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 illustrent la mAthode, 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
THE FUTURE 
 
 jr 
 
 BKITISH AMERICA. 
 
 IMPUNDENCK ! HOW TO PREPARE FOR IT. 
 
 COHSOLIUATIOxX IS PREPARATION FOR A NEW NATION. 
 
 Confederation h Preparation for Annexation. 
 
 i .1 
 
 1 1 
 
 II, wmii.l aiiii":.!- tlial every motive lliat, has inaucc.l the union of various Provinces Into a single state 
 exists for the c./iisolidation of these Colonies itn ,kv u common ki/hlature and exeouhoe.—LoRD Durham.. 
 I nevcrlhelci's leave you with u'cry hope that the unily of all the, BruUh Provinces ^niU he a great 
 
 ' 1 think lliote legislators will at last come to the riRhl eoncluslon, and that unity and strength viU take. 
 thcnlnreofdiri^hmamt loea/cneas. This unity hears with greater weight upon flie defences of thoie vast 
 Olonica than it does on the commercial advantcgea, which arc in themselves ohvloua and most Important — 
 Sir W. F. Wii.i-iams. 
 
 The simple .lurslion to he determined is : ehall tCc constitution of the Upitod Provinces :of British America 
 h» forrned after the model afforded us by tlie constitution of the United Kingdoms or that of the 0nlted States? 
 
 FOR SALE BY 0. A. LiACKAS, TORONTO St., AND OTHER BOOKS ELLERS. 
 
 T O E O I^ T O : 
 1805. 
 
 .. "r 
 
 
 ^^,t-^— ^■« : 
 
CONFEDERATION A FAILURE. 
 
 CONSOLIDATION THE TRUE SCHEME. 
 
 CONHOMDATIOX AOAIXST (.'OSl'KDEUATION ; 'tTll'. MEIIITS OF EAf'II DiaCt'SSED ; A PLAN 
 I'UOI'OSKU ; I'PvACTR'AI, AND I'UAi:TU'AUI.E ; I'NION XECESSAllY AXO DEHIllAIil.K ; THE 
 IMI'EIUAr, (lOVEUNMENT AUIUTEH; EACH PUOVINC'E TO ADVOCATE ITS OWN VIEWS A3 
 TO details; ENliLiair (IOVEP.XMEXT to settle all DIFKEIIENCES; THE ONLY WAY 
 TO ESTAIILIHII UNION WITH ('OIlDlALrrY ; IIESILTR — ONE FLAG, ONE LEU [SLATIUE 
 ONE PEOPLE, ONE OOl'NTUY. 
 
 :leiter I.* 
 
 Con/cdcmliort a failure ; Union ikmamkd hi) the 
 people of all lite J'rovinccs ; a new Scheme ; 
 the Territon/ ; new names ; the Oovkiinment ; 
 Executive ; Cahinet and Privn Councillors ; 
 Seventeen members ; Local Executive De- 
 PAHTMENTS ; lucal Exectttice Departments of U. 
 C; THE LEOISLATURB ; llouse of Burons or U. 
 House ; Speaker, Chief liaron ; House of 
 Commons or House of the People ; the Judi- 
 ciary ; Court of Error and Appeal for all the 
 Provinces ,- Dignities of its Members; Local 
 Judician/ ; Superior Courts i/uaranteed to each 
 section ; Members front the liar of the section; 
 LboiSlation ; Local questions left loCommit tees 
 of each section ; Standing Committees ; Reli- 
 ijion ; Javcs and Institutions ; lAtnguagc ; 
 French and English ; Debts ; Jloto lo Equal- 
 ize Debts ; t otal Debts ; Debt 2>er head in var- 
 ious countries ; Public Propertij ; How is 
 Union to be accomplished ; Refer lo England 
 as Arbiter; Provincial Delegates as Advocates ; 
 Machincnj for making, administering and exe- 
 cuting laws all that is required ; Respect to 
 BriHsh connection ; Grand results. 
 
 Sib, — Now tbat OoDfedeiatlon bos proverl 
 amlBernblefnilnre, it !s Impoitsnt tolok 
 sboat and provide h scheme to meat tl » de. 
 mands of England upon tbeco cnlcnief, acd 
 at the same time answer tlie i< qalrementa of 
 
 * Tho following letters wore addressed to tlu- 
 " Leader" over the signature of " Paul I. Tickle" 
 and were published in that newspaper. Some hav- 
 ing deemed thera of sufficient importance to bo pre- 
 sented in pumphlet form, they are now produced in 
 that way. The first was dated tho 20th day of 
 Maroh, 1865. The same views wore communicated 
 to the same paper at the commencement of the dis- 
 cussion on Confederation in the Spring of 1864. It 
 is to be hoped the principles enunciated will even- 
 tually And expression in the now constitution. 
 There cannot bo prosperity without good govern- 
 ment, and there cannot be good government with- 
 out a good system or constitution. The constitu- 
 tion is tho fountain, all else flows from it. 
 
 the people cf BtitiBta North America. I 
 btiliDve if a vote were takcm to-morrow, 
 on the qiiHBtioQ <,f union^ wtusther it was 
 deelrable or not, nine-tenthH of the wholo 
 population would vote for it, while I beliova 
 at ths ennie time, tbat if tho Quebec resoln- 
 tlocri w( ve flnbmltted to the people every- 
 wh'.te as a baale of union, at least fonr'tifths 
 of the votes would be against them. I 
 then f jro propoRe a scheme whereby ml 
 confllctlag intureats can bo settled, bu>i a 
 union basftd on the mo>:t satisftictory uud 
 enduring piiaclples tecognlz<!d in free gov- 
 ernments, can be secnrvd. It iu no uee opp<:8- 
 ing one eoheme and rejsctlng it as nnfit for its 
 avowed object nnlees a better c 'D bo priseoted 
 in Us place 
 
 I would consolidatt^ the people ot these 
 provinces, on the following plan : 
 
 Tna TBBBITOBT. 
 
 iKt. All British North AmarioD, compose j o 
 tho followlu^ provltces :— 
 L Newfonndland. 
 
 2. NovaScotI*. 
 
 3. New Brnnnwick. 
 
 4. Prince £dwaid Island. 
 Lower Canada. 
 Upper Canada, 
 Bed Blver Settlement. 
 British Columbia, 
 Vancouver Island. 
 
 And in course of time, 
 
 9. Hudson Bfy Territory. 
 
 2. All to bo named. Carada. 
 
 3. The Capital to be Ottawa. 
 
 TH> BZECUTIVB. 
 
 4 Her Majesty the Qneen, 
 
 5. Her representative, Viceroy or Governor, 
 
 6, Her Canadian Cabirit. 
 
 1. Attorney General. 
 
 2. Solicitor General, 
 
 3. Postmaster General. 
 
 1. Cabctla. 
 
 2. Aoadla. 
 
 3. Bebastla. 
 
 4. Laurentia 
 
 6. CartleilA. 
 6 Canadia, 
 
 7. Aeslnlbola. 
 
 8. Colombia. 
 
 9. Borella, 
 
 / 
 
I'UTi'ui': OK i;uri!:iii ami;kica. 
 
 4. HuurutatyOeueinl. 
 
 G. Minlettr of Fluhtco. 
 
 G, MinlHtor of Utown LtiiMit. 
 
 7. MlulHtur of i'ub!i3 Wovks. 
 
 8. Uiutator of Mllltla, 
 
 U. Mlulatur of Agrlcultiirc. 
 rnivv oou»oii-LonB. 
 
 10. M!n. (>f Dapattnitnta fur OiboHa, 
 
 11. dc do Aoik'lla. 
 12 (".o i!o H'b'ui.tln. 
 13, do Co Iiiuri'Utla, 
 14 do t'o U.rvltulrt. 
 15. do do 'i.iMivJIa. 
 IG, do dot A'HiDlhoia 
 17. do (Jo C.luriibltt. 
 
 7. All of whom— tho Bovt)nt..ca — would 
 form the ministry of the day, and would go In 
 or oat with the onbinot. All of whom nb^nld 
 ba mombers of parlinmont. The mitiirttorH 
 of departmonta to bo appointed fr m <ht> a<3c- 
 toon for which they aro miniatera rut'pective- 
 ly, and reside in the cnpUal of tbo ucoMqm. 
 They woold attond cabinet nMit.tlr.grt when 
 sammoned,— and attend riirlianvi^rH r • othoi 
 mlnistera, to give inforniatlon nii<i c-iku part 
 u other mombers and mlniHtrra, 
 
 8. To illnstrato this gyatem tii! <i, f.n- In- 
 stance, Canadia (U. C.)i Tcroiito ti"« scat cf 
 the local departmonta. 
 
 1, Minister of Dtipnrtmciit?. 
 
 2, Department of Law. 
 
 3. 
 4. 
 6. 
 6. 
 1. 
 8. 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 Fluanoo. 
 Public woik^. 
 Orown land!". 
 Agrlcultnro. 
 Post cffico. 
 Militia. 
 
 9. All ministers, of both HonaeH, during of- 
 fice, and the Speaker of the Common ir-, to be 
 ■lyled, " The lilght Honorubl<\" 
 
 THE LEGISLATDBB. 
 
 TBI nODSB or BARONS.* 
 
 10. To be composed cf all tho lif i mem- 
 bers of the present Legls'.ntlvo Connci'n of all 
 the seotlona, and such otheis aa t'e Crown 
 might select, 
 
 11. To be called to tho Honeo ^i Bfwoift 
 for life, with the title of "Barou of Jirsa-ltt." 
 
 * " Tho distinction of rank and honor is ncccs- 
 ary in every well Rovcrncd Ftato, in order to re- 
 ward such as aro eminent for their services to tho 
 public, in a manner tho mo.st dcsirablo to indi- 
 viduals, and yet without burdons to Uio commu- 
 nity; exciting thcroLy an ambitious y<-t laudalilo 
 ardor, and generous cjnulatiou in "otlicr.s ; and 
 emulation or virtuou? ambition is a .<i)ring of 
 action which however dangerous, or invidious in 
 a nioro republic, or under n dcpolic sway, will 
 certainly bo attended with good cfi'ccts under a 
 froo monarchy, where, without destroying its cs- 
 istcuco, its exorcise may bo continually restrained 
 by that superior power from wliicli all honor is 
 derived. Such a spirit, when naii(.nally dilTased, 
 gives life and vigor to tho community ; it sets all 
 tho wheels of government in motion, wliieli, un- 
 der a wise regulation, may bo directed to any 
 beneficial purpose ; and thereby every individual 
 may bo made subservient to tlio public good, 
 while ho principally means to promote his own 
 particular vi(im,"—Blaci;sio!ic. 
 
 12 T<i be iiollmittid lu nuidbev, TLo 
 Hpeat-ui U> bo B»y!ed "Tho Chbf B«ron of 
 Canada." 
 
 TIIV HODBB or C01IMON8. 
 
 13. Tlio uombero to bo elected ly the pdu- 
 plu, iinlho baeis cf one to bVory 20,000 in- 
 habitantij at prt'seut, an>1 ii'itU auionded or 
 altered by tho OonsoliJatiMl LogisKtnto. 
 
 14. To bo oleoted for tlvii ycara, 
 
 15. 'i\i a.<>i«itnble nt J'jAtit onco u year lu 
 L'«rllami;ut at Ottawa. 
 
 IC. To bo etyloii, while mumlMittf, " Tho 
 lJotor9li!tj " 
 
 LKIISLATION. 
 
 17. T) bo condnctod on the same piinciplof i 
 as AH.tr HH may be an in England. 
 
 18. 'i'o add to thu nstial atandloi^ commit- 
 tees of tbo Commona at thn nnmmvuci mentof 
 each seseion, a standing committee of aU the 
 m- rabor.4 of each erciiou. 
 
 19. To paea rettolutiona at the commeuce- 
 inent of each aeaaion setting forth snch qnea- 
 tlonaaa ahall daring the session bo cousid- 
 otod "local." 
 
 20. No local qnoetlon to bo ccnaldored by 
 elttier Houoe, » xoept to bo referred to the 
 commlttoe of tho Sfction to be ailticted, nn!eca 
 it is reported to the House by a majority of 
 the committee of the aection Inturuated, when 
 it may bo appri'/T< d or nj acted by the House ; 
 If rejected, It abnll ngaln take tho nsaal coarse 
 Q.i a new aubjoct, 
 
 21. No bill o; roHoiution relatiug toa local 
 matter, rejected by tho locnl committee shall 
 be paaaod by eit'aur Houtio, 
 
 Tni JODIOIART. 
 
 22. A Court of Final Appcul to ba estab- 
 lished at Ottavra. 
 
 23. To be composed of at leaat eleven 
 membera. 
 
 24. To nboliah all other oonrta of appeal 
 from the Haperlor courts. 
 
 25. To alt at least six months of the year. 
 
 26. To bo atylt'd "Tho Court of Error and 
 Appeal for Oanhda." 
 
 27. The president to bo styled "Tho Lord 
 P.widett oftho Court of Error and Appe<ii." 
 
 28. "i'ih! prbKl'l' I'.t to be feummuued with th<j 
 title of B\ro/ji'f-— and the othtr racmb^ra 
 with tho tltlo Pt Ktilj; bt, and to be ho1> cted lu 
 
 every cai 
 Oontts. 
 
 fio3) >;u Judg<8 '. f ftiu Bujiotioc 
 
 TUB L CAL JODICIARY. 
 
 29. Tuo local jndlciery In i-ach aection to 
 rcnittintu It la, »» to itd mtmV'ors ja.lBdlc- 
 t'.on, lighls and pilviU'geti, 
 
 30. E'jch iiLctlon to bavo beparato Hopmior 
 Cjutta guarantiHd t> it. The memt'erotu bo 
 .1 'octet! froD' f' obav of tlio sectiou iBtATetst- 
 0.:. 
 
 BBLIGION. 
 
 31. Nolegi.il;Uona8 to rolvioT>, Hherfor 
 or an»li.i()t. Th.) prlrcii-lcH of rol in^lo;-, i»a 
 recognlac"! in i.'se BiUIbi' >ij!i>!'( , Jo 0'^ <.»u. 
 I'otccd. AUfrt^.dom cf cnpR- I'-nu? • .iti-.i laorti-rt 
 <)* woif-biu »!lort-i?d ciUiJl'.i- n* <lt.!> ihc- dt.vH 
 uf th J f>pplr<\ relating ij II in, ubo.-iy, aud 
 pio-.ivrtj, 
 
FllTUUli: CF P.RITI ,11 AMKP.KIA. 
 
 hkVH AMD IHHTITDTIOBH 
 
 33. The Uwi) and InRtl'utlonn to r( mala w 
 they are in eiich Rontlon until alton d by tho 
 oonioltdatuci legluiatnro. 
 
 LINOUAOR 
 
 33. The Engliah only to bo tbo hinnni^o of 
 the oODBOlldatod legl latniu in Itn pnblio ro- 
 oorda or bills. Of courno any p iruon muy 
 speak In any langasgo he pleasep. 
 
 34. The English and Fconch lan^^nagu inf>y 
 be used In Loirer Oanada as at prceoat— in 
 the ooQits and otherwieo. 
 
 35. A llmitod nnnibor of all actd of Parlin- 
 ment at tbo close of thu HosBion to bo printuc! 
 In French for tho nso of Lowor Canadians, lu 
 the dlHorotlon of tho Leglalatnro. 
 
 DIBTB. 
 
 36. Oonsolldatn all tho Pabllc Debts of ail 
 the PrOTlnoea and give new conoolidated de- 
 benture ' at an interoat not greater than five 
 per oeui half yearly. 
 
 37. Eqaall/.3 thd debt per bcal of all tbo 
 Provinces on tho following princlplu :— 1 
 Illustrate by tho actual figutfa leaving oS 
 cents, based on the debts of tho five PfOvlnroB 
 
 Debt per head Canada $20 
 
 Do Prince Edward laloL'd. 2 
 
 Do New Bmnswick 20 
 
 Do Nova Sootia 14 
 
 Do Newfoundland 7 
 
 To make Princo Edward Island rqanl to 
 Canada and New Brunswick in debt it Bhonld 
 have spent In its Public Wo/ks cr otherwise 
 $18 per head more than it has. Tho popula- 
 tion of Prince Edward iBland Is, eay 81,000 
 moltlpUed by $18 make $1,468,000 to crodic 
 of Pabllo Works in Prince Edward Island 
 which the Consolidated Legislature will owe 
 and disburse as It beoomos nececeary In that 
 section. 
 
 Nova Scotia's debt Is less by $6 a head 
 than Canada, and Its population is say 231,000, 
 equal to $1,986,000. 
 
 Newfoundland's Is lees by $13 the head. 
 Population 120,000, equal to $1,690,000, 
 
 The aoconnts would then stand at tho com- 
 menceut of the Mew Constitution as follows : 
 To credit of Public Works in New- 
 foundland % $1,600,000 
 
 Nova Scotia 1,086,000 
 
 Prince E. Island 1,458,000 
 
 
 Dae by consolidation $5,134,000 
 
 In addition to tho whole debt as it 
 at present exists of the Provinces 72,036,000 
 
 Consolidated debt $77,179,000 
 
 Kot Inclnding Asslnlbola and Colambia. 
 Popalatlon of the whole say a little less than 
 4,000,000, would just leavo tho dobt por head 
 of the popalatlon $20. 
 
 The Interest on that sum say $78,000,000 
 at five per cent, $3,900,000. 
 Ordinary annual expenditure.... $13,000,000 
 
 Inoladlng the Interest on Pabllo 
 
 Debts. 
 Or $3 26 per head— 
 
 Annnal tax per head— Urjltod Blaton. ,$18 
 
 " Ureat Britain. 11 
 
 " Kranco U 72 
 
 " AUbttla 4 25 
 
 •' PruflBla (J BO 
 
 " (loTmany 4 83 
 
 " Ilu«Bla ....... 3 61 
 
 " ifolland 12 15 
 
 '• BuJgium G 08 
 
 '< Crtuadn a 26 
 
 PCnLIO PBOPIUTY. 
 
 .11. All publlo propoity in tivory section to 
 bi lonf( to the couBuUdatlon. 
 
 now IS ALL TPiIB TO 1:1 ACCOMPUBHHO. 
 
 'M. I would nccomnlluiiall this by a simple 
 b'!t cfl'tictnnl pirorefs, Each province (after 
 n general clectlou tboreln ou tho subject) by 
 It) roprcstntatlveu to: 1, rdHolvu that union 
 It! ticuUabio aud nucess&iy ; 2, Thou to draft 
 rc't-olntlous to bo submitted to the Imperial 
 govornnicut from every province stating Its 
 own viuwd aa to thu roanaur the onion Is to 
 bii Lcongbt about and iho dotails connected 
 witn It, with all tho Infotniatlou they may 
 chootiu to coni^oLt with their resolutions ; and 
 for tills pnrpouo the membors from Upper and 
 Lower Canada rospo.tlvoly, once the united 
 li'frielatmo adirm tho prluclplo ofonlon, shall 
 b-j a com nitteo, 
 
 40. jT/u Inq/erial ffoiernmenl to act <u or- 
 hitfr in reconciling the conjUcta of sectiont 
 and determine the JaiuTe cotntitution of the 
 countri/ To pnao an act of the Imperial 
 p»rllatnont, sottling for the tirst consolidated 
 liv;{liilatnre, lu tboso eoctlous requiring additi- 
 ocial reprccontatlon tbo now counties for that 
 pnrpoeo— subject aa to this point to be alter- 
 ei or modfiiod as tho couiiolldated legislature 
 nny tifterwarda enact, and to establish In 
 (itncr respects tho conBtltutlon and the noces- 
 PRry machinery to work it oct. 
 
 41. The great principle to bo observd In 
 /ruling the constitntiou Is, to establish by 
 Imperial otiactment no more than is absolute- 
 ly uecoBsary to gl'/o the country an executive, 
 a loglalaturo and a judiciary, or </(« machi- 
 uiry necessary to mike, administtr, and execute 
 invs, and let tho rest bo wrought out by In- 
 turnnl management. 
 
 42. The questions of dofonoe— of atmy and 
 navy— of railroads- -of navigation— of tariffs 
 •~of Eopnruta schools— and of all other sub- 
 jjclH of legislation to be left to the consoli- 
 dated I(<c;i8laturo and government. 
 
 43. This would reconcile diSerenceo better 
 than any other moHo ; it would accomplish 
 union quicker and moro satiBfactorily than 
 C'jy other mode. It would be paying a pro- 
 pter respect to BrltUh coimection. It would 
 give ua a constitution as near aa possible a 
 connterpart of the British constitution. It 
 would guarar.teo all tho peculiar rights and 
 privileges of tho sections. It would afford a 
 free scope fjr responsible and representative 
 government, It would give us the full pro- 
 tfiction of tho flag " thot for a thousand 
 years has braved the battle and the breeae." 
 It would in few words make, «One legisla- 
 ture, one peoplo, and one country." 
 
 Union is strength, 
 
FUTtTRE OF immSII AMERICA. 
 
 LETTEH TT. 
 
 C0X.1l)t,!l)ATIl)N ; ITH ADNANTAflKH IN COMI'AnigON 
 WITH (JllNtKKBUATION ; 7'(ll(liliei/ i;t tllf J'rnV- 
 
 iiii'i.H In ('uHKiiliiiittiiiii ; Ciiiifijlidiiliiiii in I'. ('. 
 mid //,(',; Miiiilimr J'loi'iucis iliiiiriiii/ il ; 
 /Imr/riiiilnlliil in llnir ihnit/ii.i ; Oii/innitinn ^> 
 i 'null di lilt inn ; H'mlirn J'rin'iunn ilinirc ('mi- 
 Kill iilitl inn ; J'uliliciif idlinilidii ; ('oiiniiHiln- 
 lion Kiiiii>li' ; Oni' (tovirniin iil dn lh>- irnrk i;l 
 nine; CcnjUrlii o/ mcliunt avnidid ; J'tirlim ; 
 Local Jhiiiirtiiii iiIk ; l-Uli:nl id rminlrii ; J'lili- 
 lif liiiKiniKii ; Mininlirs ; Would I,- i/enenil/ii 
 lidofdiil ; I'nion uil/t F.nijlnnd ; Niw nanun ; 
 7'il/iK 0/ nnbitihi ; Oldili ralion 0/ old (iovern- 
 iiii'iitu ; T/ii: nliole cminlri/ ivniila I'niun in 
 Jitcl, lint md in mime merilii ; The peojde 
 stui/yinh ; Mimt in' wnkid ii/i. 
 
 Sir,— There aro aonio advocatos of oonfucf- 1 
 entlon who Hpe«k ot It as the culy mode of 
 anion that can iioBslbly bo ailopted, and this ' 
 too In thn faco <>f tbu moil palpable factp, i 
 tome of whii h I wDl state :— 
 
 1. The tendducy ot the whole piovluucs Id j 
 to oonHoll()a-ioa nnd not to confederatioD, | 
 
 2. Wo hrtvo tJf couKoUdatlou of Upper 
 and liOwtir G*nnd» In prnctloal operation. 
 
 3. Wo hi»v- l.r«fl tbo luwiT or marilimo 
 pT0vln';«H iilr(ictlui< d()li(i'»t<8 to fo'm a 
 iKfilslativn na'o», or to <;( iifloiirtati their gov- 1 
 t'rbUieu'H. 
 
 4. riiirt iifil'iij, b> co'iiolldatloii, would 
 tiav , »jo coH' f, I" e». hroiifibt aliout. If It 
 hd'i ot b<!c.n for t: h lutrodnctlou o( au 
 ittiputrtvo h>%)id Ir.to Ui<!i mausgumuut of 
 t'i\n^,« In Crtuada; .vhlch pnclpltatcd a 
 nirnti witbont reflautlun and withont r«gatd < 
 t. re«iilts. I 
 
 5 TboBo rinlegatfs went upon the invita- 
 tion of the Canadian de egatea Into consnlta- : 
 tuiu about a confederation InHtf-nd of a con- 
 8ol|(latlou, and havlnjir reported their ilTnts | 
 In that diructiou, their cunstitaents report 
 <h'muufit for fnrtUer duty and tarn them' 
 abont iht4r own bmincs? \ 
 
 G If the niMvUlma provinces had been I 
 cnnroIidHted it wonid have only required bnt ' 
 one itrji fuiilmr, and the whole wonld have 
 been con-:olldatdd. 
 
 7. Since the dlBouHslon upon confedera- ! 
 tiou commenced, Lower Oanada has pre- i 
 nonted a fatrong uppo&ition to the acLcme. \ 
 
 8. If there were an dec ion In Upper ! 
 Oinada, In which this question wonld be ! 
 presented to the paople, nine-tenths of the ' 
 people of Upper Oanada wonld vote for ■ 
 consolidation instead of confoderatioo. , 
 
 9. The colonies to the west— Yanconvei's 
 Island acd Columbia— alsv. desire consolida- { 
 tlon and not cccfedetatlon, and I am qnite 
 «are Asslnibola would also vota tho same 
 way. 
 
 10 The poIitl(;.':>l education of all tbo 
 pimpk^ of British Arai-rica is for consoUda- 
 tl"n and against con fed (^ration, and It la no 
 wonder that the people, wherever confed- 
 eration has been feirly enbmltted to them, 
 .reject it. 
 
 II, Conqolldallon Is th** nearest counter* 
 pnrt ul the (iritiah ..(mHtltuTloii that can te 
 foimuti on th*H cont'i:o'it, Knit It oronid there- 
 fore bt) favorably re iitviwi bv ih" penple 
 
 13 •rte lesaoDR wbUh lb ' lliitlah ccnstU 
 tutloii b«H <HUght lb" world shoald not be 
 lo<it U()cn UK Its I nduinnor, tt^ flaslblitty, 
 its adaptability to II Itw-abliliK and un- 
 llgbti-nt i] people — ItH adapttblHty to the 
 oommerrial, euterpiUInK and (;lvlllBing spirit 
 of a freo poople — Its p wor, ita wiadom, its 
 goodiioK.i, sbnnid bn all adoptt-d as far as 
 possible ; ai)d consolidation adopta theae 
 
 13, It Ik eiraplu and eoonomtoal, and con- 
 Bcqauntly very desirable. 
 
 14 11 makti ont Itgitlaturt do ikt work 12/ 
 nine; and that one would do It better and 
 more to tlui advantage of the whole of British 
 AmnvlcB, than the nine would. 
 
 15, The BubJHcts for legislation are the 
 same In all the aectloua; there la not one 
 solitary subject of legislation that can be said 
 to be )ieculiar to one srotlon. 
 
 16 It would save the eorflicU of siclioni, 
 than which theie la nothing worse In any 
 civilized country. 
 
 17 There would necasuarlly be parties In 
 
 * " Herein, indood, consist*! tho true uxcollcncu 
 <if tho English govuiinmont, that all tho parts uf it 
 I'urm a mutual chock upon each utlior. In tho 
 legislaturn tho pooplo nro a ohook upon tho nobil- 
 ity, and tho nobility a check upon tho people, by 
 tho mutual privilege of rejecting what tho other 
 has resolved ; while tho King is a chock upon both, 
 which prcForvcH tlio exeeutivo power iVom cn- 
 croachinonts. And this very uxocutivo power is 
 nj^ain checked and kept within duo bounds by tho 
 two houses, throu(;h tho privilege they have of 
 inquiring into, iinpoaohing, and imnishlng thu 
 conduct (not indeed of tho King, which -vouTd do- 
 ftroy his constitutional indopendonco, but which 
 13 uioro bonoflcial to tho public) of his evil and 
 pernicious counsellors, llien every branch of 
 uiir civd polity supports, and is supported, regu- 
 lates and is regulated by tho rest ; for tho two 
 houses naturally drawing in two directions of op- 
 pu.sito interest, and tho prerogative in another 
 xtill dilTerent from thorn both, they mutuallv keep 
 each other from exceeding thoir proper limits ; 
 while tho whole is prevented from separation and 
 artiGcially connected together by tho mixed na- 
 ture of tho crown, which is a part of tho logisla- 
 turo, and tho solo executive magistrate. Like 
 (lirco distinct powers in mechanics, they jointly 
 impel tbo machino of governmoni iu a direction 
 diflcrent from what either acting by itself would 
 have done ; but at tho same time in a direction 
 ]iartakiiig of oach and formed out of all ; a direc- 
 tion which constitutes tho true lino of tho liberty 
 and happiness of tho community." — Ulackstonc. 
 
 Tho same idea has been represented in othe' 
 wonls. The Executive represents tho power, tho 
 Lords tho wisdom, and tho Commons tho goodness 
 of tho nation. Hero wo have power, wisdom and 
 goodness, tho constitutional elements of tho govern- 
 ment. What goodness prompts to bo done as 
 necessary for tho welfare of the nation, wisdom di- 
 rects and regulates, and what both dotermino 
 should bo done, tho power executes. One or tho 
 other (if theso elements aro sure to be counteracted 
 in govornmcnts constructed on tho Federal or Con- 
 federate principle. Tho principle of imperinm '^i 
 imperio cannot bo tolerated without destruction to 
 tho government that allows it. 
 
ITTriM'; OK nRITIfill amicuua. 
 
 ihe Htktn; Im*' thn Dilx'n » of iTti'inH woul I 
 bt> to nompluto thnt BKnl'inrtllrCi «(iuld hn 
 loft In tho (tre^t wholo, siid itiulMntt'x ^lArty 
 wAifarn wonid tudx Kg pi'ioc, atut \<ti(y wfsr- 
 f«r« banod on ^rrtkt prlDr||ilt"i with rt^nril t'> 
 thw oondnct of (jf'Vo'Dnumf, li mw m, ftrdi-d 
 M bealthfal (»n<1 n(i('«'n«ftr) In « frort cdiiutry 
 
 18 Thn fyHtoni of '*l(ctl d<'|>4rlin>)nt« 
 woDld briag to tbu door of t^very luiin the pub- 
 llotATTanti, by wbom tbu public work in dono, 
 with ooapaiKtlvely no oxp(ina«<, »ud with 
 K'eat advantage to thn pnbllu Burvlco. 
 
 19. It nupota tb > dftlicQliy arintcg from the 
 great exltnl of country xo be united, and faollU 
 Utei the tranaaotiou of the public basinimfl 
 
 30, The *' local dep«rtmMntb" would expe- 
 dite the transaction of public buRlncefl lin> 
 mensely. Thia gystem won*d not matorially 
 inoreaae the expense, and the dlvl«lon of la- 
 bor would work eo anccHOBfnIly tha the pub- 
 lic would wIlHnKly pry any add'.tloual expenao 
 it might entail upon tho country in the con- 
 dact of public atlaira, btfiideathe local capltala 
 oonld well diopenae with the local leKlslnturua 
 to hare continued in each capttal tho aana- 
 action t^ all the jmblie buiineii of the section 
 Instead of a part, aa It would be In confude a- 
 tln. 
 
 21. It would relloTB cabinet miniittt-rs of a 
 great deal of details and loutlno which nLonld 
 never be caat upon tho Icadrra of partlas and 
 the directors of leglBltMoa for a largo coun- 
 try. Ooasolldatlon would tend to the conaol- 
 Idatlon kad nsiformlfy of laws and inatlta- 
 tionf, promote a unity of sentiment among 
 the people, a love of tho whole country, a 
 larger view of I'aty and a wider scope for 
 talent and energy, a loftier ambition In public 
 men, an elevating character to politlcEi, and a 
 higher charaoter to our country in the face 
 of the world. 
 
 23. 1(8 adoption would be olmost general, 
 beoanse the mode suggested la unaasAilable 
 While we are under the protection of Keg- 
 land, and form a portion ct the Kmpire, tbo 
 Imperial government should at least have totiU' 
 thing to lay in tlie formation of our eomtilution, 
 and what it hat given in the way of eotutitutions 
 she only can take a-.eay and supply a new one in 
 their place. 
 
 24. The provinces could each ndvocate 
 their own views by deU gitlons to England, 
 the same as they now propose to do, 
 
 25. It wonid, in the most expreaslve man- 
 ner, evince onr attachment to the crown, at 
 the same time It would meet the expectations 
 of the English pnblio and allay the unneces- 
 sary irritation which an atte^'>)t. to Htjttle 
 onr own difficulties would Inevitably create, 
 and whiob, to some extent, hae been creat<<d 
 by the Injadiclons saggestious of evil omn- 
 ■ela. 
 
 26. It would strengthen the anion with 
 England, create a new tie of consideration, 
 and deatroy all the hopes of the advocates of 
 throwing off the oolonies In England, while 
 It wonid eBtabliah onr destiny either aa a part 
 of the ompire, or aa an Independent people, 
 with England's alliance. 
 
 '.!7. With r«fp«ct to tbo new n«mt,( to txrrl- 
 to.'ttif, I tliltik new nitnics are required. What 
 thoy nhiiiild In U aoother matter Tncao 
 angiie»t d ure no lUKgLated for up' ctal rtiaiioDS 
 %n vidll au uniformity, and to o''Ut«iate old 
 laud ninrkM, Canada la nudonbledly the 
 prrp< r na'uo for the whole, u It la so gonir. 
 ally nrr.(i In foreign countries for the whole 
 at |i cHntt, 
 
 'i8 TItl B are also angguHtid aa eminently 
 neonarary, for If tboy are not legalised they 
 will at nil xvnnts bo nR<^d, aa tbey are with 
 our republican Lclgtabota, notwitbatanding 
 their aifectatiou la deapiilng them There Is 
 no conntiy In thn world so full of titles as 
 the Untttd ci.oa, and where tho people arj 
 CO bixbly flattered by auunds. 
 
 29 What we w jt Is almply the oblltera- 
 ttoa of tho proseov governtnint) and Itglsla- 
 tnrea, and the establUbment of a power 
 icquUlte to the malting, administering and 
 executing laws, and leave tho reat to tho peo- 
 ple and their repruauntatives 
 
 30. In Une, wo want ualon. The whole 
 people wants union, not veottonallim Wo 
 w.«nt consolidation, nut (llBlotegration We 
 want one country, one p opie, one legblatarp, 
 oni) fltg ; and not eight peoples, eight oonn- 
 trie?, nine leglalaturef, and, ev< ntrally,seven 
 years of olvll war, and eight petty eountriea 
 fighting and warring with each other to onr 
 common decay ,deeolation and ruin, a by-word 
 to tho world and a hlaaing among the nations 
 aa a people who were slow to perceive the 
 lessons of history, the warnings of tbo p«at, 
 the admonitions of the present and the de> 
 manda of the future ; and too sluggish to 
 awake to our own interests and to wteat from 
 corrupt politicians the present fair fame and 
 fatnre gloty of onr common conntry. 
 
 LETTER III. 
 
 Objkctions to Confideratiok ; its disadtan- 
 tai'.gs ; confbdbration would namaob oiib 
 cocNTnY ; Contrary to tha views of the jieople ; 
 A I'linkee scheme ; Anti-British ; Local Legis- 
 laUcrcs ji'ilhout Legislative powers ; Cumbrous ; 
 Two Federal Heads ; Eight local Legislatures 
 and two superior powers ; Hundreds inferior 
 unnecessary ; Conflicts in Jjcgislation ; Sectioti- 
 alism legalised; No legislation on Separate 
 Schools ; Constitutional Despotism ; Cause o/ 
 civil war ; Omnipotenee of Parliament the 
 only safety ; Nine fjeyislatures to do the work 
 of one ; Defence ; Emigration and increase of 
 capital retarded by Confederation ; Taxa- 
 tion ; All kinds ; Will destroy the country ; 
 Corrupt coalitions; Discord; Elements of 
 destruction; Confederation must be resisted; 
 Those who press it on the people without their 
 consent to be driven into political obscurity. 
 
 Sib,— I have no donbt whatever that o«ii- 
 federatlon would be most damaging to the 
 IntereBts of this country. It is a moat objec- 
 tionable scheme, look at It flrom whatever 
 point of view yon may, It la utterly 
 
8 
 
 KUTL'KK (>V ItUITISIl AMKKICA. 
 
 nninlted to the wknti of tbe people of 
 Britlib Amtiloa, anil I give tbe followloK 
 reuoDi for M Miertlng :— 
 
 1 . Thn tyiitam In cnntrnry to tbo vIewH and 
 ideM of tbtt pnopln of this conotry with ro- 
 ■peot to gOTornmunt 
 
 a It U contiarjr to the tlrat pilnclplui 
 of gOTernmont, ao taagbt to vvury Btltlab 
 oblld. 
 
 3. It li eHaoDllally Yankoo, of Yankee 
 olglo, and I am not anre that It Ih not 
 pretaed more by Yankee iDlluono) than Brl- 
 tlali, witb a view to annexation to tbo Unltod 
 Hlalea; and late eventa wonld aeem to inul- 
 oate that the Impnialye hand In confederation 
 h«« not fully aooomplUbiid Itn work ; bnt It 
 may have abowu Ita true character too aoon 
 
 fl 1000088. 
 
 4. It haa ioaroely a Britlah Idea In It. The 
 Brlttah olenent wnnid be loat In tbls mongrel 
 aoheme of monarchy nnd lepablloanlim. 
 
 6. Thr, anb«t«ntlal point of the achbmo Ih 
 tbe local leglalatnroa withont loglalatlvo 
 poweri, an anomaly tbe moat aliaurd and 
 contemptible. * 
 
 6. The Bcheme la moat cambrona and com- 
 plicated— 
 
 1. In having already a federal head, 
 or what la bettor, an Imperial 
 head In Great Britain. 
 
 3. In making another federal head In 
 Btltlih America, enboidlnate t<> 
 the flrat; and withont anything 
 to do aa long aa we have the flrat, 
 
 3. In having eight local leglalatarea, 
 
 with limited leglalatlve powera, 
 to be ezerdaed with dne anbordl- 
 natlon to two anperlor powera. 
 
 4. In oontlnning, at the same time, 
 
 mnololpal, oonnty, township and 
 Bohool governments. 
 
 B. In dividing the antjects of legisla- 
 tion In anoh a manner thai aotnn 
 Rnbjxctfl (.an be legislated npou 
 by all, otbpr Knbjncta only by one 
 <<r two of thtHto powera and thrlr 
 acta liable to bo rondored nugatory 
 by a oaperlor power, and prevent- 
 ing legtalatlon at all, on some of I 
 the moat Important and vital j 
 of all enbjaota by aay one of| 
 the legialatnrei, general or mnnl- 
 olpal. 
 
 7. The legallalng and perpetuation of 
 aootiona and aeolionallam, which will even- 
 tnally produce their legitimate fralta— olvll 
 war and Ita oinal oonaequenoes. 
 
 8. One of the moat objectionable featnres of 
 tr Is most ofcjeotlonable scheme, Is that one 
 brad of Ignorant pi lests and corrupt polltl- 
 olans— the mthdrmoalfrom ItgulationMogethtr 
 of leparatt tehooU ; just as If this generation 
 were ao excessively wise they can tell what 
 fntnre generations may require ; what In fact 
 sb«'l be beat ftor them, and what they moBt 
 •Birialt to whether they like it or not. 
 
 9. 'Another oljection la the dttfothtn of a 
 wriltun roDslltnton exhibited In tbls and 
 otbnr leatntHS of tb« auhcme ; which never 
 will, and never can bo, tolerated In a fiee 
 country, with a fno pruiia, froe dUouaalon, 
 and theototlcally at leaat free leKUIatlon, 
 encroK(!hmonts will be mtde and thoio lu- 
 tortJHtud will atand on tlit. aide of tbo dor- 
 potlam of the Ronttltnticn aKnlniit tbe free- 
 dom of tbe populac<>, and oouaiquently a 
 oonfl'ct muat Inevitably take place This, 
 to my mind, Is tbe real cause of the war 
 In the United Htatea— ^oUiitltntlonal dun- 
 potlam In a free country— and thiH do«pot- 
 l«m of the conatltutlon la Jnat the revorae of 
 the Britldh conatlmtion. Tbe greatest ad- 
 vantage o( the Britlah constitution Ir what In 
 aometlmns termed it$ flfxibilitg, but which Is 
 In fact nothing more nor Ions tlisn the omni- 
 pottnee oj Parliament ovur all subjects of legis- 
 lation which can aifect the InteroMts of tbo 
 maaaea at any time. 
 
 10. '' ho oHtabllBhiaont of nine logiRlatoreii 
 to do tbo work of one, with all tbe expeneus 
 ofoHloers, of leglalatord, and general maln- 
 tenanoo. Is a anrlonn matter foi the taxpayer 
 to contem late. That in fact a people net 
 much greater in number than London, Kng- 
 Imd, ahould require so many legislatures and 
 governments la a most palpable burlesque ca 
 government and legislation, and would Indi- 
 cate that wo were no better than so many 
 Bkvage tribes. 
 
 11. Tbo qnoHtloc of deftnco is not Improvod 
 by oonftidoratlou. We are I many points c I' 
 view bettter cfT now than we wonld b < with 
 confaderation ; oonaolldatlon can ( i ly glvn 
 us that unity of powtr and coutrol <U\t CMt 
 mahe the foicjB of tb» country iflVvtlvelu 
 cose of Invasion or war. 
 
 12. It wonld with utiortlnK certainty pro- 
 vent the verv thing which its advocat»«i t^lalm 
 fcr it— increase of Immigration and capital, 
 
 * " The power unJ juriadiction of PrirlinmiTit, 
 siiyfl Sir MdwnrJ ' t'oko, ia bo ♦rnnscondont ami 
 alisuluto that it cannot bo conQnud oitlior Tor 
 caiisos or persons within any lioundH. It lia.^ 
 sovorclgu und uncontrollablo authority in tho 
 ulal^in(;, confirming, enlarging;, rcHtraining, abro- 
 gating, ropualing, reviving and expounding of 
 lawti, conoorning mattora of all po.sBiblo denomin- 
 ations, occlosiaxtical or temporal, civil, military, 
 maritimo or criminal ; this being tho placo 
 wboro that despotic power which must in all gov- 
 omracnU rosido somcwhore, is entrusted by tho 
 constitution of these Kingdoms. All mischief!) 
 and grievances, o^orations and remedies, that 
 transcend tho ordinarv course of tho law aro 
 within tho roach of tuis extraordinary tribunal. 
 It con rogulato or now model tho succession to 
 tlio crown, it an alter tbo established religion of 
 tho land. It can change and create nfrosh even 
 tho constitution of tho Kingdom and of Parliament 
 themselves. It can, in short, do every thing thai in 
 not ni.turally impossible, and therefore some have 
 not scrupled to call ita power by a figure rather too 
 bold; tho Omnipotence of Parliament." — lilackslom: 
 
 J)c Lotme says : " It is a fundamental principle 
 with tho English Lawyers, that Parliaments can 
 do every thing but make a woman a maO; and a 
 man a woman." 
 
rtiTuui; OF iiuiiisii ameuioa. 
 
 (if 
 
 RmlKrtata and cAplUliita w!U sot loavo conn- 
 tric-i "too niuuh Kovurutxt" and como to 
 Jtdtlih Atn loa to utmlc (totMiom from taxa- 
 tion, wltun tbtty konw that tboy ivlli muiit 
 with taxation In gouoral, taxaMua la parilcu- 
 lar, and taxation othorwinn ; no uattur whoiu 
 tbuy may But thoir fuet. Inipuital taxation, 
 rtidural taxktluu, Inoal taxation, mnnlclpnl 
 taxation, and oth-r taxation will bo pllud up 
 nuo upon thu oibai, with such aMonUInK 
 ruallty that an old <!oantry or Yaukuo rttfngeo 
 from tvTitniiy and taxation, will And no 
 ruMtlng plauu Id thiH ovnr-taxod roglun oncti 
 (lunftMleratlon gotH Ita hold on tbo vitals of 
 thia young country. 
 
 1 3. Tbo whole schomo o( uonfuduratlon Is 
 brud of tbn moat corrupt coalition tbo country 
 was uTor dlsgraocd with. It Is a echume of 
 dlTlnInn Instead of nulon ; It would bedes- 
 trnotlvo of lofty ambition, of national alms 
 ■ud purpo<e8, of all ptoaporlty and content- 
 ment sriiong tho poni;lo. It would plant la 
 this cnuntty thu bitter root of discord uuyer 
 to bo diistroyud. It baq lu It tbu elements of 
 tientructlon as curtain as that animated nature 
 ban lu it the iilvmeuto of dtnsolntlon. It 
 ought to bo reBlfltod by nil patriotic men, true 
 lovers of their country, o their children, and 
 of their own bapplneAs ; and when once it Is 
 stripped of tho support of IntoroHtcd polltloa'. 
 leaders, and Is brought to the view of tho 
 peopio in itu trnn color ', it and Its abettors 
 will bo driven lo political oblivion without a 
 mnrmnr or lament. 
 
 LiyiTEll IV. 
 
 TlIR IHE MADE nh' (IIU'.AT NAMI' ' TO HITPORT OoN- 
 FinsiiATiON ; / '/''"■/'"/'i//i(»'; ». ■ iij i/ri'iil iiiiiiiix ; 
 Ihr, iilinn /mirliceil un /icoiih) ; Loiiii Di'rham'h 
 Uki'OU'I'; Jlc ix <i;/(intst C'uii/iilcniliim ; J.dnl 
 hurliiim Jiir I'liiiKn/idn/iiin ; /l.rlnicl ; Jaliiul 
 (in III Jiiii/riiiiil, lliilihi:c In (>ui'li,r • Ji'ilii/imis ; 
 I'Vnich mill Kii;//t.ik in Jmivi r Cmi'iiln ; Kci rii 
 viitn kIiiiiiIiI .i/iriilc mil mid sui'i' the. coiinli/, 
 from mill ; Ikiiuiiiil Vniisi'liihili/in ; Ihiiuiiiil 
 a ciiiintfi^iiiH 11/ l/ic fJrilis/i CuiinliliUion ; 
 J furl l/iu /ircm id ili iiiiii/nyiifK from /Kjiiir; niiil 
 /lilt in iiitlriiitic null. ; Jlritinh iiu'ii ; Anmxii- 
 lion equal to Coiijisculiuii, lo AiiiiihiUilion ; 
 '/'<i/>ii/iir iSliitcnuiil. 
 
 (iiR,— In promoting tbo fchrtae of Confed. 
 oration and In presi^iug It upon r n unwilling 
 people ntRrsrupuIons mistis have bi*fn uoed— 
 which only the fattiro wH! filly reveal— and 
 nottheltast of tixTo has bi-cn the clalmN 
 made that nhgiti^U.uH aii.i far Bl(,littid ni -a have 
 long hince recouauiiiudod It astho trnoichoine 
 to benefit thfl p-soplo of these provinces 
 Lord Dorbam'H opinion— a quarter of n cen- 
 tury ago— lias frequently been rofcrre.1 to as 
 sanctioning the prcHeut reckless scheme Ot 
 cocfederatlon, but If any person can addncg 
 that sanction from the following langnetge, 
 
 then probably ht has lanctlontd thu /(dtral 
 prluolplo. Lord Durham says: — 
 
 " We must remove from ths rolonifS tho 
 oaH'o to whtuh the sagacity of Adam Hroltli 
 tra<(id the alienation of ths provlncea whlrh 
 u< w form the United Htatoa; wamust provtcn 
 soino scop I for what he calls 'the hnpnrtnnei'' 
 of tho leading men In tho oolony, boyond 
 wh^t bo forcibly terms tbo present • petty 
 prl/.ns of the paltiy ralllo of colonial faction.' 
 A ifiirral tegidativt union woulil tUvale I'nil 
 grmi/y thu hn/m 0/ uhle and atjiirinij mm ; they 
 wo'ild no longer look with envy and wonder 
 at tho great arena of tho bordering federation, 
 but see the means of satisfying every legltt- 
 mate ambition in thu high tiWrca of tbu 
 Jmlloatnio and sxecutivo g-^vernment of their 
 own union. Nor would a nnlon of thu various 
 provlnoiiB be loss advantageous in tacllllatlng 
 a co-operation l\)r varions common purposes, 
 of which the want la now very seriously folt. 
 Th're in hard/;/ a depariin.nt of the gootrnment 
 wliich doot not require, or would not lie lieltar 
 lieriormed, b;/ being carried on under the aiijitrin- 
 tenlr.ncf. oj a general governvunt ; but when wo 
 coiuddet tho political and commorclal luter- 
 extii ti<it are common to lhui;e pr' vlnces, it 
 aijiearn diflieult to account for th'.ir having ever 
 been divided into se/iarate governmtntt, glnoo 
 thtty have all been portions of the samo em- 
 pire, subject to tho same crown, governed by 
 nearly the same laws and constitutional cus- 
 toms, in aabltec, with ono exception, by the 
 sa e race, contiguous and immediately adji- 
 ct'ut to each other, and bounded along their 
 whole frontier by th« territories of tho same 
 powerlul and rival state. It would appear 
 that every motive that has induced tho union 
 ol vntlons provinces into a nln^Tlo statu exists 
 for the ccnsolldatlou ut inuue colonies under a 
 common legislature and executive. They have 
 the eamo common relation to thu mother 
 couiitr>, the Bamo relation to fonlgn nutlonn. 
 When cue la at weir, tho otbt^rs uio nl wur ; 
 and the hcjiHllltleHthat arocunHed by nnattftck 
 on ono mnstsorlouHly compromtsolho welfare 
 
 ol tho reet A union for commorj d-jfence 
 
 sgaiubt I'oiuign euomleR lu the natntal bond «i 
 couneotlon that holds together tho great coui- 
 njunllies of tho world ; and between no psttH 
 of any kingdom or state 1h iho neoeueity fur 
 mich a union mce obvlons than between thu 
 wboluof these colonies." 
 
 A road from Halifax to Qnebcc also engag- 
 ed his attov. 1, to which ho refers in the fol- 
 lowlBglang. Ke: — 
 
 «I cannot point out more strikingly tho 
 evils of the present want cf a general govern- 
 ment for these provinces, than by adverting to 
 the dltliculty which wonld practically occur, 
 under the prevlona and present arrangemonts 
 ot both executive and legislative auihoriiicH 
 In tho various provinces, in attempting to 
 csrry such a plan into effect. For tho varlonr, 
 colonies have no mose means of concerting 
 auch common woiks with esch ether, than 
 with the neighboring State of the Union. 
 They stand to one another in tne position of 
 foreign states, and of foreign states wlthcnt 
 
T 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 FUTURE OF BBrnsn AMERICA. 
 
 diplomatio reUtloni. Tbo gOTemora may 
 ooireapoiid with each other; the legtalatori 
 m»y entot Inws carrying the common pnr- 
 poBea Into effect In their reipectlve Jailidlc- 
 tlons ; bat there ue no me«na by which the 
 varions detella mey speedily uid ntlifkototlly 
 be SAtthd with the oonca rence of the dlff'ei- 
 
 9Qt petties The completion of any ntlifM< 
 
 tory comvinloatlon between Hellfliz and 
 Qaebec would, In fact, prodaoo relations be< 
 iwdtn tfaeea proyinoea that woold render a 
 K«n«ral nnlon absolotely neoeWHty. Heveial 
 BQivo^ hare proved that a railway won' 1 be 
 
 pot' otly practicable the whole way Initead 
 
 of bfling shut oat from all Indirect Intercoarge 
 with BngUud daring half Ihe year, they 
 would poflseae a far more certain and 
 Rpoedy oommanloation throaghoat the winter 
 than they now posmn in annuner. The pu> 
 sage from Ireland to Qaabec would be a mat- 
 ter of ten or twelve daya, ^nd Halifax would 
 be the great port by which h large portion of 
 the trade, and nil the couveyanoe of pa«abn- 
 gera to the whole of Brltlab North Amotlca 
 would be oatried on." 
 
 other namea have been improperly naed 
 In a similar manner ; men are made to apeak 
 thiEgH which as statesmen and patriots would 
 have made them blush to think that thsy 
 could have suggested much lesa deliberately 
 attempted to liave carried out. 
 
 What are the objeotiona tn conaolldation 7 
 AH the advantage in a general way that ate 
 olaim!>d for ooa federation are aecured by 
 consolidation ; but it camiot be said that all 
 the advantagta presented In consolidation 
 can be secured by oonfdd>9ratlon. The main 
 ubjeotion la, and that one is urged by my 
 few outside of liOwer Oanada— that the peon- 
 liar institutions of Lower Uanada would be 
 liable to be swept away by the En^rlish and 
 Protestant populationa of the other aectiona— 
 but that the local Legialatnre under confede- 
 ration would protect them. What then are these 
 Institutions 7 la the Boman Oatholto re- 
 ligion one ? It cannot be, for it ia in fall 
 fiiroe 1b Froteatant Bngland and Frotesiant 
 Upper Canada. Osn it be mcikerlee or nun- 
 neries? Neither, for they are not uncommon 
 In all Protectant oountriea. It cannot be their 
 civil rights thK*- mike someLowerOanadtansso 
 oensitive. For civil rights are just as well 
 protected under the English government as 
 under the moat Catholic in the world— In 
 fact ttao;e rights are a little better reapected 
 In ELgUnd than they aie in any Catholic 
 country. It cannot be the French language 
 for it is absurd to anppoas *hat any one will 
 attempt to abolish it by legislation. The 
 laws of Lower Canada are for the moat part 
 now the same as they are in Upper Canada, 
 ouch ac the crlmloal laws, the laws of evi- 
 dence, commercial law, and the laws of real 
 property Wh&t Is lef c ? Nothing except It 
 is the religious property In Lower Canada, 
 which they no doubt fear may be approp iated 
 to public uses as it has been in Italy and in 
 Mexico. That seems to me to be the real 
 reason why oonaolidation la oppoaed m it la by 
 
 theeoolealaatlcal anthoritiea ■■ well aa by the 
 political. We are juat told (bat the Pope has 
 given liberty to tbe Boman Oatholio mem- 
 bera of Parliament to vote frr confederation 
 in whole anri in parte. They did vote for it 
 whether permitted by the higher anthority or 
 nut unleaa the penniasion came from a deputy. 
 It is a ourloaa reflection, however, that our 
 legislation la directed on ihe one hand from 
 that moat deapotio of all despotic monarchical 
 mlera, and on the o'.her hand from the re- 
 pabllcan deapotlam of Washington, but such 
 •le the times we have fallen en ; and it wiP 
 be well for na, if we atill maintain ■u£Bolent 
 liberty to talk and write in a reaaonaole 
 manner upon political and rellginua aobjecta. 
 The popalition with respect to religion 
 may be olaaslfied under the two leading heads 
 asfbUows:— 
 
 Prot. B. V. 
 
 Nova Scotia 344,576 86,381 
 
 New Brunswick 18 1,690 70,447 
 
 Lower O^nada 384,076 943,734 
 
 Upper Canada 1,396,969 358,141 
 
 3,107,301 1,367,5»3 
 
 The other provinces would not alter the 
 proportions maoh, there are probably 400,000 
 more Protestanta la the whole popnlation 
 than Catholics ; the Catholics are, therefore, 
 unmorona enough to have all their rlghta 
 protected in legialation, even if we were to 
 aaaume thata diapoaltioitexiated amongat the 
 Proteatants to injuie them, than which there 
 ia nothing more absard. 
 
 With regard to the French element, we 
 may look to Canada alone, aa the addltiona 
 from the othes provinces would not alter the 
 proportions very much. 
 
 L. 0. U. C. 
 
 Natlvea of France 949 33,906 
 
 Natlvea of French origin . . 847,330 33,387 
 
 848,369 66,193 
 56,193 
 
 904,463 
 About 1,000,000 of French and Frensh 
 origin, or one-fourth of the whole. It ia a 
 peculiar fito^ how few Frenchmen there are 
 in Jjower Canada, although a large proportion 
 r.re of French origin. 
 
 The queeilon arisea who la togover.ln 
 thia matter, ia one-fourth— it indeed they do 
 persiat at all ii adhering to one form ot 
 general government— to rale tbree-fuuttha In 
 Oxe aclf^ction of the form of government the 
 whole are to live under ; cenalnly not, the 
 ma:" 'ity ahould gove.^n in thia, if in any- 
 thing ; and the majority ,yea three-fbar*ha are 
 I have no doubt uneqaivooally for oon- 
 aolidation and againat confederation. 
 
 If ever the great West ia to be made a part 
 of the oonaolldated territory, now la the Ume, 
 while the coionlea to th Pacific are aeeking a 
 government auitable to them. If once they 
 obtain an ea'abllahed gover- .^ent, ihere will 
 beondiaaB dlffioclties in brlngUig m nnlon 
 
 

 FUTURE OF DRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 11 
 
 V. 
 
 with them aboat, aa there are now aomo with 
 tbe eastern proTlnces. 
 
 What then Is to be done— as romethlnK 
 mnit be done— If we do not have consolida- 
 tion or confederation— we will have annexa- 
 tion or ralnai(on ; the latter two b Mg eqat- 
 v«Ients in my opinion. What we must do 
 then Is to snbmU tbe whole mat- 
 ter to tbe Imperial government, who 
 we claim has to defend and protv)ot mt, 
 and lot it settle onr constitution on the bf.st 
 basis the clrcuinttances will peimit. If 
 Lower Canada has peonliav claims for pecu- 
 liar protec ion, over and above all the other 
 sections, then, If sbe can make that apptflr to 
 the Imperial government, they will no d'^ubt 
 grant her everything she can ask. and protect 
 bet In her rights to the fullest extent, aa they 
 have done heretofore, with a jealous care. 
 This Is the only safe, speedy and satisfactory 
 uiode to accomplish what tbe whole popula- 
 tion desire— ^nnlon with its anticipated re- 
 sults, prosperity, peace and plenty. If we do 
 this, a Canadian will be at home In Cariboo 
 
 w 
 
 •*ia ^ap'S'5Sfi«55 
 
 
 
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 sill.^.^il'.i 
 
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 CO I o o 
 
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 rfkl^'toto 
 
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 00 1^ t-' to"* 
 
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 a> to to CO ka 
 
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 or Qanpo, a Nova Scntisn will be at hoiuti In 
 Toronto or Fort Qscry, tiud IsIh f-.-cIIng will 
 produce tLat aesortmeat and dispoaltlon of 
 enHrnry, capitti and enterprise that will make 
 this country what It may be made, the most 
 desirable and the beat adaptadto tbn wants of 
 the people which the world will atford. Tie 
 resources, when united, are of tbo mont varied 
 ard iDezhanatlble character ; diplomacy, 
 siatesmanehlp, ambition and learning v<ill 
 aoon find plenty of room, and commercial, 
 agricultural nud mlnerHl enti-tprlse will find 
 their rich rewards and most tempting pi'zes, 
 In tbe numerouM, varied and endless openiugs 
 that would present themselves la tbe vaat re- 
 gions tbat wonld bo brought under one gov- 
 ernment, baaed on free and enduring tnsiltu- 
 tlons, and supported by a free, enlightened 
 and brave people, ever ready to maintain the 
 right and to resent the wrong, 
 
 I subjoin a tabular statement, which may bo 
 of service to the reader in taking a practiral 
 view of this question. It is ks nccuratea?, with 
 the available information, it could be made : 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 Aasiniboia . . . 
 Columbia. . . . 
 
 Cabotla 
 
 Acadia 
 
 Sebastls 
 
 Laurentia.... 
 
 Carteria 
 
 Cacadis 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 
 Port Gairy 
 Viotoria... 
 
 HJOQ'»IilieQ 
 
 ffllft 
 
 i 
 
 to 
 
 I-" 
 
 
 
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 en 
 
 to 00 
 
 ^ to 
 
 
 
 
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 00 •-• to to o 
 
 
 
 M 
 
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 IC ■- w 
 CO C}« O O 00 CO 
 
 or; 
 
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 S^V"*-* 
 
 
 
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 CT 
 
 to to -.a 00 CO 
 
 
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 C30 »t^ o cn »f>. 
 
 
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 cn cn CD cn o 
 
 
 CD 
 
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 ^T -3 to »■ O 
 
 
 
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 cn to ►- -»0 
 
 
 

 12 
 
 FUTURK OrnRITISlI AMERICA. 
 
 CONFEDERATION. 
 
 THE OFFIcrAlj PUOdllAMME OF TUE 
 CONFERENCE. 
 
 *<1, AFcdeial Union with tho Grown of 
 aroat Britain at Its head, would mostoon- 
 rinoo to the protection of existing Interests 
 and to give a faturo impetna to the prosperity 
 nf lirltlsh North America, provided tbls 
 Union conid be established on principles that 
 w-)nld be cqaltable to tho varlons pcoTinces. 
 
 "2. Tho best aystem for tho federation of 
 tho provinces of British North America, tho 
 bust adapted tinder the clrcnmstanoes to the 
 protection of tho varied Interests of the differ- 
 ent provinces and the most likely to prodnce 
 eOictcy, harmony and permanence In the 
 operation of the Union wrnld be a Qaneral 
 Qovornment and Parliament which should 
 havo tho control of matters common to ' lO 
 whole conntry, with local leglBintnTdS and 
 governments for each of the Oanadas, Nova 
 hootla, Now BrnnBWiok and Prince Edward 
 IslaniJ. These local legislatures and govern- 
 ments to have respectively the control of local 
 alfalro Provision shonld be made for admis- 
 sion Into tho Union, upon (qaltable bases, of 
 the province of Newfoundland, the North- 
 Wean Territory, Vancouver's Island and Brit- 
 ish OoIumbl», 
 
 " 3. The Federal tiovornment and Parlia- 
 ment ought to bo formed, as nearly as the 
 clrcumtitances will permit, on the model of 
 the British Constltutfon ; the Convention 
 wisbiD(iri thereby to express Its deslro to por- 
 petuce the ties which nnlte us to to the Mo- 
 thei-c ^nutry and to servo more efifectnally 
 the intreats of ((he population of the various 
 provinces- 
 
 '■4. The Exeuctive power shall rosldeln 
 the Sovereign of Great Britain and bo admin- 
 istered by the Sovereign or Her representa- 
 tive accoadlB''^ tn tho principles of thi^ British 
 OunBtttntlon, 
 
 " 5. The So/oklgn, or Her representative, 
 shall be Oommandor-in-chlef of iho militia 
 by sea and land. 
 
 <• 6. There shall bo for all the federttted 
 provinces a Oenexal P&allament composed of 
 a Legislative Oonncii and a Honso of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 ■'7. To form the Legislative Conncil the 
 provinces shall be divided Into three parts : 
 the first shall comprise Upper Canada, the 
 second Lower Canada, the third Nova Sootia, 
 New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. 
 These three parts shall be equally represented 
 In the Legislative Council. Thus, Upper Can- 
 ada will 'iitve twenty-four representatives. 
 Lower Canada twenty-four and the three 
 maritime provinces twenty-four; of which 
 ten shall be for Nova Scotia, tea for New 
 Brnnsw;^!!^ and four lor Filnca Edward Is- 
 land. 
 
 << 8. Nowfoup.dland In entering the Union 
 shall have the right to four legislative conn- 
 cUlors. 
 
 '' 9. Tho conditions of ailmlsslon Into the 
 Union of the North W«6t Tenltoiy, British 
 Colombia and Vancouvoi's Island shall bo 
 determined by the l^'edornl Farllmont and 
 approved by herMaJosty, Aqfaras regards 
 the admlsaion, and the conditions of admis- 
 sion of Yanoouvet's Island the consent of tho 
 local leglalaturo will be necessary. 
 
 " 10. The loglslatlvo councillors shall 
 be appolnled for life by the Crown under the 
 great seal of the Oeneral Qoveinment ; and 
 they shall lose their seats by a continued ab- 
 sence of two consecutive years. 
 
 "11. The legislative councillors must be 
 British subjects by birth or naturalization 
 be 30 years of age posses, and continue to 
 posses, real estate to tho value of $4,000 
 clear oi all mortgage, fto. ; but In regard to 
 Newfoundland, the property may be either 
 real oi personal. 
 
 << 1 a . The Legislative Council shall decide 
 all questions relative to the eliaibllity, or 
 ineligibility, of Its members 
 
 '■13. Tho first legislative councilors shall 
 be sleeted from the existing Legislative 
 Cotjnclls of the varlotis provinces, with the 
 exception of Prince Elward Island. If there 
 connot be found among these councillors a 
 sufficient number willing to serve, tho com- 
 plement will nocessatlly do s^^ected elae- 
 whera. 
 
 ■I Those councillors shall be appointed by 
 the Crown on the recommendation of the 
 Oeneral Oov^rnment and the prc8(,'ntailon of 
 the Icjal govornmenta respectively. In the 
 nominations regard shaK be ^ad to tho logiS' 
 latiTecoanclllors who represent tho o;)posl- 
 tlon In each province, in order that all politi- 
 cal parties may be, as much as possible, pro- 
 porttonably represented In tho Federal 
 Legislative Council. 
 
 ••14. Tho President of the Federal Legis- 
 lative Council, until it shall be otherwise de- 
 cided by the General Parliament, shall bo 
 chosen from among tae legislative councilors 
 by the Crown, who may by Its own will con- 
 tinue him in office or deprive him thereof. 
 He shall vote only when there is a tie. 
 
 •■ 15- Each of the twenty-four legislative 
 oovnolllors who represent Lower Canada in 
 the Legislative Conncil of the Federal Legis- 
 latore shall be appointed to r^jpiesent one of 
 the twenty-four electoral divisions named in 
 Bohednle A in chap, l. of the consriidated 
 statutes of Lower Canada ; and this ci laciilor 
 shall either reside, or possesB tho property ho 
 qnalifles upon in the dlvisioii of which the 
 representation shall be assigned to him, 
 
 •• 16. The representation In the Federal 
 House of Commons shall have population for 
 ItH basis, and the numbers shall be doter- 
 mlned by tho cnnsus olfiolally taken every 
 ten years, and the number of representatives 
 shall, at first, be 194 distributed H9 follows :— • 
 " Upper Canada shall have ...... 82 
 
 •■Lower Canada <• (15 
 
 ••Nova Scotia •« 19 
 
 •'New Brunswick •■ 15 
 
 •'Newfonndlaud '< S 
 
 "Prlnoe Edward Island" 5 
 
 I ) 
 

 FUTURE Ob' BBITISn AMEEICA. 
 
 13 
 
 ** 17. There shall be no change In the re- 
 preaentatlon of the vailona provinces before 
 the censna of 1871. 
 
 ■' 18. Immediately after the cenans of 1871 
 Bud each of tbf« dncenQlal cenana, the repie- 
 aentation of tach of the prorlnoea in the 
 Honae of Oommons Bball bu modelled on the 
 baala of popnlatlon. 
 
 "19. Lo wo I Canada a'anll never have more 
 or leaa than 65 repruaoutativefl, and ttae other 
 provincea ahall receivo acooiding to the oen- 
 uns, the proportloa of leptoeentatlon to which 
 tbey are entitled, takl' g oa a baala of calcnla- 
 tiun, the namber of tno Lower Cahada repre 
 eont^tlvea. 
 
 '■ 20. No rednction shall be m»de la the 
 number of lupri aentatlvea elected for any 
 one piovluco, at loaot till the number of ita 
 population baa dccreaeed 6 per cent or more 
 in comparlBon with the total population of 
 the Uuufuderattid provlncoa. 
 
 "21. In computing the namber of repre- 
 Hemativea at each ducennial period the frac- 
 tions ahall only be taken Into consideration 
 when they exceed half the number which 
 has the right to a Tepreaentative ; and then, 
 each of these frRctiou? shall have the right to 
 a ropreaentAtlvii. 
 
 " 23. 'f he legl8Utnri>8 of the variona prov- 
 incea ahall respectivtily divide them Into 
 Countiea and deflnu the limits thereof. 
 
 "23. The FtHieral Parltoment may, when It 
 shall thinlc proper, increase the numlier of ita 
 membera but It shtiH preaerve the proportiona 
 than exlstiti;,'. 
 
 ■' 24. ThH looni Ix^isHturoa may, flom 
 time to time, cb^cge tiio tttcotorial distrlcta for 
 th ) representation in the Federal Honae of 
 Commone and (llstribntD, In anch a manner 
 as thuy shall thiuk pvnper, the repreaenta- 
 tivea to irhiiih t^itiy abaii respectively have 
 the tight lu the Ft'derel House ot '. tommona. 
 
 ■I 25. Until Is Rhall be otherwise decided 
 by tiio Ftdciai Pvliamen*-, ell the lawB 
 whlcn Bball bo In torcnatthe date of t^e pro- 
 cUmation of thn Union : (he laws relative to 
 theellglbillUv or Ineligibility of persona to elt 
 and vote In tho Legist tlve Assemblies of the 
 Provinces, as wuU as tothe qualification or in- 
 capacity of voters ; to the oath required of v~+- 
 ers ; t6 roturniug cffioerK nr to their powers and 
 duties ; to el ctio? a, and the time which they 
 shall last ; to contested elections and proceed- 
 ings incident thereto ; to the vAObtlou ot 
 Parliamentary shata ; to tho fe<.n5ng and 
 execution of wiita lu the case ofvacanciea 
 occaeioned by othur cansea than the disaolu- 
 tion of Par'.lamt:nt ; all the lawa which apply 
 to the oleo'lou of reproeentativjs to tLo Fed- 
 eral Houna of Oommona according to the 
 province for whloh these repreeentatlvea are 
 olectKl. 
 
 "36. I'h'j ilnration of Parliimont shall ba 
 Jlve years, "uimiH It Hh«ll ba previously dU- 
 HOJTort bv the G "vurrio- Gonoral, 
 
 '27, Mor ' th ^n two/vit months shall never 
 e'apsrt betwi;i::i she •-•■• if one Federal 
 «e??i!i"n -in. I '.b-! ■; ...aut'- "ujutof aeuther. 
 
 "28. T.10 Qeaeral Pi.Ua'Jiont »\^^\\ have 
 
 power to make lawa for the peace, tho well- 
 being, and tho good government of the Con- 
 federated Provlnoco ; alwa\ a without infiing- 
 iug on the sovereignty of Qreat Britain. 
 
 "29. The following subjeota ahall lu 
 specially placed under Its control:— 
 
 " The pnblio d^bt and public property, 
 
 "Trade and Commerce ; 
 
 " Caatoma dutiea of Importationa and ex- 
 portationa ; except on tho expoitttlon of 
 iqnarn limber, stavep, raaata, apara, oak planka, 
 aattTKil wood, coal aud other mtnerala ; 
 
 "JExoioe duties ; 
 
 "The ralHlng of revenue by every other 
 mode of taxation ; 
 
 II Tbe buiiowing of money on tho public 
 credit ; 
 
 • The postal service; 
 " Companies owning stoamshipa or other 
 veasela, railroads, the canals, and other works 
 which connect two, or more, provincua ti - 
 gethor or which extend boyond the llmita of 
 one of them ; 
 
 II The steamships navigating between <he 
 confederated provinces ^nd other conntileii, 
 telepraphic communications and tho incorpor- 
 ation of telegraph companiea ; 
 
 "Every other work whioh, thougt dtuatu 
 in a single province, shall be specially de- 
 clared by the act authoileing It to be of gen- 
 eral Interest ; 
 
 " The cenana ; 
 
 The militia, military and naval defence ; 
 
 " Seamarks, buoys, and light-houaea, nav- 
 igation, and whatever has relation to chip- 
 plDg. 
 
 " Quarantine ; 
 
 " The flaheries of the aca-coast and of tho 
 interior ; 
 
 " The water pnssages, between a ptorince 
 and a foreign country, or between two prov- 
 inces : 
 
 " Currency anJ coinage ; 
 " Banks of Iscan and paper money ; 
 " Savlnga b^nha ; 
 " Weigh* bnd meaanres ; 
 " Btlla of exchange and promleeory uutua ; 
 " Interest ; 
 ■' Legal tenders ; 
 <• Bankruptcy and insolvency ; 
 " Patents of invention snd discovery ; 
 " Copyright ; 
 
 II The Indiatp, and the Hnda reeoived for 
 the Indiana ; 
 " The naturalization of aliens ; 
 " Marriage and divorco ; 
 
 "The criminal law (exccpi tbo conatitn- 
 tlona of 'the Courta of Otiminal}' Jarladiotlon,) 
 comprlalng the procedure lu criminal matters. 
 
 " Th'j power to recder uniform all lawa re- 
 latlv ) to property and civil righta in Upper 
 '^an^ic'a, Nova Ucotia, New Brnnawick, Prince 
 Bdward Island, as wall aa the procedure of 
 all the oontta in these provinces. But no 
 statute paaaod for tbla object by the Federal 
 Parliament ehall have force or authority in 
 any of the provinoee befoid having tho sanc- 
 tion of the local Ivglalatore ; 
 
u 
 
 lUTUUE OF niUTISil AMIiUICA. 
 
 "The eBtabllahmentof a gvunral court of 
 nppfal for thu fodonted provlocos ; 
 
 II Emigration ; 
 
 " Agtlcnltnra, and genurtklly all muUi>r8of 
 a genoral chatactui not epoclally and « xoln- 
 flvely reserved to the control of the loi al le- 
 glBlataroB and government. 
 
 •< 30 Tho Qdneral Government and Pirlla- 
 menl shall have all the poweiB whlcn shall be 
 neoflHB^ry to It as a portion of the British em- 
 pire to fulfil towards foreign coantciea the 
 ubllK^t'"'>t* A*^lBing from treaties which exint 
 or K 13 x!i4t between Great Britain and 
 tbuRH cuuiiirios, 
 
 "31. ThM Federal Farllamunt may, whou 
 It shftll think proper, croate bow jadiolal 
 trlbnoala, and the General OovernmeDt ap- 
 point In conseqaonco now jadijeH and new 
 (liioorB, if it shall become uecessary or ad- 
 Vftntono'iii' to tho public. 
 
 " 32. All the conctP, tho judges and the 
 ('flicers of the varlons provinces ahall aid tbo 
 OduornI Govornmaat andrend':<r obudlouce to 
 it in tbo exorclxa of its rights and its powers ; 
 for thefla obj>ictd thoro eball bo conrts, judgos 
 and officers of the General Governmant. 
 
 ■■ 33- Tho General Governmdnt shall ap- 
 point and pay tho judges of the superior 
 courts in tho^ various provinces, and of tho 
 cnunty conrts of Upper Cahada ; tho Federal 
 Parliament shall fix their salrrles. 
 
 '' oi. Until tho lawa of Upper Canada, New 
 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and 
 Prlcco Edward Island become consolidated, 
 tho judgos, who phall be appointed by the 
 Genevai Government, shall be selected from 
 tU»ir rodpfictive bars. 
 
 « :;3. The judges of the conrtof a^lmirality, 
 who at present receive salatiej, shall be paid 
 by th«i General Gov*rnment, 
 
 " 36 The judges rf the superior courts 
 ahali hold their offices during good conduct, 
 ar.d they shall badiemiesod only upon an ad- 
 dretb of thu two honsus of tho Federal Par- 
 liament. 
 
 << We now como to the local lagtalatures 
 ancj government 
 
 ' 37. Each province shall have an officer 
 called Lieutenant-Governor, who shall bu ap- 
 pointed during pleafure by the Governor- 
 Goneral in Council under the Great beal of 
 the federated provinces ; bnt this pleasnre 
 shall only be exerclaed after five years, unless 
 tor canao, and this caoFu must be oommiml- 
 cated In writing to tho Lieutenant-Governor 
 immudiato!7 alter diemieaal ; and alto by 
 moBsago to the two i-o'iats of the Fcloral 
 Parliament in the first \ eck cf the first ses- 
 Dion which follows. 
 
 " 38. The Llentenant-GovernoTS of the 
 provinces shall bo psld by the General Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 " 39. The Convention in thus fixing the sal- 
 aries of the Liontenan^Governoro, has not 
 pretended to prrjudloe the claim of Prince 
 Kdward Island on the Imperial Government 
 to the salary now paid to its Ltentenant-Gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 <■ 40. The governments and the psillBments 
 
 of the varlona provlnooa shall be oouatltnted 
 In the manner in which their present legisla- 
 tures shall respectively judge proper to va- 
 tabllah them. 
 
 ■< 41. The looal leglalaturea ahall have the 
 power to amend or change from time to time 
 their oonatltntiona 
 
 "42- The local legialafurea shall have 
 power to make lawa on the following anb 
 jaets ; 
 
 " Direct taxes, and the Impoaition of duties 
 on the exportation of square timber, stavtsa, 
 maals, spars' oak plank, Bawn wood, coals and 
 other minerals ; 
 
 " Loana on the credit of the province ; 
 
 *■ The eaUbllshment and tennre of local 
 employment, and t'ae payment of looal offi- 
 oeis ; 
 
 " Agriculture ; 
 
 '■ Emigration ; 
 
 *' Education, except the right and privi- 
 leges which the Protestant and Cathoilo mi- 
 norities posBeBS in respect to seperate s:)hoolH 
 In the two Cauadas at tho time of union ; 
 
 •< The sale and management of the public 
 lands, except those which belong to the Gen- 
 eral Government; 
 
 ■■ The fl' beriea on tho sea-coast itnd of the 
 interior ; 
 
 " The est tbllshment, tupport and manage- 
 ment of panttentiaiiea and diaoipltnary 
 pilHcna ; 
 
 " The eatabllahment, anpport and manage- 
 ment of hospitals, aaylumB, liisuettoes, and all 
 charitable iQatitntiona ; 
 
 " Municipal institutions ; 
 
 ■■Tavern, stalls, ci'era, and other licenaea ; 
 
 '■ Local publlo worka ; 
 
 ■■ The incorporation of private or local 
 companiee ; 
 
 ■' Property and civil tights, except thoae 
 under control of the Federal Legtalatare ; 
 
 " Ponishmeuts, fines, penaltlsa, and Im- 
 prisonment for contravention cf lawa which 
 are within their legislative competence ; 
 
 « The administration of justice, comprising 
 the constitution, support and organization of 
 conrts of oiimlutl and civil j jrlsdiotiOD, as 
 well as of procednro in civil matters ; 
 
 *■ And generally all matters of a private or 
 local nature. 
 
 '■ 43. The power of pardoning ctimlnala, 
 of suspendinuf, of commuting or remmiting, in 
 whole or in nart, their sentences, which power 
 Dolonging c fright to the crown, Bhali reside 
 in the persona of Lient«!U»ut Gjvornois In 
 Council ; bnt these shall uuey iatitinstli us 
 which may be addressed to thtm from limo 
 to time in this respect by the Oeneiat Gov- 
 ernment as well as to tho laws of the General 
 Parliament 
 
 " We now proceed to give the various pio- 
 vieionB wiilch have for their objaot to explain 
 the respective attitudes of the Federal Gov- 
 ernment and Parliament, and the local legis- 
 latures and governments, and which have 
 reference to other objects of we have not yet 
 spoken 
 
 ■' 44 In respect to what regards the ques^ 
 
EUTUUB OF BRITISU AMEBIUA. 
 
 16 
 
 local 
 
 tloDi labmUted oononrrently (o the eontiel 
 of ibe Federal PailUment and the local legls- 
 latnie*, the laws of the Federal F;»rlUmei>t 
 ■ball have force over those of the local lagh^ 
 Utnrei. The laws ot the latter shall be nnll 
 whenerer they come In ronfllot with those of 
 the General Pailtsmtnt. 
 
 " 45. The Eoglltfh »nd French langnsges 
 may be timulianeonely t mpleyed in the deli- 
 berations of the fedeial parliament as well as 
 in the legislature of Lower Oanada, the 
 fHderaJ otnrts and the coutti of Lower Oa- 
 nada. 
 
 " 46. No taxes shall be pnt npon tbo 1 nds 
 or properties which belong to the federal or 
 loosl governuents. 
 
 " 47. All bills having for thtlr object to 
 appropriate any portion of the pnblic reve- 
 noes, to crea:e new taxes or now imposts, 
 mnst according to the caa;>, originate in the 
 Federal House of Commons, or the Local L j- 
 gialatlTe Assemblies 
 
 " 48 Every vote, lecclntlon, address or bill 
 of the Federal Commons or the Local Legis- 
 lative Assemblies which hss for its object the 
 appropriation of any part whatever of the 
 revenue, or to create taxes er imposts mn^t, 
 Mcording to the case, be prcc ded by a mes- 
 sage from the Qove nor General or the Lieu- 
 tenant Governor ; and the mosesge must be 
 laid before the Chamber during the sesseon In 
 which such vote, rtwolution, address or bill 
 shall be passed 
 
 •• 49. Kvery bill of (be General LeglaUture 
 wlUJbe reBervoi fa thn ordioary manner for 
 the tanotion of Hut Majesty ; and the bills of 
 the local legtslatates tnall also in the same 
 ouinner be re«erve<i fcr the consideration of 
 the QoTamcr Gfnural 
 
 " 60. The bills o( tbe Ganeral Legislature 
 shall be 8n'>j ct to the veto cf Her Majesty 
 for two yeare after the passage, and thooe cf 
 the lacal legi«ia>ara to ihe veto of the Oav- 
 ernor Chsneral for twelve montbs after their 
 adoption. 
 
 "61. Ottawa shall be the seat of the Fede- 
 ral Qovernm nt ; but tbe royal prerogative is 
 mattttslDfd *l«b rrgard to the fixing of tbe 
 »ti»t rf tbH (c n.rsl govmnment. 
 
 ■■62 '1 1.1(10*0 Ih utiosen as the Seat of the 
 goveinmeut of Utp^r Canada; and Qaebeo 
 for tba'o o' tttn fotvemment of Lower Canada. 
 There le no < hankie with regard to the places 
 cf the seats of tbe local goTemm'-nts vt the 
 otkar p ovjros, 
 
 •• Wt^bsve 1 i>w ariivtidat avery important 
 part o' Ot« )i<oJtct It relates to tbe reparti- 
 tion of it e nciive arid passive of the divers 
 prf>v<i>c>H ht ttetlme of the Ubior . 
 
 "53 Alt o«Bh, the balances in th<^4 'ii<?8of 
 tbe backers, and all other valuts ii\ cash 
 of the wini;" pnivtucnH at th« time of the 
 Union shall hulo » <*u the General Govern 
 merit 
 
 " 64 '" >• t I wJorf 
 prop •" ti-- o i»> VKii U' 
 long o tiiH O ' t>»\ 'ii.v, 
 
 «< Tb.. 04i.h| ; 
 
 «' rh > i»ar.lic t)»rbor ; 
 
 «• THi? ll^h(t!i(>q««6 or qitya ; 
 
 pobllo works and 
 pi evinces shall be- 
 , rament :— 
 
 " The ateamboats, the dredges and other 
 public vessels ; 
 
 *■ Blver and lake improvements ; 
 
 ■■ Ballroa'j and railroad stocks ; 
 
 " The mortgages and other provincial 
 debts due by railroad compaiiles ; 
 
 " The mtlitay roads; 
 
 " The custom-faonaes, post-cffiues and otbur 
 pnblio edtflcbs except those which shall bo 
 reserved by tbo General Government fur tbo 
 local leglslatnies arjd governments ; 
 
 " ILuLuUttuut< pi operty transferred to tbe 
 provinces by iha Imp'.ilal Govomment; 
 
 " The aDtiiiclH, tbe drill sheds, clotbloK, 
 military aictclr mints, munitions of war, 
 etc ; 
 
 " And tbo liiij(fB n served for {ublio pur- 
 poses. 
 
 "55. All landB, QilneB, minerals and royal 
 prerogatives which belong to Her Majesty in 
 the provinces cf Upper Canada, Lower Oana- 
 da. New Brunswick, Nova Hcotla, p.nd Prince 
 Edward Island, for the usage of th'-se pro- 
 vlntes shall belong repectively to tbe local 
 goverments In wbioh tbuy are BUoated, 
 They shall remain, however, saljdct to truth 
 deeds and other Hens which may exist re- 
 latively In respect to these lands. 
 
 "06. All sums of money dnu by the par- 
 chasers or looatalres of thece landn, mines and 
 minerals at tbe time of tbe anion shall belting 
 to tbe local governments, 
 
 "57. Tbe va'iuus g(vcrnmtnt8 shall re- 
 main rrapectively in possesulon of all otbbr 
 public properties Bitnatnatt-d there ; bnt the 
 Confederation sball bavo tbo right to take 
 tbe lands which It may require for foitlilca- 
 tloi'B or the defence of the oountty. 
 
 " 58. The General Government shall appro- 
 priate all the debts and the obligations of tho 
 provincea. 
 
 " 59. The debt of Oaca''», which shall not 
 ha specially rthiouted to U^iper and Lower 
 Canada resp'cttvely win nor, bt tbe time of 
 the U ion, exceed 162,500,000 ; tbe debt of 
 Nova Scotia, 18,000,000 ; and that of New 
 Brunswick $7,000,000. 
 
 " fO. Bnt Id case Nova t'coUa, New iiruna* 
 wick do not contract obligations exceeding 
 those to which these Provin cs are actually 
 subjected, and that these obi igatiocs shall be 
 respectively less than $7,000,000 and f 8,000, 
 000 at tbe time of the Union, they shall 
 have the right to receive at five per cent the 
 diffeience which exists between the teal 
 fixtures of their oblfffatlons and those of $7,000, 
 000 ar.d f 8,000,000 respectivtily. Newlouud- 
 land and Prince Edward Inland are to be simi- 
 larly (^ealt with. 
 
 " The prrceeding has Lot fcr its ofcjdct to 
 retain tbe powern whlc^ llie governments 
 of tbene p*ovIcreKihrcnuh ;ht>ir legislatares 
 po ci f, »»ir Rolely to limit tbe maximum of 
 itl'^fttiun . which they may bring against the 
 Geonrnl Governinent. But Ihe respective 
 leglelatures, after five years from this date, 
 will not have the power to contract obliga- 
 tions of which we are about to speak. 
 
 "61 As Newfoundland and Prince Bdward 
 Island have not contracted debts etoqual| 
 
i t 
 
 16 
 
 li-IJTVUE OK lIRITISIt AMRRIHA. 
 
 i 
 I// 
 
 
 I'i . 
 
 
 tlioBO of tbe other piOTlncos, thoy will have 
 thu right to reoblvu an ndvanoo from th" Ci3n> 
 oral QuTerament in soml-anunal pay tu ' > > I a, uf 
 intorost at Are rer cunt, on tnu dltloienoe 
 which may exist between tho amouut uf their 
 reBpectlvo dobia, at the time of the Uuloo 
 suii the average amonnt of tho debt per head 
 ofthi) popnlatioDfl of (JAuada, Nova Bootla 
 aud New Branawlck at tbe same date. 
 
 " G2, InconBeqnonceoftho trancmli'alon of 
 tbe power of taxation to tho General Legigla- 
 ture 'ho i)roviacoa will respectively havu the 
 t'.g.bi, lu >a unnnal snbeidy of eighty cent? per 
 head of tbe popnlation,oompnted on the coriHus 
 of 1861 . The popolation of Newfonndlami is 
 oatimated for this object at 130,000 gouIi 
 The provlnoea will not be able in fatnre to 
 claim a larger amonnt from the Quneral 
 OovornaiAnt and thta amonn*: will bo paid to 
 thom8e£:I-nrnnaUy in pdvauce. 
 
 " 63. As the ponition of New Branawlck is 
 such that this Pvovlnce wilt bo obliged im- 
 mediately to make conelderahla payments 
 oat of Ita local levenne, It will rocolva an- 
 nually daring ten years an additional snm of 
 $63,000, Bat aa long as ita obligatiocs re- 
 main below $7,000,000 there will be deducted 
 from this sum of (63,000 an amonnt equal to 
 the interoBt of five per cent, on the difference 
 between the real anm of ita provincial debt 
 and $7,000,000. 
 
 " 64, Newfoundland will, in consideration 
 of giving np its rights in its mines minerals, 
 and crown lands, which aro not yet either 
 
 sold or occupied, receive $160,000* year in 
 H ami-annual p«yments, but this province 
 reserve the tlKbt to open, construct and con- 
 trol roads and bridges, oltnated on its landf), 
 whioh will, however, bo nnder subjection to 
 laws which tho General Tarllament will think 
 it necessary to adopt in regard to them. 
 
 "65. Tho Ooneral Government will an- 
 snme all tho engagements which will bo 
 made before tho Union with tho Imperial Gov- 
 ernment for the defence of the provinces. 
 
 <■ 66. The Ganeral Government shall causo 
 to bo completed without delay tho Interco- 
 lonial railroad from lUvlcre-de-Loup to Tru- 
 ro, in Nova ScoUa, canolDg it to pnes through 
 New Branawlck. 
 
 " 67. Tho Oonvontlon regards as of the high- 
 est importance to the confodorated provlnoos 
 the communication!! with tho North-west to r- 
 rltory, and for tho deveiopemont of tho com- 
 merce of the great west with the ocean ; and 
 it eagagt'B tu realise these projects as soon as 
 tho state of the fl nances hhail permit. 
 
 " 68 . The sanction of the Imperial Parlia- 
 ment and of the local parliaments to tho 
 anion of the provlncog, on tbe princlplts 
 adopted by tho Oonvontton, is to be sought. 
 
 " 69. The deliboi. Ions of tho Convention 
 shall be signed by tho de!<;gatcB, and sabmit- 
 tod by each loor.l 'delegation, to its govern- 
 ment ; and the President of tho Convention 
 is authorized to submit a copy of it to tho 
 Governor-General, to bo transmitted to tho 
 Secretary of Htate for the Colonies." 
 
 Tho wholo population may bo Msumcd to bo nearly 4,000,000 of souIh. If wo placo this aggregate 
 in comparison with tlio population of Kuropoan oountriofl rnnlting as substantial powers — for iustanco, 
 l'ortugal,y,070,0U0; Holland, 3,")00,000 ; IJoninark, 2,480,000 ; (Irocco, 1,150,000— wo aro enabled to 
 form a pretty fair idea of tl;o position a British conl'odorey way nro long hold among the nations of tho 
 earth. Tho following tabulated statement shows tho lighting material available for dofonsivo 
 purposes : — 
 
 Upper Canada, from 20 to '10 . . . , 128,740 
 
 30 to 40 .... 84,178 
 40 to .")0 .... 59,6rt0 
 <s' ■>' 50 to 60 .... HB.377— 3n8,955 
 
 Lower Canada, frojr. 20 to .30 .... '.):j,.')02 
 
 :'.o to 40 .... 0'j,r)07 ■> 
 
 40 to i'lO . . . 42,628 
 
 50 to ()0 . ;i0,129— 22.J,62<J 
 
 Nov.i Scotia, from 20 to OO .... — C7,3G7 
 
 New Brunswick, from .21 to 40 ... .'!;{,574 
 
 40tor)0 .... 10,739 
 
 .'lOtoCiO .... 7,312— .51, fi2.") 
 
 Newfoundland, from 20 to 00 . . — 2;>,.'j32 
 
 • Princo Hdward Island, from 20 to 45 .... 11,144 
 
 4.J to 00 .... 3,075— 14,819 
 
 Tjtal males f.om 20 to 60 .. . 
 
 — .F'Viit the Wcstmiitjsi'-)- Ri vicic, April, 1S6^>, Art. " 2Vio CatutdUm Coiifcdcidcy.''' 
 
 093,918 
 
 CONSOLIDATION IS STllENGTH ! 
 
 CONFEDERATION IS WEAKNESS!! 
 
 GOD SAVE THE QUEEN!!! 
 
 •■^.- , ^<"; !:r.