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 NOTES 
 
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 ■.'I" 
 
 ON I III-. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA, r 
 
 IK 
 
 CONTKNTS: 
 
 
 <.ctKi;il I >«••.. iiiilinn .i| (111- ( 'i.iiillr> . j kcmlii in .M;il>iti>l>;t, .iinl |i' llic NV <j-.t 
 
 I' 'piil.itii>if a> In iiimiiMrv ant! < ir- I uf it, fur ~ellli;r>. 
 
 ''UMisiaii'o>. I li>- I'.H iih I;. U !'r.-i.ii. 
 
 I III M.iiiiur iir Km III iif ( ■iiivfiiiiiicii;. I'li!'!!' Weil, ki-i 1 lo-^ I'l- ;■ i i^ .m.! 
 
 I'r.i^iiiis uf ih,- l'(.|iiilali(>ii at tin; Ka-.i l'.\|ifniliiiiri- 
 
 anil W .-I i'ihU. I'uSill. |i, l,i, 
 
 I lie liv^i A^fii'nlliirai |iar'^. ^ii.;^i.'>lii .n- (• - nu, h i liaiiu'-, in i 
 
 Krli'^inn I'lHlM iuttimi I'f < ii .'. '"I unit hi aif' 
 
 I'.ilitii^ .Mul I'l.iiiirai r.iiti'>. iii.iilaii<-iiti.-iu nf |.iililli .il)air< a. 
 
 Mini- j.artiri'.lai- I »CM-n]>tii>ii cl' tlii; | \m •iilil' ri'.li:. o lakili'ii, |..i\ tli..- 
 
 I ■.niitiy. I'.asi tli \\'<;si. | |.)i!ilir lU-ln uiinin a nn'ikialu 
 
 I uiiil«jriii^ ami M 'iiijap!|i> ■•'Iiki'l-^ "i' iniiiilicr ul" yeai--.. aial .iii'IiHO a 
 
 lluii'ii an.! ^mi^f.r.^^. "" iiM-t'ill (la---. ,,{ wiiii^iat l"n. .\ r. 
 
 ''%^^ 
 
 
 
 I: 
 
 IND: 
 
 1 9 
 
 |. kl 1 llll;l •'««.. (il',NKRAI-«Hi"iK \ Nl ■ (m: I'l.'.NIIvK 
 • ^ 1S7O, 
 
 
 » 
 
 l:^:~1Ltl::^^^|:?b3^>^CO:^ 
 
 f-*j«i 
 
 Vt 
 
 f! 
 
 =af 
 
 
 
p 
 
 ^.f /r/^V^^ 
 
 Tm^e 2. Kca.l lawless '•A'.'//£/^/' an.l plau^il.le - ffyP^'rntcs. 
 ;]'a.;k 5... Read -"/A/<//////<//^" wherever the wiml < ocurs. 
 
CANADA 
 
 A lon^. 'i;irn>\\ >trii) of (oiintry. (.'Ntrndiii;; tVoin tlu' Athintii.cn 
 the I'.ast. to the l\i( itic. on the W e>t houiKU-d on the South li\ 
 the I'nited States, and on the North li\- regions ot" nx k. i( e, and 
 siio\v. exteiuhn^ a\va\- to the N'ortli I'ole. and coniiilelnin. together 
 vilh the ahove slrii». what i^ now (ailed the dominion. 
 
 The ])0|iiilation ot' thi-> l)oniinion. (including; hhn ks. whites and 
 huhans) is about tour niillions: the bulk ol" thein \>()nr. ,ind li\in;^. 
 tVoin hand to mouth. b\ their daiU' exertions. 
 
 'I'hes are ruled o\ er b\ ei,nht ( 'io\t.-rnors and a- inan\.sets ol' 
 I'.xecutiv e ( 'oiUK illors. and ha\e their laws made t'or tlu ;n b\ eiudu 
 se|)aral(' leLiislatures. 
 
 Hut as these eiL^ht ( 'io\ ernors and ( ounc ils and eiuht le^Mslatures, 
 are not found sutt'u ieiU for administering the affairs and makiiiLi 
 laws for these four millions of loor peojtle. the\ are. b\- the present 
 <-onstitution of ( lovcrnment, allowed the iiri\ile,L;e of electin^^ an- 
 nually some thousa nds more of (oun< illors. (ailed '•'rownship"' 
 antl '"('ount)"" councillors, whose business it is to im|iose taxes 
 on their nei.^hbors; a|»i>ropriate a portioi, of those t.ixes tcjwards 
 an\ local object, and another portion towards j)a\in^ themselvi-s. 
 
 
 and enabling them to pay their j^rou and jj,rub bills at the tavern 
 adjacent to their phu e of meetini;. 
 
 'i'he bulk of the jiopulation. as said_ above, a.re poor, beinj^ 
 
•Mi|i|K)rti.'(l. In n < •tii>i(l«. nihil' tAlciit. .it l>t»ih tlu' I'.ist ;in«l NWst 
 ends of iIk- siri|i, by h^l1i^^^ liiinbi'rin^' and iinninj;. 
 
 'rhf aj^ri) iiltiiral jiarls arc |<iinri|tally wiiliin the Provinces of 
 Oniario and Maniioba, together with a < ontiniiation of the strip, 
 "NVest of the latter Province, extending Ut the base of the Koeky 
 Mountains. In (Jiiebet . Vcu r.rnns\vi<k and NOxa Stotia, there 
 yre ngrinillural distri( ts. hut they are limited in extent, the |»re- 
 vailing feature <»f these portions of tile I >oininion being rocky 
 Toughness. \vhi< h also, to a i^irtitcr extent, is the <haracler of the 
 greater part of the stufaic of Hritish Columbia. 
 
 In Religious profession the population iin hides all the sects to 
 J>e found in any (»Mmtry. 
 
 In iNjlitics they are di\i<led into two parties calling themselves, 
 respecti\ely. Conservatives and Reformers the former including 
 the greater portion of the lawless roughs of the country, while to 
 the latter the greater portion of |»lausible hypo<rites seem to atta( h 
 themseKes. 
 
 The leaders of these two parties are about e(|ually patrioti<' and 
 iniseltish. and both devoutly loyal (in jirofession) to the liritish 
 •<rown and go\ernment. and, no doubt. e<|ually disinterestedly so. 
 
 They each, also, have their newspaper "'organs." whose business 
 It is, reciprocally, each to write down the opposing party, and to 
 -elevate their own. in doing which, also, they show themseKes 
 cH|ually ai)t in ignoring truth, and ij^iliVeriting misrepresentation. 
 The two most prominent ''organs^HEtfiis kind in the Province of 
 Ontario, are the 'i'oronto GM>f ancWp Toronto J/<7//- the former 
 of long standing and continued i)ractice in this kind of warfare; 
 the latter more recently brought into life, probably with the view 
 in the minds of its i)arty of checking or counteracting the misrep- 
 resentations of the other, by the use of similar weapons. 
 
Hut to return tu tlic roiinfrv itself. Notwiihsi.mdinM; the above- 
 general description of the Dominion at lari,'e. it nexertheless 
 inclmics. within the limits of the I'roviixe of ( )ntari(). one tolerably 
 c.ompai t (listri(t,<i)m|)risin}^ about eighteen tln)usan«l s(|uare miles, 
 or twelve millions of a« res. of as e\(ellent aj^ri* ultural rountrv 
 (alreadv to a threat extent settle<l and ( ultivateil, thouL'h siill alTord- 
 
 t< 
 
 of 
 
 (is addi 
 
 mg room for some 
 
 to be found on the » ontinent of .\meri« a. while in point of he;; 
 
 ness of « lim;ile, there is probably none to be fomid .nore so. 
 
 ;»ny 
 Ithi- 
 
 This fa\«)rable '^grii iiitural p;irt comjirises the \<»rth shores i»t 
 J.akes Ontario and Krie. from the l»ay of (^)uinte to Sandwit h an<l 
 .'sarni;!, and extends northwardly to l.;ike Huron. It produces, 
 well the several kinds of grain, as wheat, barley, r\e, oats. \< .; i>. 
 favorable for ;dl kinds of vegetables, and t'or fruits oi ;dmosi ever\ 
 kind, as apples, plums, iherries. \r.. and. \u the lake ivrie* 
 districts, peaches and gra|»es. 
 
 The Northern shores of l,;ikes Huron ;ind .Superior, presenting 
 ;i genend siirtac e of granite ro< k in irreguhir ridges, are vmtit for 
 settlement: but in various parts. ;i little w;iy inhmcl. are foumf 
 c:onsider;d)le (|u;intities of good white pine, whic h is being speedil)' 
 converted into liunber at the v;irious saw mills established on the 
 shores for th;U purpose, and sent to the .\lb;ui\ ;in(l Chicago 
 m;irkets. iVc-. This rough and roc k\ district of country seems 
 also to have interspersed through it various kinds of minerals, as 
 copper, iron. lead, silver, gold, X:c-. ()nly two mines, however, 
 ha\e as yet been fairly opened and worked: th;U is. the Silver 
 Mijie M Silver Islet, on Lake Superior. ;nul the Mruce Copjier 
 Mine, on tht* shore of Huron. 
 
 'Ihe Province of Manitoba, to the NN'est of this extensive barren 
 district, is described as a very good agric:ultural country, producing 
 all kinds of grain and vej;etables, with easy c:ultivation; and, 
 ■ilthoiigh in high Northern latitude, the climate is described by 
 
Hhosc who have uintt-rcd there, as hcing not nKjrc suvcrc than 
 Kin^'ston or 'roronto: ahhough, hcin^' to a great c.\teni an open 
 prairie country, there must always be hahiUty to nunh in* onveni- 
 cnce from drifting snows, iS:c. 
 
 The want of wood, too, for Iniilding or fen< ing purposes, is also, 
 of <{)urse, a serious inconvenieni e. As to fuel, it is known that 
 there are extensive coal fields at some two or three hundred miles 
 West of the Ked River settlements, in the Saskatchewan t ountry; 
 and means will, no doubt, soon be provided for bringing it to 
 where it is wanted. 
 
 There is plenty of room yet in this Province, and in the "fertile 
 belt" or strip westward, for the formation of settlements; and the 
 North branch of the Saskatchewan river, which traverses the belt 
 from W est to Kast. it is asserted, can, with but moderate difficulty, 
 be rendered navigable f\)r nearly a thousand miles, or almost to 
 the foot of the Ko<ky Mountains, which mountains, with all their 
 height and ruggedness, intervene between the West end of the 
 l)elt or strip and the Pa* ific Province of '* British Columbia," 
 ^vhich itself, as said before, is for the most part a rugged and rocky 
 <{istrict, affording but ( omjjaratively little extent of agricultural 
 surface, being, as also before stated, more of a hshuig. minin^r and 
 Sumbering country. 
 
 'J'he general wintry character of the climate of the Dominion 
 <the very name of Canada giving an idea of frost and cold) always 
 has been, and continues to be, a bar in the way of the Province 
 receiving any considerable portion of that kind of emigration 
 •which, by the parties bringing in means with them, could help to 
 develop the coimtry's resources. And what is wanted is, that we 
 should, as far as in our power, j)rovide some .special advantage to 
 hold forth, which might, in the eyes of such emigrants, appear, as 
 far as ])ossible, a counterbalancing consideration against this 
 natural disad\ antage, and induce them to conic in and fill up the 
 
-vcrc than 
 It an open 
 inconvcni- 
 
 ics, is also, 
 iiown that 
 ilrc'd milts 
 n lountry; 
 j^ing it lu 
 
 [he ''fertile 
 ts; and the 
 ;es the belt 
 .' dirticuhv, 
 
 almost to 
 ith all their 
 L'nd of the 
 L'olumbia," 
 
 and rocky 
 igricultural 
 iiininu and 
 
 Dominion 
 
 jld) always 
 
 e l^rovinee 
 
 emigration 
 
 lid help to 
 
 is, that we 
 
 vantage to 
 
 appear, as 
 
 ainst this 
 
 fill up the 
 
 now pariially settled distri* ts \vhi« h .ire re.ill) di-'raliU. .\iid 
 there are no other mean;> >«> apparently in our pouiT as ihe redm - 
 lion of our taxation to a l«)wer rate than in otiur rnuntrics whii h 
 present open tields lor ••mignuion. 
 
 Milt this will not l>e Itroiight alxuil iiiuil a t<»tal • hangi- is 
 adopted in the manner and expense ot' adniinislering our pul>li<- 
 affairs. Thus, lor insianre, - 
 
 Abolish seven out ot our eight go\erinjienis and k-gislatures. 
 Let the l*ro\ iiu e (the Dominion) be ruled o\er by one govern- 
 anent, and have its laws made by one legislature. (This is done 
 in the neighboring State of New \ Ork. with a population the same 
 in nundx-rs as that of the Dominion, and with ten limes the 
 wealth.) "^ 
 
 Organize a government on primiples of economy, correspon- 
 <lent with the ( ire umstances and romparati\e importance of the 
 country. 
 
 I,et the electcjral districts be so enlarged that the one legislature 
 •shall consist of not more than half the number of members now 
 composing the House of ( "ommons. 
 
 Let the public business to be looked after be divided into so 
 many departments as necessary, and no more. 
 
 Let the j)ersons appointed to the heailships of these de|»art- 
 iiients be so a[)i)ointetl on account of fitness, and let them, when 
 apjjointed, be expected to be always at their posts, and giNing 
 iheir best attention to the business of the department. 
 
 Abolish the i)lan of a[ipoinling outside commissioners, every 
 now and then, to look after some part ol the duty appertaining to 
 the Head of any department. 
 
 These and other changes which could and ought to be ad<jpled 
 
li 
 
 in the ( oii^tihilion of :;(t\.TMiin.-nl. .md in the a(lniini>lr.itit»n ol 
 |>nhh( .ilVnirs, wonM |»rtHliirt' ;i Navin;^ ul" >oiuc niilliuns of dollars 
 annnalK. and hy so m\u\\ rcdn* c llu- taxation of the ctimitry: and 
 that. toil. n<»i (»nl\ without iin|»airinu. luit (•(insi>tcntlN whh in 
 t r».M>inj; otfi« iimk v in ^iovernniiMii. 
 
 'I'lu' taxation ni mans of tlu' roinitii> is at [ircsont c\trava|^ant, 
 atnonntinji to a link- rent on thi' iiro|K'it\, and is felt \cr\ opprcs- 
 sisi'. pariicnlarly amongst new and striii^^linj^ l>a«k woods settlers. 
 who sonietinu's are ohlini-d to sell snnu' part of their little stork to 
 make up surh taxes. 
 
 Is there any prol>al)i!it\ that siuh «han;;es as these, though 
 ol>\ionsly re<|iiired in the interests o( the < onmninity at larjic will 
 lie lirou^hi alioiil. or attempted, by the people whom, by our votes, 
 we ha\e pla< ed in » harjj;e of those interests? There is no prolia- 
 liility while the\ are lienefitted. or think themselves lienefitted. hy 
 the present orij;ani/ati(;n ot t;()\ermnent an orj^ani/ation whicW 
 enaliles them, wlu-n the\ will. t<i |iut their hands int<i the pul)li<- 
 treasury and help themsehcs and f)ne another to inrrease of salary, 
 without hrst consuliinji their eonsiituenis on the suliject: anil at 
 the same time. alVords them an opponunit\ to evade or needed 
 the duties <if their olt'i* es with impunity. 
 
 It is Useless to expe< t siK h a thing! Is there, then. i\o redress, 
 or no esciipini; from evils whi«h we know are only perpetuated 
 iuul increased. nee<llessly. lis those whom we have ourselves. 4is 
 .said aliove. pla<cd in charife of our affairs? 
 
 Leave out the unfaithful members at the next i,'eneral elet^tion! 
 will lie said, and the\ themselves will remind us that we have the 
 right to do so; but experience shows that in the common way this 
 will never be done to an extent to be of any use: and either the 
 same men. or others possessed of no more patriotism or imseltish- 
 ness. will tind means at an election time to obtain the popular 
 vote. 
 
jtlon t>r 
 
 filoliars 
 
 itrv ; aiul 
 
 with in- 
 
 ravag.iiU, 
 y opprcs- 
 i settlers, 
 .' stork to 
 
 .-, llunigli 
 
 arj{c. will 
 
 imr votes, 
 
 no proba- 
 
 •fitted. by 
 
 on wlii»l> 
 
 he pul>li<- 
 
 of salary. 
 
 t; and at 
 
 r nf;j;le<t 
 
 redress, 
 l»etiiateil 
 selves. 41 s 
 
 cleitioir. 
 have the 
 way this 
 ither the 
 unseltish- 
 t popular 
 
 'I lure I 
 
 S .1 w 
 
 .i\ vtill It; '111. httui \er. (.itid \\\\ > h. in ih 
 
 i: < oiiiurs s 
 
 
 interests, shfxild l>e .id«»pti(l without delay) lor altempllnj; .m iui- 
 ]»ro\e<l order r)f j;o\ernintut .iiul ot' the adniinisir.iiion ol puMit 
 ;;(Tairs, whii h. instead of seeuun^:, to h.i\e for its ol)ji:«l the pam- 
 pering and e\eu>ing from diu\ the paid puMir servants, shall rather 
 ha\e in \ iew to promote the jiood 'f the whole, and to prolet t ami 
 save fr«»ni Iturdeusome taxation the nine tenihs of the rt»n;uuMiity 
 \\ho rompoM the working, industrious. :i\u\ produi ing « lasses, 
 thus, 
 
 Let tDeelings l»e (alletl in the \.irioiis miini« ip;'lities. or, what 
 Mould he Nirv ronvenient. let the various ( 'ount^ ouir ils iht- ,,gh- 
 out the <i»untr\ take up the sul>ie<t. and appoint delef..Ui..s to nuit 
 ;it an\ partii i,!,i, time ;mu1 pkue tt) deliberate and ili-hiniine what 
 parti< 'I'ar <-hanges are |tra(;tiral>le. and what ar». d( -irahle. in the 
 present < ()nstituti(»n of government, to the end of proinoiing the 
 <lesired ol>je( l; an<l ha\ ing so determine*] as to re«|uisite ( hanges, 
 resolve that the\ shall he r.irried out: and if s«) resolving, there 
 will he nothing in the way of their being rarried »jut arrordingly. 
 The authorities of the land are aiuhorities rreated by the |i«.ople 
 themselves, and place*!, for the time. i)i charge of the interests of 
 those who elected them. and. of course, have no right to resist any 
 changes which those whose servants they profess to be. m ly deliber- 
 ;ilelv and determinedly desire; an<l should there be a ne<essitv for 
 reference to the lm|>erial (lovernn)ent or I'arliament in the mutter, 
 it is certain that no objection wouM be made in that »|uarter to 
 ;ni)' such changes being adopted. 
 
 The enormous expense of »(Miducting ("anailian government, as 
 ;U present constituted, is probablv without u parallel, when the 
 circumstances of the coimtry. and the numbers and <:ir<up.istan< es 
 of the population, ar«. taken into « (»nsideration. and is probably 
 four times as much as the cost of government of the same umcnrnt 
 of population, with ten times the wealth, in the neighboring State 
 of New York. 
 
 Hi 
 
 iii 
 
i! 
 
 8 
 
 IJctwccn the lavish and reckless expenditure, of late years, iir 
 unnecessary, useless, or unjjroductive works, and the large amounts 
 to '.vhich those placed in public trust have helped themselves and 
 their friends, under one jiretext or other, the Dominion (still a 
 I'rcvince) is at this moment over head and ears in debt, the public 
 liabilities at the j)resent time amounting to about a hundred and 
 fift\ iniiiions of dollars, ret|uiring about six millions of dollars 
 annually to \yd\ the interest alone. 
 
 !t is time that the j)eo|)le of the Province (the Dominion) should 
 take u\) tlie matter, and devise and establish a new order of 
 administration of the public affairs, abolishing all unnecessarv 
 otti< es and such as have been created rather for the benefit of the 
 individual aj)pointee than from any public necessity, or in the 
 interests of the public weal: checking reckless expenditure in pro- 
 jects such as the Intercolonial Railroad, which, being completed, 
 will only continue to be ;i burthen upon the finances of the 
 Dominion to keep it open or in running order: at once putting a 
 stoji to the monstrous waste of the public money in surveying and' 
 re-surveying for a route for a i'a( ihc Railroad through Canadian 
 territor}.'" (a thing well known before to be impracticable, without 
 traversing at least half the distance through uninhabitable rockv 
 regions) and to the possibility of the public servants ])Utting their 
 hands into the public purse at their pleasure and helping them- 
 sehes, without consulting their employers, to more than the 
 amounts at which thev had undertaken service 
 
 Hi 
 
 * riic only idiM ill coiiiicctiun with tliis talked of I'aiilic Railiimd, wliich 
 would sccni to have ivavm in it. wouM l>c. if |iiaclicalilc, to niaKc a road 
 tliiducjh Caiuulian tciritoiy iVom the Ouawa to ihc Saidl Ste. Marie, and ihoic, 
 ci(.»»->iii}; tile Straits, coniu-el with the .Vinericaii Northern I'acifie, i)y whi jh 
 means; and making a >hort l)ranch line or two lhri)U<;h Manitoba to intersect 
 thi> road, all tlie advanlaj^es for our St. Laurence and Atlantic ports, as well 
 as for our North West territory itself, uiiuld be obtained, which could result 
 throuj^h a road beiny made tlie whole distance through rocky Canadian ref;ioni; 
 and ])robably additional aflvaiitai^es. in lirintjini,' a larije jxirtion of the trade of 
 the N'.W. American Slate- in sddition to our own, by this shorter route, to 
 Atlantic i>orts. i\;c., liicc. 
 
ears, \n 
 imounts 
 ACS and 
 \ (still a 
 le public 
 Ired and 
 dollars^ 
 
 1) should 
 order of 
 iecessar>' 
 fit of the 
 •r in the 
 re in pro- 
 )mpleted, 
 L's of the 
 {Hitting a 
 rving and 
 'anadian 
 .•. withovit 
 )le rocky 
 ting their 
 nij them- 
 than the 
 
 i;\(l, which 
 aUc a road 
 and iherc, 
 , by whi .;h 
 to nitcrstct 
 rts, as well 
 could result 
 ian re^ionb; 
 the trade of 
 er route, to 
 
 Will an_\' r.itional ;i!k1 int(.;lli:,eiit man in tlv,' (■()nnniinit\- sa\ that 
 
 such changes in the < onstituiion a> would rcasonaltU- iirmnise to 
 
 bring about sm h resuh.^ are not (le^irable; or will an\ say that 
 
 they are not jira.iicable. and that e\en without ditticuhy. it sought 
 
 md <leternune<l o;i in ^uch a \va\- as sULr'^i.sted"-' 
 
 iiy i)ursuinii,' ^uc h a course, atul adojitii-.g clianges which would 
 produce tliese results, the ( ir( unistances ot the countr\ might \et 
 be redeemed; tlv.' public debt paid within a moderate luimber ot" 
 years; the taxes reduced; and the gootl and desirable parts ot the 
 Province, above reteired lo. rendered an uniting tield tor a good 
 and useful (lass of emigrants Irom ivarope or trom the neighboring 
 Stales |)eople who. brmgirig in sprn'e capit;d with them, would be 
 induced lo invest it in useful eiilerprisi's, de\eloping.thc (ouiun's 
 resoun cs. 
 
 The [U)ininion revenue at |)resen!. from indirect taxation, ((iis- 
 toms and e\< ise, \.<\} is about tweni\' millions of dollars. 
 
 Of these twent\' millions aiu)r;t six million.-., as before (jbser\ed. 
 are retjuired to j;i\' tiie intiTest of the present jmblic d'.'bl. 'lake 
 five millions more to ( reate a sinking fund, for the i'Ur|«ose ot" pa\'- 
 ing that debt, (thus getting rid of it within a moderate number of 
 years) and nine millions will remai;; for the tie* ess. try exjienses of 
 government, legislation, administration of law. keej)ing iti repair 
 useful public works, or further de\ eloping the newer parts ot the 
 coimtrw iind for apportioning amongst ll e several uiunic ipalities to- 
 wards relieving the inhabitants from bun^-nsome dire( l taxation. i\:c. 
 
 Let this serifjiis matter be taken into consideration b\- tlu- 
 Count) Councils thr(.)Ughout the country; and wh/rea.s, upon them. 
 l)y the jjresent constitution, devolves the duty ol imposing direi t 
 taxation upon their neighbors, they may thus become instriunental 
 in l)ringing about su<h changes as will reduce- that taxation to a 
 miniminn, without curtailing the amount whi( h will be axailable 
 for local imjirovements, ik'-.. <I^( .