requests, the most ready has ever been paid, and regula- tions have been from lime to time esfriblished, and re- strictions removed, for tiie purpose of vielding us advan- tages in commercial and olher respects. Here, a free- dom and toleration in reli'-ioiis matters, (he free and un- restrained pursuit of difTereiit occupations and employ- nients, and many other privilesjes are enjt8 before remained on ihe siil,ject. At the wvy commencement of (hat war. It was openly avowed, and the immediate fuul c )i.iiniied e\erti,>ns of that t^ovctiimeni, were em- ployed (oeilvct it. .\Uh.,unh foilel in the attempts (hen II aMe, i(^ (U sicn ct n'inues the Mime, and many of its re- frnt coiiiuieiviui i. iinlatioU'-, are evidently intended so to weaken these Clonies and retard (heir prosperity that on some future favoribk, omuion, they may becoiuj u more easy prey . In this purnuit, it appear? to be urged forward, not probable, thatareu^aiii .fen o 'thP nE'"''^ j"'^^'^^' vocalions committed and ;eceive''-- and devotedness, this ascSCv ff" '"^^'/^ *'''**'*'^J' been complete!; attaine'ra." ^Itt , 'J ^r'Zt"' charged with arrogance in its exeS/r^ «.„ '»««>«" be doubted, ifit would beulli'l7Z''lC^ "^•'^ ««'r>7 equal magnanimity and reo,.' ?i TSice %C;'' Vli^ superiority ««s she enabitTd in the Zit; nf » f'***''' secute herco,. -M.-rte to the rem, 1 ♦ ■ *^'^'*'""' *" P"*"- and to make it ev ,? hen the ml S'^''""^''f»^•*'K^«be, ce.sfuJ: and what o.mhtatonce to JlSn"'''n "^ ''"'' «"«• through th.H was sheSnaC to ^in^e^ l' ;^»"-«?*'=K troops to assist in the overthrow nf.?!.^ " "ivincibU tion, and in restoring tl e riJht, «. ^ 7""^ ?"'' "«"^Pa- J>res8edand subjugated natiS.^ "'"^ •"dep.ndenco ofoV •».— i.,.,^, ' ..-l l ".j niercial pursuits OatnlZ^ fl'Mnence in com- ^fluence^ncT c::;:;!S:ShSh^'; ,:'^,r"^^ ^''^ «^^^ ^'ve prosecution has realiz.v h 'ev " !^,,, ^''' tf?" desired n the lii«tn- v ..t .. . ""^vexci, wlwu is not to be 'Jaily Plun^ inV : U?/ ^he nation wa. luxury amlrm.l,) '^'^"''"'^'viduuls were roIlin«- in and;i!,y;,ifieenc''^^^ '^'"' their weallS United S a "s'^nr^thH ";'/'""' "'" f'^^P'^ ^^ 'he Dart of the L„ o t^ I '^-^ /'"'"^ "'^ "'« Northern •eriprocal assistance and .Zll^M r^'''''' °'^''« a JVavy atrbrd tl.ov l,...« ^.' V . ^" Commerce and bo(h,h„,7 1\ ,?rW^ton/ r'^'^" very attentive to late \yar iinyi:y^;;;,!^i:;^,t s^;;:;:::^ t'u ''T''^ the e;e„tof\n,,v future contest u'^^^^^^^^^ out a n.rmi,|;,|,le Naiy to nrntn, .1^ /.'''"'"»" ''''• same (ate .n.-l I;"!;.!! uhi?-h i ,. "' ^."«"'"'erce, the <''n l.au' I.e. . , h, d o '^" «^P^''^""<^-d- "ence "?p.haye reccn.ly'r^ilil e' t^^Ze ^inl.:?^''""^ 1 ho.r late commercial regulations Ln I .«, ^''f. *"'""'^'- pointed to this ohiect Ijv 1^' in . " * eslrictions are -. .csources ^r the ^^^^^^ ::;:^s:;::::zTz: re.ulltoS.;thtn^•^t^'''^;'^'""^^^•"^''-" ti'Kt'sthe United S.iL ' /*'■'• '""''' ""''theadva. Id aii- their From the fisheries on the coasts and ^h, lore^ of some fchieflj' supplied with an article of extensive and almost indispensable use there, and also with lumber of various descriptions, together with a variety of other articles the most e-isential to their prosperitjr. Deprived of these sources of supply-, and Great-Britain being unable from nny other quarter of her own, to furnish to a sufficient extent, the commodities they require, which were fur- nished from hence, the most distressing and mischievous effects would there be quickly experienced. A resort elsewhere would of necessity be required, to procure that supply which would then become precarious and uncer- tain; and thus, one of the principal sources of the wealth and power of the British Empire would be greatly redu- ced, even if those possessions could with difficulty be re- tained. The loss of these Colonies would also be se- verely felt, as respects the trade and intercourse which js carried on between them and the different parts of the Empire itself. They afford an extensive market for a ffieat variety of manufactures, the produce of its indus- try, for those commodities which are drawn from its o- ther possessions, and for many which are the returns of Its foreijrn commercial intercourse. This to a country dependini; so greatly upon Commerce and Manufactures, and whose population is so extensive and a great portion ot It with difficulty supported, is of the most vital im- portance. from theseCoIonies also Great Britain is supplied with a number of articles of their growth and produce, parti- fcularly with timber, in the conveyance of which such a very great number of British Vessels aro annually era- ployed. The interest of the owners of these, who form so numerous and important a class of persons, would be deeply atlecfed, and many of them indeed would be total- ly ruined, by the loss of the extensive carriage they now possess between theseColonies and the ditferent pirts of the Lmpire, and between them and other places. As IVewtoundland is iu a great measura dependent upon / 10 thete otherColonies, for maiiv articlpw nf *i.« a . ^iiy there, if cut off from iheZu'ct^^^^^^^^^^^ possession which affords such an extenTivJ i« ' ^^^i trarfe, would quickly go to de U JiveS if If ""T, u^ retained, it would sJafcel, .yield^in X to reU.? 'r^? the difficulty and expellee of the support it th^i .1 require. Such are some of the mosUmnortnnt • "^^ •''' which would result to Great'odtat Zm U. ZrVf these Colonies, and it would be easy to enumerL 1. °^ others, which would operate to reduce her nava n^^^ and deepl;- to wound h'er in man/othrr respects! ^""'' In greater proportion even than these would be felt by Great-Bntain, would be the advantages the Ilml! S a es«.ould derive from their possessioY o„ no ^IJ ot the coasts of that countrv nVv. tI.«rJ i "opart and excellent fish.n, ^rZl^ aTlin "g oaTt^t " "flh^^ hores of these Colonies and the coast "of labrJorn . IS chiefly on account of these that the Unite ISh^JJ «o intent upon obtaining these ColontsS cur t heir possession, they would be enabled to carry on ,no e co^ which" '' ""•' •"" '''y^''''' «-^*«"^ those ?i hew"; «'hich tluy now ...osecute by an invasion of ri- lit InH consequently upua a more limited scale, fro n ^ ^ " prehension ol consequences, as well as under sev'LlS" r^?:;r;oSsi:enh^i;:^^:f^i/r ;l.e.sup,>ly of many articles the%Vow ha.; S^^^^^ heir present territory and of^hese c"ll ^'S. (..ea-Brituin would almost of necessity be obli.p?U„ Ll^avl UheT^nd^t'l""" '' ""' 'y "'«* '^Vn intrc^ot : nnt it. \ "'"'^ possessions, which they would ...«ci them iheir trade indeed in every direction wouM bo greatly ...creased, and they would hive h in tS n tant article offish bv the mL^ ''*'?.''' '''^ '"'P^'- would bestillmore-alllnTL^ • • •"'> •""'''"* ^^''^t wod.t.es which are the Produ 'e o?our wlf /I-'' '°"'- ?e,ss.on.s «nd which Houbtles^thev wo,.W hi"'';" P"'-* •n th( :r power to oMa.n f..^ Il " '"^" ''•'^ve it extent. ^ ° *"" ^'^^ thence to a verj- great The latter a." eindldT^T^, "'^^'P «"™« "^ '''^'n- in U.e cuitiva ion of h4o i°/ "^'"°'* indispensible use »o>7; where with U..r«fi •"«"3: parts of their ter.i- '■shingly pr odic ive Hh^L^'"'"'"'"^ '/ '' '"•^"'^^'^^ ««'«•- enfly, to make • vofth "he tm« ''"u ^'^ •^>''' '"'"'^'- declared bv farLrr in "^^^^ '^ ''«'' '"^eed been York that it i?nf' u '""'^ P"''*' °f '''e State of New- «ion„Vthei land "t'hat'thT '"'!?*"'"■•' inthecuhi::. the extent of twp.'fv J ''''"''' ^"^^ «ff«'-d to go to tl.e ports of tllrtslltr""^*^ P'' '^" '" '*'' P"'-^''^ *" would ha"f b^; "r', [;^;j^, -^-^^^ and persisted i„. th s Provi.ice thm „ • rl- ^""" ""^ prosper hy to others, tol^herwiJh»f.T. '",*^/ enforcement of tueatallt'imerh, o.rnn "'"'''f ^^/"' of public vir- in convevi r';^ °*''" P/?P'« "'^o were employed only teS to pir''"\"^ '^*'' •''« Americans, L a. serted by several, who are well acquainted 19 with the trade in this article which Ims been carried on to the American boundaries, and who havelont; been en- gaged in its prosecution, that the price obtained for it there, has very frequently been one which has fallen tar short of replacing its first cost, and the expense of its car- riage ; and that to many upon an average, for je» eral seasons together, it has been such, as scarcely to afford them even a precarious subsistence. When the places to which it has been carried, on, and the manner of its prosecution are corisidered nothing better could resona- bly be expected to ensue. Many of those who were em- plo^ied in conveying it to the boundaries, were persons who were not in circuuistance* to enable thein to wait, till they could obtain a good price for it, in case it hap- pened to be very low at the time of their arrival, or to deposit it there for that purpose and return ; but were under the necessity of disposing of it immediately to A- inerican agents, for whatever price they were willing to allow them, having frequently to pay seamen's wages and other expences of its carriage immediately out of (he re- turns of the sale, and having obtained it on credit, to pay the owner of the quarry the first cost of it on their return. It was not however on the sale of the article that they looked for a profit; but from the commodities which they were obliged to accept in exchange, and it was here the chief mischiefs were found. Many of these commo- dities were of the contraband description, and such great quantities of these were annually brought into the Pro- vince, through tile medium of this trade, that the |)iiblic revenues were constantly kept much lower by a large a- mount, than they otherwise would have been. Not only so, butthe conscientious and upright trader, who vended no articles but those on which the regular duties had been secured, was thereby seriously injured; and worse than all, this illicit traffic powerfully tended,as all of that (Icsfriplion invariably does, to corrupt and destroy, the wlriif moral system in thosewho were engaged in its pro- « ■•uiion, a;!:l to sever thoso ties ofallegiance and attach- 13 nient •wliicli are the main supports of the government of a country. With theexceptionoftheownersof thequarries,who might receive a temporary profit from the trade, scarcely any among us who were concerned in its prosecution could be said to be benefitted by it. On the contrary, we were draining our very vitals, to secure to the people of the United States those advantages of which we our- selves stood so greatly in need. To them indeed, very extensive profits resulted from the trade ; by the carriage of the article to the ports in their territory where it was disposed of for consumption ; and to the consumer, who procured an article so j;reatly required, at a lower price through that medium, than he could have obtained it at through any otiier. These remarks are meant to apply to the trade in this article which was carried on with the people of the United States, previous to the late war with that coun- try, and for some time after its conclusion. As the re- strictions however which were for some time upon it, no longer exist, and it is again wholly pursued through the same destructive and poisonous course, it is believed that the same observations will at present apply to it. To a person of the slightest reflection, it must sure- ly argue great political blindness, or an uncommon want of prudence and economy in a country ,which possesses an article so readily and cheaply prepared for market as the one of which we have been speaking, and for which there is an extensive demand in an adjoining country, to per- mit the trade in it to run constantly in that channel, ir^ which all the advantage is derived to the latter. It might here seem in some measure appropriate^ tQ I dingly be . -; if ul*^: S c e' vedlr"'' T"'- ance of the recent restrictiou. hnposid b'v theV"'"'""' government, rolaliva to a trade 7hhiheL C donr'"''" t/ie event of another war uiM. »• V ! Udonies ; or Ihe hostile diioli oT i. !^'" ^,?""!-V, (which from (J.eat.Britain^'^^T/;lXM iv^"/"""''^ ^'*'^>^ '""'"<'« place before loa ^ >i/ ej ,'J *^, J*, '"l'l>reI.onded will take if not wholly pu i sj'n *o M '"•"■"^'■•y """='' '•«^"«^«. ble traffic, ^/n end ^^o'r tl?h '"'''?'■'"'* ""P''^'''^- quent pages, to 'ha^ n T.. t ?"''^ '" '«'"« ^"h^*"" lent and pro™.,v°;rc«,d^;::; ;ii'.r'7''''';" '° '" "I"'- ". .'.''.■■'.fS."""' "^.onsidered a, „,aki„' :l.. ,,( jv, ,^^"^7.' il(>M '^' '-fe ; and on (he«e «e must ever in a g;eLtTea: If «ure depend, for the prosecution of our commercial pur- The number and excellence of the harboiira nftUi. Province, are ai.o to be considered arffreatlJ to llitl iT:iViTiir'''''r '^t'^'' *"« P-3?o„'onhe" on and l" [t ZIT^ ""^^^^ '" ^^ich tlie^ are carried it?n1 tra'^tVntrnrSe^S'' t^J ''% ten 'uarfe of i/''" '""^T"? ^'"^^ "^ ^oal in the eaf! valuable trJastl: "' ''■"'''"'^ *° '^^ ^°"^'''^^«d a mos. ri«e t'?«1^ »»tter will doubtless in course of time give Sent par's o^f'th'^P^ ^••" ''^ <=«"ied «« "ot onl^to^d f! S faP te1n „o1riflr;r' ""^''^'^'^^^ q""teV and Uv 'Vhl ".<*/"P'ng degree to advance our nrosner- . Jnm '"'''^'®' •' indeed almost the only oneSsh ofti: uSl !S ^-PP'-l ofwhichrShV'eopfe theui at nil! n.^^'' *'•''?"&»» the trade we pursue with al adv.nfl ';,\^°"*^«'^''^ t" be much for our eener- couUii^o of- ^'^^"Shsuch a portion of our ifbour Li-kin "nf»K..- ^^ sufiic.ent for a very extensive bo.Irinf ""f- ^'"^'' ^«* «"^'' «n increase of the la! bo.iringc ass it is trusted will be found before Ion/ and uch a reduction in the price of labour wiMtakeX^^^ sess every othersource of ad vantage we pos- n i 16 Our climate, it must surely be concedeJ is a very healthy one ; and although the season of vegetation i"s not ofvery long continuance, it will be found, that it \n superior m several respects, to that of a number of coun- tries, which through skill and industr)- have carried a"'- ricultural pursuits to tliegreatest perfection. Only the two essentials just mentioned are wanting, in order that the eame may be accomplished here. The scantiness of our crops which at times has been found, and indeed some of the total failures of them which have taken place, may very justly be attributed, as much, if not more, to the neglect of making a proper use of the earliest part of the season of vegetation, as ,o the shortness of its dura- tion, or any other cause. In many parts of the Province, the attention of one set of husbandmen has l)een so great- ly directed to other pursuits, during almost every part of the year, that they have neglected at the proper period, to place their grounds in that state of preparation,whirh would enable them to put in their seeds, as early as .skill and experience in their occupation would require. By reason of such neglect, they have often boen employed in makiiijj a hurried and defective preparation of the soil at a ti»ne vvlitii the seed should be in its bosom, or rising; above it. The consequence has frequently been, that an unkindly frost in the autumn has disappointed their hopes, and rendered all their labour^ unavailing, by des- troying in the course ofa very few hours nearly^all tho^-e fruits of their fields, which if their seeds had been sowed sufficiently early, would then have been secured from h^ power. Another class, through extreme uiiskillfulness in husbandry, have surt'ered their doubts and their fears about sowing their seed at too early a period, to cause a similar delay, whereby they have "been made to experi- ence a like unhappy result of their labours. In proof of what has here been advanced, may be mentioned, what is well known to have been often the case, that of farmers residing in the same settlement or neighbourhood, they who haying been skilled iu their occupation, and atten- tive to itspursuit, have sown their grain as earlv as the neuson would ut all permit, have reaped a plentiful bar- \ M 17 i IT ' "'^'''f /''*^ "''*' ''«v« delayed to put it in until « later period have been left to bewail the reverse S or^ ^ t r.au' f "r'*i°l" ^'" ''^''^«"«"- be -al, relative IhtlVit f "^ V'^^^^y '° '*'«"-'' injurious, and of he u " to t .r« " •"••"'' ''"'.'^^^" '''^'•^^*° bestowed amon ' cuitlu-al'puMi't::""" '"' -P-vement of skill i„ agr"^ Pursuing still further our inquiry into the nat..r,l advantages possessed by this Province, the great ouant? ty of timber it contain/of the most useful fndv.?S!^ descriptions, must certainly be mentioned as one of he mos important among them. This article Zi deed tor many years past been exported to a very areat et gencirrnsSS^^^ of aSvantage to th!7 ffl/fa gentrai, is not however so easy to determine vprv ^if ferentop,n,ons being entertaine'd on the sThj^c . ^T fj tiK h? !"^',^bants can speak best respecting the pro' lits of this trade, as It has t,een found upon an attentive With respect to the soil of the Province it will in general be tbund by the skilful and indus rfou f^r mVp Ota description which cannot afford him anrreasonaM'; cause ft,r complaint. Much has of late been ve ^iu U v - .d ,n Its favour.by a writer in one of our weekly ^pi"er/ V. I.o has gone through such a course of scientit c an Hu ' d.c.ous observations upon Agricultural subje^ s,a d" "i forth such urgent and powerful arguments to i, Icp , closer attention to them here, as have lul y entitff h?m Without attempting a chemical analysis or exnl« .al.on 01 the nature and properties of thon.sJedS; i "i is (P IS , different parts of tl,e Wic." U nV • V". ""l'" ^^^ griun of various flescrintio,,, ' J n IV »?. rn,M„^r of wJii. h are mosf common v rcoiiirful fV... «i. •<• i< »'*^*' out it, in whici, ni,i;,rK.r':::',^;rx;'7"s'- •( (> well known some verv e\t..ii«i,o k i- ' .('"^P''' .. rijc n,i,forliine MJth us has cue vt iHon d... Pfi and exDPofprl niii i. """""'""<',> 'i" lie hop. .iieirmf^Sifc ; ; 'e o^:"!':; ':","'• ',7"' '"■?■■ i> ■■■ '''-;";-'ffi*"-""w;;snj;;:™!,;^,fs-:r' \ \ /9' norancf. rested in- it. Il will l.o well then-fore for our fmslKUK rmn, i,, the course of elves, npoi. tlieic past n.iscam. .iSP^. aii,| to Ktrive to ascertain tluir true and aeauiiie causes. It tliej are sincere in those endeavours/it in iiH «laod a renpctinn, wfiich upon some occasions, tliev will almost of noccssitv be led to make. Si.ould tliev in cii^ te.iiii;iin-il, and in seeking after improvement in (heir (Mcupn ,,>„. discover as (hey assiuvdly will, that (he i-caiity li;irves(s ti.ey Iiave sometimes received,ha\ebeen «Hvini| to u ( ehcieiu y of skill, crscmie sr.Hi iriattentiort or .1. lay as has lately l)oVn spokeij .Vf, rrfther thdn (oanv lackot vecelati^,. power in the soil, they surely mu^t ■••U'J Mill. 1)6 (herciry aaimal^d and encoi!'ra''ed in their' luture ex^ilious. • •. ■ ,., . .^ , , J ,,,, In makinjj still further observations ,■e^pectinff.oH^r son, It may be nientu»u!.| in part illustration of what lias heen iidvanced in. its favour, (hat from one oUhe easern districts where ajjricul ti.re has not.hrrived even- at the saiiie st;iio of improvement in f;eueral, Unit it ha> , ms')n)e other parts of the IVovince : nu.\ where (he at- - lention ot the people has constantly beenin a jrreat mea- • M.reledoirtoolh.'r pursuits, h.r-e .,uantities of wheat were many >ear.s airo frequently exported. There too . o late years, except when (hose afllictinjf dispensation.s -• «»f I rovidence were experienced, in nearly the total de- s i;-ction ofthe crops, from which no country has been • a!" ■lys exempt, there has been found a surplus ofirraii»). :'"e h.ve.has underskllful cult vation h.cn ,a^ .' -TiVtwiWiniiL,. io to affirn., that t'aR?nl thl ^f o/L'^"" T"' ^"° "'-'' districts in jreneral tU^L- several counties and sufficient poSn ofbrp^ . "'l'.""' "^ ''•^'"' *" "''i<^h " consumptfJn orits i hab t7nf ""' ^^IP-duced for ti.e . spoken of l.avo boeJ lav sl p I t^ """' *'* "^^"'^ ''^''e cause or other will alVnv''^ ? "'" P"'Pose, that some ten.ivein.prr.e. ,' S; '7"'^'''^ P"-''^'^'"' «''<'''• ox- "'TV oflite. "^To .av thit s ,^h K "^ ^"^ '''^ «'«< "^ces- ••-rest, of the Proving wo M,r- ""1 '"•''"'^ ^''^ '"" t.'ienul.at they are i'moran of V. r ''■"'•'"''■' "' ■'*"'"*' '" Ponrral characteri^ricran I , ' . •'"' ^'"•^'.""^""X''^'^ and tiuir ra«hnp«^ -Jrll lier.',(.,T arc hlanu^ljle to,- -eo,'n.au: r p";*;;:!;!;':;;' ^"'•i^^'''^"-- ^'^.t ti^ it«-tt.o;;:::;l;:;;ji::-^;:-:^^^''"'''e'i.^^ |'>-ovp„,ent o"Th, J 1 "^ «'^-»t exertions for tho im- '""• -' .. s o • ,2 :'^^""'"ff«'*' •»• 'o strive .u nmllipry l-'I'S r.,!l hito Vhp 1 '•''ff''[>o.Min«: ones. ,vi|| inevi- ; UK in as a pait of their territory. In con- / M fl can do lo will. S- ( fv fn , ')?'^'^ *". ''*'^"'' " hen fh^v event ofan at e„ ' t'L s i^'' ^'^"':'' «V'"^""^S '''af i" the qua, tor, they wS'lied 1 "''"'«' ^•""-' ""^^^ ♦'<>"' "'«' the, can' pos^iM''aV:!d,r„t^;:^fi t^/^/:: ',^f:r^" '-'t -ne..^ne„tra,it,,a„d..,ti„..ei;^^^^.!!;^^Hr;:.:l; prores. to have .u, L„ ch .e7t toanT ""^'K-''' "'"' ^'"^ •noro than to another 'anr/.rhepTh^n "/government tf^rest is concerned .ppVi^ frther than their private in- all, and Z ,l're V " Sntm '^''""^''^ "^'''^'^ ^'»^^V -. .olden real, nn.c?.^Sce llC lli;;:''^ ^"^'''^^'^'^' ent. ^^"vh:;^';';f^'Si;^r(i:r""^ *"'f ^ '''«^■•• eon.posu the Amerirm n" ^o'^nies, which no^v that tho.e riffhts wSh n. h .7 'yr''' "I'P'-essed, and ^^Hlution whrch tl I. r foreh/u ^I "'"'"' ^»"'' 'f'^' ^<'"- e.l »-cre invaded and fa'd n alT heir"'"'' ""^ ^"i"^" or procuring the\lesiredri:ire.n,ev''2"''f '"'''"'"' '"'' sorted their independence ?„d' 7 ^'''' ^"- «'-'"^ "i" eventnally took p aco n ,v 'rl.; ^ i f'^''"'"'''*'"" "hicli « i^e and unjust E v' r esL , ' ^/' '''"'^^"^ '" •'"" '■'" mailed in tC councils of'r"f^"'"'''^'' *''^" P'«- N-f. it was even per ;,?f f' Sm "i""' V'-"'^'* ^""- to ^icie with thep uty io'^ S "" ^'"^''.''"^iv'dual ♦'•e risht. vvitLni^; :^' i^:t' dL"?,f '"'' ""'^ '■" points which were then in ^mm , t *'**' 'n.porfant io" upon them, it is c^ns ":•,;'• ^..''^-rf - "I''";. »IIog,.,n,e and duty to oh.erve- that a iL,? ^^l'^-""- "' piricusly reuuired ofeverv ini- • " "'°"Kh it is i.n- .y '^i""^i» 01 c\crj^ individual to remain loval fiy i-fK 6' SJ it I ':)l and obedient to that governaieiit ^vhich is enlitk-d to claim his attachment and support ; yet thai he is never bound to relinquish the inalienable rifjhts of h;s nature, or tliat freedom which the cotistitutional principles of lii* country has jrvatvted bini, a*id I hat ihey who resist sy-te- nialic and continued attempts at oppression, can liever with justice be stigniatrzod as guilty of rebellion. Here no such causes of complaint can be urifed as Mere advanced on that unhappy occasion. Our rights are respected and preserved to us inv'iolatc ; not the slightest attempts are made to impose biirtliens upon us ; but each individual enjoys all that liberty of every des- cription which is compatible with tiie sali'ty and woUare of the society at large. Let such as entertain a partiality towards tiie institu- tions of that country, and maybe inclin''d to extol tho boasted lil)ertv of lis peo|de, infonn themselves ofthe taxes and public biuth»'ns which tnen now they endure ; let them learn the extent of thos«! privations and incon- veniences they underwent durini; their late conty'^t with (ireat-lJritain ; and then let tlieu) reflect upon their own almost total exemplii>i! from any such burthens : on the protection, the abundauct^ and comforts theyenio^ed. durinij that periore (o. establish llieir repose, than in all probability to further their in- terest. '■ i'he peojile orthal country should be looked upon b\ us in tlip same liglit«ith any other description of ft irii>!.i IS : iind in anv atlucU they fiiiaht make upon tf^^^ should iipiiu every principles hatever, moot with as^ Vi^'- ■ i / ""■""X,' ■^' "ut ■ ■ "'-" ■ wi ^3 in aMV sue lUrU i ■* °'' . ■" """'"K^h succcful '"^pjir lanj^.iafile towards thaiii, t,^ i„died h,...n t^ «tion-Iy expressive of dislike an 1.' me frw i " to rc-ifuiii it '"•'I Hicli determined r.?sistun.uMl,rou..hont ri ^n would be made by all trulv loml <:..K,„„* tho3 would not b'e able /o iTn^fj^th'nr^'f "^' "'«^ neutrality they would »vish. Tl L" wou dT^'^f*''^'" diHcovered ; and any backwardnS nl tl? ^^''^'^'.^ ^^ might .how to stand fbrS and exerUhem "7 '^^^ defence of the country, would cvPntTli T^'.'"''" '" treatment it deserved iTjlTl^ '"^^' «"^'' ^he warned oftheconseauenrp. or t ' 'ere/ore, in time be tion, let tho'^n' t . "le Sn, ine t^'^ '"^, '^'i ^'^P^-'" fiance through everv vicitsitS ""''"n''" ''«"• «"«" many blessings thev''a n ^e !.'■ ' '^ '-^flectMig on the ;l>e hour of t^lSl LVr ' rivin'r 'ir "'^^^'• they entertain of their value n *l.!;. ■ ^ „. ^•"^^^ ensure their continuance. ' ^ ' "«"''*'"' ^^^''t^ '« edto!he"cS^r:?ini:;rs^^"T'"'^^''-'- '>e British -bjects,aXi'n; t . t'.ifs of T'"^ *° «s such, are satisfied to remain .m 1^1 n aJ'eS'"nce that country which enteHab. T) '^ ''« Jfovernment of towards us." NofonT/wV.r ^c bb'^rd riot*^""'"" prevnile,!, „„d „'e,.e |„\|l „,,, ',"!'i '" "I"'" ''"'I""!™ "lid SN|,n,^rliM" Is c-n?i '"'Zl m"""""" '^»P«™iiiS f « ose also, scarcely any sprciG. ofconduct was conceiv- Hn 'Tr hT' "' r '''^'-:^"^^'^'' '"• '"'"'^''^^ "^^re severe l ol fl . ".'f,!"^ "^ ""^ "•"""•.y voluntarily to with- .old from ,t h.s su,,p„,.t,wl.en il was onijaged i./host lities with another liacl. indi^idnal then ran-^ed l.im'e ' n der tae standard of the country of his"nat itv a,"d scarcely any other e:nulation sulisi.ted, tha- who shot M v.old the, nost extensive and nm,MKuu nous sL iHces or hn.JVp''"^''"- ''■^^'' ""t^vithstandin^ the well grounded boast of s,.perionty over those nations in the advantao-e^ ofconuuercial pursuits) has n.ade the ohl / ii rotue' j:.anceand duty to be too generally esteemed of itttln JdSe::;;:'"^ p'^^'' -co.pe^ti.n^:^si';hj':!;rs^ ses iV?""'"" ^''? Pa»a>- investiffation of the cau- Kcnot to tne speculative and uhilosonhical iv^ rAn ..Ivantascs „„„ are exclusively ou,- LnTS;, 4^. \\j^ > ^ 36 ;^.!C0nrage,l nnd protecled in their free nnmpo.e,l upon tnuie, so /ar a ihel nf .,.fec us, are ev.denUy intended, to prevent a • far aFpi: ,sible our improvement of those advantn.res eit ,er fWr^.n ft \lhJ''lttt n" """"' '"■ <•"""•■•' »" ""« '""iJ- o" (lie , '■"■! improve ils „„„ „,eo„» Jf of™, vl,' „".,!' i^.^'^ff „ i^avji. grealK .lurcasfd ; a very f, ™^ ,M, ■,■. ' l..rcc i, Ue... a„ a,u. o.apio,;.,, in l:^!";;;'^ U^' IS «o.l;i::^/i^ar-;';::';.i:s-;o;e's?r£;;™:- S7 «t,(ut.on under nluch we live; and for the laws whic'r secure to us the (ieedo.n and privilei^es ue enjoi if those anion- us who were horn in the country, L] ^hy att.chn.ent to their native seats ; we should ?ousc frZ the le.MHthy and ind.lTerence in ^hich weha e lon^e^ unhapp.lv sunk, and useour ut..o,t exertions to iSa^, our means ot resistance ; soth.t the hour requirino-theb ' en.plov.neni „uu hnd us prepared. If we\e'' ect tl ' ■' present season for so ooin,., we n.av hereafter a v"| a a». trom a dream and w fh the hitterest re^re.,, fmd for the first t.me .n the eu.pl.,vmen of those adva. ta.^es bvT thcrs, the extent of their imj, rt.nce and value . .,' ri'-p«^^entpenodoftranquilitvisthe one, when he means 01 Muprov.no. the permanent sources ot^our prosperity and of preparin- for their defence c-mA^nt cxlen. velv and eilect'nallvl.e en.plo ed risl^eun - bent therefore, upon all classes and descriptions of „";: Bons an.on^. us, who wish weil to the country, to lay Se . ai party . .ews, jeulousies, and distinctions, and a« n^.e'! ot the ad>. ,,ta..,es wo enjoy, are unitin- in the design , of 1 ei/ 98 lo tI)(.advi,nconuMi( of private aJvanlago. Ifeads one in tiiat of the ul.nle, which undoubtedly in a o-reat uwi- sure ,s the case, and to act in confornnty IherAvi.h, ill. Ihenumen.ns advantasjes we po-s.^e-s, the genoialnml pent, v.ould quick!, experieu^e thc^^^t nH^l i. JcreL;; in!l P"''-^""'S:«"^'^«<^0V'-sP,il'evcn when called upon to repel jny hostile inva«i<,n, success should not Lttend us in our patnoticexertions, we should e.ijov the consri- ousness of ha v.n- acquitted ourselves of our duty • and remam tree fron. those self reproaches and uuavaili... ri Krets, which .n the case of improvidence or ne^-lect, n^ver or suirerS'"' ""'' ""^'''''■' '^'"'"^ ''^''^'' "tMcT-ivatiun / I In the procress of our exertions to improve the ad- vantages we possess, we shall also become more sensible o( their value, and cousecjueutl.y be inviffoiated in the pursn.t to extend them : and more confirmed in thedete, : luination to .yie d every sacrifice which may becoire necessary lor their presn-vation. J t is certainly not e vuow^n tnm, experience, ain! inder..! is conceived but b» few, how lar some of the principal sources from which our prosperity must be deriye.l, are sn.c.piii.i, "nm! prove.nenl. and can be made to contrii,ute ul our -eperal ndyanla^ro. t ,s tref,MentIv the case with slates as wiih in(liv.dnals,tliat,!u-mo.st powerlnl means within their Hnu:b of ndvancHio- their wealth,or ensuring their co,M(,,rt .indsalety, either Ion- remain u holly neglected, or re- cpive but a very parl.al d.velopemcni. Kithor imi.Htrv or enterpnze aie wantins «« ^"11 S y""~ "iititimBBSS^'Ti'^' 29 poinled endeavours of (he sovernraent of a country (o in- cmise Its pr.pnlation, if is almost universally found, (hat this au!,nno.,ts „i proportion to thedevelopement and in,- pioven.eat ot (he a^lvantaRcs it is discovered, or known o possess. Men will naturally resort where the situation made (o hold forth the most alluring invitation. In tl'e present day therefore, when the most extensive emi- ^rations are takin- place, and when, as has been already nnl''' ^•' ' '! "' "'"■'' '.'^*'''" K"'" '' "'"^'' '"O'-eorevalent and Eunll r''l ''"""'"' ""T''"'?'^' P"P"'"ti«» i« most elttctualiy to 1)0 encouraged and increased, by the ex- prom'" "" "''I'fovcment of the sources of individuitl x,]nJ.l!T^ ^^'^ '"'' "'"''^ "' " """''''^ ♦•' e'^^'i*^ "s to em- ploy and continue our patriotic exertions, that the in- crease of our wealth, pop..!ation,and general prosperity UMiic. would certa.nly follow,would lead the pLnt state outtach such still further importance to our remaining under its g„vernme;U, that we should receive more ex- tensive encoura-en.iont, protection, and support. .Pt f I!!i"^f "*^" '■'y-'!'"'^"*« "'«.y '"^ found, and motives .atojih, for sdm.ualing our endeavours to improve the ac vantages in our power; hut surely by such as will take tune ser.oiislv to reflect upon the present situation ot the Colony, and upon the hostile designs which are rhen.hed against It, those which have been mentioned Hill be consKl,Mcd sufhcientl.y urgent and powerful. We lear many ot them indeed advanced every day, but with he exception of some recent, ar.d it is much to be feared only extc.rte. and occasional promises of vigorous exer- mn, by arihe greater number of those who employ em,exhib.t HI their general conduct, very little solici- tu.leaSoul el ecting the objects to which they are appl-d. t^omplaiuls, have wo also fiefjuenlly heard, and '(ill do we coutiaue to hear, of the defect <.f patriotism and pub- lie spirit, and ol the apathy and indifference with respect / 39 to those ol)jects,whi(;li p(>rv"(|.> ali ranks and dosniption* of persons aiiiony us ; uliiie mine will bo fonnd uillino- to {ulinit that iUey ever existed, or at present Iheniselves. exist in Here, it cannot surely he Ihnniilit irrelative to the sub ects just treated of, nor appear altogether an inipro-^ per, or unprotitable employment, t» investigate the lead- mg causes, to which those delects, and that indiflerence may be attributed. The first step towards reformation and iiiiproveinent as well with societies as with individnais. is to ascertain the nature and full extent, ofthe IVnilfs and follies with which they are ciiarseable. It surely is better to be con- vinced of these, in liie voice otoiir own unbiassed rellec- tions, or to lipar tliein from a friend, (Iian (o learn them at a period, when a consciousness ol' their ma;;Mitiide,can only tend to foster unavailin-; re;rrets and reproaches, or to swell t!ie triumplis ot an eueuiy. Tf may probahlv be ol)jected, (hat sucli an inquiiy nnd expositiiin has been rendered unnecessary, for that the reformation and stimulus it would ^^ek to produce, lias already been ellecled ; that we h;t\e recently become l.iliy CMMxinceji ofotir fi rnier f(/llies and nt'i>lects, and of ll;e (rue cousesofail our u)iscarrii;es ; and (liat a spirit of patriotism, industry, and enlerprize has been so uni- versally aroused and called into exercise, that willioiit iurther warniiii; «>r admonition, ( ur peheral prcsperty will speedily experience the most rapid i;d\aQcement. — Jt may in nnswer be ol)served, that there is jjenerally «i»n^er in (lie roses oi' vehement expressions of a sudden liiie.aiiin ill public sentiments, habits, and views, that It is ii..Ua -V^t still iiiviuuion utiH encouragement. csts, that the 4nu /a, d . ''/' "''' -""*''•"' '"»*■•• progress the.l2e h (I, ,n' '.''''V '""^'"'* "'" ^''^ "••'''^ Whi e some havp a«(i;Ki,»„ i •. a . . "" t'xpiained.— tho impro veme nt o , ."^^"of tr 'V' .^''''^'''^-V of skill, for enterprize, none uhH ...r V "'.'*^' ' ^•f^l"''>l'f spirit and »Pprelu.,siCo;,er ':.::'" '"'^'""^•^T'i'"', 'lesion, or ti those can e" w ! (T"'"":;"?;' '•"^•' '"''"'''■^ *t be ascribed Ijo , , / '"? "'"' "'« •'^"•'^•'^"*' i"**tico been preval.u ml'' '' T ^e "r: •^r^'^l! '"'7 '""^ / Si d.Hs.pal.on, and extravai?a.,ce Ime evJil .1 "Y'-^' tl.e^o, and particJarly arnorM^ l.o |' Ue, V^f """"gl.out and liitallv iniurions pv,„.,/^ - >/ '''^^'^V.^" »» oxtrcne Kl!!'J:!!;!'!>;.v^"''«"r «>^'e»t. ^ These habi,;; ;r*i™r npital of the Prounce, havJ oie may with ho;i;c in llie rani.n „» ....•- The manners on P »' * P'-oarl ofii ;vas adjudged .ufli, ient for attendance ' h>i dV ■' the remauKler uas exhiMisuvl ,„ .he enioymeuts n.e onv.val board ; an I . I„,.. hour w. tl e\ V tZ he san.e p.vs.uH a. Mm- -...uin-Mable ■ or e^ • .^d In some Irivolous but c^penMve a.-Mi.eu ent. " " Some, there imdonbtedly wore, uho refrain.-d from l.d .;;rr*''S'''"^' "'"/""flnvod their utn,r,t in lu J «-.d p.udence,,!urn.n. ,hat pcriud .f prosperity, to.!;. ^^r^R«>iia« v a w*w ^aa i(, 35 'liSEm •w^.-'^'MlBii^ cure the means for flicir future comfort and support : hilt tlie observations which have been made, will upon candid and nnpiejudiced reflection, be found too gener- ally to applr. in doKcribing the habits and manners of a people, tlie^ are onlj to be 5-poken ©fin general terms. from the prevalence of those scenes of dissipation a lamentable defect of public spirit ensued. Each indi- vidual bein^ whollv engrossed with his own schemes and proipects of immediate gain, and his private gratifica- tions, no exertions were made for promoting the welfare of the public : or for placing it on those firm and dura- i)le foundations, wliicli alone could ensure its advance- ment, when a change of affairs should take place. immersed in dis^sipation, the majority appeared to im- agine, that the seiison of prosperity would have no ter- mination. They did not reflect, that the circumstances which then concurred so highly to ftivour the commerce of the Colony, wore merely what may be termed extrin- sick and adventitious: and that during their operation, some of the principal sources of its permanent prosperi- n.pendin,-St:;;sJ;"S"c^K±;;;r^ to dcclareSsel es nl?''"?'''."^ "l* ''''"* ^hevchos^ "'« Proviuce also ^or rpl ^ I" "«'''♦"••«> either left "«, v.hoso former ex? tvi. "' »'" V^"' >o be seen amonff have rende^oTthc^n too T ! ""'^.^"^'!«« "^dissipation, ♦He labon, of cS '"° Pr,^"d ».'?'' ""'"•«"», to turn to l.V to procure even a '/n„*?''- ^%y^«3'» sufficient- for.h'e„.elv::a7dt?.:Si£. ""'"""^ ^"^^'^*^"-' I m, ov.rIur:So7;r'e!t'''"'"''f"^" '-""^ ''°"^' ^""^ «frr,f. on f ,? • • "^ "n-'-ded, have had beneficial «m,t, on (!i" m.-.|ontv ; and that it will be lon^ hlrnrn th^>«,lh,ga,n be so universally and fatal] vf?,,owrd! -.;.....-», S7 time bet Ter" a'ad'o'IrH?'"'!^ '^^ ^'"' "^'^ '^^ «"•"« and have JatLrlV bor„eTtlT''M' '?'•"' ''^^^ «««"™ed, a|enSr7lethar'^„t^^^ observable, that prosperity, succeeded to fhn ^ icspecting the public would have proved npinvil .'^.'°?''""«'J '■ f"H force, of luxury a„5 e;;t?avagan'ce '•'"""' ^» ^''"^^ -""«J' /ii m be reSlfe7.Ph^V'"'*'l' '"'"''^^ ''«''« ''««" lost can never ihro.SIrtth';^ciL^7,thiH,;^*''r •^'^^•p"*«^ '"•^its, been injnr"o„ to t£ ^dte S?;'ho^p'" 1^«"*'«"«d, have others which rrsnPrM^! • r • ""'.^•"ovnce ; there are Jcrs, which hLv/h-hVlVt'"'''"''".^ ™°''« 1"''«"°"« or- even still n.orone-f'^- been and yet continue to be, more pernicious «nd destructive to its inter' vf The peasantry of a country, are for a variety of rea- ,»;! 38 •«ons, to he considered the mo^t truly valuable and im- portant description of persons within it. On their "ene- ral hiibits and chiiracler, its satety and welfure niust*ever be chiefly de,ienuant. Industry, temperance, and pru- dence among them, will obviate or oveiC':^mn, nearly eve- ry natural or political defect or ilisadvanlairf. 'Even under the most arbitrary, and oppressive systein^ of .rov- ernraont ; and with the greatest hard^hi|>^ an,: -iinrcil- ties to encounter, possessing thos^ e^limabie qnalides ihey will render the counlry (hev iuhiibit, in a certain degree prosperous and floiirishin^r. On the other hand If the opposite characteristics belong to then), thi- most wise and happy i.istitutions and laws, are useless and un- .'ivailing: ; and all the bounties of nature they posse<^« as to them have been lavished in vain. Poverty and di*- trcs^s, will generally be their portion ; and their politi- cal freedom and safety will ever be insecui-e and precarious To every perion who has had opportunities ofob- serving the manners and habits of the more laborious or- ders ot persons in this Province, it must be striiiin.r|v apparent :— that (he vice of intemperance is provalenul- nior.;- them, to an aliiindng and fatal extent. Tiiere is evpi (CO much rea«^ou alVorded whereon to ground the belirt, tlmt but very few countries can be f)und. in v.hich Jt has more generally prevailed, nor in which it has pro- duced more pernicious, and destructive ellecls. Here, not only men of every ag- induli-e in the<>xces«ive use of intoxicating iif|unrs, iiitt the tender sea>un ofvouthii corrupted, by initiation into the same vicious and ruinous practice. It is not at all uncon^mon, to see youi!<>- per- sons wlio are still under (he -uardiaii^hip and auliiniity ot l.u'ir parents, and wlio reside uu'ler their roofs, loiter-' ingabouithe taierns. and seizing every opportiiuily .!liar(l."d th-M. i,\- partaliing of the me;ins of intoxicalion I lu-y are not ashamed or afraid, (» a.^pear before their r""_'>t ' 'r (!ie piddic, in tiiat disgiaref,.! situation. In- i'i'd (.H> fcrmrr, tor> generally, couid not with anv fcrce ''r c('i!s,,t,.,Hv iv.Tove ihem ; ti.ey tlieuiselves daily af- --'»" -■ ra'ii i nt . .*ri i »[ ii ini 39 fording the permcous example. Truth Mill too suffioi- entlv warrant thoanscMtion, whatever decree of sJJrow humiliation or regret may be felt in advancing itXt from even the season of boyhood, to the latest period of age, the jmproner use of those liquors, is iWeEeral a. freely toiiowecj and indulged in,\s o'ppurtuS ^iU .1.. i^'!""5 ''"" "'"'.* P'*«cious leasons of the year, while the husbandman and the labourer should be employed in depositing he seed in the earth, in securinff the harvest or. n the other labour, of the held ; they are too fre! quently found riotin^r {„ intemperance, in those nlac« Ibfucrry;'"'"'' '"'^ '""^'•' *"^" ^'"'^^ 'f vlcrand A great portion of the profits derived from »Iia l* hours of the farmer, the mechanic, and others ^tsoin^ the most useful and valuable occupations and whr? should be employed in the educatiorof Jl 'oir c n^d en and in providing: for the con.fortable ma tenar ci ?n .' support ot their iamilies, are exhausted ?niS J ,Mh"it fatal propensity. What numerous example "m^ b« ound, of persons who once possessed the comfort J^f life n even an abundant degree and were wha is „ua Iv win tl ' ''"■;' f"'^^ ""^ independant as to wor dlySrs^ who through It. pursuit and indulgence, in the court of a few year, have been reduced to insolvency and vvreTch- edne s ; and whose possessions havein one tbrm o oU.er pS th n S S'"^'"' -d secureonil and social obligations. " Such are the habits, the follies and vices which may too justly be laid to our charge. To their unlimited pre- valence, more than to any »»ther cause, has it too surely been owing, that the Province Ims not arrived at that state of abandonee and prosperity, in which its numer- ous advantages have promisee! So' place it. It i-i in vain to expect, that any material K'^provement will tuiLC place in our situation, while tho^e r.I)strucfions raiv;ain, so fa- tal! v formidable. It is th refore the dutv .,f all who wish well to the country, to exert their uliuost endea- vours to remove or reduce them. ^ What the rioqiionee of th(i preaclicr, or the ma.vim» of ihe moralist, fail to produce, (he warnings and (he admonition* of the polilician, wit! sunntimi'^cirect. .Mtn are in general inoro pouerfully rv^usf! (o exertion, t'v tlio appri-'Iiensions of present danger, ihan by any coii- \ s 43 .-itlprnlion whioli relates to futurity. Frnni hence it will follow, after what has been stated respecting the prcprie- tv of our eiitert;unin!j those apprelicnsions, that iiotiiiie 'jhould be lo-t, in tinployinij assiduous and unremitted exertions for sectirinjj our sufety. \ s ItwnsnotI;y indnl^infif in hnbitR of extravagance and iiitemporancf, thnt the peop!t> of the northern "parts of th.^ American Union, attained to tliat height of power and importance, uhich at pre:>ent thej occupy. Their loreftitherb, in thr earlier periods of the settlement of those countries, had equal, if not greater difficulties to contend with, than any which have eVer been experien- ced here. Temperance, industry, and perseverance hrtwever were their prevailinj? virtues; and these still eonJinuo to exist fimon;? their descendants, to an extent which the niost invincible prejudice alone, can forbear to applaud and respect, in n'lanv of their larg*>st towtis^ where con.inercial pursuits are prosecuted to the .i^reat • est extent, and con-ffjuentlv where luxury is In the Sre:ite;it de,-rrc prevnlrnt, if is said, that with the ex- T'^ptioij Tyf thoM' hours, which are indispensibly re- flui^i;e for refre hdent and rest, the merchant, the shoj, keeper ili ;ther descriptions of p.rsons, are alinoft con-i»imnt in th» peoplecf Hose Slalo. ; Ihcir (emoer.i.« W.S •»'"""Tri», ar. highl, 1 *•)« liMM 4S Upon taking an impartial retrospect al«o of our pub. lie attairs, it will be founcl,that nian> circumstances have occurred in connection with these, which have operated to injure the intPrcBts of the Colony Among the nam- ber which mijrht be mentioned, none has been attended witfi the pernicinus effects, which have followed from the party disputes and dissentions, which in a former afJnunislraUon of the government of the Province, pre- vailed among those, who had the management and ^is- position of Its reveuues. Without a csrtain degree of cordiality and unanimity subsisting among the persons, in whom that important trust is reposed, it is in vain to expect, that in a young country like this, the public pros- perity will experience a very rapid advance.' For a ve- ry consulerable period, instead of such a spirit being predominant here, the proposal of a measure bv one party, however iudicious and well intended, was almost siifhcient of Itself, to occasion its rejection with another. 1 hat conhdence which gives energy and effect to all pub- ic measures, was not to be found, and jealousies, dis- trusts, and dissentions, were alone kept in exercise. 1 hose sums ot money which should have been applied to the most important and beneficial purposes, in Conse- quence of those dissentions, remained more than once, unappropriated in our treasury ; and those resources of the l^olony, on which its welfare must ever chieflv de- pend, were left without the least stimulation or encou- ragement. , ft IS of little importance to inquii^, what partr wa« in the greatest measure to blamo ; but the lesson thos. dissentions aftord, should lot pass unregarded. All who wish well to the country will unite in the hope, that « similar state of things will not speedily occur But this cause was not the onlv one of a public dc- srnptmn, which jind the effect of retarding our prosper- ity. U we lo.k a little farther w« sfanll probably be n IG tisfied, that the wealiness ami injuiliciotisne^s of several uieasiMPs of (hat nature, which have here hcen adoptej and pursued, have had the very same tendeiic}' and et- fect. In ob'^ervinq upon siih|ec(8 of thi'^ nntnre, it dotibt- less is pr(»))er to emplov tein^s offjuarded delerenceand reaped, and ifthr expression may be permitted even sometimes «^^ ind.il-ence. A temperate am! lilieral dis- cUHsion r.^specua- them, nny iVequenUy however b^ productive of-on,!. All -jch, the ^q.ir.t o\ our free and happy constitution, rather seeh^ to encotirnjie, than o L^title or snnpress. It is a privilcsie '.vh'ch British sub- iects enjov, to ^-peak openU and holdly, but at .he smne time vespecftnliy, ot every pvo^eedia^^ m nhich their rights or their interests are concerned. Kiilertaininerthe moRt friendly and pntnotie inten- tions, it n.av therefor.- !«• remarked, that one ol those ,nea«iires, htis 'le. n mi expenditure from our revemies io theereciioi. orpa!)h to inquire : in what manner have those means been dit-posed of.' It is sad to reflect, that so little has bien done with them for improving the licnnanenl sources of our wealth and pros- perity ; andthut not only are llit,- t'linds thus accumula- ted entirely exhausted, but that in our paper currency W(! must recognise an extensive debt as existing a'^ainst us; which at one period or other must sMrely be dis- charged. f 48 proving the Colon/aUarge,' ^°'' «""'^'»'"tf and im- of th. general 'pl;^^^^^^^ ".e advanceme/t escape observation Thp«P l.o ' ?J^*'*' ^^" ^'^^'celj ing always the most effectual mn'rir^^r." '^'^fr?'" he- dustry aid enterprise! On" atrasrofthn;'"',''"''"^ '"* tiiat upon Salt—which w! ho I ^T '^^''^t'es- hereaft'er, wa. exdtteT; po'c ketffbv" a° V'"•■^ '"!?^ notmiuire and should no'^t L fretiVed j, '/r'"'' '^^ be diffieult to shew by a Btatemenr.ff f. / ^} *''*"''' phisticatedreaponin/that ft conN. h * *?^'«' ""^ unso- degree, to effect thf'u ul t puro^^^^^^^^ profeised to be granted '^^,ff?kf '^'* '"''"^^ '» «"» tncouragfc our ASuhure „ h . "'»/='' v^as bcBtowed to those for^vhoseSfi h wasttri^** "^^ '"^^^'^^^ "^^ al dependance upon a nd .hbo ?ri?. '' ^'' ""'' *='^"''""" sufficiently «hows, it has not bee n^ f^^T'^ ^j"' '»''«ad, tipated improvement Productive of the an^i-' sheets, it i« now time ti Kr separaL'lf ^ '" "•«*« into a consideration ofthV iff^Inf ' and pointedly, the general prosperitvorthirT'""'"''*'' ^'^'» '»''*«», and to endea'vouT'opdnto^t *:„?"•{, '""^^ l>e derived ; which can most effec^uLuv Ee I ""«*.'•«•« t'>e mean., improve them. '""'"""J' ^^ «"'Pkved. to extend and /t need .carcely be remarked, that, Agricultura and 4g Comnierce are two of the principal sources, of the Wealth and prosperity of every civilized country. In this Pro: vince, to theie, theFisheries must undoubtedlf be added Upon our improvements in these three, but partitularlr in Agriculture, mu«t our welfare be ever dependant. ^ In treating of these subjects, ths order in which thev have been mentioned, (which is taken from their rela- tiv#iniportance) will not be observed ; because not in accordance mth the course of inquiry and remark, which It .s conceived ,s the most reguW- an^d consistent here n rofsEt^on?^^"^^^"""^^^^ ^''' «"^ '^ ^^''-int'S A n,^^*!** ^'^^ ^f ^^'^ respecting this subject, will so further to prove the advantages it*hii5 long ion inuedto enjoy, han to show that unSer pnesent circumstances It requires any addiUonal stimulation and a«" tan"e of a public description. «»"aiBii<.e oj h.^o^'"-"^!?''?* PursuitB it has already been remarked have acquired in the civilised world a -reponderanc. ev^n ratlier too powerful. The lust of gain so u„iver* H« lly ore valcnt,and which these cf.iefly contribute to nouJ. sh and increase, threatens indeed to swallow un al Zr every other sentiment and feeling. ^ "'' f 1 frin. ^^1?? ""'"'na^'on "f *he history ofseveralcoun. tries, which have attained great eminence in these our. suits, ,t may be discovered, that ther have very iftlle tendencv,to illustrate and improve, the nobler and mo « esl.mabre qualifies of the aunlan characl.r. If 7s "nrj! ou, to trace in that of the nation to which we beW l-!!n W''i' *'" '^'"■"''^•'^* "?'"'«"« '^hich at ditrefe„r pdnodihav. be0n antertainei respecting them, and t£e 9i 50 ejects they have produced open sontimeiils and „,..„ were held i„ varril2tt,^i;r I'd «,:7Jr*"'' most learned and liberll "protsions. ' '''"'^'' "'^'^ "'^ n I ( N ' '\ Afte.. all whicl. „„y f JaSrl^d o .Vve ""ide "'^^r'- rule by which to iud/m «f «».„ ^- <•• .'^ ' "'® ^''"e profeii„„ or „'c4S„l ^'„«fS'" i 'Z '° "'f''.''"^ iin- |..ovl!;;::^!;S^L^.*S^an, contributed to J be doubted, whether U.eirVl'nt'.r^fi;,"/ Iv^TT'"'''^ to au.„.ent the sum ofhu^n vir^irand ha^j, J ^^sl" •onded fcr,i:r.i,ir:::^ii:t^5^E^i.«i»ntrorr: pniicinalcharacSr 8ti r^^^^^^ vi^cr andevtent. His '-bn.Huohi«Si;i'!:;;l.M-r;r"?^';t^,t -- i. .--~-.»,«^'*^;jt»>u«''sjfe MS „a me to h,s a,aracious ,„d .eUsli ,S47 Tfk ""Sri S"rL.':!'° _■-. e-op^(rumental ii! asMsiiitg their own particular schemes of aggrandize- iiK'iit a;ul profit. as Of all people in Society, traders may least be expect* eness • but on the contrary, has employed the utmost exertions, to render their influence and predominance throughout the Province as powerful as possible ; and to bear down every interest, which could be supposed to militate ia the least with their particular benefit. In proof of this, may be adduced the petitions and public representations, made and strenuously urged by this Committee, at different periods. The language of these, has uniformly been characteristicof traders,— in- tent only upon forwarding their own projects of gain.— Such reproj^entations, this committee has never failed to put forward, whenever there was any probability of their being attended with success : and they have ever been supported with a zeal and perseverance, and not unfre- quently even vehemence, which together with the par- tiality of their nature, have sufticiently discovered tb» motives whence they sprung. If this association had viewed our Agriculture in a- »y other light, or thought of it for any other purpose, than what hasbeen mentioned, with the influence it has ^ver pos^isessed in our Leg= lature, and the weight and importiiHce which its representations have in general borne, it certainly could have accomplished nnich, for the advanceir^pntand improvement of that fi^-st and raoii »•«*»«'»«*■■ ii I I* valuable of our inteiestfl. In tlie r-oiii-«« «f .i. i nod of time it has been in existence ,1/ t^^ '''"^^ P'^' through the exertion ot .LnSence «S- ' "'""''^'•>' nnd persevering endeavours Svo IftlVf i .i'"™ ^""*'t which hav. recent!, b^ra'^oXn^'ertl r th T'''^ triotic and Jau(iable exertions ^^"^ «.>rough the pa- dual,-„amelv fie forn 1^ ' ^" " '''""»^n '"divi. >^ricuhur"f ^' .citief "Z'lr:lwT''"'T ""^ ofaeeneral desire for iJl, ^ *"® excitement the diffusion o'^nUa a il'7;ht:;::\Vth'"^'^?'''^^ '^"^ «l and suitable n.odes a„ds^"l'L;of c^. Itt ""'S?P'7; at least, with the utmost facilitHi?^ tultne. It m.ght trodnced into the coun^r v S '^ 'ead.ness, have in- able implements of m,S.' 'T^ <;">" same articles, of the growth and manufacture of ioreiyi. countries, are very extensive. With such pre: 'rrnce an. encouragement, ii our trade in those articles h IS .'./t pro* ;d lucrative to all conceraed in its prosecutio.; '-Md ger rally beneficial, the blame can only rest with 0U3 'vcs» i; The free and open trade, which has recently been authorized and permitted, between the port of Halifax and certain foreign countries, as to many articles in which we could not before trade with them in a direct manner, is obvio\isly designed to benefit our commercial iaterest ; and doubtless will contribute to do so, in a considerable degree. Through this medium, we shall greatly extend our market for many articles, of British and West- India pro- duce and manufacture, by the supply of themto the peo- ple ofthe United States ; to atrade with which country, the net authorizing that intercourse was chiefly intended to apply. ) •M Our traders, and some other classes among us, will also, without doubt, reap a similar advantage, with res- pect to some articles, which we can furnish from among ourselves, particularly gypsum, coal, and fish of various descriptions. As to the latter article,by the the increas- ed demand which a supply to the people of those States will occasion, the prices will be enhanced, which willas- H 58 8i8t ami encourage our fishermen. Ifeven the deman.! from that quarter, for this article, should he 'o very ex- tensive, as greatly to reduce its e.xport to the West- In cli«s, and to turn the supply of it chiefly to th„ It* ♦ TJ'l^t '" ''^^\''''> '"^ '^PP^y 'he for» er wi h the flouj Such, are some of the advanlatre, which arc lilceU o be derived to our trade, from the intercourse Ihual owed; but nmn^ things wmdoubtles,rSe1,it of it' hatTntrr"'*'^ '=''""•" ^^'■'/'•-"' -^ -- to ir^/r^ thn.Phf !• l '^"'""S ««ver«l Mhich may be readily JS;^^ "t?, he«e ",«.y be n.tnlion^d ;-n,ore extensive i he" ?;::'•?' thereby afforded, to the introSuct on i! to the Province, of articles ul.ich are still of a cortri. band description ; and of our circulating pe Je (of the scarcity of which our mercantile people" hive ^^J a /el year, past so ,:rievousI v con.pl.inell,) ,'ve s all mo t like- ly be drained more elleclually than ever. u If our trade with the people of the United m^... ^a- as open and unrestrailcd'upon theiV pa r n i I a utnefiTfroVT" Tl"'' "^ '"'«'^'-l'-t to -a';;! : ntnem trom it. fheir commercial re.rnlalion* ,vhirh Jenterr*'''^""f "'"^P'*'""''""' ''^ ^''"'^l' Tare e wiin buch articles as (hev m a-hi ii.r.nirr. . ' p<.»crruiiv »sni„., ,„, ■.,„! .Id!; '„ 7 ;„"';:;,: ;.ri'f ^ ^ 59 gulations just spoken of, secured the balance completely ill their favour, and indeed, can experience nothing but protit from the trade, should it be continued upon its present footing. They enjoj the sole carriage between thene colonies and themselves, and while thoy have it in their power to supply us, almost on their own terms, with a hurpliis of their own products and manufactures, tlipy obtain from us in exchange, not only those firitish and West -India goods they require, bi; some articles M'ith which we can immediately furnish them; of which they fitand greatly in need, and cannot bo cheaply oreoi>:« veniently procure elsewhero. With reppect to our Agriculti. tl interests — many ap;)rehend, and not without reason, that it will lie very n»a»prially iiiji!vod through the trade thus permitted.-^ Whatever might Imve been the case of this Province, thirty years ago, or even nt a later period, yet it may v^fely be asserted, that it would have been more to its. real and permanent advantage, not to have had for ma« ny of the last years,nny intercourse whatever with those States. We should then have been thrown in a great measure, upon our own resourses ; and would have been under the necessity of exercising more industry and eco- nomy, and of making those exertions, which, before this time, would have placed us in a state of abundance and prosperity. It sundy, never can be for the interest of any coun- try, to remain iu a state of dependaicc upon another for bread : yet with us, unhappily, such has ever been the case. V'nder the local and relative circumstances of Home countries, it may it is true, he good policy for them, In employ nearly the whole of their labour, in those com- mercial pursuits!, manufactures, or occupations, which will contribute u>osl tolh«ir profit and acfvantaee ; and lo depend upon other countries, for some nrticlos they way rcqiiir«». This, however, can never apply, with re- 60 specl to bread ; nor indeed to such other articles, ih are considered the chief necessaries of life. It must ahvav« be lor the interest of every country, to withhold from all other pursuits, such a portion of its labour, as will he sufficient for procuring within itself, such a measure of these, and particularly of bread, as ma^ be required for Its own consumption. ■ > Our present trade with the people of the United Mattes, It IS much to be feared, will tend to continue us in that state of dependance upon them, for flour and pain ot various descriptions, under which we have so ionff untortunately remained. The ground of this an. prehension, is, the facility with which those articles may now be procured from thence, in thesreatestabundaiue • i/uu) which It i» but too probable, we will be prevailed on to relax our exertions for obtaining amonfrourselves, n supply of them adequate to our wants. Should such be the case, it will for a variety oiT reasons be a subject lor much reitrct, more particularly, as proofs have re- cently been afforded, of the excitement of a more jjencr- nl and zealous ngricultuial spirit ; and of a desire to ren- der oiirHelvcs independent of every country, as to thoso articles of prime necessity. Every well-wisher to the country, will unite ip the hope, that nothing may take place, to check in the slightest degree, the progress ofu disposition so truly commendable, and which at present It IS of such seriftus importance, to encourage and con- turn. A number ofgood reasons mi<»ht indeed be assi-rn- ed, why, It would be highly imprudent and impolitic in us, to permit it to subside in the slightest degree, but this onrinpiirticulnr should suflicei-tliat it is much more than probable, that our trade with the people of the Uni- ted Mates, aviII not long be continued on itspie-ent foot- ing ; and that such a change of aflairs may take ulacf with respect to our intercoune with (hem, that we may expenencea greater difliculiy in obtaining those articles Ironi them, than we have evcr3et found. Jn w h«tc ver point of vie« indeed, our present trade $1 with the people of those States can he conaiilereti, it will «ppear to tend to the injusy of cur Agricultural interest. Ihere is scarcely an article the produce of our husban- dry, which they require from us, or with which we could supply them, even if Kuch was the case ; while, most of the articles of which we stand miicli in need, which we can legally procure fronilheni, throujrh the presentcl an- nel of trade, we rnig! in »he course ofa few years, with *n increase of industry, and some persever/'.nce, procure umonjj ourselves in suffiL-ienl abundance. Even with re- spect to Plaister of Paris, of which wo possess ?uch very great quantities it is most likely, that we shall continue to furniHh them wit!) it, entirely'through the present cor- rupt and unprofitable channeK In another view which may ho taken of the subject, our trade with the people of that country, may proluibly further operate to our general prejudice. Should it ap- pear likely io continue for any length of time, under tho present regulatiouv-, and bo found very lucrative to thoss among us immediately engaged in its prosecution, such a number of persons may be induced to embark in it, and s ich a great portion of the labour of the country, may be taken up and ^nnployed in conducting it, fas was the rase with respect to our commercial pursuits during tho late war) that very serious injury will thereby ensue to i»"ir agricuhnral interest. / We have unfortunately,«o lonn been necustomed to view every thing relating to our general prosporilv, through the medium of trade, that too many among iie have come to consider, that nothing can operate to weak- en or retard that prosperity, which tends to the advance- ment of that particular interest. ;m) far from this boinjf the case, it is undoubtedly true, and in thecourse of tlle^o remarks, it is trusted will be sufficiently made to ap- pear, that the very extensive anii successful proMcution ofeommercial pursuits, which for a long period of time, I i. I.' .1 69 and until within a few y«ars past prevailed m this I lov- ince, by alhiiing a disproportionate part of our popula- lion to engage in them, a-< well as in several other re- gpects, operated to retard the improvement ot our Agri- culture, and thereby obstructed tho advancement ot the gcntral welfare. Even onr fishermen, who form such a numeroii* and vBluable clnss, did not enjoy dunng that period, advantaueg equal to what they since have P"s«««7«. ^""; sequently their Mtiiation, it will be tound on inquiry, was then, more indigent, dependant and ombarrasseil, than even at present. It ia true, it ifi found in most instances, that a* eommercial pursuits are extended, and flourish and suc- ceed, that the wealth and welf»ic of the country at large, in which they are pursued, are also promoted. 1 here are many cases however, of their having been long ami extensively prosecuted, without producing such effects ; and without laying any solid foundation, whereon to ea^ tablisb and advance the public prosperity. Upon cxtendad and attent e con^^ideration, i* would appear, that ther.e pursuit^ are more or ess pro- ductive ol iHM.eficial rftccts, nfa general d'^cnption, and which are liiiolv to remain duii^lde, as the articlen with which Ihev are supplied, and about which they are^c- eiinie.i are in a grialer or lesser degree, tho produce or mar.uractnre efthe country in ^vhicn they are condact- od TMh it is conceived may be taken, a« a very tair iTiitioii ol commerce, |! il... Hisuios which form the •sprt'» of nnyeoim V it C3 try, and in which ita trade is conducted, are mostly r its own produce and inanulacture, but particularly if they are chiefly the products of its husbandry, its trade can scarcely be encouraged and pursued to too great ^ degree. While this is extended, a proportionate increase of employment u afiForded toils labour at home, for the procuring of the products and iianufactures, with which to supply it. Ifeven the trade of such a country, should experience a temporary stagnation or decay, from an alteration in the general channels of commerce, or from a change in political affairs, yet still, from possessinff within Itself the means for supplying the absolute wants ot Its population, and from its general prosperity havin" been gradually advancing, its distresses and embarrass'! ments, will be less severe and extensive, and of shorter continu3nce,than they would have been, if iu trade had been ofa dinerent description. In euch a country therefore asGreat-Britain, where iHost of the articles in which its trade is carried on, are Its own manufactures and products, or those of its col- onies ; and where a^ric ture is so highly esteemed, and so extensively and successfully pursued, commerce can. not flourish, without p/oducing profitable effects upon •very other interest. ^ i On the other hand, if the trade on which a country IS greatly dependant, and which it is extensively engae- «d in pursuing is one, to which but few articles U:e pro- duce of Its husbandry, or of home manufacture. nstt^ian from a tliano-? of po'iJical -rffait*, or from ai)^ other cause, th« exUcmes ot general distress and despondency will speedily t-iisue.- Not only so, but the dunition of tiier.' unhappy ef>ects, and the return of general a'xMidaBce. wiU entirely depend upon there- turn of tradi^ into it» ii rmer profitable u" annels ; to whatevor period this may be dr'tyed. The uel.ase oi' snch a countr\\ will ever i'uctiate ^vidi the il'tctoatior,* of uade ; and the events of a was, f the succc : of n fortunate or favorite rival, will prt .xntly j** iuee it from a state of abundiince and rejoicing, lo one oi bankruptcy or ruin. 'r f-' It is upon the internal iinpro\ rment of a country, and Ihe measure of the chief necessmies of life, which it is made to supply to its population, that its solid welfare and happincijs must ever depend. There probably never was a counfry, where com- merce was more unconnocted with husbandry, than it has hitherto been in thi^ colony ; and where its success and advancement contributed less to the promotion of gene- ral prosperity. It has «ven been the cas», as has alrea- dy been in some dcprcoexplained, thatthe success of this interest here, operated for a very considerable period of time, greatly to impede the Afjiicultural improvement of the country. This was chiefly owing to the nature of our trade, — which has hitherlu beenone,to which scarce- ly an article, the prodnceof our husbandry was supplied for exportation. Thenl)ility to furnish i'or that purpose, any considerable portion of articles drawn from this Hource, appeared sd dillicult of attaiiimerit, and to lie at Kuch a hopeless distance, that our mercantile people were led to distejiard and to undervalue this interest ; and to consider their 'uccess in their pursuits as not at all (lepondiui; upon its advancement ; and consequently tliL-y enipUyed no portion of their capital, and used n* exertinnti or intluencu to proniotu it i mmTr A& tlie trade at pi-gsent carried on with the people o( the United States, is of the very same description ; and it is too much to he feared, will produce the same inju- iioijs effects with regard to our Agricultural improve- ment. ^ It may very reasonably he doubted, whether in anv eountry, (but particularly in one of very recent ssttle"'- ment) which does not supply the chief means of subsis- tonce for its population to a sufficient extent, any trade can be considered beneficial and profitable, which raises the price of those means upon home consumption. This howevpr, in our case, has most assuredly already been done,through the trade of which we have been spcakin"-. Although the advance in the prices of fish, which have taken place through its operation, Will certainly benefit our fishermen ; yet such great quantities of this article, are here consumed by the indigent and laborious classes, who are noteniraged in the fisheries, that with respect to them, such advance will operate very much to coun- terbalance the ad vantages derived to the fishermen. With regard to those articles of British and West India produce, which here are consumed, many of which may even be considered of prime necessity, tha advance in their prices which is likely to take place, and which in- deed in the case of several of them has already taken plhce, through the operation of this trade, niav also be placed in opposition to the partial advantages which it may be admitted will flow from it. It has thus been attempted, to specify and illustrate the benefits and disadvantages, we may probably exper- ience from this trade : and the observations which have been made wilh respect to the latter, go chiefly to show, ♦'•.dt they can only arise from its loag continued and extensive proiecution. ; ■■i I li 6(i r,.J\f'' ^''""'' ™"."y rfifVorences of opinion on y •^..rv!** •7 continued. Thf^y ^.ould not in the least, I.ave restrain- «ri or lessened the consumption of the articles on which they were imposed : and we should not have been obli- gedtoreHortto, that extensive i.sue ofpaper curency, w uch has s.nce taken place, and through which, in re-' . Iit.y we have again become deeply in debt. It is hio-h- V probable, that for th. purposeTof discharging? th«deln tlH incurred, and providing the means (or'.neeting th. V"'!^'-'' '"^'«R«»««l^'y required, we shall ere Ton.., in. under the necessity ot imposing the very duties whici ho were withdrawn, and at a period too when thev ca n- not bo well be endured. voMc^ ZlTf ^''^^^^""^of'nquTy into our domestic policy which It has been designed lierein to observe, the fisheries form the subject, to which our attenlioi .nav noxt be directed. Such a number of the inhabitants of this Provmfe, on every part of its coasts, are en.raoo,l in ho prosecution of these, and our commerce is so inli- niately connected with, and indeed so materially depen- dant upon hem, that they must certainly beconsidi ed ds const.tutmr one of the principal sources from which we must seek to derive our general prosperity. Whatever have been the causes, certain it is, that lew who have been immediately engaged in carrying them on, an. have chielly depended upon them for mo': Vuringa ivelihood, have eventually been enabled to improy. their circumstances, in any extensive decree. It tias luen found upon attentive observation that far tho greater number, and nuieed nearly the whole of then, have remained year after year, in peace a« well as in' W.U, in the same indigent and embarrassed situation - I'nTl'IlL^ ^fngoling with difliculties and hardships', and at the termination of every season, in dread of be- iiig deprived by importunate creditors, of the slender por ions of property they possessed. The amount of the. yuthfs, they are almost invariably under the uecessitv 4j SS3 I Ui 1 68 of procuring fiom (he merchant upon credit, and conse* qiiently at very high prices, is generally so great, that the whole profits of the season, if it is even an or- dinarily successful one, will .«cnrcelv «lischar«'e it; af- ter affording 'nr/ b> 1 ^isU^nce .luriiigthe time to them- selves am tueir laniilies. Whatever have been the prices of fish allov^ed by the merchant, the prices of ar- ticles furnished by him to the lisherman, have been In such correspondent proportion, as always to keep (he latter, in the same needy and einburrass^a situation. A m This, doubtless, affords matter for serious and at- tentive consideration ; audit is of the hijjhest iiv.por- tance, to investigate the true causes, to which the ne- CPsMtous condition of thatnumerous and valuable class of people has been oAving. An endeavour to that effect will presently be made, knd also to point out, how alonp It is apprehended, their situation can be i seirtiallv im- proved, y ■. Our mercantile people, have attributed the slender piofiis acquired by the fishermen in pursuit of his oc- cupation, in a great measure to the low prices offish, in ' the niarliets to which it has in c-eneral bee. exported • inconsequence of which, they have not been enabled to allow uiose prices to the fisherman, which would ensure mm a liberal pt ,fit. The prices in the West-Indies have il IS true, - different periods and especially of late year oeen very low, owinj; to a variety of causes, which It IS unnecessary here particularly to specify. Some of them,— as the increase in the consumption of meat, in ''^of.hsh, in "t.l It shall clearly appear, that the objects in view, can in no other wav be eHeclcd. ' It ;iny mnnufardire is found unprofitable, any in- vention, through tho emnloynient of which, a ;iieater quantity of the article may be produced, with a smaller portion of labour, or the adoption of any other expedi- ent, ^ybIcll will operate either to enhance its value, or to reduce the labour employed in its production, will cause s,u-h manufacture to revive and become profitable, it trade becomes languid and unproductive of -rain, the removal o( restrictions or the establishments of recrula- -ons, tending to facilitate and enlarge it, will produce similar goodefTects. JJy snch modes, a greater portion of "Hlusliyis excilBd and employed; and instead of any Unng being taken from the hoard ofthe Societv at lame 11 IS greatly enriched and improved. " " ' ^♦ilh regard to bountieR,-an opening is too com- mmih 'ound lor great frauds in obtaining them ; and ""I .mlie(|uently are they diverted trom their intended o.iuse, and nesercome to the hands of those for whose hene!!t they «eic granted, instances might be cited, tp " ■' " I " II »i T *aenawaM« mm. 71 from In-^torKs of the political economy of s.veral coun- tnesand .n particular of the one under whose iyern "ruS'"^^;d"orr°" ^" ^'-^'/^ '"^^ existence ^ot^l"h rauds ; and of lar^e sums of money being taken from he.r public funds, i„ the shape of bJuntief without Independently of these considerations, it must al- ways be ren.embered-that, the revenues of a cTuntJr are in general derived from the contributions in one form or other, of every individual within it ; and that uS hrough the operation of the bounty, a ret, rns made beyond itn amount, the society can never become richer ad„ntt.n«- that the whole of «ucb return i. reteiied bJ ion' «?';• r'' '^"'"^''"5 ''' '*• ^f '' f"'>« i" its operS: lovP, V^P^"^'"S T-''^ *'"°""^ h reason of it, being em- ploy ed in supporting any unprofitable trade or employ, -cut; or any part of it, should in one shape or oWr, be received by strangers, the society indubitably must sustain u loss. It may therefore very safely be adoS as ageneral inaMui-that it can nevei- be sound poky in a country to support by bounties, any trade ,nSc' ture, or calling, which is likely to continue unpiXbTe. ]t has been laid down by many, who have written he most ably u,,on political econom; ; and can be shown obe well founded-that, there can\carcely aHse Zre ban twocases,in which it can bo expedient i?4cessi^'* Thet7 '^."r'y. IT? "7 ''-''^ "' o-nufacturei' 1 lie 111 St 18-to establish and set a going, any one which S n?;^'r r^" "." *"'" '" t''*^ '«"»t^^7, tl.e proven! tion of which, there is every reason to coniude, wilt prove generally beneficial, and which pr^a e mea . and exertion would not be sufficient to se forward Jh, other is-to assist in keeping up or reviving, any one i J w hich a country has been extensively engaged, or wZri" «H irom any arcuinstances, it is materially dependant - f '".'" «"l ""•<«•« LUid ■I '(A. tr 7a fcnd which IS ih a state of depression, from causes which there is every probability will soon be removed In al* most every other case which can be thought of a bounty 18 unnecessary ; and will only tend to diminish the nub- lie stock. ' It IS m general the best policy, to leave every trade *nd occupation, to adjust itself to the wants, or the state o» the country in which it is prosecuted ; and to ."ind it« proper level and proportion. A sufficient portion of la- bour, will naturally run into any one which is found to be profitable to those engaged in its prosecution ; and to endeavour by bounties, and legislative regulations, to lead It into one of a contrary description, can only tend to withdraw It from those pursuits which are produc- tive ; and must assuredly prove injurious to the oener- al interests of the society. * If any occupation or calling, which has been exferi.- Mvely prosecuted in a country, and been found produc- tive, suddenly ceases to be so, from any change of «f. fairs ; and is likely to continue unprofitble ; the labour employed m It, will in genefal, soon direct itself into some other channel. Argument, and advice may fre- quently with advantage be offered, to show the prudence and propriety of»iuch change. Legislative regulations however, should very cautiously be employed to elfeot It ; and bounties, seldom av il much for the purpo.se If our fisheries were likely ta continue unprofilahle. and could onlv be supported by bounties, it would cer! tainlr be prudent and adviseable, to draw off the labour which 18 engaged in their prosecution, and emnlov it m oth«r pursuits, which would prove more productive. Ihey are not however in such a desperate situation, «, to render such a moasure e.xpedient or requisite. More- •ver, such u great proportion of the people of this Pro, 73 Vince, ever have been, and from their local situations, ever will be, in a great measure dependant upon them for subsistence, that they will always be prosecuted to a Tery considerable extent. Upon this account, and also considering how essential they are to the support of out commerce, it is expedient and politic, to aflbrd them such stitmilation and encouragement, as Will render them more profitable, to those engaged in their prosecution. It will hereafter be shown, that it is very possible to assist them, without taking a shilling from our public funds. As bounties, however, have been so frequently resorted to in this Prsvince, that it has become almost a matter of course to grant them, it may not be amis*, to make some observations upon those which have been here'ofore bestowed with the intention of encouraging our fisheries ; and also endeavour to show, if they must be made use of for that purpose, how they may be appli- ed tho most beneficially. The one, which has been the nsoit strenuously urg- ed and recommended by a certain clasn of our mercan- tile people, is— a bounty upon the importation of Salt : which was an expedient devised by them some years ago. This, they have not failed «ver since to clamour loudly for obtaining, and whenever withheld to manifest the utmost disappointment, and even vexation. The motives, fnr the expression of such feelings will suffici- ently ajipear, w lien the whole matter relative to that bounty, comes to be laid open and explained. I fhe persons alluded to, as being (he mnst strenu- ous advocates of thin measure, have invariably been found to bf— the importers of the article. Uy tlieir v«- hement and confident assertions, of the great general idvantages to be derived from it, they have it is true, 74 succeeded at times, in procures to their endeavour^ the assistance of some .lisinteiested,and in many lesnccts evfMi very judicious pPi-ons. Those, however, have not taken the trouble to satislv themselves, iron, diljo-emaml attentive inquiries of tlieir own into the whole subioct • but have been contented, to receive nuow credit, the all» ll l ll l.l i llL m^<- » \\ '/.■> vince, solely with a ^lc\v to (he profit to be receivod ii- pon the oale of it, unless there was almost a certainty, of its bearing a price, much above that which has been iiiontionecl. This, however, is not the mode upon which we are obliged to depend, for obtaininir a sufficient sup- ply of the article. We must look at the course and cir- cumstanceH of our trade with Great- Hritain, and in them we shall find the greatest facilitien, and even induce- ments, to the introd!ioled Hit!i the greate^i liicility and convenience, through ihe sam(> chaiim-l, to olitnin such i\ ntlv more for the interest of the merchant in Halifiix, to take salt in payment for the return cergo whicii he i^ to furnish : than to receive it in bill!^ , ; exdiangp.or in ai.> otiiermodo. The salt, he Ml gen'^.q. obtair ut a low rate and commonly, is ena- bled fo dispose of It with readinpss, and at a vny hand- *"."u *•.•',»'«»«', to the fishermen, who rewjrt to the port of Hatitiix, from different parts ot th*- ciiasts of the Pro- vince, aiiJ from other places fo obtain tbi-ir supplies of th" article : thu?, making a iirofil liotb »pon the cargo lie tuiitishes, tuid what he ubtuiu.-. in pmment for it. In the port of Pii-tou. even greau r faciUties exisl ' ■ ' J ' q igj IJ iWyr n ifor oblaining this article in the greatest abundancff, and at the lowest prices. The great number of ve8fiols,which every jear arrive in that port from Great liritiiin, for fargoes of timber, (niany ofwhich too, are from thatparf. fif it, where the salt is procured) puts it in the power of >he merchant in that port, to procure almof t monthly, from the spring of the year until late in tho autumn, jvhatever quantity of it he may desire to havi?. Many of those cargoes of timber, either the merchants here foi themselves, or their agents for Iheni in Great Britain, have contracted to furnish, several months previous to the freightinfr, or ordering out of any vessels to receive them : and when so contracting, they have it in their power, to stipulate for receiving by those vessels the snppliesof salt they may require. Frequently, indeed, those carfjoes are by express stipulation betwesn th* parties to be paid for in this article. Great numbers of finhermen resort to the port of Pictou also, from adjacent parts of the coast of this Pro- vince ; and even from tho island of Prince Edward and Cape Brolon, to prtcuic. their sujipUes of salt ; and for the reasons whicli have just been stated, as arplyinjj to the uirrchants ot Halila.v iu re^poct to this suhject, it is pl'O, n»uch lor the interest and convenience oftliose resi- dent in the |!ort of which we are gpcakinp, to take this nrticie in payment for tho tiinher they furnish. Tho risk, attending the takinj; of bills of e.xchau'j.e for tlio> o cargoes, from their having? been so frcquinUly returned under protest, and they to whom they were «iven ov,>ii.. tually left without any pay'iient whatever, UiConseqncure of inirrveninj!: bankruptcies, or other causes, toi;ether, >vith a consideration of the discount, which is in I'^eiicral required iu disposing of tin in here, induce many, and especially those, who are not possessed of extensive cap- itals, and have not long been engaged in this trade, to prefer taking in payment, salt and other commodities. Many vessels aUo arrive in the last nentioned poii 7a Kl M..kmg for cargoes Som^ of theie, brinr out salt with .yh.ch to procme them ; this being an arliclo Xh Oe « uppers ot.t ol,tainso low, that th.y cau a!n oh hivar! "blv exchange It lor (he ca,-oe« th^y requiio Vo is to make the vojage a more profitable one, th u ?',hev hid I TiicJcr all l'lv..fi( uill How in as a n.atter of .Mi'.; , r '"' "'^""' '" ^'"'■"'' ^" l^'*'"" ♦" t''i'i'' u, ,„irir,(s n..rsoaehrn,t Ui indu.irv and enter- ;'<<•, as u, ..vnlooku.' n.glecf an, ,b,nnel of trade ii. ';." r-'^v, >,- ,!n.u,.h «h..h(|, i. v'"* "KM be increased. •'•;'" '"• <■' !"'• I.arul i„e den.ana \\m any article is very ""!"'-!, uith cfi.H.l faciliuos and advanfriorn for pro- ;;;'nng ,., ,he M.,,p|y will ,u g.neral be in noportf^m • ' • -.Hch ... u.ll .iloM a p,.,m to ,he p. rso, H.^ed in •••i.'.r::i:i.v ,1 inio tJ:o country an 1 \»-iidiiig it. • i'!idoa>'i;' ! ' !'^ I'rt'ni.ums or bounticv, fo procure 79 Jlie importation ofa greater qt-antitj of any article than he (lemarui (or oonsnn.ption Vequiro.s, nu, t ,m oubS 13'be considered a squandering of the revenues offh^ country; and seldom fails in L end, to in " e tl' in! terests even of the individuals en-aged in brin-in such superfluons quant ty into the market. Not oSf; so Su It almost .nvanably occasion, at so.„o succeedln^'pe?- These observations, are only meant to apnlv in articles which ar« imported into i country iwTo'nn consumption. The .amo re,.ular proportio^ns , . o de" tT Lo'T ri^P •'' ^n'-ot always be kept »p, ,vilh re^^poc to tho»e which are bron?.ht in, not only ibV that purLe bu also tor erportation; and which aremu e e^oT jects of barter, or commercial speculations with the ueo t^ a7e and'tr?"^- V''\ ^^'"'""«' «"ctuatio„rof t acJe, and t.'^ frequent alterations in the channels But few cases can be imagined, ia which there would be a necessity for granting a bounty, ,o favc , tlTe m Ijonation of such articles,°ifa trade to the , mr wheT^ heyweret«beprocured,wasopenorper.,M(ted iti not .owever designed by abount/ou salt, to induce tle^n loriuction ot any quantity otlt.for the purpose of expor- tat.on, and barter fur other commodities in fore g'Sa Ket« ; but merely to procure a .uflicicnt quantity'lbr our own consumption. ' "'"uyioroui l.o»„ .•'*") '" ""^ ''^^^' circumstances which have been mentioned, as Cnorable to our obtaininff a aU times ade,,uate supplies of it, fur the last inen on«d m, pose, w- mu.t r.colluct~that, u u ia th. parent cjuu 80 that the fine salt is manufactured, (of which kind we re- quire the greatest portion) and that botli descriptions of the article, come to us free of an)' duly whatever. But, we are not at this time left to form an opinion, as to the propriety, or impropriety of aUdwinsj such a bounty, merely upon i'seory and general rea-.Duiui'f. Facts, and experience, ', ive proved beyond all reasona- ble doubt, the iniitili w tau in; ihcacv ofthe meutiuro, for the purposes it was prulessedly dcsijjned to accomplish; (Jpwards of twelve years have now elapsed, since boun- ties upon this article were first aliowe.' in liiis Province; during cerlniii periods of whicli (i,iie, ai; : in p.^r'i! mir for the three last years, none have existed ; arid it will be found upi n inquiry, t'tat mU has beert as abundant and as cheap during- iho'o periods, as when the bouniies Mere in operation. This, must b.>, and indrf J is admit- ted, even by the advocates for «;rH'itin^ lii-. mi ; but they fontend, that, this has been owing, i> the fu!! fvpecta- tions which they say were entertainod, by the importers or sliippers of the article, at (iie particular periods of givingorders for its introduction, that the bounties would be allowed. If,they had bee.i granted for any consid- erable period of time together, an'i there was every rea- son to conclude, that they would I)p continued, and con- trary to such expectations, tiioy w re suddenly with- drawUjlhis might have been partially the ca8e,for the year immediately following such cessation : l»ut when it is re- collected, that the bounties have always been limited In their duration, to but one year; auc that three years in succession have now elapsed, in which none have existed^ that reason cannot hold good. / / I n another view which may be taken ofthe subject, the weakness and inefiicacy ofthe bounties which have heretofore been granted, in respect to bringing a great- er quantify of this article into the country, than would olherwiise come into it, will furth^i* appear, it is un ar- 8t \iele so very Rubject to waste ; and of which a quanlll* amoiniting ni value to bm a moderate sum, ocrupies so much room, that not only the bounties which ha ve yet been allowed, but even much greater, could be no in- ducement to any per^veral iriAtances of this kind of proceedin;; have occurred, both in the port of Halifax, and in that of PictoUi (into which ports ag has already been stated, (he chief importations of the article are made) : but particularly in the latter place, has the practice prevailed. Some of those instauces, are very generally known ; and have been publicly pointed out, \vithout any attempt being made at their denial. Ther« is indeed good reason to believe, that, there has been a very general understanding among the importers of thit article, not to interfere with each other at such sales, in «uch a manner, that the bounty could iiot be obtained. After such purchasing rn,so as (o malie sure of the bounty, the owner or importer, was at liberty to seh out the article to the lishermen, at such prices us he could procure for it : which, always, of course, depended u- pon the quantity of it in the market, h has orten been liiiown— that, within a very few days after such purcha- sing in, large quantities of tlje very aiticle, have been sold to the fisherman, b^ the importer, for a price more than one half beyond th«t, which was fixed as the one, under which alone, if the article was disposed of at suck public s-ale, the bounty would be allowed ; and gener- ally, indeed, has the whole quantity, I)cen sold to the aame description of person*;, for prices much above the one so established. ^Jvef^, of the few fishermen who happened to be iii the port, whtre uny such sale was taking place ; many of them had not money at hand, to procure through that channel, their supply of the article for the season ; but were under the necessity, of procuring it upon credit, and consequently at a higher price, troia the merchant with wlioai the^ usually trailed. n 83! m It surely was not the intention of ilie legislature, at the time ^fallowing; the bounties upon this article, that, they should be rectiveii upon such as should be purcha- sed ju, in the manner which has been stated. It is pro- bable, that then, it was not even in Us contemplation, tliat sueh a practice would be puriued. Tfce effects in- tLMided to be produced by theii- pIv enough appear, from the Act under which th re allowed. It was intended— that the iisherman gli> uld be thereby enabled, to pr cure this article, so essential in his occupation, ia •ufficR'nt quantities ; and at a lower price, than he would otherwise have t« give for it— and, that, the owner, or importer of it for sale, should be secured in such a prico for it, upon a fair and absolute tale, as would shield him from a loss. Towards accomplishing the two first men- tioned purposes, the measure is well known to have been altogether unavailing ; and for the latter, mostundoubt- •dly, it was not at all requisite. So much has been said, respecting the bounties upon this article in particular, because they are those, which have been the most strenuously urged and recommend- ed, by a great number of those among us who are engag- ed in commercial pursuits ; and by all without excep- tion, who are in the habit of importing it. These latter, having reaped the whole profit of the measure, we need not be surprised, at their vexation and regrets upon its, being relinquished ; nor at their zealous and persever- ifl» ex^ertions to procure its revival. If, a bounty upon this article could be granted in tuch' a manner, that, the fisherman would certainly ob- tain it, at a price, lower by the amount of the bounty, than he would have to give for it without one ; it cer- tainly would often bo proper, and at i\ll times beneficial to allow it. Tlii;^, however, it would be dilFicult, and iindeed almost impossible to accomplish. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■ 50 "^^ ^ us, 11:25 III 1.4 2.5 20 1.6 6" PhntnoranViir« Sciences Corporation S. n>^ #> V ^ >v 'V^ ^x-^ <^ O^ 33 WIST MAIN STREIT WHSTIR.N.Y. 14580 (716) •72-4S03 '^ 9>^ V ^ J"^. mm' 1 ^'"ri.mny reason, for v^Shtll T'' '^'^""^^4 are ««•», or advantase to leTeltltl^ '"^'?' * *^"««- The once seen and undersfoorl . '^ ^'■"'" *'"' '"•'"er iiat J'ount U.e porson entered i'"' '1 r'^T ^'^ -'«» it a has only to increasel&,e i^" '• ^^t^''' "^-'^-'P^tKn,, derived from those ofthe tn i^ V """^''^ P'^^t '" l»o :i"*ntlynotl,einjjco,nS 'd.H """■• "P^^'fioa fre. or or even ordinary cEfreK fh "'/'T'^^^^'' ''V '"fer. »t..uulus the^ wereV;^Se^J;',''^/[f' '^^Producingthe -nt/rSr'SK/:^ 'ptr,;:;" r '^^'"'« — -'v at pre. Jh-s can onlj- be Ce k? "'"^ '^ ""'• fi«''ene, • and buunues would be niui^^^S ''f.^^" '^"^'^^ ^hoso ^-'o^ved, e.l/,or upon the fonE^ Jwk^"^ beneHcially be- n pr.^secuting the JishV, pi ^ °' '''^ *^*^'"'« enmioyed ;v«"ld take Place,whe ;b;'ri/;:'r. '""^^^^^^ "f theif. I Mvou d be obt'a.ned ; andS r>f ?h"""'"-> "'"'« «'ti' ate industry, and eneonr" ce n.. ''"' """•''«<•"".- ♦hey were productive ..„f „r,r '''*^'";'^'*' f^*'^". i*' f'ven directly t« the pe^ons n 1 •^'''^, *^^'*'^"^'«' '^*'i "tf 'hej^ would at lea«t coE e '"''"';'*? "'« «ecupa(ion' articie. '''^"''^' ""^ »" unpro/itable «ale oj .h2 ;ions'/n';E:;;^!;s|^f,.;;;'^;Mhn| d..it, a„Jo4a, tins r!^«^„?„V-r;h: C^'ir'"' '""'R'-^- ^""e, ill which it Iitvl . '^*'''« a"d ne..Jected »'-" at., ««.,oL Of plUttU t3. ^^'" "-- a"ord ■Agriculture, has in (mff. - ence upon erery occunat r. • ■'""'"^ "T hHhernuM, have hithe o J d n ' T"- ^'"^ P''"^'^" "" be snpprised, that, th,v a ° '^""^ ''T ''' ^^'^ ^''"'t •••«« cn.barra..ed in the r cira," ^ ..fj'^'-"' '^ '"ditfeiU I ■iicinity of that port, were obliged to procure their flour : whirl), thus, ciune to them at a higher rate, than to moet oilier descriptions of persons. 'i!.e prices also of meat, and of these articles which arcciin-icii red assuccedaneumfl for broad, were generally during (Iio^o periods, and indeed until within less than l-\o vciu> j'asl, couTspondontlv high. This, indotd, with r.>p!.cl to the latter de-cription of articles, foUow- <••! H-. H ...;.(terofco»r'e: for al(hoiigh,lhc position whiuh, ■mSSEB 87 iias been so frequently, and so ably laid down-that the price of corn is the standard by which .(.at of every thinff Ttilln.w ?'*''T''"'"^' ''^""•'^ "°^ be admitted tS itHtull extent ; yei, its price does undoubtedly rejrulate that of every article, which is used as a succedaneum 5 . I fish^nnfn K a' •!"^«'-'-a«.'"nen and of other noUion^i «"hs.stence, hav.ng from the circumstance* mentioned, been precarious and uncertain, he has al- ^vays been under tl^e necessity of endeavourinij to pro- n his lowV'r "''^'/'■■'""/""'' V'"'*"'^ exertions as he had , V n "^ h *". r"*"^ '" ^ff'-'c«»t««-'»l occupations. Thus, purhu ts, dissimilar in their natures, and which it is for the interest of both should be exc usively pur ued br different .ndividualn, he has fai>.d of ioaprovRig ITs cir^ ^iinistaiices by either. " i From all these considerations, it may appear how ».uch more cfectually, our fisheries could l.e Slated «nd extended, and thesituation of those enguffod in their our Agriculture than by the allowance of p.iillic boun- ties, iheadvantajreof this mode of encour.ijrinff them may indeed be sho«na. once, in tlie form ofl."fhnS CHl calculation ; and .o as to be plainly perceive rand unders ood.by the most or.linary c.oacity. Suppose for example -a hshe.man and his tan.ily to consume in the •ourse Ota year, but three barrels ofnour, (which cer! tainly IS nota very larjje portion) ;, if he could procure these, at the rate of e .ht dollar, per barrel, instead of .Pr. r"1^i T"^ of sixteen, whiclThas been mentioned here, would be asavini^ at once of six pawnds • which .« within five shillings of the amount of .he bo'unll; he *^;rT«'.i»^. !»•.■■. — — - ■ '*»^ 83 {» .^ « "'' ^"••'<=»'t"''^ wag so far advanced, tl.at fro»l itafeufficent portion of bread could be f.:rni"hed foJ the consumption of our whole population, (;*hich must take place before the prosperit/of the Pro vince can be •aid to be placed on a firm knd durable foundatTon) Xrr IS every reason to presume, that the price of a barrel o^ flour would not be greater than the lower one which has just been mentioned. In one of our most populois dis! tr.ct8,a„d where, from a number of causes, ASrcuhura! pursuUs have not arrived even at the stat^ ofinprove' inent in which they are found in some other parts of the irovi nee, in years of ordinary abundance, ffood wheaten -satCrafe/" '' ^^ the hundred weight, as low By encouraginjr the ftstieries Jn this mode, a irreatef portion ofproductive labour would al«o be put in no' tion, and kept constantly in exercine ; and k sa inff ?„ our public funds would be effected, to the amoun? of those lar^e sums, which have almost annually, for a • ongd of lime past, been bestowed as bounties. Those sums,havin-i,een derived from duties upon articles of general consumption, may be considered, as havino- been rccumulated from taxes upon the wholo body of ou no" fiodcd the whole society would be so tar relieved from a burrhen ; or .f those duties should still be continued to he.r full extent ; the sums so allowed heretof "re! couN be applied to many other purposes, which would contribute to th« advancement of our ijeneral prosper ty. It is now time to enter upon a full and particular consideration, ot; the most important «f all ihJ subjects proposed to be discussed in these paires. The fireat#r part of what has yet been advanced, has been merdv h Kpecificafion of the causes, which have hitherto prevent- P< our nsinjr jo a wealthy or llourishinjr condition, ile •WHO wii„OH well lo a country, performs but part of bit •v--'.- ■-•.. -'■mpm 89 t*t depend, it willappear — that, as there is none which is of such vital importiiiice as our Agriculture ; so there is none, which has until very lately been «o g'rcatly neglected. For this, a num- ber of causes may be assi-fued, which will presently be treated of. In the mean time it may be ol)*erved,'that the pursuit of it, was too long and too generally consid- ered of minor consequence towards promotingour gen- eral welfare ; and indeed, that it appeared to have been looked upon by many among us, as an occupation of rather an inferior, and degrading description. if viewed however in a proper light, it must be con* fessed, that there is no employment in lite,whichis more truly honorable, and which tends more directly, to en- sure the just independence, the comfort, and the happi- ness of man. It was the express appointment of his ('reator, that he should procure the means of his subsist- ence, by the cultivation of the ground from which his kody WU8 taken. The earth was not jippoiul«d to yield M t; f H Ji^lJi t:;!^:;^^ t^:l-f -rUon, on h. part ; «weat of his brow, by h /oVn J ,Tl v tl *** '''^ '' '^^ '^* the many fa.al pkssions, v ces and fnli ''■'''^''*"'f? "Hon oi ivh.ch mankind are exj sed wtll r! "'' ^^ ''''' ?"*««• flourished, Agric.KLhp'''"*'';"'^'^ '^^t^^'^^ "'at ever «c(ers, hare not only eSovedhVV "'*''*""'' ^•''«'- ' '"'^ '^J" «nce, mdmtry, and prudence to m^ """^ "'" ''^'"P^''- a few seasons,an ample sunnlvf^ T. I'-'' '? *''« ^^''^^'^e of "• is n«t required T tSf-^'''''''''''''^«'*««J'''t'wanf. ;n lifealmosJoSeTsi v;,Vrfla'?^^^""^^^ to palliate, the viccB anil elu r^' *^ S>"«« »' cr, or directly to' their vanities to '•n^'^.T'""''' '° "'■"'^tor trary dictates, or to XwHo u''' *;""'"''' ^''^'•' «'W- lincler a free mid e^„ abii L ' '''"""' ""'^ '^^P'-'cet. enjoyment of hisZ el. onftht'rKw*' '"^"'''^^ the endnotmoretoiSviSe^^^^^^^^^ "^'''^ ^*"i"fr^ jus body, than to nourrsirand 1^'*''"!'.''' *''*^ ''^"'th of Independence of his m n ,n i f l^'^^ "'« ^'^edon. and •nd affections o i^hrrt' "^ '^''''' "'* "^^^^ *«»*"«• ''TtlJf'ff. '' i '* ■" " ■qasje tl «nd however extensive ma{' I ,u P°^'''«»l relations; troduced, heneed not looT^. the distress thereby in- • bsoIutenecegsariesofS """" field, foi the and his on^doSc cir^; r '"■•*« "-e^P^ct^ himself, -d,nJo,.e„t:m'cVnS'ett%:Z"' ''^ done his iiartTr nrocnri ' ♦' ^^"'^"'^e. Having look. in.nUdLS;to c fjrori;ri/' ^"pr--^' ^^ regular and adecnrnte sLnfv In i • ' T*''*''* '" ^^eir i».o«e frauds, tSr^"S-^;,s li'r ^'' .*•"*'><=* »« through which, such nmh^^h^^^^^ 5 «»<* ced Crom a sta eo?the " eX^WH" '^^ '■"'^"" to the extremes of ."eC^^ ^eTd:^^ *'""'^"^''* -al'i'^re Si^XvTce'Td thrh'a ^" '^'*'^*''» -* can so eflectnalli be rn^H 1 . happiness of nations, -anentlv reposi' a: ^ rn'^J^l^.l'.^^V'S "' ^"T follows as a matter of courst* If rKVV • . ' ' '*'', ced with respect to indiS'i ''*''^' J "'*''*«"»-* ^"- tion, be corfect and w r o' id'^ed'^Tf ^'^^ °«"Pa- "POH that of the members compS ft (ft. '^^'P'"^ sidered apart, eniov ihim.ln^- ^ i .^ . " ^"ese, con- they com ,0.;, S7verT S, ir.'^ happiness, the «tate and prosperous VnlLoH^H^ de«ommated, wealthy, ty can that country belaid to hi * i ""-^^ *'*** P'''*P''«- flourishing, the indivhiuilj .? w1 -'u^'a '"^T"^«"*' «"d «d will, want, embarrassedTa'd unhaj^f ' ''^ °PP*"«^«- »• r >. 1 V ' All foundations, indeed, but this, Cornational nroi,. per,(.y are msecuro and pn.<.,nou,s Vm.m. , . a w| ch 1" modern t.me. is u.ade ratl.or too n.uch Uu' bu = o',^ of nations a„d wrnch it woull ar„.ear, i. con.idejr'hj ff. rat numbers, as the only occupation worthy of m, ,i7 IS con,stan.lv exposed to n.uuu.uons and vici.situd : Jt' fnlovvs therefore, orco.u.se, (h.t ,!,o cou.n,-. nb, ./j^ chiefly dependant (or its prosperity, u; on tl.n . „rce abundance, and rejoicin- (o one of general vyealiuo^s' distre&F, and despondency. i*Tt.ciuut,i, so rxten.,vely pursued, ..to alF.rd all .e evil. ; but iicut .inv om T.! f< r-' e gn intercourse n,ay still re.nuin prosperous an ! L - io.'.nti '''''''^'^y^ ""'r'^. •»« f^H.ch to ailinu-lhat ,„ counry was ever yet for aay ^.reat lenjjth c'-ti,-,e ,- vanably and euiinently pro^pePou., in which :/.' c^i^u ral purbuits were despised cr neglected. . Thi?, may be exemplified, and prnxed, by the hi-. rSVn ? '"""'''■ «*""^'"-' '-""i --..tri.s' both V „. c ent and moo-rn t.n.es. An^cus: »l.e !.«o,u.ns, .hal »,i- .t.ou. and a, Imrary people, w l,o were aIn.o.t'cnnHta . .V enga^.d .n the most f^,rmi.lal>b^ .n,l ..n^uiu.ry w ' those pursjut. were from the first I.. riodnr.hM^M;.;^ be.d iH hij^hestiUKitton: and (l.eir UH;st relebri.tec' ch ', -n.,,vn.e often ..und activdy en.ploved ii:';;!^:;na J Mith ■,;,/■ ""P'-"^^"'^"<'^ ..w\.oric.dture, I.ept p.ue >th tnen- conquests ; and wherever they c^h.di'hed "-e r d.mu.,on,.hey caused the labours of the fid ,. ^ ' ' •'■! ct fhr.r arms, or the nature of the government they isam »S #..^cor^UmxeA preservation of the co,Ui7.estR tl.ev nuidr.. t was not .mtil late in the decline of he mi-hty J-mpu-e tno.v establisbod. that the mother ofso many^na^ Uoi.., waw liersell ina(!,. to depend upon remote parts of ,..,v i?7 ' • ,"^*',"' '""^ ,>'>'Por(ant olall occupations, ...u c considered as rapidly acc.leratintr the dolv.ifal of thjt n,i-„(v and clo.e cemented fabric, nhich the wis- rZ'n"!"? ''*"'■* **"'°"'*"^ generations had been tiicupieil in rearing. Kven Cartha.o:^, which was oxten^ivaly busied in connnerce, and which carried its pursuits, to a .'-e ate" .omt of perfection, than any othct country of her tine be. ou.d upon Agriculture, particular and'a'JiJjous aS J i'tv Iv ■;- " '■"^•:'''^;^' th^t in the destruction of that, tity by lU exasperated and merciless rival, when every I'.onun.ent of its art, every other record, o'r me m-rill of ;wX;i'l""'i"'^r'"*'^ sought after and Zuo^et the a uabb^ works it possessed upon Asri^dture, were carelu I V preserved by that rival / who assiduously em! feni. ;"'■'•'?'■""/ '."'■"'■'"'^^'"" ^''^y contained, to ad ance ,ts own knowledge of that honorable occupa- V n^.vt rlJ ■ ^ f'^"^-'"^ "''''^^'" "'^''""«» also^^ve teurion In V""^'"'"."- ^^"«^''1"«"<^es, of a carefu at- tfufon toe.xte ,nd improve it. In Great-Britain tins occupation ..a., for many ages p.st, been held in ve .•V1..,H, estimation : and has 1.t this 'time arrived at a i il Ind nnt'l!"'"' 7'"'"*' '"■"'"^'>' "'^s "ever surpassed. , t .ad not been, for an extensive, and unremitled ap- m hprn ■' u I'r^'''^.'""*^ deplorable would oft.m : d « • . !' ' "'V'"" ^" i"* ^°"""-.y ' J" •'•«■"« P^'-i- ,. n ; J ;''"" ":;''''''' ''^ ♦'■*' "^"^t formidable to.nb.nat.ons ot foes, and when ite commerco was cxclu - §4 d«d from almoBtevay part oftl,* continent of Europe, itithad not p.ssessed within itself the c'upf mpans of Jub..8terKe to a sufficient extent, ail the ex.r.mesof distress won d have ensued to its people, and .he bul- wark oHreedom nu.st nave fnllen.' th^on^h i, fat en. Uon to Ai-riculture, even more than tinonirh its com- merce was that n.a^nanimou^ country enabled to sup- port thr-e mighty fleets, and arnues, Wh.ch lately were engaged m preservintr ,ts own independeiice, ana m re- dr«Hs.nK the wrongs, and restoring the fretdom of so ma- ny other nations. It niajalso very fairly be roncInded,that th» power •nd the greatness of France, have;.].u)vs been p.inci- pan.ynwinff tons extensive cnltivntu.n and pursuit of the different branches of husbandry. Even, nn.ler fh» most arbitrary and op„r.v.sive systems of ff..verninent, heavily bnrthened v,ith taxes atone period, and its com* merce driven from the ocean at another, through its at- tention to these, that country has almost constantly kept Its vast population, sufficiently supplied with all the enief necessaries of life. i * i < i }\e may now take a view of what has been, and •till IS, the situation of some other countries, in which .^gT.cullure has been ne-iccted ; or from causes which will be mentioned has been but partially pursued In fepain, although many parts of it are highly thvoured bv nature, extreme inattention to the tillage of the ground tor procuring the absolute means ofsnbsi-.ence, has pre- vailed tor a great len»th of time past : and the great improvements therein, which in ino(iern times have been made,are there but little understood. Hence, it is no- tOMous that the peasantry, and the lower orders ofpeo- pie in (hat cc^untiy, are in a more impoverished condi^ tion : and even more delicient in intellectual improve- nent, than those of most other countries in Kurope -^ J ui-stfbsmg the mo^t extensive mines of gold and silver 1" "T "" ■ W T r 't iL. i ^it.L'Um i 9i and oft en prosecuting commercp *« « ..- rassed. Jt affords, indeed a? T'' P"or, and en.bar.* the state ,.f';dvauceln;n?onir/''-"r "'^^'*'^' "«•• ^^ «'re., depend upon agxicultufai in,p!'::ernt:.'"^^" ^"• '» which Affncu ture if nn. ' '"'^^''' ''«'« ^''^ country. »o furnish t^e chief n;"n, ^'^'f'^ ^"<^^ «" oxtent ?.' ♦■nt«. Although, those colour'''''""*^" to If, inhabi. > >zed xvorld, with such a KrL^ ^T * P^"'*'"" of the civ- »nd dazzle vvitf | "jp ^''Z.'''''^' •■'"* *" "«"«"«*, -" exposed t. « change in piii.icaTre at "3ns ' ?' '" ''''"^'.' '^'"•ough imposed upon con,n.erce ?«,^ .'"''' °'' '"teniietion. Pr-^venting them torn obia ,i»!T ''7'' '" ''^ cl'annels' Pl'es of those, neceTaries o 1?/'!^ '"'^ *'"?'« «"P- «ause8, through ivhich fL n,;! " J-'ll ««"currence Sf J»ave been lo^vered in he nrSi. t tn ^'k"". P'-«^'"«=f'*on. •upplied, they have often Zl, "^ "','"'='• ^hej were conjpass'of tiLZn. astate of'^h"''.^ ^''^'" « ^''ort pi^s;-d5rtS?« %-rt<>.ay«a4ro.;:r:^::S;^'J;--;^^^^^^ / -i^^^BSS^j " '■•«" m permanent basM, So frequent, and sio extonsive, wer^ tlie distresses and enibarrHst-niPnls tliey roriiicrly fx'ier- ienccd, and so fully sensible did li.ev bccouio ot (lio Iruo' cause oftlieni, (liai, lli*^) liave atleiij'tli a^ is well liUiMvij resorted to the expedient, of if^prdpciatiiit; fjrealer por- tions of theic land.", than they lian [iie\ ioii^Iv doric, to the raising and |) roc uri !!.'>• oftliosc ui tides oi'lood, the most tsscntially reqMi>ile. In cohseqnenco of tiii,., ih< v hav» latterly, in a great nie:i;,ure, prevented the recurrence i>f thohe evilu. The ('oloiiy of NewConndbnc', liai ever been much in the same preeai ions iKid iinii;ip()y loiidilion. If not I'roui natural, t'loni many cliier catii-en wliicli mi:iht bo mentioned, it has ever been almost wholly dependant upon other countries lor nil tlie means ol" sulisisleme with tiic exception ttlthe ime urticle which i-> ilieie pro- cured in such abundance. liiiviujii required iho-e means trom foreijju (|i.arl('rs, even more ihan' the West Indieci, ils situation, Una accordiimly, been in ^^i-neral moie em- barrassed and unliuupy than iheiis. it is tnu', this co- lony h;is air.Mihailj tiieie carried on., from improving- their circum^lanccii. ft' Tlie almost constant cliiinp;es and vici-sitiides in (ht» commercial world, liave ever opeiated more immeoiale- ly upon the si.ile uf this Colony, than upon any other, whch lia> cliitilj been onini;, in the stale of dcj)e»duitce 97 ;ro(,ue«tly been u.kvo ab e t i's 2^"''?' l"'^^ "'^'^ -round upon propec iJ:,^^ZrZ"l' ""'''' ""^ lailures in trade, and the extreme Ltni ^"^ ""'"erous rassMients which Lave there h^l'^''^' '"'^ ^•"'^^'•. -onieyears past, as wel « .K ^'^^P^'-^^^nced, within J.y been, have proceededfrnornJom , f^ |■«•'"V"»''*"^••- vvhlch it laboured, with resnecrfn n ''^''"'''^'^ ""^^ «»• .subsistence and the otIX a.- .P'"'"";'"" ^'"^ '»««"« ^I'nrea for its use, and from fl.„ ''' mdisponsibiy re- from necessity w« re paiS fol^^ '"^m"^'""* prices,whicfi causes. '^ P'"'' ^""^ ''^em, than from all other ^ rf •rnrti" experience, from ne^lJSrC,!;^'^,^ " *="""'!-^ »""«' fiom Us not beinff adanterf ntiT/- *■' "^^^cupations, or ;;-. written, an?!"!^^',^"^!^ ^i;--'*. ^>-"e«bave « bat, they only can confer r.^l^ >« added, to prove. •'•nations, almost wLlirdeAn'!!'^''"'^ ""'^ ^^PP'"«" 7'4,'ihurr'::^:;;7:?;r:A'^'^''^*'*'"^-*-"<*^^''e 'bey pro^rross of a'^Lu hmal . "°"'"''''«'* '» '^^^rd and clearly to undSnd 'L/'"''''"'**'?'^'^ »'» investigate. o»" -vplainin^rbo V al^^f":.;:;'^'^'-'"^, "Pon a co^ursd Vance and to fiouriJh. '^ "'•'J' be made to ad^ - «boin:lZ';.^ actio.,, n-bence the proceed, and n so To „ j" • ■ f*"^ ."'"'''^^ ^ut particular,, .. tho.e . 'n^b ^l^'jl": t ^l!,;!',^^^^^^^^^ 98 Willi candour, and without anvfenrnf nil • . . motive^the de^^ree of i„fl„encLt real' '"'"^ '" '^T Mho looks merely at the surface o^S 'tm''- 1 "'' •emanideficeat .n that knowledge wlH, ';'■', "'""-y* tvl^y valuable description- he kioui 1 '."^ '^'•^''* and of his fellow creatures It 0?/^! "'^ "' '""^'^^"' ly for the politician and L« If ^•'^con.es neces.a- r'.iiosoph^-, to a 2 ; ..^o'r s>"nr'" "r ^^ »n.man mind ; and attentive y to con 5 tT, "' ''' ;-.anccstendin,to,ivethLaV;ar;i;l;''^.-; ( f li retard the a-riculturn imn. ' ''^''^ "pi'n.ted to has been-the ex re^„ ' '"'P'-^'^'oent of this Province, Mui(.. The e fora I^ ir " f"'.^ of commercial p,„.: Hcqui.ition of ff ,? t h.t nZh '"""'T'' "* ""^ "P^^^^ «ff.-icul,ural cfa. 'a ;l!,,T-^: f « ''"^'r^"' '■'•^'" ^''« rushed intothen. with .^e u^ d r i ^^ A mH^ ^''7' prosecut on The Iren nr"'.?'^ "'' ^''l"'^'' '" »''^'»- «as spoken of in aTrme'r'p ^"f 'tl.:^ *^°" '^"•:"'''^' «nd what has there been Liv ,nl^ f'ese obscMvatmns ; «-ardsprovin,tL';jlt;^j;:-l;;;;;^V..re.-rredto, "hat are called he bitter 'r:^^^^ ' ■' ""''"'"^^ <- i'. «-on.eintothecountrx lM.;n r " '"'"''•>' '^''"''ave tor I.urpose oT ,r K ''^•'"" '^"^^' '""-* l'-'.secution. Ne« ;| of i ' ''!' "'.'""^'"'' '" ''' co.ne here from other rn.. . *■' ''' '" ''"*^' '''"'^'"' %■*•,. -?ffi- MMMM 'wiiig to those I "'ill always is of the fiwst «:e oi |,ini:*p|f; Tiies necessa- »s W(!ll a* tho »iti(iiis of tho lot' the cir- • icular direc- iivpstiijation, "ppiated to lis Province, mercial pur- •cl iortii such >nhe speedy is IVcni the f'terv other, \. fi(ill great- were iieces- ler ill their se purs II its, sorvafions ,- referred to. oafpp nuni- linij', (T ill ) »vho have piist, ranie ^'e(i in itb I' hitherto Jo.se ofen- iiidijfent ; tlitit OCCII- »} here lit m remarked, ha« not since been materially improved ; the taiises of which will preBentJy be explained. Of those, who came here as mentioned to proRecot* trndr, hut verv few have contributed their exertions, or done any thiiifr whatever directly for the advancement ol our A^ricnlf'ire. It would appear from their con- duct, as thoijirh H'ey considered themselves while here, in a state of exile or !)ai)ish!neiit. Thev have in gener- al, seemed to care very little about the "prosperity of the P.ovince ; but have merely attended to the advancement of the particular pursuits in which they were engaged ; and more especially to the acquisition of individual pain, lor acquirinn; this, they have indeed been sufficiently attentive to employ all the means within their power ; Hud from time to time :ts they obtained it, have been full asc;)reful, to hasten it away to some other country. Thither, after securinsf the amount, which probably they had limited themnelves here to acquire, they have speed- ily followed, to consume or enjoy it. \Vhat nuiii!)ers might been named, who have acted in this uiiinner,and who having amassed large for- tunes within the Colony, have quitted it, with the de- clared intention of never returning. These persons, may sav in their justification, ifany justification \h deem- ed jvquisiie— that by such conduct, they have not com- mitted any violation of the amor patria% for that, they never professed or entertained (iny attachment to thi'-i coimtry,any f;irtlior than their own interest wasconcern- e.i. It may surely then on the other hand be remarked (hat they were not the persons who while here,were en- titled to thu first degree of consideration and attention. If instead of thus quitting the Province, they had removed from the capital, to other parts of it, and had been satisfied, to eiijoy the tr?inquilitv, the niod«ration, " *'.;-iSit^ 100 and happiness of a rurfl] i.fi, ^-vample, and influence ,1 """"^ '^ «3»doav«ur by (hei.- <''e farmers around then, ll. ' •"l"r>'- "'^^'^io-'sly „ ««• had employed it WZ' °, ""."''♦ '^•''ve require dit ••I .yo' more lo (he luir.l.v ' i? •' """''' ''"' e contrih.,f Havinp however fin„. ti r •«ata «'"• by thfh- forwdvil Oliir ^•'"•e fni- the *;o«ld have fy had aoiiQ 'icioiisly fo squired it ; '" making contribuf. '.♦'•is, hjive ffiiocossa- ipadoiis in ' 't'dxma- " iiiKi ill). 'Uowed of 'Pi'iiiiiiec} "■-", of ."„hvt linn closojy „„,.^,,„ . '"'"'''•JCJi as some of Ilia,., I ' 1 1 i 109 past employed the attention and labour of almost alj descriptions of persons. The prospects of spoedv gaiH which. t he d forth for some years, induced many, as \vell from the Agricultural class, as from nearly everv ottier, to abandon the occupations which before they had i)Gen enirajred m pursuing, and to employ themselves as tiaders,and exporters of the article. Numbers or others wore employed at all seasons of the year, either in man- utacturing: the article, in carrying itto market, or in as- sisiing m Its shipment. So general has been, and still continues to be the atfonti„n lo timt trade, in that part of ,!,e Province that, even ainouir (he farmers in many extensive settle- ments there are but very few indeed,' w!,o are not em- ployed aoout It m ene unv or other. Tlii'; description ot person'., even in tlie most precious seasons of the year Tvhiletiiey should In-. e'.,|drMed in bearing manure to their exhausted he! -s, plnr-hir-o- tind prenarinj. them lor the seed, depositing it in the ei.rtii, or in olher Anri- cultural labours, are anxfou>-|y watchim? the ri^n-rofii ruer, or are buried in conveying their timber to the places where they had agreed to deliver it tr the traders 1 > Beino; enj^i-ed in this way, m.iny of them hnve not time to prepare their ground in a proper mnnner for < he rftepliiii fit the seed, even it' they uere perfectly sKil ed so to do, but are obliged to hurry it in, and in"'. ileediiol i!nlref|uei,(ly. after {f,e orooer season for sow- ing It IS over, 'i'his beinir arcomplished, (heir attention isai^aiiiimmPdinioly lurned to their timber ei)gaffemeiifs aoo'ij whidi (hey consume the greater portion of their fi'oe betMe.^n those periods.at which thev are imperiously Minimon^ contained. Fopui'-inon they ha\ e for many years Jarly in young countries Uke thiT -Vft-^n/t'''' P^'^'^"' .nentfor every season of t S D .Hn^"; "'"'^'">'' h.s attention and labour wi 1X11^ nl'^^-'5^ ^'"''^•'' tare of his cattle uulYl.rH «■ V -^ occupied,-.in tha -ce.ary to bei^^ ^^otlSuU wX^^^^^ v.d.ng a suflicient portion of fuel ir t^he rJrofThl' ^'" ^m^X^^SSZ:: l^""'}^" tha^ea^n" i" ..pon those n,o e ilttant «; '^^^!'"^«d t'* ^"eak periously require to be K Lu T" ',°"'' ■''^''"'^' ''"■ vear If h\ e • u ''"''.""^d to at other t mes of th. Je'ou!^ e;^;i;:?r^^:--l^'^-ation, ancThe'; ^ dernes. state, tl.lK'^L"" "''^ .JV"'^ '" * ^'1- te en.pIoyed iu feil^..^'^ IS.""' " "'"'' '" ^'^^^^ iVovfnVetSjr,;;;:;?"^:.';^ *!;••;"?' Cwl.ich in thi, tfanfMnent.Vlm.n Munition) his more active en- a.\,f ments should commence ; and throughout this sei- Kt** ■«*i m ^ ? °' *'"''' ^^»- ba.^dr^ should Jatest be so ?, h- '7"'"V''""''^e of hus- c»Ht., before son.e of SoTe V^tf '"' ^'P?-^''^'^ '" '^^ will require his altention^'nH , ' ^^'^ ''"'''*'''^* P"t i". '"S »br;iard their Irmnh ""'■' '" "^^'^^ "' ^-"ing- ■i vest • and fron, that pJ" d , , ""'"^d/''^' e, nost active a ,?:;:a;;J7" r^''^' ^-""^'^^ for his time and attonfio^ ^ '-'»'pl«'>».ent is offeree pations. It is the,, H,.,t iL , S, '"'^"•■'""tocou. fields; and exercise his tk.l in''"" "^^'" ''^--^ i'i. rar«,cularmodeofcuJiure,',i ■'-''''''- "* each (he •7>V be best adapted to ,s "(',(. '"■'7';"' ^^"^'"•' '^'''^h ploughing, or d .i„ff "vha eJpI 'l "/ '"' ""'">''rv, in proper to^bedon.., (o , ■ n^^^^^^^^^ ^''^•"•> ^^ "'e, e,t would a.npiv hjslow •' hi '" '"' ^'".'"Vnent. 105 Vurfiuingsucb a diligent and assiduous course, would b. act, velv employed, in collecting and storing upTnW on, .n h.s art ; .n doing which, and in the executi^^Jf hat information, he would not fail to experience morS 10 brinji*. 9 it may here with truth and propriety be remarked— that the general Unskilfnlhess d?sp ayerfin nSturll ' titl?lt nV/ W^ ^"S^S.^*^ '" *'»«'"' having been m?nnl-^ i ^ ^° ?*''^'" P"rsuits,than to any deficilncv of Xat t'^'^^r^^ •"formation. Tho J mean'Sv/ a ways been sufficiently within the poirer of the greater number who m.ght have wished to posse,, and 5mp t> Jt was the inclination for improvement thatchUrt- ivas wanting. Wherever this, is fully Tnd warLlv en «aged in any occupation or calling w^hatever which u" Vigorously pursued, improvement* therein a'l mo t in variably follow. Man, is ever prone to dlvlt «n^ ? practice expedients, f^lr extenJlIig'hi's'acc'orm'od^fioi" hutt:Z' v::7rT' "^ '^'^^ hefeSLrious' ly inieresied, ibe state of perfect on to which anv ur* or manufacture has arrived, is merely, the result of the If, we again turn our attention to the trade «n»» tens, vely carried on in some of the eas em part of Si Province, and which has lately been spoken of irmaJ he made still more .learly t^ ippear;rw"aru;h ^m'S i,*— . ^-«rt»rJ» agd if properly e»co,i. raged, might be made greatly to promote it ; bJtin sta- ting and comparing the degrees of importance of tha wvera sources from which our general wellura i. to I e iVZ :r-1 *''' T ""^Y'"*^'' **''"•'''' ^' ^"'Pl^V^'l to ad! vance it, ,t is allowable to observe, that if less k- bour and attention had been employed in these, and more forthe advancement of .\griculture,thelVovi.ce atlar-'e ^onld at this time hRve been in a more flourishing con! It may also be observed, with rtisp?o{ to »he timbe- tnKlr,-that, il has in general had v ',. , ., .^i'Tl feet upon the morals of (hose who v. , . extensively en- waged m manutacturmg the article, and who chiefly de- pciuied tortheir livelihood upon the traffic thev carried on in It with the.traders and Lporters. Fro„f rnum^ her of causes which might be mentioned, it has had a 108 and which \y nnd ex- only cer- a trade in ' its pre- Je, (w jiiclj. iverv piirt !throij ^tren^hen and improve a 1 tti fiioidi qualities ot men. 1,, Jf'Vu"^. * .'' '" ™"<^'' relative to the obstacles which fhTsmo m"' ^r '^ '^' """y ''^' '^' "dvancement 7f this most mportant interest, it is now time to turn our auention to the means which can the mosteffectuaUy be employed for theirremoval, or reduction, and to inXo! rate and extend it^ Even to a person but si ^hSy ?". juamted with husbandry, or who'ha. bestowed bu littb re leclton upon the subject, it will be obvious, that no better measure can be adopted for effecting those Durno IS one which has been employed with sin-ularly ffaod pon^equences in the country to which it is o^LHappfnesa o be on- ; than which, we certainly can have no'^beUe? e timber in us ef- k'ely en- iefly de- carried a nuni- I had a It was intended by the author of these remarks to h ve here endeavoured fully to set forth and Ulustrate ionof 'hir*"^'""''r ^° be derived from the adop- lntir?n? f,'"'"^'- ^"V" '^'' b^ has been most ably uoontl. ^ I V'^^'u- ""'"''' ••■"'> valuable instruction upon thR whole subject to which itrtlales. Thron-h !y U "-T^-Tl...^. .^.^ I no the exertions of that writer, those societies have alread* been formed m nearly every county and diatr.Wnffi Province ; and it is fondly tl bo hopped and /deeSmSv will lead to the most happy results. ^""i«iiv r.uJj^V}'^ *'".•*'' '^^'*='' ^''='» ^'" establish, such pre. Tn.ums and bounties can be^Jiowed, as will powertbUv tend to arouse and stimulate industry, and to excite anJ «u7u;nl •'"''"'' " general spirit of em.'.lation i , a | ' ri^ f^l Jl TP/""^"'"'*'- ^^''h ' -^^ai-d to such premiums ii on'he inSsfrtr^^r*"'^' ^'^^ ^^"^'"^ in.o coS"er-' ,',".'''f inldnt state of. \gnciilture n the croater oart ments therein, ,n the condition of lands even in (heVame townsh.por settlement, it would not I.e well ?o |i„,U^r contine the allowanccc.f ,1..,,. sogrea(lv,U.at tl ov ZuM be exclusively besto^vod fur the production of hi ffreat- est quantity of grain from a certain portion of land with- out having regard to its quality, or' its previoH Sd tion ; for then, it would merely be aluay"alK,%X, Jer roK'h "r" '«-'« — uu'urallv'S'n , lertile, or had been lon-est improved. If it is desired to excite general emulation, it would probably be iu d.c.ous and adviseable, to bestow them upon those X considering the length of time their lands had hee.nmder ixrirerthl' "''/'T '^''^^ 'l-Xitiesoflhe^oiltd exercised the greatest port u,n of sliiU i„ their cultiva- .< V The members of the Sucirlics will be enabled in the r o r i o """ rn"«/"'«'' »i"' "ature,lnd havelong i'een earelully and properly cultivated, but also the ill poor but diligent one, whose farm has been recentlr formed out ot a wiiderness, aad who hus had to contend with a soil naturally stubborn and unyielding, may re- ceive the reward of superior industry andskiU It IS well known, that emulation or the desire to sur- pass, IS one ot the most powerful dispositions of the mind, and is one among the few, which when pointed to a laudable object, can never be too powerfully awakened or exercised ; because, in such case, it can scarceJy ever be productive ot injurious effects. Even when the point n view ,s of very (rifling importanc«, and cannot Un.l in the least to the advancement of self-interest, a very slender matter will serve to excite and bear it forward, and induce men to employ very strenuous exertions to procure Its gratihcation. How much more strongly then should It be exercised and how much greater exertions should be usedwheii theobject to which they are direct- ed, will immediately and extensively advance, not only the public, but the private interest. ^ who nder had iva- ««n • '"'^1 supposed upon first view, that persua- sions in such case would scarcely be necossars y\>t such are the incongruities of the human character: and such the inconsistencies in theconduct of men, that it is not merely in matters which the most highly concern their present or eternal safety and happiness, that they are prone to commit the most fatal mistakes, but with all their pretended wisdom and self-suHlciency, as to every thing relating to their wordly interest, even for the ad- yancement of this, they tiequently require to be shown what courses they ought to pursue. •il,a5^' '."^ ^':'>ject, it IS t^ue„as upon almost every • her 1,1 which he prosperity or the happiness of the oiblic, or ot individuals is concerned, there are very illerent opinions enlertain«d. While louie would leave S, . I li \ i . I f lift men wilhout *ither admonition, ot advice, as to evefv thing rilatmg to self interest, to follow those courses they would chuse for themselves. Others in the pride of self wisdom or arrogance, would even employ the en* gines of government or arbitrary power, to pre«cribp and establish those, which alone they should pursue to advance It. Experience has sufficiently proved that neither «>xtreme can be safely adopted. The many Jiave often yielded to the advice or the warnings of the lew, and have been thereby induced to abandon pursuitH in which they were rapidly involving themselves in poverty or rum and to betake themselves to the pro'.p- cution of others, through which their prosperity and Aappiness have been (irmly established. Such, it is trusted, and indeed ftilfv anti( ipntod, will be the case among us, through the infhuMice and px.m-- tionsol the Societies of which we have been speakincr Jhe individuals composing thorn, will doubtless con- Bider It not more a duty than a pleasure, to endeavour by their advice and example to arouse emulation in o, thers, and Willie they seek to advance their own skill in their occupation, afford by its assiduous exercise the means of instruction to those ot inferior information around them. Zealous and patriotic, however, ai may he the la- hours, and liberal as may bo the contributions of the in- |Hvi( ua softhese societies, yet they muKt fail of afford. ingthetuH(if.on.e of slimulation and encourairement. which this subject from its vital importance ought to re- ceive. It IS the Legislature of the country, which has the disposition of its funds, and the guardianship of its resources, and of every thing relating to the general welfare, that we have a right to expect, will put a finishing hand to the good work which has been to hap. Pily begun, it la trusted, and indeed maybe confident- Jy auticipittd, that, a disposition will there be fsund 113 «ordiallv to unite for the adoption of all such measure, js may he requisite for the complete organ za ion S tor ensuring the duration of those societL -and that such liberal suma will be placed at their dispoJaslm •nable them to effect all L good they Contemplate. There surely is no subject, which has such claJniB upon Its attention, nor abou't which it can be o benefi C ally employed. Too lonj, indeed, and too fatally has It been overlooked, or neglected ; but a zeal, and aJ ar- dour respecting it, has at length been awakened wh?ch tZ'r.^'i^ ""'^"'1 ""''»*'« the Councils ofthecountiv than the breasts of patriotic individuals. *'0""t'"3'j All party views and distinctions, if any such should ^.se should be wholly laid aside. foMhe cLTde it "n! ajid the advancement of an object of such primary in. portance as our agricultural prosperity. It^ wS th^ TuuPf ^T " "-5' ^°«^P«<=^ at L important crisis of public feeling, and notwithstanding fair appearance, it n.ay even be said of political app^rehensioif, f,^' those nrovirth.'^7''°? of limiting'^us in the mean, o ir^! t'^ZnlFthSfr ''"''^'' '"* ^"j"^' ""'^ of ultimately ob- taming ttieir possession. "^ I However slender or limited the public revemies at ('hem "t'S 'rVr' T'''' "'■''' ^"'•''^ ^« ^pareZom lliem, to altord liberal encouragement to this primarv nZv'.f °"'"P''"'''P''''^ •■ ^"'^ ""'i'^''" t''« opera on of whi.h „ I ^ ''ave beeu frequently bestowed, thoL which may be granted for this purpose,will very speedi J be fully repaid It h not too much to assert, tha , there motion of which, any requisition may b. made upon our resource., but what ought to be laid aside for Im pre' i I Hi sent if.lHOHld at all mte, fere with tl,« aliowance ot such liberal si„„«, an uiil bo necessary to ensure thead vancement otthis prin.ary inlorest «r 11 .k"'"'-^ " """«^<=essarv, to attempt a specification ofall then, van.affe., which will result fronl placi'L't the d.spoRal of the several societies the su.nssd allowe loan who have taken the (rouble to reflect upon thJ subject they must bo sufficiently obvious. A frw of them, however, may with propriety be n.entioned - i.iroughthe means thus allcrded, in ad whom it is exhibite,} Ms always, too,most powerful, when displayed by those who possess suiu .or information and means. VVhate- .11. i I ' >• i. '3'iftn ..-j 117 m/nriT ^ ""'a ""i^!* n*"^"^ *<> reformation and amend- nent, itis undoubtedl^y true, that, it is among these. i^..iVr ^ •'' '^"""P*'^"' and ail those evils which pro- count ip?!!'"'''/"^ 'i"^ *""'■" ^'^ Sovernments, and of tent N%ZTT- '"*■ ''^ '^'•'•'"^ ♦» *•'« &••««»««* e^- Ticp;.nHrM"^^'"'°P'"'°"' ^"'* "'ann8r3,but their n UN ,.H h .r' ^re.'" general, too closely imitated and piUMied J)v those in inferior situations within the sphere of their influence or example. ^ ■--V Ir?.?. I .K '''^"^'• '»»« heretofore been possessed and ex- S •/''/n"" n*:' '''^ Province, in .agricultural pur- 8u.t8, ,t stii will be found, that, the little progress tVey have' "beeh" T'. *° ^' ""'''*'"*^'' *" ^^e ?aufes which have been specified in some preceding paees and in Knerafr ^''"1''^ -''ich%ave bferdfsc'rib"d, - too generally prevailing among those engaged in this o'a^qtTng !'"" '° ""^ '^'^'••'«"^>' «f «t"N 'he 111' w ft is chiefly a reform in tfiose habits that is required, in Older to cause this only certain souree of our wealth ?hi« JT '"dependence to flourish. A reformation of this nature, is indeed very desirable, and might with g eat propriety take place, throughout most of the class- imh s rv' a^T'""' "^'"''^""^ ?'""S "^ Temperance, .1 ;u V^' economy, invariably load to happy results' alwlt: ^iir'"""' ■"^"'^'r' ""^^^'••^^«S«'n' e, almost tress' '^.1"' ^''Tl^'K''^ ""'•'" poverty and dis- ihll' w r'""" '"'.'♦f"*'"" therefore should be given to houh !!'"'.''/, '''r ^^•'"'»'^'« T"»"»'"-' «"d they •idv^l^J ,r" "" ♦°""''«^'"n of all onr exertion, tl du\ance our prosperity. iin^uch of them i\- do not feel fully cc>nvinced on the sub- ject, to try for a few sea«ons together, how far «uch undivided sUtentirn to their farms, can be made to con- duce to their profit. Thi>;, Ihey certainly may do, with- out incurring any ri^k or danger wliatever. Ft seldom happens, that Ihe man who busies himself in ;i v;!; i. ly ofoccupations, beomes a prolicient in any r-3((pS*«J||p«lfe.. II W. WI ' :','ai. ii ». S3=5:?=?=-.aasS£*fci»''';'.iKa, jatt-a 119 one of them ; or derives from the whole, any great per- tioii of jraiii. Division of labour, iind the separation of arts and prolesHjons,are amon^ the principal causes of in- dividual and national wealth. Hence, amon^ every en- lightened and industrioite people, such division and se- paration are highly encourajjed, and are constantly in- cieasincr. It need scarcely be remarked,— that, there are even many distinct occu'patu)ns,which in consequence of their bemjj divided into several branches or part8,and each of these beuij.- pursued by different individuals are made highly profitable to all vrhoare busied about th.m • when, if any one person, had attempted to pursue the occupation throughout, he would have entirely failed of procuring even a livelihood. and or, Agriculture, in this Province, is yet but in its infan- cy, and so much is required to be done for its improve- inenl, that none who profess to follow it for a living, can liave any time to spare for other occupations. They musi watch and mark the progress of the seasons, and careiullv and assiduously employ the advantages they present. A' ove all, they must be attentive," to make tull preparation in one season, for the approach of ano- ther. Lven, though industry should be I'reatly increas- ed, and sober and regular habits should universally take place,— yet it isin vain to expect, if our husbandmen in one quarter of the Province, continue to employ a «rreat portion of their time in the manufacture of ti'mbe'r or carrying a to market, and in udier parts ofit, in pro- secuting the hshprics,or in other occupations, that our husbandry can experience that improvement which is so greatly required ; or that we can make ourselves inde- pendent of other countries for the first necessary of life. J hese good consequiiices may be wished lor and talked ol, experiments may be made, and even skill be increas- ed, agricultural societies may meet, may pass resolutions, and assign premiums and rewards ; but, unless the great body of the persons who have thus been dividing Uieir attention, adopt a different coirse of conduct, onr'situa- tioii in general will experiencs but litdo improvement \l ISO It is necessary, that all instfuction which is given, and skill which is acquired, should be diligently and as- siduously applied to practice, in order to their becomini :V' 1S9 only for the purpose of increasing the pljvsical force of the Colony to defend it in tlie holir of dan^^er, but for a variety of others, iinmmediately connected with the ad- vancement of its ijeneralvvelfiire, to encourage and pro- cure a more extensive emigration hither, of the most active and laborious description of persons. It is not merely by the application of industry and skill in the cultivation of lands already under improve- ment, that we must seek to procure a portion of bread, and of the other chief means of subsistence, fully ado- f(uate to our consiiinpfion. In several of our counties, it is retjuisite (or the purpose, that, the forests should be moreextensively cleared, and that an addition should be made to the nundier of those who arc occupied in hus- bandry . In some places, th« price of labour beina: high, ow- ing in some degree to the scarcity of labourers, and their bein^r chiedy taken up in other'pursuits, it is desirable, that an increase in the number of these, should also take place. This, would tend directly to the advantage of the fanner, as tiie rate of wages would be thereby redu- ced. The very exlravasrant price of labour, wliich un- til lately prevailed throughout the Province, and which slill exists in some jjiirt'? of it, may, indeed, be consider- ed as one of (he ciiief obstructions to the advancement of our y\gricuUure. Before entering upon a stateirient and explanation of the means, which it is conceived should bo employed, for increasing emigration hither, it may not be amiss, to inquire into the causes, v/hich have heretofore operated to discourage and restrict it, and to prevent a more ex- tensive settlement and improvement of the lands of th« -Vroviure. ^.i ,^ 194 ifi To those, who have lonjr been resident in the CoN •ny, or have been able to inform thomselves of its af- fairs, and the measures piireiied, during some forinrr adminiHtralions of its government, it must be obvious, that, the principal cause, has Jjeen,— the fatal practice which prevailed durinjj those periods, of granting or al- lotting, very extensive tracts of land to a fpw individ- uals. i!iome of these, liave never even bppii within the Colon)-, while others who were pip^^ent, wht-n thev ob- tained Ihem, soon after departed, and have never return- ed. Of all, indeed, who are either ahsent, or here at this time, very ^qw, compara'iveh . have done any thing towards settling or improving tho large and valuable tracts they received. Some of these tracts, were gra'nt- ed through the direct authority and con)mand of \\\& government of the parent state", but by far the greater number of them, were made over in one form or other by the presiding authority here. If that course of investigation were here to be a- dopted and pursued, which rigid hut unsparing truth would sufficiently warrant, much might bp said, respect- ing the conduct of a former Administration among Ji*-, ir\ relation to this subject, which would afford ample foun- dation for iho severest animadversion and censure. Mo- tives might be set forth, and explained, as notoriously influencing and deterinining, that power who too long and too fa(ally presided over our aflairs, in a nutid)erof instances of the public evil here spoken of. which were OS un)ust and disgraceful, as the evil itself has been ex- tensive and lasting. As such an ex|)osition, however, by way of a public warning or check against an extension of the mitrchief, is rendered unnecos-sary, its measure having already been wrought t(» the full ; and amsorrow, nnd re{;ret may have succeeded transgression, charity, may he allowed to draw the veil over much of what jus- tice would ieek to disclose. Tlif* mischief, has indeed been done -, and to a fatal 12fl »iid lamentable extent. It has had the most prpjiulicial operation and infliipiice, with respect to the Cfneral wel- fare, and the hopes and prospects of the Colony ; but in no particular, has it been so CataJ, as in retarding its settlement. This, may indeed, be said to include every Qther injurious etl'ect. The two pucceedinff Administrationp, were greatly fmi)lovtHl in endeavoiiiing to remove in some measure lliis obstruction to our prosperity, and to remedy or ob- viate the evils M hich were thus "introduced. The late one, in particular, which it was in every respect our li;!.(,\iioss to possess, was assiduously and zealously en- ft.igrd in such upright and laudable endeavours. Well, indeed, may it be 9nid, that the zeal, theint tejrrity, and the Hisdoin, «lisplayed bv the truly elevated n!idiiiai,'naiiimou>< character, who then presided amonff us in every thiny; relating (q our snfety and happiness) will c\er be held in the most jjratetiil and ad'ectionate re itembrance, by all « iu> witnessed the exercise oflhose virfuf«, and who sincerely desire I'le prosperity of tiie (volony. Firm, and ardent in his purposes and endea- vours for the public !>ood, far exalted ub> ve every 8el- fisli or ui just consideration or motive, withoni any of those favorites, or creatures, who are too frequently found about persons in exalted situations, and who in- fluence or bias llieiu in thf'ir conduct, hi; popularity. and the esteem and respect which were ko ijniver'.iillv cher- ished towards him, were not courted by the exercise of that address, and of those arts, which too ojlten nreprac- lised with a view to the ei^tablisliment oflhose favorulile «enlimeiits : but were raised and secured on that toiin- dation, whereon alo.iethey can safely and permanently repose,— upon the faithful and conscientious discharge ofeverv public duty. Kver, as ready to hear, and as attentive to the complaints or requests of the most indi- gent and obscure individual, as of the most wcalthi^ or I. riiiiii ncni r J exalted a great portion of his time was every iby dili-. cen tv enXecl -in the correction ot' ab,..e.-.n s.p- fo tinc^ and establishing the rights of the ^veak, aga.nst he overbearing attempts of the haughty and P«;7<" ' and in promothis every object which could '^^^^ the welfare of all over whom he presided. Duimsrhs !^ -.titration, and through '-.-l*^-^:;;;- ^" SS^ ference, and rigid insi>ect.on, ;\y»«V\?"" ^•"'^'^;'\V^., '«^^^^^^ . were employed in all our pubhc othcos .n the transac tion of buHines., altogether unusual and wh^bw.th^^ gard to one of them in particular, it laso highly dei»ua ble should at present prevail. Such was the Ruler, we were once so greatly favo- reda! t^V-Vs, and at whose depan«rere«retswe^ ;±t^!;^s^ci:::r;:Si;i«^X9o;;f- advanced, of the corruptions, the « "'f. ,^;^,^;'^,",^ l^f,', ,.,,.hichaHendontheex..n.eo^^ coniuiant Ci how to apon »m'*^ ' ' • i» I observing the conduct of that upright and ractor. jtimablecha- J., m-ikin-r further r,b«ervntions relative to the ex- V w V f'.'xlen ua.inn ..r .xn.^e for m.k.nstlH-m-thul »,-. % •"■ "tf^^^^t.* 121 answerpolitical, or even pecuniary purposes. Of those which really were made in satisfaction of such claims, while some might even fall short of requiting them, none were of individual advantage, comaiensurate with the public evil they imposed. i In raany instances where such claims were well founded, it would even have been better for the Pro- vince, to have allowed moderate salaries, or pensions, than to have hud those powerful and lasting impedimenta opposed to the increase of its population, and to its ag- ricultural improvement. It has moreover been parficularl* unfortunate and injurious, that it is in that quarter of the Province, to which emisrration has chiefly been directed, and in which the greatest proportions of fertile and valuable land is to be found, that the greatest quantity of it is held iii the manner describad. The persons who obtained those «.\ten«ive grants and allottments, have been sufficiently nware of those circuuistances ; and therefore, while they were particularly assiduous, a« it « as natural enough for thorn to be, to secure as many advantages as passible to themselves, the public mischief has thereby been ren- dered the greater. In the districts and townships in that quarter, al- though trom the tops ufthe loftiest hills, the eye in rang- ing over immense tracts of country, will scarcely be able to discern the partial and thinly scattered settlements,yet by far the greater portion of the land which remains in its original at\d uncultivated state, liav long been grant- ed to persons, who to all appearance, never intend to employ any exertions to have it improved. It ii even well known, that from some but rccentljr tk %" j(L-.-*K<.; ,^:a©=«s-.-- ' ) ft>--^ r-. ' i5.l i J ^:v^.' "^^^-/^'ViA^^i ^--^.^-^'JiJ I* ISS formed settiemenis in that part of the Province, rtumber* of families have been constantly removing, iToni an in* ability to procure portions of land in at all convenient situations", whereon they might settle. It is not indeed loo much to assert, that within twenty years past, somt; hundreds of individuals, have almost wholly fiom thiR cause, abandoned the Province for one of Uio colonioH adjacent. Many of these, were: the children of pti>ons ■who have long been resident in the country, and whose Ir ided possebsicns were so limited, that they could not allow them such portions thereof, as would aftbrd them farms sufTicien'.ly extensive. These persons, above all other*, from a varisty of considerations, should if possi- ble have been kept in the colony. Numbers of the most valuable description of persons who have hitherto emigrated to the country, who took up their residence on some of the extensive tracts of land which are hold in the manner described, through a fear of being hereafter deprived of the fruits of their la- bours, and ananxi(!iy arisin'n'«^':''»^7"J;Xrwi^e hxT the Crown was reinvested by e$cheat, o. o^ber wise resumed the possession, of many tracts ot land w-h ch Udbeenlra« ted or allotted under the c.rcumstanc.^ X f " Ttbrth Several portions of these, were sub- !;;:;aK:esi..eLdee.t..sive^^^^^^^ irlTSVS:;/ P^^e/cltthere is IHt^e cK,ub^ but the most of them would have continued to this day ma wild and uncultivated state. >t It is known, that since the reinvestment in govern. li 130 kS i ^ who were desirous of settlin* and improvinj; npon them, that, a much lower number of persons, comparativel^r, have gone out of the Colony froai thence, than had pre- viously pone, within an equal period of time. The po- litical, and other advanta'-es, which here arc enjoyed^ are so very much fjreater, than those which are to be found in the adjacent island, to which the greater num- ber of the persons who so iiave removed have gone to reside, that, not the slightest doubt can be reasonably entertained, but, t'.iat nearly the whole of them would hare remained in the Province, if they could have obtain- ed from jjovornment, portions of land in at all conveni- ent situations. In order to remove as effectually as possible the evil of which we have been speakini,', it must be sufficiently obvious, that no better mode can be adopted, than imme- diately to make the escheat of lands, which have been .granted under the circumstances lately described, and which still remain in their original condition, more ex- tensive and general. It would indeed be well, if the measure was adopted and without any exception pur- .m,P,|_of reinvesting the (towu in that way. of all tracts of land, which alter having been granted a specified number of years, should still be found in their original unimproved state. If tliis measure was established, and ri;;,idly enforc- ed, it would doubtless have (he eH'ect, of leading many individuals to whom extensive tracts have been granted, to use immediate exertions for clearing and improving them. At present, they are perlectly indiflerent and careless abontdoing so -/knowing, that without any ex- prtions on their part, thev are daily increasing in value ; and not wishing, or perhaps finding it inconvenient, to expend any money or attention upon them. Tt certainly is highly impollt c, to say nothing with respect to JKJUbtice, to jiermit these individuals to con- I iSi jinue to hold lands under f;iicli circumstiuices,wliilelher» are such numbers of persons constantly coming into the- colonv, and so nuiny others already among us, who would firjadly settle upon them, and immediately com- mence their improvement. The proceedinsfs in order to obtain escheats, when sought for by indiviiiuals,have hitherto been so dilatory, and' in general so trouble-iome, and exi)ensive, that ma- ny have by reason thereof been dete.rredlVoin making applications to procure them. It would not therefore be politic, to abstain from causing them to take place, until the lands which were liable to suffer them, should he applied (or by the persons desirous of settling there- on ; but, would be highly bene(icial, and proper, for roinvestments by tiiat courVe of proceeding, to be imme- diately ordered and oftectcd on the part and at the ex- pense of the government ; so that they might be free for t|,u settlement of persons upon them, so soon as appli- cations for that purpose were made. The difficulties and lnconveniences,which emigrants as well a^ others have heretofore had to contend with, in procuring ungranted and uncultivated land, for the purpose of settling thereon, together with the expenses of ol)taining grants of the same, have also operated to retard the Agri«ultural improvement of the colony. With respect to the emigrant, even if he makes his application for land inunediately on his arrival in the countcy, several months in general elapse, and not \in- frequent I V even more than a year, before he either ob- tains the tract for which he applied, or is even so fully assured of obtaining it, that he can venture to settle thereon. In the mean time, if he is a person in indigent circunifitances, which is generally the case, he and hit. I'ivmily continue burthens upon some relatives or friendsi i^ y MlgS^.l'-' ^W K t .V . L^ J32 S;S"d^ti^Xr.l,"l *:i'° «""' "-- 'fcesubi.. support thej require. Jl^ i kf »'ai..in. there, cn.iuri '^ rdela s'oVir ''^''"f "^ ^«-- rant of «arvev is issuetfin I, <^ of nfficp, until a uar. to return, u,u[;:,::;r^^ ^^""ZL'T- "."'"'^^^ anxious situation. Aftor somp Lo •'^^^"'^^"1 «nd instances, not until alter tl.pTf ' !.'"'^ *''^" '" ^^-^^ tl'or jou/ne, to';hf ^aVi al 1 fli'llJrhr"" "'"'^- s'nvev, and an order (hereon f^^! warrant of to suit whose conve,^ience"r t m''"^> surveyor; some fur.i.er tin/e, t e nSion ^''^'^'V''^'. "'''«•- «'«'^">S ^ilowed, i,s laid off to hi^r Tl. s h" "'"'^'' '''''^^ '"^^" h« mav, it i. true, wi.h tl.nb ' ^f' r';^^;?""^'' "lereon, an( cotnmenppf).P,...i- < '^^ J^' ""^ '^»'"" ^«iii> left 'oenreSr, n?. ;r;;:,at vet Th' = '^"^ Pletion of his title. Afrer havi, ! • '^^^"''''f '" the com- the survev ma and in most inslances it k?.? of obtamma the irrant ; ^erv con. iderable peHod oVuLZ: '"'[ '^l' ^'^''' "'"'^ ^ome of our public fie^ tl";,^*;;""^^ the dd^ mxson been complained on »nW < • '""'^ "'"^ ffood til he bas uK^derX^o ; ,'?^ " "•-q..ently, not un- •^.^-e.her with an ^on e as f/e "'VT'' *" \''" ^"''''"^ but il! alFord to defS^ £ hi h """'^'' ^'"''' ''^^"» -cured ur is po.e^Jj„:''S;;-^:---^-da^ Tl,r Her s..rv^«";;:::;;7;Jr^'^' «!;« ^"«^'- "Pon Innd un. i'"!,: •.v'tfiKiif (iiiv bi'liPi»ifi« . I '. *^o"' our, leniain to .K., .he fees ^MZe^Z:^'r;Z ^'-•- '-'^ili'^ hi '/ rir. "L I '*^o lor procurinir ii« rfini P'^Uon. . hese persons, wh.Je holding undcr'sucl. d,'; eu m lie ta tlipre 133 being, VZli » .'h°a e'Z.nSSTV'" '"=" "f terfeie in thJ v. r '. • ' ''"'^ Rovernment should in- ties comZt "'"' P«^««--"»> b^ rendering\heir S- i'ave !,!^d to eorm S V^.H^^ thpv have h.lsoL ^ff ;/.''''"""* ^^^ ^""hted, but, tha •ive improveleor '^"'' '" Preventing its more exten t ^erefc::r.iCr';tilT';'h;"' P""*^'^'-^ ^''^^^ have encounter in obt. in L ''•^^"'Pt'onM, are obliged to i>s and arp f?r * •'""'' '" '"'"« ^^'^e other Colon- -Vt with^h/; ri i"iti:'tr"'' ""^"'^"j''-' «-^ -" ^« States, to which fiol^n thnso parts of the United ivnpi.; hive recenTlv •hi'*'"'''"''' '■'"' ^''"^ '^'^ «'-'ti«h V i^^ nave recently b^en resortrng-. SiilJ however J / -/ ,/r -.r^- idj^ ■l^^'^yiiii^^i£:'^Ss^iS!^y^':^;!!h^ z^^^^^StmssmeaimaBss^m. ^ ]5i they must W considered of serious ronseqiinnce ; mui accoidiii/il), I i.-'ires ought iininediatcly to be tnken to remove or reduce Uiein, I( now remains to consider of this part of the sub- ject, and to point out and i lustrate some plan, through the aii;.ption and |)iose'ciiUon i^f vvi,ich, a r.iore exten- sive veUlenunt of the uncultivatod Jand of the conotry maj' ue lacilihited and encouraged. There is none which appears better calculated for efTectnija: that desirable purpose, than the forMalion and establisiiment, under some such rei^ulations as will pre- sently be 8pc< ;fied, of a Board, or Society, in each coun- ty and district, to he composed of a certain number of the most judicious and intelligent persons, chosen out of the Agricultural Society therein eatablished. Of this, it might, indeed, very properly and consistently be made a branch or committee. The first power with which such Boards might with propriety be invested, and which they could in lie very first instance pursue with the greatest adv&ntnge, would be,— to employ persons, properly qualified, to make re- guiar surveys of all the ungrantod land fit for cnltivr.- fion within their severiil districts,— and to lay oft' the same in lots of moderate extent. Accurate plans, and returns of these, should be furnished to such Boards, and also h(! left in (he ofliceofihe Hurvcvor (Jeneral of lands, and in that (d' the .^^ecrefary of the Province. Such Jioards, should meet at stated periods during the year, and also on anv iirgept or extraordinary occasion ; — Rucli, as fhf! arrival within ihoir districts of any number oleiiiiijrants. It w<.uld also be well to rc(iuire, that, i!nh">s, iiiuior very special circumstances, all applicati- <'iis lor laud siioiild Ix; made to tjieni, and their reco;. - tV'iKiaih i; (;|)!,!iiicd, before issuiiij: grant«of«he same, \ 135 once ; aiui, 'je tHkcn to. of the ftub- aiij through lore exteii- he CO no try ciliated for Malion and T8 will pre- eacli coun- miniber of chosen out lished. Of sistently be niififht with. n tl.e very fipe, would o make re- or cultivr. • ny oft" the phin^, iiiid Soiirds, and rtl ot'liiiids, ice. Such : the year, :(:asion ; — iiy number lire, that, npplicati- ir reco:. - the samoi orffv,n„a„^,„n,ony or permission to sottln thereon al :1 '^>«« ."•i.'S tf.>y mi.ht deter.iin. respecS all such appl,catio,:,s, and where th^y deemed Jhe» provement. "'<^rton, and commence their im- It would fouriher be renuisitp ftiof i.v. l •• S» "?'"f ;?f »" Pf'"".'^ lo whom l.„,l" bad bSsllf. •ere, c„„„i„„,i ;„ n:zz\:i:',u)r:i: ^;:;tTtfXe lanLoCsurvey i„ tl,o manner „,p.L,"toblr™;' ;■; d atelj^ make lepoita Ihereon, founded ni.on Ihc Xn, ro-r:r^fib'"p^rri;cu^r'?;;;t,^e? "'■■ f. it^ritif r r ?J::.!:nand"':i!r- 1!^'- ■"• fe ■ .,^^i <& 1^ i m them — or weie likely to do so. This would tend to ei-^ fiediteand procure the escheat of many ot (hose tracts of and, which it has already been stated, are held by ab- sent proprietors, and others, who U> all appearance, have no intention ot" ever employing any exertions to have them improved. ■1 ? It would, also, be well, that, incases where the per- sons to whom they had delivered any such tickets as have been mentioned, did not within otie year, or any other limited time, settle or make improvements upon the lots for which they were given, they should be autho- rived to assij<:n such lots to other individuals, who should be desiroui of settling thereon. It would further be indispensibly requisite, that sums of money should be granted from the revenues of the country ,and placed at the disposal of such Boards: out of which, they might defray theexpences of making such surveys, and other charges, which would be necessarily attendant upon the execution of many of the powers and duties which they would be called upon to exercise and perform. They might, also, with great propriety, and advantage, be authorized to pay out of such sums, thei fees for the obtaining of grants, incases where the per- sons to whom they were made, were in such indigent circumstances, that they could not immediately advance them. For securing repayment, they could take from such persons, notes, or other seciirities,payable at stated periods, to their treasurers or fiecretaries ; who've duty it should be — to collect the sums of money due thereup- on, and pay the bame, into the treasury of the Province , or lu any other manner which might be prescribed. Suv*i, are merely the outlines of what might be im- proved into a regular, and well connected systt'm ; and through which might be elTected, the most beneficial r«* '•■eJfcte.fir.^ 137 ' 1^ suits. U iiiust, indeed, it is conceived, be sufficiently obvious to most persons, that, such a. measure, would have the most Siihitary operation and elVecls, with re- gard to the difficulties and inconveiiiencea which have been lately described, and in facilitating, and extending the Agricultural improvement of the country. The members compo«ins (he Bor.rds, would be able to inform themselves in almost every instance, of the situations in life, and the circumstances of the persona making applications for land, and would be thereby ena- bled, to determine respecting them, with justice and propriety : and, by being authorized lo assign il,only to persons who were wishing immediately to settle there- on, a check and preventive would be afforded to any further portion of our unimproved land being obtained by persons having other intentions. B'rom the establishment of such Boards, the emi- grants and others desirous ot obtaining land whereon to settle, would be saved the expense, the trouble, and anxiety, whir! ' > already been stated they have hi- therto exp auceo ; and, from the facilii; v/ith which it could then be procured for that purpose, (which would soon become fully and generally known,) many persons would be induced to apply for it, and remain in the Col- ony, who, if the difficulties existed with respect to ob- taining it, which at present prevail, would most proba- bly take their departure. If, it would be prudent, or advisable, to grant in any manner whatever, such powers as it has here been recommended to confer, it doubllels would be more proper and advantageous, to vest them in such a Board as has been mentioned, than in any one individual. It is in general found, that more impartiality and jualic* are exercised, where power is flilFiiseil ainonn; a number ofpersons, than where it re^tHwholi)' witlione: i\lth<)Ugh the measures of the former, are not niiirked with such promptness and ditpiitch, us characterize those of the latter. W » M if the whole of such powers were vested in one in- dividual, that one, would most probably in every in- stance, be the person possessiua; the first weight and in- fluence within the limits for which he was appoiHted, and would be thereby enal)leii, fully, and securely, to exercise those partialities, those prejudices, and that in- justice, which some charactersof that description amonj;: u«, have so frequently displayed within th«; sphere of their influence, and through the exercise of which, the sway they possess, is, in a general point of view, pro- ductive of more evilthun good. By vesting them in a numl)er of persons, composing such Boards as have been described, there would, cer- tainly, be the strongest probability of their being fairly and equitably exercised, and that the desirable purpo- 888 intende eflect.on to include all other advaiUai-es. Most of those,wh.c . we n.iol.t expect to reap fromsuch i.nprove- inen nould certainly depend on such rfduction, and would almost mimediately follow it as matters of course ed In one in- in every in- eighl and in- s appoihted, securely, to , and that in- ption amon^ 10 sphere of nf which, the •f view, pro- is, compoiiing p would, cer- r being fairly iralle pnrpo- • fheni, would ilies, the prc- i of buch per* the others. ' Agriculttire, nt«"ly conncct- explain some olluw from its hich would be iibundnnce of (jucntly u re- The prices of labour, in nearly every department ana call nsr, vvould in consequence fall. This etTect would be most highly beneficial to the Agricultural in- tere^it in particular ; as one of the many causes which lia\o hitherto operated to obstruct and retard its ad- vancement ha. been-the high rate of labour which so iong prevailed throughout the Province. „.« J° <'"^fi«^"'nen, also, whose circumstances so grea iy require improvement, such reduction in the price of labour, would upon the whole be of very material ad- vantage. Ihose, who wei« at all extensively en.faired in the pursuit of that occupation, and had servants em- p oyed to asHiit them, would receive an immediate bene- lit tiom It ; and oven such servants, if they were persons htuing families, would be more than compensated for such I eduction, by the diminution in the prices of the mvnus ot subsistence ; and in the consequent decreaso of those ot ihany articles of the most indispensible use. Such reduction, as to the main articles of food, would urtljf r beuefit the fisherman, by cnal>ling him to con- ine his;it tention and labours exclusively to his occupa- tion; and to draw from the Agricultural class of the community, such ot those articles as h« would chieflv re(iuire. •' The .general abundance, and the reduction in th» prices ol the means of sulwistence, proceeding from the improvement of our Agriculture, would also have the « led 01 reducing the prices of most ofihe Muropean.and other imported articles. The vendur of these, has, of coiTse, in seeking his livelihood, been equally affeclea f^V I v.-^ % ''IDV V Willi nil oilier ileicriplions ornersoiiii lii> il.. i ■ u • pncj«o ,f.e ci,i.r n^enns of subsis^e; ' "vve,.. red , ed .V most I,fi. sard so sH{.ev.,ien(, »l.at some n-av be reaHt ,« nithaii^ kiii(<>( r„.o„rip,v i» ;„ „„. , """"p" «,.,.. .1 ■ r"M"'*^",r' It IS not nierciv snpnili mmsmm eiicijlo be Imj.ieiitiv stated and niton rd. tl'.'<, lu'^Klc. (he .cductu;. ... the mice uHubm. pratirn, r, olhiT '*^' ^^ V m frP ri'^'*''"* ''^"^fits nill result to our commerce from the.mproven.entofour asr.c.Kural inteVeT Z' .nc,eas«.| supply, will be thereby aUb.c;, d, of i'ide. « " ^uch i.nproypmont, manj articles would douhfless hitha pu per, ro)o.i which our commerce has 8curcely ever ■bM;"':S7^^ '/•"'' '*^"<^'' '^^-•t"i"i^ have Ifot'e uttii e.\j.oaed iroiu tha country. "^ Riicf, .'mprovcment, will also pkct. it in the power of customer., to ma.'.e to the m.' chaut more suf "3 PS v^iK'""!^; ?^ disappointment, an'n-^ei^h - — . h reijard to these, ,vhich he has hif'.erto so ex. , vc,v exp..r,e„ced, havo been deeply injurious and -itra have occasioned or hastened hi. ruin. * T( deserves also to be remarked-lhat, if we wore a icu aHv ''Vr'' •'•-'^'''P/'«"« of per-ons. but more r.ri,cularl\ by (.,osc. engaped in mercantile pursuits _ I lose, It huM j,reafly operated to cramp and einbu lass i .0 priiwipal, indeed almost the sole ca!?c oV is scar^ f ^^ (or a considerable time, it is notoriou.'w s I . ve v lar^eHnm.^e were continually sending I'o the UnS W tor the purchase of flour and grain. It noy e ea a iTle" alone'U''"'' 7''' ^V" '';'"'- '^ I"-— 'eti. o.! "Miclen alone were nut very fur short of Iheannunl re- >enno. of the Province. The snn.s winch hax^htheru been conMantly t,oin,r out ofthe counlry,lor th/p^^^^^^^^^ oNinrley and l.<.pH, for the u,e of the Vw brewe e wo o M.SS have even b,.cn y.y^ considerable. \mlZ. poet to the«e urliclew, it may very justly be .aid, bat t lit \ Through Ihe extfnMcn and -Affiiculhire usbandmen anJall theinff. improvement of err ofpersons, would, iilso, afi IpsH under tl trary individuals home oflh rior orders pr i5 :hort time, be rendered arbi- nown, are le power and con-roul of wealthy and P'^P, It IS WP Ilk oHhe oppressions which aro commir.id in he conr e of he exorn.o of this inHuenre can scarcely I e ace .ritelv i^cr,l,ed,h,.t they «re well understood h ' 1^.;^ in ,?lmm hey are practj.ed ; and are Mt the n.ore lie.nTv f Z the,: l.e,nirortho.e description,, which preclude .U fnd id....! •'^"^"^•""^'•'/ht.ir influence, those hau-htv o'ti "'■'' ^•"'"''^"O.v on the watch, to crnn.o and ate ' "hi r^7"'^." «"/' -"-rprise, whirl, won d", Hi tf^ .the least w.th then- own selfi.h, and prejudiced \ P^os•!;;:;;'t•■;•'^'^'''^•'' '•''^•l-'^ ^<^<"-'c^nt, and whoso pros,., ,,(_» depends upon agr.cultu.al in.proxPmeni,«reat iM and signal inequalities as to riches and influence, are in iienerul dangerous and hurtful. The nearer an e- mialit^f with respect to tUene, in which men can be kept, co'isistently with the preservation of all ju8t and lawful authority, the more |ikc!y v-'ill they be, to raise the coun- try they inhabit to a|taleof prosperitjr and abundance. It is only through diligent and undivided attention to their agricultural occupations, that ihose of our hus- handnien, whose lands are held under mortgage by those wealthy and powerful individuals, or whose property of every descriptinn is now lying at their mercy, can ex- pect to hcconc relievsd from their pecuniary embarras*- nienta, and to remove those obstructions to the jast ex- ercise of their rights, which loo many of them have weak*, ly or wantonly created. It ii chiefly to this valuable class of persons, that the warnings and exhortations contained in these pag^ja - .•jix-.Uii^aBiiMd : and tor their benefit are thoy principal- ly intended. Up'>n tlieiu, the ^voa of all other orders at present are turned, with anxious hopes and tlenirc*. Tliey, alone, possess the power of giving vigour to ail the sources of wealth vvepossens, and of exalting us to a Btatooftrue and solid prosperity ; anc' through their diligent and persevering exertions, Miose desirable ob- ieets can assuredly be attained Not only to them, but to all others, the time past should more than iuffice, to have indulged in indolence, dissipation, or despondency. It is now time M* s«t about proving, what unremitted industry, economy^ and prudence can be made to ettect. We are now in a state of peace, and tranquility, wliich it ts to be hoped by all who wish well to the cause of humanity, will long continue to prevail.— By none is it more sincerely desired, than by the author of these observations. We all know, however, that changes and revolutions in the pelitical world, very fre- *iueatly on a sudden take place , and thorofore. nil- •^Q^ '^T''.T,Ji.,.lll'll/.»ll..»^y . X: c.-4^- ;l^ lew It can ue made to appear, that the principles, and dispositions ot human nature, have of late under<'oiie a total alterhtJon, we mav be excused for entertainin« aD-' prehensions, that before the lapse oranv fjreut number of^^ears, the jwlitical hotizon will afajn be overcat,t,and we may be luvolved in the^cngersAWperhaps t!ie hor- rowef war Mostttfns, indeetg|re thoroughly con- vinced ot the designs which are cherished tovvardd us, by.« neigabcjnng power. If, then, ll;e freedom and blessings we «t present enjoy, are worthy of care and re- gard, let all, duly reflecting upon them, emplov in this the season of tranquility, their utmost exertions for ad- vancing the colony to yiat state of strength and prosperi- ty, through which its defence in the hour of danger may be rendered more powerful and sure; let them strive in M^eir several stations jo u.ake a proper improvement of all the advantages now in their power ; and in so doing, they will have the most ample grounds of satisfaction attorded them ; and will be made from happy experience, to assent to this important and valuable truth— that even m worldly affairs, either sooner or later d»-,' _ .^ - interest are almost invariabjij>: £i.;i««i-wonTti&T~* '*'*' THE END. I ^ V, x./ H # ^. % #., ■• ■ ■ ■^'"' 1^