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Nm York 14009 USA ~~ (718) 482 -0300- Phon. (716) 2«8-598»-Fmr p }< / GOVERNMENTS ■'-■A A\V y The Revolutionary S])int II V WII.I.IA-M, AHTHOK- STRONGMAN, M.A. -V- \..v.h, \. liK. luMlhti I Villi lliliii ill. in lliili .iiM-l. , nil cIjIi Ai.l li,ilinr,-Mi. i1k- mit^ili ■\\\Ki\ IIk li^vli IK^'Mlf* ni"lltlt. ,I.'km\ 1 Kl> \ii.I\mII l,t |,\i, .,.,.( lr'Ml^..ir.- in" .,iii li.ii i|.\ : ih, J'il>-itii.l. .1 A . I, I I"; 'H' i'i"i'..< . liiil •,,fli ,. w ..■••I I.. ilMl. , il. 323.42 "S^6 m TOUoN'lY): : • Wll.lJAM |i|;r<;(;s.- 7s \ sc kinc; sTi;t;|.T i:.Yst, ■\v 'V>: ■/' ^Si3',4t -76 x (■■*. ■'% . 7-\ . ; /;-..• • rRKFACH. .,./ This short «lisser^tion attciiip(H to avoied disjulvantager ous to nations and men have been wifieK- overruled for the -enrichment of succeeding generations. . Thus, conclusions of grqat value have already been reached, and real progress has been made, M. not all the progress we could de.sire. The factors directly conM'ibutive to tlii** inheritance have been niunerotis, and, hence, the possessions ifre.enlarged. • '". (jresnatfeBF^^-fei' -^ 1 '» .^.\ ,K « fl ■fi^r^^tf *-/'■ t> ' ^. * ";'r" ' '.-,'»5%;f^* 1:'' . ■ v., ^ TAHliK OK CO^NTKNTS. Ixrnoin irrioM <' . ,■ Cii'if l.ilirfhj iiHil h'lfiint Hiijhi' : I. Tliii Rtixly of tiii>» i» luiiiiitn xiM'ifty. 'i. Ill tlliil INMiitioil III) JH lii'tl|<««l ill hy liit'tt'A ami IioiiikU S„ Siiii|ilirity of .\ii>y tlliil theory ,. V' V'A- t'liuttmiiM ^tf Ihi Stall' I.- .Kxviiiplirtoil ill ity itH civil mill rriiiiliial priKiMliirr. :\. Th>' FliHv4iniiM,ot' thf StiOi C'lrtinl />iil : , ' I. rtir))U({li vurimix iiiMtniiiU'iitiiiltiwH. ' ■ '2. riu! piirpom-K of tlioMf * ^ , t iiAi>TKH ri,; (ic>\ K,KSM»,.NI' . . . . ., . . . . .■■..'.,■■.' I. 77i> /><'cilyi//'(>H of 1 1 Went HI Hit .1. From *tlie hovi/i'i'Ikii |M)«i'i' iif tilt) Stntc. '2. .S<» recogni/udhy aiivi<'iitn»iil iiioili'i'ii writer*. _■ ■J. tf'iirrriiinfiU ill Hitntioii to Lim- rind Swift if . I. Tliu three laws tleac'i'ilioii l>y r.lark«lnii«'. 'J, Tlu' orijjiii (if Hocioty. . , . ,'l. 77(« Itiyiliniat't) o/ fJorfrnnii^tt . ""'* I. The UiKlerlyiim iiriMeiiiloH. '2. NatioiiB grow r»y the iii . ,1. The auelioieH at .Work.. '2. How these foruiB have heeii xhapuil. 3.. National exaiuplcH. ' A.- AliiiormcU Conilitiom of- OorrrHmfHt : '■ .1. Russian (l^sitotism. . . .'2. Alithor'H vifWfi : Keiiiiaii aii<{ M, Taaki. NOV 2 2 1972 HAiir. \i. i;« iti . 1 . ■ ( ■ ../ ; .■■■ • ■■ ' 1 ^: ■'■:.■' \' ■ tp»' < ■ L '^V- * ^ m, ' 'f - ,--:/ ^* "^i ^ .' ■< ■ :■: ■ - - '.'•■' J m0- m^.^ ■ .'■";.■*■ ■/■-T- Ei \ \n- , HAI-J*-'** »^* . JIJ , -no. IUHTKAI> r« THAT ^^ ^^^.^ ^,^ ,,^, ,„ i^ r i. By 'i>-Ma"K '"' '"*""' ** I. Ac ' «v' irntiiunitl'lK'^ f^" . , , Vrt/io« •»H n **s A ■»«-•_ M • I '»•. i'' ''it fOJjTKNtW. IKT. lK» jjiM •ins iiiWioM. ;l or THK •»H Idimiioiix- III Hhif^'" rlirtiw, ,>> . ' ' 'i. It iittnr* no |>nit'l«iniktiiiii of (mhI. 3. It lit t^lifM-»«)t«iri/4tklii«t. *J (Jommunim: °' \. It» theory— tlw tlwutrialloii of InillvLliinl rlxhtu Hii.l,jnlvlliKfH. ■ 2. Imlimtry, ilomontli' purity, ptr., iihnil ilnim »in iTttrtr«t from ih\i> lUmtnlctioii. '3. Coiiiniui»i>«t»i lit I'lii'l*. n'* J H. ,4 iwi>rAii<«/rt . 1 ■ . i. Aiutri'liiiitM ill tlui Uiiit(.Ml StiUun. . . 3. t'hiciigp Aiiui-i'li|«tH. 3. Th«) origin of Aiiu'ricuii ikuar('l|i*ni. . 4. Viiuliuation of (U'wimn iinniigriuit* gt'iiiTnlly, 4. Soriniimii : , . ^ ^. . I. It* tlieory — gruutwr t'«niulity, oto, P^ 'i. The) Olljcot of IIKMlohl SlTM'fllliPtK. .1. Thit pi'CimKim of Sot'iiiliitni. 4. The rvuMoiia of .SocinltHiii for coniiiioriiHl > , ratioiiM, how vontrolletlt - /. Linio«<^ ' |. . t. Opinions of Mchuettle ami I^chiire. i'A«ir. 31 fi. OifurcU Rivieii'ofthf Main Idtnn Enuncintnl hulh„■>■. /u l.n,K U Proelniinul hySarn,! a»,( Pro/aw trritn-M 2. f''*fy'ofi.mnn,l/J,'/fHe.o/oni'-^('ouufryfoheO V £•/«/«/• «-/l«^ CT,V«,«.^rt„,v„ Ui,r.maifh, .hM„y,,iw U^Mi.inl • «. lli>>tonfal Ap/itiration o/ fh<' Sufi/n/. 7. n^ Th,.o.g^r^ m limne Ui,,l„ ' ,„„i Us run,o.„Ua,iU. .'. }'n>n herolHtioiiHtH'-jHsiiiinlil'. /'• ' ( HAPTKK vfii. ' 1: I- I lie Pleln-Uiw ' •i. Tht! Kiiglisli Rev-olutioji. . f«^ *''^ff's« "f t'««l)iitdi Republic.. ' ; +. liie Amerifun coluiiieH ' .1. J'lie French lUvoliitioi. «. Later I ; reek sti-UKgles. i. (;eiieiul/r.,«w(;„7tho.sul)jo.t. . ' 'i; ..rl .V AV/Vw.,/ ,„ /^,/;,,/o,w Ktformatm,. : 1 lie Lutheran Refonimtiou. i he I'uiitanic and Non-Confonui8t .iiritati.,..^ Kepre8entativen.enun.le,tlii8le,M *' < .enoial rit>um^ „f the suUjett. \ 40 AltV 4.-, Ah MiuiUiii'tfl i„ /jifernfii,^ . I. '':i'« New Testament an i,f the • /«,/., The Pilgrim's Progress. Wesley's .Sermons; , ■ * Uncle Tom's Cahin. EviUmced in Srin,/ific TmU.„ritH ■ l»altleo. , * Uuttenhurg. • • Gaxton, f ■i ft;- ■■. .-if :iMr .. -.yt .. ,,-*t)- 3, 1^ Ckhta,^ Hkia »««• \Viiln». lulfd. ioHM Foiri„ Ill-f it/nfri/ to Iff ./ii <»f mini. - *i. To bring men cloitei- titgtalut. . * ;i. The proachlng of tlio ('ioSJH'l. .4. The power of the crosw. . , 3. The MiHuencoH of.Uu! (i««n, B: The pur^wsmi* <>/ i.ri'io>Aitv .<-i: ■. ./' f ■ ». ■':m- '' ,' ^ ::; •'S' ^ V- *< INTRODUCTION. CIVIL LIBERTY AUDEQIAL RUiHTS. 1. The study of man as he exists in huinan society nuwt be conducted upon entirely different principles than those in which he is treated by theotogy, or econjoniies, or natural history. Here, he is no longer a moral agent, or an economic forcfi, or a bimanous mammal. All the rules that could be derived from the study of man in those aspects mights, be summed lip, but would wholly fail to give an adequate conception of him as a member of society. , 2. In this position he is hedged in by metes and bounds; he is conditioned by limitations of which he is not cognizant of anything in his other aspects. He may not be a trespasser upon the property of another, nor may he'bvirn his owii build- ings which his hands hajie erected, and money pliid for. He may not place his enemy under lock and" key in his ow'n dungeon ; nor may he accelerate the speed of his horses oveif a bridge faster than that of a walk. . He may not dispatch letters of a threatening character to another; nor is he allowed to ofler money to his neighbor to influence his vote in any way what-' ever. He may not practise in law without society, through its accredited agents, grants its permission ; nor may he purchase drugs at ret«til unless he does so through its .duly qualified chemists. " i On every side of th«»citizen, then, there are restrictions, and the greater part of his education pertains to the mastery of their exact naturie ; and in realizing the attendant advantages which more than render them salutary. When he has under- stood their nature and extent, he is cognizant of the residue of his freedom^of action, which compose l^i.s civil liberty. •^' \; ■•■"110 „,. '""fticki. 1 "i't'innu, : ■'"'"' I uf,, r / V - ^ts*- |^f5^#:^«j",v :,* '"■""c/i of .1, ., ,f t '■ "".e QOVJ%RNMKNTS A N Jl H\'()I.UTI()NARV. Sl'IRrr. TH APTKIl I. ■.'■V' THK STATK ,1^.: ^'% r. The autliQi-ity bf\ihe State lias V»ei'U ret'erml to.tl>e Uivihc will ; to the natura ofixiixn : to a social coun»act; to th^- ii,iliii«- (Hateassentot' the in(lfvi^(iaj.an«l to an inlier.'iVt, oifranic },MOAVtli belonginj? to itself ^ (1) Literatiite, pointing V ^1**- first theory, is furnisht.l V.y writers like I'aley and ButlW; The popes of .the mid.lle uges, Itv reason of this (loctrine, cVftinied; as vicegerents of (Jotl.su- preniacy over king and emperor. Tliis service wns also ivn- dcred in the civil wars which preceded the Kevolution .in England. With respect to the second theory, Aristo'tle and OrotitiH give us additive testimony. < Jrf)tiu<^ assumes the tacit a,s.sent of the individual to the government of the State as it^ basis. .This tacit consent, regarded as the concurrtMit action f»f all, evolves itself Into the social eoinpact ,of Piitteiidorf, Locke; Bacon and Jetier.son. This theorv resulted in an unrestrnined principle, and was evidenced in the French llevolution. Maine, .speaking of llous.seau, says : "It was the 1ireet. But this notion, if pn.shed, Icadsin turn to practical anarchy.'f Aiiuient l.iiw, tliap. iv, p. 84. t KtliicK, part •-', In it. -'"t.;i::/!!^j!^'!-^!'-^eed: hortil an( tlu - "■•'■J, una tlie iPr.n;, -i. . - "*^ toDo Kthics, I'nrt.'i, <^^'iap. aspects of ilivoi- Yn • /'--'If*. f/brd, niari '"^' The relati •w'ingsul, ''age. I'l,, 'e eJa iin.> P, I'-iO. «<.' f civ,| government iL/ '^"""•■J^ou^r,,,:,: . ' ' ' ■ .. ■ 'V M Advocated bv V ''^J^othecates and L " ^^"^^it« found. . '* an organisn,: Tl,, •^"j^amoraloivan- ;ri^"^<''^irrad;: Sntyhgure. true origin of tii, ^^•ganj^afcionamon.. g"e «en.se o{ righi /«^Wy in from ll,, 'er re.^Jfc.s are due J^'npafchies, and re- ceasinglj, d^>j^j - -Pt'on of duty L; voidance of eviii 'choice prevent \ r in the und„, -'nto animalism, barbarism, the ' groups without ^edimperiuli^,,, endent ^rroup. ^Ol/OVViOg ^y, 15; ■■■';■ . fcf men and women. The law ii) relation to-reUptlous boan» of various instrumentalities. ( I ) Vome of these means a.s3ume the form of organized muni- eipiij rt-ssociations ; some, the form of educational, scientific, or Hrtlstic corporati6n.s : others, by appeals to the antique and modern historical idea.s, for the purpose of representing the na- tion a.s it was in the past ; and with a view to its continuity in the present and future meaning« of the term; and, lastly and . happily,^these which are the fewest employed, that take the form of'direct compulsion through the direct agency of law. (•2) The purposes of these means are indicated by the followj- ing statement : " Thus, the individual man is placeil.as it weret Ketween two competing, though on the whole, harmonious streams of force— the law which supports the State, and the 'yroups of.which the State con.sists, pres.sing. upon him on one .^ide : and the direct inituei*ice of the Stafce'itself operating partly through law, pressing ut)Qn him on- the -other. In this way it happens that every perwn's rights and duties are of a two-fold ' nature. Some of them lying in a narrow cirpuit, and only con- • iiecting with his fellows in the Immediate neighborhood ; others connecting him with the State Itself, in all its aggregate power and sublimity." * , ^ V - * Amos, Scieirce of l"'««l'y »n.l .»,ll,.ctively. I>ew» aM„„,,, II,,, ,i,,.,|i„,„ I,,,, .,"""''»"•'>'■ '""n«.cl,v „r «™ fo..„.i»i ,,y t,„. „.i„ „,7,,; ^ "- ;«^"' i""-r i,a., ">Hioop,„i„n „f ,v,.i,totl,. I'„l,.|,fr . .""'" "'•■I"'e»ct..| ""-'•-■"■ "•.■it„r,s.„„i„u.,„,t^rt. ''^ "'•'™'"i •"• fear. Tl„. l-oe" co.„tit,Uc.,l l,v n,„ ,;„." '""'"''''•"''''''■'''''•■' lwv\ • Pl'cU.or i,„pUe,,. ,.„.,■ „, ,^;'" , "-•'"'•« m- in.lire^, .... -e,et,., co„.,tit„t„, into a StT'l '"^"'"'! "'' ."'" '"» "f <-) >S'»cietv, then lirts if " • • ' Htcnct to suHbrante, nor to „„,. '°*«''- 't owes not it, fv ■* f«.M, jt»/, Ti,:; :^ :'^:^''r -p-i-.- .. or.,:. --'ion or ^,,,. ^„,„ kM ."' :! ;;^ ;;«^-. « the .«. Morocl.,t„«, 1. .,„. . . •'^-•*'«a"*^f' ot those inWi- ' AmtotI, |»,i,),f„,, I I ; '*.'"^'k>.to,.c.. Com, Vol.1.,. 4, — — ^-^ . ' — ■ il^-WJapl*^!^" 17 "'•I ''^'.'Kxtconsifii.jv.l it'onfruintI,t.,sovert.i.M, uonnal M,h',u,j„ „>• J Fotectionof ufttuini: ^ftl'y 'in«l •;oll,.cti^■ely ';,'ni/.Hi tl,., Ie-iti,„m,. tliat the moaaiclix- „K 'P" «ue of the ^;,ic,. ''i« reicHl ,„Mver l.a, t PIhIo aG<|uiesce.| "'tains that -ovem- ' I"'"pli-; andthftfc it >'3rci.)n oi-fear. 'J'|„v r» power of the .Stnt... 'i .i,">vei-iiine),t hol.js iow.s: "ler th.-ee Iuw>s : the '« iaw of nations- ate states that has^.\ f their, constituent 'Ct or indirect, ex- wn ff tl.e will Cf '''•^rent. l^j^riti.HHt,. • ft owes not its ex - l>»^'-'oi- to; or:seiw- i3 vidufti rights, juraljy and nationally considf [•cknowledgeH. thouffh in a diHguisec asked : What are the under! v- mg and dominant principles which, in every distinctive phase ■' of development, determine the legitimacy of government ' As ^the "Star of Empire." rising i„ Asia has w.oved westward . through hurope, and across the Atlantic to America, empire . self haH been wondrously changed. What law han produced this change / In what way has the absolute power of Asiatie ;v^^/*«tc. resulted in th«| If gitimacy of European monarchies. a.,d the liberty of Republican America? In this way: Government and law. their princip^s arid practices, have co.ne to l>e acknow- edgod as claiming legitiihi|cy from' the authorization ami au- thentication engondqi-ed ^y the dominant and self -centre. I power of society. J 'f (1) The underlying* principles which determine the leKitimacv ol government are a^ follows : («) When it exists in the futher ancet,f public liberty ; :{J (/>) When it affords the most exalted mean.^ of civilizatiQh that it has the power to bestow „•) When >ts legi-slative arid fcxecutive enactments, as far as practicable are under the control and administration of its citizens; (./,' When It IS able to conserve to its citizens rights as broad and equal as possible/ (.) When ihe State shall rest for its support ' and maintenance of its regal power, as directly as possible upon the whole ^constituency. ' . (2) By. the development of those principle* 'nations have' coiUinued tog^w^ "The stage, of progress are as legitimate as the end^ued; and all alike prejudged in their relation to growth. Government is notumde moral, anv more than it IS made ratK^al.l.y convulsion, but by an evolution.- • / " Hluokstoiie, Com. Vol. 1., p, 24.*). '_' '■::;■:: I :■ t Lieber, Vol. Kth;, Vol. I., p. tilf. " ; f I Hiekok's Moral Soience.p. 17J. / • ^ Sclg^icfs Social StaticB, p. ^»t;7. ' * Hascotii. KtliiiB. p. 'A'^li . 1. 'i l J\-\ "' ill " «H»*«ji»|««^||M i#W / •o,- ■ \ ' IH ■....■.■• ■ '. ._ {t\) .SfwuciTH principle that 'every niiui han freedom to do «ll he wilh, provido.1 he inrrinKon not tho e.,nal freedom of every other .man." is idealiiitic and practically niiMleadinff .There in an impernonality aJH)ut law, which in exbnmed in one wonl, jiiHtice. That action in jint which Qontempjaten alone the civd exigency -the law which exproMHeH and protects tho cmMntoreHt and ha. no respect to persons. AperHonirtml hborty niUMt ho ,supjK)rted l,y a personiHe.l justice ; in her riirht .. .and a^balance blind to persona, yet quick in the inBiahrof princrip^an arbitrator betwreen men in the conHict of ri(^t« ••• ; 4. W^th regard to th*. forms of governn.ent. three elen.ents i«re ready toltmitt their separate strength in the state Indi \ id uals, clasHes and people. (I) In thi.s way have the monarchical, ari.stocratic and poDU lar gov-^rnments received consolidatbn and perpetuity The ^.^. '''•'^t'"<^t'on between theee forms i, thu., b^^^^^ A monarclucal form of g«verntnent is one in which power ia vested m a supreme ruler. An aristocracy is a government ndmm..stered by a certain class of citi.eni; whilsf I Tt " c,t..en8 are ngorously e.xcluded. And a popular govern.nen is <.ne administered by the entire body of male citi/ens which in an ulealform include all adult normal inhabitants. ' ' _ (2) Engana turni.she.s the best example of a mixed monarchy that"^F "T",'r '' " '""^'' y^' ^-«' government t that of England. Liberty, as a high embryonic life, without removing the forms of monarchical or arLstiratie in tilut ions as.a.sorbed their .sub.stance. and redirected their strengtMo own use. The world ,loe,s not off^r so continuous and so ' t'^:,:r"ai °' '^^ '"^*'^"^'^"^' with so mtle viln<^ ^is in England. 1 he movement, slowly progressive since th« N-nan Uonqaest. has been ..pidly federated' Tl ' tn.ea t Aristocracies have l>een evidenced in the governmnt ^f Athens and Greece, with four-fifths of its population 7avt cratical spint Popular government, in its best form, is seen ; • Bttsconi, Kthic, p. 237. f/bid, p. W3. !i ; ;-TR» in (h« VniU'd HthUm. Swit/erlnn.l Ii«m huhUjuihI for % long \ time, free inatltutionM, in the heart of nionarchiMl Kuropv. Thin form may iippoar in «itb The geographical situation of the nation ; (h) Its military arlj naval power; (o.) The temper which leads in the controlmeA of Its powers; («/) The national characteristics with which it; is en- dowed; (e) Its historic being, inclu.ling the commercial, educa- tional and religious tendencies. (3) England owes Us situation to national characteristics to Christianity, and the Bible; and to that constant .levelopment which has allowed the regard for law to becon.e rightfulness g<^eral and deep-seated. The United States owe much to situation, a new continent, a vir-in soil, a tliversitied people Krahce, on the other hand, lias had inflicted upon her the fre- t|uency and violence of her revolutionary paroxy.sms. and the social forces brought in their train. The Knglish revolutioas have l)een a series of distinct steps, each niade without violence This was organic development. The French Revolutions shook oH social burdens with violence. Delay could not have cHected that removal. This was a violent, yet remedial di.sease The K«volution of 170+ w&s caused by the taint of national leprosy, that of LS48 by contempt : and that of 1870, by disgust. • ' 0. The abnormal con.Jitions of government ai-e evidenceil in the despotic governments of ancient and modern times. (1) The semi-despotic m/lmo of Russia, is an inafcaMgfj Olu-.o Sir ft 4X ■■■* ., f J- 0tmmmimimmm0m'tm I ! .J*K' h I ,' «• > > ^■-v H. 'f <■ M cumlitioiiM Aiih^^[^|||^^iiuii)ufit. Tlivy iiro cxuiiipliHi-ti iit thv hamh iii»«Mtiil» oiiiployc*! Mrtth*irii}«)M»ct to Pulantl ; the |iartiUon of itN U^tjf^nry ; jixtH'tiu* punithiiH'iit for potitical o»l'onc«»>t , in the tiiiilMrt^ |tut U|Kni froo HpoucK tliroU);^li her whole ruahii ; in th« oxtroinu nunrHUmrt' of political thought ; in thi- iinpM' «retwlve conMotMhij/rtf th« prenx ami tttlograpliic «lc^|)fttche»« ; in thehiirriod^ntl unauthoMtiaitoil convictionN An that •r thcHo ami kin<|r«Ml HHian lift', jjiveu by nn^rniost workin^^n. ays : " To-coed in their train, ng record of devas- 'tial reconciliation, d freoilojn etnerg*' ' ■*.. II h m ' \ 1 I TI.Mn' »i« twQ viewn which ^ dt»«iu^**AifHuH. fhn flmt, which briUMJh ail revolutionary exhilHiti'inft ».h it unjuiti tfiiteil 6\i\ ; th« amid, whowe outlook rojjmrd* tiM»M.i ,im ^n tin inixod i;«M.d. B«»5a>HS If lh« former wer* tiig|^ail Umm of denpotlNiii would \^0 in Ittf^itimato order for >.„i:...:*...i .1 i: f» *• i . unlimited oU-dienc«.^ It would Ih» wmNintont wii !ef tion of truu »«,»/<,M romaiiiiM, throuj,di w- ., .«^^.,. orat|od.MyHtom, the w«l«on.e brc«/es of freedom .^... roHi>oct. wotlid. ore lon«, refuse to vibrate. Islamism teaches th»fc Hevery now law is an innovation ; every innovation in an erAVwid everi- error leads t<. eteriial Hre."» And yet. neither fm^^resn nor liberty, but their oiyp^sito-i. in promoted by oasUTU Hta^na. tjon anti de.spotiHm. If the latter were tfuo. the subversion of all govermuents, ni9narchical, ariHtocratic. or popular, would follow aM a iegiti- m.Ue cOnHe<|uenci^ wh«n tieir laws and actions weie not in harin^n^' with the spirit of tH© revolutionists, '^^'the ;(;To Greece. Here we brieHy notice : The Ionian revo- lution. The revolution of Samos. The overthrow of the Thirty 1 he revolt from Spartan rule.f * " • (2) In the checjuered history of Rome we decipher: The bjimshment of Tarquin, and the reign of the Consuls The insurrection of the Commons, U tUw. The insurrection of the People, B. C. 45Q. The demands of the Plebeians. The rest- lessness of the Demos during the Social War, B. C. 121 tktaiines conspiracy. Brutus and Cassius.; The popular ...ovlent in Juhus Cffisars time.« '. J .^ ; ^ J *Lieber, Pol Ktli., Vol. II., p. «l. ^^^ ^^^,.^^^- ^^ ; 1, i ' :'^" t Tiinayepig, Hist, (ireece. Vol. I. ^^ ^ /^> A^^**. Mon, of Mod. Europe— //,(7v. ■■' ' ^^ ^^'enivale. Hist. Kom. Emp. V ;» '■ ' 1 •■ '. ■'' ■v||r. ,; :■':;•■ ■ - } ■ ' ■■ -? i '■ 1 '! ■., '^ / •'The conflict coqlJ ntjver cease. Ho lonj^ as one portion of the coinniunity is resolved to trample upon the rights of an-^ other, there must be an undying struggle. And this irrepressi- ble conflict inusjt bujBjj^out whenever the oppressed see any chance whateveQfii' p|Pe their oppressofi . . . This cruel strife, that commenceil^j|^J^in and Abel, has continued to the pre- sent The Canadian Rebellions, 1836-7, 187(>, IS85. ".■■■;., ^ 4. We might remark, that, in a free country like our own, swift, summary acts of a rebel lioas nature cannot produce reme«lial legislation. They only serve to embitter the govern- mental spirit ; and, besides this, everything sought of a right- ful and remedial patu re can be obtained through the legitimate channels. (1) Mackenzie saw thi.s, when, subsequMitly to the Rebellion, he was elected to the parliamentary halls of his . country (2> The Indian Rebellion by Riel. 1885, was a revi- val istic modification of the okl measures employed by him in 1870. The grievances were magnified in proportion as adher- * Ablrott, Italy, jp. 17:<. t Knight, Pop. tHs. Eng. t Sisniondi, Hriiti It*l. Rep. § Motley, Rise of tlie D. Rep. , ^ T A'^an Laun, Rev. Ep. ' Life and Letters, of \V. L. Mackenzie. il , V'^-'^'^^V'^"" lirt 1^ as one portion of II the rights of an-*^ Anil this irrepressi- oppressed see any . , This cruel strife, •ntinued to the pre- id her Washington ; Julius Caisar, under 3SS, ns the champion n times are: (1) In the reign of Henry olution. 1648. The 183. The Jacobites, idence, 1776. The In Italian History : (form. Thie League I, and Venice. Revo- ution of Garibaldi. Rise of the Dutch 794. 1848. 1870.^. '6) The American ions, 18.SG-7, 187(>, ntry like our own, re cannot produce n bitter the govern- sought of a right- mgh the legitimate absequflptly to the 'ntary halls of his . I, 1885, was a revi- iployed by him in oportion as adher- leD. Rep. , . ■ Ep. )f W. L. Mackenzie. i \ y t '*^^ ents increased. The disabilities swelled &H thoughts and ^orOn^ ^'ave birth to action. Unthinking, blind zeal, fanatical* attatelt- iiient to racial lines, isolation from central government influ- ence.'*, false and delusive promises blos-spming into hopes, an«l tinged with temporary disabilities under which sections of the community labored, were some of the pmletennined cau.ses of this re-action agairtst tl)e Canadian aqvernnient in tlie mrth- West Territories. The Government <|uellcd the rebellion by armed forces, hastily gathered and ecjuipped from its various provinces; and many of her loyal sons slept the sleep of tho brave, and rest from their labors on the plains, whose herbage nnd flowerets were tinged and dyed with their blood.* • 0) Riel was tried, condemned, ar»^ executed. Opinion has been divided as to the legitimacy of his execution. The racial cry was raised in Quebec. The press has been divided upon the question of political expediency. The Government has l«en charged with dereliction, in not gr««ting redress for griev- ances announced prior to the rebellion. On the other hand it has been extolled for the summajiy act by which it has meted out punishment to an instigator wnl ring-leader in rebellious measures. The h'end of public opinion will not be gathered from any one of these statements- but from the fact that his execution caused the nation, upon the wiiole, to breathe more freely, in that a designing and dangerous man had met with merited deservings. While the ultra-monarchist is coining stricliured phrases against the motlej host as it surges by, there is one other by- - stander who can select the Vetera nary hero from the cowardly ingrate, and bestow upon each his meed of reward. A review of Ynany of these manifestations incline us to the opinion that, at times, the movements of ages have culminated, and their results have been consolidated in a brief spac^ of time; that, e.^y. ,the sixteenth century received into itself ihe effects of every movement of religious reform during the space of three or four preceding centuries > that the fifteenth occupied a similar relationship to political r^6rms, by the registration of * The Hiat. of Kiel and the Rebellion. ^i >. f • ./ "*-■ . ' '. -F-^ ■7 ■ ir >■ : ]| 26 inaViy preceding centuries. We observe, however, that inc-n had labored long, often in darkness, but that they had been nearer the light than they thought, , and had also been the 1 needed agents in preparing the way for that light. v| - - - CHAPTER IV, . - - ^ ^ THE llESTR.MNTS THAT SHOl^.D HE IMK>SED irpox THE DISPLAV ,v / OF THE REAOLUTIONARV SPIRIT. 1. When the revolutionary spirit has its root in desired refoiv niation, it is normal and legitimate. When its aim is disinte- gration and (^bnfusion.-jt is abnormal and condemnatofy./ 2. All opposition to reigning gov^i-nments must not be branded with the epjthet of rebellion : th^re are occasion.^ when the opposer of gcjvernmental designs is the true patriot, " and all " else "areslaA^es be.sides." (if ^e must be actuaterl, however, by humane aiid salutary motii-es. The welfare of his fellow- .citizens and the progress of his nation; the abolition of eccresi astical abuses 1 the accomplishjjient of urgently ndeded reforms : tlje extirpatioii of anticiuated systems of tyranny and mis- govemment, arte legitimate de>i\de:ratii,t\isX mast sway his in- tellectual, mora^ and political abilities, as he enters upon the pathway of renown, or of defeat. (2) The most exteasive caution is required, lest hasty thoughts, expressed by violent words, should precipitate fanatical spirits into the execution of deeds, which, by their nature, must subvert law, order, and the well-being of society. (3) The highest wisdom that adorns th^ legislator, that crowns with equity the justiciary, must shed its genial rays over every attribute of mind. To aim at success, \ ample deliberative power must prevail ; to accomplish it! patience,' and perseverance are absolute accessories. (4) It will give advance to desired accomplishments, advantages to salu- tary requirements, if pious antl moral measures are permittcl to exert their legitimate sway ttpon heart and life. As in the cases of Washington, on . '9' * Hallani. t .South. + Machiaveili. _ . " S Hist. France, Vol. I, Bk. 4, vhap. 4. ./■ »•.■* \" . CHAPTKR V , THK ST.VTK OK S(KIKTV THAT RKN-|)Ki;S THK MANIKKsT.VTI<)>f OK THK KKVOI.UTIOXAHy SiMldT XUIJATOHV. 1. Wo ain» at no perfect, npr Utopian model. theTonner U impossible of realization in the present state of man's social and political relationship. The latter may be relegated to the sphere of poetical possibilities, the realization of which is, as yet, inchoate. 2. What is claimed is a society, in which each individual and ijrade of that society, are in the po.sse.s.sion of enlarged and un- trammelled freedom. The subject is obligated to th& obedience of laws, the aim and practicality of which, result in '^he public 1,'ood. :i. He has a \oice And vote in- the ditterent chambers of his nation, if not in personality, through representatives. i:He is freed ird'm tutrveillance with respect to petty and unimportant matters \ and not harrassed by them as the subject V was unnder the reign df the Tudor monarchs. 5. the subject possesses all requisite facilities for the acquisi- tion of popular and higher education. * ti. He is not oppijesijed by ^ system of unjust taxation ; neither is he obliged to 8U|>port the incubus of a State Church. Religious toleration will afford^ freedom of worship and liberty of conscience. ^v ^ 7. When grievances arise, ample iqeans of rec^ess prevail. The Government brings " the actions, aM not. the convictions of men into harmony : " and, where " positiV^laws are indeti- uite, decisions be made accorcling to the principles of natural," and not rifitional "justice."* ; ■ 8 Ibj, this state of .society, it may not be wholly fr^d from * Liebnitz's GrcKl. Thm*. _^_ ■ ' ' :_ " _A. wrn^'' iANIKKsr.VTIOX OV \T(»HV. " ■#.■■' il. the former is i man's social and relegated to the )n of which is, as tch individual anpt any nutigatim of fch«i body politic, by a resort to strenuous, or remedial moasUivs. be .they ever so mild. The measures in operative forcfhav been and are beneficial to the sulyect anyiw,' under which the nation is governed, is the situation wherv th,- large.st extent of freedom is granted with the most uhlimitcd exercise of the abilities with which man is endowed 9. In every State where the primordial rights of man iiM-ot with just recognition,' no neces.sity will arise for the display of this spirit. This .statement Hnds ample corroboration in ilte Free States of modern times; in the Republics that have been shaped in the last century or so ; a.vl in the limited monanbies <.(;r., like that of England. 10. Centuries ago this statement would have been nraterinllv different. The heel of the despot trod heavily upon the Op- pressed. Grinding weight and -ailing penury were keenly felt, and often,' as patiently endured. (I ) Biit this is huxr.vly past. The rise of the great middle clas,s ; the establishment of extensive manufacturing centres, with furnaces and factbri.>s glowing with a thou.sand molten fires, and i.ssuing their n)i|lions worth of commerce yearly ; the increasing potency of educative., influences, wliereby the child of the poorest arti/an is e.xalted often on equal terms with the offspring of thij: wealth j; the ' repeal of antiquated legal enactments, who?^ foice was lost by' lapse of custom, and whose decrepitude reslilted in imbecilit/f ! a higher tone of morality, and a more earliest recognition of, the practical .luties inculcated by our holy Christianity --rptJ ' X 'I' ■- ^v ! I' Si-^ ■ . '■* :«) -»^^*t""^rBSr^i^-nl^^^^ Let any .connection w.^bBUn^^^^^^^^^ :ni::sDtr^^w;;h whatl here enunciated, and he win^^S^t ».eneHtH attained by our branch of the A^^^^^ - 'Tl^n.i to ti. Kepublic of the We.t. tiu.e h^cts fihd ..riff TX" ocial ami political relationship. Her tranc use. ■t^^d^l tilery normal inale adult, of whatever country s / 0^1 UXd; and of whatever color; her elect.vc \^ whoieby 'the induction of office, even including he .^".^^ac^f U^^ nation.is vested in the hand, of U^ idls/^r their representative. ; her welcome of earth .h ^., and old-world outcasts ; her energy in th. prosecu- aon Of colo sal industries-^point to the position she" occupies tuuon«T the iJations of the earth. , ., C^"ln .shirt, the following characteristics mark the progress of the AnglUaxon race, vieWed from the English. Canadian or America^ standpoint : a broad and magnanimous spirit of freedom ; i almost fabled wealth of resources; a civilizatio|i that leapslciuss an ocean for its full expression; an indomit- able perseffi ranee that brooks no barrier ; educative force* that have no p^tr: a prolific, and in the main, an elevating press; a cultured, Janctified, and sttcce.,sful pulpit; an earnest recogrw- A tion of eiristian life and action-are but feeble testimonies that impak tribute to the character and worth of this race + Whatever reasons, then, men had in the nations indicated for the i.ianiistations of the revolutionary spirit, this is no longer .u'cessarVrnor legitimate. In llngland, in the United States, tlie revoltix)pist is a tiriminai: In Russia he is not so condi- .:._.ji (There, despotism binds its" folds around the victims deadly effectas the fabled serpents of old. did around tioned. With as the bodi(ss of Laocbon and that of his sons. I • Macauluy, Hiat. of Kng. , clmp. li. Vl Taylor, Manual of Hiat,, Part IN'., chap 15. C Virgil, .^V IIV ri/i'KA-uKvor.i'noNjpTK. In stern ami witliotinff opposition to - the theory of absolu- tUm," onunciated by Hobbes, ^ varioui theories of ro^jonerativiv proinisQ have bc&n propounded : 1. Nihilism. . 1(1) This theory can only be recof?nized as a return to chao?. (2) It utters no proclamation of (jod; it etmnciates no distinc- tion betweon right and wronj,' ; it atlbrd.s no bond of connection for the union of men : it promul«i;ates no obligation as binding Itetween communities — there is nothing but the individual, (3) It is characterized, furthermore, by an entire absence of felkm-feellng; and an utter negation of ndvancoiilongjhe- lines of Iifirnionious and concentrated action. ^ ' (4) The promise of personal development and a vigorous growth of self-dependence can alone be found in united and har^ - Jiionious eHbrt. i (a) A iient the (|Ujtstion : WJiat .shall be done with the present order of things ? The Nihilists have flieir annwcr ready. In one word, it is " dynamite : ' They propose to de.stroy the present civilization, to raze it even to its foundations. Thep^ seek to explode t^e whole social fabric into InRnitesimal atomic f I'agiiiients. , ., . (■6) Out of the chaos thus: produced, they expect ta evolvo .some .sort of a socialistic C.Vsuios— a new heaven and a new earth, wherein even- man shall do what is right arid ju.st in his own' sight.' '■ , ';-^'\ ■ ■ ■ ||p .".;■ '^"- .. (7) What Mr. Ifae says about Ru.s.sian Nihilists will bear pondering hy other nation.s, as well as Russia : " feolly, it is saidi *Hohbe8, Leviathan, i'artl.. Liber XIII. ■i ■'^. -9:y:f:: :{3 « ■i 1 ; ■■■ ! ■ I K:^y\ 1 ,**.'-■ -■.'■ J ■I In alwayH woak annt and polliioal disftfrection." •• (H) Under tliiH hca. 125. \ X- r ; •%■ ' ■. ■ ¥H'W'**r«». 1 the ex- e Nourco le; thoy HConU>nt f I'riiiou iliHt. ho HO. All r, or do- 'intdahio "* ore dt'H- ■■ re^anls :ial nnil rmnentH . ><, but of lomestic revolu- en, h1)aI1 " tue. meed ii) 'rusHinn ' » thin tho H)latioii, nporary ■ -•'* to riot, 1 1 i power lied the ./ , olution- ■ ,,■; ■ nly into ; x^ at no\y>f . ; . • ■ I stitute«l i^ ^; that, in H laye nn :^ \ , / ■ m oxiKti,«cHv •• Si,«,,U, M thl« M^KJiid HyKte... huH UoH, it ha. shown a wonderful ,Kme. of abso.ptK,,, -KuKli.!.. Irinh. Scotch. Fn-nch and (Jorman hlomi. has Uen |>oured into tl.,. body politic Now. woiind in thin Htrou.a U l.lood, that which porHi.tontKy rofuHen to lH3 aM.unilatod ; and , i.. n.oroover. irreconcilably hoi^ tile to the society which it has\ entered.- (2) The oriraniZ- tions an.l devolopn.ents of tho <:hica«o urtarchists. point L a pro-dotornunod, destructive H«oncy. in the Unite.l States. / Th,. bomb throwing, tho inurdern of o>i^iHlH. the scenes at tb'e exe- cution of tlie conspirators, the U-a^Ao spirit, their attempted doiHcation exhibit principles which 4re the lr. Rae says : •/American at it is con <\^ thelfnite.l ^g Hooialism i.^ a mere ei)isode of (Jerinan Wialism ;' tl»^t fined almost exclusively to the German i>^)ulntion rtf tl Statoa"t A writer in The Xovth A,,,^>X,u liJleh; mentions that the severe mcisuros re.sorted to.Vy\.e 0ermaii govern- luent after the attempt to assassinate tKe \niperoi-,- had th.- cttect of hastening the .- solved theiiyseives into the rationalUleman.l for greater e.|Saiitv material as well as legal, with a .doro intense application ofVhi communistic friinciple. .\ ,] \i (2) Tho object of modern socialists f ronr L Blanc to K Marx^ and William Morris, has been to wage an in.lustri^l warfare for the disenthralment of the masses from the " dckpotism of crtp- ital." William Morris, Surrey, England— poet, sociali.st, art- manufa^turor-is milder in tone and sentiment, and presages greater/results by economic method.s and rules. (:f) Socialism ^romi^es the removal of class distinctions, u,,,! antagonisms betM^een the employer and the einfiroytyl : and, by ol,IitenQng the .stjll more obnoocious division of sf>ciety into the industrious^ud - -■ , 4 d Ciiifiiiu .t/i 1/ Magtr.hK; ISS7. tCoiit. S..ciiili sin. ■ V W- \% ; '^'■^ ' A 84 ., ■ the iUle It prtMAtfUN that th<> eUiiiiH of rotrihiitlv«) juiitle«< will l.« witlnHtMl. and tho vinion of th« po«t ri)»Ux«d : •' \Vh«relii, in •«>ol»l fi'llownlrlp MlMMln, Hratbraii, uiij(«tl«iiip«tltion'» riyalry, for all Hhartd y ion of coiu- suHh of the Marx, bot^ '0 inoilerate'v-: force, callod Ruce/'.Ue estH in the I, can rend veiik a per- il and disci^ cipati^n of lichee <}alL *V ' ■■ "^ 9 wrill direct g. carrying, effle's view, out of the iliep, p. 181.. S^ ' ' •- '*' '', »»•■■■.■■:■■■■ .to«ho„«. uml„- It. con.™l. <„) •n,„ ,„„„ii„„. , i, V - . 1.0 n.t„.„»i,„ii,„, „f ™,,iui. A oo„f,„„uu.,„ „f rio . ™7;r,' .IT .1*'', ""'' *""■ l''')'»i'=i'"'«. t««cl.um, i,„lK„, .,,,1 ril . .u«h n™.|*™l„cl,v„"|,,b,„.„. „„„,,, w r..n„„„r«l., '^d .nd eon,o,ou. y in ll,„ „,„,,|„y „f u,„ (,„ver „l. Thol^ii ..r «tl«,r,, „) 11,„ „„„„„ „„„,,, ^^^_ s:,;.".:: To'" 'T-f°""' ""°'' •" "»-'» i-i- l.token. (» I)„,„„,t,c and kin,lr«l .,„««„« Jl,„ r.,lic;>llw «co,« r„ct„.,. (i, With roHpoct u. n,or.l,, „.„n wil « Z ■ « won, ,„ neUunK ,„ it» „„„ „„t„,,, „,.y „,n.i„, l.owovo, iu^ ^ive, nndet . ditlerent form of political oW.rv.nJ Di- W«,l«,y „ays that there U no reawn why, in the nature "f thing., ,ociali.t, ,1,„„|,| not he Christian,. They „,;, ,'^' .lake Ohr,,t,anity the, e,,tal4i,he.LreliBi„„ „f the ,Uto Til H uU™.utopian, indeed; for, at th., present day, the s^lat ^ lorUy o H„c,al,,t, are violently „ppo«Ml to all tl.at i, 'acred to . man by the n.n.e of the religion of oar L„r,l 4nd Saviour, ,(e,u, - (A-) " Sociilisb.," «,y, SohaoIHe, •" pronounced the Church to be a police m,t,tuti„n in the hand, of capital ;• and that it cho.^ ' i V rT '^ f'"" of "«''»"8e on heaven. It de,orv«t IT t f. *'' ", ■; ''.'"':;»"-'°' »f. E.h,m-.;ean Leclaire, founder of The Ma.»„n Leclaire,- in Pari,. wh1«h he wrote h,«„ hi.s ^ death-bed a,.h,» confe»,ion of faith: ■ I an, a huu.ble di«ipl„ .of H,m who has told u.-, to ,lo unto other., as we wouKI th« they ■shoidd do unto u . ^ : and to love our nei^jhbor as ourselves It ■ ; , I! • I ^■■■•■■1 ^^ ;l i ki'' ■ ..•* ■ f ' ' '1*.' /."S . . . is \ ■W 11 :i6 ■/ V i * I i^. $ is in this sense tlmt I ilesire to rt'inain a Cjicistian till my last ' breath. " Well may we exclaim : out of such a faith ought tu groK such fruit. Our holy Christianity is not only able tf> solve all problems that relate between labor a|n" ■ y'- no* advance with Rousseau into the 'Garden of P.lo« f *i who would cast society behind them " An t m 7 - "'^''' causes the historian to remark xj^^ could have swayed and Turh^d ,,^*^^*^«; ^^'^ ^«"»*rkable .nan ^ . . ^^awttjea ana curbed the revo ut onarv snirJt {a ..,. cmla have achieve.! the IrlTf . , !»«'"''■'<) popularity ing ilpwo."t 'o wnere ne had Pjeen foremost in pull- ,"fVh . "■""''"P; "■""•"'P^t to the revolutionary sniril .can». P„™„e„t among these we find the namesTc^t^Un -oU^er, W.^T"' """' '" "*''»•'"" '''»° Wly to some *ta,e ToL f '*°''°"'" ""'"'™'''>'"f f«e citizens, at ite ha.sc, progress for rule, association as means devotiorff., Lapfsn,. genin, and virtue for light, upon the wkj A^Tth! -thf?^'^ ''""'' " '"''""'«' "d g«at, When U,e dais of ' LAT rj"'' ■"'"■■■"•" P'""'""""' Sovei-nment which e^ ' oTatewith ^ ■=■'"'«■»■"*■ ".« »M."*ill not allow me t„°«J ciate with demagogues, and my conscience and my honor k^n me^l«,f from a state of things created by bayoni" qLS^? - known and admirod, whether in republican AmericTor in 01 M«aim, That his political beliefe were but the consequence of his supreme faith." With him the- individual ri»ht wito be free «»i ,«te.i f„, p„b|i„ j„j Like Milton he held U,!t he commonwealth ought to be but as one m^ty growth ' stature of an honest man, as big and compact i„ ^virtue „ fa •K,td,.„.HI.t, Fr.„=e,V„l.III.,Bk,«,„|,.p.iv„p.4.,e, tiWJ. / ■ ' i' M ■•>!|W;' ■ ":;'" 38 i body. And that religion, above all things, should be the bond binding the brotherhood of nations together; and the duty of nations towards humanity. Whatever, then, separates nations from nations, and families from families, divides what Ood has united. Cromwell is eulogized by Carlyle,* and regarded as laboring with unselfish generosity to help his nation struggle into nobler and more helpful ways of life. Of this, however, there are divided views. (2) Another shading of relationship is seen in the strikes and lock-outs of modern times. Rural life with its innocent joys and modest gaietieSj as sung by 'Crabbe and Woodsworth, is neither sought after, nor desired ; while over-concentration of popiilatioiiras now prevailing in cities, is one of the most fruit- ful sources of evil of these modern times. Strikes and lock-outs are like the steam-gauge, indicating pressure— not the explosive steam itself. The danger to the body politic is seen in the criminal results that offcen develop from, the causes advanced. This is vividly illustrated by the account of a friendless girl; wKb, three generaiions agoy was thrown upon the world's cold sympathies ;^ and, as a consequence, uncared for. Her descen- dants numbered over one hundred dangerous men and women of criminal traits^nd practices. No earthly record can tell how many a bright young man or woman thrown out of employ by the labor trouble has become the centre of equally dark and ever- widening circles, both in relation to the spiritual and the political aspect of the question. These labor troubles are great in the Old World, menacing not only corporations, but at times, governments of all forms \ yet the prevailing evils are greater in theliew World, as, 6;^/., the vast array of gftrikes and logk -outs which occur from time to time. • . " (3) Then, there are the vast evils which attend modern life on this continent. We refer to the number of bankruptcies, ba,nk collapses, rings, bank discrepancies, so that in the year of grace 1888, an American colony has been established in Canada.' and vice versa, for the reception of the irrespective defalcants, where retirement- may be sought from inconvenient creditors, * Cromweirs Life and Letters. .i il 3n <^ot W pay the,rdeh.!R ,"""""' "'^''*'' '«^'« ■ - ■ . ' ■ ' ': ■: ■ ■ . ' ■ -7 , ," Yoi, weep, ,„^ LiU, above tbe p,wje , Th«ttell84e 'ancient wrci- .' Of^aptiveVWrg and tyrant, rage. And weak oppresswl by strong. % Your p6e| knowa a sterner thrall ' ' • A harder yok« he sings,— Tlie bondage of the v^ry small, The tyranny of things. And truly ours is hardest falb, Our lot more hopeless far, Who scarcely feel our lost e'st*vtfe. Or know what'slaves we are. Slaves t^life-sthpusand small demands, its toil, Its fret, its care • «l^e8 to ourhomes, our goods, our lands, Slaves to the clothes we wear ■ Slaves to the cherished things we fold In careful closet? shut ; The plate we store, the bi)oks We hold Too choice to read-or cut ! Slaves-ah. to what a host of things • Poor OuUivers would quake Beneath a Web oY threa,ls and strings ^^ e know not how to break ! (iive place, O ' Tamerlane the (ireat.' SesQstris, Ptolfemy ! I sing the bond to whose hard weight ' Your chains were liberty, \ The yoke more strict than despot's tljrall More stern than rule of kings— The hardest tyranny of all The tyranny of things ! •' : "^ J .:-''W\, ■'s- I ^. CHAPTER VII. .' - ■ ^ . ■ ■ 'P ■, f » ; , ■■■ ■ \ • }' ■.■:i. 'n :):. TH'iS 'CLAIMS OF THK KKVOLLTTIO.VARV SPIKIT, UNDEK CEUTAIN RELATIONSHIPS, ARE TO BE VINDICATED. - 1. Obedience^ to law is promulgated by sacred and profane legislator. --ItsScriiyeseenct^ is regarded as a vittue: its non- recognition A.s a vice. V 2. "vStrangcr, tell the LBtcedjemoniffns, that ve He h^re in obedience to her laWs."» this inscriptipn w/is composed by Simonides to commemorate the heroic defence of Leonidas and his band at the pass of fhermopbylm ; and whi^h.v^is thought ' to give adequate expression to a deed that^duW/e remembered AVith pride by every Oreek citizen. *** * 3. Without obedience to legitimate com mand.^ a nation's forces me rendered nugatory. The schemes propounded for internal reform, national aggrandisement, and international amity, must necessarily prove abortive without its necessary accompani- ■ luent. ■ ■ ' ■■,■■■■-.,..•■ •.;; _- w '■"■' ■" : ■ 4. Yet, without divesting himself of. hi^ primordial environ- inents, man is not able, nor is he in a position, under all circum- stances. ^. yield absolute obedience. It becpmes not onl^ im-" _pos.sible but absoGikly immoral. The Deity alone assert^ this clairn. , In s^ort. all absolute obedience would virtuaTl? amount to the recogiiitioH of Laud's "g^r^^m" oath, t * . 0. ^I^Oeij^t circumstanfees,then. may laws be disobeyed, of i^swted: (1> If they are contrary to the fundamental law of .the^realm. (2) If they are dira^ly opposite to the Jaws of imture.^eons«ence, or morality. (3) If they are antagptistic t6 d^^^^ '^'^'^^ Fioiordial ^b^e^rfee'"'^^^^^^^ ^'^^ — "J*^ IjI"^"""^^' ^"- *"*• : +HalI«n. Const. Hut., p! 301. - , -> L'KitTAm profane its rion- here in ased by las and , bought mbered s forces ntemal r, must mpani- iviron- ircum- iljr im-" ^ this i, - ' . mount »■■■ red, OP aw of ° ws of Stic to ordial nahds '"» Wind ey„ The raa^v ;'"'«"""«•""" W'" i» Uttlewit,, • ro«„d tM« ■ „«,iSTh7,r - " "'"' '" """^ « of tbe,r,d„,i,.alX.t„ Unrr"' 'f! " """" "" "i^e .Mo-'oh,, noWthllZtg^rSfi^t "'7 ""■*••■• aK'MSIflte non.re,i»t«„c,> have hn ' f„ . , ■ "" ''°""»'' "' >i»t.n«. when U.e chan -^.e^ .^^^^^^^^ :»;«"'««' re- Kndef it necessity. GeorM Ilr » r^ R • *'" *■-■'""' '" : Ferdinand Vll rowH;dJ ,1. u V "'"'""S "'>>'«™'>>mt. nobility to „.e arft, „S. Ill *••?';'''*'''''"»''' °«»« peror. Ahdrew if ,,f H ' °W?»t -kipands of the Eo,- «nd John „rD™„al'' •Sf^.f ''°?- "'• * Arra^onV protestation, tlK liberties ifrV,^""P"''™'P'«' V «'»<'■• fringed. Oni.ot fumilhl «Mt 7''J'=«'»; *°"M 'till W in- i ence to the same suy^i^ "'"""-^^ P™'" -"'^Peci.l refer- i oi'od and i^Z^^r"''^ '"*"'=-■ "n-""' in: ^ ., Kitchen says: "The stru!j;gle.s of England moulded an4 secured her moderp and constitutional life."* William, of* Orange, he regards as "thn champion of freedom for the ^ world." f And thajt^ " the genius of the Revolution evoked a \ new racfe* of hei-oesi." Kant nympathized with the American colonies in their War o^Independence, and with the Frenct in their-Revolution," which promised to realize the idea of politi- cal freedom."* Kant alsb.said : " Nothing can be more terrjjbre than that the action of oni man should be subject to the wul of ahother."§ -Spiiioza is ^f the opinion, that "by doing yjorence to convictions they. promote insurrections" Lieber is enpusi- astic, for he 'ways'; "There appeared those great mfen, Seldon> Eliot, Pryne, Hampden, who fought a good fighfe'for allcvvilizeil ■ mankind." •[ , ^ 7. Because men have recognized the theory of "i\ right," and con,sequently, thejmpiety of resistance) tl^ opinion has gained ccedence that the Bibl» taught the doctrine o^ non- resistance. "Kie powers that be, good or b^d, must r^ieceive inn j^licit obedience. Thissshould be rendered Without ^'dis.sentient voice. or manife,station of rebellious desire. He who suffered his rightful claims to sink into inanity, and his personalities to be absorbed by S(bme tyrannous and impious ruler, was lauded to the. skies, bj; the dignitaries of the Churcji, ■ or the minions of the tryant. He, who, in manful and helpful comprehension of his birthright and heaven^bestowed privileges, ' , brpoked , np restraints against crushing - disabilities, bep,ring ^ •Hirt. France, Vol. III., Bk. v., cliap.1.' • ' '■ * f t/Jw/. . §kaBt, irerjte. Vol. XL, PilrtJ., p.263. ^ : Ueberweg, Hist. ^ilo»., Vol. I., p. 14Q. i Spinoza, TrjUtiUua PoKtictu. 1[ Liebei', Pol. Eth;, Vol. I., Bk. II., chap. 10. p. 306. t. vV- r ■ f. » ^ . ,:, ,-e u : ■■ n it A tJ ■//It Y r^*»-/i*iip»»i ^ iMtardingriite; hunted bv tl,„ !! Tu. "•« «pith«l of „b,l ^_ peachablaf Boe^ ,-, p„d,i,„7'"'" !W'"lacy that j, „„,'„,. . "bjectandthemonarehevilr.K ° '*'"''>" between the ^ 'oundatidn of the sltetdTl «'•"""'' "' ■•="«'»■> beyond - mdestruotible allegianceH,!^ ■ ' "' '''"■ """ » Mered -n, ■».«?»of G«..„rf,h,„ 'j,,^«'»"-"'.m«ft, fidelity ,„. the to^h" «""1 and political, have faiW t! 'h, l """^ ."'" »" «'tempt« •"? «t alf tirtea fearful in thlt 1 , ■^. ''"''•'*'■ Revolution, "■•natioD'a hiitory «rhe„ th. ' ' ""? ""'«''" periods ,n W, «yi : .,j.„j,.^ «.L taL„* • ^'r'-' '" 'Peking .^ stetament find, applicati™ "''"'"""^"fim, ««,«.». The which the MyXr;o:,:tT t"'","^"" <"--- ^^h ■ ■ ■e^y may have become i Silv * ™'"''P"""'«' ■»«l>ia. i! "tterly subversive of the L > - . ^ ■""'P'^ »"■' i^^ -Pirit so --ry and national i:t„^t;:trr'"V"'" " ™^-*« te normal and jural e„viro„™^r' R 1' '^""'"'^ '"'"ft <" those condition, are just, and uf t "'""'""ons, th*h, u„d„ '«.". the discharge ol oJli^ i ^ S^^- " «-en who shrink - iPiions that are mposed upon him. uoeihaave. ■ ■♦■«... ■ >•: 'Av "■!' ^. %■, , 1 'i'^. •;/'> .■.'■' './■■; " :! ».1 ■* 10. JuUj?ed'. then, m,the light of tbo prcoodin^ pHnciples, this phenomena of rcsvolutionary movements admit of partial justi- fication. This litatement findw ample corrohoration in t^ie revo- lutions of thi NetherPands, and the rise of theDukch Republie. Never, in the history of the world, were iiien so incessantly goaded by %Ke relays of persecuting power that was brought to bear against/ theiu. We are led to wonder, not tIStthe spirit of freedom \kras manifested so soon, but that it was under "tUrb and rein" tor so long a tinig. The insurrection, the camp- meetings, the iconyilasts alb Antwerp, the Tourney riots, were but mild expressions of legitimate antagonism to illegal usurpa- tions, both /of the Church and the State. * , With' respect ^o the French Revolution, Kitchen remarks: 'One after another the institutions of the country had become weak, and/ had been swept fiway ; they . Were oW and worm- eaten, and had in them ^ vigor of renewed life,, no roots run- ning widd in the ffoil qf> the nation, whence jpew growths cotild come. The* Church was paralyzed, the' n'ohless^, nW chiefly modern in origin, hopelessly corrupt ;« the, peasantry, in many parts, reduced almost to; the* savage 8tate.'"*f Van Laun states that "the great disea.se of France is directly traceable to the • ever-open wound of ' prodigality at the centre', whi^h absorbs the healthiesfc life-blood, sending bock a corrupted black stream, and polluting every limb of the kingdom." J ^A similar examinattbn with reference to' the claims of tfie English revolutions, or that of the AmericAi^ Colonie.% or that of the Italian 'struggles lor J freedom, would furnish additional testimonies of a decidedly positive character; an^ serve to in- tensify our views with respect to this phase of th^ subject. . * Motley, Rise of the D. Rep.* +Hi8t. France, Vol. III., p. 4«7. , - .t French Rev. Ep. Vol. I., p. 23. * ■';v- "*jKtf, V- «- ''^■- ■ ■ ■■'.. \; -M V ^"APTKK \7a *><"»' Mil nnP.-.: I ' " '"awes »i.l ,1, " *'"'i' >vun ■ •'-'erdal aS"*^™' "'«' «"" able U^.^^T P"-""' bin«lf • wooW, nildoul,t.!r K "'""'n '1 Power „ I , ' "»'' ""> ' ^pr}7tr^»n^:^e^if?r^-i 1-^ •If *■. "• #' ., 1 to |)roKreiwlvene«.i • Durinjt the Victorlttri em, iheui havo be«n abundantly IntoroiiHod, largely through iier wHio w lauded by tlio words: Dieu Sauve Lu Heine!" / (;i) With respect to the rino of th^ Dutch Republic, Motley MAyiT: " Wttliout the birth of tluN great ootninonwealfch, the vari* oUM phenomena of the sixteenth arid following centurieH, would have either no( exintod, or have ^re^entud theinselVoH uniLer I'SHential niodiHcationH. Itself, 4n organized protest agniint ecolCNiaHtical tyranny and unive^al empire, the Republic guarded with Httgacity, at many critical periods in^th& world's history, that balance of power, which^, among civili^^ed states, ought al^ way« to be identical with tlite scalcfl of Divine justice. .'...., I^ecoruing H-solf ai "Ughty siiate, and binding about its Own slen- iler form, a zone of the ^richest possessions of ihe earth from pole to 'polo, dictates it$^ decrees to the Empire of Charles." f ""The Dutch enjoy thflk^lf^h honor of haviog saved the western world from subjection<|f * ° . (4) And what Holland and Zealand accomplished in the six- teenth, England and Holland in the seventeenth, was also accomplished by the American Colonies in the eighteenth cen^ iury. § A hundred years of national existence, with its pracii- tat and political benefits, afford Home justification on the part of it.>4 founders, to render the Republic indrous. The most profound royalist is, perhaps unwillingly, forced to tvtquiest'e in the views here propounded. Fof; ever he may regret the severance of British connectiorii he wil boar unqualified testimony to her position as one of the first nations of the world. (.')) With respect to the French Revolution, its beneficiality was evidenced when " the long-tottering institution, which had 4ield li^rancc in its hands for years and centuries, at last gave way, and fell under blows which it had no longei- any strength to, hear.", Arid "dyer the wearied parties of the past, the f ; * KiiiKht, Hist. Eiig., ''SttuidunlSeii«a,'' p/(H)0.^^ '^ , t Motley, Rise of the D.K«1>- 1 V'"'/«M'<- $ Kitchen, Uist. France, Vol. III., p. ^7^, : !« Taylor, Manual of Hist. chap. 15, 7«7. ^T^^^ Kitojiea, Hist. France Vol.111;, j», 506, r^"^'"^"^""^ tu :Mi-'.: ^ ■ \ ^' [ i ■ \ tru 1 ■K '"* '^ 1 ■ Ni. deat 1 / ^'et/„ ■ '' «'urei J 1 VA/, 1- --.--* n^H ■■'•:■:-■■■•■ ■'^"■■■. "' ■■•"•'\-' ■ ':':'■ ■■;;■■■. -.^ 1-4,: ■■ ' ■■■.■■;/..■:-.•■ \ ; : — f-. — ' . '" — : — '. . — ■ — ~ — : — *■ — '—r- — -^ — ..'■. _■ . '. . . — ^ — r^P hitherto tat, ';" ' "'•■ '•'^nettt "* "' '•■-t, '"**'" Bn>wmw °", ,*■'•'•«•«.■./ ut., """""""'It ton ""'"""on /. Bn>wmw °", ,*■'•'•«•«.■./ ut., " "'""""'"'It ton ""'"""on l'"-cipU,J'^'y i..«, ,.,„'• '">!'"«■/,,,""■>■ '»>''..tO'."-r " ^:^> "«'.k"^ ;:«.*:".«/« ':^':"«'!" '..-Ct:':'' "•■'- ■ ^r-o'.al r;„,,t, "'»■'« irus^w„/;'^''''Wlo«i,„ J'' ''"^ -^f '•"'-'^° °^r^*^..at;o„ eh^^ ^^^ '^ •" :/ "'"n^t. W^"'""^' of Soot: (X rO N i * ■ • -' ■ . , • ■•■ 4« (3) When tlie ReforiimtUm princlplwH hnil U-fii firmly cmUIi lished. irruvoront prncticni ami fUitiijiiattnl «\ iln failoii to Hml wilUng uml Hulw«rvU)nt \(»t«ri«H. Men lmt)«^r«tty of a herti until he is I'orced into thu Htrifv, with tljie courap^e'of the liero he HtepH into tin* hreach to T^ Puritanic f and .Nonconformist I agitatons that Ymywj ^ been continued, aim wt down to the present time, in England^ bear the .seal of their legitimacy by the removal of disabilitie* ' Merle D'Aublgne, Hi»t. Itef,, iik. », f., 74. H'unghoii, " Prophet of Horcl*.'- • t XalL-im, ('oi)Ht. Ifiit , vhftf*. 4 f ml I0< ti, • hu nif . bol hit of( tea* enu enip tinu alleli of th ^ (2.) Nfcep t hiH Ci of go, opposi »ge«. whose been e •m •nin-lH, hi,.,,,. ■;" *-'""■'"•' "v.r H,^ ,„„^^ • . J!,;"? ?' """-"'i^r.rL „"* '^— p«.kin« .„,„.„' toachinirs Hn.l *-^ '>'ettsure« that confl.Vf! i .^''' *''*"•««'* "'"P -w «n expound '„f^'"''™' '"<'%.■■ took .h ^ hi» Creator r?"' "'"'on whtftio. r! """^"""M "P^'tionir, Jtr'"''"''^ •"•■"'^'"e^^^^^^^ «»y, Comt. Hist I «i f ^' °<**n to ChurpK „ J + Kurto. Ch«rch HJit^ ' *• *^ "^rrar. "Vlot™. . ^^ 'W :■ *•' A ■ / t State. Nearly the whole iist of Protestant literature has been under the interdict. (4) Lutlwr's Thescn and Translation of the Bible into German, have had the high honor of saving the Oer- inan nation from superstition and ignorance. (5) Wycliffe'.s "Translation of the Bible," was under interdictory [mmuiwui- rruitos; but it became the basis of future consolidated and per- manent translations.. (U) The English Bible, with its terije, expressiva Saxon, has had armies of enemies, and floods: of opposition'^ but it has raised the great Anglo-Saxon race higl above the sloughs of superstition and ignorance ; placed it upoi broad, progressive bases ; and Is now giving to the world it«i story by means of ne^irly five hundred difi'erent languages and dialects. (7) "The Pilgrim's Progress," now read by .saint. and sinner, by Christian and pagan,'-was anathematized and rirli- culed ; yet, like its author^ it failed not to describe the journey of the soul from "this world to that which is to come.'" (8) Wesley's " Sermons" ^\(^re interdicted ; and yet they have been largely the heralds of evangelism for generations. (9) " Uncle Tom's Cabin" rtiet with outbursts of oppo.sition from many quarters; but since the emancipation of the slaveij, it has been learned how much it owed its results to the clear statemej|j^ of the evils given by Mns.Stowe. / ■ .4. As evidenced in scientific tehdencics. Had men always checked the ri.sing spirit. of revolution, even against intellectual di.sabilitie.s, we should seek in vkin for examples of .scientific attainments that have blessed men by their discoveries ^ml benefits. (1) Galileo, 1639, when arraigned for heretical views respecting the revolution of the/C^rth around the sun as its centre, was obligated to sifjfnjbis declaration of disbelief iif the fact ; and yet, when the wficohquerable proofs that the state- ments he had ina ii lor of Special eoiiil'oits are no longer conferral uiion the possess, ■enormous wealth -they ure within the readi of men of moder- ate means. Kings, centuries ago. dwelt itj poorer houses, a^ possessed fewer comfbrts^^han many a laborer enjoys to day. i^ 2. The tendencies of tl^ pineteenth ceritury civilij!ati<^i, are to bring men closer together, to break doWndividiiig lines, and to exalt the poor and the ricli upn« ttifere equitable P|aH£^ enjoyment jn. common. 1 j ' 3. The.se tend(jneieff are accelerated by/ the preaching GosgeJr with its accompanying handmaid* of education, te' "ance, sanitary methods, prudential restraints, and obedieijce to law Principles, methods, monuments, itesults, yrith regard to the person and .society, atte.st the truth M this statement. : 4. Nineteen hundred years ago, a crbss was" reared By the hands of evil men. Brigjit rays of lighi proceeded from it, and stretched forth in ev«ryllTrection. Through the centuries they lost, at intervals, under a on until, in our own time, The light have pierced their W^IJ', well-nigh weight of darkness ; but still living every ray bursts out into a widely-ijxtonded flame. frohi thence tills the earth. At every s] >ot, in every dime, metu- f0el its influence. The realization of t^»p promised declaration Is nigh at hand : " An<^ I, if I be lifted up from the earth, I will draw all men unto Me." * A r 5. The long-parted and widely-seps rated families of men, divided by poverty, oppression and pri( le, are flowing together. War and rebellion, and the greed of gold, have wearied the human heart, and leaying them far behind, men are rising into / the light of a new morning.f *v \ 6. The purposes oi God are far from being completed, but ' they are outlined in what has alre.ady been aqcomplished ; and Christii^ faith is bontirmed, in the fact that the evente of time tend in the very direction that the Gospel and the Holy Scrip- tures generally .have predicted. "The Lord reigneth, let the earth rejoice." '.Iohn'8 Goftpel, xii., ;i2. t Stafford, Sermon, •>Rul«r?" -o ■ Shall the World have a f , ?..i .>>- -0 4- 53 . '■^oie o'er truth'ii J«>»'ri. 1J,\™'""'' »"!»». topi.. «,,,. . " wy nuinan 8oul i« free • :,» ^ ■.,■■■■ :' ; •. , ' ■ '\ ■■ . J^'"'r'"''""«"«i.Mj»iJ^Zi!'"""-i^«»»«» right m. the God of trutLr """''"r*''-*''. « thi. 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