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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombie d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. / errata d to It le pelure, con it n 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 '.. iL-u«ii%*ak « ..-^Sirfiw-i '.:\-ri'^^ni^^mk is^ «MM^'i L.f-^ M '•i^. I Mount Stlphen, in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and the River Laggan. PREFACE. I ^"MBODIED in the following pages are plain facts from farmers in ^~^ the Canadian North- West, on many points of interest to intending settlers. It should be stated that requests were sent out in the month of September, 1884, to all farmers in the country whose addresses could be procured, without respect to position, political opinions, or any other con- sideration. The replies received were so numerous as to make it quite impossible to embody them all in one pamphlet. Those given in the following pages relate chiedy to the main questions present, in the first instance, to the mind of an intending settler. Such as are more of service after a determination has been arrived at to settle in the Canadian North- West have been placed in a separate pamphlet entitled : " Hints and Practical Information from Farmers in the Canadian North- West for the use of Intending Settlers." This pamphlet may be obtained free of charge on application to Alex. Begg, the Canadian Pacific Railway Offices, 88, Cannon-street, London, E.C., where the original letters are open to the inspection of any reader. It should be stated that the replies now published are thoroughly representative, and that the language adopted by the writer is used in each case. The full address of each settler is given in the first instance only, and it is, of course, competent for any reader, by writing himself to the address given in each case, to verify the accuracy of the answers now published. CONTENTS. Addresses of Settlers Barley Crops Bee Raising... Canadian Pacific Land Agencies Capital Required ... ... Carrot Raising Cattle Raising Churches Class of Settlers Climate Coal Supply... Comparative Yields Disease amongst Stock Engravings — Brandon Medicine Hat Mount Stephen Farm Labour Farming Seasons Fishing FlnX ... Fruits Fuel Supply... General Description of the Country Government of Canada ... Government Lands... Government Land Agencies Grain Crops, Hay Supply , Hemp Horses Hops... Location of Lands Page Page 4,5, 6, 7, 8 Land Regulations •■t ••* . mtt • C ID • • 27 Last Words of Settlers • •• a • a 47 • •• 39 Liberality of Canadian Land Re gulati ons 10 • • • 9 Manure • • • •*• • a« • ■ t 33 • •• 4 Markets ... . • • .•• a aa 40 • t • 27 Municipal Government t t • • • t 46 ..i 33 Oat Crops ... • •• • • • ... • • a 27 • ■• 46 Peas • •« . . • • •« • t* 27 « • • 45 Prairie Hay ... • . • • • • • at • a» 33 • t i II Pig Breeding a . • ■ • • ... • a a 28 ( • • 24 Poultry Keeping • . • • ■ . • • • • a* 33 . •• 27 Potatoes ■ • • • •• • • • a a* 27 • • • 33 Representative In: ititutlons • • • • a » 46 ... 16 Roots • . • • !• • . • ... 29 • at 32 Red Indians... • •• • . • ... ■ a • 45 • •• 1 Rye Crops ... • . • . • • ... a a a 27 • •• 45 Schools a . ■ • » • ... . * • 46 • • t IS Sheep Raising a . • • • f a * • • a a 36 » •• 40 Shooting a • • • * • • a* a a a 40 ... 27,40 Soil * • • a • • • a a • aa 21 • .» 39 Stock Raising • a • • » ■ • •• a aa 33 » « • 24 Storms, Winter and Summer t B 9 • a a 19 • •• 3 Success of Settlers • •• •»• a • a t • » 41 • •• 47 Sugar Cane ... • a* • * a 40 • •• 10 Summer Frosts • • a .1 a* i6 • • • 10 Turnip Crops • •• ■ a* 27 • •• 27 Vegetables ... • aa !•• 29 « »• 33 Water Supply • a* ■ aa 24 • •« 40 Wheat Crops • a« a a a 27 «•• 38 Who should Emigrate • •• a a* 3 • »• 39 Wild Rice ... •fl« ••• • •• «•• 40 • •• 9 Wood Supply ••• •#• • t* • •« 24 r* I. A I IN" I^ A C T S FROM FARMERS IN MANITOBA AND THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Page lO 47 lO 33 40 46 27 27 33 C3 33 27 46 29 45 27 46 36 40 21 33 19 41 40 16 ^^ 29 24 27 3 40 24 General Description of the Country. The province of Manitoba and the Canadian North-West are too well known to need any delinition of their geographical position, but the extent of the immense territory going under these names is not so generally understood. The whole Dominion of Canada is about equal in extent to the continent of Europe, and larger than the United States by nearly 600,000 square miles. The province of Manitoba occupies 123,200 square miles, or seventy-eight million acres of land, and the North-West territories contain 2,665,000 square miles. In other words, these regions are greater in extent than all Russia in Europe, counting in and counting twice over Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Farcie and Iceland. Of this territory 76,800,000 acres are described as pure prairie lands; 300,000,000 as pait timber and part prairie, all suitable for the growth of wheat and other cereals ; and 600,000,000 snitablefor the cultivation of barley, potatoes and grasses, and having sutficient timber for ordinary purposes. This vast country is represented on excellent authority as capable of sustaining over fifty millions of people. The prairie section of the North-West, stretching westward from the neighbourhood of Winnipeg to the base of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of about 900 miles, is largely made up of tracts of excellent agricultural land suited alilce to the growing of grain and the raising of cattle and sheep. The prairie is generally rolling or undulating, well provided with lakes, creeks, and running streams, along the banks of which are to be found lines of forests, while here and there are seen clumps of well-grown trees, in addition to the extensive coal beds that are now being worked or about to be opened up in the country lying between the Souris district in the southern part of Manitoba and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains and northward into the Athabaska district. The almost unparalleled fertility of the soil, the proved healthy and agreeable nature of the climate, so peculiarly adapted to successful farming, and the facilities offered by the Canadian Pacitic Railway, which with its branches now runs through the most fertile parts — these are inducements that have attracted and will continue to attract the energy and capital of farmers and others in the old country. Who should Settle in the North-West. Manitoba and the Canadian North-West are, it must be remembered, essentially agricultural countries, and it is to the tiller of the soil that they offer the greatest induce- ments. Farmers from the old couritry, and those who have a knowledge of farming may, with care and industry, prepare for themselves a future of independence and comparative ease, and the labourer and mechanic may also find good scope for his powers. This scope M'' \ \f. % 4 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THB CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. will hirqely increase as the railway further opens up the country, and as towns continue to grow in si/e and iniponance; but those who hick enero;y and perseverance, and who fear real earn^^t work, are no more likely to succeed in Canada than they are elsewhere. As respects the mechanics connected with all the building trades, it may be snld that very large numbers of buildings will be erected in Maniiobj and the North-We!?t for some time to come in consequence of the rapid extension of railways, the necessary build- ing connected with them, and the very rapid settlement which is taking place. But it must also be borne in mind that the same rule applies there as in other countries, namely, that by the supply of and demand for labour is regulated the rates of wages. It is therefore impossible to give any detinite idea on this point, except that up to thi> time the earnings of mechanics iiave been good, and farm labourers generally have been in active demand. Capital Required. The amount of capital required by a settler with which to make a start must largely depend upon his capabilities and habits. With ordinary care and an average knowledge of the ways of farming, a settler may succeed on ^loo to 4^^150. Many who are now the owners of large and prosperous farms started with less j indeed, some came to the country with no money at all, and have, as a rule, succeeded admirably. On this point it will be well to have the actual experience of settlers themselves as given in letters received from them in the months of September and October, 1884. Name. Postal Address. •Proctor, Henry Young, John M. ■Currie, William L. Woodlands, Manitoba Moosoniin, P.O. Asa. Chater, Man 'Cameron, G. A. ...' Indian Head, N.W.T. Dickson, J. W. ...1 Arnaud P.O., Man, .. Wagner, W. (M. Ossowa, Man... P.P.) Mercer, James Setlleil. Capital at commencement in £, Value of Farm Sept. '84. Bole, J Little, James... Field, Edward .. Lei tell, Angus Walker, J. C. Vandervoort, G. .. Smart, George Kenny, David W.. Morton, Thos. L... Rawson, James .. Black Ox Farm, Gren. feii, N.W.T. Regina, N.W.T. Manitoba .. Shell River, Man. Griswold, Man. . . ... Glendale P.O., Man. ... Alexandria, Man. Holland P.O.. Man..,. WolfCreek, bee. 34, T. 15, R. 10, Assa. Gladstone, Man. Mountain Citv, Sec. 16, T. 2, R. 6.,'W. Man. 1873 1881 i38o 1882 1882 1871 1872 1883 1879 1867 i38r 1S77 1876 1S79 1883 1873 1877 Nothing I was in debt 2/. Had no money to begin with, but made about 400/. the first two years with warehouse on river Carpenter's trade was all thecapitallhad None, but what it coit to build, and all of that I made by working out None None ; I had to be an agricultural la- bourer at first Not any I had I team of hors.'S, waggon, plough, and harrow. None «.. ... ... ... None None whatever No capital at all. Upon entering on my homestead I had not one dollar left Nothing What paid the passage (or my family and freight Nil Not any I 2,400/. 320/. .■\bont 2,000/. I 2,400/. 400/. to 500/. 500*. to I was offered 4/. per acre, and refused i3o/. 400/. I have 320 acres, whicli 13 worm 1,400/.; towu property 20c/. 400/. 600/. 400/. 600/. 400/. 200/. 700/. Say about 1,000/ I i PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. itinue to vlio fear tIJ that 'e!>t for y build- But it namely, herelore 'arnings nand. largely owledge ire DOW e to the poiiU it received Parm Seiit. '84. Name. P'jstiil Address. ' Wlirn •ettled. Capital at comme. cement, in ^. L 520/. 2,000/. to '. to 500/. 500*. fered 4/. per md refused i3o/. 400/. ; 320 acres, 15 worm '.. ; town irty 20c/. 400/. 600/. 400/. 600/. 400/. 2Q0/. 700/. :out 1,000/ Value or Farm Sept. '34. Chambers, S " Wattsview P.O., Man. 1S79 Agnew, James ...\ Brant^on, Man. ... Bruce, Geor;;e ...j Gladstone P.O., Man. Perley, W. D. .. ' Wolseley, N.W.T. ... McGill, George .. CarroUon P.O., Man. JIarward, Fred. ... Rorison, VV. D. .., Davis, John R. Troyer, Chriiiian... Pollock, John Little, J. ... Wilson, Jam''S McGregor, I). Riddle. Robert Hall, I'. Bolton, Ferris Carter, Thomas" Warren, R. J. Littleton. Man. Oheion P.O., Man. ... McLean, Assa.N.W.T. Sec. 22. T. 3, R. 2, W. 2, Alameda, N.W.T. In Southern Man. 1879 Wolf Creek, Assa., N.W.T. Neepawa, Man. ... 1882 1879 1883 1882 i83r 1877 1882 1802 ( April t 1004 Stodderville, Man. , Gnswold, Man. Salisbury P.O., Man. ... South Antles., N.\\'.T. Calf Mountain, M.ui... Woodlands, ^Ian. Oliver, Man. McCorquodale, C. 1 ATordcn. Man Taylor, William ... Manitoba Mf.Doncll, Duncan Bnie St. Paul, Man. .., Burc^ess, J. W. ...! Fleiiuiicr. N.W.T. .. (^.irratt.R.S. (J, P.) | Kenlis,' N.W.T. Lawrie, J.M. ... Birllc, Man. Kines, William ...j DigPlains.Osprey.Man Cowlord, C. (J. P.) Ossowa, Man Hall, W. li i H'jadinfrley, Man. ... Chester, A ! Matringhurst, Man. ... Tate, James , Sec. ^o, Tp. 2, K. 2 W. I AlamedaP.O,,Assa., Connerson, Tames...' Minnewashta, Man. ... 1869 1877 1882 1871 1882 1877 1879 1878 1882 1874 1872 1S82 1878 1S81 1S82 1S69 i8:;8 1082 1882 1878 No cash capital. Had i year's provi- sions, one yoke of oxen, cuw,ar Isome implements I was a poor man, and had but little capital Not 5 cents i,5oo/. 200/. I cannot say, I have only 80 acres. Not much ... ... .Situate within two miles of Wolseley, I it ought to be worth I i6f. an acre. Very little after landing In this country .-Xs farm property does not changt: hands, can maku no estimate. 500/. 2,200/. 1,000/. My wife says 2,000/. I had 9s. when I landed at Emerson !/• ••• ••• •■■ ••■ ••• ••• 3/. o 1 borrowed 8^ to come here with 20/. •ft ••• 20/. cash, I yoke of oxen, 2 cows, and a good stock of clothing 30 [. ... ... ... ... ... .•■ 4^^. ... ... ... ... *** ••' 00. • ... ... ... ... ... ... 60/. ... ... ... ... ... 76/. 79/. i2i., with 284/. to follow in 11 months. The collector absconded. and the 204/. never came to hand About 80/ About 80/. ... About So/. ... • • • 80/. 80/. ... ... ... 95/. 8s., with a wife and three children. • • • 100/. ... 100/ About 100/. ... ico/. ... ... ... ... 100/. ... 100/. ... ••• ••• About 300/. ; if I were selling it would be 400/. 1,600/. 1,200/. 500/. i,oool. 500/. 800/. Have refused 8oo7. , will not take less than 1,000/. About 1,000/. I liave 200/. in im- plements, and 400/, stock 700/. i,o38 icres, valued at 5/. per acre. At least i/. an acre. 40 )/. 0.1. per acre. Sold my homestead and pre-emption last spring for 830/. 400/. 800/. About 3,000/. 400/. ; but I would notseil it for twice that amount. 400/, 2,000/. PLAIN FACTS AS TO THB CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Name. Postal Address. When I (attled. I Capital at commencement, in £,, Value of FMoa 8«t>t, tl McCormack, David Kemp, John Connell, T. K. ... Beesley, John G. ... McKitrick, Wm. ... Rogers, Thomas .. Sheppard, Jos. .. Fanner, W. A. Ogletree, Francis.. Bones teel, C. H. .. Anderson , Georq;? . . McCaughcy, ]. b... Heaslip, J. }. Day, Samuel Stevenson, G. E. .. Doyle, W. A. (I.P. Wat, James Haney, A. W. Hind, Brothers .. Reid, Alex, Reid. E. J Drew, Wm. D. ... Lambert, W. M. .., Ilcaney, Jonathan K.nig'% W.G.Q.P.) "Ci^anibers. W. ■Lawrence, Jo.se' •> . Mille.-, {'■••'• ;v.n . Ilaytor, ''.V. !■ ... Hoiiertson, t-. Gilbert. Josiah McEwen, Donald... .,Malhiot, Zephirin... T. II, Sec. 22, R. 30 Fleming P.O., Man. Austin, Man. Osprey P.O., Man. Moose Jaw, Assiniboia, Rose Bank Farm, Crys- tal City P.O., Man. Railway View Farm, Moose Jaw, Assa., Indian Head, N.W.T Headingley, Man. Portage la Prairie, Man. Pheasant Plain, Kenlis P.O., Assa. N.W.T. Grenfell, Assa. N.W.T. AlamedaP.O., N.W.T. Alameda P.O., N.W.T. Sec. 34, T, 13, R. 30, Fleming, N.W.T. Brandon, Man. Beufeh, Man Brier wood P.O., Man. Wolseley, N.W.T. .. Pense,Assa., N.W.T. Of Messrs. Callender and Reid, farmers and general store- keepers, Millford, Man. Plum Creek, Man. Brandon, Man. Regina, N.W.T. Meadow Lea P.O., Man. Oak Lake, Man. Sec. 18, T. 17, R. 26 W., Birke, Man. .. C" Jit water P.O., Man, A'lin^^da, P.O., Assa. Alameda, Assa. N. W.T, Rapid City, Man. Durham Park Farm, Regina P.O., N.W.T. Brandon P.O., Man, \ Wolseley, N.W.T. ... 1882 1882 1878 1S83 1880 1883 1883 1869 1869 1883 1882 1882 1882 1882 1879 1879 1883 1883 1883 1880 T883 1882 1882 1880 1879 1882 1879 1882 1882 1883 1883 May, 1884 1882 I20/*a«a •■• ••• ••• I^O/* ••• ••• ■•• ••• X^O^a ••• ••• ata t*a 160/..,. ... ... ... I brought 160/. in cash with me, but young man will make a fair start life with 80/., that is, if he can get wife easily. 200/, ; increased it by another 200/. 200/. 200/. About 200/,... Under '200/. ... ... . • . ... Under 200/1 200/ , 200^. It* ••■ •■• «•• 200/. •.. ■•• ••• ••• • • * • • • • About 240/. ?';o/. ... 300/. ., 300/. to use in slatting ... About 400/. My partner and myself between us • •• • •• • t* ... • •• ... ... • •• ... • •• ... • •• ... • •• ... • •• had 400/. • •« • ■ . 400/. ... About 400/. ... 400/. ... 400/. ... ••• ••• ••> ••• #•• ••• ••• •>• ••• ••• %%% • •• • •• • •• • •« 400/. ... •«■ ••* ^OO^a ••• •«• •#• ,,, About 600/. 600/, fjoo/.... I have a large family ... 800/. About 800/. • • • • I Sat 800/. 1,000/. ... ... i/. 8x. per acre (320 acres.) 600/. 1,800/. 400/. I consider my farm worth 800/. to me. 760/. 672/. 3,200/. 2,800/. i/. I2J. per acre. I would not like to sell it for that, but I suppose I could not get more than that just now 800/. to i,ooc/. 2/. per acre 600/. X,200/. About 2000/. 2,000/. 1,100/. About 800/. About 700^ 1,200/, what it is assessed for. 800/. About 1,000/, 600/. to 800/. I would not care to take 800/. Assessed at 800/., and stock 600/. = 1,400/. 1,000/. ; morewhf'n we get M.N. Western Railway. All my lands are worth 2,400/. or 3,000/. 1,200/. Do not want to sell. 1,200/. to 1,400/. It should be worth 1,000/. I would not sell under 3/. per acre 6,400/. PLAIN FACTS AS TO THB CAWADIAN KORTH-WEST. rm Sept, li. per acre es.) do/. oo/. CX)/. :r my farm o/. to me. Name. So/. 2/. o/. loA per acre, d not like it for that, suppose I not get thaa that )\V o 1,00c/. ere 600/. 200/. )oo/, 000/. 100/. )o/. >ol. vhat it is ;d for. 00/. 1,000/, to 800/, not care 800/. at 800/., ock 600/. •/. norevvh'^n et M.N. 1 Railway, ands are 3,400/. or 500/. mt to sell. 1,400/. be worth not sell per acre Postal Address. McKnight, R. (J.P, Grigg, Samuel Harris, James Armstrong, Georg Elliott, Joshua Bobier, Thomas Mclntyre, John Harrison, D. H. When nettled. ) Carman P.O., Man. Sec.7,Tii, R18, W Brandon, Man. Moosomin, N.W.T. .. Dalton, Brandon Co Sourisburg, Man. .. Moosomin, Assiniboia N.W.T. Milton Farm, near Regina, N.W.T. Newdale P.O., Man.... 1879 April 1884 1882 1880 1880 1882 1883 1881 Wright, Thomas & Thistle and Wright 1882 Sons I Farms, Qu'Appelle, . Assa., N.W.T. Capital at commencement, in £. ValcM of Fum 8«pt 'tl. 1,000/. 1,000/. 1,000/. 1,200/. About 1,200/. • •• • •a • •• • •• • •• • •• My two sons and self fetched 1,400/. in cash, stock and implements 2,000/. O, OOO/* !•• «•« ••• «•• ... 6,000/. invested up to ist September, 1884 2,000/. 1,600/. for the one I hve on 2,400/. for the sec. 3,000/. From 2,400/. to 3,000/. 1,200/., that is my half section 10,000/. Have several; worth from 2/. to 2/. Sr. per acre. 2/. 8s. improved andi/. i2r. unim proved per acre Following- are the names and addresses of other settlers whose testimony recurs throughout the Pamphlet : — )o/. Name. Address. Name. Address. Anderson, George Manitoba. Davis, W.H. Sec. 27. Tp. I, R. la, J^ailey, Zachary Lothair P.O., Man. Crystal City P.O. , Man. Hartley, Noah Wattsview P.O., Man. Day, John F. Fleming, R. 30, T. 13, S. '^Barnes, F. A Morris, Man. Deyell, John Souris P.O., Plum Creek, 4. Battell, H. C. Moose Jaw, Sec. 2, T. 17, Dick, David Mohne P.O., Man. R. 27 W. 2. Dickin, George Manitoba. Bedford, Jacob Calf Mountain, Man. Dickson, Philip Chater, Man. Bell, C.J. Postmaster, Belleview. Downie, John Oak River. P.O., Man. Black, G. R Well wood, Norfolk, Man. Elliott, T. D. Alexandria P.O., Man. f^lackwell, James Virden, Man. Elliott, Robt. W. ... McLean, N.W.T. Blytlie, R. Blythewood, Wapella. Elson, Jo!m S. 34, T. I, R.I I, W. Man, Boldrick, Robert Balgonie, As?a., N.W.T. Fanncry, W.J. McLean. N.W.T. Roiildin.iT, Cj. T. Regina, N.W.T. Fargey, _]ohn H. Fiiiiay, fames Manitou, Man. I3owes, John ... Sec, 25, T 9, R 26. Virden, Slioal Lake, Man. P.O., Man. Fisher, Henry Regina, N.W.T. Brown, W. J. Pomerov, Man. Eraser, Jolm S. Eraser, John Beulah PO., Man. Caflerata r.nd Jefferd ... Sec. 24, T. 18, R. 24, Sec. 13, Tp. 12, R. 19 PenseP.O.. N.W.T. Brandon, Man. Cameron, Wm. C. Ed.^e'ey Farn;, Q u " A p ■ Eraser. D. D Oak River, Man. pelle. Garratt and Ferguson Kcnlis P.O., N.W.T. Campion, Brothers ... Manitoba. Gibson, William l/Oganstone Farm, Wol- Caiiiiibell, Robert ... Bridge Creek, P.O., Man. seley. N.W.T. Carroll. A. H. C'arrolton P.O., Man. Gihnour, H. C. Moose Jaw, N.W.T. Champion, W. M. ReaburnP.O., Man, Gordon, Leslie ... Qa'Appelle, N.W.T. (!onnell, Robert Osproy, P.O., Man. Graham, Mark Portage La Prairie, Man, Coay, Thomas Manitoba. Grang, J. Cartwnght.Man. Cox, William Millford, Man, Grimmett, D. W, Sec. 26, Tp. 8. R. 28. W. Cox, John T. ... Bo.x 44, Rapid City. Man. Elm Valley P.O., Man. 'i'anicl, Joseph PostnuiiJter and Farmer, Haddow, James ... Manitoba. Moosomin, N.W.T. HaU, David Austin P.O., Man. PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST, Name. Address. Name. Address. Hanna, S. (Reeve of Whitehead) ... Harris, A. B. ... Hartney, James H. , Hoard, Ciiarles Hope, George ... Hornor, T. R. ... Howey, Wm. ... Hutchinson, A. Hume, Alex. ... Ingram, W. A.... Jeffrey, William (Junr.) ' ohnston, James ones, James . . Kennedy, Thos. Brandon, Man. Glendale P.O., Man. E. J, S, 34, Tp. 14, R.23, W, I, Wapella, Assa," Beaver Creek, Man. Souris, Manitoba. Griswold, Man, Calf Mountain, Man Maryville, Arrow River, P.O., Man. Griswold, Man. S 32, T 7, R 25. Belleview. HeulahP.O., x\Ian. P. M., Beaver Creek, Man„ (iriswold, Man. Broadview, N.W.T. Lake Francis, Man. Moose Jaw, N.W.T. Neepawa, Man, Sec. 34, T. i7,R. 14, 2W;s Qu'Appelle Station. Balgonie, .^ssa., N.W.T. Douglas P.O., Man. I'.irtle, Man. I'll aconsliold, Man. P.O., Oak Point, Man* PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE C VNADIAN NORTH-WKST. Arrival in Manitoba. On arriving at Winnipeg or any other of the principal stations along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the first step should be to visit the Land Offices of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where the field notes and maps descriptive of the lands may be mspected, and the most minute details obtained as to the soil and general character of each locality. This will enable the intending settler to choose a locality in which to seek )iis farm. The land grant of the Canadian Pacific Railway along the main line has been divided into agencies as far west as the third meridian, within the limits of which land can be purchased from the Agents of the Company at the stations hereinafter indicated. BRANDON. — All lands in main bolt, ranges ii to 23 (inclusive) west of First Meridian, VIRDEN — All lands in main line belt, ranges 24 to 28 (inclusive), excepting townships 14, 15, 16, west of First Meridian. .MOOSOMIN — All lands in main line belt, ranges 28 (part of) to 33 (inclusive) west of First Meridian. BROADVIEW — All lands in main line belt, ranges i to 7 (inclusive) west of Second Meridian. WOLSELEY — All lands in main line belt, ranges 8 to 13 (inclusive) west of Second Meridian. REGINA — All lands in main line belt, ranges 14 to 23 (inclusive) west of Second Meridian. MOOSEJAW — All lands in main line belt, range 24 west of Second Meridian to range 10 west of Third Meridian. SWIFT CURRENT— All lands In main line belt, range;) 1 1 to 20 west of Third Meridian to Fourth Meridian, MAPLE CREEK — All lands in main line belt, range 20 west of Third Meridian to Fourth Meridian, MEDICINE HAT — All lands in main line belt, from Fourth Meridian to range 10 west of Fourth Meridian. CROWFOOT — All lands in main line belt, range 11 to 20 west of Fourth Meridian. CALGARY — All lands in main line belt, range 50 west of Fourth Meridian to summit of Rocky Mountains. The business of the Swift Current and Medicine Hat Agencies is for the present being attended to by the Agent at Maple Creek, and that of Crowfoot Agency by the Agent at Calgary. The Agents at the Land Offices have for free distribution maps showing the lands open for sale, and those already disposed of, plans of the town plots, and pamphlets giving descriptive notes of the lands within their agencies. The Governm.ent have established Intelligence Offices at various points along the line, in charge of officers, who will give the fuUtst information regarding homestead lands. Attached to these offices are Land Guides, whose services are always available gratuitously for locating those in search of homesteads. Settlers arriving in Winnipeg should, before going West, call at the Land Department of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the office of which is located in the station. There they can ascertain what lands are open for homesteads, and the situation of the Government Intelligence Offices. lO PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Regulations for the Sale of Railway Lands, T.'-e opening of the Canadian Pacific Railway to the Rocky Mountains, about goo miles west of Winnipeg, and the rapid progress now being made in the Government surveys enable the Railway Company to offer for sale some of the finest agricultural lands in Manitoba and the North-West. The lands within the Railway belt, extending 24 miles from each side of the main line, will be disposed of at prices ranging from 2*50 dols. (ids. sterling) per acre upwards, with conditions requiring cultivation. Prices of lands without conditions of cultivation may be obtained from the Land Commissioner at Winnipeg. When cultivation or settlement forms part of the consideration, a rebate for cultivation of from i'25 dols. to 3*50 dols. (5s. to 14s. sterling) per acre will be allowed on the acreage actually cropped, subject to certain conditions. These and the general con- ditions of purchase are enumerated in full on the Canadian Pacific folder map, to be had free on application. How to obtain Goyernment Lands. The Dominion Government makes a free grant of 160 acres of agricultural land to every British subject over the age of 18 years, and also affords settlers the right to pre- empt another 160 acres ; that is the settler may take up the additional 160 acres, making a payment of from 2 to i\ dollars (8 to 10 shillings) per acre at the end of three years of settlement. Settlers taking up Government free homesteads are required to reside on their farms for at least six months of the year during the first three yen's. Further particulars concerning Government lands may be had by applying to any of the Canadian Government agencies in Great Britain and Ireland. In the case of taking free homesteads, pre-empting or purchasing from the Govern- ment, the business will have to be transacted at the nearest of the following Dominion Land Offices : — Agency. Post Office. Agent. Winnipeg Winnipeg A. H. Whitcher. Duffcrin Nelso7i. W. H. Hiam. Little SasUalchcwaii Minnedosa W. M. Hilliard. Birtle...., Birtle W. G. Pentland. Souris Bmndon E.C.Smith. Turtle Mountain Deloraine J. A. Hays. : Coteau Coteau J. J. IMcHugh. Rcgina Regina "W. H. Stevenson. Touchwood Hills Touchwood Hills J, McTaggart. Calgary ,. Calgary j. McD. Gordon. Edmonton Edmonton P. V. Gauvoreau. Prince Albert Prince Albert Geo. DuCK. Liberality of Canadian Land Regulations. The land regulations of the Canadian Government, combined with the advantages offered by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, are the most liberal of any on the North American Continent. The fee for taking up a hom.estead in the Canadian North- West is only 10 dols. {£2), whereas it is 26 dols. {£^ 4s.), and in some cases 34 dols. PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. TI {£() i6s.), in the United States; and the taking of a homestead does not in Canada prevent the pre-emption of other Government lands, or the purchase of Canadian Pacific Railv/ay or Government lands. There is moreover no cast-iron oath of alIeo:Iance to be taken, as the followinjr, to >vhich every man who takes up United States Government land is required to subscribe : — District Court. \ Judicial District, \ State of County of J I c. do swear tliat I will support the Constitution of the United States of America, and that I do absolutely and entirely renounce and adjure forever all allegiance and fidelity to every Foreign Power, Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty whatever, and particularly to Queen Victoria, of Great Britain aiid Ireland, whose subject I was. And further, that I never have borne any hereditary title, or been of any of the degrees of nobility of the country whereof I have been a subject, and that I have resided within the United States for five years last past, and in this State for one year last past. Subscribed and sworn to in open Court ) this day of i8.... > Clerk, When these facts are considered they will be found to be weighty advantages, such iis no intending settlers from the United Kinodom can atlbrd to overlook. Tlie Climate. That the winter in Canada is cold, there is no doubt, but it is certain also that the atmosphere is bright, and the air dry and biacing, happily lacking that damp and moist character which makes the climate of the United Kingdom so trying to many persons. It is on account of this peculiar dryness of tiie air that the sensation of cold is not so un- pleasant as that of a temperature at the freezing point in a humid atmosphere. Manitoba and the North-West Territory are in fact sho-A n by statistics to be absolutely the healthiest countries on the globe, and residents in all parts declare with remarkable unanimity, that it is both a healthy and most pleasant countrv in which to live. Malaria and other endemic diseases are absolutely unknown. Following are the opinions of actual residents. The questions asked were : — About what time in November does wint'.T regularly set in, and when does it end? Have you suffered any serious hardship or loss from the climate in winter ? Is the climate healthy ? For postal address of each settler, see pages 4, ij, 6, 7, or 8. Name. Dickin, George Hind Brothers.. Urton W. S. ... Yardley, Henry Answer. 1st week in November, and ist week in April. No loss or hardship. I have travelled 20 miles with ox train in the worst blizzard last winter, thermometer 47" below. Climate very healthy. Latter end of November, till middle of March. Climate can't be better. Begins end of November. It is always very pleasant in the daytime loss or hardship ; you need endure none it" you are careful. It is certainly the healtliiest climate I have seen. About loth November to about 20th April. Last winter I lost a team of horses, and had pretty hard times. Climate very healthy indeed. No most 12 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. ^f Hutchinson, A. Froctor, Henry Knight, W.G.... Smith, W. P. ... Blythe, R Field, Edward ... Lawrence, Joseph Screech, John ... Cameron, Wm. C. Lothian, James Gibson, Wm. ... Bruce, George... Middleton, Alex. Warnock, Wm. Reid, Alex. Fraser, John ... Perley, W. D. ... McGill, Geo. ... Grim melt, D. W. I Had several slight frost- No hardship 2nd week in November to last of March or first of April. No hardship whatever. Climate very healthy indeed, probably one of the healthiest in the world. About 15th November to about ist April. Our family (father, mother, and 14 children) have been very healthy. 5th November to 5th April. Three years ago I was living in a small tent until the end of November, my house not being built. The thermometer registered considerably below zero at ti.iies ; the serious illness of my wife was the result. The climate is undoubtedly healthy, the exceeding dryness of the air in winter being very favourable to the healthy and vigorous action of the lungs. Begins middle of November. Last year, wheat sown after 20th May was frozen. Climate very healthy. About 15th November to beginning of April. bites. Climate decidedly healthy. About isth November ; very often later, and sometimes earlier. or loss. Climate very healthy. About 20th November to about March 20th. I never lost a dollar from the climate in winter. Climate as healthy as any under the sun. Middle of November to 20th April. No hardship or loss; with care there is no danger. Climate very healthy. 2nd week in November to end of March. No hardship or loss whatever. Climate very healthy. About 2rid week in November to end of March. I have ploughed for three seasons up to the 7th of November. No serious hardship or loss, I believe the climate to be very healthy. Last year nth November to middle of March. No hardship or loss as yet. I can say the climate is very healthy, as two of my children had had bad health in Scotland, and we have all had the best of health since we came here. The snow generally goes away about the second week of April. I like the winter well, good steady weather, no slush and mud here. Climate healthy. Frost set in 2nd week in November, 1883 ; first heavy snow about middle of December; had fine weather after 22nd February; winter ended ist week in April. Climate very healthy. For farming operations from middle of November till last of March. No hardship or loss. The climate is cold, but steady and healthy, and stock do well. There is very seldom any really cold weather in November. I have always been better here than I was in Scotland in winter. Climate very healthy indeed. About 15th November, ends in March. Have been very comfortable. Climate very healthy ; no better in the world. Not much dependence on open weather after ist November, Some people sowed in March this past season. I like the climate much ; it is dry and immensely healthy. 1st November to middle of April. No hardship or loss ; persons soon learn to avoid them both. Climate undoubtedly healthy ; never hear a person coughing in church. 6tlii November to middle of April. No hardships or loss. Have chopped in woods in January with hat and mittens off. The climate is the best I have seen as yet. PLAIN PACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST 13 Answer. Purdy, Thos. F. Rogers, Thos. ... Downie, John ... Anderson, George Young, Jno. M. L. Doyle, W. A. ... Oliver, Thomas Sheppard, Joseph Stevenson, T. W. Blackwell, James McGregor, D. ... Powers, C. F. ... Rutherford, J. Carter, Thomas Bobier, Thomas McKitrick, Wm. Cameron, G. A. Bailey, Z Black, G, R. ... ... I List year frost came on the 7th of November, but no snow till the end. No material loss or hardship, no worse than from Belleville to Montreal and in Ontario. Climate very healthy ; those that come here will find that out when they come to feed themselves. Last year, loth November to 15th March. No loss or hardship whatever. Climate very healthy indeed ; can go three good square meals every time. Ploughing st(,ps 5th to 7th November. Winter doesn't begin till, say, from 1st to loth December. No hardship compared with the settlers of Ontario. Climate perfectly healthy ; clear, dry atmosphere. About 15th November to generally the ist April. No hardship or loss; my wife and family suffered in Ontario, but not here. Climate healthy. I can hardly say that winter always begins as early as November, but it generally ends between March 15th and April ist. No hardship or loss. I drove a yoke of oxen 140 miles in six succesive days, starting February 1st, about the coldest time we had, and did not suffer. I consider the climate very healthy, far ahead of Ontario. About 20th to 30th of November to about last of March. No hardship or loss whatever. I have frequently in travelling slept in the snow rolled up in a buffalo robe and have never been trost-bitten. The climate is certainly healthy, except for consumptives in late stages ; for them the winter is too severe. About the middle of November. I like the winter as it is always dry and a good deal of fine weather. Climate very healthy. Last year loth November, and opened for seeding on the 25th March, if I was ready. This is a good climate to live in. It is healthy becauat the air is pure and the nights cold to sleep. Last year 9th November. No serious hardship or loss, but frost-bites now and then. Climate extremely healthy. Latter end of November till generally tke end of March. No loss or hard- ship. Climate very healthy, loth November till April ist. A little loss both years. Climate healthy. About the middle of November to about ist March. No hardship or loss at all. All stock winter well. Climate very healthy. My wife came here weighing 130 lbs. and sickly, now she weighs 184 lbs. and has good health. About ist November till ist week in April. No hardship or loss. Stock do well, if half cared for. Climate the most healthy in the world. About 20th November till about 15th March. No hardship whatever. My fowls also do well in winter. I have a few black Spanish fowls, and my Brahmas also do well. I know the climate to be very healthy. About 1st November to end of March. The snow being dry a person never has wet or damp feet during winter. The climate is most decidedly healthy, that is one of the reasons I am in this country. 15th November to ist April. I have not shook with the cold as I shook with the ague before I came here, but for all that, Jack is pretty hard on the nasal organ, I can say from experience this is a healthy climate. lOth or 20th November. No hardship or loss. Climate is healthy; I never heard any one deny it. Middle of November till April. No hardship or loss. We have all been very healthy ; consider clim.ate very healthy. Middle of November and breaks up in the beginning of April. No hardship or loss whatever, and I have roughed it as much as any of the settlers. Climate very healthy. H PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. McLennan, Thos, Farmer, W. A. Drew, W. D. ... Ogletree, F , Thompson, S Bonesteel, C. H. Anderson, Geo. McDougall, A. G. .. Hume, Alex Stevenson, G. B. Wagner, Wm Nelson, Robt Mcintosh, A. ... Bolton, F Morton, Thos. L. Wilson, James Slater, Chas. B. Connerson, James McKenzie, K. ... Kennedy, Tlios. Harris, A. B. ... About :15th November to 'st April. A little hardship; had to sleep out 15 or 16 nights, but no loss whatever. Climate healthy, could not be more so. iSth Nov. to 15th March. No hardship or loss. Climate very healthy. About the middle of November ; we are apt to have some good weather after that. Winter ends about end of March, but some grain was sown in March this year. No hardship or loss. Climate healthy, myself and family all having good health here. Three years since I came, we ploughed until the middle of November, but oftener the ground is closed the latter part of October. Never suffered any hardship ; am well pleased with the winter. I consider the climate very healthy ; of course, diseases that children are subject to are prevalent. 1st week in November till rbout April. No hardship or loss. I have been out a good deal with team in winter ; never been frozen yet. About the last of November, and ends in April sure. I suffered no loss from the climate last winter. I consider it a very fine winter, much more so than I ever expected to see here. Climate very healthy. loth to 15th November and ends in March. No hardship or loss, and don't know of any one in this section having suffered anything serious. About 15th to 20th November, ends about ist April. No hardship or loss. Climate the healthiest in the world. It freezes up about the ist Nov. No hardship or loss. Climate healthy. Have ploughed three years till 5th November. No hardship or loss. Climate healthy. ist to 15th November till ist April. No hardship, but by the neglect of my stableman I have lost two calves through being frozen ; cow calved during night. Very healthy climate. I left Toronto with a fever-ague and rheum 'tism, and to-day, 65 years old, I am strong and healthy. About the 5Lh November till ist April. Can't say I have suffered any hardship or loss, but have felt it cold, and I lost some poultry. Climate healthy upon the whole. But for the extreme cold during some of the winter months it would be the healthiest climate in the world. Climate, as far as I can judge, is favourable to successful settlement. Have not suffered any serious losses. Climate extremely healthy. About 20th November till 20th March. No hardship or loss. Winters are cold but dry, and therefore I prefer it to softer climate. Climate par- ticularly healthy. Averages from 15th November to 15th April. No hardship or loss what- ever. Climate very healthy. Ploughing stopped about loth Nov. No hardship or loss. Climate healthy. In 1883, November 15th, ended 25th March, 1884. No hardship or loss in the slightest. Extremely healthv. About 15th November to 17th March. ;No hardship or loss. Climate by all means healthy. All the family in perfect health ; was twenty- eight years in Holland, but never so well and happy as here. Ploughing stops about 7th November, but generally line weather after. Ends about latter end of March. No hardship or loss. Climate healthy. About 5th November till the loth to 20th April. No hardship or loss. Neither myself nor family have had any sickness since coming here. ist November to ist April. No hardship or loss. Have had my nose slightly touched. Climate very healthy. (•LAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 15 Name. leep out d not be weather v&s sown rself and ovember, Never consider e subject I have et. 1 no loss er, much hy. and don't IS. p or loss. Ithy. or loss. leglect of )w calved ever-aguc 'iered any poultry, ring some :he world. It. inters are mate par- oss vvhat- e healthy. ip or loss !limate by s twenty- her after. :e healthy. p or loss. ere. [ my nose Answer. Bartley Noah ... . Chambers, W Carroll, A. H Garratt & Ferguson. Bole, J Garratt, R. S McLean, J. A Bedford, J Elliott, Joshua Todd, P. R Dickson, Philip Hoard, Charles Connell, Robert Cox, William ... . 1st November to loth April. No h.ardship or loss in any respect. Climate considered very healthy by almost everybody. About 1st November to middle of April. I have found the winters most enjoyable. I have been in various countries, and can say that this is the most healthy of arty I have ever lived in. About the last of November till the latter end of March. No hardship or loss ; enjoyed the winter exceedingly. Climate very heakhy. About last week in November. We have only lost one ox, and that was through neglect in the first wiriter in the country. Climate very healthy. Between the 15th and last of November, ends about the 20th April. A man can do more work and with greater comfort than he can do in Ontario. Climate healthy. From ist to 15th November, ends from March 15th to April ist. I say emphatically I have suffered no hardship or loss. Climate healthy, very much so. About 15th November, sometimes later. No hardship or loss whatever Climate certainly healthy ; I found ic so, and so do a good many more. Commences at different times in November, breaks up in April. No hard- ship or loss. Climate healthy for young and healthy people; too severe for aged and infirm. The plough is generally stopped by frost ist to 15th November. We have suffered considerably from cold, but do not know that we have lost much. Climate very healthy. Ground frozen November 7th, not much snow in November. Cattle began to graze about April ist; some snow till i8th April. No hardship or loss. Climate healthy. About last of the month to ist of April. No hardship or loss. Climate healthy, more so than any country I have been in. About 1st to loth November till about end of March. No loss or hardship. Climate wonderfully healthy. Beginning of November, sometimes in October. Not very many hardships or losses. Climate healthy, but wants plenty of clothes in winter. November 15th to April 15th. No hardship or losses. No healthier I climate could be desired. The Farmiug Seasons. The following are the farming seasons : — Spring. — April and May. Snow disappears rapidly, and the ground dries np quickly. Sowing commences from the middle to the end of April, and finishes in the beginning of May. Summer. — June, July, August, and part of September. Weather bright and clear, with frequent showers — very warm at times during the day 3 night cool and refreshing. Harvesting commences in August and ends in September. Autumn. — Part of September and October, and part of November, perhaps the most enjoyable season of the year, the air being balmy and exceedingly pleasant. At this period of the year the prairie fires take place, and the atmosphere has rather a smoky appearance, but it is not disagreeable. Winter.— Fart of November, December, January, February, and March, i6 PLAIN lACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. In tlie early part of November the Indian summer generally commences, and then follows the loveliest portion of the season, which usually lasts about a fortnight. The \\eather is warm, the atmosi^liere hr.zy and calm, and every object apj^ears to wear a tianquil and drowsy aspect. 'I'hcn com.'S winter, generally ushered in by a soft, ileecy fall (if snow, succeeded by days of extreme clearness, with a clear, blue sky and invigorating : imosphere. In December the winter regularly sets in, and, until the end of March, the \\eatlier continues steady, with perhaps one thaw in January, and occisional snow-storms. The dr.ys are clear and bright, and the cold much softened by the brilliancy of the sun. Suiuiner Frosts. In considering the answers to the question " Are summer frosts prevalent or exceptional r" it should be remembered that last year a most exceptional frost appeared on one night in September throughout the whole northern part of the United States, and in some parts of Ikitish North America. The damage done to crops in the Canadian North-West was proved by Government statistics to be much less than that generally experienced on the continent of North America; and the fact that the following replies were given immediately after a frost, even though it was most exceptional, adds largely to ihe value of the testimony. It should further be renijiinbercJ, as will be seen from the testimony of many settler>, tliat ill-ellects from summer frosts may b^, in almost every case, avoided by a system of early ploughing; so that each settler has his remedy in his own hands. 104 farmers ojisiccri'd, " Exc('/)t}()ria/." Following are replies of others, whose postal addresses may be tound on pages 4, 5, 0, 7, or 8. Name. Answer. Dickiii, G. ... Urton, W. S. Hutchinson, A. Smith, W. P. Rlythe, R. ... Field, E. Lawrence, J.... Screech, John Upjohn, F. ... Lothian, J. ... McGhee, J. ... Bruce, G. Warnock, William Reid, Alex. ... Grang, J. ... Perley, W. D. Exce[)tional, doing little or no damage if wheat land is autumn ploughed. Have seen frost by chance in July in England. Exceptional ; most certainly not the rule. Have never experienced any. I believe exceptional. This year up to date (September 13th) no frost to hurt the greenest grain. We have had two slight frosts, but not to do much harm. I should say exceptional ; but after iirst week in September we generally get frost. I never lost a dollar by summer frost. There has been none here to do any harm. I fear they are. Very rare. I have only seen it once, and that nothing to speak of. No summer frosts here. We have never suffered from frost during summer. Are the exception, the frost of 18S3 being the only one I have seen in six years to do any harm. The exception from all I can learn from men who have been ten years in the country. Very seldom coming before the 25th September. Once in four or five years, there is frost about 7th"September. We do have slight frost, but not to do any general or serious damage. As the country becomes cultivated I feel sure they will disappear, as all new countries in British America have had that experience. V. o O O X V V B C .'■ ■ P L B V 'f ' ■- V 1 N i ■ C ;■ . ' •-'rt N t ■, , .. ^. ^... M PLVIN /'ACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. «7 Name. Answer. Webster, A. ... Grimmett, D. W. Purdy, T. F... Kines, W. ... Leepart, R. N. Ingram, W. A. Anderson, G. Young, J. M. L. Doyle, W. A. Newman, C. F. Lang, R. Sheppard, J.... Stevenson, F. W. Finlay, J. Walker, J. C. Riddie, R. ... Honor, T. R. Wat, J. Malcolm, A.... Pollock, Jno. ... Reid, E. J. ... Rutherford, J. Robier, T. ... Little, James McKitrick, W, McTellan, J. Troyer, C. ... Vandervoort, G. Wood, J. H.... Brown, W. J. Chambers, S. W. Patterson, A. Little, J. Black, G. R.... Wright & Suns Whitney, C... McLennan, T. Gilbert, J. McKenzie, D. In some localities. Very rare in growing season. I think they are exceptional. Cultivation will improve that as the turf gets worked off the land. Prevalent this summer, but not in general. No frost this summer. Exceptional in our locality — Souris district. Last year was the first that I have seen to injure. Summer frosts that are injurious are very excf^ptional. I have not lost lo dollars (2/.) per year by frosts. Late-sown grain is never safe from September frosts. Not hurt anything, except last jcar. I can answer for Oak Lake only by experience. None whatever. They are exceptional ; this is my second year, and they have done no harm. I have peas, the second crop in blossom to-day (September i2tb). Prevalent, but seldom do harm. Vegetables not injured this year till 7th September. Summer frosts do no harm here. Last year was the- only frost that did any damage since I came here in 1877. Prevalent in this district. I have grown four crops, and had one damaged by frost. Cannot tell yet, but I hear they are exceptional. We have occasional summer frosts, but not often to do much damage. Grain that was a little late has been damaged twice during my seven years residence here. They are prevalent to a certain extent in this pjrt. They are no worse than in Ontario. We have, but seldom to do much harm. Last year was considered the worst in ten years, and I raised 1,400 bushels of grain and did not have 30 injured by frost as it all was sold fur seed. There was frost on ist July, 1883, but did not do much damage. Light frosts are prevalent in my district, but heavy frosts are exceptional. Never suffered but once in nine years. I have never had anything frozen. They are the exception, late sowing the cause. We generally have a light one in this part about the ist of June. I have not suffered from summer frosts. Fall frosts come too early as a rule. They are never looked for. No, not to any serious extent ; still they are not exceptional in this part. They are mere exceptional than where I came from (Ontario). I have farmed for 15 years and have never had frozen grain with the ex- ception of once. They have been exceptional till this year. Have seen no serious summer frosts. There was not the slightest frost this season from the first week in May until the 7th September. Exceptional, 1 think. Never did me any harm, and I have had three crops. We have had no frosts this summer. There have been summer frosts 111 this part (Arrow River) each summer since I came here in 1882. i8 I'LAIN I.VCTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Grigg, S. Fraser, D. D. Gilmour, H. C. Drew, W. D. Ogletree, F. ... Harris, Jas, ... Smart, G. ... Elson, John ... Elliott, T. D. McArkie, J. ... Osborne, D. Harrison, D. H, Thompson, S. Chester, A. ... Orr, J. D. ... Bonestcel, C. 11. Nut^^nt, A. .]. McCormack, D. Lambert, W. M. Bowes, j. Champion, W. ?»I. Mclntyre, ].... Tate, James ... McMurtry, T. McCaughey. J. S. Stevenson, G. B. Shiplcv. M. .., Wagner, \V. (M.P, Harward, F. Heaslip, J.J. Nelson, R, ... Stirton, J. Bolton, F. ... Morton, T. L. Cnmpl)ell, R. Sifton, A. L.... ?4cDonell, D. Hall, P. McGec, T. ... McEwen, D.... Da} , J no. P.... P.^,. Hoar frosts are exceptional. Not common. Cut my first frozen wheat last season. Here we have had none. Summer frosts have done no harm here since I camo, excepting Sept., 1883. They are not prevalent in this part of the country. In my experience of 16 years the frost last year was the first that ever injured wheat, except patches sown late. None to hurt this year, nor last either. ICxceptional, s:;ch as last year, but often have slight frosts, not injurious. Not prevalent in Southern iManitoba. We were hurt with the frost last year ; none any other year. Never saw any before the 7th of September, and that last year only. None ttiis year to hurt. Exceptional ; not more frequent than in Ontario. Liht year we had early frost. Tiie cucumbers are not hurt yet (September 19th). They are the exception, not the rule. June frosts are Mwalent. 1 have not been here long enough to be certain, but I think they are exceptional. Last summer we had frost, this summer none. The exception till this season. None. We h ive had no frosts to do any damage. None in June, July and August, this year. The exception since I have been iiere, as the frost of September 7th, 1SS3, is the only one I have seen. No summer frost this year, 18S4. Summer frosts have done no damage in this part. We are not troubled with summer frost. In some localities prevalent, in others exceptional. Have not seen any. Had an eaily frost fast fall. I lost nothing by it, and only late grain was hurt. I have only seen one in eleven years do any harm wortli mentioning. Not prevalent, last year was the first one which did damage to my knowledge. June and September frosts are the rule, and do all the damage. Exceptional ; none since I came here. My experience is that there is some danger from it. Have had no summer frosts to hurt even the tenderest vegetables. Exceptional. 1SS3 is the only year frost did any "harm .since I came here. Exceptional; only one year since 1873, I think 1S75. Barley and oats were cut on loth June, but no damage. Summer frosts are not prevalent in this pait. None in this part. Very exceptional in this part, one this summer in latter end of August. None where I am. Exceptior.al. More seasons without than with frost. Wc have had slight frosts this season from the sth Septcniber, but so fur no damage to growing crops. Never seen any. PLAIN lACTS AS JO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 19 Name Sept., Fargey, J. H. Connerson, J. Rorison, W. D. McKiMizip, Kcnnclh Daniel, J. NickcU, VVni, Harris, A. B. Bartlcy, N Chambers, W. Paynter, W. D. Hayter, W. H. WiUivunt, U. v.. ... Wriglu, C Johnson, J. ... Dick, D Garratt, R. S. (J. P.) Day, S, and A. McDonald, \V. W. ... McLean, J. A. Bcat'ord, J. ... Elliott, J Todd, P. R Boldriok, l\.... Dickson, P. ... Caffcrata & Jellerd ... Connell, R. ... Fisher H (settled in iSS 1) Miller, S. ... Answer, They arc exceptional. We have only had one frost in seven summers — viz., September 7th, iSSv About the loth of June and loth of September we had very slight frost, but little harm done. Prevalent from 7th September in this part. Tiiey are not prevalent, oidy exceptional ; more exceptional than in Ontario. Not prevalent. Seldom seen. Prevalent in some districts about here. When grain is sown in April, or up to the 15th May, there is no danger of frost ; after that time it has to run chances. For 5 years we have had frost between the 25th August and 6th September. I should say exceptional. Some light frosts sometimes cut tender plants. My 1st year's experience was in '82; first severe frost that killed my tomatoes took place on tlie night of September 261 h. I think them exceptional. Generally free from frost from the middle of June to end of August. No worse than Ontario. They are prevalent in this district. We have always slight frosts in this part in June and early September, but they seldom do much harm. Exceptional, and not generally injurious. They are prevalent in this part. Prevalent in certain localities. They are exceptional, generally. Haven't seen any yet. They are exceptional, never seen any. We were visited with sunmier frost twice sincL' I came here. Exceptional, generally one, the latest the first week in June. Not in middle of summer, but it comes too soon for late grain. Have ripe tomatoes grown in open air. Summer frosts t'.iat do any serious harm are exceptional. Have had frost in June, but never suffered from it. No frost here from iirst week in April till Septeml)er 7th. Very prevalent this summer, but not done any damage. 1 fear so, but it does not follow that with good cultivation and activity in spring a farmer cannot escape ill effects. We have had no fcost to hurt any vegetable in the summer since I came to the country (May, iSSi Winter and Summer Storms. In many parts of America, anxiety is felt by farmers on acconnt of winter and summer storms. Manitoba atul the Canadian North-West are happily, tor the most part, outside what is sometimes called the " storm belt," and it is but rarely that the country is visited in this way. This may be seen by the following testimony, and it is noteworthy how great a number have experienced no loss whatever: as many as i^ thinking the damage of so little real importance as to simply answer it by the words " No " or " None." Storms do, it will be seen, occasionally visit some few parts of the country, but it is undoubted that they are exci'ption;d. The question asked was: — " Have you suffered any serious loss from storms dunng 20 PLAIN lACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. either winter or summer ?" — In reply 112 farmers simply answered '' No,^* and ^2 answered " None/' Following are the replies ot the remainder. Their full names and postal addresses are given on pages 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. Name. Answer. ll;i Urton, W. S. Hutchinson, A. PiOctor, H. ... Warnock, VVm. Fraser, Jno. ... Parley, W. D. Miller, Solomon Grimmett, D. W. Piirdy, D. F.... Davis, W. H. Rogers, T. ... Kines, Wm. ... Doyle, W. A. (J. P. McRae, R. ... Walker, J. C. Honor, T. R. Graham, M. ... Malcolm, A..,. Rutherford J. Little, Jamas McKitrick, W. Cameron, G. A. Warren, R. J. Chambers, b. W. Howey, Wm. Mercer, J. ... Lawrence, J...,, McLennan, T. Gilmour, H. C. Ogletree, F'. ... McAskie, j. ... Harrison, D. H. Thompson, S. Chester, A. ... Bonesteel, C. H. Anderson, G. McCormack, D. McDougall, A. G. Dickson, J. W. Lambert, "W. M. Hume, A. Tate, }ames ... ...I rap latt year. No ; they are rare. N^, loss whatever. Very little. No ; not worth mentioninff. No ; weather very pleasant. This country has not suffered from storm. Not to the value of JO cents. A little by fro/en oats, but they were not sown till June 7th. Nothing uncommon to Ontario, Partial loss two seasons with hail. None whatever, so far. Not much. None ; nor has any portion of this community. Never, I had my house roof blown off in June, 1884, but no other damage. I have never suffered from storm. Never until this year. Three years ago my grain was all cut dov;n with a hailstorm, but it grew up again, and I had a good crop. We never have had any storms or blizzards here yet, and suffered no loss. No, not yet. Nothing serious from storms, but Jack Frost gave us a Don't you mind. A little last year from hail. No, we have no bad storms here as we had in Ontario, No loss of any kind. No, never. Never saw a bad storm here. Not in winter, I have lost a grcac deal of hay through the summer. I lost part of my croj) this year by hail storms, but it is since 1 came here 5 years ago. No, never saw a bad one in this part. Have never suffered any loss from storms of any kind, either winter or summer. I never suffered. Yes, this harvest from hailstorm. No, we are not in the storm belt. Have had the top blown off stacks, not hurt much, I have never suffered any loss from storms, » never have, and think that last winter was a very fine one. No loss whatever. From hail this summer, but crop has come along again well. Yes, One hail storm last summer. None yet of any kind. None whatever. I have not. Have not suffered in any way from storms. heavy rains in the first I lost PL\I^f FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 21 iswered dresses Name. Answer. McGill, G Stevenson, G. B. ... Shipley, M Wagner, W. (M.P.P.) Nelson, R Orr, J. D Upjohn, F Bolton, F Morton, T L. McDonell, D. Heaney, J. ... McBean, A Connerson, J. McDiarmid, C. Rawson, J Bartley, N Chambers, W. Bole, J Garratt, R. S. McDonald, W. W. ... Mitchell, John Jones, James ... McLean, J. A. Lost none by shelling first year; lost some last year and this year; none from winter. A little, three years ago by hail. Nothing worth mentioning. Never. We had this year an hour's hail, but did no damage to any amount. No, nothing to speak of. Yes, all my crop in 1883. Never until this harvest. Not in the least. None in winter. In 1876 hail destroyed half crop. The storms have never injured the stock or house and stable, &c. There was a little hail this summer which did a little damage. Yes ; lost all crop by hail in 1883, and badly damaged by rain 1884. No, had no damage whatever in six years. Only from hail. Yes, twice in summer from local hailstorms and frost on 7th September, 1883, though quite exceptional. Not any, except by thunder and lightning, which destroyed outbuildings, stock, and implements. Never have seen a storm other than thunder since I came. This part is not subject to storms in summer. A hailstorm destroyed my crop in 1883. I have never suffered or seen any bad storms. Last year I lost all the grain I had, about the middle of A"3ust. Not so far. I suffered some, one year by hailstorm during growing season. The Soil. The high average yield of crops in Manitoba and the Canadian North-West — more than double that of the United States — is in itself a practical proof of the rich quality of the land, and of its adaptability to agricultural purposes. Still, it is interesting to study the chemical projierties of this extraordinary agricultural tract excelled by none and equalled only by the alluvial delta of the Nile. Dr. Stephenson Macadam, of Edinburgh University, an undoubted authority, says the soil is *' very rich in organic matter, and contains the full amount of the saline fertilizing matters found in all soils of a good bearing quality." The soil is in general a deep black argillaceous mould or loam resting on a deep tenacious clay subsoil, and is so rich that it does not require the addition of manure for years after the first breaking of the prairie, and in particular places where the loam is very deep it is practically inexhaustible. The question asked on t'.iis point was: " Please state the nature of soil on your farm, and depth of black loam ? " The description of one farm in each district only is given to economise space. Where, however, the description of lands in the same district differ, the answer of each settler is given. (For postal address of each settler, see pages 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.) 22 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Name. District. Answer. Hind Brothers Cafferata and Jefferd Urton Rogers Beesley Phillips Hutchinson Proctor Mercer Pollard Lawrence Orr Screech Hoard Upjohn .. Harward Cameron Lothian McGhee Gibson .. Bruce .. Pense Pense Moose Jaw Moose jaw Moose ]n\v Rapid City Craven Woodlands Grenfell McDiarmid McLean ... Bell Sidney Clearwater ., Cartwright . , Rounthwaite. Lake Francis Lake Francis Littleton Qu'Appelle ., Pipestone Blake Wolseley Gladstone Mitchell . Warnock . Reid Fraser . . . . Stevenson. Carroll ... Agnew .., Sto,vards Kinnear.. Hayter ... McGiil .., Gladstone . Gladstone . Belleview . Brookdale. Neeoawa . Millford . Brandon . Brandon . Purdy .. Lambert Kines Youn"' .. McGee .... McKenzie. Brandon Brandon Arrow River. Plum Creek . Alameda .... Souris Regina Regina .... Osprey .... Moosomin. Burnside . Burnside . Rich black loam, average depth i8 in. Sandy loam ; about 9 in. of black loam. Soil various, all good ; loam 6 to 12 in. deep where tested. Deep rich clay on clay subsoil. Alluvial soil, 4 ft. of loam. 2 ft. black loam on clay subsoil. Sandy loam on gravelly clay subsoil, loam from 9 in. to 2 ft. Black loam with clay under, 2 ft. deep. Depth of black loam 18 in. Under black loam is gravel and Sr'ind. Sandy loam, with clay subsoil. Black loam, 18 in. to 2 ft., v/ith clay subsoil. Soil is good, with a foot of black loam and clay subsoil. Soil heavy, black loam 15 in. Soil is good but somewhat stony and bushy; black loam 6 in. to I ft., with clay subsoil. Depth of black loam 8 in. to a foot. Soil is varied, clay, sand, gravel and shale, from 6 to 24 in. Black loam, clay subsoil ; loam 8 to 12 in. deep. Clay loam, from 16 in. to 2^ ft. black soil. Sandy soil, from 18 in. to 2 ft. deep. Black loam 2 ft. deep, on a clay subsoil. There is a small creek through my place which also divides the soil, the one half is sandy loam and the other black loam. Sandy loam, with 2 ft. of black loam. Black sandy loam, 4 ft. 320 acres of clay loam, with a black loam 30 in. ; 160 acres of sandy loam 24 in. doep. From 12 to 18 in. of black loam, then yellow clay mixed lightly with sand. Black loam, i-^- to 2^- ft. in depth ; clay subsoil. Sandy loam of 4^ ft., with clay subsoil. Black loam, top depth 2 ft. ; clay bottom. Some of it clear prairie : depth of soil 15 to 20 in.; some scrub, with 3 ft. loam. Considerable alkali, 2 ft. loam. Loam, 3 ft. in depth. Black lo.un, 20 in. Good rich soil ; 2 to 3 ft. black loam Rich loam, depth i ft. ; clay bottom. Rich black loam, average 15 in, deep. 3 ft, rich alluvial soil on river slope. Black clay loam, all alike as far as you may go down ; now and then you strike gravel 25 or 30 ft. down. Heavy clay, loam, depth 20 to 30 in. Black loam, depth from i to 2 ft. Black loam ranges from 8 in. to 22 in. deep, with sand on clay subsoil. Clay soil ; black loam 6 in. There is also a gravel ridge running through the farm. Black loam about 2 ft., and generally clay subsoil. clay bottom. On level prairie 2 to fLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 23 Name. led. 2 ft. and . in. Answer. Sheppard Indian Head Armstrong I Dal ton Findlay j Shoal Lake . Walker Glendale Blackwell Hall Virden Headingley Hornor | Pendennia Graham j Portage la Prairie Hope i Carberry .... Malcolm ' Minnedosa . Davis j McLean .... Rutherford « Silver Creek. Little j Oak River . Fraser ; Oak River . McKitrick I Crystal City. •^h ft. with clay Warren McKnight Brown Bailey Black McCorquodale. Connerson .... Whitney Boldrick M':Lennan .... Smart Kmg Elliott Harrison .... Thompson . Chestei Nugent Kenny McCormack McDonald . Dickson .... Barnes Speers Champion , Hume Shipley ..., Wagner .... Olive Carman Pomeroy Lothair Wellwood Minnewashta Minnewashta Balgonie Balgonie Asessippi Holland Belle Plain .. Alexandria .. Newdale Beaver Creek Marringhurst Emerson Wolf Creek .. Fleming Fleming Arnaud Morris Griswold Reaburn Chater Wavy Bank.. Ossowo Mcintosh 1 Broadview .... Stirton Calf Mountain , Coay I Westbourne .... Campbell I Bridge Creek , Hall \ South Antles . Wilson I Stoddartville . Clay, about 3 ft. of black loam. Black loam, or vegetable soil. Black loam from 18 to 36 in. 18 in. black loam, then clay below. 2 ft. of loam ; clay subsoil. Top soil black loam, about 20 in. subsoil clay. Clay loam, about 12 in. 8 to 12 in. of black loam, with clay subsoil Heavy black loam, varying from i^ft. to subsoil 6 ft. Black loam and clay, 15 in. black loam, clay subsoil. Black sandy loam, from about i to 2 ft. deep. Clay and part sandy loam, black loam 10 in. Black loam, slightly mixed with sand, depth of soil i^ to 3 ft. 2^ ft. very black rich loam, very heavy clay under. Black loam and clay subsoil, i to 3 ft. The black loam is about 18 in. in d"pth. and 2 ft. of white marly clay ; below that, clay and gravel. Sandy loam black, depth about 2 ft. Clay loam, from i to 3 ft. Sandy loam, from 2 to 3 ft. deep. Sandy loam, varying from 6 in. to 2 f*" on black loam. Clay subsoil, with 12 to 18 in. of black loam. Sandy loam, with clay subsoi;, black loam about 18 in. First-class, can't be beat ; loam 4 ft. Subsoil of grey clay, with about 3 in. of black loam. Clay loam ; 6 in. black loam. Black loam, from 18 to 24 in. vSandy loam, 4 ft. Heavy clay loam, 3 ft. deep. The soil is first-class, black rich soil jt ft , then a rich brown clay for 6 ft. 18 in. black loam on a clay subsoil. Sandy loam, black loam from 12 to 18 in. Clay subsoil, with from i to 2 ft. black loam. Black rich loam, depth 4 to 5 ft. Black loam, from 6 in. to 2 ft. IV.ack loam 12 to 15 in., with clay subsoil. Clay Icam 18 in. All clay, and about i ft. of black. Black loam and heavy clay. Dark clay loam, depth about 4 ft. Heavy black loam 14 in. Clay subsoil, more or less limestone Heavy clay, loam about 12 in. Part sand loam, and part clay about i ft. Black loam from 5 to 12 in., with limestone, gravel or scrub, under which is heavy clay. Black loam on top from 10 to 16 in., with clay and loam subsoil. Black sandy loam ; clay subsoil from 16 in. to 2 ft. About 3 ft. on clay subsoil. Black loam, on clay subsoil, 12 to 15 in. deep. Clay bottom, 10 in. black loam. White clay subsoil, black loam from 2 to 6 ft. 24 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Name. 1 District. Answer. Kemp Austin Black sandy loam from 2 to 3 ft. deep. Clay loam, about a foot on average. I ft. to 2^ ft. of black loam. Black loam, 2 ft. deep. Black loam, clay subsoil, 10 to 12 in. of loam. Black loam, 12 to 36 in., clay and gravel subsoil. Sandy loam, with gravel ridges, 18 in. A rich sandy loam, 12 to :8 in. The part of my farm under cultivation is grand gravelly Ioan:>, warm early soil ; the black soil is from i ft. to 18 in. Black loam from 8 to 24 in. deep, clay subsoil. A black c'ay loam with clay subsoil, the black loam fiom. 8 to 15 in. deep. Sandy clay loam, i to 2 ft. Clay loam, 2 ft. Clay loam, from i to 3 ft. of black loam. Black loam from i to 2 ft., with clay subsoil. Black loam from 6 to 10 inches. Black loam 2 ft., yellow clay subsoil. Dark clay loam, depth about 4 ft. Heaney ..." ' Slater ' Meadow Lea ... Wapella Rorison Oberon Nickell Lucas Harris Beulah Paynter , Bartley Chambers Beulah Birtle ' Birtle Lawrie Birtle Douglas Willmott Wright Beacon sfield Moline Dick Garratt Kenlis Elliott Sutherland Hanna i Sourisbure j St. Andrews ... Griswold Speers 1 Griswold Fuel and Water. Recent investigations show that in addition to the clumps of wood to be found dotted here and there on the prairie, and the timber with which the rivers and creeks are lined, there is in these new regions an ample supply of coal. The coal-beds in the Bow and Belly River districts, tributary to Medicine Hat on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, are the first to be worked, and settlers now obtain this coal at moderate prices. Valuable and extensive coal beds also exist in the Souris district in Southern Manitoba and the south-eastern and western part of the North-West, and these will shortly be opened up by the projected Manitoba South-Western and other railways. As regards the water supply, the North-West has not only numerous rivers and creeks, but also a very large number of lakes and lakelets in almost every part of the country, aud- it has been ascertained definitely that good water can be obtained almost anywhere throughout the territory by means of wells j in addition to which there are numerous clear, running, never-failing springs to be found throughout the land. An ample .supply of water of different qualities may always be found on the prairie by sinking wells wiiich generally range in depth from eight to twenty feet, Rain generally falls freely (".urinsf the spring, while the summer and autumn are generally dry. On these two points the farmers were asked : "What sort of fuel do you use, and is it ■iifficult to obtain?" "Have you plenty of water on your farm, and how obtained ? If from a well, please state depth of same." The full name and postal address of each sttdcr may be found on pages 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 25 horn Name. Dickin, George Yardley, Henry Hutchinson, A. Proctor, Henry Mercer, James.. Knight, W. G,. Jeffery, Wm. . Fisher, Henry . Smith, W. P. , Blythe, R. Field, Edward . Pollard, Alfred Orr, James D. . Screech, John . Robertson, P. . Harward, F Hall, D Lothian, James Bruce, Geo Bell, C.J "Warnock, Wm. Haddow, Jas. Reid, Alex. .. Perley, W. D. Prat, Jno Miller, Solomon . Grimmett, D. W. Hind, Brothers Urton, W. S Leepart, R. N. Answer. miles. in Wood getting scarce ; will be able to get coal. Plenty of water, springs rising to surfa \ usual depth 7 ft. to 20 ft. Wood, witi.in four miles. Plenty of water from wells 15 to 20 ft. deep. Wood, close at hand, is rather scarce, but there is plenty within 15 Coal is cheap here. Plenty of water from two wells 22 ft. each ; one house, one in stable with pumps. Poplar, about three miles distant. Plenty of water for general use in summer; well, 4 ft. 6 in. I get water for cattle in winter at a swamp up to the middle of February. Wood is easily obtainable at present. I have Long Lake on one side of farm ; also a spring of good water, and a well 30 ft. deep. Plenty of poplar wood in this settlement. Five wells of the best water, depths 20, 25, 26, 30, and 36 ft. Poplar; no difficulty, lots of it here. Plenty of water, the Qu'Appelle River runs through my farm. Wood, and there is plenty in this district. Plenty of water from small lake for cattle, and a well for house 7 ft. Wood. I have never been short of fuel. Plenty of water from a spring the water rising to the surface. Wood, chiefly, but it is costly. Water from Wascana Creek. Wood, hard to get. Plenty of water, not very good. All neighbours have good water at 15 ft. Poplar ; easily obtained from the bluffs. Plenty of water from wells and sloughs; deepest well at present 16 ft. Poplar; no difficulty. Plenty of excellent water from well 22 ft. deep. Dry wood (poplar) in abundance. Splendid water by digging 12 ft. Dry poplar and oak, which are not difficilt to procure. Not too much water ; two wells, one 23 ft. and the other 10 ft. Poplar poles, but rather scarce. Surface water for the cattle ; well for house 6 ft. Wood, getting difficult to obtain. Plenty of good water ; wells 10 to 20 ft. Poplar wood. I have plenty on my own place. Plenty of water, a lake 6 ft. deep and stream running in summer. Poplar wood ; no difficulty to obtain. Water from running creek. Wood, poplar ; about nine miles to haul. Good water for home use in well 16 ft. deep. Poplar and hard wood ; I have a good deal on my place. I use river water in winter, and well water in summer, 3ft. deep. The finest water in the province. Coal ?nd wood ; both are now difficult to get here. Wood, poplar and white birch, easily got. Plenty of water ; spring creek and well 20 ft. deep. Wood ; it is difficult to obtain, and so is water, on my farm. Wood ; no difficulty n getting it. Plenty of water. Oak creek runs through it. Wood, and olenty in this district, at i6s, per cord at your house. A good lake, and could get water by digging a short distance. Wood ; quite close to the house. Plenty of water from a well about 4 ft. deep. Coal and wood ; wood three miles to draw, coal about 25. Plenty of water from well 25 ft. deep. Elm and maple; enough on my farm to last 20 years. One elm measured II ft. 5 in. in circumference. Pipstone Creek runs through corner of my farm ; depth of well 3 ft. Poplar; ten rriiles to get it. Water from well 16 ft. deep. 25 PLAIN FACTS \S TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Name. Answer. McBean, Angus Young, |no. M. L. Doyle, W. A Newman, C. F Sheppard, Jos Armstrong, George... Pierce, S Graham, Mark. Malcolm.) A McGregor, D. . Bobier, Thos. . Warren, R. J Niff, J. R Chambers, S. W. .. Bailey, Z Black, G. R Campion Brothers .. McKensie, D Fraser, D. D Farmer, W. A. King, M Thompson, S Anderson, George ... McDougall, A. G. ... Tate, James McMurtry, Thos. ... McCaughey, J. S. ... Wood very difficult to obtain. Plenty of water, boggy creek; wells 12 to 14 ft. deep. Poplar, very handy. I have always had plenty of water from a well 6 ft. deep. Wood, dry poplar ; an ample supply here. Water from two spring creeks and several good springs. Poplar or ash, plenty of it. Plenty of water from a well 15 ft. deep, and out of my little lake. Poplar wood, costs, six miles from my house, 6s. 3d. per cord. Water is rather hard to get in some places, but easy in others. Wood, to be had for the drawing and a fee of 2s. id., for enough for a year's use, for house, stable and some fencing. Water for cattle from a deep pond and for domestic use from wells. Have one well at 17 ft. never failing, and another at 28 ft. Wood in bluffs on homestead. Plenty of water. Wood, poplar and oak. Not very difficult to obtain. Plenty of water by digging about 12 ft. Wood ; it is plentiful here. Plenty of water from living spring. Elm. Plenty of water from Assiniboine River. Wood ; have to draw it six miles, but intend using coal, as I hear we are going to have it at 27s. per ton. Good water from wells 8 ft. deep ; all of my neighbours get plenty of good water by digging from 8 to 20 ft. Wood ; have got plenty on my farm. Plenty of water from wells and springs ; depth of well 14 ft. Poplar ; difficult to obtain, but will use coal. Plenty of water from well 18 ft. deep. Wood, any amount of it in this district. Plenty of water; a spring for home use, and a spring creek for cattle. Wood ; rather scarce, but coal, which is superior, is easily got at Railroad Station. Plenty of spring and river water, wells 10 ft. Poplar ; any quantity three miles off. Plenty of water and good well, 38 ft. deep. Dry oak and poplar; not difficult to obtain. Generally plenty of water, one well 5 ft. and another 16 ft. Poplar fuel. We have plenty yet, handy by. The Arrow River runs through my farm. I have a spring at my house. Wood getting scarce; expect to use coal soon. Plenty of water. Ponds and wells 14 ft. and 30 ft. deep. Any amount in latter, could not be bailed dry. Wood and coal. River water. Wood from Qu'Appelle, and coal at 36s. per ton on Canadian Pacific Railway. Water is very scarce, and draw it five miles. Have no well yet. Wood ; from three to five miles off. Plenty of water. Beaver Creek runs through the farm. Wells are from 8 to 12 ft. round here. Wood, abundance in this district ; the Weed Hills, Woolf Hills, and Qu'Appelle, being very adjacent, and well timbered. Price to townspeople 12s. per cord. We depend on slough water in summer for stock. Wells range from 6 to 35 feet in depth. Wood. Coal this year 27s. per ton. Plenty of water from well 14 feet deep. Coal in winter, wood in summer, both of which are easily obtained. Get water from a never-failing spring. We use coal, it is quite handy. We get water in a well about 12 ft. deep. Coal and wood, easy to obtain. Water from well 25 to 40 ft. deep. PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Namt 2 to 14 Answer. Heaslip, J. ] Bolton, F Campbell, Robert Paynter, J. E. ... McEwen, D Connerson, J. .. Kennedy, Thos. Johnston, Jas. .. McLean, J. A. Coal from Souris, 18 miles from here; not difiicult to obtain. Plenty of water from a well 15 ft. deep. Poplar and oak wood in abundance; haul three miles. Wells 28 ft. deep. Ponds for cattle in summer. We get our fire wood, fencing, and building timber from the Riding Mountain, four miles to draw. We get our water from Stoney Creek, a spring creek rising in the mountain and running all the year round Wood, difficult to obtain. Plenty of water from a well 7 ft. deep. Wood at present, but intend using coal for winter. Expect to get it at Brandon, about 7 dols. (28s.) per ton. Plenty of water, well and sloughs. Wells, one 20 ft. another 35 ft. All oak wood ; in abundance. Water in abundance all the year round from " Dead Horse Creek." Wood, not difficult to obtain in my case, but some have to buy. It costs about los. per cord. Plenty of water. Have a good spring creek. Wood and coal. Have had no difficulty so far to obtain supply. I have a nice creek crossing farm, but supply building by wells from 10 to 15 ft. First-class water. Poplar, oak, and ash ; very easy to obtain. I have to dig for water, the depth is from 8 to 12 ft. Grain Crops. The following tables, taken from official sources, will show at a glance the average yield in bushels per acre of the crops of Manitoba during the last six years : — 1882 32 SI 37 278 The following are the averages of the chief wheat-growing countries of the World, as officially given tor a series of years : — 1S76 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 Wheat .. 32 .. 26i . .. 26i . . 26} . • 29i . • 30 Oats •• 51 •• S9l- • •• 59i . 58 . ■ 57-J • • 59 Barley , .. 42 .. 40i^ . .. 63 . . 37-1 • . 41 . . 40 Peas .. 32 .. 32 . •• 34 • • 3H ■ . 38I . • 38 Rye ... 30 . • • 30 • . 40 . .. 40 . • 35 Potatoes. .. 229 . • • 304 • . 30S .. • 302 .. • 318 .. ■ 320 Turnips . . Carrots • ■ • . • ... . . Flax • • • • • • J • • • • • • • • • • . 1883-1884 Gen. Aver 27 . .. 29 .^6 . .. 66 35 • .. 42 30 • 34 35 259 • . 287 583 . . 583 400 . 400 28 . 28 Manitoba, average yield per acre in bushels Great Britain and Ireland Minnesota (the Empire Wheat State of the Union) United States Ontario South Australia Wisconsin Iowa Ohio Indiana Illinois Wheat. 29 28-8 11-4 13 13-6 8 XI.3 6-6 I3"3 ID'S 8-2 Barlov. 42 34'2 32-5 24-67 24"5 20'8 1 6*4 26 15-5 Oat?. 66 43"2 35*6 39 28-6 26'2 277 23 33'4 2H PLAIN I'ACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Asked as to the probable yield per acre of their wheat, barley, and oats crops, farmers replied as follows : — Name. Sheppard, Joseph ... Stevenson, T. W. ... Little, James... Morton, Thos. I McLean, John A. ... Paul, James M. Rutherford, Jonathan Wat, James ... Boulding, G. T. Stowards, R. C. Day, John F. Leitch, Angus Daniels, Joseph Reid, E. J Bobier, Thos. McKenzie, Kenneth Todd, P. R McBean, Angus Harris, James Osborne, Daniel Slater, Charles B. ... Wright, Charles Proctor, Henry Smith, W. P. Robertson, P. Lothian, James Bruce, George Webster, A. ... Downie, John Sirett, Wm. F. Young, Jno. M. L. ... McRae, Eoderick Armstrong, Geo. Finlay, James Deyell, John Bailey, Zachary Patterson, Abr. Howey, Wm. Grigg, S. ... Elliott, T. D. Yield of wheat per acre in bushels. About 40 40 Average 40 40 at least, I had 45 last year 40 About 35 35 35 Expect 35 35 35 35 About 35 32 32, very good ... 32 32 About 30 or 40 From 30 to 35... Between 30 and 40 30 to 35 Between 30 and 35 Average about 30 A certain 30 ... 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 last year, and my crop is better this year 30 30 30 30 .^o On account of a dry spring it will not go over 30 • • • • • • •••I 40 40 About 30 25 SO 50 40 40 • • • • • • a 30 About 40 or 50. 40 to 50 35 Black barley, average 25 40 last year 35 Over 40, 1 should think, not thrashed yet 30 on this season's breaking 50, the best I ever saw 40 have none ; but my neighbour's will yield about 45 30 50 40 35 40 50 About 40 About 50 Partly 70 and partly 40 Average 70 50 Some 60 and some 80 About 50 46 65 Expect 70 60 60 50 50 to 00 About 45 50 About 80 50 to 80 About 60 40 to so 60 Average 50, good crop 70 at least 35 CO Badly wasted by hail storm 40 on this season's breaking 60 to 70 40. They did not do well this year; too dry in the spring 50 to 60 60 70 40 About 60 60 SO 60 50 A dry spring makes a small yield, say 35 farmers partly 40 70 some 80 SO 70 45 80 80 60 SO yood crop ;ast d by hail n leason's 70 id not do r ; too dry )ring; 60 60 PLA IN lACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WBST. 2^ Natr.c. Yield of wheat per acre in bushels. Barley. Oats. Chester, A Certainly expect 30 40 50 to 60 Obee, F 30 35 50 Muirhead, Thos Average will be 30 Average 30 Average 50 Mcintosh, Archd 30 ... Good maturity 50 Hall, P 30 ... ... ... 60 Speers, A. R. 30 40 70 Mitchell, Jno. Expect average, Probably 28 or 30 SO or 55 Probably 40 Miller, Solonion About 28 40 Between 50 and 60 Hope, Geo 28 30 50 McLane, A. M About 28 35, on Sprmg 25, on Spring back- backsetting setting Gibson, John I expect it will yield 26, as it is a good crop ••• ... ... ••• SO Thompson, S. 30 40 About 45 Haney, A. W. 26 on land broken last ... 75 on land broken last year, not backset year, and not backset Hall. W. B 25 to 30 About 30 About 40 McKellar 35 40 40 Harrison, D. H 25*030 About 30 50 to 60 Taylor. Wm 25t030 Fully 50 About 40 Stevenson, G. B 25, and likely 30 ... ... i». ... Only about 40 ; last year I had 65 Heaslip, J. J. 25 to 30 About 25 From 50 to 70 Coay, Thomas 25*030 ... .\bout 50 or 60 on average Pollard, Alfd Aver-ging25 Averaging 60 Averaging 50 McGhee, James 25 35 40 Austin, A., senr About 25 About 40 Purdy, Thos. Estimated at 25 25 ; land not well tilled 40, badly tilled ; on ac- count of dry weather last year sod did not rot Smith, Wm. About 25 ^0 •■• ••• • • • SO Lang, Robt 25 - 35 4S J makes a . say 35 Roots and Vegetables. All root crops yield well, turnips standing next to potatoes in area of cultivation. They are in no reported instance infested by flies or other insects. Mangold-wurtzels and carrots are not cultivated as field crops to any great exlent. All garden vesfetables produce prolific crops, and the Province sustains an extraordi- nary reputation for their production- During recent years a very large and general increase has taken place in the acreage devoted to the cultivation of garden products. In the earlier years of the Province's history new settlers had but little time to devote to gardening, but once having got their farms into good working order, they are devoting more attention to it, with most satisfactory results. The following are instances taken from farmers' reports of successes in the growth of vegetables, and in conjunction with these reports it mJist be remembered that very few, if any, of these farmers used special means to produce these results. The question asked was : '' What yields of vegetables have you had, and what is your experience in raising them r " For postal address of each settler, see pages 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. 30 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Name. Answer, in bushel.s per acre. Dickin, George Vardley, Henry Proctor, Henry Knight, W. G. leffrey, William Blythe, R. ... Field, Edward Pollard, Alfred Orr, James D. Lothian, James McGhee, Jas, Gibson, Wm. Bruce, George Mitchell, John Middleton, Alex. Perley, W. D. Prat, Jno. Miller, Solomon McGill, George Have had carrots 12 inches round, and grown cucumbers successfully in the open. Beans and potatoes very good, better than I ever raised in England v.ith 20 years' experience. Turnips very good, and mangolds good. Potatoes, 300. I have grown in the garden beans, peas, carrots, parsnips, beets, cabbage (several kinds), onions. With attention all do well. Potatoes, 300, well manured ; turnips, 600, well manured. Carrots and pens ; beans and flax have also done well in small lots. I have grown almost all kinds of vegetables with the best results. Potatoes about 160. All kinds of garden produce grow luxuriously ; that is, all and every kind that can be grown in England, and do not require manure for some years. I have grown almost all kinds, and the quality is splendid. Potatoes, 150 on the breaking; my beans were frozen. The first year it is not well to sow vegetables on the breaking, except for home use ; otherwise, after the ground has been properly worked, nearly all vegetables thrive well. Potatoes, 300; turnips from 500 to 700. Carrots, peas, and beans I have only grown on a small scale ; the yield is good. Vegetables are a great success in this country and come on very rapidly. I have grown potatoes, onions, carrots, beet, corn, cucumbers, parsnips, radishes, lettuce, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, melon ; in fact same as we grow in England. Potatoes, 300. An abundant crop of turnips, carrots, peas, and beans. My vegetables have this year generally been a failure. I have grown almost every description of vegetables with great success. Potatoes, 300 ; turnips, 400. I have only grown vegetables in the garden, but they all do extremely well. Potatoes 300. Have raised cabbages, onions, carrots and beet, all of which did well. With a little experience of the climate, I believe gardening- can be made a success in all sorts of vegetables. Potatoes 100. This country is second to none for vegetables. Potatoes 200. Cabbage, Scotch kail, rhubarb, onions, carrots, turnips, parsley, peas, pumpkins, and sage, all do well with climate and soil. We have used potatoes two months after planting them. Potatoes, 400. I have grown almost every kind of cabbage and garden stuff you can mention. I have lifted cabbage this fall 20 lbs. in weight. Potatoes, 180. Turnips, carrots, onions, beets, parsnips, parsley, lettu:e, and radishes all grow well. I have not made such headway with cabbage. Rhubarb grows splendidly. I find, no difiiculty in growing any of the vegetables I was acquainted with in Scotland. They all require to be sown early in the season. Potatoes grow splendidly, and of fine quality, without manure. Carrots will grow fine, but have not had much experience. Peas grow splen- didly. 1 1 believe manure would help and produce a large crop, but for quality the present can't be excelled. Have some parsnips grown on land which had a crop of peas and potatoes on it last, and no manure was put on it, and took up one or two potatoes a week ago, which were 2 j- inches in diameter, and long in proportion. Potatoes, 400 ; turnips, 750. Potatoes , average, 250 bushels (of 6c lbs.) per acre. Never saw a better crop of potatoes in any country than I have this year. Turnips, carrots, peas, beans, and flax are good. TLAIN TACTS AS TO THF CAVADIAN NORTH-WEST. JI Name. Answer, in bushels per acre. Smith, William Ingram, W. A. Lawrie, J. M. Doyle, W. A. Sheppard, Joseph Stevenson, T. W. Deyell, John... Walker, J. C. Mooney,Jno. Hornor, T. R. Davis, Jno. B, Powers, C. F. Rutherford, J. Bobier, Thos. Patterson, Abr. Eraser, D. D. Osborne, Daniel Potatoes, 300 ; turnips, 800. Have also grown carrots, parsnips, onions, cabbage, caulilluwers, pumpkins, melons, citrons, cucumbers, lettuce, stjuash, tomatoes, and radish. Potatoes, 300 to 500 ; turnips, carrots and beans do well ; peas 30, and flax 20. Everything in the way of vegetables does immensely, except Indian corn and tomatoes, which I do not find as yet a success. Potatoes, 250. Only raised turnips and carnjts in garden, but they would do well here. My experience is that vegetables cannot be raised more success- fully in any other country. Potatoes, about 250 ; peas, about 25. Have never seen vegetables equal to those of Manitoba. We cannot raise squash melons or pumpkins to maturity however. Carrots, beets, maize, onions, salsify, celery, chicory, radishes, and cucumbers, all do unusually well with us. Potatoes 200 ; peas 60 lbs. per acre. V^egetables very good ; you can raise every kind to perfection. Potatoes 300. Turnips not attended to, would have produced 400 or 500 bushels per acre. I never saw as fine vegetables anywhere else, except turnips. Potatoes 350, turnips Soo. Peas do well. Vegetables do very well. Potatoes 300, turnips 600, carrots 300, peas 30, and beans 40. Have grown with good results : potatoes, turnips, mangold-wurtzels, btots, carrots, parsnips, onions, radishes, cabbages, cauliflowers, and many others Potatoes from 300 to 400. Turnips 600, and peas 30. All vcget.ibles do well. Have also grown carrots, beets, cabbage, tomatoes, squash, citrons, onions, rhubarb, and pumpkins. I never saw vegetables grown to better success than here ; in fact, they are the surest crops we can grow. I have grown potatoes, turnips, carrots and beets with perfect satisfaction. Potatoes 300, turnips 600, carrots 600, peas 30, beans 25, and flax 30. Have also grown cabbage, beets, tomatoes, radishes, onions, salsify, pie plant, lettuce, pumpkins, grapes, artichokes, pepper, and parsnips. Potatoes, 200; turnips, 500; carrots, 400; peas, 30. Beans do well. All vegetables can be grown with great success. Potatoes, 350; turnips, 600 to 800 ; carrots, 400 to 500 ; and peas, 40 to 50. I have grown successfully: — Cabbage, carrots, parsnips, beets, onions, lettuce, radishes, beans, &c. Potatoes, about 300. Turnips generally have not done well this year, the weather being very dry when they were sown in the spring, I never grew any except in the garden ; these are excellent. Have grown peas two years ; they do first-class here. Beans can be grown here in abundance, 1 have grown the finest potatoes that I ever grew in my life, both in quantity and quality. Carrots, cabbage, cauliflowers, and other garden stuff. grown in this country are of the very best quality. Potatoes from 350 to 300, and turnips 500. Carrots average 450, All kinds of vegetables grow v.-cll. I have also grown beet, onions, radishes, cabbage, cauliflower, melon, citron, and cucumbers. Potatoes, turnips, carrots, peas, beans, and flax do very well, without any care and trouble. If the seed is only sown early, with care and cultivation, the yield is enormous. Potatoes, 200 bushels from half acre. The yield of turnips and carrots was poor, owing to the drought in the spring. Flax was good. Vegetables did fairly. All cullender vegetables do well here. „..,y. ••?!' 32 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Name. Harrison, D. H. Thompson, S. Stevenson, G. E. .., Stirton, James Slater, C. B. Burgess, J. W. Connerson, James Rawson, James Chambers, W. Bole, J. Day, S. D. A. McDonald, W. M. ... McLean, j. A. Speers, A. R, Answer, in bushels per acre. Potatoes 300, really magnificent. Also turnips, carrots, and mangolds ; the latter yield well. Cabbages and cauliflowers do well. Potatoes about 350. I had nine wagon loads (about 30 bushels each) of turnips off halt an acre last year. Carrots 500 ; peas 50 bushels off twa acres one year ; beans, 40 to 60; flax 15 ; all kinds do well here — cabbages, cauliflowers, beets, melons, cucumbers, &c. Onions do splendidly. Tom.atoes are not a success ; we have lots of them, but they are green yet (September). My potatoes are the best I ever saw in this country. Turnips, very heavy yield, also carrots ; peas 30. This equals any country for the growth of vegetables. Have grown beets, onions, melons, citrons, cucumbers, pumpkins, tomatoes, radishes, celery, and lettuces. Potatoes 400, and peas 40. All garden vegetables usually grown on a farm,, grow first class. Onions and cabbages grow extra large and are of fine quality. 1 had a fair crop of potatoes this year. My turnips were poor on breaking. The yield of carrots was good, but frost killed my beans. Carrots, cabbages, onions, parsnips, potatoes, and beets are all doing well. Potatoes 500, and turnips 1,000. Have also grown beets. Potatoes, 200, turnips abo'.t 250, and peas and beans, from 14 to 15. I think I could raise about 300 bushels of carrots per acre. Vegetables grow first class. Sweet corn, cabbages, carrots, and long and turnip beets grow to perfection, tomatoes splendidly ; onions in abundance. Have also grown celery, musk and water-melons, &c. Took £2 prize money two years ago. Yield of potatoes and turnips heavy ; carrots are simply immense ; peas are not good here, the land is too strong ; beans do well, and flax yields from 20 to 30. This is a splendid country for vegetables. I have also grown mangold wurtzels, onions, beets, parsnips, tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, citrons, squash, celery, cabbage, cauliflower, radishes, kail, brussels sprouts, lettuce, salsify, and mushrooms. I have the Provincial Diploma for the best collection of garden vegetables. Potatoes 300, turnips 1,000, and white Belgian carrots 500. Drought affected my peas this year, but they will yield 25 ; beans do well here. A little capital invested in flax culture and the manufacture of twine or cord for our self-binding machines, would result in great wealth. Onions, table carrots, parsnips, beets, turnips, radishes, lettuces, melons^ tomatoes, peas, parsley, and all sorts of garden and field vegetables can be grown here to perfection ; at least, that is my usual experience. Pol itoes 300. All kinds of vegetables will do well in the North-West when the ground is properly prepared. Potatoes about 400; turnips 600, and peas 20. Have very fine cabbage, carrots, turnips, beans, parsnips, beets, onions, lettuce, spinacli, rhubarb, radishes, and cucumbers. Have raised tomatoes and Indian corr , but not with success. Potatoes 500; i.,rnips i,ooo, and peas 30. Potatoes 400, iiojietimes more; turnips from 400 to 600. Peas a'id beans do well. Any and every kind of vegetable dues wonderfully well in this country. I believe there is no better country in the known world that can come up to the country for vegetables. Potatoes 400, turnips 1,000, peas 30, flax 40. Carrots remarkably jjood crop • beans yield splendid. the < w. u H < (4. K H Q < i5 (X. o H >; <; (-►■ (A I—* Q jjood ma of anc use ma Be vol W vo be he pr lo re ti( ill St T S( \\ a PLAIN lACTS AS TO THE CANADIA.V NORTH-WEST. 33 The Use of Manure. Pertilisers are not used in tlie North-West, for they are not needed, and common manure is used but sparingly. The land is, indeed, in most cases, so rich that the using of it during the first years of cidtivation would be apt to encourage the growth of straws and make the crops too rank. After the second year manure in limited quantuies may be used with advantage to prevent any exhaustion of the land. This is the general experience of settlers to be found related with their opinions on many other useful subjects in an additional pamphlet, to be had free on application to Mr. Begg, Canadian Pacific Offices, 88, Cannon Street, London : — " When you have it, put it on yowv light land, don't waste it ; but it is not necessary for years." One settler, Mr. William Gibson, of Loganstone Farm, Wolseley, says : *' I have used manure to a few Dotntoes to try the effect it had along with others planted without manure, and they did no better with it." Stock Raising and tlie Hay Supply. The general healthiness of the climate and the favourable conditions for feeding horses, cattle, and sheep, make stock-raising a most profitable industry. The boundless prairies, covered with luxuriant grasses,, giving an unusually large yield, and the cool nights for which Manitoba is famous, are most beneficial features in regard to stock ; and the remarkable dryness and healthiness of the winter tend to make cattle fat and well-condi- tioned. The easy access to good water is another advantage in stock-raising. The iibundance of hay almost everywhere makes it an easy matter for farmers to winter their stock ; and in addition to this there is, and always will be, a ready home market for beef. Owing to the abundance and excellence of prairie hay, little has hitherto been done in the cultivation of grasses, though what small quantity is cultivated is largely of the Timothy and Hungarian classes. The average yield of hay per acre is ih to 3 tons; sometimes 4 tons are gathered, and in wet seasons as many as 5 tons. The crop of 188a was an abundant one, and w^as generally saved in good condition, while in 1883 almost a double yield was gathered. On these points the experience of settlers is especially valuable. Their statements answer the questions : " How many horses and cattle have you r Have you plenty of hay, and do cattle thrive on the wild prairie grasses ? How do your animals thrive in winter, and where do you stock them ' " For postal address of each settler, see pages 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. Name. Dickin, George Hind, Brothers Urton, W. S. Answer. 17 cattle. Can cut 20 tons, and can get other on government land. Cattle do equally as well as they did in pasture in England; they thrive well in winter with the same shelter they get there, pole and hay stable. I horse and ten head of cattle. Yes. Cattle do well ; wintered first class. 5 horses and i cow. Yes. Cattle do splendidly, better than on Eiiglish hay. They are stabled in winter during very bad days, but are turned out most days. 34 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-W£ST, Name. Answer, Yardley, Henry Phillips, S. ... Hutchinson, A. Mercer, Jas. ... Knight, W. G. Field, Edward Pollard, Alfred Robertson, P. Cowlord, C. ... Gibson, Wm. Bruce, George Middleton, Alex. Warnock, Wm. Reid, Alex. Fraser, John Perley, W. D. I have 3 oxen and 2 yearling steers. I have sufficient hay for for 20 head of cattle ; they thrive first class. Last winter I took 12 head of cattle from a neighbour, they came out in the spring equal to when I was in England. I kept them in open sheds with yards last winter. My neighbour has his in stables, and they do not do as well as mine. 30 horses and 20 head of cattle. Plenty of hay ; cattle get fat in summer on the prairie grasses. I house them in a log stable during winter. 20 head of cattle, 3 horses, 19 sheep, and 2 pigs. Yes ; cattle get very fat on the prairie grass in summer. They do well in stable in winter. I fed them on hay alone last winter ; this winter I intend using grain and roots in small quantities. 9 head of cattle at the present time. Plenty of hay. Cattle thrive well on wild grasses. I have wintered over twice the above number of cattle. I stable young cattle ; large cattle run loose in open sheds. No horses, 45 head of cattle. Plenty of hay. My thoroughbred short- horns have nothing but the wild grasses of the country, and they are in splendid condition, in fact quite fat. I shouH take a prize for Christmas beef in England ; the beef cannot be beaten. Cattle thrive well in winter on hay onlv. Some are in stables and some out. Plenty of hay. Cattle undoubtedly thrive well in winter, and get very fat in summer. Both horses and cattle do well in the winter in the stable at night. Heifers, steers, &c., in open sheds. Native horses and half- bred horses thrive well out on the prairie all winter, if you have no work for them. A scarcity of hay in this part. Cattle thrive wonderfully. I house them in winter, and feed them on straw, hay, and roots. 3 horses and 12 cattle. Plenty of prairie hay, and cattle do well on it. They get on well in stable in winter. I let them out every day, if possible. 67 cattle and 3 horses. Cattle do all that I can wish. I winter them in log stables. 3 horses, 2 colts, i pair of oxen, 2 cows, i bull, and 2 sheep. I have hay in abundance; cut it this summer 66 inches long; and cattle get fat on it without any other feed in winter. I winter cattle in log stables, and they get nothing but hay. Horses have hay, with a little oats. 18 head of cattle. They do well on prairie hay, and do well all winter. 2 work oxen and cow and 2 calves. Hay has been difficult to put up, owing to light crop. Cattle thrive on wild grass. When well housed ; they thrive well in winter on hay and water, with a little salt. 3 horses and 15 cattle. I have enough hay for present stock ; they do better on wild hay. I winter my horses and milk cows in stable ; steers and young stock in shed open to south, and they thrive well. Plenty of hay. Cattle do splendidly on the wild grasses, better than on some hay. They thrive well in winter ; I stable them at night and let them out during the day. 7 head of cattle and team of horses. Plenty of hay, and cattle come out fat on with nothing but prairie hay in spring; they do well in stable in winter. I have only a small stock, but they do fine in winter. I have not much hay, but the prairie grass all over the N.W. far exceeds the best quality of cultivated hay in the East. I rever saw so fine and fat animals as this prairie grass will make. PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 35 Name. ler on Malhiot, Z, ... McGill, Geo. Grimmett, D. W. Purdy, Thos. F. Downie, Jn«. McBeen, A. ... Sirett, Wm. F. Doyle, W. A. Answer. Lang, Robert Riddle, Robt. Pollock, John Powers, C. F. Rutherford, J. Bobier, Thomas Little, James iS horses. Plenty of hay and cattle ; are doing very well. I winter them in a frame stable, and they do first-class. 2 horses, 3 cows, and some young stock. Cattle winter better on prairie hay in this climate than they do in Ontario. A better name for it would be "lawn hay," a quality well understood in Europe. I beep the cattle in in rough weather in wintci-, and they winter easily. 1 yoke of oxen and 2 ponies. Plenty of very nutritious hay. Cattle fatten on it in winter. I can put it up at 200 dols. per ton, and make money. I winter my stock in sod and strew stable, and they thrive well, that is, when I fatten them. 6 horses, 4 oxen, 2 cows, and 2 yearlings. Hay plenty in certain looalities. Cattle do splendidly ; never saw them get so fat on grass. I have a barn 16 by 45 dug in bank; it will house 16 head, horses and cattle. Loft on top : will hold 10 tons of hay. The cattle do well in winter. 2 horses and 12 cattle. Plenty of hay; cattle fed on the hay here are fit for the butcher in the spring. I keep them in winter most generally in st3.bles ; they are rolling fat in the spring on hay and water. 15 horses and 50 cattle. Cattle thrive well on wild grasses; I winter them all inside and they thrive very well, where feed can be obtained. 4 horses and 7 head of cattle. Plenty of hay ; cattle do better here than on the cultivated grasses or in the woods of Ontario. I stable them at night in the winter and keep them in a yard in the daytime ; they thrive well. I milked my cows nearly all winter, bull and young stock lived at the straw stack all winter. 2 horses and 47 head of cattle and hogs. Plenty of hay ; my cattle do not seem to want anything but the wild liay if well cured, and they winter well without buildings, if in tinchen out of wind. The working bullocks, milk cows, and calves are stabled in winter, the balance have sheds as windbraks severely, and a belt of tinchen to shelter from winds also. 10 horses and 35 horned grades which do well. Plenty of hay. Never saw cattle do better ; my stock does well in log stables during winter. 2 horses and head of cattle. I have an abundance of hay. Cattle do well. I winter my stock in the open-air sheds, and they thrive well. I have I yoke of cattle. Plenty of hay, and cattle do very well on it without grain. They do splendidly in winter in a stable of sods or logs. 10 horses, 10 cattle and 20 sheep. I have 20 acres of Timothy, plenty of I winter my stock in stables made from Cattle and sheep do better than in Cattle all do covered with well, straw. wild hay. logs, and. Ontario. 2 horses, i yoke of oxen, 3 cows, 2 two year olds, i one year old, and 5 calves. I winter my stock in the house when very cold, otherwise let them have their liberty, as stock thrive best to get their liberty to move about. I cut 100 ton of hay (handless). Thousands of cattle in Ontario, and had 600 acres under pasture there, but never had cattle do so well in Ontario. Cattle and horses do very well in winter, and the great reason is that there are no rain or sleet storms here during winter. I winter my stock in a stable built of poplar posts sunk in ground, sided with lumber and sodaed, covered with poles and straw. All kinds of stocK do well here. There is all the hay that I require. I winter my stock in stables, and some out of doors where there is shelter. 36 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. McKnight, R. Vandervoort, Geo. Black.G. R. ... Howey, Wm, Gilmour, H.C. Hartney, J. H. Smart, George Elliott, T. D 4 horses and 29 cattle. Any amount of hay. Cattle do well on praiiie grass. In winter I stable my stock at nights, and run out during days; they are no trouble to keep fat. 3 horses and 2 cows. There is a goodly supply of hay, and cattle thrive better on wild hay than they do on cultivated. In winter I stable horses and milch cows, but let the young run in an open shed around the straw stack. They thrive splendidly, only I think horses require a little more grain than they do in Ontario. 9 horses and cattle No hay, but cattle do exceedingly well on the wild grasses. I stable my stock in winter with straw and a little grain. I have no trouble. 4 horses, and 8 head of cattle ; lots of hay ; cattle keep fat on it all the winter. ! winter my cows in stables, young stock outside, and they do well. We have a team of horses, and 28 head of cattle. We have plenty of hay, and cattle do exceedingly well on it. They winter well in a log stable on the open prairie. II horses, 2 mules and 4 head cattle. Plenty of hay, and horned cattle thrive exceedingly well on prairie hay. Up to this time I have wintered my stock in log stable, covered with poles and straw, and they thrive well. 2 horses and 5 cattle. Plenty of hay, and cattle thrive well on wild grass. In winter 1 feed my stock on prairie hay, and let them run at straw stack. They are as fat in the spring as in Ontario in the fall. 13 horse kind and 10 of cattle. Plenty of hay, and cattle do wiell. They ali do well in winter in sheds made of straw. Sheep Raising. Sheep-growing is now becoming an important industry in the Canadian North "West, and the climatic conditions are such as to render the yield of wool much liner and the fibre considerably shorter than that from the same class or breed of sheep elsewhere. Sheep have been entirely free from disease in the North-West, and foot-rot has never occurred so far as can be ascertained. " Do sheep thrive in the Canadian North-West, and is sheep-raising profitable ?" In answering this question f^"] settlers replied'* Yes.^ ' The replies of the others are given below. The full name and postal address of each settler are given on pages 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. Dickin, G. ... Urton, W. S. Yardley, H. ... Hutchinson, A. Proctor, H. ... Yes, only cannot get them here to suit the settlers in small lots. They thrive well and are very profitable. In my opinion sheep will do well ; very profitable. Am testing the above now, and believe they will both thrive and be profitable. Very profitable and > well. PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. .37 Name. Answer. raiiie days; wild in. I Mercer, Lawrence, J.... Pollard, A. ... Robertson, P. Upjohn, F. ... Harward, F,.., McGhee, J. ... Bruce, G. Warnock, Wm. Fraser, John... Grang, J. Purdy, T. F.... Davis, W. H. Rogers, T. ... Downie, J. ... Anderson, Geo. Young, J. M. L. Doyle, W. A. Armstrong, Geo. Walker, J. C. Riddle, R. ... Wat, J. Powers, C. F. Rutherford, J. Carter, T. Bobier, T. ... Warren. R. T. McKnight, R. Chambers, S. W. Patterson, A. Little, J. McLennan, T. McKenzie, D. Gilmour, H. C. Ogletree, F. ... Harris, J. Smart, G. Elliott, T. D. Shirk, J. M. ... Chester, A. ... Lambert, W. M. tht places gets into Yes, sheep thrive well and are profitable. Yes. I don't think there is anything that will pay better. They do much better than in England or Ontario. Should like to go in for this branch largely, if means were forthcoming. Sheep require a great deal of attention in this country. No doubt could be raised to pay well here. In this location they do well. No stock ipays so well, and they are neither trouble or cost. Sheep are scarce, but do well. I find them unprofitable for want of mills in my neighbourhood. They do very well. Sheep raising is very profitable. Sheep thrive well here and are very profitable. Yes ; have found them do splendidly, with fair profit. Yes, sheep do well ; very profitable. Yes, for those who have capital to put into it. Sheep do well ; very profitable ai. ^riisent. Sheep thrive well, but would not pay m this part yet, as there are no woollen manufactories in this part. Sheep, 1 feel sure, will do well, and be profitable. The best sheep I ever saw were raised in Manitoba. I saw mutton with three inches of fat on the rib. Sheep raising is profitable. I have some sheep ; they thrive well, and would be profitable. Sheep do well in some parts, but the spear grass in some their wool, and is severe on them. Yes ; will be profitable when market for wool is obtained. Yes, particularly well, being profitable for mutton. Sheep do well and pay well. They thrive well and are profitable. Yes, if we had a market for wool. I think the most profitable of any stock. Thrive well and are profitable to those who have them. Where thero i complain. Quite satisfiei. country and climate, but want free trade i» lumber and machine.^, and llij Hudson Bay Railway. Yes, winters are a little too long; but think this country equal to any. Most decidedly so. Yes, if the Government would see fit to remove the du.y off implements, I think it would be all right. Yes, well satisfied. Perfectly satisfied with country and climate. The only drawbacks are wanl of additional shipping facilities, and lugh tariff on implements. Yes, very satisfied. With the country and climate, yes. Yes, the country and climate are first-class. Not entirely. I am. I came to the country without any experience, and am well satisfied with it. I am very well satisfied. Yes, perfectly. Yes, perfectly. Yes, if w > had a railroad here (Reubih). Yes, I feel happy, and all my Inmily, six sons, fotir daughters, and twenty grandchildren. All in Maintoba ; all well and happy. With the country and climate, yes. Fairly well satisfied with the country. I am, if we get rail /ay accommodation here (nculah). Yes, providing we can get market and railroad facilities here (Watt*. view). If 1 weie not satisfied I would have left lot.;; aqo. Yes, if we get railway accommodation heic (Ueulah), Yes, quite satisfied. PLAIN FACTS AS TO THB CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 45 Name. Answer. Parr, J. E Wright, C Garratt and Ferguson McLane, A. M. McLean, J. A. Bedford, J Todd, P. R. ... < Boldrick, R. ... , Tulloch, A. ... , Speers, A. R. Cafferata and Jeflerd Connell, R. ... , Cox, W. T Yes, very well. The country is all right, but we want more railways in this part (Beacons- field). Quite satisfied if we can get our grain sold at satisfactory price. I have faith in the whole country. 1 am satisfied with all of them. I should like it better if December, January, and February were warmer. Well satisfied. Only objection is a Utile too hard frost ; storms are nothing like I expected. I do not know where I could better myself. Perfectly satisfied. Yes, perfectly. Certainly. Satisfied with the country and climate, but not with the " monopoly.'^ Yes. Our only drawback is the lack of local railway facilities ( Millford). Tlio Class of Settlers now in the North-West.— The great number of settlers come fiom the Eastern Provinces of the Dominion, Ontario contributinsr by far the largest proportion, composed principally of the very flower of her agricultural population. The arrivals from Europe are principally English, Scotch, and Irish, .including tenant farmers, labourers, servants and others, most of whom readily adapt themselves to their new life. There are also a good number of Germans and Scandinavians, hard-working, law-abiding citizens, whose co-patriots have proved them- selves to be among the most valuable settlers in the United States. Some settlers are contributed by the American Union, a small portion being repatriated French-Canadians, principally from the State of Massachusetts, and the balance, farmers and farmers' sons, almost entirely from the Western States, while there is also a large settlement of Russians, Mennonites, and Icelandics, who are nrw comfortably settled, contented and prosperous, the last-named having formed an Icelandic settlenic nt at Big Island, Lake "Winnipeg. The French-Canadians settled along the Red River, who emigrated from Boston and other cities of the Nev^^ England States of America, are reported to be in good circumstances, .and, their crops having yielded largely, their prospects are excellent, Speaking generally, the people of the North- West are highly respectable, orderly, and law-abiding. Yarni Labour. — It is difficult to give definite information on this point. There is no doubt it has been high, especially during harvest time, when there is a great demam! for men to take in the crops, but the very large number of people going into the country during the past few seasons has tended materially to reduce the scale of wages. Dne point should be remembered — that the farmer in Manitoba, with his immense yield iind fair prices, can afford to pay a comparatively high rate of wages, and still find his farming very profitable. Tho \iiHi Indians. — No trouble whatever need be anticipated from the native Indians of the North-West, for, thanks to the just and gener-nis policy pursued towards them by the Canadian Government, they are quiet and peaceful. Reserves of land are set iiside for cultivation by them, and assistance is given where necessary by the Government. This happy feature is in striking contrast with the experience of some of the more western 46 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. . * of the United States, where disturbance and bloodshed have been of constant occurrence. The Canadian Government has established Indian schools throughout the country, in which the young Indians are taught and trained, and this, together with the face that the Red Men are in parts themselves settling down to agricultural pursuits, bodes well for their future. The establishment of the mounted police throughout the territories has taught the Indians to respect the laws of the land ; and thus there is no Indian problem to solve in Canada as there is in the United States. Churches. — The utmost religious liberty prevails everywhere in Canada. Churches of nearly all denominations exist and are in a flourishing condition, and where a settle- ment is not large enough to support a regular church, there are always visiting clergymen to do the duty. Schools. — Means of education, from the highest to the lowest, everywhere abound ir^ the Dominion. The poor and middle classes can send their children to free schools, where excellent education is given ; and the road to the colleges and higher education is open and easy for all. In no country in the world is good education more generally diffused than in Canada. It is on the separate school system, and receives not only a very consideriible grant from the local government, but there are also two sections in each township set apart by the Dominion Government, the proceeds of which, when sold, are applied to the support of schools. There is a superintendent to each section, and teachers are required to pa^'S a rigid examination before they are appointed. A high class of educa- tion is therefore administered. llepresentative Institutions. — The mode of Government in Canada is essentially a popular one, and by giving the people more direct control over their rulers to make and unnicike them at pleasure, while at the same time affording conditions of well-ordered stability, it is believed to be practically more free than that of the United States. The Government of Canada is Federal — that is, there is a Central General Government for the whole Dominion ; and the several provinces have separate legislatures, and manage their own local affairs. The Federal Government has for its head a Governor-General, appointed by the Queen, having, however, his salary paid by the people of Canada ; a Senate, consisting of members who are appointed for life by the Crown on the nomina- tion of the Ministry ; a House of Commons, elected by the whole of the Dominion, with a very free suffrage, almost universal ; and a Ministry consisting of Heads of De- partments having seats in the House of Commons and in the Senate, who are responsible to the House of Commons, not only for all moneys expended, but for their tenure of office. The Lieutenant-Governors, such as those of Manitoba and the North-West terri- tories, are appointed by the Federal or General Government, but the legislatures are elected by the people of the Provinces, and are very independent within their respective spheres. Municipal (liovernment. — There is a very perfect system of municipal govern- ment throughout the Dominion. The North-West country is divided into municipalities as fast as settlement progresses sufficiently to warrant it. These municipal organisations take charge of roads and road repairs — there being no toll charges — and regulate the local taxation of roads, for schools, and other purposes, so that every man directly votes for the taxes he pays; and all matters of a local nature are administered by the reeve and council, who are each year elected by the people of the district. This system of responsibility, from the municipal representative up to the General Government, causes everywhere a fee ling of contentment and satisfaction, the people with truth believing that no system of government could give them greater freedom. Icurrence. II n try, in that the Vi'vU for lories has problem 'hurches a settle- k^rgymen 'bound ir^ schools, Jication is generally ly a very in each sold, are teachers of educa- iSentially lake and ordered 3S. The ment for manage General,, inada j a nomina- sminion, ! of De- ponsible .'Hure of ?st terri- ^ elected spheres, govern- ipalitics i sat ions he local for the :^ouncil, y, from feeling :em of FLAIN FACTS AS TO THB CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 47 Last Words of Settlers. The last request made of settlers in the course of the enquiries dealt with in this pam- phlet was that they would supply such information as they might " deem desirable to place the Canadian North-West before the world in its true position as an agricultural country and a land suitable for successful settlement." Space will allow of the publicatio'^i of but a very few herej the replies may be found at length in the pamphlet entitled " Practical Hints for Farmers in the Canadian North-West," to be had free on application to Mr. Begg, Canadian Pacific Railway Offices, 88, Cannon Street, London, E.G. They together form unimpeachable testimony to the great value of the North-West as a home for rich as well as for those of limited means. C. H. BoNESTEEL, of Pheasant Plain, Kenlis, P.O., Assiniboia, N.W.T., says: — '* I consider this country a grand field for emigration for all that are homeless and farmless, not only in the old country, but in Ontario, Why, I know of hundreds where I come from that are working for daily and monthly wages, v/ho, if they only knew or could be persuaded what this country is, or the chances ihat there are here for them to get a home of their own, they would come at once. Even if they only took a homestead, i6o acres, which they get for lo dollars {^2), it would make them a good farm and home, which they can never hope to get where they are. This is my honest belief." Messrs. Campion Brothers, per R. E. Campion, who omit to forward their Manitoba address, say : — *' This country is surer and safer for a man with either small or large capital, being less liable to flood and drought than any part of the Western States o America, speaking from experience. Intending settlers on landing should first know how to work and drive a team and stick to it, and they are bound to succeed."' William Wagner, M.P.P., of Woodlands, Ossowa, Manitoba, writes : — " Very few inhabitants have visited Manitoba and North-West as myself. 1 have seen the settler in his first year, and again after three and four years, and what a difference. The first year some misery, then again comfort. I h?'"^ seen a good many English settlers in the first year J they are a great deal disappoii'vr.J ; but, after they have been accustomed to our ways, they are happy and contented. We have in Woodlands about thirty English families who had but little, and they belong to-day to our best of farmers, and with us we have never heard of any discontent." James Connerson, of Minnewashta, Manitoba, writes thus: — "Keep back from whisky, contract no debts, sign no notes, stick hard at work for two years, and be up and at it. If one has no means, work out with a farmer for a time ; pay as you go along. That is my humble advice to all intending settlers. I know hundreds of very decent people in Glasorow (Scotland), also in Holland, who would be thankful to come out here and get a homestead free." James Little, Postmaster, of Oak River, Manitoba, says: — ''This is the best couniry in the whole world for settlers to come to ; for instance, they can get their land for nearly nothing, and in three years be worth between 4,000 and 5,000 dollars (^800 to ^^1,000) just in the rise of the price of the land j besides, he can raise all the slock he requires, perhaps the same amount or more. There is not much work to do, it can be done with machinery, and a man that is fond of sport can shoot all the fowl he wants, I can kill hundreds of all sorts of wild fowl here, geese, ducks, prairie chickens, snipe and wild turkeys in abundance. 48 PLAIN FACTS AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Thomas Carter, of Woodlands, Manitoba, says : — " The Canadian North-West needs no vindication. It will soon be as well known to the world as is the Rock of Gibraltar. As for the cold, I have been more miserablv cold on the heights of Shorncliffe, Kent (England), than I ever have been in the North-West. Of course a man may allow himself to freeze to death if he chooses, or if he is standing near a fire he may allow himselt to burn if he chooses — it's all a matter of taste." G. A. Cameron, of Indian Head, N.W.T., writes : — "As good a place as a man can find if he has plenty of money and brains, or if he has no money, but muscle and pluck. Send as many here as you can and they will blass you for it." William Taylor, of Eeulah, P.O., Man., says: — "Settlers should be used to labour with their hands without kid gloves, unless provided with ample means. The grumblers here are composed of men raised idle at home, who have not means to carry it out here. Labouring men and hired girls coming out with those that hire them do not want to be bound for any length of time, as wages rule much higher here than in the old countries." Christian Troyer, of Sec. 22, T 2, R 2, W 2, Alameda, Assiniboia, N.W.T.,says : — *' I should advise intending settlers to encumber themselves as little as possible with extras, with the exception of clotliing, and be cautious on their arrival to husband their resources. As I claim to be a successful north-wester I would be pleased and most happy to give advice and information to intending settlers free." J. R. NiFF, of Moosonim, N.W.T., states: — " The fact that I settled shows that I had confidence in the country, and after two seasons' experience I am more than satisfied. As a grain-growing country I believe, with proper cultivation and energy, it cannot be exceeded." George Vandervoort, of Alexandria, Man., says: — '*I consider Manitoba or the North-West is the proper place for a man to go to get a home with ease." George H. Wood, of Birtle, Man., writes : — " Speaking from what I know as one of the leaders of one hundred and fifty in this localicy, I don't know a single instance of a sober, industrious person who has not benefited by coming here, and I do know of many who always lived "from hand to mouth" in Ontario, who are getting rich. All we require is a railway to get on well, and all get rich. Farming pa)S here, the Farmers' Union grumblers to the contrary notwithstanding." S. W. Chambers, of Wattsview, P.O. Man., writes thus. — "After more than five years' experience in this country, I am satisfied that no other country in the world can approach the Canadian North-West as a field for agricultural productions. And to the man who is willing to rough it first and to roll up his sleeves and work for two or three years, it offers a comfortable independence in a very few years, with very little capital expenditure." G. R. Black, of Well wood, County Norfolk, Manitoba, says: — "This country is the best place for a man with a small capital to make a home that I have seen, and I have been through eight States of the United States, and I have seen nothing to compare to this Canadian North-West. I would advise settlers coming from Europe to bring nothing but clothes and bedding and light materials. I would say in explanation that I have raised as h'gh as 40 bushels of wheat and 'j^ of oats, but that is not the rule." H. Blacklock & Co., Printers, &c., 75, Farringdon Road, London, E.C.— (2034.) i^est needs Gibraltar, liffe, Kent may allow may allow 3 man cnn nd pluck. i to labour grumblers out here, fant to be untries." • > says : — th extras, esources. ■ to give »at I had fied. As mnot be a or the s one of nee of a of many All we Pariners' ban five orld can the man years, it iditure." y is the i I have 3 to this ling but aiscd as -■•*»