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Un des symbples suivants apparaitra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames ss required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmis A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour itre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est film6 i partir da I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche h droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mi'.hode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 31^ OUTLIN or MODERN AND ANCIeNT GEOGRAPHY ; WITH AK INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY BY THE USE OF THE GLOBES ,• AND RULES FOR ASCERTAINING THE PLACES OF THE PRINCIPAL FIXED STARS. TO WHICH ARR ADDBD TABLES OF ANCIENT MEASURES. ' BY THE ■: ^. ♦ 4 REV. ALEXANDER SHA^^J/ -^-^C^/' / >-^ SCHOOLMASTER OF KIHKNEWTON, AND FORMERLY MASTER OF Tu'li SESsI^AL SCHOOL OF EDINBURGH. V EDINBURGH : PUBLISHED BY ALEXANDER MACREDIE, 11. SOUTH ST DAVID STREET. 1833. \\ W] 1 INSCRIBED, WITH SENTIMENTS OP PROFOUND RESPECT, TO THE HONOURABLE LORD MEADOWBANK, Who kindly furnished a consideraWe part of the Materials from which these outhnes liave been compiled, and to whom the Compiler is also indebted for uniform and steady support and countenance in the discharge of his professioiial duties. r- w m in he as th< PREFACE, It 18 a motler of very general complaint among teochom, that amidst all the systems of Geography which have already issued from the press, though many of them are unqucstion. ■My highly excellent and valuable in some respects, there is Kt m the whole a want of adaptation to the great majority "1 our School,. The diffuseness or prolixity of some systems in reference to matters of merely secondary importance, by swelling the size of the boolf, and consequently putting it be- yond tho reach of many scholars, is an unanswerable argu ment against its introduction at all into such mixed scH«,ls other -hid .f' •" T ^'""^'"^ E.,MMn,en,. On the othe, hand, their mjudicious curtailment, and meagre im pertec, mutilated account of what is most essentiS 'tot known, are equally formidable objections to those compilations whose only merit is their cheapness. ^ It was the experience of these inconveniences, coupled per haps with the circumstance of happening to possess theVro^" T^Z aTT^ '"''""' """ '« thefdll! ng Manual. And m its execution, brevitv being rigidly ad hered to by the exclusion of all such reiterated obsfmtions" as usually msinuate themselves into books of this deTo"; I the Compiler has been enabled to exhibit within modera"e oinpass a very fdl outline of Geography in the striotTsr:! ol hat term; while at the same time he has taken the on portunity to simplify and explain whatever appet!^ to 1^^' complicated and contradictory in the accounU Tdifferent vl PRRrACE. I| aulliort. For tho convcnionco of Miwtor an w«>ll ai Scholar, ho ha« also adopUKl, whero necosnary, thu tubiilttr form, nncl in all ciuoi tho alphabetical armngi'tm-nt ; ami with u view of •implifying still fartluT tho tuHk of tho latter, as well as to husbp.nd his time, which is ol\i,'n frittoroU away in tediously soorching for particular places, — tho towns are unifonnly sub- joined to their rospoctive provinces, and tho situation of each lake, mountain, headland, hay, c^r. cVc is distinctly expressed. By thoso moans, tho Master will bo reliovod from tho inter- ruption of novor-onding iiitorrogatorioH, annoying at all times, but particularly when otherwise engaged. An important advantage will likewise be found, in so far 08 tho classical scholars are conceniod, in tho outline which is appended to each country of its Ancient Googrtti>hy, whce- hy tho inconvenience and expense of being provided with a separate book, is rendered unnecessary. To tho same class of scholars the to^/( tivo Iur>(<'r portiotiH \\t» tuiMMi HiNiH. // ( 'iuiHt or .V/iorr, if* thiit part of the liind u huh hor«hne, about a million and a half of Npiare milen, and in A^itt lour tiniew a** much. It yii'ldx, however, in popula* tion to Chhifi, whieh, iiicludinjij the dominiouM in Tartary and Thibet, in (»ntimat«»«! to eonth^.i at leant A InindnHJ and fifty millionH of noiiIs — bein^ more than three-fimrtliH of the a^^re^ate |K>pulation of all the e<»untrieH in Kuropi'. The Urltmh Emplrr hohh the hrst place in the weale of nutionn ; itn Capital, Loudoti, on the river Thamen, is the jrrand ctnpo- rium of the trade of the whole world. The Affult- terrnnenn, \v\\k\\ «eparates Kurop<» from Afri('a, ih computed to contain one million of square miles. The Atlantic in con^iil-ni>n nrxx^<-,\c*-\^^rt of England and Scotland. 2. Ireland. 3. Iceland, in the N. Atlantic., belonging to Denmark. 4. Spitz- V North >ng^itude. reece to , and its t Brest, counting -atitiide. but that tcken. )LITICAIi or the d. Ciu France^ sbon, on bending ngdoms, Bna, &c. i Rome, ^witzev- \ Berne, >rehend- ntndes ; Maine, a; the Federa- >, Bnis- tistel or land of IS, con- ^kholm, in Nor- a. 13. Vienna, pie, on Tripo- ri!?istliig .4 ISLANDS, MOUNTAi:% SEAS. 5 beigen and Nova Zambia, in the Arctic Ocean, be- longing to Russia. 5. Zealand, Funen, kc. in tlie entrance to the Baltic, part of Denmark. 6. Candm or Crete, in the Mediterranean, belonging to Turkey. 7 Sktly, belonging to Naples. 8. Malta, belong- ing to Britain. 9. Corsica, to France. 10. Sar- dinia, to the king of Sardinia. 11. Maj(yrca, Mi- . norca, and Mcc belonging to Spain. 12. The Amres, or Western Islands, belonging t«> Portugal. III. Mountains. — 1. The Alps, in Switzerland, the highest of which. Mount Blanc, is 15^ thousand feet above the level of the sea ; thoy extend in a semi-circular form for about 500 miles. 2. The Pyrennees, between France and Spain, the highest of which is 11 thousand feet, 3. The Apennines, in Italy, 4. Mount Haemus, or the Hasmalays, in Turkey. 5. The Carpathian mountains, on the N. & E. of Hungary, in Austria. 6. The Kolen mountains, between Norway and Sweden. 7. The Uralian mountains, in Russia. IV. Seas, &c. — 1. l^he Mediterranean. % The Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice, between Italy and Turkey. 3. The Archipelago, between Turkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia, 4. The Sea of Mar- mora, the Black Sea, and Sea of Axoph, which form a line of communication between the Archipe- lago and river Don in Russia. 5. The Levant, or Eastmost portion of the Mediterranean. 6. The North Sea, or German Ocean, separating Britain from Denmark. 7. The Irish Sea, and St George's Channel, dividing Britain from Ireland. 8. The English Channel, and Bay of Biscay, on the North and West of France. 9. The Skagerac or Sleeve, and Cattegct, between the German Ocean and Bal- tic. 10. The Baltic, 11. The Galfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga, expansions of the Baltic. 12. The White Sea, in the North of Russia. V. Straits 1. Sf.raJl:*! ^f n\h,»^it^^ x.^*. the Atlantic and Meditei nean. % Of Bonifacio, between the Balearic Island^, Corsica, aod Sardinia. A 2 ■I I : Hi t > m O EUROPE. 3. Of Messina, between Naples and Sicily, where Scylla and Charybdis, a danprerous rock and whirl- pool, once stood, the dread of sailors, and a subject of fabulous history to the heathen poets. The whirl- pool was destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. 4. The Straits of the Dardanelles, sometimes called the Straits of Gallipoli, connect the Archipelago with the Sea of Marmora. 5. Straits of Constantinople connect the Sea of Marmora with the Euxine or Black Sea, while the latter communicates with the Sea, or rather Lake, of Jnf^h, by, 6. The Straits of Enikali or Caffh. 7. The Ferry from Dover in England to Calais in France, is sometimes called the Straits of Dover, sometimes Calais Straits. «. The Sound, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt, are the Channels between Sweden and Zealand, Zealand and Funen, p.nd Funen and the mainland of Denmark or Jutland respectively. Vessels passing from foreign parts into the Baltic, must jmy a toll to the Danes at Elsinore, a village upon the Sound. VI. Rivers.— 1. The Volya, in Russia, which falls mto the Caspian Sea, at Astracan, after a course of more than 2^ thousand miles. 2. The Danul>e rises in the W. of Germany, passes by Ulm, Ratis- bon, Passau, Vienna, Presburg, Buda, and Peter- wardein in the Austrian dominions, and Belgrade, a frontier town, and Widin, Ibraila, &c. in Turkey, and falls into the Black Sea, near Ismael in Russia, after a passage of 1300 miles, being in some places a mile in breadth. 3. The Dneiper rises on the W. of Moscow, passes Smolensko, Ekathrinoslav, &c. and after a coiwse of 1000 miles falls into the Black Sea, near Cherson. 4. The Don rises to the south of Moscow, passes through the country of the Cos- sacks, and discharges itself in the sea of Azoph. 5. The Rhine rises in Switzerland, passes through the lake of Constance, runs by Basle, whence it forms the boundarv between Frann« ani\ ciomnQn^ *^h^„ passes by Strasburg, Spires, Manheim, Mentz, Coblentz, Cologne, and Nimeguen. On entering ly, where ind whirl- i a subj(;ct rhe whirl- 1783. 4. les called jiago with antinople ^uxine or with the he Straits Dover in les called f Straits', ittle Belt, Zealand, mainland (Is paeaing y a toll to Sojund. a, which r a course ! Danube m, Hatis- id Peter- Belgrade, Turkey, 1 Russia, ) places a 1 the W. dav, &c. he Black the south the Cos- oph. 5. ough the ! it fonns r»TT ^tlrkn Mentz, ent^ing BIVERS. 7 Holland, it divides itself into four branches ; the only one which retains the name of Rhine falls into the German Ocean, at Ley den. Its course is com- puted at 600 miles. It receives the tributary streams of the Neckar and the Mayne from the east, and from the west the river Moselle. 6. The Rhone also rises in Switzerland, traverses the lake of Ge- neva, is joined at Lyons by the Saone from the north ; from whence, passing by the French cities Vienne, Valence, Avignon, and Aries, it flows into the Guljlh of Lyons in the Mediterranean, after a course of 400 miles. 7. The northern and western Dwinaa, both in Russia ; the former passes by Archangel in its progress to the White Sea, the latter flowing westward, falls into the Baltic at Riga. 8. The Niemen or Memel flows near the confines of Russia and Prussia, passes by Grodno, and falls into the Baltic near Memel. 9. The Vis- Ma rises in Austria, passes Cracow, Warsaw, Culm, Thorn, and Marienburg, and joins the sea near Dantzic in Prussia, after a course of 450 miles. Its prmcipal tributary is the river Bog, which falln into it from the east, below Warsaw. 10. The Oder rises in Moravia, passes by Breslaw, Glogaw, and Frankfort, and enters the Baltic below Stettin. 11. The Elbe rises in Silesia, runs by Prague, Dresden, Wittemberg, Magdeburg, and Hamburgh, and after a course of 500 miles, enters the sea near Cuxhaverf, the chief sea-port of Hanover. 12. The Weser is formed by the Wurra and Fulda, which join near Munden, and disembogue at Bremen into the German Ocean. 13. The Ems or Embs passes by Munster, and enters the sea at Embden. 14. The Scheldt or Escaut rises near Douay in France, runs by Tournay, Ghent, and Antwerp ; and after passing Fort Lillo, divides itself into two branches, called the East and W'est Scheldt. The former rr una the latter falls into the sea at Flushing. 15. The Maese rises near Verdun in France, passes by Meziere. Namur, M »H ; Itti \l\ Hi 8 europaJ. (where it receives the Sambre) Liepfe, Ma-strlcht, Venloo, and Gorciim, and joins the sea below Rot- terdam. 16. The Seine rises in St Seine, in the department of Cote d'Or in France, and passes by Troyes, Melun, Paris, and Rouen ; and after a course of 150 miles, falls into the English Channel at Havre-de-Grace. I7. The Loire rises in Lan- guedoc, passes by Le Puy, Foeurs, Nevers, Orleans, Blois, Tours, and Nantes, and falls into the Bay of Biscay at I'ainboDuf, after a coiu'se of 500 miles. 18. The Garonne rises in the Pyrennees,' runs by Thoulouse, Agen, and Bourdeaux, and below that place falls into the Bay of Biscay ; after being join- ed by the Dordogne, it assumes the name of Gironde. 19. The Minho rises in Galicia, and forms the Northern boundary of Portugal. 20. The Douro passes Valladolid, Toro, Zamora, in Spain, crosses Portugal from east to west, and falls into the sea at Oporto. 21 . The Tagtis rises on the borders of Arragon, passes by Toledo, Vlcantara, and Santaren, and after a course of 500 miles, falls into the ocean below Lisbon, forming a capacious haven. 22. The Guadiana passes by Merida, Badajos, in Spain, whence it separates Spain from Portugal, and falls into the Atlantic after a course of 400 miles. 23. The Guadalquivir passes by Cordova and Seville, and fails into the Atlantic at St Lucar. 24). The Ebro rises in the mountains of Asturias, flows west- ward by Saragossa and Tortosa, and fiills into the Mediterranean after a course of 400 miles. 25. The Arno rises among the Apennines, passes by Florence and Pisa in Tuscany, and falls into the Gulph of Genoa. 26. The Tiber rises near the source of the Arno, runs by Peruggia and Rome, and receiving forty-two streams in the course of its progress through the States of the Church, falls into the Mediterranean after a length of 150 miles. 27- The Po, which is twice as long, rises on the borders .Cremona, and falls into the Gulph of Venice. 28. nivEiis. 9 The Jdifffi passes by Trent and Verona, and falls into the Gulph of Venice. 29. The principal tri- butarieH of the Danube on its right bank, are the Ilkr, the Leek, the J^ar, the Iser, and the Inn in Bavaria ; the Ens, the Draoe, and the Save in Austria ; and on its left bank, the river Thiesa, or Thersa, and the Priith. Of these, the Inn rises in Switzerland, passes by Inspruck, and joins t!ie Danube at Passau. The Save divides Austria from Turkey, and meets the Danube at Belgrade, not far from which place the Danube had been rein- forced from the North by the waters of the Thiess. The Pruth, which tbrms the boundary between the Russian and Turkish empires, joins the Danube near its confluence with the Black Sea. 30. The Neister rises in the Carpathian Mountains, and passing by Bender, falls into the Euxine at Aker- man, about half way between the mouths of the Danube and the Bog, after a course of 600 miles. VII. Capes. — 1. The North Cape in Lapland. 2. The Naxe in Norway. 3. Land's End in J£ng- land. 4. Cape Clear in Ireland. 5. Cape la Hague in France. 6. Cape Ortogal in Spain. 7- Cape Finisterre in Spain. 8. Cape St Vincent in Portugal. 9. Cape Spartivento in Italy. 10. Cape Matapan in I'urkey. VIII. Isthmuses. — 1. Isthmus of Corinth, the entrance into the Crimea (Peloponnesus) in Turkey. 2. The Isthmus of Precops, in the Crimea, in Russia, on the north side of the Black Sea. IX. Lakes. — 1. Lakes Onegct, Ladoga, and Peipus in Russia. 2. Wener and Weter in Swe- den. 3. Neufchatel and Geneva on the borders of France. 4. Lucerne, Zurich, and Constance, in Switzerland. X. Volcanoes. — 1. 'M.oxmtJEtna in Sicii ' whose base covers a space of 180 miles, and itb i eight above the sea is 11,000 feet : the crater of iEtna is often three miles in circumference. 2. Mount Ve- mvius, east of Naples, 3600 feet high ; and, 3. 10 EUROPE. Ml ' I in 'it! Mount Hecla in Iceland, 5000 foet above the «ea. Besides these, there are neverul other volcanic erup- tions of less note, such as the Lipari Iwlands, near the coast of Sicily, one of which, Stnnuboli^ is called by mariners the light-house of the Mediterranean. Grahame's Island also, i?i the Minliterranean, recent- ly thrown up, and said to have since disappeared. XI. The ancient divisions of Europe M'ere by no means uniform with thost of modern times. Several of the Northern Countries were comprehended under one common desipfnation ; thus, 1. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, were deno- minated Scandinavia , but still more anciently, the Romans accounted the nations inhabiting these coun- tries as Germans^ and the little that was known of the inhabitants has been included accordingly by the Roman writers, under the general description of Germania, or Germany. 2. The rest of Germany extended between the Rhine and the Vistula, from the shores of the Baltic as far south as the river Danube. 3. The Countries E. of the Vistula, and North- ward, comprehending parts of Prussia, Poland, and Russia, so far as was known to the Romans, were termed sometimes Sarmatia, sometimes Scythia. 4. The Country bordering upon the S. E. side of Germany, extending along the northern shores of the Danube from the Carpathian mountains to the Black Sea, was called Dacia. 5. On the S. side of the Danube, proceeding from its source to its termination, we pass over successive- ly, 1. Vindelicia, the Country oi the Grisous, and Rhcetia, that of the Tyrolese. 2. Noricum, cor- ircsponding with that part of the Austrian dominions called Austria Proper. 3. Pannonia, or part of Hungary. 4. IUyr'wum„ the country along the E. coast of the Adriatic ; and, 5. Mwsia, which extend- ed from the river Drino, a branch of the Save, all VI J tic modern provinces of Servia and Bulgaria in Turkey. •it Qucent ANCIENT DIVISIONS OF- 6. To tlie S. of Mn'8in, Thracia^ now forming the c( isli dominions. 7. Grcccta e.vtra Pdnpmint Peloponnef^nm^ wore the hou) Turkey : 'J'he " Pe/oponnesui with »« The Aforear These _ islands constituted the States of ancient Greece. tt. Returning westward to the head of the Adria- tic, we enter Venetin, to the west of which was that part of ancient Italy called Gallia Cisalpina, or Citennr, and which, according to some, compre- hended Venvfia. Cisalpine Gaul extended from the Alps to Italia Propria^ from which last it was se- parated by th« river IMncmi on the Adriatic side, and the river Mncra on that of the Mediterranean. The part of it which lay to the S. of the Po, was called Cispadma, and comprehended Liguria, sub- sequently the Genoese territories, and denominated the Ligurian llepublic. 9. Italia Propria, or Italy Proper, lay to the South of this. 10. Gallia, Gaul or France, in addition to its present territories, comprehended Helvetia, or Swit- zerland, and that part of the Low Countries which lies S. of the Rhine. 11. Hispania and Lusitania, corresponded nearly to Spain and Portugal. 12. Britannia, or Britain, and Caledonia, that part of it called Scotland, with Hihernia, Ireland, complete this general survey. XII. The Names op the Principal Rivers. 1. Rha, the Wolga. 2. Tanais, the Don. 3. Bo- rysthenes, the Dnieper. 4. Tyras, the Niester. 5. Danuhius or Isther, the Danube. 6. Padus, the Po. 7. Rhod&nus, the Rhone. 8. Iberua, the Ebro. 9. Boetis, the Guadalquivir. 10. Anas, the Guadiana. 11. Durius, the Douro. 12. Garumna, tiJe Garonne. 13. Liger, the Loire. 14. Sequ&na, u EUROPE. ! il f 1 . liil [ ill .1; ' » i \ i i 1 1 I m: '''.'■ I lii' the Seine. 15. Samiira, the Somme. 16. Scaldin, the Scheldt. 17- Mma, the Mseue. Iti. Hhenus^ the Rhine. 19. Hawr^i*, the Weser. 20. ^///i«, tha Elbe. 21. Viadrk, the Oder. 22. 7Vw*» Vi^- tula^ and Duina, retain their ancient name». XIII. The Seas and 'Straits. — 1. /Egeum Mare, the Archipelapfo. 2. IlellespontuH, the Strait« of Dardanelles. 3. Bosphortia Thracius, the Straitfi of Constantinople. 4. Euduinum Mare^ the Hlack Sea. 5. BonphoTUH Cimmericus, the Strait of CafTa. 6. Palus Mirotis, Sea of Azoph. 7' Man- SutJtvman, or Sinus Codanus, the Baltic. 8. Fre- turn Gaditanum, or Herculaneum, the Strait of Gibraltar. 9. Sinus Gallicua, the Gulf of Lyons. 1 0. Mare Ligustieuniy the Gulf of Genoa. 1 1 . Mare Inferwn, Tyrrhenum, or EtrusQum, the Tuscan Sea. 12. Fretum Siciilum, the Strait of Messina. 13. Mare Superunif Illyricum, or Sinus Hadria- tivuSf the Adriatic Sea. 14. Mare lonicum, Cre- ticiim, yEgeum, &c. different parts of the Medi- terranean Sea. THE BRITISH ISLANDS. GREAT BRITAIN. Extent — From 50 to 58^ degrees North Lati- tude, and from 2° E. to 6° W. Longitude. Length, 580, Breadth, 37O miles. ENGLAND AND WALES. Boundaries — N. Scotland; E. German Ocean; S. English Channel ; W. Irish Sea and St George's Channel. .,, I.— ENGLAND. Counties, 40; viz. Northumberland, Durham, York, and Lincoln, on the North-East Coast. Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Kent, on the South- East Coast. Sussex, llampsliire, Dorset, Devon, COUNTIES AND PRINCIPAL tOWNS. IS 6. SealdWf ^. l{henue^ . Alhint tha a^uSf Vh- I. /Egtum the Straitf^ the Strait^ the Black I Strait of 7. Marv ;. 8. Fro- e Strait of f of Lyons. 1 1 . Marc he Tuscan )f Messina. 18 Hadria- cum, Cre- the Medi- orth Lati- Length, in Ocean ; t George's Durham, let Coast, the South- t, Devon, and Cornwall, alonj? the British Channel. Surrey, Herk.shire, and WiltHhire, along the South bank of the Thames. Middlesex, Buckingham, and Oxford, on its North bank. In the West of England are Somerset and Gloucester, on the Bristol Channel. Monmouth, Hereford, Shropshire, and Cheshire, bordering on Wales. Lancashire, Cumberland, and a small part of Westmoreland, on the Irish Sea. The remaining 12 Counties may be called Inland ; viz. Nottingham, Der- by, Stafford, Leicester, and Rutland, to the West of Lincoln. Worcester, Warwick, Northampton, Hunt- ingdon, and Cambridge, a belt running across the centre of the kingdom. And, lastly, Bedford and Hertford, between Huntingdon and Middle8«x. Table of the Counties^ alphabetically arranged, and their Principal Towns : — 1. Bedford ; Bedford, Biggleswade. 2. Berkshire; Reading, Windsor. 3. Buckingham ; Buckingham, Eton. 4. Cambrid^^e ; Cambridge, Ely. 5. Cheshire; Chester, Stockport. 6. *Cornwall; Launceston, Falmouth. 7. *Cumberland ; Carlisle, Whitehaven. 8. *Derbyshire ; Derby, Chesterfield. 9. Devonshire; Exeter, Plymouth, Dartmouth. 10. Dorsetshire; Dorchester, Weymouth, Poole. 11. Durham; Durham, Sunderland. 12. Essex ; Chelmsford, Colchester, Har^'ich. 13. *Gloucester; Gloucester, Tewksbury, part of Bristol. 14. *Hampshire; Winchester, Southampton, Ports- mouth. 15. Hereford ; Hereford, Leominster, Ross. 16. ^Hertford ; Hertford, Ware, St Alban's. [17. Huntingdon ; Huntingdon, St Neots, St Ives. 18. *Kent ; Maidstone, Canterbury, Rochester. 19. Lancashire; Lancaster, Liverpool, Manchester. 20. *Leicester; Leicester, Harborough. isi. j-.ineoiiisiure ; Liincoln, Grimsby. !2. *Middlesex; London. 1 1 14 Knoland akd wales. ^ ■:( i( lilt i> ' li^ I ! I t 23. MontnouUinhirti ; Monmouth, AlnTpfavonny. 24. Norfolk ; Norwich, Yarmouth. 25. Northampton ; Northampton, Peterhorouj^h. 20. Northumhu-kla(l«* iii (tioiiciwtor. It im<- parati>H the CouiitieM uf Oxford, liiirkiiit^hiim, Middle- «t»x, Riid Ktuiex, on the North, from Hfrk«liiri», Surrey, and Kent, on the South. ItM brt'udth, ut London, i» 4k) yard«, crowdi'd with Mhipn, which conv«»y into that capital the woalth of i\w (ilohc. Thin city enjoy m the advantagi'M of a Hca-port with the iiecurity of an inhtnd town, being 20 milcH from the mouth of the Thamew at (JraveHend. The frith beyond tluM iHeaileiii tlio inoiiii- (wluTe it iw wdlcy, Wor- ifttT u foiirm' lul. 3. The H (i^rout nuin- lluUy which lich flows by 1 tho OuB« at. Unmber. 4. lid Scothind. uiruteH North Sou at TyiH«- liani and Suii- n from York- ^UHh. 9. The 'e, and [)a^^s("< f«, in North- fniflehorouyh, idaWy CrosH- Snowdoriy in re. 6. The orcester. ii in Gloucester. Lake of Kes- 2. Winder- ere. in Hunt- I ASCIKNT DIVfSrONS OF GREAT IIHITAIN. 17 VII. ('Ai'ilii.— •]. FinfrUktrufiffhhrtui Ikmi Sff9itnhmnfi in York. ♦i. MwM and South Fordtmdn^sknd Purnf^ n#»**, in Kpnt. 'A. Ihutrhifhfnd^ in Siiumi'x. 4. Nfmilra^ in thi« Iiiln of VViKht. 5. St Alhann Hend^ Mid PorU land Hoint, in Dorwt. (I Start Pinnt^ in Devon. 7- Lixard Point and Lnml»efid^ in Coniwall. VII I. Hayii. — I. Uitttin HwmTm liny, Hridliuffttm liny, and llumh>r Month, in Yorl(. 2. The Wmih, in Lincoln. 3. Yarmou'h HwidH, Norfolk. 4. The Dowtui, Croodwin Vrnir/j», and Straita of Ihwer, Kent. 5. Sfiithmd, U\e <\' Wijifht. (J. Torhoy, Devonnhire. 7- Mount* /»"", Cornwall. H. Moretnmhuy, Lauca- etliire. IX. Tmi C*irrQUR Portm. — Five orij(inal, viz. 1. Ilnstintfa, in Siimeif. 2. Jhnutr. 3. Uomney. 4. Ilythc ; and /J. Snndw'wh, all in Kent. Three addi- tioiial, 6. /6/*?. 7- Hyftntv. [\. Winthelwa, in SiisMex. X. Thk Anc iknt Divinionn ov (t«KAT Hritain.^- HirerM — Sub-duiiuiouH — nnd Principal Town : — The Koinanh divided the Inland intr> two piirtti, Hih. matM and Hurhara : of different extents at different times, tiritnnnin Roniana was divided into Snperior, answering to Waleay and Inferior, comprehending the rest of it. Likewise into Hritanniu Prima, Serunda, Vakmtin, Mn.vima CfpmriensiH^ and Flaina Camr- ifnuiff ; but the limits of these are not known. The |)rincipal Rivers of Britain, are, 1. TainHin, the Thames, originally Tamiahi, from the rivers Tarn and Isis, whose confluence is at Dorchester. 3. Sabrina, he Severn. 3. Abus, the H umber. 4. Vedra, the ■^ or Were, rathei the latter. 5. Tina, the Tyne. .'una, tne Kden, running into the JEstuarium Itumr, or Solway Frith. 7. Tuctsin, the Tweed. [H. Bodofria, or Boderia, the Forth. 9. Glota, the 'Jlyde. 10. Tans, the Tay. 11. D&vAna, the Dee, K'c— The chief States were, 1 . The Cantii, inhabiting Kent. 2. Trinobantes, Middlesex. 3. Belffw or Regni, Hampshire, ^Vilta, Somerset. 4. Durotri/res, I^n-avn^aViivA K T'k^.^,^,^.^^! T\ 1 yl _. ii /^ Mrebates, Berkshire. ^. SiUires, South Wales. 8. b2 \\\ 38 i M . 1 i t : I 1 M til H Ml 1 • 111 l!f ill! SCOTLAND. Ordavtces, North Wales. 9 fchii, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, &c. 10. Brifrantes, Yorkshire.— The Bri- tons had scarcely any town of note when invaded by the Romans. The termination, vhester^ common to so imuiy towns in England, sigr.iiies 'from rastra) that they were at first only Roman encampments. Imidi- nhm, Londoti, was early remarkable for the grf it resort of merchants. Camalodunum, (Maiden, or Colchester,) m as the first Roman colony in Britain. The Port most fre«irented under the Emperors was lhUupia\ Rich borough, in Kent. The Partus Du- hris, or -«>, Dover, became afterwards more femous. Lemanis, Lime, near which Caesar is supposed to have landed. Other remarkable places are, Durovernum, Canterbury; Durohrivis, Rochester; Venta Belga- Tuin^ Winchester; Durnium, or Durnovaria, Dor- chesier ; Isca, Exeter ; Verulamium, Verulam, near St Alban's. Aquir SoUs, Bath ; Deva, Chester, on the river Dee, where the ancient walls and fortifica^ tions still remain.; Jlata Castra, supposed to be Edin- burgh, called anciently Edenodunum, from its Gaelic appellation. Dune Aidan, the citadel of A idan, its pro- prietor. Burg is Saxon, answering to Dune in Celtic. SCOTLAND. Boundaries—^, and W. Atlantic; S. England; and E. the North Sea. Area, thirty thousand square miles. Population, 2,365,807. I. Co?r the grf it Maiden, or in Britain, nperors was Partus Dur- ore Ibrious. )sed to have 'i^rovernum, mta Bekja- mriay Dor- rulam, near Chester, on id fortifica- to be Edin- n its Gaelic Ian, its pro- ie in Celtic. England ; iand square le numbers ns, the po- IX. 1, 58,019, , Inverurie, It compre- bogie, &c. ine, 5200, an, Largs, inningham, 3. 4. 5. B. ^0. 11. J2. 13. 14. is. •^ ^.— ■If P 18 COUNTIES AND PRINCIPAL TOWNS. IQ ♦Argyle, 101,425 ; Inverary, Campbelton, 9472, Kilbride. Sub-division, Knapdale, Kintyre, and Lorn. *Banff; 48,604; Banff, Cullen, Keith, Portsoy. ♦Berwick, 34,048 ; Greenlaw, Dunse, Coldstream, Lauder, Eyemouth. Sub-division, Merse, Lam- mennuir, and Lauderdale. ♦Bute and Arran, 14,151 ; Rothsay in Bute, Brod- wick in tiie island of Arran. ♦Caithness, 34,529 ; Wick, 9,850, Thurso. (& 18.) Clackmannan, 14,7^9; Clackmannan, Alloa, 6,377. (Si 28.) Cromarty, (conjoined with the County of Ross) ; Cromarty, Rosemarkie. ♦Dumbarton, 33,211 ; Dumbarton. ♦Dumfries, 73,770; Dumfries, 11,606, Annan, Moffat, Sanquhar, Lochmaben, Lockerby, Lang- holm, Gretna Green. Subdivision, Nithsdale, Annandale, and Eskdale. ♦Edinburgh, or Mid Lothian, 219,592; Edin- burgh, 136,301, Leith, 25,855, Musselburgli, 8,961, Dalkeith, 5,586, Portobello, Pennycuick ♦Fife, 128,839; St Andrew^ 5,621, Cupar 6,473, Dunfermline, 17,068, Falkland, King- horn, Kirkcaldy, 5,034, Auchtermuchty, Inver- keithing, Burntisland, Dysart, Anstruther, Crail, Ely. ♦Forfar, or Angusshire, 139,606; Dundee, 45,355, Forfar, 7,949, Montrose, 12,055, Brechin, 6,508, Arbroath, 6,660, Coupar. ♦Haddington, or East Lothian, 36,145; Hadding- ton, 5,883, Dunbar, Tranent, North Berwick, Prestonpans. ♦Inverness, 94,797; Inverness, 14,324, Fort- George, Fort-Augustus, Fort- William, Culloden Muir. Subdivision, Aird, Badenoch, Lochaber, &c. ^Kincardine, or Mearns, 31,434; Bervie, Stone- haven, or Stonehive. (& 8.) Kinross, 9,072 ; Kinross. 20 SCOTLAND. i !■■.! 1 iH tM ■Hi I It* I ;:ti It ■i i 19. *Kirkcudbright, or East Galloway, 40,590 ; Kirk- cudbright, New Galloway. Subdivision, East Galloway, and Mid Galloway. 20. *Lanark8hire, or Clydesdale, 316,819 ; Glasgow, 202,426, Lanark, 7,672, Hamilton, 9,513, Ru- therglen, Douglas, Airdrie, Biggar. 21. *Linlithgow, or West Lothian,' 23,291 ; Linlith- gow, 4,874, Borrowatounness, Queensferry, Mid- Calder. 22. (& 23.) Moray, or Elgin, 34,231 ; Elgin, 6,130, Forres, Fochabers, Burghead, Findhorn. Sub- division, Strathspey, &c. 23. (& 22.) Nairnshire, 9,354; Nairn, Auldearn. 24. *Orkney and Zetland, 58,239 ; Kirkwall and Stromness in Orkney, Lerwick and Scalloway in Zetland. 25. *Peebles, or Tweedale, 10,578 ; Peebles, Linton, Drummelzier. 26. *Perthshire, 142,894; Perth, 20,016, Scone, Dunkeld, Crieff', Dumblane, Doune, Callendar, Killin, Blair Athole, Auchterarder, Culross, Abernethy. Subdivision, Athol, Gowry, Bread- j albane, Strathern and Menteith. 27. *Renfrew, 133,443; Renfrew, Port-Glasgow, Greenock,27,571,Paisley,57,466,Neilston,8,064. 28. (& 9.) Ross-shire, 74,820; Tain, 3,078, Ding-l wall, Fortrose, Invergordon, Ballintore. Sub-| division, Strathpeifer, Ferintosh, &c. 29. ^Roxburgh, 43,663; Jedburgh, 5,647, Kelso, | 4,939, Hawick, Melrose, Ednam. Subdivision, I Teviotdale and Liddesdale. 30. ^Selkirkshire, 6,833; Selkirk, Galashiels. Sub-j division, the Etterick Forest. 31. *Sutherland, 25,5^18 ; Dornock, Golspie, Tongue, Brora. A great part of it goes under the namei of Lord Reay's Country. 32. ^Stirlingshire, 72,621 ; Stirling, 8,556, Falkirk, 12,743, Grangemouth. Carron, Bannockbum. 33. *Wigtonshire, or West Galloway, 36,258 ; Wig- ton, Whitehorn, Stranraer, Port-Patrick, New- ton-Stuart, Glenluce. ':t ii'i 0,590 ; Klrk- livision, East 9 ; Glasgow, 1, 9,513, Ru- » 291; Linlith- jnsfcrry, Mid- Elgin, 6,130, tdhorn. Sub- Auldearn. Kirkwall and I Scalloway in ebles, Linton, 1,016, Scone, le, Callendar,! der, Culrosg, rowry, Bread- E*ort-GlasgoAv, ^eilston,8,064. 3,078, Ding- lintore. Siib- 5,647, Kelso, Subdivision, ashiels. Sub- Ispie, Tongiie, nder the name ,556, Falkirk, annockburn. 56,258; Wig- Patrick, New- 1. i ff ISLANDS, MOUNTAINS, LOCUS, &C. 21 II. Islands. — First Group. — The Zetland Inlands, 40 in number; principal ones, 1. Mainland, Chief Town, Scalloway ; 2. Yell ; 3. Unst. SecondGroiip. — Ork- ney Islands, 26 in number ; chiefly Mainland or Pomo- na ; towns, Kirkwall, Stromness ; 2. Hoy ; 3. Ro- naldsa. Third Group. — The Hebrides or Western Islands, 300 irt number; 1. Lewis, belonging to Ross- shire ; chief town Stornoway ; 2. Harris, Ross-shire ; 3. Skye, Inverness -shire, town Bracadale ; 4. Mull, Argyleshire, town Tobermory; 5. Staff'a; 6. lona, Argyleshire. Fourth Group. — Islands on the East Coast; 1. May; 2. Bass Rock; 3. Inchkeith, in the Frith of Forth; 4. Bell Rock, in the Frith of Tay. III. Mountains. — 1. Ben-nevis, Inverness-shire, 4370 feet high. 2. Ben-uivis, Ross-shire. 3. Cairn- gorm and Corriaroch in Inverness-shire. 4. Ben-Crua- chan in Argyle. 5. Mount Battoch in Kincardine. 6. The Grampians in Perth, consisting of Schihallion, Ben-Lawers, Ben-Voirlich, Ben-Ledi, &c. 7- The Ochills in the South of Perth. 8. Ben-Lomond in Dumbarton. 9. The Pentlands in Edinburghshire. 10. Berwick Law, and Lammermuir, in Berwick. 11. Cheviot Hills in Roxburgh. 12. MofFat and Lead Hills in Dumfries. 13. Ben-Macdui in Aberdeen, is said to be ] 5 feet higher than Ben-Nevis. IV. Lochs. — 1 . Loch Shin in Sutherland. 5. Loch Marie, and Loch Broom, in Ross. 3. Loch Ness, Loch Lochy, and Loch Linn, in Inverness-shire. 4. Loch Etive, Loch Awe, Loch Fyne, and Loch Long, in Argyle. 5. Loch Leven in Kinross. 6. Loch Tay, Loch Rannoch, Loch Erach, Loch Ketteran, Loch Ernej in Perth. 7. Loch Lomond in Dumbarton. 8. Loch Ryan in Wigton. V. Friths and Bays.— 1. Frith of Forth, Lo- thians. 2. Frith of Tay, between Forfar and Fife. 3. Moray Frith. 4. Cromarty Frith. .5. Dornoch Frith, between Ross and Sutherland. 6. Pentland Frith, between Caithness and Orkneys. 7' Frith of Clyde, Renfrewshire. 8. Solway Frith, Kirkcud- bright. 9. Wigton and Glenluce Bays, in Wigton. 22 SCOTLAND. :.'^!ili ft! 'n I'll . ■It If'!; ^^^f* ^?YND8.--1. Sound of Mull, between Inhmd of Mull and Inverness-shiro. 2. Sound of Jura, between Jura and Argyle. 3. Sound of Isla, between Isla and Jura. 4. Kilbrennan Sound, between Arran and Ar- gyle. 5. Whirlpool of Corryvreckan, between Jura and Scarba. ^.y^^- Capes.— 1. St Abb's Head, Bei^vickshire. 2. Fifeness, Iifeshire. 3. Kinairdshead, Aberdeenshire. 4. larbetness, Ross-shire. 5. Duncansbayhead, and Dunnetshead, Caithness. 6. Cape Wrath, Sutherland. 7- liutt of Lewis ; Hebrides, Lewis. 8. Point of Ardnamurchan, Inverness-shire 9. Mull of Cantyre, Argyle. 10. Fairland Point, Wigton«hire. IL Mull of Galloway, and Burrow Head, Wigtonshire. 12. Saturn-ness, Kirkcudbrightshire, o m"^". ^J7^««~l- 1^'orth, on the N. of Stirling. 2. Tay, in Perthshire. 3. Tweed, on the borders. 4. Clyde, in Lanarkshire. 5. Teviot, in Roxburghshire. 6. Annan, andNith, Durafries-shire. 7. Spey, between Moray and Banff. 8. Dee, between Aberdeen and Kinciirdine^ 9. Don and Ythan, in Aberdeenshire. 1 0. North Esk and South Esk, in Angus. 1 1 . Leven, in Fife. 12. Ayr, in Ayrshire. 13. The principal tributaries of the Tweed besides the Teviot, already mentioned, are the Ettrick and Gala Waters in Sel- kirkshire, and the Adder in Berwickshire. 14. The Esk and Liddel, in Dumfries. shire, uniting, fj.ll into the Solway Frith. 15. The Ken, in Kirkcudbright- shire, issues from the lake of the same name. 16. The Stmcher, the Doon, and the Lugar, in Ayrshire, like the streams of Selkirk, are indebted for their notoriety chiefly to the songs of their native bards. r^ ^"^V ^^^ Counties marked thus *, are to return One Member of Parliament each. The other Counties are combined, each two being to return One Member. The ^numbers within brackets dey, between )erdeen and erdeenshire. 11. Leven, 16 principal iot, already iters in Sel- . 14. The g", i\Al into kcudbright- '. 16. The Tshire, like lir notoriety of Stirling which constitutes the parish of Alloa. The towns to return Two Members each, are Edinburgh and (Jlasgow. Those which return One Member each, are Aberdeen, Paisley, Dundee, (ireenoc^k, and Per?h. 'rhe others are clumped together into DLstrirfs, con- sisting of from three to seven, according to their aggre- gate population, making in all 14 Districts. The 14 Histricts are, 1. Kirkwall, Wick, Dornoch, Dingwall, Tain, Cromarty. 2. Fortrosc, Inverness, Nairn, For- res. 3. Elgin, Cullen, Banff', Inverury, Kintore, 1 eterheail. 4. Inverbervie, Montrose, Aberbrothwick (or Arbroath,) Brechin, Forfar. 5. Cupar, St Andrews, Anstruther Easter, Anstruthcr Wester, Crail, Kil.. I'i'nny, Pittenweem. 6. Dysart, Kirkcaldy, Kinghorn, Burntisland. 7. Inverkeithing, Dunfermline, Queens- ^erry, Culross, Stirling. 8. Renfrew, Rutherglen, Dumbarton, Kilmarnock, Port-Glasgow. 9. Leith Portobello, Musselburgh. 10. Haddington, Dunbar' North Berwick, Lauder, Jedburgh. 11. Linlithgow Lanark, Falkirk, Airdrie, Hamilton. 12. Ayr, Irvine' Campbelltown, Inverary, Oban. 13. Dumfries, San- quhar, Annan, Lochmaben, Kirkcudbright. 14. Wig- ton, New-Galloway, Stranraer, Whithorn. X. Ecclesiastical Division.— Scotland is divided by the Church into Synods, Presbyteries, and Parishes. IhePai-ishes (small districts, whose size is regulated by the population they contain,) are 913; these are disposed into 79 Presbyteries; and the Presbyteries into 16 Synods. !i-il 'it 1 J f 1 *» :•{' J'' ^4 ! 'i hii.p It. A l*^! •§J SU Oh B »9 '^^ 2? ^ J*5 >« S« ^^ &H 5-4 0<5 Oi t-- (W 01 01 >-i r-i V) o. vi ^ n (u 1 1 1 1 O X c I I I I /o- o o o m c3 o C o - ^H c3 0) o a »o .^ ..N H ^ ir^ i^O I-) o . • OS iJ ^ www W ^ 5 H w t<; p I-) tf Q "I >^ H W ft, b, Pc |J4 o o o o Q Q o n o o o o ^5 iz S5 !z; tx >< Jm >H COUNTIES AND CIIIKF TOWNS. £5 IRELAND. ITS PROVINCES, COUNTIES, TOWNS, ISLANDS, BAYS, LAKES, CAPES, BIVERS, AND MOUNTAINS. Ireland lies to the West of Great Britain ; it con- tains rather a larger surface than Scothind. Its popu- lation is about seven millions. — It is divided into four Provinces, Ulster in the North, Leinster in the East, MuNSTER in the South, and Connauoht in the West. Ulster contains 9 Counties^ viz. Donegal, London- derry, Antrim, Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Fermanagh, Tyrone, and Cavan. Leinster, 12 Counties, viz. Louth, E. Meath, Dublin, Wicklovv, Wexford, Car- j low, Kildare, W. Meath, Kilkenny, Queen's County, King's County, and Longford. Munsteh, 6 Coun- I ties, viz. Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Clare, Limerick, and Tipperary. Connauoht, 5 Counties, Galway, Mayo, I Sligo, Leitrim, and Roscommon ; — being 32 Counties \in all. 1. Antrim, in Ulster; Towns, Antrim, Belfiist, Carrickfergus. 2. Armagh, in Ulster ; Armagh. 3. Carlow, in Leinster ; Carlow, Leighlin. 4. Cavan, in Ulster ; Cavan, Kilmore. 5. Clare, in Munster ; Clare, Ennis. 6. Cork, in Munster ; Cork, Kinsale, Youghall. 7- Donegal, in Ulster ; Donegal, Baly shannon, Liffbrd. a. Down, in Ulster; Downpatrick, Newry, Dro- more, Donaghadee. 9. Dublin, in Leinster ; Dublin, Swords, Newcastle. 10. East Meath in Leinster; Trim, Navau. 11. Fermanagh, in Ulster ; Enniskillen. •12. Galway, in Connauoht ; Galwav. zjr. xvuii), m iviuNSTER; Tralee, JJingie. 4. Kildare, in Leinster ; Kildare. 5. Kilkenny, in Leinster ; Kilkenny. CO tJi irj ^ iiil W' •u, 20 IRELAND. 16. King's County, in Leinstkr; Philipstown. 17- Lntrim, in Connauoht; Loitrim. 18. Ximj^rick, in Munster; liimorick. 11). Londondt'rry, in Ulhter; Londonderry, Colcrain. 20. Lonj^ford, in I.einster; Lonf^ford, Lancsborough. 21. Louth, in Leinstkr ; Drogheda, Dundalk, Car- lingford. 22. Mayo, in Connauoht ; Castlebar. 23. Monaphan, in Ulster ; Monaghan. 24. QuotMrs County, in Leinstkr; Maryhorouf^h. 25. Ilosscommon, in Connauoht; liosscommon. 20. SlifTo, in Connauoht ; Slipo. 27- Tipperary, in Munster; Tipperary. 28. Tyrone, in Ulster ; Dunfrannon. 20. Watcrford, in Munster; Waterford. 30. West Meatli, in Lkinster; Mullinj?ar, Athlone. 31. Wexford, in Leinster; Wexford, Ennisearthy. 32. Wicklow, in Leinstkr; Wioklow. II. Islands. L Rathliny on the coast of Antrim. 2. Copeland, DoM'n. 3. Clare, Cork. 4. Clare, Mayo. 5. South Ifiles of Arran, Gahvay. 6. Achill, Mayo. 7. North Isles of Arran, Donegal. III. Bays. — L Sfrangford Bay, Down. 2. Dun- lunrms Baij, Cork. 3. Bantry Bay, Cork. 4. Month of the Sha7inon, between Limerick and Clare. 5. Loch Sw'illy, Donegal. 6. Loch Foyle, between Donegal and I^ondonderry. 7* Carrick-Fergus Bay, between Antrim and Down. IV. Lakes. — 1. Loch Neagh, Antrim. 2. LochErni\ Fermanagh. 3. Loch Allen, Leitrim. 4. Loch Comi, Mayo. 5. Loch Mask, Connaught. 6. Loch Ree, Ros!<- common. 7* Lake of Killarney, Kerry. 8. The Bowl, Kerry. V. Capes. — 1. Fairhead, Antrim. 2. Houthhead. Dublin. 3. Cnrnsore Point, Wexford. 4. Cape Clear, Cork. 5. Mixxenhead, Cork. G. Loophead, Clare. 7. Slynehead, Galway. 8. Urrishead, Mayo. 9. Ma- I urt4icuu,m VI. Rivers. — ^1. The Shamion. 2. The Barrow. 3. The Boyne, in East Meath. 4. The Liffey, m m^ ►stown. •ry, Colorain. ancs borough, iiidulk, Car- ^horoii^. ommon. FijREIGN POSSESSroNS. 27 Dublin. 5. The Slanvy, in Wexford. (J. The Black, water, in Cork. 7. The liann, b«t\v«'(«n Londonderry and Antrim. «. La^mi Water, between Antrim and Donepil. 9. The Muurne, in Donegal. 10. The Suire, inWaterford. 11. The Newry, between Ar- majjh and Donegal. 12. The Grand i'anal, between Dublin and the river Shannon. I VIII. MouNTAiNH.— 1. Ma^UliciKldie'tt Reeks, in [Kerry, the highest in Ireland, being 3404 feet. 2. Ma7i^ Wrtmi, in Kerry, nearLakeof Killarney, 2()J)3 feet high. lo^j/S/''^'^'* /'«/Wr^-, in Mayo, south-east of Clew liav, l^bOO ieet above the level of the sea. ar, Athlone. innisearthy. t of Antrim. Clare, Mayo. ichill. Mayo. rn. 2. Dun- k. 4. Month lare. 5. Loeh een Donegal \ay, between 5. Loch Erne, Loch Conn, ?A Ree, Ros^- [. Ttie Bowl, Houthhead, Cape Clear, ihead, Clare. [ayo. 9. Ma- rhe Barrow, le Liffey, in FOREIGN POSSESSIONS BELONOINO TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE. I. In Europe.—!. K'mffdom of Hanover, in Ger- ^"7* ,>r^'..^"^""^ "^' Gi^m/^ar. 3. Island of Malta, in the Mediterranean. II. In Asia.— 1. Hindostan, the whole of which is ither in acknowledged or essential subjection to Bri- ain. 2. Island of CeyUm, on the south' of Hindostan. . Neto Holland, or Australia. 4. Van Diemen's Ttt t ^'"'-^''^^ ^*^«^^^' in the South Sea. III. In Africa.—]. Sierra Leo7ie, &c. a Colony the west chast of Africa, established for the purpose If checking the slave trade. 2. Cape of Good Hope, fc Southern Africa ; Towns, Cape Town, and Gra! Urns Town. 3. Island of St. Helena, on the south- W.^o Africa. 4. Wand of .l/«z,W/^t.., on the east ^J' l"" T^'^ ^^^^JRicA.-l. Hudson^s Bay Conn- ' T i^^ ^'''''''^''^' ^^PP^i' and Lower. 3. The ^Mlf^^tr^^^^^^^^ '' ^^- ^— ^«Msla„ds ^ INTHK m^ T^^ s_l. The Island of Ja. ^^f^er,, or St. Kitt,, 5. Barbuda, ii. AnyuUla. 28 FRANCE. 7. Dotninicn. H. St. Vincent. 9. Gretiada. 10. To. hayo. 11. »SV. i^Wfifl. 12. Trinidad, la iVeuw. 14. Mmttaerrat. VI. In South Amkrica. — 1. Demernra, 2. /Jwif- quiho. 3. licrhU't'^ all parts of Guiana, on the north- t'abt coast of South Amiriai. II. FRANCE. Previous to tho Revolution in 1793, France was di- vided into Pkovincks, commonly reckoned UG in num- ber. — But this number h in a great meaHure arbitrary ; depending as it does upon the number of the smaller provinces, thrown togetlier by Geog:rapher8 to make up one of the larger. — Thus, Maine, Jnjou, and Touraine ; Berri nm\ Bourfmnnniti ; ^c. the smaller districts, were grouped together for convenience's sake, to match more nearly the size of such extensive provin- ces as Normandy, Brittany, &c. At the revolution, France was divided anew into 10 Circles, or Grand Divisions, and these into Sub-Divisions, or Depart- ments, amounting in all to 86.— The following Table embraces the advantages of both these schemes. The Provincial, being the better known, and more simple Division, is retained. And the Circles, in which the Provinces lie, the principal towns in the latter, and the Departments in which these are situate, are all exhibited at one view. NoTB.— J5^am, Folv, anARousillon, arehere includ- ed in Gascony, and Comtat d^Aviqnon in Datjphiny. Gascony is the name of that District of Country generally in which the above small provinces lie. i 1 PRANCE. 2f) ii " m ft fit ] 1 |ls|.|j.i"|| Will i.\l T.-Sjgj »:.i 1^,1 I III ji I Mill « ^4 lege I 1^5-5 « I >!il :a ■ £ i • 5 • .8 v^ •8 .2 4 §^^?^'*^'S";:5-2-g i5S sr»aah J» a a 8 ^ ? ■^ ^ Q C M' < L. i R te K ^ e < < ;^ 5j a, ij 5^ i •5 •** is ^ a s o § « 1 a ^ g, 8 § ^ I ♦' to •' -a s i ^ o W to 'A o u o n hi o 2 ^ 5 f^ H > « y M ;j (d ri i -9 w c i| £ i a ° w PQ C § I U H ^ « En to ^ O 5 =« »\ '^ >\ M c O y ^ % 3 ^ U O ai 4-1 -a r o c o IB >^ U M to IX O C5 c a i •s w •5 S u ^ u u 1/3 -a a t3 3 < § 4> o to W B a •3 « J? s - H 2 S • Ji .^ 1^ <—> i 2 o < J -£ n B o 5 i ^ •£ o a -a (0 o e u q a CI s i 13 a M 5^ ^ nS 1^ N^ r^ >r?l S w « « ri 5 o «i ;: S5 O 0- I § S I o w H > O C4 3 o E V3 •«■« M E 3 O tc B <; c cs u o < -;2 -^N«tU5«Ot^eO C5© — (MM ■»K».^«Or-»COCl©— (M n M,M.^>-<>-<>^>4>~'MOI9l so FRANCE. |i^» t- |1 w 1,5;;!*; " I'll s'-'ii i • 1 , II. InLANDi.^!. r#Aafi/, //u//wA., nml AToirwoM- /ier, off the coiurt of Hrittany. Si. /^A^, off Poitou. 3. Olenm, off Sainton^*.. 4. //. Puy-de-Ihme, (pronounml Pw«M».d«. Dome) a h»fty mountain in Auv»'rf;n*s /52(K) foct above the h-vel of the Sea. 7. Cantnl^ a «tili higher chain in the name proving, of which th« Puy-de-Sauci iH C)^m) feet in height. Note. The Piiy-dt^-Domo is the Northern, and Cantal the S<»utheni part of tlie Cevennei. IV. UivKRH>/o^ enumerated in the General Sur- veyofEunype. (See Europe, g VI.)— 1. The Simme, which ruuM by Amicnu into the English Channel. 2. The Omey pjiwseM Caen in Normandy. 3. The Vilaim, by Ilennes. 4. The Sevre^ opi)OHite the Inle of llhe. 5. Tht^ Charente, opposite the Isle of Oleron. 6. The Adoury at IJayoiine. UesideH many others too nume- rous to mention, more especially since their names have been already given, in speaking of the Departments, most of which are called after their native streams. V. Capes.— 1. Cape la Hogue. % Barjhury both in Normandy. VI. Gallia Antiqua. — Gnllia Tranaalpina^ or Ultimor, comprehended along with France, Flanders, or Belgium^ Iltdland, Switzerland, and part of Ger- many. It was called by the Greeks Galatia, and the people Galata: It was named by the Romans Cotndta, from the inhabitants wearing their hair long, which the Romans wore short ; and the southern part of it Braccata, from the use of Bracect, breeches, which was no part of the Roman drPKs H^ho anr.;unf navnoc n( the principal rivers have been already given. (See Europe, § XII.) The principal Mountains, the », IwtM'wn IPAIM. ^1 Alpet, wmo dlvM«d into Mp,-. MarUima, , CoUia- of lI..r,-..«; /.,.„„,„„, Hh.rli.,r, N»ri,a,, KT^ lor 250 mil.*-_ alon^ tl... ,«a, 1'^! tt /Xi;. , t r**' ^•^'-■■'W"' ■". «'"n«i."l from ^ar,«^^ A y f''",V"' ?"■ '?^'''""' ""•' ^'""'«« '»■ the in. SPAIN I« bounilea on the North by the Bay of Biscav an,l l^.i8t and South by the Mediterranean ; on the West by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. t T« 650 S Notuf^^wl t' '? ^'"'^ ^"^* '^^ '» breadth from rl 1 n h^ Includingthe Inlands in the Mediter- ^^tn^^'u- '% • r ^P"^^^'^" •« computecf at iievui niiiJions. It le divided into fourteen provinces. 1, AHDALusiA, [In (he South.] SevUle, Cordova, Cadu, Gibraltar, Trafalgar, Jaen. 2. Arsaoon, [/n the N. E.f Saragowa. 32 SPAIJf. !^n- ..!-:i 10. .-S 'iii! ! 3. AsTURiAs, [In the North.] Oviedo, Santillana, Penaflor. 4. Biscay, [In the North.] Bilboa, Vittoria, St. Se- bastian, Fontarabia. 6. Catalonia, [In the N. E.] Barcelona, Tortoza, Tarragona. 6. EsTRAMADURA, [In the S. W.] Badajos, Merida, Alcantara, Truxillo, Placentia. 7. Galioia, [I?i the N. W.] St. Jago de Compos- tella, Vigo, Corunna, Ferrol. 8. Granada, [In the South.] Granada, Malaga, Almeria. 9. Leon, [In the N. W] Astorga, Salamanca, Be- nevento, Ciudad Rodrigo. 10. MuRciA, [In the S. E.] Murcia, Carthagena. 11. Navarre, [In the N. E.] Pampeluna, Estella. 12. New Castile, [In the Centre.] Madrid, Toledo, Talavera, Calatrava, tlie Escurial. 13. Old Castile, [In the Centre.] Burgos, Valladolid. 14. Valencia, [In the East.] Valencia, Alicant, Murviedro. II. Islands. — Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, Formen- tera, in the Mediterranean. III. Mountains.— 1. The Pyrennees. % ihe^*- turias, on south of Asturia. 3. The Toledo Moun- tains, in New Castile- 4. The Sierra Morena, or Brown Mountains, separating New Castile from An- dalusia 5. The Sierra Nevada or Snoimj Mountains, in Granada, 11,600 feet high. 7. Mount Serrat in Catalonia, remarkable for its hermitages, and a monas- tery of Benedictines. , . ^ IV. Rivers.— Besides those mentioned in Europe, S VI. The Quadalavair and the Xucar, in Valencia, and the Segura, in Murcia. \ V Capes.— 1. Fimsterre, m Gahcia. 2. Uite- a-al'in Asturias. 3. Europa Point, in Andalusia. I Cape-deMata, in Grmsidsi. 5.CapePalos,mUurm. VI. Ancient SvAi^.—Hispania was called by the poets Iberia and Hesperia, or Hesperia Ultima, to dis- I'. ' PORTUGAL. 33 tinguish it from Hesperian Italy. It was dii^ided by the Romans mto Citenor, or Hither, that is Southern; and Ulterior, Further or Northern Spain. Augustus divided it into, J . Tarroconensia, 2. Baetica. And 3. Lusitania. 1 . Tarraconensis, extended on the west from the Bay of Biscay to the river Douro, and on the east from the Py.^'ennees to the south extremity of Murcia ; thus comprehending more than one half of the whole of Spain. The principal cities on the coast of the Medi- terranean, were Barcinoy Barcelona ; Tarraco, Tar- ragona ; Saguntunif Valentiay and Nova Carthago. The chief people in this. part of Spain were the Celti- BERi. Numantia, near the source of the Douro, in Old Castile ; and Mantua, on the Tagus, now Madrid. 2. BcETicA, (the southmost portion,) comprehended Andalusia and Granada. Corduba, or Cordova, gave birth to the two Senecas, and to Lucian. Hispalis, Seville, is situated on the Bcetis, called by the Moors Guadi-al-kiber, or the Great River, at the mouth of which is the island Gades, Cadiz, peopled by a colony from Tyre. Mount Calpe, or Gibraltar Rock, was one of the ^ illars of Hercules ; the other was Abyla, on the African side, 3. Lusitania, now Portugal, contained but few places of note. Augusta Emerita, now Merida ; and Oil- sippo, now Lisbon, were the principal cities. U *^%%VW%%^VW»/% IV. PORTUGAL. Boundaries.'--]Si orth and East, Spain ; South and West, the Atlantic. Length 350, and breadth from 100 to 150 miles. Population, three millions and a half. Provinces, 6. 1. Alentejo, [In the Centre.] Evora, Elvas. 2. Algarva, [In the South.] Lagos. 3. BeirA. [In the C.P.nt.rP.A flnimhra 4. EsTREMADURA, [lu the Centre.] Lisbon, St. Ubes, Leira. ^* ■ ITALY. 5. MiNHo-DoDBo, [/« the N. W.\ Braira, Oporto dura 2 Si: *• • w"'^ ';( ''"*»«- '" E,trema. III. Rivers.— 1. The Mondetio, in Beira 2 rv, rfa««, at Sctuval or St. Ubos, in-'E^treia. CENT siT"' t,.ooaAP„v._SeoL„.TANM in An- 1*1. ^.^^:- V. ITALY. Boundaries. — North tht. Air.^ ,..i • i EitfL^f^:"'"""'^' ^»""'' "'« Mediterkner *-^f about 100 mUes.'"'^:U,l"' 9 miutr' Italy consists of several independent Stat" X 1 I ^'^^'"fT "* SABnmiA, comprehendinff Salov Pied \\ itli the Atonrf of Sardinia. 2. The Austho Tx.,, States, as Kmfc, ilf„„,„„, .he re t oTS'Tnd L,«m«ewwo. d. ^he Grand-dutchy op Tuscany I Tlie States of the Church, or Popedom. 6 The' KiNOBOM OP THE TWO SiciLiEs, Consisting of Nanle^' and Sicily. These may be arranged thusi ^ I. Subdivisions. 1. GmCTo—belonging to Sardinia ; Genoa Savona 2. Lucca-DvKJ, of Lucca ; Lucc^ ' '^''"*- d. Manttm—AvsrmA ; Mantua. Tif ' Cremona, Como. ' 6 5"^^%^"'"' '"' ^""^"^ ' Modena. 6. JVa^fes-KiNo OF THE TM'o Sicii.„.s= N»„i... aaieruo, Tarento. --1...=, 85 13. 14. 15. ISLANDS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, &C. 7- /W-DuKE OP Parma ; Piacenza or Placen- tm, GuaHtalla. a I'iedtnmt^SABmmA ; Turin, Casal, Susa, Nice. 9. Popedorn-^THE Pope ; ROME. Tivoli, Civita Vecchia, Perugia, Ancona, Loretto, Ravenna, llologna. ' 10. Sardinia IsIand-SARDiNiA ; Cagliari, Sassari. 11. A^Sajw/— Sardinia ; Camberry. 12. .Vfc%— King op Naples; Palermo, Messina, Sy- racuse. ^ Tmcmifj— Grand Duke op Tuscany ; Florence, Pisa, Leghorn, Sienna. ' Fen/ce— Austria ; Venice, Padua, Vicenza, Ve- rona. ' Valteline, t^r?.— Austria. north of S,c.ly. 2. Malta, in the Mediterranean, be- fongwff to Bntmn, containing a population of 75 000 ou s th h onlj. 50 miles long by h broad. S.Capri NinlP. I 2f/»P^^«- . 4. Ischia on the coast of . 'r !' r «• ^^^''' ''I'P*'''^^ Tuscany, the temporary retreat of Bonaparte in 181 4. ^ ^ i^/alr '^""T^'f ^i- The^;,;,eme;z... 2. Mount Jianc. S. Great St Bernard. 4. Cewm*, (thethree last being parts of the i\lps.) 5. r^.z^mz... 'e. ^Ja These have all been already noticed. ,, ^^V n^'^'^'r-^- ^^'^ ^«- 2. The Adise. Both these fall mto the Gulf of Venice near the Jme place .5. IheFez^wmwo, or Rubicon. 4. The rife^r both m Popedom. 5. The ^mo, in Tuscany 1' ^ I o/^z^rwo, in Naples. "^ w. xnc r J;- ^J'^J^fT^- ^^''^'^- 2" ^«'^« in Naples. 3 Adples. 9. Gulf of Venice, or the Adriatic Sea. vjL Lapes.— 1 Spartwento, in the South of Italy. ^' ^?//'^5^«' or ^«io. "^ on tbp* t'^^^^'^'-'tI- ^""dmore, at the foot of the Alps, on the Ticmo. Its Boroniean islands excite general 36 ITALY. ^.:! :' .. «;■' 8< admiration. 2. Lugano, more pioperly in Switzerland, in the canton of Ticino. 3. Como, between Milan and Chiavenna. 4. Taeo, in Austrian Lombardy. 5. Guarda, in Venetian Lombardy. 6. Perug^ia, in Popedom, the ancient Thrasymenus. \ III. The ancient Geography of Italy. — Italy wae anciently known by various names, such as Saturnia, Ausonia, Oenotria, and Hespebia. Italy Proper was limited to what lies south of the rivers Macra and Rubicon. All between these and the Alps was termed Cisalpine Gaul. 1. The people along the Northern extremity of this quaiier were called Populi Inalpini. Lower down, and along the left bank of the Po, (commencing at its source,) we pass successively the Taurini, the Insubres, ^nd the Cenomanni, now the territories of Turin, Milan, and Mantua. The North and North- West shores of the Adriatic obtained the name, which they still retain, of Venetian or Venice. All this part of Gaul, from its situation with respect to the Po, was called Transpa- ddna. Cispaddna^ on the other or south side of the Po, was divided among the Lingones and Boii on the East of the Apennines, and the Ligurians., who extend- ed along the Mediterranean, from the River Macra to the town of Niasea, or Nice, on the French frontier. Genua, now Genoa, was the Capital of Liyuria. The cities of Bologna, Modena, Parma, and Placentia, be- longed to the Boil, and Ravenna to the Lingo7ies. % The second grand division of Italy was Italia Propria, comprehending, as has been said, all to the south of the Rivers Macra and Rubicon. Between Macra and the river Arno, the principal cities, Apua andMagelli, though belonging to the district of Etruria, were inhabited by Ligurians. The rest of Etruria lay between the Arno and the Tiber. Its principal cities were Etrusci, near the source of the Arno ; Florentia, now Florence, a little farther down; Cortona and Perugia, on ^ach side of the Thrasymene lake, antl Vulsinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, Cwre, and Veil, between that lake and Rome. ITALY. 3y 2. Crossing the Tiber, we enter Latium. Latlum was anciently inhabited by the Aborigines, or Lati?ii, in Lathim Proper, between the Tiber and the river Anio. 2. The Rutuli, bordering upon the Latini, on the sea coast. 3. The Vohci, extending still farther along the coast, as far as the river Liris, now Garig- liano. 4. The Aurunci or Ausdnes, also a maritime nation, and at one time of importance enough to give the name of Ausonia to Italy. 5. The Hernici, and, 6. the ^qui, the former on the left bank, the latter on the right of the river Anio, near its source. The chief towns were, 1. Roma, Prasneste, and Tusculum. 2. Ardea. 3. Anxur, Appii Forum, Corioli. 4. Ausdna. 5. Anagnia. 6. Varia. 3. Campania follows next in order, along the coast, extending from the mouth of the Volturnus to that of the Silarus. It was the richest and most beautiful provmce of Italy in the time of the Romans, and the favourite resort of the grandees during their leisure hours. The Country around Capua in particular was styled by Cicero, '* Ager orbis terras pulcherrimusr Besides Capua, the capital, its principal towns were Neapolis, now Naples, Casilinum, Vena/rum, Cumce, Misenum, Pompeii, and Herculaneum ; Salernum. 4. LucANiA extended from the river Silaris, or the Gulf of Salerno, across to the Gulf of Tarento, and along M'ith Brutium, completed the foot of the boot, formmg together the principal part of that ill-de- hned district which, previous to the time of Cicero, ob- ^ined generally the name of « Magna Grjecia." Ihe most noted city in this province was the ancient town of Sibaris, at the mouth of a river of the same name on the Tarentine Gulf. Thurii was built upon Its rums, which becoming subject to the Romans, was called Copice. 5. Bruttium, or rather ^rw^^ia Tellus, now Hither t-ALABRiA, was that part of Italy south of the river ^.... — --. ^„:x^o, xji ^ivrnyruju xhe prmcipai Cities were Locn, in the south-east quarter, aud opposite to fri urn 1 1* i m 38 ITALY. r 1 ^'*.,' i-:;:! ■■"i ,} (*-- *' ! t 'i , '1 ,^ r 1" i * ,, 1 i * liy;:' Li' it, Hlie^ium on the Fretum Sicuhm, or Straits of M(>8MillU. 6. Japyoia embraced the whole East coast, from the river Tifemus, or Frento, to the aouth-east extremi- ty of Italy. Japyoia, or Japijgium, was divided into Apulia and ('alabria. Apulia was subdivided into Daun'm and Peneetia ; and CWa/>nV/vvhich was also cai 'ft«- sapia, and before that Peucetia, was sometim wom the {jreneral name of the country, denominated Japyifia. The principjil towns in Japyyium were the follow- ing. 1. In Calabria, Brtmdusium, Hydrnntttm, GaUipolift, Tarentiim, and Measapia. 2. In Peucetia were Egnatia, and Barium. 3. In Daunia were Arpi, Camtsium, now Canoza, and Cannw, both on the Aufidus ; Venumn, now Venoza, the birth-place of Horace, on the confines of Lucania and Apulia. 7- Samnium, includinf^ the Hirpini, who were the descendants of the Samnites, was bounded on the west by Latium and Campania, and on the east by Apulia and Pivennm. The chief towns were Bencventum, now Beneveuto, and Caudium, near which stood the Furcw CaudincB, a narrow defile now called Forchia d'Arpaia. 8. PicBNUM. Under this name was comprehended all the east coast from Tifemus, or the confines of Daunia, to the rivers Aesis, now Aesino, which sepa- rated Picenum from Umhria. It included the terri- torie.-^ of several independent states, the chief of which were the Marsi, Peligni, and Sabinl The chief cities belonging to the Sabines were Cures (whence Quibitbs) and Tihur, now Tivoli. 9. Umbbia. Umbria, the northmost division of Italia Proprict, on the east side, as Etruria was on the west, extended along the coast from the river Asis, to the Rvhicon, now called Pisatella, Rugmie, Sic* And it stretchi^d southM'ard along the course of th^ Tiber to a little below its confluence witli the Nar. which sena- •It is formed of three brooks. ■ At its mouth it receives the name of r lumisino. SWITZERLAND. 39 rated Uinhria from t!ift Sabinea. The northmost part of Umhria wa« inhabited by the Sendnett, whom chief town, Ariminum^ on the river Ariminm, is called als<» the capital of Uinbria.. Interamnn, on the river Nar, or rather between two branches of that river, is now called Terni, three miles from which the river Vel'mm rushes down a precipice 3(K) feet high. 'r'4 v%%%%<%»%%^«^ VI. SWITZERLAND. Boundaries: North and east, Germany; south, Italy; and west, France. Length from Mount Jura to the Tyrol 205, breadth from Como to the Rhine 125 miles. Population about 2 millioos.— Switzerland, before the year 1815, consisted of 13 Cantons, termed original, as being those which had at first constituted the Helve^ tic confederacy, in contradistinction to the Allies and subjects, who made up between them twelve additional Provinces. In 1815, the whole were reduced into 9.9, Cantons, viz. 1. Appenxel. 2. Argovia or Argau. 3. Basil or Basle. 4. Berne. 5. Friburg. 6. Geneva. 7. Glarus. 8. Orisons. 9. Lucerne. 10. Neufchatel. 11. Pays de Vaud. 12. Schaffhausen. 13. Soleure. U.StGall. 15. Schweitx. 16. Ticino. I7. 'hurgatt. 18. Underwalden. 19. Uri. 20. Valais. 21. Zuu 22. Zurich. ^ The chief towns in these are all of the same names as their respective cantons, with the following excep- tions. In Orisons, the town is Coire, or Chur ; in Pays de Vaud, Lausanne; in Ticino, Lugano; in Thurgau, Frauenfield ; in Underwalden, Stantz ; in Uri, Altorf ; and in Valais, Sion. IL Mountains. 1. Rhcetian Alps, in the Grisons. -^. Helvetian Alps, in the Valais. These last include Shreckhorn in Berne, 13,218 feet high ; St Gothard Tk^uTY'"' ^'^^ '^^^1^0, 9075 feet, and Mount Blanc, l'5,b80 feet above the level of the sea. Great St 1 * H^ k\ ■uli .':/? m i. 'OV 40 Ifl It .;i! si t«,.#f % ir SWITZERLAND. Bernard, east from Mount Blanc, is the travolling route irom France to Italy ; and Little St Bernard wm the passage selected by Hannibal. III. Lakes — 1. Geneva, 50 miles by 10 ; 2. Ctm- stance, orBodmmec, between Switzerland and (xermany, 35 miles by 12; 3. Neufchntel, between Neufchatel and Friburg, 20 miles by 4 in breadth, and 13^0 feet above the level of the sea. IV. Rivers.— 1. The Rhine. 2. The Rhone. 3. The Aar passes through IJerne, Soleure and Argau, to the Rhine; 4. The ii?ew.y« flows through the lake of Lucerne, and joins the Aar. 5. The Limmat also joins the Aar after passing through the lake of Zurich. 6. The Ticino flows into lake Maggiore. 7. Tiie //*;* rises in the Grisons, and flows into Germany. V. Ancient Geography o^ Switzerland, see France* § VI. 4. Gallia Belgica. «'V«<%v*%w%%%%'% VII. GERMANY. Bounded on the North by the German Ocean, Jut- land, and the Baltic. On the East by Prussia, Poland, and Hungary. On the South by Switzerland and Italy. And on the West by Holland, Belgium, and France. It is 6000 miles from north to south, and 5000 miles from east to west. Population, 30^ millions. I. Germany in the time of the Emperors, and pre- viously to 1806, was divided into Ten Circles, as fol- lows : 1. Austria, in the south-east corner of the Empire, containing Austria Proper, Stiria, Carinthia, Car- niola, and Tyrol. 2. Bavaria, on the west of Austria, and lying on both sides of the Danube. 3. Burgundy, comprehending /"/arn/er*, Brahant, and Luxemburg, in the Netherlands. 4. Franconia, in the centre of Germany, containing thebishODricS. &e. of Rz/wTjcr/r. >/»J.2 I ,» *• ' I£ i 2 ta ('">i ll*.. I: 4f iil trilM»M of the Sntvi^ wens 1. Stminone§r (divided nrrordiiiK to Tacitiif into 100 C^antimn, but f 'a*«ar iiay» the Name of the Suevi j(#*iie- rally.) 2. T\w Lnm/ofHirdi, or Lhmluirds who iifli«r- wards founde GiUhini; and the Vatidalii^ or VendUi^ the Vaiidalu, fa- mouN or rather infamoiin amon^ all the barbaroiiH hordei that overran the lloman Kmpire, for the p«'euliar atro- city of their conduct. />. The /Eiifyi^ on the east ihore of the Daltic, *' having the mannerN of (kfrmans, but the ]anf(uage of Britam.'' And (j. The Cimbri and Tmitdtiea, (noticed in the account of Denmark.) The tribcH who dwelt between the Elbe and th« Rhine, were (amonjrothern,) 1. The //e/«W/i and lioiiy nationn from Gaul. 2. Tiie Treviri and Nenui^ who with the above were denominated Tuntfrt^ in contra- distinction to Germani. 3. The Catti^ near the Her- vynian Forcut^ the moHt intellipfent of all the German warrioff. 4. The Batmi'i^ a colony of the last, in an island of the Rhine;, whence Jiatavia, II(»lland. 5. The Frisiif inhabiting' Friowland. And (J. AUemanni^ from whom Germany has derived its name L'AUema^ne. »%>' * »%»V>%»V»% VIII. DENMARK, Is partly a rontmental^ partly an Insular kinfi^dom. Its cofitinental territory is bounded on Uie North and West by the Germmi Ocean ; East by the Cat' tegat ; and South in part by the Elbe, which se- parates Holstein from the rest of Germany. Its In- sular territories comprehend Zealand, Funen, tkc. between the Cattegat and thiaiiUe, Hi DKNMAUK. 49 Adam,) Kibe to I, w«»r»s nto KM) vi ginifl- o aftiT- li. The former, u» doth-' rom tiid (liilo, fa* H h- iMt ihon* ns, hut lAri and ) md th« id //oil, '«■*, who contra- hi* Her- Cierman t, in au 6. The 1/, from igne. inpfdom. rth and e Cat' lich MS Its /«- ich may thn Nortli Atlantic Ocean. The Im^th of the main- liiiid from th« KUhi to the Skaw, or North Cajw of Denmark, im iihoiit .'JOO wi/#»*. The /w/i////i/iVm of all the Duniith I)<»minionr in alMiut 2 miiiumH, o( which livland and /Vrw contribute /SO thoumnd. Total ^r«rt iM e«ti mated at 51,()(M) Mt/uanf inih'H r 'I'he princi|ml divmomi of Continental Denmark are only four ; viz. 1. llulHtmn, a dutchy in the North extremity of (icrmany ; Tohhh, Kiel, on the Ualtic ; AlimUf near Hamburgh on the Kibe; and Gluckatadt, at the nunith of that river, llamhurjih and LuIh'c, thouj(|i ill Kid, imyfree townti, and do not Iwlonj^ to Denmark.—a. Lauenburff, Lauenburg.— 3. South Jutland, or Slenwivk, Sle»wick.— 4. North Jutland, Aalborg and Aarhuui. II. Thk IiiLANUH. — 1. Zealandy Towns, Copen- hagen, KUinore. 2. Funen, OdenBce. 3. LiUand, kc, 4. Iceland, &c. The Danes have alfo some lirthing settlemcntM on the Continent of West Green^ land, III. Straits and Gulm. — The Sound, The Great Belt, and Little Belt ; Lime/iord hay, in Jut- land. IV. Rivers.— The River Kyder, Canal of Kiel. V. Ancient (ieor in Sweden Proper. 2 ^^^AfirS'"!^' S""^^ ^"^ ^'^^^^^ ^» Gothland. n.ll'/^r?'''^ Geography.— Norway and Sweden constitute Ancient Scandinavia. The original posses- ««rs o both were probably the Fin. and th^e /iTwho were driven several centuries before the Christian era ^ the northern extremities, by the Gothic invasion. The invaders «;>jpmr to have been those tribes of the trothic, or Snevic nation, whom Tacitus describes under the name of Sniones and Sitones.^Vrom the iormer Swede?i has derived its name. The Sitones according to Dr Adam, inhahited Norway, so called perhaps from Nortmanni, as these northern nations came afterwards to be named. Their redundant popu- lation emigrating Southward, established themselves at first in the north of France, which has ever sbce retained the name of Normandy. Hence the obse^a! ion of Pinkerton, that « the Norwegians still retain the muscular frame, blooming countenance, and yellow iiau of the Normans, as they are to be seen in France Italy, and England.^ He might have said wS more propriety, that the Normans of France, Italy, and England, still retain these characteristic traits of their Pro^r^l^-r^ the Norwegians ; as the latter have been much less exposed to intermixture with their neiffh- l)our« than their posterity .are. ^ i Ml XII. RUSSIA IN EUKOPE. on^ri? 'f*"?"*!^ "l ^'^ ^ ^ ">« Northern Orasani: on the h. by Asiatic Russia, from which it is separat- hijfii '-7 J. I U 48 RUSSIA. lilfSl! I' il >l ed by the Uralian mountains, and the rivers Woiga and Don; on the S. by Turkey, the Son of Asoph, and the Black Sea ; and on the W. by Sweden, the Baltic, Prussia, and Austria. It extends from 44" 30' to 70° N. latitude; and from 21° to 60 E. longitude. From the Crimea to the Asiatic Ocean, its length is 1700, and its breadth along the parallel of 56, is 1500 miles. — The population is computed at 56 millions. I. Russia is divided into military governments. The number of these b variously stated by di/ferent writers on Geography ; the following is a full, alphabetical list of the whole.— Their principal towns being generally of the same name with the provinces, are not mention- ed. Exceptions are noticed below. 1. Abo and Biorneborg, S. E. of the Gulf of Bothnia. 2. Archangel, including Russian Lapland, in the N. 3. Bessarabia, between the rivers Dneister and Pruth. 4. Cherson, N. of the Euxine, on both sides of the Bog. 5. Courland, between the Gulf of Riga and the Baltic. 6. Don Cossack's Country, along the Don and Mc- reditza. 7. Ekathrinoslaw, between the Dnieper and Donetz. 8. Grodno, near the source of the river Memel. 9. Kamenetz Podolsk, between the Bog and Dniester. 10. Kallouga, on the S. W. of Moscow. 11 . Karkov, or Ukraine, about the source of theDonetz. 12. Kazane, on the E. where the Kama ■ oins the Wolga. 13. Kiev, between the Dnieper and the Bog. 14. Kostroma, on the N. beyond and upon the Wolga. 15. Kuopio, in Finland, N. W. of the Lake Ladoga. 16. Kursk, or Koursk, N. of Karkov. 17. Kymenegard, in Finland, on Gulf of Finland. 18. Lapmark, on the E. of Tornea, a Swedish river. 19. Minsk, on the E. of Grodna. 20. Moghilev, on the E. of Minsk^ 21. Moscow, in the centre of the Empire. 22. Nisney Novogorod, where the Oka joins the Wolga. 23. Novogorod, on the S. E. of Lake Lado^. rnoviNCEs avd principal towns. 49 24. Novogorod Sieverakoi, on the S. E. of Moghilev. 25. Nyland and Tavasthuus, in Finland. 26. Olonetz, bet^reen L. Ladoga and the White Sea. 27. Petrogavodsk, between lakes Ladoga and Onega. 28. Orel, about the Source of the Oka. 29. Penza, on the £. about the sources of the Stoora and Mohska. 30. Perme, along the Uralian mouv tains. 31. Petersburg, or Ingria, on the Gulf of Finland. 32. Poltowa, or Poltava, on the N. E. of Cherson. 33. Pscov, on the S. of Petersburgh. 34. Revel, or Esthonia, S. of the Gulf of Finland. 35. Riga, or Livonia, E. of the Gulf of Riga. 36. Rjazane, in the S. E. of Moscow. 37. Saratov, on the Wolga, partly in Asia. 38. Simbursk, on the Wolga, N. of Saratov. 39. Smolensko, about the source of the Dnieper. 40. Tambov, on the W. of Saratov. 41. Taurida, including Crimea, on the Black Sea. 42. Tchernigov, on the S. of Novogorod Sieverskoi. 43. Tula, separated from Moscow by the Oka. 44. Tver, on the N. W. of Moscow. 45. Uleaborg, on the N. E. of the Gulf of Bothnia. 46. Vladimir, on the N. E. of Moscow. 47. Viatka, on the N. of Kazane. 48. Viborg, or Carelia, W. of Ladoga. 49. Vilna, bordering on the N. E. of Prussia. 50. Vitepsk, on the N. of the Dwina. 51. Volhinia, bordering on the N. E. of Austria. 52. Vologda, on the S. E. of Archangel. 53. Voronez, or Veronez, on the river Don. 54. Warsaw, between the Prussian and Austrian do- minions. 55. Wasa, on the E. of the Gulf of Bothnia. 56. Yaroslavl, on the N. part of the river Wolga. II. The chief additional towns in Rus&ia, besides those called by the same name as the provinces, are — 1. In Archangel, Onega and Kola; 2. In Kamenetz Pod. Braclaw ; 3. In Petersburgh, Narva and Cron- itadt; 4. In Revel, the Baltic Port; 5. In Volhinia, i^M m % 50 ANCIENT RUSSIA. L '"^iiill Comtantinow ; and, 6. In Warsaw, Cracow, (a free town,) Lublin, Chelm, and Sandomir. III. The following provinces have no chief towns of the same name.—l. Bessarabia, towns Bender and Akermun. 2.Courland,J/i«rt«. 3. Cossacks, TiyflnV^jfm. IV. Islands.— Aland, Dago, and Oesel, in the Bal- tic ; Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, a group in the Arctic Ocean, separated by Wavgats Straits from the Island of Waygats. V. Lakes. — Ladoga and Onega, in the N. W. of Russia. Ilmen, communicating with Ladoga. Peipus, communicating with the Gulph of Finland. VI. Mountains.— 1. The Uralian. 2. The Olo- netz, W. of Olonetz and Moscow. 3. The Taurida, in the Crimea. 4. The Valday, between Petersburg and Moscow. , VII. Gulps— Bothnia, Finland, Riga ; White Sea; Sea of A soph ; Waygats Straits,— all noticed already. VIII. Rivers. — These have also been formerly mentioned. See the Rivers of Europe, — Europe, 8 VI. IX. Ancient Geography.— The North-East part of Europe, and North of Asia, were called by the Ro- mans sometimes Sarivjatia, sometimes Scythia. This extensive region was inhabited by various tribes, whose very names were unknown to that people; and hence their mistake in confounding the Scythians with the Sarmatians^-^who appear to have been as distinct nations, as either of the two were different from the Germans. The SarmXt^ possessed the country near the mouth of the Tatiais, or Don, and were the progenitors of the people called Sclavo7is, who now form the principal part of tha population of Cen- tral Russia, — while the Dacians, I'/iracians, and e\'en the Greeks, were, in Mr Pinkerton's opinion, des- cended from the ancient Scythians. Horace includes, under the name of Scythians, all the nations to the N. E. of the Adriatic, (Ode 2, 11. 1.^ Amont. thn tribes who peopled Russia in ancient times, may be mentioned the Finm, or Fins, who, with the Laps, r^ !:;':!!! PRUSSIA. 51 tt-ere probably the original inhabitants of all tho Nort/i of Europe.-^The Geloni and Agathyrsi lived east from the mouth of the Borysthines, or Dnieper. Their descendants are the Tartars, who now occupy the Muth of Russia. Betwixt the Neistbr, and the Dnieper, is called Budziac Tartary; east of which to the Tanais, or Don, is termed Little Tartary; and the Chersoneaus Taurica, now the Crimea, (so called from Crim, a small town in this peninsula,) is denomi- nated Crim Tartary. It is conjectured that the Monies Riphoci and Hy~ perhorei c. the ancients were situate somewhere in Hussia. XI. PRUSSIA, Is bounded on the North by the Baltic; East by Russia; South by Austria; and West by Germany, of which itself forms a considerable part.— The pa»w! lation of the whole Prussian dominions in 1827, was 12| millions. I. The Grand Divisions of Prussia are the follow- ing:— 1. The possessions in Saxony, namely, Branden- burg, Pomerania, Dutchies of Saxony and Magde- ourg, and Lusatia. 2. The Polish acquisitions; viz. E. or Ducal Prussia, W. or Royal Prussia, (synonimous with Poksh Prussia;) and South Prussia, which is mostly comprised in what is now called the Dutchy of Posnarl or Posen. 3. The possessions in Westphalia, denominated in general the Grand Dutchy of the Lower Rhine, and comprismg the dutchies of Cleves, of Berq, and the province of Westphalia.^The chief towns in these are as follows : — 1. Brandenburg; Berlin, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Frankfort on the Oder, Custrin. ' i t- ■ m m 52 PRUSSIA. 2. Clevks and Bero, in Westphalia ; Cleves, GtieU den, DusReldorf. 3. East Prussia, in Poland; Koiiij^sberg, Pillau, Tilsit, Memel, Eylau, Friedland. 4. Lower Rhine, in Westphalia; Cologne, Co- blentz, Aix-la-Chapelh', Bonn, Treves. 5. LusATiA, in Upper Saxony; Bautzen, or Bu- dissen, Gorlitz, Lubben. 6. PoMERANiA, on the Baltic, in Upper Saxony; StralsUnd, Stettin, Bergen, Colberg. 7» PosNAN, in Poland ; Posen or Posna, Gnesna. 8. Saxony and Maooeburo, forming now one dut- chy; Magdeburg, Wittenberg, Halberstadt, Halle. 9. Silesia, in Poland ; Breslau, Glogau, and Ratis- bor, or Ratibor. 10. Westphalia; Munster, Miuden, and Paderborn. 11. West Prussia, in Poland; Dantzic, Elbing, Thorn, Culm, Marienwerder. II. Rivers. — The Rhine and the Ems, in West- phalia; the Elbe, Oder, Vistula, and Niemen, or Memel. — The Pregel, in E. Prussia, and Bog, in Poland. III. Lakes. — Grass Haff, at the mouth of the Oder ; Frische Haffe, Curische Haffe, and Spirding See, in East Prussia. IV. Ancient Geography. — See Germany and Russia. '»%««%%«%%%*>% v« 1. !;;.t»^; XII. BELGIUM, OR THE NETHERLANDS. I. Explanatory Observations. — The term Netherlands, or Low Countkies, strictly speak- ing; applies also to Holland, comprehending the whole of those provinces which lie to the North of France and West of Germany. Being originally part of Belgic Gaul, these provinces were also at one time diaHncrnisfiprl crptiprftllv hv tho navna r\f Tli>ln.i„.£ ('onHtance. III. MouNTAiwg. — 1. The Carpathian^ between Galitzia and Hungary, kc. 2. The Sudet'ic Moun- tain/ty Heparatinj( AuMtria from Saxony and PruMsia. 3. 'I'he Rlmtian^ or Ti/rolene AlpHy separating the Tyrolese from the GrisoiiH. IV. Lakkh. — CirkniiZy in Carniola; PlaUetiSeet and Neudddler-See^ in Hungary. V. U1VER8. — The I>r/m<6«, and its tributarieH. See Europe, j!j Rweru. In the AuHtri^-Italian States, are the Adigi or Adh/e, Brenta, Piave, Tagliamento, Ike. VI. Ancient Groghapmy. — See Germany^ § VII. v% »%%■»% %%^%% i i XV. TURKEY IN EUROPE. Boundaries. — North, Austria and Russia ; West, Mediterranean and Adriatic ; South, Mediterranean ; Ka^ty Archipelago, Dardanelles, Seaof Marmora, Straits of Constantinople, and the Black Sea. Length, from Cape Matapun to the Danube, SJO miles. Breadth, from Constantinople to the Gulf of Venice, 460 milew. Population, eight millions. Provinces, Ten ; but one of these, Romelia or Roumili, contains five considerable provinces within itself. — Alphabetically : 1. Albania, [On the Adriatic.} Durazzo, Jannina, Scutari. 2. Bosnia, [Lower Pannonia.] Bosnia, Serajo. 3. Bulgaria, [Lower Mceeia.] Sophia, Varna, Shi- mula. 4. Croatia, [Part of Hungary.} Novi. 5. Dalmatia, [Par^ q/'/%n;:^w.] Mostar. 7- I4IVADIA, [In Roumili.} Athens. ron^ 18LANDH, MOUMTAIHS, RIVERS, &C. flT 8. MAc8;x>owrA, [In Rtfumili.\ Saloniki, (TheBwOo- mm.) 9. Moldavia, [Part of Dada.] Jtinny. 10. M(>RKA, [Petopfmnejius.] Tri|H)lity.a, Navarino. 1 1. KuMANiA, ( In Houmilif and often confounded with it] Condtantinop]*^. 12. SrtmviA,fPartofU}>perMa'aia.] Belgrade. 13. Ihessaly, [In lioumHi.] Lariwsa. 14. W xLhJivHi Ay [Part ()/'Daria.] Buchar»'«t. II. Irlands. — I. The hmian InlancUit — Corfu, (C(n-cyra,)Vaxo, Santo Maura, (Leucadia,) Teaki, (Ithaca^) Cephalonia or Cephalmia, Zant« and Ccrigo, rCytkera.) 2. The CycludeH, or thotie around Delo«. 3. The Sporades, or the re«t scattered through the Archipelago. III. MouwTAiws. — 1. Balken Mountains, (ancient- ly Hamusf) extending from the Black Sea, westward acroH.M the country. 2. The ridge of the Balken, which separating Servia from Bulgaria, communicates with the Carpathian Mountains in Austria. 3. The Thra- eian Mountains, anciently called Rkodope. 4. The Grecian Chain, diverging from the Balken south- ward, to the extremity of the Morea. This com- prehended the classic mountains of Oma, Pelion, Olym- pus, Parnassus, Oeta, Helicon, and Taygetus. IV. Rivers— 1. The Marissa, (Helrrus,) in Ro- mania. 2. The Vardari, (Awius,) in Macedonia. 3. The Salampria, (Peneus,) in Thessaly, flowing through the vale of T( rape. V. Gulfs. — 1. Arte, and Lepanto, in Livadia. 2. Co~ ron, Kolokythia, and Napoli, in the Morea. 3. jEgina, on the south of Athens. 4. Saloniki, Cassandra, Monte Santo, and Cmtessa, in Macedonia. 5. Saros in Romania. VI. Capes. — 1. Modon, Matapan, St Angela, and Skylo, in the Morea. 2. Colonni in Livadia. VII. Strait^.— -1. Strait of Silota, on the south of Negropont. 2. Strait of Thermopylas, between that .J „— J i.'U. rtM. I =ria«w auu niC xiiCooauan ofiore. VIII. Isthmuses.— 1. Oi Cminth, the entrance into ■n-x 58 « wz y ' 1 ; ANCIENT ORSeCE. 9. Of GalUpoli, thfl entrance into the th« IVforoa. Tin? country now denominatwl TURK FY, com- l^'Hendg, Ancirnt Grjmia or (Ukkik, Mackuonia, I'HiiAciA or TiiRACK, MociiA, mid purt of Dacia. Grkecr, orGmria^ anci«»ntly c,V. and 7Wv u^hich separated it from ^'n,.L Propria. Tjtn Zu!r) "*'*' «ei>«rated from Mania Superior, ^S:r^r'''- '' "" ""^''^ '-'^ ^-' -«-« ^ lvlW^^^^/^^\^'. "^"^ RouMELi. Divided on tJie tveiitfrim Macedonia by the NestUH. On the North from Lower Mcrsia, by Mount Ila-mu^. And bouiS Ter^/'^'r^ ^««^^ ^y the «ea. The principal town' Yr^Byzanttum.now Constantinople ; Adrianopolh. MCzssa on the .Effos Potamos or Goat's Uiver, in the Uiersonese, the Athenians were finally subdued by I,y- i'ander the Lacedtemonian. ^ ^ Th!"' ,^^SIA.— Separated from Macedon and iftrace hy Mount H«»ndary on the £a*/. It was divid- In7«.f "^^.'"'^ ^,".^ ^^^^^'^'•' corresponding to Servia fn'fk"'"*^'"?"'. '^^^"^ "**^ «'»**''« froni Mount Hamu« to the mouth of the Danube was caUed Pmtus, the m i I* 60 DACIA AND ILLYRIUM. I w k lit. il ! ^1 Til country of the Getcc, and the place of Ovid'a banish- ment. (Pontus, the dominions of Mitliridates, was in Asia Minor.) VIII. DACIA.— Crossing the Danube we return to Dacia^ already noticed in the account of Ancient Ger- many. It extended along the river, from the Euxinc and the Pruth on the east, to the Carpathian Chain, running between the Vistula and Presburg, which di- vided it from Germania on the West. On the North its confines with Sarmatia cannot be defined. (Dacia is sometimes confounded with Scythia, and this last with 8armatia.) IX. ILLYRIS, (otherwise written Illyria, Illy, rium, and Illyricum,) being the only remaining pro- vince between the Euxine and the Adriatic, may be noticed here, to complete the survey of this part of Ancient Europe, though now belonging, not to Turkey, but to the Empire of Austria. Its limits were the river Drin on the East, which divided it from Mcesia and Macedonia, (the west side or fourth region of il/a- eedonia is sometimes also accounted part of Illyria ;) and the Adriatic on the West. But how far it extend- ed northward, is not agreed upon. Its chief divisions were Liburnia and Dalmatia, which last name now includes both. Salma in Dalmatia, near Spalatro, is famous for the palace of Dioclesian, the ruins of which are yet to be seen. X. The principal Islands were, 1. Those in the Ionian Sea, already mentioned in Modem Turkey. 2. The Cyclades and Sporades. 3. The islands on t\iQ East Coast, not included in these; viz. JEgina, Salamis, Eubwa, now Negropont. 4. Creta, or Can- dia, on the north of which the sea was called Creticum Mare, and on the south Libycumr—SLnd 5. Cyprus in the Levant. — Patmos, now Palmosa, one of the Sporades, is the island on which St John wrote the Revelations. Near it are the groups called Icarice and jEg(ffa Insulce, from which the sea in these parts used to be called Icarium and^^a^m Jfare.—The Cyclades were so called from w;*a«5, a circle, because around Deloe; the ASIA. 61 t 8 banish- I, was in •etum to ent Ger- B Euxinc a Chain, ^rhich di- le North (Dacia last with 'io, Illy- ling pro- , may be ) part of Turkey, were the m Mcesia m of Ma- lily ria ;) it extend- [ divisions ame now palatro, is 1 of which se in the Turkey. slands on :. JEgina, , or Can,- Creticum vrus in the Sporades, jvelations. id jEgcece used to be lades were Delos; the Sporadesfromer^ttg*,, (Spargo;) the Bosphorus, from /3«« 7r«g&f , bovis transitus, the passage of a cow, lo hav- ing^croBsed it (as it is said,) in the form of a heifer. ASIA. Asia is bounded on the North by the Northern Ocean; East by the Pacific; South by the Indian Ocean ; West by Europe, Black Sea, Archipelago, Le- vant, Isthmus of Suez, and Red Sea. Its extreme points lie between 1° 30' and 78° North Latitude, and between 26° East and 170° West Longitude. From the South of Molucca to North Cape in Siberia, is 5300 miles; and from the Dardanelles to the Gulf of Corea, 5400 miles. Population estimated at 450 or 500 millions. I. The Countries of Asia, with their principal towns : — 1 . Asiatic Turkey, Capital, Aleppo in Syria, on the North East of the Levant. 2. Arabia. Mecca, near the Red Sea, the birth- place of Mahomet. 3. Persia. Teheran, or Tehraun. 4. Caubul, a recent, but already powerful kingdom, between Hindostan and Persia. Capital, Caubul. 5. Hindostan, or Western India, in contradistinc- tion to Birmah, or Eastern India, both called East Indies; Calcutta. 6. Eastern Peninsula, or the Birman Empire ; Avtty and Umerapoora. 7- Chinese Empire, consisting of China Proper, Thibet, and Chinese Tartary. The Capitals are, Pekin, Lassa, and Sac/alien. 8. Russian Tartary, or Siberia ; Astrachan, at 9. Independent Tartary ; Samarcand. ' p 1 * 1 V'\ . H ■ i 62 ASIATIC ISLANDS. ri ■■• % II. The Group of Islands termed Australasia, or Southern Asia. 1. New Holland, or Australia. The East sidf is called New South Wales ; chief town, Sidney, near Botany Bay. The West side is now called New Holland. 2. Van Diemen's Land, separated by Bass Straits from New Holland^ possessing a fine climate. Hobart is the chief town ; Port Dalrymple. 3. Papua, or New Guinea, with New Britain, New Ireland, and Solomnn''8 Islands, all little known. U'hey lie N. and N. E. of New Holland. 4. Nkw Hebrides and Caledmiia on the East, and New Zealand, two large islands on the S. E. of New Holland. III. The Islands denominated Polynesia, con- sisting of numerous groups scattered through the N. and S. Pacific. Polynesia, signifies many Islands. 1st group, the Carolinas, including the Pklkw Islands, on the North of New Guinea, extending from 135" to 175° East Longitude. 2rf, The Marian, or Ladrone Islands, so called from the thievish propensities of the natives ; north ot the Carolinas, Qd, The Sandwich Islands, in 155" W. Long., and upon the Tropic of Cancer. At Owyhee, one of these, Captain Cook was killed. 4!th, The Marquisas, Society, and Friendly Is- lands, East of New Holland, and New Hebrides, between 135" and 190° West Long. IV. The Asiatic Archipelago, or groups of islands between New Holland and the Continent of Asia. 1. The Isles of Sunda, or Sumatra Chain, prin- cipally Sumatra and Java. Towns, Bencoolen and Batavia, the Dutch Capital in the East Indies. 2. Borneo and the Moluccas, including Celebes and the Spice Islands ; famous for cloves, &c. 3= The Manillas, or Philippine Islands, mostly belonging to the Spaniards. Manilla, in Luconia, is the Capital. MOUNTAINS, SEAS, AND GULFS. 6S [iAsiA, or Bast side Sidney, lied New fs Straits Hobart Britain, le known. East, and . of New siA, con- rh the N. stands. e Pklew extending , 80 called ; north ot V. Long., ee, one of !NDLY Is- Hebrides, of islands f Asia. ain, prin- oolen and es. Celebes and Ds. mostlr Mconia, is V. The Empire of Japan, consistiner wholly of islands ; but very little known to Europeans. T l\i ^^^ ^^^^^ Islands, chiefly Niphon. Capital Jeddo, the population of which, according to some is thought to be equal to that of London. 2. The KuRiLE Islands, the Southmost of which belong to Japan, the rest to Russia. VI. The Chinese Islands. 1. Formosa, a beautiful and fertile Island, com- prehended in the Chinese province of Fochen. 2. Loo Choo, and other Islands, celebrated by Captains Basil HalFs and Beechey's contradictory narratives. *^ VII. Islands near the Coast of India. 1. Ceylon, famous for its Cinnamon, Elephants, and Boa Constrictor. The climate is very pernicious to European constitutions. 2. The Laccadives and Maldives on the S. W and the Nicobar Islands on the S. E. of Hisdostan. Andaman m the Bay of Bengal. VIII. Mountains.—!. Uralian, separating Asia from Europe. 2. Altaian, separating Siberia from Chinese lartary. 3. Himmalehs, or Himmalaya, mountains between Hindostan and Thibet. Dhawa- lagiri, the highest is estimated at 26,862 feet. 4 Caucasus, along the East side of the Black Sea. 5 ^arat in Armenia, on which Noah's ark rested. 6 raurus in the East of Asia Minor, between Armenia and feyria. 7. Lebanon in Syria, near Tripoli, fronted by Anh-Libdnu,. 8. Sinai and Horeb, small hills m Arabia on the N. E. coast of the Red Sea; cele- brated in Sacred History. IX. Seas AND Gulfs.— 1. Red Sea, between nJ^.t'^w*^^^«^'V"^^^yP*' N"^'«' and Abyssinia on the VV^est. 2. Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal parts of the Indian Ocean, on each side of Hindostan. r S^^'To ^"^^f' between Arabia and Persia. 4 J? ^- -./:—"" ""^'^ ■*■ ^ici^ucrc, lu me v^ninese Sea. 5 ^ay of Nankin aud Yellow Sea, on the East of China I'roper. 6. Gulf of Corea, and Seas of Ochoisk, and : f «!• I'J si Win, , i ^l 'h 64 ASIA ANTIQUA. KamschcUka, on the East of Chinese and Husrian Tartary. 7- Caspian Sea and Sea of Aral^ in the S. W. of Tartary. X. Straits. — 1. Babelmandel, the entrance into the Red Sea. 2. Ormus, entrance into the Persian Gulf. 3. Malaccdf between the Ishind Sumatra and Malaya, or Malacca. 4. Sunda, between the Islands Sumatra and Java. 5. Behring'a Straits on the N. E. of Asia, separating it from the N. W. part of the American Continent. XI. RivEBs. — 1. Oh, or 06y, in Western Siberia, or Tobolsk, 2000 miles long. 2. Yenissei and Lena, also in Siberia, and rising like the former in the Al- tayan mountains. They all fall into the Arctic Ocean. 3. The Hoangho, or Yellow River, and Kianl'u, or Blue River, in China; rising in the mountains of Thibet, they flow Eastward into the Yellow Sea and Bay of Nankin. 4. The Ganyes and Indus, on the E. and W. of Hindostan, arising from the Himmaleh range, and falling, the former into the Bay of Bengal, the latter near the Gulf of Cutch, into the Arabian Sea. 5. The Euphratef and Tigris, between Persia and Turkey, and which included the ancient Mesopotamia. They fall into the Caspian Sea. XII. ASIA ANTIQUA. The principal divisions in Asia Antiqua were the following. 1. Asia Minor, that part of Turkey which lies be- tween the Black Sea and Mediterranean ; now com- prehending Anatolia^ Caramania, and Roum. 2. Sarmatia, part of the country to the north of Mount Caucasus. 3. Colchis, I ^ ria, and Albania, between the Black Sea and the Caspian, between Caucasus and Armenia. 4. Armenia, between the Araxes, now Aras, and the Euphrates, This place still retains the same name ; it is also called Turkomania. PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS. 65 *u t:, ?'^' *^® country alonff the Levant eastward to the l^uplirates, bounded by Arabia on the south, by mount Taurus on the north, and separated from Asia Minor by mount Amanus. 6. Mesopotamia extended between the rivers Eu- phrates and Tigris from Armenia southward to Babylon, it IS now called Algexira, or Diarheckr. 7. Babylonia, now part of Irak Arabi, extended rom the head of the Caspian Sea, along the Euphrates, t'll It met Mesopotamia, a little above Babylon. •*i. (^^/^—^^y^onia is sometimes confounded mth Chaldwa, which lay between the Euphrates and Arabia ; and sometimes with Assyria.) a Assyria, now Kurdistan, lay along the left bank, or east side of the Tigris, as far as the river Delos. 9. Media lay on the south of the Caspian Sea. Its chief town, Ecbatana, is now called Hamadan. i. l^-^^^sis* including Susiana along the remainder of the Tigris and CaspianSea, Chief towns, Persepolis, Susa, and Elymdis. (The countries east of this were httle known to the Romans, and are seldom mentioned m the Classics, except in the history of Alexander.) 11. Arabia,— -divided into Deserta, in the North- East, Petr(£a in the North West, and Felix in the bouth. Chief cilies, Thamsacus on the Euphrates, and Berenice or Ezion Geber on the Red Sea. 12. Hyrcania, on the South East shore of the Caspian Sea, now Daghestan, or Corcan, from its capi- tal. Mare Hyrcamm, the Caspian Sea. la Pakthia Propria, an inconsiderable spot on the East of Hyrcania ; Dr Adam says, of Media ; afterwards a mighty empire, and the rival of Rome. 14. Bactriana, from Bactra, -orum, now Balk, in Independent Tartary, on the left bank of the Oxus : a very ancient city. 15. Aria, Gedeosia, and Armania, extensive coun- tries, between Media and Persia on the West, and India on the East. 16. India :— This namewas anciently confined to the p 2 ■ w !'1 ^"' Mill •«.< I'll I \i'^ 'i m r t mv v: ; K •?'•> :^ < ,-,. ' 66 ASIATIC TDRKEY. " country lying on both banks of the river Indus, the ♦* ne plus ultrcC of ** Asia AntiquM."" I. TURKEY IN ASIA. fiounded on the Ncyrth by the Black Sea and Caucasus, which separate it from Russia. East by Persia. South by Arabia and the Levant ; and West by the Levant and Archipelago. Population^ 10 Mil- lions. — Principal Divisions : 1. Aloezira, or Diarbec, — between the Eu- phrates and Tigris. Chief towns, Diarbec, and Mosul, or Nineveh. (This is the ancient Mesopotamia.) 2. Anatolia, or Natolia, next to Europe. Smyrna, Magnisa, Kutaieh, Bursa, Angora. 3. Armenia, or Turkomania, between the Aras and Euphrates, Arzroum, Trebix'ind. 4. Caramania, the province next to Anatolia, Konieh, Erekli, Karaman. 5. Irak Arabi, comprehending ancient Chaldea, Babylonia, and Susiana. Bagdad, B'assora, Baby- lon. 6. JuDEA, or Canaan, part of Syria : Jerusalem, Jaffa, (the ancient Joppa,) Acre, (or Ptolemais,) Gaza. 7- Kurdistan, the country of the Koords, anciently Assyria, on the East of the Tigris. Bedlis, Van, Arbal, or Arbela. 8. RouM, the Eastmost part of Asia Minor : Sivas, Amazieh, Tokat. 9. Syria Proper, exclusive of Palestine : AtEPPo, Damascus, Scanderoon, Tripoli, and Antioch. II. Mountains. — Taurus, Libanus, and Ararat ; already mentioned. Ida in Anatolia, near ancient Troy. III. Lakes. — 1. Ulubad in Anatolia. 2. Sea of Galilee, or Sea of Tiberias, or Lake of Gennexaret in Judea. 3. The Dead Sea, or Lake Asphaltites, also in Judea ; covering the place where Sodom and Gomor- rah once stood. 4. Lake Van m Koordistan. IV. Rivers. — 1 . Kisil Irmak, or Halyss, between Anatolia and Caramania. 2. Saccharia, flowing from tit' ■ du8, the Sea and East by ind West , 10 Mil- the Eu- d Mosulf lia.) Smyrna^ Aras and NATOLIA, !haldea, •a, Bahy- jrnsalem^ ISf) Gaza. anciently n, Arbal, i: Sivas, AtEPPO, Ararat ; r ancient J. Sea of exaret in 'iteSi also d Gomor- , between ring from ASIA MINOR. 67 the borders of Caramania into the Gulf of Erekli, in the Black Sea. 3. Sarahat, or Ilermus, flows into the Gulf of Smyrna. 4. Minder, or Meander, in Anato- lia, famous for its winding course, whence " to mean- der." 5. Orontes in Syria : issuing from Lebanon, it falls into the Levant. 6. Jordan in the Holy Land. 7. Aras, or Araa:ea, in Armenia, which joins the river A'wr, or Cyr, in Persia. 8. The Ettphratea and Tigris. V. ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 1. ASIA MINOR, divided into the following dis- tricts. \. Mysia MiNOtt, along the Hellespont. Chief town Cyzicus, in an island of Propontis ; near it are the rivers Granicus and JEsopus. 2. Troas, or Phrygia Minor, anciently part of Mysia Major. Troia, or Ilium, at the mouth of the Scamander or Xanthus, below its junction with the Simois, torrents flowing from Mount Ida, said to have been drunk up by the army of Xerxes. On the promontories Rceteum and Sigeum, Ajax and Achilles were respectively buried. On the Thymhris, a small river flowing into the Scamander, stood Thymhra, famous for the temple of Apollo, in which Achilles was slain by Paris. 3. jEolia, or MoisiB, between the rivers Caicus and Hermus. Pergamos, and Thyatira, two of the seven churches, were in ^olis. 4. Ionia, between the Hermus and Meander ; Smyrna, and Ephesus, other two oithe seven churches, were here. On the banks of the Meles, near Smyrna, Homer is said to have been bom, — hence called Mele- sigenes. Teos was the city of Anacreon. 5. Lydia, or McBONiA, on the East of Ionia. Sae- DEs or -IS, and Philadelphia, the fifth and sixth ot the Seven Churches. 6. Caria, opposite /?Aoc?e* and Cos. Halicarnassus, the birth-place of Herodotus, famous for the monument of Mausolus. 7- Lycia, between Caria and Pamphylia, chief 1 M s 68 SYRIA. ► town XanthuSf on a river of the same name, Tetmea- «uSf VatAra. 8. Pampiiylia and Pisidia, along the Gulf of Sato- Ha. At the month of the Kurumlfdon, Cimon destroy- ed the fleet and army of the Persians. 9. CiLiciA, the North Coast opposite the island of Cyprus, l^araus, on the river Cydnus^ the birth-place of St Paul, and a famous school of philosophy; hsus^ now Scanderoon, or Alcvandretta, built by Alexander the Great, to commemorate his victory over DariuM, gained near the river Pindrus. The Pylw-SyriWy be- tween Mount Amanus and the sea. 10. Bythinia, extending along Propontus and the Euxine to the river Parthenias. Nicomediai Cakedmi, now Scutari. Nicwa, Nice. 11. Paphlaoonia, from the river Parthenias to the Halyaa. Sinope, the most illustrious city on this coast. 12. PoNTUs, from the river Halys to Colchis^ or the East end of the Euxine. Themiscyra, on the Thermo- doriy the capital of the Amazons. 13. Cappadocia, inland, between Pontus and Cili- citti having the Euphrates ou the East, and Galatia and Phrygia on the West. 14. Galatia and Phuyoia, the other two inland provinces, both chiefly to the West of the river Halys. II. SYRIA was bounded on the South by mount Taurus, which separated it from that part of Cappa- docittf which was called Armenia Minor ; on the West by Mount Amanus^ a branch of Taurus which divided it from Cappadocia and Cilicia^ and by th'» Levant ; on the So'ith and South East by Arabia, and on the North East by the Euphrates^ which divided it from Mesopotamia. . 1. CommageNe, the northmost division, between Asia Minor and the Euphrates, bounded on the North by Taurus, chief town SamosUta on the Euphrates. 2. Seleucis, or Antiochene, or Syria Prophia, next to CoMMAOENE ; towns, Antiochia, Daphne, Se- rosa, (now Aleppo,) Laodicea, (the last of the Seven Churches,) Heliopolis, (now Balbec.) 3. CiELE Syria, (KoiAh Xv^tuy Hollow Syria) between , Telmea- f of Sata- »n destroy- i inland of !>irth-place Alexander ?r Dariu!!), SyrkVy be- is and the CalcedoTi, tias to the this coast. his^ or the 3 Thermo- ? and Cili- d Galatia two inland ver Halys. by mount of Cappa- 1 the West ich divided " Levant; nd on the ed it from , between I the North phrates. . Prophia, aphne, Be- f the Seven ia) between JUDEA. Qg Libanua and Antllibanus. Damascus, Palmma, or ludmor in the desert. 4. Phoenicia, or Phenice, the coast opposite Cwle- ^y''**,.^^/*^*' ('^>«0 ^^^^'^i (Seide,) TarrMu,, (Iripoli, the present Capital of Syria.) The coast bouth from this was called Philutia. 5. Palestina, or Judea, the Fioly Land, called in Scripture also the Land op Canaan. Under the twelve tribes It included the three hist divisions, as under. III. JUDEA, the fifth division above mentioned of byria, claims particular notice, both as it stands connect- ed with the Mosaic economy, and as the scene of our blessed Lord's ministrations and miracles. It was differently divided at difTerent times ; as, Ist, under the Canaanites and other heathen inhabitants. 2dly, Par- celled out among the twelve tribes op Israel. 3dly, Divided between the rival houses of Israel and of JuDAH ; and 4thly, Under the Homans, reduced into 4 districts. L The heathen inhabitants were called Canaan- ites, a general name, including the Sidonia/ns, Periz- xttes, Htvites, Jebusites, Amorites, Hittites, Philis^ tines, Moabitesy ^-c. 2. The twelve tribes, their relative situations, and chief towns. (1.) AsnER, in Phenicia, on the coast of Tyre and bidon. Besides those cities, it contained also Hebron, Accho, ^c. ■ (2.) Naphtali between Asherandthe Jordan. Kedesh- Naphtali; Dan, Ramah, Capernaum, and Bethsaida, on the sea of Galilee. (3.) Zebulun, on the West of the sea of Galilee Bethlehem, Zebulun, Nazareth, Mount Tabor' or Mount of Transfiguration. (4.) Issacharonthe South of Zebulun. Aphek, Ha- dadrimmon, Nain, Shunem, Cwsarea on the Mediter- ranean or Great Sea. _ (5.) Half-tribe of Manasseh on this side Jnrdnn^ Bezeky Mountains of Gilboa, Jezreel, passage of the s • m J m ■,*■■ »»^, r .1! i 70 ASIA. — JUOBA* Jordan — Iliilf-Tribo of ISfiinnHH^h bet/ond Jtmlivi ; ImmhkIoiI by inouiitx Hi'rinon an. 3. Thk Uoman Division: 1. Galilee. 2. Samaria. 3. Judaa. 4. lic^io trauH Jordanunty Perwa or Ucra'Uy anciently Gilead. (1.) Galilek. Cana^ Chnrazin, Capernaum^ ./ea- red, Tiber ia,t, Momit Gilboa, IkthlJiem, Namreth, Nainy Zabulun^ Ptolcmaitt. (2.) Sam A III A. Samariay Ca'snrea^ Joppn^ where Andromeda was delivered, it is said, by Perseus, from a sea monster. (3.) JuD.EA. liierosoli/ma, or J QrwrnU^m^Hiarechus, or Jericho, Bethel, Gil^al, Ephraim, Hebron, Mamn\ Bethlehem, Gaza, Ascaloji. (4.) Pkh^a, divided into, 1. TRACHOMTisorlturca. 2. Gaulonitis, in which were Ashtaroth HnA Ramo- Gilead. 3. Ammonitis. 4. Moabitis. 5. Deca- POLIS. y. fardan ; I, Geacr, couit ut' , Mount II, North 7/I.S (71/- Girar, ojul Sen. jinotMt'i* U a moth- ■hUt and n Arnon. Samaria, *era'a ov um^ Jez- Ja^iareth^ fly wlior<» [», from ii ierechus^ , MamrCy )r Itiirca. 1(1 Ramo- \. UfiCA- AUAIIU AND PEH8IA. II. AllAillA, 71 U lK)»in. TiANSTAN, Kkrman, ami Skistan. — Gombroon, Ormu8, Kerman, Juliuhibad. II. Imlandm. — Ormnn, Kishnia^ and Karek, in the Persian Gulf. HI. Lakes. — Orminh, or Unniak in Azerbijan ; Bactigariy a salt lake in Farsistan. IV. Rivers. — 1. Arasy (or ^rr/,ms) which flown from Armenia. 2. Kur, or Konrj nometimes written Cyrm and C'yr, in Aderbijan. 3. AhivaSy (the ancient Choaspen,) East of (lie Tgriy. 4. Tedgen (or Ochus,) rises in the Gaur mountains, and flows into the Caspian Sea. v»»%»%»%» % »^»^»* IV. CAUnUL, T^ounded on tht North by Tartary ; Enst by Hin- dostan and Little Thibet; South by Hindostan and Beloochistan ; and West by Persia. Caubul was lately only a province of Afghanistan, belonging to Persia. But it now gives name to a powerful king- dom, which rules over Cdndahar^ Cashmere^ Moultan, Balk, Herat, &c. It is sometimes termed Eastern Persia ; and ^•everal of the principal cities on the banks of the Indus, which now belong to Caubul, are ^.j5^^Y«o.»^.b'' enumerated still by Geographers among theVities'of Hindostan. That part^of the fine pro- Ormiah he Soutti i, Aotra- !irf the IVovlncei. of Mekmn and Shu!,'. Hut it for.n« no part of 1.AUBUL, or of |»KnsiA ; the inhahitant« live under .mlepe,u|.„t d„,f,, ^„a arc little better than robber«. helat m the Capital. V. HINDOOSTAN, or IIINDOSTAN, Boundea on the North by Thibet; Kant by Bir- mall and the Hay of Hongal ; South by the f ndian Ocean ; and Wrnt by the Arabian Sea and Pernia. fh!' inn r/;."'"^'"" "( "i'xIoHtan i8 eompute«t""— /^"/i/y^/, Jinhar, Alia- MaTwa. ^'"' ^""'^ "*' ^''^"' '^-f'""'''^ «"*» 2. SiNDETic Hindostan.— A w//or^, Canhmere, Cau- fnU, Candnhar, Lahore, Moultan, and Sindy. J. Centual HindoHtan— Gwiir^ra/, CandeUh, Ber. ar Onssa, the Sircars, Golvonda in part, Dowlata. bad, or Aurungabad, and Concan. 4. SouTHEHN IIindo«tan.~The rest of Gokmida, .JT'\r^r/'''^''' i^/ac//.m, and some principalities on the Malabar coast. r r « , This, though the division genefally adopted, ia ob- viou8ly objectionable, as including a very considerable part of what now belongs exclusively to the Kingdom dostan. In the following Table the provinces that real- ^ come under the head of Hindostan, are enumerated alphabetically, and their situ^tJnn o^.i ^u',..c *.„. At the same time exhibited. o 74 IlINDOSTAN. — THE PROVINCES, &C. id t 11. The ProvincM. In the Quarter of The Chief towns. 1. Agimere. Gangetic Hind. Agimere. 2. Agra. do. Agra. 3. Allahabad. do. Allahabad. 4). Bahar. do. Bahar. 5. Bengal. do. Calcutta. 6. Bezar. Central Hind. Nagpoor. 7- Candeish. do. Boorampoore. 8. Carnatic. Southern Hind. Madras. 9. Concan. do. Bombay. 10. Decca. Gangetic Hind. Decca. 11. Delhi. do. Delhi. 12. Dowlatabad. Central Hind. Aurungabad. 13. Golconda. Cen. and S. Hind. Hydrabad. 14. Guzerat. Central Hind. Amedabad. 15. Madura. Southern Hind. Madura. 16. Malabar. do. Calicut. 17. Malwa. Gangetic Hind. Ougein. 18. Mysore. Southern Hind. Seringapatam. 19. Nander. Southern Hind. Nander. 20. Orissa. Central Hind. Soanpoore. 21. Oude. Gangetic Hind. Lucknow. 22. Scindy. Sindetic Hind. Hydurabad. 23. Sircars. Central Hind. Rajamundry. 24. Visiapoor. do. Poonah. III. General Survey of the States m India, and of the British Connections there. HiNDOSTAN contains many distinct native states, which are all now, however, in acknowledged or essen- tial subjection to the British. 1. The Seiks occupy the country to the west of Delhi. Their sovereign the king bf Lahore^ or as it has been called above Caubul, has by his acquisitions in the Punjab, (that is, in the North- ern part of Sindetic Hindostan,) curtailed that portion of India which extended in this direction.-— (See the Account of the Kingdom of Caubul.) 2. The Berar, or Eastern Mahrattas, possess an extensive range of the capital, it is sometimes designated the Nagpore Do- M 4 u. c. ' towns. id. poore. abad. ad. lad. patam. • 3re. >\v. ibad. mdry. • ia, and J states, or essen- ciipy the the king hul^ has e North- t portion (See the B Berar, range of ■noryio Ot oore Do- THE PRINCIPAL STATES, &C. 75 minions, 3, The Peishtva's Dominions, or Western Mahrattas^ whoeo capital city is Poonah, flank the coast of Bombay. 4. To the north of both lie what were called Sciridia's Dominions, the sovereign of which was head of the Mahratta Pri/nces, and hence was denomi- nated the Maharajah or Great Rajah. Gwaliiyr near the Jumna was his residence and principal fortress. 5. The Soubah of the Deccan, (otherwise called NU xam's Territory,) is sovereign of Golconda, and part of the neighbouring provinces of Dowlatahad and Berar ; Hydurabad is his capital. 6. In addition to these may be mentioned the Gorkhas of Nipaul, inhabiting so much of the hill country on the north of India, as has been left them by " British moderation." 7. Bho- paul lies contiguous to the Mahrattas ; the ambitious designs of whom constrained the Nawab of Bhopaul, to solicit the protection of the British government^ 8. Rajpootana, or the Rajpoot States, betw(?en the rivers Indus and Chumbul, are bound to the British by comniunity of interest. And, 9. The allies of the Bri- tish in India, are the Rajahs of Mysore, Tanjore, Tritchinopcy, Madura, Travancore, and Cochin ; with the Nabobs of Arcot and Oude. ly. Islands. — 1. Ceylon. % TbeMaldives and Lac- cadives. 3. Elephanta and Sahette, on the coast of the Camatic, near Bombay. The towns in Ceylon are Candia, Columfx), and Trincomale. V. MouNi'AiNS. — Himmalehs or Snowy Mountajjas. The Western Gauts along the Malabar, and the Eas- tern Gauts along the Coromandel Coasts. VI. Gulfs. — Gulfs of Cutch and of Cambay oil the west of Hindostan. Gulf of J/a»ara, between Cey- lon and the Continent. VII. Rivers. — Boorampooter, or Sampoo, on the east of the Ganges. Nerbuddah falls into the Gulf of Cambay, and Bonass, into the Gulf of Cutch. Godavery separates the Circars from Golconda. The Jumna passes Delhi, the ancient capital of Hindostan. The Taptee passes Boorampoore in Candeish= ? iii •Ii 76 INDIA BEYOND THE GANGES. VI. EASTERN PENINSULA, OR INDIA BEYOND THE GANGES. Bounded on the North hy Thibet and China ; West by Hindostan, and the Bay of Benjyal ; South by the Gulf of Siam, and the Straits of Malacca ; and East by the Gulf of Toncjuin and the Chinese Sea. This country comprehends the Birman Empire, with certain small territories lately ceded to Britain, — and the Empire of Cochin China. — It comprehends the fol- lowing kingdoms and provinces : — 1. Assam, between Bengal and Thibet, — watered by the Burhampooter, a large and fertile country ; chief town, Ghergong. 2. Arracan, on the N. W. formerly an independent kingdom, — then subject to Birmah, and lately ceded to Britain ; capital Arracan. 3. AvA, the principal kingdom of the Birman Em- pire ; Ami is the capital again, though lately deserted for Um era poor a. 4. Cambodia, subject to Cochin China. — From this country comes the yellow pigment called Gam- boge : Cambodia is the capital. 5. Cochin China, (pronounced Cotchin China,) the seat of the empire which comprehends Tonquin, Cambodia^ and Siarnpa. 6. Laos, a kingdom in the W. of Cotchin China, more the abode of tigers and elephants than of man. — The same may be said of Siarnpa. 7. Malacca, or Malaya, (tributary to Birmah,) distinguished for the ferocity of its inhabitants, the Malays, and the smoothness of their lan- guage. 8. Pegu, an ancient kingdom, now a province of the Birman Empire, but partly ceded to the British. Chief city, Pegue, near the mouth of the river Ava, or Irawaddy. 9. Siam, an extensive and fine kingdom, the fruits of which are peculiarly delicious. — Siam stands ou CHINESE EMPIRE. 77 DIA i; West I by the id East re, with n, — and the fol- ^ered by ountry ; pendent i lately an Em- li lately ^om this d Gam- la,) the onquin, China, than of m. lirmah,) ibitants, leir lan- ;e of the British, he river fruits of :ands ou the Meinam, celebrated for the fire-flies on it** banks. 10. ToNguiN, (Tonkeen) a large kinffdom subject to Cochin China ; chief town, Keeslw, near the confines of China. VIT. CHINA PHOPER. Bounded on the North by the Chinese wall, (a most stupendous specimen of human labour,) which separates China from Tartary ; West by Thibet and lartury; South by the Chim^se Sea and the Eastern Peninsula ; and East by the Chinese Sea. Its greatest length and breadth are about 1300 miles, and Its population is estimated at from 200 to 300 millions. Of this immense empire, one port only is accessible to European merchants.— -This is Canton, in the Smth. on a river of the same name. Pekin, the capital, stands in the province of Petchelee, in the N. E. extremity of the empire.— Its population is estimated at a million and a half.— iV^aw/fm, the Southern capital, stands on the Kang, about 100 miles from its mouth.— An enu- raei-ation of the 16 divisions of this country, into which no foreigner is permitted to enter, would be superfluous. ^^■v^^^-v-Vj -vx-v^ v% VIII. THIBET, OR TIBET. Bounded on the North by Eastern or Independent Tartary ; West and South by India ; and East by China Proper. "' The Geographical limits of this mountainous country cannot be hxed with precision.— It comprehends, I.— 1. Nipaul, a mountainous track of country i«i- mediately to the N. of Hindostan, inhabited by a war. like people called Gorkhas, who, having laid claim to all the provinces North of the Ganges, were disoossess- ta Dy uie Marcjuis of Hastings of a considerable part !H,( 'If .inf'' ,C* G Q 78 CHINESE OR EASTERN TARTARY. m^ of their own country. — He retained the province of Kemaoun in the S. W. because its possession opened up to the British all the vallies of Nepaul, so as to keep that country in permanent check. — The rest of his conquests in the hills he bestowed on different ra- jahs. — Nepaul includes the province or rajahship of Bootariy — ^whose chief town is Tassaisudon. 2. Thibet Proper, including as its western extre- mity, Little Thibet. — The capital is Lassa, on the Boorampooter. II. Rivers. — From the high table land of Thibet, the most important rivers of Hindostan and the Eastern Peninsula take their rise ; as the Oviis, Indus, Ganges, Boorampooter, Thatnan, and probably Irabatty in Birmah, and the Camboja in Cochin China. ■v**^/*^***^**** IX. CHINESE OR EASTERN TARTARY. Bounded on the North by Siberia ; West by Inde- pendent Tartary ; South by China and Thibet ; and East by the Pacific Ocean. This immense tract of country extends over nearly 70° of longitude, anc' "0° of latitude. 1. Mandshuria. — The country of the Mandshurs lies on both sides of the Saghalien, from the Chinese wall, to the confines of Siberia.— Saghalien, the ca- pital of Chinese 1 artary, lies on the river of the same name. The Mandshurs conquered China in the 17th cen- tury, and ever since that event, Mandshuria has re- mained in faithful subjection to the race of its ancient sovereigns. 2. Mongolia. — The principal tribes or branches of the Monguls are the Kalkas, v/ho border upon Mand- shuria, and the Eluts, or Kalmucs, residing to the Wfc L of the former. 3. Little Buckaria. — This is so called in contra- distinction to Great Buckaria, (which belongs to/w- dependent Tarta/ry, and is subject to the Usbec Tar- RUSSIAN TAUTARY. 79 ince of opened » as to rest of ent ra- ship of extre- on the Thibet, Eastern langes, atty ill ARY. y Inde- nt; and r nearly idshurs Chinese , the ca- he same 7th cen- has re- ancient nches of I Mand- : to the centra- ls to In- ec Tar- tars. ) The people of Little Bnckaria arc a Tartaric nation, but considered to be of a distinct race from the Kalmues or Mongnln, to whom they are subject. They are Mahomedans, and ure more civilized than either the Monguh or Mandshurs, the former of whom are idolaters, but the latter are said to have neither temples nor idols. — The Monguls, though now greatly reduced by their unsuccessful contentions with the Chinese, were anciently the most powerful and calebrated of all the Tartar tribes; they overran, at different times, Astatic Turkey, Persia, and India, in which last they founded the Mo^t^l Empire. 'V*«'W*«/W%V»»y* X. RUSSIAN TARTARY. Bounded on the North by the Northern Ocean, West by European Russia ; South by Chinese and Independent Tartary ; and East by the Pacific Ocean. — It extends over a space of 40 degrees of latitude, and 153° of longitude. From Sihir, the name of the ancient kingdom of the Tartars, the whole of this vast extent of country is often distinguished from the rest of Tartary, by the general appellation Siberia. This is inaccurate, inas- much as the Tartars, properly so called, occupy com- paratively but a small part of it, namely, the Western Extremity. — Hordes of Monguls reside around the Sea of Baikal, and a continuation of the Mandshur nation is to be found to the east of these. The whole is divided into military governrr>ents, of which there are said to be ten in all ; but those of most importance are — 1. Caucasus, in the S. W. ; capital, Astrachan.-— Tejiis, Erivan, &c. are among the ]1 -^rsian acquisitions. 2. Orenbukg, orOuFA. 3. Tobolsk 4. Kolivane. 5. Irkvtsk. They are so called from dnir principal towns. »%*%**»/Vk**%*^ I XI. INDEPENDENT TARTARY. Bounded on the North by Siberia; West by the ■r"'i! 80 INDEPENDENT TARTARY. i^aapian Sea and Persia ; South by Persia and Hin- dostan ; and East by Chinese or Eastern Tartary. The principal dominions are— L Western Turkkstan, inhabited by the Kir- kusec, or Klrkuis hordes, who occnpy the nortliem half of this country. Turkestan, of which the Chinese have made themselves masters in part, is considered to have been the seat of the ancient Massagetw, (often confounded with the Scythians,) v/ho probably, at a still earlier period, inhabited the country called Gete, in the N. W. of the Chinese dominions. 2. Great Buckabia. — This lies chiefly between tho rivers Jihon and Sihon, (thti Oivus and laocartes of the ancient".) It is separated fro!n Little Bucka- RiA by the mount'iins called Belur Tag, (the ancient ImauSy) and by the Gaur mountains, (or Paro^ami- su<>y) it is divided from r^ciNDETic Hindostan. Great Buckaeia is possessed by the Usbec Tartars. Its principal towns are Samarcand, Bokhara, and Balk. It comprehends the provinces anciently deno- minated Sogdiana and Bactriana, now known by the names of Sogd and Baik. The town of Balk (the Bactra, or -ia of antiquity,) is regarded by the Asiatics iis the oldest city in the world. — It is now within the territories usurped of late by the sovereign of Caubul. 3. Kharism extends from the Gihon, (Jihon) or Amu, to the Caspian Sea. In the time of Zingis, it was a powerful kingdom. From Kieva, the principal province, the Tartars here are called Kievinski. 4. Between the Sea of Aral and the Caspian Sea, is inhabited by hordes of banditti characterized by the name of Turcomans. I ? w AFRICA. iifit; "V; Bounded on the North by the Mediterranean ; East by the Isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian AFRICA. id Hin- iry. le Kit' ortheni Chinese lered to , (often jr, at a d Gete^ between axartes BUCKA- ancient roxtami- D08TAN. Tartars, rttf and ly deno- 1 by the ilk (the Asiatics thin the AUBUL. kon) or Ingis, it principal i. an Sea, d by the 81 ,n; East e Indian Ocean ; Sfyuth by the Southern Ocean ; and m^st by the Atlantic. E.vtenf, from 37" North Latitude, to d5 South Latitude, and from 17j Wt«8t to 51| Ea«t Longitu the eawtorii houiulary of Africa,) to the Syrtia Afftjor^ or GulfofSidra, (also called Aral PhllUmm, or the altars of the two hrotherH.) A district of this country was called PentapolU. The principal towns were Cyreiie^ PtulemniSi (anciently Barce,) Ar- sinu€y and Herenicey (anciently IleHperisy) near which was the famous garden of the Henperides. III. IIEGIO SYUTICA, ii«/ TllIPOLITANA. ( TRIPOLI.) This country was called Syrtica from the Syrtes or quicksands at the (lulf of Sldray and the Gulf of Cabes^ anciently called Syrtta Majors and Syrth Minor. At the Syrtis Major dv/elt the Lotofagiy so named from eatinpf the lotus plant, a very luscious kind of food, ac- cording to Homer. IV. AFRICA PROPRIA. (TUNIS.) CarthagOy (Carthage) the capital, was built by Dido and her Tyrian colony. Becoming afterwards the rival of Rome, it was destroyed by Scipio, but was re- built by Augustus. It was finally destroyed by the Saracens in the seventh century. Near Tunes or -e/«, (now Tunis,) fifteen miles from Carthage, Regulus the Roman general was defeated, and taken prisoner by the Carthagin'ins under Xantippus the Lacedaemonian. East from this stood Hydrumetum ; and Thapsus^ near which Caesar defeated Scipio and Juba. West from Carthage stood Uticay where Cato slew himself, and was thence called Utlcensis. V. NUMIDIA. (ALGIERS.) The two chief states were the Massyli and Massoesyli. Of the former Masinissa was king, and Syphax of the latter. Zama is famous for the defeat of Hannibal by T^- AMERTCA. 85 Scipi Th situation of Tkirmidn^ whi^re Hicmpettl nIcw himself, iM uncurtain. VI. MAUIUTANIA, (MOUOCCOand FEZ.) The Eauter part was called CasnrienMft, (from Itn Capital Casaretty) the kinj^Iexico. Lenyth 4400 miles. Breadth H s^. ^a IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET {MT-3) .<0 // .^^ ,.V^ «'/ ;% 'w 1.0 i.l 2.2 us - lis IIIIIIO 1.8 • 1.25 1.4 1 |r^ ^ 6" — ► v] <^ /^ <:'j .#>^ M '^ > ''^^ '-^/ M V ^/ '/ Photograpnic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '^ iV q^ :\ \ ^9> .v^... :<'. ^^3 ^. 6^ ^-^. <. ^^^ ,*- A « #,=, ^ S6 NORTH AMERICA. 3000. Population from 26 to 30 milliona. Divisions, four, viz. 1. British Possessions. Capital, Quebec, on the St Lawrence, in Lower Canada. 2. The United States. Washington, on the Che- sapeak, in Virginia. 3. Spanish Republics. Mecoico, in Mexico. 4. Independent Countbies, possessed by. the native Indians. 5. West Indian Islands, or West Indies, II. Islands, exclusive of the West Indies. 1. Newfoundland, in the Gulf of St Lawrence. Chief town, ♦S'^ John's. 2. The Bermudas, to the East of the United States. 3. Fo.v Islands, a small cluster on the South side of the Gulf of St Lawrence. 4. The Aleutian, or Oonalaska Islands, in the N. Pacific, extending from Russian America to Kamtachatka. 5. Queen Charlotte's Islands, on the West coast of the Independent Countries. 6. Georgian Islands, dis- covered by Captain Parry in the Arctic Ocean. III. Lakes. — 1. Lakes Superior, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, a chain on the North of the United States. 2. Slave Lake, Athapesco, and Winnipeg, in the Independent Countries. 3. Champlain, between the states of New York and Vermont. 4. Lakes of Me.vico and Nicaragua in the Spanish Republics. IV. Rivers. — 1. St Lawrence, issuing from Lake Ontario. 2. The Missouri, Missisippi, Arkansas, Ohio, and Red River, which uniting fall into the Gulf of Mexico. 3. The Otawas and a^^ John in Lower Canada. 4. St Croix, which separates New Brunswick from the United States. 5. Niagdra issues from Lake Erie, and flows into Lake Ontario ; its falls are 150 and 164 feet perpendicular. 6. The Copper- mine River flows into Lake Superior. 7« 1'J»e Mac- kenzie's River issues from Slave Lake, and falls into the Frozen Ocean. 8. The Rio del Norte, and Rio Colorado, in Mexico. 9. The Columbia, in the West of the United States, which flows into the Paoiflc Ocean. BRITISH POSSESSIONS. 87 y. Bays, Gulps, &c.— 1. Davis Straits, and Baf- fin sBaj/.^ 2. Hudson Straits and Hudson-'s Bay. ^. James Bay, the Southernmost extremity of Hud- son s. 4. Lancaster Sound ^md. Barrow's Straits, di- vergmg westward from Davis Straits. 5. Gulf of St Lawrence. 6. Fundy Bay, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. ^. Gulf of Meanco. 8. Bay of Campeachy, in the South of the Gulf of Mexico 9 Uuljof Florida, entering into the above. 1 0. Bay of Honduras, m the Caribbean Sea. 11. Gulf of Call ^wm and N^tka SGimd, on the West coast; and, IZ. Jstraits of Belleisle, between Newfoundland and Liabrador. VI. Capss.— 1. Cape Farewell, in the South of Greenland. 2. Capes Chidley and Charles, the N. E. and ^. E. pomts of Labrador. 3. Cape Florida, the Southern extremity of the United States. 4. Cape St Lucarm California, on the West coast. 5. Icy Cape, in the N. W. of America. ^ .rJJ\ Mountains.-!. The Bocky Mountains, a vast chain stretching along the whole west coast of America, whose loftiest summits are 12,000 feet above the level of the Sea. The continuation of the same Cham through the Southern Continent receives the name of Andes, or the Cordilleras. 2. The Apala. il'"''' ZfT^^^^^^'il mountams, in the United States, about 900 miles m length, and 6,000 feet high. I. THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS. These lie to the North of the United States. The divisions are — 1. Canada, divided into Upper and Lower. In the latter, are Quebec, Montreal; in the for- mer, York and Kingston. % New Brunswick, between the St Lawrence and Eundy Bay, Frederick's Town, St Ann's. m 88 THE UNITED STATES. 3. Nova Scotia, a peninsula connected with New Brunswick. Halifaw, Annapolis. 4. Newfoundland, an island. St John' 8 ^ Place7i' tin. 5. Cape Breton, an island North East of Nova Scotia; Louiaburg. 6. St John's, now Prince Edward's Island, in the Gulf of St Lawrence. Charlotte Town. 7. Anticosti, an island in the St Lawrence. 8. PicTou, an island North East of Nova Scotia. 9. St Pierre and MiQUEiiON, between Cape Breton and Newfoundland. 10. The Bermudas, the principal island is St George. 11. Labrador, New Britain, and Hudson's Bay TERRITORIES, are valuable only for their furs. IL THE UNITED STATES. if I, I. These are divided into j^ia; Northern States, called New England ; Four Middle States ; Six Southern States, and Eight Western States ; being 24 in all. — I. New England comprehends, 1. New Hampshire, 2. Vermont, 3. Massachusetts, 4. Maine, 5. Con- necticut, and 6. Rhode Island. — II. The Middle States are, 1. New York, 2. Pennsylvania, 3. New Jersey, 4. Delaware. — III. The Southern States are, 1. Maryland, 2. Virginia, 3. N^^fh Carolina, 4. South Carolina, 5. Georgia, 6. Alabama. — IV. The Western States. 1. Ohio, 2. Indiana, 3. Illinois, 4. Kentucky, 5. Missouri, 6. Tenessee, 7. Missisippi, 8. Louisiana. — V. The territories not yet erected into States, (not having 60,000 free inha- bitants,) are, — 1. Arkansas, 2. Michigan, 3. Flo- rida, f , Alphabetically, with tJieir situations and towns : 1. Alabama, (Southern.) Cahawba. 2. Arkansas, (Territories.) Arkopolis. 3. Connecticut, (Northern.) New London. 4. Delaware, (Middle.) Dover. THE UNITED STATES. 89 5- Florida, (Territories.) St Augustine. o. W^a (Southern.) Louisville, Savannah. 7. Ilhnois, (Western.) Kaskaskia. «. Indiana, (Western.) Vincennes. in f^'^fr^^' (Western.) Frankfort, ly. Loumana, (Western.) New Orleans, io -Iv*'^^» (Northern.) Portland. 12. Maryland, (Southern.) Annapolis, Baltimore 13. Massachusetts, (Northern.) Boston.. 14. Mich^n, (Territories.) Detroit. 15. Mtsstsippi, (Western.) Monticello. lb. x^tssouri, (Western.) St Louis. 17. New Hampshire, (Northern.) Portsmouth. 18. New Jersey, (Umie.) Trenton. 20 Vnl^'^' /.^^^^^*> ^«^ Y«^k' Albany. 01 ^.^^^r^'^*'*'^' (Southern.) Raleigh. 21. Ohw, (Western.) Columbus. II ffS^/T*^'/v^^^?^"> Philadelphia, Pittsburg. 24 ^^^tr f' (Northern.) New Port, Providence. 24. ^outhtaroUna, (Southern.) Charleston, Columbia. 25. Tenessee, (Western.) Knoxville. 2o. Vermont, (Northern.) Bennington. 27 nrg,ma, (Southern.) Washington, Richmond. • ; x?^'^^x^®", • ^^^ ^^^ 'Staten ishndB, belone- ing to New York. 2. J^^an^^^^,,, ofFMassachuseUs^ in M • o''T ^^^«**^«^ % in Maine. 2. Co^co, 1!! r^^- ^«m,#«i^/^, in Massachusetts. 4. /)./«: Z HJv^^'^v-^'"^^^*"^ Delaware. 5. Chesapeak tw ^ ^"^ Virginia from Maryland. 6. Zon^ /.Lrf ^om^, separating Long Island from Connecticut. frl N^yrs;^^^^^^ *^^ East coast, proceeding V. Lakes.— Besides the Lakes of Canada alreadv mentioned, are Michigan and Champlain ^ VI. RivERs.-.Beeides those enumerated in America, Lw'FrTl ."'IT^' \r'^^' (^onnecticut,hetween New England and New York. 2. ffudsm, which aTje^eT "^'^ ^^ ?^'«"^^^' betweenlDell^re ana Jersey. 4. Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania. 5. H 2 Ifc !&* If !2 ;■:':«■' 1)0 THE SPANISH REPUBLICS. Potomac, between Maryland and Virginia. 6. Savan- nah, separating Georgia from Carolina. III. THE SPANISH REPUBLICS, formerly NEW SPAIN. The Republics are Mexico and Guatemala. Their divisions or provinces take their names from the principal cities. These are, 1. Mexico, the Emporium of the commerce of the New World. 2. Queretadro, in the same province, and, like Mexico, a very splendid city. 3. Guanaximto ; its silver mines are among the richest in the world, one of them is 2000 feet deep. 4. Zaca- fecas, on the tropic of Cancer. 5. Vera Cruz on the Atlantic, and Acapulco on the Pacific ; places once of threat trade. 6. JSalize, on the bay of Honduras, a British settlement for Logwood and Mahogany. Be- sides several other towns of considerable importance. IV. THE WEST INDIAN ISLANDS. These are commonly divided into aiw principal groups, named as under. 1. The Great Antilles, consisting of Cuba, Jamaica, St Domingo, (pv Hispaniola,ov Hayti,) and Porto Rico, 2. The Little Antilles, on the coast of the Caraccas, viz. Margarita, Bonaire, Curafoa, Aruba. 3. The Leeward Islands, Anguilla, St Martins, Saba, St Eustathia, St Bartholomew, St Christopher'' s, (or St Kitt's,) Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, Guadahupe, Deseada, Ma- rigalante, Dominica, 4. The Windward Islands. Martinico, St Lucia, St Vincent, Granada, Barbadoes, Tobago, Trinidad. The Leeward and Windward Islands are called the Caribbees. 5. The Virgin Islands, between the Caribbees and FoETo Rico. ♦S'^ Thomas, Tortola, Virgin, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 6. WEST INDIAN ISLANDS. . Savan- CS, A. Their 3 principal im of the 'Of in the indid city, the richest 4. Zactt' •uz on the es once of nduras, a any. Be- rtance. NDS. al groups^ of Ctiba, or Hay ti,) Caraccas, Iruba. ■ Martins^ omeWi *^'^ , Antigua, eada, Ma- St Lucia, Tobago, [^ARIBBEES a, Virgin, 91 Gorda, Aneyada, St John's, Santa Cruz, for at Croix.) ^ 6. The Bahamas, or LucAYAN islands, to the East of Cuba, and South of Florida, viz. Bahama, Lucaya, Providence, Guanahani, (or St Salva- dor.) Of the West Indian islands, some are in the posses- sion of the Bnttith, some of the French, Spaniards, Dutch, Danes, ixnd Swedes, as appears from the fol- lowing list, which contains the most important of them. 1. Anouilla, [Leeward.] Britain. 2. Antioua, [Do.] Do. 3. Bahama, [Bahamas.] Do. 4. Barbadoes, [Windward.] Do. 5 Barbuda, [Leeward.] Do. 6. Cuba, [Great AntiUes.] Spain. 7- CURA90A, [Little AntUles.] Netheriands. o. Deseada, [Leeward.] France. 9. Dominica, [Do.] Britain. 10. Grenada, or Granada, [Windward.] Do. 11. GuADALOuPE, [Leeward.] France. 12. Guanahani, [Bahamas.] Britain. 13. Jamaica, [Great Antilles.] Do. 14. LucAYA, [Bahamas.] Do. 15. Margarita, [Little Antilles J Spain. 16. Marigalante, [Leeward.] France. 17. Martinico, [Windward.] Do. 18. MoNTSERRAT, [Lecward.] Britain. 19. Nevis, [Do.] Do. 20. Porto Rico, [Great Antilles.] Spain. 21. Providence, [Bahamas.] Britain. 22. Santa Cruz, [Virgin Islands.] Denmark. if o -^-^^tholomew, [Leeward.] Sweden. 24. St Christopher's, [Do.] Britain. in a 5''^'''''''' [^^^^^ Antilles.] Independent. o2" a ?"«tathia, [Leeward.] Netheriands. ii o ^''"''''' [^'"'S'i^ Islands.] Denmark. ^3. St Lucia, [Windward.] Britain. 29. St Thomas, [Virgin Islands.] Denmark. tl i\j 92 SOUTH AM¥:nTCA. 30. St Vincent, [Windward.] Mritaiii. 31. ToBAoo, [Do.] Do. 32. Trinidad, [Do.] Do. »»»% %» % »»%»%»%% % SOUTH AMERICA. Separated by the Inthmtu of Dariefi nnA Carihbenn Sen from North Americji. It is 46()0 miles in length, und 3160 in breadth. Population 12 millions. The Divisions aie, 1. Colombia, formerly Terra Firma ; — Capital, Bogota, in Neiy Grenada. 2. Peru ; — Limn, on the west coast. 3. Chili ;—*S'/. t/a,jf»J, opposite the Island of Juan Fernandez, where Robinson Crusoe lived. 4. Patagonia ; — the southmost division of Ame- rica, containing no towns. 5. La Plata, or Buenos Ayres ; — Buenos Ayrcn, on the La Plata, or river Plate. 6. Brazil, and Amazonia ; — Rio Janeiro, or St. Sebastian, on the east coast, near the tropic of Capricorn. 7. Guiana ; — Paramaribo, on the river Surinam. 8. Paraguay ; — Assumption, II. The Islands. 1. Gallipagos in the Pacific, on the Equator. 2. Juan Fernandez, west from Chili. 3. Chiloe, on the coast of Patagonia. 4. Tetra del Fuego, on the south of Patagonia. 5. Falkland Isles, on the east of Patagonia. 6. Georgia, Sandwich Land, PowelVs Groupe, and South Shetland, to the soutli and south-east of Patagonia. III. Lakes. — Maracaibo and Parima'm Colombia. IV. Rivers. — 1. The Amazon or J/arawow in Bra- zil. 2. The La Plata in La Plata. 3. The Orinooco in Colombia. V. Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. — 1. GulfofDarien and Bay of Panama^ on the Isthmus of Darien. % Bay Carihhenn in lengthy ins. — Capital, i of Juan lived, of Ame- rio8 AyrcH, ro, or St. le tropic of Surinam. Pacific, on from Chili. Terra del eland Isles, wich Land, > the south tt Colombia. non in Bra- 16 Orinooco fof Darien ien. % Bay COLOMBIA. — PEnU. ^8 of All Saints, at the city of St. Salvador in tlie Urazils. 3. Straits of Ma^llariy w»|)arHtinj( Patagonia from Torra del Fuegu. 4. Straits of La Maire, Hwparatinir Terra del Fuego from Staten I.and. VI. Capeh.—I. Horn, 2. AV /Jo^Mf on the north- east. 3. Mary and Antonio^ on each Hide the river Plate. VII. Mountains. — The /fne/c* extending along the whole west coast. The summits or highest regions are railed the Cordilleras. The peak of Soralo in Upper Pertly has lately been found to be the highest, being 25,400 feet alwve Uie level of the sea. I. COLOMBIA. Situate chiefly between the Equator and Carihhean Sea. Its chief divisions are, 1. New Grenada. 2. Ca- raccas, or Venezuela. And, 3. Part of Guiana. But the limits of these are uncertain. The Chief Towns in this Republic are the following. 1. Bogota, in New Grenada, among the Andes, 8,000 feet in height. 2. PoPA VAN, capital of a province of the same name, also situate in the Andes. 3. Quito, in Quito, on the equator, 9,370 feet high, contains 70,000 inhabitants. 4. GuiAQUiL, on a river of the same name, and the capital of a province so called. 5. Panama, in the Ba^ of Panama, and Isthmus of Darien. 6. Porto Bello, directly opposite to Panama, a sea- port town of considerable trade. 7. Carthaoena, in Popayan, near the mouth of the Mygdalena. 8. Maracaibo in a proDincej and near a lake so called. 9. Leon de Caracas, in the province of Caracas, on the south coast of the Caribbean Sea. 10. Venezuela, and Cumana, on the west and east of Caracas. ;:i;ii 'i : -\. k i'l »3 9i SOUTH AMEIUCA. II. PERU. Hounded on the North by Columbia ; South by Ciiili and La Plata; and FMst by Brazil. The chief towuB are, 1. Lima, founded by IHxarro in 1635. 2. inded by ntal. 3. Cuico, the ancient ca^ntal. 3. Abequipa, near the lake TUiacay 240 miles in circumference. 4. Potobi, in Upper Peru, famous for itti silver mines. 5. La Paz, in the Andes. III. CHILI, or CHILE. Situate between La Plata and the west Coast. The towns of most note are, 1. St. J ago, the capital, containing 60,000 inhabi- tants. 2. Valparaiso, on the coast immediately opposite. This and Valdivia are the principal sea-ports. IV. LA PLATA. Situate between Chili and Brazil, and comprehend- ing the provinces of Buenos Ayres, Mendoxa, St. Luis, Cordova, Tncuman, and Satta. The principal towns are, L Buenos Aybes, so called from its fine climate, on the river Plata, which is here 30 miles broad. 2. MoNTB Video, lately erected into an independent republic. 3. Mkndoza. 4. Cordova. 5. Tu- CUMAN. V. PARAGUAY. This country is chiefly inhabited by powerful and numerous tribes of Native Indians. VI. BRAZIL, The eastmost and most important country in South OUIANA. — PATAGONIA. 95 Am«'rlca. — It containn th« provinces of Jhaxil Proper, iwrt of Guiana, th« N. E. part of Paraguay, and the K. of Amnxo^iia, now call«>il Para. 1. HioJaneiho, or St Sebahtian, a splrndid and floiiriMhing city, containing a population of 110,000. 2. St Salvador, or Haiiea, on All Sainfa Bay^ alw) a Houri»hinK and popuIouB city. 3. Olinda, capital of Pernambuco ; at a league's distance stands the city of Pernambuco. 4. Ilio Grande, on the river St Francisco, capital of a considerable province. 5. Maranham, in a province of the same name, at the mouth of the river Maranham. (). Para, in the extensive province of Para, compre- bending a great part of Jmaxmia, VII. GUIANA. Under this name is properly comprehended all the ro?mtry between the rivers Amazons and Orinooco, but of this a considerable part is now annexed to Brazil and Colombia. — The remainder is divided among the British, French, and Dutch. The towns are 1. Paramaribo, belonging to the Dutch ; it is situate in the province of, and on the river Surinam. 2. EssEQuiBo, on the river of the same name ; ceded by the Dutch to Britain. 3. Demerara, also belonging to Britain ; on a river and in a province of the same name. 4. Cayenne, belonging to the French ; famous for its pepper so called. ii!ii •11 VIII. PATAGONIA. This country being wholly possessed by native tribes, mountainous and barren, possesses no towns. The in- habitants, together with the other independent nations still remaining in different parts of South America, may amount, it is supposed, to 400,000. 96 I/HE OF THE OLOnE«. Note, Colombia wri eriK^twl into a Rt'puhVu^ m IH*20, alttr a utrugK'w «^ 1*^ V**"*' m«7i/ P An^ 8wer. The earth^M surface. 2 How is the gh)be divided geographically " Into Great and Small circles. 3. What 18 a Great circle? It divides the globo into two equal parts. . , . ^ 4. What is a Less circle ? It divides the globe into two unequal parts. 5 What circles are called Great? The Equator, Eelipfk', and Mendians. ^^ ^ . / « What circles are called Leas? Tho Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the Po/ar Circles, &c. 7 Into how many degrees is et^en/ circle, whether ^' Great or Less, divided ? Into 360 %r.6.. 8 What is the Jai« of the earth ? An If<^9^»^^y line passing through its centre, round which it turns from W. to E. once every 24 hours. K8TRIAL (irODE. 97 13 14 15 9. VVhiit are tho Polet i Tli« tw« vmU of the tix\% • one ti calltd thii JVorM, th.' oUief Uie .y«M/A Fol«. 10 What ig the EqmUfr? An imaKiiiary liii« ..nc«.m- |)itnjnf( th«i earth at an E<)uator. 16. Which iti the Eirnt Meridian? Tho Meridian of Greenwich, near London, ig Hxed upon in this country as the moHt amvenieni. 17 What are paralleh of Latitude? Lege circles parallel to the Equator, piissinjr tlirough places havijig all the same latitude. 1«. * How is the latitude of a place found on the globe? Bring the place to the brass meridian^ and mark the degree directly over it. 19. * How is Longitude found on the globe ? The de- gree of the Equator under the meridian shews the Imigitude East or West from London. 20. ♦ How is difference of latitude found ? By suh^ tracting or adding, according as the given places are in the same or different hemif'i)here.s. 21 . * How is dijerefice of longitude found ? If the lon- gitudes be both E. or both W., subtract ; 'if of different names, add them together. I 98 TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. R' PY 22. What is the greatest difference of latitude or lon- gitude that can be betM'een any two places ? 180", or half tha circumference of the globe. 23. Suppose one place 7^° ^' ^"^ another 80" W. what is their difference of longitude? The fium 150° is the difference of longitude, or distance between them. 24. But, say one place is 120° E. from London, and another 11>0° W. from it, would the difie- rence of longitude between these two places be the SUM 270° ? No. The difference of longi- tude is 360° minus the 27*0°, that is 90°; being the shortest distance from the one place to the other. 25. * How are degrees of longitude reduced to time ? Divide the degr«je8 (and minutes if any,) by 15, the quotient is hours and minutes. Thus, 66° 9' -J- 15 = 4 hours 24 minutes, 36 se- conds of time. Tor the sun passes over 360° in 24 hours ; or 15° in 1 hour, or 1° in 4 minutes. 26. * How is time reduced to degrees ? Multiply the hours by 15, or divide the minutes of time by 4, and it will give the degrees ; or !t:tate thus : as 1 hour : 16° : : 4 hours, 24 minutes, SG se- conds : 66' 9'. 27. Have all places of the same Long, the same hours of the day, at t\\esame time ? Yes ; as London, Poictiers, Valentia, Alicant, opposite sides of the Equator ; but differ 180° in Longitude. The shortest day to the one is the longest to the other. Their hours of the day and Seasons are contrary. 29. How is the horizon distinguished? Into the or Ion- places ? obe. JO" W. The ide, or m, and t) diffe- iaces be ►f longi- is 90°; ae place ) time? ay,) by Thus, 36 86- rer 360° ninutes. iply the time by te thus : , SGse- ic hours London, live on )e; they 3 of the e. The t to the Seasons [nto the TERRESTRIAL G: QBE. 99 national horizon, and Visib/e or Sensible ho- 31. Which is the Sensible Horizon ? That Circle *Ee '^'«»*''-.fro'» the Invisible Semi- 3&. When do ihe RationaUni Visible Horizons appear !?tr«"^/, ^'"'" '""""'"^ '0 the sphere ot the>ed»to», compared to which the iar« IS but a pofnt. 33. What is the Wooden Honi>on ? The circular flat piece of wood which sustains the Globe ^A ...^"•"l/epresents the Rational horizon. 35. What does it co«toTO ? The Mariner's Comvass t^ ""'"'Pond'ng with the Signs and their ^' ^Wh' *itr-''^ They show the SmCsflace m the Elliptic, called the Sun's LmgituiXt ^7. What is tJie Zenith of a place.? The point in the heavens direct mer the heads of th<^ rt!if ** ^'"''".-^ "P'"""? That point in ^e heavens oppo«te the Zenith, and as it weie aireetly under our feet. J9. What -elation do the Zenith and Nadir bear to the Honxon ? Thev are -u ««i,« i! • , 90° distant from it ^ ^ ' "^'"^T each 40. What is the Angle of position f The Ande formedby the Meridian of one nit" iT* 41 wf ?"' iif'^ff P^' '« ^'•""g'' ""ott^'place 41. What is the e««dr««< of Altitude? /Zie of 100 TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 90" used for measuring direct distances be- tween different places on the Globe. 42. * How is the Globe rectifed, or the pole elevated, for the Latitude of any place ? By elevating the POLE which is of the same name, (North or South,) with the given latitude as far above the horizon as the given place is distant from the Equator. Thus, elevate the Globe for Lisbon. — Answer, the North pole must be raised 39" above the horizon; as 39" N. is the Latitude of Lisbon. Again ; rectify the Globe for the Cape of Good Hope. —Answer, Cape's Lat. 35" S. Hence the S. pole must be raised 35° above the horizon. 43. How many Geographical or Nautical miles are in a degree, and how many English miles ? 60 of the former, aud 69^ of the latter. What are the F/our Circles? Small Circles placed at the North and South Poles, having the Iiours of the day marked upon them. What is their use ? To find the hour at any place, corresponding to any given hour at any other given place. 46. * How is that found ? Bring the given hour and place to the Meridian. Turn the Globe round until the other place come to the Meridian. 47. What then? Mark the hour which now lies under the Meridian. It is the hour required. 48. Suppose it were 12 o''clock noon at London, what o'clock would it be at Cashmere in Caubul ?— Answer, 5 0'' Clock in the afterrwon. 49. Why Afternoon, rather than Morning ? Because Caubul lies East from London, and conse- quently the Sun passes \t first. Suppose the hour given at any place, how do you find where it is Noon at that time ? Bring the given place to the Meridian, and set the Index x_ iX.<. ^M^m hru%,/t^ . -Him flio rrlobft roiind till the Index point to 12, and the places under the Meridian are those where it is noon. 44. 45. 50. TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 101 SECTION III. 54. 55. 51. What is the Ecliptic^ A great Circle in the heavens, described by the Earth in its annual motion round the Sun. 52. Why is it so called ? Because Eclipses general- ly happen when the Moon is in or near this Circle. 53. What Angle does it make with the Equator ? An Angle of 23° 28', called the obliquity of the Ecliptic. Into how many parts or si^jns is it divided? Into 12 equal parts, or signs, each containing 30 degrees. Repeat the Six Northern Signs ? Aries, Taurus, Gemini, the three Spring Signs : — and Cancer, Leo, Virgo, the Summer three. 56. Repeat the Sioc Southern Signs ? Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, the Autumnal Signs; and Ca- pricornus, Aquarius, Pisces, those of Winter. 57. Write their CAarac^er*. T, b, n; ss, Sl,^ ; ^, 58. Which of these are the Ascending Signs ? The Winter and Spring Signs are ascending ; those of Summer and Autumn descending. 59. What are the Tropics ? Two less circles parallel to the Equator, and distant from it 23° 28', North and South. 60. What are their names 9 The Tropics of Cancer and of Capricorn; so called because passing through these Signs. 61. What is it that determines their distance from the Equator.? The obliquity of the Ecliptic. See § 53. 6^. What are the Polar Circles? Two other pa- rallels of Latitude ,• as far distant from either Pole as the Tropics are from the Equator. 63. What are they called ? The Northern is called i2 > I •ill'* mi ;v r 102 TERRK8TEIAL GLOBE. the ARCTIC, and the Southern the antarctic C^ircle ()4. What are the Equinoctial Points ? Those points in which the Equator and Ecliptic c&oss each other, at Aries and LU)ra. 65. What are the Solstitial Points ? The Points of Cancer and Capricorn^ or the northmost and southmost points of the Ecliptic. 6C). What are the Colures ? Tlie two Meridians which pass through the Equinoctial and Solsti- tial Points. ^ 67. What is meant by the Sun's Declination ? His distance north or south of the Equator. It correspond* to Latitude on the Terrestrial Globe. TT- J" 68. What is meant by the Sun's Altitude f His rfts- tance above the Horizon ; (msible or rational horizon, as the case may be.) 69. How qfteUf and when, are the days and nights equal ? Twice ar-year, viz. March 2\st and Sep- tember 23d, thevernaland autumnal Equinoxes. 70. To whom are they then equal ? To aW the na- tions upon the Earth, because the Sun is then on the Equator, where the day and night are al- ways equMl. 71. Which is the longest day to all places in the North- ern Hemisphere ? June 2 ist, or summer solstice, when the Sun is in the 1" of Cancer. 72. Which is the shortest day to all these places ? De- cember 21*^, or Winter Solstice, when the Sun is in the 1" Capricoi^ ; and vice versa. 73. * How is the Sun's place in the Ecliptic found for any given day f By finding the correspond- ing place for that day on the Wooden Horizon. 74. * How is the Sun's declination found ? Bring the Sun's place in the Ecliptic to the brass meri- .dian, and the degree over it is his declination. 75. * How is the Globe rectified for Hie Sun^^ place ? Elevate the pok of the same name with his de- IE? \. TERRESTRIAL GLoBE. 103 clination, as many degreeB as are eoual to it. StHi§42. 76. ♦ How is the Sun's rinifig or setting found ? Ele- vate the Globe for the Sun^s dedmcUion for the given day and place, § 7^, «ind set the index to 12. 77. What then ? Turn the Globe eastward till the GIVEN riiACE touch the horizon, and the indear will show the time of the Smi's rising. 7B. How is the time of his setting found ? Turn the Globe westward to the horizon in tike manner, and the index will show the hour required. 79. * Can the same answer be found by elevating the Globe for the latitude of the given place, ^ 42. instead of the Sun's Declination ? Yes.' BO. How ? Bring the Sun's place and 12 o'clock to the meridian. Then turn east and west till the Sun's place touch the horixon. The hours will be found as before. 81 . * How is the length of the day and night found P Double the time of the Sun's setting is the lenoth op the day ; double that of his rising, is that of THE NIGHT. 82. * How is the SmCs meridian altitude found ? 1*^ Elevate the Globe for the latitude of the given place by § 42. ^dly. Find the Sun^s place for the given day by § ^3, and bring it to the bra- %en meridian. Sdly., Count or measure the number of degrees Jrom that place to the zenith. These are the Sun's meridian altitude. Thia is otherwise performed iustrumentally by means of Hadley's Quadrant. 83. * How is the Sun's altitude found for any hour of the day ? Elevate, Sfc. as above, § 42, and § 73. Set the index at 12 o'' clock noon. Then turn the Glebe till the index point to the given hour, and having screwed the quadiii it of alti- tude on the zenith, bring it over the Sun's place. Th. ^Vii MXJil.' t^ IV til I place is the altitude required. fi, ''' i it' m lOi TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 84. • Having the Sun's meridian altitude, how m the la- titude fowid ? Bring the SurCa place to the meridiariy aild move the Globe up or down, till the distance between the SurCs place and the north or south point of the horixon (as the case may be) be e'|ual to the given altitude. Then will the elevation of the Pole be the lati- tude required. 85. ♦ How is the latitude of a place found without the Globe, and by observation of the Sun's altitude and calculation ? 1. Subtract the altitude from 90", for the xenith distance, which is north, if the xenith be north of the Sun, or south if it be the contrary. 2. If the zenith distance and declination (which may be found in Nautical tables) be both north or both south, subtract the less from the greater, if otherwise add them ; and the sum or difference will be the latitude required, of the same name with the greater. Note. — The xenith is always of a contrary name with the altitude. SECTION IV. 86. Into how many Zmes is the Earth divided ? Into five, the Torrid, the two Temperate, and the two Frigid zones. 87- What are the boundaries of the Torrid Zone ? The two tropics, so that its breadth is 46° 56'. See § 59. 88. How are the two temperate Zones situate ? Be- tween the tropics and the polar circles. Their breadth is 43° 4' each. 89. Within what space are the Frigid Zones includ- ed ? Within the polar circles, the Arctic and Antarctic circles. See § 63. 90. In which of the Zones does the Sun rise and set DAILY .? In the Torrid and Temperate Zones all the year round. 91. Does not the same happen in the Frigid Zones? No, except at some times of the year. All the 99. TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 105 rest of the year he is either set or constantly shining. 92. What happens at the poles ? The Sun is one half of the year above, and the other half below the horizon continuously. 93. What places have the Sun vertical twice a year ? Those whose latitude is equal to his declinO' tion ; that is, all places in the Torrid Zone. 94. How do you explain this? An inhabitant of 10" north, must have the Sun vertical to him, when its declination is 10° north, whether in the ascending or descending signs. 95. What follows from this ? At the tropics, the Sun is vertical once a year ; but beyond the tro- pics either north or south, he can never be ver- tical to any place. 96. Why ? Because being at a greater distance from the Equator, than the Sun''8 greatest decli- nation, his rays cannot fall perpendicularly on that place. 97- What happens then at the equator ? Having no latitude, it has the Sun vertical when he has no declination. And its day is always 12 hours long. 98. * How is it found on what two days the Sun is ver- tical at any place in the Torrid Zone ? By finding, 1. The latitude. 2. The Sun's de- clination, both in the ascending and descend- ing signs, corresponding to that latitude. And 3. Finding from the calendar the days corres- ponding to these points. 99. * How do you find where the Sun is vertical upon any given day ? Find his declination, and all those places whose latitude correspond to it, have the Sun vertical. 100. * Knowing the Sun's declination for that day, can the above places be found upon a map of the World ? Certainlv, bv markinsr those places in the corresponding latitude. 101. * Suppose the hour given, as well as the day, can 'Ml %M , III ' I ) j 106 TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. it be found where the Sun is vertical at that HOUR? Yes, by findin^^ (by §50,) those places where it is noon at that time ; of all which, thai particular place will have the Sun ver- tical, whose latitude coincides with his decli- nation. 102. What is the meaning of cct-lati tilde ? It is the cmnplement of the latitude of any place, or the difference between the latitude and 90 degrees. 103. The co-latitude of a place in the north frozen Zone coincides with tvhat ? With the Sun's north declination upon those two days between which the Sun continues above the horizon without setting. 104. * How are these days found ? By finding in tlie Ecliptic the corresponding" places, and then in the calendar, the corresponding days. 1 05. Exemplify this. Suppose it required to find upon what days the Sun beginn to go round the ho- rizon, without setting at Cape Chidley in Davis' Straits, and how long he continues to do so 't Ans. Cape Chidley is in 69" 14' north latitude. Subtract that from 90°, leaves 20° ^Q' co-latitude. Now calling this north Declination^ it agrees with Gemini (n) 4° in the ascending signs; which coiwcic?^* with May 24th, theday on which the Sun goes round for the first time without setting ; and in the descending signs, the same 20° 46' north Declination agrees with Cancer (ozs) 28°, which coincides with July 20th, the day on which the Sun goes round for the last time without setting. Thus making a period of 5 J natural days during which the Sun never sets in the latitude of Cape Chidley : and hence the longest day there is called a day of 1368 hours. 106. * Does the co-latitude of a place in the northjrozen Zone, coincide with any thing else ? Yes, with the Sun^s South Declination upon those two daySf on the Jbrmer of which he appears above TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 107 t\w horizon, for the first time, after the Uniff- est nighty and on the latter, he disappearH again. 107. * How are these two days found f The same as ahove in 8 104. 108. Exemplify this also, in the case of Cape Chidley. Ana. £>fcT/ina/i«w 20° 46' south, agreeawith Cap- ricorn (k^) 27°, which coincides with January 1 7''*> the day on which the Sun first appears ahove the horizon at Cape Chidley, (Capricorn being in the ascending signs,) and in ihedcacend- ing signs, the same south Declination agrees with Sagittarius ( ^ ) 4°, which coincides with November 9,5th, the last day the Sun is seen for the season at that parallel of latitude. Thus being below the horizon from Nov, 25th, till Jan. I'Jth, the longest night at Cape Chidley is equal to 53 natural days, or 1272 hours. 109. How long then does it appear that the Sun rises and sets daily, at Cape Chidley ? From Ja- nuary l^th to May 24M, or 127 days. 110. Having continued above the Horizon, as you say, for 57 natural days, how long does he continue thereafter to rise and set daily, before the lony night ? From July Wth to November 25th, a period of also 127 days. 111. * To find in what Latitude in the North Frigid Zone, the Sun begins to shine without setting, on any given day, how do you proceed ? All that is necessary is to find the Sun's declina- tion for that day, which subtracted from 90° gives the Latitude sought. For it has been already shown, that the Sun's declination for the given day coincides with the Co-la- titude of the place required. 112. Within what period must the given day be for any place in the North Frigid Zone ? Be- tween March 21st and June 21 st, or the 113. *Can it be found in the same manner, in which 108 TKHaESTlUAL OLOBK. Latitude in the Soulk frigid 'Aom\ th»» Suu bejintH of the £(;liptic, and tlie place t« whic^h the Mtum in then ver- tical, w the antipodes of that to which the Sun is vertical. 118. * Can it be found by the Glol>e at what placeH an ecliptie of the Moon im vwible ? Yes : !#/, Find "the Place to which the Sun is vertical at the frtven time. 2dly^ Elevate the Globe for the Antipodeti of that place, and brin^ the Anti- podes to the Meridian. Then to all the places which are above the horizon, tlie eclipse will be visible. Pi II. THE CELL-STIAL GLOBE. 1 . What is the Celestial Globe ? An artificial re^ presentation of the heavens^ having the fixed stars delineated upon it in their natural order and situation. 2. Is the Celestial Globe as just a representation of the heavens as the Terrestrial is of the Earth ? No, because the stars are drawn upon a convex surface, while they appear in the heavens in a concave surface. 3. Where is the Eye of the beholder supposed to be ? laced when contemplating the Celestial Globe ? n the centre of it. 4. What does the Solar System consist of.'* The Sun and Planets ; with their Satellites or Moons, which last are termed Secondary pla- nets. 5. Why is it called the Solar System ? Because Sol, the Sun, is supposed to be placed in the Centre, whilst the planets revolve round it at different distances. The satellites meanwhile revolve round the planets. 6. Bo all the heavenly bodies we perceive revolve Ml I ml 110 CCLEATIAL CLOBt. romul thP Sim ? % w« w^/m* , the ^Ml majority of th*Mn iiro «all«Ml //.n-d «/rtr«, ami iMTil thomm-lveii Shhm, which hiiv«' phnictH of their own ill all probability, thouj^h umm. n by uh. 7. /AoM' m^i/ How are the planets, which are nnarer to the Sun than The Earth is, distinguished trom those which are more distant? Ihe former arc called Inferior, and the latter Superior 13. When'ift planet said to be in conjum^ionwith the Sun? When it is between the Earth and the Sun, or when the Sun is between the etrtu and the planet. o -it^ri 14. When is a planet in opposition to the Sun? When the Earth u between the Sun and the planet. 15. What takes p^ucc s/her the Moon is in conjunc- tion with U.e St.., and in the same straight UuP. with m: Sun and the Earth P ^he sha- daw of the Moon intercepts the Suns cigni i enSBTIAL OI.ODEi 111 frnm the mrth, ami producei what in calUul an I'ciijuie of the Sum. 16. What hainu'iiH whoti th« Moon i« in oppotlfiofin und in thw miino Ntniij^ht lin« with tK« Sun anil Karth ? Then th«^ «mai»ow of th« uAarii in- t^rcqiiM tk*' Sunn liffht from thv Miwn, and priulncox an vrlijun' of tlw M(min. 17. So thfu tho pliUU'tH an« dark IxwUrt^, an- they ? Yi'«, all of thoni, and Ax'ww only hy the rvjlvv- turn of tin* Sun < lij^ht. IH. It followH of ••oiirMS am'H it not, that thr primary and lW»cot^d4lr^ plajwtM mufualh/ vuiifrktvn ont^ anoil or? Certainly, tlio Karth upiMMrM to th« Moiut, a Mm)n of much groator magnitude ; and to VenuH^ a «tar of tlio name brilliancy uh V»»nuH dot'H to the Earth. I J). In what direvtion is the mo/iort of all the |)lanet« ? Their motum, hoth round their Oden, and in their orbiia, \h towards the Kamt. Hut their niipnrrnt motion m mcmmi from the Karth is Ir- r (""ft far ; hoiiig Mometinu's direct^ eometimei niirofi'radey and Hometinu»n ufatumanj. •Zi). ♦ Whence «loeH the varied appearance of the Moan ari«e ? From her inotum in her orhit. — For when in conjunrt\(yn with tin' Sun, her dark side being towards the Karth, she becomes in- mmblc, and is said to change. When, afler pans- hify the Hun, her left edge hiw become viaible, she is called New Mwm. I'rom the time she ban become visible till a quarter of her course is completed, she is called Creneent. When M»e lirbt quarter is eompleted she is said to be in quadrature, or at right angles to a line passing from tlu^ Kartli to the Sun. She is then half Moon. In her progress from Quadrature, until in oppo- sition, she becomes gibbous, and when in op- position she becomes what is called full Moon, The same appearance takes jA-dce from full to rhnntvn. ns from chauire to full. The Moon I u in CELESTIAL GLOBE. becomes gradually ^6&ow*, half Moon, and waning Moon ; but in the laH half of her course her right side is enlightened, whereas in the Jirat half her left aide was so. The length of time from one change to another is what is called a lunar month, or 30 days, though strictly "peaking it is only about '29 i days. SECTION II. 21. 22. 23. 24. Into hov/ many ConMlntions do modern geo- graphers divide the Stars? Some divide them into 70, others into 91 constellations. How are these subdivided? 34 belong to^the N*'»y be known. iJtf. And on from where the ;>iViibn«rf »wiV/ Her cruel fate attend*, w.°'®''/i® *'»^a'^«n«. »»'"» fabled form iQ o *^'"fi^" '^^'OAsus extendi, la. 6/roi^A/ from her hecui, Alperas lee; It marks the Courser's tAi(//i -, /Mwnfrom her head an equal apace, 11 rf . ^'V ^'* «»%», you'll spy. **. Cross from her head to Marcab's beam l^et ajust line be sent; Thene four combined in Heaven's high arch. I c r «pac»ou8 square present. 1^. l-rom the u,iV* Up Alperas through, IVow skim aslant the skies • And lo! bedeck'd with numerous stars, ^ne soarmg CyoNus flies. 10. Altavr, in Aquila, that flames, And Vega's lucid light, **^^A9'Alhaqv8 westward join'd, 17 ^. *^®/;"» a triangle bright. 17. Dire Cerberus, and the mj^stic branch, Gleam famt within that space ; There shines the young Antinous, lo rr j" . .""^ '*'" harmless bow. J». To deck the Dolphin's fancied form. Two near-plac'd groups combine. Though small, yet clear ; higher they rise, on j^ f""^ ''^^^!' ^^-r^^R shine. ' * -iU. It during winter's starry reign. You range the Southern sky. oi «r. L '1 .. * y**"** "wondering eye. ^1. With brilliant gems his belt, his sword. His broad spread «^o«/^cr* blaze; ■"" '"«»=-•" iviuiui. at jiis feet. Pours forth its silver rays, I 121 192 ArpKNxnx. «2. The gllttVinpf bell from Taurus* e^v, Guiilei down to Siiuui bright : Hli Mprcadirig shoulders oantward point To FiiocYONM nUmning li^ht. 23. And HiGKL, cloie by't shoulder, where Bktklouiwk: burnt lo red, Through Pollux' toe will point the utar That flaine8 on Castoh « head. 24. Through Cancek'h sign, whence no bright Ktart Di»tinguiih'd light impart. Castor, through Pollux, sends you down To hideouH Hydra's heart. 25. From Hydra's and through Leo's heart, (It marks the Ecliptic line, — ) You rise to where in Ursa Great, The third and fourth stars shine. 26 From Procyon, too, through Luc's heart. His blazing tail you gain ; Four beauteous stars, a brilliant course, Adorn his ample main. 27. 'Tween Leo's last, and Uhsa's tail, You meet Cor Caroli ; Renew your flight, through Ursa's si^th, KocHAB salutes the eve. 28. KocHAB, one bright, and two faint stars, Stud Lesser Ursa's side. In oblong square ; trace her bent tail, On to the Pole you glide. 29. To Ursa's sixth Arcturus join^ Prolong the imagin'd line ; 'Twill mark a star in Sol's bright path, The Jirst in Libra's sign. 30. Through RasAlhaous, Vegas beam Directs the inquiring eye, Where Scorpio's heart (AntaresJ decks The southern summer sky. 31. Two stars from Scorpio's heart will form A westward rising line ; This Scorpio's second star, and that The same in Libra's sign. 32. To Scorpio, where Aries shines, You catch no brilliant ray Thro' th' interjacent twice two signs. To light your trackless way. tur» ' AFPENDIX 33. Capella |»!«in, thro' Pjsrsbls' kfiet, To Ariks poiiitt your way; And through the Hparkling Pluiaou, To Mknkah's tiistiint rav. 34. And weHtwurd still from Menkar'i beam, With gentle liope deicend, The line you trace, the itari you pais, O'er the Wiialkh hulk extend. 36. Again, from Menkah to Uie west Of Almaac, tow'ring rr«e, Vou'Il mark in Cassiopeia's breast Where Siiedir decks the iikies. 36. Betwixt the Great and Lesser UnAna, The montttrouM Duaco twines His wreathing tail : his sparkling crust 'Twixt Veoa and Kochab shines. 37. The ever watchful Kociiaii guards, While DuBiiEB points the Polk. The Polk, at rest, sees Heaven's bright host Unwearied round him roll. im •***V*%%VW%VV%%V» TABLES OF LINEAL AND SUPERFICIAL MEASURES, ANCIENT AND MODERN. I. English Measures. 3 inches, 4 inches, 9 inches, 12 inches, li foot, 3 feet, 5 feet, 2 yards, 5^ yards, 4 poles, or 22 yards, 40 poles, or 220 yards, = 1 Palm. == 1 Hand. == 1 Span. = 1 Foot. = 1 Cubit. = 1 Yard. == 1 Pace. = 1 Fathomi. = 1 Pole. = 1 Chair!, == 1 Furlong. H** APPENDIX. 8 Furlonpfn, or OOChalnn, or 1050 Pacef, ) - •.., or \^m YurclH, or 52H() Uh% f " * ^'^*' (50 Gwi^raphical milfn, or 692 (»tay ) . ,. 69i.) KriKlish mil^H, - j — 1 Degree. 10 Squaro ('huiriH, or KK) S